"Who, having been a Lieutenant General with three stars on his epaulettes, was posthumously appointed ""General of the Armies of the United States"" by a congressional joint resolution in 1976, with an effective appointment date of 4 July 1976?"

general of the armies : definition of general of the armies and synonyms of general of the armies (English) 10 External links   Creation and early usage   George Washington was the first person considered for the rank of "General of the Armies" in 1799. He was not actually promoted until 1976. The rank of General of the Armies of the United States has a history spanning over two centuries and, during the course of the rank's existence, the rank has held different authority, seniority, and perceptions by both the American public and the military establishment. In all, there have been six versions of the rank General of the Armies, of which only three were ever formally bestowed: A rank created in 1799 (but never bestowed) to replace the rank of lieutenant general. A version revived for Ulysses S. Grant after the American Civil War, named "General of the Army of the United States." A version revived in 1919 for John J. Pershing for services rendered during World War I . A proposed rank during World War II (never approved), which would have been an actual six-star general rank . A further proposal in 1955, also seen as a six-star rank and also never approved. A final version in 1976, which ensures that no officer of the United States Armed Forces will ever outrank Lieutenant General George Washington. The first mention of the rank "General of the Armies" was in an Act of the United States Congress on March 3, 1799. Congress provided: That a Commander of the United States shall be appointed and commissioned by the style of General of the Armies of the United States and the present office and title of Lieutenant General shall thereafter be abolished. The rank of General of the Armies was created to be bestowed upon George Washington, who had held the generic rank of general during the American Revolutionary War and, as of 1782, was listed as a lieutenant general on the rolls of the United States Army . Washington's rank was as the result of his having been regarded as a "three-star general" during the revolution, and the United States military using European style general ranks which incorporated a three-star rank of lieutenant general. The United States at this point had no four-star general rank (in Europe, the rank was known as captain general until the early 19th century and then simply as general). The rank of General of the Armies, however, was never bestowed on Washington, and, upon his death, the United States Army's highest general rank was that of major general .   General of the Army of the United States The second version of General of the Armies was called "General of the Army of the United States" [4] and was held by Ulysses S. Grant , [4] William T. Sherman , [4] and Philip Sheridan [4] after the American Civil War . [4] This rank was revived as a third version of General of the Armies, which was held by John Pershing in 1919. Pershing's rank was the same as Grant's, though it used the full title "General of the Armies of the United States." [4]   World War I and John Pershing   General John Pershing depicted with four gold stars on his epaulettes . John Pershing's promotion to General of the Armies is rooted in the former title "General of the Army" from the days of the American Civil War . The Civil War version of this rank was considered the same as a "four-star" general, unequal in status to the later version of General of the Army, which was used during World War II . After the Civil War, the United States military lapsed into a period where the highest possible general officer rank was that of the two-star major general. During World War I , the United States Congress authorized the appointment of three-star lieutenant generals and four-star "full" generals. The four-star rank was considered the "successor rank" to the Civil War title "General of the Army" in that both were considered four-star positions. Tasker H. Bliss and John J. Pershing were promoted to Army general in October 1917, and Peyton C. March was promoted in May 1918. Hunter Liggett and Robert Lee Bullard were both promoted to Army lieutena


Where are the almost the only mountainous areas near the African coast of the Red Sea?

Egypt: About the Red Sea of Egypt Contact Us About us Tour Egypt aims to offer the ultimate Egyptian adventure and intimate knowledge about the country. We offer this unique experience in two ways, the first one is by organizing a tour and coming to Egypt for a visit, whether alone or in a group, and living it firsthand. The second way to experience Egypt is from the comfort of your own home: online. Egypt: About the Red Sea of Egypt About The Red Sea   To anyone standing on its shore and gazing out across its heavenly waters, the Red Sea may seem to be a mislabeling. Its blueness is eternal and anything less red cannot be fantasized. The Red Sea, where the desert meets the ocean, is truly one of the planets most exotic and fascinating natural seascape environments. The Red Sea is located between Asia and Africa. At its most northerly point forms the Sinai Peninsula and stretches over 1000 miles south to join the Indian Ocean, between Ethiopia and Yemen. In the north and west are desert plains, while in the south a mountainous region (2642 meters high), which is part of the mountain range stretching from deep in Saudi Arabia, across the Sinai and then into Nubia of the African continent. The Red Sea holds beneath its crystal blue surface an oasis of living creatures, reefs, and coral formation. Its use as a highway between East and West has attracted man since the beginning of time.     The Red Sea was created by the movement of plates in the Earths surface about 30 million years ago. In that time, the Arab peninsula started to part from Africa along a thin break line which was filled by the oceans water. However, "Mother Nature" did not stop there. Twenty million years ago another geological movement started. The Arab peninsula which parted from Africa, started to move to the north. That movement struck resistance in Turkey and swung to the east, and another break line was formed. This one stretching all the way from the northern part of Israel, through the Jordan valley to the Dead Sea, and finally through the Gulf of Eilat to Ras Mohamad at the southern point of the Sinai. The young age of the Gulf of Eilat is what makes it so deep, 100 meters in Dahab and 1800 meters north of the Straits of Tiran. On the other hand, the old Gulf of Suez is relatively shallow, with a 85 meters maximum depth. The Red Sea is still widening at about one-half inch per year, the rift is the youngest region of continental breakup on the planet, allowing geologists to learn about processes that occurred in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans hundreds of millions of years earlier.     Water temperatures in the Red Sea remain unusually constant year round, averaging 22^ C in the summer. Low pressure systems develop in the Sahara Desert and draw hot dry east winds from Asia which cause the temperature to rise frequently along with sand storms. At the same time, lows develop over the Red Sea, bringing moist cold air from the south and creating clouds, haze, and more often rain. The northern land mass is the primary influence over temperature in the gulf, but this decreases to the south the closer you get to open sea. The open seas cooling effect creates an interesting temperature pattern: maximum summer temperatures are lower in the south while minimum temperatures are higher in the north with the opposite occurring during the winter. In any case, the coldest moth of the year is January and the warmest months are July and August. The Red Sea is notorious among seafarers for its high speed surface winds and aggressively short irregular motion. It may be calm on the inward shore, but journeys to exposed sites like The Brothers islands , a remote off-shore site east of El Quseir, can be perilous and boats have been seen literally to fall apart under the force of the journey.     Cargo vessels, oil tankers, fishing boats, and passenger liners all move their trade across this great waterway, but for many, the true enchantment of the Red Sea is hidden just below its surface. There are over 1000 species of invertebrates and around 200 recorded coral types


Which African American athlete's career included causing particular annoyance to Adolf Hitler?

Adolf Hitler: Myth, Legend, Truth... <Adolf Hitler Investigating the story of Adolf Hitler is similar to exploring a fractal, as the further one travels into it, the more complex it becomes. One of the major difficulties in achieving an authentic level of understanding of the Hitler phenomenon is the abundance of spurious sources. The migraines of many a historian can be directly attributable to this reality. The myths abound: Hitler was Jewish with a Rothschild ancestor; Hitler had only one testicle; Hitler had two testicles, but one was bitten off by a goat; Hitler once lived in Liverpool, England; Hitler was insane; Hitler contracted syphilis from a French prostitute during WW1; Hitler took Golden Showers on alternate Thursdays; Hitler knew nothing about the Holocaust and would have disapproved had he known; Hitler's 'real' name was Schicklgruber; Scientists have cloned Hitler's lip, and it is growing a mustache; Hitler never wanted war but was forced into it by an 'International Jewish/Maxist/Capitalist Conspiracy'; Hitler was a homosexual; Hitler escaped his presumed death in the Bunker and is at this very moment playing cards with Elvis and some mildly nervous Arab fellows; and so on. Most of us have heard at least a few of these, and possibly believed a few as well. The ambiguous and sometimes contradictory evidence is ready made for those who would tell the story with an agenda; German politicians and so-called 'Revisionist' historians being two of the most obvious. Objectivity, the ideal of the true historian, is harder to come by in the field of Hitler Studies than in nearly any other discipline not theologically based. In a field that touches on such charged issues and events as Nationalism, Racism, the events collectively referred to as the Holocaust, the very nature of war and peace and good and evil, emotions tend to cloud, or at least effect, the judgment of even the most disciplined scholar. Ron Rosenbaum called it a 'terra incognita of ambiguity and incertitude where armies of scholars clash in evidentiary darkness over the spectral shadows of Hitler's past'. Adolf HITLER: A Universal Symbol Sixty years after his death, the mass-destroyer is more popular than ever. In India he symbolizes resistance, in Egypt prosperity, in Peru discipline. The Senegalese celebrate him as a hero of anti-colonialism and the Chinese in Hong Kong as a champion of style. Presumably, Hitler is the only European who, more than half a century after his death, is still widely known around the world. Other contemporary politicians, such as Churchill or de Gaulle, are merely remembered in the respective linguistic or cultural spheres; the same goes for intellectual heroes like G�the, Kant, Cervantes, Shakespeare. But only the mass-murderer Hitler is part of popular knowledge in Korea, Japan, Namibia or Uruguay, even outside the academic islands. Hitler, the German, is not only the most well-known European, but beside the religious founders Mohammed, Jesus, Buddha or the slayers Genghis Khan or Stalin perhaps one of the most well-known figures of all time.    These are the results of journalistic polls by five members of our newspaper in the Southern parts of the world. For Europeans, who like to view their continent as the cradle of the Enlightenment and humanism, it is a rather embarrassing finding. And a disconcerting if not downright shocking one. Because Hitler is viewed in a positive light by millions of non-Europeans. However, if one listens closely, this disconcertment slightly wanes. Most of the time, it is not the historical Hitler, the politician of hatred and extermination who is celebrated or even wished to reappear, but a figure of fantasy with few real attributes. Hitler has a cathartic function, in which each culture projects its specific experiences, preferences and problems. In the corrupt and chaotic economies of South America, Hitler is read as a code for order and national unity. Africans, on the other hand, admire the strong man in him, the myth of power, but also the enemy of the former colonialists France and


"""It was a dark and stormy night"", the ""standard"" for hackneyed writing, was the opening line of a novel by whom?"

It was a dark and stormy night - Everything2.com It was a dark and stormy night by Tem42 Thu Jan 20 2000 at 5:00:18 This sentence has come to be the stereotypical starting line for fictional novels and tall tales everywhere, most particularly bad novels . It is used to indicate that a story is commencing, although it is rarely followed by an actual story. Generally, it indicates a hackneyed story of the adventure type, although the details of the story are less important than the fact that the story starts with one of the best-known starting lines in English literature , indicating that it will likely not be a serious literary endeavor intended to stand on its own right. However, the original appearance of the line was not in a great and famous work, but rather in a mostly-forgotten novel by a mostly-forgotten novelist. The line was in fact grabbed from the jaws of obscurity by the mostly-unknown Professor Scott Rice , who used it as the inspiration for a slightly famous contest to find the Worst Starting Line Ever. The Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest is worth checking out if you have not yet discovered it, and is the source for the spread of "It was a dark and stormy night" through our popular culture . The original line, and yes, it is all one sentence, in its complete and original form: "It was a dark and stormy night ; the rain fell in torrents -- except at occasional intervals, when it was checked by a violent gust of wind which swept up the streets (for it is in London that our scene lies), rattling along the housetops, and fiercely agitating the scanty flame of the lamps that struggled against the darkness." -- Paul Clifford , by Edward George Bulwer-Lytton ( 1830 ) It is somewhat inexplicable that this lipid lump of prose has become so overwhelmingly recognizable -- but quite understandable that no one recognizes where it came from. Part of the blame for its fame must fall on Snoopy from the comic strip Peanuts , as he used this line in nearly every book he wrote. Fri May 19 2000 at 2:10:53 It Was A Dark And Stormy Night by Snoopy Part I It was a dark and stormy night. Suddenly , a shot rang out! A door slammed. The maid screamed. Suddenly, a pirate ship appeared on the horizon ! While million s of people were starving, the king lived in luxury. Meanwhile, on a small farm in Kansas , a boy was growing up. Part II A light snow was falling, and the little girl with the tattered shawl had not sold a violet all day. At that very moment, a young intern at City Hospital was making an important discovery. The mysterious patient in Room 213 had finally awakened. She moan ed softly. Could it be that she was the sister of the boy in Kansas who loved the girl with the tattered shawl who was the daughter of the maid who had escaped from the pirates? The intern frowned. " Stampede! " the foreman shouted, and forty thousand head of cattle thundered down on the tiny camp. The two men rolled on the ground grappling beneath the murderous hooves. A left and a right. A left. Another left and right. An uppercut to the jaw. The fight was over. And so the ranch was saved. The young intern sat by himself in one corner of the coffee shop . he had learned about medicine , but more importantly, he had learned something about life . THE END (from alt.comics.peanuts) 2004.4.4 sekicho says The full version was revealed as part of one of the numbers in Snoopy: The Musical. I think the song it appeared in was called "The Smell of Success." Everything Quests: Scary Stories Completed: Thursday, October 31, 2002 at 14:15:50, server time. It was a dark and stormy night when I logged in . Not that it mattered, as I had been inside for almost a week. And where I was going, there's no there, there . But it was a dark and stormy night nonetheless. Deep down in the statistics nodelet, userstoday indicated triple-digits. Writeupstoday indicated a staggering -293,037 nodes. In the other users nodelet , a dozen-odd Ø 's caught my eye. Every single visible private /msg in my chatterbox nodelet started: " Klaproth ate your writeup..." Something stank of trou


"What fictitious national park was the setting for the 1960s TV series ""Skippy the Bush Kangaroo""?"

Skippy SKIPPY LINKS It could be argued that the most well-known Australian television star internationally is a kangaroo. Skippy was Australiaï¿½s greatest television export, the recent success    of soaps like Neighbours notwithstanding. The adventures of a boy    and a kangaroo in the Australian bush held tremendous appeal with overseas    viewers, and Skippy achieved phenomenal international sales.    Running to 91 episodes (plus a feature film), it was sold all over the    world, reportedly to at least 128 different countries. And that figure does not    take into account the individual sales within countries - for example, the    series was shown on over 160 different television stations in the U.S.    alone. In fact, from a global viewpoint, Skippy is our most    successful programme ever, being more widely recognised than even the    iconic Homicide series. The genesis of Skippy can    be traced back to even before television began in Australia. In the early    1950ï¿½s John McCallum, an Australian actor who had been working in England,    tried to develop a television series based on the bushranger Ben Hall.    McCallum reasoned that a series for international release with a unique    Australian ingredient would be    something different. This ï¿½unique Australian differenceï¿½ was a    primary consideration that he applied to his later productions - a    kangaroo in Skippy, the Queensland Great Barrier Reef in Barrier    Reef and a half-caste Aboriginal detective in Boney. Although    there was interest in the Ben Hall project, financial backing was not    forthcoming. This was primarily because the bushrangers triumphed over the police    in every episode, contrary to the then accepted television practice of    justice always prevailing. However, the experience did cause McCallum to eventually    enter the field of theatre management and film production. (By 1975    attitudes had changed, and a mini-series Ben Hall was produced by    the Australian Broadcasting Commission [ABC] in conjunction with the    British Broadcasting Commission [BBC]). Fast forward to 1964. Australian    feature film and television drama production had become sporadic, but a    turning point for the industry came in October with the premiere of the    ground-breaking Crawford Productionsï¿½ series Homicide. The success    of Homicide paved the way for other television drama productions,    which in turn provided a foundation for the revival of the Australian film    industry. It was against this background that John McCallum, by this time    back in Australia as part of the management of theatre company J. C.    Williamson, took the first ambitious steps towards producing a feature    film - Theyï¿½re A Weird Mob. British director Michael Powell was    very interested in the project, and a company was formed called    Williamson-Powell International Films. Based on a best-selling book by    John Oï¿½Grady (writing as Nino Culotta) about an Italian immigrant baffled by    the Australian culture, Theyï¿½re A Weird Mob was released in 1966 to    considerable success, and was the first Australian film of any    significance produced since 1960. In spite of the success of Theyï¿½re A Weird Mob, the financial returns were not spectacular - it    seemed that everyone got their cut before the producers, resulting in an    eight year wait before production costs were recouped. Production    Supervisor on the film was Lee Robinson, a prolific writer, director and    producer, who in partnership with Chips Rafferty made quite a number of films    during the 1950ï¿½s. He was also responsible for the 1963 TV anthology series Adventure Unlimited. Robinson, McCallum and    Sydney lawyer Bob Austin got together and considered that making films for    television could be a more lucrative venture, and they formed a company    called Fauna Productions for th


In 146BCE Rome sacked Carthage and what other major city?

Rome Destroys Carthage and Conquers from Hispania to Greece, 157 to 146 BCE previous | next Rome Destroys Carthage and Conquers from Hispania to Greece In 157 a Roman senator, Cato, visited North Africa and became aware that prosperity had returned to Carthage – forty-four years after the Rome's last war with Carthage had ended. He assumed that this made Carthage a menace and an enemy to Rome. Not wanting to put aside old conflicts, he postured with overwhelming righteousness concerning Rome's two wars against Carthage, and he began ending his speeches in the Senate with the words "Carthage   must be destroyed." A neighbor of Carthage, Numidia , took advantage of Rome's hostility to Carthage by making encroachments   on Carthaginian territory and then asking Rome for arbitration. Rome failed   to act with the impartiality that might have inhibited Numidia from making further   encroachments. And after suffering a number of aggressions by Numidia, Carthage   lost its patience and retaliated against Numidia. Rome in its bias saw this as a breach of peace by Carthage,   and, in the year 150, Rome's Senate mustered its arrogance and voted for another war against Carthage. Cato, conservative Roman politician. Cato's biography . Believing that war against Rome was hopeless, a delegation that Carthage   sent to Rome offered surrender in the form of a commitment to "the   faith of Rome" – understood to mean that Rome could take possession of   Carthage but that the lives of the people of Carthage would be spared and that   they would not be taken as slaves. Rome's Senate responded by granting Carthage   self-rule and the right of the city and its people to keep all their possessions   on condition that Carthage send to Rome three hundred of its leading citizens   as hostages. Hoping to save their city from destruction, amid much grieving, the Carthaginians   sent their leading citizens to Rome as hostages. But Rome had already decided to wipe Carthage from the map. Rome   demanded that Carthage surrender all its weapons, and Carthage did so, including  200,000 suits of mail and two thousand catapults. Then Rome demanded that the people of Carthage surrender their city and move ten   miles inland. For the Carthaginians this meant leaving behind their homes, their docks and quays and their ability to carry on their sea-going   trade. The people of Carthage preferred war and refused. Rome   responded as it had planned, with military operations, which began in the year   149, the year that Cato, at 85, died. Carthage, photo of a model The war against Carthage was delayed as people in what today is Portugal – the Lusitani – were again attempting  to free themselves from Roman domination, and so too were peoples in central Hispania (today  Spain). Roman legions  overwhelmed the Lusitani. Rome offered them peace and land, trapped them, slaughtered  9,000 of them and enslaved 20,000. A new leader arose among the outraged Lusitani and renewed his people's war against the Romans, the Lusitani achieving their  first success in the year 147, killing 10,000 Roman soldiers. One response by Rome to the new trouble in Spain was a change in the calendar.  To give one of its generals a longer season for campaigning, the   Senate moved the date of the New Year from March 15 to January 1. While Rome was busy against the Lusitani and was continuing its war against the Cartheginians, in Macedonia someone who claimed to be the son of Perseus, Andricus,   defied Rome by reuniting that country politically. Rome   sent an army to Macedonia that arrived in 148 and drove out Andricus. Rome decided   that its presence would be needed in Macedonia to keep the Macedonians in line,   and it began a permanent rule and military occupation there, Macedonia becoming   the first Roman province east of the Adriatic Sea. Some in the city of Corinth saw the continuing   war between Rome and Carthage and the continuing rebellion in Spain as an opportune   time to


Of these which is North Korea's nearest neighbour?

North Korea could inflict significant damage in attack FacebookEmail Twitter Google+ LinkedIn Pinterest North Korea could inflict significant damage in attack North Korea's massive but poorly trained and equipped military could cause significant damage in the early stages of an attack on its southern neighbor. Post to Facebook North Korea could inflict significant damage in attack North Korea's massive but poorly trained and equipped military could cause significant damage in the early stages of an attack on its southern neighbor. Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/10kUy7Y CancelSend A link has been sent to your friend's email address. Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. 48 To find out more about Facebook commenting please read the Conversation Guidelines and FAQs North Korea could inflict significant damage in attack Jim Michaels and Tom Vanden Brook, USA TODAY Published 7:00 a.m. ET March 30, 2013 | Updated 9:33 a.m. ET March 30, 2013 CLOSE x Share After weeks of threatening rhetoric, Pyongyang says it has entered a state of war with South Korea. VPC North Korea has long-range missiles capable of reaching targets in Japan and U.S. bases in Guam, Okinawa and the Japanese mainland. (Photo: KCNA via AP) Recent rhetoric is worrisome when coupled with the North's recent provocative actions North Korean forces along the DMZ have 10,000 artillery pieces capable of reaching Seoul Potential casualties described in terms of World War I levels 514 CONNECT TWEET 2 LINKEDIN 48 COMMENTEMAILMORE WASHINGTON – North Korea's massive but poorly trained and equipped military could cause significant damage in the early stages of an attack on its southern neighbor. But any attack would ultimately be repulsed by superior U.S. and South Korean forces, military analysts say. It's unclear how serious North Korea is on following through on its threats, but North Korea has increased its bellicose rhetoric recently, renewing worries that its unpredictable leader, Kim Jong Un, could take actions that might trigger a wider conflict. The North Korean leader said his rockets were ready "to settle accounts with the U.S." The United States has responded to the heated rhetoric by announcing it flew two B-2 bombers on a training mission over South Korea. It was part of an annual joint-training operation that continues until the end of April. Analysts say the recent rhetoric is particularly worrisome when coupled with recent provocative actions taken by the North. In 2010, the North Koreans sank a South Korean warship, killing 46, and launched an artillery barrage on an island that killed two of its civilians and two South Korean marines. "It's the rhetoric plus the provocations that are increasing the level of tensions," said Steven Kim, an analyst at the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies based in Honolulu. To an extent, the threats are par for the course, said Richard Bush, senior fellow and director of the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution. North Korean leaders portray the training exercise as a prelude to invasion, Bush said. They make provocative statements, occasionally backed up by attacks, and claim to have repelled the West. Bush rated as low the chances of all-out war. "A lot of it is show for the domestic audience," Bush said. "The North Korean leadership is cynical. They know these are exercises. It's useful domestically. They get their own people spun up. In worrying about war, maybe that distracts from how hungry they are." Analysts say North Korea's aging military would not be able to prevail in an attack against its southern neighbor. "This is a military that if you ran them against the Iraqi military in 1991, North Korea would lose," said Jennifer Lind, a professor at Dartmouth College. But North Korean forces are arrayed along the demilitarized zone with 10,000 artillery pieces capable of reaching Seoul, said Bruce Klingner, a former CIA analyst now at the Heritage Foundation. That proximity would let them cause a lot of casualties and damage in the initial st


An easel is most likely to be used by ...?

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"Who was the leader of the band playing at the Palomar Ballroom, Los Angeles, in August 1935, when the ""Jitterbug"" became a new dance craze?"

Jazz Profiles: Dream Lucky: When FDR was in the White House, Count Basie was on the radio, and everyone wore a hat. By Roxane Orgill (Smithsonian, 342 pages, $25.95) "One day I heard Count Basie on the radio and that's when I flipped," jazz arranger Bill Potts once told me in an interview, his fervor undimmed more than 60 years later. "The secret to Bill Basie's piano playing was simplicity. He'd leave open spaces and play one note, but exactly the right note at the right place – it was just a ding." Potts's teenage epiphany launched him on a career that saw the twilight years of the Swing Era, ranging from his landmark 1959 big-band arrangement of "Porgy & Bess" to scores for Alpo dog-food commercials. But Potts was by no means unique in falling under the spell of William "Count" Basie, who stirred an entire generation that came of age during the late 1930s and early 1940s, when the sound of Swing swept the nation. It is hard to overestimate Basie's effect. He was the pioneer of a revolutionary crossover music that stayed true to its blues origins even as it won over white mainstream audiences. It stands today as perhaps the most enduring – certainly the least frivolous  –  American dance music ever put on record. Just a ding, but when combined with the full-throttle fury of Basie's 13 sidemen – who included saxophonist Lester "Prez" Young and trumpeter Buck Clayton – what a beautiful thunder it made. The rise of Count Basie forms the heart of Roxane Orgill's Dream Lucky, a firecracker of a book as tight, ebullient and raucous as a classic Basie arrangement. The Swing Era has inspired a voluminous literature, not least some lovely miniatures, like Gene Lees' elegiac essay "Pavilion in the Rain" and Bobby Scott's "The House in the Heart," a haunting remembrance of Young. Dream Lucky deserves a place on the shelf next to such gems. But the book is also a cultural history, with a wider range than those tender portraits – and it will interest readers who may not be big-band aficionados and Prez cultists. Ms. Orgill centers on a two-year period, starting in November 1936, when Basie arrives in Chicago with his rag-tag Kansas City band, and ending in July 1938, with his first coast-to-coast radio broadcast from 52nd Street in New York. Basie's struggle to reach the top is Ms. Orgill's narrative thread, but along the way she describes a Depression-era America in political and social upheaval. She makes the case for Swing not just as the soundtrack of an era but as one of the forces transforming American society on the eve of World War II. In Ms. Orgill's episodic telling, the events of the mid-1930s unspool on the page like one of those March of Time newsreels. This nifty device allows her to cut from scene to scene, build up dramatic tension and, most important, let loose the dizzying cast of characters who dominated the headlines and crowded the airwaves, from Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt and Amelia Earhart to Joe Louis, Jack Benny and the Shadow. Round-the-clock radio is, for Ms. Orgill, a key to understanding the era's wild collective exuberance – the melting pot come to a boil with the lid sent flying. The fare included the eloquence of FDR's Fireside Chats, and yet it was mostly (as Ms. Orgill shows with vividly recreated dialogue) a chatterbox of madcap hijinks, racist comedy routines and screwball acts, epitomized by a lecherous wooden dummy named Charlie McCarthy. For a black musician like Basie, radio was the way to reach a new, vast audience beyond segregated clubs and ballrooms, an audience that would include white kids like Bill Potts in suburban Washington. Until then, the King of Swing was Benny Goodman, with his more polished sound. The Count was ready to attempt a coup d'état, but first he had to win in Harlem. And he did. Ms. Orgill takes us inside the Harlem jazz clubs where Basie solders a molten-hot dance beat onto the blues. Not so far away we see Jacob Lawrence creating black-liberation paintings with dime-store supplies, Langston Hughes launching a bare-bones community theater and Adam Clayton Powell


What is the lead character in Copplia, a sentimental comic ballet by Lo Dlibes?

Delibes Sylvia & Copelia Suites HRX DVD-R (2 Discs)-Elusive Disc Features the San Francisco Ballet Orchestra lead by Martin West! This disc will NOT play on CD, DVD or SACD Players! HRx 176kH/24-Bit DVD-R - For Music Servers Only! HRx DVD-R data discs contain exact, digit-for-digit copies of the original Reference Recordings 176.4 kHz / 24-bit digital masters. This is the ultimate in fidelity for two-channel sound: TRUE high-resolution audio, ready to load from DVD-R data discs onto your computer music server! To play HRx, the files on the DVD-R data disc must be uploaded to a computer music server, which then will play the music files through your audio system. (You cannot play them on CD, DVD, or SACD players!!!) Best of Show award for ï¿½Greatest Technological Breakthrough: Reference Recordingsï¿½ HRx ultra-high resolution (176.4/24) digital music format.ï¿½ (Alan Taffel: The Absolute Sound April/May 2008) "Reference Recordings, a company at the forefront of technical advancements for the past 30 years, has broken through the technical barriers to deliver to listeners the exact high-resolution digital bitstreams created during the recording sessions. The company's HRx format encodes as WAV files on a DVD the master recording, which was sampled at 176.4kHz with 24-bit resolution. For the first time, you can listen to the original high-resolution datastream of some spectacular titles from the Reference Recordings catalog." - The Absolute Sound, Robert Harley From liner notes: "In contrast to the "heroic" drama of gods and shepherds, Delibes's earlier ballet Coppï¿½lia, or The Girl with Enamel Eyes, is an ingratiating comedy with a story line that was, and remains, unusually absorbing for its genre. Charles Nuitter, the archivist of the Paris Opï¿½ra, based his scenario on a story by E.T.A. Hoffmann called Der Sandmann, and his original working title was La Poupï¿½e de Nuremberg ï¿½ which, however had been used for similarly based works by other composers. Like Tchaikovsky's subsequent Hoffmann-derived Nutcracker, this tale combines warm-hearted everyday folk in a contemporary (for its time) setting with a certain level of other-worldly fantasy for spice. Simply stated, the village girl Swanilda is engaged to Frantz; he becomes dazzled by Coppï¿½lia, who turns out to be a mechanical doll whose creator, the mysterious Dr. Coppï¿½lius, has been passing off as his daughter. Good-natured mischief sets the tone for this engaging drama, and its happy ending, while clearly foretold, is not less satisfying for all that." Leo Delibes' COPPï¿½LIA is pure delight, a feast of musicality and humor for all ages. Probably the greatest ballet comedy ever written! On this disc we also present Delibes' SYLVIA, a romance filled with sighs of longing and the thrill of infatuation. Set in antiquity, the ballet literally places love on a pedestal in the person of the Greek god Eros. Like many popular compositions, Delibes' works, including pieces of these ballets, have repeatedly been used in films dating back to the earliest talkies. His music is also a favorite of cartoon series "Ren and Stimpy" and "The Simpsons." Coppelia is a sentimental comic ballet with music by Leo Delibes. Sylvia, originally Sylvia, ou La nymphe e Diane, is a full-length ballet in two or three acts. Sylvia is a typical classical ballet in many respects, yet has many interesting features which make it unique. Sylvia, the ballet, is notable for its mythological Arcadian setting and remarkable score by Leo Delibes. The Sylvia ballet originates in Tasso's 1573 poem Aminta, which provides the basic plot of Delibes' music. The piano arrangement was composed in 1876 and the orchestral suite was done in 1880. Conductor Martin West is acknowledged as one of the foremost conductors of ballet, garnering critical acclaim throughout the world. "... what charm, what wealth of melody!" -Tchaikovsky on Delibes Special Note: The 1st Track on the 2nd Disc at 10:10 into the music, there is a scratching sound. This is unfortunately in the recording its


In what year did clubs in the first division of the English Football League, founded in 1888, break away and found the Premier League?

How did the Premier League start? - Quora Quora Updated Dec 1, 2014 The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League, which was originally founded in 1888, and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal. Despite significant European success during the 1970s and early 1980s, the late '80s had marked a low point for English football. Stadia were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife, and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985. The Football League First Division, which had been the top level of English football since 1888, was well behind leagues such as Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga in attendances and revenues, and several top English players had moved abroad. However, by the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse; England had been successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, reaching the semi-finals.UEFA, European football's governing body, lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 (resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1991) and the Taylor Report on stadium safety standards, which proposed expensive upgrades to create all-seater stadia in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster, was published in January of that year. Television money had also become much more important; the Football League received £6.3 million for a two-year agreement in 1986, but when that deal was renewed in 1988, the price rose to £44 million over four years. The 1988 negotiations were the first signs of a breakaway league; ten clubs threatened to leave and form a "super league", but were eventually persuaded to stay. As stadia improved and match attendance and revenues rose, the country's top teams again considered leaving the Football League in order to capitalise on the growing influx of money being pumped into the sport. At the close of the 1991 season, a proposal was tabled for the establishment of a new league that would bring more money into the game overall. The Founder Members Agreement, signed on 17 July 1991 by the game's top-flight clubs, established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League. The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League, giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements. The argument given at the time was that the extra income would allow English clubs to compete with teams across Europe.


Nubian Desert Links Nubian Desert At     midday the expedition left Dongola and pushed north into     the desert… For more than a week our world was sand – soft sand, impacted sand, pebbly sand, wind-blown     sand that gathered in drifts or rose into dunes… and     when we closed our eyes at night we saw nothing but the     bouncing plains of sand ahead, stretching out to a sandy     horizon. ‘The     Nubian Desert’ – Philip     Marsden Coffee with     the Professors Off     early the next morning from Dongola accompanied by a lad     from Lords with my bag - he was instructed to put it onto a     pickup to Kerma on the other side of the river where     Mubarek was based - I waited as the disembarking crowd of     commuters streamed up the bank with their daily loads.     Donkeys struggled to stay upright, slipping under the     weight of the carts heavily loaded with vegetables, as the     farmers themselves put their shoulders to the wheel,     helping push it up the incline. On the ferry, a distinguished looking gentleman in his     fifties was observing me from an air-conditioned     Landcruiser. Eventually curiosity must have got the better     of him and he climbed out to talk to me. A friendly and     energetic character, Professor Awad Hay Ali Ahmed was a     statistician (“I was responsible for the most recent     census in Sudan”) and vice-chancellor of the     University of Khartoum, here on a tour of some of their     outreach programs. He was accompanied by some other     academics, similarly bearded and turbaned. They were met on     the east bank by Professor Mohammed Osman Ahmed, the     president, I was told, of the University of Dongola! (To me     Dongola was a small desert town. Perhaps my idea of a     university was a little restrictive.) He gave me a hearty     handshake when introduced, telling me he studied for his     Doctorate in Queens University Belfast in the mid     seventies. I mentioned my chat with the dermatologist Dr     Omar, and his assertion there were 5,000 Sudanese in     Ireland. “When I was studying there, there were two     or three in the whole country,” he laughed. Professor     Awad had offered to bring my bag to the next town of Kerma     as they were heading there too. This pleased me, as it     would add a little more authority to the delivery. Before     that, they were to call into Professor Osman's mother for     coffee “a few minutes from here. You must     come.” For some reason I thought they were walking,     but they all jumped into three Landcruisers and the drivers     sped off - with my bag. I had no time to put on helmet or     gloves and took off after them, trying to keep them in     sight. Tearing along the sealed road at 100 kph was     bringing tears to my eyes, but I dared not stop as I would     lose them. I hadn’t given them details of Mubarek's     address yet. Managing to one-handedly release my sunglasses     from the tank bag, I slipped them on which made it a little     more comfortable. Five minutes later, in the distance the     three Landcruisers peeled off the tarmac and into the     desert along a sand track, eventually pulling up outside a     large compound surrounded by palms. Inside the compound, three low mud buildings, painted     white, formed a rectangle. Over in a corner, two old silos     used in previous times for storing grain and dates, stood     disintegrating. I was ushered across the courtyard after     the distinguished gentlemen in their crisply laundered,     flowing white jelabiyas as they ducked into     a low doorway. In a low ceilinged, sparsely decorated     though tidy anteroom an elderly woman, the matriarch of the     house, was sitting in a chair. We all trooped in and filed     passed, being introduced and shaking her hand, before     passing into a separate


"""The Count of Monte Cristo"" was originally written in which language?"

SparkNotes: The Count of Monte Cristo: Key Facts The Count of Monte Cristo Alexandre Dumas full title  ·  The Count of Monte Cristo (Le Comte de Monte-Cristo, in the original French) author  · Alexandre Dumas genre  · Adventure; Romantic novel; moralistic tale language  · French time and place written  · 1844, France date of first publication  · Published serially from August 1844 until January 1846 publisher  ·  Le Journal des Débats narrator  · The novel is narrated by an anonymous voice. point of view  · The narrator speaks in the third person, focusing almost entirely on outward action and behavior rather than delving into the psychological realities of the characters. tone  · The narrator is detached from the story, relating the events as they happen. tense  · Present setting (time)  · The novel takes place during the years following the fall of Napoleon’s empire. The story begins in 1815 and ends in 1844. setting (place)  · Though most of the action takes place in Paris, key scenes are also set in Marseilles, Rome, Monte Cristo, Greece, and Constantinople. protagonist  · Edmond Dantès major conflict  · Unjustly imprisoned, Dantès’s seeks to punish those responsible for his incarceration; as the vengeful Count of Monte Cristo, he struggles to transcend his human nature and act as an agent of divine retribution. rising action · In prison, Dantès meets Abbé Faria, who unravels the mystery of Dantès’s downfall; Dantès vows to spend his fortune on an obsessive quest to reward those who have been kind to him and to punish those who have harmed him; Dantès visits Caderousse and confirms the details of the events leading up to his incarceration; Dantès eases himself into the lives of those responsible for his time in prison. climax · Dantès slowly brings complete devastation upon Caderousse, Fernand, Villefort, and Danglars. falling action  · Dantès enables the blissful union of Maximilian Morrel and Val-entine Villefort; Dantès finally opens himself to emotions other than gratitude and vengeance and admits his love for Haydée. themes  · The limits of human justice; relative versus absolute happiness; love versus alienation motifs  · Names; suicide; politics symbols  · The sea; the red silk purse; the elixir foreshadowing  · Abbé Faria’s apology to Dantès; the painting of Mercédès looking out to sea suggests her undying love for Dantès. More Help


In the course of what did the captain of the Australian cricket team Michael Clarke resign in 2015?

Cricket officials discuss replacing Michael Clarke with Steven Smith as full-time Australian captain Cricket officials discuss replacing Michael Clarke with Steven Smith as full-time Australian captain Police crackdown on city homeless camps Play Video Leadership rumblings not just for PM Leadership rumblings not just for PM Rumours of a leadership topple have been leaked regarding the Australian cricket team captaincy, John Stanley & Garry Linnell discuss. Up Next Police crackdown on city homeless camps Play Video Police crackdown on city homeless camps Police crackdown on city homeless camps Police move into a homeless camp outside Flinders Street station as more and more people flock to the busy intersection ahead of the Australian Open. Up Next Baird felt 'personal cost in public life' Play Video Baird felt 'personal cost in public life' Baird felt 'personal cost in public life' NSW Premier Mike Baird has announced he will retire from politics to help his parents and sister cope with 'serious health challenges'. Vision courtesy ABC News 24. Up Next Baird's first day as premier Play Video Baird's first day as premier Baird's first day as premier After more than one gift gag to the start the day, NSW's new premier Mike Baird later found himself part of the royal roadshow, in April 2014. Up Next You've played a great innings: Turnbull Play Video You've played a great innings: Turnbull You've played a great innings: Turnbull There've been fond farewells for NSW Premier Mike Baird from Malcolm Turnbull and Bill Shorten. Courtesy ABC News 24. Up Next Billboard didn't bother me: Dutton Play Video Billboard didn't bother me: Dutton Billboard didn't bother me: Dutton Following the decision to remove a billboard in Melbourne featuring girls wearing hijabs, the Immigration minister says he wasn't offended by it and people shouldn't abandon their beliefs. Courtesy 3AW. Up Next Mike Baird retires from politics Play Video Mike Baird retires from politics NSW Premier Mike Baird has announced he is stepping away from politics. Vision courtesy ABC News 24. Up Next Who are the Apex gang? Play Video Who are the Apex gang? Who are the Apex gang? Find out more about the gang that rioted in Melbourne's CBD with no clubhouse, no colours and no real structure. As reported in March 2016. More videos Leadership rumblings not just for PM Rumours of a leadership topple have been leaked regarding the Australian cricket team captaincy, John Stanley & Garry Linnell discuss. Clarke remains destined to lead Australia at next month's one-day cricket championship – if he can meet a fitness deadline thrust on him – but Fairfax Media has learnt that after months of tension with selectors and key management personnel there is likely to be a reassessment about his long-term role before this year's Ashes tour of England. Senior sources in the Australian game say that an ideal scenario discussed is for the 33-year-old to stay in the team, with few disputing that as a world-class batsman he remains in Australia's best XI when fit, but how continuing as a player only under the leadership of the younger Smith would sit with Clarke's pride is yet to be seen. SHARE Future doubt: Michael Clarke with national selector Rod Marsh.  Photo: James Alcock Cricket Australia chief executive James Sutherland said of Clarke on Tuesday that he retained "a huge amount of confidence in Michael as a player, captain and a leader". But behind the scenes there is angst over public positions taken by the captain in the past three months and concern about the growing distance between him and Australian teammates. Both Sutherland and CA's Team Performance manager Pat Howard denied on Tuesday night there had been discussions about Clarke being replaced.  Any decision on the captaincy would have to be confirmed by the Cricket Australia board, but would be based on the recommendation of the selection panel, headed by Rod Marsh. Advertisement Marsh was among those who fell out with Clarke before the first Test against India over where and how he should prove his fitness, to the point whe


Which religion has grown from 19th century teachings, of a man born in present day Iran and who died after a 24 year imprisonment in present day Israel?

religion facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about religion BIBLIOGRAPHY The articles under this heading describe three approaches to the topic of religion in the social sciences. The history and doctrines of the major religions are discussed in Buddhism; Christianity; Hinduism; Islam; Judaism. The organizational aspects of religion are described in Monasticism; Psychiatry, article onthereligio-psychiatricmovement; Religious organization; Religious specialists; Sects and cults.Various aspects of religious belief and practice are reviewed in Canon law; Civil disobedience; Death; Millenarism; Moral development; Myth and symbol; Nativism and revivalism; Pollution; Religious observance; Ritual.Other relevant material may be found in Charisma; Voluntary associations.Biographical articles that are of relevance to the social scientific study of religion include Aquinas; Augustine; Becker; Bloch;Buber; Calvin; Comte; Durkheim; Erasmus; Febvre; Frazer; Freud; HalÉvy; Huizinga;James; Jung; Lowie; Luther; Malinowski; Marett; Marsilius; Marx; Mauss; Montesquieu; Mooney; Ockham; Rank; Seligman, C. G.; Smith, William Robertson; Spinoza; Tawney; Troeltsch; Tylor; Weber, Max. I ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY The anthropological study of religion has been highly sensitive to changes in the general intellectual and moral climate of the day; at the same time, it has been a powerful factor in the creation of that climate. Since the early discussion by Edward Tylor, interest in the beliefs and rituals of distant, ancient, or simpler peoples has been shaped by an awareness of contemporary issues. The questions that anthropologists have pursued among exotic religions have arisen from the workings—or the misworkings—of modern Western society, and particularly from its restless quest for self-discovery. In turn, their findings have profoundly affected the course that quest has taken and the perspective at which it has arrived. Perhaps the chief reason for the rather special role of comparative religious studies is that issues which, when raised within the context of Western culture, led to extreme social resistance and personal turmoil could be freely and even comfortably handled in terms of bizarre, presumably primitive, and thus—also presumably—fanciful materials from long ago or far away. The study of “primitive religions” could pass as the study of superstition, supposedly unrelated to the serious religious and moral concerns of advanced civilization, at best either a sort of vague foreshadowing of them or a grotesque parody upon them. This made it possible to approach all sorts of touchy subjects, such as polytheism, value relativism, possession, and faith healing, from a frank and detached point of view. One could ask searching questions about the historicity of myth among Polynesians; when asked in relation to Christianity, these same questions were, until quite recently, deeply threatening. One could discuss the projection of erotic wishes found in the “totemic” rites of Australian aborigines, the social roots and functions of African “ancestor worship,” or the protoscientific quality of Melanesian “magical thought,” without involving oneself in polemical debate and emotional distress. The application of the comparative method—the essence of anthropological thought—to religion per mitted the growth of a resolutely scientific approach to the spiritual dimensions of human life. Through the thin disguise of comparative method the revolutionary implications of the work of such men as Tylor, Durkheim, Robertson Smith, Freud, Malinowski, and Radcliffe-Brown soon became apparent—at first mainly to philosophers, theologians, and literary figures, but eventually to the educated public in general. The meticulous descriptions of tribal curiosities such as soul loss, shamanism, circumcision, blood sacrifice, sorcery, tree burial, garden magic, symbolic cannibalism, and animal worship have been caught up in some of the grander intellectual battles of the last hundred years—from those over evolutionism and historicism in the late nineteent


Slow Food USA: History Slow Food USA History A Delicious Revolution: How Grandma’s Pasta Changed the World It was 1986 and a McDonald’s franchise was coming to Rome, adjacent to the Spanish Steps in Piazza di Spagna. Italian journalist Carlo Petrini was outraged. What would fast food do to the food culture of Rome? Would it threaten the local trattorias and osterias, the local dining establishments of the working class? Petrini rallied his friends and community to take a stand against this global industrialization of food, and the social and culinary costs of homogenized eating. Instead of picketing with signs, he armed the protestors with bowls of penne. Defiantly they declared, “We don’t want fast food… we want slow food!” And the idea of Slow Food was born. Soon after, Petrini realized that in order to keep our alternative food choices alive, it was crucial for an “eco-gastronomic” movement to exist – one that was concerned with environmental sustainability (eco), and the study of culture and food (gastronomy), to truly draw the connection between the plate and the planet. With preservation of taste at the forefront, he wanted to support and protect small growers and artisanal producers, safeguard the environment, and promote biodiversity. Three years later, on December 10, 1989, the Slow Food movement was born. The Slow Food Manifesto, drafted by co-founder Folco Portinari and endorsed by delegates from 15 countries, condemned the “fast life” and its implications on culture and society: “We are enslaved by speed and have all succumbed to the same insidious virus: Fast Life, which disrupts our habits, pervades the privacy of our homes and forces us to eat Fast Foods… A firm defense of quiet material pleasure is the only way to oppose the universal folly of Fast Life… May suitable doses of guaranteed sensual pleasure and slow, long-lasting enjoyment preserve us from the contagion of the multitude who mistake frenzy for efficiency. Our defense should begin at the table with Slow Food. Let us rediscover the flavors and savors of regional cooking and banish the degrading effects of Fast Food.” (Excerpt from the Official Slow Food Manifesto, as published in “Slow Food: A Case for Taste” in 2001) The concept of conviviality is the heart of the Slow Food movement: taking pleasure in the processes of cooking, eating, and sharing meals with others. As a result, Slow Food’s structure is decentralized: each chapter (or “convivium”) has a leader who is responsible for promoting local artisans, local farmers, and local flavors through regional events, social gatherings and farmers markets. Education is the first step in gaining the appreciation that can lead to preservation. In 2004, Slow Food co-founded the University of Gastronomic Sciences in Pollenzo, Italy, offering undergraduate and master degrees in food studies. The University of New Hampshire, inspired by a visit from Petrini, launched the first U.S.-based “Eco-Gastronomy” major in 2008. Today, Slow Food has over 150,000 members and is active in more than 150 countries, including national associations in Italy, the U.S., Germany and Japan. There are more than 170 chapters and 2,000 food communities in the United States alone. Every two years, Slow Food hosts the world’s largest food and wine fair, Salone del Gusto, in conjunction with the Terra Madre world meeting of food communities, drawing over 250,000 visitors combined. Other international events include Cheese, a biennial cheese fair in Bra, and Slow Fish, a Genoan fish festival.


What role did John Flamsteed (1646 1719) fill in Great Britain?

British Astronomy - Early History - 19th Century Information for: British Astronomy - Early History - 19th Century Astronomy – observation and theory – has been practiced in Britain * since prehistoric times.  Among the many megalithic monuments in Britain is Stonehenge in southern England (2700 BC-).  It has alignments over the Heel Stone towards sunrise and other alignments of such complexity that it could be, in principle, used to predict eclipses. The Temple Wood circle in Argyllshire in Scotland (2nd millennium BC) appears to be a lunar observatory. The Newgrange burial barrow (3200 BC- ) in the Boyne valley in Ireland contains a unique ‘roof-box’ which admits the rays of the rising Sun at the midwinter solstice into the grave passage. The Roman occupation of Britain (55 BC- c. AD 400) brought a knowledge of practical astronomy, including timekeeping and calendrical calculations. This knowledge was maintained in relation to the calculation of Easter by monasteries when the Romans left, but developed little until Islamic astronomy came to Britain in the medieval period, and brought with it the classical texts. The first English-language poet, Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343-1400), author of the Canterbury Tales, wrote for the benefit of his son A Treatise on the Astrolabe, the oldest known ‘technical manual’ in English.  The plays of William Shakespeare (1564-1616) show a detailed practical knowledge of astronomical phenomena and a (somewhat sceptical) knowledge of astrology. Up to the 17th century the teachers of astronomy in Britain were, in the main, clerics with an interest in proclaiming the glory of God and teaching the ‘quadrivium’ (the four classical subjects of arithmetic, harmony, geometry and astronomy, knowledge of which made a man educated in science).  Modern knowledge such as Copernicus’ and Kepler’s explanations of the motions of the planets and Galileo’s theory of dynamics were taken up by amateurs outside the established educational professions, like the group that formed around William Crabtree (1610-1644), a Lancashire instrument maker, and Jeremiah Horrocks (1619-1641), a schoolmaster. With his own theory of celestial dynamics, related to Kepler’s, Horrocks predicted a transit of Venus , which he and Crabtree observed.   The Royal Observatory In the 17th century the British Government began to take a structural interest in astronomy. King Charles II was persuaded to found the Royal Observatory at Greenwich in 1675, in order to provide astronomical predictions for the purposes of navigation, for the benefit of the Royal Navy. John Flamsteed (1646-1719), the Royal Observatory’s first director, made careful and precise observations, from which increasingly accurate predictions and investigations could be made of astronomical phenomena.   Developing from this historic base, annual volumes of The Astronomical Almanac, The Nautical Almanac, Astronomical Phenomena, The Star Almanac and The UK Air Almanac are still published in the UK by Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (HMNAO), located now at the Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory (RAL), several of them in collaboration with the US Naval Observatory. At the same time that Flamsteed was making accurate observations at Greenwich, from the universities Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) was formulating mathematical theories of motion and gravitation, presented in an equivalent of calculus (but expressed in traditional geometric terms). Newton and Flamsteed clashed over the running of the Royal Observatory. Flamsteed wanted the observations to be the best possible, sought grants to make the best equipment and took time to develop the observing techniques. Newton wanted observations too, but quickly in order to test his gravitational theory of the planets and the Moon. They quarrelled. This tension between the institutes and the academics recurred in 20th century Britain.  Edmund Halley (1656-1742), travelled to St Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, then the British Empire’s southernmost possession, to observe the southern stars for Flamsteed in the first overseas astronomi


Who, with more than 70 million records sold worldwide during a career in seven decades, is the most successful British female solo recording artist according to the Guinness Book of World Records?

The Little Blue Man..... Petula Clark - YouTube The Little Blue Man..... Petula Clark Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Oct 26, 2009 Petula Clark, CBE (born 15 November 1932) is an English singer, actress, and composer whose career has spanned seven decades. Clark's professional career began as an entertainer on BBC Radio during World War II. During the 1960s she became known internationally for her popular upbeat hits, including "Downtown," "I Know a Place," "My Love," "Colour My World," "A Sign of the Times," and "Don't Sleep in the Subway". With more than 70 million records sold worldwide, she is the most successful British female solo recording artist as cited in the Guinness Book of World Records. Category


Calicivirus, which was introduced illegally into New Zealand in 1997 to kill the exploding rabbit population, also has a form which seriously infects what other animal?

Vertebrate pests cost Australia at least $1 billion annually in lost agricultural production and environ- mental damage. The spectacular success of myxomatosis in the 1950s and more recently, rabbit hemor- rhagic disease, in the biological control of European rabbits has led to ongoing research into similar solutions for other vertebrate pests. There are signiﬁcant barriers to the successful employment of bio- logical control options including the obvious technological ones, such as host-speciﬁcity, as well as the investment required, public concerns and regulatory requirements. The role of biological control in ver- tebrate pest management and the attempts to develop such strategies in Australia is reviewed with emphasis on species speciﬁc case studies for rabbits, cane toads and carp, and the generic approaches of immunocontraception and daughterless genes. Crown Copyright !2009 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Australia has had an unenviable record of deliberately or acci- dentally releasing vertebrates which have ultimately become inva- sive pests. The intent behind deliberate releases of these animals has been numerous ranging from the activities of acclimatization societies, subjects of the hunt, sources of food or fur, or in some cases as biological control agents (Rolls, 1969). The range of species has also been wide and includes the rabbit, fox, goat, cat, house mouse, ship rat, starling, cane toad and European carp (Bomford and Hart, 2005). Biological control concerning vertebrates has historically in- volved the deployment of vertebrate predators for the control of other pests (Hoddle, 2002). The use of cats to control rodent spe- cies, which can be traced back to ancient Egypt, is the most often cited example with other early and notable attempts including the Indian myna bird (Acridotheres tristis) introduced to Mauritius for locust control; Indian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus)to numerous islands including Hawaii and the Caribbean for cane rat control. Vertebrate agents have also been employed against invertebrate targets: Gambusia ﬁsh (Gambusia afﬁnis) for mosquito control in 50 countries worldwide and of course Australia’s disas- trous attempt to use cane toads (Bufo marinus) to control insects pests of sugar cane (Davis et al., 1976; Hygnstrom et al., 1994; van Driesche and Bellows, 1996; Hajek, 2004). Vertebrate herbi- vores have also been used as biological control agents against weeds in pasture and crops (Hajek, 2004). The use of pathogens and parasites as biological control agents for vertebrate pests is widely proposed in the literature but less common in practice. Examples include Salmonella spp. for rodents (Hygnstrom et al., 1994; Singleton, 1994), classical swine fever for feral pigs (Sus scrofa)(Nettles et al., 1989), a liver nematode (Capil- laria hepatica) for the house mouse (Mus domesticus)(McCallum and Singleton, 1989), Chytrid fungus for invasive frogs (Beard and O’Neill, 2005), a protozoan for rice ﬁeld rats (Rattus argenti- venter)(Singleton, 1994), a protozoan for feral goats (Capra hircus) (Dobson, 1988) and trypanosomes for rabbits (Oryctolagus cunicu- lus)(Hamilton et al., 2005). Unfortunately, of the many proposed and tested, few have demonstrated efﬁcacy and only three patho- gens have been successfully released. Myxoma virus and rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) virus devastated rabbit populations around the world (Fenner and Ratcliffe, 1965; Cooke and Fenner, 2002; Forrester et al., 2006) while feline panleucopaenia virus was successfully used against feral cats on one small sub-Antarctic Island (van Rensburg et al., 1987). From research and development through to release, vertebrates as targets for biological control are of relatively minor importance in this ﬁeld. For example, Barlow (1997) reviewed 50 ‘real world’ models in biological control. The targets of these models were insects (64%), weeds (30%) and verte- brates (6%); probably still representative of the overall level of use 1049-9644/$ - see front matter Crown Copyright !2009 Published


"Which of Ludwig van Beethoven's symphonies starts with two tempestuous statements, when interpreted by the Morse code, of the letter ""V""?"

TIMELINE OF WORLD HISTORY TIMELINE OF WORLD HISTORY Portrait by Joseph Karl    Stieler, 1820     Ludwig van Beethoven,    (baptized December 17, 1770, Bonn, archbishopric of Cologne    [Germany]ï¿½died March 26, 1827, Vienna, Austria), German    composer, the predominant musical figure in the transitional    period between the Classical and Romantic eras. Widely regarded as the    greatest composer who ever lived, Ludwig van Beethoven    dominates a period of musical history as no one else before    or since. Rooted in the Classical traditions of Joseph Haydn    and Mozart, his art reaches out to encompass the new spirit    of humanism and incipient nationalism expressed in the works    of Goethe and Friedrich von Schiller, his elder    contemporaries in the world of literature; the stringently    redefined moral imperatives of Kant; and the ideals of the    French Revolution, with its passionate concern for the    freedom and dignity of the individual. He revealed more    vividly than any of his predecessors the power of music to    convey a philosophy of life without the aid of a spoken    text; and in certain of his compositions is to be found the    strongest assertion of the human will in all music, if not    in all art. Though not himself a Romantic, he became the    fountainhead of much that characterized the work of the    Romantics who followed him, especially in his ideal of    program or illustrative music, which he defined in    connection with his Sixth (Pastoral) Symphony as ï¿½more an    expression of emotion than painting.ï¿½ In musical form he was    a considerable innovator, widening the scope of sonata,    symphony, concerto, and quartet; while in the Ninth Symphony    he combined the worlds of vocal and instrumental music in a    manner never before attempted. His personal life was marked    by a heroic struggle against encroaching deafness, and some    of his most important works were composed during the last 10    years of his life when he was quite unable to hear. In an    age that saw the decline of court and church patronage, he    not only maintained himself from the sale and publication of    his works but also was the first musician to receive a    salary with no duties other than to compose how and when he    felt inclined. A portrait of the 13-year-old    Beethoven by an unknown Bonn master (c. 1783)   Life and work The early years Beethoven was the eldest surviving child of Johann and Maria    Magdalena van Beethoven. The family was Flemish in origin    and can be traced back to Malines. It was Beethovenï¿½s    grandfather who had first settled in Bonn when he became a    singer in the choir of the archbishop-elector of Cologne; he    eventually rose to become Kappellmeister. His son Johann was    also a singer in the electoral choir; thus, like most    18th-century musicians, Beethoven was born into the    profession. Though at first quite prosperous, the Beethoven    family became steadily poorer with the death of his    grandfather in 1773 and the decline of his father into    alcoholism. By age 11 Beethoven had to leave school; at 18    he was the breadwinner of the family. Having observed in his    eldest son the signs of a talent for the piano, Johann tried    to make Ludwig a child prodigy like Mozart but did not    succeed. It was not until his adolescence that Beethoven    began to attract mild attention. When in 1780 Joseph II    became sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, he appointed his    brother Maximilian Francis as adjutant and    successor-designate to the archbishop-elector of Cologne.    Under Maximilianï¿½s rule, Bonn was transformed from a minor    provincial town into a thriving and cultured capital city. A    liberal Roman Catholic, he endowed Bonn with a university,    limited the power of his own clergy, and opened the city to    the full tide of the German literary renaissance asso


Which is People's Republic of China's southernmost province?

Provinces of China: Hainan - China's southernmost island province in South China Sea - China Territory Provinces of China: Hainan - China's southernmost island province in South China Sea Updated:Sat, Jul 21, 2012 06:22 AM     Related:Provinces of China Hainan Province 海南 is the smallest and southernmost province of China. Hainan Island is also the second largest island of China after Taiwan. Places of interest include Haikou City and Sanya City which has the most attrative beaches of China.   Nationalities: Han (83%) , Li (16%), Miao (0.8%), and Zhuang (0.7%). GDP (2007): CNY123 billion Mountains:Wuzi Mountains and Limu Mountains, their main peaks are 1,867 and 1,412 meters above sea level, respectively. Neighboring countries: the Philippines in the east, Malaysia and Brunei in the south, Indonesia (Natuna Islands) in the southwest, and Vietnam in the west. Hainan (Chinese: 海南; pinyin: Hǎinán;literal meaning: "South of the Sea") is the smallest province of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Hainan Province has Hainan Island and Xisha, Zhongsha and Nansha Islands under its jurisdiction. Its land covers an area of over 34,000 square kilometers with population of 8.2 million people subdividing into the Han, the Li, the Miao, the Hui and other nationalities. Haikou is its provincial capital. Hainan was administered as part of Guangdong Province until 1988. Since then it has been designated a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) and has become a magnet for investment and has developed a large tourist infrastructure. Geography of Hainan Hainan Island is located in the South China Sea, separated from Guangdong's Leizhou Peninsula to the north by the shallow and narrow Qiongzhou Strait. Hainan Island, also known as Qiong'ai, is the second largest island in China with an area of 32,000 square kilometers and is China's southernmost province. The parallel Wuzhi and Limu Mountains dominate the central area, taking up one third of the whole island. Lowlands surround the mountains except on the southern coast, where precipices meet the South China Sea. The Qiongzhou Strait separates the Hainan Island from the mainland. Over 20 kilometers wide, the Qiongzhou Strait connects the Beibu Bay to the South China Sea.The South China Sea Islands refer to all the islands, shoals, rocks, reefs, and shallows in the South China Sea. They are divided into four groups: Dongsha in the north; Xisha (the Paracel Islands) in the west; Zhongsha in the center, including Huangyan Island; and Nansha (Spratly Islands) in the south, ending at the Zengmu Reef. The territory stretches 1,800 kilometers from north to south and over 900 kilometers from east to west. There are a total of eight major cities and ten counties on the island with Haikou City on the northern coast the capital. The Paracel Islands and Spratly Islands, south of Sanya City, are claimed by the People's Rebublic of China and thus considered to form an administrative district of Hainan by them. Sovereignty of the islands is however disputed. The Paracel Islands are claimed by Vietnam, the People's Republic of China and Republic of China on Taiwan whilst the Spratly Islands are subject to claims by Vietnam, the People's Republic of China, Taiwan, Malaysia, The Philippines, and Brunei. Climate of Hainan It has a tropical monsoon climate with long time summer, high temperature and abundant rainfall. The tropical climate of Hainan results in very hot summers and frequent heavy rains, including typhoons. In the south of the island, the annual rainfall can be as much as 80 inches. Temperature in Hainan does not change much all year round, but has sharp temperature difference between day and night. It has dry and windy spring, short and hot summer, humid and rainy autumn and dry and warm winter. Hainan's average temperature is between 22.5 ºC and 25.6 ºC (72.5ºF and 78.08ºF). Annual sunshine hours are 1780-2600 hours. Average annual rainfall ranges from 1500-2500 mm. Its hottest months are July and August with average temperature between 25ºC and 29ºC (77ºF and 84.2ºF) and its coldest months are January


"Complete the title of this James Bond film: ""Diamonds Are ... ""?"

Diamonds Are Forever (1971) - Full Cast & Crew - IMDb Diamonds Are Forever (1971) Create a character page for: Create » Paul Edward Jackson ... 4K film scanning: pristine digital restoration: Lowry Digital Images a DTS company (as Paul E. Jackson) (2006 restoration) a list of 22 titles created 09 Jul 2011 a list of 22 titles created 11 May 2012 a list of 28 titles created 26 Jun 2013 a list of 24 titles created 2 months ago a list of 24 titles created 1 month ago   IMDb Everywhere Find showtimes, watch trailers, browse photos, track your Watchlist and rate your favorite movies and TV shows on your phone or tablet!


"In plays performed ""in the round"" where does the audience sit in relation to the playing area?"

Theatre Types THEATRE SPACES Theatre: a space where a performance takes place, in effect a large machine in the form of a building that is specialized for presenting performances. Stage types: Proscenium stage: A proscenium theatre is what we usually think of as a "theatre". Its primary feature is the Proscenium, a "picture frame" placed around the front of the playing area of an end stage. The frame is the Proscenium; the wings are spaces on either side, extending off-stage. Scenery can surround the acting area on all sides except side towards audience, who watch the play through picture frame opening. "Backstage" is any space around the acting area which is out of sight of the audience. Thrust theatre: A Stage surrounded by audience on three sides. The Fourth side serves as the background. In a typical modern arrangement: the stage is often a square or rectangular playing area, usually raised, surrounded by raked seating. Other shapes are possible; Shakespeare's Globe Theatre was a five-sided thrust stage. End Stage: A Thrust stage extended wall to wall, like a thrust stage with audience on just one side, i.e. the front. "Backstage" is behind the background wall. There is no real wingspace to the sides, although there may be entrances located there. An example of a modern end stage is a music hall, where the background walls surround the playing space on three sides. Like a thrust stage, scenery serves primarily as background, rather than surrounding the acting space. Arena Theatre: A central stage surrounded by audience on all sides. The stage area is often raised to improve sightlines. Flexible theatre: Sometimes called a "Black Box" theatre, these stages are often big empty boxes painted black inside. Stage and seating not fixed. Instead, each can be altered to suit the needs of the play or the whim of the director. Profile Theatres: Often used in "found space" theatres, i.e. theatres made by converted from other spaces. The Audience is often placed on risers to either side of the playing space, with little or no audience on either end of the "stage". Actors are staged in profile to the audience. It is often the most workable option for long, narrow spaces like "store fronts". Scenically, a profile theatre is most like an arena stage; some staging as background is possible at ends, which are essentially sides. A non-theatrical form of the profile stage is a basketball arena, if no-one is seated behind the hoops. Sports Arenas: Sports arenas often serve as venues for Music Concerts. In form they resemble very large arena stage (more accurately the arena stage resembles a sports arena), but with a retangular floorplan. When used for concert, a temporary stage area often is set up as an end stage at one end of the floor, and the rest of the floor and the stands become the audience. Arenas have their own terminology; see below. Parts of a Proscenium Theatre: The Proscenium is the defining element of proscenium theatre. It is basically a big picture frame dividing acting space from the audience. All directions on the stage is defined according to this division of the space by the proscenium. Stage directions are given from the viewpoint of an actor standing center stage while facing the audience, Stage Left is the actors left, Stage Right to the actor's right. Downstage is towards the audience, Upstage is towards the back wall of the stage. The Plaster Line (PL) is a line running from the back of one side of the proscenium arch to the other proscenium. The Center Line (CL) runs upstage/downstage half way between prosceniums and perpendicular to the Plaster Line. The point where the Center Line and the Plaster Line intersect is sometimes referred to as the "zero-zero" point. The location of everything on stage is measured from this intersection. Everything downstage of the Plaster line is called Front of House, or FOH. Occasionally it is also called "Ante-proscenium" which means "before the proscenium". Anything the audience can see on the stage is on-stage. Anything on the stage but out of


"In parts of the UK what does ""tethera"" mean?"

'Eeny, meeny, miny, mo' - the meaning and origin of this phrase Eeny, meeny, miny, mo The first line of a popular children's counting rhyme. Origin Of all of the phrases and idioms in the English language 'eeny, meenie, miny, mo' must be the one with the widest variety of spellings. I've opted for 'Eeny, meeny, miny, mo' but there are many others - 'Eenie, meenie, miney, moe', 'Eany, meany, miney, mo' and so on. Added to that, as far back as the 19th century there have been variants of the rhyme which are so dissimilar to our current version as to be scarcely recognisable - 'Hana, mana, mona, mike' (from New York) and 'Eetern, feetern, peeny, pump' (from Scotland) and many of these now have local variants and words added from other languages. What lies behind this variability is that throughout the 19th century the rhyme spread from different parts of the UK to every playground in the English-speaking world, but by word of mouth rather than on paper. There never was an accepted definitive version, so the children who used the rhyme  were very happy to substitute their own words as the mood took them. As adults, we might be curious as to whether the words mean anything and what their origin might have been. Children appear to have no such concerns. An example comes from the Danish region near Kattegat, where the Jack and Jill rhyme, which arrived during the British occupation in the Napoleonic wars, was repeated as: Jeck og Jill Vent op de hill Og Jell kom tombling efter ...which makes as little sense in Danish as it does in English but, despite it being entirely meaningless to them, the children in the area continued to sing it for centuries. The best known version of the rhyme is the one that is now widely derided as insulting, especially in the USA, where the middle two lines originated: Eena, meena, mina, mo, A more acceptable version has now established itself: Eeny, meeny, miny, mo, Catch the tiger/monkey/baby by the toe. If it hollers[USA]/screams[UK] let him go, Eeny, meeny, miny, mo. The rhyme is used by groups of children as a way of selecting someone to take a role that is different from the others. As difference is unwelcome to children, the formula had to be sufficiently unpredictable to be accepted as fair. A leader takes the counting role and, in the rhythm of the rhyme, points to each child in turn. The last line is often topped off with a short emphasized 'You are It!' or 'O, U, T spells out!', which all the children join in with. Sometimes the child pointed to at the end of one count is the one selected - to be 'It' in a game of hide and seek, for example. In more important choices - selecting who  has to ask that grumpy man down the road for their ball back - the one pointed to last drops out and the formula is repeated several times until only one is left. [Note: UK residents who have voted in the May 2011 referendum might notice a parallel with the 'First Past the Post' and 'Alternative Vote' systems.] 'Eeny, meeny, miny, mo' is certainly a strange line, so does it mean anything and does curiosity about its origin lead us anywhere? Well, as is so often the case in etymology, yes and no. There is a similarity between the words of the phrase and some of the numerals in pre-English Celtic and Cumbrian languages; for example, the oral tradition of the English coastal town of Yarmouth voices 'one, two, three, four' as 'ina, mina, tethera, methera'. Also, the word for 'one' in Welsh, Cornish, Irish and Breton is, respectively, 'un' (pronounced 'een'), 'ouyn', 'aon' and 'unan' - all of them sounding not unlike 'een' or 'eeny'. The age of the phrase is uncertain. It first began to be written down in the 19th century - the scholarly journal Notes and Queries published this in the February 1855 edition: "The following are used in the United States for the selection of a tagger... Eeny, meeny, moany, mite, Hair, bit, frost, neck, Harrico, barrico, we, wo, wack" This bears more than a passing resemblance to the English version recorded by Fred Jago in The Glossary of the Cornish Di


What is the name of the simplified Roman alphabet-based phonetic system of Chinese script adopted in 1958 at the Fifth Session of the 1st National People's Congress in mainland China?

Week+8_Fifty+years+of+script+and+written+language+reform+in+the+P.R.C. - Copyr Week+8_Fifty+years+of+script+and+written+language+reform+in+the+P.R.C. Week+8_Fifty+years+of+script+and+written+language+reform+in+the+P.R.C. SCHOOL View Full Document This is the end of the preview. Sign up to                   access the rest of the document. Unformatted text preview: Copyright © 2004. Kluwer Academic Publishers. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law. JOHN S. ROHSENOW FIFTY YEARS OF SCRIPT AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE REFORM IN THE P.R.C. The Genesis of the Language Law of 2001 1. INTRODUCTION The chief goals of language planning in China are given as: (1) to standardize and promote “Mandarin Chinese” ( Putonghua ) as the common spoken language of the People’s Republic of China (PRC); (2) to develop and promote a “clear speech writing” style ( baihuawen) closer to that vernacular spoken language with which to replace the more classical “literary language writing” style ( wenyanwen ) traditionally used in China; (3) to design and promote a system of phonetic symbols with which to accurately and efficiently express standard modern spoken Chinese; (4) to simplify the forms of Chinese characters; (5) to design and improve writing systems for the languages of China’s many ethnic minorities (Zhou, 2001, p. 9). The tasks of developing and promoting Putonghua as a common spoken language and of designing and improving writing systems for China’s ethnic minorities are explored in depth elsewhere in this volume. Therefore in reviewing the evolution of language planning policy and activities in the PRC, this chapter will focus primarily on the policies and realities of those questions involved in writing modern standard Chinese, that is, on the evolution of policies concerning the simplification of Chinese characters, and the development and status of the official Hanyu Pinyin romanization system now used to express the pronunciation of modern standard Chinese, within the larger context of Chinese language planning in general. As we shall see, beyond the standardization and simplification of the forms of Chinese characters, efforts at standardizing written Chinese have focused mainly on attempts to standardize the use of words and terms, to regularize words written with variant Chinese character combinations (e.g. China, 2001a), as well as to standardize the pronunciation of words and characters. But as noted elsewhere (e.g. Chen, 1999, pp. 111–112) beyond a number of dictionaries incorporating the above standards, there has been no extensive work on standardizing the grammar of written Chinese, or attempts the regulate the baihuawen style(s) in which modern Chinese has been written since the May Movement of 1919. M. Zhou (ed.), Language Policy in the People’s Republic of China: Theory and Practice since 1949, 21–43. © EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 8/20/2013 12:28 AM via HONG KONG UNIV OF SCIENCE 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers. & TECHNOLOGY AN: 122254 ; Zhou, Minglang, Sun, Hongkai.; Language Policy in the People's Republic of China : Theory and Practice Since 1949 Account: s8413925 Copyright © 2004. Kluwer Academic Publishers. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law. 22 JOHN S. ROHSENOW The history of language reform in China beginning in the last years of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) and lasting throughout the twentieth century has been well documented in English (cf. DeFrancis, 1950; Seybolt & Chiang, 1979; Chen, 1999). Underlying the desire for a nationally recognized modern standard spoken language, and the development of a commonly accepted written style more closely related to that spoken language was the overriding goal of making reading and writing available to the vast majority of China’s population of hundreds of millions of illiterates as a neces


What Scottish patriotic song, used frequently at special occasions and sporting events, was written by a member of the folk group The Corries in 1967?

National Anthem of Scotland (Alba) - "Flower of Scotland" - YouTube National Anthem of Scotland (Alba) - "Flower of Scotland" Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Feb 20, 2014 GOD SAVE THE KING: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=id04L... ●▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ஜ۩ESPAÑOL۩ஜ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬● La canción Flor de Escocia ("Flower of Scotland" en inglés) es uno de los himnos oficiosos de Escocia. Como tal, es a veces interpretado en aquellos eventos deportivos en los que participan las selecciones de fútbol o rugby; y en otros, como los Juegos de la Mancomunidad, se utiliza Valiente Escocia como himno escocés. Esta canción es en especial la favorita de los seguidores de la selección de rugby de Escocia, que la adoptó durante el Lions tour que realizó en Sudáfrica en 1974. Los dos últimos versos de cada estrofa son cantados por los jugadores con especial rabia, sobre todo cuando se enfrentan a la selección de Inglaterra. La Asociación Escocesa de Fútbol también adoptó Flor de Escocia como su himno oficial en 1997, aunque ya la venía usando desde 1993, siguiendo el ejemplo de la selección de Rugby. No obstante, con ocasión de Juegos de la Mancomunidad, de Delhi 2010, los deportistas escoceses votaron a favor de usar Flor de Escocia como himno. ●▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ஜ۩ENGLISH۩ஜ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬● Flower of Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Flùr na h-Alba, Scots: Flouer o Scotland) is a Scottish song, used frequently at special occasions and sporting events. Although there is no official national anthem of Scotland, Flower of Scotland is one of a number of songs which unofficially fulfil this role, along with the older Scots Wha Hae, Scotland the Brave and Highland Cathedral. It was written by Roy Williamson of the folk group The Corries, and presented in 1967, and refers to the victory of the Scots, led by Robert the Bruce, over England's Edward II at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. ●▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ஜ۩DEUTSCH۩ஜ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬● Flower of Scotland (korrekt, aber seltener The Flower of Scotland) ist ein patriotisches Lied aus Schottland, das neben Scotland the Brave und Scots Wha Hae eine der drei inoffiziellen Nationalhymnen ist. Die eigentliche Nationalhymne Großbritanniens -- einschließlich Schottlands -- ist God save the Queen. Da Schottland unter anderem eigene nationale Fußball- und Rugbymannschaften hat, wird eine der inoffiziellen Nationalhymnen gespielt, wenn diese bei internationalen Spielen eine andere Hymne als die der englischen Mannschaften benutzen wollen. Category