What is the name of the Jewish mystical interpretation of Scripture, which comprises the Sepher Yezirah (Book of Creation) and the Zohar (Splendour) that has become popular with new age types?

Kabbalah Russian Freemasonry - Burmistrov Endel | Kabbalah | Freemasonry Kabbalah Russian Freemasonry - Burmistrov Endel © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2004Aries Vol. 4, no. 1 THE PLACE OF KABBALAH IN THE DOCTRINE OF RUSSIANFREEMASONS*K ONSTANTIN Masonic lodges first made their appearance in Russia in the mid-18 th centuryand, by the end of that century, probably involved several thousand people 1 .Members of lodges were for the most part statesmen, aristocrats and intellec-tuals: dignitaries, career soldiers, officials, writers and scientists, churchmen,etc. Masonic views are known to have had a considerable influence on theideology of that time but, although the history of Russian masonry has beenwell studied 2 , masonic ideology has until now received little scholarly atten-tion. There is a long tradition in Russian science of scepticism concerning themain constituents of masonic tradition: mysticism, alchemy and Kabbalah.During the late 19 th –early twentieth centuries, Russian scholars paid little at-tention to this topic, mainly because of their extreme positivistic views. In theSoviet period, the topic was taboo.Moreover, there are a number of objective difficulties in studying masonicteachings. Most masonic texts have not yet been published. Significant partsof masonic documents were destroyed by the masons themselves, or were lostas a result of government persecution. In addition, the masons themselves of-ten masked their involvement in Kabbalah and alchemy 3 . Thus the availablematerials are scarce and often encrypted. There are many rough copies of ma-sonic texts without any consistent description of the topic. All this has im- * We are especially grateful to Dr. Zhanna Shuranova (Moscow) for her invaluable help inpreparing English translations of the difficult masonic texts, to Prof. George Gerstein (Philadel-phia), Dr. Torsten Rüting (Hamburg), and Prof. Rashid Kaplanov (Moscow) for the correctionsthey proposed to make in the final version of the article. 1 At present, more than 3100 eighteenth-century Russian masons have been identified. It issuggested that the ca. 150 masonic lodges of the Catherinian age contained no less than 8000members (A. I. Serkov, personal communication). For detailed biographical data on Russianmasons see A. Serkov’s Lexicon  Russian Masonry  Russian Masonry in the Reign of Catherine the Great  , 124-26, 375.   ENDEL peded study, so that some researchers insist that Russian masons were not con-cerned with Kabbalah and alchemy at all.In a thorough investigation of manuscripts in Moscow archives 4 we discov-ered dozens of texts related to Kabbalah, including both translations from dif-ferent languages (probably including Hebrew) and original compositions.This paper is an analysis of the kabbalistic constituent of masonic teaching.Special attention is paid here to individuals interested in Jewish mysticism; wedescribe some Russian masons who have read, translated and used in theirpractical life not only the texts of the Christian kabbalists but also originalJewish writings. In addition, we attempted to find possible intermediaries whoparticipated in transmission of this knowledge to their Russian masonic broth-ers.In our view, the question of the role of Kabbalah in masonic tradition isextremely important 5 . Below we try to describe the kabbalistic conceptswhich were especially interesting to Russian masons and contributed greatlyto their social and political thinking.  Historical introduction Three main periods are normally discerned in the history of Russian freema-sonry during the 18 th century. In the first, from the 1740s to the enthronementof Catherine the Great in 1762, freemasonry was ‘merely a fashionable thingborrowed from the West without any criticism’. In the second period, whichlasted up to the early 1780s, freemasonry was ‘the first moral philosophy inRussia; three first degrees of “St. Jones”, or “symbolic” freemasonry pre-vailed’ 6 . The third period, when the “higher degrees”, especially theRosicrucians, dominated in Russia, covers the 1780s 7 . The government per-


"If a girl were to say to her boyfriend: ""Mina rakastan sinua"", what language would she be speaking?"

"I Love You" in Different Languages "I Love You" in Different Languages Afrikaans Ek is lief vir jou Ek het jou lief Ana Behibak (to a male) Ana Behibek (to a female) Armenian kezi chat ge sirem (in western Armenian) yes kez sirum em (in eastern armenian) yes kez   shat em siroom aruba ANA KI BAYINAKH Australian 'ave a beer   :-)  (Please keep in mind that this is   only a joke! Yes, Australians speak English.) Azerbaijanian (A region of Spain and France) Maite zaitut. Asko maite zaitut. (I love you a lot)      Nere Maitea   (My love) Bavarian I mog di narrisch gern Bengali ham tahara se pyar   karila Bicol volim te (most common)  (Volim Te Ba) ja te volim (less common) Brazilian Portuguese T'estim molt (I love you a lot) Cebuano a new form of aramaek Hey- Ben- nahh (to female) Hey-Ben-noohh (to male) main Tere bina main ji nahi pauga (i love you) mail tere bina kaha jauga Chinese Volim te (most common), or Ja te volim (less common) Czech Hau   hadomi (Hau=I hadomi=love o=you) English ik zie   je graag   or   ik hou van je Ik heb je lief (in songs) Finnish Ik bin fereale op dy Ik ha^ld fan dy (Most commonly used phrase) (the ^ is above the a) Gaelic Ta gra agam ort  (T� m�   i ngr� leat?) Galician i moag di  (an old saying for "i like you") I mog Di ganz arg! (Suebian: South German dialekt.) Greek aNEE oHEIVET oTKHA (female to male) aNEE oHEIV otAKH (male to female) female to male "ani ohevet otcha". male to female "ani ohev otach". Hindi Main tumse pyar karta hun (Male will say to Female)   Mai Tumshe Pyaar Karta Hun Main tumse pyar karti hun (Female will say to Male) Hokkien Gwa ai   di  (Wa ai lu?) Hopi Pronounced "Goo (rising tone) Hloo (high tone) Gah (falling tone" Hungarian �g elska þig (pronounced jeg elska thig) Indian languages: Nanu nimmege preti maditi idini Naanu Ninna Preethisuve  (Naanu Ninanu Pritisutene) Maithili hom ahaan sei pyaar   karey chhi Malayalam-1 ngyaan ninne premikkunnu (Enjan Ninnei Premikunnu) "Njan ninne pranikunnu" or "njan ninne premikkinu" "enikku ninne ishttamanu" (enneke nine ishtam) NJAN NINNE SNEHIKKUNNU (Njan ninne premikkunnu) nnan   ninney   snehikkunnu nan ninne premikkunnu, nan ninne snehikkunnu Manipuri Main tenu pyar karda haan Meno Tere Na Pyar Wa Menu Twadey Naal Pyar Hai me   tumse pyar ker ta hu' Sindhi Aue   tava saa pyar kar ya ti ( female to male) Aue tosa pyaar kar ya to ( male to female Tamil 1. "Nenu ninnu premisthunnaanu" (It represents the opposite person   in SINGULAR). 2. "Nenu mimmalni Premisthunnaanu" (It represents the opposite   person in PLURAL). naanu ninnu premishthaanu (Nenu Ninnu Premisttu nanu) Nenu   Ninnu Premisthunnanu  (nenne   nenu premistunnanu) Marathi saya mengasihi saudari (formal expression from male to female) saya mengasihi saudara (formal expression from female to male) Malay/Indonesian Saya cintakan awak(awak=kamu=you) Aku sayang engkau (engkau=kamu=you) Malay Saya sayangmu  (Saya   cintakan mu / Saya cinta mu ?) Niasan (one of tribes in Indonesia) omasido khou kulo tresno panjenengan (high languange) aku tresno karo kowe (low languange)  (Aku tresna kowe!) in Java Indonesia: aku cinta kamu Irish Kimi o ai shiteru  (Anata   wa, dai suki desu ?) Javanese Kulo tresno   marang panjenengan (formal) aku terno kowe (informal) Ya Eh Na Arr Gyi Law. Kashmiri Tangsinul sarang ha yo  (SA   LANG HAE / Na No Sa Lan Hei?) Koryese mn tom oxshawet or xoshm awet ???      Hawrami Nga naw hta ha ja. Lao Te amo  (Ego te   amo ?) Vos amo Es Tevi milu  (Es m   lu Tevi ?) Lingala að myliu tave  (As   Myliu Tave) A� tave myliu. [Ash tave myliu] Luganda (from Uganda) saya cinta awak   or   saya sayang awak Maldivian Inħobbok (Inħobbok Ħafna: I love you very much!) Mandarian (a language spoken in central Chile and west central   Argentina by the Mapuche) Inchepoyeneimi Craciun   fericit si un An Nou fericit! (Merry Christmas and a happy new year!) Mongolia Nga nint ko chit dae Nga nint go chit tel. Navajo Za tha sara meena laram  (Za la ta sara meena kawom) Persian Tora dost daram  (Tora   Doost Darem ?) Duse


Which Test Match Special commentator has a son who has been a bowler for Sussex CCC since 1994?

BBC - Test Match Special Share this page Kevin Howells | 13:09 UK time, Sunday, 26 August 2007 Joined the BBC in May 1985 just at the start of BBC Radio Shropshire which I'm sure forever will be the best days of my working life. I left school at seventeen to join them having been born and bred in the county. Aside from two years working for John Cravens Newsround I spent the next 15 years having a great time at various local BBC radio stations up and down the country presenting all sorts of programmes. I packed that in when machines started picking the same old music to be played on the radio (Dull) and I moved into sport, ending up in Radio Sport seven years ago. Cricket became my number one interest when working at Radio Leeds after taking on the job of covering Yorkshire County cricket club. That involved spending time with a good bunch including Darren Gough, a young Michael Vaughan and Matthew Hoggard to name a few. Almost all ambitions achieved thanks to the job but still dream of making an appearance on the Archers one day and having my own country music show. I still live in Leeds a great city, although home will always be Shropshire, which is one of Britain's best kept secrets Share this page Bill Frindall | 13:07 UK time, Sunday, 26 August 2007 Taught to score by a desperate young teacher on a rainy day at primary school, my skills were tested four days later when I was asked to deputise for an absent scorer at my local club. My Test Match Special predecessor's demise coincided with the end of my six and a half cricket seasons in the Royal Air Force. I suggested to the BBC's Head of Outside Broadcasts that they might be one short, was interviewed within a week and eventually given the coveted job on a three match trial. Found 'not guilty' after four sessions of Test cricket, I was offered a permanent contract. That was 42 summers ago. As a freelance I have been fortunate that TMS has proved be a splendid shop window. Commissions from newspapers, publishers and speaking agencies have flowed in nicely. I also market my own scoring books in the linear system I developed. Collectors buy copies of my score sheets of Tests and internationals, as well as the radial charts of famous innings I have been lucky enough to record. The BBC website bravely hosts my Ask Bearders blog and has yet to be sued because of my answers. I have been extremely privileged to have worked alongside such great broadcasters as John Arlott and Brian Johnston. It has certainly been a lot more fun than a proper job. Share this page Jonathan Agnew | 13:06 UK time, Sunday, 26 August 2007 I was appointed BBC Cricket Correspondent in the spring of 1991, replacing Christopher Martin-Jenkins, having been a professional cricketer with Leicestershire for 13 years. I played - largely unsuccessfully - for England in 3 tests and 3 ODI's in 1984/85 and retired gracefully at the age of 30. I gained my early love for radio at BBC Radio Leicester where I worked for a number of winters between cricket seasons, joining a long list of national sports broadcasters who cut their teeth at that particular radio station. Although nothing can beat actually playing sport for a living, being in the position to commentate and report on cricket comes a good second. The amount of time spent away from home while on tours is obviously an issue, & I am very fortunate to have such a supportive and understanding wife in Emma, who also works for the BBC in the East Midlands. The most enjoyable aspect of what I do is that every day is unpredictable and different. Being able to respond to various incidents instantly is the greatest challenge, while hopefully remembering at the same time that we are dealing with nothing more important than merely a game - albeit a great one. Share this page Adam Mountford | 13:05 UK time, Sunday, 26 August 2007 I am the BBC Cricket Producer responsible for producing Test Match Special and also looking after coverage on Five Live and other BBC outlets. Getting the chance to work with some fantastic broadcasting talent and produce such a famous radio


Which of the five New York boroughs has the largest population?

NYC Population Complete Analysis of U.S. Census Bureau Estimates for July 1, 2015 Introduction The U.S. Census Bureau prepares estimates of total population for all counties in the United States on an annual basis, using a demographic procedure known as the “administrative records method” (described below). This method assumes that post-census population change can be closely approximated with vital statistics data on births and deaths, along with other administrative and survey data that provide a picture of migration patterns. Total Population According to U.S. Census Bureau population estimates, New York City’s population increased from 8,175,1331 in April of 2010 to 8,550,405 in July of 2015. This is an increase of 375,300 residents or about 4.6 percent over the 2010 mark. Among the boroughs, Brooklyn saw the largest change in population in this 63-month period, growing by 5.3 percent or 132,000 persons, followed by the Bronx (5.1 percent or 70,300 persons), Queens (4.9 percent or 108,400 persons), and Manhattan (3.7 percent or 58,600 persons). The lowest growth occurred in Staten Island (1.2 percent or 5,800 persons). New York City’s population increase since April of 2010 represented 89.8 percent of the total increase in New York State, which raised the city’s share of the State’s population, from 42.2 percent to 43.2 percent. Components of Population Change Demographers divide population change into components.  Natural increase represents the difference between births and deaths. Net migration represents the balance between persons entering and leaving an area. Together, these components describe how populations change over time. The U.S. Census Bureau constructs population estimates for all counties in the United States by separately estimating the components of change. Births and deaths are compiled using data from the national vital statistics system. Net migration is calculated by estimating the rate of net migration for persons coming in from and leaving for other counties in the 50 states (net domestic migration) and the balance of people who immigrate from and emigrate to other nations and Puerto Rico (net international migration). The net domestic migration rate is derived using income tax returns from the Internal Revenue Service and Medicare enrollment data from the Social Security Administration (see methods discussion below). It is important to keep in mind that New York City has a very dynamic population, with several hundred thousand people coming and going each year. This “churn” has long characterized the City, and represents a fluidity that is difficult to characterize using the net migration measures presented herein. This dynamism is a testament to the City being a magnet for those seeking opportunities, then moving on, only to be replaced by the next set of individuals aspiring for a better life.  This very vibrant picture is what makes New York City’s population extraordinary and different from most other places in the nation and, perhaps, the world. The most recent estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau indicate the following for the 2010-2015 period: a) Positive natural increase – the surplus of births over deaths added 341,300 persons to New York City’s population between April of 2010 and July of 2015. b) Net migration was positive for the city overall, with a net migration gain of 49,600 persons for the period.  While small by the standards of the City’s overall population, the picture of positive net migration represents a reversal of longstanding pattern of population losses through migration. The recent gain through migration was the result of a net inflow of 452,500 persons through international migration, which offset a net domestic migration loss of 402,900 persons. For the first time in over a half-century, migration fueled population growth. c)   Every borough, except Staten Island, displayed positive net migration between April 2010 and July of 2015.  New Patterns of Recent Growth: 2014-2015 vs. 2010-2014 The robust pace of grow


What is the pre-Columbian civilisation that thrived in southern Mexico in 1400 BC, generally considered the first meso-American civilisation?

Olmec Civilization - Crystalinks Olmec Civilization The first signs of complex society in Mesoamerica were the Olmecs an ancient Pre-Columbian civilization living in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, in what are roughly the modern-day states of Veracruz and Tabasco. The area is about 125 miles long and 50 miles wide (200 by 80 km), with the Coatzalcoalcos River system running through the middle. These sites include San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, Laguna de los Cerros, Tres Zapotes, and La Venta, one of the greatest of the Olmec sites. La Venta is dated to between 1200 BCE through 400 BCE which places the major development of the city in the Middle Formative Period. Located on an island in a coastal swamp overlooking the then-active Rio Palma river, the city of La Venta probably controlled a region between the Mezcalapa and Coatzacoalcos rivers. The Olmec domain extended from the Tuxtlas mountains in the west to the lowlands of the Chontalpa in the east, a region with significant variations in geology and ecology. Over 170 Olmec monuments have been found within the area, and eighty percent of those occur at the three largest Olmec centers, La Venta, Tabasco (38%), San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, Veracruz (30%), and Laguna de los Cerros, Veracruz (12%). Those three major Olmec centers are spaced from east to west across the domain so that each center could exploit, control, and provide a distinct set of natural resources valuable to the overall Olmec economy. La Venta, the eastern center, is near the rich estuaries of the coast, and also could have provided cacao, rubber, and salt. San Lorenzo, at the center of the Olmec domain, controlled the vast flood plain area of Coatzacoalcos basin and riverline trade routes. Laguna de los Cerros, adjacent to the Tuxtlas mountains, is positioned near important sources of basalt, a stone needed to manufacture manos, metates, and monuments. Perhaps marriage alliances between Olmec centers helped maintain such an exchange network. The Olmec heartland is an archaeological term used to describe an area in the Gulf lowlands that is generally considered the birthplace of the Olmec culture. This area is characterized by swampy lowlands punctuated by low hills, ridges, and volcanoes. The Tuxtlas Mountains rise sharply in the north, along the Gulf of Mexico's Bay of Campeche. Here the Olmecs constructed permanent city-temple complexes at San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, La Venta, Tres Zapotes, and Laguna de los Cerros. In this region, the first Mesoamerican civilization would emerge and reign from 1400-400 BCE. The Olmec flourished during Mesoamerica's Formative period, dating roughly from 1400 BCE to about 400 BCE. As the first Mesoamerican civilization, they laid much of the foundation for the civilizations that would follow. Their influence went beyond the heartland - from Chalcatzingo, far to the west in the highlands of Mexico, to Izapa, on the Pacific coast near what is now Guatemala, Olmec goods have been found throughout Mesoamerica during this period. Origins What we today call Olmec first appears within the city of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, where distinctive Olmec features appear around 1400 BCE. The rise of civilization here was assisted by the local ecology of well-watered alluvial soil, as well as by the transportation network that the Coatzacoalcos river basin provided. This environment may be compared to that of other ancient centers of civilization: the Nile, Indus, and Yellow River valleys, and Mesopotamia. This highly productive environment encouraged a dense concentrated population which in turn triggered the rise of an elite class. It was this elite class that provided the social basis for the production of the symbolic and sophisticated luxury artifacts that define Olmec culture. Many of these luxury artifacts, such as jade, obsidian and magnetite, came from distant locations and suggest that early Olmec elites had access to an extensive trading network in Mesoamerica. The source of the most valued jade, for example, is found in the Motagua River valley in eastern Guatemala, a


'Captain Hoseason' of the ship the 'Covenant' features in which Robert Louis Stevenson novel, which was made into a film starring Michael Caine?

Kidnapped (1971) Movie Review from Eye for Film Tweet Delbert Mann’s adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson’s story of the young David Balfour (Lawrence Douglas) covers both the 1886 novel Kidnapped and the 1891 sequel Catriona. Upon the death of his father young David travels to Scotland to claim his inheritance but is sold into slavery, Pleasance gives a wonderful turn as the verminous uncle Ebeneezer. Mann remains largely faithful to the original impetus of Stevenson’s story, with David being spirited off to the Carolina’s by the villainous Captain Hoseason, played by Jack Hawkins (Lawrence of Arabia, Ben Hur). The slave ship is wrecked off the Scottish coast and Balfour, with the hardened Jacobite Breck (Michael Caine) in tow, sets off for Edinburgh. The typically robust adventure that follows bristles with all the hallmarks of a swashbuckling classic. Caine is in superb form as the disenchanted Jacobite Breck and projects a truly moving air of fatalism as he observes the destruction of the once proud Scottish clans at the hands of the British. As the pair travel through the Scottish wilderness they are forced to elude the Redcoats who are combing the countryside in search of renegade Jacobites. To tie the picture to the cliché of your standard swashbuckler would be to do it a disservice it not only touches upon the desolation of Scotland’s pillaging at the hands of British forces but also the torrid political climate at the time. Between Balfour’s quest for his rightful birthright and Breck’s desire to flee his native land for France, the film conveys a real sense of the overriding turmoil that sets the conflict aside as one of histories darker chapters. Although the film was beset with production difficulties due to the spiralling costs of production on location, Mann manages to steer it to steadier waters and the cinematography of the Argyll coast is, at times, truly stunning. The spirit behind the films production is something of a testament to the collective determination of the cast and crew which included Caine waving his fees. The fact that the film even made it to the silver screen at all is something of an adventure. Kidnapped is without doubt a real winner and the all-star cast which includes Trevor Howard (Twinky, Gandhi), Gordon Jackson (The Ipcress File) and Vivien Helbron (Target, The New Statesman) gives it the air of a true classic. The real complement that has seen the picture survive the test of time and will certainly see it remain a firm favourite for years to come is that its DVD release has been so eagerly anticipated. Reviewed on: 16 Jan 2007 Share this with others on...


Which prize-winning series of books by Julia Donaldson tell the story of a mouse taking a walk in a dark wood?

The Gruffalo: Julia Donaldson, Axel Scheffler: 9781509804757: Amazon.com: Books Julia Donaldson Page 1 of 1 Start over Sponsored Products are advertisements for products sold by merchants on Amazon.com. When you click on a Sponsored Product ad, you will be taken to an Amazon detail page where you can learn more about the product and purchase it. To learn more about Amazon Sponsored Products, click here . The Knight the Moon and the Stars Got Stuck (Knight the Moon & the Stars Got Stuck) Nancy L. Mills The Knight the Moon and the Stars Got Stuck is a strikingly original work of children's literature that stands with many of our best-loved classics! The Star Bright Factory Nancy Libbey Mills The Star Bright Factory is a perfect bedtime story for the longer nights of the year. You don't want to miss this title for the holidays! Diary of Steve the Noob 1 (An Unofficial Minecraft Book) (Minecraft Diary Steve the Noob Collection) Steve the Noob Steve wakes up in a strange, strange land. Follow him on an exciting and hilarious adventure as he explores this new world. The Moribund Mouse (Animalosophy Book 2) Eric Kesselman A story about a mouse that makes radical changes in his life after confusing the mortal condition with unexpected bad news. Ad feedback Special Offers and Product Promotions Editorial Reviews From Publishers Weekly The eponymous character introduced by this British team owes a large debt to Maurice Sendak's Where the Wild Things Are. When Mouse meets Fox in the "deep dark wood," he invents a story about the gruffalo, described very much like Sendak's fearsome quartet of wild thingsA"He has terrible tusks, and terrible claws, and terrible teeth in his terrible jaws." The gullible fox runs away when Mouse tells him that the gruffalo's favorite food is roasted fox. "Silly old Fox!" says Mouse, "Doesn't he know?/ There's no such thing as a gruffalo!" Owl and Snake follow suit until, with a turn of the page, Mouse runs into the creature he has imagined. Quick-thinking Mouse then tells the monster, "I'm the scariest creature in this deep dark wood./ Just walk behind me and soon you'll see,/ Everyone for miles is afraid of me." Fox, Owl and Snake appear to be terrified of the tiny mouse, but readers can plainly see the real object of their fears. By story's end, the gruffalo flees, and Mouse enjoys his nut lunch in peace. Despite the derivative plot line, debut author Donaldson manipulates the repetitive language and rhymes to good advantage, supplying her story with plenty of scary-but-not-too-scary moments. Scheffler's gruffalo may seem a goofy hybrid of Max's wild things, but his cartoonlike illustrations build suspense via spot-art previews of the monster's orange eyes, black tongue and purple prickles until the monster's appearance in full. Ages 4-8. Copyright 1999 Reed Business Information, Inc.              --This text refers to the Paperback edition.


Who was the Danish philosopher (1813-1855), who was both a theologian and social critic, he is chiefly remembered today for the primary influence which he exerted upon the philosophical ideas of Existentialism?

Christian Philosophy from A to Z by AW Slinkard - issuu issuu Christian Philosophy Aâ€“Z Daniel J. Hill and Randal D. Rauser CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY A–Z Volumes available in the Philosophy A–Z Series Epistemology A–Z, Martijn Blaauw and Duncan Pritchard Ethics A–Z, Jonathan A. Jacobs Indian Philosophy A–Z, Christopher Bartley Jewish Philosophy A–Z, Aaron W. Hughes Philosophy of Religion A–Z, Patrick Quinn Forthcoming volumes Aesthetics A–Z, Fran Guter Chinese Philosophy A–Z, Bo Mou Feminist Philosophy A–Z, Nancy McHugh Islamic Philosophy A–Z, Peter Groff Philosophical Logic A–Z, J. C. Beall Philosophy of Language A–Z, Alessandra Tanesini Philosophy of Mind A–Z, Marina Rakova Philosophy of Science A–Z, Stathis Psillos Political Philosophy A–Z, Jon Pike Christian Philosophy Aâ€“Z Daniel J. Hill and Randal D. Rauser Edinburgh University Press C Daniel J. Hill and Randal D. Rauser, 2006 Edinburgh University Press Ltd 22 George Square, Edinburgh Typeset in 10.5/13 Sabon by TechBooks India, and printed and bound in Finland by WS Bookwell A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN-10 0 7486 2212 8 (hardback) ISBN-13 978 0 7486 2212 2 (hardback) ISBN-10 0 7486 2152 0 (paperback) ISBN-13 978 0 7486 2152 1 (paperback) The rights of Daniel J. Hill and Randal D. Rauser to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Contents Series Editor’s Preface Introduction Acknowledgements Christian Philosophy A–Z Bibliography vii ix xiii 1 201 This book is lovingly and gratefully dedicated to our respective parents. Series Editorâ€™s Preface One of the things that Christian philosophy has going for it is a central text, the New Testament, written in Greek. Greek is a highly appropriate language for philosophy, abstract and capable of fine conceptual distinctions, something the more concrete and basic Hebrew of the Old Testament had difficulty accomplishing. The traditional conflict between Athens and Jerusalem, between philosophy and religion, was often thus muted in Christianity since their religion was from the start pretty firmly established in Athens, at least linguistically speaking. The development of Christian philosophy was rapid since even in the early Christian communities the growth of the religion took place in a cultural environment where philosophy also flourished. Ever since then the ideas and issues of Christianity have been extensively explored using the various philosophical techniques that have arisen within different philosophical traditions. It is often difficult to understand what is going on in Christian philosophy, though, since the blend of philosophy and religion may make the reader unsure precisely what argument is being presented, or how it is supposed to work. It is the aim of Daniel Hill and Randal Rauserâ€™s guide to the vocabulary of the debate to throw light on this and other aspects of Christian philosophy, and we hope that readers will find it useful in gaining a pathway through this interesting intellectual territory. Oliver Leaman Introduction Fifty years ago a scan of bookshop shelves would have been as likely to find a dictionary of terms for alchemy as one for Christian philosophy. Indeed, one might well have thought that, though of course there were some Christian philosophers then, they were doomed to the same fate as the dodo. But, in a stunning reversal, today Christian philosophy is among the most vibrant areas of philosophy. While the story of that change is still being written, there are a few key factors. On the negative side, the last fifty years have seen the demise of some historically formidable opponents to Christian philosophy, most perspicuously logical positivism and classical foundationalism, and this demise is due in significant part to the work of Christian philosophers. On the positive side, there has been a revitalisation of Christian philosophy from a number of sources, including the renewal of Catholic philosophy after the broad


What are the irregularly-shaped, colourless bodies present in blood whose sticky surface lets them, along with other substances, form clots to stop bleeding when exposed to air?

Blood Tests, Blood Testing and Blood - Medichecks You are here: Home > Info Zone > Blood Tests, Blood Testing and Blood Blood Tests, Blood Testing and Blood What is a blood test? A blood test can be very useful in helping to diagnose and detect medical conditions and illnesses such as diabetes , prostate cancer , heart disease, hormone imbalances , liver function , vitamin levels , ovarian cancer and various genetic conditions and disorders. At Medichecks we have over 1200 different types of blood tests, urine tests and many other types of tests. Blood tests can also be used to monitor conditions such as thyroid disorders , diabetes and medical conditions relating to blood clotting irregularities. A useful type of monitoring blood test is a tumour marker test. Tumour marker blood tests are mostly used to monitor cancers and how they are responding to treatment. How is a blood test carried out? Blood samples can be taken either from a vein or from an artery. If only a few drops of blood are needed it is enough to make a small prick in the tip of the finger and then squeeze the blood out. Most blood test samples are taken from a vein. The vein used for blood sampling is usually on the inside of your elbow or back of your wrist. A tourniquet (tight band) is usually placed around your upper arm. This makes the vein fill with blood and makes it easier for the blood sample to be taken. The injection site is cleaned with swab usually containing spirit and then a needle is carefully inserted into the vein. The needle will be attached either to a low pressure blood test tube (Vacutainer), or to a syringe where the plunger is pulled back to create low pressure. When the required amount of blood has been extracted, the needle is carefully removed and a swab or piece of cotton wool is held over the wound. After one or two minutes the cotton wool or swab is removed and a sticking plaster is applied. What are the main different types of blood samples? Different blood tubes are used for different types of blood tests. For some blood tests the blood needs to clot and for other blood tests the blood is added to some chemicals to prevent the blood from clotting. If the blood glucose is being measured, then the blood is added to a special preservative, etc. Blood tubes come in different sizes and colours depending on the blood test that need to be performed on the blood. The main types are: Fluoride What is blood? The average adult has about five litres of blood living inside of their body, coursing through their vessels, delivering essential elements, and removing harmful wastes. Without blood, the human body would stop working. Blood is the fluid of life, transporting oxygen from the lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide from body tissue to the lungs. Blood is the fluid of growth, transporting nourishment from digestion and hormones from glands throughout the body. Blood is the fluid of health, transporting disease fighting substances to the tissue and waste to the kidneys . Because it contains living cells, blood is alive. Red blood cells and white blood cells are responsible for nourishing and cleansing the body. Since the cells are alive, they too need nourishment. Vitamins and Minerals keep the blood healthy. The blood cells have a definite life cycle, just as all living organisms do. Approximately 55 percent of blood is plasma, a straw-coloured clear liquid. The liquid plasma carries the solid cells and the platelets which help blood clot. Without blood platelets, you would bleed to death. When the human body loses a little bit of blood through a minor wound, the platelets cause the blood to clot so that the bleeding stops. Because new blood is always being made inside of your bones, the body can replace the lost blood. When the human body loses a lot of blood through a major wound, that blood has to be replaced through a blood transfusion from other people. But everybody's blood is not the same. There are four different blood types or blood groups . Plus, your blood has Rh factors which make


"Who won the Best Actor Oscar for his role in Billy Wilder's 1953 film ""Stalag 17""?"

Stalag 17 (1953) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 8:05 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error When two escaping American World War II prisoners are killed, the German POW camp barracks black marketeer, J.J. Sefton, is suspected of being an informer. Director: Billy Wilder (written for the screen by), Edwin Blum (written for the screen by) | 2 more credits  » Stars: a list of 33 titles created 09 Feb 2011 a list of 35 titles created 12 Jul 2012 a list of 35 titles created 14 Jan 2015 a list of 25 titles created 7 months ago a list of 26 titles created 6 months ago Search for " Stalag 17 " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won     1     Oscar. Another    1 win & 5 nominations. See more awards  » Photos The desperate life of a chronic alcoholic is followed through a four-day drinking bout. Director: Billy Wilder A frustrated former big-city journalist now stuck working for an Albuquerque newspaper exploits a story about a man trapped in a cave to re-jump start his career, but the situation quickly escalates into an out-of-control circus. Director: Billy Wilder In West Berlin during the Cold War, a Coca-Cola executive is given the task of taking care of his boss' socialite daughter. Director: Billy Wilder A playboy becomes interested in the daughter of his family's chauffeur, but it's his more serious brother who would be the better man for her. Director: Billy Wilder An up-and-coming pool player plays a long-time champion in a single high-stakes match. Director: Robert Rossen Due to his insistence that he has an invisible six foot-tall rabbit for a best friend, a whimsical middle-aged man is thought by his family to be insane - but he may be wiser than anyone knows. Director: Henry Koster A crooked lawyer persuades his brother-in-law to feign a serious injury. Director: Billy Wilder Private detective Philip Marlowe is hired by a rich family. Before the complex case is over, he's seen murder, blackmail, and what might be love. Director: Howard Hawks In Paris, a former policeman falls in love with a prostitute, and tries to get her out of that life by paying for all of her time. Director: Billy Wilder A senator, who became famous for killing a notorious outlaw, returns for the funeral of an old friend and tells the truth about his deed. Director: John Ford An insurance representative lets himself be talked into a murder/insurance fraud scheme that arouses an insurance investigator's suspicions. Director: Billy Wilder When his family goes away for the summer, a so far faithful husband is tempted by a beautiful neighbor. Director: Billy Wilder Edit Storyline It's a dreary Christmas 1944 for the American POWs in Stalag 17. For the men in Barracks 4, all sergeants, have to deal with a grave problem - there seems to be a security leak. The Germans always seem to be forewarned about escapes and in the most recent attempt the two men, Manfredi and Johnson, walked straight into a trap and were killed. For some in Barracks 4, especially the loud-mouthed Duke, the leaker is obvious: J.J. Sefton, a wheeler-dealer who doesn't hesitate to trade with the guards and who has acquired goods and privileges that no other prisoner seems to have. Sefton denies giving the Germans any information and makes it quite clear that he has no intention of ever trying to escape. He plans to ride out the war in what little comfort he can arrange, but it doesn't extend to spying for the Germans. As tensions mount and a mob mentality takes root, it becomes obvious that Sefton will have to find the real snitch if he is to have any peace and avoid the beatings Duke and ... Written by garykmcd See All (78)  » Taglines: Hilarious, heart-tugging! You'll laugh...you'll cry...you'll cheer William Holden in his great Academy Award role! (from rei


"In which TV comedy has fictional actor Andy Millman cried on ""Celebrity Big Brother,"" his agent Darren Lamb suggested anyone other than his only client for roles and Ross Kemp tried to steal sweets off the BBC?"

Gary Dretzka « Movie City News American Sophomore Sundown The release of American Sophomore into DVD has either been delayed for four years or seven, depending on who one asks about such things. When it was originally pitched to potential distributors, however, it was simply called “Sophomore.” By adding “American” to the title, we’re supposed to make the connection between it and American Pie. Both are about teenagers at their most uncouth, but the similarities pretty much end there. T. Lee Beideck’s film is split into several sections — First Day of School, Freshman Friday, Drink King, Last Day of School, among them — and each vignette focuses on different students, faculty and staff. (Once a year, a secret drinking contest is held after-hours among the faculty and staff members, including Patrick Warburton’s janitor and dad, with the winner being crowned the Drink King.) Then and now, the only prominent names among the cast members are Warburton (“The Rules of Engagement”) and Amanda Plummer (Pulp Fiction), who add whatever touches of class the comedy possesses. I’d like to think they conducted master classes with the young actor whenever time permitted during production. As you might imagine, American Sophomore focuses on the many indignities upperclassmen inflict on freshmen and teachers during the course of a year. You already know what most of them are … and may have experienced one or two. Just when you think Beideck’s film is going down in flames, he pulls out of the plunge by allowing the kids to learn from their mistakes and mature before our eyes. It’s a nice touch, especially because the freshmen and middle-school characters look their age, for once, and the teachers aren’t uniformly drawn as automatons or fascists. Apart from an inspirational quote, I’m not sure why the school is named after Helen Keller … there’s also a non-ironic quote from Abraham Lincoln. More surprising were the songs by Woody Guthrie, including his delightful “Riding in My Car.”   Adding “American” to the title of Sundown wouldn’t have made it a single iota more recommendable to fans of “spring break” or “coming of age” comedies. Neither does a thematic resemblance to Risky Business add much to the hapless story. What I did find interesting was the financial backing accorded the production by different entities in the Mexico tourism industry, specifically those promoting visits to Puerto Vallarta. They should demand their money back, as the Mexicans we meet in Sundown are, by and large, crooks, creeps, scam artists, pimps, prostitutes and cock fighters. I wouldn’t have been surprised to see a cameo by drug kingpin Joaquín “El Chapo” Guzmán. Guadalajara-born writer/director/producer Fernando Lebrija (Amar a morir) contrives a scenario in which a pair of American high school seniors, Logan and Blake (Devon Werkheiser, Sean Marquette) embark on a spring trip to Puerto Vallarta, without the approval of their parents or much spending cash. Logan is carrying his grandfather’s Rolex watch, which he had picked up at the jeweler the morning of their departure and would lose within hours of their arrival … of course. Ostensibly, the reason they’ve chosen the scenic Pacific coast city is to hook up with their high school crushes. Instead, they’re swindled by everyone they meet, including a pint-sized travel guide and fixer, Chuy (Silverio Palacios), and a stripper, Gaby (Camilla Belle), in debt to a perverted pimp, Dorian (Jordi Molla). Naturally, after Gaby slips a “roofie” into Logan’s drink, she grabs the Rolex and turns it over to Dorian. He’ll return the watch to Logan, but for $5,000 he doesn’t have. This is how the cockfight – not graphic, but still unappetizing – figures into the story. With his parents (Teri Hatcher, John Michael Higgins) out of town on a vacation of their own, Logan is racing the clock to get back home with the watch. (Recalling the race against time in Risky Business.) The wet-and-wild spring break activities aren’t enough to balance the display of rampant criminality in Sundown, but PV still looks like a nice place t


Give a year in the life of composer, conductor and pianist Carl Maria von Weber.

Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber Weber, Carl Maria (Friedrich Ernst) von The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music © The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music 1996, originally published by Oxford University Press 1996. Weber, Carl Maria (Friedrich Ernst) von (b Eutin in Oldenburg, 1786; d London, 1826). Ger. composer, conductor, and pianist. Son of town musician and theatrical impresario and his 2nd wife, a singer and actress. Taught as boy by Michael Haydn in Salzburg, then by court organist, Kalcher, in Munich 1798–1800. By 1800 had already composed opera, mass, and pf. works. Went to Vienna in 1803 as pupil of Vogler , through whose influence became Kapellmeister at Breslau municipal th. 1804–6. Worked in Karlsruhe 1806–7, where he wrote 2 syms. Court secretarial post Stuttgart 1807–10, where he was encouraged by Kapellmeister, Danzi . While there wrote incidental mus. to Turandot, opera Silvana, and other works. Banished from Stuttgart because of false suspicion of embezzlement, went to Mannheim, where he was befriended by Gottfried Weber (no relation), then to Darmstadt, where he met Vogler again and took lessons from him in company with Meyerbeer . At this time wrote comic opera Abu Hassan, pf. conc., and vn. sonatas. Travelled to Munich 1811, where he wrote bn. conc. for court wind-player, and to Prague , where his pf. improvisations were acclaimed. Appointed dir., Prague Opera, 1813–16. Court Kapellmeister, Dresden, 1817, with commission to est. Ger. opera alongside It. variety. Wrote Mass in E♭ 1818 and worked on opera Der Freischütz. Work continually frustrated by opposition from It. opera dir., Morlacchi. Weber rehearsed operas exhaustively, making himself responsible for every aspect of prods., and, in his operatic theories, anticipating those of his disciple Wagner. Der Freischütz was prod. in Berlin , to tumultuous acclaim, in 1821 and was taken up throughout Ger., making Weber the most popular composer of the day. At the same time, he was at work on a comic opera Die drei Pintos, which he never finished and which was subsequently prepared for perf. by Mahler. He interrupted work on it to compose an opera commissioned by the Vienna Kärntnerthor Th. for 1822–3 season. This was Euryanthe, prod. Vienna, Oct. 1823. While in Vienna, Weber met Beethoven, with whom he had been in correspondence. By now, Weber's health was seriously undermined by tuberculosis. In 1824, the manager of CG, Kemble, commissioned an opera from Weber, who agreed to set Planché's Eng. lib. Oberon . Went to London 1826, staying with Sir George Smart in Great Portland St., supervising rehearsals at CG and conducting several concerts. After Oberon première, became increasingly ill and died 7 weeks later in Smart's house. Body taken to Moorfields Chapel. In 1844, on instigation of the Dresden Kapellmeister Richard Wagner, coffin was shipped back to Ger. and buried in Dresden Catholic cemetery on 15 Dec. after funeral oration by Wagner and the perf. of Wagner's Hebt an den Sang (An Webers Grabe) for unacc. male ch. Weber's place in history of Ger. mus. is that of a liberator, setting it free from It. influences and showing how the shape of folk tunes could be adapted for operatic and other purposes. Marschner and Lortzing were his immediate successors, Wagner his culmination. In his instr. and vocal works, his virtuosity, startling effects achieved without use of unusual instrs., and formal and technical innovations stimulated Chopin, Liszt, Berlioz, and in due course Mahler. According to Debussy, the sound of the Weber orch. was achieved by ‘scrutiny of the soul of each instrument’. Though handicapped by the weakest of libs. (by the eccentric poetess Helmina von Chézy), Euryanthe contains mus. of outstanding subtlety and strength; while the powerful atmospheric spell of the ‘nature’ mus. in Freischütz is created by the poetic establishment of a mood. For some time Weber was regarded as more important as an influence on others


What is the first name of the ballet dancer Nijinsky, who was unsuccessfully treated by Eugene Bleuler in Switzerland when diagnosed with schizophrenia?

Nijinsky, the Legend - Russian Ballet History Russian Ballet History The Collection's Beginings Legendary Vaslav Nijinsky (March 12, 1889 - April 8, 1950) Nijinsky was a Russian ballet dancer and choreographer of Polish descent. Nijinsky was one of the most gifted male dancers in history.  His  ability to perform seemingly gravity-defying leaps was legendary.  Nijinsky was born in Kiev, Ballet School , where he studied under Enrico Cecchetti , and Nicholas Legat .  At only 18 years old he was given a string of leads. In 1910, a fellow Imperial Ballet dancer, Mathilde Kschessinskaya , selected Nijinsky to dance in a revival of Marius Petipa's Le Talisman, during which Nijinsky created a sensation in the role of the Wind God Vayou. Nijinsky met Sergei Diaghilev , a celebrated and highly innovative producer of ballet and opera as well as art exhibitions, who concentrated on promoting Russian visual and musical art particularly in Paris.  In 1909, Diaghilev took his dance company, the Ballets Russes, to Paris, with Nijinsky and Anna Pavlova as the leads. The show was a huge success.   Nijinsky's talent showed in Fokine's pieces such as “Le Pavillon d'Armide” , “Cleopatra” and  “The Feast”.  His partnership with Tamara Karsavina , also of the Mariinsky Theatre, was legendary, and they have been called the "most exemplary artists of the time". Then, Nijinsky went back to the Mariinsky Theatre, but was dismissed for appearing on-stage during a performance as Albrecht in Giselle wearing tights without the modesty trunks, obligatory for male dancers in the company. The Dowager Empress, Maria Feodorovna , complained that his appearance was obscene, and he was dismissed. It is probable that the scandal was arranged by Diaghilev, in order that Nijinsky could be free to appear with his company in the west, where many of his projects now centered around him. He danced lead roles in Fokine's new productions Le Spectre de la Rose , and Igor Stravinsky's Petrouchka , in which his impersonation of a dancing but lifeless puppet was widely admired. Nijinsky took the creative reins and choreographed ballets. His ballets were L'après-midi d'un faune (The Afternoon of a Faun, based on Claude Debussy's Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune ) (1912), Jeux (1913), Till Eulenspiegel (1916) and Le Sacre du Printemps (The Rite of Spring, with music by Igor Stravinsky) (1913). Nijinsky created choreography that exceeded the limits of traditional ballet and propriety. For the first time, his audiences were experiencing the futuristic, new direction of modern dance. The radically angular movements expressed the heart of Stravinsky's radically modern scores. Nijinsky's new trends in dance caused a riotous reaction at the Théâtre de Champs-Elysées when they premiered in Paris. In 1913, Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes toured South America. Diaghilev did not make this fateful journey, because he was told by a fortune teller in his younger days, that he would die on the ocean if he ever sailed. Without his mentor's supervision, Nijinsky entered into a relationship with Romola Pulszky , a Hungarian countess. An ardent fan of Nijinsky, she booked passage on board a ship that Nijinsky was due to travel on, and during the voyage Romola succeeded in engaging his affections.  They were married in Buenos Aires when the company returned to Europe. Diaghilev is reported to have flown into a rage, culminating in Nijinsky's dismissal. Nijinsky tried in vain to create his own troupe, but a crucial London engagement failed due to administrative problems. During World War I, Nijinsky was interned in Hungary. Diaghilev succeeded in getting Nijinsky out for the American tour in 1916. During this time, Nijinsky choreographed and danced the leading role in Till Eulenspiegel . However, it was around this time in his life that signs of his dementia praecox were becoming apparent to members of the company. Nijinsky had a nervous breakdown in 1919, and his career effectively ended. He was diagnosed with schizophrenia and taken to Switzerland by his wife, where he was treated unsuccessful


Who was President of the International Olympic Committee from 1952 to 1972, who made the decision to continue the 1972 Munich Olympic Games despite a terrorist attack?

Olympic Games | Wiki | Everipedia You can edit something on the page right now! Register today, it's fast and free. Olympic Games Visualization of the Olympic Games Olympic Games National Library of Israel ID 000101413 {u'amount': u'+4', u'lowerBound': u'+4', u'upperBound': u'+4', u'unit': u'http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q577'} Commons Category EN Wikipedia URL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games The modern Olympic Games or Olympics ( French : Jeux olympiques [2] ) are the leading international sporting event featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions . The Olympic Games are considered to be the world's foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. [3] The Olympic Games are held every four years , with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years but two years apart. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games , which were held in Olympia, Greece , from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement , with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in several changes to the Olympic Games. Some of these adjustments include the creation of the Winter Olympic Games for ice and winter sports, the Paralympic Games for athletes with a disability, and the Youth Olympic Games for teenage athletes. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, and technological advancements. As a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism , as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes . The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship and commercialization of the Games. World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916, 1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games. The Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations (IFs), National Olympic Committees (NOCs), and organizing committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, and organizes and funds the Games according to the Olympic Charter. The IOC also determines the Olympic program, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch , as well as the opening and closing ceremonies . Over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals : gold, silver, and bronze, respectively. The Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies , including boycotts, doping , bribery, and a terrorist attack in 1972 . Every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world.     Ancient Olympics The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, Greece . Competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece . These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat sports such as wrestling and the pankration , horse and chariot racing events. It has been widely written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce. [4] This idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religi


Of the exclusive London clubs which one was founded in 1824, has its address at 107, Pall Mall, SW1 and shares its name with a club in Liverpool?

Luxury | CON2WEB CON2WEB The beautiful things in life made by people. Menu Luxury Providers & Services, Social Members’ Clubs LUXURY GOODS: In economics, a luxury good is a good for which demand increases more than proportionally as income rises, in contrast to a “necessity good”, for which demand is not related to income. Luxury goods are said to have high income elasticity of demand: as people become wealthier, they will buy more and more of the luxury good. This also means, however, that should there be a decline in income its demand will drop. Income elasticity of demand is not constant with respect to income, and may change sign at different levels of income. That is to say, a luxury good may become a normal good or even an inferior good at different income levels, e.g. a wealthy person stops buying increasing numbers of luxury cars for his automobile collection to start collecting airplanes (at such an income level, the luxury car would become an inferior good). DEFINITIONS: something that is an indulgence rather than a necessity; lavishness: the quality possessed by something that is excessively expensive; something desirable but expensive; lavishness: the quality possessed by something that is excessively expensive; wealth as evidenced by sumptuous living; very wealthy and comfortable surroundings. AMBER LOUNGE – the ultimate VIP nightlife experience which follows the F1 Grand Prix series around the world. Venues: Monaco, Singapore, Delhi & Abu Dhabi. Bugatti Veyron diamond-and-gold 1:18 scale model – 24 karat gold and 7.2 carats worth of diamonds. Costs a reported £2 million. Only three will be made. BUBEN & ZÖRWEG – since 1995. THE FIRST STOP FOR PASSIONATE LOVERS OF FINE TIMEPIECES ” We design and manufacture detailed pieces that reflect our passion for innovative technology, ground-breaking design and perfect artistry for lovers of unique masterpieces.” Castello Orsini-Odescalchi – available for weddings and receptions. (Hollywood actors Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes got married here in 2006). Bracciano (Rome), Italy. GOÛT ROTHSCHILD – Wikipedia. HAUTE JETS  – Haute Jets was established to meet the growing demands for customized private jet travel. Haute Jets flies business leaders and celebrities to destinations from Los Angeles to Cabo San Lucas, the Hamptons to Palm Beach and everywhere in between. With access to more than 5,000 aircraft and airports around the globe, our core focus remains on safety, security and personal service. At Haute Jets, we have created a unique and luxurious experience that is unmatched in our industry. We are available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year; we’re here to accommodate any request at any time.. HAUTE YACHTS  – Hauteyachts Hire and Cruise the Worlds Oceans Supplying the Worlds best luxury Yachts.. MARCHI MOBILE – luxury recreational vehicles. MILLIONAIRE FAIR – “Discover a world of maximum enjoyment. Familiarise yourself with the best that the top names of the international luxury goods industry have to offer.” MILWARD BROWN – 100 most valuable global luxury brands 2009. MINDSIGN NEUROMARKETING – fMRI brain response market research for product improvement. “We look at the subject brain response to your ad, game, speech, or film. We look at how well and how often it engages the areas for attention/emotion/memory/and personal meaning (importance).” MY PRIVATE VILLAS – private club. “A collection of only the highest quality luxury holiday rentals. My Private Villas offers a rare opportunity to rent exclusive homes in Italy, France, Greece, Switzerland, Spain and more direct from their owners.” PERSONAL WINE – established in 2001. Deliver prize winning wines and products personally labeled with the clients required messages, logos or graphics. PIERCE MATTIE PUBLIC RELATIONS – beauty, fashion, luxury, lifestyle PR firm. PRIORITY PASS – the world’s largest independent airport VIP lounge program since 1992. THE LUXURY INSTITUTE – “The Knowledge of Luxury.” New York based ratings and research organization that conducts research on the luxury industry. THE LUXURY NETWORK – “Creating


"""The Last Man In Europe"" was the working title of which novel?"

Why did George Orwell call his last novel Nineteen Eighty-Four? – Jack of Kent blog Why did George Orwell call his last novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?     Why did George Orwell call his last novel Nineteen Eighty-Four? The usual explanation for the choice of title of Nineteen Eighty-Four is that it was a play on the last two digits of 1948, the year the manuscript was finished. This has never convinced me. I think there may be a better explanation, which comes from George Orwell’s intellectual hostility to the Catholic writer G. K. Chesterton. This post sets out this alternative explanation as to why Orwell did give his novel the title Nineteen Eighty-Four. It is culled from work I did some time ago when I was considering a higher degree. Although the coincidence on which it is based has been noticed before, I am not aware of any other attempt to assess the alternative explanation that I offer.   A choice of title In autumn 1948, Orwell is uncertain as to the title of his new novel. He has two titles in mind, and he asks at least two people for their view. In a letter dated 22 October 1948, Orwell explains the dilemma to his literary agent: “…I have not definitely decided on the title. I am inclined to call it either NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR or THE LAST MAN IN EUROPE, but I might just possibly think of something else in the next week or two.” On the same day he also writes to his new publisher and makes the same unsure admission: “…I haven’t definitely fixed on the title but I am hesitating between NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR and THE LAST MAN IN EUROPE.” However, within a month, the first of these two titles appears to have stuck. At least other people had taken it up. In December 1948, the publisher had compiled a report on the novel, calling it “1984”, as did one of the professional readers. By 17 January 1949, Orwell himself has clearly made his choice of title and was now discussing whether it should be entitled “1984” or “Nineteen Eighty-Four”. The book was published later that year.   The conventional explanation The conventional account is now almost an urban myth. Everybody knows it, so to speak. This 1948 explanation, although widely adopted, is actually not that well attested. For example, I have not found it stated anywhere by Orwell or by anyone with whom he conversed. So far, I have only been able to trace the 1948 explanation to an American publisher called Robert Giroux, who saw Nineteen Eighty-Four through the press for the US edition. However, Orwell was not particularly close to Giroux, and there is no reason to believe that Giroux was privy to any special information about Nineteen Eighty-Four. Although there is some correspondence between Orwell and Giroux, I have not seen any mention in that correspondence of why the book had this title. In passing, I note that Orwell complained that he did not like what Giroux was doing to the book in the US edition. Nor did he appreciate the unsolicited requests for writing blurbs.   An alternative explanation? If the 1948 theory is possibly not correct, why did Orwell choose to set his dystopia in the year 1984? My alternative explanation brings us to G.K. Chesterton, an earlier and very different writer to Orwell.   Chesterton was, of course, the writer of the Father Brown stories, as well as a prolific poet and journalist. But it is one of his two famous novels (the other being The Man Who Was Thursday) with which I am concerned here: The Napoleon of Notting Hill.   The Napoleon of Notting Hill is a fantasy set in a future London. (As a fantasy writer, Chesterton has the deserved admiration of modern fantasy writers such as Neil Gaiman.) The hero is Auberon Quin, a well-meaning eccentric who suddenly becomes King. The political context for all this is set out when the story begins: VERY few words are needed to explain why London, a hundred years hence, will be very like it is now, or rather, since I must slip into a prophetic past, why London, when my story opens, was very like it was in those enviable days when I was still alive. The reason can be stated in one sentence. The


The Battle of Northampton was fought in which century?

1460 AD: Second Battle of Northampton in the War of the Roses - More Information | Medieval Period | The Northamptonshire Timeline 1460AD Second Battle of Northampton in the War of the Roses The Wars of the Roses were fought between the royal houses of York and Lancaster in the 15th century. After the battle at Delapre Abbey near Northampton, the Lancastrian King Henry VI was captured by Yorkist noblemen. The second Battle of Northampton took place in July 1460 in the grounds of Delapre Abbey. The royal army had set up camp in a meadow between Hardingstone village and Delapre Abbey. They dug deep ditches and built a palisade wall of sharp stakes around their camp and blocked the London Road with cannon. Despite this they were not in the best defensive position: the River Nene had flooded after heavy rain and was not easy to cross if they needed to escape. But they thought they would win! The Earl of Warwick was in charge of the Yorkist army. He gave orders to kill Lancastrian nobles but not to kill 'ordinary men' or the King, especially the men of Lord Grey de Ruthin (a Lancastrian Lord who switched to the Yorkist side during the battle). The battle was short (it was over in half an hour); it was a resounding Yorkist victory. The Archbishop of Canterbury stood by the Queen Eleanor cross and watched the fighting. The marshy conditions of the Nene made fighting difficult and many Lancastrians died trying to flee across the river after the battle. In all 300 Lancastrians died, including many lords who died trying to protect the King. After this battle Henry was captured by Henry Mountfort, a Yorkist archer. Directly after the battle Edward, Earl of Marsh (the future King Edward IV) knelt and paid homage to Henry VI. The Yorkist nobles told Henry they only wanted a 'stable and just government'. However a few months later Edward's father Richard of York made a formal claim for the throne.  York was persuaded to wait until after Henry died, but was killed in another battle soon afterwards leaving Edward, Earl of March as the chief Yorkist claimant. Want to know more? Why not visit Delapre Abbey www.delapreabbey.org ?


The Battle of Dungeness was fought in which century?

Ten Biggest Battles of the 19th Century | Savereo John History Ten Biggest Battles of the 19th Century   2nd Italian war (French / Sardinian victory) Gravellotte, France Napoleonic wars (French victory)   The question of which was the largest war of the 19th century is a matter of some debate, however broadly speaking, in scale, cost and impact, the biggest four were probably – The Napoleonic Wars (1803 – 1815) The Taiping Rebellion (1850 – 1864) The American Civil War (1861 – 1865) The Franco Prussian War (1870 – 1871) Although the Franco-Prussian war has many of the century’s largest battles, it was relatively short in duration containing a small number of large battles, most fought on the frontier – as a contest it was over within three months, although the siege of Paris continued into the following year. The American Civil War, by comparison, had more soldiers (about 3m), but lasted much longer (4 years) and consisted of a large number smaller battles (nearly 400). The largest battle of that conflict was the Seven Days which had 195,000 combatants – about the same as Waterloo, but neither make it onto the list above. Neither do two other decisive battles of the 19th century – Austerlitz (1805) and Gettysburg (1863); both of which had about 170,000 combatants although Gettysburg lasted much longer, 3 days, whilst Napoleon needed just 8 hours to annihilate Kutuzov at Austerlitz. The Battle of Nanjing, China (1864) The 3rd battle of Nanjing was the decisive engagement of the Taiping Rebellion, which raged across southern China from 1850 to 1864, the latter stages occurring at the same time as American Civil War. About 1,000,000 government troops, loyal to the ruling Qing dynasty, fought about 500,000 well-armed Taiping rebels. The Qing (“ch-ing”), known in western histories as the Manchu, had ruled China since the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644 and were originally from Manchuria, being of a separate ethnic group to the majority Han. Qing power reached its zenith in the early 18th century, particularly under the 61 year reign of the Kangxi Emperor and formed the basis of what is now the territorial area of modern China. During the early and mid 19th century a combination of natural disasters, economic stagnation and disastrous wars against more technologically advanced foreign powers, such as the British who annexed Hong Kong, had substantially eroded Qing authority. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom grew from a quasi-religious, millenarian cult founded by Hong Xiuquan (“hung hsiu-chuan”) in Guangxi province during the 1840’s. Hong had been an applicant for the Imperial Civil Service the previous decade who had locally been exposed to the preaching of Christian missionaries, and possessed a Chinese translation of the bible. Although he paid little attention to Christianity at the time, when in 1836 he failed the entrance examinations for the 4th time (not so strange, the pass rate was less than 5%) the failure brought on a period of intense depression which culminated in a nervous breakdown during which he claimed to have experienced a spiritual revelation during a series of dreams. He interpreted this experience as a divine summons to rid China of “demon worship” and came to believe that he was a re-incarnation of the younger brother of Jesus Christ and began preaching among the local community of the Hakka ethnic group, of which we was a member. He laid out a quasi-Christian philosophy that included common ownership of property, equality for women (but also strict separation of the sexes) and the destruction of Buddhist and Confucian symbols and images. By 1840, the sect had as many as 40,000 followers and attracted the attention of the Qing authorities who attempted to violently supress it, leading eventually to civil war. The revolt proper began in Guangxi province in 1850 when a 10,000 strong Taiping force attacked and captured the town of Jintian (present day Guiping). The Qing government, already heavily committed in the 2nd Opium War against the British, failed to quell the revolt and by 1853 and the rebels had occ


In which British town or city is the National Railway Museum?

NATIONAL RAILWAY MUSEUM in York (City Centre), England Geographic Location: Lat: 53.96095;    Long: -1.09704 - GeoTag: GB-YOR  National Railway Museum  National Railway Museum is a  Museum managed as a Tourist or Visitor Attraction by an Independent/Unknown Organisation and is located    in or near York (City Centre), England. You can get detailed information regarding opening times and other facilities    if you follow this link to it's own website External websites will open in a new window   You can see what other attractions are near National Railway Museum if you follow this link to other attractions and event locations in the area of York on this website Using the left hand menu you can upload photos or future event information and locate    hotels and railway stations near to National Railway Museum   What's on Facebook about National Railway Museum Facebook data may also be displayed from    the organisation responsible for this location Tweets from National Railway Museum


Which bird was the subject of an ode by John Keats?

SparkNotes: Keats’s Odes: Ode to a Nightingale Ode to a Nightingale Ode to a Nightingale, page 2 page 1 of 2 Summary The speaker opens with a declaration of his own heartache. He feels numb, as though he had taken a drug only a moment ago. He is addressing a nightingale he hears singing somewhere in the forest and says that his “drowsy numbness” is not from envy of the nightingale’s happiness, but rather from sharing it too completely; he is “too happy” that the nightingale sings the music of summer from amid some unseen plot of green trees and shadows. In the second stanza, the speaker longs for the oblivion of alcohol, expressing his wish for wine, “a draught of vintage,” that would taste like the country and like peasant dances, and let him “leave the world unseen” and disappear into the dim forest with the nightingale. In the third stanza, he explains his desire to fade away, saying he would like to forget the troubles the nightingale has never known: “the weariness, the fever, and the fret” of human life, with its consciousness that everything is mortal and nothing lasts. Youth “grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies,” and “beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes.” In the fourth stanza, the speaker tells the nightingale to fly away, and he will follow, not through alcohol (“Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards”), but through poetry, which will give him “viewless wings.” He says he is already with the nightingale and describes the forest glade, where even the moonlight is hidden by the trees, except the light that breaks through when the breezes blow the branches. In the fifth stanza, the speaker says that he cannot see the flowers in the glade, but can guess them “in embalmed darkness”: white hawthorne, eglantine, violets, and the musk-rose, “the murmurous haunt of flies on summer eves.” In the sixth stanza, the speaker listens in the dark to the nightingale, saying that he has often been “half in love” with the idea of dying and called Death soft names in many rhymes. Surrounded by the nightingale’s song, the speaker thinks that the idea of death seems richer than ever, and he longs to “cease upon the midnight with no pain” while the nightingale pours its soul ecstatically forth. If he were to die, the nightingale would continue to sing, he says, but he would “have ears in vain” and be no longer able to hear. In the seventh stanza, the speaker tells the nightingale that it is immortal, that it was not “born for death.” He says that the voice he hears singing has always been heard, by ancient emperors and clowns, by homesick Ruth; he even says the song has often charmed open magic windows looking out over “the foam / Of perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn.” In the eighth stanza, the word forlorn tolls like a bell to restore the speaker from his preoccupation with the nightingale and back into himself. As the nightingale flies farther away from him, he laments that his imagination has failed him and says that he can no longer recall whether the nightingale’s music was “a vision, or a waking dream.” Now that the music is gone, the speaker cannot recall whether he himself is awake or asleep. Form Like most of the other odes, “Ode to a Nightingale” is written in ten-line stanzas. However, unlike most of the other poems, it is metrically variable—though not so much as “Ode to Psyche.” The first seven and last two lines of each stanza are written in iambic pentameter; the eighth line of each stanza is written in trimeter, with only three accented syllables instead of five. “Nightingale” also differs from the other odes in that its rhyme scheme is the same in every stanza (every other ode varies the order of rhyme in the final three or four lines except “To Psyche,” which has the loosest structure of all the odes). Each stanza in “Nightingale” is rhymed ABABCDECDE, Keats’s most basic scheme throughout the odes. Themes With “Ode to a Nightingale,” Keats’s speaker begins his fullest and deepest exploration of the themes of creative expression and the mortality of human life. In this ode, the transience of life and the trage


Which 1968 film starring Jane Fonda was based on the French comics created by Jean-Claude Forest?

Nicolas Winding Refn Discusses ‘Barbarella’ TV Series Nicolas Winding Refn Discusses ‘Barbarella’ TV Series Share Comment Director Nicolas Winding Refn’s  Drive was a runaway critical success – and one of our favorite films of 2011 – but so far, it’s proving a tough act to follow, at least for the crowds at this year’s Cannes Film Festival. His follow-up, the Thai boxing crime thriller Only God Forgives , premiered to a scattering of boos in the audience. Early reviews suggest that the film is off-puttingly violent, but any film which is called “bloated, corpulent and borderline repulsive” yet also “magnificent” in the same review  clearly needs to be judged individually. Given Refn’s attitude toward the films he makes – they are often idiosyncratic, occasionally slow and punctuated with scenes of brutal violence – we look forward to one particular project he has in the works: a TV series reboot of the 1968 film Barbarella starring Jane Fonda. Based on a series of French comics by Jean-Claude Forest, Barbarella was directed by Roger Vadim (Fonda’s then-husband) and followed the sexy adventures of the title character, a bounty hunter tasked by the President of Earth (now a peaceful, violence-free planet) with tracking down Doctor Durand Durand, who has built a deadly Positronic Ray. When asked about the project’s status – courtesy of  Vulture – Refn said: “We are just writing it still. I kind of went back to the original comic, and really began to close my eyes and fantasize about women in outer space and it looked pretty good.” As for who he might cast in the title role: “No, I haven’t started casting yet.” Jane Fonda’s original performance cemented her status as a sex symbol for that generation – the original film’s opening credit sequence featuring a slow motion, zero gravity striptease might have had something to do with that. The first reports that Nicolas Refn was involved in this project surfaced about a year ago , around the same time we learned he would be interested in making a  Wonder Woman film starring Christina Hendricks . Since then, we learned that he has left the big screen remake of The Equalizer starring Denzel Washington, which is moving forward with Training Day director Antoine Fuqua at the helm. Refn’s comment on fantasizing about women in outer space is… interesting, and perhaps a bit troubling, given that later in the same interview he discusses wanting to make an all-female horror film (he has a two-picture deal which includes Only God Forgives, so it might actually happen). Why only women? “Because women and horror is so sexy.” An all-women horror film has worked before – in The Descent , for instance, although that film was pretty far from sexy. That said, the notion of an extreme stylist like Refn bringing his unique spin to something like Barbarella is very exciting. Considered the first mainstream “adult comic,” the character became a symbol of the coming sexual revolution, and the film remains a cult classic to this day. The future of the project may depend to some degree on the success of Only God Forgives once it gets a wide release.  Either way, stay tuned for more as details surface.


Anne Boleyn was one of the two wives of Henry 8th to be executed, who was the other?

Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn - The Anne Boleyn Files Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn FREE Anne Boleyn Files Welcome Pack of 5 goodies sent directly to your inbox ↓ Enter First Name ↓ ↓ Enter Your Email ↓ Includes 3 Free Reports, Book List and Primary Sources List Please check your spam box if you don't receive a confirmation email. PLEASE NOTE: Your privacy is essential to us and we will not share your details with anyone. Recent Posts Click the flag for our US Resource Page US/World Books Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn Full Title: The Relationship of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn The marriage of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn was an unlikely match when considering the circumstances. When Anne Boleyn returned to England from France, her sister had already been in the English court for two years and was probably by this time already the mistress of King Henry VIII. It is unlikely that Anne would have been attracted to her sister’s lover at this time, and in any case, she was by now betrothed, having returned to England for the express purpose of marrying James Butler, her distant cousin. James was at court at the time as a kind of hostage and it is likely he and Anne would have seen each other often. The fact that they would have known each other combined with the lack of evidence of any friendship between the two shows that the potential spouses didn’t make much of an effort to get to know each other in preparation for marriage. James Butler probably just didn’t have the wit to engage in the kind of repartee Anne Boleyn was known for. As soon as she arrived at court, Anne attracted a circle of admirers. Foremost among them was poet Thomas Wyatt, Anne’s childhood friend, with whom she shared a love of poetry and music. The already-engaged Earl of Northumberland fell under her spell and never got over her. “She knew perfectly how to sing and dance…to play the lute and other instruments,” wrote Lancelot De Carles. Her contemporaries mention that she seemed more French than English and thus had an exotic allure. She enjoyed gambling and flirting obviously made the men around her feel good about themselves. As her biographer Eric Ives mentions, the tradition of courtly love was still prevalent and can be seen as a kind of antidote to boredom at court. Anne loved games and was known for her skill in the game of courtly love. King Henry, on the other hand, was more uncouth than the foppish men Anne would have known in France. Coming from an upstart dynasty with a somewhat debatable claim to the throne, he was desperate to be seen as cosmopolitan, a ruler on par with the great noble houses of the continent, most of whom saw England as a backwater island of no real importance. He was anxious to prove that he was every bit as good as his “brother” King Francis I of France, childishly asking his courtiers if they thought Francis had better looking legs than him. Perhaps this is why he took Mary Boleyn as a mistress-Francis had her first. If she was good enough for Francis, she was good enough for Henry. Henry had a queen, Katherine of Aragon, but Francis referred to her as “old and deformed” (despite the fact that his own wife Queen Claude was actually deformed). Katherine turned a blind eye to her husband’s infidelities so long as he was discreet, so Henry boosted his ego by sleeping with the cosmopolitan Mary Boleyn and the beautiful Elizabeth Blount. As Henry grew tired of his affair with Mary, his eye began to wander to her little sister. Anne was younger, very popular, and didn’t have the sullied reputation that Mary did. For someone who considered himself an outstanding musician, an accomplished singer and player like Anne Boleyn was indeed a catch. Her father was an ambitious courtier who had already allowed one daughter to sacrifice her virtue to his ambition, so surely he wouldn’t mind if the king pursued his other daughter. When Henry discovered that Anne and Henry Percy, the aforementioned Earl of Northumberland, had actually become engaged, he ordered his minister Cardinal Wolsey to break the engagement. The couple


On a traditional Monopoly board, Marylebone, King's Cross and Liverpool Street are three of the stations, name the fourth.

Monopoly Competition: The Four Train Stations | Greenwich.co.uk You are here: Greenwich / Magazine / Monopoly Competition: The Four Train Stations Monopoly Competition: The Four Train Stations February 5, 2009 By Rob Powell In the original game of Monopoly, there are four train stations - Fenchurch Street, Liverpool Street, Marylebone and King's Cross. When we were deciding on a previous square, contributor Tony Usher had the good idea to put Greenwich attractions rather than stations on the Greenwich version of Monopoly we are making for this competition prize. So, going with Tony's suggestion, we are now looking for your four Greenwich attractions that could go on the board to replace the four train stations. How to enter: Just list four Greenwich attractions in the comments below. We will select the winner or winners and they will each receive four entries into the prize draw. I really think this is going to be an easy one so get entering as this one probably represents your best chance of winning that unique, Greenwich Monopoly set. Any questions? Just ask...


By what name is the medical condition adhesive capsulitis more commonly known?

What is Frozen Shoulder? | Ability Rehabilitation Previous Next What is Frozen Shoulder and What Are Your Treatment Options? Frozen shoulder is the commonly known name for a medical condition called adhesive capsulitis. The characteristics of this shoulder condition are joint stiffness, pain, and loss of mobility, which could give someone the impression that their shoulder is “frozen” and will not move properly; therefore the name “frozen shoulder” has been linked to this shoulder disorder. Adhesive capsulitis affects about 2% of the general population and is most commonly seen in women between the ages of 40 and 70. The causes of frozen shoulder are not fully understood and the condition often arises for no known reason at all. The picture above shows the anatomical structures involved in the process of frozen shoulder. Deep within the shoulder joint there is a fibrous tissue called the shoulder capsule which connects to both the upper arm bone (humerus) and the shoulder socket (the glenoid). In a healthy shoulder, this capsule stretches and twists as you move your shoulder in various ways; however, in a frozen shoulder, the capsule thickens and forms scar tissue that will inhibit your mobility. Generally, movements that require rotation, such as reaching behind your back, are more limited than the movement of reaching overhead due to the way that the capsule has to move during these actions. In a way, frozen shoulder acts as if there is super glue in your shoulder joint! Symptoms and Stages of Frozen Shoulder Pain due to frozen shoulder is generally dull or aching and worsens with attempted movement. The pain is usually located over the outer shoulder area and sometimes the upper arm, and usually is not sore to the touch. X-rays of a frozen shoulder are usually normal and there is no association with arthritis or other joint abnormalities. A physician is usually able to diagnose adhesive capsulitis simply by identifying the classic symptoms of movement loss, pain when sleeping on the affected shoulder, and difficulty with daily activities, as well as ruling out other shoulder injuries. There are three stages related to the process of a frozen shoulder. Painful/Freezing Stage: This is the most painful stage of frozen shoulder. Motion is restricted, but the shoulder is not as stiff as the frozen stage. This stage typically lasts 6-12 weeks. Frozen Stage: During this stage the pain usually eases up, but the stiffness worsens. This stage can last 4-6 months. Thawing Stage: This stage is gradual and motion improves slowly over a lengthy period of time. The thawing phase can last up to a year! Treatment of Frozen Shoulder It is very important to seek treatment for the symptoms of frozen shoulder. Treatment involves movement and stretching of the shoulder muscles, which is the opposite of what a typical person would do if their shoulder was hurting them. A physical therapist can show you the proper way to stretch out your shoulder in order to regain as much mobility as possible without causing too much stress on the joint. A frozen shoulder will often times resolve on its own over the course of a year; however, physical therapy can significantly decrease your recovery time and improve your mobility. A physician may also recommend anti-inflammatory medications, injections, or in severe cases, a surgical procedure to alleviate symptoms. If you have any signs or symptoms of a shoulder problem, it is important to seek treatment from a medical professional. The longer that you wait to seek treatment, the more difficult it becomes to treat your injury. Shoulder injuries are one of the most commonly seen injuries in physical therapy. Stretches to Increase Mobility In Your Shoulder These exercises can help to stretch out a stiff shoulder. You should consult a physician or therapist to see if they are right for you.


"About which pastime is Oscar Wilde reputed to have said ""The unspeakable in pursuit of the uneatable""?"

Fox hunts thrive in Britain a decade after ban, but class-tinged controversy won't go away | Fox News Fox hunts thrive in Britain a decade after ban, but class-tinged controversy won't go away Published        February 18, 2015 Facebook 0 Twitter 0 Email Print In this photo taken Tuesday, Feb. 10, 2015, Gerald Sumner huntsman and master of the hounds of Kimblewick Hunt, leads off the hunt in Ibstone, England. A decade ago, Britain banned fox hunting with hounds, a centuries-old blood sport with deep roots in the countryside and strong opponents in the towns. Animal-welfare groups cheered the end of what they considered a cruel pastime reserved for the rich _ a sport Oscar Wilde dubbed "the unspeakable in full pursuit of the uneatable."(AP Photo/Alastair Grant)  (The Associated Press) In this photo taken Tuesday, Feb. 10, 2015, members of the of Kimblewick Hunt gather and have a cup of mulled wine prior to taking part in the hunt at Ibstone, England. A decade ago, Britain banned fox hunting with hounds, a centuries-old blood sport with deep roots in the countryside and strong opponents in the towns. Animal-welfare groups cheered the end of what they considered a cruel pastime reserved for the rich _ a sport Oscar Wilde dubbed "the unspeakable in full pursuit of the uneatable."(AP Photo/Alastair Grant)  (The Associated Press) In this photo taken Tuesday, Feb. 10, 2015, Gerald Sumner huntsman and master of the hounds of Kimblewick Hunt, waits with his dogs in Ibstone, England. A decade ago, Britain banned fox hunting with hounds, a centuries-old blood sport with deep roots in the countryside and strong opponents in the towns. Animal-welfare groups cheered the end of what they considered a cruel pastime reserved for the rich _ a sport Oscar Wilde dubbed "the unspeakable in full pursuit of the uneatable."(AP Photo/Alastair Grant)  (The Associated Press) Previous Next IBSTONE, England –  The horses wait in the farmyard, tails braided and manes gleaming, while huntsmen in brightly colored coats marshal the eager hounds, straining to chase the scent of a fox. To some, the start of a fox hunt is a quintessentially English scene, steeped in tradition. To others, it's a barbaric rite preserved for the rich. Oscar Wilde dubbed fox hunting "the unspeakable in full pursuit of the uneatable," and a decade ago Wednesday lawmakers banned the centuries-old blood sport, which has many opponents in Britain's cities, and deep roots in its countryside. "People who live in the country support hunting," said Mike Murray, who has come to see off the hounds and riders of the Kimblewick Hunt in Ibstone, a village tucked into the wooded Chiltern Hills an hour outside of London. "It's as simple as that." When hunting with hounds was banned, pro-hunting groups feared the sport could disappear, endangering thousands of rural jobs, from dog breeders to stable hands to blacksmiths. But hunting has survived, and even prospered, by adapting to the new rules — or, opponents claim, by flouting the law. Thousands of people still attend organized hunts each week throughout the winter, and only a handful of hunters have been convicted of breaching the ban. Some opponents of hunting say that's evidence that there is one law for the rich and one for the poor. Hunt supporters say it's the result of a bad law motivated by social hostility. Sooner or later, all debates about fox hunting come to the c-word: class. Tim Bonner of rural lobby group the Countryside Alliance said the ban was motivated by "a class-war agenda." "It has nothing to do with animal welfare," he said. "It was about politics. This is the chosen battleground of those who want to dismantle the rural way of life." Many rural people reacted with fury when then-Prime Minister Tony Blair — whose Labour Party is strongest in urban areas — announced plans to outlaw hunting. Hundreds of thousands of demonstrators marched through London, some clashing with riot police outside Parliament. Protesters even stormed onto the floor of the House of Commons. Blair later said the hunting ban was of the few


Of the teams playing in the current (2011-12) Premiership, which was the first to win the FA Cup, winning in 1884?

List of Premier League Winners ( 1992 till date)| Soccer Blog|Football News, Reviews, Quizzes List of Premier League Winners ( 1992 till date) By Soccer Blog | Jun 27, 2011 Since the inception of the English Premier League in 1992, one team has dominated above all others, winning the trophy in a frankly ridiculous 13 of the 24 titles handed out since the re-branding of the old First Division. This team is, as you will already no doubt know, Manchester United. The Red Devils have dominated the Premier League era with an unnerving consistency but the Manchester giants have not had it all their own way. There have been years when their dominance has been tested and even broken, making the Premier League a lot more than just a procession of trophies through the red half of Manchester. The first team to win the Premier League, other than Sir Alex Ferguson’s United side, were Blackburn Rovers in their pathbreaking 1994/95 season . With the help of Jack Walker’s millions and legendary manager Kenny Dalglish ( who manages Liverpool now) , Blackburn did the unthinkable and rose from Division One to win the Premier League title in just a few short years. With players as talented as Chris Sutton, Colin Hendry, Tim Sherwood and, of course, Alan Shearer they were worthy champions but unfortunately things unravelled from there with Blackburn suffering relegation just a few years later. After Blackburn, there was a gap of three years before another side lifted the Premier League title other than United when, led by the mercurial Dennis Bergkamp, and backed up by talents such as Patrick Vieira and Manu Petit, Arsenal won a famous double of league and FA Cup. Arsenal also won the title in the 2001/02 season before making history by going the whole league season unbeaten two years later in one of the most memorable title campaigns ever. Arsenal are still consistently amongst the favourites for the Premier League now, but haven’t quite been able to replicate the success of earlier years. Making up the trio of Premier League challengers to Man United are Chelsea who, since the arrival of owner Roman Abramovich in 2003 have won three league titles. They picked up the trophy under Jose Mourinho in 2005 and 2006 before winning their hat trick of titles under Carlo Ancelotti. Manchester City won their first ever Premiership title on May 13, 2012 when they scored twice in extra time against QPR to take the title in incredible circumstances. For all the fixtures and scores from the forthcoming 2016/17 edition of the Premier League, you can hop on to http://www.footballscores.com . List of Premier League Winners ( 1992 to date) 1992-93- Man Utd