Press-ups and squat-thrusts were reportedly introduced in 2012 as staff punishments at what major retailer's Milan branch?

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Name the 1982 Buckingham Palace early-hours intruder who woke and spoke to Elizabeth II in her bedroom?

When an Intruder Entered Queen Elizabeth's Bedroom By Jennifer Rosenberg Updated January 29, 2016. Early on Friday morning, July 9, 1982, Queen Elizabeth II woke to find a strange, bleeding man sitting at the end of her bed. As scary as the situation must have been, she handled it with royal aplomb. A Strange Man at the End of the Queen's Bed When Queen Elizabeth II woke up on the morning of July 9, 1982, she saw that a strange man was sitting on her bed. The man, dressed in jeans and a dirty T-shirt, was cradling a broken ashtray and dripping blood onto the royal linens from a lacerated hand. The Queen kept calm and picked up the phone from her bedside table. She asked the operator at the palace switchboard to summon the police. Though the operator did pass the message to the police, the police didn't respond. Some reports say the intruder, 31-year-old Michael Fagan, had planned to commit suicide in the Queen's bedroom but decided it wasn't "a nice thing to do" once he was there.1 He wanted to talk about love but the Queen changed the subject to family matters. continue reading below our video 10 Facts About the Titanic That You Don't Know Fagan's mother later said, "He thinks so much of the Queen. I can imagine him just wanting to simply talk and say hello and discuss his problems."2 Fagan thought it a coincidence that he and the Queen both had four children. The Queen attempted to summon a chambermaid by pressing a button, but no one came. The Queen and Fagan continued to talk. When Fagan asked for a cigarette, the Queen again called the palace switchboard. Still no one responded. After the Queen had spent ten minutes with the mentally disturbed, bleeding intruder, a chambermaid entered the Queen's quarters and exclaimed, "Bloody hell, ma'am! What's he doing in there?" The chambermaid then ran out and woke up a footman who then seized the intruder. The police arrived twelve minutes after the Queen's first call. How Did He Get into the Queen's Bedroom? This wasn't the first time that protection of the royal monarch had been found lacking, but it had supposedly been increased since the 1981 attack on the Queen (a man fired six blanks at her during the Trooping the Color ceremony). Yet Michael Fagan basically walked into Buckingham Palace - twice. Only a month before, Fagan had stolen a $6 bottle of wine from the palace. Around 6 a.m., Fagan climbed the 14-foot-high wall - topped with spikes and barbed-wire - on the southeast side of the palace. Though an off-duty policeman saw Fagan climbing the wall, by the time he had alerted palace guards, Fagan could not be found. Fagan then walked along the south side of the palace and then along the west side. There, he found an open window and climbed in. Fagan had entered a room housing King George V's $20 million stamp collection. Since the door to the interior of the palace was locked, Fagan went back outside through the window. An alarm had been set off both as Fagan entered and exited the Stamp Room through the window, but the policeman at the police sub-station (on palace grounds) assumed the alarm was malfunctioning and turned it off - twice. Fagan then went back as he had come, along the west side of the palace, and then continuing along the south side (past his point of entry), and then along the east side. Here, he climbed up a drainpipe, pulled back some wire (meant to keep pigeons away) and climbed into Vice Admiral Sir Peter Ashmore's office (the man responsible for the Queen's security). Fagan then walked down the hallway, looking at paintings and into rooms. Along his way, he picked up a glass ashtray and broke it, cutting his hand. He passed a palace housekeeper who said "good morning" and only a few minutes later he walked into the Queen's bedroom. Normally, an armed policeman stands guard outside the Queen's door at night. When his shift is over at 6 a.m., he is replaced with an unarmed footman. At this particular time, the footman was out walking the Queen's corgis (dogs). When the public learned of this incident, they were outraged at the lapse of security aro


At 2012 what mobile broadband service is/was the next major upgrade for most of Europe?

Three upgrading to 42Mb mobile broadband service Jump to navigation Three upgrading to 42Mb mobile broadband service Broadband provider Three is planning a major network investment which could double the download speeds available to dongle users. Tweet Three has announced plans for a major upgrade to its UK mobile broadband infrastructure. The firm, which invested millions in 2011 upgrading to HSPA+ technology, is aiming to further raise performance levels. At present, HSPA+ currently runs on the 21Mb technical standard, meaning dongle users can take advantage of broadband speeds of approximately 10Mb. But Three is to double this to the 42Mb standard, offering customers twice the broadband speed potential. "Now, once again, we are going to move the game on and bring another first to the UK market," the broadband provider stated. "It's the leading-edge version of 3G technology." Three is describing the technology as HSPA+ 4G, but has pointed out that this is different to long-term evolution broadband. "Because the technology uses dual carrier equipment – meaning it can latch onto two signals at the same time and transmit and receive double the data – it will also improve capacity across the network," the firm stated. "This will mean more consistent speeds especially in busy areas and at peak times of the day." Three noted that the technology is already up and running as a test along a small part of the M3 corridor and south west London, and a nationwide rollout is expected to commence later this summer. "As well as continuing the 42Mb roll out, we'll also be running our own LTE trial in the next few months to get ourselves prepared for this technology, when the spectrum needed to run it is made available," the broadband provider stated. With Ofcom yet to run the required spectrum auction, the likelihood is that this leap is still more than a year away at the earliest. "But in the meantime, we'll continue our ongoing network improvement programme to ensure that whatever it is you want to do via the mobile internet, we are the network to be on," he stated.


72 year-old Nepali Chandra Bahadur Dangi was certified in 2012 by the Guinness Book of World Records as the shortest human ever at how many inches?

Meet the world's smallest man: 72-year-old farmer is 21.5" tall (PHOTOS) | YNaija December 19, 2012 Meet the world’s smallest man: 72-year-old farmer is 21.5″ tall (PHOTOS) A 72-year-old Nepalese man who made big claims to being the smallest man in the world has finally been confirmed as a record breaker.A doctor and Guinness World Records official headed to Nepal to measure Chandra Bahadur Dangi to confirm his height of 21.5 inches (54.6 centimeters), shorter than the length of a broadsheet newspaper, where they declared him the world’s shortest person.On Sunday, Guinness presented Dangi with two certificates for being the world’s shortest living man and the world’s shortest person ever recorded in Guinness’ 57-year history. How low? A nurse crouches to the left and an official to the right as Chandra measures up… at just 22 inches tall   Anxious wait: The ruler is placed against the old man’s head as officials confirm what he has always believed – that he is the smallest man on the planet Official: Chandra Bahadur Dangi, a 72-year-old Nepali poses with his certificates after being declared the world’s shortest man by Guinness World Records officials at 21.5 inches A big achievement: Chandra poses proudly again with his certificates alongside his average-sized family members Dangi lives in a remote mountain village in Nepal and says he now wants to travel across the country and abroad. He overtook the previous shortest man Junrey Balawing of the Philippines, who is 23.5 inches (60 centimeters) tall. He had claimed the title last year from Khagendra Thapa Magar, 18, whose height is 26 inches tall. The book’s bigger than me! Nepal’s Chandra Bahadur Dangi, 72, reads the Guinness World Records 2012 after officially becoming the world’s shortest man   Chandra has his hat adjusted as he walks with his far taller nephew Dolakh Dangi on the way to the hospital before being measured Dangi, who wears a traditional hat and tailor-made clothing, was looking forward to receiving the accolade after remaining out of the media spotlight all his life. He said: ‘I feel good that I will be declared the world’s shortest man.’Dangi claims he has never taken any kind of medication or been examined by a doctor. He admits he suffers the odd cold, but revealed he has a home remedy, saying: ‘At such times I drink hot water and have tumeric power dissolved in water. The fever lasts for two to three days. ‘I haven’t been ill probably because my body is good.’ Big appetite: Chandra tucks into a meal of curry and naan bread to celebrate being crowned the world’s smallest man Chairs are no uses to Chandra… he scampers across the table to reach the dishes Dangi, the seventh sibling of a family of six brothers and two sisters, does not remember his father and his mother, who died when he was 16-years-old. His immediate older brother and family have looked after him. Three of his five brothers were less than four feet tall, while his two sisters and two brothers are of average height. Dangi only left his village, Reemkholi in Dang district, about 217 miles from Kathmandu, for the first time five years ago and this is his first visit to the Himalayan capital. Asked why he did not stake a claim earlier to be declared the shortest man, he said his family was unaware of such a record, because they are uneducated. In the spotlight: Chandra Bahadur Dangi,who has broken the record as the world’s smallest man today, goes for a stroll near his home in Reemkholi village in Dang district, some 540 kilometres southwest of Kathmandu   Chandra Bahadur Dangi, 72, poses with a local newspaper to show his tiny frame Home sweet home: Chandra Bahadur Dangi has to climb a ladder to get in to his home in the remote Reemkholi village in Dang district, 540 kilometres southwest of Kathmandu Chandra Bahadur Dangi’s claims to be the world’s shortest man were made official by Guinness World Record experts today Dangi left his tiny village for the capital of Nepal, Kathmandu, to meet Guinness World Records experts Flying high: Chandra Bahadur Dangi prepares for landing in Kathmand


Name the Sony Playstation new handheld gaming model launched in Europe in 2012?

Sony PlayStation Vita (Latest Model)- Launch Bundle Black Handheld System (Wi-Fi + 3G - AT&T) | eBay Sony PlayStation Vita (Latest Model)- Launch Bundle Black Handheld System (Wi-Fi + 3G - AT&T) 4.8average based on 50 product ratings 5 Trending price is based on prices over last 90 days. Type:Handheld System Condition Used An item that has been used previously. The item may have some signs of cosmetic wear, but is fully operational and functions as intended. This item may be a floor model or store return that has been used. See the seller’s listing for full details and description of any imperfections. Sold by richmond-best-pawn ( 2272 )99.9% Positive Feedback Delivery Est. Jan 24 - Jan 31From Richmond, Indiana Returns 30 days money back or replacement Buyer pays return shipping All listings for this product Any Condition Compare products others also viewed THIS PRODUCT Sony PlayStation Vita (Latest Model)- Launch Bundle Black Handheld System (Wi-Fi + 3G - AT&T) TRENDING PRICE Product Description Product Description In the past, to enjoy pristine graphics and the hottest titles, you had to stick to your home video game console. However, thanks to the PlayStation Vita, you can have it all, on the go. Lush graphics, vibrant colors, and an array of more than 1,000 games in every genre imaginable make this one of the premier handheld gaming systems ever. With a powerful main processor and an independent graphics processor, the non-stop action is liquid-smooth. You can enjoy PS Vita exclusives like Persona 4 Golden and Uncharted: Abyss, as well as countless PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 games streamed directly from your PS4 console or from Sony's PS Now. With dual analog controllers and a sleek design created for gaming comfort, you are in for a real treat. Do not forget to visit the PlayStation Store for new movies and TV shows as well. Product Identifiers ARM Cortex - A9 core (4 core) Graphic Product Features Transform your world With front and rear cameras, you can turn kitchen counters into a fight ring or office boardrooms into a battlefield. Augmented Reality (AR) technology for PlayStation Vita brings your physical world into the PlayStation world. Interact with the world Wi-Fi and 3G capabilities pinpoint the location of nearby opponents, send friends on treasure hunts, and keep the world updated on your rank. Non-stop action Literally. Keep the intensity up at home or on the go. With Wi-Fi or 3G connectivity, you can pick up games right where you left off, even from your PS3 system. Input Features Multi touch pad (capacitive type) Country Region by jonny_gunnz May 02, 2012 Fell in love with it, cant wait for some more games to come out!! PRO's: for a handheld, this thing rocks! just like having a ps3 on the go. love the graphics. the xmb is faster to navigate with the touch screen. while in game the touch screen enables the developers to add additional buttons along the sides of the screen closest to your thumbs for easy access. I find that to be quite innovating. CON's: not enough games(no worries though there will be more to come). felt the touch screen isn't as a responsive all the time. you need to tap the screen a number of times. i can see this being a problem in some online competitive games. memory cards cost half what the systems worth. analog sticks are going to need some getting used too. over- all, give it some time but i feel like this system is going to be something worth investing in by lidam.us.mz37yz... Mar 15, 2016 Pspvita For the most part the system does what I need it to. I am guessing that the hardware was just a bit old so the builtin WiFi is spotty, and the memory card has gone out once already. Still I can play my games Verified purchase: Yes | Condition: Pre-owned by lkh_cerebellum Jul 11, 2013 I love psvita for its graphics, sound, and compatibility with PS3. Mine has a $40 sticker instead of a $55 sticker. It includes a 8GB memory card so that I can use psvita immediately out of the box. If I sign up for 3G from AT&T, I will get a free download game.  The psvita has already frozen


What country inspired the term Banana Republic?

The Economist explains: Where did banana republics get their name? | The Economist Where did banana republics get their name? Nov 21st 2013, 23:50 Tweet VIOLENT, poor and politically wobbly, Honduras meets most people’s definition of a banana republic. On Sunday it will hold a closely-fought presidential election , four years after a coup in which the then president was bundled out of the presidential palace in his pyjamas and put on a military plane to Costa Rica. Its murder rate is the highest in the world; its economy is in a pickle. Its problems are not new: the turbulent country has the dubious honour of being the place that first inspired the description “banana republic” more than a century ago. But where did the phrase come from, and what exactly does it mean? It was coined in a 1904 book of fiction by O. Henry, an American writer. Henry (whose real name was William Sydney Porter) was on the run from Texan authorities, who had charged him with embezzlement. He fled first to New Orleans and then to Honduras where, staying in a cheap hotel, he wrote “Cabbages and Kings”, a collection of short stories. One, “The Admiral” , was set in the fictional land of Anchuria, a “small, maritime banana republic”. It is clear that the steamy, dysfunctional Latin republic he described is based on Honduras, his jungle hideaway. Henry eventually returned to the United States, where he spent time in prison before publishing his short stories and then hitting the bottle, leading to an early death. His phrase neatly conjures up the image of a tropical, agrarian country. But its real meaning is sharper: it refers to the fruit companies from the United States that came to exert extraordinary influence over the politics of Honduras and its neighbours. By the end of the 19th century, Americans had grown sick of trying to grow fruit in their own chilly country. It was sweeter and cheaper by far to import it instead from the warmer climes of Central America, where bananas and other fruit grow quickly. Giants such as the United Fruit Company—an ancestor of Chiquita—moved in and built roads, ports and railways in return for land. In 1911 the Cuyamel Fruit Company, another American firm (which was later bought by United), supplied the weapons for a coup against the government of Honduras, and prospered under the newly installed president. In 1954 America's Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) backed a coup against the government of Guatemala, which had threatened the interests of United. (Historians still debate whether the CIA's motive was to protect United or, as many now believe, to nip Communism in the bud.) Hence the real meaning of a “banana republic”: a country in which foreign enterprises push the government around. In Honduras that remains the case—but the product in question is no longer fruit. Bananas remain an important part of the economy, and workers still have complaints about their foreign employers. But these days the pushiest businessmen are those who sell another agricultural product aimed at American consumers: cocaine. Honduras’s position on the trafficking route from South to North America means that most of the cocaine bound for the United States passes through its borders. With that trade come the violence and corruption that have marked the run-up to Sunday’s election. Honduras may no longer be a classic banana republic. But it is in danger of becoming something far worse.


The acronym STEM in education refers to a set of what four technical subjects?

PPT – An Overview of STEM Education PowerPoint presentation | free to download - id: 6f5c0f-ZTljM PPT – An Overview of STEM Education PowerPoint presentation | free to download - id: 6f5c0f-ZTljM The Adobe Flash plugin is needed to view this content An Overview of STEM Education Description: In recent years, the STEM education movement has found increasing acceptance as a way to teach young students about science, technology, engineering, and mathematics in an integrated manner, from elementary school through high school. – PowerPoint PPT presentation Number of Views:111 Title: An Overview of STEM Education 1 No one doubts that science and technology play a major role in sustaining our 21st century lifestyle, but the educational system hasnt always emphasized this fact. In recent years an educational movement has arisen that aims to introduce young students to the various aspects of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics). Lets take a closer look at the STEM education movement. STEM is an acronym for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. Devised in 2001 by Dr. Judith Ramaley, the term has won widespread acceptance as a convenient way of referring to these academic disciplines. Trivia The introduction of STEM as the preferred acronym led to the retirement of SMET, which had referred to the same concept. The Need for STEM Education The demand for reliable workers with STEM-related skills will only increase with time. According to the National Science Foundation, approximately 80 of jobs that will be created over the next decade will demand the use of math and/or science skills. In response to this growing demand, the Obama administration allocated 3.1 billion for STEM education in its 2014 budget. 5 STEM education is a new trend that emphasizes teaching Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics in an integrated manner. Its intended to give students a thorough grounding in STEM starting at an early age. Of course, science and math have been a part of the educational system for generations. So how is so-called STEM education different from the traditional kind? For more information, visit www.ganeshmachinery.co m. About PowerShow.com PowerShow.com is a leading presentation/slideshow sharing website. Whether your application is business, how-to, education, medicine, school, church, sales, marketing, online training or just for fun, PowerShow.com is a great resource. And, best of all, most of its cool features are free and easy to use. You can use PowerShow.com to find and download example online PowerPoint ppt presentations on just about any topic you can imagine so you can learn how to improve your own slides and  presentations for free. Or use it to find and download high-quality how-to PowerPoint ppt presentations with illustrated or animated slides that will teach you how to do something new, also for free. Or use it to upload your own PowerPoint slides so you can share them with your teachers, class, students, bosses, employees, customers, potential investors or the world. Or use it to create really cool photo slideshows - with 2D and 3D transitions, animation, and your choice of music - that you can share with your Facebook friends or Google+ circles. That's all free as well! For a small fee you can get the industry's best online privacy or publicly promote your presentations and slide shows with top rankings. But aside from that it's free. We'll even convert your presentations and slide shows into the universal Flash format with all their original multimedia glory, including animation, 2D and 3D transition effects, embedded music or other audio, or even video embedded in slides. All for free. Most of the presentations and slideshows on PowerShow.com are free to view, many are even free to download. (You can choose whether to allow people to download your original PowerPoint presentations and photo slideshows for a fee or free or not at all.) Check out PowerShow.com today - for FREE. There is truly something for everyone! presentations for free. Or use it to find and download high-qu


Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger's 'thought experiment' theory is referred to as Schrödinger's (what animal)?

Erwin Schrödinger - Wikiquote Erwin Schrödinger Jump to: navigation , search Nirvana is a state of pure blissful knowledge ... It has nothing to do with the individual. Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger ( 12 August 1887 – 4 January 1961 ) was an Austrian physicist, one of the founders of quantum theory , and winner of the 1933 Nobel Prize for Physics. His ideas were heavily influenced by monist philosophy and he is particularly well known for original interpretations of the significance of the wave function and for devising the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment. Contents No self is of itself alone . This is not mere allegory, but an eternal memory . Although I think that life may be the result of an accident, I do not think that of consciousness . We are never in a position to say what really is or what really happens, but we can only say what will be observed in any concrete individual case. Nirvana is a state of pure blissful knowledge ... It has nothing to do with the individual . The ego or its separation is an illusion . Indeed in a certain sense two "I"'s are identical namely when one disregards all special contents — their Karma . The goal of man is to preserve his Karma and to develop it further... when man dies his Karma lives and creates for itself another carrier. Writings of July 1918, quoted in A Life of Erwin Schrödinger (1994) by Walter Moore No self is of itself alone . It has a long chain of intellectual ancestors. The "I" is chained to ancestry by many factors … This is not mere allegory, but an eternal memory . Writings of July 1918, quoted in A Life of Erwin Schrödinger (1994) by Walter Moore The stages of human development are to strive for: (1) Besitz [Possession] (4) Sein [Being] Writings of August 1918, quoted in A Life of Erwin Schrödinger (1994) by Walter Moore For thousands of years men have striven and suffered and begotten and woman have brought forth in pain . A hundred years ago, perhaps, another man sat on this spot; like you he gazed with awe and yearning in his heart at the dying light on the glaciers. Like you he was begotten of man and born of woman. He felt pain and brief joy as you do. Was he someone else? Was it not you yourself? What is this Self of yours? What was the necessary condition for making the thing conceived this time into you, just you and not someone else? "Seek for the Road" (1925) ∂ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial t}}=-{\frac {2\pi i}{h}}E\psi } The " Schrödinger equation ", equation (3') in "Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem, Vierte Mitteilung", Annalen der Physik (1926) Although I think that life may be the result of an accident, I do not think that of consciousness . Consciousness cannot be accounted for in physical terms. For consciousness is absolutely fundamental. It cannot be accounted for in terms of anything else. As quoted in The Observer (11 January 1931); also in Psychic Research (1931), Vol. 25, p. 91 Conditions are admittedly such that we can always manage to make do in each concrete individual case without the two different aspects leading to different expectations as to the result of certain experiments. We cannot, however, manage to make do with such old, familiar, and seemingly indispensable terms as "real" or "only possible"; we are never in a position to say what really is or what really happens, but we can only say what will be observed in any concrete individual case. Will we have to be permanently satisfied with this...? On principle, yes. On principle, there is nothing new in the postulate that in the end exact science should aim at nothing more than the description of what can really be observed. The question is only whether from now on we shall have to refrain from tying description to a clear hypothesis about the real nature of the world. There are many who wish to pronounce such abdication even today. But I believe that this means making things a little too easy for oneself. "The Fundamental Idea of Wave Mechanics", Nobel lecture, (12 December 1933) If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one wo


The natural effect causing paint to rise up the hairs of a paintbrush, and liquid to rise up a narrow tube is called (what) action?

It’s time to wake up. You pour water to make coffee, then take a shower, but you have difficulty grabbing the bar of soap, which adheres to its holder. After the shower, you comb your wet hair. In the kitchen, you observe condensed water drops inside your refrigerator, cook breakfast in a Teflon-coated pan, and look out a window blurred with water drops that condensed during the night. You walk out- side and see drops shimmering on the grass, flowers, and a spider web. At a touch, the drops roll rapidly off the flowers. At work you paint. The bristles of your paintbrush coalesce as you remove it from the paint. You decide to write about what you’ve observed, but the only paper you have does not retain the ink from your pen. All these phenomena—some at home, some in nature, some in industry—involve wetting, the contact that liquids make with surfaces. To understand wetting, two concepts are essential: the surface tension, also called interfacial tension, which characterizes the energy of the boundary between dis- tinct material phases, and the contact angle, which charac- terizes the degree to which a liquid is attracted to a substrate. Surface energy Interfaces between fluid phases can be viewed as deformable membranes described by a surface tension γthat opposes small deformations from stable equilibrium. Surface tension is a macroscopic parameter that represents the consequences of molecular effects: Molecules at interfaces lose roughly half of the cohesive interactions they would have with their neighbors in the bulk material, and a liquid adapts its shape to minimize its surface energy. You see that effect whenever you blow a soap bubble; the film of liquid minimizes its sur- face area by adopting a spherical shape. Physically, γrepre- sents the energy required to increase the area of the surface by one unit, and so has units of J/m2. If you’ve ever pulled on a soap film, you may recognize that γis also a tensile force per unit length acting tangent to the interface. Since γcharacterizes the interface separating distinct fluid phases, one can estimate γas the cohesion energy di- vided by the area occupied by a molecule. Taking the cohe- sion energy to be the thermal energy kBT(kBis Boltzmann’s constant) and a typical molecular length of about 0.3 nm, one finds a room-temperature γof order 4 ×10−2J/m2. Due to surface tension, a pressure jump Δpexists across a curved surface. From dimensional considerations, the pres- sure difference needed to curve a spherical interface with sur- face tension γto a radius Ris roughly Δp≈γ/R. The exact re- sult, given by Pierre Simon Laplace in 1806 and now called the Laplace pressure, is Δp=2γ/R. An elementary derivation of Laplace’s result is obtained by considering the work dW to increase the radius of a sphere with surface area Sand vol- ume Vby a small amount dR: dW =γdS −(Δp)dV. Setting dW =0, which corresponds to mechanical equilibrium, and using dS/dV =2/Rgives the result. More generally, for any surface, one defines the mean curvature κas κ=1/2(1/R1+1/R2), where R1and R2are the two principal radii of curvature, and finds Δp=2γκ. For a sphere, R1=R2=R, which yields the Laplace pressure. Contact angle The second key parameter associated with wetting and illus- trated on page 85 is the equilibrium contact angle θeq formed at the “contact line” between the liquid–vapor (l–v) interface and a solid (s) substrate. If γij denotes the surface tension of the interface between phases i and j, then the change in the energy dE per unit length of contact line associated with a small displacement dx along the surface is dE =(γsl − γsv)dx +γ lv cosθeqdx. The minimization corresponding to equilibrium, dE/dx =0, gives the formula, attributed to Thomas Young in an 1805 paper, that relates the contact angle and the surface tensions: γcosθeq =γ sv −γ 0° < θeq < 90°, one says the liquid mostly wets the surface. For θeq ≥90° the surface is poorly wet. The ideal case of θeq =0° corresponds to perfect wetting. Changing the substrate affects the right-hand side of Young’s relation; consequently, water


What car company was set up by Colin Chapman in 1952, subsequently succeeding in F1 racing?

General Questions About Lotus Factory covered area:     Factory 1:        175,027 sq ft     Factory 2:         28,800 sq ft     Factory 3:         40,410 sq ft     Factory 4:         31,200 sq ft     Factory 5:         28,800 sq ft     Factory 9:         38,295 sq ft    Area of site:        5.5 acres    Length of test track:    2.2 miles    Length of airfield runway: 900 yds approx. (prior permission required)    Thirteen computer-controlled engine test cell suites, ranging from    30 - 750 kW absorption.    Emission laboratory providing full certification worldwide including    Europe, Japan and USA. This facility is only one of three in the    UK recognized by world authorities.    NVH laboratory providing latest technology and equipment to combat    Noise, Vibration and Harshness in all types of road vehicles. Semi-    anechoic chamber provides state-of-the-art test facilities for whole    vehicle and engine NVH analysis under all conditions of speed, load    and temperature.    Superbly equipped CNC machining facilities constantly being updated    with the latest equipment.    Lotus fabricates its own steel backbone chassis and suspension    components for the Esprit and Elan, produces composite bodyshells    and interior trim styled by its own styling studio, Lotus Design.    Supplied of spares also maintained for most of classic Lotus models.    The lightweight Lotus 16-valve all-alloy turbocharged engine built    in both 2-litre and 2.2-litre capacity is machined and handbuilt on    site. Classic Team Lotus is located in the former home of Team Lotus in    the buildings outside Hethel and at Ketteringham Hall. Before the move to Norfolk, Lotus was located on Delamare Road in    Cheshunt, Hertfordshire near London. That factory is now a furniture    factory. Before Cheshunt, the factory was located in the stables of    The Railway Hotel off Tottenham Lane, Hornsey (North London).    Before that, Lotuses were built in Hazel Chapman's (when she was    Hazel Williams) garage.


Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC), was better known as what hugely influential organization, notably in the colonial exploitation of Asia?

Encyclopedia Entries Women Workers in the British Industrial Revolution Joyce Burnette, Wabash College Historians disagree about whether the British Industrial Revolution (1760-1830) was beneficial for women. Frederick Engels, writing in the late nineteenth century, thought that the Industrial Revolution increased women’s participation in labor outside the home, and claimed that this change was emancipating. 1 More recent historians dispute the claim that women’s labor force participation rose, and focus more on the disadvantages women experienced during this time period. 2 One thing is certain: the Industrial Revolution was a time of important changes in the way that women worked. The Census Unfortunately, the historical sources on women’s work are neither as complete nor as reliable as we would like. Aggregate information on the occupations of women is available only from the census, and while census data has the advantage of being comprehensive, it is not a very good measure of work done by women during the Industrial Revolution. For one thing, the census does not provide any information on individual occupations until 1841, which is after the period we wish to study. 3 Even then the data on women’s occupations is questionable. For the 1841 census, the directions for enumerators stated that “The professions &c. of wives, or of sons or daughters living with and assisting their parents but not apprenticed or receiving wages, need not be inserted.” Clearly this census would not give us an accurate measure of female labor force participation. Table One illustrates the problem further; it shows the occupations of men and women recorded in the 1851 census, for 20 occupational categories. These numbers suggest that female labor force participation was low, and that 40 percent of occupied women worked in domestic service. However, economic historians have demonstrated that these numbers are misleading. First, many women who were actually employed were not listed as employed in the census. Women who appear in farm wage books have no recorded occupation in the census. 4 At the same time, the census over-estimates participation by listing in the “domestic service” category women who were actually family members. In addition, the census exaggerates the extent to which women were concentrated in domestic service occupations because many women listed as “maids”, and included in the domestic servant category in the aggregate tables, were really agricultural workers. 5 Table One Source: B.R. Mitchell, Abstract of British Historical Statistics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962, p. 60. Domestic Service Domestic work – cooking, cleaning, caring for children and the sick, fetching water, making and mending clothing – took up the bulk of women’s time during the Industrial Revolution period. Most of this work was unpaid. Some families were well-off enough that they could employ other women to do this work, as live-in servants, as charring women, or as service providers. Live-in servants were fairly common; even middle-class families had maids to help with the domestic chores. Charring women did housework on a daily basis. In London women were paid 2s.6d. per day for washing, which was more than three times the 8d. typically paid for agricultural labor in the country. However, a “day’s work” in washing could last 20 hours, more than twice as long as a day’s work in agriculture. 6 Other women worked as laundresses, doing the washing in their own homes. Cottage Industry Before factories appeared, most textile manufacture (including the main processes of spinning and weaving) was carried out under the “putting-out” system. Since raw materials were expensive, textile workers rarely had enough capital to be self-employed, but would take raw materials from a merchant, spin or weave the materials in their homes, and then return the finished product and receive a piece-rate wage. This system disappeared during the Industrial Revolution as new machinery requiring water or steam power appeared, and work moved from the home to the factory.


Is a tomato a fruit or a vegetable? | Oxford Dictionaries Home Explore Language questions Random questions Is a tomato a fruit or a vegetable? Is a tomato a fruit or a vegetable? The confusion about 'fruit' and 'vegetable' arises because of the differences in usage between scientists and cooks. Scientifically speaking, a tomato is definitely a fruit. True fruits are developed from the ovary in the base of the flower, and contain the seeds of the plant (though cultivated forms may be seedless). Blueberries, raspberries, and oranges are true fruits, and so are many kinds of nut. Some plants have a soft part which supports the seeds and is also called a 'fruit', though it is not developed from the ovary: the strawberry is an example. As far as cooking is concerned, some things which are strictly fruits, such as tomatoes or bean pods , may be called 'vegetables' because they are used in savoury rather than sweet cooking. The term 'vegetable' is more generally used of other edible parts of plants, such as cabbage leaves, celery stalks, and potato tubers, which are not strictly the fruit of the plant from which they come. Occasionally the term 'fruit' may be used to refer to a part of a plant which is not a fruit, but which is used in sweet cooking: rhubarb , for example. So, the answer to the question is that a tomato is technically the fruit of the tomato plant, but it's used as a vegetable in cooking.   Which of these words is a verb? devise Which of these words is a verb? retrieval Which of these words is a verb? clothe Which of these words is a verb? defoliate Which of these words is a verb? hat Which of these words is a verb? diffuse Which of these words can be a verb? beet Which of these words is a verb? incise Which of these words is a verb? beneficiate Which of these words can be a verb? concert You scored /10 practise again? Retry Most popular in the world Australia


In what modern country did the ancient Sumer or Sumerian civilisation develop and flourish?

Sumeria, Ancient Sumeria (Sumer), A history of Ancient Sumer Including its Contributions Primary Author:� Robert A. Guisepi Portions of this work Contributed By: F. Roy Willis of the University of California 1980 and 2003   The History of Ancient Sumeria including its cities, kings and religions Now, I swear by the sun god Utu on this very day -- and my younger brothers shall be witness of it in foreign lands where the sons of Sumer are not known, where people do not have the use of paved roads, where they have no access to the written word -- that I, the firstborn son, am a fashioner of words, a composer of songs, a composer of words, and that they will recite my songs as heavenly writings, and that they will bow down before my words...... King Shulgi (c. 2100 BC) on the future of Sumerian literature.   Mesopotamia: The First Civilization�   Authorities do not all agree about the definition of civilization. Most accept the view that "a civilization is a culture which has attained a degree of complexity usually characterized by urban life." In other words, a civilization is a culture capable of sustaining a substantial number of specialists to cope with the economic, social, political, and religious needs of a populous society. Other characteristics usually present in a civilization include a system of writing to keep records, monumental architecture in place of simple buildings, and an art that is no longer merely decorative, like that on Neolithic pottery, but representative of people and their activities. All these characteristics of civilization first appeared in Mesopotamia.� The Geography Of Mesopotamia Around 6000 B.C., after the agricultural revolution had begun to spread from its place of origin on the northern fringes of the Fertile Crescent, Neolithic farmers started filtering into the Fertile Crescent itself. Although this broad plain received insufficient rainfall to support agriculture, the eastern section was watered by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Known in ancient days as Mesopotamia (Greek for "between the rivers"), the lower reaches of this plain, beginning near the point where the two rivers nearly converge, was called Babylonia. Babylonia in turn encompassed two geographical areas - Akkad in the north and Sumer, the delta of this river system, in the south.� Broken by river channels teeming with fish and re-fertilized frequently by alluvial silt laid down by uncontrolled floods, Sumer had a splendid agricultural potential if the environmental problems could be solved. "Arable land had literally to be created out of a chaos of swamps and sand banks by a 'separation' of land from water; the swamps ... drained; the floods controlled; and lifegiving waters led to the rainless desert by artificial canals." ^4 In the course of the several successive cultural phases that followed the arrival of the first Neolithic farmers, these and other related problems were solved by cooperative effort. Between 3500 B.C. and 3100 B.C. the foundations were laid for a type of economy and social order markedly different from anything previously known. This far more complex culture, based on large urban centers rather than simple villages, is what we associate with civilization.� [Footnote 4: V. Gordon Childe, New Light on the Most Ancient East (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1954), p. 114.]� Prelude To Civilization� By discovering how to use metals to make tools and weapons, late Neolithic people effected a revolution nearly as far-reaching as that wrought in agriculture. Neolithic artisans discovered how to extract copper from oxide ores by heating them with charcoal. Then about 3100 B.C., metal workers discovered that copper was improved by the addition of tin. The resulting alloy, bronze, was harder than copper and provided a sharper cutting edge. Thus the advent of civilization in Sumer is associated with the beginning of the Bronze Age in the West, which in time spread to Egypt, Europe, and Asia. The Bronze age lasted until about 1200 B.C., when iron weapons and tools began to replace those made of bronze. The fir


Modern DNA studies show that the first migrants to the North American continent were?

native American civilizations -- Ice Age Migrations Native American Civilizations: Ice Age Migration Figure 1.--Researchers for decades accepted the Clovis First theory as to how Native Americans peopled the continent. That theory has now been questioned by both archeological finds and DNA evidence. And our understanding of the peopleing of the Americas is today in a state of flux. This photograph depicts a Chemehuevi Indian boy from Arizona. The portrait was taken by Edward Sheriff Curtis in 1907. Curtis is widely regarded as perhaps the most celebrated photographer of Native American people and culture. Over a 30 year period, he created a scholarly and artistic body of work that would document the ceremonies, beliefs, customs, daily life, and leaders of more than 80 Native American tribes. His monumental North American Indian project contained a set of 20 volumes of ethnographic text illustrated with 2,200 high quality images and is considered the most significant record of Native American peoples and traditions. The Native American people are primarily descended from Siberian peoples that crossed the Bearing Straits land bridge created by the Ice Age. They were nomadic hunter-gatherers migrated to the American continent over a Bearing Sea land-ice bridge. This accepted by the scientific community. Virtually everything else about Native Americans is a matter of dispute. The history of native Americans is hotly debated by archeologists, anthropologists, geneticists, and linguists. Joining the debate are Native Americans who have many legitimate grevinces with the archeologists. Entering the scientific debate are charges of white racism and the counter charge that the demand political correctness is inhibiting science. The problem that archeologists and anthroplogists which have dominated the study of Native Americans have so often been wrong. And the new sciences entering the field (genetics and linguistics) are just beginning to develop the tools needed to add to the debate. Archeologists once almost unanimously dated this crossing at about 13,500 years ago. Today there is mounting evidence that the crossing occurred much earlier. It also appears to have occurred in a series of waves, although it is not clear if these were waves crossing the Bearing Straits or waves of migration south from Alaska. After crossing the Bearing Sea ice bridge, the Native American people moved south and east. Here there is also controversy. An ice-free corridor through the North American ice shelf was once widely accepted, but today has come into question. Increasing acceptance is developed for a coastal migration by boats. Actual evidence for both possibilities, however, is very limited.  We know that somehow prop-Indians did get south and eventually populated the entire Western Hemsphere as far south as Tierra de Fuego in South America. Not only is the migration route questioned, but also when the migration occurred. Most modern archeologists grew up at a time when there was a solid consensus among archeologists that Siberian hunters crossed Bearing Sea ice bridge about 13,000-15,000 years ago and that they moved through an ice free corridor and desimated the mega-fauna of the Western Hemisphere. The discovery of Clovis-point spearheads seems to confirm this chronology. Now almost everything about this consensus has been questioned.   The new evidence includes DNA studies and raised many questions about the previously accepted Clovis First theory.  This has complicated Native American anthropolgical studies. We now know that migration continued well after development of indignous socities in both North and South America. This means that migrations took place well after civilizations for which we have archeolgical evidence. This had confused early anthrpologists who assumed that the migrations preceeded the early cultures which they found such as the Clovis Point people. The stone tools found at Clovis, New Mexico are believed to date to about 9000 BC. The Clovis Point people were once thought to be the ea


What modern convenient foodstuff takes its name from the Latin meaning 'salted (and preserved meat)'?

The Happy Wanderer | I wander round the World looking at things; it makes me happy. I wander round the World looking at things; it makes me happy. 3 I have visited London many times, and as a UK citizen I feel almost as if I am a resident of the great metropolis. Even though I feel disenfranchised with previously strong institutions, I still claim a stake in the capital which I wouldn’t in other cities of the UK. In this greyish vacuum between being a tourist and local, I often feel a deep sadness and nostalgia when I visit places which have changed in directions which I feel a little queezy about. Without doubt, my favourite location in London is the area between Liverpool Street and Brick Lane – where Whitechapel meets Shoreditch. Every time I have visited London I have made an attempt to get there. It’s a well worn route so I will try to describe to describe it with various layers of time piled on top of each other. As I try to imagine it I realise that it’s not a journey thought the actual locality but more of a journey through my own memories of the place.   I leave the station and walk down through the large banks of the City of London. The City of London Police station is where I once spent some time, a very brief time. I was once interrupted during an outdoor McDonald’s breakfast by two very polite policemen who wanted me to take part in an identity parade. They spoke in that dusty old man London accent that you get in original Sherlock Holmes dramas with Jeremy Brett, the accent used by Johnny Depp in the ripper movie. I obliged and spent some time standing next to various young adults, all of whom had short dark hair and a similar build to myself. Since I was a teenager I have always been followed in shops and generally suspected of wrongdoings, this was the final proof. The lawyer decided that we were not right so I never actually got to have the witnesses inspect me. There was an element of anxiety despite the Police telling us that it’s impossible for any of the identity parade to be incorrectly sent down. I think I may have watched too many movies to fully believe them. Anyway, I got paid so I was happy Outside the police station I head down the Bishopsgate  then make a right turn into the wide street running down to Spitalfield’s Market. I love the houses in this part of London, they are very London in colour and seem to watch disapprovingly as their friends and neighbours  get turned into start-up tech firms and overpriced bistros. I think most of the houses and buildings were used as storehouses and shop-fronts when the East India Company was still going. At leasts some of the pubs seem to have remained intact and kept their character – like the 10 Bells on the corner. I walk through the line of franchises into the vast market, a lady with a local accent mistakes me for a foreign tourist because I don’t shave and I wear sunglasses ” I fought you woz Spanish or samfink!” I smile and move on to another stall. The cafes get hipper and seem expensive so I plot my escape. Opposite the  large right angle of original terraces I am  interrupted by the eccentricity of Hawkmoor’s church on the corner. This spawns a cross London quest in which I try to visit as many Hawksmoor churches as possible. The quest is made all the more interesting by running out of battery and forgetting my A to Z map of London. Christchurch looks on silently as if unaffected by the earthly pursuits of buying vintage furniture and comparing new cocktails. For Christchurch guards one of the points of the underworld pentagram which connects the other Hawksmoor Churches. The streets near Fournier Street remind us of the Huguenots and of course Jack the Ripper. This part of London has always been the first port of call for many immigrant communities. In some cases they only remain in the proper nouns of streets and surnames, in others they can still be smelt. As I approach Brick Lane I enjoy the smell of the Bangladeshi spices in the numerous curry houses. I’m sure they are good but I have no intention of eating there. A brief sensation of Nor


Name the hugely and suddenly successful 'Pictionary-type' online game bought by Zynga for $180m in 2012?

The Future of Blogging: I Had to Tell You This The Future of Blogging: I Had to Tell You This 435 Comments 39 minutes Last updated: August 9th 2016. This is an important blog post, because it makes a prediction. A prediction about the future of blogging; a platform actively used by over 181 million people (Nielsen data for October 2011). Not only will you learn why I think most blogging advice is dated and ineffective, but I’ll also reveal where I believe this entire industry is heading, so you can stay ahead of the competition. This is not only an important post, but also the longest I have ever written. It’s more like a mini-eBook, without the price tag. Don’t let its lack of cost make you doubt the value here though. I will at least sell you on what you’re about to learn: A weird tip I personally received from Google’s Matt Cutts which increased my ViperChill search rankings What Gawker does once per week to double their traffic figures. That’s going from two million to four million uniques per day Why the Daily Mail recently surpassed the New York Times as the number #1 newspaper website in the world How Mashable crushed TechCrunch on traffic numbers (even though they used to be the underdog) Why the successful ‘make money online’ blogs of the past have now faded into obscurity The number one reason Leo Babauta dominated the personal development industry in two months What Steve Kamb did to build a six-figure blog in the overly saturated health niche Why feed counts mean absolutely nothing (and never really have) Which Huffington Post articles attract 3X more clicks than any other Why the Verge was one of the fastest growing blog launches in history …and most importantly, how this all helps me to make a prediction about what it now takes to build highly profitable blogs. Due to the length of this post, I could have given this information away as a product and sold it for a lot of money. The reason I didn’t sell this is because I want more feedback. It’s public, and you can comment. I hope when you reach the end you’ll let me know your thoughts. In a room full of 100 people there will statistically be at least two active bloggers. Multiply that by ten of fifteen times if you live in Europe or America. I think it’s a shame that an industry which affects so many people gets so little self-analysis and even fewer people trying to uncover where it’s heading. As mentioned, this is a long article. You might want to bookmark it and come back to it later. If you only ever read one blog post on this entire website in full, make it this one. Hopefully the length will deter your competitors from reading it, because there are a number of insights here which I have no doubt will give you an edge. There are three reasons why this analysis includes so much information. The first is that some people trust what I have to say, and because they trust it, they follow it. I’m not going to make any claims about what I think is happening without doing a ton of research. The second is because this affects a lot of people. I can’t just be immersed in the tech and marketing fields and claim I’ve figured it all out. Though, these industries are generally ahead of the curve that others follow, as you’ll soon see. We are closing in on having 200 million active bloggers online, so I want my advice to be relevant and useful for people in the majority of industries. That’s a lot of exceptions I have to consider. The third reason is because this is ViperChill, and despite the strange rise in how many people are telling me my blog posts are too long, there’s at least one person that is really glad I’m about to go into such detail. Whoever you are, it’s nice to meet you. You’ll soon learn why writing this post was actually a huge contradiction to everything I’m about to preach. But there’s a reason… Why I Had to Do This I’ll get the obvious one out of the way first and say that, honestly, I did a lot of this for myself. Though I really want you to get value from this article, it’s creation wasn’t entirely selfless. I have a very open schedule for the r


Where did the modern common potato originate?

Origins of the Potato Origins of the Potato 0 Potatoes are one of the most common foods found today. But, do you ever wonder how this came to be. Where do potatoes come from? What is their history? The life of the potato began around 7,000 years ago in the high plateau of the Andean Mountains of South America, which is known today as the Titicaca Plateau and which stretches across the modern countries of Peru and Bolivia. In this region at elevations of up to 15,000 feet the Aymara Indians were able to develop and cultivate more than two hundred varieties of the potato. These potatoes formed the main basis of the Aymara Indian and the Incan diet. These natives were impressed by the durability, ruggedness, storage quality and nutritional value this vegetable of the earth offered them. Potatoes also influenced the Incan culture, as potato shaped pottery (with even eyes) is found commonly at excavation sites. Also Incan units of time were correlated to the length of time it took for a potato to cook to various consistencies. In the Incan world potatoes were even used to predict the weather. Europeans were not exposed to the potato until the late 1400s and 1500s when the Spanish Conquistadors sacked Peru. When they did not find the silver and gold they were looking for they quickly took over the potato market. From here potatoes were soon a standard supply item on Spanish ships and it was noted that sailors who ate papas (potatoes) did not suffer from scurvy (a disease associated with a deficiency in vitamin C) because potatoes are packed with vitamin C. Though the potato was very productive and hardy, the Spanish did not really embrace it and it was considered a food for the underclass. After Spain introduced the potato to Europe it would take another three decades before its knowledge was spread to the rest of the European nations. Even when this occurred it was only at first mainly cultivated by amateur botanists as a curiosity thing. Resistance to the growth and consumption of potatoes was due to established eating habits, the potatoes reputation as a food for the underprivileged and also the fact that it has a relationship to poisonous plants, being poisonous at times itself. Potato cultivation in Europe did spread slowly and eventually hit the Low Countries and Switzerland. In the 1620’s the spud was introduced to Germany and here the nutritional properties of the potato were finally acknowledged as Frederick the Great, the Prussian Ruler ordered the German people to eat potatoes as a deterrent to famine. People’s fears of poisoning from the plant led Frederick to enforce this decree by threatening those who did not consume the spuds with the idea of cutting of their ears and noses. In response to this, by the time of the Seven Years War potatoes were a basic part of the Prussian diet. During the time of the Seven Years War (1756-63) a certain French intellectual, Antoine Augustine Parmentier was a prisoner of war in Prussia. Here he saw, first hand, the nutritional benefits of the potato and he realized that its productive capacity could be a real boom for the French farmer. He became obsessed with the crop and when he returned to France, where he was a pharmacist, chemist and an employee of Louis the 15th, he set out to make the potato a staple of the French diet. When he failed to convince his fellow Frenchman of the advantages of potatoes by conventional means he thought up a scheme. Parmentier acquired some unproductive land on the outskirts of Paris. Here he planted 50 acres of potatoes and set a guard over this land. The presence of the guard grew considerable attention in the neighborhood and in the evening when the guard was mostly relaxing the locals came to see what all the fuss was about. Thinking that this plant must be valuable many peasants took some of the potatoes from the plot to their own home gardens to be grown. He helped to overcome many of his fellow Frenchman’s initial resistance to the vegetable with their own curiosity and desire to better their lot with this obviously valuable (due to presenc


What material was used in making the 2,000 year-old dome of the Pantheon in Rome?

What materials were used to build the Pantheon? | Reference.com What materials were used to build the Pantheon? A: Quick Answer The Pantheon, a 1,900-year-old Roman temple containing the world's largest free-standing dome, is made primarily of concrete, volcanic rock and granite. The most remarkable part, the rotunda and dome, is made of concrete that includes lightweight pumice as part of the aggregate. Full Answer The Pantheon was built to honor all of the Roman gods. The structure's dome is 43 meters high, 43 meters in diameter and free-standing. The dome is attached to a granite portico, or entrance porch. The 39-foot-high gray granite portico columns, each weighing 60 tons, came from a quarry in Egypt. The stone in the rotunda is primarily volcanic or shaped concrete, honeycombed with hidden arches to add strength to the entire structure. The dome is heavier and thicker at the bottom than at the top, and the center of the dome has an 8-meter-wide opening called an oculus. Its structure is further lightened at the top by using more lightweight volcanic rock in the concrete aggregate, with heavier granite-based concrete aggregate used toward the dome's base. This is a construction technique that is still used today. Arches are used throughout the structure to add strength without adding too much weight to the foundation. Today, nearly 2,000 years after its construction, the Pantheon still shows no signs of settling or cracking. It is still in use as a Roman Catholic church, the Santa Maria Rotonda.


The Renminbi is currency, and increasingly important in global trading, of which country?

Will the Renminbi Rule? -- Finance & Development, March 2012 Will the Renminbi Rule? IMF podcast: China Rising The Chinese currency is on track to become more important globally, but is unlikely to challenge the dollar anytime soon THE Chinese economy is now the world’s second largest and a key driver of global growth. It amounts to between 10 percent and 15 percent of world GDP (depending on how it is measured) and, in 2011, accounted for about one-quarter of world GDP growth. But among the currencies of the six largest economies in the world, China’s renminbi is the only one that is not traded easily and accepted worldwide—that is, it is not a hard currency. China’s government has taken steps recently to promote the international use of the renminbi, even though it has not been willing to open up its economy to the free flow of capital and allow its exchange rate to be flexible. Nevertheless, given the sheer size of China’s economy and its rising shares of global output and trade, these steps portend a rising role for the renminbi in international finance and trade. But a compelling question is whether the renminbi’s global stature will rise to match that of the Chinese economy—perhaps approaching the U.S. dollar. The answer to that question depends on three related but distinct concepts about the currency: •Internationalization: its use in denominating and settling cross-border trade and financial transactions—that is, as an international medium of exchange; •Capital account convertibility: how much a country restricts inflows and outflows of financial capital—a fully open capital account has no restrictions; and •Reserve currency: whether it is held by foreign central banks as protection against balance of payments crises. A country’s currency can be used internationally even if its capital account is not fully open. And even in the absence of restrictions on capital flows, a country’s currency may be used little or not at all internationally. But both international use and an open capital account are necessary for a currency to become an international reserve currency. This article evaluates the current state of and prospects for the renminbi in each of these three dimensions in terms of the balance and sustainability of China’s economic development and the associated implications for the global monetary system. Becoming a reserve currency Given China’s size and growth prospects, it is widely seen as inevitable that the renminbi will eventually become a reserve currency. To gauge the likelihood and timing, it is necessary to consider the typical attributes of a reserve currency and evaluate China’s progress in each of these dimensions. The factors that generally affect a currency’s reserve status include •Economic size: A country’s GDP and its shares of global trade and finance are important, although not crucial, determinants of a country’s reserve currency status. •Macroeconomic policies: Investors in a country’s sovereign assets must have faith in the ability of its economic policies, especially its commitment to low inflation and sustainable public debt, to protect the value of the currency from erosion. •Flexible exchange rate: Reserve currencies are typically traded freely and their external value is market determined, although this does not entirely preclude central bank intervention in foreign exchange markets. An open capital account is not synonymous with a freely floating exchange rate. •Open capital account: Reserves must be acceptable as payments to a country’s trade and financial partners, which requires that the currency be easily tradable in global financial markets. This is difficult if a country imposes restrictions on capital flows and if its foreign exchange markets are thin and subject to the government’s direct control. •Financial market development: A country must have deep and liquid financial markets—that is, markets, especially in government bonds, with many buyers and sellers to provide “safe” assets that can be held by international investors and central banks from other countries. Turnov


An exoplanet is a planet which does what to a sun (outside of our own solar system)?

Exoplanets: Worlds Beyond Our Solar System Exoplanets: Worlds Beyond Our Solar System By Elizabeth Howell, Space.com Contributor | August 24, 2016 01:00pm ET MORE The youngest exoplanet yet discovered is less than 1 million years old and orbits Coku Tau 4, a star 420 light-years away. Astronomers inferred the planet’s presence from an enormous hole in the dusty disk that girdles the star. The hole is 10 times the size of Earth’s orbit around the Sun and probably caused by the planet clearing a space in the dust as it orbits the star. Credit: NASA Exoplanets are planets beyond our own solar system. Thousands have been discovered in the past two decades, mostly with NASA's Kepler space telescope.  These worlds come in a huge variety of sizes and orbits. Some are gigantic planets hugging close to their parent stars; others are icy, some rocky. NASA and other agencies are looking for a special kind of planet: one that’s the same size as Earth, orbiting a sun-like star in the habitable zone. The habitable zone is the range of distances from a star where a planet’s temperature allows liquid water oceans, critical for life on Earth. The earliest definition of the zone was based on simple thermal equilibrium, but current calculations of the habitable zone include many other factors, including the greenhouse effect of a planet’s atmosphere. This makes the boundaries of a habitable zone "fuzzy."   Astronomers announced in August 2016 that they may have found such a  planet orbiting Proxima Centauri . The newfound world, known as Proxima b, is about 1.3 times more massive than Earth, which suggests that the exoplanet is a rocky world, researchers said. The planet is also in the star's  habitable zone , just 4.7 million miles (7.5 million kilometers) from its host star. It completes one orbit every 11.2 Earth-days. As a result, it's likely that the exoplanet is tidally locked, meaning it always shows the same face to its host star, just as the moon shows only one face (the near side) to Earth. Early discoveries While exoplanets were not confirmed until the 1990s, for years beforehand astronomers were convinced they were out there. That wasn’t just wishful thinking, but because of how slowly our own sun and other stars like it spin, University of British Columbia astrophysicist Jaymie Matthews told Space.com. Matthews, the mission scientist of occasional exoplanet telescope observer MOST (Microvariability and Oscillations of STars), was involved in some of the early exoplanet discoveries. Astronomers had an origin story for our solar system. Simply put, a spinning cloud of gas and dust (called the protosolar nebula) collapsed under its own gravity and formed the sun and planets.  As the cloud collapsed, conservation of angular momentum meant the soon-to-be-sun should have spun faster and faster. But, while the sun contains 99.8 percent of the solar system's mass, the planets have 96 percent of the angular momentum. Astronomers asked themselves why the sun rotates so slowly. The young sun would have had a very strong magnetic field, whose lines of force reached out into the disk of swirling gas from which the planets would form. These field lines connected with the charged particles in the gas, and acted like anchors, slowing down the spin of the forming sun and spinning up the gas that would eventually turn into the planets. Most stars like the sun rotate slowly, so astronomers inferred that the same “magnetic braking” occurred for them, meaning that planet formation must have occurred for them. The implication: Planets must be common around sun-like stars. For this reason and others, astronomers at first restricted their search for exoplanets to stars similar to the sun, but the first two discoveries were around a pulsar (rapidly spinning corpse of a star that died as a supernova) called PSR 1257+12, in 1992. The first confirmed discovery of a world orbiting a sun-like star, in 1995, was 51 Pegasi b — a Jupiter-mass planet 20 times closer to its sun than we are to ours. That was a surprise. But another oddity popped up seven years e


Which artist/inventor's famous lost 1504 painting, The Battle of Anghiari, was found in 2012 hidden in Florence Town Hall, behind a later fresco?

Leonardo da Vinci’s ‘Battle of Anghiari’: nothing to find but disappointment - Telegraph Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci’s ‘Battle of Anghiari’: nothing to find but disappointment Uncovering Leonardo da Vinci’s ‘Battle of Anghiari’ will destroy one of the  great legends of Renaissance art history, says Mark Hudson.   Image 1 of 3 National Geographic Fellow Maurizio Seracini (foreground) and his team view footage captured by the endoscope behind the Vasari wall Photo: Dave Yoder   A banner showing the painting which might be hidden Photo: DARIO THUBURN/AFP/Getty Images   Image 1 of 3 The endoscope and sampling tool used to investigate the air gap behind the Vasari mural in Florence's Palazzo Vecchio Photo: Dave Yoder By Mark Hudson 10:58AM GMT 13 Mar 2012 It is one of the most influential paintings that never quite were. Commissioned for the Hall of the Five Hundred, the gigantic meeting room of Florence’s governing body in the city’s Palazzo Vecchio in 1504, Leonardo’s ‘Battle of Anghiari’ was to have been his largest painting, a vast fresco that was for centuries a watchword among artists for the portrayal of heroic muscular effort. Depicting a battle of 1440, in which the papal forces, led by Florence, defeated those of Leonardo’s home city Milan, it centred on a murderous struggle between four horsemen for the possession of a standard. Their snorting steeds writhing and rolling as the knights grapple, the scene couldn’t be further from the transcendant serenity that characterised the National Gallery’s recent Leonardo blockbuster. Yet it’s a work that changed the way artists approached the problems of movement and physical struggle. Or that is what we’ve been led to understand, for no one has set eyes on the painting for over 450 years. Its great rival in this category of non-existent exemplar was commissioned to hang on the wall opposite: Michelangelo’s ‘Battle of Cascina’. This was to have been the place where the two giants, and the great artistic rivals, of that extraordinary period came face to face across the political fulcrum of the most important city of the Renaissance. In fact, the whole thing was a fiasco from first to last. The two artists had as little to do with each other as possible. Leonardo, who had had problems with fresco – tempera on wet plaster – while working on the ‘Last Supper’, took the unprecedented step of applying oil paint directly onto the wall. A thunderstorm created excessive humidity, causing the colours to drip and merge into each other. Discouraged, he abandoned the project. Related Articles Researchers claim to find lost da Vinci 12 Mar 2012 Michelangelo completed a cartoon, or full scale drawing, but had barely begun the painting itself when he was called to Rome to work on the tomb of Pope Julius II, whereupon his cartoon was destroyed by a jealous rival. These unfinished, compromised works faced each other across the hall for half a century, before the Florentine authorities decided to get some proper frescoes painted over them in 1555 by Giorgio Vasari, author of ‘Lives of the Artists’, a brilliant chronicler of the artists of his age, but a mediocre painter. Leonardo’s painting is known principally from a powerful drawing by Rubens, made from a later engraving. Michelangelo’s work, a supremely unrealistic catalogue of male nudity, is known from a copy of his cartoon made by a pupil. Both of these works and the preparatory drawings produced for them, have been not only endlessly ‘quoted’ over the centuries by artists of the order of Titian, but have been talked and fantasised into a kind of cult-phenomenon. While it would be wonderful to get further insights into either of them – and in the wake of the London Leonardo exhibition interest couldn’t be higher – I’m not going to get over excited on the strength of two holes bored into a wall and a few minute fragments of plaster. Vasari may have been a self-serving opportunist, but he genuinely revered both artists and it’s impossible to believe he would have painted over a significant work by either of them. There is of cour


As at 2012 what is the only European country to routinely apply the death penalty?

Map: Which Countries Use the Death Penalty? - The Atlantic The Atlantic Map: Which Countries Use the Death Penalty? Most Popular Print Text Size Tomorrow, the state of Texas is scheduled to execute a Mexican citizen named Humberto Leal Garcia. Throughout his trial, Texas denied him access to or legal consultation from his government, violating the U.S.-ratified Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. The state's decision to defy the convention and its use of the death penalty have drawn international condemnation. "The international reaction to Garcia's case demonstrates just how isolated the U.S. is in its support of the death penalty," Nicole Allan writes today at TheAtlantic.com . "According to Hands Off Cain , an anti-death penalty organization, only 43 of the nearly 200 countries that participate in the UN routinely use capital punishment. In the U.S., 34 states execute prisoners." If we're isolating ourselves in our use of the death penalty, whom are we isolating ourselves from? But there are two sides to every coin -- if we're isolating ourselves from non-death penalty countries, then surely we are ingratiating ourselves with countries that do use the death penalty. This handy map from Wikimedia Commons shows how the world divides between countries with the death penalty (red), countries without (blue), countries that employ it only under rare "special circumstances" (green), and countries that legally retain the death penalty but have not used it in at least 10 years (orange). The club of prisoner-executing nations is an inauspicious one. You've got the world's great dictatorships and autocracies (Iran, Zimbabwe, China, North Korea, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Libya, Egypt, Ethiopia, Cuba, Belarus), it's most failed and failing states (Somalia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sudan, Congo, Chad, Yemen, Guinea, Bangladesh), not to mention the entire Middle East save Israel. So who's left? Which countries use the death penalty but are neither among the world's most failed states nor its most autocratic? The outliers make a strange list: India, Japan, Nigeria, Uganda, Botswana, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Kuwait, Oman, Lebanon, Jordan, the United Arab Emirates, Iraq and the United States. This is our league of capital punishment nations. Whatever the legal, ethical, social, and political arguments for and against the death penalty, its role in U.S. foreign policy, especially at a time when we are trying to convince leaders around the world to loosen restrictions and democratize, can be burdensome.


Coptic refers to a sect of what religious order?

What is Coptic Christianity, and what do Coptic Christians believe? What is Coptic Christianity, and what do Coptic Christians believe?   Subscribe to our Question of the Week : Question: "What is Coptic Christianity, and what do Coptic Christians believe?" Answer: “Coptic” means “Egyptian,” and Christians living in Egypt identify themselves as Coptic Christians. As a denomination they originated in the city of Alexandria, one of the most faithful, respected, and fruitful cities during the Apostolic Period. Proudly, the Coptic Christians acknowledge and herald John Mark, (author of the Gospel of Mark), as their founder and first bishop sometime between A.D. 42 - A.D. 62. The Coptic Church was actually involved in the very first major split in the Church, well before there was such a thing as "Roman" Catholicism, and it was also well before the East/West split. Prior to the “Great” East/West Schism of A.D. 1054, the Coptics were separated from the rest by the Council of Chalcedon in A.D. 451. The council met to discuss the Incarnation of Christ and declared that Christ was "one hypostasis in two natures" (i.e., one person who shares two distinct natures). This became standard orthodoxy for Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant churches from then on. The Coptic understanding is that Christ is one nature from two natures: "the Logos Incarnate." In this understanding, Christ is from, not in, two natures: full humanity and full divinity. Some in the Coptic Orthodox Church believe that their position was misunderstood at the Council of Chalcedon and take great pains to ensure that they are not seen as Monophysitic (denying the two natures of Christ), but rather "Miaphysitic" (believing in one composite/conjoined nature from two). Some believe that perhaps the council understood the church correctly, but wanted to exile the church for its refusal to take part in politics or due to the rivalry between the bishops of Alexandria and Rome. To this day, 95 percent of Christians in Alexandria are members of the Coptic Orthodox Church. The tradition says that when John Mark arrived on a missionary journey to Egypt, the Coptic form of religion of that day was god-centered worship, but focused upon the pyramids. However, John Mark and the Gospel message were well received by the Coptic people as they also believed in “eternal life.” The Coptic people, under Roman rule and societal influence, consisted of Greeks, Jews, and Egyptians; therefore, Christianity had to take into account the different cultural, language, and religious backgrounds when evangelizing and in establishing its church. The Coptic Christians were originally well founded in theology, and other churches in cities throughout the Roman Empire looked up to them with great admiration and respect, willingly following their lead in doctrinal like-mindedness and unity. It is interesting to note that when the Coptics were under the rule of the Roman Empire, they suffered severe persecution and death for their steadfast faith and beliefs in Christ while refusing to worship emperors. However, by A.D. 641, yet another tribulation began when the Arab conquest took place, overthrowing the Romans’ rule in Egypt and, at first, relieving the Coptic Church from persecution. What appeared to be their liberty and freedom became yet again bondage. The societal strength and control of the Arabs caused the Coptics to endure a major language and culture change as well as confront the Islamic faith. Unfortunately, over the centuries, Christianity lost foothold and most Coptics converted to Islam. Today, there is a small population of Coptic Christians remaining in Alexandria, but most are located elsewhere. Estimates of the current population of the Coptic Church range from 10 million to 60 million members worldwide. Theologically, Coptic Christianity is very similar to Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. They profess to be genuine followers of Jesus Christ and a part of His worldwide Church. But, as with Catholicism, they tend to emphasize meritorious works in salvation along


St Tropez, Sienna X, and Fake Bake are popular brands of what product/service type?

Top places and brands to get a spray tan | Glamour UK Team GLAMOUR talks fake tan By Glamour 12 items James Harknett is currently tanning for Sienna X at the W hotel London. Find out more information and book in at the W hotel here . Xen-Tan: Here at GLAMOUR HQ, we are big fans of Xen-Tan's at-home tanning products. The brand's signature spray tan is equally as impressive. Used by the likes of Drew Barrymore, the tan has a light texture and rather pleasant sweet vanilla fragrance. Xen-Tan's formula is also incredibly streak-free and very moisturising, which is a pretty big deal in the tanning world. Best for: Those who can't stand the smell of fake tan. Read More Backstage report: The life of a LFW St.Tropez tanner By Glamour Prices start from £25.00, available from leading salons nationwide, UK and Ireland. For stockist information visit www.xen-tan.co.uk/locator . James Read: The GLAMOUR girls were lucky enough to try out the amazing spray tans by James Read at the Studio in Harvey Nichols, ahead of our GLAMOUR women of the year awards . It's safe to say, we were pretty impressed with the results. It was even our Editorial Assistant's first time in a spray tanning booth, and the experience had her hooked for life! The uber friendly staff will offer you two tanning options: The Destination tan and the James Read tan. We recommend the more subtle James Read tan, which can be layered up until you are happy with the shade. Best for: First-timers. For bookings and more information, call 020 7201 9606 or thestudiobyjamesread@gmail.com Read More 60 items Vita Liberata: There are several serious advantages to the Vita Liberata spray tan experience. First, the formula contains organic extracts that condition and nourish skin. Secondly, the flash dry effect which the tans have mean you can redress immediately. Last but certainly not least is the fact that the tan is mostly odourless, meaning you will never leave the salon smelling like biscuits (we promise). Coming in a range of shades, the tan lasts 4-7 days and fades into a natural tan, so no blotchiness will appear. It contains no toxins or parabens, and so is beneficial to skin rather than harmful. Our online Editor is a big fan of this natural-looking spray tan. Best for: A natural looking tan. The tan is available at Benefit Boutiques nationwide RRP £20 (can vary per Boutique). Read More Self Sun Tinted Body Lotion By Emma Raynor Madame LA LA: A relatively new tanning brand, Madame LA LA has a variety of celebrity admirers, from Blake Lively to Olivia Palermo. Headed up by James Harknett, these spray tans are offered at the W hotel and are priced at £45. Here at GLAMOUR we are convinced Madame LA LA is the ultimate brand for super cool & hip tanning addicts. They also sell some great products, which can be viewed on their website . Best for: Those feeling experimental. Check out James Harknett's tanning options using Madame LA LA spray tans here . Fake Bake: Fake Bake are experts in tanning, and their spray tans are some of the best on offer. As well as the original self-tanning experience, Fake Bake now also offer a 60-minute unique option. This is uniquely activated in water when the guide colour is washed off 1-2 hours later. 6-8 hours on and your skin will have developed a natural looking tan and great glow. What's especially impressive about Fake Bake's original spray tan is how quickly it is done. Just 7 minutes being sprayed and you are good to go! Just don't be alarmed when wearing the tan overnight as it darkens (a lot!) gradually, but results in a perfect glow when the guide colour is washed off. Best for: Those pushed for time. ADVERTISEMENT Many salons use Fake Bake as their preferred tanning brand. Phone 08448 56 57 58 or email customerrelations@fakebake.co.uk to find one near you. Prices for professional spray tans start at £15.00 but are at the discretion of the individual salon. St Tropez A piece about the best spray tans would not be the same without St Tropez. The tanning experts offer a spray tan which is flawless every time, and is great for beginners.


The British pub name 'The Talbot' traditionally refers to a what?

Pubs | Old Glossop Trail At one time there were at least twelve pubs in Old Glossop. The Queens Arms The Queens Arms was named in the same year that Queen Victoria ascended to the throne in 1837. When the Marple Bridge to Glossop Turnpike arrived here in the early 19th century a turning area was created in front of it, which probably coincided with a diversion of the brook that originally flowed across this area. The plentiful water has often flooded this area, as the audio trail – available on the downloads page – reveals. The Glossop Tramway terminated outside the Queens Arms when it ran for 24 years from 1903. It was a single-track line running from Hadfield Station, weaving around a number of mills along its 4½ mile length. According to the New Mills Local History Society the town’s main administrative building once stood opposite the Queens Arms. “The Town’s Hall…is a strong well-built stone structure, in which a select vestry meet every other Week, to transact the business of the town; underneath which is a hearse house, with two lockups attached, one for male and the other for female delinquents.” The Bulls Head The Bulls Head is thought to be the town’s oldest public house.  It was originally a weaver’s house, with a date stone above the back door, now hidden from view, indicating it was built in 1607. It was rebuilt and extended in 1793 and its alehouse status was granted in 1787. There are a number of opinions regarding the name of the pub. Some people believe that it was named after the bull baiting that traditionally took place during the Wakes. The iron ring used to tether the bulls is said to remain under the road surface just outside the pub. Dogs would attack the tethered bull and the winning dog was the one that held on for the longest. Other people believe that the name stems from a religious source and that bull comes from papal bull or bulla, an ecclesiastical seal used by papist Rome. When Henry VIII defied the papal bull in 1538, and added a bull’s head to his coat of arms the name became a popular pub name as people wanted to show loyalty to the crown. The Prizewinning Glossop Handbell ringers used ‘the Bull’ as their HQ. The Talbot The 1841 Census return refers to this building as Bridge House. Within 10 years it had became known as the Bridge Inn before taking the name ‘The Talbot’, prior to the 1861 Census. The name has local historical significance. With the dissolution of the monasteries in the 16th century the Manor of Glossop was passed to the Talbot family. In 1606 Alathea Talbot the daughter of the 7th Earl of Shrewsbury, married Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel with the Glossop estate part of her dowry. The marriage signified the start of the Howards’ long association with Glossop, and they were to remain Lords of the Manor for the next three centuries. A Talbot was also an extinct breed of dog favoured by packhorse men.   The legendary Wild Weekend celebrations took place on land between the Talbot (image above) and Hare and Hounds, where a row of red brick terraced houses stand today. The Hare & Hounds According to the book ‘History in a Pint Pot’, The Hare and Hounds was opened by Joseph Hadfield as an alehouse in 1826. The 1841 Census shows he was still the innkeeper, along with his son Charles and three servants. Although John and then Thomas Higginbotham (who went to hold the Queens Arms license for 21 years) soon took over as licensees, the inn was back in the hands of the Hadfields by 1848. Charles kept the pub for the following 15 years. Today the former Hare and Hounds is two separate private houses. Rita Manzies grew up in the Talbot after it was a pub. http://www.oldglossoptrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/rita_talbot1.mp3 “…that used to be a public house, didn’t it, the house that me mum and dad bought. But we had a ring in our kitchen before me mum and dad had it alterered and what not; a big ring where cattle were tied up to. Wheatsheaf The Wheatsheaf dates to at least 1824 but was only used as an alehouse from 1860. At that time it was called the ‘New Inn’. Our Old Glos


What religious code refers to 'the three poisons' (or 'unwholesome roots') of ignorance, attachment, aversion, as the roots of all suffering? Islam; Buddhism; Christianity; Hinduism?

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