Which disease, caused by an increased level of Bilirubin in the blood, derives its name from the French for yellow?

Bilirubin: The Test | Bilirubin Test: Total bilirubin; TBIL; Neonatal bilirubin; Direct bilirubin; Conjugated bilirubin; Indirect bilirubin; Unconjugated bilirubin | Lab Tests Online Is there anything else I should know? How is it used? A bilirubin test is used to detect an increased level in the blood. It may be used to help determine the cause of jaundice and/or help diagnose conditions such as liver disease , hemolytic anemia , and blockage of the bile ducts. Bilirubin is an orange-yellow pigment, a waste product primarily produced by the normal breakdown of heme. Heme is a component of hemoglobin, which is found in red blood cells (RBCs). Bilirubin is ultimately processed by the liver to allow its elimination from the body. Any condition that accelerates the breakdown of RBCs or affects the processing and elimination of bilirubin may cause an elevated blood level. Two forms of bilirubin can be measured or estimated by laboratory tests: Unconjugated bilirubin —when heme is released from hemoglobin, it is converted to unconjugated bilirubin. It is carried by proteins to the liver. Small amounts may be present in the blood. Conjugated bilirubin —formed in the liver when sugars are attached (conjugated) to bilirubin. It enters the bile and passes from the liver to the small intestines and is eventually eliminated in the stool. Normally, no conjugated bilirubin is present in the blood. Usually, a chemical test is used to first measure the total bilirubin level (unconjugated plus conjugated bilirubin). If the total bilirubin level is increased, the laboratory can use a second chemical test to detect water-soluble forms of bilirubin, called "direct" bilirubin. The direct bilirubin test provides an estimate of the amount of conjugated bilirubin present. Subtracting direct bilirubin level from the total bilirubin level helps estimate the "indirect" level of unconjugated bilirubin. The pattern of bilirubin test results can give the healthcare provider information regarding the condition that may be present. In adults and older children, bilirubin is measured to: Diagnose and/or monitor diseases of the liver and bile duct (e.g., cirrhosis , hepatitis , or gallstones) Evaluate people with sickle cell disease or other causes of hemolytic anemia; these people may have episodes called crises when excessive RBC destruction increases bilirubin levels. In newborns with jaundice, bilirubin is used to distinguish the causes of jaundice. In both physiologic jaundice of the newborn and hemolytic disease of the newborn , only unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin is increased. In much less common cases, damage to the newborn's liver from neonatal hepatitis and biliary atresia will increase conjugated (direct) bilirubin concentrations as well, often providing the first evidence that one of these less common conditions is present. It is important that an elevated level of bilirubin in a newborn be identified and quickly treated because excessive unconjugated bilirubin damages developing brain cells. The consequences of this damage include mental retardation, learning and developmental disabilities, hearing loss, eye movement problems, and death. ^ Back to top When is it ordered? A health practitioner usually orders a bilirubin test in conjunction with other laboratory tests ( alkaline phosphatase , aspartate aminotransferase , alanine aminotransferase ) when someone shows signs of abnormal liver function. A bilirubin level may be ordered when a person: Shows evidence of jaundice Has a history of drinking excessive amounts of alcohol Has suspected drug toxicity ^ Back to top Is there anything else I should know? Though unconjugated bilirubin may be toxic to brain development in newborns (up to 2-4 weeks of age), it does not pose the same threat to older children and adults. In older children and adults, the "blood-brain barrier" is more developed and prevents bilirubin from gaining access to brain cells. Nevertheless, elevated bilirubin strongly suggests that a medical condition is present that must be evaluated and treated. Bilirubin is not norm


Who was the American serial killer, nicknamed 'The Green River Killer', who, at his trial in 1983, confessed to the murders of 48 women in Washington State?

1000+ images about Green river killer on Pinterest | Washington state, Green river and Superior court Forward Gary Ridgway (1949-) was convicted of 48 murders in the Green River Killer case that lasted more than 20 years. After his arrest, he confessed to more murders than any other American serial killer: 71. Many of the victims were prostitutes. He strangled the women and dumped their bodies in wooded areas in Washington state’s King County. He entered a plea bargain and agreed to show authorities where missing victims were in exchange for not facing the death penalty. See More


In 'South Park', what is the name of the boy's teacher who had a sex change in series 9 before deciding he was male after all in series 12?

South Park - Season 9, Episode 1: Mr. Garrison's Fancy New Vagina - TV.com Mr. Garrison's Fancy New Vagina AIRED: 3/9/05 Mr. Garrison decides to get a sex change operation, a vaginaplasty which prompts Kyle to want a negroplasty so he can be tall and black enough to play basketball. Join the discussion of this episode Episode Discussion Trivia, Notes, Quotes and Allusions See All Trivia, Notes, Quotes and Allusions Trivia & Quotes Last Man Standing A House Divided NEW NEW ABC Important: You must only upload images which you have created yourself or that you are expressly authorised or licensed to upload. By clicking "Publish", you are confirming that the image fully complies with TV.com’s Terms of Use and that you own all rights to the image or have authorization to upload it. Please read the following before uploading Do not upload anything which you do not own or are fully licensed to upload. The images should not contain any sexually explicit content, race hatred material or other offensive symbols or images. Remember: Abuse of the TV.com image system may result in you being banned from uploading images or from the entire site – so, play nice and respect the rules! Choose background:


What was the name of the paycock in Sean O'Casey's play 'Juno And The Paycock'?

Juno and the Paycock - The Irish Repertory Theatre The Irish Repertory Theatre Ed Malone & J. Smith-Cameron in Juno and the Paycock Juno and the Paycock “I doubt that ‘Juno’ will receive a more eloquent or sympathetic production in my lifetime than this one… The Irish Rep never fails to hit the mark, but even for them, this is a truly distinguished effort.” –The Wall Street Journal by Sean O’Casey directed by Charlotte Moore October 8, 2013 – January 26, 2014 The Irish Repertory Theatre returns to its roots with Sean O’Casey’s perfect fusion of realism and poetry, of somber tragedy and extravagant comedy jostling one another in his 1924 Dublin masterpiece, Juno and the Paycock. The play unsettles us and whirls us about! In one of the most memorable speeches in modern drama, Juno Boyle leaves us with O’Casey’s legacy: “Take away our hearts of stone and leave us with hearts o’flesh!” Juno and the Paycock is Sean O’Casey’s  extravagant portrait of the poetically comic and tragic world of a Dublin torn apart by the chaos of the Irish Civil War.  The gestures of life are often broad, and the speech torrential as Jack Boyle and sidekick Joxer Daly’s drinking and posturing rise to comic heights!  When the news of an unexpected inheritance arrives, the family sees a flame of hope as the heroic Juno Boyle dreams of taking war-crippled son, Johnny, and his sister, young Mary, out of their squalid surroundings into a better life. However, hopes are dashed and reality returns as a twist of fate brings their dreams crashing down around them. “Ms. Moore’s production has an intuitive feeling for the manner in which the play’s characters can move between despair and hope, torpid depression and exuberance, with disarming fleetness. In one of the finest performances of her distinguished career on the New York stage, Ms. Smith-Cameron imbues her Juno with a steely pragmatism, but more important an emotional pliancy.” -New York Times “In their respective directing and acting capacities… both Moore and O’Reilly are at the top of their form.” –Huffington Post “seamless production and high caliber cast” –New York Irish Arts “The Irish Rep’s current production of Sean O’Casey’s “Juno and the Paycock” is another reminder that it’s been hands-down the city’s best revival company for many years.” –EDGE New York “A powerful production full of vigor, immediacy, and deep human complexity… The play warms our hearts as it breaks them.”  -Exeunt Magazine “as perfect an introduction to the Irish classic as you could ever ask for.” –Irish Central “J. Smith-Cameron positively dazzles as the matriarch of the Boyle family . . . chilling, enraging, and beautiful.


Cape Farewell is a headland which constitutes the southernmost part of which island?

Cape Farewell, Greenland Tourist Information Locals and travelers to connect with About Egger Island, Greenland 59.7792-43.9117 Cape Farewell is a headland on the southern shore of Egger Island, Greenland . It is the southernmost extent of Greenland, projecting out into the North Atlantic Ocean and the Labrador Sea on the same latitude as Stockholm and the Scottish Shetland Islands. Egger and the associated minor islands are known as the Farewell Archipelago. The area is part of the Kujalleq municipality. Map


In 'South Park', which former head of state is depicted as the lover of Satan?

Saddam Hussein | South Park Archives | Fandom powered by Wikia " It's Christmas in Canada " Saddam Hussein was the former dictator and president of Iraq in South Park . Shortly before the American-Canadian War , he was killed by a pack of wild boars and became Satan 's jealous, emotionally abusive, and manipulative ex-boyfriend. He was a recurring character in South Park and one of the antagonists in South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut . Contents [ show ] Background Hussein first made a very brief cameo in " Tom's Rhinoplasty " in an image shown by some Iraqis to the third grade class as evidence of Ms. Ellen being Hussein's mistress. He does not have the Canadian look in the photograph nor does he have a real life photo of his face. Her connection to him is a significant plot point that results in Ms. Ellen's ultimate death. Hussein first appeared in " Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus ," in which he kidnapped Celine Dion and tried to take over Canada . He launched an assault on Canada, sneaking his troops through the air lines, the Canadians not noticing that large numbers of Saddam's troops were moving in. By the end of the episode, he managed to take over most of Canada, although he was killed when all the Canadians farted, and later becomes a very visible resident of Hell . In " The Mexican Staring Frog of Southern Sri Lanka ," Hussein is briefly seen with Satan welcoming Jesus ' television producer to Hell. This is where it is first hinted he has a relationship with Satan, as he is seen holding hands with him. In South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut , he is the secondary later true main antagonist. Hussein continues his romantic relationship with Satan as he plans to conquer the world by taking advantage of Satan's power as ruler. Also, in the film, it was stated at the start that he got killed by a pack of wild boars six weeks earlier. That was an error because boars never killed him in the show, as he died in "Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus" due to a "mass fart". He uses his position of power over Satan to launch an invasion of earth after the Canadian-American war made it possible for him to enter, and his demons briefly manage to take over the world. US soldiers tried to shoot him, but he was shown to be immune to their weaponry. He is defeated after Cartman hits him with several powerful electrical shocks, and when Satan, tired of his abuse, throws the weakened Saddam down a cliff, where he is impaled on a spike. He is later seen briefly singing Mountain Town (Reprise)  while still being impaled on the spike. In " Do the Handicapped Go to Hell? ", Saddam returns to Hell (having no where else to go after his death) and tries to move in with Satan. He constantly murders Satan's new boyfriend, Chris , however he keeps coming back since they are already in hell. In " Probably ", Satan deals with his decision to choose his current boyfriend over Saddam. He ends up choosing neither, and as punishment for Saddam's abusive, manipulative actions, banishes him to heaven to live with Mormons. He finds their kindness unbearable. Saddam's "Chocolate Chip factory" Hussein also appears briefly in " A Ladder to Heaven " when he is suspected by the US government of building a chemical weapons plant in Heaven . Being the manipulative character that he embodies in South Park, he even convinces God that he couldn't possibly be building chemical weapons in Heaven, despite the fact that he himself admits his cover up for the plant, a chocolate chip factory, is easily see-through. He is also one of the forms the alien Najix takes in " Cancelled ". He also appeared in " Krazy Kripples ", in which Christopher Reeve called the attention of all the bad guys in South Park , including Hussein, David Blaine , Osama bin Laden , Kim Jong-il , Professor Chaos , his sidekick General Disarray and others. He recommends "killing all the infidels" as opposed to getting rid of Gene Hackman . Although it is unknown how he returned to Earth from Heaven, God may have discovered his cookie factory was a cover for weapons of mass des


Cape Farewell is also a headland that constitutes the northernmost part of which island?

Lighthouses of New Zealand: South Island Lighthouses of New Zealand: South Island New Zealand includes two large islands, North Island and South Island,       with many smaller islands. North Island and South Island are separated by Cook Strait .This page describes lighthouses of South      Island and nearby smaller islands. South Island is the larger of the two main islands, but because of its rugged topography it has a much smaller population. Most of the coastline of New Zealand is high and      scenic. Many of the lighthouses are at remote locations, and lighthouse      fans need a good pair of hiking shoes to reach some of them, if they      can be reached at all. Coastal lighthouses are operated and maintained by Maritime      New Zealand . Information on most of these lighthouses is readily      available on the MNZ web site. Harbor lighthouses,      however, are owned and maintained by local harbor authorities, and      less information is available for most of them. There is no national      lighthouse preservation group, but Heritage New      Zealand has acted to preserve several lighthouses      after they were deactivated. New Zealand is divided into 16 regions, nine on North Island and seven      on South Island. ARLHS numbers are from the ARLHS World List of Lights . Admiralty     numbers are from Volume K of the Admiralty List of Lights & Fog     Signals. U.S. NGA light list numbers are from NGA Publication 111. General Sources Official light list published by Land Information New Zealand. Katiki Point (Moeraki) Light, Otago, March 2009 Flickr Creative Commons photo by Sheep"R"Us Cook Strait (South Side) Lighthouses Tasman Region Lighthouses [Pillar   Point (Cape Farewell)] 1930. Active; focal plane 166 m (545 ft); white flash every 5 s.   4 m (13 ft) square cylindrical steel tower. Paul Webby has a photo , Alessandro Foletti has a photo , another photo is   available, and Google has a satellite    view . This modest light is the main landfall   light for vessels arriving in New Zealand from the west. Located   atop Pillar Point, one of the headlands of Cape Farewell, the northernmost   point of South Island. Accessible by a primitive road. Site open,   and ecotours visit the area; tower closed. Operator/site manager: Maritime New   Zealand. ARLHS NZL-040; Admiralty K4180; NGA 4916. Farewell      Spit (Bush End Point) (2) 1897 (station established 1870). Active; focal plane 30 m (98 ft);       flash every 15 s, white or red (red is shown for vessels approaching       from the north). 27 m (88 ft) square pyramidal steel skeletal tower       with lantern, gallery, and enclosed watch room. Lantern and watch       room painted orange; tower legs and gallery rail painted white; the       lantern dome is gray. The 1-story wood keeper's quarters appears occupied       (perhaps by a park ranger). James Barwell's photo is at right, Alan Stewart has a 2011 photo , Hans de Jong has a photo , and Google has a satellite       view . Similar in design to many Canadian lights, this lighthouse       is unique in New Zealand. It replaced a 34 m (112 ft) octagonal wood       skeletal tower that did not hold up well in the vigorous weather       of the strait. The original Fresnel lens, removed in 1999, is on display in one of the service buildings of the station. The sandy Farewell       Spit extends eastward more than       25 km (15 mi) from Cape Farewell, enclosing Golden Bay. The area is       a critically important bird nesting area, closed to casual visits.       Located at Bush End Point near the end of the spit; accessible only       by guided ecotours.       Site open, tower closed (visitors can climb the stairs but cannot enter the enclosed portion of the lighthouse). Operator: Maritime New Zealand. Site Manager:       N.Z. Department of Conservation ( Farewell Spit and Puponga Farm Par


Who was the English dressmaker, nurse and housekeeper who was hanged in 1873 for the murder of 20 people, including 3 of her husbands, by arsenic poisoning?

Mary Ann Cotton - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia I am a simple man trying to live a simple life !!!!!! Mary Ann Cotton Full Name  Mary Ann Robson Criminal penalty  Death by hanging Country  England Born  31 October 1832Low Moorsley, County Durham, England Occupation  Dressmaker, Nurse, Housekeeper Died  March 24, 1873, Durham, England, United Kingdom Similar People  Beverley Allitt, Belle Gunness, Katherine Knight, Leonarda Cianciulli, Marybeth Tinning Mary Ann Cotton (born Mary Ann Robson; 31 October 1832 – 24 March 1873) was an English murderer, convicted and hanged for killing three of her four husbands, apparently in order to collect on their insurance policies. She may have had as many as 21 victims, including eleven of her thirteen children. She chiefly used arsenic poisoning, which caused severe gastric pain and rapid decline of health. Early life Mary Ann Robson was born on October 31,1832 at Low Moorsley (now part of Houghton-le-Spring in the City of Sunderland) and baptised at St Mary's, West Rainton on the 11th of November. When Mary Ann was eight, her parents moved the family to the County Durham village of Murton, where she went to a new school and found it difficult to make friends. Soon after the move her father fell 150 feet (46 m) to his death down a mine shaft at Murton Colliery. Sponsored Links In 1843, Mary Ann's widowed mother, Margaret (nee Lonsdale) married George Robert Brookes, with whom Mary Ann did not get along. At the age of 16, she moved out to become a nurse at Edward Potter's home in the nearby village of South Hetton. After three years there, she returned to her mother's home and trained as a dressmaker. Husband 1: William Mowbray In 1852, at the age of 20, Mary Ann married colliery labourer William Mowbray in Newcastle Upon Tyne register office; they soon moved to Plymouth, Devon. The couple had five children, four of whom died from gastric fever. William and Mary Ann moved back to North East England where they had, and lost, three more children. William became a foreman at South Hetton Colliery and then a fireman aboard a steam vessel. He died of an intestinal disorder in January 1865. William's life was insured by the British and Prudential Insurance office and Mary Ann collected a payout of £35 on his death, equivalent to about half a year's wages for a manual labourer at the time. Husband 2: George Ward Soon after Mowbray's death, Mary Ann moved to Seaham Harbour, County Durham, where she struck up a relationship with Joseph Nattrass. He, however, was engaged to another woman and she left Seaham after Nattrass's wedding. During this time, her 3½-year-old daughter died, leaving her with one child out of the nine she had borne. She returned to Sunderland and took up employment at the Sunderland Infirmary, House of Recovery for the Cure of Contagious Fever, Dispensary and Humane Society. She sent her remaining child, Isabella, to live with her mother. One of her patients at the infirmary was an engineer, George Ward. They married in Monkwearmouth on 28 August 1865. He continued to suffer ill health; he died in October 1866 after a long illness characterised by paralysis and intestinal problems. The attending doctor later gave evidence that Ward had been very ill, yet he had been surprised that the man's death was so sudden. Once again, Mary Ann collected insurance money from her husband's death. Husband 3: James Robinson James Robinson was a shipwright at Pallion, Sunderland, whose wife, Hannah, had recently died. He hired Mary Ann as a housekeeper in November 1866. A month later, when James' baby died of gastric fever, he turned to his housekeeper for comfort and she became pregnant. Then Mary Ann's mother, living in Seaham Harbour, County Durham, became ill so she immediately went to her. Although her mother started getting better, she also began to complain of stomach pains. She died at age 54 in the spring of 1867, nine days after Mary Ann's arrival. Mary Ann's daughter Isabella, from the marriage to William Mowbray, was brought back to the Robinson household and soon devel


Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings led military coups in which African country in 1979 and 1981?

What will Rawlings do? | Special Report | Africa Confidential What will Rawlings do? Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings staged his first military coup as a young revolutionary in May 1979. When it failed, he was imprisoned and sentenced to death. Following another coup mounted by junior army officers in June 1979, Rawlings was set free, and became Head of State under the banner of the the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council. In September 1979, the AFRC handed over power to Hilla Limann of the People's National Party, after he won the presidential elections. In 1981, Rawlings toppled Limann in yet another coup. He remained a military dictator for 12 years until he was elected President in 1993, a position he held until 2001, when John Kufuor's New Patriotic Party (NPP) government came to power. Although praised by many in the West as a democratic figure, especially in comparison to his counterparts in Sierra Leone and Liberia, Rawlings has not been able to shake off the stigma of military dictator. From the Africa Confidential archives AC Vol 20 No 13 | 20 June 1979 As we go to press, it appears that either the Popular Front Party (PFP), led by Victor Owusu, or the People's National party (PNP), led by Dr. Hilla Limann, is likely to emerge as the eventual winner of the elections begun on June 18. But in the minds of Ghanaians the real question is not "Who is the new civilian leader?" so much as "When—if ever—will Flt. Lt. Jerry Rawlings and the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) (which came to power in a coup on June 4) hand over to the civilians?" Rawlings' assumption of power seems to have initially been welcomed by most ordinary Ghanaians, although it met with considerable scepticism and anxiety among many intellectuals, politicians and older folk. (To be exact, those politicians who stood to fare poorly in the election were relatively enthusiastic, while those who looked well-placed felt otherwise). At first, in the minds of many Ghanaians in the street and in the villages, Rawlings undoubtedly won the mantle of a folk hero and was viewed as a man unfairly gaoled by the then head of state, Gen. Fred Akuffo, and as an idealist burning with a desire for social justice. But the summary shooting of Akuffo's predecessor, Gen. Kutu Acheampong, without a proper trial, has certainly dampened the enthusiasm of many, even though Acheampong's rule was widely regarded as exceedingly venal. Rawlings and his friends had already bungled one coup attempt when they tried to seize power on May 15. After a struggle, in which one officer was killed and some hostages, including the British military attaché, were held for a time, they surrendered. But it was Rawlings’ testimony at his subsequent court martial that inspired his rise in popularity. There were rounds of applause in the court when he explained his disillusion and disgust at the fact that not one of the notoriously corrupt senior military men in the Acheampong government had been prosecuted. Gen. Fred Akuffo had talked much about “accountability” when with his fellow officers he pushed Acheampong from power in July 1978. He forced many into retirement and set up commissions of inquiry to investigate some of the worst dens of corruption—the cocoa industry, timber and shipping. But none appeared in court. Many Ghanaians began to suspect that any evidence that might be given would implicate other members of Akuffo’s Supreme Military Council—perhaps even Akuffo himself. The final straw for the young officers was the decision to release Acheampong: he was cashiered from the army and confined to his Ashanti village, but, with millions reputedly salted away, he remained untouched and unprosecuted. Early in the morning of June 4 Rawlings was sprung from detention in Burma Camp, outside Accra. We understand it was carried out by an airforce corporal who led Rawlings to Broadcasting House where he broadcast his call to the junior ranks of the armed forces to mutiny. He then apparently took off in an airforce plane. Later in the day Gen. Neville Odartey-Wellington, head of the ar


Which singer had a number one hit in April 2010 with 'OMG'?

Usher Hits #1 With 'OMG' - That Grape Juice.net - Thirsty? Subscribe After being written off by many, R&B star Usher can officially be hailed ‘the comeback kid’, after his latest single ‘OMG’ rocketed to the top of the Official UK Singles Chart. The will.i.am assisted track – which is currently #10 on the US chart – marks the singer’s first UK chart topper since ‘Burn’ back in 2004. In other chart news, the eclectic Kelis scores her first UK top 10 since 2007’s ‘Lil Star’ with ‘Acapella’. Tidbit: Today is the last day to enter our competition to win tickets to Usher’s London showcase. Click here to enter!


In which ex-Soviet state was Eduard Shevardnadze displaced as President after the 'Rose Revolution' of 2003?

The 10th Anniversary Of Georgia's Rose Revolution The 10th Anniversary Of Georgia's Rose Revolution November 21, 2013 The Revolution of Roses (or Rose Revolution) was a change of power in Georgia in November 2003, which took place after widespread protests over disputed parliamentary elections. As a result, President Eduard Shevardnadze was forced to resign on November 23, 2003. 1 Some 8,000 Georgian opposition supporters stage a rally in the center of Tbilisi on November 8, 2003. The protesters say that Georgian government rigged the recent parliamentary elections and demand that President Eduard Shevardnadze be put on trial if the officials who falsified the results aren't fired. 2 Masked riot policemen stand guard during an opposition rally in Tbilisi on November 8. 3 Georgian President Eduard Shevarnadze (right) welcomes for talks opposition leaders (left to right) Mikheil Saakashvili, Zurab Zhvania, and Nino Burjanadze in Tbilisi on November 9. 4 Georgian opposition demonstrators hold portraits of opposition leader Mikheil Saakashvili during a protest rally outside the Georgian parliament in Tbilisi on November 10. 5 A woman walks past a line of riot policemen during a protest rally outside the Georgian parliament in Tbilisi on November 11. 6 Georgian opposition protesters rally outside the Georgian parliament in Tbilisi on November 12. Several hundred protesters camped outside parliament for the fourth consecutive day as Shevardnadze signalled a tougher line on demonstrations calling for his resignation. 7 Georgian students wrapped in cellophane join in protests against the policies of President Sheverdnadze in Tbilisi on November 20. 8 Supporters of the opposition hold up a little girl holding a flower during a rally in front of the presidential residence in Tbilisi on November 22. Georgia teetered on the brink of chaos, with Shevardnadze declaring a state of emergency and an opposition leader claiming the interim presidency after supporters overran parliament. 9 Georgian police guard the entrance of the parliament building in Tbilisi while opposition supporters storm it on November 22. 10


According to legend, who was King Arthur's illegitimate son who fought against Arthur at the Battle of Camlann?

The Battle of Camlann The Battle of Camlann Home The Battle Of Camlann According to legend, Arthur's last battle was fought against Modred, the son of Lot the King of the Picts. Modred was therefore a Pict. According to the Annals of Wales, this battle involving Arthur and Modred was fought in the year 539 AD, while according to the Norman-Welsh Cleric Geoffrey of Monmouth it was fought in 542 AD. In fact in reality the only battle in historical records fought between Arthur and the Britons on one side and the Picts on the other was fought by Arthur son of Aidan. There is no other. The Annals of Ulster record it as the battle of Manann fought in 582 AD. Adomnan writing 100 years later calls it the battle of the Miathi (the name of the Pictish tribe involved). Legend called it the battle of Camlann. Despite the difference in names, these are all one and the same battle. The full name for the legendary version should be the battle of Camallan, which means the crooked Allan. The battle fought by Arthur and the Picts was fought somewhere near the river Allan and this would account for the legendary name Camallan or "Crooked Allan". The word "Cam" meant crooked. Adomnan, the 7th century AD monk who wrote the "Life of Columba", described how Arthur (Arturius) died in battle against the Miathi Picts. Adomnan however did not give a date for the battle. The "Annals of Ulster" record a battle of Manann in the year 582AD, and describe it as a victory for Aidan, the father of Arthur (Arturius). Manann was a kingdom which lay on the south bank of the River Forth, directly opposite the Ochill Hills. These hills were inhabited by the Miathi Picts. The "Annals of Tighernac" however, describe Arthur's death at the battle of Circenn in 596 AD, also against the Picts. Whichever date is correct does not really matter - the most important thing is that we have evidence of Arthur from two separate historical sources: Adomnan's "Life of Columba" - 7th century AD. The "Annals of Tighernac" - 11th century, but copied from earlier contemporary accounts. Arthur and the Britons of Manann (the Gododdin) fought this battle against the Picts. The Picts later marked the site with a large stone to commemorate the battle. Long after Arthur and the Britons had been forgotten, later historians understandably credited the battle site to King Kenneth Mac Alpine, a 9th century AD king of the Scots. There is however no evidence to support the belief that Kenneth Mac Alpine ever fought here. On the other hand there is indisputable historical evidence, contained within Adomnan's 'Life of Columba' to suggest that it was actually the site where Arthur and the Britons fought the Picts, in the last fatal battle of Camlann. 1. Site of Roman Fortress at Camelon/Camelot near Falkirk. 2. Invalone (Avalon). 3. Pictish stone marking probable site of Battle of Manann (Battle of Camlann) NN. 4. Dumyat - Fort of the Miathi / Maetae Picts. 5. Round Table (Kings Knot) at Stirling. Perhaps the best way to prove that the Battle of the Miathi and the Battle of Camlaan are one and the same is to pretend that you are living in the future, five hundred years from now. Imagine that almost all historical records have been lost or destroyed, perhaps as a result of a nuclear conflict, or some other such catastrophe. You have heard tales of a legendary battle which supposedly occurred several hundred years earlier, fought between the English and the French, which resulted in the death of the leader of the English, a warrior with the unusual name, Nelson. As you research fragments of historical records still extant, you come across an account of a battle where the opponents are English on one side, and French on the other, and the battle resulted in the death of the leader of the English, a warrior called Nelson. You would of course have come across an account of the Battle of Trafalgar. Not only a real battle, but the only one in history where the English and French fought, and the English leader called Nelson was killed. Because of the fact that the leader Nelson died in this battle, th


Which German footballer won the Golden Boot award for scoring the most goals at the finals of the 2006 Football World Cup?

FIFA World Cup Golden Boot winners over the years | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis Sport FIFA World Cup Golden Boot winners over the years
 DNA takes a look at the footballers who've won the FIFA Golden Ball award for the most goals at a World Cup.

 Paolo Rossi (1982 Spain World Cup)
 The Italian striker Paolo Rossi, born on September 23rd, 1956, in Santa Lucia debuted at the 1978 World Cup in Argentina, it was his second World Cup appearance in Spain 1982 where scored six goals; three of which were a hat-trick against Brazil in the quarter-finals.

 Rossi shot two goals in Italy's 2-0 victory against Poland in the semi-final and scored another against West Germany in the final, which Italy won 3-1. Rossi won the Golden shoe as well as the Golden Ball and was on the World Cup winning team, something only the Argentine Mario Kempes achieved in 1978.

 Gary Lineker (1986 Mexico World Cup)
 Gary Winston Lineker was born in Leicester on 30th November, 1960.

 The footballer turned media personality's international career began in a match with England against Scotland in 1984.

 Lineker's golden boot at the World Cup of 1986 was the result of six stunning goals. He also played in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, where England reached the semi-finals, and played his last international game against Sweden at Euro 92.

 Lineker fell short of Bobby Charlton's 49 international goal-scoring tally by one goal, scoring 48 goals in 80 caps.

 In the course of his career, Linekar has never received a booking, yellow or red, for committing a violation.

 Salvatore Schillaci (1990 Italy World Cup)
 Salvatore Schillaci was born on 1st December, 1964, in Palermo, Sicily, from a poor family. Nicknamed Totò, He would eventually play for an amateur team, Amat Palermo, in his home town.

 Schillachi, who debuted in the World Cup of 1990 as a substitute emerged from relative obscurity after scoring six goals. The first of which was when Italy was pitted against Austria when he was called on to replace Andrea Carnevale.

 Schillachi then went on to score against the USA, Czechoslovakia, and Argentina to whom Italy lost though. Schillaci scored a penalty and Italy defeated England to get third place.

 Salvatore Schillaci retired from professional football in 1999 with only seven international goals in sixteen caps, scoring just one more goal after the 1990 World Cup.

 Oleg Salenko (1994 US World Cup)
 Oleg Salenko, born in Leningrad in the former USSR in 1969, started his football career in 1986.

 Salenko, though, successful in the 1994 world cup where he scored five goals against Cameroon, couldn't keep Russia buoyed and the team didn't get past the first round.

 Oleg Salenko amazingly still went on to share the coveted Golden Boot Award for scoring six goals in the tournament.

 Oleg Solenko went on to score only one more goal for his country and he retired as a football player after merely nine international matches for medical reasons.

 Davor Suker (1998 France World Cup)
 Davor Suker, Croatia's greatest scorer with 45 goals (plus one international goal in Euro 1991 for the former State of Yugoslavia,following his international debut in Romania in 1990) was born on January 1st, 1968, in Osijek, a then-Yugoslavian town.

 Suker won the Golden Boot by scoring 6 goals in 7 matches and also won the Silver Ball 1998 at France as second best player of tournament (behind Ronaldo).

 Suker's zenith was at the 1998 World Cup (France) where he scored six goals that brought Croatia to third place for the first time since the nation became independent in 1992.

 After stints with Arsenal,West Ham United and1860 Munich in Germany, Suker retired from football to run his private entrepreneurships, the training academy- The Davor Suker Fo


Popular in Mexico, what name is given to a bright container, often in the shape of a donkey, that is broken with sticks in order to collect the sweets that are held within it?

Dean Winchester (Character) - Quotes Dean Winchester (Character) from "Supernatural" (2005) The content of this page was created by users. It has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff. Sam Winchester :  Truce? Dean Winchester :  Yeah, truce. Just for the next 100 miles. Sam Winchester :  I have a confession to make, I was the on that called them and told them I was a Hollywood producer. Dean Winchester :  Well I was the one that put the dead fish in their back seat. Sam Winchester : [both laugh] Truce? Dean Winchester :  Ok well at least for the next 100 miles. Sam Winchester : [Dean puts a spoon in Sam's mouth when he's sleeping] Haha. Very funny. Dean Winchester : [laughs] Sorry. Not a lot of scenery here in East Texas, kinda got to make your own. Dean Winchester :  I thought the legend said that Morteki only goes after chicks. Dean Winchester :  Start what up? Sam Winchester :  That... prank stuff. It's stupid, and it always escalates! Dean Winchester :  Oh what's the matter Sammy, afraid you're gonna get a little Nair in your shampoo again, huh? Sam Winchester :  All right. Just remember you started it. Dean Winchester :  Oh ho, bring it on baldy. Dean Winchester : [picking up a jar in the Hell House's basement] Hey Sam I dare you to take a swig 'a this. Sam Winchester :  The hell would I do that for? [pause] Sam Winchester : [laughs] Oh I did! Dean Winchester : [Sam's talking about some signs on the walls] Exactly why you never get laid. Dean Winchester : [hand glued to beer bottle] You didn't. Sam Winchester :  Oh, I so did. Dean Winchester :  Most of those websites wouldn't know a ghost if it bit them on the pursqueeter. Dean Winchester :  People believe in Santa Claus. How come I'm not getting hooked up every Christmas? Sam Winchester :  Because you're a bad person. Dean Winchester : [looking into Ed and Harry's trailer] Oh, look at that. Action figures in their original packaging. What a shocker. [Dean pulls the string on a novelty toy, making it cackle] Sam Winchester :  If you pull that string one more time, I'm gonna kill you. [Dean pulls it again, laughs; Sam glares] Dean Winchester :  C'mon man, you need more laughter in your life, you know, you're way too tense. Dean Winchester :  I barely have any skin left on my palm. Sam Winchester :  I'm not touching that line with a ten foot pole. [after Dean puts itching powder in Sam's shorts] Sam Winchester :  Man, I think I'm allergic to our soap or somethin'. [Dean laughs and starts to walk away] Sam Winchester :  You did this? [Dean laughs again] Dean Winchester :  Oh yeah! [Sam takes his bag and coffee and leaves] [Dean taps his beer bottle against Sam's and takes a drink; Sam smirks. Dean tries to put the bottle down and finds that it's glued to his hand. Sam laughs] Dean Winchester :  What's that? Sam Winchester : [about Ed and Harry] I was the one who called them and told 'em I was a producer. Dean Winchester :  Well, I'm the one who put the dead fish in their backseat. [Dean and Sam find the Hell House guarded by police] Sam Winchester :  I guess the cops don't want any more kids screwin' around in there. Dean Winchester :  Yeah, but *we* still gotta get in there. [they hear loud whispering] Dean Winchester :  I don't believe it. [Sam looks and sees Zeddmore and Spengler trying to sneak up on the house] Dean Winchester :  I got an idea. [he throws his voice] Dean Winchester :  Who ya gonna call? [the cops chase the other two; Sam and Dean sneak into the house] Dean Winchester :  We're reporters with the Dallas Morning News. I'm Dean, this is Sam. Craig Thursten :  No way. Heh. Yeah, I'm a writer too. I write for my school's lit magazine. Dean Winchester : [sotto voce] Oh. Well good for you, Morrison. Sam Winchester :  Man, we're not kids anymore, Dean. We're not gonna start that crap up again. Sam Winchester :  Yeah, all right. Dean Winchester :  I say we find ourselves a bar and some beers and leave the legend to the locals. [he gets in the car; Sam waits, grinning; Dean turns the ignition and music blast


Which architect designed the Monument to the Great Fire of London on Pudding Lane in London?

Pudding Lane Monument – Great Fire of London 1666 – Road Hen Scrapbook by TheRoadHen What caused the Great Fire – The Old meets the New. The Monument to the Great Fire of London, more commonly known simply as the Monument, is a Doric column in the City of London, near the northern end of London Bridge, which commemorates the Great Fire of London. It stands at the junction of Monument Street and Fish Street Hill, 202 ft (62 m) tall and 202 ft (62 m) from the spot in Pudding Lane where the Great Fire started on 2 September 1666. Another monument, the Golden Boy of Pye Corner, marks the point near Smithfield where the fire was stopped. Constructed between 1671 and 1677, it was built on the site of St. Margaret’s, Fish Street, the first church to be burnt down by the Great Fire. The Monument comprises a fluted Doric column built of Portland stone topped with a gildedurn of fire. It was designed by Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke. Its height marks its distance from the site of the shop of Thomas Farynor, the king’s baker, where the Great Fire began. The top of the Monument is reached by a narrow winding staircase of 311 steps. Three sides of the base carry inscriptions in Latin. The one on the south side describes actions taken by King Charles II following the fire. The one on the east describes how the Monument was started and brought to perfection, and under which mayors. Inscriptions on the north side describe how the fire started, how much damage it caused, and how it was eventually extinguished.[1] In 1681, the words “but Popish frenzy, which wrought such horrors, is not yet quenched” were added to the end of the inscription. Text on the east side originally falsely blamed Roman Catholics for the fire (“burning of this protestant city, begun and carried on by the treachery and malice of the popish faction”), which prompted Alexander Pope (himself a Catholic) to say of the area: Where London’s column, pointing at the skies, Like a tall bully, lifts the head, and lies. – Moral Essays, Epistle iii. line 339 (1733–1734). Although there was little loss of life, the fire brought all activity to a halt, having consumed or severely damaged thousands of houses, hundreds of streets, the City’s gates, public buildings, churches and St. Paul’s Cathedral. The only buildings to survive in part were those built of stone, like St. Paul’s and the Guildhall. The area around Pudding Lane was full of warehouses containing highly flammable things like timber, rope and oil. It was a very strong easterly wind blew the fire from house to house in the narrow streets, which were mostly thatched, as tile at the time was expensive and timber framed, working folk’s housing. In 1979 archaeologists excavated the remains of a burnt-out shop on Pudding Lane which was very close to the bakery where the fire started. In the cellar they found the charred remnants of 20 barrels of tar/pitch. Pitch burns very easily and would have helped to spread the fire. Among the burnt objects from the shop, the archaeologists found these melted pieces of pottery which show that the temperature of the fire was as high as 1700 degrees Celsius! A Frenchman, Robert Hubert, confessed to starting the Great Fire and was hanged. However, he wasn’t actually in London when the fire started, often confessions were bullied out, so they local constabulary could settle blame. Rebuilding of London & a monument to the people that died: Ironically, Sir Christopher Wren had suggested that the cathedral should be demolished before the fire. He had been commissioned to redesign it following years of neglect and mistreatment. These plans were opposed, and wooden scaffolding was constructed around the cathedral to allow it to be redeveloped without demolition. As the fire reached St Paul’s Cathedral, the wooden scaffolding surrounding it would have contributed to the extent of its destruction. Sir Christopher Wren prepared several designs for the Monument and the selection and approval of his final design was made after careful consideration of the several alternative plans which he submit


Which 'New Town' in Hertfordshire was founded in 1903 as the world's first 'Garden City'?

HertsInternet. Guide for Letchworth, Hertfordshire UK Other Towns.. Letchworth has developed over the years after starting life as the worlds first Garden City, founded in 1903 and built on what was a greenfield site in northern Hertfordshire. Letchworth came about after the urban planning ideas of Ebenezer Howard's book Tomorrow: A peaceful path to real reform, which inspired the developers of the new garden city to build a city where the countryside and town became one, and offered people nice houses in a well planned area instead of the cramped housing situations of in the inner-cities such as London. The city is quite small in size in comparison with a lot of cities, with a population of just over 30,000 but offers a relaxed way of life, with tree lined streets, and many open spaces providing pleasant green areas along side parades of shops selling a range of goods. Letchworth is well situated for both road travel via the A1(M) and also fast trains to London via Hitchin, and is widely known as a leafy commuter location, with many of it's inhabitants travelling via train into London to go to work. Books and maps about Letchworth... (listed by popularity) Sorry, we are currently unable to process your request in a timely manner. Please try again later.


Which architect designed the Roman Catholic basilica known as La Sagrada Familia in Barcelona?

Sagrada Família | Architectuul Description Change this The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família (English: Basilica and Expiatory Church of the Holy Family; Spanish: Basílica y Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia), commonly known as the Sagrada Família, is a large Roman Catholic church in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, designed by Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926). Although incomplete, the church is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and in November 2010 was consecrated and proclaimed a minor basilica by Pope Benedict XVI. Though construction of Sagrada Família had commenced in 1882, Gaudí became involved in 1883, taking over the project and transforming it with his architectural and engineering style—combining Gothic and curvilinear Art Nouveau forms. Gaudí devoted his last years to the project, and at the time of his death in 1926, less than a quarter of the project was complete. Sagrada Família's construction progressed slowly, as it relied on private donations and was interrupted by the Spanish Civil War—only to resume intermittent progress in the 1950s. Construction passed the midpoint in 2010 with some of the project's greatest challenges remaining and an anticipated completion date of 2026—the centennial of Gaudí's death. The basílica has a long history of dividing the citizens of Barcelona—over the initial possibility it might compete with Barcelona's cathedral, over Gaudí's design itself, over the possibility that work after Gaudí's death disregarded his design, and the recent possibility that an underground tunnel of Spain's high-speed train could disturb its stability. Describing Sagrada Familia, art critic Rainer Zerbst said "it is probably impossible to find a church building anything like it in the entire history of art" and Paul Goldberger called it 'the most extraordinary personal interpretation of Gothic architecture since the Middle Ages'. Background The Basilica of the Sagrada Família was the inspiration of a Catalan bookseller, Josep Maria Bocabella, founder of Asociación Espiritual de Devotos de San José (Spiritual Association of Devotees of St. Joseph). After a visit to the Vatican in 1872, Bocabella returned from Italy with the intention of building a church inspired by that at Loreto. The crypt of the church, funded by donations, was begun 19 March 1882, on the festival of St. Joseph, to the design of the architect Francisco de Paula del Villar, whose plan was for a Gothic revival church of a standard form. Antoni Gaudí began work on the project in 1883. On 18 March 1883 Villar retired from the project, and Gaudí assumed responsibility for its design, which he changed radically. Construction On the subject of the extremely long construction period, Gaudí is said to have remarked: "My client is not in a hurry." When Gaudí died in 1926, the basilica was between 15 and 25 percent complete. After Gaudí's death, work continued under the direction of Domènec Sugrañes i Gras until interrupted by the Spanish Civil War in 1936. Parts of the unfinished basilica and Gaudí's models and workshop were destroyed during the war by Catalan anarchists. The present design is based on reconstructed versions of the plans that were burned in a fire as well as on modern adaptations. Since 1940 the architects Francesc Quintana, Isidre Puig Boada, Lluís Bonet i Gari and Francesc Cardoner have carried on the work. The illumination was designed by Carles Buigas. The current director and son of Lluís Bonet, Jordi Bonet i Armengol, has been introducing computers into the design and construction process since the 1980s. Mark Burry of New Zealand serves as Executive Architect and Researcher. Sculptures by J. Busquets, Etsuro Sotoo and the controversial Josep Subirachs decorate the fantastical façades. The central nave vaulting was completed in 2000 and the main tasks since then have been the construction of the transept vaults and apse. As of 2006, work concentrated on the crossing and supporting structure for the main tower of Jesus Christ as well as the southern enclosure of the central nave, which will beco


Which town in Hertfordshire was designated the UK's first 'New Town' in 1946?

HertsInternet. Guide for Stevenage, Hertfordshire UK Other Towns.. Stevenage was designated the first New Town in the UK in 1946, after much protest from the residents of the town who felt they were being used as a test of what new towns could develop in to. Farmers were also angry about the fact that they were going to loose huge amounts of land to the new town development, but it still went ahead, creating homes for what now stands at a population of around 80,000. Development of Stevenage's new town was in the form of separate residential areas Bedwell, Broadwater, Chells, Pin Green, Shephall, Symonds Green, St. Nicholas, and Poplars. Each one builds up the town, and offers services to the localised community in each area, and provides for the needs of people without a journey across the town being necessary in many cases. Stevenage was the first pedestrianised traffic free shopping area in the country, which was officially named the Queensway by the Queen in 1959. The town also has approximately 50 miles of cycle paths crossing the entire town, offering a safe way for people to cycle from one place to another. In the central part of the shopping area there is the Town Square, which has the 'Joyride' bronze statue of a mother and child, by Franta Belsky. There are also other monuments from the time of the New Town development, and these are part of what makes Stevenage have it's 50's/60's character and feel. The town is ideally situated for transport, with the East Coast main line adjacent to the centre, with trains from Scotland and the North of England, to Kings Cross in London. The A1(M) motorway is to the west of the town, with the M25 orbital motorway around London only 15 minutes down the A1(M). Books and maps about Stevenage... (listed by popularity) Sorry, we are currently unable to process your request in a timely manner. Please try again later.


Which professional Snooker player from Canada was known as 'The Grinder' because of his slow determined style of play?

Cliff Thorburn - 147 BREAK 147 BREAK Cliff Thorburn- First Ever 147 Break At The Crurible Date of Birth: 16 January 1948 Country: Canada World Champion 1980   Clifford Charles Devlin Thorburn, CM known as Cliff Thorburn is a retired professional Canadian snooker player. A former world number one (one of only ten players to hold that spot), he was world snooker champion in 1980, one of only three players from outside the United Kingdom to win the world title in the modern era (along with Ken Doherty and Neil Robertson). In 1983, Thorburn became the first player to compile a maximum break at the world championships. His slow, determined style of play earned him the nickname “The Grinder”. Thorburn first went to England to play snooker professionally in the early 70s. He had met John Spencer in Canada, who had advised him to go to the UK to improve his game. He was runner up in the world championship in 1977, and was soon considered a contender for tournaments. Thorburn’s finest moment came in the 1980 World Championship. He met Alex Higgins in the final, a personality that could hardly have been more different from his own. Thorburn won the match 18-16 to take the championship, and rose to number two in the world rankings. The BBC’s coverage of the final had been interrupted by the broadcast of live footage of the SAS storming the Iranian Embassy. The following season Thorburn reached number one in the world rankings. In 1983, Thorburn was made a Member of the Order of Canada. That same year, he became the first player to make a maximum break at the World Championships. He compiled the break in the fourth frame of his second round match against Terry Griffiths (a match he went on to win 13-12). Whilst completing the break, play stopped on the tournament’s second table because Thorburn’s friend and fellow Canadian Bill Werbeniuk wanted to watch him complete the break. He subsequently went on to reach the final, but lost to then world number 1 Steve Davis. His wife had a miscarriage during his semi-final and partly explains his eventual heavy defeat by Davis in the final. Thorburn himself refused to blame this for his loss, instead citing that he was fatigued after his three back-to-back final frame victories; 13-12 win over Terry Griffiths in the Second Round, 13-12 win over Kirk Stevens in the quarter finals and a gruelling 16-15 victory (from 13-15 behind) in his semi-final against Tony Knowles, which finished at 2:30am and left him physically exhausted before the final commenced later that same day; Thorburn stated that, following the early morning finish against Knowles, he simply had nothing left for the final less than thirteen hours later against the in-form Steve Davis, who eventually defeated Thorburn 18-6, with a session to spare. Thorburn was three times the Benson and Hedges Masters Champion, the most prestigious non-ranking event on the snooker calendar for many years. The event was held at the Wembley Conference Centre near London, England, which is where Thorburn lifted the title on three occasions winning in 1983 beating Ray Reardon 9-7 in the final, 1985 beating Doug Mountjoy 9-6 and in 1986 beating Jimmy White 9-5. Thorburn was the first player to retain the Masters title. During the 1984/85 season Thorburn enjoyed a resurgence in form. He made the final of the Rothmans Grand Prix losing to Dennis Taylor 10-2 in the Final. The highlight of the tournament was Thorburn’s 9-7 victory over Steve Davis in the Semi-Final. Thorburn played outstanding snooker to overcome his great rival and the victory came unexpectedly because at that time Davis was in outstanding form. In January 1985 Thorburn also made the final of the Mercantile Credit Classic and was again in outstanding form. On this occasion he met Willie Thorne in the final who was in equivalent good form and Thorne ran out the winner 13-8. Thorburn was again runner-up in the 1986 Mercantile Credit Classic final, this time losing to Jimmy White in the final frame 13-12. Thorburn enjoyed success in the 1985 and 1986 Langs Scottish Masters, an invitational e


A 'Dobson Unit' is a measurement of the thickness of what?

Ozone Hole Watch: Facts about Dobson Units What is EESC? What is a Dobson Unit? The Dobson Unit is the most common unit for measuring ozone      concentration. One Dobson Unit is the number of molecules of      ozone that would be required to create a layer of pure ozone      0.01 millimeters thick at a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius      and a pressure of 1 atmosphere (the air pressure at the      surface of the Earth). Expressed another way, a column of air      with an ozone concentration of 1 Dobson Unit would contain about 2.69x1016ozone molecules for every square      centimeter of area at the base of the column. Over the      Earth’s surface, the ozone layer’s average      thickness is about 300 Dobson Units or a layer that is 3      millimeters thick. Seen from space, the edge of the Earth is blurred by the pale       blue atmosphere. Most dense at the surface, the atmosphere       thins with altitude, until it gradually merges with vacuum.       Total ozone is measured through the entire atmospheric       column, from the surface to the edge of space. (Image       Science and Analysis Laboratory, NASA-Johnson Space Center. “The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth.” ISS011-E-5487 [07/22/2011 17:01:03]) Ozone in the atmosphere isn’t all packed into a single      layer at a certain altitude above the Earth’s surface;      it’s dispersed. Even the stratospheric ozone known as “the ozone layer” is not a single layer of pure      ozone. It is simply a region where ozone is more common than it      is at other altitudes. Satellite sensors and other      ozone-measuring devices measure the total ozone concentration      for an entire column of the atmosphere. The Dobson Unit is a way      to describe how much ozone there would be in the column if it      were all squeezed into a single layer. The average amount of ozone in the atmosphere is roughly 300      Dobson Units, equivalent to a layer 3 millimeters (0.12 inches)      thick—the height of 2 pennies stacked together. What      scientists call the Antarctic Ozone “Hole” is an      area where the ozone concentration drops to an average of about      100 Dobson Units. One hundred Dobson Units of ozone would form a      layer only 1 millimeter thick if it were compressed into a      single layer, about the height of a dime. Compressed to sea-level pressure, the ozone in the atmosphere       would form a layer about the height of two pennies stacked       together. Levels in the ozone hole are much less—only       the height of a single dime. How much is this, compared to the rest of the atmosphere? If all      of the air in a vertical column that extends from the ground up      to space were collected and squeezed together at a temperature      of 0 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 1 atmosphere, that column      would be 8 kilometers thick (or about 5 miles). Compare that to      the 3 millimeters described above, and you may realize just how      tenuous is the Earth’s ozone layer.


Which pretender to the English throne landed in England in 1495 in an attempt to overthrow King Henry VII, and was hanged at Tyburn?

Perkin Warbeck ~ Pretender to the English Throne « The Freelance History Writer June 27, 2014 By Susan Abernethy in Medieval History , Tudor History Tags: Archduke of Austria , Battle of Bosworth , Dowager Duchess of Burgundy , earl of Desmond , earl of Kildare , Edward Earl of Warwick , Emperor Frederic III , Flanders , George Duke of Clarence , James IV King of Scots , John Atwater , John Taylor , Katherine Gordon , King Charles VIII of France , King Edward IV , King Henry VII of England , King Richard III , Lambert Simnel , Low Countries , Margaret Beaumont , Margaret of Burgundy , Margaret of York , Maximillian King of the Romans , medieval history , Perkin Warbeck , Philip the Fair , Pregent Meno , Queen Elizabeth of York , Richard Duke of York , Sir Edward Beaumont , Tower of London , Tudor history , War of the Roses 9 Comments The Yorkist/Lancastrian conflict known as the War of the Roses is filled with interesting stories from battles to execution by drowning in a butt of malmsey. Because the two young sons of King Edward IV disappeared in the Tower of London there was a lot of speculation about what happened to them. This left the door open for pretenders to appear. Whether or not you believe Perkin Warbeck was Richard, Duke of York, his story is intriguing, fascinating and nearly unbelievable. He managed to maintain his identity and travel the courts of Europe for eight years, soliciting money, troops and ships in an attempt to take the English throne. Perkin Warbeck was the name he was called later in his adventures. Pierrechon de Werbecque was born c. 1474 in Tournai, in what is now Belgium. He was the son of John Osbek, a boatman and comptroller of the town and Catherine de Faro. In the nineteenth century, historian James Gairdner had access to the records of Tournai and identified Warbeck’s parents as Jehan de Werbecque and Nicaise Farou and his grandfather as Diericq de Werbecque. These records confirmed what was written in the printed confession of Perkin before his execution in 1499. The Werbecques were prominent members of Tournai’s prosperous class of civic officials, artisans, and small merchants. When Perkin was about ten years old, his mother took him to Antwerp where he lived with a cousin for about half the year. Due to wars in Flanders he returned home but about a year later, a Tournai merchant named Berlo took him back to the mart in Antwerp. After an illness that lasted about five months he traveled to Bergen op Zoom and finally Middleburg. During this time he became accomplished in speaking Flemish and working for merchants in the cloth trade. By April or May of 1487, he traveled to Portugal in the company of a Yorkist supporter named Margaret Beaumont, the wife of Anglo-Portuguese Jewish convert courtier and international trader Sir Edward Beaumont. Warbeck spent about a year at the Portuguese court alongside the royal councilor and explorer Peter Vacz de Cogna. Finally he was in the employ of Breton merchant Pregent Meno who took him to Cork, Ireland in 1491. Warbeck was parading around Cork in silk clothes belonging to his master, most likely as an advertisement for his employer’s wares. About four years earlier, a young man named Lambert Simnel impersonated Edward, Earl of Warwick, the son of George, Duke of Clarence and had been crowned king in Dublin so the Irish had accepted a pretender before. The citizens of Cork thought Warbeck could also be the son of Clarence but he denied this by swearing an oath before the mayor. Two other persons then declared Warbeck was the illegitimate son of King Richard III but again, he denied this. Finally, he was assured by some Yorkist adherents, led by the former mayor of Cork John Atwater and the English exile John Taylor that if he took on the character of Richard, Duke of York, second son of King Edward IV who disappeared from the Tower, he would garner support. Charles VIII, King of France These Yorkist promoters found backing from the earls of Desmond and Kildare. Warbeck was given training in speaking English and acting as roy


Which American writer shot and killed his ex-wife during a drunken party game in Mexico City in 1951?

21 Celebrities Who Have Killed Someone | Criminal Justice 21 Celebrities Who Have Killed Someone Celebrities who have either admitted to or have been convicted of killing someone…outside of military service or as political leaders, that is. Some have paid the price; others, not so much. Robert Blake On May 4, 2001, actor Robert Blake’s wife Bonnie Lee Bakley was shot and killed while sitting in a car outside a Studio City, California restaurant. Blake claimed to be inside the restaurant at the time, retrieving a gun that he’d left at his table. Almost a year later, Blake was arrested and charged with murder, but despite the testimony of two men who claimed that he tried to recruit them to kill Bakley, Blake was found not guilty by the jury. However, when Bakley’s three children filed a civil suit against Blake in 2005, he was found liable for the wrongful death of his wife and was ordered to pay them $30 million. In April 2008, an appeals court upheld the civil case verdict but cut Blake’s penalty in half. John Wilkes Booth John Wilkes Booth is known today as the person who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln, but before then, he was already a celebrity, nationally known as a theatrical actor. His family was already known on the theater circuit through Booth’s father Junius and older brother Edwin, the latter perhaps the foremost American Shakespearean actor of his day. John Wilkes Booth meanwhile made a name for himself with his energetic performances in roles that were lighter in tone than Edwin’s, and he came to headline plays around the country. He was so well-known and trusted that he had easy access to all parts of Ford Theater in Washington, DC, on April 14, 1865, during a performance of My American Cousin, even though he was not in the play. That evening, at around 10 PM, he slipped into Lincoln’s box and shot the President in the back of the head during the play. He fled to rural Virginia, where he was killed by federal troops 12 days later. Matthew Brodderick On August 5, 1987, actor Matthew Broderick was driving on a country road in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland with then-girlfriend (and Ferris Bueller’s Day Off co-star) Jennifer Grey when his car veered into the wrong lane, colliding with an oncoming vehicle. The two passengers of the other car — 30-year-old Anna Gallagher and her 63-year-old mother Margaret Doherty — were killed instantly. Broderick spent a month in the hospital but because of memory loss, he was unable to explain what happened. It was determined that the actor wasn’t drunk at the time of the accident, and he was charged with causing death by dangerous driving, although he was eventually convicted only of careless driving, escaping with a $175 fine. Initially upset at the ruling, the victims’ family has since come to terms with it and met with Brodderick in 2003 to gain a sense of closure. Aaron Burr On the morning of July 11, 1804, Aaron Burr, then the Vice President of the United States, engaged in a duel with former Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton (and future $10 bill model) in rural Weehawken, New Jersey. The two politicians had a long-standing feud across party lines that came to a head when Hamilton made disparaging remarks about Burr’s qualifications for the governorship of New York, a race that Burr had just lost (having realized that he wouldn’t return for a second term as Vice President). Duels at the time were often just for show, with participants routinely “throwing away their fire” (intentionally missing), but while Hamilton threw away his fire, Burr’s shot found its mark, and Hamilton was mortally wounded. Some historians chalk the death up to miscommunication over the intentions of the duel, with Burr thinking that Hamilton had tried to hit him, while others claim that Burr fully intended on killing Hamilton all along. Because dueling was illegal, Burr was charged with murder, but those charges were later dropped. However, the duel signaled an end to his political career, ironically damaging Burr’s reputation more than anything Hamilton may have said about him


In meteorology, what is measured in 'Oktas'?

Understanding Sky Conditions and Cloudiness Understanding Sky Conditions and Cloudiness Understanding Sky Conditions and Cloudiness No Photo, No Life!/Getty Images Updated August 01, 2015. Updated July 31, 2015 If your weather forecast says clear skies, you know what to expect. But if skies will be partly cloudy or mostly cloudy, it can be difficult to know exactly how cloudy that is. To get a better understanding, let's look at how meteorologists determine cloudiness.  How Cloudy Is the Sky? Why, It's As Easy As Pie! Sky cover is measured by visually dividing the sky up into a pie having 8 slices, or "oktas" (meaning "eighths"), and observing how many of those slices are covered with clouds. (In addition to using oktas, the fraction of cloud cover can also be expressed using tenths -- that is, 4 oktas or 4/8 = 5/10.) Depending on how many slices contain clouds out of the 8 total, there's a certain terminology assigned. Here's a breakdown:  Scroll down to the table below... Terminology


Who was the ten-year-old child pretender to the throne of England during the time of Henry VII who claimed, falsely, to be the Earl of Warwick?

Tudor and Stuart Britain HOME Henry VII and the Pretenders Posted on September 12, 2011, from Athens, Alabama Oh yes, I'm the great pretender Just laughing and gay like a clown I seem to be what I'm not you see I'm wearing my heart like a crown The Platters We don�t use the term �pretender� in American political discourse very much and we definitely don�t use it in the sense that people living under a system of hereditary monarchy used the term.  In the monarchial governments of the past, a pretender was someone who aspired to an office or the throne, usually under false pretenses. Under a system of hereditary monarchy, power normally was passed on as an inheritance to a son or some other member of the family of the ruling dynasty. Occasionally someone would seize the throne through force, which is exactly what Henry VII did to gain the English throne in 1485. But whenever people made such power grabs, they quickly attempted to justify their actions through some sort of appeal to hereditary succession. In Henry VII�s case, he did that by appealing to his Lancastrian roots and his descent from Edward III, which he bolstered by marrying Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of the deceased Edward IV. But he still faced challenges from Yorkist claimants. Adding to Henry VII�s problems with challengers was the appearance of a couple of impostors who claimed to be important members of the York dynasty with strong claims to the throne. Now you might ask, didn�t anyone realize that these two pretenders were not the people whom they claimed to be? Yes, some members of the York family and their close associates were in a good position to know that these two young men were fakes. But to Yorkist plotters, the facts didn�t matter, and they encouraged the impostors in the hope of overthrowing the hated Henry VII. Without Photos or TV Talking Heads, What's an Englishman to Believe? Otherwise, most people of that era never got a close look at their rulers. Londoners had greater opportunities to see monarchs, but in large parts of the realm, the common people never saw their king and his family in the flesh. They also did not see photographs of monarchs or get to watch them on television. Those kinds of ready popular imagery lay over 400 years in the future. So, anybody who showed up looking and acting sufficiently royal would have been given credence. If you looked like a king, dressed like a king, and acted like a king, you must be a king. The English were not alone in granting some credibility to impostors claiming the throne. The phenomenon of pretenders was even more common and more successful in seventeenth-century Russia. It has occurred throughout history in many parts of the globe. Keep in mind, impostors pretending to a throne also benefit from people wanting to believe. Many people in my lifetime were reluctant to accept the finality of pop music king Elvis Presley�s death, giving rise to frequent reports of Elvis sightings for many years after his demise -- a situation most likely aggravated by the proliferation of Elvis imitators. The same phenomenon occurred after the death of the singer Jim Morrison, although (so far) I have heard no reports of Michael Jackson sightings. From King Sebastian to President Kennedy. . . . When someone famous or important dies prematurely, a spirit of anxious denial is sure to arise. Stories circulated almost immediately that President John F. Kennedy had not died from his wounds at Dallas. These stories represent societal delusions with deep roots. For example, when King Sebastian of Portugal died at the Battle of Al Kazar al Kebir, rumors of his survival and claims of sightings followed in Portugal for several years. The delusion even had a name, Sebastianismo. Another case involved Edward VI of England, who death as a young man in 1553 led to tales that he had not really died. These kinds of rumors were often tinged with political undertones and sinister motives. The people who supported Henry VII�s rival pretenders didn�t float false rumors of Richard III�s survival,


For what did the 'S' stand in the name of American author William S. Burroughs?

fUSION Anomaly. William S. Burroughs ambient track _The End Of Words_ MP3 (192k) by Material off of _Seven Souls_ (1989) inaudible text narrated by WSB drum & bass release _Funktion/Naked Lunch_ MP3   12" by  Ed  Rush & Optical on V #026 (1998) lo fi neo psychedelia track _Christmas With William S._ MP3 (160k) by Olivia Tremor Control off of _Singles & Beyond_ compilation on Emperor Norton (2000) paisley underground roots rock track _Exploring The   Axis_ MP3 by Thin White Rope off of _Exploring The Axis_ 12" on Diablo (1985) name of band is taken from WSB's term for ejaculation track _Letter To William S. Burroughs And Ode To Jack_   MP3 by Hunter S. Thompson spoken word cabaret track _What Keeps Mankind Alive_   MP3 (96k)   off of _September Songs: The Music Of Kurt Weill_   compilation CD (1997) Weill was a German composer affiliated with Bertolt     Brecht, which means cabaret. Cabaret was a medium for political dissent.     ' Educational opera' is the term used. track _Word Is Virus_ MP3 off of _The Elvis Letters_ 12" on TK (1985) music & production by director Gus Van Sant spoken word track _Just Say No To Drug Hysteria (excerpt 4:08)_ MP3   off of _Best Of William S. Burroughs: From Giorno   Poetry Systems CDx4 on Mouth Almighty (1998) band Steely Dan - name taken from a reference in William   S. Burroughs' book _Naked Lunch_ about a steam-powered sex toy (dildo). beat poetry track _Dinosaurs (live reading)_ MP3 (192k) (6:00) track _Ah Pook Is The Mayan God Of Death_ MP3 off of _Ah Pook Is Here_ (written in 1975) track _K-9 Was In Combat With _Do  Android's Dream of Electric Sheep?    by  Philip  K. Dick ; title _Blade Runner_ comes from the name of a totally unrelated  William S. Burroughs novel about black market surgeons, which was itself based  on a story by Alan E. Nourse.]   The Western Lands Working closely with Skopelitis,  Bill Laswell created two pivotal albums in the late 1980s -- that serve as arguable prototypical predecessors for some of Axiom's landmark releases by Baker, Skopelitis, and Material, among others -- within a short-lived but  intense series of albums for the Nation and Venture subsidiaries of Virgin. The first was Material's _Seven Souls_, which featured the voice of William S. Burroughs. About William Burroughs: The identification of control systems and devising means to destroy them has always dominated his work. Burroughs has always fought for complete freedom -- freedom from all control from invasion by  alien forces from religion, sexual repression, and suppression from the American way of life and traditional family values. From programming by TV, media, and the subtext of  language . The ugly spirit as the ugly American, the forces of greed and corruption, selfishness and stupidity. Featuring Sly Dunbar on drums, Shankar  and Simon Shaheen on violins, and with Burroughs' voice augmented by Arabic,  West African, and New York hip-hop vocalists, Material's _Seven Souls_ is a  sublime  fusion of high-tech production with acoustic elements. Jeff Bova's synthesizers blend  organically with Skopelitis' various guitars and ethnic stringed instruments  to create washes of sound that breathe behind Burroughs' stark readings from  the texts of "The Western Lands." Thematically, sonically, and conceptually,  _Seven Souls_ -- like _Future Shock_ -- is a landmark recording for Laswell  in its reflection of such a variety of perfectly united elements.   Although his cavalier lifestyle  and counterculture status has overshadowed his multimedia experiments, William  S. Burroughs studied with  Alfred  Korzybski (who formulated General Semantics and  E-Prime ),  and was a fierce critic of Scientology's psycho-linguistic games. Burroughs'  interest in epigenetic (brain) and cultural    ( evolution as the basis of contemporary advertising techniques anticipated Howard Bloom's  research that the co-evolution of  language and brain contains viral elements. - Alex Burns "Western man is externalizing himself  in the form of gadgets"  - _N


Which former postman won the World Snooker Championship at his first attempt in 1979?

BBC SPORT | Other Sport... | Snooker | 1979: Griffiths ushers new dawn 1979: Griffiths ushers new dawn Griffiths' final efforts paid dividends In winning the world title at his first attempt, Terry Griffiths ushered in a new era for snooker, an era in which the standards would reach levels never before seen. Griffiths, a former bus conductor and postman from Llanelli, had entered the championship with the modest goal of qualifying for The Crucible. But in the final stages he beat Perrie Mans, runner-up the previous year, 13-8 and made a break of 107 in the deciding frame of his thrilling 13-12 victory over Alex Higgins in the quarter-finals. He had to rely on tactical nous and great patience to scrape past durable Australian Eddie Charlton in the semi-finals, eventually achieving a 19-17 victory at 1.40 am following a five hours and 25 minutes final session. Dennis Taylor came through the other half of the draw to reach the final for the first time. He led 14-12, but Griffiths, defying tiredness after his semi-final exertions and the pressure of his first major final, won 12 of the next 14 frames to complete his remarkable 24-16 victory.


Which religious denomination was founded by John Thomas in 1848?

THE CHRISTADELPHIANS Christadelphian beliefs concerning God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit: There is considerable confusion concerning their beliefs in God, Jesus and the Holy Spirit.   Many information sources describe the group as having abandoned the traditional concept of the Trinity in favor of polytheism -- a belief in multiple Gods. The vast majority of Christian denominations follow the early Church councils and view God as a single deity composed of three persons: God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. These sources external to the Christadelphians frequently base their assessment on writings by the group's founder, John Thomas. In this book Phanerosis, he wrote: "There are not three Gods in the Godhead; nor are there but three in manifestation; nevertheless, the Father is God and Jesus is God; and we may add, so are all the brethren of Jesus gods; and 'a multitude which no man can number.' The Godhead is the homogeneous fountain of the Deity; these other gods are the many streams which form this fountain flow. The springhead of Deity is one, not many; the streams as numerous as the orbs of the universe, in which a manifestation of Deity may have hitherto occurred." However, Christadelphians do not necessarily still accept all of Thomas' beliefs today -- including this one. An accurate description of their beliefs is found in their Statement of Faith (a.k.a. the Birmingham Amended Statement of Faith or BASF). They believe: God the Father is a single indivisible unity. They reject the belief in a Trinity containing three separate personalities. They hold this belief in common with Judaism , Islam , Sikhism and the Jehovah's Witnesses . Jesus is a God manifestation -- a reflection and representative of God. Jesus is fully a man. He was and remains distinctly separate from God. This agrees with the beliefs about Jesus held by the Jewish Christian church prior to the return of Paul to Judea circa 38 CE. But it conflicts with the beliefs of most Christian denominations who view Jesus as fully man and fully God. Jesus had no existence prior to his conception circa 6 BCE by the virgin Mary and the Holy Spirit. Jesus  was born with a fully human nature. However, he lived without sin . One proof of Jesus' nature being entirely human is that he died on the cross. He was raised by God the Father to eternal life. Afterwards, Jesus ascended to Heaven. Jesus will return soon and create a kingdom of God in Jerusalem. This kingdom will then spread across the entire world. Their document "Our Faith and Beliefs" states that salvation requires good works: "We reject as unbiblical the idea that Christ could die as a replacement sacrifice for us, thus covering all our sins forever with that one act. Certainly it is through his sacrifice that we may be forgiven, but only if we walk the path of self-denial that he marked out for us." 12 They view the Holy Spirit is simply the Power of God; it is not a separate person, but is rather a: "... radiant visible power from the Father. It is an unseen power emanating from the Deity, filling all space, and by which God is everywhere present. It is the medium by which God created all things..." 13 More information is available at: www.Biblebasicsonline.com Christadelphian beliefs concerning the Devil and Satan: The Devil is not viewed by Christadelphians as a quasi-deity with magical powers who travels the  Earth trying to lure people into sin --as is believed by most conservative  Christian groups. Based on Genesis 6:5, Jeremiah 7:21-28, Matthew 15:19, James 1:13-15, and  other passages, they stress that "Temptation and hence sin, comes from inside  the person, not outside." Satan is viewed as the principle of evil which resides in people and motivates them to sin and rebel against God. They point out that the words "devil" does not appear in the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament). In the New Testament, these terms are sometimes used to translate the Greek word "diabolos" which  means a human slanderer or false accuser. Examples are John 6:70, 1


Which African cat, that is extensively hunted for its fur, has the longest legs of all cats relative to its body size?

Serval (Leptailurus Serval) - Wild Cats Magazine Contact Serval (Leptailurus Serval) The Serval is a medium-sized African wild cat. It is closely related to the African Golden Cat and the Caracal. It is a slender animal, with long legs and a fairly short tail. The head is small in relation to the body, and the tall, oval ears are set close together. The pattern of the fur is variable. Usually, the Serval is boldly spotted black on tawny. The “servaline” form has much smaller, freckled spots. In addition, melanism is known to exist in this species, giving a similar appearance to the black panther. White servals are white with silvery grey spots and have only occurred in captivity.       Its main habitat is the savanna, although melanistic individuals are more usually found in mountainous areas. The Serval needs watercourses within its territory, so it does not live in semi-deserts or dry steppes. It is able to climb and swim, but seldom does so. It has now dwindled in numbers due to human population taking over its habitat and also hunting its pelt. It is protected in most countries. The Serval is listed in Cites Appendix 2, indicating that it is “not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled.”       Although the Serval is highly specialised for catching rodents, it is an opportunistic predator whose diet also includes hares, hyraxes, birds, reptiles, insects, fish, and frogs. The Serval has been observed taking larger animals, such as small Springbok, but over 90% of the Serval’s prey weighs less than 200g. The Serval eats very quickly, and if its food is big enough, it sometimes eats too quickly, causing it to regurgitate the food because of clogging in the throat. As part of its adaptations for hunting in the savannas, the Serval boasts long legs (the longest of all cats, relative to body size) and large ears. The long legs and neck allow the Serval to see over tall grasses, while its ears are used to detect prey, even those burrowing underground. While hunting, the Serval will pause for up to 15 minutes at a time to listen with eyes closed. The Serval’s pounce is a distinctive vertical ‘hop’, which may be an adaptation for catching flushed birds. The Serval is a highly efficient hunter, catching prey on as many as 50% of attempts, compared to around one of ten for most species of cat. The Serval has been known to dig into burrows in search of underground prey. The gestation period for a female Serval is 66-77 days – 2 to 2 1/2 months. The litter consists of two or three kittens, sometimes as few as one or as many as five. They are raised in sheltered locations such as abandoned aardvark burrows. If such an ideal location is not available, a place behind a shrub may be sufficient. The Serval is sometimes preyed upon by the leopard and other large cats. More dangerous for this cat are humans. The Serval was extensively hunted for its fur. It is still common in West and East Africa, but it is extinct in the South African Cape Province and very rare north of the Sahara. The Serval has been bred with the domestic cat to create a hybrid breed of domestic cat called the Savannah. Black servals Melanistic (black) servals are relatively common in the Aberdare mountains of Kenya. Most Aberdare servals are black and this may be an adaptation to help retain body heat in the cold mountainous area. Black servals have been reported on the moorlands of the Aberdare Mountains at 9800 ft (3000 metres) and they have also been reported from Mount Kenya, the Mau Forest, the Cheringani Hills and Kilimanjaro.Servals found in the Kruger Park are tawny in colour, with black spots and stripes. Very rare… a white serval! Leave a Reply


Which English poet, known as the 'Northamptonshire Peasant Poet', was committed to an asylum from 1837 until his death?

John Clare - John Clare Biography - Poem Hunter John Clare - John Clare Biography - Poem Hunter Biography Biography of John Clare John Clare was an English poet, the son of a farm labourer, who came to be known for his celebratory representations of the English countryside and his lamentation of its disruption. His poetry underwent a major re-evaluation in the late 20th century and he is often now considered to be among the most important 19th-century poets. His biographer Jonathan Bate states that Clare was "the greatest labouring-class poet that England has ever produced. No one has ever written more powerfully of nature, of a rural childhood, and of the alienated and unstable self". Life Early Life Clare was born in Helpston, six miles to the north of the city of Peterborough. In his life time, the village was in the Soke of Peterborough in Northamptonshire and his memorial calls him "The Northamptonshire Peasant Poet". Helpston now lies in the Peterborough unitary authority of Cambridgeshire. He became an agricultural labourer while still a child; however, he attended school in Glinton church until he was twelve. In his early adult years, Clare became a pot-boy in the Blue Bell public house and fell in love with Mary Joyce; but her father, a prosperous farmer, forbade her to meet him. Subsequently he was a gardener at Burghley House. He enlisted in the militia, tried camp life with Gypsies, and worked in Pickworth as a lime burner in 1817. In the following year he was obliged to accept parish relief. Malnutrition stemming from childhood may be the main culprit behind his 5-foot stature and may have contributed to his poor physical health in later life. Early poems Clare had bought a copy of Thomson's Seasons and began to write poems and sonnets. In an attempt to hold off his parents' eviction from their home, Clare offered his poems to a local bookseller named Edward Drury. Drury sent Clare's poetry to his cousin John Taylor of the publishing firm of Taylor & Hessey, who had published the work of John Keats. Taylor published Clare's Poems Descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery in 1820. This book was highly praised, and in the next year his Village Minstrel and other Poems were published. Midlife He had married Martha ("Patty") Turner in 1820. An annuity of 15 guineas from the Marquess of Exeter, in whose service he had been, was supplemented by subscription, so that Clare became possessed of £45 annually, a sum far beyond what he had ever earned. Soon, however, his income became insufficient, and in 1823 he was nearly penniless. The Shepherd's Calendar (1827) met with little success, which was not increased by his hawking it himself. As he worked again in the fields his health temporarily improved; but he soon became seriously ill. Earl FitzWilliam presented him with a new cottage and a piece of ground, but Clare could not settle in his new home. Clare was constantly torn between the two worlds of literary London and his often illiterate neighbours; between the need to write poetry and the need for money to feed and clothe his children. His health began to suffer, and he had bouts of severe depression, which became worse after his sixth child was born in 1830 and as his poetry sold less well. In 1832, his friends and his London patrons clubbed together to move the family to a larger cottage with a smallholding in the village of Northborough, not far from Helpston. However, he felt only more alienated. His last work, the Rural Muse (1835), was noticed favourably by Christopher North and other reviewers, but this was not enough to support his wife and seven children. Clare's mental health began to worsen. As his alcohol consumption steadily increased along with his dissatisfaction with his own identity, Clare's behaviour became more erratic. A notable instance of this behaviour was demonstrated in his interruption of a performance of The Merchant of Venice, in which Clare verbally assaulted Shylock. He was becoming a burden to Patty and his family, and in July 1837, on the recommendation of his publishing friend, John T


Deriving from the Turkish for 'black ear' because of its distinctive black ears, what is the common name for the cat that is also known as the 'Persian or African Lynx'?

1000+ images about African lynx on Pinterest | Persian, The persians and Kittens Forward Caracal – Also known as the African Lynx, this beautiful cat with its unusual ear tufts is seen from time to time in many areas of the Serengeti (Ndutu, Seronera and Grumeti West) perhaps 1 to 2 times a year. The caracal is very shy and elusive and only a handful of our safari guests have ever managed to snap a decent shot before it disappears into thick cover. There was a great documentary filmed about the caracals of the Serengeti several years ago called chasing big cats that can be… See More


Which Victorian painter, noted for his pictures of fairies and other supernatural creatures, murdered his father in 1843 and was committed to a lunatic asylum for the remaining 43 years of his life?

1000+ images about Richard Dadd (1 August 1817 – 7 January 1886) English painter on Pinterest | Bethlem royal hospital, The fairy and Beirut lebanon Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas Richard Dadd (1 August 1817 – 7 January 1886) English painter Richard Dadd (1 August 1817 – 7 January 1886) was an English painter of the Victorian era, noted for his depictions of fairies and other supernatural subjects, Orientalist scenes, and enigmatic genre scenes, rendered with obsessively minuscule detail. Most of the works for which he is best known were created while he was a patient in a psychiatric hospital. 22 Pins32.91k Followers


The East River separates Long Island from which New York borough?

Bronx, the Encyclopedia  >  Places  >  United States, Canada, and Greenland  >  U.S. Political Geography Bronx, the Bronx, the, borough of New York City, coextensive with Bronx co. (1990 pop. 1,203,789), land area 42 sq mi (106 sq km), SE N.Y. The name comes from Jonas Bronck, who purchased the land from Native Americans in 1639. New York City acquired the Bronx, which had been the lower portion of Westchester co., in two stages in 1874 and 1895. With the consolidation of New York City in 1898 it became a separate borough; the county was not organized until 1914. The only mainland borough of New York City, it comprises the southern part of a peninsula bordered on the W by the Hudson River, on the SW by the Harlem River (which separates it from Manhattan), on the S by the East River, and on the E by Long Island Sound. Among the many bridges linking the borough to Manhattan and Queens are the Henry Hudson, the Robert F. Kennedy (formerly Triborough), the Bronx-Whitestone, and the Throgs Neck. The borough is also connected to Manhattan by subway lines. With the extension of mass transit to the Bronx in the early 20th cent. the population of the sparsely settled area rapidly increased, becoming home to many immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. After World War II, African-American and Hispanic residents became the majority, and there are growing African and Caribbean communities. The declining local economy led to a deterioration of housing, and the term "South Bronx" became synonymous with urban blight. Attempts at renovation have been successful in many neighborhoods that had been abandoned for much of the 1970s and 1980s. Although the Bronx is no longer an extensive shipping, warehouse, and factory center, the Hunts Point Terminal Market is the major wholesale produce center for New York City. Large areas of the borough are set aside for parks, notably Bronx Park, with the New York Zoological Park (Bronx Zoo) and the New York Botanical Garden; Van Cortlandt Park, and Pelham Bay Park, with Orchard Beach on Long Island Sound. Among the institutions of higher learning in the Bronx are Fordham Univ., Manhattan College, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva Univ., the New York State Maritime College, and Herbert H. Lehman College of the City Univ. of New York. Other points of interest are Yankee Stadium (1923) and the Edgar Allan Poe cottage (1812). See L. Ultan, The Beautiful Bronx (1982); L. Ultan and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx in the Innocent Years (1985); E. Gonzalez et al., Building a Borough (1986). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.