A typical harvest from Spain and Greece is thought of as what?

Olive oil prices set to rocket following a ‘disastrous’ harvest in Spain and Italy  | Daily Mail Online comments Olive oil prices are set to rocket following a 'disastrous' harvest in some Mediterranean countries. A drought in Spain and bacteria in Italy has hit olive production significantly and experts say prices in supermarkets could rise by up 20 per cent in the next few weeks. The latest Mediterranean olive harvest will end this month and suppliers warn there is unlikely to be any let up from a worldwide shortage of olives and rising prices. A 'disastrous' drought in Spain and bacteria in Italy has hit olive production significantly and experts say prices of olive oil in British supermarkets could rise by up 20 per cent in the next few weeks (file picture)  The amount of olives from the most recent harvest was not enough to produce the average quantity of oil bought in the last four years, making shortages of the kitchen staple inevitable. The wholesale price of Italian extra virgin olive oil has risen by 14 per cent, while the same product from Spain is up 20 per cent. It is forecast that the wholesale price increases will filter down to shop shelves. Olive oil currently costs from around £3.50 a litre in supermarkets. RELATED ARTICLES Share 145 shares Lisa Mullins, marketing manager of Filippo Berio UK, said: 'Typically, olives are a cyclical plant - they have a good year, a bad year and a good year. 'While a weak harvest is usually not a cause for concern, 2014/15 was a disaster.' While Spain has suffered a drought, Italian olive production has been hit by an outbreak of the bacteria Xylella fastidiosa, which has infected more than one million trees. Both problems contributed to a worldwide short fall of more than 400,000 tonnes at the end of the 2014/15 growing season. While Spain has suffered a drought, Italian olive production has been hit by an outbreak of the bacteria Xylella fastidiosa, which has infected more than one million trees The Spanish crop has recovered this year, but the spread of Xylella fastidiosa shows no clear signs of subsiding. The International Olive Oil Council forecasts final global production figures for the 2015/16 harvest will be below the average consumption level of the past four years, making price increases inevitable. Production in Tunisia is expected to be down 220,000 tonnes this year. A supermarket price war in the UK has cushioned shoppers from big price rises so far, but prices rose by more than 10 per cent between August and November last year.


Who, when he took on the position, was the second-youngest US president to take office, the first US president born in the 20th century and, at age 43, the youngest elected to the office?

John F. Kennedy | whitehouse.gov Air Force One John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy was the 35th President of the United States (1961-1963), the youngest man elected to the office. On November 22, 1963, when he was hardly past his first thousand days in office, JFK was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, becoming also the youngest President to die. On November 22, 1963, when he was hardly past his first thousand days in office, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was killed by an assassin's bullets as his motorcade wound through Dallas, Texas. Kennedy was the youngest man elected President; he was the youngest to die. Of Irish descent, he was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on May 29, 1917. Graduating from Harvard in 1940, he entered the Navy. In 1943, when his PT boat was rammed and sunk by a Japanese destroyer, Kennedy, despite grave injuries, led the survivors through perilous waters to safety. Back from the war, he became a Democratic Congressman from the Boston area, advancing in 1953 to the Senate. He married Jacqueline Bouvier on September 12, 1953. In 1955, while recuperating from a back operation, he wrote Profiles in Courage, which won the Pulitzer Prize in history. In 1956 Kennedy almost gained the Democratic nomination for Vice President, and four years later was a first-ballot nominee for President. Millions watched his television debates with the Republican candidate, Richard M. Nixon. Winning by a narrow margin in the popular vote, Kennedy became the first Roman Catholic President. His Inaugural Address offered the memorable injunction: "Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country." As President, he set out to redeem his campaign pledge to get America moving again. His economic programs launched the country on its longest sustained expansion since World War II; before his death, he laid plans for a massive assault on persisting pockets of privation and poverty. Responding to ever more urgent demands, he took vigorous action in the cause of equal rights, calling for new civil rights legislation. His vision of America extended to the quality of the national culture and the central role of the arts in a vital society. He wished America to resume its old mission as the first nation dedicated to the revolution of human rights. With the Alliance for Progress and the Peace Corps, he brought American idealism to the aid of developing nations. But the hard reality of the Communist challenge remained. Shortly after his inauguration, Kennedy permitted a band of Cuban exiles, already armed and trained, to invade their homeland. The attempt to overthrow the regime of Fidel Castro was a failure. Soon thereafter, the Soviet Union renewed its campaign against West Berlin. Kennedy replied by reinforcing the Berlin garrison and increasing the Nation's military strength, including new efforts in outer space. Confronted by this reaction, Moscow, after the erection of the Berlin Wall, relaxed its pressure in central Europe. Instead, the Russians now sought to install nuclear missiles in Cuba. When this was discovered by air reconnaissance in October 1962, Kennedy imposed a quarantine on all offensive weapons bound for Cuba. While the world trembled on the brink of nuclear war, the Russians backed down and agreed to take the missiles away. The American response to the Cuban crisis evidently persuaded Moscow of the futility of nuclear blackmail. Kennedy now contended that both sides had a vital interest in stopping the spread of nuclear weapons and slowing the arms race--a contention which led to the test ban treaty of 1963. The months after the Cuban crisis showed significant progress toward his goal of "a world of law and free choice, banishing the world of war and coercion." His administration thus saw the beginning of new hope for both the equal rights of Americans and the peace of the world. The Presidential biographies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The Presidents of the United States of America,” by Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey. Copyright 2006 by the White House Historical Association. For more information abo


"What do the initials in the UK TV show ""QI"" represent?"

QI - YouTube 8 years ago 383,994 views **Contains strong language** Stephen Fry gives his QI teams magnetic letters and challenges them to make as many Quite Interesting words as they can during the show. Very funny video clip from the... 2:32


"Where is the boat ""The Maid of the Mist"", originally designed to ply between USA and Canada and now a tourist facility for a world attraction?"

travel – Sandbox World Travels Richmond, BC: River Rock Casino I have been to Vancouver many times. On my most recent visit I was actually based in the suburb of Richmond just by the airport, the site of an animal welfare conference I registered for. Richmond (http://www.tourismrichmond.com) is actually the fourth largest city in BC, just 25 minutes south of downtown Vancouver and 25 minutes north of the United States border – a city of stunning mountain vistas, beautiful waterfront sunsets and vibrant urban living. It is also where they shoot my favorite television series, once Upon a Time – more specifically the seaside village of Steveston. I was fortunate that the National Animal Welfare Conference was being held at the amazing River Rock Casino Resort ( www.riverrock.com ). The casino itself has 90,000 square feet of game floor, 115 table games, 1,100 slot machines, a dedicated poker room and high limit rooms. The resort has a swimming pool with big Jacuzzi and 70 foot waterslide, a spa with six private treatment rooms, a work-out gym and weight room, a very popular show theatre presenting some of the top modern artists in music, comedy, theatre and more. There are seven bars, restaurants and lounges spread throughout our property as well as live music with no cover charge four nights a week at Lulu’s, a beautiful marina and boardwalk overlooking the Fraser River and a heated waterfront patio. There is a 24-hour food court, as well as Java Jack’s, a convenient stop for quality artisan coffee, smoothies, soft drinks, pastries, sandwiches and more. Back to the casino for a moment. Some slots are games of pure chance, such as penny and quarter slots like Wheel of Fortune, while others will test your skill, such as video poker. You can choose to play a progressive bank like Casino Cash, or try your luck to win a brand new car at Race to Win. There certainly have been some good Montreal connections at the resort. The Lara Fabian Greatest Hits Tour just appeared there while April Wine was also on the list. River Rock is centrally located between two major shopping districts: the diverse, world-class shopping centres and niche neighbourhoods in Vancouver, and the bustling and uniquely Asian-Canadian Richmond area shopping attractions. You can reach downtown in no time at all by taking the Skytrain, which also brings you directly to the airport. As for the rooms, we stayed in a lovely 525 square foot one bedroom suite. This featured a luxury Euro-top cashmere King bed, with 300 thread count sheets and down/feather (60/40) duvet. There is a sofa bed with seven inch mattress in living room , a 42 inch TV in the living rooms and a 32 inch model in the bedroom, am iPod dock and speaker with alarm clock, quality bathroom amenities, a mini fridge, 24 hour room service and upon request a crib, a humidifier and microwave. It was very spacious and comfortable. HANDICAPPED ACCESSIBLE: Several accessible parking stalls are available on each level of the parkade near the elevators. The sidewalk leading to the hotel entrance is accessible, with curb cuts to parking surfaces. The main entrance has three sets of double swinging doors (one set is powered. There are two elevators from the lobby to guest room floor, both accessible and with control panels featuring tactile and Braille). As for the guest rooms, five are fully accessible, including wheel-in showers. Five other rooms are also available featuring light alarms, for visitors with impaired hearing. WHERE TO DINE: While there are certainly some fabulous restaurants in Richmond, we could not resist the temptation of once again experiencing our favorite dining establishment in the heart of Vancouver – Joe Fortes Seafood & Chop House ( www.joefortes.ca ) on Thurlow Street. We were a party of four on the night we chose to eat there and this was an extraordinary dining experience from the moment we were seated. This is indeed one of the city’s finest restaurants. Our waiter Jamie, who has worked at Joe Forte’s for many years, gave us a very good presentation of the specialties. One of Jo


How many years is Methuselah recorded as having lived?

LIFE SPANS: Genesis says Methuselah lived 969 years. Were the long life spans in Genesis real years? – Ask John Mackay Bible / People / Sceptics / Theology The original question was: The long life spans in Genesis such as Methuselah living 969 years – were they real years or were they using a different calendar? Answer by John Mackay There certainly are many long life spans listed in Genesis 1-11. Methuselah at 969 being the longest and most people lived around 900 years, with Noah being the last person recorded to live over 900 years when he died at 950 (Genesis 9:29). But there are also life spans after Noah that are long and show an interesting trend after the flood as man’s recorded life spans rapidly diminished. Noah’s son Shem lived only 600 hundred years and his son Arphaxad lived only 438 years, etc. By the days of Abraham, man’s life span was much reduced, with Abraham living only 175 years. Still a long time compared to us. By the days of Moses (roughly 3,000 years ago) who lived a mere 120 years (Deuteronomy 34:7). We should note Moses was the man who wrote our life span would be around 70 – 80 years unless God blessed us with an extra strong body (Psalm 90:10) and that is still the average today 3 millennia later. So are the Genesis 1-11 ages real years or were they using a different calendar? We can answer the question about the calendar fairly easily by discovering how many days they had in a year. Many have suggested they were using Lunar calendars and therefore 969 actually represents 969 Lunar months not 969 years. This would make Methuselah only 74.5 of our years at his death. Of course this argument does begin to look a little silly when you start applying it to Abraham since it would mean that Abraham lived only around 14yrs years if his 175 represents Lunar months. So how long were the Genesis years? We have a very precise account of one year of Noah’s life between Genesis 6 and Genesis 10. The year of the flood is the most detailed chronological year in the whole of the Old Testament as it represents a diary of events from Noah’s completion and boarding the Ark to his getting off the Ark. In Genesis 7 verse 11, it records that Noah was 600 years and 2 months and 17 days of age when the flood started. Then in Genesis 8:3-4, it records that when Noah was 600 years and 7 months and 17 days old, the Ark rested on the tops of the mountains and that this was 150 days after the flood had started. Given that we now have 2 comments on how long they had been on the boat, we now know that five of Noah’s months equals150 days. Therefore Noah’s months averaged 30 days each. It’s a simple matter therefore to realise that if 5 months equals 150 days, then 12 months roughly equals 360 days perhaps plus a few additions as we do for leap years, etc. So their year is provably, roughly the same as ours. Therefore, our friend Methuselah was 969 of our years – a really old man. There is a second way of checking what these age numbers mean, as not only are their life spans mentioned, but the age at which many of these patriarchs actually had their first child. So if we compare before and after the flood you find Enoch who having fathered Methuselah when he was 65 years old. If you divide that by 13 (the number of lunar months in a year) or even by 12 the number of calendar months – it would make Enoch roughly 5 years old when he had a son. It becomes even more ridiculous when you realise that Abraham’s grandfather Nahor had Terah at 29 years old. If these were only months Nahor would have only been 2.5 years old when he had his first child. An obvious impossibility. One last comment is perhaps worth making. Many so called evangelicals want to dismiss Genesis as real history until the days of Abraham, so they can avoid issues such as the long life spans. But with Abraham listed as living 175 years (Genesis 25:7), his son Isaac 180, and in the next generation Jacob 147 years (Genesis 35:28, 47:28), you can’t escape the issue at all. In the present world no one on record is living that long, so we have to face the issue head


Which British prime minister resigned as a result of the Suez Crisis?

BBC - History -   British History in depth: The Suez Crisis Print this page Creation of the Canal In 1854 Ferdinand de Lesseps, a French former diplomat, persuaded the Viceroy of Egypt, Mohamed Said, to permit the construction of a shipping canal through the 100 miles of desert between Africa and Asia. A prospectus was circulated and on 20 December 1858 the Universal Company of the Suez Maritime Canal was constituted. Britain, which had regarded France's increased influence in this region with suspicion, declined the offer of shares and even organised a boycott resulting in a shortage of investors. Egypt therefore acquired 44% of the shares. Construction began on 25 April 1859 and the canal was opened in November 1869 complete with a statue of de Lesseps dominating the harbour. Said, who died in 1867, was succeeded by his nephew Ismail. In the first year of the canal's existence, some three-quarters of the vessels using it were British. By the mid 1870s, Ismail, who had set out to modernise Egypt, but had incurred massive debts, offered his country's shares in the canal for sale. British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli bought Egypt's shareholding for £4 million establishing Britain's influence in the running of this new and extremely important waterway. Top Vital British interest British Sherman tanks advance in North Africa during World War Two    © The Suez Canal provided Britain with a shorter sea route to its empire and, as the 20th century dawned and oil grew in importance, it provided a short sea route to the oilfields of the Persian Gulf. Britain was therefore committed to protect the canal. During the two World Wars, the Suez Canal came under attack. Soon after the outbreak of World War One, Britain declared Egypt a protectorate and British and Indian forces were sent to protect the canal. Turkey, which had entered the war as Germany’s ally in 1914, sent troops to seize the canal in February 1915. This attack was beaten back and by 1916 British defensive lines had been driven deep into the Sinai desert to prevent any further attempt. The defeat of Turkey in 1918 resulted in much of the Ottoman (Turkish) empire being divided between Britain and France, leaving Britain in control of the oilfields of what is now Iraq. The fighting ebbed and flowed until 1942, when Axis forces seemed poised to break through to the Suez Canal. In 1922, Britain gave nominal independence to Egypt, but it was some years before an agreement was reached. The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty signed in London in 1936 proclaimed Egypt to be an independent sovereign state, but allowed for British troops to continue to be stationed in the Suez Canal zone to protect Britain’s financial and strategic interest in the canal until 1956, at which time the need for their presence would be re-examined and, if necessary, renegotiated. Soon after the outbreak of World War Two, Italy, Germany’s ally, sent forces to invade Egypt from Libya. A British and Commonwealth counter-offensive in December 1940 drove the Italians out of Egypt, but in March 1941 the Italians, reinforced by the German Afrika Korps, attacked again and pushed the Allied forces back. The fighting ebbed and flowed along the North African coast until the summer of 1942, when the Axis forces seemed poised to break through to the Suez Canal and beyond. Their new offensive, launched on 1 July, lasted most of the month, but the Allied lines held. In August, Lieutenant General Bernard Montgomery was appointed commander of the British Eighth Army. On 23 October 1942, he launched a major offensive from El Alamein which forced the German-Italian Panzer Army into retreat. Subsequent Anglo-American landings in Morocco and Algeria on 8 November cut off the Axis forces in Tunisia, and on 13 May 1943 they surrendered. The canal was safe once more. Top The crisis builds Anthony Nutting and Abdel Nasser sign the Anglo-Egyptian Suez Agreement    © The Suez Crisis of 1956 has its roots in the post-war upsurge of nationalism in Egypt. In 1951, Nahas Pasha leader of the recently-elected nationalist Wafd par


What product was commercially introduced to Britain in 1930?

Food Timeline: 1926 to 1930 - Food History Events An extensive selection of free food, beverage & agricultural magazines, e-books, etc. for qualified professionals FOOD HISTORY TIMELINE 1926 USDA began inspection of live poultry. 1926 James McLamore was born. Co-founder, with David Edgerton, of Burger King. 1926 Targhee breed of sheep developed. 1926 'Devil in the Cheese' opened at the Charles Hopkins Theatre in New York City. 1926 Carl Akeley died (born 1864). A biologist, taxidermist, nature photographer and conservationist. 1926 Beef grading standards were introduced by the USDA. 1926 Comedian 'Soupy Sales' (Milton Supman) was born (died 2009).  Best known for his children's TV show 'Lunch with Soupy Sales.' Most of his routines ended with Soupy receiving a pie in the face. 1926 Paul Bocuse, French chef, is born at Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or, France. French chef known as one of the founders of  'nouvelle cuisine' 1926 Luther Burbank died. American horticulturist, he developed many new varieties of fruits and vegetables, including the Burbank Potato (1873), the Shasta Daisy, over 100 varieties of plums and prunes and 10 varieties of berries. 1926 The Mount Olive Pickle Company was founded in North Carolina. 1926 Ann B. Davis was born. She played the role of Alice the housekeeper and cook on the TV show 'The Brady Bunch' (1969-1974). 1926 The first automatic pop-up toaster was introduced by the Waters-Genter Company of Minneapolis, Minnesota 1926 Marilyn Monroe (Norma Jean) was born. American actress, primarily remembered as being crowned Artichoke Queen of 1947 in Castroville, California. 1926 Dame Nelle Melba gave her farewell performance. Melba toast and Peach Melba were named in her honor. 1926 Emile Coue died. A French pharmacist, he was an advocate of autosuggestion. He suggested repeating the following sentence 15 to 20 times in the morning and evening: "Every day, and in every way, I am becoming better and better." 1926 Roquefort cheese is the first cheese designated with an appellation d'origine controlee. Only cheese that is processed in Roquefort, France and aged in the caves there may be called 'Roquefort Cheese.' 1926 'Winnie-the-Pooh'  (the honey loving bear) by A. A. Milne is published. 1926 Jack Ryan was born. Before helping to develop the Barbie Doll for Mattell, Ryan worked for the Pentagon designing missiles! 1926 The Electrolux Servel Corp. received the first U.S. patent for a household refrigerator cooled by a sealed gas refrigerant. 1926 Hormel Company of Austin, Minnesota marketed the first canned ham. 1927 Al Lapin Jr. was born (died 2004).  Entrepreneur and restaurateur, co-founder with his brother Jerry of International House of Pancakes in 1958 in Toluca Lake, California. 1927 Harrison McCain was born (died 2004). Co-founder (with 3 brothers) of McCain Foods in 1957 in New Brunswick, Canada.  The company produces 1/3 of the world's french fries. 1927 William Barron Hilton was born. A son of Conrad Hilton (founder of Hilton Hotels).  Barron Hilton is a former co-chairman and president of the Hilton Hotel chain. 1927 Pan American Airways inaugurated the world's first scheduled international flight with a 90 mile flight from Key West to Havana, Cuba. 1927 Erma Bombeck was born. Writer, humorist, you will find some of her quotes about family and food on the Food Reference website. 1927 Harry Belafonte, singer, actor, was born.  His biggest hit was "Day-O (The Banana Boat Song" in 1956. 1927 Ira Remsen died. American chemist, co-discoverer in 1879 (with Constantine Fahlberg) of saccharin, the artificial sweetener. 1927 Clarence Birdseye of Massachusetts received a U.K. patent for frozen fish fingers. 1927 Imperial Airways became the first British airline to serve hot meals. 1927 Alfalfa was born on this day. Actually, it was Carl Switzer who played Alfalfa in the Our Gang short film series. 1927 The Holland Tunnel opened - the first Hudson River automobile tunnel from New York City to New Jersey. 1927 'Struttin' With Some Barbecue' was recorded by Louis Armstrong and his Hot Five. 1927 Dr.Edward Anton


In 1840 Queen Victoria in the United Kingdom married her cousin. What was his name?

Queen Victoria: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland Note    About Image Copyright   Victoria lived from 24 May 1819 to 22 January 1901 and was Queen of   the United Kingdom from 20 June 1837 until her death. She was also made Empress   of India on 1 May 1876. The last monarch of the House of Hanover, she ruled for 63 years and 7   months, the longest period of rule of any British monarch: and she lent her   name to one of the most distinctive periods of British history, the Victorian   era. The wider picture in Scotland at the time is set out in our Historical Timeline. Victoria was the only child of the Duke of Kent and Strathearn, who   in turn was the fourth son of King George III and   Queen Charlotte. George III's eldest son, the   Prince of Wales, only had one child, and when she died in 1817, the remaining   unmarried sons of George III set out to do their   duty and ensure the future of the dynasty. Though 50 years old, the Duke of   Kent and Strathearn married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and   their only child, Princess Victoria of Kent, was born in Kensington Palace,   London, on 24 May 1819. Victoria was less than a year old when her grandfather George III died, and her uncle George IV succeeded to the throne. And she was   eleven when George IV died, to be succeeded by the   64 year-old William IV. William had no legitimate   children, and Victoria suddenly found herself to be heir to the throne. In   response, Parliament passed the Regency Act 1830, stipulating that Victoria's   mother, the Duchess of Kent and Strathearn, would act as Regent if Victoria   succeeded to the throne before she was 18. On 20 June 1837, just a month after Victoria's 18th birthday, William IV died from heart failure and Victoria   became Queen of the United Kingdom. Tradition prevented a female inheriting   William's other title of King of Hanover, so this went to another of her   uncles. On 10 February 1840, Queen Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha: his   father was her mother's brother. They had first met when Victoria had been 16. William IV had opposed the idea of marriage   between the two, but of course no longer had a say after 1837. Many feel that Albert entered into the marriage more for status   and duty than love: but whatever his reasons, theirs proved a very happy and   successful marriage with Albert, entitled Prince   Consort, becoming Victoria's most important adviser as well as her husband. Victoria and Albert had nine   children together, the first being Princess Victoria, who was born on 21   November 1840. Early in Victoria's pregnancy she was subjected to an   assassination attempt when Edward Oxford tried to shoot her while she was   riding in a carriage with Albert. The would-be assassin's bullets missed. This   set something of a trend for the rest of Victoria's reign. There were two   further assassination attempts in 1842; others in 1849 and 1850, and a final   attempt in 1872. All involved handguns. Early in her reign Victoria fell in love with Ireland, spending her   holidays there: and her affections were returned by the Irish people. However,   the potato blight that first struck in 1845 caused widespread famine, which was   made much worse by the delayed response of the British Government: which took   three years to repeal the Corn Laws that prevented the import of cheap grain   into Ireland. Over a period of four years, a million Irish died of starvation   and another million emigrated. Queen Victoria personally donated £5,000   towards famine relief in Ireland: though this has to be set alongside the £14,000 raised by Irish soldiers serving in India, and $710 and a   quantity of grain donated by the Choctaw Indians. Victoria made an official   visit to Ireland in 1849, but was unable to repair the damage that had been   done to the reputation of the government. The famine was to mark the start of a steep decline in Irish regard   for the Union. Partly bec


What is the full name of the organism found in abundance in the mammalian gut, and used as the host organism for the majority of work with recombinant DNA, in early commercial work the bacterium of choice for cloning and mass-producing new materials?

Biology-Study-Material-Final.docx - 1 Chapter – 1: - REPRODUCTION IN View Full Document This is the end of the preview. Sign up to                   access the rest of the document. Unformatted text preview: 1 Chapter – 1: - REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS Life Span Period from birth till natural death.Every organism lives only for certain period of time Eg Elephant 60 -90 years, Fruit fly 4-5 weeks. Every organism live only for a certain period of time. Reproduction –Producing young-ones of their kind, generation after generation. Types of reproduction: Asexual reproduction :single parent capable of producing offspring. Somatogenic reproduction Sexual reproduction :two parents are invovled in producing offspring. Modes of asexual reproduction Binary fission: parent body divides into two halves, genetically identical to parent. Amoeba: It is simple or irregular. Paramoecium: Transverse binary fission. Organisms considered immortal Multiple fission: parent body divides into many daughter organisms : Plasmodium. Budding: daughter organisms grow from small buds arising in parent body. Exogenous budding: out side the body eg. Hydra, Yeast. Budding in Yeast Endogenous budding : inside the body eg. Gemmule in sponge. Oidia of rhizopus Conidia: non-motile, exogenous spores in chains eg. Fungi. Zoospores: microscopic motile structures eg. Algae. In plants : term vegetative reproduction frequently used instead of asexual reproduction, units of vegetative propagation called vegetative propagules.Eg runner, rhizome, sucker, tuber offset, bulb give rise to new plant All organisms show remarkable similarity. Vast difference in their reproductive structure. Similar pattern or phases in their life cycles PHASES OF LIFE SPAN. Juvenile phase: The phase of growth before reproductive maturity. Reproductive phase: Reproductive maturity. Senescent phase: Phase between reproductive maturity and death. 2 The main events of sexual cycle are: i. Prefertilisation events: a.Gametogenesis : The process of formation of male and female gametes by meiosis (cell-division). Homogamete(Isogamete): - gametes similar eg. Algae Heterogamete(an-isogamete): - morphologically dissimilar gamete ,male gamete (antherozoid or sperm) ,female gamete (egg or ovum) eg. Human. Sexuality in organisms : In plants Bisexual term is used for Homothallic and Monoecious plants Both male and female reproductive structures in same plant eg. Higher plants, cucurbits and coconut. Unisexual term used for Heterothallic and Dioecious plants Male and female reproductive-structure on different plants. Flowering plants – male flower–staminate flower and female flower– pistillate flower eg. papaya and date-palm. Animals – Bisexual term is used for Hermaphrodite animals-eg. Earth-worm, Tape-worm, Leech, Sponge. Unisexual animals have male & female sexes in separate individuals-e.g. insects, frogs, humanbeings Cell division during gamete formation: Haploid-parent (n) produces haploid gametes (n) by mitotic division, eg. Monera,fungi, algae and bryophytes. Diploid parent (2n) produces haploid gametes(n) by meiosis division (possess only one set of chromosomes)and such specialized parent cell is called meiocyte or gamete mother cell. ExampleName of organism Meiocyte(2n) gamete (n) Human 46 23 Housefly 12 6 Ophioglossum (fern) 1260 630 Potato 48 24 b) Gamete transfer:- to facilitate fusion. Male gametes mostly motile and female non-motile, exception few fungi and in algae both gametes are motile in some cases Water medium for gamete transfer- in lower plants. Large number of male gametes produced to compensate loss Higher plants, pollen-grains are transferred by pollination. Fertilization: Fusion of male and female gametes diploid zygote. Parthenogenesis.-development into new organism without fertilisation eg. Rotifers, honey-bees, some lizard, bird(turkey). 3 Fertilization Two types- external and internal . External fertilisation- outside the body of organism in externalmedium (water) eg. majority of algae, fishes, amphibians. Advantage- show great sync


What island off the coast of Iceland was formed in a volcanic eruption which began 130 m (426 ft) below sea level, reached the surface on 14 November 1963 and continued to 5 June 1967, when it measured 2.7 sq km (1 sq mile)?

Surtsey : Wikis (The Full Wiki) The Full Wiki       Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Surtsey* ** Region as classified by UNESCO. Surtsey in southwest Iceland Surtsey ( Icelandic : " Surtur's island") is a volcanic island off the southern coast of Iceland . At 63°18′11″N 20°36′17″W / 63.303°N 20.6047°W / 63.303; -20.6047 Coordinates : 63°18′11″N 20°36′17″W / 63.303°N 20.6047°W / 63.303; -20.6047 it is also the southernmost point of Iceland . It was formed in a volcanic eruption which began 130 metres (426 ft) below sea level , and reached the surface on 14 November 1963. The eruption lasted until 5 June 1967, when the island reached its maximum size of 2.7 km2 (1.0 sq mi). Since then, wind and wave erosion have caused the island to steadily diminish in size: as of 2002, its surface area was 1.4 km2 (0.54 sq mi). [1] The new island was named after Surtr , a fire jötunn or giant from Norse mythology . It was intensively studied by volcanologists during its eruption, and afterwards by botanists and biologists as life forms gradually colonised the originally barren island. The undersea vents that produced Surtsey are part of the Vestmannaeyjar (Westmann Isles) submarine volcanic system, part of the fissure of the sea floor called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . Vestmannaeyjar also produced the famous eruption of Eldfell on the island of Heimaey in 1973. The eruption that created Surtsey also created a few other small islands along this volcanic chain, such as Jólnir and other, unnamed peaks. Most of these eroded away fairly quickly. Contents 8: Magma chamber 9: Dike At 07:15 UTC on 14 November 1963, the cook of Ísleifur II, a trawler sailing off the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago south of Iceland, spotted something south-west of the boat, which turned out to be a rising column of dark smoke. The vessel went to investigate the smoke. The captain thought it might have been a boat on fire, but instead they encountered explosive eruptions giving off black columns of ash, indicating that a volcanic eruption had begun beneath the sea. [2] Although the eruption was unexpected, there had been some indications before it began that volcanic activity was imminent. From 6 to 8 November, weak tremors were detected at Kirkjubaejarklaustur from an epicentre measured to be 140 km (87 mi) distant (approximately the distance of Surtsey), while on 12 November, a seismograph in Reykjavík recorded weak tremors for ten hours, but their location was not determined. [3] Two days before the eruption began, a marine research vessel noted that the sea in the area was somewhat warmer than normal, [4] and at the same time, people in the coastal town of Vík on the mainland 80 km (50 mi) away had noticed a smell of hydrogen sulphide . [2] It is likely that the eruption began some days before 14 November. The sea floor is 130 metres (426 ft) below sea level, and at this depth explosive eruptions would be quenched by the water pressure. As the eruption built up a volcano approaching sea level, the explosions could no longer be contained, and activity broke the surface. [2] Early days Surtsey's ash column rises over the newly forming island By 11:00 on 14 November 1963, the eruption column had reached several kilometres in height. At first the eruptions took place at three separate vents along a north-east by south-west trending fissure , but by the afternoon the separate eruption columns had merged into one along the erupting fissure. Over the next week, explosions were continuous, and after just a few days the new island, formed mainly of scoria , measured over 500 metres (1640 ft) in length and had reached a height of 45 metres (147 ft). [5] The new island was named after the fire jötunn Surtur from Norse mythology . As the eruptions continued, they became concentrated at one vent along the fissure and began to build the island into a more


What are the mathematical odds of the perfect deal in a bridge hand (i.e. 13 cards all of one suit)

Probabilities Miscellaneous: Bridge Odds   Miscellaneous Bridge Probabilities - Probability that either  partnership will have enough to bid game, assuming a 26+ point game = 25.29% (1 in 3.95 deals) Probability that either partnership will have enough to bid slam, assuming a  33+ point slam = .70% (1 in 143.5 deals) Probability that either partnership will have enough to bid grandslam,  assuming a 37+ point grandslam = .02% (about 1 in 5,848 deals) Number of different hands a named player can receive = 635,013,559,600 Number of different hands a second player can receive = 8,122,425,444 Number of different hands the 3rd and 4th players can receive = 10,400,600 Number of possible deals = 52!/(13!)^4 = 53,644,737,765,488,792,839,237,440,000 Number of possible auctions with North as dealer, assuming that East and West  pass throughout = 2^36 - 1 = 68,719,476,735 Number of possible auctions with North as dealer,   assuming that East and West  do not pass throughout = 128,745,650,347,030,683,120,231,926,111,609,371,363,122,697,557 Odds against each player having a complete suit = 2,235,197,406,895,366,368,301,559,999 to 1 Odds against receiving a hand with 37 HCP (4 Aces, 4 Kings, 4 Queens, and 1  Jack) = 158,753,389,899 to 1 Odds against receiving a perfect hand (13 cards in one suit) = 169,066,442  to 1 Odds against a Yarborough = 1827 to 1 Odds against both members of a partnership receiving a Yarborough = 546,000,000 to 1 Odds against a hand with no card higher than 10 = 274 to 1 Odds against a hand with no card higher than Jack = 52 to 1 Odds against a hand with no card higher than Queen = 11 to 1 Odds against a hand with no Aces = 2 to 1 Odds against being dealt four Aces = 378 to 1 Odds against being dealt four honors in one suit = 22 to 1 Odds against being dealt five honors in one suit = 500 to 1 Odds against being dealt at least one singleton = 2 to 1 Odds against having at least one void = 19 to 1 Odds that two partners will be dealt 26 named cards between them =  495,918,532,918,103 to 1 Odds that no players will be dealt a singleton or void = 4 to 1


"When the UK version of the biographical documentary ""This Is Your Life"" TV series aired who was the first presenter?"

TVARK | Miscellaneous | BBC 40 Minutes 1986 40 Minutes was a long-running strand on BBC2 which gave viewers a 40 minute insight into an aspect of British life. 40 Minutes All Our Working Lives 1984 A programme about mining, shown as part of a BBC4 evening dedicated to the production of power in the UK. Antiques Roadshow The Antiques Roadshow 2001 Antiques Roadshow: One of BBC1's most popular factual programmes for many years, this series was hosted by Hugh Scully for many years before Michael Aspel took over in 2000. Antiques Roadshow 2010 Still going strong and now presented by Fiona Bruce, Antiques Roadshow is one of BBC1's top rated shows. Arena 1975 Now the BBC's longest-running Arts strand, Arena began in 1975. The famous titles showing a floating bottle are now expanded to widescreen. The gorgeous theme, Another Green World, is by Brian Eno BBC Media Arc BBC Resources Idents 1998 BBC Resources was the commercial arm of the BBC's creative services across the UK including studios, graphic design, post production, audio, costumes and props. These idents were part of a set produced by BBC Resources to promote it's commercial activities to in-house producers and external production companies. Today most of the BBC's in-house creative and craft servies have been closed down. BBC Select 1992 BBC Select was an overnight subscription service offering programmes of interest to special audiences (nurses, businessmen etc). Some programmes were scrambled Sky-style, others were free to air. At the start of each programme, the ident on the left appeared. Find out what services BBC Select was offering in mid-1993 by watching the promo on the right. BBC Select Filler An excerpt from the BBC Select interval filler, the music was on a 10-minute loop. BMTV 1989 BMTV - British Medical Television was an information service available by subscription aimed at GPs.  BBC Enterprises launched a commercial venture offering providers the use of unused night time transmission hours.  The venture was approved by the home office for a trial period of two years. Subscribers paying for the service would have a descrambler box which would automatically recognise the scrambled picture broadcast during the early hours of BBC2 and set the VHS recorder to record the programmes, so the subscriber could watch the following morning.   Clip recorded by Roy Koning Bodymatters 1986 This lightweight health education magazine show ran for three series, recorded in front of a studio audience and hosted by The Three Doctors... namely Dr Graeme Garden, Dr Alan Maryon Davis and Dr Gillian Rice; they were joined on occasions by Maggie Philbin for Bodymatters Roadshow.   The show is of interest for an early TV appearance by Victoria Beckham, dressed up as a piece of sperm on rollerskates. Go figure. The Body in Question 1978 Jonathan Miller qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1959 and having dabbled in comedy and drama (the chilling 1968 Omnibus film of Whistle & I'll Come To You springs to mind, as does his 1966 celeb-fest Alice in Wonderland), he wrote and presented this thirteen-part series, which aired from 06/11/1978. It attracted controversy and devotion alike, the former the result of his dissection of a human body, the latter due to a gorgeous montage of antique clocks and paintings filmed at the Greenwich Observatory, accompanied by a memorable radiophonic vocoder score from Peter Howell, The Greenwich Chorus Bradens Week Before That's Life there was Bradens Week Breakfast Time - BBC Children's Programmes Exhibition 1982 A very young Bruce Hammal doing a presenting job on BBC Breakfast Time in a piece promoting a BBC exhibition taking place at Langham Gallery (Porland Place) commemorating 60 years of BBC children's programmes. Celebdaq 2003 A showbiz news programme charting the rise and fall of celebrities, rating their celebrity worth in the form of a stock exchange. The Computer Programme 1982 In the early 1980s the BBC embarked on a programme to educate us all about computers and a number of series were made as part of this plan such as this one, h


It is considered to have been conceived in the West as an idea in 1508 and in its current highly-oxygen-permeable form 490 years later, and is..?

America’s Birth Certificate: The Oldest Globular World Map: c. 1507 America’s Birth Certificate: The Oldest Globular World Map: c. 1507 Stefaan Missinne PhD Copyright © 2015 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). Received 4 June 2015; accepted 30 June 2015; published 2 July 2015 ABSTRACT In 2012, a woodcut print for a c. 11 centimeter globe was discovered in an ancient volume in the University Library in Munich . This pivotal 1 million US$ globular world map, which only differs marginally from four other extant woodcut copies, attracted worldwide media attention. This discovery ignited the search for the date and the origin of an enigma in the form of an intricate secretive small Renaissance map. The aforementioned had been acquired inserted in a French adapted and unauthorised copy of the Introduction to Cosmography dated 1507 and printed in Lyon. The son of a Dutch American immigrant from Flusching, H. C. Kalbfleisch bought it in Paris in 1881 and brought it to New York . The author offers key evidence that this secretive map is an important misinterpreted and misdated cultural historical prototype which antedates five later woodcut copies: gores in Munich UB, Minnesota-Hauslab, Christie’s, SL Munich and Offenburg. He proves that its size and scale are inspired by a calculation of Leonardo da Vinci as described in one of his Codices, and applied on the 1504 Ostrich Egg globe discovered in London 2012. The research methodology used is stemmatics as developed by the German scholar K. Lachmann applied on ancient maps and the evaluation of the scientific aspects and architectural, historical and artistic design. Evidence was offered that the Introduction to Cosmography printed in France in which the engraved map was loosely inserted, together with two additional copper engravings, was printed prior to March 1508. The map research leads to the Benedictine monk and German cartographer, globe constructor and astrologist Donnus Nicolaus Germanus. The latter was the first who constructed a terrestrial and a celestial globe for the library of the Pope Pius IV. The two additional copper engravings lead to the Dutch born medical doctor and astrologer Guillelmus de Wissekerke, supplier of astrological instruments for French kings and the Duke of Milan. The artistic decorator for these copper engravings L. Boulengier was from the city of Albi in France, a possible key stepping-stone to the Papacy in Rome. The cathedral in Albi stood as an architectural symbol against the Cathars. Boulengier drew his inspiration from the Gothic flamboyant style of that world heritage cathedral in his home town Albi. He decorated these engravings on behalf of the powerful and art-loving Florimond de Robertet, Secretary of State for three subsequent French kings including King Francis I, 1515. Robertet was a client of Leonardo da Vinci. A date on two of the three artistic prints is a key date for the royalty of France. The French king Louis XII lost the succession of his House Valois-Orléans to the House of Valois-Angoulême after failing to produce a male heir to the throne. The author concludes that the small globular map naming America is America’s oldest Birth Certificate. A printed letter―early 1508―by Martin Waldseemüller provides the date. The small map precedes by more than eight years the large woodcut world map discovered in 1903 in Castle Wolfegg (Baden-Württemberg) by the Austrian Jesuit priest Dr. J. Fischer and which was sold to the Library of Congress, in 2001 for US $10 million. This research is a reappraisal. It is also a rebuttal of a misdirection in the history of science and a misleading error of 133 years ago. It combines medical, geographical, and cultural history of science. It leads the reader through Italian and French Renaissance and concentrates on aspects of architecture, map design, Leonardo da Vinci, French Royalty, and the early discovery of America. It offers a surprising ending leading to the city of New York, named Nou


Which newspaper, established in 1917, expressed the official views of the Soviet government and continued after the collapse of the Soviet Union?

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Union of Soviet Socialist Republics The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright The Columbia University Press Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Rus. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, former republic. It was established in 1922 and dissolved in 1991. The Soviet Union was the first state to be based on Marxist socialism (see also Marxism ; communism ). Until 1989 the Communist party indirectly controlled all levels of government; the party's politburo effectively ruled the country, and its general secretary was the country's most powerful leader. Soviet industry was owned and managed by the state, and agricultural land was divided into state farms, collective farms , and small, privately held plots. Politically the USSR was divided (from 1940 to 1991) into 15 constituent or union republics— Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belorussia (see Belarus ), Estonia , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kirghizia (see Kyrgyzstan ), Latvia , Lithuania , Moldavia (see Moldova ), Russia, Tadzhikistan (see Tajikistan ), Turkmenistan , Ukraine , and Uzbekistan —ostensibly joined in a federal union, but until the final year or so of the USSR's existence the republics had little real power. Russia, officially the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic (RSFSR), was only one of the constituent republics, but the terms   "Russia,"  the   "USSR,"  and the   "Soviet Union"  were often used interchangeably. Early Years The USSR was the successor state to the Russian Empire (see Russia ) and the short-lived provisional government of Russia. The history of the provisional government, the Revolution of 1917, Soviet Russia's withdrawal from World War I, and the Russian Civil War are covered in the articles Russian Revolution and Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of . Many policies indicative of the entire tenure of the Soviet rule appeared during the formative stage of the state. The torture or summary execution of real or imagined opponents, a   "Red Terror"  to subdue the Whites during the civil war, became institutionalized in the form of the secret police , who sought to suppress dissidence and opposition. Such tactics were employed even within the Communist party, as periodic   "purges"  were carried out to rid the party of dissident members. The denigration of rural peasants in favor of soldiers and urban dwellers was another tendency of the Soviet regime. Millions of peasants in the Don region starved to death from 1918 to 1920 as the army confiscated grain for its own needs and the needs of the urbanites. The fundamental policy, however, of the Communist party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) from its beginning was complete socialization. Between 1918 and 1921, a period called   "war communism,"  the state took control of the whole economy, mainly through the centralization of planning and the elimination of management from factories. This led to inefficiency and confusion, and in 1921 there was a partial return to the market economy with the adoption of the New Economic Policy (NEP). The NEP ushered in a period of relative stability and prosperity, and in 1922 the treaty of union formally joined Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia, and Transcaucasia (divided in 1936 into the Georgian, Armenian, and Azerbaijan republics). At this time the USSR comprised Russia and the remainder of the Russian Empire (for its earlier history see Russia ) as it had emerged from the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing civil war. The civil war had been complicated by Allied intervention and by war (1920) with Poland. The peace treaty (1921) with Poland (see Riga, Treaty of ), the declarations of independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, and the seizure by Romania of Bessarabia had greatly reduced the size of the former Russian Empire, establishing what the governments of Western Europe called a cordon sanitaire (quarantine belt) separating Communist Russia from the rest of Europe. Temporarily accep


In December 2005, Amelle Berrabah became a member of which group?

Sugababes Sugababes Quote From Sugababes' Keisha Buchanan:   "It sounds bad, but they don't care about your age if you're famous."   Early Years:   The Sugababes' Keisha Buchanan and Mutya Buena were childhood friends growing up in London. Buchanan's family are Jamaican, and Buena's family comes from the Philippines. The pair met Siobhan Donaghy at a party in 1998 when they were 13. Shortly after meeting they decided to form a group. London Records decided to sign them to a contract when they turned 14 and brought in Cameron McVey, producer for All Saints, to work on their first album.   'One Touch':   The release of the first album One Touch was preceded by the single "Overload." The single landed in the U.K. pop singles top 10 and One Touch, released in October 2000, reached the top 30 on the album chart. 3 more top 40 singles from the album followed, but, unfortunately, London Records was disappointed with the album sales and dropped the group. continue reading below our video 5 Classic Novels Everyone Should Read In another blow, Siobhan Donaghy left the group in the middle of a concert tour in 2001.   Heidi Range speaks with a Liverpudlian (from Liverpool) accent.   Sugababes Reconstituted:   With rumors swirling about whether Siobhan Donaghy left the group voluntarily or was forced out, Buchanan and Buena added former Atomic Kitten member Heidi Range to become a trio again. They signed to Island Records and released their next single "Freak Like Me" in May 2002. Featuring lyrics from Adina Howard's version on top of a Gary Numan sample, the record became their first U.K. #1.   'Angels With Dirty Faces':   With "Freak Like Me" still ringing in their fans' ears, the next single "Round Round" and the album Angels With Dirty Faces appeared in August 2002. "Round Round" became their 2nd U.K. #1 and the album reached #2. Critics lauded the album as one of the best pop releases of the year. 2 more hit singles followed from the album and the trio took home a Brit Award for Best British Dance Act.   'Three':   Sugababes' third album, appropriately titled Three appeared in October 2003 along with the first single "Hole In the Head." The single became their third U.K. #1 pop single, and it had the distinction of being the group's first single to reach the U.S. pop chart, stopping at #96. However, "Hole In the Head" was a #1 dance hit in the U.S. 3 more top 10 U.K. singles followed and in September 2004 the trio decided to take a break from the music business.   'Taller In More Ways':   In the spring of 2005, Mutya Buena gave birth to a daughter Tahlia. The group returned to the stage for the first time in a year for the Edinburgh Live 8 concert in July, 2005. "Push the Button" and "Ugly," two songs from Sugababes' upcoming album were debuted on BBC radio in August. "Push the Button" was released as a new single the first week of October, 2005 and it debuted at #1 on the U.K. pop singles chart becoming the trio's 4th #1. 2 weeks later the album Taller In More Ways debuted at the top as well. In December of 2005 word came that Mutya Buena had left the group. She was soon replaced by Amelle Berrabah .   'Change':   In late 2006 a Sugababes greatest hits collection titled Overloaded: The Singles appeared. It included the hit single "Easy." A new studio album Change was released in October 2007. It became the Sugababes' second consecutive #1 hit in the UK and included the #1 single "About You Now." However, the followup title single failed to reach the top 10, and that album did not sell nearly as well outside the UK as its predecessor.   'Catfights and Spotlights' and the Future:   It was only a year before the Sugababes' next album Catfights and Spotlights appeared in October 2008. However, it was a commercial disappointment peaking only at #8. That was the most lackluster chart performance for the group since their debut studio album One Touch. Less than a year later the song "Get Sexy," the first single from an upcoming seventh studio album by the Sugababes, was released and went to #2 on the pop singles. The British pop music


What country, including land from subtropical plains to sub-alpine peaks of over 7,000m (23,000 ft), and currently a monarchy, was rated in 2006 as the eighth happiest country in the world?

Bhutan - Countries of the world Countries of the world datacard Bhutan Bhutan, officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked state in South Asia located at the eastern end of the Himalayas. 716,896 (July 2012 est.) Bhutan (Dzongkha: འབྲུག་ཡུལ་; Wylie transliteration: ʼbrug-yul "Druk Yul"), officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked state in South Asia located at the eastern end of the Himalayas. It is bordered to the north by China and to the south, east and west by the Republic of India . Further west, it is separated from Nepal by the Indian state of Sikkim, while further south it is separated from Bangladesh by the Indian states of Assam and West Bengal. Bhutan's capital and largest city is Thimphu . Bhutan existed as a patchwork of minor warring fiefdoms until the early 17th century, when the lama and military leader Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, fleeing religious persecution in Tibet, unified the area and cultivated a distinct Bhutanese identity. Later, in the early 20th century, Bhutan came into contact with the British Empire and retained strong bilateral relations with India upon its independence. In 2006, based on a global survey, Business Week rated Bhutan the happiest country in Asia and the eighth-happiest in the world.[9] Bhutan's landscape ranges from subtropical plains in the south to the sub-alpine Himalayan heights in the north, where some peaks exceed 7,000 metres (23,000 ft). Its total area was reported as approximately 46,500 km2 (18,000 sq mi) in 1997[10] and 38,394 square kilometres (14,824 sq mi) in 2002.[1][2] Bhutan's state religion is Vajrayana Buddhism and the population, now (as of 2012/2013) estimated to be nearly three-quarters of a million,[3] is predominantly Buddhist. Hinduism is the second-largest religion.[11] In 2008, Bhutan made the transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy and held its first general election. As well as being a member of the United Nations, Bhutan is a member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and hosted SAARC's sixteenth summit in April 2010. Etymology Names similar to Bhutan – including Bottanthis, Bottan and Bottanter – began to appear in Europe around the 1580s. Jean-Baptiste Tavernier's 1676 Six Voyages is the first to record the name Boutan. However, in every case, these seem to have been describing not modern Bhutan but the Kingdom of Tibet. The modern distinction between the two did not begin until well into Bogle's 1774 expedition—realizing the differences between the two regions, cultures, and states, his final report to the East India Company formally proposed labeling the Druk Desi's kingdom as "Boutan" and the Panchen Lama's as "Tibet". The EIC's surveyor general James Rennell first anglicized the French name as Bootan and then popularized the distinction between it and greater Tibet.[12] 17771786Two of Rennell's EIC maps, showing the division of "Thibet or Bootan" into separate regions. The precise etymology of "Bhutan" is unknown, although it is likely to derive from the Tibetan endonym "Bod" used for Greater Tibet. Traditionally, it is taken to be a transcription of the Sanskrit Bhoṭa-anta (भोट-अन्त, "end of Tibet"), a reference to Bhutan's position as the southern extremity of the Tibetan plateau and culture.[13][14] Locally, Bhutan has been known by many names. The earliest western records of Bhutan, the 1627 Relação of the Portuguese Jesuits Estêvão Cacella and João Cabral, records its name variously as Cambirasi (among the Koch Biharis[15]), Potente, and Mon (an endonym for southern Tibet).[12] The first time a separate Kingdom of Bhutan did appear on a western map, it did so under its local name as "Broukpa".[12] Others including Lho Mon ("Dark Southland"), Lho Tsendenjong ("Southland of the Cypress"), Lhomen Khazhi ("Southland of the Four Approaches") and Lho Men Jong ("Southland of the Herbs).[16][17] History Stone tools, weapons, elephants, and remnants of large stone structures provide evidence that Bhutan was inhabited as early as 2000 BC, although there are no existing records from tha


Who was Formula One Champion driver for 2013?

Formula One World Championship 2013 | Red Bull Motorsports Formula One World Championship 2013 15 March 2013 Formula One returns as the 19-race world championship crosses the globe © DPPI F1 Before becoming a World Endurance champion, the Aussie driver put together a memorable F1 career. By Tom Bellingham F1 DC gets to grips with the mechanics of creativity on the Caribbean island. By RedBull.com Team F1 We take a look at this year’s title winning Red Bull Racing RB9 in this stunning gallery. By Tom Bellingham F1 Red Bull Racing's Al Peasland was quizzed by engineering students from American National College. By Tom Bellingham F1 Infinti Red Bull Racing driver Daniel Ricciardo will drive the Red Bull Show Car in Sri Lanka. By Tom Bellingham F1 We crunch the numbers on Sebastian Vettel’s remarkable 2013 Formula One season. By Tom Bellingham F1 Remi Taffin, Renault’s head of track operations, gives us a hint of what’s to come in 2014. By Matt Youson F1 We take a look at Sebastian Vettel's incredible run of nine consecutive Grand Prix victories. By Tom Bellingham F1 We take a sneak peek at the 50th anniversary edition of the legendary calendar. By Anthony Peacock F1 What did the drivers make of the Brazilian Grand Prix? Here’s the race in their own words. By Paul Keith F1 We look back at the final race of the 2013 F1 season, won by Red Bull Racing's Sebastian Vettel By Greg Stuart F1 The Red Bull Racing driver is looking forward to new challenges after calling time on F1 career. By Greg Stuart F1 The German takes ninth consecutive win as Mark Webber finishes second in final grand prix. By Greg Stuart F1 Mark Webber ends his remarkable F1 career on Sunday, taking part in his final Grand Prix. By Tom Bellingham F1 We asked Red Bull Racing if a sub-two second stop was possible... then they went and did one. By Matt Youson F1 We bring you the United States Grand Prix in pictures, as Sebastian Vettel takes another win. By Tom Bellingham F1 Victory at the US Grand Prix gives Sebastian Vettel the record for consecutive wins in an F1 season. By Tim Sturtridge F1 Infiniti Red Bull Racing claim their fifth front-row lock-out of the season in Austin, Texas. By Tim Sturtridge F1 Stunning shots of the Infiniti Red Bull Racing Formula One car flying through the sky in Dubai. By Tim Sturtridge F1 A look through the history books at the US Grand Prix and some of its vintage years. By Matt Youson F1 Enjoy Sebastian Vettel's luscious lids from his championship winning 2013 Formula One season. By Tom Bellingham F1 The Finn will miss the final two races of 2013 as his Lotus career comes to a premature end. By Tom Bellingham F1 Sebastian Vettel makes his triumphant return to the team factory as the title celebrations continue. By Tim Sturtridge F1 A dominant display from Infiniti Red Bull Racing brings home a 1-2 result at the Yas Marina Circuit. By Tim Sturtridge F1 We catch up with Sir Jackie Stewart ahead of the DVD release of ‘Weekend of a Champion.’ By Tom Bellingham F1 Sebastian Vettel wins the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix ahead of team mate Mark Webber and Nico Rosberg. By Tom Bellingham F1 Four-time F1 world champion Vettel headed to the hills on a classic bike. The Red Bulletin went too. By Werner Jessner F1 RedBull.com catches up with Red Bull Racing's Christian Horner after his team's title celebrations. By Josh Bloom GP3 The young Russian’s keeping his feet on the ground ahead of his 2014 F1 debut. By Josh Bloom F1 He may have become a quadruple champion but there’s another record for Sebastian Vettel to go after. By Tom Bellingham F1 Party with Sebastian Vettel as we look back at his spectacular championship celebrations in India. By Tom Bellingham and Lukas Pilz on 28 October 2013 F1 The Formula One paddock reacts to Seb's stunning achievements... By Justin Hynes F1 Exclusive interview with Sebastian Vettel on a fantastic fourth world title... By Justin Hynes F1 Sebastian Vettel has been crowned Formula One world champion for the fourth time. By Justin Hynes F1 2013 world champion Sebastian Vettel now joins an exclusive club of four-time


Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker and Peter Mayhew are reprising some of the most famous film roles, filming 2014-5, but although they will be seen their faces will never appear. They are, respectively, C-3PO, R2-D2 and which other character?

"Mr Selfridge" (2013) - News 29 December 2016 12:34 PM, PST NEWS trailers and videos full cast and crew trivia official sites memorable quotes Overview 12 August 2014 1:08 PM, PDT  | Hitfix | See recent Hitfix news » For now, Daisy Ridley isn't exactly a household name, but she will soon be inextricably linked to one of the biggest film franchises of all-time. The actress, who recently signed with UTA after a major bidding war amongst agencies, was  previously announced as the female lead in the J.J Abrams-directed " Star Wars: Episode VII ," and now it looks like she will star in the second and third parts of the new trilogy as well. Although nothing is confirmed, rumors are circulating that Ridley's character will be the daughter of Han Solo and Leia Organa -- played by " Star Wars " vets Harrison Ford and Carrie Fisher -- and that she'll be the trilogy's lead heroine.  Abrams is currently shooting "Episode VII," while Rian Johnson (" Looper ") is developing "VIII" and "IX," and will reportedly direct both films, according to Deadline. Ridley is a relative unknown, having only appeared in a handful » - Dave Lewis 12 August 2014 11:15 AM, PDT  | Moviefone | See recent Moviefone news » Daisy Ridley will make her feature debut in " Star Wars: Episode VII ," but the relatively unknown actress won't remain that way for long, if a new report is to be believed. Deadline writes that Ridley was just the subject of a major bidding war between creative talent agencies, and that's because she's not just another pretty face in the "Episode VII" ensemble -- she's rumored to be the female lead, and her role is reportedly set to stretch through episodes "VIII" and "IX" of the series's new trilogy. HitFix adds that Ridley is rumored to be playing the daughter of Han Solo ( Harrison Ford ) and Princess Leia ( Carrie Fisher ). There's been no confirmation about Ridley's character from Disney, though the agency bidding war suggests that the rumor that she'll stick around the franchise for several films is solid. "Episode VIII" is set to be written and directed by " Looper " helmer Rian Johnson , » - Katie Roberts Lily James and Paul Dano are in talks to appear in the BBC adaptation of War and Peace . According to Deadline, Downton Abbey star James would play Natasha Rostova , a role previously taken by Audrey Hepburn in the 1956 film version of Leo Tolstoy 's classic book. She falls in love with Pierre Bezukhov, who Prisoners star Dano is in talks to play - an illegitimate son who rises in society. Award-winning writer Andrew Davies - whose recent credits include Mr Selfridge and Little Dorrit - is set to pen the six-episode adaptation. Davies previously said of the project: "[It is] not just a great novel, it's a wonderful read and it'll make a wonderful serial. "A thrilling, funny and heartbreaking story of love, war and family life. The characters are so natural and human and easy to identify with, and Natasha Rostova just beats Lizzy Bennet as the most lovable heroine in literature. » Warning: This article contains spoilers that some readers may prefer to avoid. Mr Selfridge will likely end after four series, its creator Andrew Davies has revealed. Davies told Digital Spy that the ITV drama "was always conceived" with four series in mind. "It was always conceived of as four series - that is, if people liked it enough," he explained. "People seem to love it, so I think we can do the four series." Davies hinted the show's upcoming third run will see Jeremy Piven 's Harry Selfridge grow "darker and wilder", following the death of his wife. "He was just such a good boy all through the second series - I'd like him to cut loose in the third," the writer said. "[In real life] he became increasingly wild and reckless and finished up penniless - so it's got a tragic arc at the end. I guess we're going to stick to that. » 7 July 2014 1:00 AM, PDT  | Digital Spy | See recent Digital Spy - TV news news » House of Cards will air on UKTV's Drama from Saturday (July 12) - but the star of this four-part serial is not Kevin Spacey 's ruthless Us


"Where does the dance called the ""tarantella"" have its roots?"

Folk Dances in Puglia: The night of the taranta The Night of the Taranta August 26th 2011 by Sara La notte della taranta - The night of the Taranta, traditional events in Puglia Credits: Flickr The 14th annual Notte della Taranta is underway from 11-27 August in Melpignano ( Puglia ) with a series of musical events celebrating the tradition of the magical dances, the tarantella and the pizzica. Tarantella dance has roots in ancient Greece. It was a ritualistic dance in honor of the god of music and the sun, Apollo, and the god of wine, Dionysius. Ancient Greeks settled in Sicily , Naples , and throughout southern Italy, bringing this beautiful dance with them. In the region of Taranto in Puglia , the bite of a type of spider that is common locally, called the "tarantula" after the region, was commonly believed to be highly poisonous and to lead to a hysterical condition known as tarantism. La notte della taranta - The night of the Taranta, traditional events in Puglia Credits: Flickr It was believed that victims needed to engage in frenzied dancing to very rhythmic and fast music in order to prevent death from the delirium caused by the spider's bite. The particular type of dance and the music played became known as Tarantella.. The oldest documents mentioning the relationship between musical exorcism and the tarantula date back to around 1100. There is also a version of the dance that was traditionally used for courtship. In this version of the dance, the woman uses rapidity and liveliness to excite the love of her partner. In turn, the man tries to charm her with his agility, elegance and demonstrations of tenderness. La notte della taranta - The night of the Taranta, traditional events in Puglia Credits: Flickr The dance is one of unity and separation, which sees dancers flying into each other’s arms only to dance away again. It is considered unlucky to dance the Tarantella alone, so it is often danced by couples or by two women. Long abandoned and shunned as a sign of ignorance and superstition, the tarantella, and the version typical of the Salento region of Puglia, the pizzica, have been rediscovered in recent years and gained in popularity. So much so that young musicians have created new music in the vein of the ancient tradition. This is the 14th annual festival of the Notte della Taranta and up to 400,000 spectators are expected to attend the main event, a mega-concert held in Melpignano. La notte della taranta - The night of the Taranta, traditional events in Puglia Credits: Flickr Musicians of international fame will take part in the concert, which has grown beyond the confines of local music written to accompany traditional folk dance, to include folk music from around the world. International groups performing include the Irish group The Chieftains, the English guitarist Justin Adams, Gambian musician Juldeh Camara, Joji Hirota and the Taiko Drummers from Japan, Diego El Cigala, one of the top flamenco singers in Spain, Ballaké Sissoko the talented kora player from Mali and the Turkish musician Mercan Dede. All the top folk music groups of the region will be performing their new take on the traditional sound. And, of course, there will be dancing, lots of dancing. Do not miss our next posts: follow us on Twitter and Facebook and subscribe to our RSS! Suggested videos Best beaches in Puglia: the TOP 50 in a handy INFOGRAPHIC Tuesday, 15 July 2014 10:25 by Silvia A visual guide to the most amazing Apulian beachesAs underlined on our previous post about Puglia's Best Beaches, you are simply spoilt for choice when it comes to picking a summer read full article >> Top 10 places to see in Italy before you die Friday, 27 August 2010 09:21 by Giulia Top selection of places in Italy to see at least once in lifeI have a long, endless list of places to see before I die. I think everyone has its personal list of places which have captured read full article >> It's Coffee time! Which one do you prefer? (Infographic) Sunday, 12 June 2011 11:30 by Giulia An Italian Coffee Break: What type of Coffee would you order? Caffè


"Who is one of the stars of the film ""Frost/Nixon"" (2008)?"

Frost/Nixon (2008) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A dramatic retelling of the post-Watergate television interviews between British talk-show host David Frost and former president Richard Nixon. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 25 titles created 11 Jun 2011 a list of 27 titles created 13 Dec 2011 a list of 25 titles created 02 Jan 2015 a list of 36 titles created 7 months ago a list of 31 titles created 2 months ago Search for " Frost/Nixon " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for     5     Oscars. Another    21 wins & 72 nominations. See more awards  » Videos Edit Storyline Writer Peter Morgan's legendary battle between Richard Nixon, the disgraced president with a legacy to save, and David Frost, a jet-setting television personality with a name to make, in the story of the historic encounter that changed both their lives. For three years after being forced from office, Nixon remained silent. But in summer 1977, the steely, cunning former commander-in-chief agreed to sit for one all-inclusive interview to confront the questions of his time in office and the Watergate scandal that ended his presidency. Nixon surprised everyone in selecting Frost as his televised confessor, intending to easily outfox the breezy British showman and secure a place in the hearts and minds of Americans (as well as a $600,000 fee). Likewise, Frost's team harbored doubts about their boss' ability to hold his own. But as cameras rolled, a charged battle of wits resulted. Written by alfiehitchie An epic battle for the truth See more  » Genres: Rated R for some language | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 23 January 2009 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: $180,708        (USA) (5 December 2008) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia Frank Langella won a Tony Award in 2007 for playing Richard Nixon in the original stage production. See more » Goofs Upon Frost's first meeting with Nixon at La Casa Pacifica, the former president tells a story about presenting Soviet Premier Brezhnev with a Lincoln Continental. Although Brezhnev was given several American cars as gifts, only one was a Continental. This was given to him in 1973 at Camp David, not La Casa Pacifica. See more » Quotes Richard Nixon : [after being told that one of the interview segments will be about "Nixon the man"] Nixon the man? As opposed to what? Nixon the horse? See more » Crazy Credits Michael Sheen and Frank Langella are credited simultaneously before the title. Sheen's name is on a lower level, but further to the left; while Langella's is higher up, but pushed to the right. Therefore, depending on whether you read the card top-to-bottom or left-to-right, either actor can be seen as being credited first. See more » Connections By George It's David Frost Written by George Martin (as George Henry Martin) (United Kingdom) – See all my reviews I had the pleasure of watching this gripping movie at the opening night of the British Film festival. Ron Howard's direction and story telling ability are in top form with this effort. From the very first scene a carefully crafted and very credible 70s's atmosphere sets a solid stage for the superbly cast film and quickly transports the viewer into the political jungle that was "Tricky Dickey's" playground. The acting duo of Frank Langella & Micheal Sheen (Nixon & Frost) are set on a collision course that finds two deeply passionate personalities at the mercy of their insatiable desires. Both actor's portrayals are a study of affectation and body language, pleasurably accurate and yet not simply an impersonation. Indeed, the film never strays from the distinct Howard format that breathes so much life (read intimacy) into this familiar and yet mysterious relationship that exists


What in the human body shows the effect of melanin?

Melanin Melanin by MAD Writer Productions   Melanin is   important because its the most primitive and universal   pigment in living organisms. Melanin is produced in the   pineal gland. Abundantly found in primitive organisms such as   fungi, as well as advanced primates. Furthermore, within each   living organism, melanin appears to be located in the major   functional sites. For example, in vertebrates, melanin is not   only present in the skin, eyes, ears, central nervous system,   it can also be found in the pineal gland, pituitary gland,   thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, and the barathary   gland. Melanin is abundantly present in the viscera,   including the heart, liver, arteries, the muscles, and the   gastrointestinal tract; thus, within each and every living   organ which aids the human body melanin appears. Regardless   of what color your skin appears to be all genes in all   creatures on this planet are black because they are coated   with melanin. The amount of   melanin in the skin is one of the most variable of human   traits, and many polygenes are involved. Groups of people or   the population of the world were once classified according to   the skin shade: Black (Nubians), White (Caucasians), Yellow   (Orientals) and Red (Native Americans) etc... We must realize   that just because this is the way they have classified people   does not mean this is the way it should be. The hues of color   of your skin depend on several factors. First is the amount   of melanin in the outer layers of the skin. Melanin acts as a   filter to prevent damage to the delicate deeper layers of the   skin, by penetration of ultraviolet light. There is more   than one type of melanin. You have brain melanin, also known   as neuromelanin, and you have skin melanin. Neuromelanin does   not run parallel with skin melanin. Whether white, red,   yellow, black, or brown, neuromelanin plays an important role   in functioning of the brain, and nervous system. Melanosomes   (small structures within the melanocyte cells where melanin   is synthesized) find their way into the hair cells, giving   them color. (Two types of melanin, one dark brown and one   red, are responsible for all hair shades). Pigments that   contribute to skin color are called carotene, a yellowish   hemoglobin, in blood vessels (pink-red), and melanin (black,   brown, red). Darker skins are dominated by melanin, which is   produced from the amino acid tyrosine, by pigment cells   (melanocytes) in the skin. Melanocytes are characterized by   long, fixed extensions of the outer cell membrane. In humans,   other mammals, and birds, melanin is dispersed permantely   throughout each melanocyte, including the extensions, and is   also, transported to nearby skin cells. In other words, if   you increase the amount of melanin in the skin you become   darker and vice versa. So, what is so   important about melanin? Melanin controls all mental and   physical body activities. Melanin is an extremely stable   molecule, and highly resistant to the digestion by most acids   and bases, and is one of the hardest molecule to ever be   analyzed. If you do not purify your melanin molecule, you   will not heal your body of diseases. In parts of   Africa, India, and Australia the deposits of melanin in the   skin is heaviest because the people have been exposed to the   most intense sunlight for generations. Northern Europeans   have the least amount of deposits in their skin are lighter,   not to mention their weather is cloudy and cool. The   thickness of the outer layer of the skin is also a factor.   People with darker skin complexions have thicker layers of   skin. And this is a factor alone enhances the skins filtering   effect. The thinner the skin the least melanin. When the skin   is very thin, the blood vessels show through and give a   pinkish color. When an individual adapts to the shifting of   the intensity of the sunlight, the skin b


"""Things to do before you die"" was the subject of which 2007 film?"

25 Things You Absolutely Positively Must Do Before You Die | The Huffington Post 25 Things You Absolutely Positively Must Do Before You Die 11/22/2013 06:47 am ET | Updated Nov 22, 2013 120 Shelley Emling Senior Editor, The Huffington Post Bloomberg via Getty Images Everyone has a bucket list. Whether it's wacky, wild, fearless or frivolous, most people have compiled a list of things they want to do or places they want to see before they die -- or grow too old to enjoy them. Whereas one person, Elsa Bailey, wanted to see a polar bear in the wild after turning 100 -- which is exactly what she did in Churchill, Manitoba -- another person, Mark David, wanted to track down gorillas for his 60th birthday -- which is exactly what he did in the Ugandan bushland. Over the last several months we've written about the 10 trips everyone needs to take at least once after 50. We've also written about 50 things everyone needs to experience at least once after 50. And now we've asked our Facebook fans about the things they absolutely positively feel they must do before they die. What would be on your list? Let us know in comments.


The Treaty of Brussels, the precursor to NATO and a basis for WEU, was signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, France, the UK, the Netherlands and which other nation?

History of WEU History of WEU Origins of WEU: from the Brussels Treaty to the Paris Agreements (1948-1954) WEU was created by the Treaty on Economic, Social and Cultural Collaboration and Collective Self-Defence signed at Brussels on 17 March 1948 (the Brussels Treaty), as amended by the Protocol signed at Paris on 23 October 1954, which modified and completed it. The Brussels Treaty was signed by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Conceived largely as a response to Soviet moves to impose control over the countries of Central Europe, the Treaty represented the first attempt to translate into practical arrangements some of the ideals of the European movement. Its main feature was the commitment to mutual defence should any of the signatories be the victim of an armed attack in Europe. In September 1948, military co-operation was initiated in the framework of the Brussels Treaty Organisation. A plan for common defence was adopted, involving the integration of air defences and a joint command organisation. By demonstrating their resolve to work together, the Brussels Treaty powers helped to overcome the reluctance of the United States to participate in the nascent European security arrangements. Talks between these powers and the United States and Canada began shortly afterwards, leading to the signature of the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington on 4 April 1949. Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway and Portugal were invited and agreed to accede to the Treaty, which formalised the commitment by the United States and Canada to the defence of Europe. Article 5 of the Treaty states that an armed attack against one of the signatories shall be considered an attack against them all and that each party will then take such action as it deems necessary to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. The need to back up the commitments of the Washington Treaty with appropriate political and military structures led to the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). In December 1950, with the appointment of General Eisenhower as the first Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), the Brussels Treaty powers decided to merge their military organisation into NATO, which had become the central element in the West European and North Atlantic security system. Meanwhile, the desire to integrate the Federal Republic of Germany into the emerging security structures prompted France, in October 1950, to propose the creation of a European Army which would operate within the framework of the Alliance. This proposal led to the signature, in May 1952, of the Treaty setting up a European Defence Community (EDC) in which Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the Federal Republic of Germany were due to participate. However, in August 1954 the French National Assembly refused to ratify the Treaty. The failure of the EDC meant that an alternative way had to be found to integrate the Federal Republic of Germany into the Western security system. At a special Conference convened in London in September 1954 and attended by the Brussels Treaty powers, the United States, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy, it was decided to invite the latter two countries to join the Brussels Treaty. The conclusions of the conference were formalised by the Paris Agreements, signed in October of that year, which amended the Brussels Treaty, created Western European Union (WEU) as a new international organisation and provided for the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy to join. WEU from 1955 to 1984: the Saar, arms control, the UK and the EC six The signatories of the Paris Agreements clearly stated their three main objectives in the preamble to the modified Brussels Treaty: To create in Western Europe a firm basis for European economic recovery; To afford assistance to each other in resisting any policy of aggression; To promote the unity and encourage the progressive integration of Europe. From 1954 to 1973, WEU played an important role by promoting the development of consultation an


In Star Wars, what is the name of Han Solo's companion?

Han Solo | StarWars.com Databank Han Solo Smuggler. Scoundrel. Hero. Han Solo, captain of the Millennium Falcon, was one of the great leaders of the Rebel Alliance. He and his co-pilot Chewbacca came to believe in the cause of galactic freedom, joining Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia Organa in the fight against the Empire. But after the Battle of Endor, Han would face difficult times in a galaxy plagued by chaos and uncertainty. databank "Never tell me the odds!" THE EMPIRE STRIKES BACK HISTORY // GALACTIC CIVIL WAR Han Solo, along with his friend Chewbacca , was hired by Obi-Wan Kenobi and Luke Skywalker to provide passage to Alderaan . Han boasted that his starship, the Millennium Falcon , could make the Kessel Run in less than 12 parsecs; whether that was true is unknown, but he needed the job. The smuggler was deep in debt to crime lord Jabba the Hutt , who had placed a bounty on his head. In a sit-down standoff at the Mos Eisley cantina , Han blasted Greedo , one of Jabba’s bounty hunters looking to collect a handsome sum for the Corellian. He later had a run in with the gangster himself, convincing Jabba to give him more time -- though it would cost 15% extra. The group departed Tatooine , blasting their way out past Imperial stormtroopers who were searching for Luke’s droids. On the trip, it became clear that Han didn’t believe in the Force, saying, “There's no mystical energy field that controls my destiny.” Finally, they arrived at Alderaan -- or where Alderaan should have been. It had been completely blown away by the Empire ’s Death Star , and the Millennium Falcon was soon caught in the space station’s tractor beam. On the Death Star, they rescued Princess Leia Organa -- with whom Han bickered intensely -- but lost Obi-Wan. They escaped to Yavin 4 , location of the hidden Rebel base, and delivered stolen Death Star plans to the Alliance . While the fledgling group was planning an attack on the Imperial outpost, Han collected a reward for rescuing the Princess and planned to leave -- a decision that disappointed his new friends. “I know what I’m doing,” he told Chewbacca. Toward the battle’s end, with Luke about to be blasted by Darth Vader , Han and Chewie returned in the Millennium Falcon. They cleared the TIE fighters off Luke’s tail, and he delivered a precise shot, destroying the dreaded Death Star. Han stuck with the Rebel Alliance, and helped establish its new base on the ice planet Hoth . After Luke didn’t return from a routine sweep of the planet surface, Han headed out alone into the frigid cold to find him. He finally located the young Jedi, but Luke had suffered severe injuries and was close to freezing to death. Desperate to save his friend, Han used Luke’s lightsaber to slice open his tauntaun , and placed Luke inside for warmth. The two were found by the Alliance the next morning, and Luke survived. But old problems lingered; Han was still wanted by Jabba the Hutt and had to pay off his debt. While preparing to leave, he and Leia verbally sparred. His bravado could infuriate her, but it was clear that they meant something to each other. The Empire shortly attacked the base, and Han changed his plans, evacuating Leia on the Millennium Falcon. Pursued through an asteroid field and across the galaxy, they eventually landed at Cloud City -- home of Han’s old friend, Lando Calrissian . While Han believed they were now safe, things were much worse; the Empire, thanks to bounty hunter Boba Fett , had arrived just before they did. Han was tortured by Darth Vader, who used the pilot’s pain to lure Luke into a trap, and was later frozen in carbonite . Before he was lowered into the crude freezing chamber, Leia finally told Han that she loved him. “I know,” he replied. Boba Fett took the frozen Han to Jabba the Hutt on Tatooine, collecting on a long-standing reward for the former smuggler. Jabba the Hutt mounted Han’s carbonite slab to a wall in his palace, calling him his “favorite decoration.” But the ace pilot’s friends hatched a rescue mission, with Leia -- disguised as bounty hunter Boussh -- freein


In Western films, what is a bar regularly called?

Westerns Films Westerns Films Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Examples Westerns are      the major defining genre of the American film industry, a nostalgic      eulogy to the early days of the expansive, untamed American frontier      (the borderline between civilization and the wilderness). They are      one of the oldest, most enduring and flexible genres and one of the      most characteristically American genres in their mythic origins. [The     popularity of westerns has waxed and waned over the years. Their most     prolific era was in the 1930s to the 1960s, and most recently in the     90s, there was a resurgence of the genre. They appear to be making      an invigorating comeback (both on the TV screen and in theatres). Modern      movie remakes, such as 3:10 To Yuma (2007) and the Coen Brothers' True      Grit (2010) have also paid homage to their mid-20th century      predecessors.] See all Greatest Westerns     Title Screens This indigenous American art form focuses on the frontier West that     existed in North America. Westerns are often set on the American frontier during the     last part of the 19th century (1865-1900) following the Civil War, in a geographically     western (trans-Mississippi) setting with romantic, sweeping frontier landscapes     or rugged rural terrain. However, Westerns may extend back to the time of     America's colonial period or forward to the mid-20th century, or as far geographically     as Mexico. A number of westerns use the Civil War, the Battle of the Alamo (1836) or the Mexican Revolution (1910) as a backdrop. The western film genre often portrays the conquest of the     wilderness and the subordination of nature, in the name of civilization, or     the confiscation of the territorial rights of the original inhabitants of     the frontier. Specific settings include lonely isolated forts, ranch houses,     the isolated homestead, the saloon, the jail, the livery stable, the small-town main street,     or small frontier towns that are forming at the edges of civilization. They may even include Native American sites or villages. Other     iconic elements in westerns include the hanging tree, stetsons and spurs,     saddles, lassos and Colt .45's, bandannas and buckskins, canteens, stagecoaches, gamblers, long-horned cattle and cattle     drives, prostitutes (or madams) with a heart of gold, and more. Very often, the cowboy has a favored horse (or 'faithful steed'), for example, Roy Rogers' Trigger, Gene Autry's Champion, William Boyd's (Hopalong Cassidy) Topper, the Lone Ranger's Silver and Tonto's Scout. Western films have also been called the horse opera, the oater     (quickly-made, short western films which became as commonplace as oats for     horses), or the cowboy picture. The western film genre has portrayed much     about America's past, glorifying the past-fading values and aspirations of     the mythical by-gone age of the West. Over time, westerns have been re-defined,     re-invented and expanded, dismissed, re-discovered, and spoofed. In the late 60s and early 70s (and in subsequent years), 'revisionistic' Westerns that questioned the themes and elements of traditional/classic westerns appeared (such as Sam Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch (1969) , Arthur Penn's Little Big Man (1970), Robert Altman's McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971), and later Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven (1992) ). Westerns Film Plots: Usually, the central plot of the western film is the classic,     simple goal of maintaining law and order on the frontier in a fast-paced action     story. It is normally rooted in archetypal conflict - good vs. bad, virtue     vs. evil, white hat vs. black hat, man vs. man, new arrivals vs. Native Americans     (inhumanely portrayed as savage Indians), settlers vs. Indians, humanity vs.     nature, civilization vs. wilderness or lawlessness, schoolteachers vs. saloon     dan


In which country did the USA provide information to a 1963 coup, against General Abd al-Karim Qasim the then Prime Minister of the country?

Abd al-Karim Qasim | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Independent, supported by the National Democratic Party Religion Sunni Islam Abd al-Karim Qasim (Arabic language: عبد الكريم قاسم `Abd al-Karīm Qāsim) (21 November 1914 – 9 February 1963), was a nationalist Iraqi Army general who seized power in a 1958 coup d'état , wherein the Iraqi monarchy was eliminated. He ruled the country as Prime Minister until his downfall and death during the 1963 Ramadan Revolution . His name can be transliterated from the Arabic in a number of ways, e.g. Abdel Karim Kassem, Abdul Karim Kassem, Abdulkarim Kasem, Abdel-Karim Qaasim, `Abdul Karim Qasem, Qassem. During his rule, he was popularly known as al-za‘īm (الزعيم) or, "The Leader". [2] Contents Edit Qasim in 1937. Abd al-Karim Qasim's father was a Sunni Muslim [3] of Arabic and Kurdish descent who died shortly after his son's birth during World War I as a soldier for the Ottoman Empire . Qasim's mother was a Shiite and the daughter of a Feyli Kurd This article does not contain any citations or references. Please improve this article by adding a reference. For information about how to add references, see Template:Citation . farmer from Baghdad. When Qasim was six years of age his family moved to Suwayra, a small town near the Tigris, then to Baghdad in 1926. Qasim was an excellent student; he entered secondary school on a government scholarship.[ citation needed ] After graduation in 1931, he taught at Shamiyya Elementary School from Oct 22 of that year until Sept 3 1932, when he was accepted into Military College. In 1934, he graduated as a second lieutenant. Qasim then attended al-Arkan (Iraqi Staff) College and graduated with honor (grade A) in December 1941. In 1951, he completed a senior officers’ course in Devizes , southwestern Britain. Although shy and lacking in "the rabble-rousing skills on which most successful Arab politicians rely", he was nonetheless nicknamed "the snake charmer" by his classmates in Devizes, because of his gift in convincing them to undertake improbable courses of action during military exercises. [4] Militarily, he participated in the suppression of the tribal disturbances in the Middle Euphrates region in 1935, during the Anglo-Iraqi War in May 1941 and in the Kurdistan War in 1945. Qassim also served during the Iraqi military involvement in the Arab-Israeli War from May 1948 to June 1949. Toward the latter part of the mission, he commanded a battalion of the First Brigade, which was situated in the Kafr Qasem area south of Qilqilya. In 1956-57, he served with his brigade at Mafraq in Jordan in the wake of the Suez Crisis . By 1957 Qasim had assumed leadership of several opposition groups that had formed in the army.[ citation needed ] 14 July Revolution Main article: 14 July Revolution Qasim (back row, centre) and other leaders of the revolution, including Abdul Salam Arif (back row, second from left) and Muhammad Najib ar-Ruba'i (back row, fifth from left). Also included is Ba'athist ideologue Michel Aflaq (front row, first from right). On 14 July 1958, Qasim and his followers used troop movements planned by the government as an opportunity to seize military control of Baghdad and overthrow the monarchy. This resulted in the killing of several members of the royal family and their close associates, including Nuri as-Said . The coup was discussed and planned by the Free Officers , but was mainly executed by Qasim and Col. Abdul Salam Arif . It was triggered when King Hussein of Jordan, fearing that an anti-Western revolt in Lebanon might spread to Jordan, requested Iraqi assistance. Instead of moving towards Jordan, however, Colonel Arif led a battalion into Baghdad and immediately proclaimed a new republic and the end of the old regime. Put in its historical context, the 14 July Revolution was the culmination of a series of uprisings and coup attempts that began with the 1936 Bakr Sidqi coup and included the 1941 Rashid Ali military movement , the 1948 Wathbah Uprising, and the 1952 and 1956 protests. The July 14 Revolution met virtually no op


In which continent is the country of Gabon found?

Countries Listed by Continents - Worldatlas.com Countries Listed by Continent NOTE: Only countries recognized (as such) by the United Nations are listed, not dependencies and/or territories. Regarding England, Scotland and Wales, though considered individual countries, they are all a part of the United Kingdom (UK), a European country, and therefore included within the United Kingdom on the list below. Note: South Sudan is the planet's newest country, which brings Africa's country to a total of 54.