"Which musical term means ""sustained"", and occasionally also implies ""a slowing of tempo""?"

Right Feet, Middle Pedals (Sostenuto Pedal) | Left Feet, Left Pedals (Soft Pedals) » Right Feet, Middle Pedals (Sostenuto Pedal) In music, sostenuto is a term from Italian which means “sustained,” and occasionally also implies a slowing of tempo. It usually refers to a style of playing rather than a tempo. For instance, if the tempo marking of a piece is Adagio Sostenuto, the tempo would be slow (Adagio), and the sostenuto part of the marking tells the player to hold notes longer than they normally would, and play phrases in a very legato style. On a modern grand piano with three pedals, the middle pedal is usually a sostenuto pedal. It sustains only those notes which are depressed at the same time that the pedal is depressed, allowing future notes played to be unaffected. It is commonly abbreviated “S.P.”, “Sost. Ped.” or “ThP.” (from the German equivalent “Tonhalte-Pedal”). On some upright pianos, the middle pedal sustains all notes in the bass register, but this is not a true sostenuto pedal. On other uprights, the middle pedal is a practice pedal (with a locking option) which makes the sound extremely quiet beyond the standard soft pedal. This is often achieved by dropping a felt cloth between the hammers and the strings when the practice pedal is depressed. Note that the sostenuto pedal should not be confused with the much more commonly used sustain pedal, which undamps all the strings on the piano. Like this: Like Loading... Related This entry was posted on April 25, 2009 at 7:25 am and is filed under Piano Pedal .   You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.       You can leave a response , or trackback from your own site. Leave a Reply


Which kingdom, established by King Wickramabahu in the 14th century, repelled invasions by the Portuguese and the Dutch in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries and the British in the 19th century, until the signing of a treaty with the British in March 1815?

Kandy wikipedia - wiki Kandy map - wiki articles about Kandy on the map | Gulliway 1988 (10th Session) Kandy (Sinhalese: මහනුවර Mahanuwara, pronounced [mahanuʋərə]; Tamil: கண்டி, pronounced [ˈkaɳɖi]) is a major city in Sri Lanka , located in the Central Province, Sri Lanka . It is the second largest city in the country after Colombo . It was the last capital of the ancient kings' era of Sri Lanka. The city lies in the midst of hills in the Kandy plateau, which crosses an area of tropical plantations, mainly tea. Kandy is both an administrative and religious city and is also the capital of the Central Province. Kandy is the home of The Temple of the Tooth Relic (Sri Dalada Maligawa), one of the most sacred places of worship in the Buddhist world. It was declared a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1988. Etymology The city and the region has been known by many different names and versions of those names. Some scholars suggest that the original name of Kandy was Katubulu Nuwara located near present Watapuluwa. However the more popular historical name is Senkadagala or Senkadagalapura, officially Senkadagala Siriwardhana Maha Nuwara (meaning 'great city of Senkadagala of growing resplendence'), generally shortened to 'Maha Nuwara'. According to folklore this name originated from one of the several possible sources. One being the city was named after a brahmin with the name Senkanda who lived in a cave near by, and another being a queen of Vikramabahu III was named Senkanda, and after a coloured stone named Senkadagala. The Kingdom of Kandy has also been known by various names. The English name Kandy, which originated during the colonial era, is derived from an anglicised version of the Sinhalese Kanda Uda Rata (meaning the land on the mountain) or Kanda Uda Pas Rata (the five counties/countries on the mountain). The Portuguese shortened this to "Candea", using the name for both the kingdom and its capital. In Sinhalese, Kandy is called Maha nuwara, meaning "Great City" or "Capital", although this is most often shortened to Nuwara. History See also: History of Sri Lanka Founding Historical records suggest that Kandy was first established by the Vikramabahu III (1357–1374 CE), who was the monarch of the Kingdom of Gampola, near the Watapuluwa area, north of the present city, and named Senkadagalapura at the time. Kandyan Kingdom Main article: Kingdom of Kandy The Royal Palace of Kandy Part of a series on the History of Kandy t e Sena Sammatha Wickramabahu (1473–1511) was the first king of the Kingdom of Kandy, he was a royal from the Kotte Royal Blood line and ruled Kandy as a semi-independent kingdom under the Kingdom of Kotte, making it the new capital of the Kandyan Kingdom. Sena Sammatha Wickramabahu was followed by his son Jayaweera Astana (1511–1551) and then by Karaliyadde Bandara (1551–1581) who was succeeded by his daughter Dona Catherina of Kandy (1581–1581). Dona Catherina was succeeded by Rajasinha I. Rajasinha I however, preferred to rule the hill country from the Kingdom of Sitawaka on the west of the island. A period of turmoil for power ended with the ascent to the throne by Konappu Bandara who came to be known as Vimaladharmasuriya I. Having embraced Buddhism, he consolidated his authority further by bringing the tooth relic of the Lord Buddha to Kandy from a place called Delgamuwa. In 1592 Kandy became the capital city of the last remaining independent kingdom in the island after the coastal regions had been conquered by the Portuguese . Several invasions by the Portuguese were repelled, most notably in the campaign of Danture. After the Sinhalese–Portuguese War and the establishment of Dutch Ceylon, attempts by the Dutch to conquer the kingdom were repelled. The kingdom tolerated a Dutch presence on the coast of Sri Lanka, although attacks were occasionally launched. The most ambitious offensive was undertaken in 1761, when King Kirti Sri Rajasinha attacked and overran most of the coast, leaving only the heavily fortified Negombo intact. When a Dutch retaliatory force returned to the island in 1763, Kirti Sri


Which cricket ground was the home ground of the Manchester Cricket Club from 1856 until it became the home of the Lancashire County Cricket Club when that was founded in 1864?

BBC - Manchester - Sport   -   150 not out! You are in: Manchester > Sport > cricket > 150 not out! The original Old Trafford pavilion 150 not out! As Old Trafford Cricket Ground celebrates its 150th birthday, we had a trawl through its history to come up with 15 facts that you might not know about the grand old ground and the matches played there. 1 - The ground was originally home to Manchester Cricket Club, as the county side wasn’t actually founded until 1864 2 - Though the first county committee voted for Lancashire to play all round the county, the club’s first secretary, Sam Swire, was opposed to the idea and held the opinion that Old Trafford should be the ground for all matches. Queues outside the 1971 Gillette Cup semi final 3 – The first County Championship game was played at the ground on 20, 21 and 22 July 1865 against Middlesex. Lancashire won the match by 62 runs. 4 – Despite the first pavilion being built in 1857, the Victorian class distinctions meant the professionals liked to be reminded of their status by using a small room on the opposite side of the ground, simply because it was the popular side. As a result, it was only the amateurs that used the spacious dressing room and, as a result, ran out from the pavilion. Old Trafford: the history in pictures > 5 – In the early years, lady subscribers to Lancashire County Cricket Club weren’t allowed in the pavilion, so a tent was set up at Old Trafford to accommodate them! 6 – The first test match was held at Old Trafford on 10, 11 and 12 July 1884, where England and Australia drew. Almost inevitably, the first day was rained off. In recent years, Old Trafford has hosted concerts 7 - In the Test match at Old Trafford on 26 July to 28 July 1909, Frank Laver had what the cricket almanac Wisden described as "a great day against England", taking 8 wickets for 31 runs in the first innings. It stood as a Test record at the ground until 1956. 8 – In 1956, Old Trafford saw possibly its most famous moment, as Jim Laker became the first person to take all 10 wickets in a Test match innings; achieving figures of 10 for 53 in the fourth Test against Australia. Laker also took 9 for 37 in the first innings, ending the match with record figures of 19 for 90. Share your favourite Old Trafford memories > 9 – In 1971, the Gillette Cup semi-final between Lancashire and Gloucestershire was completed in near-darkness. At around 8.45pm, with Lancashire needing 25 off the final 5 overs, David Hughes hit 24 off a single over and set up the victory. 10 – In 1984, Sir Vivian Richards scored an amazing 189 not out for the West Indies in a one-day international against England. 11 – In 1993, Shane Warne delivered what has been called the “ball of the century” to capture the wicket of England’s Mike Gatting. Sometimes, the rain does stop play! 12 – It’s not just famous cricketers that have earned their crust at Old Trafford. On stage at his concert at the ground in 2004, Morrissey revealed that he had worked in the box office there in his youth. 13 – During England’s successful 2005 Ashes campaign, the Old Trafford test, having been disrupted by rain, went to a fifth day. So many people turned up to watch the game that thousands had to be locked out of the ground. 14 – The ground has a County capacity of 15,000, which rises to 22,000 for Test matches thanks to the erection of temporary stands. 15 - When Sophia Gardens in Cardiff holds its first test in 2009, it will take over from Old Trafford as the wettest test cricket venue in England and Wales!


Which long-running British TV series featured the characters Captain Peacock, Mrs. Slocombe, Mr. Humphries, Miss Brahms, Mr. Rumbold, Mr. Grainger and Mr. Lucas?

Are You Being Served? (Series) - TV Tropes Are You Being Served? You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share Series / Are You Being Served? × Timeline "Mr. Humphries, are you free?" Long-running BBC sitcom created by David Croft and Jeremy Lloyd, following the exploits of the employees of the Ladies' and Gentlemen's ready-to-wear departments of Grace Brothers , a London department store, probably a Fictional Counterpart to Harrod's. The show lasted from September 1972 to April 1985, a total of 69 episodes in ten series. In classic Brit Com tradition, the episodes generally had relatively little in the way of plot. Individual episode storylines were largely a framing device to deliver a rapid-fire series of double entendres , typically dealing with the reactions (or over-reactions ) of the staff to the latest management scheme, or tension between the Ladies' and Gentlemen's departments. Almost every episode in later seasons ended with the characters dressing up in silly outfits. The show rarely strayed beyond the department floor, and almost never left the confines of the store itself. A one-off revival with an all new cast was broadcast in August 2016. Came twentieth in Britain's Best Sitcom . The core characters of the show were: Mrs. Slocombe, senior assistant on the Ladies' counter. She sported exotically colored hair and made constant comments about her cat, which she always called "her pussy" . An evidently artificial posh accent was undercut by a propensity for malapropisms and a tendency to revert back to a working class accent when surprised or angry. Mr. Humphries, associate (later senior) assistant on the Men's counter. Ambiguously Camp Gay : the general confusion about his sexual orientation made up much of the show's jokes. Among his perennial gags was the substitution of a deep baritone for his usual effeminate voice when answering the telephone. Mr. Lucas, junior assistant on the Men's counter. A borderline Casanova Wannabe , often in trouble for minor violations of the store's baroque codes of conduct (for example, his failure to display a properly fluted pocket handkerchief). Mr. Lucas was well-known for being almost predictably late — he usually attempted to cover it by signing false names in the work register , but this backfired when Captain Peacock dryly pointed out that the majority of the names Mr. Lucas chose were either celebrities, fictional, dead, or a combination thereof. He was later substituted in favor of Mr. Spooner, essentially the same character reduced to a background role. Miss Brahms, the sexy Deadpan Snarker ladieswear junior, noted for her sometimes incomprehensible Estuary accent . Captain Peacock, the floorwalker. Due to his (somewhat exaggerated) military background (he served in the Catering Corps) and higher position, he considers himself above the assistants and flaunts his greater social standing. Constantly in trouble with his wife for supposed improprieties, although it is not clear whether he ever actually crossed the line into outright infidelity. Mr. Grainger, the elderly, cantankerous senior assistant in menswear. He was later replaced by the progressively younger and less cantankerous Mr. Tebbs, then Mr. Goldberg, then Mr. Grossman, and finally Mr. Klein. For the final few seasons, this role was removed, reducing the core cast to a Five-Man Band . Additional recurring characters included: Mr. Rumbold, the floor manager, often called upon to invent wild explanations for the staff's actions. Called 'Jug Ears' by the staff (and not always behind his back, either), his poor eyesight often lent itself to comical misunderstandings when he was forced to read anything. Verbal explanations also tended to be misunderstood due to him taking things very literally. Mr. Mash (later Mr. Harman), maintenance personnel used to make jokes about the class system (for example, though they are "dead common" and considered social pariahs by the staff, the maintenance staff is, thanks to their union, better paid than the sales staff). Mr. Harman could be a Dead


Where, in 1961, did US-supported Cuban exiles invade Cuba?

BBC ON THIS DAY | 17 | 1961: Exiles invade Cuba at Bay of Pigs About This Site | Text Only 1961: Exiles invade Cuba at Bay of Pigs Reports from Cuba say the island has been invaded by counter-revolutionary forces trying to overthrow the country's leader, Fidel Castro. The only news coming out of Cuba is broadcast by the government-run radio station. All other communications with the island have been cut. THe first landing is reported to have taken place in the early hours of this morning. Broadcasts from Cuban government radio appealing for medical help indicate that the raiders have successfully penetrated 25 miles (40km) inland. They appear to have come ashore on an area of the coast known as the Bah�a de Cochinos, or Bay of Pigs, south-east of the capital, Havana. There is no indication as to the size of the invasion force, but Dr Castro, in a speech on Cuban government radio, said they are supported by aircraft and warships. "The glorious soldiers of the revolutionary army and the national militia are battling the enemy at all the points where they have landed," he said. High alert The Cuban military have been on high alert for an imminent invasion for some days. In a speech yesterday, Fidel Castro told the Cuban people he intended to resist such an attack with "an iron hand". Cuban exiles based in the United States, who are organising the attempt to overthrow the Castro regime, say thousands of Cubans have joined the rebel forces. However, there is no independent confirmation of the level of support for the invasion from within Cuba. The leader of the Cuban exile movement in the US, Dr Miro Cardona, said the battle had begun "to liberate our homeland from the despotic rule of Fidel Castro". Dr Cardona played a part in Fidel Castro's revolution against the dictatorship of President Batista in 1959, and was prime minister for 45 days before Dr Castro himself took over. US denial In a statement in Washington, the US Secretary of State, Dean Rusk, has again denied US involvement in the invasion of Cuba. He said the United States had not, and would not intervene in Cuba, with armed forces or otherwise. Strong suspicions that the United States is sponsoring an offensive against the Castro government have been fuelled by the bombing of three of Cuba's military air bases two days ago. The US denied all knowledge of the episode, saying Cuban Air Force pilots defecting to Florida were responsible. But reporters who watched one of the planes land in Miami after carrying out the attack described features which indicated it was American-made.


Who in 2011 won the unofficial event he hosts, the Chevron World Challenge, his first professional golf tournament win since 2009?

Tiger Woods will not play the PGA Championship - CNN.com 1 of 23 Photos: Tiger Woods: From highs to lows The 14-time major winner has a long history of injury problems. Here he has cream rubbed onto his back by caddy Steve Williams during the 2004 American Express Championship. Hide Caption 2 of 23 Photos: Tiger Woods: From highs to lows Woods won the the U.S. Open in 2008 -- his last major victory to date. He missed tournament in July 2011, citing knee and Achilles tendon injuries . Hide Caption 3 of 23 Photos: Tiger Woods: From highs to lows In October 2010, Woods appears dejected after losing a match to Lee Westwood and Luke Donald in the Ryder Cup teams competition in Wales. Later that month he lost his No. 1 ranking to Westwood, a position he had held for 281 consecutive weeks. He had taken a break from golf earlier that year after reports of marital infidelities emerged in late 2009. Hide Caption 4 of 23 Photos: Tiger Woods: From highs to lows Woods misses a putt at the Frys.com Open in October 2011. That month, he fell out of golf's top 50 for the first time in almost 15 years. Woods reportedly lost millions in endorsements after sponsors ended their ties with him in the wake of his sex scandal. Hide Caption 5 of 23 Photos: Tiger Woods: From highs to lows Despite his problems, Woods remained a key attraction -- being invited to the 2011 Australian Open, where he finished third. That year he was the highest-paid American athlete on Sports Illustrated's "Fortunate 50" list . Hide Caption 6 of 23 Photos: Tiger Woods: From highs to lows In July 2011, Woods dropped Williams, his caddy of 12 years. "I want to express my deepest gratitude to Stevie for all his help, but I think it's time for a change," Woods said . Hide Caption 7 of 23 Photos: Tiger Woods: From highs to lows After a nearly three-month break, Woods returned to golf at the Bridgestone Invitational in August 2011. Hide Caption 8 of 23 Photos: Tiger Woods: From highs to lows In August 2011, Woods failed to make the cut at the PGA Championship for the first time in his career. He has won the season's closing major on four occasions, most recently in 2007. Hide Caption 9 of 23 Photos: Tiger Woods: From highs to lows In October 2011, Woods landed Rolex as a sponsor despite not having won a major tournament in nearly two years. "Rolex is convinced that Tiger Woods still has a long career ahead of him," the high-end watchmaker said. The following month he played for the U.S. in the Presidents Cup in Melbourne, Australia. Hide Caption 10 of 23 Photos: Tiger Woods: From highs to lows In December 2011, Woods earned his first win in two years at the Chevron World Challenge , a charity tournament that he hosts which does not count on the PGA Tour money list. Hide Caption Woods lines up his putt at the Honda Classic in March 2012. He shot a 62, his lowest final round as a professional , but he tied for second in the PGA Tour event. Hide Caption 12 of 23 Photos: Tiger Woods: From highs to lows Woods signs autographs at the Arnold Palmer Invitational in March 2012. His win there marked his first PGA Tour victory since September 2009. Hide Caption 13 of 23 Photos: Tiger Woods: From highs to lows Woods drops the ball on the 15th fairway during the final round of the AT&T National in July 2012. He overtook Jack Nicklaus for second place on the all-time PGA Tour victory list and now has 79 overall -- three behind Sam Snead's record. Hide Caption 14 of 23 Photos: Tiger Woods: From highs to lows In 2012, Woods became the first PGA Tour player to earn $100 million when he finished third at the Deutsche Bank Championship, taking home more than $500,000. Hide Caption Woods hits his tee shot on the 12th hole during the final round of the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines in January 2013. He lost his title the previous year as the world's top-paid athlete , dropping to third place on Sports Illustrated's "Fortunate 50" list . Hide Caption 16 of 23 Photos: Tiger Woods: From highs to lows Woods holds the trophy for the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines in January 2013, whe


"After discovering a new planet, Herschel named it Georgium Sidus (George's Star), or the ""Georgian Planet"" in honour of King George III. The scientific community did not like the name, and decided to call it what?"

Uranus | Gravity Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia ( help · info ) [1] ) is the seventh planet from the Sun and the third-largest and fourth most massive planet in the Solar System . It is named after the ancient Greek deity of the sky Uranus ( Template:Lang-grc ) the father of Kronos ( Saturn ) and grandfather of Zeus ( Jupiter ). Though it is visible to the naked eye like the five classical planets , it was never recognized as a planet by ancient observers because of its dimness and slow orbit. [2] Sir William Herschel announced its discovery on March 13, 1781, expanding the known boundaries of the solar system for the first time in modern history. This was also the first discovery of a planet made using a telescope . Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune , and both have different compositions from those of the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn . As such, astronomers sometimes place them in a separate category, the " ice giants ". Uranus's atmosphere, while similar to Jupiter's and Saturn's in being composed primarily of hydrogen and helium , contains a higher proportion of " ices " such as water , ammonia and methane , along with traces of hydrocarbons . [3] It is the coldest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System, with a minimum temperature of 49  K (−224  °C ). It has a complex, layered cloud structure, with water thought to make up the lowest clouds, and methane thought to make up the uppermost layer of clouds. [3] In contrast the interior of Uranus is mainly composed of ices and rock. [4] Like the other giant planets, Uranus has a ring system , a magnetosphere , and numerous moons . The Uranian system has a unique configuration among the planets because its axis of rotation is tilted sideways, nearly into the plane of its revolution about the Sun. As such, its north and south poles lie where most other planets have their equators. [5] Seen from Earth, Uranus's rings can sometimes appear to circle the planet like an archery target and its moons revolve around it like the hands of a clock, though in 2007 and 2008 the rings appeared edge-on. In 1986, images from Voyager 2 showed Uranus as a virtually featureless planet in visible light without the cloud bands or storms associated with the other giants. [5] However, terrestrial observers have seen signs of seasonal change and increased weather activity in recent years as Uranus approached its equinox . The wind speeds on Uranus can reach 250 meters per second (900 km/h, 560 mph). [6] Contents Edit Uranus had been observed on many occasions before its discovery as a planet, but it was generally mistaken for a star. The earliest recorded sighting was in 1690 when John Flamsteed observed the planet at least six times, cataloging it as 34 Tauri . The French astronomer, Pierre Lemonnier , observed Uranus at least twelve times between 1750 and 1769, [7] including on four consecutive nights. Sir William Herschel observed the planet on 13 March 1781 while in the garden of his house at 19 New King Street in the town of Bath , Somerset (now the Herschel Museum of Astronomy ), [8] but initially reported it (on 26 April 1781) as a " comet ". [9] Herschel "engaged in a series of observations on the parallax of the fixed stars", [10] using a telescope of his own design. He recorded in his journal "In the quartile near ζ Tauri … either [a] Nebulous star or perhaps a comet". [11] On March 17, he noted, "I looked for the Comet or Nebulous Star and found that it is a Comet, for it has changed its place". [12] When he presented his discovery to the Royal Society , he continued to assert that he had found a comet while also implicitly comparing it to a planet: [13] “ The power I had on when I first saw the comet was 227. From experience I know that the diameters of the fixed stars are not proportionally magnified with higher powers, as planets are; therefore I now put the powers at 460 and 932, and found that the diameter of the comet increased in proportion to the power, as it ought to be, on the supposition of its not being a fixed star, while the diameters of the stars to whic


"What former First Lady of the USA said that ""no-one can make you feel inferior without your consent""?"

No One Can Make You Feel Inferior Without Your Consent | Quote Investigator No One Can Make You Feel Inferior Without Your Consent Eleanor Roosevelt? Reader’s Digest? Apocryphal? Anonymous? Dear Quote Investigator: There is a remarkably insightful statement about self-esteem that is usually credited to Eleanor Roosevelt, the diplomat and former First Lady: No one can make you feel inferior without your consent. This is one of my favorite quotations, but I have not been able to determine when it was first said. One quotation dictionary claimed that the saying was in the autobiography “This is My Story” by Roosevelt, but I was unable to find it. Did Eleanor Roosevelt really say this? Could you tell me where I can locate this quotation? Quote Investigator: This popular aphorism is the most well-known guidance ascribed to Roosevelt. Quotation experts such as Rosalie Maggio and Ralph Keyes have explored the origin of this saying. Surprisingly, a thorough examination of the books the First Lady authored and her other archived writings has failed to discover any instances of the quote [QVFI]. Yet, the saying has been attributed to Roosevelt for more than seventy years. The earliest example located by QI appeared in the pages of the widely-distributed periodical Reader’s Digest in September of 1940 [RDFI]: No one can make you feel inferior without your consent. Eleanor Roosevelt Thus, from the beginning the phrase was credited to Roosevelt. However, no supporting reference was given in the magazine, and the quote stood alone at the bottom of a page with unrelated article text above it. Recently, QI located some intriguing evidence, and he now believes that the creation of this maxim can be traced back to comments made by Eleanor Roosevelt about an awkward event in 1935. The Secretary of Labor in the Roosevelt administration was invited to give a speech at the University of California, Berkeley on the Charter Day of the school. The customary host of the event was unhappy because she felt that the chosen speaker should not have been a political figure. She refused to serve as the host and several newspaper commentators viewed her action as a rebuff and an insult. Eleanor Roosevelt was asked at a White House press conference whether the Secretary had been snubbed, and her response was widely disseminated in newspapers. Here is an excerpt from an Associated Press article [ERNC]: “A snub” defined the first lady, “is the effort of a person who feels superior to make someone else feel inferior. To do so, he has to find someone who can be made to feel inferior.” She made clear she didn’t think the labor secretary fell within the category of the “snubable.” Note that this statement by Roosevelt in 1935 contained the key elements of the quotation that was assigned to her by 1940. One person may try to make a second person feel inferior, but this second person can resist and simply refuse to feel inferior. In this example, the labor secretary refused to consent to feel inferior. The precise wording given for Roosevelt’s statement varied. Here is another example that was printed in a syndicated newspaper column called “So They Say!” the following week. The columnist stated that the following was the definition of a “snub” given by Roosevelt [OWFI]: I think it is the effort of a person who feels superior to make someone else feel inferior. First, though, you have to find someone who can be made to feel inferior. Here are additional selected citations in chronological order. Sometime between 1935 and 1940 some unknown person synthesized a compact and stylish aphorism based on the commentary made by Eleanor Roosevelt, and that statement was published in the Reader’s Digest. Roosevelt may have performed this reformulation herself, but currently there is no evidence to support that possibility [RDFI]: No one can make you feel inferior without your consent. Eleanor Roosevelt The next month, in October of 1940 the saying appeared as the first line of an editorial in a newspaper from Iowa. The words were placed between quotation marks, but no attri


Which place between York and Knaresborough in the UK was the site of a decisive battle in 1642 when Cromwell defeated Royalist forces?

The first Civil War, 1642-46 (There were 124 lay peers when the Long Parliament first sat). The King dominated the North and West of England, Parliament the South and East. (A number of towns in Royalist areas supported Parliament; and some gentlemen in Parliamentary areas - particularly Kent - sympathized with the King). Throughout the country there were "neutralists" who wanted to prevent conflict in their own neighborhoods (NIMBY). The King had a number of extremely wealthy supporters: William Cavendish , Earl of Newcastle (who was rewarded by being made a Marquess in 1643 and a Duke in 1665) spent about ï¿½700,000 in the King's service. The army of "Whitecoats" he financed held the North for Charles. Henry Somerset, 5th Earl and 1st Marquess of Worcester spent about ï¿½900,000 on the Royalist cause. (His home, Raglan Castle, one of the great medieval castles of Wales was finally taken after a Parliamentary siege in 1646 ). Parliament's great advantage lay in its control of London and South-East England - by far the country's richest region. Charles' forces were initially better led. His nephew, Prince Rupert of the Rhine brought the experience of soldiering in the Thirty Years war to the English theatre.   Robert    Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, was the first leader of    Parliament's army. He had commanded a regiment in the    Netherlands but he proved a lackluster commander. Essex' cousin, Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick (another Providence Island Company shareholder) took decisive action to seize for Parliament control of the navy that Charles had so well-equipped on the proceeds from Ship Money. Both sides included hardliners, who simply wanted to defeat their enemies, especially, George, Lord Digby on the Royalist side. Sir Henry Vane , Sir Henry Marten, Oliver Cromwell, and Lord Saye and Sele were the most outspoken on the parliamentarian side. There were also many moderates, eager to reach some compromise: Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount  Falkland and Edward Hyde led the Royalist moderates. Denzil Holles, supported by  Bulstrode Whitelock, John Maynard and John Glynne headed the "peace party" in the House of Commons. In Parliament, a "middle group" under Oliver St. John and John Pym maintained a balance of sorts, but after Pym's death in December 1643, it became more difficult to paper over Parliament's internal divisions. The indecisive Battle of Edgehill had left the road to London open, but Charles procrastinated and by the time he marched on the City, its defences had been completed. Charles never had another opportunity to seize the capitol. Sir Ralph Hopton (1598-1652) like Prince    Rupert had military experience in the Thirty Years War. He    commanded Charles' forces in the West of England, and in 1643    defeated the parliamentarians at Bradock Down (19 January) and    Stratton (16 May), Cornwall. In 1643, Prince Rupert gained two important victories in the Battle of Roundway Down (July 10-13) and in seizing Bristol (July 15-26). Royalist Forces under the Earl of Newcastle defeated Thomas Fairfax's Parliamentarians at Adwalton Moor (30 June 1643) and so gained control of all the North of England except for Hull. These victories in the North and West enabled Charles to plan for an attack on London, but before he could go ahead, the Royalists had to ensure the safety of Oxford by defeating the small Parliamentary force in Gloucester. 10 August 1643, Charles laid siege to Gloucester . Parliament decided that it could not afford to loose this town and sent an army from London to relieve the City. The Royalist army intercepted the relievers under Essex at the First Battle of Newbury (20 September 1643) and forced them to fight. The Parliamentarian forces inflicted heavy casualties on the Royalists, who ran out of ammunition, and Essex was able to retreat to London. Parliament saw this as their first real victory. Charles might have taken advantage of his stronger position in 1643 to negotiate a favorable peace, but he still hoped to d


What was the governing body of ancient Rome?

The Romans - Government of Rome | HistoryOnTheNet The Romans The Romans - Government of Rome Last Updated: 08/11/2014 - 14:27 From the time of Julius Caesar, 48BC, Rome and the Roman Empire was ruled by an Emperor. The Emperor was wise if he listened to the advice of the Senate but some chose to be dictators and do what they wanted rather than follow the Senate's advice. Before Julius Caesar took control in 48BC, the Roman Empire was not ruled by the Emperor but by two consuls who were elected by the citizens of Rome. Rome was then known as a Republic. Government in the time of the Republic People were divided into different classes. There were Patricians, Plebeians and Slaves. Patricians were wealthy citizens of Rome. They usually lived in grand houses and had slaves to do their work for them. Because they were citizens of Rome they were allowed to go to the Assembly to vote. Plebeians were not wealthy but they were citizens of Rome. They were usually craftsmen or tradesmen and they worked for a living. Because they were citizens of Rome they were allowed to go to the Assembly to vote. Slaves had no money, no rights, no freedom and were not citizens of Rome. Because they were not citizens of Rome they were not allowed to go to the Assembly to vote. Citizens of Rome - Patricians and Plebeians met in the Assembly and voted for consuls, tribunes and magistrates. Women and slaves were not allowed in the Assembly and could not vote. Consuls The citizens of Rome voted for two consuls. They were elected to serve for one year. It was the Consuls job to govern Rome. They had to both agree on all decisions. After they had served their year they were replaced. They were not allowed to be consuls again for ten years. Magistrates The citizens of Rome voted for a number of magistrates. It was the magistrates job to keep law and order and also to manage Rome's financial affairs. When magistrates retired they became senators and attended the Senate. Tribunes The citizens of Rome voted for tribunes. It was the tribunes job to make sure that the people were treated fairly. The Senate Senators went to the Senate to discuss important government issues. Senators were retired magistrates and knew a lot about the government of Rome. It was the job of the senate to give advice to the two consuls. When Rome had an Emperor the senate still gave advice on governing Rome and the Empire. Quiz:


Pashto has been the official language of which country since 1936?

Pashto language, alphabet and pronunciation Search Pashto (پښتو) Pashto is a member of the southeastern Iranian branch of Indo-Iranian languages spoken in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran. There are three main varieties of Pashto: Northern Pashto, spoken mainly in Pakistan; Southern Pashto, spoken mainly in Afghanistan; and Central Pashto, spoken mainly in Pakistan. The exact number of Pashto speakers is not known for sure, but most  estimates range from 45 million to 55 million. Pashto is the first language  of between 40% and 55% (11 to 15.4 million) of the people of Afghanistan,  and 10% to 28% (2.8 to 7.8 million) speak it as a second language, and the  total is around 18 or 19 million. Pashto has about 25 million speakers in Pakistan (15% of the population) in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), and the provinces of Balochistan,  Mianwali, Attock, Sindh, Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pashto at a glance Writing system: Arabic script Status: one of the official languages of Afghanistan There are also communities of Pashto speakers in the northeast of Iran,  Tajikistan and India, as well as in the UAE, Saudi Arabia and a number  of other countries. Pashto was made the national language of Afghanistan by royal decree in 1936. Since then, the Pashto spelling system has been revised to some extent. Today  both Dari and Pashto are official languages there. Pashto first appeared in writing during the 16th century in the form of an account of Shekh Mali's conquest of Swat. It is written with a version of the Arabic script. There are two standard written forms: one based on the dialect of Kandahar, the other on the dialect of Peshawar. The name Pashto is thought to derive from the reconstructed proto-Iranian form, parsawā 'Persian language. In northen Afghanistan speakers of Pashto are called Pakhtūn; in sourthen Afghanistan they are known as Pashtūn, and as Pathān or Afghan in Pakistan. Pashto alphabet (د پښتو الفباء) Notes ح tends to be silent when at the end of a word. څ is pronounced [s] in Ghazni and Peshawar dialects. ځ is pronounced [z] in Ghazni and Peshawar dialects. ږ is pronounced [ʐ], Kandahar, [ʒ] in Quetta, [ʝ] in Ghazni, and [ɡ] in Peshawar dialects. ښ is pronounced [ʂ] in Kandahar, [ʃ] in Quetta, [ç] in Ghazni, and [x] in Peshawar dialects. ق ف ع ظ ط ض ص ح ﺫ ث appear only in loanwords which are mostly of Arabic origin. Notes and some details of Pashto pronunciation provided by Michael Peter Füstumum Pashto numbers Pashto sample text Transliteration Də bašar ṫol afrād āzād naṙəy tâ rāźī au də ḥays̱iyat au ḥuqūqo lâ palwâ sarâ barābar dī. ṫol də ʿaqəl au wijdān ḫāwandān dī au yo lâ bal sarâ də warorəy pâ rūḥiye sarâ bāyad čaland kəṙī. Translation All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)


What was Colin Powell's role in George W Bush's government from 2001 to 2005?

Colin Luther Powell - People - Department History - Office of the Historian Colin Luther Powell - People - Department History Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Colin Luther Powell (1937–) Introduction Colin L. Powell was appointed Secretary of State by George           W. Bush on January 20, 2001, after being           unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate. He served for four years, leaving the           position on January 26, 2005. He was the first           African-American to serve as Secretary of State. Colin Luther Powell, 65th Secretary of State Rise to Prominence Powell was born on April 5, 1937, in the New York City neighborhood of Harlem.           The son of two Jamaican immigrants, he was raised in the South Bronx. He           attended City College of New York, and it was there that he began his military           service, joining the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC). After his graduation           in 1958, Powell was commissioned a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army. During           his 35 years in the Army he served two tours in Vietnam, was stationed in West           Germany and South Korea, and acted as President Ronald             Reagan's National Security Advisor from 1987 until 1989. In 1989           he was promoted to the rank of general, and was appointed by President George H.W. Bush to the position of Chairman of the           Joint Chiefs of Staff. In the four years Powell served in that capacity, he           oversaw 28 crises, including Operation Desert Storm in 1991. After his           retirement in 1993, he founded America's Promise, an organization which helps           at-risk children. He was nominated for Secretary of State by President George W. Bush on December 16,             2000. Influence on U.S. Diplomacy At the beginning of his term, Powell placed an emphasis on reaffirming diplomatic           alliances throughout the world, supporting a national missile defense system,           working towards peace in the Middle East, and prioritizing sanctions instead of           force in potential hot spots such as Iraq. He also           focused on reinvigorating U.S. diplomacy through reforms in the Department of State’s organizational culture and an infusion of resources for personnel,           information technology, security, and facilities. Powell's term, however, was soon dominated by the challenges the Bush           Administration faced after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Powell was           one of the foremost supporters of taking swift military action against al-Qaeda           and demanded immediate cooperation from Afghanistan and Pakistan in the U.S. search for those who were           complicit in the attacks. When the Administration's attention shifted to Iraq and the possibility that Saddam Hussein was manufacturing weapons of mass           destruction (WMD), Powell pressed to have UN inspectors investigate. In February           2003, Powell presented intelligence to the UN that supported the claim that           Iraq had weapons of mass destruction and could produce more.           Subsequently, the Administration moved quickly toward preemptive military action           against Iraq, despite Powell’s advice that war should not begin until a large           coalition of allies and a long-term occupation plan were in place. In 2004, some of           the intelligence that Powell had brought before the UN in 2003 was found to be           erroneous. Although Afghanistan and Iraq demanded a great deal of Powell’s attention during           his tenure, he pursued other important U.S. foreign policy initiatives and           grappled with various crises that arose between 2001 and 2


In October 2005, a week before her 16th birthday, Michelle Wie announced that she was turning professional at what sport?

Michelle Wie Net Worth | Search Net Worth Michelle Wie Net Worth Michelle Wie Net Worth is$12 Million VN:F [1.9.22_1171] Rating: 3.1/5 (12 votes cast) VN:F [1.9.22_1171] Rating: 4.3/5 (10 votes cast) Profession: Golfer Date of Birth: Oct 11, 1989 Nicknames: Sung-Mi Wie Ethnicity: Korean people Country: United States of America Michelle Wie has an estimated net worth of $12 million. Michelle Sung Wie was born in Honolulu, Hawaii on October 11, 1989. Wie is a professional American golfer, who was the youngest person to ever qualify for the USGA amateur championship at the age of 10. She was also the youngest winner of the US Women's Amateur and the youngest to qualify for an LPGA tour event. She began playing golf at the age of 4. When she became the youngest person to ever qualify for the USGA national championship she held that title for 8 years, until it was broken by a girl who was 11 months younger than Wie had been. In 2002 she won the Hawaii State Open Women's Division. On October 5, 2005 a week before her 16th birthday Wie announced she was turning professional. She enrolled in Stanford University in 2007 after graduating high school, but as professional golfer she was not permitted to play for Stanford's golf team. On November 15, 2009 Wie won her first professional individual tournament. The Lorena Ochoa Invitational in Guadalajara, Mexico. This is an elite limited field event on the LPGA tour. This marked Wie's 81st professional tournament and her 66th LPGA tour event. Michelle Sung Wie ( /'wi:/; Korean: Wie Seong-mi Hangul: ??? Hanja: ???; born October 11, 1989) is an American professional golfer who plays on the LPGA Tour. At age 10, she became the youngest player to qualify for a USGA amateur championship. Wie would also become the youngest winner of the U.S. Women's Amateur Public Links and the youngest to qualify for a LPGA Tour event. Wie turned professional shortly before her 16th birthday in 2005, accompanied by an enormous amount of publicity and endorsements. Wie was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, the only child of immigrant parents from South Korea who came to the United States in the 1980s. Her father, Byung-wook Wie, is a former professor of transportation management at the University of Hawaii. Her mother, Bo, was South Korea's women's amateur golf champion in 1985 and competed in a Miss Korea pageant. Her paternal grandfather, Dr. Sang Kyu Wie, a resident of Jangheung, Jeollanam-do, was an emeritus professor at Seoul National University. When she was born, Wie was a dual citizen of both the Republic of Korea and the United States by default. Wie only has United States citizenship today. Wie graduated from Punahou School in Honolulu in June, 2007. On December 19, 2006, she announced that she would be attending Stanford University where there are family ties. Her paternal grandfather was a visiting professor and an aunt and uncle are both graduates. She enrolled in September, 2007 as a freshman, but as a professional golfer, Wie is not eligible under NCAA rules to play for Stanford's golf team. During her first three years at Stanford, she attended only during the fall and winter quarters, running from late September through mid-March each year. She took leaves of absence during the rest of the year to play professional golf. Wie completed her studies at Stanford in March 2012 with a major in communications. She has said she will participate in the university's graduation ceremony in June 2012. Wie began playin


"What is the name for the indication that a group of 3 notes are to be performed in the time of 2 of equal value, which is shown by a ""3"" and a slur placed above or below the group?"

Dolmetsch Online - Chart of Musical Symbols bars & bar lines dashed, dotted or auxiliary barline: used to mark divisions within a bar (measure), i.e. between two solid barlines, or to show that the barline is not necessarily marking periodic agogic accents in the music (as where unbarred polyphonic music is edited with barlines, or the work employs mixed metres) music start: barline placed at the beginning of a section of a piece of music music end: barline denoting the end of a piece of music brace: used with a line to joining multiple staves, for example, as found in piano music bracket: used with a perpendicular line joining multiple staves, for example, as found in piano music clef: graphical symbol placed on the left of the stave which establishes the relationship between particular note names and their position on the staff lines and spaces (i.e. tells us which pitch "class" that stave belongs to). At the suggestion of Nick Meiners, we show the relative pitch positions of the commonly used clefs G-clef (e.g. treble clef) marks G above middle C C-clef (e.g. alto clef) marks middle C F-clef (e.g. bass clef) marks F below middle C old C-clef sign, i.e. old alto, tenor, soprano, baritone and mezzosoprano clef sign a G-clef sign found in the score of La Bohï¿½me by Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924) published by Ricordi: a G-clef used for the tenor voice (for this reason it is called the tenor G clef), where the note sounds one octave lower than written had the clef been the standard treble G clef [image provided by John Garside] a C-clef sign found in the score of Sankey and Stebbins - The Male Chorus, 'for use in Gospel Meetings, Christian Associations and other Religious Services' which marks middle C as being on the second space from the top of four. The clef is equivalent to an octave G clef called the tenor G clef where that space would be occupied by a C one octave above middle C but the note sounds one octave lower [image provided by Dick Adams] G-clef ottava alta repeated sections an example of volta brackets, also called 'first ending' and 'second ending': in this case, a section performed only the first time it is reached otherwise the performer plays a later section usually marked in a similar way but with a 2. and with no vertical line at the end of the section tremolo: one of a number of abbreviations used in musical notation, in this case for repeated notes, which can be marked as individuals or marked as chords (note the angled line or lines, also called slashes, passing through the note stems) sometimes a horizontal array of dots may be placed over the note (instead or or additional to the slashes confirming the number of notes to be played through the duration of each 'slashed' note) Note: in drum or timpani parts, notes with their stems crossed diagonally by two or, more commonly three, lines usually indicate a roll tremolo or alternations: repeated sequence of two notes a particular interval apart (note the angled line or lines lying between pairs of notes) do not confuse with the caesura the lines of which pass through the top line of the staff and are steeper Note: where the two principal notes have stems, and there is no likelihood of confusion, the beams may actually connect to them: see bar 2, bass staff, in the example below simile marks, used to show repeated groups or bars (see immediately below for more information) repeated passage using simile marks do not confuse with the caesura the lines of which pass through the top line of the staff repeated bars using simile marks    D.C.(Italian: from the beginning) an abbreviation of da capo, indicating that the player should start from or go back to the beginning of the piece of music the sign or segno (Italian: sign)    D.S.(Italian: from the sign) an abbreviation of dal segno, term indicating a place from which a section of a piece is to be played, that place marked with a segno dal segno, D.S. (abbrev.): (Italian) from the sign da capo    D.C. al Fine(Italian: from the beginning to the end) an abbreviation of da capo al fine, indicting that the play


In 1871, Otto von Bismarck became the first what?

Otto von Bismarck Otto von Bismarck Political party None Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince von Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg ( April 1, 1815 – July 30, 1898) was one of the most prominent European aristocrats and statesmen of the nineteenth century. As Minister-President of Prussia from 1862 to 1890, he engineered the unification of the numerous states of Germany. From 1867 on, he was Chancellor of the North German Confederation. When the German Empire was declared in 1871, Bismarck served as its first Chancellor. He was made the Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen in 1865, and in 1871 became Prince ( Fürst) of Bismarck. In 1890 he was also made the Duke of Lauenburg. The ducal title, which he received upon his dismissal from office, he refused initially only to later accept, which was the highest rank of the non-sovereign nobility, and was styled Serene Highness. Bismarck is also known as the Iron Chancellor ("der eiserne Kanzler"). Overview As a Junker, Bismarck held deep conservative, monarchist and aristocratic views. His most significant political objective was that of turning Prussia into the most powerful state within the German Confederation. He took advantage of his great skills in the field of diplomacy and led two wars to achieve this goal. After that, Bismarck broke France 's supremacy over continental Europe in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870. It was only with reluctance that Bismarck had accepted the idea of uniting Germany. However, from 1871 onwards, Bismarck carefully built the external security of the new German state upon his skillful diplomacy, which isolated France internationally and created a vast and complex system of alliances for mutual military support with most of Europe's nations. In the role of an 'honest broker', Bismarck was also successful in maintaining peace and stability in Europe by settling arising political conflicts through negotiations. Essentially a cautious politician, Bismarck never pursued an imperialistic course in Europe. In Africa, however, Bismarck followed a policy of imperial conquest, in a manner similar to the other European powers. In the area of domestic policies, Bismarck was less successful. In the Kulturkampf, he wrested some important cultural powers away from the Protestant and Roman Catholic Church . Bismarck's Sozialistengesetze failed to suppress the labour movements but made him appear as a reactionary, a reputation he partially refuted with the new and generous social reform and welfare legislation he enacted. Emperor Wilhelm I died in 1888 and his successor, Emperor Friedrich III, succumbed to cancer the same year. The crown finally went to 29-year old Emperor Wilhelm II who disliked Bismarck personally and in 1890 Bismarck offered his resignation, when Wilhelm II refused to let him take control of a crisis that Bismarck himself had created again. To Bismarck's surprise Wilhelm II accepted and forced him to leave all his political offices. Biography Bismarck, in 1836. Bismarck was born in Schönhausen, in his Austro-Prussian family's estate in the old Prussian province Mark Brandenburg (now Saxony-Anhalt) west of Berlin. His father, Ferdinand von Bismarck, was a landowner and a former Prussian military officer; his mother, Wilhelmine Mencken, originally belonged to a well-off commoner family. Otto von Bismarck had several siblings, but only an elder brother and a younger sister (Malvina) survived into adulthood. Otto von Bismarck was educated at the Friedrich-Wilhelm- Gymnasium and the Graues Kloster-Gymnasium. Thereafter, at the age of seventeen, he joined the Georg August University of Göttingen, where he spent only a year as a member of the Corps Hannovera before enrolling in the Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin. Although he hoped to become a diplomat, he could only obtain minor administrative positions in Aachen and Potsdam. As his work proved monotonous and uninteresting, his years were marked by conscious neglect of his official duties; he instead preferred to mix with "high society." Upon his mother's death in 1839, Bismarck took over the management of his f


What song by Helen Reddy was subject to much debate about what it was really about?

Interview With Helen Reddy Gary James' Interview With Helen Reddy Does Helen Reddy really need an introduction? Probably not, but we're going to give her one anyway. She came to this country from Australia, landed a record deal with Capitol Records, and had a hit with the first song she recorded "I Don't Know How To Love Him". The song that put Helen Reddy over the top, the song that made her a household name was "I Am Woman". That song went to Number One, and earned Helen a Grammy Award. Other hits followed, including "Angie Baby", "Delta Dawn", "Leave Me Alone (Ruby Red Dress)" and "You And Me Against the World". In short, Helen Reddy ruled. You might well ask what Helen Reddy is doing these days. Today, she's an environmental activist who served three years as Commissioner of Parks and Recreation for the State of California. She recently formed her own record company, Helen Reddy Inc. and released a new CD titled "Feel So Young". The CD sleeve uses ninety per cent less plastic, and seventy per cent less paper than traditional packaging. We spoke with Helen Reddy about her career, her life today, the environment, and one of her earliest gigs, in Syracuse, New York. Q - Helen, when did you first perform in Syracuse? A - Way back when. I played at the Three Rivers Inn, and I think there was like 12 people in the audience. Q - What year was that? Q - 1966. When I first came from Australia nobody knew me. I think I was the opening act for several other people, or at least I should have been. (Laughs). Syracuse was one of the first places I played in the United States. Q - Do you remember the show you did at Miller Court, at the New York Sate Fair in 1975, in the pouring rain? A - I remember that night. I had to do the show standing on a rubber mat with strict instructions not to touch the microphone. Yeah, we had a problem of course with the guys playing electric guitars. I remember that night. When I got to the line in "Bluebird - We're out in the rain," there was a tremendous roar from the crowd on that one. Q - Why did you decide to re-record some of your biggest hits on this latest CD of yours? A - Several reasons. These songs undergo changes all the time. It's kind of like your basic little black dress. You may accessorize it differently as the years go by. I kind of feel that way about the hits. We change our approach to them from time to time, change the chord progressions, whatever. So, I wanted a record of how they sounded now. And, the fans want a record of how they sound now. And also, I wanted to own the masters to these songs. Q - Why did you start your own record label? A - I wanted to have a lot more control, not only on the creative, artistic level, but also on the legal, in terms of ownership of production, because no artist likes the endless re-packaging of oldies that goes on once they've left the label. I also wanted control over the merchandising, the actual packaging of the product. That was a big factor. So, the only way for me to exercise control on all those levels was to start my own label. Q - You must have sat down and really studied the music business, and found out what it was you liked and disliked about the position you were in. A - Well, you know, hindsight is wonderful. It's always very easy to second guess after the fact. Believe it or not, most people think of me as a recording artist, but actually the way I think of myself and the way I earn my living is as a performing artist. I work "live". I do about eight or nine shows a month, one nighters, here, there or wherever. That is how I earn my living. That is how I've always earned my living. So the recording aspect of it to me is a side line. I've never been dependent on it for a livelihood although heavens knows, people wouldn't be coming to see Helen Reddy if they didn't associate the name with certain songs that they like. What was the question? Q - Did you really study the ins and outs of the business side of the music business? A - I had my own production company now for about eight, nine years. We did virtually everything in house.


When did the European Space Agency launch its first successful rocket, Ariane I?

Historic Spacecraft - Information About European Rockets Historic Spacecraft European Launch Vehicles European Rockets Overview Early European satellite launchers included the French Diamant series, and the British Black Arrow. An early international effort was the unsuccessful Europa rocket, operated by the European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO). Formed in 1975, the European Space Agency (ESA), has been a dominant player in the commercial satellite launch market for several decades. The Ariane rocket family has evolved over the years to meet the demands of the market. Current operational launchers include the highly successful Ariane 5, the recently introduced Vega small payload launcher, and Soyuz rockets purchased from Russia. Left to right: Diamant A , Diamant B , Diamant BP4 , Black Arrow , Blue Streak , Europa , Ariane 1 , Ariane 2 , Ariane 3 , Ariane 40 , Ariane 44P , Ariane 44LP , Ariane 44L , Ariane 5 , Ariane 5 (Herschel and Planck) , Vega , Soyuz , Human figure for scale (1.8m tall). Diamant Diamant was a series of French satellite launchers. The program began during the early 1960's, with the first successful orbital mission in 1965. The final launch occurred in 1975. Diamant A The first Diamant A launch successfully placed the Asterix satellite into orbit on 26 November 1965. A total of four Diamant A rockets were launched. All succeeded in placing payloads into orbit.  Diamant A launches took place from a site in Algeria. Diamant A Stages Diamant B First launched in 1970, the Diamant B featured enlarged first and third stages. Of the five Diamant B rockets launched, three successfully placed payloads into orbit. All Diamant B launches occurred from Kourou in French Guiana. Diamant B Stages Diamant BP4 The Diamant BP4 included a more powerful second stage and an enlarged payload fairing. Three Diamant BP4 rockets were successfully launched. All missions were launched in 1975 from Kourou, French Guiana. Diamant BP4 Stages Black Arrow British Black Arrow Satellite Launcher. Black Arrow was a British rocket designed as a satellite launcher. Development started in the mid-1960's, with four launches occurring between 1969 and 1971. All four launches occurred at Woomera, Austraila. The program was canceled in 1971. Five rockets were constructed for the program. (Identified as R0, R1, R2, R3, and R4.) R0 and R1 were flown as sub-orbital test flights. The R2 mission, launched in 1970, was an attempted orbital mission. A problem with the rockets second stage prevented the payload from reaching orbit. The R3 mission, conducted in 1971, successfully placed a satellite into Earth orbit. The fifth rocket, Black Arrow R4, was not launched and is currently on display at the Science Museum in London. (Photos: Richard and Sharron Kruse, 2009) First Stage Second Stage and Payload Fairing Europa Blue Streak Blue Streak was a medium range ballistic missile developed by Britain in the 1950's.  The missile used kerosene and liquid oxygen as propellents. Intended to form part of Britain's nuclear deterrent, it was planned to base operational missiles in underground silos. The missile program was canceled in 1960, before entering operational service. The rocket would later become the first stage of the Europa rocket. Europa The Europa rocket, operated by the European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO), was a joint project between several nations. The first stage was based on the British Blue Streak medium range ballistic missile. France supplied the second stage, while the third stage was built by Germany. Several other nations provided hardware and services for the program. Eleven missions were launched between 1964 and 1971. Most of the flights were conducted from Woomera , Australia, while the last mission launched from Kourou, French Guiana. Although several sub-orbital test flights were successful, all attempted orbital missions failed. Ariane Family of Rockets Ariane rockets are civilian operated, expendable launch vehicles. They are launched from a spaceport in French Guiana. For over


When were the first world championships in alpine skiing held?

Patrick von Stutenzee's History Blog: History of the FIS Alpine Ski World Championship I like history. If it is sometimes weird and wonderful, so much the better. History of the FIS Alpine Ski World Championship The FIS Alpine Ski World Championships have been running for over 80 years. There were a few curious instances in that time. They include time differences between winners and runners up of almost 30 seconds, the championship that never was, one without snow, and the man who became women’s world champion.   by  +Lucas Dié  on  History 80 years ago, the first FIS Alpine Ski World Championship took place in Murren. Murren is a picturesque small skiing resort in the Bernese Alps in Switzerland. While the event these days is a major happening, in 1931 seven nations took part. Of these seven, Australia, Italy, and Norway sent only one participant to represent them. The other four participants Austria, Germany, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom split the medals in between them.  At the first World Championship, men and women only competed in two events: Downhill and slalom. A medal for the combined results of the two was introduced in 1932. The winner of the men’s downhill event took 22 seconds less than the runner up; in the women’s downhill, Esme McKinnon representing the United Kingdom won by an even larger margin of 27 seconds.  The World Championship was held on an annual basis until 1939. Due to World War II, no events took place in 1940. The result of the 1941 event was cancelled by the FIS in 1946 due to the limited number of participants coming exclusively from the Axis Nations. No further events were held until 1948 when the first post war Championship was held in Switzerland. The host was St. Moritz in the Grisons Engadin Valley and it was held together with the first post war Winter Olympics.  From 1948 to 1982, World Championships were held every two years whereby the Winter Olympics counted as a World Championship as well with exception of the combined event. In 1985 the new regime of World Championships in odd years was started while retaining the biennial scheduling. Exceptional was the World Championship of 1995 to be held in the Sierra Nevada in Spain; due to lack of snow, the event had to be cancelled and was moved to 1996. The event took place at the same location without a hitch.  The World Championship of 1956 showed that it could be a place where stars are born. A twenty year old Austrian by the name of Toni Sailer managed the impossible that year and won the gold medals in all four events: Downhill, giant slalom, slalom, and combined. Two years later, at the Winter Olympics of 1958, he was a total failure; he won only silver in the slalom, but obviously gold in all the other events.  The 1966 World Championship was exceptional; it was held in Portillo in Chile and it is the only time so far that it was held in the southern hemisphere. Even more exceptional was the winner of the women’s downhill race. The event was won by Austria’s Erika Schinegger. Before the 1968 Winter Olympics, the women participants of the alpine skiing events underwent a medical test which showed Erika to be in fact male. Having been brought up as a girl, it turned out that he had a medical condition of pseudohermaphroditism.  The FIS took a practical approach to the conundrum: They issued a new set of medals and reissued the ranking where Erika Schinegger’s name was missing; at the same time they didn't annul his champion’s title. While the results board of the FIS shows only France’s Marielle Goitschl as winner, there are in fact two world champions in the downhill of that year.  Erika Schinegger in turn underwent an operation and changed his name to Erik. He is married, has a daughter, runs a skiing school for children and two hotels in his home village in Austria, and writes books about skiing. In 1988, he published his story in Mein Sieg Über Mich. Der Mann, Der Weltmeisterin Wurde. (My Victory Over Myself. The Man Who Became Women’s World Champion).  The book has been bandied about Hollywood since 2007; filming of a


Where is the oldest working gin distillery in England?

Tour the Plymouth Gin Distillery | VisitEngland Read more … Close × The Plymouth Blackfriars Gin Distillery is the oldest working gin distillery in England, and it has been making Plymouth Gin according to the original recipe since 1793.  Take part in the ultimate gin experience and be fascinated by the history of the Distillery and how Plymouth Gin is made. Book this unique opportunity to compare different tastes and styles of gin as part of a tutoring tasting, or embark on a Master Distiller's Tour for a more in-depth experience.  For history lovers, you can indulge in a cocktail in the Distillery's historic bar 'The Refectory' which is believed to be the room where the Pilgrim Fathers spent their last night before setting sail for the New World. Content provided by Visit Plymouth


What is the real name of the artist known as Fatboy Slim?

Fatboy Slim Discography at Discogs Norman Quentin Cook (born Quentin Leo Cook — name changed by deed poll in 2002) Profile: Born in the UK as Quentin Leo Cook on 31 July 1963. Married to radio DJ & television presenter Zoë Ball, thus son-in-law of British television personality Johnny Ball . Cook adopted the new pseudonym Fatboy Slim in 1996. The Fatboy Slim album and Cook's second solo album Better Living Through Chemistry (released through Skint Records) contained the Top 40 UK hit, "Everybody Needs a 303". Fatboy Slim's next work was the single "The Rockafeller Skank", released prior to the album You've Come a Long Way, Baby, both of which were released in 1998. "Praise You", also from this album, was Cook's first UK solo number one. Its music video, starring Spike Jonze, won numerous awards. In 2000, Fatboy Slim released his third studio album, Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars, and featured two collaborations with Macy Gray and "Weapon of Choice", which also was made into an award-winning video starring Christopher Walken. In 2003, he produced Crazy Beat and Gene by Gene from the Blur album Think Tank, and in 2004, Palookaville was Cook's first studio album for four years. Fatboy Slim's greatest hits album Why Try Harder was released on 19 June 2006. It comprises eighteen tracks, including ten Top 40 singles, a couple of Number Ones and two exclusive new tracks – "Champion Sound" and "That Old Pair of Jeans". Most of the songs were shortened and heavily edited, resulting in almost fifteen minutes of unused space on the compact disc release. (wikipedia - edited) Not simply a DJ, Norman Cook has surpassed this role as a producer whilst using one of many aliases; the chief one being Fatboy Slim. Many UK DJ's have managed to crossover to a large extent in the US and beyond, however Norman Cook, under alias Fatboy Slim, has done much more than this. Rather than being a faceless behind the decks head-down DJ, Norman's exuberant character whilst performing on the decks simply takes any audience with him regardless of the country or culture he is playing to. His devotion to his chosen place of residence, Brighton, is legendary, even donning "I Love Brighton" T-shirts on occasion. Despite massive pressure to go wholly with a major label, he continues to stick with his original Brighton-based label Skint Records . He also has put-on two massive free beach parties on Brighton beach, as a thanks to the love and respect fellow residents of the city have given him. On New Years Day 2007, he held the third beach event. Whilst it was forced to be scaled down and ticketed --due to Brighton City Council's heath & safety concerns-- this event shows his devotion to Brighton remains undiminished. He staged a fourth event on Saturday 27 September 2008, "Big Beach Boutique 4" for Brighton residents only, just in time for the end of summer. Sites: fatboyslim.net , astralwerks.com , MySpace , Wikipedia Aliases:


Who beat Lee Westwood, then the new world golf #1, into second place at the WGC-HSBC Championship in Shanghai in November 2010?

The "crying shame" about Tiger Woods golf vs Westwood, Molinari duel | Golf for Beginners The "crying shame" about Tiger Woods golf vs Westwood, Molinari duel When it comes to deciding the highlights of 2010 there are plenty of contenders for most dominant display and an obvious winner of the most exciting moment of the year in golf. However a special category should be saved for the display of Francesco Molinari and Lee Westwood at the WGC-HSBC Champions for producing one of those most-cherished moments in tournament golf; a good old-fashioned duel! Tim Maitland reports. No-one in their right mind could argue against that rain-sodden reenactment of the Somme – the drama at the Monday denouement of the Celtic Manor Ryder Cup – as the highlight of the year. Special mention would go to the three-way play-off for the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits (Dustin Johnson eventually being penalized for grounding his club in a “bunker” on his 72nd hole, while Martin Kaymer saw off Bubba Watson): an Oscar winner in any other year. The individual performance? Louis Oosthuizen taking the Open Championship by seven shots at the home of golf would probably eclipse Cristie Kerr’s 12-shot victory at the LPGA Championship in most books, mainly because it’s St Andrews above Locust Hill. They wouldn’t have a category for what happened at Sheshan International Golf Club in the WGC-HSBC Champions for the simple reason that two players almost never run away from a world-class field the way that Francesco Molinari and Lee Westwood did in finishing ten and nine shots ahead. “It’s very rare: very unusual indeed. Often you get one person that streaks away, but two separating themselves that much is unusual,” said former Ryder Cup player and winner of the inaugural tournament in Shanghai David Howell. “It just goes to show how well both of them played, ultimately how much Francesco deserved to win and how unlucky Lee was.” A quick straw poll of the professionals on the driving range produces a lot of scratching of heads as to when they personally witnessed a similar moment of classic head-and-shoulders-above-the-rest hand-to-hand combat. “Probably once every five years you’ll see two guys; it’s sort of like they get on a crest of a wave and they’re playing each other, feeding off each other and they just keep going. With a top-class field it’s very rare,” said Australian veteran Tony “TC” Carolan. “You see these old classic tournaments where you get these fantastic duels because they’re playing together. They go along together, they played together over the weekend because they were so far ahead and they just kept going away from the field. It’s basically two different tournaments running at the same time! One and two are playing it out and the others are playing for third.” True to that patent, the Molinari-Westwood encounter began from the start. The Ryder Cup teammates were first and second just one shot apart after the first round at Sheshan and finished each day in the same positions with the same margin as they left golf’s great and good trailing in their dust. There is one obvious comparison to make: The Duel on the Bund and the great, the legendary Duel in the Sun. “The classic one was, of course, Nicklaus and Watson; the Open Championship at Turnberry in 1977. Shanghai? It definitely belongs with it. What was good about Shanghai was that they’d drawn away; the only one that was similar was 1977, because they were away from everybody else and there were just the two of them at it,” declared TV commentator Renton Laidlaw, himself something of a legend in the game and one of the few people qualified to make the comparison because he was at both Turnberry 30-odd years ago, working as BBC Radio’s report and covering for London’s Evening Standard, and at Sheshan in November as a Golf Channel commentator. “It was absolutely fantastic. Watson had won the Masters that year. They lapped the field. The guy that was third, Hubert Green, was 10 shots behind them, it was rather similar to Shangha


Queen Maude Land and Mount Erebus are on which continent?

1000+ images about @Antarctica@ on Pinterest | Lands in, Frozen and Deception island Forward This is the ceremonial south pole marker, surrounded by flags of all countries who have a presence in Antarctica. The magnetic south pole marker is a temporary marker that has to be moved every year because the ice underneath moves about 30 feet per year. See More


Mixing the colours red and blue results in what colour?

4 Ways to Mix Colors - wikiHow Mixing Light—Additive Color 1 Take a look at your monitor. Look at the white areas on this page, and get really close. If you have a magnifying glass, the better it becomes. What you see when you get up close and personal with your screen is not white, but red, green and blue dots. Unlike pigments, which work by absorbing color, light is additive, and works by combining light. Movies and display screens, whether they’re your 60-inch plasma television or your 3.5-inch retina display on your iPhone, all work using additive color mixing. 2 Combine light to make secondary colors. Like subtractive color, there are three primary colors, and three secondary colors, made by mixing the primary colors together. The additive light results may surprise you: Mixing red + blue = magenta Advanced Color Theory 1 Become familiar with the subjective nature of color perception. How humans perceive color, and how we define it. While science can define and measure light down to the nanometer, what our eyes perceive is a complex mix of not just the hue, but the saturation and the lightness of the color as well. This is further complicated by how we perceive the same color against different backgrounds Consider this simple example to illustrate color perception: Do you see a bluish-green, a blue, a creamy yellow, a bright yellow, and a bright green? Now look at the actual colors. There are only 3: What we see is about where we see it influencing the actual values. To make things even more interesting, some people’s color perception is so different that we term this as“color blindness,” though it’s simply an imbalance in color perception. 2 Consider hue, saturation, and lightness, the three dimensions of color. Any given color can be said to have three dimensions: hue, saturation, and lightness. Hue refers to a color's position on the color wheel, yellow, orange, red, etc., plus all the intermediate colors such as red-orange and orange-yellow. Some examples: Pink's hue is magenta or red (or something between). Brown's hue is orange, because brown is dark orange. Saturation is what gives you rich, bright colors, like those in the rainbow or on the color wheel. Pale colors (tints), dark colors (shades), and muted colors (tones) are less saturated. Lightness indicates how close a color is to white or black, regardless of the color. If you took a B&W photo of your colors, this tells us which ones would be lighter or darker. For example, bright yellow is a relatively light color. It’s lightness can be increased even more by adding white to make pale yellow. Bright blue is naturally dark, low on the lightness scale, but dark blue is even lower. Method Mixing Paint Colors 1 Follow these guidelines to mix any and every color. Magenta, yellow, and cyan are the “subtractive” primary colors, which means they can be combined to make any other color but cannot themselves be mixed from other colors. Subtractive primaries are used when mixing pigments such as inks, dyes, and paints. Magenta and yellow mixed make reds and oranges. Yellow and cyan mixed make greens. Cyan and magenta mixed make blues and purples. 2 Make bright clean colors. If you arrange your color wheel as a triangle, with yellow, magenta and cyan at the three corners, then to make bright colors, just mix any of the colors on only one side of the triangle. For example, you can mix magenta with orange or yellow to make red, mix red with transparent yellow to make orange, or mix orange with red to make orange-red. There's no need to limit yourself to using only the primaries, and if you want bright colors, you'll find that mixing colors nearer each other on the color wheel will give you better results. This disappointing "purple" was made by mixing red and blue. If you mix colors from two different sides of the triangle, for example blue and red, you will not get a bright color. Blue and red together make a dark dirty purple. 3 Make low saturation colors. Low saturation colors (colors that aren't bright) come in three basic varieties: tints (light colors), shades (


The 'Deadwood' Cast Chats for a 10th Anniversary Oral History of the HBO Drama The 'Deadwood' Cast Chats for a 10th Anniversary Oral History of the HBO Drama Kimberly Potts Pin it Share David Milch's original vision was to create a TV drama about cops in Rome, during the time of Nero. "What had interested me was the idea of order without law," Milch said . "I wanted to focus on that idea of how order is generated in the absence of law." HBO already had "Rome" on the way, though, so when the network's executives asked if he could explore his idea in a different setting, "Deadwood" was born. The series debuted ten years ago this year, and much has changed in the last decade of TV, in large measure because of the influence of "Deadwood." Both Alan Sepinwall in his book "The Revolution Was Televised" and Brett Martin in his "Difficult Men" include Milch's Western as one of the key shows that have helped usher in this new Golden Age of Television, which has left our viewing cup so runneth over we have to schedule binge-watching sessions just to keep up with all the great TV drama available to us. In honor of the "Deadwood"-iversary, several of the beloved series' cast members — including actor/"Deadwood" writing staff member W. Earl Brown — shared with Yahoo TV their colorful tales of being cast on the show, their experiences working with the "mad genius" that is David Milch, what it was like to work on the "Deadwood" set (including the surprise set wedding that featured Milch as best man), how they felt about the show's use of profanity and the art of a Milchian monologue, and what made "Deadwood" such a special entry on their acting résumés. Cast Interviewed: W. Earl Brown Portrayed: Dan Dority, right-hand man to Gem Saloon owner Al Swearengen, and was a member of the "Deadwood" writing staff Previous roles: Mary's brother Warren in "There's Something About Mary" Post-"Deadwood": Films "The Sessions," "The Master," "Draft Day," "Bloodworth," and "Wild," guest roles on "Bates Motel," "Justified," "American Horror Story," "Rectify," and "Grey's Anatomy," and co-starring in Oscar winner John Ridley's fall 2014 ABC drama pilot "American Crime" Read More Keith Carradine Portrayed: Wild Bill Hickok, legendary gunslinger Previous roles: Starred in and won an Oscar and a Golden Globe for writing the original song "I'm Easy" for Robert Altman's "Nashville" Post-"Deadwood": Guest roles on "Dexter," "The Big Bang Theory," "The Following," "Raising Hope," and "NCIS," and co-stars in FX's upcoming "Fargo" series Kim Dickens Portrayed: Joanie Stubbs, the madam at Cy Tolliver's Bella Union Previous roles: "Hollow Man" and "House of Sand and Fog" Post-"Deadwood": "The Blind Side," "Footloose," and the upcoming "Gone Girl," roles on "Lost," "Friday Night Lights," "Treme," and "Sons of Anarchy," and co-starring in the CBS fall 2014 drama pilot "Red Zone" Garret Dillahunt Portrayed: Jack McCall, the drunk who killed Bill Hickok, and Francis Wolcott, the murderous advance man for George Hearst Previous roles: "A Minute with Stan Hooper," and guest roles on "NYPD Blue" and "The X-Files" Post-"Deadwood": Films "No Country for Old Men," "The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford," and "Winter's Bone," guest roles on "ER," "John From Cincinnati," "Damages," and "Burn Notice," starring role in the just-concluded Fox comedy "Raising Hope," and will star in the Amazon original series drama pilot "Hand of God" Brad Dourif Portrayed: Doc Cochran, Deadwood's town physician (his performance earned one of the show's three Emmy acting nominations) Previous roles: "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest," "Mississippi Burning," and voices Chucky in the "Child's Play" horror movies Post-"Deadwood": Guest roles on "Fringe," "Psych," "Wilfred," "Once Upon a Time," and "Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.," and movies "Halloween" and "Halloween II," and Werner Herzog's "The Bad Lieutentant: Port of Call — New Orleans" and "My Son, My Son, What Have Ye Done" Geri Jewell Portrayed: Jewel, the disabled cleaning woman at the Gem Saloon Previous roles: Cousin


In 1886, John Pemberton claimed that a certain concoction cured diseases, including morphine addiction, dyspepsia, neurasthenia, headache, and impotence. Which was it?

Dinge en Goete (Things and Stuff): This Day in History: May 8, 1886: Pharmacist first sells a carbonated beverage named "Coca-Cola" as medicine "Those who don't know history are destined to repeat it." Edmund Burke. What happened on this Day in History? Wednesday, May 8, 2013 This Day in History: May 8, 1886: Pharmacist first sells a carbonated beverage named "Coca-Cola" as medicine   The prototype Coca-Cola recipe was formulated at the Eagle Drug and Chemical Company, a drugstore in Columbus , Georgia, by John Pemberton , originally as a coca wine called Pemberton's French Wine Coca . [4] [5] He may have been inspired by the formidable success of Vin Mariani , a European coca wine. [6] In 1886, when Atlanta and Fulton County passed prohibition legislation, Pemberton responded by developing Coca-Cola, essentially a nonalcoholic version of French Wine Coca. [7] The first sales were at Jacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia , on May 8, 1886. [8] It was initially sold as a patent medicine for five cents [9] a glass at soda fountains , which were popular in the United States at the time due to the belief that carbonated water was good for the health. [10] Pemberton claimed Coca-Cola cured many diseases, including morphine addiction, dyspepsia , neurasthenia , headache, and impotence . Pemberton ran the first advertisement for the beverage on May 29 of the same year in the Atlanta Journal . [11]   By 1888, three versions of Coca-Cola – sold by three separate businesses – were on the market. A copartnership had been formed on January 14, 1888 between Pemberton and four Atlanta businessmen: J.C. Mayfield, A.O. Murphey; C.O. Mullahy and E.H. Bloodworth. Not codified by any signed document, a verbal statement given by Asa Candler years later asserted under testimony that he had acquired a stake in Pemberton's company as early as 1887. [12]     Asa Candler, however, eventually took on a more formal position by being part of the Coca-Cola Company incorporation filed in the Fulton County Superior Court on March 24, 1888. This action included Charley Pemberton and Woolfolk Walker, along with the latter's sister, Margaret Dozier. The four made up the original shareholders for "Coca-Cola Company," a Georgia corporation. All parties held copies of the Coca-Cola recipe and could continue to use the formula separate of each other.   Pemberton, though, had declared that the name "Coca-Cola" belonged solely to his son Charley. The situation was quite agitating to both Candler and Walker, and quickly placed the two at odds with Charley Pemberton. What further caused friction over this issue was that John Pemberton variously forgot he had actually signed over the sole rights to the "Coca-Cola" name to his son Charley earlier. Pemberton's ongoing health problems, compounded by his morphine addiction brought about from his old Civil War injury, made the situation difficult.   Charley Pemberton's record of control over the "Coca-Cola" name was the underlying factor that allowed for him to participate as a major shareholder in the March 1888 Coca-Cola Company incorporation filing made in his father's place. [13] More so for Candler especially, Charley's position holding exclusive control over the "Coca Cola" name continued to be a thorn in his side.   Asa Candler's oldest son, Charles Howard Candler, authored a book in 1950 published by Emory University . In this definitive biography about his father, Candler specifically states: "..., on April 14, 1888, the young druggist [Asa Griggs Candler] purchased a one-third interest in the formula of an almost completely unknown proprietary elixir known as Coca-Cola." [14]   The deal was actually between John Pemberton's son Charley and Walker, Candler & Co. - with John Pemberton acting as cosigner for his son. For $50 down and $500 in 30 days, Walker, Candler & Co. obtained all of the one-third interest in the Coca-Cola Company that Charley held, all while Charley still held on to the name. After the April 14th deal, on April 17, 1888, one-half of the Walker/Dozier interes


"The flag of which country is sometimes nicknamed the ""auriverde""?"

Brazil Flags World Cup FIFA Team Brazil Banners Flag 14 Item(s) Show As the leading online vendor of Brazilian Flags (Flag of Brazil), we have both a durable and affordable flag made from our Online Stores Brand Superknit polyester and a top quality heavyweight nylon flag finished with a strong canvas heading and two grommets. Brazil flags are available in an array of sizes to fit your needs and budget, including 4x6 inch, 12x18 inch, 2ft x 3ft, 3ft x 5ft and 4ft x 6ft sizes in nylon and 3ft x 5ft in Superknit polyester. Did you know? The blue celestial sphere on the Brazilian flag depicting the Southern Hemisphere sky features the actual stars that were present in the sky above Rio de Janeiro on November 15, 1889 – the day Brazil became a republic… For more info, visit FlagPictures.org, which has Brazil flag pictures, info and history you can download for free . The stars, which also stand as a symbol of Brazil’s (Brasil's) 26 states (plus one for the Federal District), are in the same pattern they were in the sky if seen from above (which we can never do). The stars of the constellations Southern Cross (also called Crux), Scorpius and Canis Major are distinguishable in the design. About Us We are one the largest manufacturers in the world of small flags. We manufacture more than 200 country flags, including international flags, all 50 states, and military, historical and religious flags. Overall, we carry an inventory of more than 1 million flags. Background on Brazil (Brasil)


Which European country did not finally lose its territory in India until 1961?

European History/Exploration and Discovery - Wikibooks, open books for an open world European History/Exploration and Discovery This is the latest reviewed version , checked on 3 August 2015. (+)  Quality: minimal   Jump to: navigation , search Editing of this page by new or unregistered users is currently disabled due to vandalism. See the protection log for more details. If you cannot edit this page and you wish to make a change, you can request an edit , discuss changes on the discussion page , request unprotection , log in , or create an account . Contents The Spanish Empire . During the fifteenth and the sixteenth century the states of Europe began their modern exploration of the world with a series of sea voyages. The Atlantic states of Spain and Portugal were foremost in this enterprise though other countries, notably England and the Netherlands, also took part. These explorations increased European knowledge of the wider world, particularly in relation to sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas . These explorations were frequently connected to conquest and missionary work, as the states of Europe attempted to increase their influence, both in political and religious terms, throughout the world. Causes of the Age of Exploration The explorers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries had a variety of motivations, but were frequently motivated by the prospects of trade and wealth. The earliest explorations, round the coast of West Africa , were designed to bypass the trade routes that brought gold across the Sahara Desert . The improved naval techniques that developed then allowed Europeans to travel further afield, to India and, ultimately, to the Americas. The early explorations of Spain and Portugal were particularly aided by new ship designs. Prior to the fifteenth century Spain and Portugal largely relied on a ship known as the galley . Although galleys were fast and manoeuvrable, they were designed for use in the confined waters of the Mediterranean, and were unstable and inefficient in the open ocean. To cope with oceanic voyages, European sailors adapted a ship known as the cog , largely used in the Baltic and North Sea , which they improved by adding sail designs used in the Islamic world. These new ships, known as caravels , had deep keels, which gave them stability, combined with lateen sails , which allowed them to best exploit oceanic winds. The astrolabe was a new navigational instrument in Europe that borrowed from the Islamic world, which used it in deserts. Using coordinates via the sky, one rotation of the astrolabe's plate, called a tympan , represented the passage of one day, allowing sailors to approximate the time, direction in which they were sailing, and the number of days passed. The astrolabe was replaced by the sextant as the chief navigational instrument in the 18th century. The sextant measured celestial objects in relation to the horizon, as opposed to measuring them in relation to the instrument. As a result, explorers were now able to sight the sun at noon and determine their latitude, which made this instrument more accurate than the astrolabe. Portuguese Roles in Early Exploration The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the entire globe in half. The result, pictured, would result in incredible gains in wealth by Spain, who controlled the gold-laden continent of South America and the resource-rich Amazon River Basin. In 1415, the Portuguese established a claim to some cities (Ceuta, Tangiers) on what is today the Kingdom of Morocco , and in 1433 they began the systematic exploration of the west African coast. In August 1492, Christopher Columbus , whose nationality is still today subject to much debate, set sail on behalf of Ferdinand and Isabella whose marriage had united their crowns forming what is still today the Kingdom of Spain, and on October 12 of that same year, he eventually reached the Bahamas thinking it was the East Indies . In his mind he had reached the eastern end of the rich lands of India and China described in the thirteenth century by the Venetian explorer Marco Polo. As a r


Snail fever is caused by organisms of which genus?

Schistosoma - Blood Flukes Find The Nastiest Parasites In Humans Schistosoma - Blood Flukes Schistosomiasis (also known as snail fever or bilharzia) is caused by blood flukes from the genus Schistosoma. More than 200 million people are infected worldwide. Mostly in freshwaters where there are many snails which are the intermediate host. There are five main species infecting humans: Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, S. japonicum and two geographically localized species S. intercalatum and S. mekongi. Schistosoma requires the use of two hosts to complete its life cycle. Depending on the Schistosoma species their eggs are shed either in the feces or urine of an infected human. Eggs can survive up to a week in dry land. If the feces end up in water, larvae called miracidia hatch and start finding certain species of freshwater snails. When they find a snail they penetrate its foot and transform into sporocysts (another larval form). These primary sporocysts multiply asexually into secondary sporocysts and travel to the snail's hepatopancreas. They multiply asexually producing hundreds of cercariae (another larval form). (The process from sporocyst to cercaria takes a few months.) Cercariae exit the snail and start waiting in the water. They can survive about 48 hours in favourable conditions. When they sense that human skin is near, they quickly swim and attach with suckers. They find a suitable spot (usually a hair follicle) and penetrate the skin using special enzymes. As they enter they transform into schistosomulae (another larval form). Only head parts enter, they leave tails behind. Each schistosomula stays a few days in the skin and then enters the bloodstream through dermal lymphatic vessels or blood venules. They travel in the bloodstream to get to specific blood veins. In humans Schistosoma reaches fertility in 6–8 weeks. The newly developed adult females and males find each other and pair up. Adult blood flukes are 1–2 cm long. Males make a gynaecophoric channel for the longer and thinner females to reside. The worm pair then travel to rectal or mesenteric veins. They attach to the venous wall with oral and ventral suckers and can live for many years. Females lay eggs on the endothelial lining of the venous capillary walls at the rate of 300–3000 eggs per day depending on the Schistosoma species. Some eggs are flushed by circulating blood ending up causing inflammation in organs such as liver or lungs. Most eggs however travel to the lumen of the intestinal tract (S. japonicum and S. mansoni) and of the ureters and bladder (S. haematobium), thus exiting the body in the feces or urine. Mature eggs produce special enzymes and can penetrate many membranes such as rectal veins or intestinal wall. The eggs get out of the body and the cycle starts again. Schistosoma species can migrate around and are not bound to just one location. But each species has a preferred location. For example, S. japonicum resides more frequently in the veins that drain the small intestine. S. mansoni is found more often in the veins that drain the large intestine. S. haematobium occurs usually in the venous plexus of bladder, but can also be found in the rectal venules. The first symptoms are a rash or itch during the first few days. Within two months chills, cough, diarrhea, fatigue, fever and muscle aches can occur. Usually however during the first few weeks schistosomiasis is asymptomatic. The disease is worse for children who can develop anemia, learning difficulties and malnutrition. After years of infection eggs inflame organs such as the liver, bladder and lungs. If eggs end up in the brain or spinal cord, they can cause paralysis, seizures or inflammation of the spinal cord. Diagnosis is done from a stool or urine sample by microscopic examination. You need to provide your health care provider with the samples. Eggs can be present in the feces in infections of all Schistosoma species and in the urine in infections of S. haematobium and S. japonicum. Tissue biopsy (bladder or rectal biopsy) can also be used in finding eggs, if stool


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