What is the term for the strong magnetism associated with cobalt, nickel and iron?

Is Nickel Magnetic? Read my article in Science Education based on my dissertation.       Is Nickel Magnetic? The element Nickel (Ni) is one of the few ferromagnetic metals. Ferromagnetic  means they are attracted to magnets and can be magnetized themselves. Most metals aren’t magnetic with the exception of iron, nickel, cobalt, gadolinium, neodymium and samarium. Because Nickel (Ni) is ferromagnetic it is used in making Alnico magnets (consisting of aluminium ,  nickel , and cobalt ). Note that the U.S. five cent coin called a “Nickel” is made of 75% copper and 25% Nickel (Ni).  Even though it contains Nickel (Ni), a ferromagnetic material, they aren’t visibly attracted to magnets.In fact, they don’t interact with magnets like many other non-magnetic materials. What is interesting is that dimes and quarters will visibly interact with a moving magnet. This is odd because dimes are quarters are both about 92% Cu and 8% Ni – not too different than Nickel (the coin). It’s even been noted that Nickels are harder to find with metal detectors than other coins.  There’s a scientific mystery here to be solved (if you have an idea please leave a comment for the video). Video of Quarters, Dimes, and Nickels and Moving Neodynium Magnet An interesting effect is the interaction of a strong magnet with a non-magnetic material like copper or aluminum .  If you made a pipe of quarters or dimes you’d see the same set as below.  However, if you used Nickels it wouldn’t work. It may be that the Nickel (Ni) in the nickel coin somehow disrupts the electrical currents. This seems possible since adding Nickel (Ni) to Iron, Carbon, and Chromium a form of stainless steel is created that is not magnetic even though it contains Iron. But dimes and quarters have Nickel as well, just less.


Who discovered electromagnetic induction, so facilitating the transformer and dynamo?

Electromagnetic Induction and Faradays Law All contents are Copyright © 2016 by AspenCore, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Advertisement Home  /  Electromagnetism  / Electromagnetic Induction Electromagnetic Induction We have seen previously that when a DC current pass through a long straight conductor a magnetising force, H and a static magnetic field, B is developed around the wire. If the wire is then wound into a coil, the magnetic field is greatly intensified producing a static magnetic field around itself forming the shape of a bar magnet giving a distinct North and South pole. Air-core Hollow Coil The magnetic flux developed around the coil being proportional to the amount of current flowing in the coils windings as shown. If additional layers of wire are wound upon the same coil with the same current flowing through them, the static magnetic field strength would be increased. Therefore, the magnetic field strength of a coil is determined by the ampere turns of the coil. With more turns of wire within the coil, the greater the strength of the static magnetic field around it. But what if we reversed this idea by disconnecting the electrical current from the coil and instead of a hollow core we placed a bar magnet inside the core of the coil of wire. By moving this bar magnet “in” and “out” of the coil a current would be induced into the coil by the physical movement of the magnetic flux inside it. Likewise, if we kept the bar magnet stationary and moved the coil back and forth within the magnetic field an electric current would be induced in the coil. Then by either moving the wire or changing the magnetic field we can induce a voltage and current within the coil and this process is known as Electromagnetic Induction and is the basic principal of operation of transformers, motors and generators. Electromagnetic Induction was first discovered way back in the 1830’s by Michael Faraday. Faraday noticed that when he moved a permanent magnet in and out of a coil or a single loop of wire it induced an ElectroMotive Force or emf, in other words a Voltage, and therefore a current was produced. So what Michael Faraday discovered was a way of producing an electrical current in a circuit by using only the force of a magnetic field and not batteries. This then lead to a very important law linking electricity with magnetism, Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction. So how does this work?. When the magnet shown below is moved “towards” the coil, the pointer or needle of the Galvanometer, which is basically a very sensitive centre zero’ed moving-coil ammeter, will deflect away from its centre position in one direction only. When the magnet stops moving and is held stationary with regards to the coil the needle of the galvanometer returns back to zero as there is no physical movement of the magnetic field. Likewise, when the magnet is moved “away” from the coil in the other direction, the needle of the galvanometer deflects in the opposite direction with regards to the first indicating a change in polarity. Then by moving the magnet back and forth towards the coil the needle of the galvanometer will deflect left or right, positive or negative, relative to the directional motion of the magnet. Electromagnetic Induction by a Moving Magnet   Likewise, if the magnet is now held stationary and ONLY the coil is moved towards or away from the magnet the needle of the galvanometer will also deflect in either direction. Then the action of moving a coil or loop of wire through a magnetic field induces a voltage in the coil with the magnitude of this induced voltage being proportional to the speed or velocity of the movement. Then we can see that the faster the movement of the magnetic field the greater will be the induced emf or voltage in the coil, so for Faraday’s law to hold true there must be “relative motion” or movement between the coil and the magnetic field and either the magnetic field, the coil or both can move. Faraday’s Law of Induction From the above description we can say that a relationship exists between an electrical voltage a


In which city is the Pitt Rivers Museum?

· January 18 at 6:29am · Journeys! Become an explorer for the night; trace the journeys of various anthropologists connected to the Pitt Rivers Museum, have a look at their personal belongings, discover what objects were valuable to them. Students from the University of Oxford and Oxford Brookes University Anthropology Society ‘takeover' the museum with an event inspired by the Pitt Rivers Museum's collections, taking place on the 3 of February 2017. There'll be a specially developed audiovisual trai...l uncovering alternative stories, particularly in relation to the hidden histories of the inspirational women connected to the Museum. Enjoy world music, talks on women at the Pitt Rivers Museum, a pop-up exhibition, and cash bar. #JourneysPRM Join the student's Facebook event and share photos of objects you would take on your journey...get ready to see your objects pop up at the event! · January 6 at 2:18am · We are really excited to be working with Tales of our City , a new community project setting out to create a conversation through time about queer life in Oxford. It is a particularly exciting time for Tales of our City as 2017 marks 50 years since the partial decriminalisation of homosexuality. This land mark has led them to ask: what can we learn from the past that will shed more light about our community and our lives today? The first Pitt Rivers Museum and Tales of our Cit...y collaboration will be at Out In Oxford: Party at the Pitt on 11th Feb ( http://bit.ly/2hZExrj ). Tales of the City will takeover the museum's library for the night, bringing along their archive of local queer ephemera from the 1970's, 80's and 90s. Come find out what Oxford's gay women got up to on Tuesdays in 1983 and why something called Project October caused so much excitement in 1991... Free tickets for Party at the Pitt will be available from the 11th January.


In what field did Ernö Goldfinger, inspiration for the title Goldfinger, achieve eminence?

Brutalist Architecture: An Autoethnographic Examination of Structure and Corporeality | Brockington | M/C Journal Roy Brockington United Kingdom Roy Brockington is a Music graduate from Goldsmiths College, University of London, with primary areas of study including music history and historiography, musicology, and minimalism. His current research interests concern sociological and political movements and their effect on the arts, in particular, the eminence of socialism in post-WWII architecture. Roy holds a sales and marketing role in the music industry in London. Nela Cicmil University of Oxford United Kingdom Nela Cicmil is a postdoctoral researcher in Neuroscience at the University of Oxford. Currently she runs scientific experiments to investigate the brain cell signals that contribute to our sense of visual perception, and the cognitive processes that shape our decisions. Nela's research interests cover a wide range of additional topics, including body image, mathematics, and computer science. Brutalist Architecture: An Autoethnographic Examination of Structure and Corporeality Roy Brockington, Nela Cicmil Abstract Introduction: Brutal? The word “brutal” has associations with cruelty, inhumanity, and aggression. Within the field of architecture, however, the term “Brutalism” refers to a post-World War II Modernist style, deriving from the French phrase betón brut, which means raw concrete (Clement 18). Core traits of Brutalism include functionalist design, daring geometry, overbearing scale, and the blatant exposure of structural materials, chiefly concrete and steel (Meades 1). The emergence of Brutalism coincided with chronic housing shortages in European countries ravaged by World War II (Power 5) and government-sponsored slum clearance in the UK (Power 190; Baker). Brutalism’s promise to accommodate an astonishing number of civilians within a minimal area through high-rise configurations and elevated walkways was alluring to architects and city planners (High Rise Dreams). Concrete was the material of choice due to its affordability, durability, and versatility; it also allowed buildings to be erected quickly (Allen and Iano 622). The Brutalist style was used for cultural centres, such as the Perth Concert Hall in Western Australia, educational institutions such as the Yale School of Architecture , and government buildings such as the Secretariat Building in Chandigarh, India. However, as pioneering Brutalist architect Alison Smithson explained, the style achieved full expression by “thinking on a much bigger scale somehow than if you only got [sic] one house to do” (Smithson and Smithson, Conversation 40). Brutalism, therefore, lent itself to the design of large residential complexes. It was consequently used worldwide for public housing developments, that is, residences built by a government authority with the aim of providing affordable housing. Notable examples include the Western City Gate in Belgrade, Serbia, and Habitat 67 in Montreal, Canada. Brutalist architecture polarised opinion and continues to do so to this day. On the one hand, protected cultural heritage status has been awarded to some Brutalist buildings (Carter; Glancey) and the style remains extremely influential, for example in the recent award-winning work of architect Zaha Hadid (Niesewand). On the other hand, the public housing projects associated with Brutalism are widely perceived as failures (The Great British Housing Disaster). Many Brutalist objects currently at risk of demolition are social housing estates, such as the Smithsons’ Robin Hood Gardens in London, UK. Whether the blame for the demise of such housing developments lies with architects, inhabitants, or local government has been widely debated. In the UK and USA, local authorities had relocated families of predominantly lower socio-economic status into the newly completed developments, but were unable or unwilling to finance subsequent maintenance and security costs (Hanley 115; R. Carroll; The Pruitt-Igoe Myth). Consequently, the residents became fearful of criminal activit


Which James Bond title began life as an advertising slogan?

What are some famous advertising slogans? | Reference.com What are some famous advertising slogans? A: Quick Answer Some famous advertising slogans are Nike's "Just Do It," Apple's "Think Different," McDonald's "I'm Lovin' It," Verizon's "Can You Hear Me Now? Good," and Meow Mix's "Tastes So Good Cats Ask for It by Name." A slogan, sometimes called a tagline, is typically created by a large advertising agency for a corporation, product or brand. The goal is to find a brief, catchy phrase that encapsulates a key aspect, benefit, or identifying trait. Full Answer A number of factors make a slogan successful. It should be easy to remember and connected with positive aspects of the brand in the consumer's mind. It conveys not only the benefits of a company or product, but also how it differs from its competitors. It typically works best if it is short, simple and easy to say. If a slogan is successful, it may be used for many years. De Beers began using the slogan "A Diamond is Forever" in 1948. The phrase is familiar to the public, that it was adapted for the title of the James Bond film "Diamonds are Forever." Some slogans become associated not only with a brand, but with a mascot. The phrase "They’re G-r-r-r-eat!" is identified not only with Kellogg's Frosted Flakes, but with the character Tony the Tiger. Kellogg's has used this phrase continuously since the 1950s, making it one of the longest running slogans in television history.


Which James Bond film title derives from Non Sufficit Orbis, motto of Philip II of Spain?

The Grand Strategy of Philip II | Reviews in History The Grand Strategy of Philip II Book: The Grand Strategy of Philip II Geoffrey Parker New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1998 Reviewer: Dr Robin Macpherson, review of The Grand Strategy of Philip II, (review no. 130) http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/130 Date accessed: 17 January, 2017 Academics and the general public alike have an understandable fascination regarding the Spanish Armada. The naval confrontation in the Channel in 1588 and the subsequent disastrous Spanish circumnavigation of the storm-lashed British coastline, helped shape world history from the end of the sixteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth. Spain - the first 'Global Empire' - was bested by Mother Nature and a considerably smaller political power with the result that as her imperial pretensions stuttered, England's flourished. But it was a close run thing. In a fantastic book, Geoffrey Parker gives the reader a wealth of detailed information on how the strategist behind the Armada, Philip II of Spain, thought, worked, administered and went about his day-to-day business. Parker aims to engage three types of reader: scholars interested in Philip II; strategic analysts; and those interested in the rise and fall of great powers. The book will do so and it will engage many more. The Grand Strategy of Philip II is a book for everyone from the keenest Armada-wonks to the most frustrated of corporate middle-managers. Numerous illustrations and tables, complemented by full and discursive footnotes, make the volume an accessible tool for the most serious academic and a fascinating insight for the general reader. Following his excellent Philip II (Little, Brown & Co, 1978) and other valuable volumes on Spain and her Empire, this book puts in place an in-depth understanding of the political, administrative and personal attributes of Philip II and his 'Grand Strategy'. Over thirty years of top-class scholarship shine through a masterclass in understanding how governments worked, and how they did not. While it is doubtless only fair to point out that the volume reflects the surviving source material, the fact that the author is Geoffrey Parker makes the reader feel comfortable that this is as near to historical reality as we are readily going to get. The one immediately recognisable problem, in that a sequential book cannot truly express the globalness of Philip's concerns and immediacy of constantly pressing problems, is quickly forgotten as the reader engages in the fluid and fast-paced narrative. Philip II controlled Spain for fifty-five years in the latter half of the sixteenth century from his appointment as regent for his father, Emperor Charles V, in 1543 to his death in 1598. He was far from solely a Spanish monarch. By 1554, he was also king of Naples and king of England and, although this later title lapsed with the death of Queen Mary in 1558, in 1580, he acquired the kingdom of Portugal and her considerable overseas possessions. His empire had no common language, no common currency, disparate political institutions and laws, competing economic and strategic defence needs and even some divergent religious convictions. In spite of the seemingly insurmountable difficulties, Philip can truly be said to have ruled the first empire on which the sun never set and, long before James Bond, used the motto Non Sufficit Orbis - the World is not Enough! Parker addresses three key questions in the course of his work: firstly, what strategic priorities underlay Philip II's policies? Secondly, what practices and prejudices informed him and influenced his decision-making? Finally, what external factors affected the achievement of his goals? He looks at the questions by analysing Philip's reign in an obvious, clear and structured manner: in part one of the volume, Parker looks at the strategic culture of the Spanish Empire drawing on the full panoply of Philip's rule. He examines the system of government, the crisis caused by information overload, Philip's strategic priorities and the day-to-day a


Which cathedral is known locally as “The Ship of the Fens”?

Ely Cathedral – The Ship of the Fens » Dominic Whiten Photography FACEBOOK Ely Cathedral – The Ship of the Fens I was recently treated to a birthday lunch in the Fens – read all about it here – and whilst in the area we took a detour to Ely and its stunning cathedral. Known locally as ‘The Ship Of The Fens’, due to its prominent shape towering over the local watery landscape, this immense building is nearly 1000 years old. Just stop and think about that for a moment. Construction on the present building began 930 years ago and the cathedral is listed one of the 7 Wonders Of The Middle Ages. Can you imagine Westfield in Stratford or the MetroCentre in Gateshead (two of the biggest shopping centres in the UK and similar sized structures), being around in nine-hundred-and-something years time…? We just caught the last tour of the day which took us up the Octagon Tower to the wooden lantern sitting at its summit – a drop of 130ft to the nave below. The decorated wooden panels which line the structure also have some fantastic graffiti from previous visitors – including the organ restorers in 1975 and countless WW2 bomber crews who signed their names for good luck. Anyway, enough from me. Here’s a selection of shots. Just don’t look down…. All images shot on a Fuji X-Pro1 with 35 & 50mm Canon FD lenses mounted on an adaptor. New light through old glass.


Which cathedral’s spires have earned it the name, “The Ladies of the Vale”?

History - Lichfield Cathedral Donate Our History Christmas Day 700 saw the consecration of the first cathedral in Lichfield, and, as there was a church (St Mary’s) here perhaps built in 659, and possibly others in between, Lichfield is among the earliest centres of Christian worship in the UK.  After the invasion of 1066 the Normans built a new cathedral (of which only few traces remain), and a century or so later that was rebuilt in the Gothic style, and completed by c. 1340.  Besieged three times in the Civil War it suffered drastic damage, more than any other of our Cathedrals.   Rapidly repaired in a mere nine years its interior was rearranged at the end of the eighteenth century, and then ‘restored’ in the 19th century by Sir George Gilbert Scott, and that is the Cathedral we have today. The only English medieval cathedral to have three spires – known locally as the ‘Ladies of the Vale’ – it is one of the most elegant in the country. St Chad came in 669 to be the first Bishop in Lichfield, and so impressive was his teaching and so genuine was the way he practised what he preached, that on his death his remains quickly became venerated and a place of pilgrimage. Among the cathedral’s many treasures, from the time of the Anglo Saxons (probably under King Offa) we have the exquisite 8th century sculpture of the ‘Lichfield Angel’ from the St Chad’s tomb chest, as well as the St Chad Gospels - perhaps a little younger than the Lindisfarne Gospels but older than the Book of Kells. Norman and Gothic Cathedrals Bishops Lymesey and de Clinton built the Normal Cathedral and Clinton fortified the Close with a wall. In the 13th c. Bishop de Langton strengthened that surrounding wall for the Close and crenellated it; he paid £2,000 for a sumptuous shrine for St Chad, and he financed the completion of the Lady Chapel.  He was also the Treasurer of England.  His magnificent Bishop’s Palace in the Close was fit for a king, and kings did come to stay there.  With very many pilgrims flocking to the shrine the cathedral flourished during the time of the Plantagenet kings.  Many of the Bishops and Deans appointed then were Close to the ruling dynasty and the proximity of the Diocese to the rebellious Welsh made Lichfield a key strategic settlement during this period.  It played an important role in regional and national political life and influenced heavily the planning of the City of Lichfield that grew up around it.  Civil War Unfortunately the great wall around the Close proved to be the Cathedral’s undoing during the 17th century since it turned the cathedral and Close into an ideal garrison, first for the Royalists, then for the Roundheads, then again for the Royalists and finally the Roundheads until the Restoration.   During these sieges cannonballs destroyed both the roof and the central spire.  The Restoration (1660) found the cathedral and Close in a state of ruination, because the Roundheads had destroyed statues, monuments, documents, carvings and left very little roof. Lichfield’s cathedral suffered more than any other cathedral at the hands of the devastators. Recovery Cathedral and Close flourished again in the 18th c. and grew in national importance, becoming a centre of culture and learning.   With the development of Erasmus Darwin and his colleagues of the Lunar Society, Samuel Johnson and the great antiquarian, Elias Ashmole, Lichfield became a notable centre. Here was an interesting dynamic with religion and scientific advancement creatively interrelated alongside music, literature and culture, with Lichfield regarded as a major centre of enlightenment within Europe. Victorian Restoration A major and sensitive restoration of the cathedral came under Sir George Gilbert Scott and is son, Oldrid, in the 19th century.  Outside statues were replaced on the West Front, and around the cathedral we now have over 160 ornate carved figures of kings, queens and saints. The cathedral’s interior today, with the very fine Skidmore Screen, the choir stalls and the Minton tiles (inspired by the medieval tiles still on the floor of


To which proverbially ruthless figure, then still a child, does Richard III compare himself?

Free Shakespeare Richard III Essays and Papers Color Rating   Lovers’ Declarations in Shakespeare’s Richard III and Austen’s Pride and Prejudice - Shakespeare’s “Richard III” portrays a ‘serious’ yet passionate declaration of love to Anne greatly contrasting with the more solemn and composed confession given by Mr Collins in Austen’s “Pride and Prejudice”. Where Richard III seems to be unable to hold back his feelings Mr Collins appears to quite calmly lay out his reasoning for his proposed match to Elizabeth Bennet. Thus both extracts could be said to be giving us very different depictions of the idea of a ‘declaration of love’. Shakespeare uses hyperbolic language and melodrama in order to exaggerate the supposed love that Richard feels for Anne as he declares that “[Anne’s] beauty, ...did haunt me in my sleep” which can also be desc...   [tags: Shakespeare, Richard III] :: 1 Works Cited [preview] William Shakespeare's Richard III - William Shakespeare's Richard III  William Shakespeare’s characterization of Britain’s historical monarch Richard III, formerly Duke of Gloucester, is one of the most controversial in literature. To this day there are arguments upholding Richard III’s villainy and ascertaining his murder of the Princes in the tower, just as there are those who believe that he has been falsely represented by Shakespeare’s play and fight avidly to clear his name of any and all crimes. Because of the uncertainty surrounding his true character, Richard III is an intriguing personality to put into modern culture, which is exactly what Ian McKellen does in his rendition of the infamous ruler....   [tags: William Shakespeare Richard III Essays] 843 words [preview] The Supernatural in Shakespeare's Richard III - The Supernatural in Shakespeare's Richard III  Casting a darkly mythical aura around Richard III, supernatural elements are intrinsic to this Shakespearean history play. The prophetic dreams of Clarence and Stanley blur the line between dream and reality, serving to foreshadow impending doom. The ghosts that appear before Richard III and Richmond before their battle create an atmosphere of dread and suspense, and they also herald Richard's destiny. The curses of three female royalties are fulfilled at the end, serving as reminders that the divine powers are stronger than Richard's malice....   [tags: Richard III William Shakespeare Essays Papers] :: 1 Works Cited [preview] Shakespeare on Machiavelli: The Prince in Richard III - Shakespeare on Machiavelli:  The Prince in Richard III      According to many, Shakespeare intentionally portrays Richard III in ways that would have the world hail him as the ultimate Machiavel.  This build up only serves to further the dramatic irony when Richard falls from his throne.  The nature of Richard's character is key to discovering the commentary Shakespeare is delivering on the nature of tyrants.  By setting up Richard to be seen as the ultimate Machiavel, only to have him utterly destroyed, Shakespeare makes a dramatic commentary on the frailty of tyranny and such men as would aspire to tyrannical rule....   [tags: Richard II Richard III Essays Shakespeare] :: 3 Works Cited [preview] The Lack of Usage and Necessity of the Aristotelian Unities in Richard III - One major purpose of works of fiction, whether they be prose, poetry, or plays, is to transport their audience to another time, to another place, somewhere beyond where they sit or stand or lie. That, after all, is why there is a distinction between fiction and nonfiction. This purpose holds true even in the case of a historical play like Richard III, which is based on actual happenings. However, in seeming contrast to this purpose is the principle of Aristotle’s three unities, which is to “make a plot more plausible, more true-to-life, and thus to follow Aristotle’s concept of mimesis, i.e., the attempt to imitate or reflect life as authentically as possible” by making sure there is a sense...   [tags: richard III, aristotle, shakespeare] :: 9 Works Cited [preview] Richard III by William Shakespea


Which King of England died after falling from his horse, Sorrel?

Timeline of the Kings & Queens of England There have been 66 monarchs of England and Britain spread over a period of 1500 years.   SAXON KINGS EGBERT 827 - 839 Egbert (Ecgherht) was the first monarch to establish a stable and extensive rule over all of Anglo-Saxon England. After returning from exile at the court of Charlemagne in 802, he regained his kingdom of Wessex. Following his conquest of Mercia in 827, he controlled all of England south of the Humber. After further victories in Northumberland and North Wales, he is recognised by the title Bretwalda ( Anglo-Saxon , "ruler of the British". A year before he died aged almost 70, he defeated a combined force of Danes and Cornish at Hingston Down in Cornwall. He is buried at Winchester in Hampshire. AETHELWULF 839-856 King of Wessex , son of Egbert and father of Alfred the Great. In 851 Aethelwulf defeated a Danish army at the battle of Oakley while his eldest son Althelstan fought and beat the Danes at sea off the coast of Kent , in what is believed to be the first naval battle. A highly religous man, Athelwulf travelled to Rome with his son Alfred to see the Pope in 855. AETHELBALD 856 - 860 The eldest son of Aethelwulf, Æthelbald was born around 834. He was crowned at Kingston-upon-Thames in southwest London, after forcing his father to abdicate upon his return from pilgrimage to Rome. Following his fathers death in 858, he married his widowed stepmother Judith, but under pressure from the church the marriage was annulled after only a year. He is buried at Sherbourne Abbey in Dorset . AETHELBERT 860 - 866 Became king following the death of his brother Æthelbald. Like his brother and his father, Aethelbert (pictured to the right) was crowned at Kingston-Upon-Thames. Shortly after his succession a Danish army landed and sacked Winchester before being defeated by the Saxons. In 865 the Viking Great Heathen Army landed in East Anglia and swept across England. He is buried at Sherborne Abbey. AETHELRED I 866 - 871 Aethelred succeeded his brother Aethelbert. His reign was one long struggle with the Danes who had occupied York in 866, establishing the Viking kingdom of Yorvik . When the Danish Army moved south Wessex itself was threatened, and so together with his brother Alfred, they fought several battles with the Vikings at Reading, Ashdown and Basing. Aethelred suffered serious injuries during the next major battle at Meretun in Hampshire; he died of his wounds shortly after at Witchampton in Dorset, where he was buried. ALFRED THE GREAT 871 - 899 - son of AETHELWULF Born at Wantage in Berkshire around 849, Alfred was well educated and is said to have visited Rome on two occasions. He had proven himself to be a strong leader in many battles, and as a wise ruler managed to secure five uneasy years of peace with the Danes, before they attacked Wessex again in 877. Alfred was forced to retreat to a small island in the Somerset Levels and it was from here that he masterminded his comeback, perhaps ' burning the cakes ' as a consequence. With major victories at Edington, Rochester and London, Alfred established Saxon Christian rule over first Wessex, and then on to most of England. To secure his hard won boundaries Alfred founded a permanent army and an embryonic Royal Navy. To secure his place in history, he began the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. EDWARD (The Elder) 899 - 924 Succeeded his father Alfred the Great. Edward retook southeast England and the Midlands from the Danes. Following the the death of his sister Aethelflaed of Mercia , Edward unites the kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia. In 923, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles record that the Scottish King Constantine II recognises Edward as "father and lord". The following year, Edward is killed in a battle against the Welsh near Chester . His body is returned to Winchester for burial. ATHELSTAN 924 - 939 Son of Edward the Elder, Athelstan extended the boundaries of his kingdom at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937. In what is said to be one of the bloodiest battles ever fought on British soil, Athelstan defeated a combined army of Scots


Which feature on the River Thames marks the upper limit of its tidal waters?

River Thames | river, England, United Kingdom | Britannica.com river, England, United Kingdom Alternative Titles: River Isis, Tamesa, Tamesis Related Topics river River Thames, ancient Tamesis or Tamesa, also called (in Oxford, England) River Isis, chief river of southern England . Rising in the Cotswold Hills , its basin covers an area of approximately 5,500 square miles (14,250 square km). The traditional source at Thames Head, which is dry for much of the year, is marked by a stone in a field 356 feet (108.5 metres) above sea level and 3 miles (5 km) southwest of the town of Cirencester . Some think a tributary, the River Churn, has a better claim to being the source; it rises near the village of Seven Springs (700 feet [213 metres] above sea level), just south of Cheltenham . Lambeth from the northwest, London, showing the River Thames with Westminster Bridge (centre), … Sandy Stockwell—© London Aerial Photo/Corbis East End of London along the River Thames (c. 1900), detail of a map in the 10th edition of … Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Physical features The Thames is some 205 miles (330 km) long, running 140 miles (226 km) from the source to the tidal waters limit—i.e., from Thames Head to Teddington Lock —and, as an estuary , a further 65 miles (104 km) from there to The Nore sandbank, which marks the transition from estuary to open sea. Its basin, which receives an annual average precipitation of 27 inches (688 mm), has a complex structure. In its upper course the river drains a broadly triangular area defined by the chalk escarpment of the Chiltern Hills and the Berkshire Downs to the east and south, the Cotswolds to the west, and the Northamptonshire uplands to the north. At Goring Gap it cuts through the chalk escarpment and then drains the land lying north of the dip slope of the North Downs. Its last great tributary, the River Medway , drains much of the low-lying Weald area of Kent and Sussex to the south of London . Similar Topics Seine River Flowing through gently rolling lowlands, the distinctive character of the Thames is pastoral and undramatic. Its average fall between Lechlade and London is less than 20 inches per mile (32 cm per km). The tides and surges of the sea, moreover, have a profound effect on the water level of the river’s lower course. This tidal influence begins to be felt intermittently, for some three hours during a high tide , at Teddington in the west suburbs of London. The transition from freshwater to estuarine reaches occurs closer to central London, around Battersea . At London Bridge , in the heart of the metropolis, the river rises 22 feet (7 metres) on the spring tides and 18 feet (5.5 metres) on the neap tides. The Tower of London and the River Thames. The earliest part of the fortification, the White Tower … Dennis Marsico/Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The average flow at the upper limit of the tideway, at Teddington, is 1,856 cubic feet (53 cubic metres) per second, rising to 4,640 cubic feet (130 cubic metres) per second after winter rain. In extreme floods (e.g., March 1947) the discharge at Teddington Weir may be as much as 20,900 cubic feet (590 cubic metres) per second. Reputedly, an average of 31,310 cubic feet (887 cubic metres) per second passed over it one day after heavy storms in 1894. The river in spate can upset tidal flows for some distance below Teddington, overpowering the incoming tide and causing the stream to run seaward continuously for days on end. Conversely, high spring tides can overtop the weir and affect the river flow as far as 2 miles (3.2 km) upstream of Teddington. The catastrophic potential of tidal surges for London’s underground infrastructure , buildings, and population prompted the construction of the Thames Barrier at Silvertown (completed 1982) and extensive complementary flood defenses along the entire tideway. The Thames Barrier consists of 10 movable gates separated by 9 piers. Each gate has a curved face … Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent The Thames is navigable by small boat up to the town bridge of Crickla


In ecology, which Q is a rectangular frame laid on the ground to define an area for study?

How to carry out ecological sampling page 1.     The estimation can be     improved by dividing the quadrat into a grid of 100 squares each representing 1% cover.     This can either be done mentally by imagining 10 longitudinal and 10 horizontal lines of     equal size superimposed on the quadrat, or physically by actually dividing the quadrat by     means of string or wire attached to the frame at standard intervals. This is only     practical if the vegetation in the area to be sampled is very short, otherwise the     string/wire will impede the laying down of the quadrat over the vegetation. Quadrats are most often used for sampling, but are   not the only type of sampling units. It depends what you are sampling. If you are sampling   aquatic microorganisms or studying water chemistry, then you will most likely collect   water samples in standard sized bottles or containers. If you are looking at parasites on   fish, then an individual fish will most likely be your sampling unit. Similarly, studies   of leaf miners would probably involve collecting individual leaves as sampling units. In   these last two cases, the sampling units will not be of standard size. This problem can be   overcome by using a weighted mean, which takes into account different sizes of sampling   unit, to arrive at the mean number of organisms per sampling unit. There are three main ways of taking samples. 1. RANDOM SAMPLING Random sampling is usually carried out when the area under study is   fairly uniform, very large, and or there is limited time available. When using random   sampling techniques, large numbers of samples/records are taken from different positions   within the habitat. A quadrat frame is most often used for this type of sampling. The   frame is placed on the ground (or on whatever is being investigated) and the animals, and/   or plants inside it counted, measured, or collected, depending on what the survey is for.   This is done many times at different points within the habitat to give a large number of   different samples. In the simplest form of random sampling, the quadrat is thrown to   fall at random within the site. However, this is usually unsatisfactory   because a personal element inevitably enters into the throwing and it is not truly random.   True randomness is an important element in ecology, because statistics are widely used to   process the results of sampling. Many of the common statistical techniques used are only   valid on data that is truly randomly collected. This technique is also only possible if   quadrats of small size are being used. It would be impossible to throw anything larger   than a 1m2 quadrat and even this might pose problems.   Within habitats such as woodlands or scrub areas, it is also often not possible to   physically lay quadrat frames down, because tree trunks and shrubs get in the way. In this   case, an area the same size as the quadrat has to be measured out instead and the corners   marked to indicate the quadrat area to be sampled. A better method of random sampling is to map the area and then to lay a numbered grid   over the map. A (computer generated) random number table is then used to select which   squares to sample in. ( Random number Table ). For example,   if we have mapped our habitat , and have then laid a numbered grid over it as shown   (Figure - below) , we could then choose which squares we should sample in by using the   random number table .   A numbered grid map of an area to be sampled If we look at the top of the first column in the random number table , our first number is 20. Moving downwards, the next two   numbers in the random number table would be 74 and 94, but our highest numbered square on   our grid is only 29 (Figure above). We would therefore ignore 74 and 94 and move on to the   next number which is 22. We would then sample in Square 22. Continuing down the figures in   this column, we would soon come across the number 20 again. As we have already se


What is the extramarital dating website whose subscription list was hacked in July 2015?

Online Cheating Site AshleyMadison Hacked — Krebs on Security In a long manifesto posted alongside the stolen ALM data, The Impact Team said it decided to publish the information in response to alleged lies ALM told its customers about a service that allows members to completely erase their profile information for a $19 fee . According to the hackers, although the “full delete” feature that Ashley Madison advertises promises “removal of site usage history and personally identifiable information from the site,” users’ purchase details — including real name and address — aren’t actually scrubbed. “Full Delete netted ALM $1.7mm in revenue in 2014. It’s also a complete lie,” the hacking group wrote. “Users almost always pay with credit card; their purchase details are not removed as promised, and include real name and address, which is of course the most important information the users want removed.” Their demands continue: “Avid Life Media has been instructed to take Ashley Madison and Established Men offline permanently in all forms, or we will release all customer records, including profiles with all the customers’ secret sexual fantasies and matching credit card transactions, real names and addresses, and employee documents and emails. The other websites may stay online.” A snippet of the message left behind by the Impact Team. It’s unclear how much of the AshleyMadison user account data has been posted online. For now, it appears the hackers have published a relatively small percentage of AshleyMadison user account data and are planning to publish more for each day the company stays online. “Too bad for those men, they’re cheating dirtbags and deserve no such discretion,” the hackers continued. “Too bad for ALM, you promised secrecy but didn’t deliver. We’ve got the complete set of profiles in our DB dumps, and we’ll release them soon if Ashley Madison stays online. And with over 37 million members, mostly from the US and Canada, a significant percentage of the population is about to have a very bad day, including many rich and powerful people.” ALM CEO Biderman declined to discuss specifics of the company’s investigation, which he characterized as ongoing and fast-moving. But he did suggest that the incident may have been the work of someone who at least at one time had legitimate, inside access to the company’s networks — perhaps a former employee or contractor. “We’re on the doorstep of [confirming] who we believe is the culprit, and unfortunately that may have triggered this mass publication,” Biderman said. “I’ve got their profile right in front of me, all their work credentials. It was definitely a person here that was not an employee but certainly had touched our technical services.” As if to support this theory, the message left behind by the attackers gives something of a shout out to ALM’s director of security. “Our one apology is to Mark Steele (Director of Security),” the manifesto reads. “You did everything you could, but nothing you could have done could have stopped this.” Several of the leaked internal documents indicate ALM was hyper aware of the risks of a data breach. In a Microsoft Excel document that apparently served as a questionnaire for employees about challenges and risks facing the company, employees were asked “In what area would you hate to see something go wrong?” Trevor Stokes, ALM’s chief technology officer, put his worst fears on the table: “Security,” he wrote. “I would hate to see our systems hacked and/or the leak of personal information.” In the wake of the AdultFriendFinder breach, many wondered whether AshleyMadison would be next. As the Wall Street Journal noted in a May 2015 brief titled “ Risky Business for AshleyMadison.com ,” the company had voiced  plans for an initial public offering  in London later this year with the hope of raising as much as $200 million. “Given the breach at AdultFriendFinder, investors will have to think of hack attacks as a risk factor,” the WSJ wrote. “And given its business’s reliance on confidentiality, prospective AshleyMadison investors should ho


What is the term in India for one who drives and keeps a working elephant?

Elephant Anatomy - Elephant Nature Park Elephant Anatomy Elephant Senses: Sight Sight: Rather poor vision capable of seeing clearly only at very short distances up to about 10 metres. The sight of an elephant is quite poor and they can only see for short distances of up to 20 metres.  In by-gone days elephant riders mounted on tame elephants were able to venture unnoticed into wild herds to select those suitable for training and subsequent sale.The eye is small in comparison with the head and there is only a vestigial tear gland.  Elephants do not have a tear duct and ‘tears’ simply evaporate or run down the cheek.  Sight improves when in jungle areas or shade.The poor eyesight is more than compensated by excellent hearing, sense of smell and tactile sense. Elephant Senses: Hearing Hearing: Excellent hearing superior to human standards. Large ears act as amplifiers and warn of possible dangers.Asian e lephant’s ear Hearing ability is amongst the best of all land creatures. The range of elephants hearing is much superior than that of human beings. They communicate in extremely low ranges and sounds can travel many kilometers. It is thought that this ability is mainly used when communicating between a female in heat looking for a suitable male companion. The sound made is beyond the range of the human year but is said to contribute to the “rumble in the jungle”The“knuckle”  found at the back of the ear is amongst the softest parts of the body and is used by professional elephant riders (mahouts) to steer and direct the creature.The ear of the Asian (pictured left) and African elephant differ in shape. The Asian’s is said to resemble a map of India; the African’s a map of the African continent. Elephant Senses: Smell Smell: Highly developed sense of smell thought to be superior to that of any other land mammal.Elephants have an extremely developed sense of smell. The nostrils are, of course at the tip of the trunk. They use smell to differentiate between different herd members.One of the first things a calf smells is the dung of the mother. When dropped, shortly after the calf’s birth, it is associates her scent to her baby.Elephants can detect scents from long distances, up to several kilometres. Elephant Senses: Touch Touch: Acute deftness of balance achieved by high tactile sense. The trunk, an incredibly versatile organ, contributes greatly to this ability and is covered in a separate section on this page.Elephants love to touch each other. Explore friends with their trunk or slide sniff at their mate. They are an extremely sensitive creature. They also use touch for much more important activities. When they walk on untested ground they use the trunk to feel out the safe route. When they are assured of the ground’s firmness they place the front foot forward. The rear foot then goes exactly into the same footprint.Friends enjoy touching each other using the trunk as an arm. Elephant Senses: Taste Taste: Comparable to all higher animals and can easily distinguish between unsuitable, suitable and favoured fodder.Elephants love to eat so much that they spend 20 hours per day snacking and eating.They can consume some 200-300 kg of jungle foliage per day and drink up to 100 litres of water. They grow six sets of teeth during approximately 70 years of life. When the last row of teeth grinds down the animal will generally die from hunger. Contrary to popular belief in the west elephants generally do not display a preference for buns or sweet cakes, preferring jungle food. Heartbeat: A comparison between the heart-beat of man, mouse and elephant Heartbeat, of mouse, man and elephant Illustrations are of a human heart and  depict the *heart-beat rate difference of the species.  Smallest mammals have faster heart beats than larger ones. There is quite a difference*Average beats when resting. Mouse 28 beats per minute   If your heart is beating as fast as the mouse or as slow as the elephant see a doctor immediately Breeding Patterns and Birth Males are highly individualistic and only join the herd for mating seasons. Their penis i


… and in Canada for one who drives a dog sled?

Sled Dog Central: Canadian Rides & Tours Amanda Sinclair,Valemount, British Columbia,V0E 2Z0 and Jasper, Alberta, Canada Phone: 250 968 6808 Email: cfcdogsledding@yahoo.com Climb aboard Canada's oldest form of winter transport. What better way to venture deep into the heart of the Canadian Rockies, than behind a team of enthusiastic and friendly Alaskan Huskies. 1hr, 3hr, and 4hr tours available daily. Mush your own team or have one of our guides Mush you. Sally Swan, Prince George, British Columbia, V2K 5K1, Canada Phone: 250 967-4479 Email: dogpoweradventures@yahoo.ca Come discover the "Spirit of the Sled Dog" and experience first hand the enchantment of the trail! Winter wonderland dog sledding tours, training camps (skijoring, sledding, scootering), summer/fall presentations & demonstrations, Girls Spring Camp, birthday parties, fun days, and the ultimate "Life of a Musher" Program. Your 4 Seasons Sled Dog Connection! Phone: 416-746-7427 Toll Free in North America: 1-866-383-9453 All inclusive dog sled wilderness trips in Algonquin Park, Canada. Round trip   transportation from Toronto available. Paul Amano, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P0T 1X0, Canada Phone: 1-877-933-4224 Email: borealjourneys@xplornet.com Come make friends with our Iditarod finishing huskies and travel with them through the storied landscape of north western Ontario. Burton Penner, Vermilion Bay, Ontario, Canada Phone: Toll Free (888)-240-3739 Email: borealisdogsled@juno.com Dogsled tours in Canadian wilderness and art gallery. Drive a dog team across the   wilderness of northwestern Ontario, including Woodland Caribou Provincial Park. 1 to 10   day trips are available by operator with 20 years experience. 23 Edward St., Markham, Ontario L3P 2N9, Canada Phone: 416-200-Wild (Wild = 9453), Toll Free: 1-800-776-Wild (Canada Wide) Fax: 905-472-Wild E-mail: adventure@call-wild.com In the summer we offer various exciting trips including wilderness camping, guided   canoe trips, and hiking. In the winter we have dog sledding expeditions, snowshoeing,   cross country skiing, or snowmobile safaris! All of the trips are in Ontario, in such   beautiful areas as Algonquin Park, Killarney Park, Temagami, and the Haliburton Highlands. Paul J. Reid, Box 674, South River, Ontario P0A  1X0, Canada Phone: 705-386-0344, Fax: 705-386-0344 E-mail: chocpaw@on.aibn.com One to Five day dog sledding adventures in the less traveled north west region of   Algonquin Park. Extended expeditions through James Bay and Temagami. Ken Turner, P.O. Box 59IN, Magnetawan, Ontario POA 1PO, Canada Phone: Toll Free 888-661-3669, Fax: 705-387-0216 E-mail: woodland@onlink.net Explore Ontario's Near North. Come learn to drive your own team in 1/2 and full day   tours. Ontario Dogsledding, Snowmobile & Horseback Adventures Matt & Penny Nicol, Box 211, Maynooth, Ontario K0L 2S0 For the horses visit www.ridethewilderness.com For the snowmobiles visit www.ridethewilderness.com/snow.htm For the dogteams visit www.ridethewilderness.com/ontariodogsledding.htm Country Inn - dog sledding packages, outdoor hot tub. spa services/gourmet packages. M.U.S.H.E.R.S. Making Unique Siberian Husky Experiences Running Sleds Sudbury East, Ontario, Canada Jennifer Crawford, Warren, Ontario, P0H 2N0 Canada Phone: 705-867-1247 Email: info@sledtours.ca We offer pre-packaged or custom dog-sled tours from a few hours to days. Camping or log-cabin accommodations are available. Book your dog-sled tour online. Gail Palmer, Cochrane, Ontario, Canada Phone: 705-935-0859 E-mail: ravensadventures@yahoo.ca Dogsled tours from one hour and up, moonlight tours, ice fishing excursions, overnight trips and group rides. Also available to provide dogsled rides at winter carnivals, schools etc. and for other special events.


Which region’s name is Persian for Five Waters, alluding to five tributaries of the Indus?

information about Punjab Pakistan Travel             agencies in pakistan Punjab Pakistan Punjab is the most populous          province of Pakistan, with approximately 56% of the country's          total population.Forming most of the Punjab region, the province          is bordered by Kashmir (Azad Kashmir, Pakistan and Jammu and          Kashmir, India) to the north-east, the Indian states of Punjab          and Rajasthan to the east, the Pakistani province of Sindh to          the south, the province of Balochistan to the southwest, the          province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and the Islamabad          Capital Territory to the north. The Punjab is home to the Punjabis          and various other groups. The main languages are Punjabi and          Saraiki and the dialects of Mewati and Potowari. The name Punjab          derives from the Persian words Panj Five. and Ab (Water), i.e.          (the) Five Waters - referring to five tributaries of the Indus          River from which is also the origin of the name of "India" - these being Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, that flow          through the larger Punjab. Punjab is the most developed, most populous, and most prosperous          province of Pakistan.Lahore has traditionally been the capital          of Punjab for a thousand years; it is Punjab's main cultural,          historical, administrative and economic center. Historically,          the Punjab region has been the gateway to the Indian subcontinent          for invaders who came from Greece, Central Asia, Iran and Afghanistan.          Due to its stategic location, it has been part of various empires          and dynasties throughout history, including the Indus Valley          Civilization, Aryans, Kushans, Scythians, Greeks, Persians,          Arabs, Turks, Ghaznavids, Timurids, Mughals, Afghans, Sikhs          and the British. The Greeks referred to Punjab as Pentapotamia, an inland           delta of five converging rivers. In Avesta, the sacred text           of Zoroastrians, the Punjab region is associated with the           ancient hapta h?ndu or Sapta Sindhu, the Land of Seven Rivers.The           British used to call Punjab "Our Prussia." History of Punjab Punjab during Mahabharata times was known as Panchanada. Punjab           was the cradle of the Indus Valley Civilization, more than 4000 years old. The main site of the Indus Valley Civilization           in Punjab was the city of Harrapa. The Indus Valley Civilization           spanned much of what is today Pakistan and eventually evolved           into the Indo-Aryan civilization. The arrival of the Indo-Aryans           led to the flourishing of the Vedic civilization along the           length of the Indus River. This civilization shaped subsequent           cultures in South Asia and Afghanistan. Although the archaeological           site at Harappa was partially damaged in 1857 when engineers           constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad used brick from the           Harappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artifacts           have nevertheless been found. Punjab was part of the great           ancient empires including the Gandhara Mahajanapadas, Mauryas,           Kushans and Hindu Shahi. Agriculture flourished and trading           cities (such as Multan and Lahore) grew in wealth. The Aryans           invaded Punjab between 1500 B.C. and 500 B.C.; they called           Punjab Arya-Varta, or the land of Arya. The Rig Vedas are           also supposed to have been written in Punjab. Due to its location, the Punjab region came under cons


Which prizes does Harvard award annually for trivial achievements in scientific research?

Ig Nobel Awards honor the wackiest scientific studies of the year Ig Nobel Awards honor the wackiest scientific studies of the year bryanh September 30, 2011 A moment from the 2006 Ig Nobel Awards ceremony. Image: Jeff.Dlouhy/Flickr/CC BY The 2011 Ig Nobel Prize winners were announced Thursday in a ceremony held at Harvard University’s Sanders Theatre. Winners of the annual award for improbable scientific research went to such unlikely studies as why a certain beetle mates with a certain type of beer bottle and why discus throwers get dizzy from spinning around. Laugh and then think The 21-year-old annual Ig Nobel awards are an American parody of the Nobel Prize. The award honors unlikely or trivial achievements in science. The stated purpose of the awards is to “first make people laugh, and then make them think.” The awards are sponsored by the humorous scientific journal, Annals of Improbable Research. The irreverent ceremony features funny hats, paper plane flying, a little girl berating the winners and other forms of wackiness. The prize has become regarded more and more as an honor in the scientific community. Seven of this years winners traveled to Harvard for last night’s ceremony at their own expense. The 2011 award winners This year, the physiology prize went to Anna Wilkinson of the University of Lincoln for a research paper entitled “No Evidence of Contagious Yawning in the Red-Footed Tortoise.” The chemistry prize was taken by a team from Shiga University in Japan for an alarm system designed to wake sleepers during a fire by flinging a precise amount of wasabi horse radish at them. The medicine prize was shared by two teams, one European and one American, for determining that the urge to urinate causes us to make better decisions about some things and worse decisions about others. Karl Halvor Teigen of the University of Oslo snagged the psychology prize for his research on why humans sigh. Stanford University’s John Perry took the literature award for his paper “The Theory of Structured Procrastination,” which demonstrates how to get some things done while putting other things off. The biology prize was awarded to Darryl Gwynne and David Rentz for studying why a certain type of beetle likes to try to mate with a certain kind of bumpy Australian beer bottle. Philippe Perrin was awarded the physics prize for his work ascertaining why discus throwers get dizzy. The peace prize went to the mayor of Vilnius, Lithuania, Arturas Zuokas, for determining that the problem of illegally parked cars can be solved by flattening them with an armored tank. John Senders of the University of Toronto won the public safety award for his research on the hazards of maneuvering on a major highway while the sun visor repeatedly flaps in the driver’s face. The mathematics prize was shared by a host of doom predictors from Pat Robertson to Elizabeth Clare. All of them falsely predicted the end of the world, proving, says the judges, that one needs to be cautious when making mathematical calculations and assumptions. ‘Better luck next year’ The ceremony concluded with Marc Abrahams, editor of the Annals of Improbable Research, saying: “If you didn’t win an Ig Nobel prize tonight — and especially if you did — better luck next year.” The real Nobel Prize ceremony will be held in Sweden next week. Sources


In cricket, if a batsman had been victim to a Mankad, as what would his dismissal be recorded?

So what is the Mankad Run Out? So what is the Mankad Run Out? So what is the Mankad Run Out? Tags: Cricwaves Columns Published on: Feb 22, 2012 The Mankad Run Out is a very rare dismissal in Cricket. Its not something that gets mentioned in each and every match. But yesterday’s incident at the Gabba when India bowler R Ashwin appealed for a Mankad Run Out against Sri Lankan Lahiru Thirimanne, the rare dismissal once again got into the limelight. So what is the Mankad Run Out? Well its the Run Out of the non-striker by the bowler without releasing the ball when he finds that the former is backing out of his crease way too early! Its a bizarre situation where the ball doesn’t get recorded but the wicket is deemed to have fallen that of the non-striker who was caught backing out of the crease even before the bowler had released the ball to the striker. Generally, its for the bowlers to first warn the non-striker that he has to stay in the crease according to the law of the game in presence of the Umpire. And even then, if the non-striker continues to do so, the bowler is entitled to run him out during his delivery stride. The ICC Law regarding this doesn’t state of any prior warning to be given but its expected to be given by the bowler for keeping up the spirit of the game. It is fair for the non-striker to leave his crease when the ball is released by the bowler to the striker so that he can cover some distance already which is crucial in stealing the quick runs. However, if the non-striker does that even before the ball is released, it comes under unfair play and he could be run out by the bowler! The Mankad Run Out is also called as ‘Mankaded’. The name comes from one of India’s greatest cricketers - Vinoo Mankad. The late Vinoo Mankad was the first player in international cricket to actually run out a non-striker backing up at his crease even before the ball was released. That famous incident took place on December 13, 1947 when Vinoo Mankad in his delivery stride ran out Australian Bill Brown who was backing out of his crease at the non-striker in a Test Match at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Vinoo Mankad was criticized severely for breaching the sportsman’s spirit. But his style of dismissing Bill Brown had come after a similar dismissal to the same batsman in a tour match for the Indians against an Australian XI and also giving the batsman a prior warning in the Test Match. It can be debated that some players unknowingly have the habit of leaving their crease too early and in that moment can be caught off-guard! Ever since that incident in Sydney wayback in 1947, any run out happening in this fashion was named as Mankad Run Out or simply Mankaded! The last time a batsman got out in this fashion was in 1992/93 when the great India all-rounder Mankaded South Africa’s premier batsman Peter Kirsten in a One Day International at Port Elizabeth. A heated argument took place between a furious Peter Kirsten and Kapil Dev but it did not stop the Umpires from upholding the Mankad Run Out. There were three instances in international cricket that have been recorded with the bowler finding the non-striker off-guard backing-up but then refusing to claim the wicket. West Indies fast bowler Courtney Walsh refused to claim the run out of Pakistan’s Saleem Jaffar in the 1987 Reliance World Cup match. It was a decision that backfired on the West Indies as it cost them a place in the Semi-Finals of the World Cup but something that gave Walsh a special place in upholding the spirit of the game. In another instance, in 2003, Bangladesh’s left-arm spinner Mohammad Rafique too sacrificed a Mankad style of running out Pakistan’s Umar Gul in a Test Match at Multan. Had Rafique done that, Bangladesh would have pulled off an upset win over hosts Pakistan but it was instead Inzamam-ul-Haq taking his side to a 1-wicket win. The third instance of a possible Mankad Run Out was of course seen yesterday at the Gabba but the Indian team didn’t want to take the criticism of going against the spirit of the game and decided to take Lahiru Thirimanne’s mist


Of which 1969 film was 15-year-old Billy Casper the central character?

Billy (Character) - Biography biography from Kes (1969) The content of this page was created by users. It has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff. Warning! This character biography may contain plot spoilers. Visit our Character Biography Help to learn more. Character Biography History Discuss Billy Casper is a delinquent schoolboy and the protagonist of "A Kestrel for A Knave", which is one day in his life. He lives in a poor mining town in the North of England. Billy's household consists of his mother, Mrs. Casper and his brother Jud, both of which he has a poor relationship with and his family may be described as being "dysfunctional". Billy is fifteen years old at the time of the novel and he is in his final term of school. He is undecided about his occupation after leaving school, he is only sure that he is not working in the coal mines "down t'pit" where his brother, Jud works. Billy, before acquiring his pet kestrel, Kes, is delinquent and destructive and is involved in a gang but after getting the bird, he focuses mainly on training the kestrel and cares little about anything else. Billy is forced to steal and lie but this is more due to necessity and not because he is destructive. Page last updated by dinoslayer33-1 , 7 years ago


Which real-life baseball manager and former player was the central character of the 2011 film Moneyball?

Where are A's real-life stars of 'Moneyball'? - SFGate Where are A's real-life stars of 'Moneyball'? 'MONEYBALL' By Susan Slusser , San Francisco Chronicle Published 10:05 pm, Tuesday, September 20, 2011 Photo: Carlo Allegri, AP Close Image 1 of 31 In this Sept. 10, 2011 photo, actor Brad Pitt poses for a portrait to promote his film "Moneyball" during the 36th Toronto International Film Festival in Toronto, Canada. Two-time Oscar nominee Brad Pitt came to Toronto with his baseball tale "Moneyball," putting in a flamboyant performance as iconoclastic Oakland A's general manager Billy Beane. (AP Photo/Carlo Allegri) less In this Sept. 10, 2011 photo, actor Brad Pitt poses for a portrait to promote his film "Moneyball" during the 36th Toronto International Film Festival in Toronto, Canada. Two-time Oscar nominee Brad Pitt came ... more Photo: Carlo Allegri, AP Image 2 of 31 General Manager Billy Beane listens to Ben Sheets speak to the media after the pitcher agreed to a one-year contract with the Oakland Athletics in Oakland, Calif., on Tuesday, Jan. 26, 2010. The A's signed the right-hander who sat out the entire 2009 season rehabbing from elbow surgery.  Ran on: 07-20-2010 Billy Beane will be played by Brad Pitt in the movie version of &quo;Moneyball.&quo; Ran on: 07-20-2010 Billy Beane will be played by Brad Pitt in the movie version of &quo;Moneyball.&quo; Ran on: 08-25-2011 A's general manager Billy Beane is rumored to be open to a Cubs overture. Ran on: 08-25-2011  Ran on: 09-21-2011 Brad Pitt, top, isn't exactly a dead ringer for Billy Beane, above, but the A's general manager is pleased with the actor's portrayal. Ran on: 09-21-2011 Brad Pitt, top, impressed A's GM Billy Beane, above, with his efforts to get the movie made. less General Manager Billy Beane listens to Ben Sheets speak to the media after the pitcher agreed to a one-year contract with the Oakland Athletics in Oakland, Calif., on Tuesday, Jan. 26, 2010. The A's signed the ... more Photo: Paul Chinn, The Chronicle Image 3 of 31 Oakland Athletics manager Bob Melvin is seen prior to the baseball game against the Texas Rangers Tuesday, Sept. 20, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. (AP Photo/Ben Margot) Oakland Athletics manager Bob Melvin is seen prior to the baseball game against the Texas Rangers Tuesday, Sept. 20, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. (AP Photo/Ben Margot) Photo: Ben Margot, AP Image 4 of 31 Stephen Bishop, left, and David Justice attend a gala screening for the film '"Moneyball" during the Toronto International Film Festival on Friday, Sept. 9 2011 in Toronto. (AP Photo/Evan Agostini) Stephen Bishop, left, and David Justice attend a gala screening for the film '"Moneyball" during the Toronto International Film Festival on Friday, Sept. 9 2011 in Toronto. (AP Photo/Evan Agostini) Photo: Evan Agostini, AP Image 5 of 31 Jonah Hill arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Jonah Hill arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 6 of 31 Phillip Seymour Hoffman arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Phillip Seymour Hoffman arrives for the world premiere of "Moneyball" at the Paramount Theatre on Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Photo: Noah Berger, Special To The Chronicle Image 7 of 31 Actor Chris Pratt, left, and former Oakland Athletic Scott Hatteberg arrive at the Paramount Theatre of the Arts for the premiere screening of the movie "Moneyball" Monday, Sept. 19, 2011, in Oakland, Calif. Pratt portrayed Hatteberg in the film. (AP Photo/Ben Margot) Ran on: 09-20-2011 Scott Hatteberg, meet Scott Hatteberg. Actor Chris Pratt (left) plays Hatteberg in the movie, and the real deal (right) approves. &quo;Having it put in a movie is too cool,&quo; Hatteberg said. less Actor Chris Pratt, left, and former Oakland Athletic Scott Hatteberg arrive at the Paramount Theatre of the Arts for the


Which language gave English the word kahuna as in “the big kahuna”?

kahuna - definition of kahuna in English | Oxford Dictionaries Definition of kahuna in English: kahuna 1(in Hawaii) a wise man or shaman. Example sentences ‘As a kahuna, she decided to prepare a multitude of students to share lomi lomi with the world.’ ‘The native Hawaiian descendant of the last kahuna nui in Waimea had to mortgage and lease the land.’ ‘Indeed, a self-appointed kahuna, described a kahuna as a spiritual teacher who acts as a bridge between the spiritual and the material world and is also an expert in his field.’ ‘‘Ask for your needs, not your wants,’ whispers the kahuna nui outside the entrance.’ ‘Hawaiian history was passed along orally through mele, or chants, by the kahunas, or high priests.’ ‘And King Kalakaua was sent here by his kahuna in 1874 to purge himself before ascending the throne.’ ‘With time, that study may even reveal the nature of sacred lands, and tell us what powers were invested in the kahuna nui.’ ‘You can also meet with a kahuna, a local expert who practices the ancient, rich tradition of using healing plants.’ ‘Likewise, the focus of the ancient Hawaiian kapu or law sought to focus on the relationships of kauwa not only with the kahuna and aliyi, but with all of the other groups.’ ‘When someone died, the kahuna aumakau (priest of the appropriate ancestral deity) of the dead person came and ritually sacrificed a pig or a chicken to ensure that the soul would live with its ancestors.’ 1.1North American informal An important person; the person in charge: ‘one big kahuna runs the whole show’ More example sentences ‘They put it in this little teeny guy down there and missed the big kahuna,’ the big LAD down the center.’ ‘We're going to be looking at the top banana, the big kahuna, the cream of the crop.’ ‘Well, it looks like the big kahunas of contemporary literature have found a new cause.’ ‘The big kahuna, though, was getting a tour of the hotel.’ ‘For some reason, some of the big kahunas are distancing themselves from it…’ ‘Every other pitcher on the team steps aside to accommodate the big kahuna.’ ‘Financial numbers are made to look good and stock values are manipulated so that the big kahunas get those juicy stock options.’ ‘Bucks kahuna George Karl always has been one of the league's grumpiest coaches, hut even he had been feeling a bit bluer than usual lately, suffering from a lack of fulfillment at work that dales back about a year.’ Synonyms famous person, vip, very important person, personality, name, big name, famous name, household name, star, superstar, celebutante, leading light, giant, great, master, guru 1.2North American informal (in surfing) a very large wave. Synonyms


Which metallic element is the essential additive to steel when making stainless steel?

The Elements of Steel .  Streamliners: America's Lost Trains    . WGBH American Experience  | PBS Iron is the main ingredient in various forms of iron and steel, but the various types of metals contain other elements as well. Sometimes these elements are unwanted; other times they're intentionally added. The Elements Used in Steel Carbon (C): Carbon, a nonmetallic element, forms a number of organic and inorganic compounds and can be found in coal, petroleum and limestone. It is the principle strengthening element in carbon steels and low-alloy steels. Atomic number 6, atomic weight 12.01115. Manganese (Mn): Manganese is a brittle, metallic element that exists in the ore of pyrolusite. When making steel, it reacts with sulfur and helps to increase the metal's resistance to heat. Atomic number 25, atomic weight 54.9380. Phosphorus (P): Phosphorus is a poisonous, nonmetallic element that helps protect metal surfaces from corrosion. Atomic number 15, atomic weight 30.9738. Sulfur (S): Sulfur is a nonmetallic element found mainly in volcanic and sedimentary deposits. Sulfur, in the form of iron sulfide, can cause steel to be too porous and prone to cracking. Atomic number 16, atomic weight 32.064. Silicon (Si): Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust and can be found in rocks, sand and clay. It acts as a deoxidizer in steel production. Atomic number 14, atomic weight 28.086. Nickel (Ni): Nickel is a hard, metallic element that found in igneous rocks. Without nickel, stainless steel would be less resistant to heat and corrosion. Atomic number 28, atomic weight 58.71. Chromium (Cr): Chromium, a metallic element, is found in the earth's crust. It is used in the production of stainless steel to make the steel resistant to oxidation and corrosion. Atomic number 24, atomic weight 51.996. The Elements of Steel Composition (percent by mass) Cast Iron


The Appalachian and Hammered are two types of which traditional musical instrument?

Hammered Dulcimer Page - Celtic Music Instruments Celtic Music Instruments Tweet on Twitter The hammered dulcimer is an instrument played by striking strings stretched over a trapezoidal sounding board using small mallets held in each hand. The Graeco-Roman word “dulcimer” has been part derived from the Latin term dulcis, meaning sweet and the Greek term melos, meaning song. The dulcimer, in which the strings are struck with small hammers, is much like the musical instrument psaltery that requires its strings to be plucked . Soon after the emergence of the dulcimer, musicians perceived that the different mechanisms used to play the two instruments, which eventually led to the formation of two distinct families, actually produced different tone qualities. While the psaltery eventually evolved into the harpsichord, the dulcimer grew into what musicians call the pianoforte today. Table of Contents History of the Hammered Dulcimer A woman playing the hammered dulcimer in the painting Hasht-Behesht Palace santur in Iran, 1669 For most people living in the United States, the hammered dulcimer is a very foreign object that doesn’t seem to fit well with other more familiar instruments like the guitar, piano, etc. However, unbeknownst to many, the hammered dulcimer enjoyed widespread popularity across the world at one point. This musical instrument possibly originated in the Middle East around 900 AD . Its use in traditional music spread from the region of North Africa to Europe until eventually finding a home in Spain among the Spanish Moors in the 1100’s. Though called other names, such as tympanum in France and possibly Ireland, cimbalom in Hungary and hackbrett in Germany, the hammered dulcimer remained a popular musical instrument across Eastern and Western Europe during the Middle Ages . However, despite its popularity across the world, this instrument’s existence virtually disappeared during the first half of the 20th century, leaving many people scratching their heads today wondering why. Some have speculated it was due to pianos becoming more fashionable, leaving the hammered dulcimer behind. Fortunately, the stringed instrument is now seeing a revival among Celtic music players  as well as other musicians, with new hammered dulcimers being produced and musicians taking a keen interest in playing the once forgotten instrument . Types of Dulcimers Variations of the hammered dulcimer are played in India, Iran, Iraq, China, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, Switzerland, Poland, the Czech Republic, Belarus, Ukraine and Scandinavia as well as across the United Kingdom and the United States, where its use in traditional folk music started to witness a revival during the late 20th century. This traditional stringed instrument can be heard at contemporary music festivals that are known to feature folk compositions, with special attention paid to dulcimer music. Hammered Dulcimer A hammered dulcimer is set on a stand, at a certain angle, for the musician holding small mallet hammers in each hand to strike the strings. Extensively used during the Middle Ages in England, Italy, France, Germany, Spain and the Netherlands, the hammered dulcimer developed a distinctive name in each region and was regarded as a form of psaltery. Appalachian Dulcimer The Appalachian dulcimer is a fretted string instrument belonging to the zither family and it typically has three or four strings. Having originated in the Appalachian region of the United States, the body of this dulcimer extends the length of its fingerboard and its fretting is usually diatonic. Even though the mountain dulcimer first emerged among Scottish-Irish immigrants during the 19th century, the instrument is not known to have a predecessor in Scotland or Ireland. Because of the dearth of documentation, the mountain dulcimer’s evolution has remained largely speculative, with researchers tracing the instrument’s development through different periods. They believe its origins lay in several European instruments, including Norway’s Langeleik, Sweden’s Hummel, France’s epinette des Vosges an


In which field was Marie Stopes (1880-1958) a pioneer?

BBC - History -   Historic Figures: Marie Stopes (1880 - 1958) Historic Figures z Marie Stopes, 1918    © Stopes was a campaigner for women's rights and a pioneer in the field of family planning. Marie Stopes was born on 15 October 1880 in Edinburgh to an archaeologist father and scholarly mother who was also a suffragist. Her studies as a paleobotanist took her to universities in London and Munich, then to Manchester where she became the first female member of the science faculty at the university. In 1911, she married Reginald Ruggles Gates. The relationship quickly broke down, and Marie realised that her husband was impotent and the marriage was unconsummated. It was annulled in 1914. Stopes' reading on the subject prompted her first book 'Married Love', which was published in 1918. The book was condemned by churches, the medical establishment and the press but was very popular, selling 2,000 copies within a fortnight. Thousands of women wrote to ask her advice. Marie Stopes became famous overnight, and used the publicity to advance her cause. A second book, 'Wise Parenthood', followed. In the same year, Stopes married Humphrey Verdon Roe who was very supportive of her views. They had a son in 1924. In 1921, Stopes opened a family planning clinic in Holloway, north London, the first in the country. It offered a free service to married women and also gathered data about contraception. In 1925, the clinic moved to central London and others opened across the country. By 1930, other family planning organisations had been set up and they joined forces with Stopes to form the National Birth Control Council (later the Family Planning Association). The Catholic church was Stopes's fiercest critic. In 1923, Stopes sued Catholic doctor Halliday Sutherland for libel. She lost, won at appeal and then lost again in the House of Lords, but the case generated huge publicity for Stopes's views. Stopes continued to campaign for women to have better access to birth control, but spent most of the last two decades of her life writing poetry. She died on 2 October 1958.


“It’s the way I tell ‘em!” was one of the catchphrases of which comedian?

Frank Carson's best jokes - Mirror Online It's Frank Carson (Photo: PA)  Share Get daily updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Thank you for subscribing! Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email Frank Carson, who has died aged 85, was known for his witty one-liners and his catchphrases "It's a cracker" and "It's the way I tell 'em". The Belfast-born comedian was particularly famous for his Irish jokes after making his name in stand-up on Opportunity Knocks. As he got older, he kept his irrepressible and irreverent sense of humour to the last. When he met Pope Benedict XVI, the Pope asked him: "did you ever meet Elvis Presley?" and Frank said "no, I have not but it won't be long now." Last February, he quipped: "Now, when I wake up every morning the first thing I do is stick my two elbows out and if I don’t feel the sides of a coffin I’m quite happy." Comedian Frank Carson dies, aged 85, after cancer battle Here is a collection of Frank's crackers... * My father fought in World War I single-handedly destroyed the Germans' lines of communication. He ate their pigeon. * Paddy calls a wrong number at 3am. "Is that O'Malley's Bar?" he asks. "No it's not, this is a private residence." "Oh, I must have the wrong number. Sorry to have troubled you," says Paddy. "Ah it's no trouble," says the stranger. "I had to get up to answer the phone anyway." * A fella walks into a pet shop and says: “Give me a wasp.” The shopkeeper replies: “We don’t sell wasps.” He says: “There’s one in the window.” * Someone threw a petrol bomb at Alex Higgins once. He drank it. * A man goes into Boots and says: “Have you got Viagra?” “Do you have a prescription?” asks the chemist. “No,” he replies, “But I’ve got a photograph of the wife...” * A fella walked into hospital and the doctor said: “You’ve got three minutes to live.” The man said: “Can you do something for me?” “Yes,” he said. “I’ll boil you an egg.” * I don't think my wife likes me very much. When I had a heart attack she wrote for an ambulance. * A fella said to the doctor: “What’s the good news?” “You’ve got 24 hours to live.” He says: “What’s the bad news?” And the doc says: “We should have told you yesterday.” * I rang British Telecom. I said, “I want to report a nuisance caller.” He said: "Not you again.” * My uncle Jimmy took liver salts twice a day for 40 years. He died on Sunday, was buried Wednesday and the following Friday they had to go to the cemetery to beat his liver to death with a stick. * My wife said to me: “If you won the lottery, would you still love me?” I said: “Of course I would. I’d miss you, but I’d still love you.” * An Irishman's wife gave birth to twins. Her husband demanded to know who the other man was. * Have you heard about the Irishman who reversed into a car boot sale and sold the engine? Still want more? Here's two videos of his stand-up sets Video Loading


What do the Argentinians call what we call the Falkland Islands?

What do Argentinians call the Falkland Islands? - crossword puzzle clues & answers - Dan Word «Let me solve it for you» What do Argentinians call the Falkland Islands? Today's crossword puzzle clue is a cryptic one: What do Argentinians call the Falkland Islands?. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. Here are the possible solutions for "What do Argentinians call the Falkland Islands?" clue. It was last seen in British cryptic crossword. We have 1 possible answer in our database. Possible answer:


What is the most common alternative name for the gnu?

20 Most Popular Open Source Software Ever 20 Most Popular Open Source Software Ever by Tom Walker | Mar 10, 2010 | Tools | 125 comments 20 Most Popular Open Source Software Ever These days, you can quite easily buy a brand-spanking-new computer and install all the software you need for free, using applications offered under the Open Software License. You can get a free image editor, a free sound editor, a free word processor, media player, file archiver, PDF creator… the list goes on and on and on. While some of these free apps do not offer quite the same level of polished functionality as their commercial rivals, others far exceed the capabilities of everything else on the market. Below, we take a close look at the cream of the crop: 20 invaluable and indispensable open source applications that you really should be using, if you’re not already. The vast majority of them are cross-platform and absolutely 100% free! You’re bound to find several that are perfectly suited to your needs. As you might have suspected, WordPress is #1 on the list, and for good reason! If you like WordPress Themes, make sure to check out the thousands of fully-licensed premium examples found over at Envato Market .  Advertisement 1. WordPress WordPress is the world’s most popular blogging platform, used by a staggering 202 million websites. As simple or as complex as you want it to be, WordPress is supported by a wide array of plugins which can be used to transform a standard blog into anything you could possibly desire. Besides blogs, WordPress can be used as a straightforward content management system to power anything from online shops using WordPress e-commerce themes , online magazine using a WordPress magazine theme to portfolios using WordPress portfolio themes , WordPress gallery themes are great for photographers and designers showcasing their creations in an online portfolio. 2. Magento Magento, used by 30,000 merchants, including Samsung, Nespresso and The North Face, is the world’s fastest growing e-commerce platform. Magento Community Edition is offered for free under the Open Software License. The Enterprise Edition, for which you have to pay, offers features like multi-store capability, store credits and gift cards, out-of-the-box. 3. Mozilla Firefox Firefox currently accounts for 24.43% of the recorded usage share of web browsers, but this figure is on the rise. Already the browser of choice for most web professionals, Firefox’s popularity is growing thanks to its vast selection of third party add-ons, which let users tailor their browsing environment down to the finest detail. 4. Mozilla Thunderbird With its speedy searches, built-in RSS feeds, strong security and superb add-ons, Thunderbird has to be the best, free email application available. If you’re prepared to spend some time tailoring your email environment with add-ons, you’ll absolutely love it, but it’s probably not ideal for complete novices. 5. FileZilla FileZilla is a hugely successful, cross-platform FTP client. It’s also available as a server, for Windows only. Created in January 2001 by Tim Klosse as a class project, FileZilla has gone on to become the 5th most popular download of all time from SourceForge.net. 6. GnuCash GnuCash provides a great, free alternative to paid-for accounting software. Designed for personal and small business use, it offers bank account, stock, income and expense tracking, in addition to double-entry accounting. 7. Audacity Music software like Cubase and Logic Pro can be incredibly expensive, which is why an increasing number of people are turning to Audacity, a free, cross-platform sound editor. Users can record and edit live audio; cut, copy, splice and mix sounds; and convert ageing tapes and records into digital format. 8. GIMP Just like sound editors, industry standard image editing software is prohibitively expensive for a lot of people, but GIMP provides a free alternative. It performs every major function you could desire, except for, vitally, CMYK separation functionality necessary for prepress work. 9. OpenOffice With the abi


What is the maximum number of players in a rounders team?

Rounders The Sport of Rounders Rounders is a sport played between two teams, each alternating between batting and fielding.    The game originates in England most likely from an older game known as stool ball. The first    nationally formalised rules were drawn up by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in Ireland    in 1884. The game is regulated by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in Ireland and the National    Rounders Association (NRA) in Great Britain. Both have different, although similar, game-play and culture. Competitions    are held between teams from both traditions with games alternating between codes, often one version being played in the    morning and the other in the afternoon.   Game-play centres around innings where teams alternate at batting and fielding. A maximum of nine players are allowed to field at one time. Points ("rounders") are scored by the batting team by completing a circuit around the field through four bases or posts without being put 'out'. The earliest nationally formalised rules of play were devised by the GAA in Ireland in 1884. In 1889, associations were formed in Liverpool and Scotland. The NRA was not formed until 1943. Baseball (both the "New York game" and the now-defunct "Massachusetts game") as well as softball are likely to share the same historical roots as rounders (see origins of baseball) and bears a resemblance to the GAA version of the game. Rounders is linked to British Baseball, still played in Liverpool, Cardiff and Newport. Although rounders is assumed to be older than baseball, literary mentions of "base-ball" pre-date those of rounders. Rounders is now played from school-level to international. In many respects, rounders is identical to Baseball. It is however considered a school game, rounders is played at international level. Canada, England, Ireland, the Isle of Man, Scotland and Wales compete against each other, and the Pakistan Rounders Association held its first national competition in 2006. The ball is hard with a cork centre, covered in white leather and comparable in size to a tennis ball (a standard tennis ball or "soft" rounders ball is often substituted in school games). In Ireland, a hurling ball called a sliotar is used. Bats are similar in shape to baseball bats and can be made from wood or aluminum. Four bases are laid out in a diamond shape and a fifth marker is placed in-line between home and second base indicating where the bowler stands. A team can have a maximum of 15 players and a minimum of 6. No more than 9 players can be on the field at one time. The fielding team must include one bowler and one backstop. Other outfield players take positions at each of the bases or elsewhere on the field. The bowler bowls the ball with an underarm pendulum action to the batter. It is deemed a "good" ball if it passes within reach on the striking side between the batter's knees and the top of the head (NRA). Otherwise, it is called a "no-ball" or "bad" ball. The ball is also "bad" if it is thrown into the batter's body or wide of the batting box. A batter may try to hit a bad ball but is not required to. A player is not out if a "no-ball" is caught. When a batter leaves home base, each runner on a base may advance to the next and succeeding bases. A base runner cannot be declared out when occupying a base. The batter must keep in contact with the base to prevent them from being declared out. A rounder is scored if a member of the batting team completes a circuit without being out. In NRA, a half rounder is scored if half a circuit is completed without being 'out' or if a batter has not hit the ball but makes it all the way to the fourth base. A batter is out if: (a) a ball hit is caught, (b) running to (NRA) or touching (GAA) a base that had been 'stumped' by a fielder, or (c) they drop the bat while running Rounders.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com. Sponsored


In card games such as Whist and Bridge, what word is used for just one card in a suit?

Whist | Card Game Database Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Edit Whist is a descendant of the 16th century game of trump or ruff. Whist replaced the popular variant of trump known as Ruff and Honours . [4] [5] The game takes its name from the 17th Century whist (or wist) meaning quiet, silent, attentive, which is the root of the modern wistful. [6] According to Barrington, Whist was first played on scientific principles by a party of gentlemen who frequented the Crown Coffee House in Bedford Row, London, around 1728. Edmond Hoyle , suspected to be a member of this group, began to tutor wealthy young gentlemen in the game and published A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist in 1742. It became the standard text and rules for the game for the next hundred years and led to the game becoming fashionable. In 1862 Henry Jones , writing under the pseudonym "Cavendish", published The Principles of Whist Stated and Explained, and its Practice Illustrated on an Original System, by Means of Hands Played Completely Through, which became the standard text. Many subsequent editions and enlargements of this work were published using the simpler title Cavendish On Whist. By this time Whist was governed by elaborate and rigid rules covering the laws of the game, etiquette and play which took time to study and master. In the 1890s, a variant known as Bridge Whist became popular which eventually evolved into Contract Bridge . The traditional game of Whist survives at social events called whist drives. [7] There are many modern variants of Whist played for fun. Rules Edit A standard 52-card pack is used. The cards in each suit rank from highest to lowest: A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2. Whist is played by four players, who play in two partnerships with the partners sitting opposite each other. Players cut or draw cards to determine partners, with the two highest playing against the lowest two, who have seating rights. The players then cut for deal. It is strictly against the rules to comment on the cards in any way. One may not comment upon the hand one was dealt nor about one's good fortune or bad fortune. One may not signal to one's partner. Shuffling and dealing Edit The cards can be shuffled by any player, though usually the player to dealer's left. The dealer has the right to shuffle last if he wishes. To speed up dealing a second pack can be shuffled by the dealer's partner during the deal and then placed to the right ready for the next hand. The cards are cut by the player on dealer's right before dealing. The dealer deals out all the cards, one at a time, face down, so that each player has thirteen cards. The final card, which belongs to the dealer, is turned face up to indicate which suit is trumps . The turned-up trump card remains face up on the table until it is the dealer's turn to play to the first trick. The deal advances clockwise. Play Edit The player to the dealer's left leads to the first trick. He may lead any card in his hand. The other players, in clockwise order, each play a card to the trick and must follow suit by playing a card of the suit led if they have one. A player with no card of the suit led may play any card, either discarding or trumping. The trick is won by the highest card of the suit led, unless a trump is played, in which case the highest trump wins. The winner of the trick leads the next trick. Play continues until all thirteen tricks are played, at which point the score is recorded. If no team has enough points to win the game, another hand is played. Part of the skill involved in the game is one's ability to remember what cards have been played and reason out what cards remain. Therefore, once each trick is played, its cards are turned face down and kept in a stack of four near the player who won the trick. Before the next trick starts, a player may ask to review the cards from the last trick only. Once the lead card is played, however, no previously played cards can be reviewed by anyone. Scoring Edit After all tricks have been played, the side which won more tricks scores 1 point for each trick won in ex