What emblem was adopted in 1991 as a symbol of AIDS awareness? (2 word answer)

World AIDS Day | The Red Ribbon Donate The red ribbon NAT have produced a range of special red ribbon brooches. To purchase one of your own please visit our shop . The red ribbon is the universal symbol of awareness and support for those living with HIV. The red ribbon has inspired other charities to utilise the symbol, for example breast cancer awareness has adopted a pink version. Where can I get a red ribbon? You can buy an individual red ribbon from the NAT shop . Red Ribbons are also available from our partners: They will be in MAC stores across the country for a suggested donation of £1 Around World AIDS Day look out for supporters selling red ribbons at tube and train stations across the country You can also buy packs of the traditional fabric red ribbons from the NAT shop . If you are planning to fundraise for NAT, you can order Red Ribbons in packs of 100 free of charge. Simply fill out this order form . Where did the idea come from? In 1991 – a decade after the emergence of HIV – a group of 12 artists gathered to discuss a new project for Visual Aids; a New York arts organisation that raises awareness of HIV. They were photographers, painters, film makers and costume designers, and they sat around in the shared gallery space in New York's East Village. After a short brainstorm they had come up with a simple idea that later became one of the most recognised symbols of the decade – the red ribbon, worn to signify awareness and support for people living with HIV. Photos courtesy of The Elizabeth Taylor Archive Why did we need a symbol? When the artists sat down to work on this project, their aim was to get people talking about HIV. This was during a time where HIV was highly stigmatised and people living with the virus were suffering behind closed doors, some too scared to even tell their loved ones. The artists wanted to create a visual expression of compassion for people living with, and affected by, HIV. The artists were inspired by the yellow ribbons tied on trees to show support for the US military fighting in the Gulf War. Pink and rainbow stripes were rejected because they were too closely associated with the gay community, and they wanted to convey that HIV went beyond the gay community and was relevant to everyone. Red was chosen as it is bold and visible – symbolising passion, a heart and love. The shape was chosen simply because it was easy to make and replicate – anyone can make one by just cutting out a piece of ribbon, looping it around your finger and pinning it on themselves. How did the red ribbon become so well known? In the early days, the artists made the ribbons themselves and distributed them around the New York art scene and dropped them off at theatres. Initially there was text that went with it, to explain why they were being worn, but eventually this was dropped as its symbolism no longer needed an explanation. Within weeks of the red ribbon idea being born, world-famous actors starting wearing it to high-profile award ceremonies such as the Oscars and talking about why it was important. The media also took notice, and within a short space of time the red ribbon symbol became universally recognised. At the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert, held at London's Wembley Stadium on Easter Sunday, 1992, more than 100,000 red ribbons were distributed among the audience, with performers such as George Michael wearing one. The red ribbon continues to be a powerful force in the efforts to increase public awareness of HIV. Connect with us


In which month does St Swithin's day fall?

Who was St Swithin and when is St Swithin''s day? Do we associate anything in particular with this day (as, for instance, we associate love with St Valentine''s Day)? | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk Who was St Swithin and when is St Swithin's day? Do we associate anything in particular with this day (as, for instance, we associate love with St Valentine's Day)? Dan Woolley, Leeds Yorkshire UK St Swithin or Swithun was Bishop of Winchester and he died in AD 862 He was adopted as the patron saint of Winchester and in the 12th century the doggerel lines were penned. "St Swithin's day if thou dost rain For forty days it will remain St Swithin's day if thou be fair For forty days will rain na mair" Jack Hill, St Albans England UK St Swithin was the Bishop of Winchester and died in 862. He is commemorated on July 15 when, supposedly, if it rains it will continue to do so for forty days. Jonathan, Lancaster UK Bishop of Winchester 852-862 although very little is known about him other than from legends. In 971 Bishop Ethelwold moved Swithun's remains to a new shrine, commisioned by King Edgar, in Winchester Cathedral (the Old Minster not the present one) which became a place of pilgrimage as miracles were worked at the tomb. In the 990's Swithun's sanctity and miracles were celebrated by two Winchester writers as well as in Aelfric's "Lives of the Saints". His cult continues to flourish in the Middle Ages. His day is 15th July; if it rains then it will rain for 40 days because Swithun, a humble man, wished to be buried in the graveyard at Winchester and not in a fine tomb, cursing the land with 40 days of rain should the latter be done. So blame Bishop Ethelwold and King Edgar for our bad weather! John Bromilow, Okehampton UK St Swithin was bishop of Winchester in the 9th century. He requested that he be buried outside the cathedral, exposed to the footsteps of the people of the town, and to the rain. When his body was moved inside in the following century, a great storm was thought to be caused by his anger at this contravention of his wishes. So the tradition is that if it rains on St Swithin's Day (July 15th), it will rain for the next 40 days in succession, and a fine 15th July will be followed by 40 days of fine weather. Encyclopaedia Britannica at www.britannica.com also adds that as weather frequently changes around midsummer, the tradition that this day influences the weather may stem from ancient pagan belief. On the European continent similar beliefs are attached to other saints (e.g., St. MÃ©dard, June 8, France). Tessa, Wimbledon UK He was Bishop of Winchester and died in 1862. St Swithin's Day is 15th July - the date when he was moved to a new shrine. This day is associated with the weather forecast for the English summer, in the rhyme: St. Swithin's day if thou dost rain For forty days it will remain St. Swithin's day if thou be fair For forty days 'twill rain nae mair. Richard Thompson, Allerod Denmark St Swithun (this is the preferred spelling in Winchester, the city with which he is most closely associated) was a Bishop of Winchester in the 9th century and tutor to King Alfred the Great. He is said to have performed one miracle in his lifetime, mending the eggs of a woman who had dropped them in her astonishment at seeing the bishop. After his death, he was buried at his own request outside the cathedral where the rain would fall on his grave. Later his body was moved inside, and his spirit was so offended that it caused rain to fall for forty consecutive days. For this reason, it is said that if it rains on St Swithun's Day (15 July) it will rain for the next forty days. Matthew Francis, Cardiff Wales It's July 15th, the date that his shrine was consecrated. The association with rain is due to his request that he be buried in the open "where the raindrops will fall on me". Richard Thompson, Allerod Denmark St. Swithins day falls on the 15th July, and it is reputed to be on this day that the great flood started (Noah etc), hence the belief that if it rains on this day it'll continue for fourty days and nigh


The 25th January is the day of the year on which Scots celebrate which national hero?

Robbie Burns Day | January 25 | Scottish | Holiday | Robert | Poet Robbie Burns Day Hate 11 Robbie Burns Day is a Scottish holiday named after poet and writer , Robert Burns. Find out why we celebrate his work every January 25th! Who Was He? Robert Burns was born on January 25th, 1759, in Alloway, Scotland. At the age of 37, he died from rheumatic heart disease, which he had suffered from since he was a child. Robbie was the oldest of seven children born to a struggling farmer and his wife. After his mother introduced him to Scottish folk songs, legends and proverbs, he began writing touching poems and songs . Some of Robbie Burns' most famous songs include "Auld Lang Syne" (the song people sing at New Years), "Ye Banks and Breaes of Bonnie Doon" and "My Love's Like a Red, Red Rose." His first book of poems was published in 1788. Robbie Burns Day Depressing Inspiration Robbie Burns married Jean Armour the same year that his first book of poetry was published. They moved to Dumfries, where he rented a farm . Things didn't work out with the farm and he sunk into a deep depression. Throughout his times of depression (and this happened on several occasions), he continued to write poetry. Celebrations Because Robbie Burns' work is loved so much, his birthday is celebrated all over the world on January 25th. Highlights of any Robbie Burns festival often include the bagpipes, Scotsmen in kilts and the reading of Burns' poem, "To A Haggis." But no Robbie Burns' feast would be complete without the dish of choice - haggis. Recipe for Haggis 1 sheep's bag and pluck (heart, liver, windpipe and lungs) 1/4 lb. suet 4 medium sized onions (blanched) 1/2 lb. pinhead oatmeal 1 level teaspoon black pepper 1 level teaspoon powdered herbs Instructions: Wash the bag in cold water, scrape and clean it well. Leave it overnight in cold water. Wash the pluck and put in a pan of boiling water and boil for one hour. Leave the windpipe hanging out. Place a small bowl under the windpipe to catch any drips. Place the cooked pluck in a bowl, cover with the fluid it was boiled in and leave overnight. The next day cut off the windpipe. Grate the liver and chop the heart , suet and onions. Toast the oatmeal, but make sure the color doesn't change. Add the oatmeal, salt, pepper, herbs and just over half a liter of liquid in which the pluck was boiled. Mix well. Fill the bag more than half full of the mixture, then sew it up and prick it. Place in boiling water, simmer for three hours, pricking occasionally to keep from bursting. The bag may be cut into several pieces to make smaller haggis; cook one and a half to two hours. The national dish of Scotland is Haggis Enjoy your meal and don't forget to read a poem by Robbie Burns!


In which country can you see the world famous Alhambra Palace?

Alhambra Palace Spain Alhambra Palace Spain Location: Alhambra Palace overlooks the city of Granada in Spain. Best Time to Visit: Spring and Autumn. Preferred Timing: 08.30 a.m. to 06.00 p.m. Time Required to Visit: Around 3 hours. Entry Fee: Euro 13 (Though rate may change from time to time) Getting there: By Foot: If you are physically fit, this is best way to approach the palace, as it gives you the best opportunity to enjoy the scenic beauty surrounding region. There are two popular paths to reach Alhambra Palace Spain from Granada city center. The most beautiful is the one that takes from Plaza Nueva into the street Cuesta de Gomíérez. You can also reach there via the street Cuesta del Rey Chico. By Public Transport: There are two buses that will take you to Alhambra Places from Granada. Route 30 and 32 start from Plaza Nueva and drive up the Cuesta de Gomíérez. You can also hire taxis in order to reach there. By Car: If you are going there by car, you need to take the ring road of the city, called Ronda Sur, and then follow the direction of Sierra Nevada . You can park your car at any one of the two car parking areas in Generalife. Nearest airport: Granada Airport (GRX) Nearest rail station: Avenida de Andaluces "How many legends and traditions, true and fabulous; how many songs and ballads, Arabian and Spanish of love and war and chivalry, are associated with this oriental pile!" wrote Washington Irving about the Alhambra Palace way back 1861. Even now, the palace continues to enchant, intrigue and bewilder visitors with its singular magnificence and enduring charm. It is not difficult to understand why this palace in Spain, overlooking the ancient city of Granada, fired the imagination of poets, artists, thinkers and travelers with a taste of history and the mystique, for so many centuries. Alhambra Palace Spain, also known as the 'Red Fortress', is a famous palace and fortress located on the hilly terrace on the southeastern edge of the city of Granada in Spain. One of the most famous examples of Moorish architecture, Alhambra Palace was primarily the home of Nasrid Sultans and their court. It is the same place where artists and intellectuals took shelter when Christian Spain won over Al Andalus. Currently Alhambra Palace is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Spain which attracts a huge number of tourists from all the parts of the world. The construction of Alhambra Palace in Spain started in the mid-1300s and was completed by Yusuf I and Muhammed V, Sultan of Granada towards the end of Muslim rule in the country. It is located on a terrace measuring about 740 m in length and 205 m in width, covering an area of about 142,000 square meters. The palace can not be described as a single construction; rather it is a combination of evolution, successive reforms and extensions. Inside the Alhambra Palace Alhambra Palace in Granada can be divided into four groups, viz. Alcazaba (the Fortress), Palacios Nazaries (Nasrid Palaces), Generalife Gardens, and Medina (Town). Alcazaba: Alcazaba, the fortress and the military headquarters for the Nasrid dynasty, was built on the highest point of the hill. Hence, it got the positional advantage to defend the royal family. Though originally, the construction had 24 towers, but currently only a few remain. Palacios Nazaríes: Time spent at the Palacios Nazaríes or the Nasrid Palaces will be some of the memorable moments of your visit to Alhambra Palace. Exquisitely decorated function rooms and courtyards that were used by the Muslim rulers for different purposes are the highlights of Palacios Nazaríes. The palaces can be divided into three distinct parts, namely the Mexuar, the Serallo and the Harem. Mexuar is the place where the Sultan used to meet his ministers. Next to it, there is the Cuarto Dorado or the Golden Room where Sultan took his most important decisions as military commander-in-chief. The entrance of Serallo is just opposite of Cuarto Dorado. Serallo was the official residence of the Sultan. The famous Patio de los Leones lies at the center of Harem, whic


What is the given name of the wife of Conservative leader David Cameron?

David Cameron: Thoroughly modern Dave or the most traditional Tory leader ever? - Telegraph Conservative David Cameron: Thoroughly modern Dave or the most traditional Tory leader ever? If the Conservatives are truly Downing Street bound, what are the qualities  and beliefs of the man who will deliver them? Charles Moore meets David  Cameron. David Cameron Photo: MARK POWER MAGNUM PHOTOS 10:30PM BST 26 Sep 2008 Lunching with David Cameron in the House of Commons, I decide to play that game when you offer your interlocutor either/or choices. The only rule is that he must choose one or the other. Cameron enjoys games. He answers quickly and confidently. Red or white? 'Red.’ Bitter or lager? 'Bitter.’ Meat or fish? 'Meat.’ Town or country? 'Country.’ Cricket or football? 'Cricket.’ Tea or coffee? 'Coffee.’ Milk in first or second? 'Second.’ On to popular culture. Again, he is at ease. He knows what he likes. He prefers Star Trek to Dr Who, The Simpsons to Family Guy, and the Beatles to the Stones. If he doesn’t know, he doesn’t pretend. Facebook or Bebo? 'They came too late for me.’ When I offer him Big Brother or The Apprentice, he breaks the rules by refusing the choice. 'I hate both of them,’ he says, 'I can’t bear Alan Sugar.’ It’s the rudeness, apparently: 'I’m just not interested. I like TV to escape.’ And what about Naughtie or Humphrys? 'Naughtie. In all senses. More fun to have a beer with.’ I try him out on two of the TV programmes of his childhood – The Wombles or The Clangers? This stirs him up: 'I didn’t get The Clangers,’ he says, 'The Soup Dragon! What was it all about? Samantha [his wife] would be the opposite, by the way. She would see the point. At least the Wombles were doing something useful – an early example of social action.’ It is a very Cameron answer – amused, practical-minded, keen to make a point lightly, and aware that there exists, in the form of his wife, a different way of looking at things. He prefers the Wombles amiably picking up litter on Wimbledon Common to the Clangers making strange warbling whistles on their small blue planet. David Cameron inhabits a popular idiom. He does not abase himself to popular culture like Tony Blair, changing his accent to suit his audience. He does not need to. His speaking style, he says, is 'conversational’: 'My references are all movies and telly.’ They come naturally. Related Articles Davis: Tories lack financial crisis policy 26 Sep 2008 Just over a year ago, Gordon Brown, ahead in the polls, looked as though he would call a general election at any moment. Cameron had a last chance to rally his troops at his party’s conference. He ended his speech with a challenge to the Prime Minister to make up his mind: 'So, Mr Brown, what’s it going to be?’ was how he put it. 'It’s a line from The Guns of Navarone,’ Cameron says, 'Gregory Peck or David Niven – but I only remembered that afterwards.’ The Tories rose in the polls and Gordon Brown, famously, 'bottled it’. But while thoroughly modern Dave is the genuine article, he is also, in other ways, the most traditional Conservative leader for more than 40 years. 'He’s Alec-Douglas-Home-goes-to-the-Glastonbury-Festival,’ says one mildly critical friend. As is well known, Cameron went to Eton and Oxford. 'For some time, my full name was “The Old Etonian David Cameron”,’ he says ruefully. His father was a stockbroker and his mother a Justice of the Peace. He was brought up in an old rectory in Berkshire, where he played cricket and tennis a lot, and hunted and shot a bit. If he becomes Prime Minister, he will be the first since Alec Home to have had a wholly rural upbringing. He may be the first Tory leader to look natural in shorts and bicycle helmet, with an iPod in his ears, but if you got him into breeches, added a double chin to his rather red face, and topped him off with a powdered wig, he would resemble one of those English grandees painted by Reynolds or Zoffany, calmly surveying their pleasingly large number of acres. Is the party’s arch-moderniser in reality a throwback? Searching for Cameron’s roots,


Which European country is 'double-landlocked' (landlocked by land-locked countries)?

Globetrotting Galore by Gunnar Garfors: The Two Double Landlocked Countries The Two Double Landlocked Countries Utilising local transport in one of the only two landlocked countries in the world.  There are some claims to fame that are more unusual than others. And we all know that something unusual or unique inevitably ends up on bucket lists around the world. It doesn't usually take that much, though. Just check out Instagram, Twitter or Facebook. Bragging about restaurants you have visited, drinks you have consumed, views you have experienced, clothing that you wear or celebrities you have slept with is commonplace. I am myself guilty as charged with several, but not all, of the examples listed above. But let's get down to business and concentrate on the important thing in life. Travelling. I have been to all 198 countries in the world, and written a book about it. It came out in English in July, 2015 . Visiting countries that fit a certain bill are present on a lot of bucket lists. One of the more unusual that I have heard about are double landlocked countries. What they are? A landlocked country has no access to an ocean at its borders. 44 of the world's 198 countries are landlocked. See the list below. A double landlocked country on the other hand is a country that is surrounded by landlocked countries. There are only two such countries in the world. Liechtenstein in Europe is surrounded by two landlocked countries; Switzerland and Austria while Uzbekistan in Asia is surrounded by five, all of them are stan countries (ending with "stan"). They are Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Uzbekistan is of course a stan country on its own. As there are seven stan countries in total, the only stan country missing is then Pakistan, which is 300 kilometers from Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan is then of course the only country in the world exclusively surrounded by stan countries. Oh, the trivia you pick up here... The 44 landlocked countries of the world Afghanistan


Rila at 2,925 m is the highest mountain range in the Balkans. It stands in which country?

Mountain Ranges in Bulgaria General Info | The old separation between the people who live in the mountains and those who inhabit the planes is expressed in a Bulgarian saying – “The field gives birth to pumpkins, the mountain gives birth to humans”. More than 1/3 of country’s territory is covered by mountains, located mainly in the central and the southwestern parts. No matter of its relatively small area, about 111 000 square km, Bulgaria offers a great variety of terrains, landscapes and climate. This is also presented in the mountain ranges – each of them has its specifics, unique combination of relief, landscapes, climate, nature and population.     Balkan Mountains (or Stara Planina, The Old Mountains) are stretched as a line throughout the whole country from the west border to the seaside on the east. One of the things this mountains are famous for is that if one start to follow its main ridge he or she will eventually reach the blue sea after a long and difficult trek, crossing the whole country, with great views of the planes on both sides. Although not the highest in Bulgaria, the Balkan Mountains are notorious with the most fierce weather among the mountains in the country. This is determined of its role of a natural barrier between the cold continental climate of the north and the milder climate of south Bulgaria, affected by the Mediterranean air masses. The result is strong winds, storms and rainfalls in summer and snow blizzards in winter. But when the weather is good everyone can enjoy an amazing views walking along its high ridge. The name of the Balkan Peninsula originates from this mountain chain which highest point (mount Botev, 2376 m.) is named to a famous Bulgarian poet – Hristo Botev. One of the three national parks in Bulgaria, Central Balkan National Park, is placed in the central parts of Balkan mountains.   Rila Mountains are the highest not only in Bulgaria but in the whole Balkans. Another poet called it “The great Rila desert” not because of the landscape but the feeling of infinity and loneliness one can experience walking among its endless summits. Rila mountains are the sixth highest in Europe after Caucasus, the Alps, the Pyrinees, Siera Nevada in Spain and Etna in Italy. The highest point is mount Musala (2925 m.). Rila offers some of the greatest mountain landscapes in Bulgaria, combination of high summits and glacier lakes, and is suitable for a few days long treks and snowshoeing trips in winter. Here is established the biggest national park in Bulgaria – Rila National Park. Rila Monastery – the biggest in Bulgaria – is situated in one of the mountain’s valleys.   South from Rila Mountains are situated Pirin Mountains with highest point Mount Vihren (2914 m.). The shape of its ridges is sharper and the colors are different, dominated by the white and grаy shades of the rocks. There is more obvious prints of the work of the glaciers long time ago – deep cirques, valleys and dramatic nature landmarks, like the so called “The Foal” – a very tiny part of the main ridge which tourists cross on their way through the mountain. There are also many deep blue glacier lakes at the bottom of these cirques followed by hundreds-of-years old conifer forests in the lower parts. This range is closer to the Mediterranean sea which determines more sunny and warm days per year comparing to the other high mountains in the country. Pirin National Park is established to protect the nature in these territories, home of the brown bears, wild boars, chamois and other interesting species.   East from Rila and Pirin are Rhodope Mountains – the largest mountain range in the country. With milder slopes, placed closer to the sea, these mountains are more welcoming for the people so they were populated from an old time. First by the Tracians, ancient tribes that inhabited these territories and left lots of remnants, then Romans build their amazing roads to cross the mountains on the way for their conquers. Rhodope Mountains were the traditional shepherds summer pastures for ages, offering plenty of food for the ani


Which lake is sometimes called Lac Leman in French?

CGN - Lake Geneva Homepage >CGN>Lake Geneva Lake Geneva The French name for Lake Geneva (Lac Léman, also called Genfersee in German) dates back to Celtic times. It meant "water between the mountains". The Romans then named it "Lacus Lemanus".   Not everyone agrees with this version of the story, however. Here's another version: In 63 B.C. the Greek geographer Strabo observed that the lake had been called "limnê" for centuries, which simply meant "lake" in Greek. The Gallo-Romans transformed this "Limnê" into "Lemanus". Designations such as " Lake of Lausanne ", used in the Itinerary of Antoninus (2nd Century) or "Lake Geneva", from the time of the Reformation, appeared only at a much later stage. However, the inhabitants of Vaud and Savoy always referred to " Lake Leman ". From 1798 to 1814, the lake gave its French name to the département of Léman, which comprised the territories of Gex, Geneva and northern Savoy .   With a total surface area of 582.4 square kilometres (348 in Switzerland and 234 in France), the lake is 72.3 kilometres long, from Geneva to Villeneuve, and averages 10 km wide (minimum width 8 km, maximum 13.8 km). Its maximum depth is 309.7 metres and it has 167 km of coastline. Its surface is 372.3 metres above sea level in summer and a metre lower in winter. The water is clear to a depth of 6.5 to 7.5 metres, depending on season and location.   The lake is divided into three zones: the Petit-lac (the narrowest part, from Geneva to Nyon); the Grand lac (the whole of the widest part between Lausanne and Evian) and the Haut-lac (the part delineated by Vevey-Montreux-Bouveret-Thonon). The Rhône, which alone is responsible for draining 18% of Switzerland's waters and supplies the bulk of the lake water, joins the lake at Villeneuve. The second source of lake water is the Dranse, on the French side. Other significant rivers include the Venoge and the Veveyse. Crossings Switzerland-France : the opposite shore has never been so close! Tourist cruises : relaxation and fine dining guaranteed – head for the water! Boat rentals : an exclusive place for your events! Boat owners :


Who immediately succeeded Augustus as Emperor of Rome?

Augustus | Roman emperor | Britannica.com Roman emperor Alternative Titles: Augustus Caesar, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, Gaius Octavius, Octavian Augustus Trajan Augustus, also called Augustus Caesar or (until 27 bce) Octavian, original name Gaius Octavius, adopted name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (born September 23, 63 bce—died August 19, 14 ce, Nola , near Naples [Italy]), first Roman emperor , following the republic, which had been finally destroyed by the dictatorship of Julius Caesar , his great-uncle and adoptive father. His autocratic regime is known as the principate because he was the princeps , the first citizen , at the head of that array of outwardly revived republican institutions that alone made his autocracy palatable . With unlimited patience, skill, and efficiency , he overhauled every aspect of Roman life and brought durable peace and prosperity to the Greco-Roman world. Portrait of the emperor Augustus, marble, Roman, c. 14–37 ce; in the Metropolitan … Photograph by philophilosopher. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, Rogers Fund, 1908 (08.258.47) Gaius Octavius was of a prosperous family that had long been settled at Velitrae (Velletri), southeast of Rome . His father, who died in 59 bce, had been the first of the family to become a Roman senator and was elected to the high annual office of the praetorship, which ranked second in the political hierarchy to the consulship. Gaius Octavius’s mother, Atia, was the daughter of Julia, the sister of Julius Caesar , and it was Caesar who launched the young Octavius in Roman public life. At age 12 he made his debut by delivering the funeral speech for his grandmother Julia. Three or four years later he received the coveted membership of the board of priests ( pontifices ). In 46 bce he accompanied Caesar, now dictator, in his triumphal procession after his victory in Africa over his opponents in the Civil War; and in the following year, in spite of ill health, he joined the dictator in Spain . He was at Apollonia (now in Albania ) completing his academic and military studies when, in 44 bce, he learned that Julius Caesar had been murdered. Augustus dressed in a toga, marble, 1st century ce. A. Dagli Orti/DeA Picture Library Rise to power Returning to Italy, he was told that Caesar in his will had adopted him as his son and had made him his chief personal heir. He was only 18 when, against the advice of his stepfather and others, he decided to take up this perilous inheritance and proceeded to Rome . Mark Antony (Marcus Antonius), Caesar’s chief lieutenant, who had taken possession of his papers and assets and had expected that he himself would be the principal heir, refused to hand over any of Caesar’s funds, forcing Octavius to pay the late dictator’s bequests to the Roman populace from such resources as he could raise. Caesar’s assassins, Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus , ignored him and withdrew to the east. Cicero , the famous orator who was one of Rome ’s principal elder statesmen, hoped to make use of him but underestimated his abilities. Augustus, bronze sculpture from Meroe, Sudan, 1st century ce; in the British Museum. Courtesy of the trustees of the British Museum Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent Celebrating public games , instituted by Caesar, to ingratiate himself with the city populace, Octavius succeeded in winning considerable numbers of the dictator ’s troops to his own allegiance . The Senate, encouraged by Cicero, broke with Antony, called upon Octavius for aid (granting him the rank of senator in spite of his youth), and joined the campaign of Mutina ( Modena ) against Antony, who was compelled to withdraw to Gaul. When the consuls who commanded the Senate’s forces lost their lives, Octavius’s soldiers compelled the Senate to confer a vacant consulship on him. Under the name of Gaius Julius Caesar he next secured official recognition as Caesar’s adoptive son. Although it would have been normal to add “Octavianus” (with reference to his original family name), he preferred not to do so. Today,


Who designed the Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition of 1851?

AD Classics: The Crystal Palace / Joseph Paxton | ArchDaily AD Classics: The Crystal Palace / Joseph Paxton AD Classics: The Crystal Palace / Joseph Paxton 01:00 - 5 July, 2013 Save this picture! The Crystal Palace, 1851. © wikiarquitectura.com The Crystal Palace was a glass and cast iron structure built in London , England, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. The building was designed by Sir Joseph Paxton, an architect and gardener, and revealed breakthroughs in architecture, construction and design. More on the Crystal Palace after the break... +13 In January 1850 a committee was formed to choose the design for a temporary exhibition building that would showcase the latest technologies and innovations from around the world: The “Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations.” The structure had to be as economical as possible, and be built before the exhibition was scheduled to open on May 1st, 1851. Within 3 weeks the committee received 245 entires, all of which were rejected. It was only after this that Paxton showed his first interest in the project. Save this picture! Interior view of the Crystal Palace, 1851. © paristeampunk.canalblog.com Already a famous gardener at the time, Paxton experimented extensively with glasshouse construction. Using combinations of prefabricated cast iron, laminated wood, and standard sized glass sheets, Paxton created the “ridge-and-furrow” roof design. In 1836 this system was used for the first time in the “Great Stove” - the largest glass building at the time. Save this picture! First sketch for the Great Exhibition Building by Sir Joseph Paxton. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London Paxton proceeded to visit Hyde Park, where he quickly doodled his famous concept drawing of the Palace (the sketch is now held in the Victoria and Albert Museum). The drawing included all the basic elements of the building, and within two weeks all calculations and detailed plans were submitted.  Save this picture! Part front (left) and part rear (right) view and floor plan of London's Crystal Palace. © Wikimedia Commons Paxton’ design was based on a 10in x 49in module, the size of the largest glass sheet available at the time. The modular system consisted of right-angled triangles, mirrored and multiplied, supported by a grid of cast iron beams and pillars. These basic units were extremely light and strong and were extended to an incredible length of 564 meters. The design was also influenced by Paxton’s passion for biomimicry; he drew inspiration from the giant leaves of the Victoria Amazonica waterlily.  Save this picture! Detail © greatbuildings.com Impressed by the low cost proposal, the committee accepted Paxton’s innovative plan, leaving only 8 months for construction, which commenced immediately in Hyde Park. 5000 workers handled more than 1000 iron columns and 84,000 square meters of glass. All parts were prefabricated and easy to erect, and every modular unit was self supporting,  allowing the workers freedom in assembling the pieces. Thanks to Paxton’s simple and brilliant design, over 18,000 panes of glass sheets were installed per week, and the structure was completed within 5 months. The Crystal Palace at Sydenham Hill, 1854. Photo by Philip Henry Delamotte © Wikimedia Commons Queen Victoria wrote in her journal on May 1st 1851 :  "This day is one of the greatest and most glorious of our lives… It is a day which makes my heart swell with thankfulness… The Park presented a wonderful spectacle, crowds streaming through it, – carriages and troops passing… The Green Park and Hyde Park were one mass of densely crowded human beings, in the highest good humour… before we neared the Crystal Palace, the sun shone and gleamed upon the gigantic edifice, upon which the flags of every nation were flying… The sight as we came to the centre where the steps and chair (on which I did not sit) was placed, facing the beautiful crystal fountain was magic and impressive. The tremendous cheering, the joy expressed in every face, the vastness of the building, with all its decoration and exhibits, the sound


Doctor Doom is the arch-enemy of which group of Marvel superheroes?

Doctor Doom | Villains Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia I am Doom, destroyer of worlds! What Gods dare stand against me? „ ~ Doctor Doom Doctor Doom (real name: Victor Von Doom) is a supervillain in the Fantastic Four metaseries and is the arch-nemesis of Reed Richards. He is Stan Lee's personal favorite Marvel supervillain and is considered the most intelligent, out of all the villains in the Marvel Universe. Contents [ show ] History Victor Von Doom is the arch enemy of the Fantastic Four, and is the self-proclaimed unquestioned smartest man on Earth. Doom was born in a Romani family in the nation of Latveria, as the son of a witch and a herbalist. When his mother Cynthia was killed by demons (which she herself summoned to fight Latverian soldiers), he promised revenge, and the death of his father because of a Latverian tyrant only fueled his desire. Doom began to master both magic and technology, and when his fame reached the United States, he gained the opportunity to study in America. There he met Reed Richards, one of the few men on the planet whose intelligence can even approach his own (and then not by much). Wishing to resurrect his dead mother, he attempted to construct a portal to hell; however, due to miscalculations, the device exploded and damaged his face. Though Doom was responsible for the incident, he still blamed Richards for the accident and withdrew from society for some time. He then joined a mysterious order which taught him secret knowledge, including metallurgy. He used it to create a suit of power armor that he has been using (with some modifications) since that day. From that moment, and forever more, he has been known as Doctor Doom. He overthrew the previous ruler of Latveria and claimed it as his own, becoming the new ruler of his country. Quickly his path crossed with the Fantastic Four, who became his sworn enemies. However, he has also fought with almost every mega-hero in the Marvel Universe, and even some heroes outside of the Marvel Universe (example: Superman). On that account, he has had more than a few serious setbacks such as when Reed Richards caused him to be deposed in favor of Prince Zorba. However, he eventually regained the throne with the help of Richards and his compatriots when he showed them that Zorba was laying waste to Latveria in his murderous madness. True, in their eyes they were participating in his retaking of the throne entirely for the sake of the oppressed people of Latveria, and that was good enough for him. Unlike many other villains, Doom does not want to rule the world out of greed or hunger for power. Doom genuinely believes he should rule the world in order to shield it from the various possible futures he has seen thanks to his ability to travel through time. Thanks to these motives, Doom has, on several occasions, joined forces with heroes, even becoming part of the Fantastic Four's Future Foundation despite them being his archenemies. Powers and Abilities Doom's power is well known to be far greater than any other so-called "superhuman" on earth, and is only surpassed in power by those such as Galactus and Dormammu . But even they have not worked half as much as he in achieving that power. Doom's power is so great, that he has actually stolen and stored the powers of those "cosmic" beings, namely, the Beyonder . His armor is extremely durable, and well-equipped with many weapons of all types, because Doom is always prepared for a battle. Besides just protecting him from physical harm, the armor also removes its wearer from reality, making him completely immune to any kind of mind control or matter manipulation. Doctor Dooms armor provides him with superhuman levels of strength and durability, allowing him to go toe-to-toe with the likes of Iron Man, Spider-Man, Captain America, the Hulk and the Thing. His armors energy manipulation capabilities allow Doom to create impenetrable force fields, project energy from his gauntlets and mask (Only when his mask is off does this feature work), generate a lethal electric shock, etc. Dooms armor also grants him the


An actress, which 61 year old Dame was named the world's sexiest older woman?

Helen Mirren - IMDb IMDb Actress | Producer | Director Dame Helen Mirren was born in Queen Charlotte's Hospital in West London. Her mother, Kathleen Alexandrina Eva Matilda (Rogers), was from a working-class English family, and her father, Vasiliy Petrovich Mironov, was a Russian-born civil servant, from Kuryanovo, whose own father was a diplomat. Mirren attended St. Bernards High School for girls, ... See full bio » Born: a list of 25 people created 29 Aug 2011 a list of 29 images created 22 May 2013 a list of 21 people created 01 Dec 2013 a list of 28 people created 22 Feb 2014 a list of 23 people created 5 months ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Helen Mirren's work have you seen? User Polls Won     1     Oscar. Another    115 wins & 122 nominations. See more awards  » Known For The Debt Rachel Singer (Tel Aviv 1997) (2010)  2005 Third Watch (TV Series) Annie Foster  2004 American Masters (TV Series documentary) Narrator  2002 Door to Door (TV Movie) Mrs. Porter  1998 Tracey Takes On... (TV Series) Professor Horen  1997 Painted Lady (TV Movie) Maggie Sheridan  1996 Losing Chase (TV Movie) Chase Phillips Princess Evelyn Blucher / Margaret Randa - Total War (1996) ... Princess Evelyn Blucher / Margaret Randa (voice) - Collapse (1996) ... Princess Evelyn Blucher / Margaret Randa (voice)  1993 The Hidden Room (TV Series) Sarah  1989 Cause célèbre (TV Movie) Alma Rattenbury  1987 Faerie Tale Theatre (TV Series) Princess Emilia  1985 The Twilight Zone (TV Series) Maddie Duncan (segment "Dead Woman's Shoes")  1979-1982 Play for Today (TV Series) Celia / Angela  1981 BBC2 Playhouse (TV Series) Mrs. Reinhardt  1979 S.O.S. Titanic (TV Movie) Stewardess: May Sloan  1979 ITV Playhouse (TV Series) Joanne  1975 The Philanthropist (TV Movie) Celia  1996 Some Mother's Son (associate producer) Hide   2008 Galantuomini (very special thanks)  2004 Frasier (TV Series) (thanks - 1 episode)  2016 Good Morning Britain (TV Series) Herself - Interviewee / Herself - 'Brigitte'  2010-2016 Made in Hollywood (TV Series) Herself  2014-2016 The Insider (TV Series) Herself  2007-2016 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series) Herself  2016 CBS This Morning (TV Series) Herself  2007-2016 Good Morning America (TV Series) Herself - Guest / Herself  2006-2016 The View (TV Series) Herself - Guest / Herself  2016 Access Hollywood (TV Series) Herself  2015-2016 Documentary Now! (TV Series) Herself - Host - Final Transmission (2016) ... Herself - Host - Globesman (2016) ... Herself - Host  2016 WGN Morning News (TV Series) Herself  2006-2016 Film 2016 (TV Series) Herself - Interviewee  2015 Celebrity Style Story (TV Series) Herself  2015 Red Nose Day (TV Special) Herself  2007-2015 Live! with Kelly (TV Series) Herself - Guest  2015 CBS News Sunday Morning (TV Series documentary) Herself  2014 Le grand journal de Canal+ (TV Series documentary) Herself  2007-2014 60 Minutes (TV Series) Herself - Actress - High Jinks/The Venom Hunters/The Dame (2007) ... Herself - Actress (as Dame Helen Mirren)  2014 Newsnight (TV Series)  2014 And the Oscar Goes To... (TV Movie documentary) Herself - Actress  2010-2013 The Daily Show (TV Series) Herself - Guest  2013 TVGN Movie Special: Red 2 (TV Movie documentary) Herself  2013 Weekend Ticket (TV Series short) Herself  2013 Fantastic (TV Series documentary) Herself  2013 Goodbye Granadaland (TV Movie documentary) Herself (as Dame Helen Mirren)  2012 Shakespeare Uncovered (TV Mini-Series documentary) Herself  2010-2012 Jimmy Kimmel Live! (TV Series) Herself - Guest  2012 The Diamond Queen (TV Series documentary) Herself - Actor  2011 Janela Indiscreta (TV Series) Herself  2011 Arabia 3D (Documentary short) Narrator - Episode #1.4 (2011) ... Herself - Guest (as Dame Helen Mirren)  2010-2011 Daybreak (TV Series)  2011 The Big Picture (TV Series) Herself  2011 Film Fiend (TV Series) Herself  2010 Loose Women (TV Series) Herself  1994-2010 Charlie Rose (TV Series) Herself - Guest  2010 Tavis Smiley (TV Series) Herself - Guest  2008-2010 The One Show (TV Series) Herself - Guest / Herself  2009 Toy


Who was named the new host of Channel 4's Countdown?

Countdown - UKGameshows Countdown Nick Hewer (2012-) Co-hosts Hostesses: Denise McFarland-Cruikshanks (Calendar Countdown), Robena Sharp (Calendar Countdown), Kathy Hytner (Calendar Countdown and Countdown series 1-14), Beverley Isherwood (series 1-2), Karen Loughlin (series 14-16), Lucy Summers (series 17), Carol Vorderman (series 18-59), Rachel Riley (series 60-) "Vital statisticians": Angela Garbut (Calendar Countdown), Dr Linda Barrett (series 1-3), Carol Vorderman (series 1-59), Rachel Riley (Series 60- ) Lexicologists: Susie Dent (current, since series 24). Others with over 100 appearances include Catherine Clarke, Damian Eadie, Mark Nyman , Richard Samson, Julia Swannel, Della Thompson, Freda Thornton Broadcast as Calendar Countdown Yorkshire Television (regional), 19 April to 7 June 1982 (8 episodes in 1 series) Yorkshire Television (Granada from 1 November 2004 to 8 May 2009 and ITV Studios from 11 May 2009 to present) for Channel 4, 2 November 1982 to present as Countdown Masters (insert in The Channel 4 Daily) 3 April 1989 to 29 March 1991 (97 games aired + 1 partially aired + 6 unaired) as Celebrity Countdown (primetime) 23 April to 18 June 1998 (8 episodes in 1 series) Synopsis "I'll have a consonant, a vowel, another vowel, a consonant, another consonant. Another consonant, a vowel, a consonant and a final consonant please." That might sound boring to you, but this show - together with Fifteen-to-One until its demise, and nowadays Deal or No Deal - props up Channel 4's afternoon schedule and still draws in shed loads of pensioners, students and other people with nothing better to do at 3.30pm than watch it. Countdown was based on a French show ("Des Chiffres et Des Lettres" - or "Numbers and Letters") and the format has proved popular throughout much of the world. It could be argued that the Brit version is the more lively interpretation of the format. The first British incarnation of the show was a Yorkshire TV regional filler for eight weeks in the spring of 1982. Richard Whiteley hosted, and it's probably fair to say that the show did not immediately distinguish itself. Luckily, at around the same time Channel 4 were looking for a game show for their launch line-up, and happened upon the French format Des chiffres et des lettres. Since Yorkshire was already making a British version, they pretty much just transferred the show to Channel 4. Whiteley stayed on, a number of young ladies were brought in to do all the odd jobs around the studio - mainly sticking magnetic tiles in a frame - and the rest is history. How it all started - the pilot for Calendar Countdown How the pilot looked (though obviously it didn't have that modern bug in the corner). This snazzy minimalist clock was replaced with something more like the familiar clock face for the series proper. The idea is as simple as can be: Two players duel in a battle of vocabulary knowledge and numerical agility. Eleven (originally six) rounds are letters games, where the players try and make the longest word they can from nine pseudo-randomly selected letters. Each player takes turns at selecting the make-up of vowels and consonants in that nine. After thirty seconds of thinking time, to which we're treated to the famous Countdown think music, the players declare the words that they have. One point per letter is awarded to the contestant that has the longest word. In the case of ties, both players get the points. A letters game in progress - what's the longest word you can find? (answer below) After each game, we go across to another corner of the studio where a guest celebrity (whom Richard Whiteley used to refer to as the Guardian of the Dictionaries) plus an oh-so-handily placed lexicographer from the Oxford English Dictionary tell us about any longer words that they have found. (Such are the demands of rapid recording, the production team sometimes prime the celeb with words found manually via an earpiece - but contrary to what some people believe, they don't use electronic wordfinders or any of that malarkey.) Three (originally two) numbers games


Which art gallery is located at Bankside, London SE1?

Tate Modern - Modern Art Museum in London England More   The Tate Modern is a Modern Art Museum in London England that focuses on the 20th century.  Included among its masterpieces are paintings by Picasso and Pollock. Dali's Lobster Telephone is one of the exhibits at the museum. Fans of modern art will love the Tate Modern Art Museum.  Best  of all: Entry to the Tate Modern is free of charge. London England


Which Florentine painter who died in 1337 had the oft overlooked surname, di Bondone?

CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Index for G Home > Catholic Encyclopedia > G G Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download . Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more  all for only $19.99... Gabala - A titular see of Syria Prima Gabbatha - The Aramaic appellation of a place in Jerusalem, designated also under the Greek name of Lithostrotos Gaboon - Formerly called the Vicariate Apostolic of the Two Guineas Gabriel the Archangel, Saint - One of the three archangels mentioned in the Bible Gabriel, Brothers of Saint - Originally founded by St. Louis Grignon de Montfort in 1705, but it did not spread much till it was amalgamated with one founded in 1835 by Monsignor Deshayes. Vicar-General of Rennes Gabriel Possenti, Blessed - Passionist student, d. 1862 Gabriel Sionita - A learned Maronite, famous for his share in the publication of the Parisian polyglot of the Bible; b. 1577, at Edden on the Lebanon; d. 1648 Gad - A proper name which designates in the Bible, (I), a patriarch; (II), a tribe of Israel; (III), a prophet; (IV), a pagan deity Gadara - A titular see of Palaestina Prima; there were two sees of this name, one in Palaestina Prima, the other in Palaestina Secunda Gaddi, Agnolo, Giovanni, and Taddeo - Florentine artists, Taddeo being the father of Agnolo and Giovanni Gaeta - Archdiocese in the province of Caserta in Campania (Southern Italy) Gaetano, Saint - Also known as St. Gaetano. Biography of the founder of the Theatines Gagarin, Ivan Sergejewitch - Of the Russian family which traces its origin to the ancient rulers of Starodub; born at Moscow, 1 August, 1814; died at Paris, 19 July, 1882 Gagliardi, Achille - Ascetic writer and spiritual director; born at Padua, Italy, in 1537; died at Modena, 6 July, 1607 Gahan, William - A priest and author; born 5 June, 1732, in the parish of St. Nicholas, Dublin; died there, 6 December, 1804 Gaillard, Claude Ferdinand - French engraver and painter; b. at Paris, 7 Jan., 1834; d. there, 27 Jan., 1887 Gal, Saint - The sixteenth and twenty-third bishops of Clermont-Ferrand (Auvergne) were both named Gal, and both are saints. The first St. Gal was bishop from 527 to 551, and the second, from 640-650 Galantini, Ippolito, Blessed - Founder of the Christian Congregation of Florence, d. 1619 Galatians, Epistle to the - Background on Galatia, purpose and date, a summary of its contents, its importance and a discussion of some difficulties Galatino, Pietro Colonna - Friar Minor, philosopher, theologian, Orientalist; b. at Galatia (now Cajazzo) in Apulia; d. at Rome, soon after 1539 Galerius, Valerius Maximianus - Galerius, a native of Illyria, was made Caesar 1 March, 293, by Diocletian, whose daughter Valeria he married and who in turn adopted her husband Galien, Joseph - Dominican, professor of philosophy and theology at the University of Avignon, meteorologist, physicist, and writer on aeronautics; b. 1699 Galilee - The native land of Jesus Christ, where He began His ministry and performed many of His works, and whence He drew His Apostles Galilei, Alessandro - An eminent Florentine architect; born 1691; died 1737 Galilei, Galileo - Although in the popular mind Galileo is remembered chiefly as an astronomer, it was not in this character that he made really substantial contributions to human knowledge, but rather in the field of mechanics, and especially of dynamics, which science may be said to owe its existence to him Galitzin, Elizabeth - Princess, religious of the Sacred Heart; born at St. Petersburg, 22 February, 1797; died in Louisiana, 8 December, 1843 Gall, Saint - Late sixth- to early seventh-century Irish hermit Gall, Abbey of Saint - In Switzerland, Canton St. Gall, 30 miles southeast of Constance; for many centuries one of the chief Benedictine abbeys in Europe; founded about 613, and named after Gallus, an Irishman, the disciple and companion of St. Columbanus in his exile from Luxeuil Galla, Saint - A Roman widow of the sixth century; feast, 5 October Galla - Vicariate Apostolic embracing the territor


What is the more common name for the 'European' or 'Great' Maple?

Common Furniture Woods - A Guide to Furniture Woods | HowStuffWorks A Guide to Furniture Woods Hardwood Manufacturers Beech Common furniture woods have their own distinctive marks, just like each person has his or her own unique fingerprints. Below are some details or characteristics that can help you easily identify the numerous types of furniture woods available. Ash (white ash): Ash is a tough hardwood known primarily for its excellent bending abilities; it's used for bentwoods and for bent furniture parts requiring maximum strength. Ash veneers are also common. Ash varies in color from creamy white or gray with a light brown cast to a dark reddish brown. The price is moderate. Up Next Hardwood Manufacturers Basswood Basswood: Basswood is a common hardwood, often used in combination with rare woods such as walnut and mahogany. Its color varies from creamy white to creamy brown or reddish, with broad rays and sometimes slightly darker streaks. The grain is straight and even. Basswood is close-grained, with very small pores. It is inexpensive. Beech: Beech is another hardwood that bends easily, but it isn't as attractive as ash. Beech is often used with more expensive woods, primarily in inconspicuous places -- chair and table legs, drawer bottoms, sides and backs of cabinets. Beech takes a stain well, and is often stained to look like mahogany, maple, or cherry. Beech is both hard and heavy,and is difficult to work with hand tools. It is inexpensive.  Butternut Hardwood Manufacturers Yellow Birch Birch (yellow birch): Birch, a common hardwood, is used in all aspects of furniture construction. The wood is light yellowish brown, very similar in color and in grain to maple. The grain is quite pleasing. Birch is close-grained. It is moderately expensive. Butternut: This hardwood, often called white walnut, is similar in many ways to walnut. The wood is light brown, with occasional dark or reddish streaks. The grain is pronounced and leafy. Butternut is coarse-textured, with visibly open pores; it is usually filled.  Butternut stains well, and is often stained to look like dark walnut. The wood is light, and is easy to work with hand tools. It is moderately expensive. Hardwood Manufacturers Cherry Cedar Cedar (Eastern red cedar): Cedar, a softwood, is used primarily in chests and closets; it has a distinctive scent, and is effective in repelling insects. The wood is a light red, with light streaks and knots; the grain is quite pleasing. Cedar is close-grained. It should not be bleached or stained. Cedar storage chests should be left unfinished on the inside, and treated with a clear finish on the outside. Cedar is moderately expensive. Cherry (black cherry): Cherry, one of the most valued of hardwoods, is used in fine furniture and cabinets. Its color varies from light brown to dark reddish brown, and it has a very attractive and distinctive grain, often with a definite mottle. Cherry is close-grained, and does not require a filler. A light stain is sometimes used to accentuate the color. Cherry is difficult to work with hand tools, and it is expensive. Hardwood Manufacturers Elm Elm (rock elm, American elm): This hardwood has excellent bending qualities; it's used in all types of furniture, and especially for bentwoods. Elm is light brown to dark brown, often with some red streaks Elm has a distinct grain; rock elm has contrasting light and dark-areas. Because Dutch elm disease has destroyed so many trees, elm has become a rare wood, and can be both hard to find and expensive. Gum (sweetgum, red gum): This hardwood is often used in veneers or in combination with rare woods; it's also used in some moderately priced furniture. Gum is an even brown, with a reddish cast; it sometimes has darker streaks. Its price is moderate to low. Lauan Hickory Hickory (shagbark hickory): This hardwood is noted for its strength, hardness, and toughness; it is used in rockers, Windsor chairs, lawn furniture, and some veneers. The wood is brown to reddish brown, with a straight, indistinct grain; it is open-grained. Hickory is very hard and he


Which former Italian Prime Minister was kidnapped and murdered in 1978?

BBC ON THIS DAY | 16 | 1978: Aldo Moro snatched at gunpoint 1978: Aldo Moro snatched at gunpoint Former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro has been kidnapped in Rome. Mr Moro's escort of five police bodyguards were killed when he was snatched at gunpoint from a car near a cafe in the morning rush-hour. Chief police investigator Signor Moro said 12 gunmen took part in the attack on the former prime minister as he was being driven to parliament. Police have set up dozens of roadblocks and all exits from the city are being watched. Helicopters are hovering overhead and anti-terrorist officers have been sent to the airport. The extreme left-wing Red Brigade, in a telephone call to a Rome newspaper, has said it kidnapped the Christian Democratic leader, 61. We kidnapped Aldo Moro Red Brigade spokesman A spokesman said: "We kidnapped Aldo Moro. He is only our first victim. We shall hit at the heart of the state." The man demanded that the Turin trial of Renato Curcio, who is suspected of leading the Red Brigade, and 14 others accused of membership of the group should be suspended. Witnesses reported seeing a white Fiat car move in front of Mr Moro's vehicle, along with a man on a motorbike. The Fiat braked hard and Mr Moro's car crashed into it. Gunmen jumped out of the Fiat and others who had been waiting nearby raised pistols and sub-machine guns. Trade unions have called a 24-hour general strike and workers have left many shops and offices in the city in a shocked reaction to the kidnapping of the much-respected statesman. Investigators are examining spent bullet cases at the scene of the crime and among guns seized they found "a rarely used Soviet weapon". Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti has condemned those who took Mr Moro, saying they were "destroying the fabric of the nation and threatening to make it ungovernable".


Created by Frank Mason Robinson in 1885, what is possibly the world's best known logo?

20 Famous Logo Designs 20 Famous Logo Designs August 20th, 2008 | Design | If there is one thing that we can learn from famous logos like Nike’s “Swoosh” or FedEx logo, it is that the logo does not have to be complicated to be effective. Hopefully, our collection of famous logo designs will help prove that simplicity is the key to a memorable logo. 01 - Coca-Cola Logo The famous Coca-Cola logo was created by John Pemberton’s bookkeeper, Frank Mason Robinson, in 1885. 02 - Audi Logo The Audi emblem is four overlapping rings that represent the four marques of Auto Union. The Audi emblem symbolizes Audi amalgamation of Audi with DKW, Horch and Wanderer: the first ring represents Audi, the second represents DKW, third is Horch, and the fourth and last ring Wanderer. 03 - Apple Logo The Apple logo was created in 1976 by Rob Janoff. The rainbow color theme was used until 1998. 04 - USA Network Logo USA Network logo from 2005 to present. 05 - Pepsi-Cola Logo Pepsi-Cola logo has changed many times over the years. The logo that is used right now was introduced in 1984. 06 - Walt Disney Logo This IBM logo was designed by graphic designer Paul Rand in 1972. 08 - Nike “Swoosh” Logo The Nike “Swoosh” is a design created in 1971 by Carolyn Davidson, a graphic design student at Portland State University. 09 - Nintendo Logo 10 - Puma Logo The logo that we see on the side of all Puma shoes was introduced in 1958. 11 - AT&T Logo 12 - Atari Logo 13 - Google Logo The current official Google logo was designed by Ruth Kedar, and is a logotype based on the Catull typeface. 14 - FedEx Logo The FedEx logo is notable for containing a hidden right-pointing arrow in the negative space between the “E” and the “X”. 15 - Adidas Logo The company registered as adidas AG (with lower-case lettering) on 18 August 1949. The company’s clothing and shoe designs typically feature three parallel stripes, and this same motif is incorporated into Adidas’s current official logo. 16 - McDonald’s Logo The logo is an image of a “twin-tailed siren”. 18 - LEGO Logo Chanel logo is an overlapping double ‘C’ - one facing forward and the other facing backward. 20 - American Broadcasting Company Logo Alex G The Nike logo is definitely a classic. It’s recognizable everywhere, with or without the brand name…does anyone even use the brand name anymore? =) And the FedEx arrow is actually pretty cool..never noticed it before Aug 20th, 2008 We don’t really know these logos in France : USA Network Logo double “c” in chanel logo mean “Coco Chanel” Aug 20th, 2008 the “usa” one is interesting Aug 20th, 2008 Nike logo is the best. Aug 20th, 2008 I bet there are at least a dozen logos out there, that are better, but the companies never made it to famous. ;) Aug 20th, 2008 bjarki I’ve never seen the usa and At&t logos before :S there are many logos that should be here instead of those two. Aug 20th, 2008 Jim McDish OMG, the Atari Logo! I am going to go digg my old Atari 2600 out of the closet and play some games on it for a while. Gosh its been years! I think I have every game ever made for it too. Whew Yoo RT Nike logo is the best logo ever made! Aug 20th, 2008 drunko Puma doesn’t put that on the sides of their shoes. I guess you don’t remember what the original Clydes looked like. Aug 20th, 2008 Toyota is more recognizable then audi. Aug 20th, 2008 John It should be mentioned that Paul Rand also designed the ABC logo, as well as the original logos for both AT&T and UPS (before each went 3D). Aug 20th, 2008 The abc logo is also very simple and effective. We all start by learning our abcs right? Aug 20th, 2008 Giorgio I would definitely mention Volkswagen’s famous VW logo. I read somewhere it’s one of the most recognized logo in the world; I think it’s #2 after Coca-Cola. It’s also older than those above and very minimalistic in design. Aug 20th, 2008 bitmage That’s not the original Atari logo, as a quick Google image search will demonstrate. That’s the mangled one by Infogrames. Aug 20th, 2008 Lagasaurus Rex USA is a television broadcasting network in well… the USA. They have a gene


Which American was awarded a share of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973?

The Nobel Peace Prize 1973 - Presentation Speech Presentation Speech The Nobel Peace Prize 1973 Henry Kissinger, Le Duc Tho Share this: Presentation Speech by Mrs. Aase Lionaes,  Chairman of the Nobel Committee of the Norwegian Storting Your Majesty, Your Royal Highnesses, Ladies  and Gentlemen: On January 23 of this year a ceasefire agreement was concluded  between the United States of America and the Vietnamese  Democratic Republic. At its meeting on October 16 the Nobel  Committee of the Norwegian Storting decided to award the  Peace Prize for 1973 to Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho, the two  chief negotiators who succeeded in arranging the ceasefire after  negotiating for nearly four years. For many long and bitter years the civilian population of Vietnam  and the fighting troops engaged on both sides had borne the  sufferings and privations of war. This was a war that concerned  not only Vietnam and its people; it was a war moreover that had  poisoned the atmosphere in countries and between countries all  over the world. Never since the conclusion of the Second World War have the  people of Vietnam enjoyed unbroken peace. At the conclusion of the World War France was faced in Vietnam  with a powerfully armed resistance movement under Communist  leadership. Attempts to negotiate a solution to the problem of establishing  and recognising an independent Vietnamese state proved  unsuccessful. Open war broke out. Although the number of French  troops involved amounted to close on 400,000, France failed to  crush the opposition. After the defeat of France at Dien Bien Phu  in 1954 a ceasefire agreement was concluded at Geneva. A military  line of demarcation was drawn at the 17th parallel. The intention  was for the country subsequently to be unified after free  elections had been held. This, however, was not to be: the new  government in South Vietnam maintained that free elections could  not be carried out under the Communist regime in the north. As a  result two states emerged on the soil of Vietnam. Between 1954  and 1960 the two Vietnamese states took shape, a Communist state  in the north and a non-Communist one in the south. In South Vietnam a guerilla movement, opposed to the government  in power, came into being. In the course of 1960 its activities  increased. At the end of that year a joint organisation and  command was established in the National Liberation Movement, the  FLN. It was acclaimed in North Vietnam, and the South Vietnamese  government maintained that the FLN was operating under North  Vienamese control. During the years that followed the South Vietnamese government  failed to hold in check the increasing activities and influence  of the FLN. It was also clear that attempts to create an  effective administration and government in South Vietnam had  failed. In 1964 decisions were made that resulted in the United States  during the next few years, committing American armed forces to  acts of war on Asian soil. These troops were at that time engaged  both in a civil war in South Vietnam and in a war between the two  Vietnamese states. This took the form of a large-scale commitment  of American forces on South Vietnamese soil, as well as air  attacks on targets in North Vietnam and on supply lines, through  Laos and Cambodia, for North Vietnamese troops. In March 1969 the  number of American soldiers in Vietnam reached maximum figures of  541,500 men. The escalation of the American commitment was  matched by a corresponding increase in North Vietnamese forces in  South Vietnam. The world today is aware of the misery that the war has inflicted  on the people of Vietnam. The mechanical inhumanity of modern  warfare has gone hand in hand with the horrors of civil war.  There is no need here to repeat the uncertain but chilling  figures of the victims of this war - the dead and wounded, the  orphans, prisoners of war, deportees, and homeless multitudes,  fleeing from the theatre of war. The war proved a nightmare not  only to the people of Vietnam but


Also the proper first name of Milly-Molly-Mandy, what is the doll, Barbie's middle name?

Happy Birthday, Barbie! – Moms & Babies – Celebrity Babies and Kids - Moms & Babies - People.com Cultural icon? Pretty plaything? Whatever your thoughts about Barbie , it’s clear she’s here to stay. Today, the world’s most famous doll celebrates her 53rd birthday and she still doesn’t look a day over 17. So, we decided to wish her well by sharing a few fun facts with our Moms & Babies readers. Check them out below: Barbie’s full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts and she was first introduced to the market on March 9, 1959. Not alone for long, Barbie’s dreamy boyfriend, Ken, debuted in 1961. Now selling for $20 to $45 each, the first doll retailed for a whopping $3. And the best-selling doll of all time is the Totally Hair Barbie , which was introduced in 1992. For more cool Barbie news, go to barbie.com .


Which landlocked African country has a population of nearly 88 million?

The world's 10 hungriest countries Girls & Women Health Education Finance & Innovation Food & Hunger Water & Sanitation Environment Citizenship Global Citizen is a community of people like you People who want to learn about and take action on the     world’s biggest challenges.     Extreme poverty ends with you. Learn more 1. Get Informed Check out original content and videos published every day to help you      learn about the issues that mean the most to you. 2. Take Action Send petitions, emails, or tweets to world leaders. Call governments or      join rallies. We offer a variety of ways to make your voice heard. 3. Connect with Others Meet other Global Citizens who care about the same issues you do. Keep      updated on what they're doing to change the world. The world's 10 hungriest countries March 10, 2014 Flickr-RIBI Image Library There are over 870 million people in the world who are hungry right now. I'm not talking about could use a snack before lunch hungry, not even didn’t have time for breakfast hungry, but truly, continually, hungry. Of these 870 million people, it's been estimated by the World Food Programme that 98% live in developing countries, countries that perversely produce most of the world’s food stocks. So why is this the case? Here we look at the top 10 worst affected countries and see what obstacles are making them hungry and why: 1.Burundi Image: Imgur 73.4% of the population is believed to be undernourished. Sitting between Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania, Burundi is a landlocked country, which means that on average it will experience 6% less economic growth than non landlocked countries, mainly due to the cost of transport for import and export transactions. Over half of Burundi’s 9.85 million citizens live below the poverty line, with an estimated 35% of the population being out of work. The main problem with Burundi is not that it can’t produce food, but that due to overpopulation, soil erosion, climate change, high food prices and an ongoing civil war, the country has to import more than they are exporting. In the last few years alone due to these factors, and the increase of internally displaced citizens who can’t produce their own food, the subsistence economy of Burundi has contracted by 25%. Looking at the current economic and political climate of Burundi it is clear to see that poverty alone isn’t the cause of hunger, but that many external factors contribute to the hardship being endured. 2. Eritrea Image: Imgur 65.4% of population have been classified as undernourished. Eritrea, which is located in the Horn of Africa, has experienced considerable growth to its economy in recent years, but unfortunately the effect of this hasn’t trickled down to its citizens or the food chain. In 2004, agriculture employed nearly 80 percent of the population but accounted for only 12.4 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). The agricultural sector has improved with the use of modern farming equipment and techniques; however, it is still compromised by a lack of financial services and investment. Another big problem facing Eritrea is that, as a result of the war between Eritrea and Ethiopia, almost a quarter of the country’s most productive land remains unused. This can be attributed to a number of issues, but it’s largely because of the displacement of nearly 1 million Eritreans during the 1998-2000 Eritrean Ethiopian war, which left the country with a lack of skilled agricultural workers, and because of the widespread presence of land mines on the ground meaning that the plots are ruined. 3. Comoros Image: Imgur 70% of the population are estimated to be undernourished. Comoros, which is made up of 3 tiny islands of the coast of Mozambique, has a population of just 800,000 people. Around half of the population live below the poverty line. The reason for such high numbers of poverty and undernourishment are varied. One of the biggest problems is that although there is a rapidly increasing young population entering into the agricultural workforce, the


Which car company has featured in the name of cricket's 'Kennington Oval' since 2011?

cricket | sport | Britannica.com Cricket gridiron football Cricket, England ’s national summer sport, which is now played throughout the world, particularly in Australia, India, Pakistan, the West Indies, and the British Isles . England’s Alec Stewart batting in front of Namibia’s Melt Van Schoor during the Cricket World Cup … Michael Walker—AP/Wide World Photos Cricket is played with a bat and ball and involves two competing sides (teams) of 11 players. The field is oval with a rectangular area in the middle, known as the pitch, that is 22 yards (20.12 metres) by 10 feet (3.04 metres) wide. Two sets of three sticks, called wickets , are set in the ground at each end of the pitch. Across the top of each wicket lie horizontal pieces called bails. The sides take turns at batting and bowling (pitching); each turn is called an “innings” (always plural). Sides have one or two innings each, depending on the prearranged duration of the match, the object being to score the most runs. The bowlers, delivering the ball with a straight arm, try to break (hit) the wicket with the ball so that the bails fall. This is one of several ways that the batsman is dismissed, or put out. A bowler delivers six balls at one wicket (thus completing an “over”), then a different player from his side bowls six balls to the opposite wicket. The batting side defends its wicket. Location of wickets and principal playing positions on cricket field. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. There are two batsman up at a time, and the batsman being bowled to (the striker) tries to hit the ball away from the wicket. A hit may be defensive or offensive. A defensive hit may protect the wicket but leave the batsmen no time to run to the opposite wicket. In that case the batsmen need not run, and play will resume with another bowl. If the batsman can make an offensive hit, he and the second batsman (the nonstriker) at the other wicket change places. Each time both batsmen can reach the opposite wicket, one run is scored. Providing they have enough time without being caught out and dismissed, the batsmen may continue to cross back and forth between the wickets, earning an additional run for each time both reach the opposite side. There is an outside boundary around the cricket field. A ball hit to or beyond the boundary scores four points if it hits the ground and then reaches the boundary, six points if it reaches the boundary from the air (a fly ball). The team with the highest number of runs wins a match. Should both teams be unable to complete their number of innings before the time allotted, the match is declared a draw. Scores in the hundreds are common in cricket. Similar Topics Matches in cricket can range from informal weekend afternoon encounters on village greens to top-level international contests spread over five days in Test matches and played by leading professional players in grand stadiums. History Origin Cricket is believed to have begun possibly as early as the 13th century as a game in which country boys bowled at a tree stump or at the hurdle gate into a sheep pen. This gate consisted of two uprights and a crossbar resting on the slotted tops; the crossbar was called a bail and the entire gate a wicket . The fact that the bail could be dislodged when the wicket was struck made this preferable to the stump , which name was later applied to the hurdle uprights. Early manuscripts differ about the size of the wicket, which acquired a third stump in the 1770s, but by 1706 the pitch—the area between the wickets—was 22 yards long. British Culture and Politics The ball , once presumably a stone, has remained much the same since the 17th century. Its modern weight of between 5.5 and 5.75 ounces (156 and 163 grams) was established in 1774. The primitive bat was no doubt a shaped branch of a tree, resembling a modern hockey stick but considerably longer and heavier. The change to a straight bat was made to defend against length bowling, which had evolved with cricketers in Hambledon, a small village in southern England. The bat was shortened in the handle and str


Its driver Jules Bianchi still in intensive care; which F1 team went bust on 7th Nov 2014?

Edge Davao 7 Issue 147 by edge davao the business paper - issuu issuu VOL. 7 ISSUE 147 • WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 8, 2014 P 15.00 • 20 PAGES www.edgedavao.net EDGEDAVAO Serving a seamless society THROUGH MY HANDS, THE STATS. Newly reinstalled Davao City Police Office (DCPO) director Senior Superintendent Vicente Danao Jr. gestures in this sequence of photos as he presents the city’s crime statistics for the third quarter of 2014 during the regular City Council session yesterday at the Sangguniang Panlungsod building. Lean Daval Jr. 70-30 TSI SHARE Council wants bigger chunk ofTherma South revenues NO ACTION YET ON DACUDAO TREES By ARMANDO B. FENEQUITO JR. abf@edgedavao.net T HE Davao City Council is proposing a 70-30 sharing with the municipality of Sta. Cruz, Davao del Sur on the income tax of the coal-fired power plant being built by AboitizPow- er’s Therma South, Inc. (TSI). Committee on finance, ways and means, and appropriations chair councilor Danilo C. Dayanghirang yesterday said the Council will present the sharing scheme on second reading in next week’s session. The Davao City government will automatically get 30 percent of the power plant’s income F70-30, 10 THE BIG NEWS page 2 INSIDE EDGE DAVAO VETERAN BOOTERS TO PLAY VS GERMANY SPORTS page 16 2 THE BIG NEWS EDGEDAVAO ‘Pablo’lowers business outlook for Region 11 By CHENEEN R. CAPON crc@edgedavao.net T he business outlook for Mindanao remains positive from the third quarter to the end of the year, although it is lower in Davao Region, Zamboanga Peninsula and SOCCSKSARGEN. This is based on the Business Expectation Survey conducted by Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) for the third quarter of the year on a total of 1,526 respondent companies drawn from the combined list of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)’a top 7,000 corporations in 2010 and the top 1,000 companies of Business World in 2012 (ranked based on gross revenue). In a presentation yesterday at the Pinnacle Hotel and Suites, Rosabel B. Guerrero, director for the Department of Economic Statistics of the BSP, said the confidence index of the respondents for economic growth in Davao Regionlowered because of the effect of Typhoon Pablo. Typhoon Pablo struck the provinces of Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, FPABLO, 10 VOL. 7 ISSUE 147 • WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 8, 2014 BIKING ALONG. A man takes his daughter out on an afternoon ride on his recumbent bike along S.P. Dakudao Loop in Lanang, Davao City yesterday. Lean Daval Jr. Council waiting for exec’s action on Dacudao trees By ARMANDO B. FENEQUITO JR. abf@edgedavao.net T HE committee on environment and natural resources of the Davao City Council will wait for the action of the executive department before crafting legislation on the removal of trees in Dacudao Avenue to give way to the rehabilitation of the main drainage. Environment and natural resources committee chair councilor Leonardo R. Avila III told reporters yesterday that he will gather data first from the City Engineer’s Office (CEO) and the City Environment and Natural Resources Office (CENRO) before taking steps in the plenary. “I will wait for the inputs coming from the executive,” he said. As for him, Avila said he is against the plan of the CEO to remove the trees from the area because they had been there for more than 20 years and have added some greening to the city. Solivio said members of City Social Services and Development Office (CSSDO) immediately responded and listed the names of the fire victims. The fire victims were evacuated to the covered court and vacant lot near the fire-razed area, he said. Solivio said a fire incident also happened last Monday in Barangay 76-A, Bucana, Davao City, burning several houses. He said the fire was caused by a butane can- ister. “Most fire incidents in the downtown area of the city are caused by butane,” he added. He was not able to give exact data because of unavailability, however. “We are reminding the public to stop using butane canister filled with LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) gas because it is dangerous,” he said, adding that the thickness of the


Which Scandinavian capital hosted the 2012 European Athletics Championships?

European Athletics - Why Estonia thrives on being the hosts European Athletics European Athletics The Kadriorg Stadium in Tallinn hosted the 2015 European Athletics U23 Championships last summer. This week’s Member Federation spotlight shines on Estonia, a country with a growing reputation for staging European Athletics events When Erich Teigamägi became President of the Estonian Athletic Association in 2006, he had a plan to bring some of the sport’s major events to his country. The vision is now the reality. “I said our dream is to organise the European Junior Championships in 2011 and it became true,” recalls Teigamägi. “The logical next step for me and the organisation was the European U23 Championships and last summer that happened too.” Does that mean they are planning a bid for the European Athletics Championships themselves? “At the moment, to analyse our possibilities, we do not have such a big stadium, even to renovate it,” says Teigamägi. “It is not possible to have the capacity of seats. Secondly, there are not the same hotel standards needed that say Helsinki and Amsterdam have and the budget of 15 million euros that you need is not that easy to put together in Estonia. “So, there are two or three major problems but of course, never say never. Maybe in 10 years or so, our country will want to prove that we are ready.” Estonia plays a major role every year on the European Athletics scene because of its determination to bring international track and field to the people. Tallinn also hosted the 2011 European Athletics Junior Championships In the past 12 years, along with the European Juniors and European Under-23s, it has staged European Cups, European Team Championships and European Combined Events, to name but a few. Tallinn also staged the most important corporate event with the European Athletics Convention at the end of 2013. “We stage events to be a part of European athletics, to be part of world athletics, to give our people a challenge – otherwise life is quite regular with all the same events each year, the same schedule, almost the same people,” says Teigamägi. “(We do it) To make life more interesting for those working in this field in Estonia and who want to be connected with international organisations and it gives people who are not linked with athletics every day, the chance to be part of the sport on the continental level. “The juniors and under-23 championships were really big events and it was also a challenge to organise the end of year European Athletics Convention in 2013.” As with last year’s European Athletics U23 Championships, the majority of competitions are staged in Tallinn, the capital, and at the Kadriorg Stadium, and with each one, the greater the knowledge means a greater understanding of how it works. European Athletics President Hansen with President Teigämägi during the opening ceremony of the U23 Championships in the Tallinn Town Hall Sqaure. Teigamägi says: “Our experience from 2011 gave us more confidence to organise the under-23s after staging the European juniors. “We knew what problems to expect, not that we had any major ones, but we could anticipate how to deal with them. “The most important thing we learned is simple: during these type of events, the most important people are the athletes. We have to arrange meals, transportation from the stadium, and all things like that. Always there are side things – opening and closing ceremonies, dinners with VIPs – but the competition has to be the priority.” Tallinn remains the home of such events because logistics says it has to. “Estonia has approximately 1.3 million people, half of those live in the north of the country, with 400,000 in Tallinn,” says Teigamägi. “But we have the only international airport in Tallinn. “The next city we can organise some of these competitions is Tartu, which is the second biggest city in Estonia, but as it is 186km from Tallinn, it makes transportation a problem. “Tallinn has enough hotels to accommodate athletes, guests, organisations, journalists and technical personnel. “Maybe the smaller c


He famously ignored his orders, who was Nelson's superior at Copenhagen?

Battle of Copenhagen in the Napoleonic Wars 20 ships of the line (12 w/ Nelson, 8 in reserve) Denmark-Norway 7 ships of the line Battle of Copenhagen - Background: In late 1800 and early 1801, diplomatic negotiations produced the League of Armed Neutrality. Led by Russia, the League also included Denmark, Sweden, and Prussia all of which called for the ability to trade freely with France. Wishing to maintain their blockade of the French coast and concerned about losing access to Scandinavian timber and naval stores, Britain immediately began preparing to take action. In the spring of 1801, a fleet was formed at Great Yarmouth under Admiral Sir Hyde Parker with the purpose of breaking up the alliance before the Baltic Sea thawed and released the Russian fleet. Included in Parker's fleet as second-in-command was Vice Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson, then out of favor due to his activities with Emma Hamilton. Recently married to a young wife, the 64-year old Parker dithered in port and was only coaxed to sea by a personal note from First Lord of the Admiralty Lord St. Vincent. Departing port on March 12, 1801, the fleet reached the Skaw a week later. Met there by diplomat Nicholas Vansittart, Parker and Nelson learned that the Danes had refused a British ultimatum demanding they leave the League. Battle of Copenhagen - Nelson Seeks Action: Unwilling to take decisive action, Parker proposed blockading the entrance to the Baltic despite the fact he would be outnumbered once the Russians could put to sea. Believing that Russia posed the greatest threat, Nelson fervently lobbied Parker to bypass the Danes to attack the Tsar's forces. On March 23, after a council of war, Nelson was able to secure permission to attack the Danish fleet which had concentrated at Copenhagen. Entering the Baltic, the British fleet hugged the Swedish coast to avoid fire from the Danish batteries on the opposite shore. Battle of Copenhagen - Danish Preparations: At Copenhagen, Vice Admiral Olfert Fischer prepared the Danish fleet for battle. Unready to put to sea, he anchored his ships along with several hulks in the King's Channel, near Copenhagen, to form a line of floating batteries. The ships were supported by additional batteries on land as well as the Tre Kroner fortress at the northern end of the line, near the entrance to Copenhagen harbor. Fischer's line was also protected by the Middle Ground Shoal which separated the King's Channel from the Outer Channel. To hinder navigation in these shallow waters, all navigation aids were removed. Battle of Copenhagen - Nelson's Plan: To assault Fischer's position, Parker gave Nelson the twelve ships of the line with the shallowest drafts, as well as all of the fleet's smaller vessels. Nelson's plan called for his ships to turn into the King's Channel from the south and have each ship attack a predetermined Danish vessel. As the heavy ships engaged their targets, the frigate HMS Desiree and several brigs would rake the southern end of the Danish line. To the north, Captain Edward Riou of HMS Amazon was to lead several frigates against the Tre Kroner and land troops once it had been subdued. While his ships were fighting, Nelson planned for his small flotilla of bomb vessels to approach and fire over his line to strike the Danes. Lacking charts, Captain Thomas Hardy spent the night of March 31 covertly taking soundings near the Danish fleet. The next morning, Nelson, flying his flag from HMS Elephant (74), ordered the attack to begin. Approaching the King's Channel, HMS Agamemnon (74) ran around on the Middle Ground Shoal. While the bulk of Nelson's ships successfully entered the channel, HMS Bellona (74) and HMS Russell (74) also ran aground. Battle of Copenhagen - Nelson Turns a Blind Eye: Adjusting his line to account for the grounded ships, Nelson engaged the Danes in a bitter three-hour battle that raged from around 10:00 AM until 1:00 PM. Though the Danes offered heavy resistance and were able to shuttle reinforcements from the shore, superior British gunnery slowly began to turn the tide. Standing offsh


A name featuring that of a marine mammal, what is the US Navy's equivalent to the SAS?

This final rule is effective November 22, 2013. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general questions about this system of records please contact: Donald K. Hawkins (202) 272-8000, Privacy Officer, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, 20 Massachusetts Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20529. For privacy issues please contact: Jonathan R. Cantor (202) 343-1717, Deputy Chief Privacy Officer, Privacy Office, Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC 20528. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Background The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) published a notice of proposed rulemaking in the Federal Register , 76 FR 34177 (June 13, 2011), proposing to exempt portions of the system of records from one or more provisions of the Privacy Act because of criminal, civil, and administrative enforcement requirements. The system of records is the DHS/USCIS-ICE-CBP-001 Alien File, Index, and National File Tracking System of Records. The DHS/USCIS-ICE-CBP-001 Alien File, Index, and National File Tracking System of Records Notice was published concurrently in the Federal Register , 76 FR 34233 (June 13, 2011), and comments were invited on both the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) and System of Records Notice (SORN). Public Comments DHS received two public comments regarding the NPRM and one public comment regarding the SORN. NPRM DHS received comments from two individuals regarding the DHS/USCIS-ICE-CBP-001 NPRM. We have determined not to makes any changes to the Final Rule based on the comments but have made some non-substantive edits for clarity and consistency. Both commenters expressed concerns about DHS exempting records without justification. Pursuant to the Privacy Act of 1974, DHS exempts these records from the access and amendment provisions of the Privacy Act because they may contain classified and sensitive unclassified information related to intelligence, counterterrorism, homeland security, and law enforcement programs. These exemptions are needed to protect information relating to DHS activities from disclosure to subjects or others related to these activities. Specifically, the exemptions are required to preclude subjects of these activities from frustrating these processes; to avoid disclosure of activity techniques; to protect the identities and physical safety of confidential informants and law enforcement personnel; to ensure DHS's ability to obtain information from third parties and other sources; to protect the privacy of third parties; and to safeguard classified information. Disclosure of information to the subject of the inquiry could also permit the subject to avoid detection or apprehension. One commenter had several additional concerns. This commenter contended that individuals are not properly notified about the extent to which their information may be shared. DHS indicates on all information collection forms that the information will be shared pursuant to the routine uses listed in the appropriate SORN. DHS informs the public that as part of collecting the information in the Alien File, information may be shared for immigration, law enforcement, and national security purposes. The commenter expressed concern that the new routine uses exceed the purposes of the original collection of information, weakening the privacy protections of the system. DHS is providing this updated list of routine uses to better inform the public about the typical uses of information contained in the Alien File. The Alien File provides a central location for information to address several immigration and law enforcement needs. Because of the nature of the immigration lifecycle, this information must be available for several purposes consistent with the original collection. Information is necessary not just to adjudicate the requested benefit, but also provide information for law enforcement purposes and normal agency functions. The commenter expressed concern about the use of this information f


Which musical instrument's name comes from the German word meaning 'bell-play'?

A History of Musical Instruments A BRIEF HISTORY OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS By Tim Lambert Musical Instruments in the Ancient World The Ancient Egyptians played many instruments. They played castanets, drums and bells. They also played stringed instruments like the harp, the lyre (a kind of vertical harp) and the lute. They also played wind instruments like flutes and trumpets. The Egyptians also played a rattle called a sistrum. The Greeks played stringed instruments like the harp and the lyre. They also played a large lyre called a Kithara. Its strings were plucked with a plectrum. The Greeks also played wind instruments like the syrinx or panpipes, which was made of reeds of different lengths. They also played cymbals. The Romans had similar musical instruments, the lyre and harp, the trumpet and flutes. The Romans also played the bagpipes and they made organs. In ancient times people played animal horns but in Bronze Age Scandinavia they played metal horns called lurs. Musical Instruments in the Middle Ages and Tudor Times In the Middle Ages and Tudor Times harps and transverse flutes were popular instruments. So were drums, cymbals and tambourines. Often musicians played the pipe and tabor. The left hand played the pipe and the right hand accompanied on a drum, which hung from the belt. People also played a reed instrument called a shawm. They also played the recorder. In the Middle Ages people also played a string instrument called a rebec with a bow. Originally an Arab instrument the rebec reached Europe in the 11th century. However the rebec went out of fashion in the Renaissance. The violin was developed in the first half of the 16th century. In the Middle Ages the lute was also a popular stringed instrument. (The lute was originally an Arab instrument called al ud, which means the wood). There was also a small lute called a mandora. Furthermore it is believed the Arabs introduced the guitar into Europe. It probably came to Spain first. The violin was developed in the first half of the 16th century. Also in Tudor Times the cello appeared. So did the viola and the double bass. In the Middle Ages organs were commonly used for church music and, of course they have been ever since. Furthermore from the 12th century people in Europe played the bagpipes. They also played the hurdy-gurdy from that time. Also in the Middle Ages people also played the triangle. In the late Middle Ages the harpsichord was developed. It continued to be popular in Tudor times. Also popular was a small harpsichord called a virginal. Another instrument was the psaltery, a flat box with strings plucked with quills. Similar to the psaltery was the dulcimer in which strings were beaten rather the plucked. At first trumpets were straight but in the 15th century they became looped. The trombone was invented in the 15th century. (In England it was called the sackbut). Trombone is an Italian word. It means large trumpet. The xylophone comes from Southeast Asia but it was played in Europe by the early 16th century. Its name comes from the Greek words xylon, meaning wood and phone meaning sound. Modern Musical Instruments The French horn developed in the 17th century from hunting horns. The oboe was invented in the mid-17th century. The bassoon also dates from the mid-17th century. The clarinet was invented around 1700. Then around 1711 Bartolomeo Cristofori invented the piano. Glockenspiel means 'bell play' in German. During the 18th century steel bars sometimes replaced bells and the modern glockenspiel developed. Meanwhile by the 18th century the Russians were playing the balalaika. It is believed the banjo was originally African. It was taken to North America by slaves and was popular with them in the 17th and 18th centuries. In Italy the mandolin developed in the 18th and 19th centuries (its name means 'little almond') and the ukulele developed in Hawaii in the 1880s. Many new musical instruments were invented in the 19th century. Many of these instruments are often chosen when students take music lessons . The harmonica was invented in the early 19t