Who became Prime Minister of Australia in September 2013?

Julia Gillard ousted as Australia prime minister | World news | The Guardian Julia Gillard Julia Gillard ousted as Australia prime minister Julia Gillard confirms she will not contest next parliamentary elections after losing Labor party leadership ballot to Kevin Rudd Wednesday 26 June 2013 09.33 EDT First published on Wednesday 26 June 2013 09.33 EDT Close This article is 3 years old Australia's first female prime minister, Julia Gillard , has been sacked by her party just months before the next election and replaced by the man she ousted three years ago. After an unprecedented day of political bloodletting in Canberra, Kevin Rudd beat Gillard in a ballot of MPs by a margin of 57 to 45 to become Labor party leader. It is only the second time a sitting Australian prime minister has been removed from their first term in office by their party; Rudd was the first. Delivering his victory speech, Rudd dedicated himself to winning the election in September. "In 2007 the Australian people elected me to be their prime minister. That is a task that I resume today with humility, with honour and with an important sense of energy and purpose." He also paid tribute to Julia Gillard. "She is a woman of extraordinary intelligence, great strength, great energy. All of you across the nation would recognise those formidable attributes," he said. "Julia has achieved much under the difficult circumstances of minority government, helped by a dedicated set of ministers." "She has been a remarkable reformer and I acknowledge those contributions this evening," he said. Rudd said he had taken on the challenge of the leadership because he could not "stand idly by and allow a (conservative) Abbott government come to power in this country by default". Bill Shorten announces he is backing Kevin Rudd. Photograph: Mike Bowers Gillard laid down the challenge to Rudd when she called on Wednesday for a do-or-die ballot, on the condition that the loser retire from parliament to end the debilitating Labor leadership war. Shortly after the vote Gillard confirmed she would not contest the next election. A cabinet reshuffle is expected and a number of former Gillard ministers have already tendered their resignations. In her concession speech, Gillard congratulated Rudd and called on the party to fight to win the September election. She acknowledged that her tenure as prime minister had been difficult, saying: "In the years in which I've served as prime minister, predominantly I've faced a minority government and political division in my own party. It has not been an easy parliament to operate in." Gillard also reflected on her role as the country's first female prime minister. "The reaction to being the first female PM does not explain everything about my prime ministership, nor does it explain nothing about my prime ministership," she said. "I've been a little bit bemused by those colleagues in the newspapers who have admitted that I have suffered more pressure as a result of my gender than other PMs in the past but then concluded it had zero effect on my political position or the political position of the Labor party." With tears in her eyes, she talked about what her term as prime minister might mean for other female leaders: "What I am absolutely confident of is it will be easier for the next woman, and the woman after that, and the woman after that, and I'm proud of that." After her press conference, she went to tender her resignation to the head of state and the Queen's representative in Australia, the governor general. Kevin Rudd confirms his leadership challenge. Photograph: AAP Conservative opposition leader, Tony Abbott, whose party is well ahead in the polls, criticised the revolving door of Labor leadership, saying Australians deserved better. "In 2007 you voted for Kevin and got Julia," he said. "In 2010 you voted for Julia and got Kevin. If you vote for the Labor party in 2013 who knows who you will end up with." He called on Rudd to hold to an election immediately, rather than wait until September. "It's now for the Australian people to determ


Which classic novel was originally to have been called 'The Sea Cook'?

Collecting Treasure Island by Stevenson, Robert Louis - First edition identification guide Treasure Island STEVENSON, ROBERT LOUIS Leipzig: Tauchnitz, 1884. Continental Edition. Bound without wrappers in modern quarter-morocco and marbled boards; very good. Presentation copy; inscribed by the author at the top of the title page, “I hope it will please you. Robert Louis Stevenson.” Signed on the title page by the recipient, Herbert Beerbohm Tree; inked exclamation points around the imprint, in whose hand is unclear. Tree starred in and produced Stevenson and Henley’s play Beau Austin at the Haymarket Theatre (where Tree was actor-manager) on November 3, 1890. It was not a success. The play itself was issued in a private edition in 1884. A short note from Tree to Edwin Booth has been bound in; on the final page of text, apparently in Tree’s hand, “Oxen and wain-ropes,” has been underlined, and noting “Twelfth-Night” [from which Stevenson was quoting]. Laid in is a typed description from an unknown English bookseller, likely from the first part of the twentieth-century. While inscribed Stevenson books are very uncommon, we have neither seen nor had another inscribed copy of this title, his most famous and beloved work. Through most of the 19th century and well into the twentieth, Tauchnitz issued copyright editions of English and American works to be sold on the continent for travelers and resident English-speakers. Treasure Island STEVENSON Robert Louis 1883. First Edition . STEVENSON, Robert Louis. Treasure Island. London: Cassell, 1883. Small octavo, original green cloth. Housed in custom clamshell box. $27,000.First edition, first issue of Stevenson's swashbuckling yarn of piracy, mutiny and courage, ""the finest tale of maritime adventure that has been told since Defoe"" (Prideaux, 28), an exceptionally lovely copy, far more beautiful than usually found.""Inspired by a detailed map of an island that Stevenson and his stepson drew one rainy day, with hidden treasure and cryptic instructions reverently included Treasure Island is best enjoyed as its author intended, simply as a good tale well told"" (Silvey, 631). The serial publication in Young Folks (running through January 1882) was not especially well-received, but on its appearance in book form the following year in an edition of only 2000 copies, the story was hailed as the best tale of adventure in print. ""The force of invention and vividness of narrative appealed to every reader"" (DNB). ""Here were adventure, suspense, drama, all set down by the hand of a recognizable genius"" (Meigs et al., 238). First published in serial form in Young Folks magazine (October 1881-January 1882). Only 2000 copies of this first book edition published. First issue, with all the following points: ""Dead Man's Chest"" not capitalized on pages 2 and 7; ""rain"" for ""vain"" on last line of page 40; ""a"" lacking on page 63, line 6; the ""8"" is absent in the pagination of page 83; the ""7"" in the pagination of page 127 is present but bold; period dropped from page 178, line 20 (after ""opportunity""); ""worse"" for""worst"" on page 197, line 3; frontispiece map in three colors. With eight-page publisher's catalogue dated 5G-783 at the end. Issued in various colors of cloth, no priority. Beinecke 240. Prideaux 11. Gerstley Collection 22. Osborne, 1030. Gumuchian 5443. Pierpoint Morgan, Children's Literature 241. Bookplate of Glasgow architect James Jackson Craig. Old pencil prices and other notations to endpapers.Text remarkably clean, far more so than usually found. Restoration to inner paper hinges, upper corner of last leaf of advertisements. Cloth generally fresh with minor rubbing to spine ends; gilt bright. A beautiful copy in very nearly fine condition. TREASURE ISLAND Stevenson Robert Louis London: Cassell and Company, 1883. First edition, first issue. In this copy the advertisements are dated "5G-783", the pagination is correctly printed on p.83, and the "7" is missing from the pagination on p.127. Map as called for opposite the title-page. 8vo, original red cloth with gil


In the Sermon on the Mount, what was promised to the poor?

THE EIGHT BEATITUDES OF JESUS THE EIGHT BEATITUDES OF JESUS Jesus Christ gave us the Eight Beatitudes in the Sermon on the Mount, recorded for all posterity in the Gospel of Matthew, the first Book of the New Testament of the Bible. Matthew's Gospel was directed to an audience steeped in Hebrew tradition. The Gospel of Matthew stressed that Jesus is the Christ or Messiah foretold in Hebrew Scripture, our Old Testament, and that the Kingdom of the Lord is the Kingdom of God in Heaven. Jesus offers us a way of life that promises eternity in the Kingdom of Heaven. The teachings of Jesus of Nazareth were simple but unique and innovative at the time of his life on earth. He began teaching about 30 AD during the ruthless Roman occupation of Palestine. At the time there were four major groups in the Jewish religion, the Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, and the Zealots, all of whom presented a different viewpoint to the Jewish people.  The Pharisees demanded strict observance of the Mosaic law expressed in the Torah, but also accepted the oral tradition of Jewish customs and rituals.  The Sadducees were mainly from the priestly families and strictly accepted the Law of Moses but rejected oral tradition. The Pharisees, unlike the Sadducees, believed in the resurrection of the dead. The monastic Essenes awaited a Messiah that would establish a Kingdom on earth and free the Israelites from oppression. The Zealots were a militant Jewish group who wanted freedom for their homeland, and were centered in Galilee; one of the Twelve Apostles was Simon the Zealot. The Ten Commandments, given to Moses on Mount Sinai in the Old Testament Book of Exodus, related a series of "Thou shalt not" phrases, evils one must avoid in daily life on earth. In contrast, the message of Jesus is one of humility, charity, and brotherly love. He teaches transformation of the inner person.  Jesus presents the Beatitudes in a positive sense, virtues in life which will ultimately lead to reward. Love becomes the motivation for the Christian. All of the Beatitudes have an eschatological meaning, that is, they promise us salvation - not in this world, but in the next. The Beatitudes initiate one of the main themes of Matthew's Gospel, that the Kingdom so long awaited in the Old Testament is not of this world, but of the next, the Kingdom of Heaven. While the Beatitudes of Jesus provide a way of life that promises salvation, they also provide peace in the midst of our trials and tribulations on this earth. An early contemplation on the Beatitudes came from St. Gregory of Nyssa, a mystic who lived in Cappadocia in Asia Minor around 380 AD. He described the Beatitudes this way: "Beatitude is a possession of all things held to be good, from which nothing is absent that a good desire may want. Perhaps the meaning of beatitude may become clearer to us if it is compared with its opposite. Now the opposite of beatitude is misery. Misery means being afflicted unwillingly with painful sufferings." THE EIGHT BEATITUDES OF JESUS "Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are they who mourn, for they shall be comforted. Blessed are the meek, for they shall be called children of God. Blessed are they who are persecuted for the sake of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven." Gospel of St. Matthew 5:3-10 ON THE BEATITUDES "Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven." "Poor in spirit" means to be humble. Humility is the realization that all your gifts and blessings come from the grace of God. To have poverty of spirit means to be completely empty and open to the Word of God. When we are an empty cup and devoid of pride, we are humble. Humility brings an openness and an inner peace, allowing one to do the will of God. He who humbles himself is able to accept our frail nature, to repent, and to allow the grace of God to lead us to conversion. It is pride, the opposite of humility, that brings misery. For pride brings anger and the seeking of revenge, especially when one is offended. If every


Portia Simpson-Miller was sworn in as Prime Minister of which country in January 2012?

Journey begins - Portia sworn in | Lead Stories | Jamaica Gleaner Journey begins - Portia sworn in Published:Friday | January 6, 2012 | 12:00 AM Previous Pause Next Simpson Miller receives the Instrument of Appointment from Governor General Sir Patrick Allen. Prime Minister Portia Simpson Miller 'presents' Opposition Leader Andrew Holness to those gathered at King's House in St Andrew yesterday for her swearing-in ceremony. - photos by Ricardo Makyn/Staff Photographer Portia Simpson Miller takes the 'oath of office to become prime minister as Governor General Sir Patrick Allen looks on during yesterday's swearing-in ceremony at King's House in St. Andrew. 1 4 Daraine Luton, Senior Staff Reporter PRIME MINISTER Portia Simpson Miller yesterday took the oath of office as prime minister for the second time in five years, and then told Jamaicans that her administration faces an awesome task in taking the country on the journey to development. "The team which I am privileged to lead is just as conscious as I am of the difficult times that confront us on our journey," Simpson Miller said during her inaugural address at King's House in St Andrew yesterday. Simpson Miller, 66, was presented to the country by Governor General Sir Patrick Allen at 4:27 p.m., sending most of the estimated 10,000 guests into a frenzy. Noting that her administration would have to reverse the tide of increasing poverty, debt and unemployment, the new prime minister said the first order of business would be to "inform ourselves about the true state of the economy" and then act. She also said her team would not be daunted by the challenges and called for all Jamaicans to ensure the country can navigate the choppy seas. "In the global trade winds of change, we are not always at liberty to direct these winds but we must set our sails to pilot the good ship, Jamaica, through these turbulent economic waters to safe harbour," she said. Last Thursday, Simpson Miller led the People's National Party (PNP) to a 42-21 win over the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP), led by Andrew Holness. Must earn trust Yesterday, Simpson Miller said the mandate which her party got is a call to action. "It is a signal from our people that we, the Government, must earn their trust. It also gives us the opportunity to ease the burdens and the pressures of increasing poverty, joblessness and deteriorating standard of living," she said. Simpson Miller has pledged that on her watch, her administration would "reject governmental extravagance and be vigilant in eliminating corruption". She said her administration would put the people at the centre of its policies. She also said her administration would pursue tight fiscal policies, reduce the country's debt-to-GDP ratio and maintain key macroeconomic fundamentals. "We will do all of this while seeking to improve the social conditions of our people, including a serious reduction of the chronic state of unemployment in this country, particularly among our young people," the prime minister said. In the meantime, Simpson Miller said her administration would be marked by greater openness in government. She said the Opposition would continue to chair parliamentary committees and that all such meetings would be opened to the public. However, that is not all she promised about the way the Parliament would operate. According to the prime minister, her administration will "strive for more civil and respectful behaviour" in the legislature. She said her administration would seek to earn respect by the way in which members conduct themselves and the business of the country. Cooperation and teamwork The prime minister stressed the need for cooperation and teamwork and said she was extending her hand to everyone to work in the building of the country. "I believe that today marks a critical turning point in our journey. You must believe with me and you must play your part in the process of transformation," she said. Simpson Miller was first sworn in in March 2006 after P.J. Patterson stepped aside as prime minister. She left office just over a year later afte


In the nursery rhyme 'Sing a Song of Sixpence', what pecked off the maid's nose?

Sing a Song of Sixpence Sing a Song of Sixpence Sing a Song of Sixpence Sing a song of sixpence, a pocket full of rye. Four and twenty blackbirds, baked in a pie. When the pie was opened, the birds began to sing. Now, wasn't that a dainty dish to set before the king? The king was in his counting house, counting out his money. The queen was in the parlour, eating bread and honey. The maid was in the garden, hanging out the clothes, When down came a blackbird and pecked off her nose ! History: In mediaeval times, lively birds were placed in previously cooked pastry shells to be released as entertainment during lofty feasts. This may be the ancestry of this verse. This is an instance of one of the earliest recorded rhymes that yet remains in print. Its written recording dates backwards to the eighteenth century but it was likely around for often longer. The cable "Four and Twenty blackbirds cooked in a pie" may be the ancestry of 420's meaning.


Through which organ does food pass from the mouth through the pharynx to the stomach?

The Digestion Process (Organs and Functions) Symptoms, Treatment, Causes - The pharynx and esophagus - MedicineNet The pharynx and esophagus Three accessory digestive organs (pancreas, liver, gallbladder) The pharynx and esophagus The pharynx (throat) is the transition area from the mouth to the esophagus. From the pharynx there are two paths that the food bolus can take; 1) the wrong path, which is down the windpipe into the lungs , or 2) the correct path into the esophagus and then the stomach. The act of swallowing is a complex process that closes the windpipe (to protect our lungs) and moves food into the esophagus. This process is mostly automatic (reflex) but it is also partially under our direct control. Once it enters the esophagus, food is moved down the esophagus and into our stomach. The esophagus is a muscular tube that contracts in a synchronized fashion (peristalsis) to move food down towards the stomach. While the muscles behind the food product contract, the muscles ahead of the food relax, causing the forward propulsion of the food. Peristalsis is the main mechanism by which food moves through our digestive system. Once the food approaches the stomach, a muscular valve (the lower esophageal sphincter) relaxes and lets the food pass into the stomach. This sphincter has the important function of closing the stomach so no food or stomach acid reenters the esophagus (and therefore avoiding heartburn or regurgitation). The stomach and small intestine From glands that line the stomach, acid and enzymes are secreted that continue the breakdown process of the food. The stomach muscles further mix the food. At the end of this process, the food you placed in your mouth has been transformed to a thick creamy fluid called chyme. This thick fluid is then pushed into the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). With the help of enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver, further breakdown of the food occurs in the small intestine. The small intestine has three segments. The first segment is the duodenum where further breakdown of the food takes place. The next two parts of the small intestine (jejunum and ileum) are mostly responsible for the absorption of nutrients from the processed food into the bloodstream through the walls of the intestine. After the small intestine, the leftover waste leaves the upper gastrointestinal tract (upper GI tract) which is made up of everything above the large intestine , and moves into the large intestine or colon (the beginning of the lower GI tract). Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 9/12/2016


What was the name of the boat that included Ben Ainslie in its crew that came from 8-1 down to win the America's Cup 9-8?

Ben Ainslie — Luxury Yacht Charter & Superyacht News Written by zuzana Last week saw Ben Ainslie lead his team on to the waters of the America’s Cup race course in Bermuda. The squad was training with two foiling catamarans – the small, light, Nacra 20s – on the Great Sound. Ben Ainslie Racing team training in Bermuda - Photo by Alex Palmer/BAR Ainslie says the training session is important for two reasons – learning about conditions on the race course area of the America’s Cup; and upskilling the sailing team on foiling catamarans. “Sailing the Nacra 20s here enables us to get some time on the water and get some more feedback to our designers on the conditions out here. It’s a different time of year from when the America’s Cup will be held, but it helps us understand things like wave state and the wind conditions over the island,” Ainslie said. Ben Ainslie Racing team in Bermuda - Photo by Alex Palmer/BAR “It also allows us to up our skill level in the foiling 20 footers. These boats are great because it enables not just the helmsman and trimmer types to get foiling but also the bigger guys who don’t always have this opportunity to get their skill levels up as well.” Ainslie has raced on the Great Sound before, but it’s been nearly 20 years, during a youth world championship event. He says racing on the tight confines of the race course area will be a challenge for all of the teams. Training in Bermuda - Photo by Alex Palmer/BAR “I think it’s going to be a great challenge for all of us because the wind conditions are variable and the tight course means a lot of manoeuvring which should open up the racing,” he said. “We’re here this week, then we’re back home and testing on the AC45 – which is going to be quite chilly – and that’s a continuing development process. We open our team base in June, which is a big milestone for us, and then we’re looking forward to the America’s Cup World Series starting in Cagliari in June and of course in Portsmouth in July.” Written by zuzana Sunday, January 18, saw this year’s 61st annual CWM FX London Boat Show come to an end, celebrating pioneers, adventurers and innovators. The world-class boat show was packed with global debuts of boats and products, as well as the latest in marine innovation. The 2015 event hosted an amazing number of 92,288 visitors. CWM FX London Boat Show 2015 - Image credit to onEdition This year’s Show enjoyed fresh thinking and a markedly new direction to this iconic event.  Not only were visitors impressed with the 400 exhibitors and the quality boats, products and services at the Show, but the new visual attractions on offer, such as the Show Entrance complete with Rain Curtain and the 4D Experience, added another dimension. The Datatag Lab enthralled visitors throughout the whole Show.  Visitors enjoyed watching Southampton Solent University’s latest project the Solent Whisper hydrofoil catamaran come to life during the event, with HRH The Princess Royal getting involved in the build by infusing the resin. In addition to the royal visitor, famous faces included star of Public Preview Day Nicole Scherzinger who launched Sunseeker ’s new 57 Predator, Sir Ben Ainslie and recently crowned Yachtsman of the Year winner Sir Robin Knox-Johnston.  Paralympic gold medallist Helena Lucas joined former weather presenter Penny Tranter at The Datatag Lab whilst Michael Buerk, Nick Knowles, Rupert Grint were all spotted enjoying the Show.  Title sponsors CWM FX welcomed players and management from Wigan Warriors and boxing icons Barry McGuigan, Carl Frampton and others from the CWM Cyclones. The Watersports Pool saw 1000 visitors get active on the water with Rockley, the Ben Ainslie Racing stand proved to be one of the most popular destinations and there were plenty of activities for families to do from Musto’s winch grinder to Neilson’s surf simulator, RYA’s RIB challenge to a brand new 4D sound to light Vibro dance floor from Landau UK. Murray Ellis, Managing Director of the CWM FX London Boat Show said: “We have enjoyed a world-class Show with many of the world’s best b


Which Greek hero was husband of Penelope, father of Telemachus, and son of Laertes and Anticlea?

Odysseus (Ulysses) - Ancient Roman and Greek Mythology Home: Ithaca, an island of Greece Parents: Father: Laertes (in the Odyssey ), but possibly Sisyphus Mother: Anticlea, daughter of Autolycus Mates: Penelope; Calypso Children: Telemachus; Nausithous and Nausinous; Telegonus Occupation : Hero ; Trojan War fighter and strategist Odysseus, a Greek hero, is the leading figure in the epic poem the Odyssey , attributed to Homer. He is the king of Ithaca, normally said to be the son of Laertes and Anticlea, husband of Penelope , and father of Telemachus. The Odyssey is the story of Odysseus' return home at the end of the Trojan War. Other works in the epic cycle provide further details, including his death at the hands of his and Circe's son Telegonus. Odysseus fought for ten years in the Trojan War before coming up with the idea of the wooden horse -- just one example of why "wily" or "crafty" is attached to his name. He incurred the wrath of Poseidon for blinding Poseidon's Cyclops son Polyphemus . continue reading below our video Profile of Odysseus In retaliation, it took Odysseus another decade before he could arrive home barely in time to drive out Penelope's suitors. The Odyssey covers a decade's worth of the adventures of Odysseus and his crew on their return to Ithaca from the Trojan War. Go to Other Ancient / Classical History Glossary pages beginning with the letter


Which US state was the title of a no. 1 hit for the Bee Gees in 1967?

Gibb Songs : 1967 Gibb Songs version 2 by Joseph Brennan, copyright 2006—2013 1967 The Bee Gees, their parents, and Ossie Byrne all set sail for England on January 3, 1967, aboard the ship Fairsky, reaching Southampton on February 6. The boys performed on board in exchange for passage. Things moved very fast once they arrived in England, because of a series of events already in motion. The story the Bee Gees always tell is that in November their father Hugh had optimistically sent off a package to NEMS, the Beatles’ management company, with press clippings and two disks: the Spicks and Specks album and an acetate with more songs from St Clair. During the time they were aboard ship, NEMS announced a new general manager, Robert Stigwood, a well known but not universally liked figure in the music business. Stigwood was to take on many of the duties of the increasingly withdrawn owner Brian Epstein. Hugh’s package naturally landed in a pile with many others, but according to the story, Stigwood, an Australian by birth, for some reason casually put on one of the Bee Gees’ disks and liked what he heard. But Hugh’s letter said that they were all on their way to England and provided no way to contact them. Now in London, they were beginning to make the rounds of the various record company offices. Unknown to the Bee Gees and associates, the group were already under consideration by a relatively small English label, Polydor, a branch of the large German record company. Managing director Ronald Rennie recalls being contacted late in 1966 by someone from Barry Gibb’s publisher in Australia. The publisher sent an acetate with ‘Spicks and Specks’ and other songs. Rennie liked the songs and the group sound, and contacted Festival about releasing their Bee Gees recordings in England. If the records did well, Polydor would consider bringing them from Australia to tour. But the next thing he knew, Barry himself turned up at the offices asking to see him about recording his group. Rennie was immediately interested and contacted his friend Robert Stigwood, recommending that Robert manage them. And so Stigwood was able to contact Hugh just days after the Gibbs had arrived in their new house, mystifying them with his abilities to reach people. Soon the boys passed a live audition with Stigwood and were then signed to the Robert Stigwood Organisation on February 24. On the same day Polydor released the ‘Spicks and Specks’ single in England under a deal with Festival. Polydor got rights for Britain and Europe and later much of the world, and Nat Kipner’s Spin label retained rights to Australia, but the huge North American market, the USA and Canada, was still up for grabs. Despite NEMS’s close relationship with EMI and its American label Capitol, after negotiations Robert Stigwood made a deal in March with his friend Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records. Atlantic had long been known for rhythm and blues and jazz, but they were now moving into pop and rock and were eager to have some good English groups on the roster. They had already got Cream through Stigwood. Signing the Bee Gees is to this day a source of pride at Atlantic. Robert Stigwood was manager of the Bee Gees, and also virtually their employer, his preferred arrangement with artists. It was a conflict of interest that eventually caused disagreements in 1981. The recordings the Bee Gees made were paid for and owned by Stigwood companies (Reaction Records in 1967, and later The Robert Stigwood Organisation, RSO), and licensed to the record companies for release. Likewise their musical compositions were controlled by publishers in the Stigwood corporate family. Because Robert liked the Bee Gees, they benefited from being allowed to record almost all the songs they could write, from which they later selected those to be released and those to be taken as publisher’s demos to other artists. The RSO tape library contained many songs that few people ever heard, some with orchestral arrangements, an expensive indulgence for songs not definitely scheduled for release. Colin


Which US state was the title of a no. 1 hit for Pussycat in 1976?

20 Songs You Might Not Know Were Covers | Mental Floss 20 Songs You Might Not Know Were Covers Fanpop.com Like us on Facebook When a song becomes popular, sometimes people forget (or are unaware) that the new hit actually originated with another artist. The popular cover might be ahead of its time or re-arranged with a fresher, more modern take, but somehow it managed to find a bigger audience than the original.  1. “Torn” — Natalie Imbruglia (1997) // Ednaswap (1995) The Cover The Original In 1997, pop star Natalie Imbruglia’s “Torn” was a No. 1 hit throughout Europe, the United States, and her native Australia. But the song was first performed and recorded by Los Angeles-based alternative band Ednaswap for their 1995 self-titled debut. A number of recording artists throughout the years have covered the song, but Imbruglia’s version is the most successful and popular iteration of the hit single, and it  earned her a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . 2. “Don’t Turn Around” — Ace of Base (1994) // Tina Turner (1986) The Cover The Original Swedish pop group Ace of Base released a hit single titled “Don’t Turn Around” in 1994. The song reached the #4 spot on the Billboard Hot 100 and was the pop group’s third hit song after “All That She Wants” and “The Sign.” Songwriters Diane Warren and Albert Hammond (of “It Never Rains in Southern California” fame) originally wrote “Don’t Turn Around” for Tina Turner and were disappointed when the record label relegated it to the B-side of the single “Typical Man” in 1986. Neil Diamond also covered the song in 1992 , but Ace of Base’s version is the most popular. 3. “Girls Just Want To Have Fun” — Cyndi Lauper (1983) // Robert Hazard (1979) The Cover The Original Cyndi Lauper’s first hit single as a solo artist, “Girls Just Want To Have Fun,” reached the No. 2 spot on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1983. Lauper was nominated for two Grammys for the song, including Record of the Year and Best Female Pop Performance. Self-proclaimed Country-Western fan Robert Hazard  originally wrote and recorded “Girls Just Want To Have Fun” as a demo for his band Robert Hazard and the Heroes in 1979. (Hazard never released his version, though.) 4. “Tainted Love" — Soft Cell (1981) // Gloria Jones (1965) The Cover The Original In 1965, American singer Gloria Jones recorded the original version of “Tainted Love” as the B-side to the single “My Bad Boy’s Comin’ Home.” The song was a commercial failure, but gained a small cult following in underground British nightclubs in the late '70s. English synth-pop duo Soft Cell recorded a modern version of “Tainted Love” in 1981. Soft Cell’s version was a No. 1 hit in eight countries, while it reached the No. 8 spot in the United States in 1982. 5. “Respect” — Aretha Franklin (1967) // Otis Redding (1965) The Cover The Original In 1965, Otis Redding wrote and recorded the song “Respect." Two years later, R&B singer Aretha Franklin popularized it, and the song became her signature. Both versions have the similar lyrics (though Franklin's added the "R-E-S-P-E-C-T" chorus to the song), but Franklin’s invokes female empowerment while Redding’s is a euphemism for sex.  6. “I Love Rock 'n' Roll” — Joan Jett and the Blackhearts (1981) // Arrows (1975) The Cover The Original Alan Merrill and Jake Hooker—the frontmen of the British rock band Arrows— wrote and recorded the anthem “I Love Rock ‘n’ Roll” in 1975. The song got the band a TV appearance on the show 45, which eventually led to the band getting its own TV show based on their performance of the song. In 1976, while she was on tour in England with her band The Runaways , Joan Jett watched Arrows perform the song on their show. Then, in 1981, Joan Jett recorded a version of “I Love Rock ‘n’ Roll” with her new band The Blackhearts. It became a No. 1 hit single in the United States for seven weeks and was certified platinum when it sold over one million units. 7. “Nothing Compares 2 U" — Sinead O’Connor (1990) // The Family (1985) The Cover The Original Music icon Prince wrote and originally recorded th


Which Greek hero was the son of the nymph Thetis, and Peleus, the king of the Myrmidons?

Peleus | Greek mythology | Britannica.com Greek mythology Zeus Peleus, in Greek mythology , king of the Myrmidons of Thessaly; he was most famous as the husband of Thetis (a sea nymph) and the father of the hero Achilles , whom he outlived. When Peleus and his brother Telamon were banished from their father Aeacus’ kingdom of Aegina , Peleus went to Phthia to be purified by his uncle King Eurytion, whose daughter Antigone he married, receiving a third of Eurytion’s kingdom. During the Calydonian boar hunt he accidentally killed Eurytion. He then went to Iolcos to be purified by King Acastus, whose wife Astydameia made advances to him. When he refused her, she told Antigone that he wanted to marry her daughter, causing Antigone to hang herself. Peleus later won the sea nymph Thetis by capture, and all the gods except Eris (the goddess of discord) were invited to the wedding. The golden apple that Eris spitefully sent to the wedding guests led to the “judgment of Paris” and thence to the Trojan War . Peleus was too old to fight in that conflict and gave his armour to his son Achilles. Thetis, who had returned to the sea after bearing Achilles, eventually fetched Peleus to dwell with her. Learn More in these related articles:


Which muscle separates the thoracic cavity (heart, lungs & ribs) from the abdominal cavity?

Thoracic Muscles Thoracic Muscles Science Main Index   The main thoracic muscles consist of the intercostal muscles, diaphragm and transversus thoracis.  Read on to learn more about the thoracic muscles, and its role in breathing. On this page: Top of Page Thoracic Muscle The intercostal muscles connect between the ribs. They are arranged in three layers: the external layer, the internal layer and the innermost layer. Their primary role is to compress the ribs to exhale air while breathing. The diaphragm extends across the bottom of the rib cage. It separates the thoracic cavity, containing the heart, lungs and ribs, from the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm plays an important role in breathing. The diaphragm and the internal intercostal muscles expand the thoracic cavity to cause inspiration or inhaling of air. The transversus thoracis is on the inner front wall of the rib cage. These muscles also play a role in breathing by compressing the rib cage for exhaling.


Which year saw the opening of the Thames flood barrier, the launch of the Hubble telescope and Indira Ghandi's assassination?

Useful dates in British history First recorded sighting of Halley's comet BC55 Aug 27: Caesar's first British expedition (second in BC54) BC49 Jan 10 (of the Roman calendar): Julius Caesar crosses the   Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war BC46 Caesar institutes the Julian calendar by adding 90 days to   the end of this year (came into force in January BC45) BC45 Jan 1: The Julian calendar takes effect for the first time BC44 Mar 15: Caesar assassinated in Rome BC27 Jan 16: The title Augustus bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar   Octavian BC/AD Since the Romans had no zero, there was no year AD0 (see AD525 ) AD43 Roman Conquest of Britain begun by Emperor Claudius ï¿½ Camulodunum (Colchester)   captured and becomes first Roman Base in England AD47 Jun: Great fire of Rome, lasted 9 days (Nero fiddles, etc!) AD69 Year of the four emperors in Rome: Galba, Otho, Vitellius and Vespasian AD79 Aug 24: (some say Oct 24) Mount Vesuvius erupts ï¿½ the cities of Pompeii,   Herculaneum, and Stabiae are buried in volcanic ash c80ï¿½85 Campaign of Agricola in southern Scotland c85 Battle of Mons Graupius, massive defeat of Caledonians by Roman forces 115 Roman Empire reaches its greatest extent under Trajan 122 Sep: Building of Hadrian's Wall begins (completed AD126) c140 Antonine Wall built in central Scotland (completed circa AD143) c150 Around this time, the Christian churches decided to express their divergence   from the Roman system by starting the year on a different date, 25th March (this being the 'date of conception' of Christ in order   for his birth to have been on 25th December) ï¿½ see also 1582 180 Beginning of the 'decline of the Roman Empire' (Gibbon) ï¿½ Defeat of Romans   in Caledonia ï¿½ they retreat behind Hadrian's Wall 20711 Campaign of Severus in southern Scotland 247 1,000th anniversary of founding of Rome 304 St Alban first Christian martyr in Britain [Bede   implies some date between 303 and 313] 321 Emperor Constantine I decrees a day of rest each week in the Roman Empire   and calls it 'Sunday' 325 Council of Nicaea establishes basic Christian dogma c350 St Ninian first to preach Christian religion in Scotland, arrives Solway   Firth 367 Invasion of northern England by Picts and Scots 406/412 Probable end of Roman military occupation of Britain 418 'The Romans gathered all the gold-hords there were in Britain;   some they hid in the earth so that no man might find them, and some they took   with them to Gaul' ï¿½ Anglo-Saxon Chronicles c400 ï¿½ c600 Migration and settlement of Angles, Jutes and Saxons 432 St Patrick begins mission to Ireland 449 Beginning of invasions by Jutes, Angles and Saxons ï¿½ Hengist and Horsa invade 'The Angles were invited here by king Vortigern, and they came to Britain   in three longships, landing at Ebbesfleet. [He] gave them territory in the   southeast of this land on the condition that they fight the Picts. This they   did, and had victory wherever they went. Then they sent to Angel and commanded   more aid ï¿½ they soon sent hither a greater host to help the others. Then came   the men of three Germanic tribes: Old Saxons, Angles and Jutes. Of the Jutes   come the people of Kent and the Isle of Wight; of the Old Saxons come the   East-Saxons, South-Saxons and West-Saxons; of the Angles come the East Anglians,   Middle Anglians, Mercians and all Northumbrians. Their war-leaders were two   brothers, Hengist and Horsa ï¿½ first of all they killed and drove away the   king's enemies, then later they turned on the king and the British [mid-450s],   destroying through fire and the sword's edge.' ï¿½ Anglo-Saxon Chronicles 467 Chinese observe Halley's comet c490 British check Anglo-Saxon advance at siege of Mount Badon   (site unknown)  date uncertain: other sources say 520 and/or c.495,   or simply 'some time in the decade before or after 500' c500 Irish "Scots" arrived in western Scotland 525 (some say in 526, 532 or 534) 'Dennis the Short' (Dionysius Exiguous) calculates the date of the birth


Which 1914 battle was the first major action of the British Expeditionary Force, delaying the German advance?

1914 Timeline | World War II Database World War II Database Takeo Yoshikawa was born. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC] 2 Jan 1914 Noor Inayat Khan was born in Moscow, Russia. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC] 18 Jan 1914 Germany Adolf Hitler, who had registered as a stateless person in order to aviod military service in Austria-Hungary, was arrested by a Mï¿½nchen (Munich) police official and taken to the Austrian Consulate, from where he was deported to Salzburg in Austria to enter the army. ww2dbase [ Main Article | AC ] 5 Feb 1914 Upon examination in Salzburg, Austria, Adolf Hitler was rejected by the Austro-Hungarian Army; army doctors deemed him unfit for service even for auxiliary units. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC] 11 Feb 1914 United States Kichisaburo Nomura was made the naval attachï¿½ to the United States. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC] 12 Feb 1914 Settsu departed Koniya harbor, island of Amami-Oshima, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC] 14 Feb 1914 Nancy Harkness Love was born. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC] 18 Feb 1914 Settsu arrived at Chinhae, Korea. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC] 22 Feb 1914 Liu Zhesheng was born in Baoding, Hebei Province, China. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC] 1 Mar 1914 Erwin Rommel was posted to the 4th Battery of the 49th Artillery Regiment of the Wï¿½ttemberg Army. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC] 14 Mar 1914 China The Japanese-controlled Ryojun Naval District (previously known as Port Arthur; now Lushunkou, Liaoning Province, China), Kwantung Leased Territory in northeastern China was downgraded to a third echelon military port. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC] 15 Mar 1914 Wong Sun-sui was born in Taishan County, Guangdong Province, China. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC] 16 Mar 1914 United States The keel of battleship Arizona was laid down at Brooklyn Navy Yard, New York, United States. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC] 18 Mar 1914 Texas was commissioned into service. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC] 20 Mar 1914 The Curragh mutiny took place when the commanding officer and 56 officers of the British 3rd Cavalry Brigade, stationed at the Curragh near Dublin, Ireland, opted for dismissal from the British Army rather than being forced to coerce the Ulster Protestants into accepting Irish Home Rule. The incident might partially explain why the government was not prepared to force Ulster to accept home rule. The secretary for war, J. E. B. Seely (later 1st Baron Mottistone, 1868-1947), and the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Sir John French, indicated that the officers should not be required to serve against the north; the Cabinet disagreed and Seely and French resigned their offices. ww2dbase [ AC ] Belgium Victor Matthys was born. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC] 23 Mar 1914 Photo(s) dated 23 Mar 1914 28 Mar 1914 Photo(s) dated 28 Mar 1914 1 Apr 1914 China Vice Admiral Reijiro Kawashima succeeded Vice Admiral Hajime Sakamoto as the commanding officer of the Ryojun Military Port (previously known as Port Arthur; now Lushunkou, Liaoning Province, China), Kwantung Leased Territory in northeastern China. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC] 2 Apr 1914 United Kingdom Alec Guinness de Cuffe was born in Paddington, London, England, United Kingdom. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC] 15 Apr 1914 New York was commissioned into service. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC] 17 Apr 1914 Korea Lieutenant General Gencho Furumi was named the chief of staff of the Japanese Chosen Army in occupied Korea. ww2dbase [CPC] 20 Apr 1914 Max Wï¿½nsche was born. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC] US Naval Aviation's first combat action began when the base detachment, including three aircraft and three pilots under Lieutenant J. H. Towers, left Pensacola, Florida, United States in the battleship USS Mississippi to assist forces at Vera Cruz, Mexico, where they flew observation and photographic sorties. ww2dbase [ AC ] 1 May 1914 Douglas MacArthur arrived at Veracruz, Mexico as a member of the headquarters staff. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC] 8 May 1914 China Rear Admiral Masaki Nakamura was named the chief of staff


What is the name of the Greenpeace ship involved in protests at the Gazprom oilrig in the Pechora Sea in September 2013?

Widgets Magazine Get short URL 0 129 0 0 More than 40 environmental groups have written to Russian President Vladimir Putin asking him to release a Greenpeace icebreaker and its crew detained last week over protests at Gazprom’s offshore oil rig in the Arctic Ocean, the World Wildlife Fund said Monday. MOSCOW, September 23 (RIA Novosti) – More than 40 environmental groups have written to Russian President Vladimir Putin asking him to release a Greenpeace icebreaker and its crew detained last week over protests at Gazprom’s offshore oil rig in the Arctic Ocean, the World Wildlife Fund said Monday. The Arctic Sunrise ship was seized by Russian border guards Thursday in international waters, inside of Russia's exclusive economic zone, a day after two Greenpeace activists scaled the Prirazlomnoye drilling rig in the Pechora Sea, the southeastern part of the Barents Sea. Greenpeace said the ship was seized at gunpoint. Russian investigators said the vessel was involved in “piracy,” punishable by up to 15 years in prison, and that an investigation would be conducted to check the allegations. The ship is expected to arrive in the Russian port of Murmansk on Tuesday. In the letter to the Russian president, the Russian branches of both domestic and international environmental groups stressed that the activists had “acted peacefully” and that their only goal was to attract public attention to hydrocarbon production projects at the Russian Arctic shelf that they called “environmentally unacceptable.” Media reports said some 30 people, including six Britons and one American, were onboard the vessel. The platform, owned by Gazprom Neft Shelf, a subsidiary of Russian energy giant Gazprom, is the first ice-resistant stationary oil platform in the world set to produce offshore Arctic oil. According to the WWF , the project was fiercely criticized by the leading Russian experts in oil and gas extraction in 2012. The Russian giant has however failed to establish a dialogue with civil society, the WWF said. The Arctic Sunrise reached waters off the northern coast of Russia last month and soon ran into trouble with Russian authorities when it was formally banned from sailing in the Northern Sea Route. The ship ignored the ban, which Greenpeace called unlawful. Greenpeace and other environmental groups oppose drilling for oil in the Arctic because they say that it is currently impossible to sufficiently clean up potential oil spills in the region, and that such drilling cannot be economically viable without state subsidies.


Who invented the pneumatic tyre in 1887?

Pneumatic Tire History - Invention of the Pneumatic Tire Invention: pneumatic   tire in 1887 Function: noun / air-filled tire   / inflatable tire Definition: A device   covering the circumference of a wheel. It cushions the rider from a   bumpy road, reduces wear and tear on the wheels and provides a friction   bond between the vehicle and the ground Patent: 4.116 (UK)   issued March 8, 1889 435,995 (US) issued September 9, 1890 Inventor: John Boyd   Dunlop Criteria: First practical. Entrepreneur. Birth: February 5,   1840 in Dreghorn, North Ayrshire, Scotland Death: October 23,   1921 in Duplin, Ireland Nationality: Scottish Milestones: 1844 Charles Goodyear invented vulcanization, the process used to  produce cured rubber tires. 1846 Robert William Thomson invented and patented, but could not sell  his pneumatic   tire design 1887 John Boyd Dunlop invented and patented a pneumatic   tire for use on his son's tricycle 1889 Dunlop's pneumativ tire patented in the UK and the US on September,  1890 1890 Dunlop and partner William Harvey Du Cros begin production of  pneumatic tires in Ireland. 1891 Dunlop's patent invalidated in favor of the earlier Thampson patent 1898 Frank Seiberling starts Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company in Akron,  Ohio 1888 Michelin Tire Company incorporated on May 28, 1946 The radial tire was invented by Michelin 1924 Goodyear acquired Zeppelin patents, making possible construction of  rigid airships in the 1937 Goodyear built and tested first American-made synthetic rubber tire 1947 Goodyear introduces first nylon tires 1999 Dunlop Rubber Company becomes a subsidiary of Goodyear Tire and  Rubber Company The Story: TO   LEARN MORE


Hitting the Brakes: A History of Automotive Brakes For the Classic Car Restoration Enthusiast AUTO HISTORY Hitting the Brakes: A History of Automotive Brakes By Llewellyn Hedgbeth Starting cars with a hand-crank was never easy and bringing them to a halt wasn't a cake walk, either. Many early cars used simple "spoon" brakes like carriages had: a driver relied on a lever system that moved a block of wood against the wheels. These worked relatively well for speeds of 10-20 mph in sparse traffic. By the late 1890s, though, when the Michelin brothers came out with rubber pneumatic tires, the wood block idea was pretty useless because the wood ground the rubber down pretty badly. In 1898, an enterprising inventor from Cleveland, Elmer Ambrose Sperry, designed an electric car with front-wheel disc brakes, built by the Cleveland Machine Screw Co. With disc brakes, a caliper with brake pads pinches a rotor or disc—like bicycle brakes. The man credited with the invention of the disc brake, however, was English engineer Frederick William Lanchester who patented the idea in 1902. The biggest problem with his brakes, though, because copper brake pad linings moved against a metal disc, was the horrible screeching noise they made. It took another five years for someone else to cure the noise problem: Herbert Frood, a fellow Brit, lined the pads with long-lasting asbestos. In fact, asbestos continued to be used in car brakes until the 1980s when health and safety concerns eliminated it. Still, the disc brake didn't enjoy much popularity. It wasn't until the 50s that European cars began the wide use of disc brakes. In 1967, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 105 set specific performance tests that led to the widespread introduction of disc brakes on American cars in the early seventies. But we'll leave the disc brakes for now and focus instead on the later-introduced but, initially, more popular drum brakes. Mechanical Drum Brakes The first, or among the first, to wrap a cable around a drum anchored to the vehicle's chassis—the basic idea for drum brakes—was Gottlieb Daimler, in 1899. Wilhelm Maybach, designer of the first Mercedes, utilized rudimentary, mechanical drum brakes in 1901. These were steel cables wrapped around the drums of the rear wheels and operated by a hand lever. Louis Renault, however, is the man credited with the 1902 invention of the drum brake which would become standard for automobiles. In drum brakes, brake shoes generate friction by rubbing against the inner surface of a brake drum attached to a wheel. There are external-contracting brakes in which the brake band surrounds the drum and internal-expanding drum brakes in which the shoes, supported by a back plate, are forced outward against the drum. In the U.S., one of the first to manufacture drum brakes was the A. H. Raymond Co. of Bridgeport, Connecticut, opened in 1902 as a four-man shop that built brakes, brake linings, and clutch facings. Re-named Royal Equipment Co. by 1904, the company continued to improve brakes, particularly with an asbestos and copper-wire brake lining known as "Raybestos". The claims the Raymond Co. could make were that it had "double acting" brakes—stopping both forward and backward motion and that the driver could now choose to stop suddenly or gradually. In 1902, Ransom E. Olds of Oldsmobile tested an early external-contracting brake design during a race on Riverside Drive in New York City. The design called for wrapping a flexible stainless steel band around the rear axle drum. The driver depressed the foot pedal mounted on the floor to operate the brake band which gripped the drum. Olds was pitting his car's braking power against that of a tire brake (a pad applied to the tire by means of a long lever) for a four-horse coach and an internal drum, expanding-shoe design for a Victoria horseless carriage. Stopping from a speed of 14 mph, the horse-drawn carriage (which may not really have gone as fast as the cars) stopped in 77.5 feet, the Victoria in 37 feet, and the Olds in 21.5 feet. The results were impressive enough that by


At which venue did Civil Service FC lose an amateur league match 2-1 to Polytechnic FC early in the 2013-14 season?

Buckingham Palace to host first ever football match as part of FA's 150th anniversary celebrations | Daily Mail Online comments Buckingham Palace is to host its first ever official football match as part of the Football Association’s 150th anniversary celebrations. The Duke of Cambridge, president of the FA, helped arrange the game between two of England’s oldest amateur clubs in the gardens of the famous landmark. Civil Service FC and Polytechnic FC, both based in Chiswick, west London, are preparing to go head to head in the unique Southern Amateur League fixture at the palace on Monday, October 7. Enlarge   Green light: The Queen has allowed the FA to host a football match inside Buckingham Palace. Here is how the pitch might look in the grounds Pitching in: Buckingham Palace will host its first ever official football match as part of the FA's 150th anniversary celebrations Original idea: Prince William, president of the FA, helped arrange the football match at Buckingham Palace Decision maker: The Queen gave permission for the FA to hold a football match inside Buckingham Palace The Queen gave her permission for the match and Wembley groundsman Tony Stones will work with the royal household gardeners to create a pitch in the 40-acre garden. William will host the event and also present medals to 150 grassroots volunteers in recognition of their dedication to the sport. The match is being held in tribute to their commitment. The recipients were chosen for their outstanding contribution to football including helping to develop the women’s game, providing opportunities for disabled players and refereeing. William praised the 400,000 volunteers every year who help run local matches. The Duke said: “In our 150th year, it is hugely important for the FA to honour the efforts of the many thousands of volunteers who week in, week out, help to provide the opportunity for millions more people to enjoy football at grassroots level. Driving force: Prince William, seen here with David Cameron and David Beckham, will host the event and also present medals to 150 grassroots volunteers in recognition of their dedication to the sport. Fan of the beautiful game: Prince William, the Duke of Cambridge and Catherine, the Duchess of Cambridge attend the opening of the new England training facility at St George's Park Nice to meet you: Prince William, Duke of Cambridge shares a joke with England's Ashley Cole at a training session in 2012 'Inviting 150 of these volunteers to Buckingham Palace provides a fitting way for the FA to pay tribute and give thanks.' Greg Dyke, chairman of the FA, said: 'These volunteers are the heartbeat of football. Without them, the game simply wouldn’t function at a grassroots level and it is only right that the FA honours their tireless and selfless work. 'We are delighted that, in his role as president of the FA, HRH The Duke of Cambridge has given his support to this initiative - even going as far as arranging for the first-ever game of football to be played at Buckingham Palace in honour of our grassroots heroes.' Civil Service FC is the sole surviving club from the 11 clubs who founded the FA in the Freemasons’ Tavern, Great Queen Street in London in 1863 and later drafted the 13 original laws of association football. Polytechnic FC was formed in 1875. UNUSUAL SPORTING VENUES Two of England’s oldest amateur clubs, Civil Service FC and Polytechnic FC, will play a match in the Buckingham Palace garden as part of the Football Association’s 150th anniversary celebrations. The Southern Amateur League match will not be the first sporting event to be staged in an unlikely occasion - though it is possibly the grandest. Sportsmail takes a look at five more unusual venues. Burj Al Arab Helipad, Dubai Roger Federer and Andre Agassi played on a specially-built court 1,053 feet up on the roof of the luxury Dubai hotel to promote the 2005 Dubai Duty Free Classic. They did not chase too many shots into the tramlines. Knockout venue: Hugh Hefner has held a number of sporting events in the garden of his Pla


David McCallum played the character Illya Kuryakin in which TV series?

David McCallum from 'U.N.C.L.E.' talks about NCIS and his glory days as a spy - LA Times David McCallum from 'U.N.C.L.E.' talks about NCIS and his glory days as a spy David McCallum Cliff Lipson / CBS David McCallum is working on his first novel, the crime thriller "Once a Crooked Man," which will be published in January. David McCallum is working on his first novel, the crime thriller "Once a Crooked Man," which will be published in January. (Cliff Lipson / CBS) Susan King  It was like a scene out of the classic 1964-'68 NBC spy series "The Man From U.N.C.L.E." David McCallum , who played the sexy, suave Russian spy Illya Kuryakin, was in New York for a personal appearance at Macy's during the height of the series' popularity. He was slated to autograph copies of one of his popular albums in which he conducted instrumental versions of new and old songs. But the New York police chief feared for his safety because of the vast number of female fans who showed up, forcing Macy's to close off Herald Square in front of the department store. See the most-read entertainment stories >> Open link Police took him to a freight elevator. A police car was inside. "I got in the car, and we went all the way down to the ground floor and drove out," McCallum said. "It was a fabulous moment that was so 'U.N.C.L.E' that no one ever saw except me." The actor later learned his ardent female fans were not happy when they got the news that their idol was gone. "When the kids heard I wasn't going to be there, they started to tear up the display cases and they did a considerable amount of damage," McCallum said. "It was insane." McCallum is one month shy of his 82nd birthday and looks fabulous. ("I do my Pilates," he said, smiling.) Next month he and his wife, Katherine, a former model, will be celebrating their 48th wedding anniversary. 'Man from U.N.C.L.E' | Trailer Watch the trailer for the film "Man From U.N.C.L.E." Watch the trailer for the film "Man From U.N.C.L.E." See more videos "We have eight grandchildren," he said, beaming with pride. "We have six boys in New York and two girls here. I keep the boys and the girls on different coasts so I can keep them straight." Early on a recent Friday morning, McCallum sat at the back table of a cafe in Santa Monica where he perused the uncorrected bound proof of his first novel, the crime thriller "Once a Crooked Man," which will be published in January. Chatting for an hour, McCallum embodied an old-school gentleman who seemed pleased and bemused that the person sitting across from him had been devoted to "The Man From U.N.CL.E." all those years ago. It was a rare day off from the CBS hit series "NCIS," in which he plays chief medical examiner Dr. Donald "Ducky" Mallard. "We are shooting the 13th season," he said. "The script we are doing right now is 285. I just sit back now and wait until the writers come up with stories because they have done such a superb job all of these years." He recently saw the new film version of "The Man From U.N.C.L E.," which opened Friday to mixed reviews and a mediocre box office estimated at $13.5 million in the U.S. and Canada. Directed by Guy Ritchie , the film stars Armie Hammer as Illya, Henry Cavill as agent Napoleon Solo, who was played by Robert Vaughn in the series, and Hugh Grant as their boss-in-waiting Alexander Waverly, portrayed by Leo G. Carroll on the TV show. "Guy Ritchie and [co-screenwriter] Lionel Wigram have done a great script that in no way encroaches onanything Leo, Robert and I did," he said. "In a way, it's a tribute to what we did, which was very special. They have used a little bit of the camp, but they haven't overdone it. Seventy to 80% of the people in the United States who go to this movie never saw or ever heard of the series." In the series, Kuryakin remained a man of mystery. McCallum said the only thing he remembered from the pilot script was that Kuryakin was Russian and had a collection of jazz records under his bed. "If you go through the entire series, there is nothing anywhere about Illya," he said. "Everybody had their own


Name the author of the Jack Ryan series of books who died in 2013?

Will Jack Ryan live on after Tom Clancy's death? Will Jack Ryan live on after Tom Clancy's death? New Jack Ryan novel and movie follow death of Tom Clancy Post to Facebook Will Jack Ryan live on after Tom Clancy's death? New Jack Ryan novel and movie follow death of Tom Clancy Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/1cPQX9F CancelSend A link has been sent to your friend's email address. Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. 3 To find out more about Facebook commenting please read the Conversation Guidelines and FAQs Will Jack Ryan live on after Tom Clancy's death? Bob Minzesheimer , USA TODAY 11:14 p.m. ET Dec. 2, 2013 "Command Authority," co-written with Mark Greaney, is being released Tuesday. And arriving in theaters on Jan. 17 is "Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit" starring Chris Pine. Tom Clancy's 'Command Authority' comes out this week. (Photo: -) Jack Ryan lives on in bookstores and theaters New movie is prequel to 'Hunt for Red October' Will Clancy publish from the grave? Novelist Tom Clancy died two months ago at 66, but his best-known character, Jack Ryan, a former CIA operative who becomes president, lives on in bookstores and movie theaters. The last novel completed before Clancy's death, Command Authority, co-written with Mark Greaney, is being released Tuesday. In 739 pages, it features President Ryan and his son, Jack Ryan Jr., an analyst for The Campus, an off-the-books intelligence agency. Father and son join to match wits with a new Russian leader with a dark secret. Arriving in theaters on Jan. 17is Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit starring Chris Pine. Conceived and written by Hossein Amin, it's a prequel to Clancy's 1984 debut, The Hunt for Red October, which introduced Ryan and launched Clancy as a publishing sensation. That raises a question: Will Clancy's publishing franchise continue after his death? His publisher declined to be interviewed, but in a statement hinted that the Ryan adventures may not be over. Ivan Held, president of Putnam, says, "Tom Clancy left us an incredible group of characters and a truly phenomenal record of fictional plots that sometimes preceded world events. Command Authority shows his characters in just the kind of dire world situation that Tom's fans came to expect. And of course we hope Jack Ryan and The Campus team can live on." That's been done before. Writers have been recruited and authorized to write new stories using characters created by authors who have died, such as Ian Fleming (James Bond), Robert Ludlum (Jason Bourne) and Arthur Conan Doyle (Sherlock Holmes). Whether Clancy will be published from the grave may be up to his estate. (He's survived by his widow, Alexandra Llewellyn Clancy, and five children, who could not be reached.) During his lifetime, Clancy wrote 15 Ryan novels, the last four with co-authors. Six hit No. 1 on USA TODAY's Best-Selling Books list. Four were turned into popular movies, starring Alec Baldwin, Harrison Ford and Ben Affleck as Ryan. Clancy also was involved with numerous spin-offs, including video games and books. In an 2002 interview with USA TODAY, Clancy acknowledged that Tom Clancy's Op-Center, a series of books (adapted as a NBC miniseries), were actually written by a collaborator, Jeff Rovin. Clancy's explanation: "George Lucas didn't write all the Star War books. Gene Roddenberry didn't write all the Star Trek books." 114 CONNECT TWEET LINKEDIN 3 COMMENTEMAILMORE Read or Share this story: http://usat.ly/1cPQX9F NEVER MISS OUT Life Be a pop culture maven. Get the news, reviews and the juiciest celebrity stories that keep you in the know, Monday-Friday.


Which British coin was first introduced on 9th June 1982?

66,325,000*  Background Information By the end of the 1970's it had become apparent that the new decimal coinage was in need of change because it was widely regarded as much too heavy. After a review of the coinage, it was proposed that the introduction of a 20p piece would substantially reduce the weight of coins in the system by decreasing the number of 10p coins in use. To help identification and avoid confusion with similar sized coins the 20p is seven sided and like the 50p an equilateral curve heptagon. The shape, with its constant rolling diameter, means that it is readily acceptable in vending machines. The 20p coin is legal tender for amounts up to £10. *Mintage figure based on UK decimal coins issued into general circulation during from 01/04/13 to 31/03/14


Which music is traditionally played as the final encore at the New Year's Day concert by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra?

New Year's Concert 2012 / Neujahrskonzert 2012 by Vienna Philharmonic, Mariss Jansons: Amazon.co.uk: Music Â£12.44 & FREE Delivery in the UK on orders over Â£20. Details Includes FREE MP3 version of this album. AutoRip is available only for eligible CDs and vinyl sold by Amazon EU Sarl (but does not apply to gift orders or PrimeNow orders). See Terms and Conditions for full details, including costs which may apply for the MP3 version in case of order returns or cancellations. Only 2 left in stock (more on the way). Dispatched from and sold by Amazon. Gift-wrap available. Arrives before Christmas. Choose delivery option in checkout. Want it delivered by Friday, 23 Dec.? Order within 46 hrs 35 mins and choose AmazonGlobal Priority at checkout. Details Note: This item is eligible for click and collect. Details Pick up your parcel at a time and place that suits you. Choose from over 13,000 locations across the UK Prime members get unlimited deliveries at no additional cost How to order to an Amazon Pickup Location?   3. Entweder - oder!, Polka schnell, Op. 403   4. Tritsch - Tratsch, Polka schnell, Op. 214   5. Wiener BÃ¼rger, Walzer, Op. 419   6. Albion, Polka, Op. 102   7. Jokey, Polka schnell, Op. 278   8. Danse diabolique   9. KÃ¼nstler - Gruss, Polka francaise, Op. 274   10. Freuet euch des Lebens, Walzer, Op. 340   11. Sperl - Galopp, Op. 42 Disc: 2   1. Kopenhagener Eisenbahn - Dampf Galopp   2. Feuerfest, Polka francaise, Op. 269   3. Carmen - Quadrille, Op. 134   4. "Panorama" aus "DornrÃ¶schen"   5. Walzer aus "DornrÃ¶schen"   6. Pizzicato - Polka   7. Persischer Marsch, Op. 289   8. Brennende Liebe, Polka mazur, Op. 129   9. Delirien, Walzer, Op. 212   10. Unter Donner und Blitz, Polka schnell, Op. 324   11. Tik - Tak, Polka schnell, Op. 365   12. NeujahrsgruÃ / New Year's Address / Allocution du Nouvel An   13. An der schÃ¶nen blauen Donau, Walzer Op. 314   14. Radetzky - Marsch, Op. 228 Product Description Product Description Sony Classical is pleased to announce the release of the recording of one of the world’s most famous classical music events: the 2012 New Year’s Concert with the Vienna Philharmonic. Latvian conductor Mariss Jansons returns to direct the 2012 celebrations after his acclaimed debut in 2006. The live recording encompasses releases on CD, DVD and Blu-ray. The annual New Year's Day Concert in the stunning Vienna Musikverein has been an exalted tradition for more than seven decades, and the resulting recordings with works from the Strauss dynasty and their contemporaries are among the classical market's most important releases. The programme traditionally revolves around waltzes and polkas by the Strauss family (Johann father and son as well as Josef and Eduard Strauss). In 2012 the programme is once again a skilful blend of well-known classics and six New Year’s Concert premieres. As always the concert is bound to end with two traditional encores--the famous waltz The Blue Danube and the Radetzky March. Customer Reviews


Which author, whose books included 'A Song of Stone', 'Espedair Street' and 'Whit', died in 2013?

Iain Banks - Telegraph Books Obituaries Iain Banks Iain Banks, who has died aged 59, was a novelist who achieved popularity and  critical success in two separate fields: literary fiction, for which he  appeared on the first Granta list of young writers beside the likes of  Martin Amis, Salman Rushdie and AN Wilson; and, as Iain M Banks, science  fiction, much of it set in an interstellar anarcho-communist utopia called  The Culture. Iain Banks, born February 16 1954, died June 9 2013 Photo: Chris Watt 6:00PM BST 09 Jun 2013 Banks came rather to regret this demarcation of his novels, and in truth the distinction was not always straightforward. The grotesque and bizarre were often to the fore in his mainstream books, to the point that it was not always obvious into which category they fell. Indeed, 2009’s Transition was published in Britain as an Iain Banks novel, but under his science fiction byline — with its initial M — in America. His best-known book probably remained the first he published. The Wasp Factory brought Banks immediate notoriety. Even before its appearance, one publisher claimed that the book had made him vomit into his waste paper basket. It had a similarly emetic effect on many reviewers: “a repulsive piece of work”; “silly, gloatingly sadistic”; “a work of unparalleled depravity” were among the judgments of the newspapers. Many, though, also conceded the hallucinatory brilliance of the author’s imagination, and there was widespread acknowledgement that Banks’ control of tone and language were more assured than that of many established novelists. Iain Banks was born on February 16 1954 at Dunfermline in Fife and spent his early years in North Queensferry. His father Tom worked for the Admiralty “getting crashed jets out the water”, and his mother Effie, who had been a professional ice skater in a touring review, met her husband while teaching skating at Dunfermline’s ice rink. Though an only child, Iain had a close-knit and large extended family; their name had originally been Banks Menzies, but Iain’s paternal grandfather, a miner and trade union activist, had reversed the surnames after drawing the attention of the police during the General Strike of 1926. Although registered at birth as plain Iain Banks, he used Menzies as his middle name from childhood. The decision to add “M” for his first science fiction book, Consider Phlebas (the fourth of his novels), was prompted by the disapproval of his uncles and cousins when the initial had been dropped from his previous books — after an editor raised the remarkably unlikely prospect of confusion with Rosie M Banks, the fictional author of slushy romantic novels in PG Wodehouse’s stories. When Iain was nine, his father was posted to the west coast of Scotland, and the family moved from their home near the Forth Bridge. The boy’s principal childhood interests were television, reading science fiction, and producing homemade explosives from sugar and weedkiller. After Greenock High School, Iain went to the University of Stirling, where he took courses in English, Psychology and Philosophy. Related Articles Iain Banks updates fans on cancer treatment 21 May 2013 His father was, he recalled, fairly supportive of his resolve to become a novelist, though his mother hoped he might train as a teacher to have “something to fall back on”. Instead, after graduating, Banks hitch-hiked around Europe, and then took a series of jobs, working for almost a decade (some of it in the south of England) as a dustman, a hospital porter and a clerk, with stints at IBM and British Steel, while steadily devoting himself to his writing. Until his first book appeared, he plastered the walls of his room with rejection slips. His parents became more relaxed about the security of his career, he observed, only after he had bought them a house next door to his own. After the success of The Wasp Factory in 1984, Banks produced a steady series of books, all of which found a sizeable audience and, for the most part, an appreciative critical response. The excesses of his début, which


David McCallum played the character Dr Daniel Westin in which TV series?

The Invisible Man (TV Series 1975–1976) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The weekly adventures of Dr. Daniel Westin, an invisible scientist working as an agent for a private thinktank. Creators: Dan is being asked to check out a spiritualist who claims to be able to contact the deceased. And it seems he has been able to contact some of the deceased loved ones of some of the country's top ... 8.1 Lionel Parks, a well-known recluse, has developed a process to quadruple the efficiency of fossil fuels, but instead of selling it to the US government, he auctions it to the highest bidder, which ... 8.0 Walter is surprised in his office by an escaped mental patient named Pike who demands, at gunpoint, the secret of the KLAE Resource. Pike learned everything about the KLAE Corporation from his cell ... 7.4 Visit our Awards Central section Related News a list of 22 titles created 11 Jan 2011 a list of 29 titles created 09 Sep 2011 a list of 1691 titles created 28 Dec 2012 a list of 33 titles created 12 Apr 2015 a list of 40 titles created 11 months ago Title: The Invisible Man (1975–1976) 6.8/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Gemini Man (TV Mini-Series 1976) Action | Adventure | Sci-Fi A man has a watch that makes him invisible when pressed. However he can only remain invisible for 15 minutes or else he will stay invisible forever. Stars: Ben Murphy, Katherine Crawford, William Sylvester Complex, involved science-fiction series about a special force of interdimensional operatives whose task is to protect the universe from evil forces trying to gain a foothold by disrupting ... See full summary  » Stars: David McCallum, Joanna Lumley, David Collings The adventures of a man with amphibious abilities. Stars: Patrick Duffy, Alan Fudge, Belinda Montgomery British scientist Peter Brady, while working on an invisibility formula, suffers a tragic accident which turns himself invisible. Unfortunately, there is no antidote, so, while working on a... See full summary  » Stars: Tim Turner, Lisa Daniely, Deborah Watling After a crippled test pilot is rebuilt with nuclear powered limbs and implants, he serves as a unique intelligence agent. Stars: Lee Majors, Richard Anderson, Martin E. Brooks The crew of Moonbase Alpha must struggle to survive when a massive explosion throws the Moon from orbit into deep space. Stars: Martin Landau, Barbara Bain, Nick Tate In the near future, an intrepid investigative TV reporter does his job with the help of his colleagues and a computerized version of himself. Stars: Matt Frewer, Amanda Pays, Chris Young A 20th century astronaut emerges out of 500 years of suspended animation into a future time to become Earth's greatest hero. Stars: Gil Gerard, Erin Gray, Felix Silla A fugitive scientist has the curse of becoming a powerful green monster under extreme emotional stress. Stars: Bill Bixby, Lou Ferrigno, Jack Colvin In a futuristic society where reaching the age of 30 is a death sentence, a rebellious law enforcement agent goes on the run in search of Sanctuary. Stars: Gregory Harrison, Heather Menzies-Urich, Donald Moffat After fully recovering from her near fatal bout of bionic rejection, Jaime Sommers, the first female cyborg, is assigned to spy missions of her own. Stars: Lindsay Wagner, Richard Anderson, Martin E. Brooks John Steed and his new accomplices Purdey and Gambit find themselves facing new and deadly dangers in the bizarre world of espionage. Mixing fantasy with a darker edge, the trio face ... See full summary  » Stars: Patrick Macnee, Gareth Hunt, Joanna Lumley Edit Storyline Dr. Daniel Westin was a scientist working with a government thinktank known as the KLAE Corporation who was rendered invisible by a formula concocted by himself that was supposed to be used for matter tran


What is the surname of the three brothers selected in the England Rugby League squad for the 2013 World Cup?

2013 Rugby League World Cup: England unveil 24-man squad for tournament | Rugby League News | Sky Sports 2013 Rugby League World Cup: England unveil 24-man squad for tournament England have named three Burgess brothers in their 24-man World Cup squad but Eorl Crabtree misses out. Last Updated: 01/10/13 7:19pm Three of the four Burgess brothers make the cut - twins George and Tom, the only uncapped players in the squad, plus older brother Sam - but former Leeds prop Luke misses out. It is the first time that three brothers have been included in an England squad and it is the selection of Tom, who is in his first season with South Sydney Rabbitohs that will raise eyebrows as he gets the nod over Crabtree. Injuries ruled out Leeds' Jamie Jones-Buchanan and Jack Reed of the Brisbane Broncos while there were no places for the likes of St Helens' Jon Wilkin, Warrington veteran Adrian Morley and Wakefield Wildcats' Danny Kirmond. Head coach Steve McNamara said: "After three years of excellent preparation and the success of the England elite training programme during that period, we are ready for the Rugby League World Cup 2013. "We are fully aware that the Rugby League World Cup 2013 will be fiercely contested and that this squad will need to work extremely hard and play to a very high level to win the tournament and we believe we have selected a squad capable of doing just that. Step up "As we have seen in previous tournaments, we will need all members of the squad ready to step up and make vital contributions and we feel that all 24 players have the ability to do that. "To have a World Cup on home soil is a massive opportunity for the sport and I hope the public will turn up in their numbers and show their support for England." Most of the England squad will fly to South Africa on Wednesday for a training camp, with the Wigan and Warrington stars involved in Saturday's Grand Final joining them on Monday. Huddersfield second rower Brett Ferres will also travel to South Africa, although he has not been named in the squad. England have a warm-up game against Italy at Salford on Saturday, October 19, a week before their opening match against Australia in Cardiff. England's 24-man squad: Carl Ablett (Leeds), Tom Briscoe (Hull), George Burgess, Sam Burgess, Tom Burgess (all South Sydney), Rob Burrow (Leeds), Josh Charnley (Wigan), Rangi Chase (Castleford), Leroy Cudjoe (Huddersfield), Liam Farrell (Wigan), James Graham (Canterbury Bulldogs), Ryan Hall (Leeds), Zak Hardaker (Leeds), Chris Hill (Warrington), Gareth Hock (Widnes), Michael McIlorum (Wigan), Lee Mossop (Wigan), Sean O'Loughlin (Wigan), James Roby (St Helens), Kevin Sinfield (Leeds, capt), Sam Tomkins (Wigan), Kallum Watkins (Leeds), Ben Westwood (Warrington), Gareth Widdop (Melbourne).


How many years were between the Norman Conquest and the Great Fire of London?

A Brief History of London A Brief History of London David Cody , Associate Professor of English, Hartwick College [ Victorian Web Home —> Political History —> Social History —> Religion —> Science —> Economics ] The outpost which would become London first appears in history as a small military storage depot employed by the Romans during their invasion of Britain, which began in A.D. 43. It was ideally located as a trading center with the continent and soon developed into an important port. It had already become the headquarters of the Procurator, the official in charge of the finances of Roman Britain, when Boudica, the Queen of the Iceni, a native British tribe inhabiting East Anglia, burnt it to the ground in A.D. 61 in the course of her bloody revolt against Roman rule. It was rebuilt by the year 100, and first appears as "Londinium" in Tacitus's Annals. It rapidly became both the provincial capital and the administrative, commercial, and financial center of Roman Britain. Its population by the middle of the third century numbered perhaps 30,000 people, a number which grew in fifty years to nearly twice that number. They lived in a city with paved streets, temples, public baths, offices, shops, brick-fields, potteries, glass-works, modest homes and elaborate villas, surrounded by three miles of stone walls (portions of which still remain) which were eight feet thick at their base and up to twenty feet in height. During the course of the fourth century, however, as the Roman Empire began to collapse, Roman Londinium fell into obscurity as its protective Legions withdrew; history records no trace of it between 457 and 600. During that time, however, it gradually became a Saxon trading town, eventually one of considerable size. In the same century Christianity was introduced to the city (St. Augustine appointed a bishop, and a cathedral was built), but the inhabitants resisted and eventually drove the bishop from the city. It was sacked and burned by the Danes in the ninth century, but was resettled by Alfred in 883, when the Danes were driven out, the city walls were rebuilt, a citizen army was established, and Ethelred, Alfred's son-in-law, was appointed governor. It continued to grow steadily thereafter, though because most of its buildings were constructed of wood, large fires took place with unsettling regularity. Lunduntown (as it was now called) retained its preeminence after the Norman Conquest, which began in 1066. Though William the Conqueror had himself crowned at Westminster Abbey, he distrusted the Saxon populace of the city, and constructed a number of fortresses within the city walls, including still extant portions of Westminster Hall and the Tower of London. In 1176 work began on a new stone bridge to replace the wooden one which the Romans had built a thousand years before. The new bridge (which, in its turn, acquired the name of Old London Bridge) was completed in 1209, and would be in existence until 1832, remaining the only bridge across the Thames until 1750. The city became a true capital under Edward III, who placed the royal administrative center at Westminster during his reign in the fourteenth century. London was the only British city in mediaeval times which was comparable in size to the great cities of Europe. Between 1500 and 1800 it grew steadily in size and prominence, though during the middle ages its population never reached the levels it had attained in Roman times. Its population increased, however, from perhaps 50,000 in 1500, to 300,000 in 1700, 750,000 when George II assumed the throne in 1760, and 900,000 in 1800, in spite of living conditions which, over the centuries, were so unhealthy that the rapid increase in population could be sustained, in the face of an enormously high death rate, only by a steady influx of immigrants from other parts of Britain. [The death rate in the city, well into the eighteenth century, was twice the birth rate. The average life span of an Englishman, during the early eighteenth century, was 29 years, and in London the average was c


Who assassinated Mahatma Ghandi on 306 January 1948?

Gandhi assassinated - Jan 30, 1948 - HISTORY.com Gandhi assassinated Publisher A+E Networks Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, the political and spiritual leader of the Indian independence movement, is assassinated in New Delhi by a Hindu fanatic. Born the son of an Indian official in 1869, Gandhi’s Vaishnava mother was deeply religious and early on exposed her son to Jainism, a morally rigorous Indian religion that advocated nonviolence. Gandhi was an unremarkable student but in 1888 was given an opportunity to study law in England. In 1891, he returned to India, but failing to find regular legal work he accepted in 1893 a one-year contract in South Africa. Settling in Natal, he was subjected to racism and South African laws that restricted the rights of Indian laborers. Gandhi later recalled one such incident, in which he was removed from a first-class railway compartment and thrown off a train, as his moment of truth. From thereon, he decided to fight injustice and defend his rights as an Indian and a man. When his contract expired, he spontaneously decided to remain in South Africa and launched a campaign against legislation that would deprive Indians of the right to vote. He formed the Natal Indian Congress and drew international attention to the plight of Indians in South Africa. In 1906, the Transvaal government sought to further restrict the rights of Indians, and Gandhi organized his first campaign of satyagraha, or mass civil disobedience. After seven years of protest, he negotiated a compromise agreement with the South African government. In 1914, Gandhi returned to India and lived a life of abstinence and spirituality on the periphery of Indian politics. He supported Britain in the First World War but in 1919 launched a new satyagraha in protest of Britain’s mandatory military draft of Indians. Hundreds of thousands answered his call to protest, and by 1920 he was leader of the Indian movement for independence. He reorganized the Indian National Congress as a political force and launched a massive boycott of British goods, services, and institutions in India. Then, in 1922, he abruptly called off the satyagraha when violence erupted. One month later, he was arrested by the British authorities for sedition, found guilty, and imprisoned. After his release in 1924, he led an extended fast in protest of Hindu-Muslim violence. In 1928, he returned to national politics when he demanded dominion status for India and in 1930 launched a mass protest against the British salt tax, which hurt India’s poor. In his most famous campaign of civil disobedience, Gandhi and his followers marched to the Arabian Sea, where they made their own salt by evaporating sea water. The march, which resulted in the arrest of Gandhi and 60,000 others, earned new international respect and support for the leader and his movement. In 1931, Gandhi was released to attend the Round Table Conference on India in London as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. The meeting was a great disappointment, and after his return to India he was again imprisoned. While in jail, he led another fast in protest of the British government’s treatment of the “untouchables”–the impoverished and degraded Indians who occupied the lowest tiers of the caste system. In 1934, he left the Indian Congress Party to work for the economic development of India’s many poor. His protege, Jawaharlal Nehru, was named leader of the party in his place. With the outbreak of World War II, Gandhi returned to politics and called for Indian cooperation with the British war effort in exchange for independence. Britain refused and sought to divide India by supporting conservative Hindu and Muslim groups. In response, Gandhi launched the “Quit India” movement it 1942, which called for a total British withdrawal. Gandhi and other nationalist leaders were imprisoned until 1944. In 1945, a new government came to power in Britain, and negotiations for India’s independence began. Gandhi sought a unified India, but the Muslim League, which had grown in influence during the war, disagre


Which organisation won the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize?

The Nobel Peace Prize 2013 - Press Release Press Release The Nobel Peace Prize 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Share this: Norwegian The Nobel Peace Prize for 2013 The  Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided that the Nobel Peace Prize for 2013 is to be awarded to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons. During World War One, chemical weapons were used to a considerable degree. The Geneva Convention of 1925 prohibited the use, but not the production or storage, of   chemical weapons. During World War Two, chemical means were employed in Hitler’s mass exterminations. Chemical weapons have subsequently been put to use on numerous occasions by both states and terrorists. In 1992-93 a convention was drawn up prohibiting also the production and storage of such weapons. It came into force in 1997. Since then the OPCW has, through inspections, destruction and by other means, sought the implementation of the convention. 189 states have acceded to the convention to date. The conventions and the work of the OPCW have defined the use of chemical weapons as a taboo under international law. Recent events in Syria, where chemical weapons have again been put to use, have underlined the need to enhance the efforts to do away with such weapons. Some states are still not members of the OPCW. Certain states have not observed the deadline, which was April 2012, for destroying their chemical weapons. This applies especially to the USA and Russia. Disarmament figures prominently in Alfred Nobel’s will. The Norwegian Nobel Committee has through numerous prizes underlined the need to do away with nuclear weapons. By means of the present award to the OPCW, the Committee is seeking to contribute to the elimination of chemical weapons. Oslo, 11 October 2013 Share this: To cite this page MLA style: "The Nobel Peace Prize 2013 - Press Release". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 19 Jan 2017. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2013/press.html>


Who was assassinated by Yigal Amir on 4th November 1995?

Yitzhak Rabin Assassination Yitzhak Rabin Assassination Yitzhak Rabin Assassination The Assassination That Tried to End the Middle East Peace Talks Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat (center) talks with Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (left) and Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres (right) after they were awarded the Nobel Peace Prizes December 10, 1994 in Oslo, Norway.  (Photo by Yaakov Saar/GPO via Getty Images) By Jennifer Rosenberg Updated November 04, 2015. On November 4, 1995, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was shot and killed by Jewish radical Yigal Amir at the end of a peace rally in Kings of Israel Square (now called Rabin Square) in Tel Aviv. The Victim: Yitzhak Rabin Yitzhak Rabin was the prime minister of Israel from 1974 to 1977 and again from 1992 until his death in 1995. For 26 years, Rabin had been a member of the Palmach (part of the Jewish underground army before Israel became a state) and the IDF (the Israeli army) and had risen up the ranks to become the IDF's Chief of Staff. After retiring from the IDF in 1968, Rabin was appointed the Israeli Ambassador to the United States. Once back in Israel in 1973, Rabin became active in the Labor Party and became the fifth prime minister of Israel in 1974. During his second term as Israel's prime minister, Rabin worked on the Oslo Accords. Debated in Oslo, Norway but officially signed in Washington D.C. on September 13, 1993, the Oslo Accords were the first time that Israeli and Palestinian leaders were able to sit down together and work toward a real peace. continue reading below our video 10 Best Universities in the United States These negotiations were to be the first step in creating a separate Palestinian state. Although the Oslo Accords won Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres, and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize, the stipulations of the Oslo Accords were extremely unpopular with many Israelis. One such Israeli was Yigal Amir. The Assassination of Rabin Twenty-five year old Yigal Amir had wanted to kill Yitzhak Rabin for months. Amir, who had grown up as an Orthodox Jew in Israel and was a law student at Bar Ilan University, was completely against the Oslo Accords and believed Rabin was trying to give Israel back to the Arabs. Thus, Amir viewed Rabin as a traitor, an enemy. Determined to kill Rabin and hopefully end the Middle East peace talks, Amir took his small, black, 9 mm Beretta semi-automatic pistol and tried to get close to Rabin. After several failed attempts, Amir got lucky on Saturday, November 4, 1995. At the Kings of Israel Square in Tel Aviv, Israel, a peace rally in support of Rabin's peace negotiations was being held. Rabin was going to be there, along with approximately 100,000 supporters. Amir, who was posing as a VIP driver, sat idly by a flower planter near Rabin's car as he waited for Rabin. Security agents never double checked Amir's identity nor questioned Amir's story. At the end of the rally, Rabin descended down a set of stairs, heading from city hall to his waiting car. As Rabin passed Amir, who was now standing, Amir fired his gun at Rabin's back. Three shots rang out at very close range. Two of the shots hit Rabin; the other hit security guard Yoram Rubin. Rabin was rushed to the nearby Ichilov Hospital but his wounds proved too serious. Rabin was soon declared dead. The Funeral The assassination of 73-year-old Yitzhak Rabin shocked the Israeli people and the world. According to Jewish tradition, the funeral should have been held the following day; however, in order to accommodate the large number of world leaders that wanted to come give their respects, Rabin's funeral was pushed back one day. Throughout the day and night of Sunday, November 5, 1995, an estimated 1 million people passed by Rabin's coffin as it laid in state just outside the Knesset, Israel's parliament building.* On Monday, November 6, 1995, Rabin's coffin was placed in a military vehicle that had been draped in black and then slowly driven the two miles from the Knesset to the Mount


How many years were between the Gunpowder Plot and the Battle of Trafalgar?

BBC - History - The Gunpowder Plot The Gunpowder Plot By Bruce Robinson Last updated 2011-03-29 The failed plot to assassinate James I and the ruling Protestant elite would, however unfairly, taint all English Catholics with treason for centuries to come. Who were the conspirators and what did they hope to achieve? On this page Print this page Disillusionment Spying and shoot-outs, treachery and torture, not to mention gruesome deaths. The Gunpowder Plot has it all. Why were Catholics so bitter, and what did they hope to achieve? The year 1603 marked the end of an era. After 45 years on the English throne, Elizabeth I was dying. All signs suggested her successor would be James VI of Scotland, the son of Mary Queen of Scots - the queen who had been executed in 1587 on Elizabeth's orders. English Catholics were very excited. They had suffered severe persecution since 1570, when the Pope had excommunicated Elizabeth, releasing her subjects from their allegiance to her. The Spanish Armada of 1588 had made matters worse. To the Tudor State, all Catholics were potential traitors. They were forbidden to hear Mass, forced instead to attend Anglican services, with steep fines for those recusants who persistently refused. Yet rumours suggested James was more warmly disposed to Catholics than the dying Queen Elizabeth. His wife, Queen Anne of Denmark, was a Catholic, and James himself was making sympathetic noises. The crypto-Catholic Earl of Northumberland sent one of his staff, Thomas Percy, to act as his agent in Scotland. Percy's reports back optimistically suggested that Catholics might enjoy protection in James' England. The early signs were encouraging. Upon his accession as James I of England (VI of Scotland), the new king ended recusancy fines and awarded important posts to the Earl of Northumberland and Henry Howard, another Catholic sympathiser. This relaxation led to considerable growth in the number of visible Catholics. Trying to juggle different religious demands, James was displeased at their increasing strength. The discovery in July 1603 of two small Catholic plots did not help. Although most Catholics were horrified, all were tainted by the threat of treason. Yet rumours suggested James was more warmly disposed to Catholics than the dying Queen Elizabeth. The situation deteriorated further at the Hampton Court Conference of January 1604. Trying to accommodate as many views as possible, James I expressed hostility against the Catholics in order to satisfy the Puritans, whose demands he could not wholly satisfy. In February he publicly announced his 'utter detestation' of Catholicism; within days all priests and Jesuits had been expelled and recusancy fines reintroduced. Although bitterly disappointed, most English Catholics prepared to swallow the imposition of the fines, and live their double lives as best they could. But this passive approach did not suit all. Robert Catesby was a devout Catholic and familiar with the price of faith. His father had been imprisoned for harbouring a priest, and he himself had had to leave university without a degree, to avoid taking the Protestant Oath of Supremacy. Yet he possessed immense personal magnetism, crucial in recruiting and leading his small band of conspirators. Top The plotters The lower ground floor vault of the House of Lords where the gunpowder was stored    © Their first meeting was on 20 May 1604. Catesby was joined by his friends Thomas Wintour, Jack Wright and Thomas Percy at the Duck and Drake, in the Strand. The fifth person was Guy Fawkes. Originally from York, he had been recruited in Flanders, where he had been serving in the Spanish Army. They discussed their plan to blow up Parliament House, and shortly afterwards leased a small house in the heart of Westminster, installing Fawkes as caretaker, under the alias of John Johnson. With Parliament successively postponed to 5 November 1605, over the following year the number of plotters gradually increased to ten. Robert Keyes, Robert Wintour, John Grant and Kit Wright were all relatives, by blood or marriag