By what name was the Castle of St Antoine that was built in Paris in 1369 as a fortress better known?

Paris, France | Article about Paris, France by The Free Dictionary Paris, France | Article about Paris, France by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Paris%2c+France Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Medical , Financial , Acronyms , Wikipedia . Paris (pâr`ĭs, Fr. pärē`), city (1999 pop. 2,115,757; metropolitan area est. pop. 11,000,000), N central France, capital of the country, on the Seine River. It is the commercial and industrial focus of France and a cultural and intellectual center of international renown. The city possesses an indefinable unity of atmosphere that has fascinated writers, poets, and painters for centuries. Paris is sometimes called the City of Light in tribute to its intellectual preeminence as well as to its beautiful appearance. Paris is the center of many major newspapers and periodicals, as well as all the major French radio and television stations. Elegant stores and hotels, lavish nightclubs, theaters, and gourmet restaurants help make tourism the biggest industry in Paris. Other leading industries manufacture luxury articles, high-fashion clothing, perfume, and jewelry. Heavy industry, notably automobile manufacture, is located in the suburbs. About one quarter of the French labor force is concentrated in the Paris area. Transportation Facilities Situated in the center of the Paris basin (see Île-de-France Île-de-France , region and former province, N central France, in the center of the Paris basin, a fertile depression where the Marne and Ouse rivers join the Seine. ..... Click the link for more information. ), and only 90 mi (145 km) from the English Channel, the city handles a great volume of shipping. Orly and Charles de Gaulle airports (the latter opened in 1974) and many major railroad stations make Paris one of the great transportation centers of western Europe. The Paris metro (subway), built in 1900, was modernized and extended during the 1970s. There are now 16 principal metro lines and a high-speed express subway system servicing the suburbs. The system's hub, Chatelet Les-Halles, is perhaps the largest, busiest underground station in the world. Paris is also the hub of the national rail system, with high-speed trains connecting it to most major European cities. Points of Interest Paris is divided into roughly equal sections by the Seine. On the right (northern) bank are the Bois de Boulogne Bois de Boulogne , park in Paris, France, bordering on the western suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine. A favorite pleasure ground since the 17th cent., the park contains the race courses of Auteuil and Longchamps and many delightful promenades and bridle paths. ..... Click the link for more information.  and the adjoining Stade Roland Garros (site of tennis's French Open), Arc de Triomphe Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile , imposing triumphal arch in Paris standing on an elevation at the end of the Avenue des Champs Élysées and in the center of the Place de l'Étoile, which is formed by the intersection of 12 radiating avenues. ..... Click the link for more information. , the old Bibliothèque nationale Bibliothèque nationale , national library of France, in Paris, a government archive, and one of the foremost libraries of the world. It originated with the collections of writings made by early French kings, including Charlemagne. ..... Click the link for more information. , Élysée Élysée , palace in Paris, on the Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré. Built in 1718 and once the property of Mme de Pompadour, it has been since 1873 the official residence of the presidents of France. ..... Click the link for more information.  Palace, Grand Palais, Georges Pompidou National Center for Art and Culture (see Beaubourg Beaubourg , popular name for the Georges Pompidou National Center for Art and Culture , museum in Paris, France; the popular name is derived from the district in which it is located. ..... Click the link for more information. ), Place de la Concorde Concorde, Place de la , large square, Paris, France. It is bounded by the Tuileries gardens; the Champs Élysées; the Seine River;


How many planets orbit the sun between it and earth?

Planets - Zoom Astronomy Your age on the Planets The Planets (plus the Dwarf Planet Pluto) Our solar system consists of the sun, eight planets, moons, many dwarf planets (or plutoids), an asteroid belt, comets, meteors, and others. The sun is the center of our solar system ; the planets, their moons, a belt of asteroids , comets , and other rocks and gas orbit the sun. The eight planets that orbit the sun are (in order from the sun): Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , Neptune . Another large body is Pluto , now classified as a dwarf planet or plutoid. A belt of asteroids (minor planets made of rock and metal) lies between Mars and Jupiter. These objects all orbit the sun in roughly circular orbits that lie in the same plane, the ecliptic (Pluto is an exception; it has an elliptical orbit tilted over 17° from the ecliptic). Easy ways to remember the order of the planets (plus Pluto) are the mnemonics: "My Very Excellent Mother Just Sent Us Nine Pizzas" and "My Very Easy Method Just Simplifies Us Naming Planets" The first letter of each of these words represents a planet - in the correct order. The largest planet is Jupiter. It is followed by Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury, and finally, tiny Pluto (the largest of the dwarf planets). Jupiter is so big that all the other planets could fit inside it. The Inner Planets vs. the Outer Planets The inner planets (those planets that orbit close to the sun) are quite different from the outer planets (those planets that orbit far from the sun). The inner planets are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. They are relatively small, composed mostly of rock, and have few or no moons. The outer planets include: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto (a dwarf planet). They are mostly huge, mostly gaseous, ringed, and have many moons (again, the exception is Pluto, the dwarf planet, which is small, rocky, and has four moons). Temperatures on the Planets Generally, the farther from the Sun, the cooler the planet. Differences occur when the greenhouse effect warms a planet (like Venus) surrounded by a thick atmosphere. Density of the Planets The outer, gaseous planets are much less dense than the inner, rocky planets. The Earth is the densest planet.  Saturn is the least dense planet; it would float on water. The Mass of the Planets Jupiter is by far the most massive planet; Saturn trails it. Uranus, Neptune, Earth, Venus, Mars, and Pluto are orders of magnitude less massive. Gravitational Forces on the Planets The planet with the strongest gravitational attraction at its surface is Jupiter.  Although Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are also very massive planets, their gravitational forces are about the same as Earth. This is because the gravitational force a planet exerts upon an object at the planet's surface is proportional to its mass and to the inverse of the planet's radius squared. A Day on Each of the Planets A day is the length of time that it takes a planet to rotate on its axis (360°). A day on Earth takes almost 24 hours. The planet with the longest day is Venus ; a day on Venus takes 243 Earth days. (A day on Venus is longer than its year; a year on Venus takes only 224.7 Earth days). The planet with the shortest day is Jupiter ; a day on Jupiter only takes 9.8 Earth hours! When you observe Jupiter from Earth, you can see some of its features change. The Average Orbital Speed of the Planets As the planets orbit the Sun , they travel at different speeds. Each planet speeds up when it is nearer the Sun and travels more slowly when it is far from the Sun (this is Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion ). The Planets in Our Solar System Planet (or Dwarf Planet) In 2005, a large object beyond Pluto was observed in the Kuiper belt. A few astronomers think that there might be another planet or companion star orbiting the Sun far beyond the orbit of Pluto. This distant planet/companion star may or may not exist. The hypothesized origin of this hypothetical object is that a celestial object, perhaps a hard-to-detect cool, br


"In the song ""How Much is that Doggy in the Window"", ""they say in the papers there are ... "" what?"

Doggie In The Window Lyrics - Patti Page How much is that doggie in the window? The one with the waggly tail How much is that doggie in the window? I do hope that doggie's for sale I must take a trip to California And leave my poor sweetheart alone If he has a dog, he won't be lonesome And the doggie will have a good home How much is that doggie in the window? The one with the waggly tail How much is that doggie in the window? I do hope that doggie's for sale I read in the papers there are robbers With flashlights that shine in the dark My love needs a doggie to protect him And scare them away with one bark I don't want a bunny or a kitty I don't want a parrot that talks I don't want a bowl of little fishies He can't take a goldfish for a walk How much is that doggie in the window? The one with the waggly tail How much is that doggie in the window? I do hope that doggie's for sale


Where was Harris Tweed originally produced?

The Making of Harris Tweed - Scotweb Information Centre Pure New Wool - the raw material The raw wool arrives Unlike most materials nowadays, every stage of Harris Tweed production is carried out by the producers themselves. With most tartans, for example, the yarns are bought in from specialist dyers, who themselves use the yarns produced by specialist spinners. But with Harris Tweed almost every process in the fabric’s production is all done at the one mill. The sole exception is the weaving itself, which by Act of Parliament can only be done by hand in the homes of the local islanders. Harris Tweed is almost always made from top quality pure new wool. For our fabrics this always comes from British herds. It arrives in a near-raw state, ready for the first stage in the production cycle… Dyeing the Wool Newly dyed wool emerges Richly variable colours The first process that the wool undergoes on its way to becoming authentic Harris Tweed fabric is dyeing. But this is not yarn dyeing in the same way that other fabrics are produced. Harris tweed is far richer and more complex. What you see here is the dyeing of threads in base colours. From a few dozen of these base colours, practically any shade of yarn can be produced by blending to proven ‘recipes’, as we shall see. So it is these intermingled yarns from which the Harris Tweed is actually woven, unlike most fabrics which are woven from yarns dyed in single-colours. It is this complexity that lends the fabric its extraordinary richness. The dyes themselves are still produced using natural methods, as the characteristic colours of Harris Tweed very much evoke the landscape and nature that lies all around… the seas, skies, rocks, and flora. The ever-changing light of the land is reflected in the shades of the fabric that is produced from it. The dyeing takes place in large batches in a closed vat, whose lid is removed as we see the wool being taken out ready for the next process. Notice in the second image how unevenly the dye-stuff takes to the wool - a subtle effect that is deliberately cultivated for the depth this gives to the colouration. Spin Drying Spin Drying This process is simple enough. The wool comes out of the dyeing process full of moisture, which needs to be removed before it can be worked on further. The apparatus you see here is nothing more than a huge spin dryer. Just like in your washing machine. But bigger. Tumble Drying Entering the Tumble Drier Exiting the Tumble Drier The dyed wool needs to be entirely dry before it can be mixed and mingled into yarns with which to weave the Harris Tweed. Spin drying removes most of the moisture. To remove the rest requires warm air and motion… in effect a giant-sized tumble drier. The wool is carried through on a conveyor, entering moist, and exiting dry after being churned in warm air in between. The previous spin-drying cycle therefore saves enormously on power demands, both helping to reduce costs and to protect the natural environment. Making the Recipe - choosing and weighing the ingredients Selecting Ingredients Weighing one base colour Now we get to what I think is the best bit: the mixing of colours to create an almost infinite variety of potential shades of yarn. This is the true secret of Harris Tweed… the incredible diversity and depth of colouring, that only gets richer the more closely you examine it. The upper image to the right shows the base colours - the basic ingredients from which the Harris Tweed recipe is made. From these few dozen colours, almost any natural shade can be created. Notice how vibrant the base colours are, yet each instantly evokes aspects of the landscape or its fauna. It is practically impossible to separate Harris Tweed from the land that is its source and inspiration. There is a tried and tested formula for almost any shade desired. Two, three, four, or more based colours are selected in precise proportions, to create the exact yarn colour required. These are then carefully weighed out. The process really is just like measuring ingredients on a kitchen scales… just in a littl


During the Great, or Western, Schism from 1378, there were two or more Popes recognised in the Catholic Church. Who was elected in 1417 and eventually recognised by the majority as the single Pope?

THE GREAT SCHISM OF THE WEST AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH TODAY THE GREAT SCHISM OF THE WEST AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH TODAY 1. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH TODAY EACH feast of Ss Peter and Paul (29 June), or on an adjacent weekday should the feast occur on a Sunday, the attention of a large number of Catholics around the world is directed towards an event taking place in a hamlet in the Swiss canton of the Valais. That hamlet is Ecône, the world-famous site of the main seminary of the Fraternity of St Pius X; and the ceremony is its annual ordination of new priests, mostly members of the Fraternity, but also the occasional Dominican, Capuchin or member of another religious community. A hundred or more clergy assist at the Ecône ordinations, and among the several thousand strong congregation are to be seen many religious sisters, some clearly young, and all wearing traditional habits. Among the more numerous are the black-habited sisters of the Fraternity, and also the contrastingly white-habited Dominican teaching sisters, come together from their various boarding schools for girls across France. The young men ordained to the priesthood according to the traditional Latin rite at Ecône, like their colleagues ordained at Zaitzkofen in Germany, at Winona in the United States, and at La Reja in Argentina, may find themselves sent to help man the priories or schools in their home countries, or alternatively be dispatched to distant lands where Catholics are crying out for traditional Catholic worship and teaching. The Ecône ordinations do not now capture the headlines in the world media, as they used to do in the later 1970s and throughout the 1980s, when the Fraternity's founder, Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, was still alive, and engaged in a somewhat bizarre ritual of diplomatic defiance of the Vatican. All that came to an explosive climax in 1988, when Mgr Lefebvre and his ally from Campos, Brazil, Bishop de Castro Mayer, crowned their defiance of John Paul II by consecrating, without his authorisation, four new bishops to guarantee the work of the Fraternity of St Pius X and its allies. They were consequently declared excommunicated, not for unauthorised consecrations only, but also for schism. The work of these priests is pre-eminently to celebrate Mass and administer the sacraments in the traditional Latin rites, but also to teach the traditional Catholic faith, and - necessarily - to increase the associated institutions, including churches, schools, priories and convents. That two distinguished Catholic prelates, one a former Apostolic Delegate (the Pope's personal representative) to the countries of French-speaking Africa, should have taken such extraordinary action - and that their rebellion should still be continuing after their deaths in 1991 - is by now virtually unintelligible to the vast bulk of newspaper readers. After all, is not the renowned "Polish Pope" an archconservative? Do not leading media commentators, for all their admiration of John Paul II's dedication and style, make it plain that the current reactionary regime in the Vatican cannot last long into the twenty-first century? Are not many bishops simply waiting for a change of Vatican personnel, which will authorise the ordination of women to the priesthood, the recognition of Anglican Orders, and a much more comprehensive view of sexual preferences and activities? How, in such a situation, can one have Catholics, clergy, religious and laity, rebelling against John Paul II in the name of traditional doctrine and worship? And the Ecône stance is not the most extreme. While some of its former members have made their peace with the Vatican in exchange for the indulgence of their conservative liturgical preferences, yet others have left because they refuse to keep silent about their view that John Paul II (like his Conciliar predecessors) is not in theological reality a valid Pope. So it is that one finds not only individual Catholics in many countries who hold that the See of Peter is in reality vacant (sede vacante) - or, according to an extraordinary the


"In the James Bond film ""Dr. No"" who played Bond girl Honey Rider?"

Honey Ryder - James Bond Characters Dr. No (1962) The Character in the Movie Honey Ryder was the leading Bond girl in Dr. No (1962). She was played by Ursula Andress, however due to her strong accent she was dubbed by Nikki van der Zyl. Earlier on in her life she travelled all around the Caribbean with her father, a marine biologist, studying the plants and fish in the many corals they visited. Her father died mysteriously when visiting crab key, an island just of the coast of Jamaica, although Honey knew it was no accident. Dr. No 's men had killed him. After her father died and she had no one left to protect her, her landlord raped her. She didn't let this go unpunished however and one night when he was asleep, she put a black widow spider under his mosquito net. It took him a whole week to die. Since her fathers death she lived alone and collected rare shells to make money. She seemed to be able to defend herself and she wasn't scared of Bond when she first met him. However she was scared when the diesel dragon came after them and Dr. No's men captured her and Bond. Later on, Honey was tied down near and the slowly rising water level would have drowned her, but Bond escaped and rescued her. Bond and Honey ran out of the place and stole a boat in which they drifted off into the sea, finally alone. The character in the book In Ian Fleming's novel Dr. No (1958), Honeychile Rider was a girl who had lived in a large house in the middle of a sugar cane field in the Beau Desert on the North coast near Morgan's harbour. When she was five, her parents were killed in a fire that burned down their home. After that, she lived in the cellars of the ruin's with her black nanny. Once when the cane was harvested, some of the snakes, scorpions and other animals who had lost their homes, came into the ruins and after a while they became like family to Honey, who fed them and looked after them. They would leave when the cane grew back and return to her when it was harvested again. When she was 15, her nanny died and she was left to fend for herself. A man named Mander, who owned the cane field came into the ruins drunk one day. Honey tried to stab him, but he was too strong. He punched her, knocking her out and breaking her nose and then raped her. Honey got her revenge by putting a black widow spider in his bed one night when he was sleeping. When she was eight, her nanny had found an encyclopedia among the ruins and Honey started at A. When she got to S at around age 18, she saw that some people sell shell's for a living. She used the only money she had to subscribe to a magazine and collected the shell's people were looking for. After she realized pretty shell's were not always the most valuable, she started collecting rare ones and made some money. She started going to crab key and she found some rare shell's that she got $5 each for. She worked out that she could pay for an operation to get her nose fixed in New York in just five years. She was at Crab Key, diving for shells when Bond first saw her. She was naked besides a leather belt with a hunting knife on her right hip and a green diving mask. She looked strong and muscular and had a wide mouth, deep blue eyes and blond hair. When Dr. No's men come with dogs to search for them, she reveals that she has escaped them many times and suggests hiding underwater, using bamboo sticks to breath. Her and bond were later captured, and Honey was tied to some rocks where she would eventually be eaten by crabs. She didn't die however, and managed to escape and meet up with Bond. She then left the island with him and they went together to New York where Bond payed for her nose operation. Honey was a very independent girl who had never been out of Jamaica. She only knew a world of nature before meeting Bond. Trivia and References to Honey Ryder In the 2001 James Bond movie Die Another Day, the leading Bond girl Jinx (played by Halle Berry) had a similar entrance to that of Honey Rider, walking out of the sea in a bikini, although in an orange bikini this time. In the music video for her song


Sometimes called elephant or chinese chess, what is this game known as in the Asian Games?

Chinese Chess (Xiangqi) - Strategy Wooden Game - Solve It! Think Out of the Box Chinese Chess (Xiangqi) - Strategy Wooden Game Notify me when this product is available: Quantity Add to Cart Called also Xiangqi, it is a two-player Chinese board game in the same family as Western chess, chaturanga, shogi and janggi. The present-day form of Xiangqi originated in China and is therefore commonly called Chinese chess in English. The first chacarter Xiàng here has the meaning "image" or "representational", hence Xiangqi can be literally translated as "representational chess". The game is sometimes called "elephant chess" after an alternative meaning of as "elephant". Xiangqi has a long history. Though its precise origins have not yet been confirmed, the earliest literary reference comes from the 9th century. Xiangqi is one of the most popular board games in the world. Distinctive features of Xiangqi include the unique movement of the pao ("cannon") piece, a rule prohibiting the generals (similar to chess kings) from facing each other directly, and the river and palace board features, which restrict the movement of some pieces. Notify me when this product is available: Quantity Add to Cart Nine Men's Morris is a strategy board game for two players that emerged from the Roman Empire. Known as "cowboy checkers" 9 man's Morris was once printed on the back of most checker boards. A very strategic game for two players. Initially the board is empty. On his turn a player places a peg into an empty space with the eventual goal of making 3 in a row. Once all pegs are on the board, players take turns moving a peg of their color to an unoccupied space. Every time a player makes 3 in a row vertically or horizontally they remove one of their opponent's pieces from the board. Once a player has only 3 pieces remaining they may jump over their opponent's pieces to an empty space as a valid move. The game is over when one player has fewer than 3 pieces on the board. Nine Men's Morris is a strategy board game for two players that emerged from the Roman EmpireNine Men's Morris is a strategy board game for two players that emerged from the Roman Empire Notify me when this product is available: Quantity Add to Cart A variant of Ludo or Sorry popularized in Germanic countries during the last century, barricade combines the cutthroat nature of Sorry with a linear game board. The object of the game is to be the first player to land a ball of their color in the white goal. Each Player chooses a set of 5 pegs placing them on the matching starting positions. The white barricades are placed on the red spaces on the board. Each player rolls the die in turn, highest roll plays first. All pegs may move forward, backwards and sideways. However they have to keep the same direction during one move. The pegs must be moved by the exact number thrown. One can pass non-white pegs of the same color or a different color. You may enter as many pegs as you want to the board during the game. All pegs start from the first black dot. Only one peg stands on a filed. If a peg lands on an occupied space, the peg returns to its starting position.  Barricades are obstacles that may not be passed. Only when a peg lands on a barricade exactly the player whose peg landed on a barricade may place the barricade anywhere except the first row. Used cleverly, barricades block other player's pegs and protect your own. The game ends when one player land exactly in the white goal.


Before becoming US president, George W Bush was governor of which state?

George W. Bush | whitehouse.gov Air Force One George W. Bush George W. Bush, America's 43rd President (2001-2009), was transformed into a wartime President in the aftermath of the airborne terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, facing the "greatest challenge of any President since Abraham Lincoln."  The airborne terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and the thwarted flight against the White House or Capitol on September 11, 2001, in which nearly 3,000 Americans were killed, transformed George W. Bush into a wartime president. The attacks put on hold many of Bush’s hopes and plans, and Bush’s father, George Bush, the 41st president , declared that his son “faced the greatest challenge of any president since Abraham Lincoln.” In response, Bush formed a new cabinet-level Department of Homeland Security, sent American forces into Afghanistan to break up the Taliban, a movement under Osama bin Laden that trained financed and exported terrorist teams. The Taliban was successfully disrupted but Bin Laden was not captured and was still on the loose as Bush began his second term. Following the attacks, the president also recast the nation’s intelligence gathering and analysis services, and ordered reform of the military forces to meet the new enemy. At the same time he delivered major tax cuts which had been a campaign pledge. His most controversial act was the invasion of Iraq on the belief that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein posed a grave threat to the United States. Saddam was captured, but the disruption of Iraq and the killing of American servicemen and friendly Iraqis by insurgents became the challenge of Bush’s government as he began his second term. President Bush pledged during his 2005 State of the Union Address that the United States would help the Iraqi people establish a fully democratic government because the victory of freedom in Iraq would strengthen a new ally in the war on terror, bring hope to a troubled region, and lift a threat from the lives of future generations. Bush was born in New Haven, Connecticut while his father was attending Yale University after service in World War II. The family moved to Midland, Texas, where the senior Bush entered the oil exploration business. The son spent formative years there, attended Midland public schools, and formed friendships that stayed with him into the White House. Bush graduated from Yale, received a business degree from Harvard, and then returned to Midland where he too got into the oil business. In Midland he met and married Laura Welch, a teacher and librarian. They had twin daughters, Jenna and Barbara, now out of college and pursuing careers. When George W. Bush, at the age of 54, became the 43rd president of the United States, it was only the second time in American history that a president’s son went on to the White House. John Quincy Adams, elected the sixth president in 1824, was the son of John Adams, the second president. While John Adams had groomed his son to be president, George Bush, the 41st president, insisted he was surprised when the eldest of his six children became interested in politics, became governor of Texas, and then went on to the White House. During the early part of the 2000 campaign for the White House, Bush enjoyed a double-digit lead in the polls over his opponent Vice President Al Gore Jr. But the gap closed as the election approached and though Gore finally won the popular vote by 543,895 votes, victory or loss of the presidency hinged on Florida’s electoral votes. That struggle through recounts and lawsuits worked its way to the Supreme Court. In the end Bush won the electoral count 271 to 266. His new administration was focused on “compassionate conservatism,” which embraced excellence in education, tax relief and volunteerism among faith-based and community organizations. Bush was challenged in his re-election bid in 2004 by Massachusetts Democratic Senator John Kerry. The election was a good contest, but Bush’s contention that the invasion of Iraq had made the world more secure against terrorism won the


Hussars is a word applied to what type of troops?

Cavalry Synonyms, Cavalry Antonyms | Thesaurus.com cavalry 1546, from M.Fr. cavalerie, from It. cavalleria "mounted militia," from cavaliere (see cavalier). Example Sentences for cavalry The campaign of the previous month had been a hard one for the cavalry. There was a cavalry depôt there; and if he failed again, he could go on to Ranstone. I know two such—one in the Cavalry, the other in the Engineers. "You can't expect me to believe in the cavalry," said Waterhouse. '' They were not kept waiting long, for the natives were in full flight, hotly pursued by the English and Indian cavalry. The cavalry, supported by light artillery, were to take Enniskillen by surprise. To the left waves the notched guidon used by both the cavalry and light artillery. At what moment, if any, can infantry be attacked by cavalry? A storm dispersed the eighteen galleys which were to transport the cavalry of Csar, and drove them back upon the coast of Gaul. If they get together it may be too late for the cavalry to stop.


Which king formed the first English parliament?

BBC - History -   British History in depth: The Birth of Parliament Print this page Early parliaments In November 1236, Henry III (1216-1272) adjourned a law case to a 'parliament' which was due to meet in January the following year - the very first occasion the term 'parliament' was recorded in an official document of the English crown. This did not, however, mark the birth of parliament. The use of the term in 1236 was new, but it described a type of assembly which had existed for many centuries. The word 'parliament', derived from the French parlement, or Latin parliamentum, meant, in essence, 'discussion'. English kings had always discussed the affairs of the realm with their subjects, but under the Norman and Angevin kings these meetings had been described by contemporaries as 'councils'. Nevertheless, the use of the term 'parliament' signalled that important changes were happening. The council, made up of the king's closest advisors, would always remain at the heart of parliament, but from the 1240s the assembly began to acquire characteristics which made it clearly distinguishable from these older gatherings. The development of parliament was driven by the monarch's need to raise money through taxes. The real driving force behind this development was parliament's role in granting taxation to the king. Henry III was the first monarch to ask his subjects for taxation on a regular basis, because the income from crown lands was no longer sufficient on its own to fund the king's military expenditure. Since the principle of common consent to such impositions had been enshrined in Magna Carta, increasing pressure was placed on the king to invite a greater selection of his subjects to attend parliament. At first, assent to taxation was given by the barons, but increasingly as the 13th century progressed Henry III was forced in addition to negotiate directly with the representatives of the counties, towns and lower clergy (later to be known as the 'commons'). Parliament therefore became synonymous with an enlarged gathering of the kingdom's political elite. In the reign of Edward I (1272-1307) parliament became a more consistent part of political life, brought together as and when the king required it, which usually was when the crown needed taxation. This meant that the annual gatherings were infrequently meeting twice or sometimes three times a year. The length of each parliamentary session varied, depending on the nature of the business to which it attended. Most assemblies met at Westminster, but it was not uncommon for parliament to be held elsewhere in order to accommodate the king's itinerary. In October 1290, parliament was summoned to meet at Clipstone in Nottinghamshire, a popular royal hunting lodge. In 1292, as Edward I was campaigning in the North against the Scots, an assembly met at Berwick. Top Emergence of the commons Gentry, merchants and clergy: The early parliamentary commons. The clergy stopped attending the lower house in the early 14th century    © The commons did not become a regular or permanent feature of the English parliament until Edward II's reign (1307-1327). Representatives had attended assemblies throughout the 13th century, but only on an ad hoc basis. In Edward I's reign, only 18 out of 50 parliaments had MPs (members of parliament) present. But at the very beginning of the 14th century an important shift of perspective resulted in much greater emphasis being placed on the role and significance of the representatives. As late as 1311, the barons had regarded themselves as the defenders of the 'community of the realm' in political discussion or confrontation with the king, but in the 1320s this role had come to be firmly associated with MPs. A political treatise written anonymously during this decade stated that the barons in parliament could speak only for themselves. It was the knights, citizens and burgesses who represented 'the whole community of England' and who alone should grant taxation on behalf of the people. Members of parliament represented a heavy financial burden for thei


What is the Fijian word for a wood-and-straw hut, sometimes similar to a cabin?

FIJI 3/19-28 2015 - PAGE 4 E-6, MT. MUHNY, GARDEN OF EDEN Do you see the big tidal flats? Neep tides are what made Sunday's checkout dive so tough with strong current. We had to get out on the other boat and be transferred. View from my Bure [Bure is the Fijian word for a wood-and-straw hut, sometimes similar to a cabin. See more HERE Another dive buddy, Dan H, an interesting gentleman who started diving at age 61. We have much in common . . . he's Second Generation Norwegian and has a difficult mother too. Been giving him some help with his SeaLife system Dragon Fire Bristle Worm Laurie C at safety stop at E-6 Brian and other divers photographing a jellyfish . . . A crown or "upside-down" jellyfish; this one was as big as my head! DiveMaster Julia in background for more size comparison on the jellyfish A wire coral One of my dive Buddies, Doug A Tomato anemone fish Tomato anemone fish in a red anemone Scorpion fish Had big shower onshore today in the a.m. We saw squalls, but no rain found us while we were diving. I was on Nami today; very crowded, but a smoother ride. Nami Lia Lia did get rained on. John is a new diver Returning to resort about 5 p.m. Monday TUESDAY: IT JUST GETS BETTER & BETTER . . . HERE


In which country, in June 2010, were there clashes between the two main ethnic groups, the Uzbeks and Kyrgyz, a state of emergency declared and troops deployed, inciting fears that the country could be heading towards a civil war?

Kyrgyzstan - Countries of the world Countries of the world 5,496,737 (July 2012 est.) Kyrgyzstan (/kɜrɡɪˈstɑːn/ kur-gi-STAHN;[5] Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан , IPA: [qɯrʁɯsˈstɑn], or Кыргыз Республикасы , Russian: Киргизия or Киргизская Республика ), officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a country located in Central Asia . Landlocked and mountainous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek . Kyrgyzstan is officially a democratic unicameral federal republic. A revolution in April 2010 overthrew the former president Kurmanbek Bakiyev and resulted in the adoption of a new constitution and the appointment of an interim government. The Kyrgyz Supreme Chancellor elections were held in November 2011. Kyrgyzstan is one of the active members of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community. The national language, Kyrgyz, is closely related to the other Turkic languages, with which it shares strong cultural and historical ties. Kyrgyzstan is also a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Community, the Non-aligned movement and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Etymology "Kyrgyz" is believed to have been derived from the Turkic word for "forty", in reference to the forty clans of Manas, a legendary hero who united forty regional clans against the Uyghurs. Literally it means We are forty. At the time, in the early 9th century AD, the Uyghurs dominated much of (including Kyrgyzstan), Mongolia , and parts of Russia and China .[6] The 40-ray sun on the flag of Kyrgyzstan is a reference to those same forty tribes and the graphical element in the sun's center depicts the wooden crown of a yurt – a portable dwelling traditionally used by nomads in the steppes of . History Nestorian tombstone with inscriptions in Uyghur, found in Issyk Kul, dated 1312 According to David C. King, "Scythians were early settlers in present-day Kyrgyzstan"[7] As early as the 7th century, Turkic traders introduced Islam to , including what is now Kyrgyzstan, through doing business with Arabic people.[8] The Kyrgyz state reached its greatest expansion after, under the leadership of Jordan the Superior, defeating the Uyghur Khanate in 840 A.D.[8] Then the Kyrgyz quickly moved as far as the Tian Shan range and maintained their dominance over this territory for about 200 years. In the twelfth century, however, the Kyrgyz dominion had shrunk to the Altay Range and Sayan Mountains as a result of the Mongol expansion. With the rise of the Mongol Empire in the thirteenth century, the Kyrgyz migrated south. The Kyrgyz were conquered by Genghis Khan in 1207. Chinese and Muslim sources of the 7th–12th centuries AD describe the early Kyrgyz as red-haired with white skin and blue eyes, which is indicative of ancient Iranic mountain tribes like the Pamiri people or Dardic people.[9][10] The descent of the Kyrgyz from the autochthonous Siberian population is confirmed on the other hand by the recent genetic studies.[11] Because of the processes of migration, conquest, intermarriage, and assimilation, many of the Kyrgyz peoples that now inhabit Central and Southwest Asia are of mixed origins, often stemming from fragments of many different tribes, though they now speak closely related languages.[12][13] Kyrgyz yurt, 1869-1870, by Vasily Vereshchagin Issyk Kul Lake was a stopover on the Silk Road, a land route for traders, merchants and other travelers from the Far East to Europe. Many historians believe that the lake was the point of origin for the Black Death that plagued Europe and Asia during the early and mid-14th century.[14] Kyrgyz tribes were overrun in the 17th century by the Mongol Oirats, in the mid-18th century by the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and in the early 19th century by the Uzbek Khanate of Kokand.[15] Russian Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz nomads, 1869-1870, by Vasily Vereshchagin In the late nineteenth century, the majority part of what is today Kyrgyzstan was ceded to Russia through two treaties between China (then Qing Dynas


Why Does Soda Fizz? Why Does Soda Fizz? February 13, 2013 04:15pm ET MORE Credit: George Frederick The fizz that bubbles up when you crack open a can of soda is carbon dioxide gas (CO2). Soft drink manufacturers add this tingling froth by forcing carbon dioxide and water into your soda at high pressures—up to 1,200 pounds per square inch. The "fssst" you hear is millions of carbon dioxide molecules bursting out of their sweet, watery prisons, where they have been held against their will. An unopened soda can is virtually bubble-free because the pressure inside the can keeps the carbon dioxide dissolved in the liquid. When you crack open the can, you release the pressure and allow the gas bubbles to wiggle free from the liquid and rise to the surface. This requires energy because in order for the gas to break free from the liquid it has to overcome the force holding the liquid together. One way to input energy is to shake the beverage. This adds the zing needed to unleash more tiny bubbles and add real splash to a celebration. Follow Life's Little Mysteries on Twitter @ llmysteries . We're also on Facebook & Google+ . Editor's Recommendations


Who was the head of an international sporting body who once suggested that women players (in that sport) should wear tighter shorts and lowcut shirts to make their game more appealing?

Women still the sex class in international elite sports – Hoyden About Town 2008-08-11 • 9:49 AM I find the image of the track athletes particularly interesting – it’s quite obvious from the tan lines on their upper legs that they don’t train in such skimpy shorts, and most of them have paler midriffs as well. It’s only when they’re in front of the crowd that they’re required to show that much skin. 2008-08-11 • 10:28 AM Sometimes I think I must be oversensitive, so thank you for confirming that I’m not the only one who has noticed the continued shrinkage of women’s sports uniforms. And Tigtog you make a great point about the tan lines, which I hadn’t noticed. I’ve been watching the swimming heats, which requires the the athletes to be as streamlined as possible. And they aren’t wearing bikinis, they are wearing swimsuits with covered midriffs and leg coverage that extends to at least the knee. And men’s swimsuits have almost identical form-fitting coverage ( women , men ). 2008-08-11 • 10:29 AM Grrr. See, this is the kind of thing I don’t know about from not watching TV. Completely outrageous. I have a karate gi I’m not using at the moment I can loan to one of the volleyball women in those #@!^$%#^%$#% absurd WTF anti-pubic-hair devices. Liam TT, do you mean Australian women’s football? Because the Matildas didn’t qualify. Apart from that, yes, agreed, ch7 is woeful and Fairfax’s internet coverage little better. 2008-08-11 • 10:56 AM It’s Lauredhel’s post, Liam, not mine. Nevertheless colour me unsurprised that Ch.7 is not going to have any coverage of a popular sport just because there aren’t any Aussies in it. Liam I just … I don’t get how anyone denies that female athletes are sexualized. Seriously. Or that that’s not a problem. God, I’m glad we’ve declared an Olympics moratorium in our house. Kira 2008-08-11 • 3:20 PM Ok, I thought it was just me. Yesterday I was watching the women’s beach volleyball event in the Olympics, and they were wearing bikinis. Today was men’s beach volleyball – they were wearing baggy tank tops, and shorts that came to a few inches above the knee…I’d been expecting shirtless and speedos, given the garb that the women were in. Debbieanne 2008-08-11 • 4:41 PM I was sitting in the lounge mucking about on my laptop yesterday when hubby came in and turned on the volleyball (my version of not watching the olympics has to make allowances for other family members), it had been on for all of 30 seconds before I was growling “turn it OFF before I start throwing things at the TV”, I wasn’t actually watching as such but the commentary was making my blood boil, there was a reference made to one of the women’s ages followed by a comment along the lines of “I’m sure she won’t mind us telling her age”. It was just so jarring and I’m quite sure would never have been said about a male athlete. And as for the clothes: you Jane Austen-reading hoydens, looky! Beyond cool. And they don’t seem to have felt the need to chop the photo off at his neck or waist. Funny that. 2008-08-11 • 8:06 PM Great post – and juxtapositions. I’m glad I didn’t notice that first women’s volleyball photo – completely appalling. As I was watching I was wondering whether the women’s uniforms had got even skimpier. I seem to remember reading that the rules of the sport required them to be skimpy, but I hadn’t realised it wasn’t the same for the men. Can I join the me too brigade? That photo is outrageous in a “serious” newspaper supposedly covering sport. And to be honest – the beach volleyball uniforms are ridiculous. What happened to “Sunsmart”? If they are not prepared to change them… why aren’t the boys made to wear speedo briefs? lala 2008-08-12 • 12:25 AM This has to have some effect on their performance. There is tons of psychology that goes into a person’s athletic performance, as outlined in many Psych 101 and Sociology 101 textbooks. The most famous example is that people run much, much faster when there is another person running next to them than they do when they run alone. These uniforms are going to make it very hard t


"The phrases ""cry wolf"" and ""sour grapes"" have a basis in which collection of stories?"

Plays | Interesting Literature | Page 2 Interesting Literature Posted by interestingliterature Today, 23 April, is World Book Night (sometimes known, confusingly, as World Book Day). It is also the birthday (according to convention; nobody knows for sure) of William Shakespeare, and also the date on which he died, in 1616. On different calendars, Miguel de Cervantes (author of Don Quixote) and William Wordsworth also died on this day, in 1616 and 1850 respectively. In honour of this literary event, we thought we’d compile 23 literary facts about the world of books, poetry, plays, novels, and other bookish delights for you to revel in and share today. We hope you enjoy them! The first detective novel in English is often said to be The Moonstone by Wilkie Collins (1868). However, The Notting Hill Mystery (which, sadly, doesn’t feature Hugh Grant in Victorian gaiters going around on a killing spree) got there first, in 1862-3. The author of this – the bona fide first detective novel – is unknown, but it was published under the pseudonym Charles Felix. The novel came back in print last year, for its sesquicentenary . Aesop’s fables gave us the phrases ‘to cry wolf’ and ‘sour grapes’. Some lesser-known fables by Aesop include ‘The Mouse and the Oyster’, ‘The Man with Two Mistresses’, and ‘Washing the Ethiopian White’ – this last has led scholars to propose that Aesop may have been an African slave. He may also have been disabled, if he ever existed. Never mind protesting in the London streets: if you really want to voice your displeasure with the Government, take a leaf out of the Roman poet Virgil’s book. He is rumoured to have held a lavish funeral for a house-fly, which he claimed was his pet, in protest at the government’s plans to confiscate the lands of the rich to give to war veterans. The first novel in English is often held to be Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe (1719). But many dispute this: some claim that Aphra Behn’s short ‘novella’ Oroonoko (1688), about a ‘royal slave’ from West Africa transported to South America, takes the honour. The debate continues. One of the greatest English poems of the thirteenth century was The Owl and the Nightingale, an anonymous poem which treats, among other things, the subject of toilet training. The three most famous stories from the Arabian Nights – Aladdin, Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, and the voyages of Sinbad the Sailor – don’t actually come originally from the 1001 Nights, but are ‘orphan tales’ which were added to the volume by Antoine Galland, the first French translator of the tales, in the eighteenth century. Scholar Stephen Greenblatt has claimed, in his book The Swerve, that the start of the Renaissance can be traced back to the moment when a librarian discovered the manuscript of a classical Latin poem, De rerum natura (‘On the nature of things’) by Lucretius. This poem inspired many of the key figures in the Renaissance, and was ‘how the world became modern’. Sir Thomas Elyot, ancestor to the poet T. S. Eliot, was the compiler of one of the earliest English dictionaries. He also coined the words encyclopedia, democracy, and education. The girls’ name Pamela was invented by the poet Sir Philip Sidney in the sixteenth century. Poet Fulke Greville (1554-1628), friend and biographer of Philip Sidney, was stabbed to death by a disgruntled servant while doing up his breeches as he returned from the toilet. Playwright James Shirley died of shock following the Great Fire of London in 1666. Poet Robert Herrick kept a pet pig which he trained to drink from a beer tankard. Isaac Newton’s famous phrase, ‘standing on the shoulders of giants’, was actually a cliché even when he wrote it. The phrase has been found as early as the early twelfth century, and is credited to Bernard of Chartres. It is famous for adorning the £2 coin in the UK, and as the title of an album by rock band Oasis. Three of the moons of Uranus are named after characters from Pope’s 1712 poem The Rape of the Lock. The other 24 are named after Shakespeare characters. Horace Walpole wrote the first ever Gothic


What were the first names of author D H Lawrence?

D.H. Lawrence - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read Online. Discuss. D.H. Lawrence Biography of D.H. Lawrence D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930), English novelist, storywriter, critic, poet and painter, one of the greatest figures in 20th-century English literature. "Snake" and "How Beastly the Bourgeoisie is" are probably his most anthologized poems. David Herbert Lawrence was born on September 11, 1885, in Eastwood, Nottinghamshire, central England. He was the fourth child of a struggling coal miner who was a heavy drinker. His mother was a former schoolteacher, greatly superior in education to her husband. Lawrence's childhood was dominated by poverty and friction between his parents. He was educated at Nottingham High School, to which he had won a scholarship. He worked as a clerk in a surgical appliance factory and then for four years as a pupil-teacher. After studies at Nottingham University, Lawrence matriculated at 22 and briefly pursued a teaching career. Lawrence's mother died in 1910; he helped her die by giving her an overdose of sleeping medicine. In 1909, a number of Lawrence's poems were published by Ford Max Ford in the English Review. The appearance of his first novel, The White Peacock (1911), launched Lawrence into a writing career. In 1912 he met Frieda von Richthofen, the professor Ernest Weekly's wife and fell in love with her. Frieda left her husband and three children, and they eloped to Bavaria. Lawrence's novel Sons and Lovers appeared in 1913 and was based on his childhood . In 1914 Lawrence married Frieda von Richthofen, and traveled with her in several countries. Lawrence's fourth novel, The Rainbow (1915), was about two sisters growing up in the north of England. Lawrence started to write The Lost Girl in Italy. He dropped the novel for some years and rewrote the story in an old Sicilian farmhouse near Taormina in 1920. During the First World War Lawrence and his wife were unable to obtain passports and were targets of constant harassment from the authorities. They were accused of spying for the Germans and officially expelled from Cornwall in 1917. The Lawrences were not permitted to emigrate until 1919, when their years of wandering began. Lawrence's best known work is Lady Chatterly's Lover, first published privately in Florence in 1928. It tells of the love affair between a wealthy, married woman, and a man who works on her husband's estate. The book was banned for a time in both UK and the US as pornographic. Lawrence's other novels from the 1920s include Women In Love (1920), a sequel to The Rainbow. Aaron's Rod (1922) shows the influence of Nietzsche, and in Kangaroo (1923) Lawrence expressed his own idea of a 'superman'. The Plumed Serpent (1926) was a vivid evocation of Mexico and its ancient Aztec religion. The Man Who Died (1929), is a bold story of Christ's Resurrection. Lawrence's non-fiction works include Movements In European History(1921), Psychoanalysis And The Unconscious (1922) and Studies In Classic American Literature (1923). D.H. Lawrence died in Vence, France on March 2, 1930. He also gained posthumous renown for his expressionistic paintings completed in the 1920s.   The above biography is copyrighted. Do not republish it without permission. Forum Discussions on D.H. Lawrence Recent Forum Posts on D.H. Lawrence "Let there be light" Final line - Does anyone know what he was taking about? Hi all! Brand new on here but thought i'd jump in and ask a question.  Does anyone possibly know what D.H Lawrence was referring / alluding to in the final line of the poem "Let there be Light" from Chapters Into Verse? He goes from talking about how the creation of the earth was a farce to "George Washington's Grandpapa" as a closing statement. I'm unsure about whether this was a comical tool to highlight the perceived absurdity that heaven / God was real or it had some other meaning.  Thanks so much in advance! :)... Posted By kalisayswhat in Lawrence, D.H. || 1 Reply Hello, I have a quote by D H Lawrence: "Everyone must bear their own troubles and eat their own speck of dirt." Can anyo


"Which band, led by Mick Hucknall, released its first single, ""Money's Too Tight (To Mention)"", in 1985?"

Simply Red | New Music And Songs | Simply Red About Simply Red Led by the vocalist Mick Hucknall, the English blue-eyed soul band Simply Red became international stars with their debut album, Picture Book. On the hit ballad "Holding Back the Years," Hucknall proved that he could sing soulfully without affectation, while their cover of the Valentine Brothers' "Money's Too Tight (To Mention)" proved that they could do light funk capably. With each album, their fan base expanded, especially in the U.K. The band was formed in 1984 by singer Mick "Red" Hucknall (born Michael James Hucknall, June 8, 1960, Manchester, England) with three ex-members of Durutti Column -- bassist Tony Bowers (born October 31, 1952), drummer Chris Joyce (born October 11, 1957, Manchester, England), and keyboardist/brass player Tim Kellett (born July 23, 1964, Knaresborough, England) -- plus guitarist Sylvan Richardson and keyboardist Fritz McIntyre (born September 2, 1956, Birmingham, England). The group signed to Elektra Records and released Picture Book (October 1985), which featured "Money's Too Tight (To Mention)," a Top 40 cover of a 1982 R&B chart single by the Valentine Brothers, and "Holding Back the Years," a Hucknall original that topped the U.S. charts. The single caused the album to go platinum, and made the group one of the major successes of 1986. Men and Women (March 1987), which featured two collaborations between Hucknall and soul songwriter Lamont Dozier, was less popular, though it generated the Top 40 hit "The Right Thing." (In the U.K., "Infidelity" and a cover of Cole Porter's "Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye" also made the Top 40.) Richardson left in 1987 and was replaced by guitarist Aziz Ibrahim, who was replaced by Heitor T.P. (born in Brazil). The third album, A New Flame (February 1989), went gold due to the cover of the 1972 Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes hit "If You Don't Know Me by Now" that hit number one and became a gold single. (In the U.K., "It's Only Love" and "A New Flame" also made the Top 40.) By the time of the fourth album, Stars (September 1991), Bowers and Joyce had left, with Shaun Ward joining on bass and Gota on drums, and saxophonist Ian Kirkham had become a permanent member. Stars was a relative commercial disappointment in the U.S. (though it spawned Top 40 hits in "Something Got Me Started" and "Stars" and eventually went gold), but it became a major success elsewhere, especially in the U.K., where it was the best-selling album of 1991, topped the charts for 19 weeks, and spawned the Top Ten hits "Stars" and "For Your Babies" and the Top 40 hits "Something Got Me Started," "Thrill Me," and "Your Mirror." Worldwide, it had sold eight and a half million copies by the second quarter of 1993. Ward and Gota were gone by the release of Simply Red's fifth album, Life (October 1995), leaving a lineup of Hucknall, McIntyre, Heitor T.P., Kirkham, and backup singer Dee Johnson. The album again proved more of a success at home than in America, topping charts all over Europe, as did its leadoff single, "Fairground," while spending only three months in the U.S. charts. Blue followed in May 1998. It topped the British charts and spawned Top Ten hits in "Say You Love Me" and a cover of the Hollies' "The Air That I Breathe" at home, but was a negligible seller in the U.S. In November 1999, Simply Red issued Love and the Russian Winter, which reached the U.K. Top Ten, with the single "Ain't That a Lot of Love" (a cover of a Sam & Dave song) hitting the Top 20. After establishing the simplyred.com label, the band released Home in April 2003. It reached number two in the U.K., with the singles "Sunrise" and a cover of the Stylistics' "You Make Me Feel Brand New" becoming Top Ten hits. Two years later came Simplified, a collection of old and new songs that hit number three in Britain and number two in the Eurochart. Another two-year absence followed before the notable Stay in April 2007. It hit number four in the U.K. and number two in the Eurochart. By the time of its release, the lineup of Simply Red consisted of Hucknall,


North, South, East and West are the way that players are designated in which game?

How to play bridge, how to score bridge   Other Equipement and determining             partners: You'll need a pencil and paper to keep score, anyone that             wants to keep score of your foursome can do so, keeping             score can be tricky, and you should try to familiarize             yourself with it. Now, to determine partners. You             spread out the deck, face down, and everyone draws a card.             The people that draw the two high cards are partners and             the two low cards are also partners. So, as an example,             If the first person drew an Ace, second person drew a             Jack, third person drew a 3, and fourth drew a 2. The             players the drew the Ace and Jack would be partners and             the players with the 3 and 2 would become partners. Now             if there should be a tie, like two people drawing 10's,             then the suit would determine it, so a 10 of Spades, would             be considered higher than a 10 of clubs. The Deal The person that drew the high card when determining the             partners is the first dealer and gets the choice of seating.             For the first deal the player to the left of the dealer             shuffles the cards and then gives the cards to the dealer,             the player to the right of the dealer can cut the cards.             The cards are dealt face down to the players, one at a             time, and starting with the player to the left and then             going clockwise till the whole deck is delt. If you have             a second deck this would be the time that the dealer's             partner would shuffle the second deck. This is just for             speed so the next hand will have already been shuffled             and ready for play. Bidding, Tricks, and play of             the game: To understand bidding you really must understand how tricks             are won. A trick is in the actual play of the game and             comes after, and I repeat after the bid, but if you want             to understand why to bid, you need to understand tricks.             So a trick is this: Once all the bidding is done, the             player that wins the bid will place a card down. Now the             leader may play any card that they want. The rest of the             players are restricted to the suit that the player puts             down. So say the leader puts down a Ace of Hearts, all             the players would have to put in a heart if they have             a heart and the winner of this trick would be the highest             card of that suit or the Ace of hearts in the example             that I used. Now back to bidding: A bid specifies             the number of Tricks your team will get and also specifies             a trump suit or if there will be a no trump hand played.             The side that wins the bid must get the number they specify             add to the base 6 of tricks. So let me give you an example,             let's say you win the bid with 3 hearts, then you'll have             to get 9 tricks to win (9=6 + 3) So take this in consideration             when bidding. During bidding there is a ranking             for the trump suits: No trumps (no suit specified is the             highest), Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, and Clubs (lowest).             Now if someone bids, 1 club, if the next person bids,             1 Spade then the bid will be won


Who was the literary character behind the play Man of La Mancha?

Inside Man of La Mancha by Scott Miller Return to New Line Theatre's homepage                                                Return to New Line's La Mancha webpage an analysis by Scott Miller In a speech President John F. Kennedy never got to deliver on November 22, 1963, he had planned to say, "We are in this country watchmen on the walls of freedom. We ask, therefore, that we may be worthy of our power and responsibility, that we may achieve the ancient vision of peace on earth, goodwill toward men." Thatï¿½s the core of Man of La Mancha, inspired by ï¿½ though not literally based on ï¿½ Miguel de Cervantesï¿½s timeless 1615 masterpiece Don Quixote, the second biggest selling book in the history of the world. Like Stephen Sondheim and James Lapineï¿½s Sunday in the Park with George, Man of La Mancha is an examination not only of the art but of the artist as well. As critic Norman Nadel wrote of Man of La Manchaï¿½s literary source, "Cervantes had begun Don Quixote as a satire on the romantic literature of his day, about 360 years ago, but he went on to write a durable compendium of human folly as well as a testament to manï¿½s unquenchable spirit." The novel was the prototype for a whole genre of comedy, in which the sanest characters canï¿½t see the real truth of life, and only the lunatics are truly wise. The progeny of Don Quixote even includes modern television shows like Third Rock from the Sun, Green Acres, News Radio, and others, as well as hundreds of plays and movies. Life magazineï¿½s critic Tom Prideaux wrote of Man of La Mancha in 1965: It is easy to           dismiss this play as sentimental. But the audienceï¿½s tears           are shed not so much for Quixoteï¿½s death as for his           undying valor ï¿½ his bravery in still being, in the end,           his own dream-ridden self. In a time when men complain about           losing their identity, of being mere cogs and numbers in a           computerized world, the spectacle of a rampantly individual           Don Quixote is welcome. His constant homage to spiritual           ideals touches a chord, especially among the young today who           are so earnestly and vociferously finding ideals among           political realties. The audienceï¿½s tears testify to the           achingly human ambivalence of Quixote, who is both a criticism and a defense of manï¿½s idealism. In making us           love him and recognize parts of him in ourselves, this           absurd but magnificent dreamer has revealed deep truths. He           has shown to what an important extent all men can, and must,           create their own reality ï¿½ and how inspiring and dangerous           it can be. Youï¿½d almost think Prideaux had written this in 2004, about the sudden and exciting new influx of young people into the political process, about the human disconnection of our increasingly computerized world, about a new kind of spirituality that is sweeping the world and that does not exclude or demean othersï¿½ beliefs. Quixoteï¿½s "bleak and unbearable world," a world that demanded idealism, was both the 1960s and today. Being primarily a playwright, Cervantesï¿½ one great novel was at its core about the Battle Between Reality and Illusion, the same eternal tension of the theatre, and the most central tension of musical theatre in particular. Just as Quixote must navigate the fine line between illusion and reality, so too do all musicals have to maintain the same balancing act. Though they may present entirely ï¿½ even painfully ï¿½ realistic emotions, issues, people, and worlds, the act of breaking into song will always belong solely to the world of illusion. Cervantesï¿½ famous story simply had to be a musical. And yet no other musical ï¿½ except perhaps Andrew Lloyd Webber's Phantom of the Opera or Frank Wildhornï¿½s Jekyll & Hyde ï¿½ divides musical theatre lovers as completely as Man of La Mancha. It is consider


Ulysses is the Roman name for which Greek king?

Ulysses Ulysses by Leif Ellingson Ulysses, the Latin equivalent of the Greek Odysseus , was the king of Ithaca, a Greek island. He was married to Penelope and they had a son named Telemachus . He was one of the Greek leaders in the Trojan War. The Greeks fought the Trojans for ten years, but Ulysses came up with a plan to burn down Troy and save Helen , the wife of Melanos, the Spartan king. He had the Greek army build a wooden horse that he and nineteen other soldiers could fit in. All of the Greek warships left the shores of Troy and left the horse behind. The Trojans thought that it was a gift from the Greeks, so the people of Troy brought it through the gates of the city. Late that night, Ulysses and the nineteen soldiers snuck out of the wooden horse and let the newly arrived Greek army through the gates. The Greeks burned down Troy and saved Helen, but Ulysses still had a long journey ahead of him. Ulysses and his men set sail for Ithaca. After a few weeks of sailing, Ulysses and his men ran out of food. They landed on an island, to look for food and water. They found a whole cave full of food, but they soon found out that the food belonged to a one-eyed giant called a cyclops. Ulysses and his men tricked the cyclops and escaped with the food. Unfortunately for Ulysses, the cyclops was a son of Neptune , the God of the Sea. Once again, Ulysses' men ran out of food, so they landed on another island. The sailors divided into two groups, Ulysses and some of the crew stayed with the ship, while the others went to look for food. The next morning, one of the "food-searchers" came running bck to the boat. The sailor told Ulysses of a sorceress named Circe who had turned the other crew members into hogs. At once, Ulysses ran with the sailor to Circe's palace, but on the way, Mercury came with a gift from one of the gods. It was a magical flower that would act a shield on Ulysses from Circe 's magic. Ulysses met with Circe. Circe tried to use her magic on him, but it didn't work, so she gave in and turned the back into humans. Plus, she warned Ulysses of the dangers to come. With lots of food, Ulysses and his men left the island. Thanks to Circe, Ulysses overcame the next dangers. He overcame the dooming song of the Sirens by plugging the ears of he and his crew. The sailors came upon the six-headed monster called Scylla . Though all of his crew were eaten by Scylla, Ulysses escaped, only to be washed ashore by a storm where a princess found him and took him to her father. The king gave Ulysses his fastest ship to use to sail home with. When, Ulysses reached Ithaca, he deceived the men that wanted to marry his wife, and killed them. Ulysses finally reclaimed his throne. Article details:


"What character did Sharon Stone play in the 1992 film ""Basic Instinct""?"

Basic Instinct (1992) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A violent, suspended police detective investigates a brutal murder, in which a manipulative and seductive woman could be involved. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 43 titles created 15 Jun 2013 a list of 41 titles created 17 Jul 2014 a list of 43 titles created 20 Nov 2014 a list of 25 images created 28 Dec 2015 a list of 43 titles created 6 months ago Search for " Basic Instinct " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for     2     Oscars. Another    5 wins & 18 nominations. See more awards  » Videos A married man's one-night stand comes back to haunt him when that lover begins to stalk him and his family. Director: Adrian Lyne Novelist Catherine Tramell is once again in trouble with the law, and Scotland Yard appoints psychiatrist Dr. Michael Glass to evaluate her. Though, like Detective Nick Curran before him, Glass is entranced by Tramell and lured into a seductive game. Director: Michael Caton-Jones A computer specialist is sued for sexual harassment by a former lover turned boss who initiated the act forcefully, which threatens both his career and his personal life. Director: Barry Levinson A remake of the Alfred Hitchcock classic Dial M for Murder (1954). Director: Andrew Davis A borderline personality disordered defense worker frustrated with the various flaws he sees in society, begins to psychotically and violently lash out against them. Director: Joel Schumacher A married couple try everything to get each other to leave the house in a vicious divorce battle. Director: Danny DeVito A New York suburban couple's marriage goes dangerously awry when the wife indulges in an adulterous fling. Director: Adrian Lyne When a man goes for virtual vacation memories of the planet Mars, an unexpected and harrowing series of events forces him to go to the planet for real - or does he? Director: Paul Verhoeven A millionaire offers $1,000,000 to a young married couple for a night with the wife. Director: Adrian Lyne Two NYC cops arrest a Yakuza member and must escort him when he's extradited to Japan. Director: Ridley Scott Scientists discover how to make people invisible, but their test subject becomes an insane killer who stalks them. Director: Paul Verhoeven Nicholas Van Orton is a very wealthy San Francisco banker, but he is an absolute loner, even spending his birthday alone. In the year of his 48th birthday (the age his father committed ... See full summary  » Director: David Fincher Edit Storyline A former rock star, Johnny Boz, is brutally killed during sex, and the case is assigned to detective Nick Curran of the SFPD. During the investigation, Nick meets Catherine Tramell, a crime novelist who was Boz's girlfriend when he died. Catherine proves to be a very clever and manipulative woman, and though Nick is more or less convinced that she murdered Boz, he is unable to find any evidence. Later, when Nilsen, Nick's rival in the police, is killed, Nick suspects of Catherine's involvement in it. He then starts to play a dangerous lust-filled mind game with Catherine to nail her, but as their relationship progresses, the body count rises and contradicting evidences force Nick to start questioning his own suspicions about Catherine's guilt. Written by Soumitra Flesh seduces. Passion kills. See more  » Genres: Rated R for strong violence and sensuality, and for drug use and language | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 20 March 1992 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia Later followed by a sequel, Basic Instinct 2 (2006), which flopped at the box office. Michael Douglas declined to reprise the role of Nick in the sequel, admitting he felt he was too old. See more » Goofs A scene where Ni


When was the eastern part of Australia claimed by Great Britain?

European discovery of Australia - School A to Z European discovery of Australia Key points When European sailors began entering ‘Australian' waters in the early 1600s, they called it Terra Australis Incognita (unknown land of the South). Between 1606 and 1770 more than 50 European ships made landfall on Australian soil, which was then inhabited solely by Indigenous people. Navigator and astronomer Captain James Cook claimed the whole of the east coast of Australia for Great Britain on 22 August 1770, naming eastern Australia 'New South Wales'. School A to Z features links to third-party websites and resources. We are not responsible for the content of external sites . Joseph Fowles, Ship in Full Sail Passing Sydney Head. Courtesy National Library of Australia's Picture Collections. Who discovered Australia?   The most significant exploration of Australia in the 17th century was by the Dutch . It was around this time the Dutch East India Company was trading with islands that now make up Indonesia. The first ship and crew to chart part of the Australian coast (the west coast of Cape York Peninsular in Queensland) and meet with Aboriginal people was the  Duyfken , in 1606, captained by Dutchman Willem Janszoon. In 1629, the Dutch ship the Batavia made history when it struck coral reefs on the Houtman Abrolhos Islands, 40 kilometres off the Western Australian coast. A failed bloodthirsty mutiny, orchestrated by some of the ship's crew, resulted in two of the youngest mutineers being sentenced to be marooned on the Australian mainland, effectively making them the first European residents of Australia. Other explorers of the time included Dirk Hartog and Frederick de Houtman (Dutch), Louis Antoine de Bougainville (French) and William Dampier (English). In 1642, Dutchman Abel Tasman discovered Van Dieman's Land, now named Tasmania, before returning on another voyage in 1644, when he passed the coast of Australia naming it Nova Hollandia (New Holland). Navigator and astronomer Captain James Cook set out in 1768 on the HM Bark Endeavour bound for Tahiti. The official voyage was to observe the Transit of Venus from a location in the South Seas. Unofficially, the voyage was to seek out ' a Continent or Land of great extent '.  Under direction from King George III of England, Captain Cook was given instructions that "with the consent of the natives to take possession of convenient situations in the country". If he found it to be uninhabited (terra nullius), he was simply to "take possession for His Majesty by setting up proper marks and inscriptions as first discoverers and possessors". In 1770, Captain Cook 'discovered' the south east coast of Australia, landing in Botany Bay. On 22 August 1770, he claimed the whole of the east coast of Australia at Possession Island, naming eastern Australia New South Wales. "Notwithstanding[ing] I had in the Name of His Majesty taken possession of several places upon this coast, I now once more hoisted English Coulers and in the Name of His Majesty King George the Third took possession of the whole Eastern Coast ... by the name New South Wales, together with all the Bays, Harbours Rivers and Islands situate upon the said coast, after which we fired three Volleys of small Arms which were Answerd by the like number from the Ship." Despite Cook's actions, there were more than 250 tribes of Aboriginal people living on the land, each with their own language, customs, laws and territorial boundaries.


"A 1973 James Bond film was entitled ""Live and Let ... "" what?"

1973 rare rolled original Movie Poster Live & Let Die James Bond Roger Moore Have one to sell? Sell now Details about  1973 rare rolled original Movie Poster Live & Let Die James Bond Roger Moore 1973 rare rolled original Movie Poster Live & Let Die James Bond Roger Moore wills1n4 has no other items for sale. Item Information Item condition: Used “Normal wear from theater use. Tear of 2 inches with tape in upper left top corner, small tear upper ” Resume making your offer , if the page does not update immediately.   Calculate Varies based on location and shipping method   Worldwide Import charges: (amount confirmed at checkout) To be provided at checkout  help icon for Shipping - opens a layer This amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. This amount is subject to change until you make payment. For additional information, see the Global Shipping Program terms and conditions- opens in a new window or tab This amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. This amount is subject to change until you make payment. If you reside in an EU member state besides UK, import VAT on this purchase is not recoverable. For additional information, see the Global Shipping Program terms and conditions- opens in a new window or tab No additional import charges on delivery Delivery: Credit Cards processed by PayPal * From $48 for 24 months. Minimum purchase required.  Loading... International shipping and import charges paid to Pitney Bowes Inc. Learn More- opens in a new window or tab Any international shipping and import charges are paid in part to Pitney Bowes Inc. Learn More- opens in a new window or tab International shipping paid to Pitney Bowes Inc. Learn More- opens in a new window or tab Any international shipping is paid in part to Pitney Bowes Inc. Learn More- opens in a new window or tab Returns: 14 days money back, buyer pays return shipping |  See details Guarantee: Money Back Guarantee Covered by eBay Money Back Guarantee  |  See details - opens in a new window or tab Get the item you ordered or get your money back. Covers your purchase price and original shipping. Seller assumes all responsibility for this listing. Item specifics Condition: Used : An item that has been used previously. See the seller’s listing for full details and description of any imperfections. See all condition definitions- opens in a new window or tab Seller Notes: “Normal wear from theater use. Tear of 2 inches with tape in upper left top corner, small tear upper right corner. Markings on back not visible to front. Other general light stains and tape marks on left edge.”   Questions and answers about this item No questions or answers have been posted about this item. Seller assumes all responsibility for this listing. Shipping and handling This item will ship to United States, but the seller has not specified shipping options. Contact the seller- opens in a new window or tab and request a shipping method to your location. Shipping cost cannot be calculated. Please enter a valid ZIP Code. Item location: Roswell, Georgia, United States Shipping to: Worldwide No additional import charges at delivery! This item will be shipped through the Global Shipping Program and includes international tracking. Learn more- opens in a new window or tab Change country: There are 1 items available. Please enter a number less than or equal to 1. Select a valid country. Please enter a valid ZIP Code. Please enter 5 or 9 numbers for the ZIP Code. Handling time Estimated sales tax Will usually ship within 1 business day of receiving cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . Seller charges sales tax for items shipped to: GA (5.0%). Return policy After receiving the item, contact seller within Refund will be given as Return shipping   Enjoy more time to pay Pay for your purchases when it's right for you. Choose PayPal Credit to pay all at once or enjoy the flexibility of paying over time with special financing offers. For example, if your purchase qualifies, you could enjoy No Payments + No Interest if paid


"Who is cartoon character ""The Phantom"" married to?"

The Phantom (Character) - Comic Vine The Phantom The The Phantom wiki last edited by RazielWraith on 11/28/16 09:22AM View full history Origin The First Phantom During the sixteenth century, a man named Christopher Walker was sailing on the seas of Africa with his father, when they fell prey to pirates' attack. The pirates slaughtered the ship's crew and blew up the ship. The only survivor was young Christopher. He was washed up onto the Bangallan Beach. He then took his father's skull and swore an oath upon it, "I swear to devote my life to the destruction of piracy, greed, cruelty and injustice! And my sons, and their sons, shall follow me!" Thus originated the first Phantom. He became friends with the various local tribes and dedicated his life to fighting injustice and cruelty. The violet costume was standardized by this Christopher 'Kit' Walker. Creation Lee Falk In 1936, Lee Falk created a mysterious costumed crime fighter on the request King Features Newspaper Syndicate to create a new feature. It began as a daily newspaper comic strips on February 17th, 1936. He planned the story for initial few months and then drew them himself for the first two weeks as sample strips. Lee Falk was inspired by different myths and legends as that of the well known El Cid and King Arthur and some of the fictional characters as Zorro, Tarzan and Mowgli. Initially, the Phantom's alter ego was a rich playboy by name Jimmy Wells. But in his later stories that introduced the Singh Brotherhood , moved the Phantom to the jungle and making him more of a jungle legend. There were many other fictional characters that carried the name "Phantom" such as The Phantom Detective and The Phantom of Opera. So he thought about calling this masked man as "Gray Ghost" but somehow he liked the name "The Phantom" better. The Phantom Lineage In A&E American Cable TV documentary about the Phantom, Falk mentioned that he was inspired by Greek busts for the idea of the Phantom's pupils not being shown through his mask. The Greek busts had no pupils and Falk thought that gave them an inhuman and interesting look. Falk, in another interview mentioned that the skin-tight costume was inspired by the popular Robin Hood , who wore such a costume in the movie and stage adaptations. Character Evolution The Guardian of the Eastern Dark The current Phantom is the 21st of the line. After a long courtship he married his childhood sweetheart Diana Palmer in a lavish 1977 jungle ceremony notably attended by two African presidents and fellow Lee Falk creation Mandrake the Magician . Soon afterwords Diana gave birth to twins, a boy named Christopher "Kit" Walker-Palmer and daughter Heloise Walker-Palmer. He is primarily assisted in his adventures by a tamed pet wolf called Devil and a white horse named Hero , whose speed is legendary. His best friend since childhood is Guran , the now current chief of the Pygmy Bandar tribe. The 21st Phantom remains a devoted family man knowing that in his line of work, whatever time he has with his family is precious, but always holding strong the family tradition of fighting injustice wherever it may take him. Their young son, Kit, is in training to someday take the sacred "Oath of the Skull" and become the 22nd Phantom. Lineage The Phantom is known as " The Ghost Who Walks ", and is believed to have lived for more than 400 years. But in reality, this is just a myth. The Phantom is an ordinary human being. Almost every Phantom has married a woman of Royal Blood. They have had sons, most of whom have shared the name, Kit Walker. When a father Phantom retires from his work as Phantom, his son takes his place, swears the oath and becomes the new Phantom. Then the father is buried inside a secret burial chamber inside the Skull Cave . But it is not only the son who becomes the Phantom. Evidences of female Phantoms have also been found. Sometimes a daughter would take on the task of the Phantom in a similar Phantom outfit. This way the Phantom lives on, and has become a jungle legend. Aliases The Ghost Who Walks: When the Phantom is in his ou


Luge and skeleton racing were developed in the late 19th century in which country?

Luge and Skeleton Bobsledding - The Canadian Encyclopedia History Luge and Skeleton Bobsledding Tobogganing developed independently in eastern Canada among native tribes who used their transportation sleighs for occasional fun. It was refined by groups such as the Montreal Tobogganing Club, the first such club in Canada, formed in 1881. Bobsledding, Luge and Skeleton Sledding, or tobogganing, was first recorded in the 16th century. Modern racing began in Switzerland in the mid-19th century. Three forms of tobogganing developed: a bobsleigh, or sleigh, has 2 axles and 2 pairs of runners, is steered with a wheel, rope or bungie cord and is operated by teams of 2 or 4 racers; luge uses a single sled (a 1- or 2-seater) with the rider lying back from a sitting position; in Cresta tobogganing the rider lies on his chest. In the later 19th century skeleton was introduced, where a single athlete slides on a sheet-like sled face down and head first in the prone position. Tobogganing developed independently in eastern Canada among native tribes who used their transportation sleighs for occasional fun. It was refined by groups such as the Montreal Tobogganing Club, the first such club in Canada, formed in 1881. Most sleds could take as many as 4 riders; some accommodated 12. Tobogganing was one of Canada's prime winter sports in the 19th century. The Montmorency Ice Cone, outside Québec City, was a popular site for recreational sledding. When the sport grew less popular in Canada after the 1880s, the original toboggan runs were abandoned. Canadian competitors were forced to practise in Europe or at Lake Placid, NY, until 1985, when the Bobsleigh and Luge Track, built for the 1988 Winter Olympic Games, was permanently opened at Calgary Olympic Park. A track was also constructed in Salt Lake City, Utah, for the 2002 Winter Olympics and has been in operation since 1997. Skeleton was also reintroduced during the 2002 Games. BARBARA SCHRODT Bobsleigh Bobsleigh racing started in 1881. Today 31 countries participate. It is a highly technical and physically demanding sport. Pushing the steel and fibreglass sled (the 2-man sled weighs 210 kg and the 4-man, 390 kg, without crew) from a dead start takes great strength, speed and timing. The driver's skill in maneuvering 16 curves over the 1500 m course while taking the "fastest line" can mean the difference between winning and losing. Speeds can reach up to 150 km/hr, and the crew experiences up to 5 G's of gravitational force. The Canadian Amateur Bobsleigh and Luge Association was formed in 1957 and the first Canadian team entered international competition in 1959. In 1962, a 4-man team led by Lamont Gordon won the Commonwealth bobsleigh championship. The EMERY brothers, Victor and John, who had formed the Laurentian Bobsledding Association in 1957, began racing in world competition in 1959. By 1964, with Douglas Anakin and Peter Kirby, they had gained the experience necessary to challenge the world's best at the Olympic Games at Innsbruck, Austria. Despite few opportunities to practise, they set a record time in their first run and won the gold medal. The Canadian team, again led by Vic Emery, retained its title at the 1965 world championships. Canadian sledders, led by Greg Haydenluck and Chris Lori, returned to international competitiveness in the late 1980s. Both drivers (now retired from competition) won World Cup races and placed consistently in the medals in both 2-man and 4-man competitions. In 1998 the 2-man bobsleigh team of Pierre Lueders of Edmonton and David MacEachern of Charlottetown won gold in the Winter Olympic Games in Nagano, Japan, finishing in an identical overall time with the Italian team. Lueders managed to secure a spot on the Olympic team at the 2002 Salt Lake Olympics where he placed 5th and 9th in 2- and 4-man competition. Lueders continued to have successful runs with other partners, consistently placing at the top of world standings in the years that followed, and he achieved Olympic success once again when, in 2006 at Torino, he and Jamaican-born bobsledder L


What gas is the main component of the atmosphere of the planet Mars?

What Is Mars Atmosphere Made Of - Universe Today   Universe Today What Is Mars Atmosphere Made Of Article Updated: 24 Dec , 2015 by Jerry Coffey [/caption]I think that one of the most interesting questions that have been posed of late is ‘what is Mar’s atmosphere made of?’ There has been a great deal of study done on this topic and interest is increasing since the discovery of methane, a possible indicator of life. The atmosphere of Mars is over 95% carbon dioxide, 95.32% to be exact. The breakdown of gases goes like this: Carbon dioxide 95.32% Nitric oxide .0013% Trace gases(including krypton, methane, etc) The Martian atmosphere has four main layers: lower, middle, upper, and exosphere. The lower atmosphere is a warm region(around 210 K). It is warmed by airborne dust(1.5 micrometers across) and heat radiated from the surface. This airborne dust gives the planet its ruddy brown appearance. The middle atmosphere is features a jetstream similar to Earth’s. The upper atmosphere is heated by the solar wind and the temperatures are much higher than at the surface. This heat separates the gases. The exosphere starts at about 200 km and has no clear end. It just tapers off into space. The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere freezes for part of the year and may drop to the surface. As much as 25% of the atmospheric carbon dioxide condenses at the polar caps into solid ice(dry ice) because the Martian poles are not exposed to sunlight during the planet’s winter. When the poles are again exposed to sunlight, the ice returns to its gas form and rises back into the atmosphere. So, a significant annual variation in the atmospheric pressure and atmospheric composition around the Martian poles. The methane mentioned earlier is used to show the possibility of life on Mars. While it is a byproduct of life, it is also a result of volcanism, geothermal process, and hydrothermal activity. Methane is an unstable gas, so there has to be a source on the planet that is constantly replenishing it. It has to be a very active source, because studies have shown that the methane is destroyed in less than on Earth year. It is thought that peroxides and perchlorates in the soil or that it condenses and evaporates seasonally from clathrates. Now you answer ‘ what is Mar’s atmosphere made of?’ the next time it comes up. You can be sure that the methane component will continue to be studied by rovers, orbiters, and, in the future, astronauts. We have written many articles about the atmosphere of Mars for Universe Today. Here’s an article about the air on Mars , and here’s an article about Mars’ comparison with Earth . If you’d like more info on Mars, check out Hubblesite’s News Releases about Mars , and here’s a link to the NASA Mars Exploration home page . We’ve also recorded an episode of Astronomy Cast all about Mars. Listen here, Episode 52: Mars . Reference:


Shah Jahan directed the construction of which from 1632 to 1648?

Taj Mahal India Menu The Taj Mahal The history of the Taj Mahal is surprisingly recent. The Mughal emperor Shah Jahan commissioned it in 1632 after the death of his favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal. Construction on the main part was finished in 1648, and the outer courtyard and its cloisters were completed in 1653. Ustad-Ahmad Lahori was the chief architect, and he hired stone-cutters, masons, dome builders, carvers, painters and other artisans from all over the empire as well as Iran and Central Asia. UNESCO designated it a World Heritage Site in 1983 for “being the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world’s heritage.” The mausoleum is a complex that spreads across 55.5 acres. In addition to the main tomb, it includes subsidiary tombs, gardens , fountains, a mosque , and even a small town called Taj Ganji. The entire complex was designed to be a representation of Mumatz’s home in paradise. Menu


What substance in the human body causes blood vessels to dilate when released as part of an allergic reaction?

Allergic Reactions - How Allergies Work | HowStuffWorks How Allergies Work   Prev Next   Image courtesy NIAID Although mast cells are found in connective tissue and basophils are a type of white blood cell, they have one thing in common to the allergy sufferer. They contain histamine, an important weapon in the body's arsenal for fighting infection. Unfortunately, when released into the body inappropriately or in too high a quantity, histamine is a potentially devastating substance. The Allergic Cascade It takes between a week and 10 days of sensitizing exposure for the mast cells and basophils to become primed with IgE antibodies. Then, if the allergen comes along again, it triggers a destructive domino effect within the system called the allergic cascade. Up Next Prevent Allergy Symptoms While Traveling Whether it's a protein molecule on a ragweed pollen particle that has been inhaled, or the injected protein in the venom of a wasp, the same sequence of events takes place: The IgE antibodies bound to the surfaces of basophils and mast cells recognize the protein surface markers of the allergen. The IgE antibodies react by binding to the protein surface markers while remaining attached to the mast cells or basophils. This binding alerts a group of special proteins called the complement complex that circulates in the blood. There are about 20 proteins in this family of proteins, at least nine of which are involved in the allergic-response mechanism. After the IgE antibody (which is already attached to a mast cell or basophil) encounters and binds to its specific allergen, the first complement protein attaches itself to the site. This alerts the next complement protein in the sequence, which joins and alerts the next, and so on. When the string is complete, the offending cell is destroyed. This is fine in a normal immune system, as Ig antibodies latch onto surface markers of disease cells and cause their destruction. But in an allergic episode, the cells involved are mast cells and basophils. When mast cells and basophils are destroyed, their stores of histamine and other allergy mediators are released into the surrounding tissues and blood. This causes dilation of surface blood vessels and a subsequent drop in blood pressure. The spaces between surrounding cells fill with fluid. Depending on the allergen or the part of the body involved, this brings on the various allergy symptoms, some of the most common being: Itching (body, eyes, nose) Vomiting Cross Reactivity Although the exact mechanism isn't yet understood, allergy sufferers sometimes find that once they have become sensitized to certain allergens, they also exhibit allergic symptoms when exposed to related substances. For example, if you have an allergic reaction to honeybee venom, you might also test positive for hypersensitivity to all other types of bee venom. Systemic Reactions Some allergic people become sensitized to proteins in such things as ragweed pollen, latex, certain foods, and drugs like penicillin. With these allergies, the reaction can involve the entire body. This is called a systemic reaction, and is what your doctor is watching for when you are asked to wait around for a while after an injection. In a systemic reaction, the release of allergy mediators (chief among them being histamine) causes capillaries all over the body to dilate. If this proceeds to the point of danger, it is known as anaphylaxis. If it proceeds even further, the victim passes into anaphylactic shock. See the next page to learn more.


"Which London station does the ""Eurostar"" leave from?"

St Pancras Station | Train Stations | Eurostar Home > Travel Information > At our stations > London St Pancras International London St Pancras International Our stunning central London station is a destination in its own right, with its beautiful Victorianarchitecture and great choice of shops, restaurants and bars. What's on offer at St Pancras International? An impressive range of shops, bars and restaurants A mix of high street and boutique shops A bureau de change Our ticket office, as well as self-service ticket machines and a Eurostar Assist desk for those who need a helping hand getting to the train (Please note:a service fee of £10 applies to new Standard and Standard Premier bookings made at the station or over the phone)