What major group of organisms possess bodily features called operculum, caudal peduncle, and photophores?

Fish Anatomy Fish Anatomy Outfitters & Guides External Fish Anatomy The following illustration of a largemouth bass shows some of the common external features that are used to describe the differences between fish that are explained in more detail below. Fish are animals that are cold-blooded, have fins and a backbone. Most fish have scales and breathe with gills. Approximately, 22,000 species of fish began evolving 480 million years ago. The largemouth bass illustrated above has the typical torpedo-like (fusiform) shape associated with many fishes. Fins are appendages used by the fish to maintain its position, move, steer and stop. They are either single fins along the centerline of the fish, such as the dorsal (back) fins, caudal (tail) fin and anal fin, or paired fins, which include the pectoral (chest) and pelvic (hip) fins. Fishes such as catfish have another fleshy lobe behind the dorsal fin, called an adipose (fat) fin that is not illustrated here. The dorsal and anal fins primarily help fish to not roll over onto their sides. The caudal fin is the main fin for propulsion to move the fish forward. The paired fins assist with steering, stopping and hovering. Scales in most bony fishes (most freshwater fishes other than gar that have ganoid scales, and catfish which have no scales) are either ctenoid or cycloid. Ctenoid scales have jagged edges and cycloid ones have smooth rounded edges. Bass and most other fish with spines have ctenoid scales composed of connective tissue covered with calcium. Most fishes also have a very important mucus layer covering the body that helps prevent infection. Anglers should be careful not to rub this "slime" off when handling a fish that is to be released. (See Scales for more). In many freshwater fishes the fins are supported by spines that are rigid and may be quite sharp thus playing a defensive role. Catfish have notably hard sharp fins, of which anglers should be wary. The soft dorsal and caudal fins are composed of rays, as are portions of other fins. Rays are less rigid and frequently branched. The gills are the breathing apparatus of fish and are highly vascularized giving them their bright red cover. An operculum (gill cover) that is a flexible bony plate that protects the sensitive gills. Water is "inhaled" through the mouth, passes over the gills and is "exhaled" from beneath the operculum. Fish can detect color. The eyes are rounder in fish than mammals because of the refractive index of water and focus is achieved by moving the lens in and out, not reshaping the lens as in mammals. Paired nostrils, or nares, in fish are used to detect odors in water and can be quite sensitive. Eels and catfish have particularly well developed senses of smell. The mouth's shape is a good clue to what fish eat. The larger it is, the bigger the prey it can consume. Fish have a sense of taste and may sample items to taste them before swallowing if they are not obvious prey items. Most freshwater fishes in Florida are omnivorous (eating both plant and animal matter). Some are primarily piscivorous (eating mostly other fish). The imported grass carp is one of the few large fishes that are primarily herbivorous (eating plants). Fish may or may not have teeth depending on the species. Fish like chain pickerel and gar have obvious canine-shaped teeth. Other fish have less obvious teeth, such as the cardiform teeth in catfish which feel like a roughened area at the front of the mouth, or vomerine teeth that are tiny patches of teeth, for example, in the roof of a striped bass' mouth. Grass carp and other minnows have pharyngeal teeth modified from their gill arches for grinding that are located in the throat. The lateral line is a sensory organ consisting of fluid filled sacs with hair-like sensory apparatus that are open to the water through a series of pores (creating a line along the side of the fish). The lateral line primarily senses water currents and pressure, and movement in the water. The vent is the external opening to digestive urinary and reproductive tracts. In most fish, it is immedi


Super, Magic, Brønsted and Lewis are prefixes for chemical substance?

Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry/Acid-Base Chemistry - Wikibooks, open books for an open world Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry/Acid-Base Chemistry From Wikibooks, open books for an open world Solid acid catalysts, such as zeolite Y, are used to isomerize hydrocarbons in the processing of crude oil into gasoline. Acids and bases are important for a number reasons in inorganic chemistry. Many industrially useful catalytic reactions involve inorganic acids and superacids , such as zeolites, anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, and sulfated zirconia. These acids are sufficiently strong in anhydrous media that they can protonate olefins and alcohols to produce carbocations. Carbocations are key intermediates in the transformations of hydrocarbons. Inorganic compounds are sometimes synthesized in strongly acidic or basic media. For example, ternary metal oxides can be synthesized and crystallized in molten NaOH or KOH, which are strongly basic. Organic fluorination reactions are often done in strongly acidic media, such as anhydrous HF. Understanding the familiar chemistry of acids and bases in water helps us understand how these non-aqueous media work. The acidic or basic environment of metal ions affects the stability of their oxidation states. We will learn more about this in Chapter 4. Transition metal complexes (coordination compounds and organometallic compounds) are essentially Lewis acid-base complexes. We can understand a great deal about their stability and reactivity by considering the acid-base character of metals and ligands. We will learn about this in Chapter 5. Learning goals for Chapter 3: Understand the Bronsted and Lewis definitions of acids and bases. Identify conjugate acids and bases, and rules for strong & weak acids/bases, in both Bronsted and Lewis acid-base systems. Use Pauling’s rules to predict the pKas of oxoacids. Understand the periodic trends of acidic, basic, and amphoteric compounds Predict, describe, and rationalize acid/base chemistry in non-aqueous systems, including acidic and basic solvents, aprotic solvents, and molten salts. Apply the principles of acid-base chemistry to the design of molecules and Lewis acids with target functions. Understand the connection between acid-base chemistry and the stabilization of oxidation states. Predict favorable and stable compounds using hard-soft acid-base (HSAB) theory.   3.1 Brønsted and Lewis acids and bases[ edit ] Illustration of the hierarchy of acid-base theories. Arrhenius acids and bases are a sub-class of Bronsted acids and bases, which are themselves a subclass of Lewis acids and bases. Three theories of acids and bases. There are three major classifications of substances known as acids or bases. The Arrhenius definition states that an acid produces H+ in solution and a base produces OH-. This theory was developed by Svante Arrhenius in 1883. Later, two more sophisticated and general theories were proposed. These are the Brønsted-Lowry and the Lewis definitions of acids and bases. The relationship between these theories is illustrated in the figure at the left. In acid-base chemistry, the hydrogen ion is often called and written as a proton (H+), but in fact it exists in a variety of hydrated forms that include H3O+, H5O2+, H7O3+. When we write H+(aq) or H3O+(aq) we are referring to the dynamic equilibrium mixtures of these forms of protonated water. The Arrhenius theory, which is the simplest and least general description of acids and bases, includes acids such as HClO4 and bases such as NaOH or Mg(OH)2. This theory successfully describes how acids and bases react with each other to make water and salts. However, it does not explain why some substances that do not contain hydroxide ions, for example F- and NO2-, can make basic solutions in water. The Brønsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases addresses this problem. In this theory an acid is a substance that can release a proton (like in the Arrhenius theory) and a base is a substance that can accept a proton. A basic salt such as Na+F- generates OH- ions in water by taking protons from w


Which capital city is located at 64°08'N 21°56'W?

Google Map of the City Reykjavik - Nations Online Project Searchable Map and Satellite View of Reykjavik using Google Earth Data Satellite view is showing Reykjavik, a seaport and the national capital of Iceland , the volcanic island between Greenland and Norway , north west of the UK . Reykjavik is the northernmost capital city of a sovereign nation in the world. City View of Reykjavík in winter, Iceland's capital with Hallgrímskirkja, the largest church in Iceland. Image: Ragnar Th. Sigurdsson   Reykjavik is located in southwestern Iceland, on the southern shore of Faxaflói Bay. The site of what is today Reykjavik was settled since the medieval times,  but there was no urban development until the end of the 18th century. In the 1750s several buildings were constructed to house the local wool manufacturing, which was Reykjavik's most important employer for a few decades. Today the city's population in the capital area is about 200,000 people, about 60% of Iceland's total population of 300,000. Spoken language is Icelandic. The city is governed by the elected Reykjavik City Council. It is home to the University of Iceland , the Reykjavik University and the Iceland Academy of the Arts . Some attractions of the city are: Laugavegur, the main shopping street, the exhibition space of the Safnahúsið (Culture House), the National Museum of Iceland and the Blue Lagoon (Bláa lónið), a geothermal spa located near Reykjavik. Other points of interest: Central Reykjavík and harbor seen from Hallgrím’s church. Image: Dragan Maksimovic   Places: Austurvöllur (popular city square), The Sun Voyager (dream boat sculpture), Reykjavík 871±2 (Reykjavik's history as a settlement), Icelandic Phallological Museum (beastly penis collection), Harpa (concert hall), Árbæjarsafn (open-air museum about social life in earlier times) Museums: Vikin Maritime Museum (historic ships and exhibits on local fishing industry), Reykjavik Art Museum (visual art), National Gallery of Iceland (collection of Icelandic art), The Living Art Museum (experimental contemporary art), Saga Museum (history comes alive with full scale and lifelike silicone figures), Gljúfrasteinn (museum and former home of Halldór Kiljan Laxness, winner of the 1955 Nobel Prize for Literature), Dining: Perlan (Futuristic fine dining restaurant with a cocktail bar and exhibition space in a landmark building) Churches: Hallgrímskirkja (Lutheran church with an Expressionist architecture, completed in 1986, time for completion 41 years), Landakotskirkja (cathedral of the Catholic Church in Iceland), Fríkirkjan í Reykjavík (Free Church in Reykjavík) Sports: Laugardalsvöllur (national stadium) The map shows a city map of Reykjavik with expressways, main roads and streets, and the location of Reykjavik Airport ( IATA code : RKV), zoom out to find Reykjavík-Keflavík Airport ( IATA code : KEF), Iceland’s international airport located about about 52 km (32 mi) by road (via Route 41) southwest of the city. To find a location use the form below.   To find a location type: street or place, city, optional: state, country. Local Time Iceland:


The highest paved road in the world, the 1,300km Karakoram Highway, connects which two nations?

Khi 15 07 2013 layout 1 by Pakistan Today - issuu issuu ISB 17-07-2013_Layout 1 7/15/2013 4:23 AM Page 1 Rs 17.00 Vol IV No 12 19 Pages Monday, 15 July, 2013 Ramadan 5, 1434 Karachi — Peshawar Edition a former oﬃcial of the indian Home Ministry on sunday revealed that a member of the secret service team had accused incumbent governments of “orchestrating” the terror attack on indian parliament and the 26/11 carnage in Mumbai. the former indian investigator satish Verma has said india itself was behind attacks on parliament in Delhi and Mumbai. the indian media said the fake encounter case involving a senior oﬃcer Under-secretary of interior Ministry ishrat Jahan submitted an aﬃdavit in the court stating that a member of CBi and siC investigation team satish Verma told him that in the terrorists attacks on parliament in Delhi and Mumbai terror attacks were pre-planned. stories on page 02 story on page 02 story on page 24 story on page 04 ISB 17-07-2013_Layout 1 7/15/2013 4:25 AM Page 2 02 news Monday, 15 July, 2013 No harm iN holdiNg talks with talibaN, says rashid ISLAMABAD NNI Federal Information Minister Pervaiz Rashid has said the PML-N government favours talks with the Taliban for peace in the country and region. Talking to media men here on Sunday‚ he said if talks could be held with the Taliban in Doha why they could not be held in Islamabad. The minister said the government was fully convinced that talks were the best way to address all concerns and reservations of the respective parties. He said even after war‚ the adversaries had to sit across the table for negotiations to settle their disputes. About drone attacks‚ the information minister said the government wanted to settle this issue with the United States through dialogue. He said the foreign office was in contact with America on this issue. To a question‚ he said the government wanted to address energy‚ economy and security issues on priority basis. He said the PML N government did not indulge in horse-trading or other tactics to set up its governments in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan. All energies were being used to resolve serious problems of the country, the minister said, adding the agreements signed with China during the recent visit of prime minister would be turning points for Pakistan's economy. indian officer claims govt behind parliament, 26/11 attacks NEW DELHI A NNI former official of the Indian Home Ministry on Sunday disclosed that a member of the secret service team had accused incumbent governments of “orchestrating” the terror attack on Indian Parliament and the 26/11 carnage in Mumbai. The former Indian investigator Satish Verma has said India itself was behind attacks on Parliament in Delhi and Mumbai. According to Indian media‚ the fake en- counter case involving a senior officer Under-Secretary of Interior Ministry Ishrat Jahan has submitted an affidavit in the court stating that a member of CBI and SIC investigation team Satish Verma told him that in the terrorists attacks on Parliament in Delhi and Mumbai terror attacks were pre-planned. A key government official, RVS Mani said Satish Verma, until recently a part of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) probe team, told him that both the terror attacks were set up “with the objective of strengthening the counter-terror legisla- tion”. Mani has said that Verma narrated that the December 13, 2001 (attack on Parliament) was followed by Pota (Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act) and 26/11 2008 (terrorists’ siege of Mumbai) was followed by amendment to the UAPA (Unlawful Activities Prevention Act). The official has alleged that Verma levelled the damaging charge while debunking IB's inputs labelling the three killed with Ishrat in the June 2004 encounter as Lashkar terrorists. Contacted by Times of India, Verma refused to comment. "I don't know what the complaint is, made when and to whom. Nor am I interested in knowing. I cannot speak to the media on such matters. Ask the CBI," said the Gujarat cadre IPS officer who after being relieved from the SIT is working as principal of


Heirloom Artichoke Varieties and Cardoons - Organic Gardening - MOTHER EARTH NEWS Tweet Heirloom Artichoke Varieties and Cardoons Learn all about growing artichokes and cardoons, unfold the brief history of their heirloom varieties and learn why we go wild for these vegetables that surprisingly host little nutrition. April 1, 2013 By William Woys Weaver Heirloom Vegetable Gardening by William Woys Weaver is the culmination of some thirty years of first-hand knowledge of growing, tasting and cooking with heirloom vegetables.  A staunch supporter of organic gardening techniques, Will Weaver has grown every one of the featured 280 varieties of vegetables, and he walks the novice gardener through the basics of planting, growing and seed saving. Sprinkled throughout the gardening advice are old-fashioned recipes — such as Parsnip Cake, Artichoke Pie and Pepper Wine — that highlight the flavor of these vegetables. The following excerpt on artichoke varieties was taken from chapter 4, “Artichokes and Cardoons.” Buy the brand new e-book of Weaver’s gardening classic in the MOTHER EARTH NEWS store: Heirloom Vegetable Gardening . To locate mail order companies that carry these heirloom artichoke varieties, use our  Custom Seed and Plant Finder . Check out our collection of articles on growing and harvesting heirloom vegetables in  Gardening With Heirloom Vegetables . A Brief History of Artichokes and Cardoons “It is good for man to eat thistles, and to remember that he is an ass. But the artichoke is the best of thistles, and the man who enjoys it has the satisfaction of feeling that he is an ass of taste.”Kettner’s Book of the Table (1877, 42) could not have put it more succinctly, for the artichoke is indeed a noble weed, an epicure’s morsel, and alas, a nutritional empty box. Yet the greatest agony of the artichoke is not its thorniness—which it has in abundance—but that it inflicts upon the palate the desire to eat many, and not one is a match for wine. There is no more effective way to assassinate a great wine than to serve it with artichokes. While the Jerusalem artichoke may slide down the gullet on a silken Vaucluse and later take its revenge in the gut, the artichoke takes its revenge in the mouth, for its chemistry deadens the palate, turning great wines to must. I cannot claim that artichokes are easy to grow, not in most parts of the United States at least, and I cannot say that they are particularly productive, for one good bud per plant is about all one can expect. Yet we grow them. We pamper them. And they reward us now and then with a meal. Fearing Burr listed fourteen varieties of artichokes and thirteen varieties of cardoons in his Field and Garden Vegetables of America (1865, 139–43). It was a good thing he could read French; he pinched that list from the 1856 edition of the Vilmorin Description des plantes potagères. A glance through Shaker seed lists of the period will reveal few references to artichokes, a more honest gauge of what middle America was actually growing as opposed to a wish list of horticultural exotics. John Russell, owner of the New England Farmer Seed Store in Boston, listed only the Green Globe in 1828, but this was without question a superior variety. Alexander Watson, in his American Home Garden (1859, 114–15) was a little more practical than Fearing Burr, for he listed only two varieties, a purple artichoke and a green one. These were the heirlooms that Americans knew; indeed, the green one had been cultivated here since the late 1600s, but only in the gardens of the gentry. Globe Artichoke Cynara scolymus Of all the heirloom varieties, the globe artichoke is by far the easiest to cultivate and the one variety that appears most often in our old garden books. In an article entitled “Tried Varieties of Vegetables” in the American Garden (1889, 10:57), it was the globe artichoke that was recommended most highly for its consistency. For this reason I put it above the others, and as I grow it myself, I can verity that it will submit to far more abuse than more tender sorts, particularly the pu


The term 'ignition' derives from which archaic 'element'?

Table of Elements in Greek and Latin (Rome) Language. Sidebar Periodic Table of Elements The Greek language and Greek myth have contributed greatly to the sciences, including chemistry. This is most apparent in the Periodic Table of Elements. A table of the elements with mythological influences, or at least have the Greek language to thank for their names, is below. For kicks, I have included the Latin (Roman) terms also. (Please note: this is not the complete table of elements, only those with Greek or Latin influences.) Actinium From the Greek wordaktinos (ray) Aluminum From the Latin wordalumen, or"bitter". Antimony From the Greek words anti (opposed) and monos (solitude) Argon From the Greek wordargon (inactive) Arsenic From the Greek wordarsenikos and the Latin wordarsenicum, meaning "yellow orpiment". Astatine From the Greek wordastatos (unstable) Barium From the Greek wordbarys (heavy) Bromine From the Greek wordbrômos (stench) Cadmium Symbol: Cd Atomic Number: 48 From the Greek wordkadmeia (ancient name for calamine) and from the Latin word cadmia.Cadmus, in Greek myth, was the founder of Thebes. Calcium From the latin wordcalcis (lime) Carbon Ceres (asteroid), and the Roman version of Demeter, the goddess of agriculture. Cesium From the Latin wordcaesius (sky blue) Chlorine From the Greek wordkhlôros (green) Chromium From the Greek wordchrôma (color) Copper From the Latin wordcyprium, after the island of Cyprus and birthplace of Aphrodite. Dysprosium From the Greek worddysprositos (hard to get at). Fluorine From the Latin wordfluo (flow) Gold From the Latin wordaurum (gold). In Roman mythology, Aurora was the goddess of dawn--golden indeed. Helium From the Greek wordhêlios (sun); Helios in Greek mythology was the god of the Sun. Hydrogen Symbol: H Atomic Number: 1 From the Greek words hudôr (water) and gennan(generate). Heracles fought the Hydra of Lerna (a sea town) for his second labor. Iodine From the Greek wordiôdes (violet). Iridium Symbol: Ir Atomic Number: 77 From the Latin wordiridis (rainbow). The Greeks had a messenger goddess, Iris, whose colorful cape flowed behind her. Iron From the Latin wordferrum (iron) Krypton Symbol: Kr Atomic Number: 36 From the Greek wordkryptos (hidden). In modern language, words such as "encrypt" can be discerned from the Greek. Lanthanum From the Greek wordlanthaneis (to lie hidden). Lead Symbol: Pb Atomic Number: 82 Name Origin: From the Greek word protos (first). Some Greeks believd that the first god ever was Protogonus, or "first born". Symbol Origin: From the Latin wordplumbum (lead) Lithium From the Greek wordlithos (stone) Manganese From the Latin wordmangnes (magnet) Molybdenum From the Greek word molubdos (lead) Neodymium Symbol: Nd Atomic Number: 60 From the Greek words neos (new) anddidymos (twin). Twins appear regularly in Greek myth, from the Dioscuri (Castor & Polydeuces) to the divine twins (Artemis & Apollo). Neon Form the Greek word neos (new) Neptunium After the planet Neptune, the Roman sea god, identified as Poseidon in Greek myth. Niobium Symbol: Nb Atomic Number: 41 After Niobe, daughter of mythical king (Tantalus). She had bragged about her set of seven girls and seven boys, scoffing at Leto for only having two children. Apollo and Artemis promptly killed her offspring. Niobe, in despair, was turned to stone by the gods. Osmium From the Greek word osmë (odor) Oxygen From the Greek words oxus (acid) andgennan (generate) Palladium From the Greek goddess (Pallas) and after an asteroid Phosphorous Symbol: P Atomic Number: 15 From the Greek words phôs (light) andphoros (bearer), Phosphoros was a god of light in Greek myth. Plutonium After the planet Pluto and the Latin god of the Underworld (Hades in Greek). Potassium Symbol Origin: From the Latin word kalium Praseodymium From the Greek words prasios (green) anddidymos (twin) Promethium From the Titan Prometheus who stole fire of the sky and gave it to man. Protactinium From the Greek word protos (first) [see name origin for lead]. Radium From the Latin word radius (ray) Rhodium From the Greek word rhodon


In Greek mythology when Pandora opened her box (actually jar), all the evil spirits escaped, and only Elpis, goddess of (what?) remained?

PANDORA - The First Woman of Greek Mythology Pandora Epimetheus and the birth of Pandora, Athenian red-figure amphora C5th B.C., Ashmolean Museum PANDORA was the  first mortal woman who was formed out of clay by the gods. The Titan Prometheus was once assigned the task of creating the race of man. He afterwards grew displeased with the mean lot imposed on them by the gods and so stole fire from heaven. Zeus was angered and commanded Hephaistos (Hephaestus) and the other gods create the first woman Pandora, endowing her with beauty and cunning. He then had her delivered to Prometheus' foolish younger brother Epimetheus as a bride.  Zeus gave Pandora a storage jar (pithos) as a wedding gift which she opened, releasing the swarm of evil spirits trapped within. These would forever after plague mankind. Only Elpis (Hope) remained behind, a single blessing to ease mankind's suffering. Pandora's daughter Pyrrha (Fire) was the first child born of a mortal mother. She and her husband Deukalion (Deucalion) were the sole survivors of the Great Deluge. To repopulate the earth they were instructed to cast stones over their shoulder which formed a new race of men and women. The creation of Pandora was often depicted in ancient Greek vase painting. She appears as either a statue-like figure surrounded by gods, or as a woman rising out of the earth (called the anodos in Greek). Sometimes she is surrounded by dancing Satyroi (Satyrs) in a scene from a lost Satyr-play by Sophokles. FAMILY OF PANDORA PARENTS NONE (created by the gods) (Hesiod Works & Days 54, Hesiod Theogony 560, Aeschylus Frag 204, Sophocles Pandora, Pausanias 1.24.7, Hyginus Fabulae 142) OFFSPRING [1.1] PYRRHA (by Epimetheus ) (Apollodorus 1.46, Hyginus Fabulae 142) [1.2] PYRRHA (Strabo 9.5.23) ENCYCLOPEDIA PANDO′RA (Pandôra), i. e. the giver of all, or endowed with every thing, is the name of the first woman on earth. When Prometheus had stolen the fire from heaven, Zeus in revenge caused Hephaestus to make a woman out of earth, who by her charms and beauty should bring misery upon the human race (Hes. Theog. 571, &c.; Stob. Serin. 1). Aphrodite adorned her with beauty, Hermes gave her boldness and cunning, and the gods called her Pandora, as each of the Olympians had given her some power by which she was to work the ruin of man. Hermes took her to Epimetheus, who forgot the advice of his brother Prometheus, not to accept any gift from Zeus, and from that moment all miseries came down upon men (Hes. Op. et Dies, 50, &c.). According to some mythographers, Epimetheus became by her the father of Pyrrha and Deucalion (Hygin. Fab. 142; Apollod. i. 7. § 2 ; Procl. ad Hes. Op. p. 30, ed. Heinsius; Ov. Met. i. 350); others make Pandora a daughter of Pyrrha and Deucalion (Eustath. ad Hom. p. 23). Later writers speak of a vessel of Pandora, containing all the blessings of the gods, which would have been preserved for the human race, had not Pandora opened the vessel, so that the winged blessings escaped irrecoverably. The birth of Pandora was represented on the pedestal of the statue of Athena, in the Parthenon at Athens (Paus. i. 24. § 7). In the Orphic poems Pandora occurs as an infernal awful divinity, and is associated with Hecate and the Erinnyes (Orph. Argon. 974). Pandora also occurs as a surname of Gaea (Earth), as the giver of all. (Schol. ad Aristoph. Av. 970; Philostr. Vit. Apoll. vi. 39; Hesych. s.v.) Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES The creation of Pandora, Athenian red-figure kylix C5th B.C., British Museum Hesiod, Works & Days 54 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) : "The gods keep hidden from men the means of life [i.e. fire] . . . Zeus in the anger of his heart hid it, because Prometheus the crafty deceived him; therefore he planned sorrow and mischief against men. He hid fire; but that the noble son of Iapetos stole again for men from Zeus the counsellor in a hollow fennel-stalk, so that Zeus who delights in thunder did not see it. But afterwards Zeus who gathers the clouds said t


The children's story/TV character Noddy was created in 1949 by which English author?

Noddy | Dreamworks Animation Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Share Noddyis a character created by English children's author Enid Blyton , originally published between 1949 and 1963. Television shows based on the character have run on British television since 1955 and continue to appear to this day. Portrayed by David Kaye , he is a little wooden boy. About Noddy Noddy is a little wooden boy who lives in his own little House-for-One in Toyland. The first book explains Noddy's origins. He was made by a woodcarve] in a toy store but ran away after the man began to make a wooden lion, which scared Noddy. As he wanders through the woods, with no clothes, money or home, he meets Big Ears, a friendly brownie. Big Ears decides that Noddy is a toy and takes him to live in Toyland. He generously provides Noddy with a set of clothing and a house for him. While Noddy is quite happy to be a toy, the citizens of Toyland are not sure that he actually is one. They put Noddy on trial and examine whether he is a toy or an ornament. Eventually, Noddy is declared a toy, but still has to convince the court that he is a good toy. The judge accepts that Noddy is good after a doll tells the court that he saved her little girl from a lion; and he is allowed to stay in Toyland. Noddy gets his car in the second book. It is given to him after he helps solve a local mystery. Noddy is a self-employed taxi driver. Noddy loves driving his friends around Toytown in his little red and yellow taxi. The other toys can hear him coming by the distinctive "Parp, Parp" sound of his taxi's horn and the jingle of the bell on his blue hat. Often he uses his car to visit all of the places in Toytown. When his taxi business is not doing so well, or when he needs help, Noddy turns to Big Ears. Big Ears will often lend him what he needs. On occasion, Noddy will allow people to make his head nod, in exchange for small items, like his morning milk. Noddy's constant companion and household pet is the exuberant "Bumpy Dog". Bumpy accompanies Noddy on almost all his adventures. Noddy is kind and honest, but he often gets in trouble, either through his own misunderstandings, or because someone (usually the naughty goblins Sly and Gobbo) has played a trick on him. He is very childlike in his understanding of the world and often becomes confused as a result. For example, in the first Noddy book, Noddy and Big Ears are building Noddy's house for one. Noddy suggests that they build the roof first, in case it rains. With no understanding of gravity or of the need for roof supports, this is perfectly logical to him. As the series continues, Noddy becomes wiser but without losing his charm and lovable naivety. Noddy's best friends are Big Ears, Tessie Bear, Bumpy Dog and the Tubby Bears. Tessie is a gentle hearted, gold bear who often wears a bonnet with flowers and a skirt. She is very kind and very loving towards all of her friends and neighbours. Bumpy Dog is Tessie's pet. He loves to run up and "bump" people over. Noddy frequently gets annoyed with Bumpy but still likes him. Whenever Noddy threatens Bumpy, Tessie gets upset, and sometimes even begins to cry. The Tubby Bears live next door to Noddy. They are gold and chubby teddy bears. Mr. and Mrs. Tubby Bear frequently help Noddy. It is clear that Mr. and Mrs. Tubby Bear are the superiors of Noddy, as if he were a child. Their first names are never mentioned and Noddy always refers to them as Mr. and Mrs. They have one son, also named Tubby, who is occasionally referred to as Master Tubby. Tubby is naughty and is usually in trouble for breaking rules, being rude, or doing something wrong. Noddy often attempts to scold or punish Tubby, with little result. On one occasion, Tubby gets tired of always being bossed around and being punished and decides to run away to sea. Noddy and Bumpy accidentally join with him. By the end of the journey, Tubby misses his parents and brings them back presents from his trip, as an apology. Noddy has many run-ins with PC Plod, the local policeman. Some are caused by Noddy's lack of understanding


Which best-selling 2008/9 book, whose concepts were adopted by political leaders, was written by Thaler and Sunstein?

Home - Consumer Behavior Books: A Core Collection - UF Business Library at University of Florida Consumer Behavior Books: A Core Collection Consumer Behavior Books: A Core Collection: Home A core collection of books on consumer behavior and consumer psychology Consumer Behavior Books: A - B "Most of what we know we don't know we know." – Gerald Zaltman, How Customers Think The Affluent Consumer: Marketing and Selling the Luxury Lifestyle by By Ronald D. Michman and Edward M. Mazze Call Number: HF5415.33.U6 M53 2006 (Library West) ISBN: 0275992829.Praeger,194p.$44.95 Publication Date: 2006 By any measure, the affluent sector is growing exponentially, and is far more diverse (in terms of ethnicity, education, location, and professional background) than at any time in the past. In 2004, there were 8.2 million households in the United States with net worth over $1 million, excluding primary residence. Meanwhile, between 1995 and 2001, the number of families filing tax returns for income exceeding $200,000 doubled. This market represents lucrative opportunities for companies that understand how these consumers think, act, and make purchasing decisions. Applying primary research, including demographic and economic data Ronald Michman and Edward Mazze present a comprehensive approach to analyzing affluent consumers--and creating, promoting, and selling innovative products and services to them. Illustrating their principles through dozens of examples the authors deconstruct how a complex market segment works. Dispelling popular myths and misconceptions about the composition and behavior of this segment, they provide not only a practical guide for marketers and students of marketing, but a fascinating glimpse into a culture driven by materialism, status, and aspirations to luxury. Call Number: HC110.C6 C76 2000 (Library West) ISBN: 0231113129.ColumbiaUniversityPress, 320p.$27.50 Publication Date: 2000 The unqualified victory of consumerism in America was not a foregone conclusion. The United States has traditionally been the home of the most aggressive and often thoughtful criticism of consumption, including Puritanism, Prohibition, the simplicity movement, the '60s hippies, and the consumer rights movement. But at the dawn of the twenty-first century, not only has American consumerism triumphed, there isn't even an "ism" left to challenge it. An All-Consuming Century is a rich history of how market goods came to dominate American life over that remarkable hundred years between 1900 and 2000 and why for the first time in history there are no practical limits to consumerism. The consumerism of today, thriving and largely unchecked, no longer brings families and communities together; instead, it increasingly divides and isolates Americans. Consumer culture has provided affluent societies with peaceful alternatives to tribalism and class war, Cross writes, and it has fueled extraordinary economic growth. The challenge for the future is to find ways to revive the still valid portion of the culture of constraint and control the overpowering success of the all-consuming twentieth century. All You Can Pay: How Companies Use Our Data to Empty Our Wallets by Anna Bernasek; D. T. Mongan Call Number: HF5415.33.U6B47 2015 (Library West, On Order) ISBN: 9781568584744 Publication Date: Nation Books, 2015. $25.99 You don't care who can access your data because you have nothing to hide. But what if corporations were using that data to control your decisions?  As millions of consumers carry on unaware, powerful corporations race to collect more and more data about our behaviors, needs, and desires. This massive trove of data represents one of the most valuable assets on the planet.  In All You Can Pay, Anna Bernasek and D. T. Mongan show how companies use what they know about you to determine how much you are willing to pay for everything you buy. From college tuition to plane tickets to groceries to medicine, companies already set varying prices based on intimate knowledge of individual wants and purchasing power. As the consumer age fades


What mammalian hormone is associated with birthing, milk ejection, and the refractory period?

Ecstatic Birth - Hormones in Birth - Mother and Child Health Mother and Child Health Natural Pregnancy, Birth & Breastfeeding Info Your Source of Natural Pregnancy, Birth, and Breastfeeding Information Ecstatic Birth – Hormones in Birth Dr. Sarah J. Buckley, MD stacelynn This article has been previously published in Mothering Magazine, issue 111, March-April 2002, and also in Byron Child, issue 5, March 2003 Giving birth in ecstasy: This is our birthright and our body’s intent. Mother Nature, in her wisdom, prescribes birthing hormones that take us outside (ec) our usual state (stasis), so that we can be transformed on every level as we enter motherhood. This exquisite hormonal orchestration unfolds optimally when birth is undisturbed, enhancing safety for both mother and baby. Science is also increasingly discovering what we realise as mothers – that our way of birth affects us life-long, both mother and baby, and that an ecstatic birth, a birth that takes us beyond our Self, is the gift of a life-time. Four major hormonal systems are active during labor and birth. These involve oxytocin, the hormone of love; endorphins, hormones of pleasure and transcendence; epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones of excitement; and prolactin, the mothering hormone. These systems are common to all mammals and originate in our mammalian or middle brain, also known as the limbic system. For birth to proceed optimally, this part of the brain must take precedence over the neocortex, or rational brain. This shift can be helped by an atmosphere of quiet and privacy, with, for example, dim lighting and little conversation, and no expectation of rationality from the laboring woman. Under such conditions a woman intuitively will choose the movements, sounds, breathing, and positions that will birth her baby most easily. This is her genetic and hormonal blueprint. All of these systems are adversely affected by current birth practices. Hospital environments and routines are not conducive to the shift in consciousness that giving birth naturally requires. A woman’s hormonal physiology is further disturbed by practices such as induction, the use of pain killers and epidurals, caesarean surgery, and separation of mother and baby after birth. HORMONES IN BIRTH Oxytocin Perhaps the best-known birth hormone is oxytocin, the hormone of love, which is secreted during sexual activity, male and female orgasm, birth, and breastfeeding. Oxytocin engenders feelings of love and altruism; as Michel Odent says, “Whatever the facet of Love we consider, oxytocin is involved.”(1) Oxytocin is made in the hypothalamus, deep in our brains, and stored in the posterior pituitary the “master gland”, from where it is released in pulses. It is a crucial hormone in reproduction and mediates what have been called the ejection reflexes: the sperm ejection reflex with male orgasm (and the corresponding sperm introjection reflex with female orgasm); the fetal ejection reflex at birth (a phrase coined by Odent for the powerful contractions at the end of an undisturbed labor, which birth the baby quickly and easily)(2); and, postpartum, the placental ejection reflex and the milk ejection or let-down reflex in breastfeeding. As well as reaching peak levels in each of these situations, oxytocin is secreted in large amounts in pregnancy, when it acts to enhance nutrient absorption, reduce stress, and conserve energy by making us more sleepy. (3) Oxytocin also causes the rhythmic uterine contractions of labor, and levels peak at birth through stimulation of stretch receptors in a woman’s lower vagina as the baby descends. (4) The high levels continue after birth, culminating with the birth of the placenta, and then gradually subside. (5) The baby also has been producing oxytocin during labor, perhaps even initiating labor;(6) so, in the minutes after birth, both mother and baby are bathed in an ecstatic cocktail of hormones. At this time ongoing oxytocin production is enhanced by skin-to-skin and eye-to-eye contact and by the baby’s first suckling. Good levels of oxytocin will also


The ancient Greek term/goddess 'Sophrosyne' represents?

Ancient Greek & Neoliberal Harmony Pt. 1: Sophrosyne as Proportion philosophy, pop music, sound studies, feminism Browse: Home » 2013 » March » Ancient Greek & Neoliberal Harmony Pt. 1: Sophrosyne as Proportion Ancient Greek & Neoliberal Harmony Pt. 1: Sophrosyne as Proportion March 11, 2013 · by Robin James · in ancient Greek philosophy , ancient philosophy , ethics , Foucault , music , music theory , neoliberalism , Plato , politics , Pythagoras It seems like the ancient Greeks are actually kinda neoliberal in some ways. In Disagreement, Ranciere calls consensus democracy “the perfect realization” of Plato’s Republic, and, as Shannon Winnubst notes in her great new article in Foucault Studies(which everyone should go read right now), Foucault’s work encourages comparisons between the ancient Greek practices he talks about in, say, Volume 2 of the History of Sexuality, and his lecture courses on neoliberalism. Giving voice to this sense that there’s some relationship between the Greeks and the neoliberals, Winnbust says “it is almost as if, in much too gross historical strokes, we have two bookends standing outside the overlapping milieu of Christianity and modernity: ancient Greece and contemporary neoliberalism” (91). However, as she compellingly argues, the Greeks may be more similar to neoliberals than they are to classical enlightenment liberals, but this doesn’t make them neoliberals. Just because two things are more like one another than either is like a third thing doesn’t mean the two things are identical (I’m no logician, but that feels like an invalid syllogism, right?). But the Greeks aresort of similar to neoliberals—there’s something there that invites comparison, even if that comparison reveals some pretty fundamental differences. This is where sound studies and the philosophy of music are really helpful. Greeks and neoliberals both have harmonic political epistemes, while Enlightenment liberals have visual/representational ones. So, the Greeks and the neoliberals are both sonic/harmonic alternatives to Enlightenment visuality. That’s why they initially, at first pass, invite comparison. BUT: Greeks and neoliberals have different understandings of harmony. The Greeks measure harmony geometrically, as a proportion, whereas the neoliberals measure harmony acoustically, as the quality (amplitude) and quantity (frequency) of a signal or sine wave. The sine wave is both sound’s material form and a way to statistically represent probability. So, neoliberal biopolitics—aka the governmentality of statistics—and contemporary acoustics converge in the form of a sine wave, and it is this common denominator that allows for easy transposition between them. If classical liberalism thinks and works in terms of “the gaze,” neoliberalism thinks and works in terms of sine waves. So, understanding acoustics can help us understand material, practical, normalized, creative, and critical functions/properties/possibilities of sine waves. Ultimately, I’m arguing that sound and music studies provide very productive avenues, methods, and resources for theorizing neoliberalism. I’m breaking this project down into several posts. Here, I limit my discussion to ancient Greek concepts of harmony as proportion. I want to emphasize that I’m not a classicist, Ancient is NOT my area of specialization, and I’m not at all trying to make some sort of scholarly contribution to this area of the history of philosophy. What I AM trying to do is explain the relationship between ancient Greek concepts of musical harmony and their ethical ideal “sophrosyne”…so that we can better understand how the ancient Greek “harmonic” ethos is different than the neoliberal “harmonic” ethos. And honestly, this is far, far more work on ancient Greek philosophy than I ever imagined myself doing. So, you know, ancient people, if I’m missing something or get somethign wrong, let me know! 🙂 Ancient Greek Harmony Greeks and neoliberals use harmonic epistemes. Because Foucault’s interest in the Greeks centers on their “orthos logos,” their mechanism for measuring or jud


The Latin term 'requiescat in pace' equates to what common English phrase?

Requiescat in pace (R.I.P.) - Definition of R.I.P. By N.S. Gill Updated December 20, 2015. Requiescat in pace is a Latin blessing with Roman Catholic ties that means “may he begin to rest in peace". This blessing is translated to ‘rest in peace’, a short saying or expression that wishes eternal rest and peace to an individual who has passed away. The expression typically appears on gravestones, and is often abbreviated as R.I.P. or simply RIP. The initial idea behind the phrase revolved around the souls of the dead remaining un-tormented in the afterlife. History The phrase Requiescat in pace began to be found on tombstones around the eighth century, and it was commonplace on Christian tombs by the eighteenth century. The phrase was especially prominent with the Roman Catholics . It was seen as a request that the soul of a deceased individual would find peace in the afterlife. Roman Catholics believed in, and placed much emphasis on the soul, and life after death, and thus the request was for peace in the afterlife . The phrase continued to spread and gain popularity, eventually becoming a common convention. continue reading below our video 10 Best Universities in the United States The lack of any explicit reference to the soul in the short phrase caused people to believe that it was the physical body that was wished to enjoy eternal peace and rest in a grave. The phrase can be used to mean either aspect in modern culture. Other Variations Several other variations of the phrase exist. Included among them is "Requiescat in pace et in amore," meaning "May she rest in peace and love", and “In pace requiescat et in amore”. Religion The phrase ‘dormit in pace’, which translates to ‘he sleeps in peace’, was found in early Christian catacombs and signified that the individual passed away in the peace of the church, united in Christ. Thus, they would then sleep in peace for eternity. The phrase ‘Rest in Peace’ continues to be engraved on the headstones of several different Christian denominations, including the Catholic Church, the Lutheran Church, and the Anglican Church. The phrase is also open to other religions interpretations. Certain sects of Catholics believe that the term Rest in Peace is actually meant to signify the day of Resurrection. In this interpretation, humans literally rest in their graves until they summoned upward out of it by the return of Jesus . 12So man lies down and does not rise. Until the heavens are no longer, He will not awake nor be aroused out of his sleep. 13“Oh that You would hide me in Sheol, That You would conceal me until Your wrath returns to You, That You would set a limit for me and remember me! 14“If a man dies, will he live again? All the days of my struggle I will wait Until my change comes. 15“You will call, and I will answer You; The short phrase has also been found inscribed on Hebrew gravestones in the graveyard of Bet Shearim . The phrase clearly permeated religious lines. In this situation, it is meant to speak of a person who has died because he or she could not bear the evil around him. The phrase continues to be used in traditional Jewish ceremonies.


St. Stephen's Day in Ireland Home   Calendar   Holidays   Ireland   St. Stephen's Day St. Stephen's Day in Ireland St. Stephen's Day (Lá Fhéile Stiofáin), or the Day of the Wren (Lá an Dreoilín), is an occasion to commemorate the life of St Stephen, a Christian martyr. Many people spend the day quietly with close friends or family. Image of the stoning of St Stephen St Stephen was an early Christian martyr who is remembered on December 26. ©iStockphoto.com/ivan-96 What Do People Do? Many people generally spend the day quietly with family members or close friends. Some Christians attend special church services to remember St Stephen's life. Other people may visit a theater to see a pantomime. Pantomimes are musical-comedy productions based on fairy tales and aimed at families. They incorporate audience participation, cross-dressing, double entendre and references to recent local events. In some parts of Ireland, children go from door to door with a wren (a small bird) in a cage or a model wren on a stick. They may also sing, play music or perform traditional dances. In some areas, boys may dress as girls or women. Many hope to collect money for community or school projects or charity. Public Life Banks, post offices and many other businesses and organizations are closed on St Stephen's Day. However, stores and pubs are generally open, although they may open later and close earlier than usual. Public transport service schedules vary depending on where one lives and intends to travel. If St Stephen's Day falls on a Sunday, the public holiday moves to Monday, December 27. Background St Stephen is believed to be the first Christian martyr. He was stoned to death sometime around the year 33 CE. According to an Irish legend, he was betrayed by a wren while hiding from his enemies. Another legend tells of Viking raids on Ireland on St Stephen's Day sometime around the year 750 CE. Irish soldiers were approaching a Viking camp to drive out the intruders. However, a wren started eating crumbs from a drum and alerted the Vikings to the presence of the Irish soldiers. Hence, some people felt that wrens betrayed them and should be stoned to death, just as St Stephen was. Boys traditionally hunted a wren and threw stones at it. They tied it to a stick when it was dead and paraded it around the village. They did this to collect money for a dance or party for the whole village. Although the custom of killing wrens on December 26 died out around 1900, St Stephen's Day is still known as the Day of the Wren, particularly in rural areas. St Stephen's Day has been a holiday in Ireland for hundreds of years. It became a public holiday following the Bank Holidays Act 1871.  Symbols The wren and images of St Stephen are important symbols of St Stephen’s Day in Ireland.


The song White Christmas was first performed in which 1942 film?

'White Christmas' by Bing Crosby from the 1942 movie 'Holiday Inn' - YouTube 'White Christmas' by Bing Crosby from the 1942 movie 'Holiday Inn' Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Dec 17, 2012 This is a photo montage of the classic 1942 movie 'Holiday Inn', which is one of my favourite old Christmas movies. The music is also sung by Bing Crosby (who stars in this movie) & is called 'White Christmas'. 'Holiday Inn' was where Bing Crosby originally sang 'White Christmas' before he sang it again in the 1954 movie also called 'White Christmas'. I do not own any of the copyrights to any of the photos or music, so to whomever it may concern please do not sue me. Thank-you, enjoy & Merry Christmas! Category


London's Trafalgar Square Christmas tree is traditionally given by which country?

London's Trafalgar Square Christmas tree is trad... - Brainly.com This Is a Certified Answer × Certified answers contain reliable, trustworthy information vouched for by a hand-picked team of experts. Brainly has millions of high quality answers, all of them carefully moderated by our most trusted community members, but certified answers are the finest of the finest. London's Trafalgar Square Christmas tree is traditionally given by NORWAY. The Trafalgar Square Christmas tree is donated by the City of Oslo in Norway to the people of Britain. This practice began in 1947. It is displayed in the square from the beginning of December until 6th January of the next year. The Christmas tree is a symbol of thanks from the people of Norway to the people of Britain when British support was given to Norway during the World War II. A  Christmas tree cutting ceremony happens every November in Norway and it is attended by the British Ambassador to Norway, Mayor of Oslo, and Lord Mayor of Westminster. The  tree is then shipped to Great Britain and displayed in the Trafalgar Square with traditional Norwegian decor and 500 white lights.


Which Christmas carol includes the lyrics '...To save us all from Satan's power, when we were gone astray..'?

Christmas Carols Song Christmas Lyrics More than 100 Christmas Lyrics Songs O Come, All Ye Faithful O come, all ye faithful, joyful and triumphant, Come ye, O come ye, to Bethlehem. Come and behold Him, born the King of angels; Refrain O come, let us adore Him, O come, let us adore Him, O come, let us adore Him, Christ the Lord. True God of true God, Light from Light Eternal, Lo, he shuns not the Virgin's womb; Son of the Father, begotten, not created; Refrain Sing, choirs of angels, sing in exultation; Sing, all ye citizens of heaven above! Glory to God, all glory in the highest; Refrain See how the shepherds, summoned to His cradle, Leaving their flocks, draw nigh to gaze; We too will thither bend our joyful footsteps; Refrain Child, for us sinners poor and in the manger, We would embrace Thee, with love and awe; Who would not love Thee, loving us so dearly? Refrain Yea, Lord, we greet Thee, born this happy morning; Jesus, to Thee be glory given; Word of the Father, now in flesh appearing. Refrain Angels, From the Realms of Glory Angels, from the realms of glory, Wing your flight o'er all the earth; Ye, who sang creation's story, Now proclaim Messiah's birth: Worship Christ, the new-born King. Shepherds in the field abiding, Watching o'er your flocks by night, God with man is now residing; Yonder shines the infant Light: Sages, leave your contemplations, Seek the great Desire of nations; Ye have seen his natal star: Saints before the altar bending, Watching long in hope and fear, Suddenly the Lord, descending, In his temple shall appear. The First Noel The first Noel, the angel did say, Was to certain poor shepherds in fields as they lay; In fields where they lay keeping their sheep, On a cold winter's night that was so deep. Noel, Noel, Noel, Noel, Born is the King of Israel. They looked up and saw a star Shining in the East, beyond them far; And to the earth it gave great light, And so it continued both day and night. Noel, Noel, Noel, Noel, Born is the King of Israel. And by the light of that same star, Three wise men came from country far; To seek for a King was their intent, And to follow the star wherever it went. Noel, Noel, Noel, Noel, Born is the King of Israel. This star drew night to the northwest, O'er Bethlehem it took its rest; And there it did both stop and stay, Right over the place where Jesus lay. Noel, Noel, Noel, Noel, Born is the King of Israel. Then entered in those wise men three, Full reverently upon their knee; And offered there in his presence, Their gold, and myrrh, and frankincense. Noel, Noel, Noel, Noel, Born is the King of Israel. Good Christian Men, Rejoice With heart and soul, and voice; Give ye heed to what we say: Jesus Christ is born to-day; Ox and ass before him bow, And he is in the manger now. Christ is born to-day! With heart and soul, and voice; Now ye hear of endless bliss: Jesus Christ was born for this! He hath oped the heavenly door, And man is blessed evermore. Christ was born for this! Christ was born for this! Good Christian men, rejoice, With heart and soul, and voice; Now ye need not fear the grave: Jesus Christ was born to save! Calls you one and calls you all To gain his everlasting hall. Christ was born to save! Christ was born to save! What Child Is This? What child is this, who, laid to rest, On Mary's lap is sleeping? Whom angels greet with anthems sweet, While shepherds watch are keeping? This, this is Christ the King, Whom shepherds guard and angels sing: Haste, haste to bring him laud, The babe, the son of Mary. Why lies he in such mean estate Where ox and ass are feeding? Good Christian, fear: for sinners here The silent Word is pleading. So bring him incense, gold, and myrrh, Come, peasant, king, to own him. the King of kings salvation brings, Let loving hearts enthrone him. God Rest You Merry Gentlemen God rest you merry, gentlemen, Let nothing you dismay, Was born on Christmas Day; To save us all from Satan's power When we were gone astray. O tidings of comfort and joy, Comfort and joy, O tidings of comfort and joy! From God our heavenly Father A blessed a


The character Jack Skellington appears in which 1993 Tim Burton film?

The character Jack Skellington appears in which ... - Brainly.com This Is a Certified Answer × Certified answers contain reliable, trustworthy information vouched for by a hand-picked team of experts. Brainly has millions of high quality answers, all of them carefully moderated by our most trusted community members, but certified answers are the finest of the finest. Nightmare Before Christmas


In the inspirational 1946 film, It's a Wonderful Life, what's the name of George Bailey's guardian angel?

It's A Wonderful Life (1946) Pages: ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Background It's A Wonderful Life (1946), originally made for Liberty Films, is   one of the most popular and heartwarming films ever made by director Frank   Capra. Frank Capra regarded this film as his own personal favorite - it was   also James Stewart's favorite of all his feature films. It was actually a box-office flop at the time of its release,   and only became the Christmas movie classic in the 1970s due to repeated   television showings at Christmas-time when its copyright protection slipped   and it fell into the public domain in 1974 and TV stations could air it for   free. [Republic Pictures restored its copyright claim to the film in 1993,   with exclusive video rights to it. Currently, it can be shown only on the   NBC-TV network, and its distribution rights belong to Paramount Pictures.] The film's screenplay (credited as being written by Frances    Goodrich, Albert Hackett, and Capra himself, with additional scenes by    Jo Swerling) was based on "The Greatest Gift," an original short story    first written on a Christmas card by Philip Van Doren Stern. Uncredited    for their work on the script were Dorothy Parker, Dalton Trumbo, and Clifford   Odets. It is actually a dark, bittersweet post-war tale of a savings-and-loan   manager who struggles against a greedy banker and his own self-doubting nature   in a small town. Earnest do-gooder George Bailey (James Stewart) recognizes   his life as wonderful and truly rich, even in its humdrum and bleak nature,   only after suffering many hardships, mishaps and fateful trials (including   compromised dreams of youth to leave the town and seek fame and fortune, other   sacrifices, dismay, losses and the threat of financial ruin, and suicide).   He is given encouragement by a whimsical, endearing, trainee-angel named Clarence   (Henry Travers). The story turns Dickensian (similar to A Christmas Carol,   although told from Bob Cratchit's point-of-view rather than from Scrooge's)   when the hysterical, despairing, and melancholy family man is shown what the   small town (Bedford Falls, now renamed Pottersville after the town's evil   tycoon) would be like without him. It's a frightening, nightmarish, noirish view of the world (at Christmas-time) that brings him back from self-destruction.   He returns to the idyllic, small-town world that he left, with renewed faith   and confidence in life itself. Hence, the film's title: It's a Wonderful   Life. The plot of the film was copied in the rags-to-riches fantasy   storyline (also with a guardian angel played by Michael Caine) of Disney's Mr. Destiny (1990), starring James Belushi, and in Brett Ratner's The   Family Man (2000) with Nicolas Cage. The famous "Pottersville" alternate reality scenes were also referenced in Robert Zemeckis' Back   to the Future Part II (1989), in which the small town of Hill Valley was   transformed into a Las Vegas-like Babylon in 1985, with young Marty McFly   (Michael J. Fox) in the role of George Bailey. The picture earned five Academy Award nominations: Best Picture,   Best Actor (James Stewart in his first film in almost six years), Best Director   (Capra), Best Sound Recording and Best Film Editing, but won no Oscars. (It   was eclipsed by William Wyler's award-winning The  Best Years of Our Lives .) The Story The film's credits are seen in an illustrated storybook of wintry scenes   as the pages turn. As the film opens, the setting is the typical, but imaginary   American small town of Bedford Falls, somewhere in New York State, identified   by a snow-covered welcome sign. It is Christmas Eve. Prayers from friends   in Bedford Falls are heard for a man named George Bailey on the verge of suicide.   The camera pans over locations in town, identifying where the voices are coming   from - Gower Drug Store, Martini's, the local church, one of the homes, Bedford   Falls Garage, and George's own home, where


What is New Year's Eve called in Scotland?

The History of Hogmanay The History of Hogmanay By  Ben Johnson   |   Comments Only one nation in the world can celebrate the New Year or Hogmanay with such revelry and passion – the Scots! But what are the actual origins of Hogmanay, and why should a tall dark stranger be a welcome visitor after midnight? It is believed that many of the traditional Hogmanay celebrations were originally brought to Scotland by the invading Vikings in the early 8th and 9th centuries. These Norsemen, or men from an even more northerly latitude than Scotland, paid particular attention to the arrival of the Winter Solstice or the shortest day, and fully intended to celebrate its passing with some serious partying. In Shetland, where the Viking influence remains strongest, New Year is still called Yules, deriving from the Scandinavian word for the midwinter festival of Yule. It may surprise many people to note that Christmas was not celebrated as a festival and virtually banned in Scotland for around 400 years, from the end of the 17th century to the 1950s. The reason for this dates back to the years of Protestant Reformation, when the straight-laced Kirk proclaimed Christmas as a Popish or Catholic feast, and as such needed banning. And so it was, right up until the 1950s that many Scots worked over Christmas and celebrated their winter solstice holiday at New Year when family and friends would gather for a party and to exchange presents which came to be known as hogmanays. There are several traditions and superstitions that should be taken care of before midnight on the 31st December: these include cleaning the house and taking out the ashes from the fire, there is also the requirement to clear all your debts before "the bells" sound midnight, the underlying message being to clear out the remains of the old year, have a clean break and welcome in a young, New Year on a happy note. Immediately after midnight it is traditional to sing Robert Burns ' "Auld Lang Syne". Burns published his version of this popular little ditty in 1788, although the tune was in print over 80 years before this. "Should auld acquaintance be forgot and never brought to mind? Should auld acquaintance be forgot and auld lang syne For auld lang syne, my dear, for auld lang syne, We'll take a cup o kindness yet, for auld lang syne." An integral part of the Hogmanay party, which is continued with equal enthusiasm today, is to welcome friends and strangers with warm hospitality and of course lots of enforced kissing for all. "First footing" (or the "first foot" in the house after midnight) is still common across Scotland. To ensure good luck for the house the first foot should be a dark male, and he should bring with him symbolic pieces of coal, shortbread , salt, black bun and a wee dram of whisky . The dark male bit is believed to be a throwback to the Viking days, when a big blonde stranger arriving on your door step with a big axe meant big trouble, and probably not a very happy New Year! The firework displays and torchlight processions now enjoyed throughout many cities in Scotland are reminders of the ancient pagan parties from those Viking days of long ago. The traditional New Year ceremony would involve people dressing up in the hides of cattle and running around the village whilst being hit by sticks. The festivities would also include the lighting of bonfires and tossing torches. Animal hide wrapped around sticks and ignited produced a smoke that was believed to be very effective in warding off evil spirits: this smoking stick was also known as a Hogmanay. Many of these customs continue today, especially in the older communities of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. On the Isle of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides, the young men and boys form themselves into opposing bands; the leader of each wears a sheep skin, while another member carries a sack. The bands move through the village from house to house reciting a Gaelic rhyme. The boys are given bannocks (fruit buns) for their sack before moving on to the next house. One of the most spectacular fire ceremonies take


What Christmas item was invented by London baker and wedding-cake specialist Tom Smith in 1847?

What Christmas item was invented by London baker... - Brainly.com This Is a Certified Answer × Certified answers contain reliable, trustworthy information vouched for by a hand-picked team of experts. Brainly has millions of high quality answers, all of them carefully moderated by our most trusted community members, but certified answers are the finest of the finest. The Christmas item invented by London baker and wedding cake specialist Tom Smith in 1847 is CHRISTMAS CRACKER. Christmas crackers are known as bon-bons. It is a part of Christmas celebration in countries like United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Africa. A cracker is made up of a cardboard tube wrapped in a brightly decorated twist of paper resembling a giant sweets wrapper. It contains a card strip with silver fulminate. It produces a mild bang or snapping sound after being pulled apart by two people. Small toys, candies, and other sweets are placed inside the cardboard tube as a Christmas surprise for the everyone in the party.


Who wrote How the Grinch Stole Christmas?

Who Wrote “How the Grinch Stole Christmas!” Who Wrote “How the Grinch Stole Christmas!” 23 Dec, 2012 who wrote 0 “How the Grinch Stole Christmas!” is a fictional children’s book first published in 1957. The story features a bitter cave-dwelling creature called the Grinch who is annoyed by the Christmas celebrations in the nearby town. He decides to steal all of the Christmas presents and decorations to stop Christmas. Despite his efforts, Christmas comes anyway and he learns that Christmas is more than gifts and decorations. The author uses this story to focus on the commercialization of Christmas. The book was later made into an animated special, which has become a popular Christmas tradition. A number of other adaptations, including a feature film and musical, have also been created. Let’s find out who wrote this popular Christmas story. Who Wrote “How the Grinch Stole Christmas!”? “How the Grinch Stole Christmas!” was written by the famous children’s author Theodor Seuss Geisel, better known as Dr. Deuss. Geisel also provided the illustration for the original publication of the story. The book was published in 1957 by Random House and also in an issue of Redbook Magazine in the same year. Since the original publication the book has sold millions of copies and is commonly featured in lists of the top children’s books of all time. In 1966 Geisel authorized an animated version of the book, which was completed by Chuck Jones. Geisel and Jones were friends and former colleagues and worked closely on the animation. This animated version is narrated by Boris Karloff and closely follows the original story. It is still shown every Christmas on American television, often on Christmas Day, and it is one of the only Christmas specials from the 1960’s that is regularly shown on television. Did you know? The 2000 feature film by the same name stars Jim Carrey as the Grinch. This film is the second highest grossing holiday movie of all time. Related Articles


From which country does the poinsettia plant originate?

Where does the poinsettia originate? | Reference.com Where does the poinsettia originate? A: Quick Answer The poinsettia comes from Mexico and Central America. The Aztecs, who called it "Cuetlaxochitl," used the flower in medicine and dyes. After the Spanish conquest of Mexico, Christian priests began using it in religious rituals. Full Answer In 1825, the poinsettia came to the United States. Joel Roberts Poinsett, the first American ambassador to Mexico, saw the flower during a botanical expedition in that country and sent cuttings back to his native South Carolina. Because of this, the flower came to be called the poinsettia. However, its greatest boost in popularity came in the early 20th century, when the Ecke family of southern California began to sell the flowers on a large scale to all parts of the United States.


Who is officially credited as the author of Auld Lang Syne?

Auld Lang Syne | Desiring God Auld Lang Syne @Bloom_Jon Jon Bloom serves as author, board chair, and co-founder of Desiring God. He is author of three books, Not by Sight , Things Not Seen , and Don’t Follow Your Heart . He and his wife live in the Twin Cities with their five children. @Bloom_Jon Jon Bloom serves as author, board chair, and co-founder of Desiring God. He is author of three books, Not by Sight , Things Not Seen , and Don’t Follow Your Heart . He and his wife live in the Twin Cities with their five children. Arrow Staff writer, desiringGod.org This song, loved and sung around the world, is thought to be partially composed by an unknown Scottish bard in days, as its most famous refrain says, “old long since.” Today we would say (less poetically) long, long ago or days gone by. We don’t know how old the song is. Scotland’s most famous poet, Robert Burns (popularly credited as the song’s author), claimed to have discovered “Auld Lang Syne” in the late 1700’s and transcribed it as an old lowland Scot sang it for him. There may be truth to this, though it appears Burns improved the lyrics. What makes “Auld Lang Syne” so powerful? It has nothing to do with a New Year and everything to do with an old friend. It is a tribute toast to treasured time spent roaming rolling Scottish hills and swimming stony Scottish streams with a cherished childhood companion. The Treasure of Old Friendship A new year may be a good time for new resolutions, but the ending of an old year is a good time for reflection on what has past. And I don’t mean merely lesson-learning reflection for future improvement. Some reflection is meant simply to treasure with gratitude what we were once given and will never have in the same way again. Old friendship is that sort of treasure. Few gifts in life are as precious as companions with whom we once spent long summer days and talked long into the night; with whom we shared thrilling adventures and disastrous mishaps; with whom we bent over in convulsive laughter and sat silently in tearful loss; in whom we confided the hopes and fears of our youthful years. Most often we didn’t choose our best friends as much as we were thrown together with them in “accidents” of Providence. Frequently, they happened to move in next door or up the street or in our tenement or began attending our church or had the locker or workstation next to us. We became friends out of forced proximity, the joy of shared interests, and the deep, unspoken knowledge that it never has been good for man to be alone, which we learned meant far more than romantic love (2 Samuel 1:26; John 15:14–15). We sometimes fought and injured each other with wounds only intimates can inflict. But we carried each other’s hearts and had each other’s backs when others attacked. Let Auld Acquaintance Not Be Forgot Our old acquaintances, particularly those who helped us see and love what is true and pure and beautiful and excellent (Philippians 4:8), should not be forgotten. They should be recalled and reverenced. They left an indelible imprint on our souls and they still shape who we are. They were good, gracious gifts from God himself (James 1:17), to whom it is fitting to give heartfelt, profound thanks. The beginning of a new life chapter is a good time to remember precious characters of chapters past. And perhaps it is time, before it’s too late, to schedule that lunch with or make that phone call or write that email or old-fashioned handwritten letter to a cherished friend simply to express again or at last what they have meant to you — still mean to you. Or if they are beyond contact now, it would be fitting to honor their significance to someone who can share with you the sweet melancholic memory of invaluable moments that you once knew. As a New Year’s gift to you in honor of gifts of years’ past, below are the lyrics to Auld Lang Syne, with some translation help. And here is a beautiful Scottish reading of Burns’s transcription and here is a beautiful rendition of it in song. As you toast the arrival of 2016, take a prayerful cup of thankfu


What is the name of the cake traditionally eaten in Italy at Christmas?

Panettone: The story of Italian Christmas Cake - Giuliano Hazan Panettone: The story of Italian Christmas Cake  8 Once upon a time, a handsome young Milanese noble, Ugheto Atellani, loved falconry.  His favorite place to fly his falcons was near a poor baker’s shop.  As he sat under a fig tree, waiting for his falcons, he could see the beautiful baker’s daughter, Adalgisa, hard at work.  Of course, Ugheto fell in love and couldn’t bear to see the object of his love, work so hard for so little.  He disguised himself as a peasant and offered to work for the baker for free.  He discovered he enjoyed baking; however, he didn’t feel the coarse corn cakes that the baker made for Christmas were worthy of the work Adalgisa put into them.  In order to buy the fine flour and eggs he had been accustomed to as a noble, Ugheto sold his beloved falcons.  He added dried grapes and candied fruits.  Word of the wonderful bread spread and the baker became very successful.  Ugheto removed his disguise to revealing the nobleman he was and asked for Adalgisa’s hand in marriage.  The duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza arranged the wedding, to which Leonardo da Vinci came as a guest.   Of course, the cake-like bread was featured at the wedding and became known as Pan de Ton which, in local dialect, means “the bread of luxury”. There are many legends as to the origins of panettone, a sweet bread that is enjoyed during the Christmas and New Year’s holidays in Italy. Traditionally, it is made from a sour dough starter and rises at least three times.   Often it is in the shape of the cupola at the top of a church with a tall base and fluffy top. As in all recipes Italian, everyone believes that either they or their mother makes it the best.   In the case of panettone the competition almost came to blows in the 1930’s.  Trying to out produce each other, two Milanese bakeries Motta & Alemagna, discovered how to make the cakes industrially.  Ironically, both of these bakeries are now owned by a third, Bauli.  Because of the competition, the price of panettone, once only eaten by the wealthy dropped and became inexpensive enough for everyone to enjoy it at Christmas.  As Italians immigrated to other parts of the world, they brought panettone with them and it now can be found everywhere. Because of the time that it takes to prepare, 3 days to a week, and the expense of the various ingredients, most people do not make their own panettone.  It is purchased and given as precious Christmas gifts.   Premium manufacturers are admired and their panettone can be quite costly.   Loison, a company that has been producing panettone for three generations, makes our family’s favorite panettone.   They produce 81 varieties of panettone, many of which can be purchased online at  Life Style . One of our favorites is infused with Maculan’s sweet Torcolato dessert wine. We are thrilled that this year Loison and their distributor, Fruit of the Boot , are sponsoring a giveaway for those who would like to taste this wonderful product! Traditionally, Italians eat a slice of panettone for breakfast, but there are other ways it can be served.  It is delicious with whipped cream.  You can either serve it on the side or, as my in-laws do, fill the inside of the panettone with it.   You cut off the top and carve a cavity in the base, keeping all the precious insides for another time, of course.  Then fill the cavity with whipped cream and put the top back on.  When you serve it, it looks like a regular panettone, but your guests are in for a surprise when you slice it!


Dempo, Churchill Brothers, and Salgaocar are famous successful Indian what?

I-League & Indian Super League (ISL) - India (Football League Review) | Fieldoo Blog Level on the pyramid: 1 Domestic cup: Federation Cup, Durand Cup International cup: AFC Champions League, AFC Cup Current champions: Bengaluru FC Average range of annual salaries (v €): 60,000€ – 85,000€ Transfer window (dates): 8th June – 31st August (domestic), 16th January – 15th February (domestic), 1st January – 31st December (foreign) Season duration: September – April (2013) / January – May (2014/2015) Number of allowed foreign players (per team): 4 slots, 1 of them has to be from another AFC country Number of foreign players: 33 Average stadium attendances: 5,618 Due to the league still being in the developing stages the rules have changed almost yearly, last year for example there were 13 teams competing. With the launch of Super League this year, I-League is pushed and starts in December and ends in May (opposed to last year when it started in mid September), with teams playing 18 matches each, totalling 90 matches in the season. Most games are usually played in the afternoons during the weekends or midweeks. I-League Teams Sporting Goa Most football clubs in India are formated as what is known as Institutional teams and since 21st February of 2014 these teams are not allowed to play in the I-League. This means that players and staff from an institutional team mostly aren’t full professionals and often work a full-time job outside the game for the company his team is sponsored by. The positives of this kind of system is that players are earning a decent wage and have a prospect of employment after their footballing career comes to an end. The negatives though are that teams mainly represent their company and not cities or regions which means it’s difficult for them to gain broad support and since India is working heavily in the direction to bring worldwide attention to their football this does not bode well. Two domestic and one foreign transfer window Teams are allowed to sign players during three transfer windows where two domestic last from 8th June to 31st August and from 16th January to 15th February and one foreign that lasts for the whole year. Transfers in India are mostly done on the national level as almost 90% of all transfer business is done between the Indian teams. The average salaries range from 60,000€ – 85,000€. There are currently 33 foreign players in the I-League while every team is allowed to have 4 foreigners where 1 of them has to be from another AFC country. I-League Transfers Between I-League teams or other Indian teams with I-League teams: 89% From abroad to I-League: 9% From I-League to abroad: 2% International transfers Portugal, Australia, Iran, Trinidad and Tobago, Cameroon: all 12,5% From I-League (to countries): New Zealand, Singapore: both 50% There’s another requirement for the teams of the first division that was announced in May of 2014 and also goes with the policy of making football in India more popular: Every club in the I-League must have at least one marquee foreign player on their team. Where marquee means that that player represented his country in an international competition (FIFA World Cup, European Championship, AFC Asian Cup etc.), has played for his club team in a top international competition (UEFA CHampions League,  AFC Champions League etc.) or has played in a top domestic league (Premier League, La Liga, Bundesliga etc.) Indian Super League The Indian Super League (ISL) , officially known as the Hero Indian Super League for sponsorship reasons, launched in October 2014 and is one of the top divisions beside the already described I-League. It was founded in 2013 with the purpose of making football a top sport in India and bringing international attention to the Indian football. UPDATE:  Atlético de Kolkata  are the first Indian Super League Champions! Indian Super League (ISL) Level on the pyramid: 1 Season duration: October – December Number of allowed foreign players (per team): at least 7 foreigners (5 from draft) and one from another AFC country Famous foreign players: Da


The Indian endangered species Platanista gangetica gangetica is a?

Platanista gangetica (Blind River Dolphin, Ganges Dolphin, Ganges River Dolphin, Ganges Susu, Indus River Dolphin, South Asian River Dolphin) Geographic Range [top] Range Description: This species occurs in the Indus, Ganges-Brahmaputra-Megna, and Karnaphuli-Sangu river systems of the South Asian subcontinent, from the deltas upstream to where they are blocked by rocky barriers, shallow water, fast currents, dams, or barrages (low, gated diversion dams). The three river systems are disjunct and therefore so are their respective dolphin subpopulations, although there may be occasional demographic interaction between the latter two during the high-water season if the freshwater plumes of the two systems meet. There is further subpopulation separation within all three systems, some of it natural but much of it caused by physical barriers constructed within the last 100 years. The subspecies P. g. minor is endemic to the rivers of the lower Indus basin in Pakistan. Historically it occurred in the Indus mainstem and the Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, and Jhelum tributaries. It ranged from the Indus delta upstream to the Himalayan foothills where rocky barriers or shallow water prevented further upstream movement. Development of the vast Indus Basin Irrigation System has severely fragmented the dolphin population within a network of barrages (low, gated, diversion dams) and water diversion has dramatically reduced the extent of dolphin habitat. Current occupancy is effectively limited to three subpopulations in the Indus mainstem located between the Chashma and Taunsa, Taunsa and Guddu, and Guddu and Sukkur Barrages. A few individuals still remain above Chashma Barrage and below Sukkur Barrage (Braulik 2003, Reeves and Chaudhry 1998, Reeves 1998) (see Figure 1, in Supplementary Material). The map shows where the species may occur. The species has not been recorded for all the states within the hypothetical range as shown on the map. States for which confirmed records of the species exist are included in the list of native range states. States within the hypothetical range but for which no confirmed records exist are included in the Presence Uncertain list. For further information about this species,   see 41758_Platanista_gangetica.pdf . A PDF viewer such as Adobe Reader is required. Countries occurrence: Population [top] Population: Published data on abundance consist primarily of counts conducted within discrete portions of the vast network of riverine and deltaic habitat occupied by these dolphins. Few rigorous estimates of absolute abundance, with estimates of precision, are available. The entire current range of the Indus subspecies was surveyed in 2001 and resulted in an estimate of 843–1,171 individuals, with a best estimate of about 965. The largest subpopulation, containing more than 60% of the total, is located in the Sindh Dolphin Reserve between the Guddu and Sukkur Barrages, at the downstream end of the subspecies’ range. The next largest, with about 27% of the total for the subspecies, is immediately upstream in the Guddu-Taunsa segment of the Indus. Surveys of portions of the range of the Ganges subspecies have collectively accounted for 1,200–1,800 animals, but the true population is believed to be larger because some potentially important areas have yet to be surveyed (e.g., the Indian Sundarbans) and at least some of the counts and estimates were considered negatively biased. The greatest densities of Ganges dolphins have been observed in the Ganges mainstem in India between Maniharighat and Buxar (particularly the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary) and just downstream of there between Kahalgaon and Manihari Ghat, and in the lower Sangu River of Bangladesh. Dolphin counts in the Guddu-Sukkur segment of the Indus showed an apparently increasing trend from 1974 to 1996. If this increase was real and not an artifact of variable sighting biases, it could be explained by recovery after implementation of a hunting ban in 1974 or by permanent immigration from upstream subpopulations. No credible time series of e


Based in Mumbai, abbreviated to RBI, what is India's central banking institution and guardian of the currency?

Different Types of Banks - What are Various Kinds of Banks ? Different Types of Banks - What are Various Kinds of Banks ? Post: Gaurav Akrani. Date: 2/09/2011. No Comments . Label: Banking . Type 1. Saving Banks Saving banks are established to create saving habit among the people. These banks are helpful for salaried people and low income groups. The deposits collected from customers are invested in bonds, securities, etc. At present most of the commercial banks carry the functions of savings banks. Postal department also performs the functions of saving bank. Image Credits © crispyteriyaki Type 2. Commercial Banks Commercial banks are established with an objective to help businessmen. These banks collect money from general public and give short-term loans to businessmen by way of cash credits, overdrafts, etc. Commercial banks provide various services like collecting cheques, bill of exchange, remittance money from one place to another place. In India, commercial banks are established under Companies Act, 1956. In 1969, 14 commercial banks were nationalised by Government of India. The policies regarding deposits, loans, rate of interest, etc. of these banks are controlled by the Central Bank. Type 3. Industrial Banks / Development Banks Industrial / Development banks collect cash by issuing shares & debentures and providing long-term loans to industries. The main objective of these banks is to provide long-term loans for expansion and modernisation of industries. In India such banks are established on a large scale after independence. They are Industrial Finance Corporation of India ( IFCI ), Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India ( ICICI ) and Industrial Development Bank of India ( IDBI ). Type 4. Land Mortgage / Land Development Banks Land Mortgage or Land Development banks are also known as Agricultural Banks because these are formed to finance agricultural sector. They also help in land development. In India, Government has come forward to assist these banks. The Government has guaranteed the debentures issued by such banks. There is a great risk involved in the financing of agriculture and generally commercial banks do not take much interest in financing agricultural sector. Type 5. Indigenous Banks Indigenous banks means Money Lenders and Sahukars. They collect deposits from general public and grant loans to the needy persons out of their own funds as well as from deposits. These indigenous banks are popular in villages and small towns. They perform combined functions of trading and banking activities. Certain well-known indian communities like Marwaries and Multani even today run specialised indigenous banks. Type 6. Central / Federal / National Bank Every country of the world has a central bank. In India, Reserve Bank of India, in U.S.A, Federal Reserve and in U.K, Bank of England . These central banks are the bankers of the other banks. They provide specialised functions i.e. issue of paper currency, working as bankers of government, supervising and controlling foreign exchange. A central bank is a non-profit making institution. It does not deal with the public but it deals with other banks. The principal responsibility of Central Bank is thorough control on currency of a country. Type 7. Co-operative Banks In India, Co-operative banks are registered under the Co-operative Societies Act, 1912. They generally give credit facilities to small farmers, salaried employees, small-scale industries, etc. Co-operative Banks are available in rural as well as in urban areas. The functions of these banks are just similar to commercial banks. Type 8. Exchange Banks Hong Kong Bank, Bank of Tokyo, Bank of America are the examples of Foreign Banks working in India. These banks are mainly concerned with financing foreign trade. Following are the various functions of Exchange Banks :- Remitting money from one country to another country, Discounting of foreign bills, Buying and Selling Gold and Silver, and Helping Import and Export Trade. Type 9. Consumers Banks Consumers bank is a new addition to the existing type


The oldest Sanskrit literature and Hindu scriptures are called what, meaning 'knowledge' in Sanskrit?

Sanskrit, Devanagari     Sanskrit (संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam), is  an historical Indo-Aryan language, one of the liturgical languages of  Hinduism and Buddhism, and one of the 22 official languages of India. It  is a classical language of India. Classical Sanskrit is the standard register[clarification needed] as  laid out in the grammar of Pāṇini, around the 4th century BCE. Its  position in the cultures of South and Southeast Asia is akin to that of  Latin and Greek in Europe and it has significantly influenced most  modern languages of the Indian subcontinent, particularly in India and  Nepal. The pre-Classical form of Sanskrit is known as Vedic Sanskrit, with the  language of the Rigveda being the oldest and most archaic stage  preserved, its oldest core dating back to as early as 1500 BCE. This  qualifies Rigvedic Sanskrit as one of the oldest attestations of any  Indo-Iranian language, and one of the earliest attested members of the  Indo-European language family, the family which includes English and  most European languages. The corpus of Sanskrit literature encompasses a rich tradition of poetry  and drama as well as scientific, technical, philosophical and Hindu  religious texts. Sanskrit continues to be widely used as a ceremonial  language in Hindu religious rituals in the forms of hymns and mantras.  Spoken Sanskrit is still in use in a few traditional institutions in  India, and there are many attempts at revival. Etymology The Sanskrit verbal adjective saṃskṛta- may be translated as "put  together, well or completely formed, refined, highly elaborated". It is  derived from the root saṃ(s)kar- "to put together, compose, arrange,  prepare", where saṃ- "together" (as English same) and (s)kar- "do,  make". The language referred to as saṃskṛtā vāk "the cultured language" has by definition always been a "sacred" and "sophisticated" language,  used for religious and learned discourse in ancient India, and  contrasted with the languages spoken by the people, prākṛta- "natural,  artless, normal, ordinary". It is also called dēva-bhāṣā meaning the "divine language" or the "language of devas or demigods". History Devimahatmya manuscript on palm-leaf, in an early Bhujimol script, Bihar  or Nepal, 11th century. Sanskrit is a member of the Indo-Iranian sub-family of the Indo-European  family of languages. Its closest ancient relatives are the Iranian  languages Old Persian and Avestan. Within the wider Indo-European  language family, Sanskrit shares characteristic sound changes with the  Satem languages (particularly the Slavic and Baltic languages), and also  with Greek. In order to explain the common features shared by Sanskrit and other  Indo-European languages, many scholars have proposed migration  hypotheses asserting that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit  arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the north-west some time  during the early second millennium BCE. Evidence for such a theory  includes the close relationship of the Indo-Iranian tongues with the  Baltic and Slavic languages, vocabulary exchange with the  non-Indo-European Finno-Ugric languages, and the nature of the attested  Indo-European words for flora and fauna. The earliest attested Sanskrit texts are Hindu texts of the Rigveda,  which may be located in the Greater Punjab region and adjacent  Afghanistan, and dated to the mid-to-late second millennium BCE. No  written records from such an early period survive. However, scholars are  confident that the oral transmission of the texts is reliable: they were  ceremonial literature whose correct pronunciation was considered crucial  to its religious efficacy. From the Rigveda until the time of Pāṇini (fl. 4th century BCE) the  development of the Sanskrit language may be observed in other Hindu  texts: the Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, Brahmanas, and Upanishads.  During this time, the prestige of the language, its use for sacred  purposes, and the impo


Dainik Jagran is (at 2014) India's, and perhaps the world's, most popular?

Jagran’s Newspaper Deal in Black, White — and Red - India Real Time - WSJ Jagran’s Newspaper Deal in Black, White — and Red By European Pressphoto Agency A collection of front pages of Indian national newspapers Indian newspaper publisher Jagran Prakashan Ltd .’s deal Wednesday to buy the print business of English-language tabloid publisher Mid-Day Multimedia Ltd . was given a rather lukewarm reception from the market. In the cashless deal, Jagran – publisher of India’s most-read newspaper, Hindi daily Dainik Jagran – will issue two new shares to Mid-Day’s shareholders for every seven shares they hold in Mid-Day. Shares of Jagran slipped 3.2% Wednesday because of the 5% equity dilution the deal would cause. They were trading up  1.1% at  116.30 rupees Thursday in a Mumbai market where the benchmark Sensex was down  0.8% . Why such a muted response when so much has been said about how the deal will lend Jagran a presence in the coveted Mumbai market – where it doesn’t have a foothold – as well as enhance advertising revenue and earnings? A lot of the answer has to do with the timing and the size of the deal. Jagran’s move comes at a time when readership growth for Hindi dailies has been outpacing that of their English counterparts. Mid-Day has been hit particularly hard, losing market share to rivals such as Mumbai Mirror, Hindustan Times and DNA. Its average issue readership has slumped to 417,000 from around 663,000 in 2006, according to the Indian Readership Survey. Given Jagran’s existing readership of around 17 million (Dainik Jagran and  the bilingual compact daily I-Next  combined), these numbers do not make for a significant addition. “We remain concerned about stiff competition from Bennett Coleman and HT Media in the slow growing English segment which is losing market share to Hindi segment,” K.R. Choksey Shares and Securities says in a note. Bennett Coleman publishes the Times of India and Economic Times; HT Media publishes Hindustan Times and Mint, a business newspaper that has a content partnership with The Wall Street Journal. Thus, the deal will not prove to be a game changer unless Jagran is able to turn around Mid-Day’s operations. The publisher could look at launching Mid-Day in cities where it has a strong distribution network for its Hindi dailies. But that, certainly, is one long-term bet. As for Mid-Day’s shareholders, the revelry began Wednesday when the stock surged 18.1%. It was recently trading up 1.9% at 34.20 rupees. Share this: