The 1610 book Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger) that contained several sketches of the moon was published by whom?

A Very Rare Book - The New Yorker A Very Rare Book The mystery surrounding a copy of Galileo’s pivotal treatise. By Nicholas Schmidle A first edition of the “Sidereus Nuncius” (at left) has black etchings of the moon. A disputed copy (at right) has brown watercolors.CreditImages from Left: Courtesy Library of Congress; Right: Courtesy Martayan Lan Rare Books On the night of January 7, 1610, Galileo Galilei, a resident of Padua, walked onto his balcony and tipped his telescope toward space. He spotted three stars near Jupiter and graphed their positions in a notebook. Six days later, he looked through his telescope again and found the same stars—but their positions had shifted. They were, he realized, moons orbiting Jupiter. Galileo had long believed Copernicus’ theory that the Earth was not the center of the universe. Now he had proof. Two months later, a publisher in Venice printed Galileo’s findings, in a booklet ten inches tall, seven and a half inches wide, and sixty pages long. As was customary, the sheets were initially left unbound. Galileo called his work the “Sidereus Nuncius,” or “Starry Messenger.” In addition to offering insights on celestial movement, the book rebutted Aristotle, who had maintained that heavenly bodies were smooth and “perfect”; with his telescope, Galileo had also looked extensively at the Earth’s moon, and could see mountains and craters on its surface. To convey this point, Galileo included four copperplate etchings of the moon, each depicting a lunar phase and measuring roughly five and a half inches wide and six inches tall. Five hundred and fifty copies of the “Sidereus Nuncius” were printed in its first run. About a hundred and fifty still exist. The “Sidereus Nuncius” launched Galileo’s career. According to one historian, the book contained “more discoveries that changed the world than anyone has ever made before or since.” Owen Gingerich, a professor emeritus of astronomy at Harvard, has called Galileo’s account of Jupiter’s moons “the most exciting single manuscript page in the history of science.” Gingerich, who is eighty-three, is one of the world’s leading authorities on Galileo. In June of 2005, an old friend of his, Richard Lan, visited him at his office, not far from Harvard’s main campus. Lan owns an antiquarian bookshop in Manhattan. Howard Rootenberg, a Los Angeles dealer, recently told me, “Richard is a notch higher than other booksellers, in terms of knowledge and experience.” The universe of rare-book dealers is small, and reputation is paramount. Rootenberg explained, “With certain dealers, you never even question authenticity or title—it’s almost a given. Their word is sacrosanct. Certainly, Richard is one of those people.” Expertise has its limits, however, and Lan occasionally asked Gingerich to assess books by early astronomers. (Gingerich has examined nearly every extant first- and second-edition copy—six hundred in all—of Copernicus’ “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.”) “You can put anything in front of him and learn something,” Lan told me. That day, Lan arrived with two young Italians, Marino Massimo De Caro and Filippo Rotundo. The Italians were offering to sell Lan a remarkable copy of the “Sidereus Nuncius.” De Caro had provided Lan with documentation indicating that the book’s previous owner belonged to a Masonic organization active in Italy, Malta, and Argentina. Lan had viewed many copies of the “Sidereus Nuncius” over the years. Although some had been in better condition, none contained the personal flourishes of this one. Galileo’s signature was on the title page. A stamp of a lynx indicated that the book came from the personal library of Federico Cesi, the founder of the Accademia dei Lincei, the scientific fraternity in Rome to which Galileo belonged. Instead of etchings, there were five lovely watercolor illustrations of the moon, presumably painted by Galileo. Lan suspected that the book would sell for millions of dollars, once he had established its provenance and authenticity. Lan sat beside Gingerich and unwrapped the book’s vellum cove


According to Guinness Book, the greatest concentration of animals ever speculatively guessed concerned what scourge of crops?

Hunger on the Wing | DiscoverMagazine.com Hunger on the Wing EATING MACHINE: The migratory grass- hopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes, is the closest living relative of America's extinct plague locust. Can it also swarm? One summer in the Oklahoma panhandle thegrasshoppers were everywhere. Every patch of weeds along the alleywould erupt like a pan of popping corn if I set foot in it. When wedrove the highway, we inadvertently slaughtered dozens. The collisionsspeckled our windshield with hemolymph. Their wings, coffee-coloredfans striped with yellow at the outer edges, lodged in our wipers andfluttered in the onrushing air. Sometimes an entire grasshopper, ormost of one, would lodge there as well, struggling to get free as thewind tore it to tatters. They could be found in unaccustomedplaces that summer. For several mornings running I saw two or threeswimming in the dog's water dish. The rosebushes took on the riddledlook of lace, as though the grasshoppers had tasted the leaves andfound them unappealing but serviceable. In the country, the cedar postsof barbed wire fences would seem at a glance to be shimmering withheat, like a water mirage on the highway, but a second glance wouldshow the effect was not an optical illusion. The posts were simplycrawling with grasshoppers moving up or down for no apparent reason.They seemed to be moving with great caution, edging past each other.When a stationary grasshopper got bumped, it would draw its legs intighter and shift its footing, like a person uncomfortable on a crowdedbus. Then there was the jackrabbit. We found it beside a dirt roadon the way to the mailbox. It was dead, probably road-killed.Grasshoppers were thick in the weeds and grass along that road, anddozens clustered on the carcass. When someone poked at itexperimentally, a few of the hoppers jumped off and opened their wingsand were carried away by the wind. Others crawled off sluggishly. Somestayed put. With the carcass now more exposed, we could see that it wasbald in patches, and that its hide was wounded in shallow divots, as ifit had been hit all over with buckshot that failed to penetrate. Itseemed that the grasshoppers had been eating it. As the seasonwore on, the grasshoppers grew absurdly thick. Among the metallic greenones there were others, some yellow and spotted, others a brightergreen. All these I was familiar with, though I had never made anyparticular study of them. But I began to see things utterly new to me.One grasshopper was black and flecked with gray, like burned charcoal.Another was black but flecked with a Tabasco red. This variety has beenexplained to me thus: In outbreaks, grasshoppers are so plentiful thatthey overwhelm their usual predators, offering them more food than theycan use. Other grasshopper species, rare enough to go unnoticed most ofthe time, get relief from predators in this circumstance, and thereforeare more likely to be around for people to notice. Other thingsseemed different too—there were a great many large grasshoppers, thickas a lipstick. One morning on my driveway I found the largest specimenI had ever seen, a yellowish creature longer than a soda can. It wasdead—a fact that gave me some comfort. Streams of black ants led up toits carcass. Their presence was the first thing that convinced me I wasseeing a once-living creature rather than a toy. I turned it belly-upwith a stick. Its head and thorax were intact, but its abdomen wasriddled with holes. I had not seen this damage at first because itslong wings concealed it from above. Through the holes I glimpsed antsworking at the grasshopper's half-hollow hull. I returned with a rulerand measured the monster at just less than six inches. SWARMSAND INFESTATIONS: Locust plagues long haunted American farmers, andthey may do so again. In the 19th century, black clouds of RockyMountain locusts swept across the plains almost every summer, leavingonly stubble where crops once stood. Inset map: The 1874 swarm (shownin red) was the largest ever recorded: 1,800 miles long and 110 miles wide, it caused the equivalent of $650 million of


In Astronomy, what is the term for a minor celestial body that shares an orbit with a larger body?

What is a celestial body that orbits another body? | Reference.com What is a celestial body that orbits another body? A: Quick Answer Although scientists use the term celestial body quite broadly, when they refer to a celestial body orbiting another body they are generally talking about natural satellites, or moons, orbiting a larger body such as a planet or dwarf planet. Within the solar system, astronomers have identified over two hundred natural satellites. Full Answer As of 2014, scientists have confirmed the discovery of 173 natural satellites orbiting around the eight planets. Earth has one moon, Mars has two, Jupiter has 50, Saturn has 53, Uranus has 27, and Neptune has 13. Neither Mercury nor Venus have any moons. Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune all have provisional moons, which refers to moons not yet verified by the International Astronomical Union. Eight moons orbiting dwarf planets have been confirmed. Natural satellites also orbit minor planets and asteroids, with at least 200 moons orbiting minor planets. Within the asteroid belt, 76 objects have natural satellites, while four Jupiter trojans and 14 Mars-crosser asteroids also have orbiting celestial bodies. As of 2014, 39 near-Earth objects have one or two orbiting celestial bodies. Scientists believe that some of these moons may have their own moons, although no discovery of such a body has been confirmed. Jupiter's moon Ganymede is the largest natural satellite in the Solar System.


What famous theorem proposed in 1964 clearly delineated the areas of classical mechanics and quantum mechanics?

Quantum Mechanics | Chem in 10 | Online Chemistry Course e Quantum mechanics (QM – also known as quantum physics, or quantum theory) is a branch of physics dealing with physical phenomena at microscopic scales, where the action is on the order of the Planck constant . Quantum mechanics departs from classical mechanics primarily at the quantum realm of atomic and subatomic length scales. Quantum mechanics provides a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter . In advanced topics of quantum mechanics, some of these behaviors are macroscopic and only emerge at extreme (i.e., very low or very high) energies or temperatures . The name quantum mechanics derives from the observation that some physical quantities can change only in discrete amounts (Latin quanta ), and not in a continuous (cf. analog ) way. For example, the angular momentum of an electron bound to an atom or molecule is quantized. [1] In the context of quantum mechanics, the wave–particle duality of energy and matter and the uncertainty principle provide a unified view of the behavior of photons , electrons , and other atomic-scale objects. The mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics are abstract. A mathematical function called the wavefunction provides information about the probability amplitude of position, momentum, and other physical properties of a particle. Mathematical manipulations of the wavefunction usually involve the bra-ket notation , which requires an understanding of complex numbers and linear functionals . The wavefunction treats the object as a quantum harmonic oscillator , and the mathematics is akin to that describing acoustic resonance . Many of the results of quantum mechanics are not easily visualized in terms of classical mechanics —for instance, the ground state in a quantum mechanical model is a non-zero energy state that is the lowest permitted energy state of a system, as opposed to a more “traditional” system that is thought of as simply being at rest, with zero kinetic energy . Instead of a traditional static, unchanging zero state, quantum mechanics allows for far more dynamic, chaotic possibilities, according to John Wheeler . The earliest versions of quantum mechanics were formulated in the first decade of the 20th century. At around the same time, the atomic theory and the corpuscular theory of light (as updated by Einstein) first came to be widely accepted as scientific fact; these latter theories can be viewed as quantum theories of matter and electromagnetic radiation , respectively. Early quantum theory was significantly reformulated in the mid-1920s by Werner Heisenberg , Max Born and Pascual Jordan , who created matrix mechanics ; Louis de Broglie and Erwin Schrodinger ( Wave Mechanics ); and Wolfgang Pauli and Satyendra Nath Bose (statistics of subatomic particles). And the Copenhagen interpretation of Niels Bohr became widely accepted. By 1930, quantum mechanics had been further unified and formalized by the work of David Hilbert , Paul Dirac and John von Neumann , [2] with a greater emphasis placed on measurement in quantum mechanics , the statistical nature of our knowledge of reality, and philosophical speculation about the role of the observer . Quantum mechanics has since branched out into almost every aspect of 20th century physics and other disciplines, such as quantum chemistry , quantum electronics , quantum optics , and quantum information science . Much 19th century physics has been re-evaluated as the “classical limit” of quantum mechanics, and its more advanced developments in terms of quantum field theory , string theory , and speculative quantum gravity theories. Contents Main article: History of quantum mechanics The first study of quantum mechanics goes back to the 17th and 18th centuries when scientists such as Robert Hooke , Christian Huygens and Leonhard Euler proposed a wave theory of light based on experimental observations. [3] In 1803, Thomas Young , an English polymath , performed the famous double-slit experiment


Usually named for the places where they are found, what are traditionally classified into three types as stony, iron and stony-iron?

Meteoroid, Meteors, and Meteorites - Crystalinks Meteoroid, Meteors, and Meteorites Meteoroid A meteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body travelling through space. Meteoroids are significantly smaller than asteroids, and range in size from small grains to 1 meter-wide objects. Most are fragments from comets or asteroids, while others are collision impact debris ejected from bodies such as the Moon or Mars. The visible streak of light from space debris is the result of heat as it enters a planet's atmosphere, and the trail of glowing particles that it sheds in its wake is called a meteor, or colloquially a "shooting star" or "falling star". A series of many meteors appearing seconds or minutes apart, and appearing to originate from the same fixed point in the sky, is called a meteor shower. Incoming objects larger than several meters (asteroids or comets) can explode in the air. If a meteoroid, comet or asteroid or a piece thereof withstands ablation from its atmospheric entry and impacts with the ground, then it is called a meteorite. Around 15,000 tonnes of meteoroids, micrometeoroids and different forms of space dust enter Earth's atmosphere each year. In 1961, the International Astronomical Union defined a meteoroid as "a solid object moving in interplanetary space, of a size considerably smaller than an asteroid and considerably larger than an atom". In 1995, Beech and Steel, writing in Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, proposed a new definition where a meteoroid would be between 100 um and 10 meters across. Following the discovery of asteroids below 10 m in size, Rubin and Grossman refined the Beech and Steel definition of meteoroid to objects between 10 um and 1 m in diameter. The smallest asteroid ever discovered (based on absolute magnitude) is 2008 TS26 with an absolute magnitude of 33.2, and an estimated size of 1-meter. Objects smaller than meteoroids are classified as micrometeoroids and cosmic dust. The Minor Planet Center does not use the term "meteoroid". The composition of meteoroids can be inferred as they pass through the Earth's atmosphere from their trajectories and the light spectra of the resulting meteor. Their effects on radio signals also give information, especially useful for daytime meteors which are otherwise very difficult to observe. From these trajectory measurements, meteoroids have been found to have many different orbits, some clustering in streams - meteor showers - often associated with a parent comet, others apparently sporadic. Debris from meteoroid streams may eventually be scattered into other orbits. The light spectra, combined with trajectory and light curve measurements, have yielded various compositions and densities, ranging from fragile snowball-like objects with density about a quarter that of ice, to nickel-iron rich dense rocks. The study of meteorites also gives insights into the composition of non-ephemeral meteoroids. Meteoroids travel around the Sun in a variety of orbits and at various velocities. The fastest ones move at about 42 kilometers per second through space in the vicinity of Earth's orbit.[citation needed] The Earth travels at about 29.6 kilometers per second. Thus, when meteoroids meet Earth's atmosphere head-on (which only occurs when meteors are in a retrograde orbit such as the Eta Aquarids, which are associated with the retrograde Halley's Comet), the combined speed may reach about 71 kilometers per second. Meteoroids moving through Earth's orbital space average about 20 km/s. On 2013 January 17 at 05:21 PST a 1 meter-sized comet from the Oort cloud entered Earth atmosphere. The object had a retrograde orbit with perihelion at 0.98 � 0.03 AU. It approached from the direction of the constellation Virgo, and collided head-on with Earth atmosphere at 72 � 6 km/s vaporizing more than 100 km above ground over a period of several seconds. When meteoroids intersect with the Earth's atmosphere at night, they are likely to become visible as meteors. If meteoroids survive the entry through the atmosphere and reach the Earth's surface, they a


Thomas Hunt Morgan won a Nobel Prize for his studies of inheritance and pioneered the use of which tiny organism?

Thomas Hunt Morgan : definition of Thomas Hunt Morgan and synonyms of Thomas Hunt Morgan (English) or Medicine in 1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan (September 25, 1866 – December 4, 1945) [1] was an American evolutionary biologist , geneticist and embryologist and science author who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for discoveries relating the role the chromosome plays in heredity . [2] Morgan received his PhD from Johns Hopkins University in zoology in 1890 and researched embryology during his tenure at Bryn Mawr . Following the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance in 1900, Morgan's research moved to the study of mutation in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . In his famous Fly Room at Columbia University , Morgan demonstrated that genes are carried on chromosomes and are the mechanical basis of heredity. These discoveries formed the basis of the modern science of genetics . He was awarded the 1933 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work in genetics. [2] During his distinguished career, Morgan wrote 22 books and 370 scientific papers. [3] As a result of his work, Drosophila became a major model organism in contemporary genetics. The Division of Biology which he established at the California Institute of Technology has produced seven Nobel Prize winners. Contents 8 External links   Early life Morgan was born in Lexington , Kentucky , to Charlton Hunt Morgan and Ellen Key Howard Morgan. [2] [4] Part of a line of Southern planter elite on his father's side, Morgan was a nephew of Confederate General John Hunt Morgan and his great-grandfather John Wesley Hunt had been the first millionaire west of the Allegheny Mountains . Through his mother, he was the great-grandson of Francis Scott Key , the author of the " Star Spangled Banner ", and John Eager Howard , governor and senator from Maryland . [4] Following the Civil War, the family had fallen on harder times with the temporary loss of civil and some property rights for those who aided the Confederacy. His father had difficulty finding work in politics and spent much of his time coordinating veterans reunions. Beginning at age 16 in the Preparatory Department, Morgan attended the State College of Kentucky (now the University of Kentucky ). He focused on science; he particularly enjoyed natural history, and worked with the U.S. Geological Survey in his summers. He graduated as valedictorian in 1886 with a bachelor in science. [5] Following a summer at the Marine Biology School in Annisquam, Massachusetts , Morgan began graduate studies in zoology at the recently founded Johns Hopkins University , the first research-oriented American university. After two years of experimental work with morphologist William Keith Brooks and writing several publications, Morgan was eligible to receive a master of science from the State College of Kentucky in 1888. The College required two years study at another institution and an examination by the College Faculty.[ citation needed ] The College offered Morgan a full professorship; however, he chose to stay at Johns Hopkins and was awarded a relatively large fellowship to help him fund his studies.[ citation needed ] Under Brooks, Morgan completed his thesis work on the embryology of sea spiders —collected during the summers of 1889 and 1890 at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts —to determine their phylogenetic relationship with other arthropods . He concluded that with respect to embryology, they were more closely related to spiders than crustaceans. Based on the publication of this work, Morgan was awarded his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins in 1890, and was also awarded the Bruce Fellowship in Research. He used the fellowship to travel to Jamaica , the Bahamas and to Europe to conduct further research. [6] Nearly every summer from 1890 to 1942, Morgan returned to the Marine Biological Laboratory to conduct research. He became very involved in governance of the institution, including serving as an MBL trustee from 1897-1945. [7]   Academic career   Bryn Mawr In 1890, Morgan was appointed associat


The Oscillating Universe Theory combines Big Bang and what other event to make-up a cycle?

Important Dates and Discoveries - The Physics of the Universe Important Dates and Discoveries Luke Mastin   A brief chronological listing of some of the most important discoveries in cosmology, astronomy and physics, from ancient Babylon, India and Greece, right up to the 20th Century. Learn how some of the essential concepts and laws of modern physics which are mentioned in this website (and the earlier ideas out of which they grew) developed in a historical context. For a slightly different perspective, also see the section on Cosmological Theories Through History . For convenience I have split it into sections: Ancient World (20th Century B.C. - 4th Century A.D.) Back to Top 20th -16th Century B.C. - Ancient Babylonian tablets show knowledge of the distinction between the moving planets and the �fixed� stars , and the recognition that the movement of planets are regular and periodic. 15th - 12th Century B.C. - The Hindu Rigveda of ancient India describes the origin of the universe in which a �cosmic egg� or Brahmanda, containing the Sun, Moon, planets and the whole universe , expands out of a single concentrated point before subsequently collapsing again, reminiscent of the much later Big Bang and oscillating universe theories. 5th Century B.C. - The Greek philosopher Anaxagoras becomes arguably the first to formulate a kind of molecular theory of matter , and to regard the physical universe as subject to the rule of rationality or reason. 5th Century B.C. - The Greek philosophers Leucippus and Democritus found the school of Atomism, which holds that the universe is composed of very small, indivisible and indestructible building blocks known as atoms , which then form different combinations and shapes in an infinite void. themes/sciences/mainpage.htm ) 4th Century B.C. - The Greek philosopher Aristotle describes a geocentric universe in which the fixed, spherical Earth is at the centre, surrounded by concentric celestial spheres of planets and stars . Although he portrays the universe as finite in size, he stresses that it exists unchanged and static throughout eternity. 4th Century B.C. - The Greek philosopher Heraclides proposes that the apparent daily motion of the stars is created by the rotation of the Earth on its axis once a day, and that the Sun annually circles a central Earth, while the other planets orbit the Sun (a geocentric model with heliocentric aspects). 3rd Century B.C. - The Stoic philosophers of ancient Greece assert a kind of �island universe � in which a finite cosmos is surrounded by an infinite void (similar in principle to a galaxy ). 3rd Century B.C. - The Greek mathematician and geographer Eratosthenes proved that the Earth was round, and made a remarkably accurate calculation of its circumference and its tilt (as well as devising a system of latitude and longitude, and, possibly, estimating the distance of the Earth from the Sun). 3rd Century B.C. - The Greek astronomer and mathematician Aristarchus of Samos is the first to present an explicit argument for a heliocentric model of the Solar System, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the known universe . He describes the Earth as rotating daily on its axis and revolving annually about the Sun in a circular orbit, along with a sphere of fixed stars . 2nd Century B.C. - The Greek astronomer Hipparchus of Nicea makes the first measurement of the precession of the equinoxes, and compiles the first star catalogue (in which he proposes our modern system of apparent magnitudes). He also improves on the Solar System model of Apollonius of Perga, in which an eccentric circle carries around a smaller circle (an epicycle), which in turn carries around a planet. 2nd Century B.C. - The Hellenistic astronomer and philosopher Seleucus of Seleucia supports Aristarchus� heliocentric theory, and links the tides to the influence of the Moon. 2nd Century A.D. - The Roman-Egyptian mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus) describes a geocentric model, largely based on Aristotelian ideas, in which the planets and the rest of the uni


German engineer Arthur Scherbius invented the first of what machines extensively used during WWII?

Decoding Nazi Germany’s Enigma Code: Review of “The Imitation Game” | Literaturesalon's Blog Decoding Nazi Germany’s Enigma Code: Review of “The Imitation Game”   Decoding Nazi Germany’s encrypting machine, Enigma, was no easy task. Invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of WWI, Enigma machines were used by the Nazis during WWII to exchange (encode and decipher) secret messages pertaining to national security and strategy of war. Three Polish cryptologists who worked for Polish military intelligence—Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Rozycki and Henryk Zygalski—were the first to begin deciphering Enigma messages, using theoretical mathematics and information given by French military intelligence.   During the war, the Allies captured an actual Enigma machine, enabling them to study its hardware and make further progress in figuring out how it worked.  Two compatible Enigma machines would have to work together, the first one encoding a secret message, the second decoding it. An operator would type in a message in German. The Enigma machine would automatically convert each letter into a different letter of the alphabet, through a process of random substitution. The encrypted text would be sent to another operator whose deciphering machine was similar and compatible with the first operator’s machine: only in this case the second Enigma machine would convert the random letters into plain German.   A new movie, The Imitation Game, directed by Morten Tyldum and starring Benedict Cumberbatch and Keira Knightley, focuses on the life of British mathematician and cryptologist Alan Turing, who is credited for helping decode the Nazi Enigma machines. Loosely based on Andrew Hodges biography, Alan Turing: The Enigma (Princeton University Press, 2014), this movie succeeds as a character study as well as a very interesting historical thriller. Turing faces barriers not only from the Navy Commander Denniston, but also from his colleagues, who initially resent the fact he’s entirely focused on building a machine at the expense of their collective work. Portrayed as slightly autistic, without friends lacking a sense of humor, Turing ends up being a fascinating character nonetheless. In fact, his flaws make him seem all the more unique. He goes against the grain to invent the machine capable of solving the puzzles that hundreds of brilliant minds working in the field cannot. Turing’s more sensitive side evolves in his friendship with his colleague Joan Clark (marvelously played by Keira Knightly), whom he asks to marry him in the spring of 1941. Although she accepts despite the fact Turing confesses to her his homosexuality, soon thereafter he changes his mind and breaks up with her in a dramatic scene.   Turing’s homosexuality becomes as central to the plot of the movie as his creation of the machine that breaks the Enigma codes. A few years after the war, in 1952, Turing, by then 39 years old, has a sexual and romantic relationship with a homeless young man named Arnold Murray. When one of Murray’s acquaintances burglarizes his house, Turing calls the police. During the investigation, the detectives called to the scene discover that Turing is homosexual, a criminal offense in Britain at the time. He’s charged with “gross indecency” and given the choice of going to prison or two years of probation (which includes taking hormonal treatment to reduce his libido). On June 8, 1954, the man who helped save millions of lives and shorten the war by at least two years tragically commits suicide by ingesting cyanide. The movie implies that the hormonal treatment, criminal charges and social isolation have a lot to do with Alan Turing’s untimely death, while the Hodges biography indicates this could have been an accidental death.   To transform a messy, complex human life into a drama, a film has to change many aspects of that life. In a recent review of The Imitation Game for Slate, L. V. Anderson goes over some of the ways in which the film deviates from Turing’s life as described by Hodges’s biography:   http://www.slate.com/blogs/browb


English physician John Snow successfully traced the outbreak of what disease to a water pump?

John Snow | British physician | Britannica.com British physician Francis Harry Compton Crick John Snow, (born March 15, 1813, York , Yorkshire, England —died June 16, 1858, London ), English physician known for his seminal studies of cholera and widely viewed as the father of contemporary epidemiology . His best-known studies include his investigation of London’s Broad Street pump outbreak, which occurred in 1854, and his “Grand Experiment,” a study comparing waterborne cholera cases in two regions of the city—one receiving sewage-contaminated water and the other receiving relatively clean water. Snow’s innovative reasoning and approach to the control of this deadly disease remain valid and are considered exemplary for epidemiologists throughout the world. Snow’s reputation in anesthesiology , specifically in regard to his knowledge of ether and chloroform , was considerable, such that he was asked to administer chloroform to Queen Victoria when she gave birth in 1853 to Prince Leopold and in 1857 to Princess Beatrice. Snow’s achievements are considered remarkable, given his humble origin and short life; a stroke caused his death at age 45. John Snow. National Library of Medicine Education and contributions to anesthesiology Snow was born in York, England, where his father worked as a labourer in a coal yard. He was the firstborn in a family of nine children. At age 14, after spending his early years at a school in York, he left home and pursued three consecutive medical apprenticeships in various regions of Yorkshire. In 1831, when visiting coal miners, he had his first encounter with cholera, a disease that would later become the focus of his scientific endeavours. By 1836 Snow had begun his formal medical education, eventually receiving a doctor of medicine degree (1844) from the University of London . In 1849 he became a licentiate (licensed specialist) of the Royal College of Physicians of London, rising to an elite level in the medical profession. He lived, conducted research, and maintained a medical practice in the Soho neighbourhood of London. In 1846 Snow learned of the use of ether in America to relieve pain during surgery . He soon mastered its use, and in 1847 he was appointed as anesthesiologist at St. George’s Hospital. Later that year he started working with chloroform . Finding the prevailing drops-in-handkerchief method to be too crude, he developed an apparatus that improved both the safety and the effectiveness of chloroform. His success with administering chloroform to Queen Victoria produced a dramatic increase in the social acceptance of gaseous anesthesia . Snow spoke extensively on his work with anesthetics and wrote the influential book On Chloroform and Other Anaesthetics, which was published shortly after his death in 1858. Broad Street pump and the “Grand Experiment” Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent Many British physicians investigated the epidemiology of cholera. The first cholera epidemic in London occurred in 1831–32, when Snow was still learning his craft. When the second cholera epidemic occurred, in 1848–49, he and others founded the London Epidemiological Society, intending to advise the government on ways to combat the disease. Snow reasoned that cholera was caused by a microbelike agent, or germ, that was spread through direct fecal contact, contaminated water, and soiled clothing. However, his theory was at odds with the then prevailing theory that cholera was spread by bad air, or miasma, arising from decayed organic matter. The two etiologic hypotheses— germ theory and miasma—were widely debated, with available clinical and population-based evidence serving as the basis for arguments from both sides. The etiologic debate raged for many years. It was not until the causative organism, Vibrio cholerae (initially discovered in 1854), was well characterized in the 1880s that the debate was decided in favour of germ theory. Vibrio cholerae. Human Health: Fact or Fiction? Snow’s respected reputation in epidemiology arose from two classic studies of the third epidemic to


A scientific idea called Salter Sink that is essentially mixing hot and cold waters aims to prevent or reduce the effects of what?

2008 Publications Abstracts: NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory       - Ann Arbor, MI, USA GLERL Publication Abstracts: FY 2008 Capitalized names represent GLERL authors.   Arhonditsis, G.B., S.S. Qian, C.A. STOW, E.C. Lamon, and K.H. Reckhow. Eutrophication risk assessment using Bayesian calibration of process-based models: Application to a mesotrophic lake. Ecological Modelling 208:215-229 (2007). https://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2007/20070049.pdf We introduce the Bayesian calibration of process-based models to address the urgent need for robust modeling tools that can effectively support environmental management. The proposed framework aims to combine the advantageous features of both mechanistic and statistical approaches. Models that are based on mechanistic understanding yet remain within the bounds of data-based parameter estimation can accommodate rigorous and complete error analysis. The incorporation of mechanism improves the confidence in predictions made for a variety of conditions, while the statistical methods provide an empirical basis for parameter estimation and allow for estimates of predictive uncertainty. Our illustration focuses on eutrophication modeling but the proposed methodological framework can be easily transferred to a wide variety of disciplines (e.g., hydrology, ecotoxicology, air pollution). We examine the advantages of the Bayesian calibration using a four state variable (phosphate–detritus–phytoplankton–zooplankton) model and the mesotrophic Lake Washington (Washington State, USA) as a case study. Prior parameter distributions were formed on the basis of literature information, while Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations provided a convenient means for approximating the posterior parameter distributions. The model reproduces the key epilimnetic temporal patterns of the system and provides realistic estimates of predictive uncertainty for water quality variables of environmental interest. Finally, we highlight the benefits of Bayesian parameter estimation, such as the quantification of uncertainty in model predictions, optimization of the sampling design of monitoring programs using value of information concepts from decision theory, alignment with the policy practice of adaptive management, and expression of model outputs as probability distributions, that are perfectly suited for stakeholders and policy makers when making decisions for sustainable environmental management. Arhonditsis, G.B., C.A. STOW, H.W. Paerl, L.M. Valdes-Weaver, L.J. Steinberg, and K.H. Reckhow. Delineation of the role of nutrient dynamics and hydrologic forcing on phytoplankton patterns along a freshwater-marine continuum. Ecological Modelling 208:230-246 (2008). https://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2008/20080045.pdf We examined the spatiotemporal phytoplankton community patterns and identified the nature of the underlying causal mechanisms in a freshwater–saltwater continuum, the Neuse River Estuary (North Carolina, USA). We used a Bayesian structural equation modeling (SEM) approach that considers the regulatory role of the physical environment (flow, salinity, and light availability), nitrogen (dissolved oxidized inorganic nitrogen and total dissolved inorganic nitrogen), phosphorus, and temperature on total phytoplankton biomass and phytoplankton community composition. Hydrologic forcing (mainly the river flow fluctuations) dominates the up-estuary processes and loosens the coupling between nutrients and phytoplankton. The switch from an upstream negative to a downstream positive phytoplankton–physical environment relationship suggests that the elevated advective transport from the upper reaches of the estuary leads to a phytoplankton biomass accumulation in the mid- and down-estuary segments. The positive influence of the physical environment on the phytoplankton community response was more evident on diatom, chlorophyte and cryptophyte dynamics, which also highlights the opportunistic behavior of these taxa (faster nutrient uptake and growth rates, tolerance on low salinity c


Philip Zimbardo of Stanford is best known for what experiment conducted in 1971 that highlighted the behavior of people when assigned roles?

Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment By Kendra Cherry Updated August 26, 2016 In 1971, psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues set out to create an experiment that looked at the impact of becoming a prisoner or prison guard. Known as the Stanford Prison Experiment, the study went on to become one of the best-known in psychology's history. Zimbardo, a former classmate of Stanley Milgram (who is best-known for his famous obedience experiment , was interested in expanding upon Milgram's research. He wanted to investigate further the impact of situational variables on human behavior. The researchers wanted to know how the participants would react when placed in a simulated prison environment. "Suppose you had only kids who were normally healthy, psychologically and physically, and they knew they would be going into a prison-like environment and that some of their civil rights would be sacrificed. Would those good people, put in that bad, evil place—would their goodness triumph?" said Zimbardo in one interview. The Participants The researchers set up a mock prison in the basement of Standford University's psychology building and then selected 24 undergraduate students to play the roles of both prisoners and guards. The participants were chosen from a larger group of 70 volunteers because they had no criminal background, lacked psychological issues, and had no significant medical conditions. The volunteers agreed to participate during a one to two-week period in exchange for $15 a day. The Setting and Procedures The simulated prison included three six by nine-foot prison cells. Each cell held three prisoners and included three cots. Other rooms across from the cells were utilized for the jail guards and warden. One tiny space was designated as the solitary confinement room, and yet another small room served as the prison yard. The 24 volunteers were then randomly assigned to either the prisoner group or the guard group. Prisoners were to remain in the mock prison 24-hours a day during the study. Guards were assigned to work in three-man teams for eight-hour shifts. After each shift, guards were allowed to return to their homes until their next shift. Researchers were able to observe the behavior of the prisoners and guards using hidden cameras and microphones. Results of the Stanford Prison Experiment While the Stanford Prison Experiment was originally slated to last 14 days, it had to be stopped after just six due to what was happening to the student participants. The guards became abusive, and the prisoners began to show signs of extreme stress and anxiety. While the prisoners and guards were allowed to interact in any way they wanted, the interactions were hostile or even dehumanizing. The guards began to behave in ways that were aggressive and abusive toward the prisoners while the prisoners became passive and depressed. Five of the prisoners began to experience severe negative emotions, including crying and acute anxiety and had to be released from the study early. Even the researchers themselves began to lose sight of the reality of the situation. Zimbardo, who acted as the prison warden, overlooked the abusive behavior of the jail guards until graduate student Christina Maslach voiced objections to the conditions in the simulated prison and the morality of continuing the experiment. "Only a few people were able to resist the situational temptations to yield to power and dominance while maintaining some semblance of morality and decency; obviously, I was not among that noble class," Zimbardo later wrote in his book The Lucifer Effect. What Do the Results of the Stanford Prison Experiment Mean? According to Zimbardo and his colleagues, the Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrates the powerful role that the situation can play in human behavior. Because the guards were placed in a position of power, they began to behave in ways they would not usually act in their everyday lives or other situations. The prisoners, placed in a situation where they had no real control, became passive and depressed. Criticisms of the St


The synthetic drug clomifene that comes in white 50 mg doses is prescribed to overcome what condition?

Clomiphene - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses Clomiphene Rx only Clomiphene Description Clomiphene citrate tablets USP is an orally administered, nonsteroidal, ovulatory stimulant designated chemically as 2-[p-(2-chloro-1,2-diphenylvinyl)phenoxy] triethylamine citrate (1:1). It has the molecular formula of C26H28ClNO • C6H8O7 and a molecular weight of 598.09. It is represented structurally as: Slideshow Fertility Facts: Women's Fertility Issues Explained Clomiphene citrate is a white to pale yellow, essentially odorless, crystalline powder. It is freely soluble in methanol; soluble in ethanol; slightly soluble in acetone, water, and chloroform; and insoluble in ether. Clomiphene citrate tablets USP is a mixture of two geometric isomers [cis (zuClomiphene) and trans (enClomiphene)] containing between 30% and 50% of the cis-isomer. Each white scored tablet contains 50 mg Clomiphene citrate USP. The tablet also contains the following inactive ingredients: corn starch, lactose, magnesium stearate, pregelatinized corn starch, and sucrose. Clomiphene - Clinical Pharmacology Action Clomiphene citrate tablets USP is a drug of considerable pharmacologic potency. With careful selection and proper management of the patient, Clomiphene citrate tablets USP has been demonstrated to be a useful therapy for the anovulatory patient desiring pregnancy. Clomiphene citrate is capable of interacting with estrogen-receptor-containing tissues, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, endometrium, vagina, and cervix. It may compete with estrogen for estrogen-receptor-binding sites and may delay replenishment of intracellular estrogen receptors. Clomiphene citrate initiates a series of endocrine events culminating in a preovulatory gonadotropin surge and subsequent follicular rupture. The first endocrine event in response to a course of Clomiphene therapy is an increase in the release of pituitary gonadotropins. This initiates steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis, resulting in growth of the ovarian follicle and an increase in the circulating level of estradiol. Following ovulation, plasma progesterone and estradiol rise and fall as they would in a normal ovulatory cycle. Available data suggest that both the estrogenic and antiestrogenic properties of Clomiphene may participate in the initiation of ovulation. The two Clomiphene isomers have been found to have mixed estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects, which may vary from one species to another. Some data suggest that zuClomiphene has greater estrogenic activity than enClomiphene. Clomiphene citrate has no apparent progestational, androgenic, or antiandrogenic effects and does not appear to interfere with pituitary-adrenal or pituitary-thyroid function. Although there is no evidence of a "carryover effect" of Clomiphene citrate tablets USP, spontaneous ovulatory menses have been noted in some patients after Clomiphene citrate tablets USP therapy. Pharmacokinetics Based on early studies with 14C-labeled Clomiphene citrate, the drug was shown to be readily absorbed orally in humans and excreted principally in the feces. Cumulative urinary and fecal excretion of the 14C averaged about 50% of the oral dose and 37% of an intravenous dose after 5 days. Mean urinary excretion was approximately 8% with fecal excretion of about 42%. Some 14C label was still present in the feces 6 weeks after administration. Subsequent single-dose studies in normal volunteers showed that zuClomiphene (cis) has a longer half-life than enClomiphene (trans). Detectable levels of zuClomiphene persisted for longer than a month in these subjects. This may be suggestive of stereo-specific enterohepatic recycling or sequestering of the zuClomiphene. Thus, it is possible that some active drug may remain in the body during early pregnancy in women who conceive in the menstrual cycle during Clomiphene citrate tablets USP therapy. Clinical Studies During clinical investigations, 7578 patients received Clomiphene citrate tablets USP, some of whom had impediments to ovulation other than ovulatory dysfunction (see


As seen in a scene inspiring Robin Williams in the movie Awakenings, the chemical L-DOPA is widely used in the treatment of what disease?

The Fully Immersive Mind of Oliver Sacks | WIRED The Fully Immersive Mind of Oliver Sacks subscribe 6 months for $5 - plus a FREE Portable Phone Charger. On Twitter 9 hours A comedy about the apocalypse—penned by @neilhimself —is slated for 2018. So there's that to look forward to at least bit.ly/2jcWNvp Advertisement. Slide: 1 / of 2. Caption: John Midgley Slide: 2 / of 2. Caption: Caption: Sacks in his Greenwich Village apartment — in his hand, The True History of Chocolate; on the wall, the electromagnetic spectrum. John Midgley Author: Steve Silberman. Steve Silberman Science Date of Publication: 08.31.15. Time of Publication: 5:51 pm. 5:51 pm The Fully Immersive Mind of Oliver Sacks John Midgley Pioneering neurologist and author Oliver Sacks died Sunday, August 30 at age 82. In his writings about patients’ sometimes bizarre case studies—which he would call “neurological novels”—Sacks was able to draw out the humanity in pathology. Steve Silberman wrote about Sacks’ own case study in 2002. One night in 1940, a bomb tumbled out of the sky into a garden in North London, exploding into thousands of droplets of white-hot aluminum oxide, which cascaded over the lawn. The buckets of water that the inhabitants of the house at 37 Mapesbury Road—two Jewish doctors and their sons—poured on the fire only fed its chemical vehemence. Amazingly, no one was hurt, but the brilliance of the bomb left an indelible image in the mind of Oliver Sacks, who was 7 years old the night it fell. The thermite bomb was the second of two delivered to Mapesbury Road during the war. The first, a 1,000-pound monster, landed next door, but failed to explode. Sacks remembered both scenes vividly while writing the memoir he published last October, Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a Chemical Boyhood. After the book was published, however, the neurologist and author learned that his memory had deceived him, as memories made unreliable by disorders of the brain had played tricks on the minds of the subjects of his books. His brother Michael told him that, on the night the thermite bomb fell, in fact, they were both away at boarding school. “I told him, ‘But I can see it now in my mind. Why?'” Sacks recalled last November. Michael explained that it was because their brother David had written them a dramatic letter about the incident. Even after Sacks accepted this as fact, a visual image of the second bomb still burned in his memory. Looking more deeply, however, he noticed a curious difference between his memories of the two bombs. “After the first one fell”—the bomb that didn’t explode—“Michael and I went down the road at night in our pajamas, not knowing what would happen. In that memory, I can feel myself into the body of that little boy. And in the second memory”—the thermite bomb—“it’s as if I’m seeing a brilliantly illuminated scene from a film: I cannot locate myself anywhere in the scene.” Sacks has been turning his analytical gaze inward more often these days, after four decades of studying the minds of those with such disorders as autism, Tourette’s syndrome, loss of proprioception, and the sudden onset of color blindness. His tales from the borderlands of the mind, translated into 21 languages, have earned Sacks a worldwide readership. This month, he will be awarded the Lewis Thomas Prize by Rockefeller University, given to scientists who have made a significant achievement in literature, and his insights have been ported to a broader range of media than those of any other contemporary medical author. His 1973 book, Awakenings, inspired both a play by Harold Pinter and a 1990 film starring Robin Williams and Robert De Niro. Two years ago, a chapter from An Anthropologist on Mars also got the Hollywood treatment in a movie called At First Sight. His first best-seller, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (published in 1985), has been turned into a one-act play, an opera, and a theatrical production in French staged by Peter Brook. Sacks made patients the heroes of his case studies, rescuing the clinical anecdote from the margins of medical practice


James Herrick is credited with the description of a genetic disease in which red-blood cells are in what shape instead of the normal disc shape?

A History of Sickle Cell Disease - The Sickle Cell Association of Ontario The Sickle Cell Association of Ontario A History of Sickle Cell Disease Contents 16 References     The Evolution of Sickle Cell Sickle cell disease or sickle cell anemia is a hereditary genetic disease characterized by the presence of abnormal crescent-shaped red blood cells instead of the regular biconcave disc-shaped cells. Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to various other organs and tissues with the help of a protein called haemoglobin. The main cause of sickle cell disease is when haemoglobin mutates into an abnormal type called haemoglobin S. The presence of Haemoglobin S causes red blood cells to be sickle-shaped and rigid, making it more difficult for them to flow through blood vessels in the body to deliver oxygen. Consequently, these sickled cells stick to the walls of various blood vessels, resulting in blocked blood flow that can lead to organ damage, pain and infections. A healthy blood cell (right) compared to a sickled blood cell (left) (Image from discovery.com ) 1910 – First Description of Sickle-Shaped Blood Cells by Dr James Herrick In 1904, Walter Clement Noel traveled from Grenada to the United States to start studying at the Chicago College of Dental Surgery.  A few months later he was admitted to the Presbyterian Hospital in Chicago when he developed severe respiratory distress and a leg ulcer, both of which we now know are symptoms of sickle cell. Dr Earnest E. Irons, the intern who was on duty that day, performed a routine blood test and a urine analysis for Noel and was the first to observed these “pear shaped, elongated” sickled blood cells. It was not until 1910 that Dr Herrick, the supervisor of Dr Irons, published his article describing these “peculiar elongated and sickle shaped red blood corpuscles in a case of severe anemia.”  This was the first documented and recorded case of Sickle cell in Western medicine.   Dr Noel returned to Grenada in 1907 and ran his dental practice in St. Georges, the capital city, until he died at the age of 32 from the acute chest syndrome.  The original report can be found here . Dr James B. Herrick (Image courtesy of rushinperson.rush.edu 1917 – Genetic basis for SCD Dr. V. Emmel The third case of Sickle cell was described in 1915 by Cook and Meyer in a 21-year-old woman.  Interestingly, blood samples from both the patient and her father, who displayed no symptoms, showed the sickling deformity of the red cells and three of her siblings had died from severe anemia.  These observations made by Dr Emmel suggested a genetic basis for the disease but also led to a period of confusion with the genetics of the disease.  Haemoglobin Approximately 5% of the population in the world carry mutations that results in the production of abnormal haemoglobin and the resulting diseases are termed haemoglobinopathies. Normal globin genes produce three types of haemoglobins: Haemoglobin A (normal form that exists after birth), Haemoblogin A2 (a minor component comprising less that 3%) and Haemoglobin F (predominant during fetal development). Several clinically relevant abnormal forms are highlighted in the table below. (Source: diabetes.niddk.nih.gov ) There are generally more sickle-cell trait carriers than individuals who suffer from sickle-cell anemia, but the dominance of the trait in certain areas of the world has led to about 300,000 infants born annually with major haemoglobin disorders. Inheritance of Sickle Cell Disease To develop sickle cell disease or sickle cell anemia, one has to inherit two copies from Haemoglobin S: one from the father and one from the mother. The parents who have the sickle cell trait (one mutated gene and one normal gene) will have no symptoms of the disease. They are known as carriers of the disease. So if both parents are carriers the chance of both parents passing down the abnormal gene to one of their children is 1:4. The diagram below shows the possible outcomes of genetic inheritance of the disease if both parents are carriers. Image from:  http://corn


The sieve of Eratosthenes is an ancient method used to find what in mathematics?

Sieve of Eratosthenes | Brilliant Math & Science Wiki Generate all the primes less than 11 First thing to note is that do not mark prime themselves as composite. Create a list of integers from 2 to 10. list = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] Start with \(p=2\). Since \(2^2 \le 10\), continue. Mark all multiples of 2 as composite by setting their value as 0 in the list. list = [2, 3, 0, 5, 0, 7, 0, 9, 0] Assign the value of \(p\) to the next prime, ie 3. Since \(3^2 \le 10\), continue. Mark all multiples of 3 as composite by setting their value as 0 in the list. list = [2, 3, 0, 5, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0] Assign the value of \(p\) to 5. Since \(5^{ 2 }\nleq 10\), stop. We are done! The list is [2, 3, 0, 5, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0]. Since all the numbers which are 0 are composite, all the non-zero numbers are prime. Hence the prime numbers less 11 are 2, 3, 5, 7. \( _\square \) Example 2 Generate all the primes less than any integer \(n\) Since \(n\) could be any large number, manually computing the answer would take years. Let's write a code for this. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 import math n = 200 # n is any arbitrary integer List = [] for x in xrange(2, n): # add numbers from 2 to n - 1 to List List.append(x) # note the above statement is equivalent to List = range(2, n) p = 2 # p is a prime while not int(math.sqrt(p)) + 1 > n: # continue to mark out primes until square root of p is less than n for x in xrange(p * 2, n, p): # remove all the multiples of p List[x - 2] = 0 p += 1 while p - 2 < len(List) and List[p - 2] == 0: # assign p to the next prime. Next prime is the next non zero number in the list p += 1 for x in List: # search for non zero or prime numbers in the list and print them if x != 0: print x Here is an optimized java version - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 final int lim = 200; // exclusive int n[] = new int[lim - 2]; //exclude 1 for(int i = 2; i <= lim - 1; i++) //initialize the array with integers from 2 to lim { if((i & 1) == 0) //evens are not primes f & 1 return 0 if f % 2 == 0 { n[i - 2] = 0; } else { n[i - 2] = i; } } n[0] = 2; int p = 3; //start with a prime. Since 2 is already eliminated, start with 3 while(p * p < lim) { for(int i = p * p; i < lim; i += p + p) //remvove multiples of prime. Start at p * p { n[i - 2] = 0; } while(n[(p += 2) - 2] == 0) //find next non zero number. This is guaranteed to be a prime. ; } for(int i = 0; i < lim - 2; i++) //print non zero numbers { if(n[i] != 0) { System.out.println(n[i]); } } Proof: To see why Sieve of Eratosthenes generates all the primes To first understand why the sieve works, let's look into the definitions of prime decomposition and composite numbers. Theorem 1


What 'continental' moon of the Solar System has become the focus of extra-terrestrial life studies because its smooth surface suggests the presence of an ocean underneath?

IBSS - News - Astronomy News: Astronomy Note: Due to the archiving policies of the various news Websites some    links on this page may no longer be valid. All links will take you away    from the IBSS Site - use your browser's "back" button to return    to this page. December 2004 Precocious    Supermassive Black Holes Challenge Theories NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory has obtained definitive evidence that a    distant quasar formed less than a billion years after the big bang contains    a fully-grown supermassive black hole generating energy at the rate of twenty    trillion suns. The existence of such massive black holes at this early epoch    of the Universe challenges theories of the formation of galaxies and supermassive    black holes. Hovering    Over Titan Pasadena CA (JPL) Nov 24, 2004 A mosaic of nine processed images recently acquired during Cassini's first    very close flyby of Saturn's moon Titan on Oct. 26, 2004, constitutes the    most detailed full-disc view of the mysterious moon. The Martian    Methane Surprise Moffett Field CA (SPX) Dec 07, 2004 At the recent Division of Planetary Sciences conference in Louisville, Kentucky,    Michael Mumma, Director of the Center for Astrobiology at NASA's Goddard    Space Flight Center, announced that relatively high levels of methane had    been detected on Mars. The Geminid Meteor    Shower Huntsvile AL (SPX) Dec 07, 2004 The best meteor shower of 2004 is about to peak on a long cold December    night. It's the Geminids. The best time to look is Monday night, Dec. 13th.    Sky watchers who stay outside for a few hours around midnight can expect    to see dozens to hundreds of "shooting stars." November 2004 Cassini Spots    Possible Ice Volcano On Titan. Pasadena CA (JPL) Nov 10, 2004 A strikingly bright feature that is consistent with an active geology has    been seen in one of Cassini's first radar images of Saturn's moon Titan.    There are many possibilities for what it is but one of the leading candidates    is that it may be a 'cryovolcanic' flow or 'ice volcano'. NASA    Scramjet Sets a New Air-Speed Record.  November 17, 2004 A NASA research jet sets a new air-speed record for air-breathing engines    by traveling nearly 7,000 mph, or 10 times the speed of sound. After its    release from beneath the larger craft's wing, a booster rocket ignited,    sending the X-43A on its way. New NASA-Japanese    Telescope Images Uncharted Wavelengths. Greenbelt MD (SPX) Nov 10, 2004 Scientists using an experimental X-ray telescope suspended from a balloon    have captured a unique picture of a pulsar shining in a form of light never    before imaged in detail - that is, in high-energy "hard" X-rays.    The observation marks a milestone in astronomical imaging. Journey    Toward 'Burns Cliff Continues. Pasadena CA (JPL) Nov 10, 2004 Opportunity's trek towards "Burns Cliff" continues. The journey    has been much more difficult than anticipated. The rover has experienced    drive slippage of up to 100 percent. The plan is to attempt a couple of    sols of up-slope, switchback driving and then review options to get to Burns    Cliff. Theorists    Tackle Mysterious Wake Of Baby Plane. Rochester NY (SPX) Nov 12, 2004 In June, researchers from the University of Rochester announced they had    located a potential planet around another star so young that it defied theorists'    explanations. A new technique that resembles CAT scans, known as tomography, is poised    to revolutionize the study of the young universe and the end of the cosmic "dark ages." November 8 Radar    Image Shows Titan's Surface Live And In "Color" Pasadena CA    (JPL) Nov 08, 2004 Saturn's moon Titan shows a sharp contrast between its smooth and rough    edges in this new false-color radar image. Titan's surface lies beneath    a thick coat of hazy clouds, but Cassini's radar instrument can peer through    to show finer


If Jupiter has the Great Red Spot, which planet has the Great Dark Spot?

Planet Jupiter: Facts About Its Size, Moons and Red Spot Planet Jupiter: Facts About Its Size, Moons and Red Spot By Charles Q. Choi, Space.com Contributor | November 14, 2014 12:59am ET MORE This photo of Jupiter was taken on Sept. 20, 2010 when Jupiter made its closest approach to Earth since 1963. (Uranus [insert] was visible through telescopes near Jupiter.) Credit: Jimmy Eubanks Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. Fittingly, it was named after the king of the gods in Roman mythology. In a similar manner, the ancient Greeks named the planet after Zeus, the king of the Greek pantheon. Jupiter helped revolutionize the way we saw the universe and ourselves in 1610, when Galileo discovered Jupiter's four large moons — Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, now known as the Galilean moons. This was the first time celestial bodies were seen circling an object other than Earth, major support of the Copernican view that Earth was not the center of the universe. Physical characteristics Jupiter is the most massive planet in our solar system , more than twice as massive as all the other planets combined, and had it been about 80 times more massive, it would have actually become a star instead of a planet. Its atmosphere resembles that of the sun, made up mostly of hydrogen and helium, and with four large moons and many smaller moons in orbit around it, Jupiter by itself forms a kind of miniature solar system. All told, the immense volume of Jupiter could hold more than 1,300 Earths. The colorful bands of Jupiter are arranged in dark belts and light zones created by strong east-west winds in the planet's upper atmosphere traveling more than 400 mph (640 kph). The white clouds in the zones are made of crystals of frozen ammonia, while darker clouds of other chemicals are found in the belts. At the deepest visible levels are blue clouds. Far from being static, the stripes of clouds change over time . Inside the atmosphere, diamond rain may fill the skies. The most extraordinary feature on Jupiter is undoubtedly the Great Red Spot , a giant hurricane-like storm seen for more than 300 years. At its widest, the Great Red Spot is three times the diameter of the Earth, and its edge spins counterclockwise around its center at a speed of about 225 mph (360 kph). The color of the storm, which usually varies from brick red to slightly brown, may come from small amounts of sulfur and phosphorus in the ammonia crystals in Jupiter's clouds. The spot grows and shrinks over time, and every now and again, seems to fade entirely. Jupiter's gargantuan magnetic field is the strongest of all the planets in the solar system at nearly 20,000 times the strength of Earth's. It traps electrically charged particles in an intense belt of electrons and other electrically charged particles that regularly blasts the planet's moons and rings with a level of radiation more than 1,000 times the lethal level for a human, damaging even heavily shielded spacecraft such as NASA's Galileo probe. The magnetosphere of Jupiter, which is composed of these fields and particles, swells out some 600,000 to 2 million miles (1 million to 3 million km) toward the sun and tapers to a tail extending more than 600 million miles (1 billion km) behind Jupiter. Jupiter spins faster than any other planet, taking a little under 10 hours to complete a turn on its axis, compared with 24 hours for Earth. This rapid spin makes Jupiter bulge at the equator and flatten at the poles, making the planet about 7 percent wider at the equator than at the poles. Jupiter broadcasts radio waves strong enough to detect on Earth. These come in two forms — strong bursts that occur when Io, the closest of Jupiter's large moons, passes through certain regions of Jupiter's magnetic field, and continuous radiation from Jupiter's surface and high-energy particles in its radiation belts. These radio waves could help scientists to probe the oceans on its moons.   Composition & structure Atmospheric composition (by volume): 89.8 percent molecular hydrogen, 10.2 percent helium, minor amounts of me


Redshift or blueshift that help us see which stars/galaxies are approaching or receding are determined by what effect named for an Austrian physicist?

Doppler effect | Article about Doppler effect by The Free Dictionary Doppler effect | Article about Doppler effect by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Doppler+effect Related to Doppler effect: Doppler radar , CT scan , MRI Doppler effect, change in the wavelength (or frequency) of energy in the form of waves, e.g., sound or light, as a result of motion of either the source or the receiver of the waves; the effect is named for the Austrian scientist Christian Doppler, who demonstrated the effect for sound. If the source of the waves and the receiver are approaching each other (because of the motion of either or both), the frequency of the waves will increase and the wavelength will be shortened—sounds will become higher pitched and light will appear bluer. If the sender and receiver are moving apart, sounds will become lower pitched and light will appear redder. A common example is the sudden drop in the pitch of a train whistle as the train passes a stationary listener. The Doppler effect in reflected radio waves is employed in radar radar, system or technique for detecting the position, movement, and nature of a remote object by means of radio waves reflected from its surface. Although most radar units use microwave frequencies, the principle of radar is not confined to any particular frequency range. ..... Click the link for more information.  to sense the velocity of the object under surveillance. In astronomy, the Doppler effect for light is used to measure the velocity (and indirectly distance) and rotation of stars and galaxies along the direction of sight. In the spectrum spectrum, arrangement or display of light or other form of radiation separated according to wavelength, frequency, energy, or some other property. Beams of charged particles can be separated into a spectrum according to mass in a mass spectrometer (see mass spectrograph). ..... Click the link for more information.  of nearly every star there are wavelengths, characteristic of atoms, that lie near but not quite coincident to the same wavelengths as measured in the laboratory. The small deviations or shifts are generally due to the relative motion of the celestial object and the earth. Both blue shifts blue shift or blueshift, in astronomy, the systematic displacement of individual lines in the spectrum of a celestial object toward the blue, or shorter wavelength, end of the visible spectrum. ..... Click the link for more information.  and red shifts red shift or redshift, in astronomy, the systematic displacement of individual lines in the spectrum of a celestial object toward the red, or longer wavelength, end of the visible spectrum. The effect was discovered by V. M. Slipher of Lowell Observatory. ..... Click the link for more information.  are observed for various objects, indicating relative motion both toward and away from the earth. Such shifts have been used to measure the orbital velocity of the earth, to detect binary stars binary star or binary system, pair of stars that are held together by their mutual gravitational attraction and revolve about their common center of mass. In 1650 Riccioli made the first binary system discovery, that of the middle star in the Big Dipper's handle, Zeta ..... Click the link for more information.  and variable stars variable star, star that varies, either periodically or irregularly, in the intensity of the light it emits. Other physical changes are usually correlated with the fluctuations in brightness, such as pulsations in size, ejection of matter, and changes in spectral type, color, or ..... Click the link for more information. , and to detect rotation of other galaxies. The Doppler effect is responsible for the red shifts of distant galaxies, and also of quasars quasar , one of a class of blue celestial objects having the appearance of stars when viewed through a telescope and currently believed to be the most distant and most luminous objects in the universe; the name is shortened from quasi-stellar radio source (QSR). ..... Click the link for more information. , and


Which American chemist who discovered covalent bond and coined the term 'photon' among other things is probably the greatest scientist to never win the Nobel Prize?

Organic Chemistry/Print version - Wikibooks, open books for an open world Organic Chemistry/Print version This is the print version of Organic Chemistry You won't see this message or any elements not part of the book's content when you print or preview this page. Welcome to the world's foremost open content Organic Chemistry Textbook This free online text is intended to become a complete replacement for your printed book. The Study of Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is primarily devoted to the unique properties of the carbon atom and its compounds. These compounds play a critical role in biology and ecology, Earth sciences and geology, physics, industry, medicine and — of course — chemistry. At first glance, the new material that organic chemistry brings to the table may seem complicated and daunting, but all it takes is concentration and perseverance. Millions of students before you have successfully passed this course and you can too! This field of chemistry is based less on formulas and more on reactions between various molecules under different conditions. Whereas a typical general chemistry question may ask a student to compute an answer with an equation from the chapter that they memorized, a more typical organic chemistry question is along the lines of "what product will form when substance X is treated with solution Y and bombarded by light". The key to learning organic chemistry is to understand it rather than cram it in the night before a test. It is all well and good to memorize the mechanism of Michael addition, but a superior accomplishment would be the ability to explain why such a reaction would take place. As in all things, it is easier to build up a body of new knowledge on a foundation of solid prior knowledge. Students will be well served by much of the knowledge brought to this subject from the subject of General Chemistry . Concepts with particular importance to organic chemists are covalent bonding, Molecular Orbit theory, VSEPR Modeling, understanding acid/base chemistry vis-a-vis pKa values, and even trends of the periodic table. This is by no means a comprehensive list of the knowledge you should have gained already in order to fully understand the subject of organic chemistry, but it should give you some idea of the things you need to know to succeed in an organic chemistry test or course. Organic Chemistry is one of the subjects which are very useful and close to our daily life. We always try to figure out some of the unknown mysteries of our daily life through our factious thinking habit, which generates superstitions. Through the help of chemistry we can help ourselves to get out of this kind of superstition. We always try to find the ultimate truth through our own convenience. In the ancient past we had struggled to make things to go as per our need. In that context we have found fire, house, food, transportation, etc… Now the burning question is: "how can chemistry help our daily life?" To find the answer of this questions, we have to know the subject thoroughly. Let us start it from now. Contents If you save this file to your computer, you can click on these links to go to the appropriate section. The authors of this book are: Karl Wick Citizen of the United States of America, and living there The initiator of this project is Karl Wick, who is finishing up his premed science courses at the Cleveland State University in Cleveland, Ohio. At the time of this writing (7/15/03) I have been the sole contributor but as time goes on it will become a group project "of the people" as many contribute and improve it by bits and pieces. Justin Johnson Citizen of the United States of America, residing therein, born 1975 Justin Johnson( JSJohnson ) is a pre-medical undergraduate student at Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis . He first read this book in the summer of 2005, and began contributing to it in the spring of 2006. Igoroisha Goh Liang Song ( User:Gohliangsong ) Citizen of the Republic of Singapore. He graduated from the National University of Singapore , majoring in Chemistry.


What mathematical theorem, the first major theorem to be solved using a computer, was proven in 1976 by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken with a set of 1936 maps?

conjectural - definition - What is ? What is ? conjectural definition : conjectural In mathematics, a conjecture is a conclusion or proposition based on incomplete information, for which no proof has been found. Conjectures such as the Riemann hypothesis (still a conjecture) or Fermat's Last Theorem (which was a conjecture until proven in 1995) have shaped much of mathematical history as new areas of mathematics are developed in order to prove them. ==Important examples== ===Fermat's Last Theorem=== In number theory, Fermat's Last Theorem (sometimes called Fermat's conjecture, especially in older texts) states that no three positive integers a, b, and c can satisfy the equation an + bn = cn for any integer value of n greater than two. This theorem was first conjectured by Pierre de Fermat in 1637 in the margin of a copy of Arithmetica where he claimed he had a proof that was too large to fit in the margin. The first successful proof was released in 1994 by Andrew Wiles, and formally published in 1995, after 358 years of effort by mathematicians. The unsolved problem stimulated the development of algebraic number theory in the 19th century and the proof of the modularity theorem in the 20th century. It is among the most notable theorems in the history of mathematics and prior to its proof it was in the Guinness Book of World Records for "most difficult mathematical problems". ===Four color theorem=== In mathematics, the four color theorem, or the four color map theorem, states that, given any separation of a plane into contiguous regions, producing a figure called a map, no more than four colors are required to color the regions of the map so that no two adjacent regions have the same color. Two regions are called adjacent if they share a common boundary that is not a corner, where corners are the points shared by three or more regions. For example, in the map of the United States of America, Utah and Arizona are adjacent, but Utah and New Mexico, which only share a point that also belongs to Arizona and Colorado, are not. Möbius mentioned the problem in his lectures as early as 1840. The conjecture was first proposed on October 23, 1852 when Francis Guthrie, while trying to color the map of counties of England, noticed that only four different colors were needed. The five color theorem, which has a short elementary proof, states that five colors suffice to color a map and was proven in the late 19th century ; however, proving that four colors suffice turned out to be significantly harder. A number of false proofs and false counterexamples have appeared since the first statement of the four color theorem in 1852. The four color theorem was proven in 1976 by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken. It was the first major theorem to be proved using a computer. Appel and Haken's approach started by showing that there is a particular set of 1,936 maps, each of which cannot be part of a smallest-sized counterexample to the four color theorem. (If they did appear, you could make a smaller counter-example.) Appel and Haken used a special-purpose computer program to confirm that each of these maps had this property. Additionally, any map that could potentially be a counterexample must have a portion that looks like one of these 1,936 maps. Showing this required hundreds of pages of hand analysis. Appel and Haken concluded that no smallest counterexamples exists because any must contain, yet do not contain, one of these 1,936 maps. This contradiction means there are no counterexamples at all and that the theorem is therefore true. Initially, their proof was not accepted by all mathematicians because the computer-assisted proof was infeasible for a human to check by hand . Since then the proof has gained wider acceptance, although doubts remain . ===Hauptvermutung=== The Hauptvermutung (German for main conjecture) of geometric topology is the conjecture that any two triangulations of a triangulable space have a common refinement, a single triangulation that is a subdivision of both of them. It was originally formulated in 1908, by Steinit


What is the only big cat species not currently protected under the U.S. Endangered Species Act?

Endangered Wild Cats, Endangered Big Cats, Small Wild Cats Contact Us Endangered Wild Cats When a species has been listed as “critically endangered” or “endangered,” it is at high risk for extinction in the future. Critically Endangered A “critically endangered” species has experienced a loss in population of 80% or more over the past 10 years or the past three generations, whichever time period is longer. “Critically endangered” can also mean an 80% population reduction that is expected to take place in the next 10 years (or next three generations). A species can also be labeled “critically endangered” if it has become extremely fragmented (living in scattered locations or even a single location). Other criteria that is used when listing a species as critically endangered includes: A population of less than 250 mature individuals with an expected continuing decline of 25% over the next three years (or one generation), and severely fragmented or living in a single location. A population of less than 50 mature individuals There is a 50% change of extinction within the next 10 years or three generations. Endangered A species is listed as “endangered” when there is a high risk of extinction with a population reduction of at least 50% over the next 10 years or three generations, the species’ population is severely fragmented and can only be found in no more than 5 locations. Other criteria can include: The population has less than 2500 mature individuals with an expected decline of 20% within 5 years or two generations, the population is fragmented or the species only lives in one location. There are less than 250 mature individuals There is a 20% chance of extinction within 25 years or five generations. You can read more about IUCN classification here . Endangered Wild Cats Many wild cats, including big cats and small wild cats, are currently listed as “critically endangered,” “endangered,” or “near threatened.” Endangered Big Cats West African lion (Panthera leo senegalensis) – Critically Endangered South China tiger (Panthera tigris ssp. Amoyensis) – Critically Endangered – Possibly Extinct in the Wild Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris ssp. sumatrae) – Critically Endangered Amur leopard (Panthera pardus ssp. orientalis) – Critically Endangered Javan leopard (Panthera pardus ssp. melas) – Critically Endangered South Arabian leopard (Panthera pardus ssp. nimr) – Critically Endangered Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) – Critically Endangered Central Asian leopard, North Persian leopard, Persian leopard, West Asian leopard (Panthera pardus ssp. saxicolor) – Endangered Sri Lankan leopard (Panthera pardus ssp. kotiya)- Endangered Asiatic lion (Panthero leo ssp. Persica) – Endangered Snow leopard (Panthera uncial) – Endangered Tiger (Panthera tigris) – Endangered Amur tiger (Panthera tigris ssp. altaica) – Endangered Indochinese tiger (Panthera tigris ssp. corbetti) – Endangered Malayan tiger (Panthera tigris ssp. jacksoni) – Endangered Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris ssp. tigris) – Endangered Endangered Small Wild Cats Iberian lynx (Lync pardinus) – Critically Endangered Iriomote cat (Prionailurus bengalensis ssp. Iriomotensis) – Critically Endangered


A project by a group of scientists in New South Wales to revive an extinct Australian frog was named after what biblical figure?

Back from the dead, nearly: Scientists create living embryo of extinct frog that gives birth through its MOUTH | Daily Mail Online Scientists create living embryo of extinct frog that gives birth through its MOUTH Scientists implant cells of extinct amphibian into the eggs of living relative Resulting embryos began to divide and lived for several days Results bring the 'de-extinction' of creatures like the dodo a step closer comments An extinct frog is on the verge of revival after scientists used cloning technology to implant a 'dead' cell nucleus into a fresh egg from another frog species. Although the resulting embryos lived for just a few days, the groundbreaking research by an international team has brought the 'de-extinction' of creatures like woolly mammoths a step closer. The scientists working for the so-called Lazarus Project are yet to publish their results, but say future barriers to bringing the frog back to life are 'technological, not biological'. Jesus wept: Like Lazarus, the long-extinct gastric-brooding frog, Rheobatrachus silus, could be be brought back to life - some 30 years after the last living specimen died out The project is named for the famous biblical character Lazarus who, according to the Gospel of St John, Jesus brought back from the dead after he had lain in his tomb for four days. The achievement of the Lazarus Project team is, in some ways, almost as miraculous. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share The last of the bizarre gastric-brooding frog, Rheobatrachus silus – which uniquely swallowed its eggs, brooded its young in its stomach and gave birth through its mouth – died out in 1983. COULD THE MAMMOTH WALK THE EARTH AGAIN IN JUST 20 YEARS? Enlarge   The woolly mammoth could again be walking the Siberian steppes in less than 20 years, scientists say. Teams from around the world are racing to sequence the mammoth genome from an analysis of DNA from remains found frozen in the ice of northern Russia. George Church, a geneticist at Harvard University, says that despite the animals dying out nearly 4,000 years ago, it could still be possible to extract usable DNA from mammoths preserved in the permafrost. An exact picture of the mammoth genome would be used as a template to edit and rewrite the genetic make-up of the closely related Asian elephant until it matched, the Siberian Times reported him as saying. Hendrik Poinar, associate professor at McMaster University in Canada, added: 'We can actually pull out and rejig all these small mammoth fragments and match them against the genome of an Asian or African elephant chromosome and find all the little points of difference. 'So that means we can take Asian elephant chromosomes, modify them to match that of a mammoth and then create an embryo by inseminating an Asian elephant egg. 'It would be long and arduous but eventually we would have something that looked like a mammoth. It would not be an exact replica but it would look and feel much like a woolly mammoth did.' The last mammoths died out some 4,000 years ago on Wrangel Island, between the East Siberian and Chukchi seas. The most likely habitats for re-born mammoths would be north-eastern Russia and northern Canada. But researchers were able to recover cell nuclei from R. silus tissues collected in the Seventies and kept for 40 years in a conventional deep freezer. In repeated experiments over five years, the researchers used a laboratory technique known as somatic cell nuclear transfer. Using a method similar to that imagined in the blockbuster Jurassic Park, they took fresh eggs from the distantly related Great Barred Frog, deactivated their nuclei and replaced them with genes from the extinct frog. Some of the eggs spontaneously began to divide and grow to early embryo stage – a tiny ball of many living cells from a creature extinct for 30 years. Although none of the embryos survived beyond a few days, genetic tests confirmed that the dividing cells contain the genetic material from the extinct frog. 'We are watching Lazarus arise from the dead, step by exciting step,' said M


Which distinctive plant's genus is Dionaea (the mother of Aphrodite in Greek mythology) and species muscipula (Latin for 'mouse-catching device')?

accessus “a coming to, an approach,” pp – EQUINEEVENTER.COM by blokdijk | posted in: Uncategorized | 0 accessus “a coming to, an approach,” pp academy — 1474, from L. Academia, from Gk. Akademeia “grove of Akademos,” a legendary Athenian of the Trojan War tales (his name apparently means “of a silent district”), whose estate, six stadia from Athens, was the enclosure where Plato taught his school. Sense broadened 16c. Into any school or training place. Poetic form Academe first attested 1588 in sense of “academy;” 1849 with meaning “the world of universities and scholarship,” from phrase the groves of Academe, translating Horace’s silvas Academi; in this sense, Academia is recorded from 1956. Academic “relating to an academy” first recorded 1586; sense of “not leading to a decision” (like university debates or classroom legal exercises) is from 1886. Academy awards (1941) so called for their distributor, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.  Acadian — 1705, from Acadia, Latinized form of Acadie, Fr. Name of Nova Scotia, probably from Archadia, the name given to the region by Verrazano in 1524, from Gk. Arkadia, emblematic in pastoral poetry of a place of rural peace; the name may have been suggested to Europeans by the Micmac Indian word akadie “fertile land.” The Acadians, expelled by the English in 1755, settled in large numbers in Louisiana (see Cajun, which is a corruption of Acadian).  acanthus — 1616, from L. Acanthus, from Gk. Akanthos, from ake “point, thorn” + anthos “flower” (see anther). So called for its large spiny leaves. A conventionalized form of the leaf is used in Corinthian capitals.  Acapulco gold — 1965, local grade of potent marijuana grown around resort town of Acapulco de Juarez, western Mexico, which is from Nahuatl (Aztec) acapulco “place of the large canes,” from aca(tl) “cane (plant)” + -pul “large” + -co “place.” accede — 1432, from L. Accedere “approach, enter upon,” from ad- “to” + cedere “go, move” (see cede). Latin ad- usually became ac- before “k” sounds.  accelerate — c.1525, from L. Acceleratus, pp. Of accelerare “quicken,” from ad- “to” + celerare “hasten,” from celer “swift” (see celerity). Accelerator in motor vehicle sense is first recorded 1900.  accent — 1538, “particular mode of pronunciation,” from M.Fr. Accent, from O.Fr. Accentus “song added to speech,” from ad- “to” + cantus “a singing,” pp. Of canere “to sing” (see chant). Loan-translation of Gk. Prosoidia, from pros- “to” + oide “song,” which apparently described the pitch scheme in Gk. Verse. The decorating sense of “something that emphasizes or highlights” is from 1972. The verb meaning “to pronounce with accent or stress” is first recorded 1530.  accentuate — 1731, from M.L. Accentuatus, pp. Of accentuare “to accent,” from L. Accentus (see accent).  accept — c.1360, “to take what is offered,” from O.Fr. Accepter from L. Acceptare “take or receive willingly,” freq. Of acceptus, pp. Of accipere “receive,” from ad- “to” + capere “to take” (see capable).  access — c.1325, “an attack of fever,” from O.Fr. Acces “onslaught,” from L. Accessus “a coming to, an approach,” pp. Of accedere “approach” (see accede). Meaning “habit or power of getting into the presence of (someone or something)” is from 1382. As a verb, first recorded 1962. Accessible “easy to reach” first recorded 1642; meaning “easy to understand” is from 1961 (a term not needed in the years before writing or art often deliberately was made not so). Accessory/accessary first attested 1414 as a legal term in the criminal sense; 1896 as “woman’s smaller articles of dress,” hence accessorize (1939). Accession “act of coming to a position,” especially of a throne, is 1769 (first recorded in Burke).  accidence — part of grammar dealing with inflection, 1509, from misspelling of accidents, from L. Accidentia (used as a term in grammar by Quintilian), prp. Of accidere (see accident). So called because they change in accordance with use.  accident — c.1374, “an occurrence, incident, event,” from O.Fr. Accident, from L. Accidentis), prp. Of accidere “h


What usual first step in the identification of a bacterial species is like a litmus test in that the results are identified by colors (blue/purple for positive and pink/red for negative)?

Biology Labs Archives - Odinity Introduction: Question: Will the girls’ and boys’ responses to the same level of exercise differ on its effect to their heart rate and blood pressure? Background: The functions of the human cardiopulmonary physiology can be broken down into the circulatory system and the respiratory system. The main goal of these two systems is to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis can be described as a type of condition where the internal continuity of an individual has to keep steadiness, regardless of any external changes from the outside environment. (Biozone, 252) External changes from the outside environment may include factors such as excitement, stress, exercise, diet, and many more. Exercise can be carried out because the human body can endure a high level of exercise during a prolonged period of time. (Biozone, 226) In this experiment, we will focus on how exercise, in particular, affects the cardiopulmonary physiology of girls and boys. Exercise places strenuous activity on the human body. When an individual exercises, the blood flow must level up to the demands being made on the individual’s muscles, heart and lungs. (Biozone, 225) Blood flow increases so that the blood does not clot and so that it can supply oxygen and all of the necessary nutrients to the tissues and organs. An essential reason to why oxygen and nutrients are needed is because they are the ingredients that allow the heart to continue pumping blood throughout the venous, arterial, and portal systems. (Biozone, 225) The heart is one of the main organs involved in the human cardiopulmonary physiology because it keeps blood moving through the contraction of its valves. More specifically, the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs so that it can get oxygenated, while the left side of the heart pumps blood to the body. When an individual exercises, the generated heat must be dissipated, oxygen demands must increase, and waste products must be produced. If we imagine that an individual has begun exercising, the oxygen uptake increases because there is a higher demand for energy. Oxygen is the ultimate source of energy that allows ATP to be generated. More ATP must be made in order for homeostasis to be maintained. After a prolonged period of exercise, lactic acid accumulation begins to occur in the tissues of the body because energy for oxygen uptake can no longer be supplied after a certain period of time of exercise. (Biozone, 308) When the individual ends exercising, it takes time for the oxygen uptake to return to its resting level because the lactic acid that had accumulated in the tissues must be broken down into CO2 and H2O. The individual breathes deeply during this time because heavy breaths of oxygen must be taken in for the lactic acid to be broken down. A process which allows human beings to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide would be gas exchange. The set of mechanisms within this process allow cellular respiration to occur. Cellular respiration results in the release of energy that comes from organic compounds. These organic compounds generate waste materials that must be removed through exhalation. (Biozone, 191) Hypothesis: Since the human body is put under strenuous physical activity during exercise, it will require faster circulation and respiration throughout the body. Because one of the factors that affect the cardiopulmonary function is gender, if we test girls and boys under the same level exercise, then the boys will have higher blood pressure and a higher heart rate and will recover faster because they can supply their bodies with oxygen at a quicker rate than girls.   Overview of Experiment: Through this lab, the girls’ and boys’ responses to the same level of exercise will be observed and compared to find similarities and differences in its effects to their heart rate and blood pressure. The hypothesis will be tested through the method of having measured the individuals’ blood pressure with the sphygmomanometer. Materials and Methods:             The scientist must have his/her breathing rate