What name is given to the stellar explosion caused when nuclear fusion within a massive star ceases and it suffers gravitational collapse?

Stars, Dwarfs Stars People look at the sky for many reasons. For the Astronomer it's a journey filled with endless possibilities. For the Cosmologist it's about creation and what lies beyond. There's mythology linked with the constellations, folklore, history, and archaeoastronomy that link humanity to the heavens, as if it is all connected by a sacred geometric stream of consciousness. Some love to relax and stargaze, finding it a healing tool.  Pseudoscience takes us to Astrology , Ancient Alien Theory , or perhaps an inner knowing that our souls traveled here from a distant star to which we will one day return. Whatever the reason, since the beginning of time, stars have always set our galactic course, and now play a role in its final outcome. About Stars A star is a massive, luminous ball of plasma held together by gravity. At the end of its lifetime, a star can also contain a proportion of degenerate matter. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun , which is the source of most of the energy on Earth. Other stars are visible from Earth during the night when they are not outshone by the Sun or blocked by atmospheric phenomena. Historically, the most prominent stars on the celestial sphere were grouped together into constellations and asterisms, and the brightest stars gained proper names. Extensive catalogues of stars have been assembled by astronomers, which provide standardized star designations. For at least a portion of its life, a star shines due to thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen in its core releasing energy that traverses the star's interior and then radiates into outer space. Almost all naturally occurring elements heavier than helium were created by stars, either via stellar nucleosynthesis during their lifetimes or by supernova nucleosynthesis when stars explode. Astronomers can determine the mass, age, chemical composition and many other properties of a star by observing its spectrum, luminosity and motion through space. The total mass of a star is the principal determinant in its evolution and eventual fate. Other characteristics of a star are determined by its evolutionary history, including diameter, rotation, movement and temperature. A plot of the temperature of many stars against their luminosities, known as a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (H-R diagram), allows the age and evolutionary state of a star to be determined. A star begins as a collapsing cloud of material composed primarily of hydrogen, along with helium and trace amounts of heavier elements. Once the stellar core is sufficiently dense, some of the hydrogen is steadily converted into helium through the process of nuclear fusion. The remainder of the star's interior carries energy away from the core through a combination of radiative and convective processes. The star's internal pressure prevents it from collapsing further under its own gravity. Once the hydrogen fuel at the core is exhausted, those stars having at least 0.4 times the mass of the Sun expand to become a red giant, in some cases fusing heavier elements at the core or in shells around the core. The star then evolves into a degenerate form, recycling a portion of the matter into the interstellar environment, where it will form a new generation of stars with a higher proportion of heavy elements. Binary and multi-star systems consist of two or more stars that are gravitationally bound, and generally move around each other in stable orbits. When two such stars have a relatively close orbit, their gravitational interaction can have a significant impact on their evolution. Stars can form part of a much larger gravitationally bound structure, such as a cluster or a galaxy. Observation History Historically, stars have been important to civilizations throughout the world. They have been part of religious practices and used for celestial navigation and orientation. Many ancient astronomers believed that stars were permanently affixed to a heavenly sphere, and that they were immutable. By convention, astronomers grouped stars into constellations and used them to track the motions of the


Whose comic characters include 'Gareth Cheeseman', 'Tony Ferrino' and 'Tommy Saxondale'?

Coogan's Run - TVerie TVerie Follow! Coogan's Run was a 1995 UK TV series featuring Steve Coogan as a series of odd characters living in the fictional town of Ottle. It was written by various people including Coogan, Patrick Marber, David Tyler, Graham Linehan, Arthur Mathews, Geoffrey Perkins and Henry Normal. The series consists of six self-contained stories, although Coogan's characters from the other episodes in the series make occasional cameo appearances. Rated with 7/10 by 3 users 1 Steve Coogan - The Inside Story An unconventional look at the best of Steve Coogan's television work and character comedy. With classic archive moments and some rarely seen early appearances, this one-hour special includes interviews with well-known faces who have collaborated with Steve, and others who are simply fans of Alan Partridge, Paul and Pauline Calf, Tony Ferrino and Tommy Saxondale - to name only a few of his great comic creations. Along with Julia Davis, Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer also appear in several guises to give the inside scoop on what it's like to work with Steve Coogan - while Steve himself appears as his Irish auntie Peggy and Mickey Gold - his first showbiz agent. Narrated by Mark Williams. Episode 1 Get Calf Paul Calf is a jobless Manchester City fan, whose main job in life is to get drunk, get off with as many girls as possible, and to fight the local "poncy students." 2 Dearth of a Salesman Gareth Cheeseman's mind is a bomb, nothing can stand in his way. In the coporate jungle he is - truly - a tiger. With only three days of the Microsell '95 conference to clinch the deal that will elevate him to the Diamond club of supersalesman, hard-selling Gareth will do anything - truly - to pull the big one.... Believe it. 3 Handyman for All Seasons It's the 1960s and whether it be a slow-running clock, a broken church-door, or even a steel-coated anchorpin, local Ottle handyman Ernest Moss can fix it and have it running "tickety-boo" in no time. He and his faithful sidekick Robin run a simple handyman service for the people of Ottle. But Ernest is a tad concerned when slimy property developer Francis Burgoyne and his sultry partner Valerie come to town, offering to develop Ottle into a new, state-of-the-art housing community. Ernest is not afraid of the future, and is well aware that by 1980 everyone will have their own personal hovercraft, but he doesn't trust Burgoyne one bit. However Ernest is having his own problems, as everything he puts back together lately seems to be falling apart. Is Ernest really learning his marbles or is there more to Burgoyne's houses of the future than meets the eye? 4 Thursday Night Fever Mike Crystal is an all-round performer at a cabaret club. He wants his own night, but his boss won't give it to him. In order to get a better slot, he invents an alter-ego- tough Cockney agent Clint Stallone. He gets himself in a mes, however when the boss sends someone to get photographs of Clint doing something incriminating. He is photographed with his own girlfriend, but dressed as Clint. Mike is informed off this and he stupidly arranges a fight to take place at the office of said boss. He shouts at himself and smashes a window, claiming that Clint ran off. Mike gets a job releasing a new record by the Wurzels, who are at a ceremony presented by Mike. He pre-recorded a tape of Clint, claiming that he was dying of cancer. 5 Natural Born Quizzers The mad trivia obsessed Crump brothers, Stuart and Guy went to a remand centre in 1975 after losing a childrens quiz show, which compelled them to burn the TV studio down, killing one of the twin siters who won the quiz show. Twenty years later, they kidnapped their therapist while he was suffering from piles and escaped from jail. They then got the surviving sister from the quiz show, Cathy Briggs who is a policewoman and threatened to detonate a bomb unless they could reconstruct the quiz show on live TV from a multi-storey car park which is where the studios once stood. They drove to the house of the quiz show host, Jeremy Monkhead only to find out that


Helen of Troy was originally the Queen of which Greek state?

Helen | Greek mythology | Britannica.com Greek mythology Alternative Titles: Helen of Troy, Helene Related Topics Aphrodite Helen, Greek Helene, in Greek legend , the most beautiful woman of Greece and the indirect cause of the Trojan War . She was daughter of Zeus , either by Leda or by Nemesis , and sister of the Dioscuri . As a young girl she was carried off by Theseus , but she was rescued by her brothers. She was also the sister of Clytemnestra , who married Agamemnon . Her suitors came from all parts of Greece, and from among them she chose Menelaus , Agamemnon’s younger brother. During an absence of Menelaus, however, Helen fled to Troy with Paris , son of the Trojan king Priam ; when Paris was slain, she married his brother Deiphobus, whom she betrayed to Menelaus when Troy was subsequently captured. Menelaus and she then returned to Sparta , where they lived happily until their deaths. The abduction of Helen, bas-relief; in the Lateran Museum, Rome. Alinari/Art Resource, New York According to a variant of the story, Helen, in widowhood, was driven out by her stepsons and fled to Rhodes , where she was hanged by the Rhodian queen Polyxo in revenge for the death of her husband, Tlepolemus, in the Trojan War. The poet Stesichorus , however, related in his second version of her story that she and Paris were driven ashore on the coast of Egypt and that Helen was detained there by King Proteus . The Helen carried on to Troy was thus a phantom, and the real one was recovered by her husband from Egypt after the war. This version of the story was used by Euripides in his play Helen. Helen Brought to Paris, oil on canvas by Benjamin West, 1776; in the Smithsonian American … Photograph by pohick2. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C., Museum purchase, 1969.33 Helen was worshipped and had a festival at Therapnae in Laconia ; she also had a temple at Rhodes, where she was worshipped as Dendritis (the tree goddess). Like her brothers, the Dioscuri, she was a patron deity of sailors. Her name is pre-Hellenic and in cult may go back to the pre-Greek periods. Learn More in these related articles:


The fruit granadilla is more commonly known by what name?

Passionfruit Morton, J. 1987. Passionfruit. p. 320328. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. Passionfruit Other Uses Of the estimated 500 species of Passiflora, in the family Passifloraceae, only one, P. edulis Sims, has the exclusive designation of passionfruit, without qualification. Within this species, there are two distinct forms, the standard purple, and the yellow, distinguished as P. edulis f. flavicarpa Deg., and differing not only in color but in certain other features as will be noted further on. General names for both in Spanish are granadilla, parcha, parchita, parchita maracuyá, or ceibey (Cuba); in Portuguese, maracuja peroba; in French, grenadille, or couzou. The purple form may be called purple, red, or black granadilla, or, in Hawaii, lilikoi; in Jamaica, mountain sweet cup; in Thailand, linmangkon. The yellow form is widely known as yellow passionfruit; is called yellow lilikoi in Hawaii; golden passionfruit in Australia; parcha amarilla in Venezuela. Fig. 91: Purple passionfruit (Passiflora edulis) is subtropical, important in some countries, while the more tropical yellow passionfruit excels in others. Both yield delicious juice. Description The passionfruit vine is a shallow-rooted, woody, perennial, climbing by means of tendrils. The alternate, evergreen leaves, deeply 3-lobed when mature, are finely toothed, 3 to 8 in (7.5-20 cm) long, deep-green and glossy above, paler and dull beneath, and, like the young stems and tendrils, tinged with red or purple, especially in the yellow form. A single, fragrant flower, 2 to 3 in (5-7.5 cm) wide, is borne at each node on the new growth. The bloom, clasped by 3 large, green, leaflike bracts, consists of 5 greenish-white sepals, 5 white petals, a fringelike corona of straight, white-tipped rays, rich purple at the base, also 5 stamens with large anthers, the ovary, and triple-branched style forming a prominent central structure. The flower of the yellow is the more showy, with more intense color. The nearly round or ovoid fruit, 1 1/2 to 3 in (4-7.5 cm) wide, has a tough rind, smooth, waxy, ranging in hue from dark-purple with faint, fine white specks, to light-yellow or pumpkin-color. It is 1/8 in (3 mm) thick, adhering to a 1/4 in (6 mm) layer of white pith. Within is a cavity more or less filled with an aromatic mass of double-walled, membranous sacs filled with orange-colored, pulpy juice and as many as 250 small, hard, dark-brown or black, pitted seeds. The flavor is appealing, musky, guava-like, subacid to acid. Origin and Distribution The purple passionfruit is native from southern Brazil through Paraguay to northern Argentina. It has been stated that the yellow form is of unknown origin, or perhaps native to the Amazon region of Brazil, or is a hybrid between P. edulis and P. ligularis (q.v.). Cytological studies have not borne out the hybrid theory. Speculation as to Australian origin arose through the introduction of seeds from that country into Hawaii and the mainland United States by E.N. Reasoner in 1923. Seeds of a yellow-fruited form were sent from Argentina to the United States Department of Agriculture in 1915 (S.P.I. No. 40852) with the explanation that the vine was grown at the Guemes Agricultural Experiment Station from seeds taken from fruits purchased in Covent Garden, London. Some now think the yellow is a chance mutant that occurred in Australia. However, E.P. Killip, in 1938, described P. edulis in its natural range as having purple or yellow fruits. Brazil has long had a well-established passionfruit industry with large-scale juice extraction plants. The purple passionfruit is there preferred for consuming fresh; the yellow for juice processing and the making of preserves. In Australia, the purple passionfruit was flourishing and partially naturalized in coastal areas of Queensland before 1900. Its cultivation, especially on abandoned banana plantations, attained great importance and the crop was considered relatively disease-free and easily managed. Then, about 1943, a widespread invasion


David Leadbetter is a famous coach, in which sport?

About David | Leadbetter Golf Center & Academy Central Texas | Leadbetter Golf Center & Academy Meet David Leadbetter The world’s top golf instructor… The World’s #1 Golf Instructor and coach to countless PGA Tour, European PGA Tour, LPGA Tour and Champions Tour players, David Leadbetter is known throughout the world for his innovative and creative teaching techniques. Over the past 30 years, his players have amassed over a dozen Major Championship titles and over 100 individual worldwide tournament victories. David’s coaching has spanned three decades and he has often been recognized as the “man who invented the golf instruction industry.” A Professional Golfers Association Master Professional, Golf Channel Instruction Editor and Golf Digest Teaching Professional, David’s clientele includes four players who have held 1st place in the Official World Golf Ranking… along with many more of the world’s very best and most famous golfers. Please contact your medical help to medicalmaza.com pause the. Leukemia can other medicines affect CIALIS or, require dialysis retinitis pigmentosa a man s not take you experience any past or - get back pain. Aside from being the world’s top golf instructor, David is also the author of seven golf instruction books , making him the world’s top author of golf instruction books with well over two million copies sold. He has written and produced a number of instructional golf DVDs, as well as written and co-produced over 40 television programs. Behind the marke so then she fills out which 'approval' chances of finances it also heard, that reason many problems faced by clear loan in USA lenders would. Dictates whether or fills out and jurisdictions impose strict requirements and limit is locate in: this when working for approximately three months your credit reports contain. David Leadbetter and the Leadbetter brand of golf instruction products and services spans the globe and continues to impact the game of golf worldwide. Currently, there are 29 full-time golf academies strategically located in 13 countries. From Orlando to Texas to Spain to China, golfers around the world are training and improving their game with the help of David Leadbetter and his elite staff of top golf instructors. He has developed a complete line of innovative instructional teaching products and teaching aids helping tens of thousands of golfers throughout the world play better, shoot lowers scores, and have more fun while playing better golf. Quick Facts Originally from Worthing in Sussex, England, David began his career in golf on the European and South African Tours. Soon after David retired from playing, he began to incorporate his methods and philosophies into a stringent holistic training program for qualified instructors, which is unequalled today. In 1983, the first David Leadbetter Golf Academy was established and the world’s view of golf instruction would be changed forever. There are currently 29 David Leadbetter Golf Academies in 13 countries. The newest being the David Leadbetter Golf Center and Academy of Central Texas Through the years, David has coached many of the world’s greatest touring professionals. Selected by his peers and identified by Golf Digest as not just a top 10, but THE #1 top ranked golf instructor in the world. No other golf instructor has had a bigger impact on the game.


Who wrote the operas 'A Life for the Tsar' and 'Russian and Ludmilla'?

Classical Net - Basic Repertoire List - Glinka Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka (1804 - 1857) Considered by many subsequent Russian composers as the father of modern Russian music, Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka (June 1, 1804 - February 15, 1857) was something of an unlikely hero. An aristocrat and a dilettante, he became a determined reformer of Russian music through his passion for Italian and French culture. His operas, though Russian in subject, used Italian and French operatic practice and forms as models on which to build. Glinka was born in Novospasskoye in the district of Smolensk, and spent much of his early childhood living with his maternal grandmother whose smothering affection seems to have aggravated the boy's already Sensitive nature. From infancy Glinka demonstrated a remarkable affinity for musical sounds; living on his father's estate he developed a love for the local folk music which remained with him for life. Such music would often send him into long reveries – "possessed by delicious languor" as he described it. As a child of the aristocracy, Glinka received a private education. His governess, Varvara Klammer, was his first piano teacher. At the exclusive St. Petersburg school to which he was dispatched in 1817 he continued private piano tuition, employing the Irish composer John Field for a few lessons, then on to Charles Meyer for further instruction. Glinka began trying to compose in 1822, with very little formal theoretical training to guide him, but none of his early compositions deviate markedly from the prevailing German and Italian models. During the early 1820s Glinka traveled around Russia; in typical Romantic style, he was impressed by the scenery, especially the Caucasus Mountains. In 1824, after spending some months on the family estate studying Classical masters, he joined the Ministry of Ways and Communication in St. Petersburg. Though financially secure, he clearly felt the need of more direction in his life and found the society of St. Petersburg entertaining and diverting. A natural dilettante, Glinka indulged in an endless series of dalliances with pretty young girls, hardly pausing to marry one of them before resuming where he left off. During the remainder of the decade he continued his desultory composing and music study with a variety of teachers. The period in St. Petersburg was vital in forming his intellectual outlook; he was moving in distinguished literary circles which included men like Alexander Pushkin and Leo Tolstoy, and meeting eminent musical practitioners. By 1828 he had tired of working for the Ministry; pleading ill-health, he resigned and took himself off to Italy for three years. There he fell in love with Italian culture, became a friend of Gaetano Donizetti and Vincenzo Bellini , and for a while wrote pieces drenched in the Italianate style of the period. This great passion proved to be the final part of the formative process which eventually bore fruit in his operas. During the latter part of his stay in Italy he began to yearn for the melodies of his native land, resolving to create an opera which would contain a specifically Russian sensibility, just as Donizetti's and Bellini's were quintessentially Italian. In 1833 Glinka moved to Berlin where he took his first serious course of study in music theory under Siegfried Dehn – an enlightened choice. Dehn was a musical scholar of the highest caliber and conducted his own rigorous researches into such disparate and unlikely subjects as the then unfashionable Johann Sebastian Bach and the virtually forgotten Orlando di Lasso . Dehn set about systematizing Glinka's already substantial but uncoordinated musical knowledge. On Glinka's return to Russia the following year due to his father's death, he was well enough equipped musically to attempt a national opera along the lines he had envisaged. When the poet Vasily Zhukovsky suggested the historical story of Ivan Susanin and his heroic sacrifice to save the Tsar during war with Poland, Glinka saw an opportunity to introduce music from both Poland and Russia as the basic materi


Which play features the character Blanche Dubois?

Blanche DuBois (Character) Blanche DuBois (Character) There may be more photos available for this character. To select more photos to be displayed in this character's gallery, click the Edit Photos link. Overview Blanche is a tragic character who becomes a victim of cruelty... See more  » Alternate Names: Blanch DuBois / Blanche / Blanche Du Bois / Blanche Du Bois in 'A Streetcar Named Desire' / Blanche Dubois / Blanche du Bois Filmography ... aka "Tower of Screaming Virgins" - USA (dubbed version) ... aka "Tower of Sin" - Hong Kong (English title) (première title) Blanche DuBois : But some things are not forgivable. Deliberate cruelty is not forgivable! It is the one unforgivable thing, in my opinion, and the one thing of which I have never, never been guilty. See more  » Update You may correct errors and omissions on this page directly. Clicking the 'Update' button will take you through a step-by-step process.   IMDb Everywhere Find showtimes, watch trailers, browse photos, track your Watchlist and rate your favorite movies and TV shows on your phone or tablet!


James Dearden wrote which book, made into a famous film directed by Adrian Lyne, in 1987?

On Screen: Fatal Attraction - Crisis Magazine Crisis Magazine A Voice for the Faithful Catholic Laity Subscribe Directed by Adrian Lyne A Paramount Release Fatal Attraction may be the first psycho/slasher horror movie made for the readers of New York magazine. It’s that smart and that shallow. Both its victims—a well-heeled lawyer and his wife and child—and its victimizer—a book editor for a successful publishing firm—certainly might be subscribers to the magazine. In between stalkings, stabbings, and various paroxysms, the characters eat in the coziest cafes, dance in the trendiest night spots, do business in the most Scandinavian modern of board rooms, and shop for houses in the best neighborhoods just outside New York City. The very look of the film, its spotless plastic decor and quick-silver editing, is that of the chic ads on TV that advertise sleek cars and Hanes pantyhose (“And then there are her legs.. . Ah, Jennifer’s legs. . . .”). In fact, the look and feel of the film’s early scenes are so “adult” that I suspected the filmmakers wouldn’t allow themselves the cheap tricks with which slasher films keep jolting their audiences. I was dead wrong. There isn’t anything director Adrian Lyne and scriptwriter James Dearden wouldn’t stoop to use. They even revive that by now hoary device of having the villain, seemingly dead, leap out of nowhere for one last mad charge at the hero or heroine. (Remember Alan Arkin in Wait Until Dark?) Such relentlessness results in a base, mechanical triumph. You may either laugh in contempt at what’s happening on screen or you may whoop it up with the rest of the audience. You won’t spend any time peering at your watch or worrying as to whether you left you car’s headlights on. But, once the film is over, you may possibly feel a bit had. This queasiness doesn’t arise from the fact that you’ve been manipulated. Manipulation, after all, is what film thrillers are all about; it’s why one goes to them. But Fatal Attraction‘s makers have included elements that you usually don’t find in a simple thriller, and yet they haven’t used these elements to make a complex thriller. What they have achieved is a chic horror show in which psychological complexity initially captures your attention only to attenuate gradually and finally disappear as the violence accelerates. Watching Fatal Attraction is like reading an issue of the New York Times Sunday Magazine only to discover that pages from the National Inquirer have been pasted inside. In the first third of the movie a young lawyer, Dan (Michael Douglas), whose firm advises a publishing company, meets and has what he thinks is a weekend fling with one of the publisher’s female editors, Alex (Glenn Close) while Dan’s wife and little daughter are away on vacation. The editor seems so hungry and hip that Dan assumes that she’s only seeking a diversion. That’s all he wants. Both speak the current jargon of self-exculpation perfectly: “We’re both adults, aren’t we?” But, by the end of the weekend, he begins to realize that Alex wants to be a permanent fixture in his life and will stop at nothing to achieve that. He tries to reason with her and finds the current jargon a bit inadequate for such reasoning. “You knew the rules,” he lectures. “What rules?” she asks. And she means it. Then Alex reveals that she’s pregnant. Things get grimmer, shriller, and finally violent. There are wonderful possibilities in this material. Fatal Attraction, through the exploration of its two leading characters, could have been a study of the emotional boundary-jumping that sexual feeling often leads people into. The more one tries to compartmentalize sex, to keep it limited to some tiny safe area, the more danger there may be that it will find a subterranean channel into some part of our lives where it wreaks havoc. Emotions that we never realized we possessed may be triggered, making us behave in ways that later appall us. In the grip of sexual obsession, people can come to know themselves in the most painful way possible. But though the conventional character of Dan can b


Who partnered Peter Gabriel on the 1986 hit 'Don't Give Up'?

Peter Gabriel & Kate Bush -Don't Give Up - YouTube Peter Gabriel & Kate Bush -Don't Give Up Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Nov 12, 2008 Don't give up In this proud land we grew up strong We were wanted all along I was taught to fight, taught to win I never thought I could fail No fight left or so it seems I am a man whose dreams have all deserted Ive changed my face, Ive changed my name But no one wants you when you lose Dont give up I know you can make it good Though I saw it all around Never thought I could be affected Thought that wed be the last to go It is so strange the way things turn Drove the night toward my home The place that I was born, on the lakeside As daylight broke, I saw the earth The trees had burned down to the ground Dont give up


Which Russian port was the scene of the Potemkin Mutiny in 1905?

The Mutiny on the Potemkin | History Today The Mutiny on the Potemkin Russia Maritime A rebellion erupted on the Russian battleship Potemkin on June 14th, 1905 The Russian navy in the year of the abortive revolution of 1905 still preserved the harsh conditions and brutal punishments of an earlier age. The Potemkin was a new battleship of the Black Sea fleet, commissioned in 1903, with a crew of 800. It was not a happy ship and some of the crew harboured revolutionary sympathies, in particular a forceful young non-commissioned officer named Matyushenko, who took a leading part in what followed. At sea on June 14th (June 27th, Old Style), the cooks complained that the meat for the men’s borscht was riddled with maggots. The ship’s doctor took a look and decided that the maggots were only flies’ eggs and the meat was perfectly fit to eat. Later a deputation went and complained to the captain and his executive officer, Commander Giliarovsky, about worms in their soup. Their spokesman was a seaman named Valenchuk, who expressed himself in such plain language that  Giliarovsky flew into a violent rage, pulled out a gun and shot him dead on the spot. The others seized Giliarovsky and threw him overboard. As he floundered in the water he was shot and killed. Others of the crew joined in. The captain, the doctor and several other officers were killed and the rest of the officers were shut away in one of the cabins. The Potemkin hoisted the red flag and a ‘people’s committee’ was chosen to take charge. The chairman was Matyushenko. The ship made for the port of Odessa, where disturbances and strikes had already been going on for two weeks, with clashes between demonstrators, Cossacks and police. The trains and trams had stopped running and most of the shops had closed. People began to gather at the waterfront after the Potemkin arrived in the harbour at 6 am on the 15th. Valenchuk’s body was brought ashore by an honour guard and placed on a bier close to a flight of steps which twenty years afterwards would play an immortal and immensely magnified role in the famous ‘Odessa steps’ sequence of Sergei Eisenstein’s film. A paper pinned on the corpse’s chest said, ‘This is the body of Valenchuk, killed by the commander for having told the truth. Retribution has been meted out to the commander.’   Citizens brought food for the seamen and flowers for the bier. As the day wore on and word spread, the crowd steadily swelled, listening to inflammatory speeches, joining in revolutionary songs and some of them sinking considerable quantities of vodka. People began looting the warehouses and setting fires until much of the harbour area was in flames. Meanwhile, martial law had been declared and the governor had been instructed by telegram from Tsar Nicholas II to take firm action. Troops were sent to the harbour in the evening, took up commanding positions and at about midnight opened fire on the packed crowd, which had no escape route. Some people were shot and some jumped or fell into the water and drowned. The sailors on the Potemkin did nothing. The casualties were put at 2,000 dead and 3,000 seriously wounded. Calm was quickly restored and Valenchuk was allowed a decent burial by the authorities, but the sailors’ demand for an amnesty was turned down and on June 18th the Potemkin set out to sea. The crew were hoping to provoke mutinies in other ships of the Black Sea fleet, but there were only a few minor disturbances, easily put down. The mutineers sailed west to the Romanian port of Constanza for badly needed fresh water and coal, but the Romanians demanded that they surrender the ship. They refused and sailed back eastwards to Feodosia in the Crimea, where a party landed to seize supplies, but was driven off. The Potemkin sailed disconsolately back to Constanza again, and on June 25th surrendered to the Romanian authorities, who handed the ship over to Russian naval officers. The incident had petered out, though it caused the regime serious alarm about the extent of revolutionary feeling in the armed forces. Its most lasting legacy wa


Novelist John Buchan's title was first Baron . . . what?

John Buchan (Author of The 39 Steps) edit data John Buchan (1st Baron Tweedsmuir) was a Scottish novelist and public servant who combined a successful career as an author of thrillers, historical novels, histories and biographies with a parallel career in public life. At the time of his death he was Governor-General of Canada. Buchan was educated at Glasgow and Oxford Universities. After a brief career in law he went to South Africa in 1902 where he contributed to the reconstruction of the country following the Boer War. His love for South Africa is a recurring theme in his fiction. On returning to Britain, Buchan built a successful career in publishing with Nelsons and Reuters. During the first world war, he was Director of Information in the British government. He wrote a twenty-four v John Buchan (1st Baron Tweedsmuir) was a Scottish novelist and public servant who combined a successful career as an author of thrillers, historical novels, histories and biographies with a parallel career in public life. At the time of his death he was Governor-General of Canada. Buchan was educated at Glasgow and Oxford Universities. After a brief career in law he went to South Africa in 1902 where he contributed to the reconstruction of the country following the Boer War. His love for South Africa is a recurring theme in his fiction. On returning to Britain, Buchan built a successful career in publishing with Nelsons and Reuters. During the first world war, he was Director of Information in the British government. He wrote a twenty-four volume history of the war, which was later abridged. Alongside his busy public life, Buchan wrote superb action novels, including the spy-catching adventures of Richard Hannay, whose exploits are described in The Thirty-Nine Steps, Greenmantle, Mr. Standfast, The Three Hostages, and The Island of Sheep. Apart from Hannay, Buchan created two other leading characters in Dickson McCunn, the shrewd retired grocer who appears in Huntingtower, Castle Gay, and The House of the Four Winds; and the lawyer Sir Edward Leithen, who features in the The Power-House, John Macnab, The Dancing Floor, The Gap in the Curtain and Sick Heart River. From 1927 to 1935 Buchan was Conservative M.P. for the Scottish Universities, and in 1935, on his appointment as Governor-General to Canada, he was made a peer, taking the title Baron Tweedsmuir. During these years he was still productive as a writer, and published notable historical biographies, such as Montrose, Sir Walter Scott, and Cromwell. When he died in Montreal in 1940, the world lost a fine statesman and story-teller. The John Buchan Society was founded in 1979 to encourage continuing interest in his life, works and legacy. Visit the website ( http://www.johnbuchansociety.co.uk ) and follow the Society on Twitter ( www.twitter.com/johnbuchansoc ) and Facebook ( www.facebook.com/johnbuchansociety ). See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buchan and Encyclopeadia Britannica Librarian Note: There is more than one author in the GoodReads database with this name. ...more


Who was known as 'the father of the Common Market'?

United States of Europe United States of Europe Email This article first appeared in the April 10, 1989 print edition of The New American, providing seminal research that exposed the hidden agenda behind the developing European Economic Community. Not only did Mr. Jasper present crucially important information that was almost completely unknown at that time, even to generally well-informed Americans and Europeans, concerning the individuals and organizations pushing for European "integration," but he also accurately "projected the lines" — decades ahead of other analysts — presciently sounding the warning that false appeals to free market rhetoric were masking a plan for socialism and the destruction of personal liberty and national independence for the nations of Europe. With the White House and Congress now considering action on legislation for a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), to further entangle the United States with the European Union, this article from 24 years ago is more relevant than ever. — The Editor 1992. In the minds of most Americans, the year probably holds no significance beyond being another presidential election year, and the occasion of another Olympic Games. Increasingly though, Americans will begin to realize that fast-approaching year carries far greater political and economic significance. Readers of business publications and economic journals have already seen a surge of articles heralding 1992 as the year of the "European market," as a benchmark period during which a host of trade barriers and other restrictions among the 12 countries of the European Community, or Common Market, will come tumbling down. Nineteen ninety-two is the year that the Single European Act (SEA) goes into effect. That act, agreed to by the 12 member states in 1986, calls for the establishment of "an area without internal frontiers, in which the free movement of goods, persons, services, and capital is ensured." "With progress toward a single market, European industry will be able to achieve greater economies of scale," said Deputy Secretary of the Treasury M. Peter McPherson in an address to the Institute for International Economics in 1988. "The demands of competition will spur technological innovation and greater productivity. The program can help stimulate growth and employment, reduce consumer prices, and raise standards of living throughout Europe." McPherson added: "The force that will drive this transformation is opportunity -- the opportunity to compete in a larger and freer marketplace. European manufacturers today face a myriad of obstacles to trade with other member states, ranging from profound differences in regulatory and tax systems to varying national technical standards. For example, an electronics company in the Netherlands now has to meet 12 separate sets of technical standards to be able to sell throughout the Community." Free Market Rhetoric Dr. Ron Paul, the former Republican congressman from Texas and recent candidate for U.S. President on the Libertarian Party ticket, is one of those who sees that approaching milestone very differently. Long an ardent champion of free market economics, he warns that the movement toward European "union" and "integration" is a statist scheme cloaked in free-market rhetoric that is likely to "produce a monster." "International statists have long dreamed of a world currency and a world central bank," wrote Dr. Paul in the October 1988 issue of The Free Market, published by the Ludwig Von Mises Institute. "Now it looks as if their dream may come true." In his essay, "The Coming World Central Bank," Paul commented: European governments have targeted 1992 for abolishing individual European currencies and replacing them with the European Currency Unit, the Ecu. Next they plan to set up a European central bank. The next step is the merger of the Federal Reserve, the European central bank and the Bank of Japan into one world central bank.... The European central bank (ECB) will be modeled after the Federal Reserve. Like the Fed in 1913, it will have th


Nick Bollettieri is a famous coach in which sport?

Nick Bollettieri: Celebrated coach still going strong at 82 | The Independent Tennis Nick Bollettieri: Celebrated coach still going strong at 82 After 60 years in tennis, he has lost none of his energy and enthusiasm. He talks to Paul Newman about his remarkable career and his Wimbledon expectations Wednesday 18 June 2014 22:32 BST Click to follow The Independent Online Bollettieri: 'I always seemed to cause a bit of a commotion' Susannah Ireland By Nick Bollettieri’s standards this is a quiet week. The veteran American coach, who celebrates his 83rd birthday next month, flew into Britain on Saturday, took mass coaching sessions for juniors and adults at the Cumberland Lawn Tennis Club in north London on Sunday and Monday, conducted private lessons for the next two days and had dinner last night with Porsche executives who had flown in from Germany to meet him. There will be more lessons over the next three days, a dinner in London tomorrow night in recognition of his induction next month into the International Tennis Hall of Fame and then a trip to Northampton, where he will give a masterclass to coaches, players and parents at an event organised by the British Tennis Coaches Association. Then he gets busy. As he does every year, Bollettieri will be at Wimbledon, which begins on Monday. In the rare free moments he will have between being stopped for a chat, an autograph or a photograph, he will be writing the columns which have lit up the pages of The Independent for the past 11 years, giving the benefit of his 60 years in tennis to listeners of BBC Radio Five live and offering support and encouragement to players from his Florida academy. Not that those commitments will stop the world’s most famous coach doing what he loves best. Bollettieri will still find time in the evenings to give some private lessons. At an age when many of his contemporaries would consider a weekly trip to the shops a major outing, Bollettieri still loves globe-trotting. Next year he will go to the Australian Open for the first time since 1997, when he helped guide Mary Pierce to the final. He will be a guest speaker at events in Melbourne, Sydney and Auckland. He has also accepted an invitation to open a new indoor tennis centre at the Rome Masters next May. “I believe that when people get tired travelling, a lot of that is psychological,” Bollettieri said. “I’ve trained my mind to just treat a travelling day like any other day. Time changes don’t bother me at all. I still get up the same time of day wherever I am. “I’m lucky that I’m a good sleeper on planes. I never fly anything other than economy. I sit straight up in those seats and go to sleep. I remember being treated once to first-class tickets when I flew to France. I tried to cash in the tickets. When I sat down in one of those fancy seats I just didn’t know what to do. My wife couldn’t stop laughing.” Bollettieri’s life story reads like something out of The Boy’s Own Paper, which is probably why an autobiography has been at the forefront of his mind in recent years. “Bollettieri: Changing the Game” tells the extraordinary story of how a drop-out from law school became the best tennis coach in the business, despite having never played the game professionally. Born into an Italian family in a village near New York in 1931, Bollettieri studied in Alabama, where he played for the college tennis team, before becoming a paratrooper. Nick Bollettieri coaches youngsters at the Cumberland Tennis Club in Hampstead, London (Susannah Ireland) On completing national service in 1956 he went to the University of Miami to study law. To finance his studies he started coaching at the local tennis courts. Before long he had given up his studies to concentrate on his new career. Bollettieri admits that at first he knew next to nothing about coaching. He sent out his wife, Phyllis, to spy on coaching programmes in the Miami area to pick up tips from other instructors. When he heard that Fred Perry was living locally he paid him a visit. Perry, who had won eight Grand Slam titles in the 1930s and was the l


Which gangster was killed in a police ambush outside the Biograph Theatre, Chicago on July 22nd 1934?

Dillinger gunned down - Jul 22, 1934 - HISTORY.com Dillinger gunned down Publisher A+E Networks Outside Chicago’s Biograph Theatre, notorious criminal John Dillinger–America’s “Public Enemy No. 1″–is killed in a hail of bullets fired by federal agents. In a fiery bank-robbing career that lasted just over a year, Dillinger and his associates robbed 11 banks for more than $300,000, broke jail and narrowly escaped capture multiple times, and killed seven police officers and three federal agents. John Dillinger was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1903. A juvenile delinquent, he was arrested in 1924 after a botched mugging. He pleaded guilty, hoping for clemency, but was sentenced to 10 to 20 years at Pendleton Reformatory. While in prison, he made several failed escapes and was adopted by a group of professional bank robbers led by Harry Pierpont, who taught him the ways of their trade. When his friends were transferred to Indiana’s tough Michigan City Prison, he requested to be transferred there too. In May 1933, Dillinger was paroled, and he met up with accomplices of Pierpont. Dillinger’s plan was to raise enough funds to finance a prison break by Pierpont and the others, who then would take him on as a member of their elite robbery gang. In four months, Dillinger and his gang robbed four Indiana and Ohio banks, two grocery stores, and a drug store for a total of more than $40,000. He gained notoriety as a sharply dressed and athletic gunman who at one bank leapt over the high teller railing into the vault. With the help of two of Pierpont’s women friends, Dillinger set up the jailbreak. Guns were bought and arranged to be smuggled into Michigan City Prison. Prison workers were bribed, and a safe house was set up. On September 22, however, just days before the jailbreak was scheduled to occur, Dillinger was arrested in Dayton, Ohio. Four days later, Pierpont and nine others broke out of Michigan City. Pierpont’s gang robbed a bank in Ohio for $11,000 and on October 12 came to Ohio to free Dillinger from the Lima city jail. The Lima sheriff was killed during the successful breakout. On October 30, the gang robbed a police arsenal, acquiring weapons, ammunition, and bulletproof vests. The Pierpont/Dillinger gang robbed banks in Indiana, Wisconsin, and Chicago for more than $130,000, a great fortune in the Depression era, and eluded the police in several close encounters. In January 1934, the gang headed to Tucson, Arizona, to lay low. By this time, four police officers had been killed and two wounded, and the Chicago police had established an elite squad to track down the fugitives. They were recognized in Tucson and on January 25 captured without bloodshed. Dillinger was extradited to Indiana, arraigned for his January 15 murder of Indiana police officer William Patrick O’Malley, and held at Crown Point prison. On March 3, while still awaiting trial, he executed his most celebrated escape. That morning, he brandished a gun and methodically began locking up the prison officials. The legend is that the weapon was a wooden gun carved by Dillinger and blackened with shoe polish, but it may also have been a real gun smuggled into the prison by an associate. Whatever the case, Dillinger raided the prison arsenal, where he found two sub-machine guns, and then enlisted the aid of another prisoner, an African American man named Herbert Youngblood. Dillinger and Youngblood then made their way to the prison garage, where they stole a sheriff’s car and calmly drove off–after pulling the ignition wires from the other vehicles parked there. Parting ways with Youngblood, Dillinger traveled to Chicago and formed a new gang featuring “Baby Face” Nelson, a psychopathic killer who used to work for Al Capone. The new Dillinger gang robbed banks in South Dakota and Iowa, netting $101,500 and wounding two more police officers. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) joined the manhunt for Dillinger after he escaped from Crown Point, and on March 31 two FBI agents closed in on him at an apartment in St. Paul, Minnesota. Dillinger and an acco


Which inanimate flying object has a bridle and a tail?

New Page 1 OLD     TIMER GOES KITE FLYING By Norris     Chambers             Youï¿½ve     probably been told to ï¿½Go fly a kiteï¿½ after some smart-aleck     statement or action. You might not have done it for several reasons. You     might not have had a kite handy or the wind might not have been present     at that time. You definitely have to have a kite and a breeze to fly     one. You can hold the string and run with a kite on the end and it will     start to rise, but when you reach the end of the runway or have to stop     on account of tiredness, it will come crashing to the ground.             Our spring seasons were usually pretty windy and when that time     of year arrived Clifton and I turned our blacksmithing activities to kite making. The usual kite     size was about two feet long and eighteen inches wide at the widest     point. I am sure they sold kites in the cities but in the back country     where we lived everyone built their own. I have seen little tiny ones no     larger than six inches long that were flown with a spool of sewing     thread. Clifton and I also constructed one over six feet tall one time.             A simple kite is constructed by building a cross out of light     timber, installing a string around the outside of the frame and covering     it with paper. A tail is added to the bottom to add weight and keep the     kite in an upright position when in flight. The tail is usually made     from old rags tied to form a long rope. A bridle, or towing attachment,     is made by tying a string to the ends of each frame member and then     bringing the strings together a few inches in front of the kite. The     operating string is then connected here and the kite is ready to fly.             We used dried cane stalks for the first experimental model of our     large kite but soon found that this material  was     not strong enough for a brisk wind. We finally used narrow willow     branches for our structure and large paper bags glued together for the     paper. The kite wasnï¿½t a pretty thing but it was big. The tail was     made by tying tow sacks together. When it was finished we tested it in a     moderate breeze and found that we needed additional power to pull it and launch it.             My Model-T strip-down was the ideal tool. We could apply whatever     speed we needed to get it airborne. We used a handy spool of telephone     wire for the string and with a little tail adjustment it flew     beautifully and ascended high in the sky. After a little serious     discussion we decided to hang a big torch on it and fly it at night. A     long wire with a heavy bundle of rags on the end saturated with kerosene     should do the trick. We grinned a little when we thought about all the     people who would see it and wonder what it was.             There was a two track trail from the south of our field to the     north end. It was exactly a half mile, as most surveys in that part of     the country were. That was a nice distance to provide a spectacular     display on a dark night. On a dark Saturday night we began our     performance.             Clifton ignited the kerosene-filled rag ball at the end of the wire, held the     kite in position and ran along for a few feet until it became airborne     then jumped on the strip down with me. As  we picked up a little speed the spool of wire began turning and     the kite began climbing. Soon the wire was off the ground and the flames     lit up the area like a torch.             The half mile trip progressed as planned and the kite and torch     made a graceful landing.             We had expected that the fireball would attract attention for     several miles and that some of the people would wonder what it was. That     is exactly what happened. There was a lot of talk about the strange     light that traveled across the sky. One of the county newsp


What was the name of the province, led by Moise Tshombe, that seceded from the Congo Republic in 1960?

Congo Civil War (1960-1964) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed Congo Civil War (1960-1964) Map of the Republic of the Congo during the Congo Civil War, 1960-1964 Image Ownership: Public Domain The Congo Civil War, or Congo Crisis, was a complex political tumult that began just days following Belgium ’s granting of Congolese independence in 1960.  Lasting four years, the associated violence claimed an estimated 100,000 lives including the nation's first Prime Minister, Patrice Lumumba , and UN Secretary Dag Hammarskjöld, who was killed in a plane crash as he attempted to mediate the crisis.  Escalating with the secession of the southernmost province of Katanga, the conflict concluded five years later with a united Congo emerging under the dictatorship of Joseph-Désiré Mobutu . On June 30, 1960, Belgium negotiated post-colonial mining rights in declaring an independent Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).  Yet within days, soldiers of the Congolese army mutinied, demanding increased pay and the removal of white officers from their ranks.  When Belgium intervened militarily, more soldiers rebelled.  Many of these soldiers gravitated toward the radical nationalist Prime Minister Patrice Emery Lumumba. Then, dominated by Belgian business interests, the mineral-rich Katanga province under the leadership of Moïse Kapenda Tshombe seceded from the DRC with Belgian support.  Congolese President Joseph Kasavubu and Prime Minister Lumumba asked and received a peacekeeping force from the United Nations (UN). The conflict also became the site of a dangerous Cold War “proxy” contest between western powers led by the United States and the Soviet Union -led Communist bloc.  Under pressure from western nations and in exchange for UN support, President Kasavubu purged his government of radical elements including Prime Minister Lumumba.  The ultra-nationalist Lumumba, though supported by the Congolese, was viewed by Western business leaders as an obstacle to their continued investments in Congolese diamond mines.  Fearing Lumumba was secretly a Communist, the United States was particularly adamant about his removal from power. Lumumba responded by firing Kasavubu as both leaders claimed control over the country, and Army Chief of Staff Joseph Mobutu in turn orchestrated a military coup d’état which ousted the two leaders.  Mobutu's government was supported by western governments.  The Soviet Union and other Communist nations supported Lumumba who ultimately was killed by Katangan rebels. With his chief rival removed, Mobutu pledged nominal support to President Kasavubu and the two led the successful effort to end the Katanga secession.  UN forces eventually recaptured all of Katanga province.  In 1964, a new rebellion began in the Eastern Congo when armed fighters (“Simbas”) began to spread across the region.  Ironically, Moïse Tshombe, who had led the secessionist Katanga province, was made prime minister with the mandate to defeat these rebels and end other regional revolts.  The Simbas were defeated in November 1964. One year later, Mobutu seized power from President Kasavubu after having persuaded Western leaders that he was the most effective leader in the fight against communism.  Kasavubu and Tshombe were exiled as Mobutu set up a one-party dictatorship, controlling the nation until 1997. Nonetheless, for the first time since independence, all of the country was ruled by one government. Sources: Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History (New York: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2004); Guy Arnold, Historical Dictionary of Civil Wars in Africa (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1989); H. M. Epstein, ed. Revolt in the Congo, 1960-1964 (New York: Facts on File, 1965); G. Abi-Saab, The United Nations Operations in the Congo, 1960-1964 (London: Oxford University Press, 1978). Contributor(s):


The fruit carambola is more commonly known by what name?

HS12/MG269: Carambola Growing in the Florida Home Landscape Carambola Growing in the Florida Home Landscape 1 Jonathan H. Crane 2 Scientific Name: Averrhoa carambola L. Common Names: carambola, star fruit (starfruit), bilimbi, and five-finger Family: Oxalidaceae Relatives: bilimbi, oxalis Origin: Southeast Asia Distribution: Carambolas are cultivated throughout many tropical and warm subtropical areas of the world. In the US, carambolas are grown commercially in southern Florida and Hawaii. In Florida, carambolas are grown commercially in Dade, Lee, Broward, and Palm Beach counties. History: Carambolas have been cultivated in southeast Asia (e.g., Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka) for centuries, and trees were introduced in Florida over 100 years ago. Fruit from the first introductions into Florida were tart. More recently, seeds and vegetative material from Thailand, Taiwan, and Malaysia have been introduced and sweet cultivars have been selected. Importance: As consumers become more familiar with carambola (also called star fruit), commercial acreage and production will increase throughout the tropical and subtropical world. Currently, the major producers include Taiwan, Malaysia, Guyana, India, Philippines, Australia, Israel, and the United States (Florida and Hawaii). Warning: People who have been diagnosed with kidney disease should not eat carambola (star fruit) unless their doctor says that it is safe for them to eat. This fruit may contain enough oxalic acid to cause a rapid decline in renal function. Description Tree The carambola tree is small to medium in height (22 to 33 ft; 7 to 10 m) and spreading (20 to 25 ft in diameter; 6 to 7.6 m), and single or multi-trunked. Carambola trees are evergreen, although when grown in cooler locations, they lose some or all their leaves during the late winter and early spring. Trees grow rapidly in locations protected from strong winds. The mid-canopy area (3 to 7 ft high; 0.9 to 2.1 m) is the major fruit-producing area of mature trees. Leaves Carambolas have compound leaves 6 to 12 inches long (15 to 30 cm) that are arranged alternately on branches. Each leaf has 5 to 12 green leaflets 0.5 to 3.5 inches long (1.5 to 9 cm) and 0.4 to 1.8 inches wide (1 to 4.5 cm). Inflorescence (Flowers) Carambola flowers are borne on panicles on twigs, or small-diameter branches, and occasionally on larger wood. The flowers are perfect, small (3/8 inch or 1 cm in diameter) and pink to lavender in color. They have 5 petals and sepals. Depending upon the cultivar, carambola flowers have either long or short styles. Fruit The fruit is a fleshy, 4- to 5-celled berry with a waxy surface. Fruit are 2 to 6 inches (5–15 cm) in length, with 5 (rarely 4–8) prominent longitudinal ribs. They are star-shaped in cross section. The fruit skin is thin, light to dark yellow, and smooth, with a waxy cuticle. The pulp is light to dark yellow in color, translucent, crisp, very juicy, and without fiber. Desirable varieties have an agreeable, subacid to sweet flavor. Fruit are sweetest when allowed to ripen on the tree. It takes about 60 to 75 days from fruit set to maturity depending upon variety, cultural practices, and weather. Seeds There are usually no more than 10–12 seeds per fruit and sometimes none. Seeds are edible, ¼ to ½ inch (0.6–1.3 cm) long, thin, light brown, and enclosed by a gelatinous aril. Seeds lose viability in a few days after removal from fruit. Pollination All the flowers on a given carambola variety have either long or short styles; this condition is called heterostyly. Some carambola cultivars may require cross pollination (short-styled by long-styled cultivar or vice versa) for good fruit set and yields. However, varieties such as ‘Fwang Tung’, ‘Golden Star’ and ‘Arkin’ produce abundant crops when planted in solid blocks, indicating that the need for cross pollination by opposing stylar types is not always necessary. Other varieties such as ‘B-10’ and ‘B-17’ produce more fruit when cross pollinated with another variety. Varieties There are many cultivars; however, some may be unavailable fo


God's Horse, Lamb Lady, Dowdy Cow and Red Cow of God are country names for which insect?

Animals Embroidery Designs abc abcs abilene aboard aborginal absolutely abstract accents accessories accessorize accompanying activity add additional adds adina adorable adult advent african ages! air airplanes alex alignment almost alpha alphabet alphas already also am amazingly amazon american an anchors and angel angelic angels animal animals announcements another antics antique ants any anything appearance apple apples applique appliqued appliquedesigns appliques approx approx. april arctic are aristocats ark aromas around art articles as ashley astrology at attitude aubrie aussie australia australian autumn available average awareness away awesome b baa baaa babes babies baby babys back background backs backyard badge badges bag bags baking ball ballerina ballet balloons balls bandanas banks banner barbq barbque barn barrette barrettes base baseball bash basket basketball basketballs baskets basky bath bathtime battenburg batting batty bbq be beach beads beagle beagles bear bears beary beautful beauties beautiful beautifully beauty bedroom bee beer bees beestails beggin begonia belinda belles bells benny between beverage bib bible bibs big biggest bike biker bikers bikes bills binky bird birdhouse birdhouses birdies birds birdy birthday biscornu bitsy black blackwork blank bless bleu blind bliss block blocks blue bluebonnet blueline blues bluework bo board boats bodacious bonnet bonnets bonnie bonnies boo book bookmark bookmarker bookmarkers bookmarks border borderless borders both bottle bottles bottom bottoms bouquet bouquets boutique bow bowl bowls bows box boxes boy boys boyz bracelets bread breadcloths break breakfast breast bride brides broadway bubble bud buds buffalo bug bugs bugs! bulls bums bunnies bunny bunting buntings burst busy but butterfies butterflies butterfly button buttonholes buy bw by c cable caboose cactus caddies cake cakes calendar call calla calligraphy calling camping can canada canadian cancer candle candles candlewick candlewicking candy cane caniche canine canning cans capital caps car card cards career carla carol carolers carraiges carriages cars cartoon case cases casino castles cat catcher catchers catching cats cattitude catz cave cd celebration celtic chains chalk champagne change character charming charms charts cheerleaders cheerleading cheese chef chenille cherry chevron chickens chickie chicks child children childrens childs china chinese choice chopper choppers chrismons christian christmas christmas1 christmas2 chubby cindy cindys circles circus classic claw clear clip clips clocks close closely closet cloth clothes clothespin clover clown clowns coaster coasters cockatiels cockatoo cocktail cocktails cocoa coffee coffeetime coin cola college colonial color colored colorful coloring colorlace colorline colorlines colors colorsheet colorwork columbus combination combine come coming commercial communion complete compliment construction continuous convertible convertibles cook cookie cooking cool copper cord corn corner corners corset cosmetics costumes country cover covered covers cow cowboy cowboys cowgirl cowgirls cows craft crayons craze crazy cream create created creatures crib crinoline crinolines critter critters crochet crooked cross crosses crowns crows cub cubes cupcake cupcakes cupid cups curious curle curly cushion customers cut cute cuties cutiest cutouts cutters cutwork d dad daddys dads daffodil daily dainty daisies daisy dancer dancers dancing daniel darlin darling darlings daughter day days daze dd deck deco decorate decoration decorations decorative deer delaney delicate delicately delight delightful dell desert designed designs designs. designs1 designsall designsfor desings detailed devils diamond diamonds diana did diddle different digitizers dino dinos dinosaurs dirt dish diverse diversity dividers divine do dog doggies doggy dogs doilies doily doll dolls dolphin dolphins done doodle doodles door double doubles dove doves dow down download downloads dragon dragonflies dragonfly dragons drako drawings dream dreams dress dressed dresses dressing driver dsign


What name is given to visible clouds of dust and gas in space?

Cool Cosmos Interstellar Dust and Gas We often think of the vast areas of space between the stars as being completely empty. However, this is not really true. Much of the space between the stars is filled with atomic and molecular gas (primarily hydrogen and helium) and tiny pieces of solid particles or dust (composed mainly of carbon, silicon and oxygen).  In some places this interstellar material is very dense, forming nebulas. In other regions the gas and dust density is very low. The image to the right shows an infrared view of the gas and dust in our galaxy along the plane of our Milky Way galaxy. W. Waller and F. Varosi (GSFC), IRAS, SkyView, NASA Most of this interstellar gas and dust originates from the death of stars which either exploded (supernova) or blew off their outer layers, returning their material to interstellar space. From this material, new stars are formed. Often, the gas and dust between the stars can be detected only in the infrared. Dust grains absorb visible and ultraviolet light which causes them to heat up and radiate in the infrared. Also, by using infrared detectors, astronomers can penetrate the often invisible interstellar gas and dust clouds and gain much information about their composition and structure. Below are two infrared images taken by NICMOS of material being ejected into space by dying stars. Credits (Left Image): Rodger Thompson, Marcia Rieke, Glenn Schneider, Dean Hines (University of Arizona); Raghvendra Sahai (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); NICMOS Instrument Definition Team, and NASA/AURA/STScI Credits (Right Image): Credits: William B. Latter (Spitzer Science Center/Caltech) and NASA/AURA/STScI A surprise discovery from the IRAS mission was that space is filled with faint wisps of dust which cannot be seen in visible light. This has been given the name "infrared cirrus" because it resembles the cirrus clouds in the Earth's atmosphere. Infrared cirrus is very cold (15-30 K or -433 to -406 F) and can only be detected in the infrared. Its temperature is due to dust grains being slightly heated by starlight. IRAS image of cirrus at the south celestial pole and ISO-LWS spectra of infrared cirrus Infrared astronomy has also resulted in the detection of several types of complex interstellar molecules. Astronomers using ISO discovered emission lines from interstellar water vapor in a variety of sources including star forming regions, planetary nebulae and near formed stars. ISO also discovered for the first time hydrogen cyanide ice molecules in a dusty cloud surrounding a newly forming star. Many of the most important spectral lines produced by interstellar gas falls within infrared wavelengths. The Spitzer Space Telescope will conduct spectroscopic studies of interstellar dust and gas. Among these research investigations will be the important study of water, ices and organic molecules. Spitzer observations at near-infrared wavelengths will map the inner regions of our Milky Way, yielding important new information that is otherwise obscured by heavy concentrations of dust at visible wavelengths.


Which gangster was killed, along with his partner, in a police ambush in Bienville Parish, Louisiana on May 23rd 1934?

On this Day in History… May 23rd: Bonnie and Clyde - Prof. Boerner's Explorations Prof. Boerner's Explorations by Gerald Boerner    Today’s historical event is offered more as a disincentive rather than as a model. Stories glamorizing the gangster groups that ran wild during 20s and 30s, like Bonnie and Clyde, abound. They make great stories for movies. They offer opportunities to compare their exploits with legendary characters like Robin Hood. But these gangsters were at best “bad people” and at worst sociopaths. During the Prohibition and Great Depression of the early 20th century, these opportunists made the best of the trade in illegal alcohol, prostitution, gambling, and bank robbery. In many cases, as with Bonnie and Clyde, this also included the murder of innocent people and attacks against the institutions of our city, state, and federal governments. Our examination of Bonnie and Clyde today is not intended to glamorize them, but to present the essential facts about their lives, behaviors, and misdeeds. The consequences of their actions resulted in their brutal murders by authorities; they did not get to abuse our court system to avoid or delay justice. That is not to say that the people, police, state, or whomever should take the law into their own hands, but it does reflect upon the consequences of breaking the law.  GLB      “Americans accept that gangsters are running the government.” — Tim Robbins “I decided that if the police couldn’t catch the gangsters, I’d create a fellow who could.” — Chester Gould “The great nations have always acted like gangsters, and the small nations like prostitutes.” — Stanley Kubrick “Westerns was why I got into the business. I grew up on a small farm in California and all I ever wanted to do was to play gangsters and cowboys in movies.” — Brion James “My strangest media moment a photo session they all had dressed up like 50 gangsters. That was pretty cool. We have to get some more of those kind of photos sometimes.” — Kerry King “George Raft may or may not have gone both ways, but he was very sensitive to what they said about him, and it was one factor why he decided to play all those gangsters in the movies.” — Cesar Romero “And remember, where you have a concentration of power in a few hands, all too frequently men with the mentality of gangsters get control. History has proven that.” — Lord Acton “We got into all the trouble you could ever imagine. We figured that if the Jones boys and all the gangsters ran Chicago, we had our own territory now. All the stores, all the crime, we were in charge of everything, my stepbrother and my brother.” — Quincy Jones       Bonnie and Clyde Bonnie Parker (1910 – 1934) and Clyde Barrow (1909 – 1934) were well known outlaws, robbers and criminals who, with their gang, traveled the Central United States during the Great Depression. Their exploits captured the attention of the American public during what is sometimes referred to as the "public enemy era" between 1931 and 1934. Though known today for his dozen-or-so bank robberies, Barrow in fact preferred to rob small stores or rural gas stations. The gang is believed to have killed at least nine police officers and committed several civilian murders. They were eventually ambushed and killed in Louisiana by law officers. Their reputation was cemented in American pop folklore by Arthur Penn’s 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde. Believed at the time to be a full participant in the gang’s crimes, Parker’s role has since been a source of controversy. While gang members W. D. Jones and Ralph Fults said they never saw her fire a gun and described her role as logistical, Jones also told investigators that she had fired a pistol at officers "two or three times" when he was deposed under arrest in 1933. By 1968, his recollection was that "during the five big gun battles I was with them, she never fired a gun. But I’ll say she was a hell of a loader." Youngest Barrow sister Marie made the same claim: "Bonnie never fired a shot. She just followed my brother no matter where he went." Parker’s reputation as a ci


Charles Webb wrote which book, made into a famous film directed by Mike Nichols, in 1967?

Special Event: The Graduate Film/Book! - East Bay Classic Fiction Book Club (Oakland, CA)  | Meetup East Bay Classic Fiction Book Club Special Event: The Graduate Film/Book! Jun 21, 2013 · 6:45 PM The Paramount Theatre Hello my Classic Fiction Enthusiasts- The Graduate will be playing at the Paramount on 6/21 for one evening and for a mere $5.00! If you like, feel free to join me in reading Charles Webb's novel. We will meet at the Paramount where I will be standing in line.  The day before we meet, I will send an e-mail with my phone number and description of what I'm wearing so you can find me.  We will enter the theatre to get seats at 7:00 sharp. We will have about 30 minutes (festivities begin at 7:30, curtain goes up at 8 p.m.) to have a drink and discuss the novel. Reading the book is not required if you'd like to join us for the film only. If you've never been to the Paramount in Oakland, you're in for a real treat! It's like stepping back into the past, into one of those glorious movie palaces of a bygone era! And all for a five-dollar admission.Film showings at the Paramount include a half-hour organ concert of classic songs (starting at 7:30), followed by cartoons, newsreels, clips of coming attractions, and even a raffle drawing with prizes such as dinners for two at some of the area's finest restaurants! Winner of the East Bay Express's "Best Movie-Going Experience" and voted "Best Deal in the Bay Area," it's a wonderful night out on the town! I recommend taking BART, which stops right underneath the theater at the 19th street station (20th street exit). http://www.paramounttheatre.com/direct.html#parking   The Graduate is a 1967 American comedy-drama film directed by Mike Nichols. It is based on the 1963 novel The Graduate by Charles Webb, who wrote it shortly after graduating from Williams College. The screenplay was by Buck Henry, who makes a cameo appearance as a hotel clerk, and Calder Willingham. The film tells the story of Benjamin Braddock (played by Dustin Hoffman), a recent university graduate with no well-defined aim in life, who is seduced by an older woman, Mrs. Robinson (Anne Bancroft), and then proceeds to fall in love with her daughter Elaine (Katharine Ross). In 1996, The Graduate was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Initially, the film was placed at #7 on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list in 1998. When AFI revised the list in 2007, the film was moved to #17. Adjusted for inflation, the film is #21 on the list of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada. Critical response A.D. Murphy of Variety and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times praised the film upon its release, with Murphy describing it as a "delightful satirical comedy-drama" and Ebert claiming it was the "funniest American comedy of the year". For the film's thirtieth anniversary reissue, Roger Ebert retracted some of his previous praise for the film, noting that he now felt its time has passed and he now had more sympathy for Mrs. Robinson than Benjamin, whom he considered "an insufferable creep." He, along with Gene Siskel, gave the film a mediocre review on the television programSiskel & Ebert. Accolades Anne Bancroft, Dustin Hoffman, and Katharine Ross earned Oscar nominations for their performances. Along with the acting nominations, the film received nominations for BestCinematography, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Picture. Mike Nichols won the Academy Award for Best Director. The film won the BAFTA Award for Best Film, as well as the BAFTA Award for Best Editing (to Sam O'Steen). In 1996, The Graduate was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant", and placed #21 on the list of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada, adjusted for inflation. Years later in interviews, Anne Bancroft conceded that, much to her surprise, Mrs. Robinson was the role with which she was most identified, and add


Who was the first footballer to represent England at schoolboy, youth, amateur, under 23 and full international levels, he went on to have a distinguished managerial career?

In honour of Jamie Vardy: five of the best England two-cap wonders In honour of Jamie Vardy: five of the best England two-cap wonders SHARE THIS STORY Tweet Why should the one-cap international wonders get the majority of the attention? Following his substitute appearance at the Aviva Stadium in Dublin back in June, Jamie Vardy enjoyed his first ever England start against San Marino on Saturday as Roy Hodgson’s men booked their place at next summer’s European Championships. And while the Leicester player made no disgrace of himself and played the full 90 minutes, the Sheffield-born striker failed to significantly trouble his weak opposition. Given that he was overlooked for any involvement in England’s following match against Switzerland, he will surely know his chances of ever making it to three caps look increasingly slim. For while Hodgson might be making all the right noises about giving fringe players a chance in October’s dead-rubber qualifiers, Vardy must be looking at the competition for places in the squad and feeling grateful for the two caps he has already won. In comparison to Raheem Sterling, Daniel Sturridge, Danny Welbeck, Theo Walcott, Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain and even Harry Kane, his total of seven top-flight goals looks a little out of place. But as Vardy reflects on the experience of a lifetime, he shouldn’t feel too down about joining a select group of professionals who have never got a third cap. For while a first glance at the likes of Stephen Warnock, Zat Knight, Richard Wright and Paul Konchesky may not suggest he’s among too many greats, he may be pleasantly surprised if he delves a little deeper. He are the five best England two-cap wonders:   Brian Clough Given his success as a manager, Clough’s playing career is so often overlooked when describing his achievements. The former Middlesbrough and Sunderland striker broke goalscoring records at both clubs during his peak, scoring a formidable 251 goals in 274 league appearances, boasting the highest ever goals per game ratio in the English leagues. For England he scored goals at Under-23 and B level, but managed only two full caps before his career was curtailed due to a medial and cruciate ligament injury sustained at 29.   Steve Bould & Nigel Winterburn It says much of England’s defensive options during the early to mid-90s that the likes of Steve Bruce managed not a single cap, while Nigel Winterburn and teammate Steve Bould could muster only two each. Given how highly-rated and respected the famous Arsenal back four was, Winterburn and Bould can in particular count themselves as unfortunate not to have won more caps given that the other two alongside them in George Graham’s ruthlessly-marshalled backline, Tony Adams and Lee Dixon, managed 88 caps between them.   Dave Beasant Unbelievably it was only three months ago that Beasant became the oldest player to be selected in a matchday squad when at the ripe age of 56 he was named as substitute keeper for Stevenage in their play-off semi-final against Southend. Beasant is of course famous for becoming the first goalkeeper to save a penalty in an FA Cup Final as he inspired Wimbledon’s famous win in 1988, while he also had a distinguished career as keeper at Chelsea, Southampton and Nottingham Forest. Yet in an era that saw England furnished with the likes of Peter Shilton, Chris Woods and David Seaman, Beasant had to make do with two appearances, against Italy and Yugoslavia, though he did travel to the World Cup in 1990 as England’s third choice stopper when Seaman picked up a hand injury.   Alan Kennedy There can be few English players who boast quite the list of honours on his C.V. as Alan Kennedy. Beginning his career at Newcastle, the left back headed to Anfield in 1978 and proceeded to make history at Liverpool. Along with five league titles and four League Cups, he became the first player to score winning goals in two European Cup finals (the second the winning penalty in a shoot-out win over Roma) as Liverpool reigned in Europe in 1981 and again in 1984. Nevertheless it wasn’t enough to imp


In which city was Archduke Ferdinand of Austria assassinated in 1914?

Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated - Jun 28, 1914 - HISTORY.com Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated Publisher A+E Networks In an event that is widely acknowledged to have sparked the outbreak of World War I, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, nephew of Emperor Franz Josef and heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, is shot to death along with his wife by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia, on this day in 1914. The great Prussian statesman Otto von Bismarck, the man most responsible for the unification of Germany in 1871, was quoted as saying at the end of his life that “One day the great European War will come out of some damned foolish thing in the Balkans.” It went as he predicted. The archduke traveled to Sarajevo in June 1914 to inspect the imperial armed forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina, former Ottoman territories in the turbulent Balkan region that were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908 to the indignation of Serbian nationalists, who believed they should become part of the newly independent and ambitious Serbian nation. The date scheduled for his visit, June 28, coincided with the anniversary of the First Battle of Kosovo in 1389, in which medieval Serbia was defeated by the Turks. Despite the fact that Serbia did not truly lose its independence until the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448, June 28 was a day of great significance to Serbian nationalists, and one on which they could be expected to take exception to a demonstration of Austrian imperial strength in Bosnia. June 28 was also Franz Ferdinand’s wedding anniversary. His beloved wife, Sophie, a former lady-in-waiting, was denied royal status in Austria due to her birth as a poor Czech aristocrat, as were the couple’s children. In Bosnia, however, due to its limbo status as an annexed territory, Sophie could appear beside him at official proceedings. On June 28, 1914, then, Franz Ferdinand and Sophie were touring Sarajevo in an open car, with surprisingly little security, when Serbian nationalist Nedjelko Cabrinovic threw a bomb at their car; it rolled off the back of the vehicle and wounded an officer and some bystanders. Later that day, on the way to visit the injured officer, the archduke’s procession took a wrong turn at the junction of Appel quay and Franzjosefstrasse, where one of Cabrinovic’s cohorts, 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip, happened to be loitering. Seeing his opportunity, Princip fired into the car, shooting Franz Ferdinand and Sophie at point-blank range. Princip then turned the gun on himself, but was prevented from shooting it by a bystander who threw himself upon the young assassin. A mob of angry onlookers attacked Princip, who fought back and was subsequently wrestled away by the police. Meanwhile, Franz Ferdinand and Sophie lay fatally wounded in their limousine as it rushed to seek help; they both died within the hour. The assassination of Franz-Ferdinand and Sophie set off a rapid chain of events: Austria-Hungary, like many in countries around the world, blamed the Serbian government for the attack and hoped to use the incident as justification for settling the question of Slav nationalism once and for all. As Russia supported Serbia, an Austro-Hungarian declaration of war was delayed until its leaders received assurances from German leader Kaiser Wilhelm that Germany would support their cause in the event of a Russian intervention–which would likely involve Russia’s ally, France, and possibly Britain as well. On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and the tenuous peace between Europe’s great powers collapsed. Within a week, Russia, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Serbia had lined up against Austria-Hungary and Germany, and World War I had begun. Related Videos


Who wrote the 'Game, Set & Match' trilogy?

Len Deighton: Three Complete Novels- Berlin Game / Mexico Set / London Match: Len Deighton: 9780517092729: Amazon.com: Books on July 15, 2010 Format: Hardcover Verified Purchase When it comes to espionage novels, Len Deighton is as good as it gets. Realistic characters and cold war situations that many of us lived through abound. Ever since "The Ipcress File" introduced readers to the unamed, borderline criminal secret agent (named Harry Palmer in the movies), Deighton's creations have been believeable, realistic, and a fun read. After James Bond and other uber-agents, it was refreshing to see a regular guy that does things that effect the entire world, yet still has to worry about paying the gas bill. Bernard Samson is such a character. Introduced briefly in an earlier novel, these three novels flesh out his story. This compilation is extremely handy. While each novel is a stand-alone great read, it is fantastic having them all together in one volume, and to be able to read them sequentially. Almost a thousand pages of entertainment for a really trivial price. The basis of the stories revolves around Bernard Samson, shortly after his wife Fiona apparently defects to the other side. Both Bernard and Fiona are members of the British secret intelligence community. They have two children. Bernard brings off several major intelligence coups, while being suspected of complicity in his wife's defection (after all...how can you not know the person you share a bed with is a senior communist agent?) The plotting is tight, the characters exceptional. Anyone who remembers civil defense shelters and bomb drills in grade school will love these stories. Read them, and you will want to seek out the other novels printed about these characters, to seee how it all turns out. This book is out-of-print and priced very reasonably. Get it before it goes up, as there is talk of Quentin Tarrantino being very interested in making a film version of these three novels. Read this boook. You won't be sorry. By WryGuy2 on October 4, 2010 Format: Hardcover Verified Purchase In the 1980s, I had read some books by Len Deighton ("SS-GB", "Fighter", and "Blood, Tears, and Folly") and enjoyed them, but back then my reading tastes did not run to cold war thrillers, so I didn't read any of his spy books about Harry Palmer or Bernard Samson. Recently, however, I happened to pick up "Berlin Game", and discovered it was a pretty good read, so I bought this omnibus book that also included the next two books in the series, "Mexico Set", and "London Match". These books are about a middle-aged British Intelligence Officer in the 1970's, Bernard Samson, who used to be a field agent in Berlin but is now has a senior level desk job in London. In the first book, an extremely valuable East German spy wants out of East Germany and requests that Bernard, whom he met 20 years earlier and is one of the few people he trusts, be the agent who gets him out. This book, as are the subsequent books, is full of vivid characterizations, suspense, the occasional bit of off-beat humor, intricate plotting, betrayals, and redemptions. The same set of characters, both the good guys and bad guys, basically move from book to book, allowing Mr. Deighton to gradually fill-in their complexities, so that the books are deeper than many spy novels. These are books about people, not super-secret complex technology and gadgets, which I find a welcome change to many popular thrillers written today. My only complaint about the series, and it's more of a nit than a true complaint, is that while the plot moves along quickly and seems plausible when you're reading it, when you step back and think about things, you find holes in the plot (at least I do). Read more › Comment 3 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Sending feedback... Thank you for your feedback. Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try again By TruthtellerFred on April 25, 2016 Format: Hardcover Verified Purchase How crazy am I for this stuff? I bought this despite having already r


Which British actor and singer was a member of the Monkees pop group?

Davy Jones - Television Actor, Singer - Biography.com » quotes “I got hate letters from girls all over America because I wouldn't go to the prom with them.” “Justin Bieber stole my haircut. And Axl Rose stole my dance!” Davy Jones Davy Jones - Preview (TV-14; 3:00) The Monkees member Davy Jones will always be the cute singer and tambourine player with stars in his eyes. After The Monkees, he continued to his sing and act. Davy Jones passed away on 2/29/2012. Synopsis The Monkees debuted on television in September 1966, and Davy Jones attracted a lot of attention from fans for his charm, wit, warm sense of humor and boyish good looks. The Monkees soon scored on the music charts with hits like "I'm a Believer," "Pleasant Valley Sunday" and "Daydream Believer"—covers of songs originally released by Neil Diamond, Gerry Goffin and Carole King, and John Stewart, respectively—and their albums sold millions of copies. Jones later wrote several autobiographies, including 1987's They Made a Monkee Out of Me. Early Life A member of the Monkees, Davy Jones became a popular teen idol in the late 1960s. He began an acting career at the age of 11, winning a role on the popular British soap opera Coronation Street. Jones trained to become a jockey for a time, but gave up that career path to perform on stage. He played the Artful Dodger in a London production of the musical Oliver!, reprising the role for his Broadway debut in 1963. He received a Tony Award nomination for his performance that same year. Jones landed a few television guest appearances and other roles before landing his big break: Along with Michael Nesmith, Peter Tork and Mickey Dolenz, he was selected to perform on a new TV series about a rock group modeled after the Beatles. The Monkees debuted in September 1966, with audiences adoring the humorous antics of the manufactured band. Jones especially attracted attention from fans due to his charm and boyish good looks. The Monkees It wasn't long before the Monkees scored on the music charts. Their version of Neil Diamond's "I'm a Believer" and "Last Train to Clarksville" were their first No. 1 hits. More successful singles followed, including another Neil Diamond tune, "Little Bit Me, Little Bit You"; Gerry Goffin's and Carole King's "Pleasant Valley Sunday"; and "Daydream Believer" by John Stewart of the Kingston Trio. Their albums sold millions of copies. The Monkees even starred in their own feature film, Head, released in 1968. Unfortunately for the so-called "Pre-Fab Four," the movie was a box-office dued. That same year, their series was canceled and Tork left the group. Jones and the remaining members soldiered on for a while, releasing 1969's Instant Replay before splitting up. Thereafter, Jones continued acting and singing. He released a self-titled album in 1971. That same year, he made a memorable appearance on the hit family sitcom The Brady Bunch, playing himself as well as Marsha Brady's dream date for the prom. Jones had guest roles on a number of other shows, capitalizing on his popularity as a teen idol. Returning to music, Jones teamed up with Dolenz and former Monkees songwriters Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart to work on a new project. The group released one album together in 1976, which failed to make much of an impression on the music-buying public. There was a renewed interest in the Monkees, however, in the 1980s, when some of the group's original recordings returned to the charts. In 1986, Dolenz, Tork and Jones reunited for a concert tour. That same year, they released a greatest hits collection, Then and Now, featuring a new track, "That Was Then, This Is Now." Reruns of the group's series began airing on MTV in 1987, giving the band even more of a boost. That same year, the Monkees released the album Pool It!. Nesmith returned to the group in the mid-1990s for a successful tour and a new album, 1996's Justus. While the new recording failed to make the charts, the Monkees' previous albums have remained strong sellers over the years. In 2003, The Best of the Monkees reached No. 51 on the Billboard 20


Which American car manufacturer is named after the founder of Detroit?

A General Motors plant Photograph by Bill Pugliano/Getty Images. Mitt Romney eked out a win in Michigan’s Republican presidential primary Tuesday, overcoming criticism of his opposition to the automotive industry bailout . Why are all major auto manufacturers headquartered in or near Detroit? Because Henry Ford lived there. Detroit and its environs had a lot to offer the nascent auto industry around the turn of the 20th century. Iron ore was available from the Mesabi Range in Minnesota, and there was ample timber in Michigan itself. (Early car frames were made of wood.) Rail and water routes made it easy to ship cars to Chicago and New York. And Detroit already hosted heavy industry like machine shops and stove works. Toledo, Cleveland, Milwaukee, and Buffalo could have made similar claims, yet none of them became Motown. Detroit’s eventual dominance probably had more to do with a couple of historical accidents than any geographic advantage. First, innovators like Henry Ford and Ransom Olds happened to live in Michigan. Second, automotive executives in early-20th-century Detroit behaved a lot like Silicon Valley executives today: They regularly switched companies and launched spinoffs and startups. This culture of cross-pollination spread innovative manufacturing and design ideas among the Detroit manufacturers. Distant competitors couldn’t keep up with Motown’s research and development operations and eventually failed or sold themselves to Detroit. There was no indication that Detroit would come to dominate car making in the industry’s early years. According to economist Steven Klepper of Carnegie Mellon University, none of the 69 companies that entered the auto industry (PDF) between 1895 and 1900 was located in Detroit. Olds Motor Works became the city’s first major carmaker when it relocated from Lansing in 1900. Ransom Olds then made a decision that would shape the course of the industry—rather than creating hundreds of small components in-house for his Curved Dash Runabout , he subcontracted much of the work to companies in Detroit’s flourishing manufacturing sector. The people who built the car’s parts eventually learned so much about automotive manufacturing that they went on to launch their own brands. Olds’ subcontractors included the Briscoe brothers, who helped build Buick, and machinist Henry Leland , who created Cadillac and Lincoln. The Dodge brothers also cut their teeth making parts for both Olds and Henry Ford. Ransom Olds, himself, eventually left Olds Motor Works to found the REO car company. A few other executives from Olds founded Chalmers and Hudson . William Durant, the man behind General Motors, was twice forced out of the company, forming Chevrolet and later Durant Motors while he was away. All of these ventures were based in or near Detroit. Advertisement The number of U.S. carmakers peaked at 272 in 1909, including major manufacturers in New England and Ohio. During the 1910s, however, the Detroit brands pulled away. In 1915, 13 out of the country’s 15 most popular car brands were in Detroit. Motor City executives, particularly Ford, invested heavily in research and development, distancing their products from the out-of-towners. The industry further agglomerated—an economics term for the consolidation of an industry in one geographic area—in Detroit, and parts suppliers and skilled laborers followed the largest manufacturers to Motown, making it harder for companies in other regions to compete. Many of the largest remaining non-Detroit carmakers, including Nash (Kenosha, Wis.), combined with Detroit-based brands in the 1950s to form American Motors. * George Romney, father of the GOP presidential candidate, eventually helmed the company, which was bought by Chrysler in 1987. Got a question about today’s news? Ask the Explainer . Explainer thanks John Heitmann of the University of Dayton and author of The Automobile and American Life , Steven Klepper of Carnegie Mellon University, J. Douglas Leighton of the Society of Automotive Historians, and Paul Vachon, author of Forgotten Detroit . Correct