What word describes a vertical window in a projection from a steeply sloping roof of a building?

Building Terms & Definitions Building Terms & Definitions Anchor   Bolt: A bolt used to attach   steel or wood members to concrete. Apron: Window trim or molding placed below the stool to finish the joint   formed by the wall and the window frame opening. Armored   Cable: Rubber-insulated   electrical wires that are encased in a flexible steel covering. See also Conduit Asbestos: A fibrous mineral that has heat resistive   qualities; used to make asbestos-cement shingles and other materials for   fire resistance. Ash   Dump: A trap door accompanied   by a shoot and clean-out area used to remove soot and ash from the   firebox. Baluster: The vertical support for a stair railing,   usually a number of spindles extending from the Tread to the rail or from   a bottom rail to a top rail. Barge   Board: An ornamental board   sometimes covering the fly rafters of a gable roof. With a cornice, it is   the fascia board. May also be called verge   board. Base   or Baseboard: A narrow board or   member placed at the juncture of the floor and wall to cover the joint. Base   Cap: A strip of wood or other   molding used to finish the upper edge of the baseboard. Base   Shoe: A trim piece of wood or   other material used at the bottom of the baseboard. Batten: Narrow strip of wood that may   be used functionally to cover joints or as a decorative piece, applied   vertically over boards. Beam: Any member placed to support a load. Also   called a girder. Belt: A strip of siding used to join two adjacent contours. Bevel   Siding: Wood siding that is   tapered on one edge to overlap the non-tapered edge of the next course of   siding. Also called clapboard siding. Boston   Ridge: A method of finishing a   roof at the ridge or hips. Asphalt shingles are folded over the ridge and   lapped over each other 5 to 6 inches for double coverage. Wood shingles   are alternately lapped and blind-nailed. Brace: A slanted support of framing   lumber used to stiffen the structure at specific points. Bridging: A form of bracing in which short wood or   metal strips placed between joists to provide additional support and   distribute the weight of the structure more evenly over the floor system.   Sometimes called struts Buck: One of the side frames of a door; equivalent to   the side jamb. Building   Paper: Paper that has been   sized with rosin or saturated with asphalt for water-resistance. It is not   waterproof. May be used between sheathing and finish coverings, between   floors and subfloors, and at rough openings such as window and doors. Built-Up-Roof: Roof covering built up in layers of asphalt   felt, each mopped with hot tar or asphalt. A final layer of gravel mixed   with pitch may finish the roof. Bundle: One third of a square of shingles. Actual count   varies by type of shingle. Butt   Joint: A square cut joint where   two members meet or the place where any two pieces of material meet. Cap   Plate: Horizontal lumber nailed   to the vertical studding in wall framing. Also called a top plate. Cased   Opening: An opening (door or   window) in which the unit framing is supported within the structural   framing to allow for differential load (weight) deflection and   distribution. Casing:ï¿½ Molding used to finish the top and sides of windows and doors,   where they fit within the frame. Chair   Rail: A wood finish molding used   at chair back height around the walls of a dining room to protect the   walls. It is generally considered to be more decorative rather than   functional. Chip   Board: A building board made   from wood chips bound with resin glue. May be used as sheeting or for   other non-structural purposes. Chord: The bottom horizontal member of a truss Cinder   Fill: Backfill used to fill   spaces next to the foundation after it has been poured. Clapboard: A board installed horizontally as the exterior   wall covering of a building. Also called


Canberra – Australia's capital city | australia.gov.au Canberra – Australia's capital city Australian architecture Canberra – Australia's capital city Canberra, in the Australian Capital Territory, is Australia's capital city. After Federation in 1901, a site for the capital was sought, and Canberra was selected. The Australian Capital Territory was declared on 1 January 1911 and an international competition was held to design the new capital city of Australia. The competition was won by a submission from American architect Walter Burley Griffin with drawings drafted by Marion Mahony Griffin. Craig Mackenzie, Two Aboriginal Australian men participating in a smoking ceremony to mark the Apology to the Stolen Generations at Parliament House, Canberra, 13 February 2008. Image courtesy of the National Library of Australia: nla.int-nl39844-cm18 You are on Ngunnawal land - Canberra For 21,000 years the Canberra region has been home to the Ngunnawal people. Evidence of their long occupation exists in archeological evidence found at Birrigai Rock Shelter at Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve, in rock paintings in Namadgi National Park and in other places throughout the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). When Europeans settled the area in the early 1820s hundreds of Aboriginals lived in the area, meeting regularly for corroborees and feasts and then breaking off into smaller bands. The Aborigines moved about to take advantage of seasonal foods, such as bogong moths which arrived in their thousands during the summer months. As elsewhere in Australia, European settlement disrupted Aboriginal patterns of land use and movement across the country, and many Aborigines died from European-brought diseases like influenza, smallpox and tuberculosis. Aborigines continued to live in the area, often working on sheep properties, their numbers diminished by illness and starvation, their culture and language in decline. Canberra, a good sheep station spoiled In 1815 a road was constructed across the Blue Mountains to Bathurst Plains, and by 1820 a road to Goulburn Plains (which lie within 100 kilometres of Canberra) was under construction, opening up the vast interior of Australia to further exploration and development. Albert R Peters, Sheep near [Old] Parliament House, 1940s. Image courtesy of the National Library of Australia: nla.pic-an23389536. In 1820 explorers Joseph Wild, James Vaughan and Charles Throsby Smith discovered the Limestone Plains of the Canberra region, following the discovery of Lake George earlier that year. They crossed the range of hills beside Lake George and reached a point from which they saw what is now the site of Canberra. The first European settler in the district was Joshua John Moore who established a stock station called 'Canberry'. It's thought the name Canberry is based on an Aboriginal name for the area 'Kamberra' or 'Kambery'. The middle of Moore's property is approximately where Canberra's city centre is currently sited. In 1913 Canberra became the official name for the area. A capital city for Australia Subsequent to Federation in 1901, the Commonwealth Parliament was formed. The grand opening ceremony was held on 9 May 1901 in Melbourne's Exhibition Building. The Commonwealth Parliament continued to sit in Melbourne as the site of the national capital was not yet decided. Design of the lay out of the Federal Capital City of Australia as projected by the Departmental Board, 1912. Image courtesy of the National Archives of Australia: A767, 1. The New South Wales Government commissioned a report suggesting possible locations for the seat of Government for the new Commonwealth of Australia. The report suggested three places — Bombala, Yass-Canberra, and Orange — which made it to a short list, and suggested others which were rejected: Albury, Tumut, Cooma and Armidale. The decision for the Yass-Canberra option was made in 1908 by the Commonwealth Parliament and shortly afterwards the Commonwealth surveyor, Charles Scrivener, was dispatched to choose a site. His instructions were to choose somewhere picturesque, dist


"Who was the author of the plays ""The Professor's Love Story"", ""Quality Street"", ""The Admirable Crichton"" and ""Peter Pan""?"

J.M. Barrie June 26, 1937. The Illustrated London News. IN ROYAL WORDS - "UNIVERSALLY MOURNED": THE AUTHOR OF "PETER PAN." The nation's sorrow at the passing of Sir James Barrie, who died in London on June 19, aged seventy-seven, was expressed in the King's message of sympathy to Mr. Peter Davies (as a boy the original of "Peter Pan). "His loss," said the King, "will be universally mourned, for his writing has brought joy and inspiration to young and old alike." James Matthew Barrie was born on May 9, 1860, at Kirriemuir, Forfarshire, a town he afterwards immortalized as Thrums. He was one of ten children of a hand-loom weaver, who managed to give him a good education, eventually at Edinburgh University, of which, in 1930, he became Chancellor. Barrie began his career in journalism, on the "Nottingham Daily Journal," but soon gravitated to London. In 1888 he published "Auld Licht Idylls," followed by "When A Man's Single," and "A Window On Thrums." In 1891 came "The Little Minister," which in 1897, in dramatic form, established him as a successful playwright. "Peter Pan" appeared in 1904, an ever since has been an annual institution. In 1929 Barrie presented all rights in it to the Children's Hospital. Among his numerous other plays are "The Professor's Love Story," "Quality Street," "The Admirable Crichton," "Dear Brutus," "Mary Rose," and "The Boy David." In 1913 he received a baronetcy and in 1922 the Order of Merit. Better known as J.M. Barrie, the author of Peter Pan, but called Jamie by his family. Jamie was the ninth of ten children. His father, David Barrie, was a weaver, and his mother, Margaret Ogilvey, was the daughter of a stonemason. Jamie grew up to become a prolific writer (see below for a selected list of his works), and gifted us with Peter Pan which celebrated it's 100th Anniversary in 2004! But, did you know that Peter Pan actually is 2 years older? Peter Pan made his first appearance by name in 1902 in Barrie's The Little White Dove, Chapter 14! It was a first-person narrative about a wealthy bachelor clubman's attachment to a little boy, David. Taking this boy for walks in Kensington Gardens, the narrator tells him of Peter Pan, who can be found in the Gardens at night. Peter Pan was produced on stage as a play in 1904, but it was several years before it appeared in print and it was not until 1911 that the story was printed in narrative form as Peter and Wendy. Links to the Gutenberg Project's On-line Versions of Mr. Barrie's works are provided in the bibliography of selected works below!


"What is the ""First Law of Robotics"" devised by Isaac Asimov in his science fiction stories?"

Isaac Asimov - Wikiquote Isaac Asimov Jump to: navigation , search There is no belief , however foolish , that will not gather its faithful adherents who will defend it to the death . Isaac Asimov (c. 2 January 1920 – 6 April 1992 ) was a Russian -born American biochemist who was a prolific author of both fiction and non-fiction, perhaps best remembered for the novels The Foundation Series and I, Robot . Contents Step by step, it must be done. And AC said, “LET THERE BE LIGHT !” And there was light — You wait for the war to happen like vultures . If you want to help , prevent the war. Outside intelligences, exploring the Solar System with true impartiality, would be quite likely to enter the Sun in their records thus: Star X, spectral class G0, 4 planets plus debris. General sources[ edit ] Science fiction writers foresee the inevitable, and although problems and catastrophes may be inevitable, solutions are not. There are limits beyond which your folly will not carry you. I am glad of that. In fact, I am relieved. If I were not an atheist , I would believe in a God who would choose to save people on the basis of the totality of their lives and not the pattern of their words . I feel that the longest and worst punishment should be reserved for those who slandered God by inventing Hell . The saddest aspect of life right now is that science gathers knowledge faster than society gathers wisdom . Those people who think they know everything are a great annoyance to those of us who do. A planet full of people meant nothing against the dictates of economic necessity ! Economics is on the side of humanity now . The Currents of Space (1952) The last question was asked for the first time, half in jest , on May 21, 2061, at a time when humanity first stepped into the light . The question came about as a result of a five dollar bet over highballs, and it happened this way… " The Last Question " in Science Fiction Quarterly (November 1956) How can the net amount of entropy of the universe be massively decreased? Multivac fell dead and silent. The slow flashing of lights ceased, the distant sounds of clicking relays ended. Then, just as the frightened technicians felt they could hold their breath no longer, there was a sudden springing to life of the teletype attached to that portion of Multivac. Five words were printed: INSUFFICIENT DATA FOR MEANINGFUL ANSWER. "The Last Question" in Science Fiction Quarterly (November 1956) All collected data had come to a final end. Nothing was left to be collected. But all collected data had yet to be completely correlated and put together in all possible relationships. A timeless interval was spent in doing that. And it came to pass that AC learned how to reverse the direction of entropy. But there was now no man to whom AC might give the answer of the last question. No matter. The answer — by demonstration — would take care of that, too. For another timeless interval, AC thought how best to do this. Carefully, AC organized the program. The consciousness of AC encompassed all of what had once been a Universe and brooded over what was now Chaos . Step by step, it must be done. And AC said, “LET THERE BE LIGHT !” And there was light — "The Last Question" in Science Fiction Quarterly (November 1956) You wait for the war to happen like vultures . If you want to help , prevent the war. Don't save the remnants. Save them all. " The Gentle Vultures " in Super-Science Fiction (December 1957) Outside intelligences, exploring the Solar System with true impartiality, would be quite likely to enter the Sun in their records thus: Star X, spectral class G0, 4 planets plus debris. "By Jove!" in View from a Height (1963); often misquoted as "Jupiter plus debris". Inspect every piece of pseudoscience and you will find a security blanket, a thumb to suck, a skirt to hold. What does the scientist have to offer in exchange? Uncertainty! Insecurity! Asimov's Guide to Science (1972), p. 15 What I will be remembered for are the Foundation Trilogy and the Three Laws of Robotics . What I want to be remembered for is no on


What was the capital of the Inca Empire from 1438 to 1532 which, at its peak, dominated a territory that included (from north to south) Ecuador, part of Colombia, the northern half of Chile, and the north-west part of Argentina, and (from west to east) from Bolivia to the Amazonian forests and Peru?

History of Peru : definition of History of Peru and synonyms of History of Peru (English) Peru portal       The history of Peru spans several millennia, extending back through several stages of cultural development in the mountain region and the coastal desert. About 15,200 years ago, groups of people are believed to have crossed the Bering Strait from Asia and survived as nomads , hunting, gathering fruits and vegetables and fishing in the sea, rivers and lakes. Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization , one of the six oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire , the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. It was conquered by the Spanish Empire in the 16th century, which established a Viceroyalty with jurisdiction over most of its South American domains. The nation declared independence from Spain in 1821 but consolidated only after the Battle of Ayacucho , three years later. Contents See also: Cultural periods of Peru Hunting tools dating back to more than 11,000 years have been found inside the caves of Pachacamac, Telarmachay, Junin and Lauricocha. [1] Some of the oldest civilizations appeared circa 6000 BC in the coastal provinces of Chilca and Paracas , and in the highland province of Callejón de Huaylas . Over the following three thousand years, inhabitants switched from nomadic lifestyles to cultivating land, as evidence from sites such as Jiskairumoko , Kotosh and Huaca Prieta demonstrates. Cultivation of plants such as corn and cotton (Gossypium barbadense) began, as well as the domestication of animals such as the wild ancestors of the llama , the alpaca and the guinea pig . Inhabitants practiced spinning and knitting of cotton and wool, basketry and pottery . As these inhabitants became sedentary, farming allowed them to build settlements and new societies emerged along the coast and in the Andean mountains. The first known city in all of the America was Caral , located in the Supe Valley 200 km north of Lima. It is the oldest city in America and was built in approximately 2500 BC. [2] What is left from the civilization, also called [oscoda], are about 30 pyramidical structures built up in receding terraces ending in a flat roof; some of them measured up to 20 meters in height. Caral is one of six world centers of the rise of civilization. [2] In the early 21st century, archeologists have discovered new evidence of ancient pre-Ceramic complex cultures. In 2005 Tom D. Dillehay and his team announced the discovery of three irrigation canals that were 5400 years old, and a possible fourth that is 6700 years old, all in the Zaña Valley in northern Peru, evidence of community activity to support improved agriculture at a much earlier date than previously believed. [3] In 2006, Robert Benfer and a research team discovered a 4200-year-old observatory at Buena Vista , a site in the Andes several kilometers north of present-day Lima . They believe the observatory was related to the society's reliance on agriculture and understanding the seasons. The site includes the oldest three-dimensional sculptures found thus far in South America. [4] In 2007 the archeologist Walter Alva and his team found a 4000-year-old temple with painted murals at Ventarrón , in the northwest Lambayeque region. The temple contained ceremonial offerings gained from exchange with Peruvian jungle societies, as well as those from the Ecuadoran coast. [5] Such finds show sophisticated, monumental construction requiring large-scale organization of labor, suggesting that hierarchical, complex cultures arose in South America much earlier than scholars had thought.   A Nazca line artwork. Many other civilizations developed and were absorbed by the most powerful ones such as Kotosh, Chavin , Paracas, Lima , Nasca , Moche , Tiwanaku , Wari , Lambayeque , Chimu , Chan Chan , and Chincha , among others. The Paracas culture emerged on the southern coast around 300 BC. They are known for their use of vicuña fibers instead of just cotton to produce fine textiles —innovations that did not reach the northern coast of Peru until centuries lat


"Which author and playwright wrote ""An Inspector Calls"", ""When We Are Married"" and ""Dangerous Corner""?"

Five Fascinating Facts about J. B. Priestley | Interesting Literature Five Fascinating Facts about J. B. Priestley Posted by interestingliterature Interesting trivia about the life of writer J. B. Priestley, author of An Inspector Calls 1. John Boynton Priestley (1894-1984) wrote the first play ever to be televised. Although he’s better known for An Inspector Calls , several of Priestley’s other plays are notable. Priestley’s romantic comedy When We Are Married was the first play to be televised unedited from a theatre, on 16 November 1938. (On the subject of romance, Priestley himself was something of a ladies’ man, despite having what one acquaintance described as a ‘ potato face ‘ – see the excellent David Low caricature of Priestley below for more on this.) An Inspector Calls (1945) is, however, his most popular play, centring on the titular inspector’s visit to the home of the wealthy middle-class Birling family. In the course of his interview with the family, Inspector Goole discovers that every member of the family played a part in the tragic suicide of a local working-class woman named Eva Smith. 2. Priestley’s wartime broadcasts were hugely important. His Sunday night Postscripts broadcasts for BBC radio during the Second World War had a huge audience of some 16 million listeners, making him arguably the second most important wartime broadcaster in Britain after Winston Churchill. However, his broadcasts came to an end in 1941; for a long time the precise reason for their cancellation remained a mystery. It is often claimed (including, we confess, by us here at Interesting Literature, until Nicolas Hawkes of the J. B. Priestley Society alerted us to our error) that it was Churchill who dropped Priestley from the schedules, but in fact, Hawkes informs us, the agent of the shortening (not sacking) of Priestley’s series of 8-12 broadcasts in 1941 was the Minister of Information, Duff Cooper, who was being badgered by a rather unpleasant group of right-wing Tories. If any reader would like to know the details they can go to the website of the JB Priestley Society , and contact the Society for Hawkes’ 46-page book The Story of JB Priestley’s Postscripts (2008). Full primary and academic sources are given. 3. He had curious ideas about time. Priestley’s ‘Time Plays’ – which are usually understood to comprise Dangerous Corner (1932), Time and the Conways (1937), I Have Been Here Before (1937), and Johnson Over Jordan (1939), but also sometimes include that milestone in televised plays, When We Are Married – are notable for their experimental treatment of the nature of time. Johnson Over Jordan is like a Yorkshire version of It’s a Wonderful Life, as others have pointed out : after his death, the ordinary businessman Robert Johnson has to review his life before he can earn peace and be released from the spiritual limbo in which he is trapped. Each of the ‘Time Plays’ experiments with a different theory about time, many of them influenced by the work of philosopher J. W. Dunne (who would also inspire C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien to write short works of fiction influenced by his ideas). Dangerous Corner, which was adapted for film in 1934, centres on a chance remark made by a guest about a cigarette-box at a dinner party, which sets in motion a chain of revelations. At the end of the play, however, time spools back to the start of the evening, the guest doesn’t make his ill-advised remark, and none of the revelations comes to light. Sliding Doors for the 1930s, perhaps. Dangerous Corner was revived for the London stage in 2014 . 4. He was a founder member of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. In November 1957, Priestley wrote an article for the New Statesman titled ‘Britain and the Nuclear Bombs’, calling for nuclear disarmament. The letter proved popular with many readers, and shortly afterwards the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, or CND, was set up, with Priestley on the board alongside others including philosopher Bertrand Russell and journalist and Labour politician Michael Foot. 5. A statue of J. B. Priestle


"In ""The Hobbit"", what type of creature was Smaug?"

SparkNotes: The Hobbit: Character List Character List Analysis of Major Characters Individual Characters Bilbo Baggins -  The hero of the story. Bilbo is a hobbit, “a short, human-like person.” Commonsensical and fastidious, Bilbo leads a quiet life in his comfortable hole at Bag End and, like most hobbits, is content to stay at home. But Bilbo possesses a great deal of untapped inner strength, and when the wizard Gandalf persuades Bilbo to join a group of dwarves on a quest to reclaim their gold from a marauding dragon, Bilbo ends up playing a crucial role as the company’s burglar. Bilbo’s adventures awaken his courage and initiative and prove his relentless ability to do what needs to be done. Gandalf -  A wise old wizard who always seems to know more than he reveals. Gandalf has a vast command of magic and tends to show up at just the moment he is needed most. Though he helps the dwarves in their quest (not least by making Bilbo go along with them), he does not seem to have any interest in their gold. He always has another purpose or plan in mind, but he rarely reveals his private thoughts. Read an in-depth analysis of Gandalf. Thorin Oakenshield  -  A dwarf who leads his fellow dwarves on a trip to the Lonely Mountain to reclaim their treasure from Smaug. Smaug’s bounty is Thorin’s inheritance, as it belonged to Thror, Thorin’s grandfather, the great King under the Mountain. Thorin is a proud, purposeful, and sturdy warrior, if a bit stubborn at times. As the novel progresses, his inability to formulate successful plans, his greed, and his reliance on Bilbo to save him at every turn make Thorin a somewhat unappealing figure, but he is partly redeemed by the remorse he shows before he dies. Gollum -  A strange, small, slimy creature who lives deep in the caves of Moria beneath the Misty Mountains. There, Gollum broods over his “precious,” a magic ring, until he accidentally loses it and Bilbo finds it. We never learn exactly what kind of creature he is. Apparently, his true shape has been too deformed by years of living in darkness to be recognizable. Smaug -  The great dragon who lives in the Lonely Mountain. Years ago, Smaug heard of the treasure that the dwarves had amassed in the mountain under Thror’s reign, and he drove them away to claim the gold for himself. His flaming breath can scorch a city, his huge wings can carry him great distances, and his armorlike hide is almost impenetrable. Smaug can speak and possesses a dark, sardonic sense of humor. Bard -  The grim human who is the honorable captain of the guard in Lake Town, a human city built on Long Lake just south of the Lonely Mountain. With the help of information discovered by Bilbo and related by a thrush, Bard finds Smaug’s weak spot and kills him. Beorn -  A man who can turn into a bear, Beorn helps Bilbo and the dwarves after their escape from the goblins. Elrond -  The great leader of the elves at Rivendell. Elrond gives Bilbo’s group aid and helpful advice when they pass through Rivendell early in the novel. He is described in Chapter 3 as being “as strong as a warrior, as wise as a wizard, as venerable as a king of dwarves, and as kind as summer.” Dark Lord Sauron -  An evil sorcerer and creator of the magic ring. Also called the Necromancer, Sauron is only mentioned in The Hobbit; he never actually appears. Thror -  Thorin’s grandfather. Thror mined Moria, a series of caves under the Mountain, and discovered a wealth of gold and jewels. He became King under the Mountain, but before long, the dragon Smaug came and killed or scattered all of Thror’s people. The dragon has been guarding the treasure ever since, and Thorin wants to get back what is rightfully his. Races Dwarves -  Thorin’s group, composed of Fili, Kili, Dwalin, Balin, Oin, Gloin, Ori, Dori, Nori, Bifur, Bofur, and Bombur, none of whom is really developed as an individual character in the novel. The narrator describes dwarves unfavorably in Chapter 12, noting their greed and trickery. Some, however, are “decent enough people like Thorin and Company, if you don’t expect too much.” Elv


What card game, played usually between 2 players or teams who try to build up collections of cards of the same value, uses 2 packs with 2 additional jokers?

Canasta: rules and variations of the card game Other Canasta Related Web Sites Introduction The game of Canasta is said to have originated in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1939 (see for example Philip E Orbanes' article The Canasta Story ). From there it spread to Argentina, the USA and throughout the world. It was extremely fashionable in the 1950's, threatening for a while to displace Contract Bridge as the premier card game. The rules were standardised in North America around 1950, and it was this version of the game, which will be called Classic Canasta on this page, that gained worldwide popularity. In many countries, Classic Canasta is still played in more or less its original form, sometimes alongside a number of variations. In North America, however, some players have continued to develop the game, and these groups now favour a different version, called Modern American Canasta on this page. Canasta is generally agreed to be best for four players, playing in partnerships. However, there are playable versions for two and three players, which are given later on this page. General Rules and Terminology To avoid repetition, this section describes the terms and processes that are common to most or all versions of Canasta. The Cards Canasta is normally played with two standard 52 card packs plus four jokers (two from each pack), making 108 cards in all. They have standard point values as follows: Jokers   . . .   5 points each The cards A, K, Q, J, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4 are called natural cards. All of the deuces (twos) and jokers are wild cards. With some restrictions, wild cards can be used during the game as substitutes for a natural card of any rank. The threes have special functions and values, depending on which variation of Canasta is being played. The Deal and Play Each player is dealt a hand of cards, and in the centre of the table is a face-down pile of cards called the stock and a face-up pile of cards called the discard pile. The player to the left of the dealer plays first, and then the turn to play passes clockwise. A basic turn consists of drawing the top card of the stock, adding it to your hand without showing it to the other players, and discarding one card from your hand face up on top of the discard pile. After drawing, but before discarding, you may sometimes be able to play some cards from your hand face up on the table. To play cards to the table in this way is known as melding, and the sets of cards so played are melds. These melded cards remain face up on the table until the end of the play. The play ends when a player goes out, i.e. disposes of all the cards in his or her hand. You are only allowed to go out after your team has fulfilled certain conditions, which vary according to the type of canasta played but always include completing at least one seven-card meld or 'canasta' ( see below ). Having achieved this, you can go out by melding all but one of the cards in your hand and discarding this last card. In many versions of Canasta you can also go out by melding your whole hand, leaving no discard. The game can also end if the stock pile runs out of cards: if a player who wishes to draw from the stock is unable to do so, because there are no cards left there, the play ends immediately and the hand is scored. Under certain conditions, instead of drawing from the stock, you are permitted to take the whole of the discard pile. In order to do this, you must be able to meld the top discard, without needing any of the other cards in the discard pile to make your meld valid. The procedure in this case is: Place the necessary cards from your hand face up on the table, and add the top card of the discard pile to them to form a valid meld or melds. Take all the remaining cards of the discard pile and add them to your hand. If you wish, make further melds from the cards you now have in your hand. Discard one card face up on the discard pile to end your turn. Melds and Canastas The object of the game is to score points by melding cards. A valid meld consists of three or more cards of the same natural rank (any


"The names of how many US states begin with the letter ""I""?"

How many American states begin with the letter "A"? | Reference.com How many American states begin with the letter "A"? A: Quick Answer The names of four U.S. states begin with the letter "A." The states are Alabama, Alaska, Arizona and Arkansas. In addition to the states, the U.S. territory of American Samoa also begins with the letter "A." Full Answer Of the four states beginning with the letter "A," Alabama has been in the union the longest, becoming a state in 1819. Alaska is the youngest state on the list, with a statehood admission date of 1959. Arkansas became a state in 1836, and Arizona joined the union in 1912. More state names start with the letters "M" and "N" than any other letters in the alphabet.


What is dichlor-diphenyl-trichlorethane used for?

DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) E  X  T  O  X  N  E  T Extension Toxicology Network A Pesticide Information Project of Cooperative Extension Offices of Cornell University, Michigan State University, Oregon State University, and University of California at Davis. Major support and funding was provided by the USDA/Extension Service/National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program.   DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) TRADE OR OTHER NAMES Trade or other names include Anofex, Cesarex, Chlorophenothane, Dedelo, p,p'-DDT, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, Dinocide, Didimac, Digmar, ENT 1506, Genitox, Guesapon, Guesarol, Gexarex, Gyron, Hildit, Ixodex, Kopsol, Neocid, OMS 16, Micro DDT 75, Pentachlorin, Rukseam, R50 and Zerdane ( 1 , 3 ). REGULATORY STATUS DDT is no longer registered for use in the United States, although it is still used in other (primarily tropical) countries. It is in EPA Toxicity Class II, moderately toxic ( 2 ). DDT was banned from use in the United States in 1972, and remains banned barring public health emergency (e.g., outbreak of malaria) ( 3 ). INTRODUCTION DDT is an organochlorine insecticide used mainly to control mosquito-borne malaria; use on crops has generally been replaced by less persistent insecticides ( 1 ). It was extensively used during the Second World War among Allied troops and certain civilian populations to control insect typhus and malaria vectors, and was then extensively used as an agricultural insecticide after 1945 ( 3 ). DDT was banned for use in Sweden in 1970 and in the United States in 1972 ( 3 ). It is available in several different forms: aerosols, dustable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, granules and wettable powders ( 1 , 2 ). It is reported to be compatible with many other pesticides and incompatible with alkaline substances ( 1 ). Many insect pests may have developed resistance to DDT ( 1 ). Unless otherwise specified, the toxicological, environmental effects and environmental fate and chemistry data presented here refer to the technical product DDT. Technical grade DDT is actually a mixture of three isomers of DDT, principally the p,p'-DDT isomer (ca. 85%), with the o,p'-DDT and o,o'-DDT isomers typically present in much lesser amounts ( 3 ). TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS Acute Toxicity DDT is moderately to slightly toxic to studied mammalian species via the oral route. Reported oral LD50s range from 113 to 800 mg/kg in rats (1-3); 150-300 mg/kg in mice ( 1 ); 300 mg/kg in guinea pigs ( 3 ); 400 mg/kg in rabbits ( 3 ) ; 500-750 mg/kg in dogs ( 1 ) and greater than 1,000 mg/kg in sheep and goats ( 1 ). Toxicity will vary according to formulation ( 1 ). DDT is readily absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, with increased absorption in the presence of fats ( 3 ). One-time administration of DDT to rats at doses of 50 mg/kg led to decreased thyroid function and a single dose of 150 mg/kg led to increased blood levels of liver-produced enzymes and changes in the cellular chemistry in the central nervous system of monkeys ( 3 ). Single doses of 50-160 mg/kg produced tremors in rats, and single doses of 160 mg/kg produced hind leg paralysis in guinea pigs ( 3 ). Mice suffered convulsions following a one-time oral dose of 200 mg/kg. Single administrations of low doses to developing 10- day old mice are reported to have caused subtle effects on their neurological development ( 3 ). DDT is slightly to practically non-toxic to test animals via the dermal route, with reported dermal LD50s of 2,500-3,000 mg/kg in female rats (1-3), 1000 in guinea pigs ( 3 ) and 300 in rabbits ( 3 ). It is not readily absorbed through the skin unless it is in solution ( 3 ). It is thought that inhalation exposure to DDT will not result in significant absorption through the lung alveoli (tiny gas-exchange sacs) but rather that it is probably trapped in mucous secretions and swallowed by exposed individuals following the tracheo-bronchial clearance of secretions by the cilia (


Who led the first expedition to successfully circumnavigate the earth between 1519 and 1522, and was killed during the voyage?

Magellan’s expedition circumnavigates globe - Sep 06, 1522 - HISTORY.com Magellan’s expedition circumnavigates globe Share this: Magellan’s expedition circumnavigates globe Author Magellan’s expedition circumnavigates globe URL Publisher A+E Networks One of Ferdinand Magellan’s five ships–the Vittoria–arrives at SanlÚcar de Barrameda in Spain, thus completing the first circumnavigation of the world. The Vittoria was commanded by Basque navigator Juan SebastiÁn de Elcano, who took charge of the vessel after the murder of Magellan in the Philippines in April 1521. During a long, hard journey home, the people on the ship suffered from starvation, scurvy, and harassment by Portuguese ships. Only Elcano, 17 other Europeans, and four Indians survived to reach Spain in September 1522. On September 20, 1519, Magellan set sail from Spain in an effort to find a western sea route to the rich Spice Islands of Indonesia. In command of five ships and 270 men, Magellan sailed to West Africa and then to Brazil, where he searched the South American coast for a strait that would take him to the Pacific. He searched the RÍo de la Plata, a large estuary south of Brazil, for a way through; failing, he continued south along the coast of Patagonia. At the end of March 1520, the expedition set up winter quarters at Port St. Julian. On Easter day at midnight, the Spanish captains mutinied against their Portuguese captain, but Magellan crushed the revolt, executing one of the captains and leaving another ashore when his ship left St. Julian in August. On October 21, he finally discovered the strait he had been seeking. The Strait of Magellan, as it became known, is located near the tip of South America, separating Tierra del Fuego and the continental mainland. Only three ships entered the passage; one had been wrecked and another deserted. It took 38 days to navigate the treacherous strait, and when ocean was sighted at the other end Magellan wept with joy. He was the first European explorer to reach the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic. His fleet accomplished the westward crossing of the ocean in 99 days, crossing waters so strangely calm that the ocean was named “Pacific,” from the Latin word pacificus, meaning “tranquil.” By the end, the men were out of food and chewed the leather parts of their gear to keep themselves alive. On March 6, 1521, the expedition landed at the island of Guam. Ten days later, they dropped anchor at the Philippine island of Cebu–they were only about 400 miles from the Spice Islands. Magellan met with the chief of Cebú, who after converting to Christianity persuaded the Europeans to assist him in conquering a rival tribe on the neighboring island of Mactan. In subsequent fighting on April 27, Magellan was hit by a poisoned arrow and left to die by his retreating comrades. After Magellan’s death, the survivors, in two ships, sailed on to the Moluccas and loaded the hulls with spice. One ship attempted, unsuccessfully, to return across the Pacific. The other ship, the Vittoria, continued west under the command of Juan SebastiÁn de Elcano. The vessel sailed across the Indian Ocean, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and arrived at the Spanish port of SanlÚcar de Barrameda on September 6, 1522, becoming the first ship to circumnavigate the globe. The Vittoria then sailed up the Guadalquivir River, reaching Seville a few days later. Elcano was later appointed to lead a fleet of seven ships on another voyage to Moluccas on behalf of Emperor Charles V. He died of scurvy en route. Related Videos


Which ship transported the English Separatists, better known as the Pilgrims, from Southampton, England, to Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620?

Mayflower M Mayflower The Mayflower was the famous ship that transported the English Separatists, better known as the Pilgrims, from Southampton, England , to Plymouth, Massachusetts (which would become the capital of Plymouth Colony ), in 1620. There were 102 passengers and a crew of 25-30. The vessel left England on September 6 (Old Style)/September 16 (New Style), and after a gruelling 66-day journey marked by disease, which claimed two lives, the ship dropped anchor inside the hook tip of Cape Cod (Provincetown Harbor) on November 11 /November 21. The Mayflower was originally destined for the mouth of the Hudson River , near present-day New York City, at the northern edge of England's Virginia colony, which itself was established with the 1607 Jamestown Settlement. However, the Mayflower went off course as the winter approached, and remained in Cape Cod Bay . On March 21/28, 1621, all surviving passengers, who had inhabited the ship during the winter, moved ashore at Plymouth, and on April 5/15, the Mayflower, a privately commissioned vessel, returned to England. In 1623, a year after the death of captain Christopher Jones, the Mayflower was most likely dismantled for scrap lumber in Rotherhithe, London . The Mayflower has a famous place in American history as a symbol of early European colonization of the future US. With their religion oppressed by the English Church and government, the small party of religious Puritan separatists who comprised about half of the passengers on the ship desired a life where they could practice their religion freely. This symbol of religious freedom resonates in US society and the story of the Mayflower is a staple of any American history textbook. Americans whose roots are traceable back to New England often believe themselves to be descended from Mayflower passengers. The main record for the voyage of the Mayflower and the disposition of the Plymouth Colony comes from William Bradford who was a guiding force and later the governor of the colony . Ship The Mayflower was used primarily as a cargo ship , involved in active trade of goods (often wine ) between England and other European countries, (principally France , but also Norway , Germany , and Spain ). At least between 1609 and 1622, it was mastered by Christopher Jones, who would command the ship on the famous transatlantic voyage, and based in Rotherhithe, London, England. After the famous voyage of the Mayflower, the ship returned to England, likely dismantled for scrap lumber in Rotherhithe in 1623, only a year after Jones's death in March 1622. The Mayflower Barn, just outside the Quaker village of Jordans, in Buckinghamshire, England, is said to be built from these timbers, but this is likely apocryphal. Details of the ship's dimensions are unknown, but estimates based on its load weight and the typical size of 180- ton merchant ships of its day suggest an estimated length of 90–110 feet (27.4–33.5 m) and a width of about 25 feet (7.6 m). The ship probably had a crew of twenty-five to thirty, along with other hired personnel; however, the names of only five are known, including John Alden. William Bradford, who penned our only account of the Mayflower voyage, wrote that John Alden "was hired for a cooper [barrel-maker], at South-Hampton, where the ship victuled; and being a hopefull yong man, was much desired, but left to his owne liking to go or stay when he came here; but he stayed, and maryed here." Pilgrims' voyage Initially, the plan was for the voyage to be made in two vessels, the other being the smaller Speedwell, which had transported some of the Pilgrims embarking on the voyage from Delfshaven in the Netherlands to Southampton, England. The first voyage of the ships departed Southampton, on August 5/15, 1620, but the Speedwell developed a leak, and had to be refitted at Dartmouth on August 17/27. On the second attempt, the ships reached the Atlantic Ocean but again were forced to return to Plymouth because of the Speedwell's leak. It would later be revealed that there was in fact nothing wrong with the Spe


Which country, the capital of which is Asmara, had the King of Ethiopia as its king from 1952?

Ethiopia: History Ethiopia History Early History Cushitic language speakers are believed to have been the original inhabitants of Ethiopia. They were driven out of the region by the Cushites in the 2d millennium B.C. The Cushites founded a new civilization which probably traded with the Egyptians, according to ancient Egyptian texts. The Egyptian name for Ethiopians was Habashat, which is the probable origin of the name Abyssinia. According to tradition, the Ethiopian kingdom was founded (10th cent. B.C.) by Solomon's first son, Menelik I, whom the queen of Sheba is supposed to have borne. However, the first kingdom for which there is documentary evidence is that of Aksum (Axum), a kingdom which probably emerged in the 2d cent. A.D., thus making Ethiopia the oldest independent country in Africa and one of the most ancient in the world. Immigrants (mainly traders) from S Arabia who had been settling in N Ethiopia since about 500 B.C. influenced the economy and culture of Ethiopia. Aksum controlled much of the Red Sea coast and had links with the Mediterranean world. Under King Ezana, Aksum was converted (4th cent.) to Christianity by Frumentius of Tyre. Closely tied to the Egyptian Coptic Church, the established Ethiopian church accepted Monophysitism following the Council of Chalcedon (451). In the 6th cent., Jewish influence penetrated Aksum, and some Ethiopians were converted to Judaism. With the rise of Islam in the 7th cent. Aksum declined, mainly because its land contacts with the Byzantine Empire were severed and its control of the Red Sea trade routes was ended. Thereafter, the focus of Aksum was directed inward toward the center of the Ethiopian Plateau (mainly the regions of Amhara and Shoa), and it was largely cut off from the outside world. Aksum soon lost its cohesion, and Ethiopia lapsed into a period of competition among small political units. In 1530–31, Ahmad Gran, a Muslim Somali leader, conquered much of Ethiopia. The Ethiopian emperor Lebna Dengel (reigned 1508–40) appealed to Portugal for help against the Somalis (a Portuguese embassy had reached the Ethiopian court in 1520). The Somali war exhausted Ethiopia, ending a period of cultural revival and exposing the empire to incursions by the Oromo. For the next two centuries the Ethiopian kingdom, centered at Gondar near Lake Tana, was beset by ruinous civil wars among princes (especially those of Tigray and Amhara), was menaced by the Oromo, and was again isolated from the outside world. Nineteenth-Century Ethiopia The reunification of Ethiopia was begun in the 19th cent. by Kasa (Lij Kasa; c.1818–68), who conquered Amhara, Gojjam, Tigray, and Shoa, and in 1855 had himself crowned emperor as Tewodros II (Theodore II). He began to modernize and centralize the legal and administrative systems, despite the opposition of local governors. Tensions developed with Great Britain, and Tewodros imprisoned (1867) several Britons, including the British consul. A British military expedition under Robert (later Lord) Napier was sent out, and the emperor's forces were easily defeated near Magdala (now Amba Mariam) in 1868. To avoid capture, Tewodros committed suicide. A brief civil war followed, and in 1872 a chieftain of Tigray became emperor as John (Yohannes) IV. John's attempts to further centralize the government led to revolts by local leaders; in addition, his regime was threatened during 1875–76 by Egyptian incursions and, after 1881, by raids by followers of the Mahdi in Sudan. The opening (1869) of the Suez Canal increased the strategic importance of Ethiopia, and several European powers (particularly Italy, France, and Great Britain) sought influence in the area. In 1889, John was killed fighting the Mahdists, and, following a short succession crisis, the king of Shoa (who had Italian support) was crowned emperor as Menelik II . Menelik signed (1889) a treaty of friendship and cooperation with Italy at Wuchale. Due to a dispute over the meaning of the treaty (Italy claimed it had been given a protectorate over Ethiopia, which Menelik denied), Italy invaded


What is the name of the group of 140 islands 25 miles south west of Lands End, Cornwall, England?

Hotels accommodation near Lands End - Cornwall Hotels near - Lands End - Cornwall List of accommodation which include: Hotels, guesthouses & Bed and Breakfasts in or near Lands End - Cornwall. Lands End - Cornwall Land's End, situated approximately nine miles west of Penzance, is the most westerly point of the English mainland and the closest to the North American continent. Looking out to sea from here allows the mind to appreciate the scale of the Atlantic Ocean, seeming to stretch beyond the horizon for ever. The granite cliffs, which make up the coastline of West Cornwall, are seen at their best here where the combination of the power of the sea and the strength of the cliffs reduce man to a mere spectator of nature. On a cle ar day, the Isles of Scilly can be seen lying just on that horizon - a group of small, yet very beautiful, islands of which five are inhabited while the remainder of nearly 100 are given over to sea birds! Closer to shore is the Longships Lighthouse, just over a mile out to sea, while in the distance, about six miles to the south-west, can be seen the Wolf Rock lighthouse.


"At which battle, which began on 4 May 1942, were Japanese losses at least 7 warships, with over 20 others damaged, and USA losses included the aircraft carrier ""Lexington"" and two other ships?"

Invasion of Tulagi (May 1942) | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Invasion of Tulagi (May 1942) 204,344pages on Invasion of Tulagi Part of the Pacific Theater of World War II Japanese officers and petty officers of the 3rd Kure Special Naval Landing Force that seized Tulagi in May 1942. Date Tulagi and Gavutu Islands, Solomon Islands Result Japanese forces occupied Tulagi and nearby islands Belligerents Allied forces including: 2 subchasers, 6 aircraft, 400–500 troops [2] [3] [4] Casualties and losses 4 aircraft destroyed [5] [6] [7] [8] 1 destroyer, 3 minesweepers sunk, 87 killed [9] [10] The invasion of Tulagi, on 3–4 May 1942, was part of Operation Mo , the Empire of Japan 's strategy in the South Pacific and South West Pacific Area in 1942. The plan called for Imperial Japanese Navy troops to capture Tulagi and nearby islands in the Solomon Islands Protectorate . The occupation of Tulagi by the Japanese was intended to cover the flank of and provide reconnaissance support for Japanese forces that were advancing on Port Moresby in New Guinea, provide greater defensive depth for the major Japanese base at Rabaul, and serve as a base for Japanese forces to threaten and interdict the supply and communication routes between the United States and Australia and New Zealand. Without the means to effectively resist the Japanese offensive in the Solomons, the British Resident Commissioner of the Solomon Islands protectorate and the few Australian troops assigned to defend Tulagi evacuated the island just before the Japanese forces arrived on 3 May. The next day, however, a U.S. aircraft carrier task force en route to resist the Japanese forces advancing on Port Moresby (that resulted in the Battle of the Coral Sea ) struck the Japanese Tulagi landing force in an air attack, destroying or damaging several of the Japanese ships and aircraft involved in the landing operation. Nevertheless, the Japanese troops successfully occupied Tulagi and began the construction of a small naval base. Over the next several months, the Japanese established a naval refueling, communications, and seaplane reconnaissance base on Tulagi and the nearby islets of Gavutu and Tanambogo , and in July 1942 began to build a large airfield on nearby Guadalcanal . The Japanese activities on Tulagi and Guadalcanal were observed by Allied reconnaissance aircraft , as well as by Australian coastwatcher personnel stationed in the area. Because these activities threatened the Allied supply and communication lines in the South Pacific, Allied forces counter-attacked with landings of their own on Guadalcanal and Tulagi on 7 August 1942, initiating the critical Guadalcanal campaign and a series of combined arms battles between Allied and Japanese forces that, along with the New Guinea campaign , decided the course of the war in the South Pacific. Contents Edit On 7 December 1941, the Japanese attacked the U.S. Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii. The attack crippled most of the U.S. Pacific Fleet's battleships and started a formal state of war between the two nations. In launching this war, Japanese leaders sought to neutralize the American fleet, seize possessions rich in natural resources, and obtain strategic military bases to defend their far-flung empire. Soon after, other nations—including the United Kingdom , Australia, and New Zealand—joined the U.S. as Allies in the war against Japan. In the words of the Japanese Navy's Combined Fleet "Secret Order Number One", dated 1 November 1941, the goals of the initial Japanese campaigns in the impending war were to, "(eject) British and American strength from the Netherlands Indies and the Philippines, (and) to establish a policy of autonomous self-sufficiency and economic independence." [11] To support these goals, during the first few months of 1942 Japanese forces also attacked and took control of the Philippines, Thailand, Malaya, Singapore, the Netherlands East Indies, Wake Island , New Britain, the Gilbert Islands, and Guam. [12] Vice Admiral Shigeyoshi Inoue —commander of the Japanese 4th Fleet (also


Which legendary character is the subject of musical settings of his adventures, notably by Purcell, Glck and Mozart?

Full text of "Gluck" See other formats 780.92   780.92 Einstein. Qltick 969^01   Dup* 1. & M. $ 200   Keep Yonr Card in This Pocket  Books will be issued only on presentation of proper library cards.  Unless labeled otherwise, books may be retained for two weeks. Borrowers finding books marked/ de faced or mutilated are expected to report sam^ .at library desk; otherwise the last borrower will be* held responsible for all imperfections discovered.  The card holder is responsible for all books drawn on this card.  Penalty for over-due books 2c a day plus cost of notices.  Lost cards and change of residence must be re ported promptly.   Public Library  Kansas City, Mo.   1ENS10N ENVEU3PE CORP,   KANSAS CITY, MO. PUBLIC LIBRARY   D DDD1   The   Original Edition Edited by Frederipl^ J. Crowest  ****** * New Series Revised and EdiaH :Ey-"Eric Blom   CLUCK   V&LUME   JBiCH ;^; BEETHOVEN ^ BRAHMS % \\& Cnopflf ; & DEBUSSY ^ HANDEL *> HAYDN o MENDELSSOHN MOZART ^ PURCELL s> SCHUBERT > SCHUMANN TCHAIKOVSKY WAGNER ^> > * 'Marion M. Scott o Lawrence Erb ]. Cuthbert Hadden Edward Lockspeiser C. F. Abdy Williams J. Cuthbert Hadden o S. S. Stratton > o EricBlom ^> J. A. Westrup  Edmondstoune Duncan Annie W. Patterson o Edwin Evans  ^> Robert L. Jacobs   In preparation  ELGAR o s^> William McNaught VERDI o <o Dyneley Hussey   GLUCK  by ALFRED EINSTEIN   Translated ty ERIC BLOM   Illustrated   London J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd. New York E. P. Dutton and Co. Inc.   ^A H ^riBt? reserved <5r- Sons Ltd. flo-use Bedford St. London First Published 1936   TO MY ENGLISH FRIENDS   ERIC BLOM  RICHARD CAPELL  H. C. AND HESTER COLLES  EDWARD J. DENT  EDWIN EVANS  A. H. FOX STRANGWAYS  WILLIAM CLOCK   SCOTT GODDARD DYNELEY HUSSEY ROBERT L. JACOBS WILLIAM MCNAUGHT MARION M. SCOTT J, A. WESTRUP BERYL DE ZOETE   CONTENTS  CHAP. PAGE  EXPOSITION i  I. DEVELOPMENT  Origins 3  Childhood and Youth 5  Prague 7  Vienna 9  Zeno and Metastasio 10  Milan Samrnartini .,..* 14  The First Operas 18  London . . . . 2z  Travelling Conductor .28  Home in Vienna 34  Durazzo 39  L'innocenza giustifcata ..*.... 4 1  Minor Rivals ...... 45  Relapses in Rome and Vienna 49  The Of Ira Comique 5 2  La Rencontre imprevue (The Pilgrims to Mecca) ... 56  The Dramatic Ballet: Don Juan 58  n. THE 'REFORM' OF ITALIAN OPERA  Cakabigi . 64  Orfeo ei Euridice . . 69  II triotfoti Cletia 4  Minor Works; TelemaccoSemiramicle 9O  l^he Manifesto of the Drammaper musica ... 98  Precursors of the Manifesto 100  Alcestt 106  Pariktl Elena '. 116  Intermezzo I22  Klopstock ......-- 124  vii   Contents HI. THE PARIS OPERAS PAGE  Connections and Preparations 13 3  Iptiglnie en Aulide 138  Revivals . . . 3:43  Piccinni . !^9  Amide ......... 153  Ipbiginie en Tauride 159  Echo et Nardsse 169  IV. CLOSE OF LIFE AND INFLUENCE  Withdrawal to Vienna 175  LesDanaties I77  Old Age and Death 181  The Succession 190  APPENDICES  A. CALENDAR I95  B. CATALOGUE OF WORKS 216  C. PERSONALIA 219  D. BIBLIOGRAPHY 225  E. GLUCK'S LETTER TO DU ROULLET PUBLISHED IN THE  *ANNE LITT^RAIRE/ 1777 (ORIGINAL TEXT) . . 227  INDEX 229   Vlll   LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS  GLUCK (Portrait by Greuze, in the Music fa Louvre, Parts) Frontispiece  MANUSCRIPT PAGE FROM THE AUTOGRAPH SCORE OF THE OPERA TSSIPILE,* 1752 .... facing page 33  SCHLOSSHOF, NEAR VIENNA (Painting by Canaletto, in the Kunstbistoriscbes Museum, Vienna) . . 37  COUNT GIACOMO DURAZZO 64  FRONTISPIECE TO THE PARIS VERSION OF 'ORPHEE* (Drawing by C. Monnet) . . . . .,,,,82  GLUCK AT THE CLAVIER (Portrait fy J. S. Dupkssis, 1775, in the Kunstbistoriscbes Museum, Vienna) . . , f 128  GLUCK (Engraving by Auguste de Saints Aulin, 1781) . 176  GLUCK AND HIS WIFE (Portrait by an unknoum painter, in tbe Stadtiscbes Museum, Vienna) . . . . 193   GlucFs imagination is immense. The confines of all national music are thus too narrow for him: out of Italian and French music, out of that of every peop


What is the motto of the Boy Scout movement?

Boy Scout Motto Boy Scout Motto Be Prepared: The Motto of the Boy Scouts of America Excerpted from page 54, Boy Scout Handbook, 11th ed, (#33105), copyright 1998 by BSA, ISBN 0-8395-3105-2 Be Prepared. That's the motto of the Boy Scouts. "Be prepared for what?" someone once asked Baden-Powell, the founder of   Scouting, "Why, for any old thing." said Baden-Powell. The training you receive in your troop will help you  live up to the Scout motto.   When someone has an accident, you are prepared because of your first aid instruction.   Because of lifesaving practice, you might be able to save a nonswimmer who has fallen into   deep water. But Baden-Powell wasn't thinking just of being ready for emergencies. His idea was that   all Scouts should prepare themselves to become productive citizens and to give happiness   to other people. He wanted each Scout to be ready in mind and body for any struggles, and   to meet with a strong heart whatever challenges might lie ahead. Be prepared for life - to live happily and without regret, knowing that you have   done your best. That's what the Scout motto means. Page updated on:  May 02, 2013 © 1994-2017 - U.S. Scouting Service Project | Site Map | Disclaimer | Project Team | Contact Us | Privacy Policy Materials found at U. S. Scouting Service  Project, Inc. Websites may be reproduced and used locally by Scouting  volunteers for training purposes consistent with the programs of the Boy  Scouts of America (BSA) [ Links  to BSA Sites ], the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) or  other Scouting and Guiding Organizations. No material found here may be  used or reproduced for electronic redistribution or for commercial or other  non-Scouting purposes without the express permission of the U. S. Scouting  Service Project, Inc. (USSSP) or other copyright holders. USSSP is not affiliated  with BSA or WOSM and does not speak on behalf of BSA or WOSM. Opinions expressed  on these web pages are those of the web authors. You can support this website  with in two ways: Visit Our Trading Post at www.ScoutingBooks.com or make a donation by  clicking the button below. (U.S. Scouting Service Project Donation) (Ruth Lyons Memorial Donations)


Which outdoor game played by 2 to 4 persons with balls and mallets was introduced to England from France in the 1850s?

Croquet Sets & Croquet Set accessories   History of Croquet Mallet and ball games are thought to have been first played in England and Europe during the middle ages. Games would normally involve only one ball which would be struck through very wide hoops. A Croquet-like game is believed to have been first played by thirteenth century French peasants who used crudely fashioned mallets to whack wooden balls through hoops made of willow branches. In seventeenth and eighteenth century France, mallet and ball games were quite popular and one of them, "Paille Maille", was introduced to London where it was played in open ground near St. James's Palace. This area became known as Pall Mall which is how the famous street of today got its name. The modern game of Croquet appears to be Irish in Origin. A game called Crooky was played in Ireland from the 1830's and, in 1852, it was brought to England where it quickly became popular. It was particularly popular with women because it was the first outdoor sport which could be played by both sexes on an equal footing. Widespread popularity began when Croquet equipment became readily available due to London sporting goods manufacturer, John Jaques, who began selling complete croquet sets. Over the next 30 years uniform rules were established and national competitions commenced, Croquet becoming a major sport of the day. The first national headquarters was the Wimbledon All England Croquet Club (later to become the Wimbledon All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club); the first national championships were held there in Victorian times. Spearheaded by Australia and New Zealand, Croquet spread quickly to the British colonies. By 1870, croquet sets had reached virtually all of the British colonies and its popularity grew, following the earlier trend of being especially popular with women. Around this time, the game was denounced from the pulpits of the day, and play was actually banned at some sporting clubs. Croquet was played at the 1900 Olympics but around this time, the up-and-coming sport of Tennis started to eclipse Croquet and this other game's ascension marked the end of Croquet's heyday. The last 20 years has seen something of a resurgence particularly amongst the young. Today, Croquet is played competitively in over twenty countries, the major ones in the 1990s being Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the USA and croquet sets are manufactured in many of these countries. In the USA, two forms of the game are played, International Association croquet and American rules which uses the same lawn and equipment but has a few rule variations. Many of the best competitors play both versions. In addition there are some garden croquet sets which have 9 hoops and 2 pegs. Many other countries play croquet or their versions of it. France hosted the 1995 World Croquet Federation Championships, Japan plays Croquet along with a similar game called Gateball, Egypt plays a simpler form of Association croquet. In Russia, Tolstoy apparently had a Croquet set for his lawn in his Moscow garden and astronauts are reported to have played for relaxation upon their return from space. Finally, China possesses many Croquet players from different age groups - a picture in the Illustrated London news of 1938 showed Revolutionary guards playing the game! Learn more about Croquet from the Online Guide to Traditional Games . Shortcuts


The experimental new village of Poundbury in England, much of which has been built to traditional lines, is built on land belonging to whom?

Urban villages - the best of both worlds? Urban Villages: the best of both worlds? Andrew Rossiter, Université de Franche Comté From a paper presented at the International Symposium on Urban and Rural Britain at the University of Valenciennes, France, 2002.     It was in June 1992  that an unusual architectural manifesto was launched in Great Britain.  For the next ten years or more, the manifesto  entitled "Urban Villages, a concept for creating mixed-use urban developments on a sustainable scale" continued to make waves, and was  much commented and criticised - often unfavourably - in the specialist and general media.     In the language of contemporary British town planning, the expression "urban village" has for many people come to be synonymous with the name "Poundbury", the neo-traditionalist suburban development on the fringes of the rural town of Dorchester, piloted and largely masterminded by the Prince of Wales. Yet although Poundbury is certainly the most extensively developed of Britain's urban village projects, there are many others throughout Britain, and the expression "urban villages" is also used in other English speaking countries to describe modern suburban developments - and in some cases rural developments - that conform (or more or les conform) to certain holistic principles of planning that run against the grain of accepted modern practices in suburban development.     This article takes a concise look at the origins  of the "urban village" concept, and its definition, before studying the situation of urban village development in the UK today, looking at Poundbury and the other projects throughout the country that were in 2001  affiliated to the Urban Villages Forum, the think tank set up under the patronage of the Prince of Wales.     Indeed, no discussion of "urban villages" in a British context can begin without reference to the role of the Prince of Wales who, long dissatisfied by much of the dreary suburban development that has occurred in Britain during his lifetime, has used his position to spearhead the development of socially and architecturally successful sustainable communities designed to avoid the failures of the recent past.     The much-used expression "neo-traditionalist", imported from the United States, clearly establishes the conceptual framework that underlies the urban village movement; urban villages are seen as not just an architectural or planning concept, but one predicated on a form of social organisation that has its roots in a long-established model that has stood the test of time. In Britain, as in the United States, the aim of the proponents of urban villages is not just to design modern living environments that reflect those of a previous and supposedly more stable rural society, but to rediscover the forms of living environment that engendered the stability of such traditional rural communities. In this respect, the "urban village" is a concept that takes its place in a historic British - and notably English - paradigm that has previously been illustrated in the model towns of Lever, Cadbury and others, the garden cities of the first half of the twentieth century, and, in community terms at least, in late twentieth century developments such as Newcastle's Byker village.     The expression "urban village" seems however to be an American invention. The earliest bibliographical reference to the phrase would seem to be a book entitled Urban Village: Population, Community, and Family Structure in Germantown, Pennsylvania, 1683-1800, by Stephanie Grauman, published in 1980. Yet early usages of the expression do not refer to any specific planning concept, but are a more a convenient pairing of words used to describe certain types of close-knit urban communities whose structures reflected traditional rural models. The phrase was even used as a rendering of the Spanish expression "barrio". It was in the early eighties, however, that the first references to the "urban village" as a planning concept began to appear, in the writings of Christopher Leinberger, a Los Angeles based


Which mystic symbol among Buddhists was adopted in reverse by the Nazi party in Germany?

The Nazi Connection with Shambhala and Tibet — Study Buddhism Arrow down Arrow up Many high-ranking members of the Nazi regime, including Hitler, but especially Himmler and Hess, held convoluted occult beliefs. Prompted by those beliefs, the Germans sent an official expedition to Tibet between 1938 and 1939 at the invitation of the Tibetan Government to attend the Losar (New Year) celebrations. Tibet had suffered a long history of Chinese attempts to annex it and British failure to prevent the aggression or to protect Tibet. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was severely persecuting Buddhism, specifically the Tibetan form as practiced among the Mongols within its borders and in its satellite, the People’s Republic of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia). In contrast, Japan was upholding Tibetan Buddhism in Inner Mongolia, which it had annexed as part of Manchukuo, its puppet state in Manchuria. Claiming that Japan was Shambhala, the Imperial Government was trying to win the support of the Mongols under its rule for an invasion of Outer Mongolia and Siberia to create a pan-Mongol confederation under Japanese protection. The Tibetan Government was exploring the possibility of also gaining protection from Japan in the face of the unstable situation. Japan and Germany had signed an Anti-Commintern Pact in 1936, declaring their mutual hostility toward the spread of international Communism. The invitation for the visit of an official delegation from Nazi Germany was extended in this context. In August 1939, shortly after the German expedition to Tibet, Hitler broke his pact with Japan and signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact. In September, the Soviets defeated the Japanese who had invaded Outer Mongolia in May. Subsequently, nothing ever materialized from the Japanese and German contacts with the Tibetan Government. Several postwar writers on the Occult have asserted that Buddhism and the legend of Shambhala played a role in the German-Tibetan official contact. Let us examine the issue. The Myths of Thule and Vril Arrow down Arrow up The first element of Nazi occult beliefs was in the mythic land of Hyperborea-Thule. Just as Plato had cited the Egyptian legend of the sunken island of Atlantis, Herodotus mentioned the Egyptian legend of the continent of Hyperborea in the far north. When ice destroyed this ancient land, its people migrated south. Writing in 1679, the Swedish author Olaf Rudbeck identified the Atlanteans with the Hyperboreans and located the latter at the North Pole. According to several accounts, Hyperborea split into the islands of Thule and Ultima Thule, which some people identified with Iceland and Greenland. The second ingredient was the idea of a hollow earth. At the end of the seventeenth century, the British astronomer Sir Edmund Halley first suggested that the earth was hollow, consisting of four concentric spheres. The hollow earth theory fired many people’s imaginations, especially with the publication in 1864 of French novelist Jules Verne’s Voyage to the Center of the Earth. Soon, the concept of vril appeared. In 1871, British novelist Edward Bulwer-Lytton, in The Coming Race, described a superior race, the Vril-ya, who lived beneath the earth and planned to conquer the world with vril, a psychokinetic energy. The French author Louis Jacolliot furthered the myth in Les Fils de Dieu (The Sons of God) (1873) and Les Traditions indo-européeenes (The Indo-European Traditions) (1876). In these books, he linked vril with the subterranean people of Thule. The Thuleans will harness the power of vril to become supermen and rule the world. The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) also emphasized the concept of the Übermensch (superman) and began his work, Der Antichrist (The Antichrist) (1888) with the line, “Let us see ourselves for what we are. We are Hyperboreans. We know well enough how we are living off that track.” Although Nietzsche never mentioned vril, yet in his posthumously published collection of aphorisms, Der Wille zur Macht (The Will to Power), he emphasized the role of an internal force for superhuman d


What method of engraving involves cutting lines cut into copper by means of a pointed steel tool?

Printmaking Processes Printmaking Processes An original print is an image on paper or similar material made by one or more of the processes described here. Each medium has a special, identifiable quality, but because more than one impression of each image is possible, "original" does not mean "unique." Prints are multiple originals. The development of printmaking was connected to the development of movable type and the printing press in the fifteenth century, although woodblock printing had been done on textiles since ancient times. If you are interested in the history of printmaking , click on this link. In contemporary printmaking, artists frequently number their prints. The total number of prints made of one image is an edition. The number may appear on the print with the individual print number as a fraction such as 5/25 meaning that this particular print is number 5 of 25 prints made. Prints in color require two or more blocks, plates, screens or stones, one for each color, printed sequentially on top of each other to produce the final work of art. This process is called registration. Prints  can be classified according to the type of surface used to make them. Those  with raised printing surfaces are known as relief prints; woodcuts are  the most common type of relief print. When the printing surface is below the  surface of the plate, the print technique is classified as intaglio.  There are several important intaglio techniques. Planographic and stencil methods are also used, and print from a surface that is at the same level  as the non-printing surface. Relief Prints Woodcuts are made by cutting into the broad face of a plank of wood, usually with a knife (the linocut is made the same way, except that linoleum is substituted for wood). In working the block , the artist cuts away areas not meant to print. These cut away areas appear in the finished print as the white parts of the design while the ink adheres to the raised parts. This link will take you to a Web site that contains an entire textbook on Woodblock printing by Hiroshi Yoshida Or also try this site which offers a set of past to recent examples of European relief printing. Wood engravings are made by engraving a block of end-grain, extremely hard wood. The block, being naturally much harder, enables the artist to engrave (rather than cut) a much finer line than is possible on the softer plank surface used for woodcut. Albrect Durer (15th c.) used this technique in many of his works. Intaglio Intaglio printing involves the use of a metal plate. In printing, the ink settles in the sunken areas and the smooth surface of the plate is wiped clean. The plate, in contact with damp paper, is passed through a roller press under pressure. The paper is forced into the sunken areas to receive the ink. The plate can be incised by one of several methods: Engraving The design is cut into the plate by driving furrows with a tool called a burin. The careful control required by the cutting method results in a rather stiff, controlled style of image, with shading accomplished through the use of parallel lines, or "hatching." The plate is printed in the manner described above. Hogarth (18th c.) is an artist who often created engravings. Etching A metal plate is coated with a material called a ground. The artist then draws his design on the ground with a sharp needle, that cuts through the ground to the metal below. When the plate is put in an acid bath, these exposed areas will be etched (or eaten away). This produces the sunken line which will receive the ink. The artist etches on the plate those parts which will appear in the finished print as black or colored areas. Since the ground is soft, the artist is able to work more freely than is possible with engraving, displaying a freer, more relaxed quality of line. The length of time the plate is left in the acid bath will affect the darkness and character of the lines. Rembrandt (17th c.) did many etchings; scroll down in this link to select examples. Drypoint In this technique, the sunken li


stumbleupon Email Comment Every horse race, no matter how big or small it may be, has a purse. This refers to the amount of money that the owners will be paid at the end of the race, based on how their horses finish. This division is made to encourage horse owners to get their horses to perform at the highest level and create intense competition. The first place horse in a race will typically get 60% of the total purse. The second place horse normally gets 20% while third place gets 10% and fourth gets 5%. The remaining horses divide the remainder of the purse among each other. The total amount of money in the purse varies with each race. A typical matinee race at a North American racetrack may have a purse of around $10,000, for instance. Meanwhile, some of the top races of the day will have purses of closer to $30,000. However, when it comes to the most prestigious races in the world, purses can fall in the millions of dollars. These purses are generally highest for Grade I races that pit only the best horses in the world together. Grade II and III races are not as prominent as Grade I but they will still grant some handsome paydays to the people who get their horses out to these events. This listing will break down the biggest horse racing events in the world based on the size of their respective purses. All purse totals are listed in American dollars. Some of these races have the potential to let winning horses earn millions of dollars for their owners. This is partly because horse racing represent some of the most historic races in the world. Certain races have been run since the nineteenth century and have developed larger purses over the years as they continue to grow and become more famous in the modern era. 10. The Grand National – $1.6 Million Purse The Grand National steeplechase race at Liverpool’s Aintree Racecourse has been held every almost every year since 1839 and has a total purse of £975,000 or $1.6 million US. The race is around four miles and three furlongs in length and can take around ten minutes for some horses to finish. It’s a long and challenging course involving hurdles, but the large purse makes it all worth it for whoever comes out on top. 9. Kentucky Derby – $2 Million Purse The Run for the Roses, known as the Kentucky Derby has been held in Louisville, Kentucky’s Churchill Downs on the first Saturday in May every year since 1875. Known as the Fastest Two Minutes in Sports, this 1 1/4-mile race is the first leg of the Triple Crown in America and it’s also the most presitgious race of the three. It has a purse of $2 million while the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes both have purses of just $1 million each. 8. Breeders Cup Sprint – $2 Million Purse In horse racing, a spring race is a shorter race that is less than a mile long. The six-furlong Breeders Cup Sprint, an event that happens during the Breeders Cup World Championships in North America every year, is one such race. This short race takes a little over a minute for horses to complete and is worth $2 million, making it one of the biggest events of the year for sprint horse racing enthusiasts. 7. Breeders Cup Distaff – $2 Million Purse Formerly known as the Breeders Cup Ladies’ Classic, the Breeders Cup Distaff is a $2 million purse race that is for fillies and mares who are at least three years of age. It is the last race to take place on the first of the two days that the Breeders Cup events are held and is the most prominent race among female horses. The purse was originally $1 million in value until 2005 when was doubled in size. 6. Breeders Cup Turf – $3 Million Purse Held annually at the Breeders Cup series, the $3 million Breeders Cup Turf race is held on a turf surface instead of a traditional dirt track. This means that the horses run on a grass surface similar to what is typically found on the inside part of a track. This race is 1 1/2 miles long and is a popular event that serves as an appetizer to the main event, the Breeders Cup Classic. 5. Dubai Duty Free Stakes – $5 Million Purse A race held during the Dubai World Cup


What is the English name for the red wines of Bordeaux, especially from vineyards in the Medoc district of the Gironde?

France's Bordeaux Wine Region - dummies By Ed McCarthy, Mary Ewing-Mulligan The Bordeaux region that produces France’s famous red Bordeaux wines lies in the southern part of western France, on the Atlantic coast. The Gironde Estuary and its two major rivers, the Dordogne and the Garonne, run through the heart of the region. Almost all of Bordeaux’s great wine estates are near the Gironde or one of its tributaries. The city of Bordeaux, France’s fourth largest city, lies in the center of the region (as depicted below). Bordeaux is a complex region, with many districts. The Bordeaux climate The Bordeaux area of France has a maritime climate, with damp springtimes, rather hot, fairly dry summers, rather mild winters, and quite a bit of rain during autumn and winter. When rain does occur in the fall, it often spells trouble for the vintage: Too much rain can turn a promising grape crop into a mediocre one. Bordeaux’s landscape is rather flat in most places, and the soil is quite infertile. Not much else but grapes can grow there. In fact, the Bordeaux wine region — with the exception of the historic town of St.-Emilion — is plain looking. You don’t go there for its natural beauty. But the Bordeaux region is a place worth visiting in the eyes of wine lovers, because it’s the home of more sought-after and expensive wines than any other region in the world. How has Bordeaux become the world’s most prestigious and most renowned wine region? The Bordelais, as the natives of Bordeaux are called, have experience on their side; wine has been made in this region for about 2,000 years. Other wine regions in Europe have been producing wine just as long and even longer, but they have not attained Bordeaux’s renown. Throughout the centuries, the Bordelais have figured out which grape varieties grow best in their locale. The varieties that thrive there are among the greatest varieties in the world. Bordeaux’s superiority also derives from the region’s very special terroir, its unique combination of climate and soil. Bordeaux the red Bordeaux’s reputation as a great wine region rests on its most superb reds, legendary and long-lived wines made by historic wine estates (called châteaux), which can improve for several decades. About 75 to 80 percent of Bordeaux’s wines are red. The greatest, most age-worthy red Bordeaux wines start at $30 a bottle retail, and can go up to about $800 a bottle and more for rare wines such as a newly-released Château Pétrus — with older, fine vintages of the greatest and rarest wines even more expensive. But the famous, costly wines make up only about 2 to 3 percent of all red Bordeaux. Many fine Bordeaux reds are available in the $18 to $30 range; these wines are perfect for drinking when they’re five to ten years old. And lots of red Bordeaux sell for $8 to $18; these inexpensive wines are made to be enjoyed when they’re released at the age of two, up to five or six years of age.


Portuguese rule of which country ended in 1975, with the appointment of Samora Machel as its first president?

Samora Moises Machel facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Samora Moises Machel COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc. Samora Moises Machel A dedicated military man and socialist revolutionary, Samora Moises Machel (1933-1986) presided over the independence of Mozambique from Portugal in 1975 and became its first president. Samora Moises Machel was born on September 29, 1933, in a village in the District of Gaza in the south of Mozambique. Like the great majority of Mozambicans of his generation, he grew up in an agricultural village and attended mission elementary school. Machel completed the fourth class—the prerequisite certificate for any higher education. Most youngsters aspired to complete elementary school and perhaps learn a skill, but most found it difficult. Machel's hopes for higher education were frustrated by Catholic missionaries who refused to grant him a scholarship. Without financial assistance it was difficult for most Africans to pay school fees, room, and board. Many families needed the income earned by all family members just to survive. Machel hoped to train as a nurse—one of the few professions which had been open to blacks, albeit on a subordinate basis, since the early 20th century. Unable to secure the fees to complete formal training at the Miguel Bombarda Hospital in Lourenco Marques (today Maputo), he got a job working as an aide in the hospital and earned enough to continue his education at night school. He worked at the hospital until he left the country to join the nationalist struggle. The Progress of a Revolutionary Machel, like so many others, suffered under colonial rule. He saw the fertile lands of his farming community on the Limpopo river appropriated by white settlers. His family worked unprofitable and arduous cotton plots to comply with the colonial government's cotton cultivation scheme, and they lost loved ones to work accidents and illness resulting from the unsafe and unhealthy work conditions prevailing in the mines, farms, and construction companies which employed thousands of Mozambicans. As an educated black working in the capital city in the heyday of colonialism, Machel faced the arrogance and racism despised by black workers throughout the country. The visit of Eduardo Mondlane to Lourenco Marques and Gaza in 1961 was a turning point for Mondlane and many others. Samora Machel, among others, urged the educator Mondlane to dedicate himself to the nationalist cause. Since the late 1950s Mozambicans from many backgrounds had left the country to organize an offensive. Mondlane accepted the challenge to unite the many currents of Mozambican nationalism into a front with a better chance for success. In June 1962 Mondlane accepted Tanzanian President Nyerere's invitation to convene the principal nationalist groups in Dar es Salaam. The leaders of these groups agreed to form the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frelimo) under Mondlane's leadership. Thereafter, the stream of Mozambicans making their way to Tanzania to take up arms became a river. By August 1963 Samora Machel had made his way to Tanzania to join the insurgents. Machel was a member of the first group of Frelimo soldiers sent to Algeria for military training. Upon completion of training, Machel returned to Tanzania to serve as an instructor at Frelimo's Kongwa military training camp. By September 25, 1964, when Frelimo launched the armed struggle, 250 guerrillas had been trained for combat. Machel coordinated guerrilla strategy for the Niassa campaign. Two years later, upon the death of Frelimo's Secretary of Defense Filipe Magaia, Machel became secretary of defense and then commander-in-chief of the army—positions he held throughout the war. Machel developed Frelimo strategies from his positions within the war zone, propagandizing revolutionary values among the population of areas held by the guerrillas. Machel firmly held that political and social issues were as fundamental to the viability of the guerrilla war as were military tactics. His qualities as a tough soldier and a persuas


Olympus Mons: Giant Mountain of Mars Olympus Mons: Giant Mountain of Mars By Nola Taylor Redd, Space.com Contributor | March 8, 2013 04:57pm ET MORE A computer-generated view of Olympus Mons. Credit: NASA/MOLA Science Team/ O. de Goursac, Adrian Lark Olympus Mons is the largest volcano in the solar system. The massive Martian mountain towers high above the surrounding plains of the red planet, and may be biding its time until the next eruption. Characteristics Found in the Tharsis Montes region near the Martian equator, Olympus Mons is one of a dozen large volcanoes, many of which are ten to a hundred times taller than their terrestrial counterparts. The tallest of them all towers 16 miles (25 kilometers) above the surrounding plains and stretches across 374 miles (624 km) — roughly the size of the state of Arizona. Olympus Mons compared to Arizona. Credit: NASA In comparison, Hawaii's Mauna Loa, the tallest volcano on Earth, rises 6.3 miles (10 km) above the sea floor (but its peak is only 2.6 miles above sea level). The volume contained by Olympus Mons is about a hundred times that of Mauna Loa, and the Hawaiian island chain that houses the Earthly volcano could fit inside its Martian counterpart. Olympus Mons rises three times higher than Earth's highest mountain, Mount Everest , whose peak is 5.5 miles above sea level.  Olympus Mons is a shield volcano. Rather than violently spewing molten material, shield volcanoes are created by lava slowly flowing down their sides. As a result, the mountain has a low, squat appearance, with an average slope of only 5 percent. Six collapsed craters, known as calderas, stack on top of one another to create a depression at the summit that is 53 miles wide (85 km). As magma chambers beneath the calderas emptied of lava, most likely during an eruption, the chambers collapsed, no longer able to support the weight of the ground above. A cliff, or escarpment, surrounds the outer edge of the volcano, reaching as high as 6 miles (10 km) above the surrounding area. (The cliff alone is about as tall as Mauna Loa.) A wide depression surrounds the base of the volcano as its immense weight presses into the crust. Olympus Mons is still a relatively young volcano. Although it has taken billions of years to form, some regions of the mountain may be only a few million years old, relatively young in the lifetime of the solar system. As such, Olympus Mons may still be an active volcano with the potential to erupt. The tallest volcano in the solar system may also house rock glaciers — rocky debris frozen in ice. Snow and ice deposits above the base of the shield could result in such glaciers. Water-ice insulated by surface dust may exist near the top of the volcano. The tops of these glaciers may host ridges, furrows, and lobes, and be covered by rocks and boulders, and could be as young as four million years old. Forming a giant Why would such a huge volcano form on Mars but not on Earth? Scientists think that the lower surface gravity of the red planet, combined with higher eruption rates, allowed for the lava on Mars to pile up higher. The presence and absence of tectonic plates could also play an important role in the different kinds of volcanoes. The hot spots of lava under the crust remain in the same location on both planets. On Earth, however, the movement of the crust prevents the steady buildup of lava. The Hawaiian Islands , for instance, formed as a plate drifted over a hot spot. Each eruption created a small island in a different spot. But Mars has very limited plate movement . Both the hot spot and the crust remain unmoving. When lava flows to the surface, it continues to pile up in a single spot. Instead of a chain of volcanic islands, large volcanoes such as Olympus Mons form. In fact, three other large volcanoes near Olympus Mons are similarly gigantic; if only one of the four volcanoes in the region existed, it would be the tallest feature in the solar system. The volcanoes in Tharsis Montes are so large that they tower above the seasonal Martian dust storms. Italian astronomer Giovan


BBC ON THIS DAY | 12 | 1992: Princess Royal remarries 1992: Princess Royal remarries Princess Anne today became Mrs Timothy Laurence after a small family wedding in Scotland. The 42-year-old arrived at Crathie church near Balmoral Castle accompanied by her father Prince Philip, and her daughter and bridesmaid 11-year-old Zara. Before a small family congregation she and the groom, Commander Laurence, 37, exchanged vows to stay together "until God shall separate us by death." Well wishers Anne, dressed in a simple white suit with white blossoms in her hair, and Mr Laurence, in a Royal Navy uniform, emerged from the church to cheers from about 500 well wishers. The newlyweds are expected to join the rest of the royal family for a short celebration at Craigowan Lodge on the Balmoral estate. Among the guests were the Queen, the Queen Mother, Princess Margaret and Anne's son from her first marriage Peter, 15. Anne married Mark Phillips in 1973 at Westminster Abbey and they divorced this year. But this is the first marriage for her groom whom she met during a tour of duty on the Royal Yacht Britannia. Turbulent Royal year In 1986, he was appointed an equerry to the Queen. Their relationship became known in April 1989 when letters from the Commander were stolen from Anne's briefcase and given to newspapers. Four months later Anne announced her separation from Mark Phillips. It is hoped Anne's wedding celebrations will end a turbulent year for the Royal Family. It was announced this week Prince Charles and the Princess of Wales have separated and Diana chose not to attend today's ceremony. The Queen's second son, Prince Andrew, also separated from his wife the Duchess of York this year. Both brothers accompanied Prince Edward at today's ceremony. The palace would not reveal if there are any plans for a honeymoon.


What name was given to Australian bandits who raided its remoter settlements until the late 19th century?

The Australian Frontier Wars | thrivalinternational The Australian Frontier Wars The Australian Frontier Wars The Australian Frontier Wars The Australian frontier wars were a series of conflicts fought between Indigenous Australians and European settlers that spanned a total of 146 years. The first fighting took place several months after January 26, 1788 and the last clashes occurred as late as 1934.   A recent study calculated indigenous fatalities caused by the Queensland Native Police Force alone to no less than 24,000, and most scholars accept an overall minimum of 20,000 for all the colonies. Violent frontier deaths of Europeans and associates, on the other hand, have been estimated as between 2,000 and 2,500.   Far more devastating in their impact on the Aboriginal population, however, were the effects of disease, followed by infertility, loss of hunting ground, starvation and general despair, loss of pride, and the alcoholic ‘remedy’ for this devastation. There are powerful indications that small-pox epidemics may have impacted some Aboriginal tribes with depopulation in large sections of what is now Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland with up to 50% or more, even before the move inland from Sydney of squatters and their livestock. Then other diseases hitherto unknown in the Indigenous population—such as the common cold, flu, measles, venereal diseases and tuberculosis—made a second impact, significantly reducing their numbers and tribal cohesion, so limiting their ability to adapt and resist invasion and dispossession.   The Black War refers to the period of conflict between British colonists and Tasmanian Aborigines in the early nineteenth century.  Although historians vary on their definition of when the conflict began and ended, it is best understood as the officially sanctioned time of declared martial law by the colonial government between 1828 and 1832.   The term Black War is also sometimes used to refer to other, later conflicts between European colonists and Aboriginal Australians on mainland Australia. In 1770 a British expedition under the command of then-Lieutenant James Cook made the first voyage by Europeans along the Australian east coast. On 29 April Cook and a small landing party fired on a group of Tharawal people who threatened them when they attempted to come ashore at Botany Bay. Two Tharawal men threw spears at the British, before fleeing in alarm after being fired on again. Cook did not make further contact with the Tharawal, but later established a peaceful relationship with the Kokobujundji people when his ship, HM Bark Endeavour, had to be repaired at present-day Cooktown.   Cook, in his voyage up the east coast of Australia, observed no signs of agriculture or other development by its inhabitants. Some historians argue that the prevailing European law was such land was deemed terra nullius or land belonging to nobody or land ’empty of inhabitants’ (as defined by Emerich de Vattel).  Cook claimed the east coast of the continent for Britain on 23 August 1770. The British Government decided to establish a prison colony in Australia in 1786.   Some historians argue that Britain took possession of Australia under the European legal doctrine that it wasterra nullius. Under this classification Indigenous Australians’ were not recognised as having property rights and territory could be acquired through ‘original occupation’ rather than conquest or consent. The colony’s Governor, Captain Arthur Phillip, was instructed to “live in amity and kindness” with Indigenous Australians, however and sought to avoid conflict.   However, other historians argue as an inhabited land annexed by Britain, colonists could be granted the right to occupy such areas of the annexed land that did not appear to be under cultivation or some other kind of development (such as a village or town) but were generally expected to respect the property rights of the original inhabitants. These historians contend that as, in European terms, property rights were principally exercised by the cultivation of land, the marking