Roots of the dandelion plant can be used to make a drink very like?

Harvesting and Using Dandelion Roots - The Natural Detoxifier by Laurie Neverman 67 Comments When Should I Harvest Dandelion Roots? Harvest dandelion roots from late fall through early spring, when the plant is dormant and has stored up energy in the root.  For medicinal use, most sources say fall harvest is best. This is because the levels of inulin (insoluble fiber) are higher and the fructose levels are lower. The freezing of winter converts the inulin to fructose, which makes spring roots more palatable for eating. Spring roots are less bitter and chewy – just make sure you dig them before the plants start to blossom. Spring roots are also higher in taraxacin, which stimulates bile production. What’s the Best Way to Harvest Dandelion Roots? To dig roots, use a dandelion digger or a sturdy fork . You want to break/damage the root as little as possible so you don’t lose much sap, which is where the medicinal properties lie. Deep, rich soil will produce the thickest, easiest to harvest roots. I always let a few dandelions go in the garden, as they are great for reaching deep into the soil to bring up nutrients. Make sure to harvest from areas that have not been sprayed/treated with anything noxious. Select large, vigorous plants – small, spindly plants will have small roots that are not really worth harvesting. One session of garden digging produced the root in the photo at the bottom of the post. How should I Preserve Dandelion Roots? You can use dandelion roots fresh for cooking and medicine, or preserve them for later use. For long term storage, drying works best. Scrub roots well before cutting. Slice thick roots lengthwise into strips of uniform thickness to decrease drying time and encourage uniform drying. Use a dehydrator to dry the roots at 95°F  (35°C) until brittle. Alternatively, spread on a screen and place in a cool, dry location with good air flow, and dry for 3 to 14 days (until brittle). Dried roots will keep for about a year. Make Dandelion Coffee To make dandelion coffee, start with dried roots. Chop or break into small, even pieces, roughly 1/4″ across. Spread on a roasting pan and bake in a warm oven (200°F, 93°C) for around 4 hours. Stir occasionally. The dandelion roots should be browned and dried completely through. Cool completely. Grind and use as you would regular coffee, or place 1 heaping teaspoon of ground root in a cup of water, steep for 10 minutes and strain. Store in an airtight glass jar and grind just before use for best flavor. Don’t have time to dig or a clean spot to harvest from? You can buy clean and prepped roots and leaves online, ready to use, including: Traditional Medicinals Organic Dandelion Leaf and Root Tea (boxed tea bags) How do I Use Dandelion Root? Dandelion root is well known as a detoxifying agent, but has also been used to treat everything from arthritis to hangovers. The University of Maryland Medical Center states: Traditionally, dandelion has been used a diuretic, to increase the amount of urine the body produces in order to get rid of excess fluid. It has been used for many conditions where a diuretic might help, such as liver problems and high blood pressure. However, there is no good research on using dandelion as a diuretic in people. Fresh or dried dandelion herb is also used as a mild appetite stimulant and to improve upset stomach. The root of the dandelion plant may act as a mild laxative and has been used to improve digestion. There is some very preliminary research that suggests dandelion may help improve liver and gallbladder function, but the study was not well designed. Some preliminary animal studies also suggest that dandelion may help normalize blood sugar levels and lower total cholesterol and triglycerides while raising HDL, “good,” cholesterol in diabetic mice. But not all the animal studies have found a positive effect on blood sugar. Human studies are needed to see if dandelion would work in people. A few animal studies also suggest that dandelion might help fight inflammation. To extract the medicinal compounds from the roots, use a decocti


Chittagong beach in Bangladesh is famous for?

Chittagong Ship-breaking Yards – Bhatiari, Bangladesh | Atlas Obscura See more things to do in Bangladesh » Hundreds of meters long, ferrying millions of tons of goods across the globe, the sheer size of these immense vessels is awe inspiring. Construction of one such behemoth is a fascinating feat of engineering. However, the destruction and final resting place of these steel giants is even more intriguing. Even when such a ship is not seaworthy anymore, and repairs are not economically viable, the raw material it is constructed from has some value. Nowadays ship-breaking yards tend to be located in third world countries, places far out of sight of the consumers whose supermarkets they helped supply, and where labor is cheap and environmental protection laws are lax. There ships are chipped down bit by bit, usually by hand, and stripped of every last bit of value. Fauzdarhat, 20 kilometers northwest of Chittagong in Bangladesh, is where many of the world’s ships go to die. Over twenty ship-breaking yards dot the 16 miles of coastline. It is an industrial wasteland of epic proportions, where thousands of workers are forced to scratch their meager existence out of these hulking steel ruins, working with rudimentary protection, risking injury and illness, poisoned by toxic fumes and exposure to asbestos and other hazardous materials. Chittagong is but one of many such places. Gadani in Pakistan is perhaps even larger. Alang in Gujarat in India is another. Environmental groups such as Greenpeace have tried to raise awareness of the threat that these ship-breaking yards pose to both the people employed in them and to the environment. There is some hope that public pressure will force major shipping companies to make greater use of so called “Green Ship Recycling” facilities in developed countries.


Who was the last English monarch to win the throne on the battlefield?

Who was Richard III - Last Plantagenet King to die in battle -Timeline - University of Leicester Who was Richard III? A Plantagenet primer on the last English king to die in battle. Although he only ruled for two years – from 1483 to 1485 – Richard III stands out among his peers as one of the most famous (or infamous) Kings of England. But who was he? And why does he continue to inspire such interest? Richard was born in Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire on 2 October 1452 – about 30 miles (50km) from Leicester and only about 40 miles (65km - two days’ ride) from Bosworth where he met his end a third of a century later. Richard and his older brother Edward were the great-great-grandchildren of Edward III, a line of descent which was used to justify the claim to the throne by the House of York during the Wars of the Roses (the House of Lancaster was also descended from Edward III, via a different route). The Princes in the Tower The Princes in the Tower The Two Princes Edward and Richard in the Tower, 1483 by Sir John Everett Millais, 1878. Edward ruled as King Edward IV from 1461 until 1470 and again from 1471 until his death in 1483, when his 12-year-old son succeeded as Edward V, with Richard named Lord Protector. Young Edward and his brother moved into the Tower of London (which was then a royal palace, not a prison) but in June their parents’ marriage was declared invalid, making the princes illegitimate and hence their uncle became the heir apparent. Richard lost no time in being crowned King Richard III and the two boys were not seen again. Thus began the legend of ‘the Princes in the Tower’ and a long-standing popular belief that Richard had his nephews murdered in order to remove any competing claim to the throne. This has been widely debated for many years, with passionate arguments made both for and against Richard. Death and disappearance After defeating an unsuccessful rebellion in October 1483, Richard led his army to Bosworth in Leicestershire two years later to face Henry Tudor (whose somewhat tenuous claim to the throne was also through descent from Edward III). On 22 August 1485, Richard was killed at Bosworth Field, the last English King to die in battle, thereby bringing to an end both the Plantagenet dynasty and the Wars of the Roses. Henry Tudor was crowned King Henry VII. Richard’s body was brought back to Leicester, publicly displayed and then given for burial to a group of Franciscan friars. An alabaster tomb monument was constructed over the grave in 1495, paid for by the new King. With the dissolution of the monasteries (by Henry Tudor’s son, Henry VIII) that friary disappeared and along with it any clear record of Richard’s grave. Stories and rumours about where Richard’s mortal remains lie – or what happened to them – have circulated over the ensuing centuries, but most of these have subsequently been shown to be tall tales. Re-evaluating Richard Portrait of Richard III of England, painted c. 1520 (approximate date from tree-rings on panel), after a lost original, for the Paston family, now owned by the Society of Antiquaries, London. History, they say, is written by the victors. Tudor writers and artists had no qualms about depicting Richard III as an evil tyrant and child-murderer, as well as a crippled hunchback. Shakespeare’s eponymous play, written 106 years after Richard’s death, cemented the King’s bad reputation (and appearance) among the general public for centuries, although scholars including Francis Bacon and Horace Walpole sought to re-evaluate his reign. In 1924 the Richard III Society was founded, aiming to challenge accepted beliefs and assumptions about ‘the last Plantagenet’, not least the accusation of murder and the popular depiction of Richard as having a crooked spine. Among the inarguably good works of this popular King, they pointed out, were a number of significant changes to English law, including the presumption of ‘innocent until proven guilty’ and a reformation of the jury system. With a controversial claim to the throne, accusations of blood on his hands, a vio


In classical painting a putto (plural putti) is a baby what?

Where did the idea that Cherubs were baby Angels originate? - Christianity Stack Exchange Where did the idea that Cherubs were baby Angels originate? up vote 9 down vote favorite I know of no Scriptural basis for Cherubs being baby Angels, or in fact that any Angels are infants. Additionally I find no reference to Cupid who is depicted as a infant with wings and bow and arrows anywhere in the Bible? If anyone is aware of any such Scriptures please inform me. 4   Cupid is a Greek/Roman mythology. Nothing to do with Angels. No relation with Christianity, I think. –  Mawia Nov 30 '13 at 18:55 up vote 7 down vote accepted You are correct that the Bible does not consider angels to look like babies with wings. Angels sometimes appear in human form, or in some inexplicable and terrifying guise. Also, Cupid/Eros is part of classical mythology - and he is more typically an adolescent rather than a baby, though both images are possible. Generic "flying baby" images may represent nature spirits of some kind. This iconography was known to Renaissance artists via the survival of classical statuary, and adapted into Christian art. Its popularity at this time is largely due to the influence of Donatello, although there are many examples prior to him (Inventing the Renaissance Putto, Charles Dempsey, UNC Press 2001). Properly speaking, the flying baby is a putto (plural putti). There are variants, like panisci who are the compatriots of the god Pan; spiritelli who are general nature spirits or fairies; and so on. They all generally play a supporting role, doing things like holding up garlands of flowers, playing miniature musical instruments, carrying important people on clouds, or just flitting around the edge of a painting; though there are also works where they are the subject. Important variants include the flying baby head (maybe with six wings, maybe with just two), and the cloudy/ghostly/translucent putto. Here are a couple of examples of these. My first example is Madonna and Child with Seraphim and Cherubim by Andrea Mantegna , c. 1460. You can see that the background of the painting is entirely full of winged baby heads. They function here like an aureole (a sort of whole-body halo that surrounds particularly holy people); instead of abstract glowing rays, we have a mass of angels. Another incredibly famous example is the Sistine Madonna of Raphael, 1512. In an enlarged version of the image , it can be seen that the cloudy background is actually composed of angelic faces. The two putti at the bottom are more "conventional", and probably immediately recognizable. The background angels are part of the heavenly vision - transcendent and immaterial - while the foreground pair are a playful bridge between the painting-world and the exterior world. So in these examples, we see a spectrum of uses of the image, from alien to friendly. Theologically - if there is any real theological justification behind artistic appropriation of classical myth - the portrayal of angels as children emphasizes their benevolence and innocence (ie, lack of sin). Simply put, they are meant to look cute. On the other hand, the flying heads are quite un-cute to my eyes: the adorable baby head is in an odd context, creating a striking dissonance which is suggestive of the sheer incomprehensibility of the Biblical angel, even if it's not a literal depiction. I'm thinking of the Ezekiel/Revelation kind of thing, which actually are cherubim, כְּרוּבִים. We can probably point to Donatello for the habit of showing angels as winged children, though to be fair his putti aren't as schmalzy as some more recent examples.


The Russian Sukhoi Company is famous for making what?

Superjet, Made by Sukhoi of Russia, Faces Industry Skepticism - The New York Times The New York Times Global Business |At 35,000 Feet, a Russian Image Problem Search Continue reading the main story Photo Sukhoi, a Russian company best known for making supersonic fighter jets, has released the Superjet 100, the first wholly new Russian civilian aircraft design since the breakup of the Soviet Union. This one was provided to the Armenian national airline, Armavia. Credit James Hill for The New York Times MOSCOW — Airlines are a cautious lot, slow to trust a new airplane maker with multibillion-dollar orders and passenger lives. It took Embraer, a Brazilian maker of regional jets, two decades to become a major supplier to the industry. So Sukhoi, a Russian company best known for making supersonic fighter jets, did not exactly get off to an auspicious start. When it delivered one of the first of its highly promoted new 100-seat Superjets to Aeroflot in June, a piece of safety equipment immediately broke down, prompting Sukhoi to ground the plane. Although the plane was fixed and is flying again, the lapse shows just how difficult a path Sukhoi faces to persuade Western airlines to buy airplanes from a Russian state company. Russia ’s aviation industry has long been plagued by safety problems, breakdowns and lethal crashes, rendering it virtually unable to sell planes outside the former Soviet Union, Iran, Cuba and parts of Africa. “Historically, Russian aircraft have an image that will take a long time to address,” Les Weal, an analyst at Ascend, an aviation consultancy in London that advises the insurance industry on safety, said in a telephone interview. Continue reading the main story “Superjet may be excited about their airplane,” he said. “But I’m not sure that will translate into a lot of orders from mainstream airlines. It would take a huge leap of faith for an airline to turn to a newcomer.” Advertisement Continue reading the main story But Sukhoi has high expectations for the Superjet 100, the first wholly new Russian civilian aircraft design since the breakup of the Soviet Union. The list price for the chubby, single-aisle aircraft is $31.7 million, about one-third cheaper than comparable short-hop jets from Embraer or Bombardier of Canada, Sukhoi says. Gone is the grim upholstery and fluorescent lighting of the cramped, even scary, interiors of the Tupolev series of jets that are still operated by domestic Russian carriers. The Superjet’s cabin feels roomy, the overhead luggage bins can hold standard carry-on luggage and the lighting is soft. The high-bypass engines, a novelty for Russian passenger planes, hum rather than scream at take-off. Sukhoi, which is in talks to sell the planes to the American carriers Delta Air Lines and SkyWest as well as to other Western airlines, hopes to sell 800 Superjets over the next 20 years. Besides two planes delivered to Aeroflot, Sukhoi has provided one to the Armenian national airline, Armavia. It has also agreed to provide 15 to Mexico’s second-largest airline, Interjet. Sukhoi has 176 Superjet orders in total. Rather than emphasize the plane’s Siberian origins, with whatever associations with hardship or disaster that may evoke, Sukhoi has marketed it by pointing to its French and Italian partners, which worked in joint ventures to design the engines and provide the avionics. “Yes, it is a Russian aircraft,” Olga Kayukova, a spokeswoman for Sukhoi’s parent company, United Aircraft Corporation, said in an interview. However, “it is made in cooperation with world-leading suppliers.” Stephen McNamara, a spokesman for Ryanair, the low-cost Irish carrier, said his company would have no qualms about looking at a Russian plane so long as it met European Union safety standards. Most passengers, he said, don’t care what type of airplane they fly. “They know the airline, but not the airplane,” he said. Ryanair has talked to Sukhoi about its new plane, he said, and the budget airline was more concerned that the plane was too small for its routes than about the reputation of Russian air


Actor Tom Conti was found to descend from Napoleon Bonaparte after analysis of?

Scottish lecturer may be 'grandfather of all Britons' You are here: Home » Lifestyle » Scottish lecturer may be 'grandfather of all Britons' Scottish lecturer may be 'grandfather of all Britons' London, Jul 1, 2012,(PTI) Meet the grandfather of all Britons: Ian Kinnaird, a 72-year-old retired lecturer of Scotland is directly descended from the first woman on Earth, who lived some 190,000 years ago, researchers claim. Kinnaird, who undertook a DNA test to find out where his ancestors came from, was stunned when it was found that he inherits a genetic marker from his mother that traces his ancestry to an African lineage that has not been found before in Western Europe. Researchers, who carried out the tests, said in genetic terms, the result meant that Kinnaird was a "thoroughbred", and could be described as the "grandson of Eve, or the grandfather of everyone in Britain". They were so surprised by the results that they phoned Kinnaird, a widower who lives in the far north of Scotland, and told him that his mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which passed through the female line, was 30,000 years old and only two genetic mutations removed from the first woman. Most men have a genome with around 200 mutations since the earliest humans. "It is an astonishing result and means he could have been in the 'Garden of Eden'," said Alistair Moffat of St Andrews University and co-founder of the DNA project "Britain's DNA". "It's further proof that even white Anglo-Saxon Protestants are descended from a black Eve," Moffat was quoted as saying by the Daily Telegraph. The tests also showed that Kinnaird's "fatherline" is Scandinavian and he carries a YDNA marker which is found in a quarter of Norwegian men. The DNA project has now tested 2,000 people across the UK and most have markers that trace their ancestry back up to 3,500 years. These defined them as descendants of various groups including the earliest Britons, the Ancient Irish, Vikings, hunter gatherers and cave painters. The project aims to map Britain's "family tree" and has previously found that the actor Tom Conti shared an ancestor with Napoleon Bonaparte. Speaking of the findings, Kinnaird, who taught at the North Highland College in Thurso, said he was interested in history but had no particular expectations when he paid 200 pounds for the test. "I have led an unremarkable life until now but my computer has been red hot since I was told. This is a real gobsmacker," he said.According to researchers, Kinnaird's L1B1 genetic marker will also be carried by his 65-year-old sister Jean, a retired teacher, and the daughter she had at the age of 17. Describing Kinnaird as a "remarkable" individual, Moffat said: "This lineage appears in Africa, in Senegal, but has never been seen in north-west Europe. It's likely to have reached Britain through the arrival of slaves in Liverpool." He added: "A woman who might be called Eve and a man who might be called Adam really existed. Eve, the mother of all of us, lived around 190,000 years ago just as homo sapiens were evolving. Other women lived at the same time but only Eve's mtDNA survived "Adam also lived in central Africa, perhaps only 140,000 years ago. Only his YDNA survived to father all of the male lineages on Earth."


What was the previous brand-name of the Nissan automotive corporation?

NISSAN | BRAND & PRODUCTS Infiniti The Infiniti brand is highly regarded for its advanced design and powerful performance in each of its markets, including the U.S., Canada, Europe, Russia, the Middle East, China and Korea. With its highly refined style and responsiveness, Infiniti promises a driving experience with unparalleled appeal. Datsun Datsun will provide an appealing and sustainable motoring experience to optimistic up-and-coming customers in high-growth markets. Datsun combines Nissan Motor's 80 years of Japanese car-making expertise with the nearly century-old Datsun Brand DNA. Datsun vehicles will be Local Products ensured by a Global Brand, and starts sales in India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa from 2014.


As at 2012 the European Union comprises how many member states?

Public Opinion analysis - Homepage - European Commission Standard Eurobarometer 83 Standard Eurobarometer 83 survey (EB83), was carried out between 16 and 27 May 2015 in 34 countries or territories: the 28 European Union (EU) Member States, five candidate countries (the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Montenegro, Serbia and Albania) and the Turkish Cypriot Community in the part of the country that is not controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus. The survey includes topics such as the European political situation and the economy. It analyses how Europeans perceive their political institutions, both national governments and parliaments, and the EU and its institutions. It also examines whether EU citizens feel that their voice counts in the EU. It looks at the main concerns of Europeans at national and at European level and considers how respondents perceive the current economic situation, what they expect for the next twelve months and their opinions of the euro. Finally, it addresses the question of European citizenship, while the fifth part focuses on Europeans’ opinions on priority issues: investment, industry, energy, trade and migration. Data protection In January 2012, the European Commission proposed a comprehensive reform of data protection rules in the EU. The objective is to make data protection rules fit for the digital age by putting citizens back in control over of their personal data and simplifying the regulatory environment for business. The completion of this reform is a key priority for 2015 and a key enabler of the Digital Single Market project , which aims to empower European citizens and businesses to fully seize the opportunities of the digital economy. The Eurobarometer survey, conducted in March 2015, asked 28,000 EU citizens what they think about the protection of their personal data. The overall conclusion of the survey shows that the protection of personal data remains a very important concern for citizens, as it was when the Commission presented the reform in 2012. Its outcome confirms the need to finalise the data protection reform. Autonomous Systems This Eurobarometer survey is about people's perception of robots, autonomous cars and drones. With these technologies becoming more mainstream, it is important to understand what people think and to assess the extent to which people will accept robots performing certain functions. It builds on a previous study conducted in 2012, and looks at ways in which attitudes may have changed over the last two years. Introduction of the euro in the Member States that have not yet adopted the common currency For this survey carried out in April 2015, some 7 000 respondents in the seven EU Member States that have yet to join the euro (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Croatia, Sweden) were interviewed by phone. Citizens from different social and demographic groups replied to a set of questions focusing on issues ranging from their perception of and support for the introduction of the euro in their country, to how well citizens felt informed about the common currency. Questions included how citizens saw the consequences for themselves, their country, and for those countries which already have adopted the euro. Other questions looked at how and where citizens wished to be informed and what type of information they considered most important. This survey for the first time included Sweden, which joined the EU at least nine years prior to the other EU countries covered in this survey. Therefore, the average that comprises all seven countries should be compared to previous editions of this study with caution. Opinion now appears equally divided over the issue of whether or not to introduce the euro, as 49% of respondents are in favour and 48% are against. Support for the introduction of the euro in the individual countries varies considerably between 29% in the Czech Republic and 68% in Romania. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union This Eurobarometer accompanies the Report on the Application of the


Loss of temper or sudden uncontrollable rage is called metaphorically as 'the (what colour) mist'?

Adamant Chapter 3, a Harry Potter + Justice League Crossover fanfic | FanFiction To obtain wealth, work harder. To receive knowledge, study more. To improve your skills, practice them. No, the truth of a man, the very foundation that his character was built upon, was in his ability to endure. And now her son, in her eyes, was a man without compare. He had weathered pain, mental and physical and spiritual. He had seen the worst of the worst among humanity, had even been drenched in it's physical manifestation, and still he moved on. It made her both sad and proud. Proud to be a mother of such a wonderful son. And sorrowful that her son had to endure such things, to grow up so quickly and at such a young age. He was a young lion, baring his fangs to world and cutting lose with his first roar. It was part of being a mother to protect their children. But her son wasn't a child anymore. He was a man that would protect everything that was precious to him, even onto his own destruction, in a heartbeat. It worried her greatly. Add in his own brand of magecraft with this mind set and she went past worried and went straight to a step below absolutely terrified. But there was little she could do about it now, his Origin was too ingrained into his very being. The best she could do was try to teach him to use his brain before he jumped in with both feet. She sighed wearily, her anger leaving her and making her feel drained of strength. "Much as I want to, I can't fault you, completely, for your actions," she grimaced slightly as she knelt down, wrapping her arms around her precious son. The height difference between them meaning that, despite her son being tall for his age and seated in a high backed chair, her head was on the same level as his, the benefit of being both an Amazon and a daughter of Ares meaning that she was no short woman herself. "But I want you to look after yourself as well," her voice was stern, almost reprimanding, as she clenched him closer, hugging him tightly. "Things are different now," she whispered into his ear, "I am here and am staying here." The resolve in the last two words was enough to fuel a mouse to move a mountain. The tight grip she had on him loosened slightly, becoming more comforting and soft. A mother's embrace. "But my staying here will mean nothing if you somehow depart." Her soft voice entered his ear again. "Just as you have lived, have fought and even died for me, placing myself above your own concerns, so too do I value you and your love." The embrace tightened once more. "Your pain is my pain. Your joy is mine to share. Do not throw away your own life, risking it needlessly, just so that I have a chance to live." A slim yet strong hand lifted his head, green meeting a soft blue. "Even if we have barely been together for less than a year, I can no longer fathom a life with both of us in it together." Soft lips pressed into his forehead. "I thought I had lost my family twice already," her voice whispered, almost choking with the stifled emotions. He could feel a slight dampness through his mop of black hair, his nose filling with the unique scent of salt and water. "please do not make me have to live through it again." Harry did the only thing he could think of at that moment, his mind and body more than slightly confused at the predicament he currently found himself in, having never ever seen his Mother so out of it and sorrowful, outside the memories he had of the dream cycle from the Grail War. Firm and toned arms of a preteen boy slowly wrapped themselves around the waist of a distraught mother, showing his own love and care for the woman as he embraced her close, never wanting to let her go, even as his mind churned and spun in thought. He remembered when he had first saw her, tall and straight and proud, even as he lay in a pool of his own blood. It had been a surreal sight for the young and inexperienced boy, like his mind had slipped sideways into the realm of madness, never to emerge from the rabbit hole. It had only grown more so with the events that came after. Eventually, how


The mariachi musical style/band belongs to which country?

Best Mariachi Music - YouTube Best Mariachi Music Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Mar 16, 2011 Mariachi is a genre of music that originated in the State of Jalisco, in Western Mexico. It is an integration of stringed instruments highly influenced by the cultural impacts of the historical development of Western Mexico. Throughout the history of mariachi, musicians have experimented with brass, wind, and percussion instruments. In addition, sociohistorical factors have influenced the repertoire in terms of the performance of diverse regional song forms as well as the evolution of the performance attire. Mariachi is important to the study of Mexican music because, as an ensemble created during the colonial period, it found its essence during the postcolonial era, blossomed during the nationalist era, and made a global impact during contemporary times. Throughout this development, particularly since the nationalist era, mariachi music has become emblematic of Mexican music by appropriating various Mexican regional song forms, experimenting in popular radio programs, appearing in the first Mexican films, and performing during presidential campaigns (Loza 1993, Turino 2003, Sheehy 2005, de la Mora 2006, Jáuregui 2007). The term "Mariachi" is said to be an adaptation of the French word for marriage or wedding "mariage" as this type of musical formation used to play at such events. This traces from the 19th century during the reign of Maximilian I of Mexico (Archduke Maximilian of Austria) and the influence of Napoleon III over Mexico. The mariachi ensemble generally consists of violins, trumpets, a classical guitar, a vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar), a guitarrón (a large acoustic bass) and, on occasion, a harp or two. They dress in silver studded charro outfits with wide-brimmed hats. The original Mariachi were Mexican street musicians or buskers. Many mariachis are professional entertainers doing paid gigs in the mainstream entertainment industry. Professionals are normally skilled at more than one instrument, and they also sing. They sometimes accompany ranchera singers such as Vicente Fernandez or even pop star Luis Miguel. Although ranchera singers dress in a traje de charro (Charro suit), they are not mariachis. Besides the typical instrumentation, mariachi music, as well as many other forms of traditional Mexican music, is also noted for the grito mexicano, a yell that is done at musical interludes within a song, either by the musicians and/or the listening audience. Category


Name the Bosnian Serb army commander tried at The Hague in 2012 for war crimes against Bosnia 1992-95?

War crimes charges against Mladic War crimes charges against Mladic DUSAN STOJANOVIC Share 1 / 8 FILE In this Monday, June 22, 1992 file photo a wounded Sarajevo resident sits in shock next to two other seriously wounded civilians moments after one of several mortar shells landed in central Sarajevo. The indictment against Ratko Mladic, who went on trial Wednesday May 16, 2012 at the U.N. war crimes tribunal in the Hague, Netherlands, holds the former Bosnian Serb army commander "individually criminally responsible for planning, instigating, ordering and/or aiding and abetting the crimes charged in this indictment." Mladic is charged with 11 counts of genocide, crimes against humanity and violations of the laws and customs of war. Between May 1992 and November 1995 Mladic participated in a campaign of sniping and shelling of Bosnia's capital Sarajevo, the primary purpose of which “was to spread terror among the civilian population.”(AP Photo/Santiago Lyon) FILE In this Monday, June 22, 1992 file photo a wounded Sarajevo resident sits in shock next to two other seriously wounded civilians moments after one of several mortar shells landed in central Sarajevo. The indictment against Ratko Mladic, who went on trial Wednesday May 16, 2012 at the U.N. war crimes tribunal in the Hague, Netherlands, holds the former Bosnian Serb army commander "individually criminally responsible for planning, instigating, ordering and/or aiding and abetting the crimes charged in this indictment." Mladic is charged with 11 counts of genocide, crimes against humanity and violations of the laws and customs of war. Between May 1992 and November 1995 Mladic participated in a campaign of sniping and shelling of Bosnia's capital Sarajevo, the primary purpose of which “was to spread terror among the civilian population.”(AP Photo/Santiago Lyon) The indictment against Ratko Mladic — who went on trial Wednesday at the U.N. war crimes tribunal in the Hague, Netherlands — holds the former Bosnian Serb army commander "individually criminally responsible for planning, instigating, ordering and/or aiding and abetting the crimes charged in this indictment." Mladic is charged with 11 counts of genocide, crimes against humanity and violations of the laws and customs of war. The counts below detail the atrocities during the 1992-1995 Bosnian war that Mladic is accused of commanding. COUNT 1: GENOCIDE Ratko Mladic, along with other former Serbian and Bosnian Serb leaders is accused of "destroying" entire groups of Muslim and Croat communities in various parts of Bosnia. These include the 3-year relentless shelling of the capital, Sarajevo, and several other small towns such as Foca, where Serbs were particularly brutal, executing local Muslims and throwing them into a river. Some of the remains were only found last year. COUNT 2: GENOCIDE This count of genocide refers to the mass killing of over 7,000 men and boys in Srebrenica, in July 1995, which is Europe's worst bloodshed since World War II. Mladic's troops executed almost the entire Srebrenica male population in a few days, burying them later in mass graves around the town. Many were later found with their hands tied behind their back and identification of the remains is still ongoing. COUNT 3: PERSECUTIONS The count relates to the persecution on political and religious grounds against Bosnia's Muslims and Croats in the Serb-controlled towns like Banja Luka, in western Bosnia, or Bijeljina in the east. Non-Serbs in these and other towns were evicted from their homes by Serb troops, held in prison camps, tortured, raped and killed. Images or skinny, naked prisoners from the camps in western Bosnia in 1992-93 reminded the world of the Nazi-era camps. COUNTS 4, 5 and 6: EXTERMINATION, MURDER These counts of the indictment refer to the widespread killings of non-Serbs that took place in the territories under the Bosnian Serb control, but also on the brutal attacks on the capital, Sarajevo, which prosecutors say were designed to "spread terror." Mladic's troops from 1992-95 were constantly sniping and shelling Sa


What Latin term refers (literally) to a writer or composer's 'great work'?

Latin phrases glossary and listing - common and interesting Latin       expressions, terminology, translations, meanings, origins glossary, usage in       legal, business, science and English language (with) the defendant being absent (legal term) - in the absence of the accused a capite ad calcem thoroughly/completely/from top to bottom - more                   loosely expressed 'from head to toe' Achilles (Achilles heel) ancient Greek hero weakness - (a Greek word used in Latin - the                   metaphor refers to the legend of the hero Achilles, as a baby held by the heel                   and dipped into the river Styx by his mother Thetis to make him immortal,                   leaving his heel vulnerable, such that when shot there by an arrow he died,                   hence the 'Achilles heel' or simply 'Achilles' is a person's main                   weakness) acta est fabula the drama has been acted out it's all over/it's finished/the end A.D. (anno domini) in the year of the Lord denotes that the year is since Christ's birth in                   the Julian and Gregorian calendars - contrasting with B.C. (Before Christ),                   which signifies years 'Before Christ', which are counted backwards - there is                   no zero year ad hoc improvised/devised/applied spontaneously or purely                   for the purpose ('just for this') a fortiori all the more so, with greater reason ad hominem personally directed - (as when criticizing someone) ad infinitum ad lib (ad libitum) with freedom freely, improvised, spontaneously created - now                   most commonly an instruction or freedom to 'improvise' in performance,                   communication ad litteram precisely/according to the 'letter of the law' ad nauseam to the point of causing nausea/unbearably                   tedious a priori / a posteriori from what comes before/ after (these terms mainly refer to philosophical or                   mathematical assertions) - an 'a priori' fact is self-evident, known without                   need of direct specific experience/evidence (for example 'snow is cold') - an                   'a posteriori' fact is based on observed evidence or experience, etc (for                   example snow fell in Ireland on [a particular date]) ad referendum (ad ref) aged... or 'of the age...' (precedes the age of                   someone/something) affidavit he/she has declared under oath a sworn statement made voluntarily by a person,                   recorded by a qualified person, usually for legal purposes, such as admission                   in a court case agenda (agenda sunt or agendum est) things that must be moved forward list of items for a meeting, order of discussion,                   set of aims, motivational factors - agenda now has a wide range of meanings,                   after initially referring to a meeting schedule Aiax/Ajax a metaphor for size and stength Albion the ancient Greek word for Britain alia iacta est / iacta alia est the die is cast the die is cast - beyond the point of possible                   return, fully committed come what may - see the die is cast and cross the Rubicon in cliches                   origins - the phrase is attributed to Julius Casear, 49BC, on his invasion of                   Rome from Gaul - as with many other Latin phrases the 'i' of iacta is                   alternatively a 'j', so that the word was/is jiacta (although some say Caesar                   spoke this phrase in Greek anyway..) alias dictus (alias) otherwise known as/also known as/aka


What is the international dialling code for Australia?

Country Calling Codes - How to call Australia from United Kingdom How to Call Australia From United Kingdom Dial the following international dialing codes: 00 + 61 +  How to call Australia from United Kingdom: 00 - United Kingdom exit code to dial first when calling international 61 - Australian country code must be dialed next 00 + 61 +   Local Number - Overall dialing code format  World Times: The time in Australia is now (CLICK FOR TIME ZONES)  Mobile Codes:  Get the mobile country codes for calling Australia from United Kingdom.  Save on your call to Australia:


Cape Verde was until independence a territory of which European country?

HISTORY OF CAPE VERDE List of subjects  |  Sources  |  Feedback   HISTORY OF CAPE VERDE     HISTORY OF CAPE VERDE Enjoy the Famous Daily The Slave Coast: 15th - 19th century From the viewpoint of European history the Guinea Coast is associated mainly with slavery. Indeed one of the alternative names for the region is the Slave Coast. But the link is entirely the result of the arrival of Europeans in the 15th century. Before that period the slave trade , centuries old in the interior of Africa, is not yet a significant feature of the coastal economy. The change occurs after the Portuguese reach this region in 1446. The Portuguese use slave labour to grow cotton and indigo in the previously uninhabited Cape Verde islands . They then trade these goods, in the estuary of the Geba river, for slaves captured in local African wars and raids. The slaves are sold in Europe and, from the 16th century, in the Americas.   The local African rulers in Guinea, who prosper greatly from the slave trade, have no interest in allowing the Europeans any further inland than the fortified coastal settlements where the trading takes place. The Portuguese presence in Guinea is therefore largely limited to the port of Bissau. For a brief period in the 1790s the British attempt to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama. But by the 19th century the Portuguese are sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory.   It is therefore natural for Portugal to lay claim to this region, soon to be known as Portuguese Guinea, when the European scramble for Africa begins in the 1880s. Britain's interest in the region has declined since the ending of the British slave trade in 1807. So Portugal's main rivals are the French, their energetic colonial neighbours along the coast on both sides - in Senegal and in the region which now becomes French Guinea. The Portuguese presence in Guinea is not disputed by the French. The only point at issue is the precise line of the borders. This is established by agreement between the two colonial powers in two series of negotiations, in 1886 and 1902-5.   Colonial rule: 1886-1874 As with the other Portuguese territories in Africa ( Angola and Mozambique ), Portugal exercises control over only a small coastal area of Portuguese Guinea when first laying claim to the whole region as a colony. For the next three decades there are costly and continuous campaigns to suppress the local African rulers. By 1915 this process is complete, enabling Portuguese colonial rule to progress in a relatively unruffled state - until the emergence of nationalist movements all over Africa in the 1950s. In 1956 the PAIGC or Partido Africano da Independencia da Guiné ê Cabo Verde (African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde) is founded by Amílcar Cabral, who comes from the Cape Verde islands.   In 1961, when a purely political campaign for independence has made predictably little progress, the PAIGC adopts guerrilla tactics. Although heavily outnumbered by Portuguese troops (approximately 30,000 Portuguese to some 10,000 guerrillas), the PAIGC has the great advantage of safe havens over the border in Senegal and Guinea, both recently independent of French rule. By 1971 the PAIGC controls most of the interior of the country, confining the Portuguese to the coastal and estuary towns. In 1972 Cabral sets up a government in exile in Conakry, the capital of neighbouring Guinea . Here, in 1973, he is assassinated outside his house - just a year before a coup in Portugal dramatically alters the political situation.   The new government in Lisbon is disinclined to prop up Portugal's collapsing and by now very expensive empire. All the Portuguese colonies in Africa are rapidly granted their independence. Portuguese Guinea is the first, in September 1974. Portuguese East Africa follows in June 1975, taking the new name Mozambique. The republic of Cape Verde is established in July. And Angola, in the middle of civil war, becomes independent in November 1975.   Indepen


As at 2012 the official 'authorised version' of the Holy Bible is also known by what monarch's name?

History of the English Bible - The History of the English Bible - The King James Bible David Cloud, Fundamental Baptist Information Service, P.O. Box 610368, Port Huron, MI 48061, 866-295-4143, fbns@wayoflife.org The King James Bible is the most famous and influential of the English Reformation Bibles. It is called the King James Bible because its production was authorized by King James I, who ruled England from 1603 to 1625. In Britain it is more commonly called The Authorized Version. THE PROPOSAL AND AUTHORIZATION Soon after King James assumed the throne of England in 1603, he was approached by a group of Puritans led by John Reynolds, president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and presented with the Millennium Petition. This called for spiritual reform in the Church of England along Presbyterian lines, and it got its name from the fact that it was signed by an estimated 1,000 ministers. A conference was held at Hampton Court Palace in 1604 to discuss the petition. Reynolds suggested that a new translation of the English Bible be produced. It is thought that this historic meeting was held in the Cartoon Gallary, which is so called because of the impressive paintings that hang on the walls depicting biblical scenes. The Gallary was first built to display Raphael’s Acts of the Apostles. Queen Victoria gave the originals to the Victoria and Albert Museum, and the paintings in the Cartoon Gallery today are copies that were made by Henry Cooke in 1697. The king approved the proposition for the new Bible, and within six months a list of 54 scholars was drawn up for the work. Deaths and withdrawals reduced the list, and it appears that roughly 50 men were actually involved in the translation. Work began in 1607. THE SPIRITUAL CLIMATE FOR THE TRANSLATION The King James Bible came out of a period of intense persecution and spiritual revival. The Wycliffe Bible was persecuted and was a product of spiritual revival; it was the Bible of the Lollards. Laws were passed against it and its translator’s bones were dug up and burned. The Tyndale Bible was persecuted; thousands of copies were burned and otherwise destroyed by ecclesiastical authorities; laws were passed against it; and its translator was burned at the stake. The translator of the Matthew’s Bible, John Rogers, was put to death for his faith. The Bishops Bible was translated by men who were persecuted for their faith. The Geneva Bible was also a product of persecution and spiritual revival, having been produced by men who were in exile for their faith. These Bibles produced a great spiritual awakening in England and beyond. THE LITERARY CLIMATE FOR THE TRANSLATION By the early 17th century, the English Bible had been developing for more than two centuries. The wording of the King James Bible represents the labors of centuries of brilliant, believing, sacrificial, godly scholarship. Dozens of some of the best biblical linguists who have ever lived applied their minds and their prayers to translating into English PRECISELY what the Hebrew and Greek text mean. The foundation for the English Bible was the Wycliffe Bible of 1384. Though it was translated from Latin rather than Hebrew and Greek and thus contained some textual errors, it was a masterpiece of translation work. Wycliffe and his editor John Purvey had a gift of molding the English language to fit the Bible. As we have seen, large numbers of words and phrases passed from the Wycliffe into the Tyndale and from there into the King James Bible. The next important step in the progress of the English Bible was the publication of Tyndale’s masterpiece, based directly upon the Hebrew and the Greek. The Tyndale Bible was by John Rogers completed after Tyndale’s death and appeared in the Matthew’s Bible. This went through various revisions, particularly the Great, the Bishops, and the Geneva, preparing the way for the King James Bible. “Thus it came to pass, that the English Bible received its present form, after a fivefold revision of the translation as it was left in 1537 by Tyndale and Rogers. During this interval of se


Cube Root Calculator Cube Root Calculator Share this Calculator & Page Calculator Use Use this calculator to find the cube root of positive or negative numbers. Given a number x, the cube root of x is a number a such that a3 = x. If x positive a will be positive, if x is negative a will be negative. Cube roots is a specialized form of our common radicals calculator . Example Cube Roots: The 3rd root of 64, or 64 radical 3, or the cube root of 64 is written as \( \sqrt[3]{64} = 4 \). The 3rd root of -64, or -64 radical 3, or the cube root of -64 is written as \( \sqrt[3]{-64} = -4 \). The cube root of 8 is written as \( \sqrt[3]{8} = 2 \). The cube root of 10 is written as \( \sqrt[3]{10} = 2.154435 \). The cube root of x is the same as x raised to the 1/3 power. Written as \( \sqrt[3]{x} = x^{\frac{1}{3}} \). The common definition of the cube root of a negative number is that (-x)1/3 = -(x1/3).[1] For example: The cube root of -27 is written as \( \sqrt[3]{-27} = -3 \). The cube root of -8 is written as \( \sqrt[3]{-8} = -2 \). The cube root of -64 is written as \( \sqrt[3]{-64} = -4 \). Cube roots (for integer results 1 through 10) Cube root of 1 is 1 Cube root of 8 is 2 Cube root of 27 is 3 Cube root of 64 is 4 Cube root of 125 is 5 Cube root of 216 is 6 Cube root of 343 is 7 Cube root of 512 is 8 Cube root of 729 is 9 Cube root of 1000 is 10 To calculate fractional exponents use our calculator for Fractional Exponents . References [1] Weisstein, Eric W. "Square Root." From MathWorld -- A Wolfram Web Resource. Cube Root Additional reading on cube roots:


The Beau Sancy, sold at a Geneva auction in 2012 for £5.3m, is a?

Le Beau Sancy diamond sold for £5m | World news | The Guardian France Le Beau Sancy diamond sold for £5m Jewel that began 400-year journey through European royalty in the crown of Henri IV's second wife Maria Médicis sold for double the expected price The eyecatching Beau Sancy diamond, the oldest diamond to go under the hammer at auction. Photograph: Fabrice Coffrini/AFP/Getty Images Kim Willsher in Paris Close This article is 4 years old As soon as she set eyes on the Beau Sancy diamond, Marie de Médicis, wife of the French king Henri IV, knew she wanted it, and she nagged her wayward husband until he bought it for her. It was to bring neither of them great pleasure. In 1610, a day after her coronation – for which the large pear-shaped gem was set atop her crown – Henri was assassinated, leaving six children under the age of nine. And so began the Beau Sancy's 400-year journey through European royal history as it passed between warring and peacemaking monarchs in France , England, the Dutch Republic and Prussia. On Tuesday the 34.98-carat jewel became the oldest diamond ever to go under the hammer at auction, selling for eight million francs (£5.3m) at Sotheby's in Geneva, Switzerland . It was more than double the estimated top price. "It is a very moving object," said Sophie Dufresne, of Sotheby's. "It is not just its perfect shape, but the impressive history that goes with it. There's a kind of energy that radiates from it." The Beau Sancy, little sister of the Grand Sancy, now on display at the Louvre, in Paris, was believed to have been brought to France from India via Constantinople by the then ambassador of France, Nicolas de Harlay, Lord of Sancy, who gave the gem its name. In 1604 the then queen consort was furious to discover that the bigger jewel had been sold, and set her heart on obtaining its sibling. "She wanted that stone as soon as she knew that Nicolas de Harlay had sold le Grand Sancy to the king of England, James I, for his wife," a Sotheby's spokesperson told the Parisien newspaper. King Henri was already in his 50s when he married De Médicis, daughter of the wealthy Italian aristocrats. He owed her Florentine family a considerable debt, which was conveniently written off when the couple wed, leading his mistress to nickname her "the fat banker". The relationship was tempestuous, not least of all because of his philandering. Henri was later killed by François Ravaillac, who wanted to stop the French king waging war against Spain. In 1631, crippled with debts, De Médicis, now queen mother of France, fled to Brussels and later Amsterdam where she sold the Beau Sancy to the Dutch royal family, where it was used to seal the wedding of William II of Orange to Mary Stuart, daughter of King Charles I. When William died, Stuart returned to England and pawned the jewel to fund her brother Charles II's fight for the throne. It returned to royal ownership when her son William III of Orange-Nassau married Mary II, with whom he jointly ruled England until her death in 1694. When he died without heirs, the Beau Sancy was returned to the Dutch family and then to the first Prussian kaiser, Frederick I, in 1701. It has passed down through generations of the House of Prussia until now. The Beau Sancy was part of Sotheby's Magnificent Jewels and Noble Jewels auction. The sale, in which most lots sold for much more than their guide price, also featured a historic diamond once owned by Charles Edward Stuart, better known as Bonnie Prince Charlie. Other highlights of the sale included a necklace with a 41-carat detachable pear-shaped diamond, an emerald and diamond necklace designed by Bulgari in the 70s, and a sapphire and diamond ring dating from the 1930s that once belonged to Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain.


Albedoza or albedo refers to a surface's what?

The albedo effect and global warming The albedo effect and global warming The long term trend from albedo is of cooling. Recent satellite measurements of albedo show little to no trend.   Climate Myth... It's albedo "Earth’s Albedo has risen in the past few years, and by doing reconstructions of the past albedo, it appears that there was a significant reduction in Earth’s albedo leading up to a lull in 1997. The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large. Larger than that of all manmade greenhouse gases combined." ( Anthony Watts ) The Unsettled Science of Albedo “Clouds are very pesky for climate scientists…” Karen M. Shell, Associate Professor,  College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences,  Oregon State University, writing about cloud feedback for RealClimate Albedo is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface. The albedo effect when applied to the Earth is a measure of how much of the Sun's energy is reflected back into space. Overall, the Earth's albedo has a cooling effect. (The term ‘albedo’ is derived from the Latin for ‘whiteness’). The basic principle is analogous to strategies employed by people who live in hot places. Building are finished with white exteriors to keep them cool, because white surfaces reflect the sun’s energy. Black surfaces reflect much less. People wear light colours in summer rather than dark ones for the same reason. The Earth’s surface is a vast patchwork of colours, ranging from the dazzling white of ice and snow, to the dark surfaces of oceans and forests. Each surface has a specific effect on the Earth’s temperature. Snow and ice reflect a lot of the sun’s energy back into space. The darker oceans absorb energy, which warms the water. Oceans help keep the Earth warm because they absorb a lot of heat (approximately 90%). This warming increases water vapour, which acts as a greenhouse gas and helps to keep temperatures within ranges humans have largely taken for granted for millennia. A Cloudy Outlook It isn’t just the Earth’s surface that has a reflective quality. Clouds also reflect sunlight, contributing to the cooling effect of albedo. They also contribute to warming at the same time, because they consist of condensed water vapour, which retains heat. And if clouds complicate matters, so too do the seasons. Every year, albedo peaks twice. The first peak occurs when the Antarctic sea-ice is at its winter maximum. The second peak, which is larger, occurs when there is snow cover over much of the Northern Hemisphere. Albedo also changes due to human interaction. Forests have lower albedo than topsoil; deforestation increases albedo. Burning wood and fossil fuels adds black carbon to the atmosphere. Some black carbon settles on the surface of the ice, which reduces albedo. Albedo and Global Warming The most significant projected impact on albedo is through future global warming. With the exception of Antarctic sea-ice, recently increasing by 1% a year, nearly all the ice on the planet is melting. As the white surfaces decrease in area, less energy is reflected into space, and the Earth will warm up even more. The loss of Arctic ice is of particular concern. The ice is disappearing quite fast; not only is albedo decreasing, but the loss triggers a positive feedback. By exposing the ocean surface to sunlight, the water warms up. This melts the ice from underneath, while man-made CO2 in the atmosphere warms the surface. Humidity also increases; water vapour is a powerful greenhouse gas.  More ice therefore melts, which exposes more water, which melts more ice from underneath… This loop fuels itself, the effect getting more and more pronounced. This is a good example of a positive feedback. Increased water vapour also has another effect, which is to increase the amount of cloud. As mentioned already, clouds can increase albedo (a negative feedback), but also warming (a positive feedback). Measuring Albedo The albedo of a surface is measured on a scale from 0 to 1, where 0 is a idealised black surface with no reflection, and 1 rep


What word, from French and Portuguese etymology meaning 'raised', in different variants refers to various peoples around the world who are born locally, of foreign origin?

language facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about language I THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LANGUAGE The psychologist tends to look at language in the first instance as he would look at any other problem area. Unique or special problems are confronted as they arise, but there is no unequivocal case for or against a special psychology—one created for language alone. The best, or, perhaps, the only way to discuss the psychology of language at this time is to describe how psychologists have been looking at it. Much of what can be said receives consideration in other articles in these volumes. The present one can serve as an introduction to the other articles, and it will be concerned, in part at least, with an attempt to set the framework which marks psychological studies of language. Certain more specific problems will also be treated—problems which represent some of the writer’s special interests and which are unlikely to receive extended discussion elsewhere. Early interests of psychologists in language Studies of language—or, as psychologists prefer to call it, verbal behavior, which applies to both spoken and written forms—began very early in the postphilosophical period in psychology. Several themes may be identified (see Carroll 1953 ). The “word-association experiment.” First, Wilhelm Wundt, often called the first experimental psychologist, was interested in language—but more from a naturalistic than from an experimental point of view. However, workers in his laboratory early took an interest in the “word-association experiment,” the origin of which is usually attributed to Sir Francis Galton. Galton’s pioneering work was carried out with himself as subject: he wrote down stimuli on slips of paper and later looked at each slip (on more than one occasion) and recorded the thoughts that were thereby elicited. He also timed these reactions and noted the tendencies for the same or different thoughts to occur on the several occasions on which he looked at each slip (Warren 1921). The “word-association experiment,” despite its early entrance into the psychological laboratory (some of the results obtained are still cited today; see e.g. Woodworth [1938] 1960), soon figured more prominently in clinical diagnostic work than in the experimental laboratory. While the associations made by pathological subjects and by normal subjects were often found to differ, on the average, the association method never reached a dominant position in the armamentarium of clinical techniques, in the detection of “complexes,” or, except in classroom demonstrations, in the detection of “guilty knowledge,” although it was applied to all of these problems. It is safe to say that until about 1950 it had fallen into relative neglect. In the years since 1950, however, interest in association methods has reached a very high level because of the demonstrated value of measured associations in predicting other verbal behavior [see also Marshall & Cofer 1963 ; Noble 1963 ; see also Analytical Psychology and the biography of Jung ]. Verbal learning The study of verbal learning was begun in the laboratory almost as early as the word association method. Hermann Ebbinghaus reported the first experiments in a classic monograph in 1885. Ebbinghaus, however, was not really concerned with general questions of language or verbal behavior; he was interested instead in the formation of associations, and he attempted to prevent such factors as meaning, meaningfulness, and connectedness from influencing his results by inventing and using the nonsense syllable. A vast outpouring of work on verbal learning followed Ebbinghaus’ pioneer efforts (see e.g. McGeoch [1942] 1952; Conference …1961; Conference…1963), but current opinion is that verbal learning cannot be divorced from features of the subject’s usual language. [See Learning , article on Verbal Learning ; and the biography of Ebbinghaus .] Mediational processes A third concern in psychology’s study of verbal behavior is the role verbal processes may have in mediating between stimuli and responses. Quite ear


What royal house immediately followed the reign of England's King Richard III?

Royalty.nu - English Royal History - The Royal House of York The Royal House of York Books About the Yorkist Kings Unless otherwise noted, these books are for sale at Amazon.com . Your purchase through these links will result in a commission for the owner of the Royalty.nu site. The House of York The Yorkists: The History of a Dynasty by Anne Crawford. Examines the truth about the controversial Yorkist kings, including the celebrated murders of young King Edward V and his brother. Richard, Duke of York: King by Right by Matthew Lewis. Biography of the third Duke of York, whose unquenchable desire for the throne ignited the Wars of the Roses. He was the father of Edward IV and Richard III. On the Trail of the Yorks by Kristie Dean. Explores the places associated with members of the royal York dynasty, including cathedrals, castles, battlefields and manor houses. Cecily Neville Cecily Neville: Mother of Kings by Amy License. Biography of the mother of English kings Edward IV and Richard III. Queen By Right by Anne Easter Smith. Novel about Cecily Neville, mother of kings Edward IV and Richard III. History remembers Cecily facing an attacking army while holding the hands of her two young sons. This book reveals how she stepped into her destiny, beginning with her marriage to Richard, Duke of York. Together they faced personal tragedies and deadly political intrigue. Click here for other novels by Anne Easter Smith. Red Rose, White Rose by Joanna Hickson. Fiction. The powerful story of Cecily Neville, torn between the two sides of the War of the Roses, told through the eyes of Cecily and her half-brother Cuthbert. King Edward IV Edward IV by Charles Ross and Ralph A. Griffiths. Biography from the Yale English Monarchs series. Edward IV by Michael Hicks. Biography of the first Yorkist king. Assessment of Edward IV is inextricably bound up not only in the record of his reign, but also his baleful legacy. This book explores how his reputation has changed. Edward IV: The Summer King by A. J. Pollard. In 1461, Edward Earl of March, a handsome 18-year old, usurped the English throne from Henry VI. His reign brought economic and industrial expansion, but he squandered his talents in a frenzy of excess. Edward IV by Hannes Kleineke. Biography. Was Edward a vain and self-indulgent playboy, or was his life cut tragically short, preventing him from establishing the 'new monarchy' associated with Henry VII? Edward IV and the Wars of the Roses by David Santiuste. The most effective general of the Wars of the Roses, Edward IV died in his bed, undefeated in battle. This book examines his military role and the war in which he played a vital part. Eleanor: The Secret Queen by John Ashdown-Hill. Argues that 15th century king Edward IV secretly married Eleanor Talbot and therefore his marriage to his official wife, Elizabeth Woodville, was bigamous. Elizabeth Woodville & Her Family Elizabeth: England's Slandered Queen by Arlene Okerlund. Biography of King Edward IV's wife, Elizabeth Woodville. She has traditionally been portrayed as a scheming opportunist, but this book depicts her as an adored wife, distraught mother of the two lost Princes in the Tower, and innocent queen slandered by politicians. Elizabeth Woodville by David Baldwin. The wife of Edward IV has been championed and vilified by five centuries of historians, dramatists, and novelists. This biography examines what she was really like. Elizabeth Woodville: The Real Story of the 'White Queen' by David MacGibbon. Biography of the exceptionally beautiful, influential wife of King Edward IV. First published in 1938. Edward IV & Elizabeth Woodville: A True Romance by Amy License. When the tall, athletic Edward of York married a widow five years his elder, it was to prove an unpopular decision. This book reassesses the queen and her husband. The Last Knight Errant: Sir Edward Woodville and the Age of Chivalry by Christopher Wilkins. The first full biography of a pivotal figure in English history. Sir Edward (brother of Elizabeth Woodville), carved out an important role for himself in th


Anthropomorphism refers to giving or attributing what qualities to something?

Anthropomorphism | Define Anthropomorphism at Dictionary.com anthropomorphism [an-thruh-puh-mawr-fiz-uh m] /ˌæn θrə pəˈmɔr fɪz əm/ Spell an anthropomorphic conception or representation, as of a deity. Origin of anthropomorphism Examples from the Web for anthropomorphism Expand Anima Poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge Its anthropomorphism is only, to unobservant minds, less apparent. Flowers of Freethought George W. Foote Certainly, this is something more than what the naturalists have called "anthropomorphism." Old Farm Fairies: Henry Christopher McCook The anthropomorphism of the Jewish Scriptures has already been referred to in Vol. British Dictionary definitions for anthropomorphism Expand the attribution of human form or behaviour to a deity, animal, etc Derived Forms Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for anthropomorphism Expand n. 1753, "attributing of human qualities to a deity;" see anthropomorphic + -ism . Of other non-human things, from 1858. Related: Anthropomorphist (1610s). Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper


What is the food-shaped nickname of the London 2012 Olympics velodrome stadium?

London 2012 Olympics: delight and dismay as cyclists enter the Velodrome - Telegraph London 2012 Olympics: delight and dismay as cyclists enter the Velodrome For the first five days of the London Games the Olympic Velodrome has been a  place apart. Philip Hindes, Jason Kenny and Sir Chris Hoy, above, won the men's team sprint at the Velodrome, but fans reacted angrily to the earlier disqualification of Victoria Pendleton and Jessica Varnish Photo: Getty Images By Paul Kelso , at the Olympic Velodrome 1:16AM BST 03 Aug 2012 Follow Located away from the brash retail facade of the Westfield centre and across the River Lea from the eyesore of Coca-Cola’s gaudy red beat box, it was an island of serenity surrounded by meadow flowers and untroubled by spectators. On Thursday all that changed as it became a place of pilgrimage for the new army of fans drawn to Britain’s most successful Olympic sport. Clad in Union flags and face paint, the spectators passed through the airlock doors to find a venue in the very image of British cycling. They came seeking British gold and at the very end they got it, but they could not have anticipated an evening of such drama or controversy, as the building and athletes were let down by an insulting lack of information from Olympic officials. Refined and understated, brilliant and ground-breaking, it is the star of the Olympic Park, purpose-built for of the stars of Beijing seeking to cement their reputations on home ground. Welcome to the velodrome. Related Articles 02 Aug 2012 Welcome to the pleasuredome. While the Olympic Stadium and the troublesome Aquatics Centre have bust budgets and defied easy legacy, the design and construction of the £93 million velodrome has proceeded with the serenity of one of Dave Brailsford’s crack quartets. In architecture and atmosphere it is the outstanding venue of the Games so far. The sweep of its white roofline and the amber pine walls have been compared to “a Pringle”, which seems a cheap nickname for a building of such elegance. Designed by Michael Taylor of Hopkins Architects, a keen cyclist, it is based on a bicycle, and is intended to be as efficient as the sleek pursuit teams that christened the track in competition. Taylor was there as it opened, anxious to see his baby mature into adulthood. With a meticulousness that Brailsford would recognise, he whipped a thermometer from his bag to check that the ambient air temperature was at the 28C demanded to make a track constructed of Siberian pine run as fast as possible. It was, and the times proved it. Victoria Pendleton and Jessica Varnish set a world record in the first race, and by the end of the night there had been five more, including one for the British men’s team pursuit squad. Such attention to detail is evident in every square inch of a building that is every bit as large as the Aquatics Centre but feels light as a feather. Both buildings employ ambitious curves in their roofs, but while the Aquatics Centre’s roof is supported by 11m struts, the velodrome’s is held aloft by slender 36mm cables. One of Taylor’s innovations was to introduce natural light into the arena for both practical and philosophical reasons. Opaque panels in the roof bring the outside in, and windows around the circumference were meant to let kids peer in and be inspired by the riders belting round the banked track and be inspired. They will, but only after the Games. The Olympic Broadcast Service, the dictatorial television arm of the IOC, has demanded that all windows and panels be blacked out for the Games. The official reason is that glare from the sun could affect picture, but the effect is to prevent anyone without a ticket from peering in. The OBS appears to have it in for cycling. For the second time in the Games its coverage of was woeful. After the information-free shambles of the men’s road race, her it failed to show replays of the incident that led to Pendleton and Varnish being disqualified for around 15 minutes, leaving spectators and viewers bemused. For the 6,000 spectators inside it was bemusing, but it


What was the previous name of UK-founded communications technology company O2?

Verizon names former O2 UK CEO Dunne president of wireless | FierceWireless Verizon names former O2 UK CEO Dunne president of wireless Aug 2, 2016 12:47pm Former O2 UK CEO Ronan Dunne will oversee Verizon's wireless business. Verizon Communications named former O2 UK CEO Ronan Dunne as executive vice president and group president of its wireless business. Dunne will begin next month and will report to John Stratton, executive vice president and president of operations for the company. Dunn spent the last eight years as CEO of O2 UK, which is owned by Telefonica SA. "Ronan brings a wealth of expertise, as well as global wireless perspective and experience to Verizon Wireless," Stratton said in prepared remarks. "He has a proven record of performance in highly competitive environments. We look forward to his leadership as Verizon continues to invest in and evolve our wireless business to provide the best experience for our customers." Dunne stepped down as CEO of O2 UK in July after a proposed sale of the carrier to CK Hutchison collapsed in the face of European Union opposition. Telefonica then shelved an alternative plan to sell a stake in the unit. O2's customer base reportedly increased to 25 million from 18 million during Dunne's tenure. He will be responsible "for all aspects of Verizon Wireless' operations," Verizon said, including marketing and network operations and customer care. The executive joins the largest U.S. mobile network operator during a transitional period. Verizon is moving aggressively beyond its core wireless business as growth in the U.S. smartphone market has slowed significantly over the last two years. Verizon recently agreed to buy Yahoo's core online business for $4.38 billion to expand its digital media business, and earlier this week it announced plans to spend $2.4 billion to acquire Fleetmatics and step up its pursuit of the telematics market. The newfound strategy may have been a factor in Verizon's move to look beyond its current front office for leadership. "VZ executive pool conservative," William Ho of 556 Ventures  tweeted . "Needed outsider with legit wireless ops knowledge & 'street fighter' competitive streak." For more:


Caputo '00' flour, fior di latte, and San Marzano plum tomatoes are typical authentic ingredients of what traditional food?

Neapolitan Pizza like a Master Pizzaiolo   Handmade Neapolitan Pizza – by yours truly! I recently took a really fun and cool pizza making class to learn the secrets of making a true Neapolitan Pizza (Vera Napoletana) with the Food Bloggers NYC Meetup Group sponsored by Vimbly.com. Culinary Bad Boy & Nicole Garguilo The class was held at 180 Neapolitan Eatery in Little Italy and taught by Culinary Event host Nicole Garguilo and Food Network Star “Culinary Bad Boy” Chef Chris Nirschel . Class having a blast making dough NYC Food Bloggers Meetup Group We sat around a big table in a private room upstairs and learned the techniques, traditions and passions behind producing a perfectly thin crispy Neapolitan pizza while sipping on Italian wines and making new friends. Making Pizza Dough We learned the intricacies behind making and kneading our own dough accustom to the Neapolitan style by making wells of flour filled with yeast water and the patient process of kneading using only 2 fingers as the dough slowly came together by kneading, mixing and adding more flour and water. Chef Chris throwing dough We watched Chef Chris toss pizza dough in the air and even tried it ourselves (too fun!). Chef Chris demonstrating how to sauce the pizza We then made our own Margherita sauce made with San Marzano tomatoes from Italy, and topped off the pizzas with cubes of fresh cow’s milk Mozzarella and fresh basil before our pizzas were thrown delicately into a 900 degree oven on a pizza peel to reveal a perfectly crispy gorgeous pizza of bubbly cheesy goodness. Prepping our Pizzas Layer the dough with sauce… San Marzano Tomato Sauce, Fresh Mozzarella & Basil Add some delicious Fresh Cow’s Milk Mozzarella and Basil… Good Times constructing our pizzas Patiently waiting for the oven… Pizzas ready for the Wood-fired oven Look. At. This. Masterpiece. Creation. And let the deliciousness devouring begin. Good Times The story behind Neapolitan pizza goes like this: In June 1889, a Neapolitan tavern owner Raffaele Esposito served the Queen of Italy, Margherita of Savoy, a special dish named in her honor. The wood-fired Flatbread was topped with Melted Mozzarella, Tomato Sauce and Basil leaves, symbolizing the colors of the Italian Flag. The Queen was so pleased with her meal that she had a wood-fired “flat-bread oven” built into the palace. And history was made. Pizzaiolo at 180 The art behind making a perfect, true Neapolitan pizza has become a standard practice with strict rules of approval. The Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana is a non-profit official governing association in Italy that maintains the standards and regulations of all Pizzaioli and Establshments serving Vera Napoletana Pizza. It was founded in Naples in 1984 by the oldest and well-known Neapolitan pizzaioli, and according to the “rules” proposed by them, there are specific ingredients and techniques that must be used to pass the official Italian seal of approval. The Perfect Neapolitan Pizza So just what are the secrets behind making that crispy crust with gooey cheese and succulent sauce? Here’s a few secrets from Restaurateur/Chef and native New Yorker, Nick Accardi of Tavola in Hell’s Kitchen: Measure by weight rather than volume to get the perfect water to flour ratio for your crust. Many elements can change the density of ingredients such as age, storage temperature, or environmental climate. Measuring by weight assures the perfect hydration ratio. Use double zero (type 00) flour which is a highly refined flour that has been milled to a standard “00” and completely free of bran or germ. Use natural Neapolitan yeast or brewer’s yeast, sea salt and water. (New York City tap water is the BEST secret ingredient in making the perfect pizza dough!) Keep yeast refrigerated and check the expiration date on the package to make sure it’s fresh. The dough must be kneaded by hand or with a low-speed mixer. Allow the dough to rise for 24 hours at room temperature. The bare minimum standard is 6 hours (after mixing let the dough rise for 2 hours, then hand cut and roll into small balls, l


Bacteria, fungi, and algae are among a broad classification of life called?

Types of Microorganisms About Watch and Favorite Watch Watching this resources will notify you when proposed changes or new versions are created so you can keep track of improvements that have been made. Favorite Favoriting this resource allows you to save it in the “My Resources” tab of your account. There, you can easily access this resource later when you’re ready to customize it or assign it to your students. Types of Microorganisms Microorganisms make up a large part of the planet's living material and play a major role in maintaining the Earth's ecosystem. Learning Objective Define the differences between microbial organisms. Key Points Microorganisms are divided into seven types: bacteria , archaea , protozoa , algae, fungi, viruses, and multicellular animal parasites ( helminths ). Each type has a characteristic cellular composition, morphology, mean of locomotion, and reproduction. Microorganisms are beneficial in producing oxygen, decomposing organic material, providing nutrients for plants, and maintaining human health , but some can be pathogenic and cause diseases in plants and humans. Terms Register for FREE to remove ads and unlock more features! Learn more Full Text Microorganisms or microbes are microscopic organisms that exist as unicellular, multicellular, or cell clusters. Microorganims are widespread in nature and are beneficial to life, but some can cause serious harm. They can be divided into six major types: bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. Bacteria Bacteria are unicellular organisms. The cells are described as prokaryotic because they lack a nucleus. They exist in four major shapes: bacillus (rod shape), coccus (spherical shape), spirilla (spiral shape), and vibrio (curved shape). Most bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall ; they divide by binary fission; and they may possess flagella for motility. The difference in their cell wall structure is a major feature used in classifying these organisms. According to the way their cell wall structure stains, bacteria can be classified as either Gram-positive or Gram-negative when using the Gram staining . Bacteria can be further divided based on their response to gaseous oxygen into the following groups: aerobic (living in the presence of oxygen), anaerobic (living without oxygen), and facultative anaerobes (can live in both environments). According to the way they obtain energy, bacteria are classified as heterotrophs or autotrophs . Autotrophs make their own food by using the energy of sunlight or chemical reactions , in which case they are called chemoautotrophs. Heterotrophs obtain their energy by consuming other organisms. Bacteria that use decaying life forms as a source of energy are called saprophytes. Archaea Archaea or Archaebacteria differ from true bacteria in their cell wall structure and lack peptidoglycans. They are prokaryotic cells with avidity to extreme environmental conditions. Based on their habitat , all Archaeans can be divided into the following groups: methanogens (methane-producing organisms), halophiles (archaeans that live in salty environments), thermophiles (archaeans that live at extremely hot temperatures), and psychrophiles (cold-temperature Archaeans). Archaeans use different energy sources like hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide, and sulphur. Some of them use sunlight to make energy, but not the same way plants do. They absorb sunlight using their membrane pigment, bacteriorhodopsin. This reacts with light, leading to the formation of the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Fungi Fungi (mushroom, molds, and yeasts) are eukaryotic cells (with a true nucleus). Most fungi are multicellular and their cell wall is composed of chitin . They obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material from their environment (decomposers), through symbiotic relationships with plants (symbionts), or harmful relationships with a host (parasites). They form characteristic filamentous tubes called hyphae that help absorb material. The collection of hyphae is called mycelium. Fungi reproduce by releasing spores . Pro


What international jewellery/jewelry corporation is headquartered at 727 5th Avenue, Manhattan, New York City, US?

Tiffany & Co. - Contact Us Contact Us Common Stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange with the symbol TIF . Stockholder Inquiries Individual stock records, address changes or dividend payments. Computershare (which acquired BNY Mellon Shareowner Services) 480 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, New Jersey 07310-1900 888-778-1307 or 201-680-6578 212-230-5301 or mark.aaron@tiffany.com Stockholder Information Line To access Tiffany investor information by phone, call 1 800 843 0110. Use the following keypad numbers. 1 - Get Tiffany's delayed stock quote information. 2 - Request faxed or mailed copies of printed materials. 3 - Obtain Tiffany's company profile or frequently asked questions 4 - Request for Tiffany's catalogue. 5 - Access Stockholder services. # - Return to the main menu. To Order the Latest Annual Report Call Mark L. Aaron, 212-230-5301, or click here to order online. To look at most recent earnings and dividend press releases, Tiffany & Co.'s Annual Reports and other financial information, click here . Questions for the Investor Relations Department can be submitted through the form below.   Fields marked with an * are required. Name *


Online auction of a vial of which deceased US president's blood, lost from a lab after a 1981 assassination attempt, was cancelled after family protest in 2012?

Online auction of Reagan's blood cancelled after ex-President's family complains and seller agrees to donate macabre memento | Daily Mail Online Online auction of Reagan's blood cancelled after ex-President's family complains and seller agrees to donate macabre memento Seller will donate the blood to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation They now claim to have obtained the vial at a U.S. auction earlier this year The blood is said to have been collected after a 1981 assassination attempt comments A European auction house has called off plans to sell a vial containing the blood of Ronald Reagan on the internet after complaints from the late U.S. president's family and foundation. The Guernsey-based PFC Auctions said the seller had withdrawn the item, which was linked to the 1981 assassination attempt on Mr Reagan, and plans instead to donate it to the former president's foundation. The statement said the seller, who has remained anonymous, had obtained the vial at a U.S. auction earlier this year. Presidential fluid: The seller's mother asked the director of the lab that handled Reagan's blood tests where she worked if she could keep the tube The decision not to sell the controversial item was praised by the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation in California, which had earlier announced plans to try to stop the sale through legal means. 'We are very pleased with this outcome and wish to thank the consignor and PFC Auctions for their assistance in this matter,' said John Heubusch, executive director of the foundation. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share He added that he was pleased the late president's blood will be kept 'out of public hands'. The item being donated is a five-inch glass vial that is one half-inch in diameter and has a green rubber stopper. The auction house said it clearly contains traces of dried blood. It is said to have been taken from a laboratory that tested Reagan's blood for lead in the days after he was seriously wounded by a would-be assassin outside a Washington hotel in 1981. 'While we contend that the removal of the vial from the hospital laboratory, and the U.S. auction sale in February 2012, were not legal acts in our opinion, we are grateful to the current custodian of the vial for this generous donation to the Foundation,' Mr Heubusch said. Sale: A seller whose deceased mother gave him a vial of Ronald Reagan's blood she had kept since his 1981 assassination attempt is auctioning the tube Reagan's family, his foundation and his surgeon had earlier this week criticised the proposed sale. They said it was a violation of the family's privacy for medical items linked to his treatment to be sold on the open market. Online bidding on the item had reached more than $30,000 when the sale was suspended. It had been set to conclude Thursday evening. The website for PFC Auctions had shown a picture of a blood-filled vial with a label stuck to it showing the president's name. The label reads 'Reagan Ronald', lists the president's patient identification and the exact date of the assassination, March 30th 1981. Reagan's birth date is incorrectly listed as February 2nd 1911. His actual birthday is February 6th of that year. Mr Reagan suffered a punctured lung and internal bleeding when he was shot by John Hinckley Jnr outside the Washington Hilton Hotel. Reagan survived the assassination attempt at the Washington Hilton Hotel in Washington, DC where he was for a speech. Hinckley was later found not guilty by reason of insanity. He is allowed to visit his family away from the psychiatric hospital where he is being treated. Attempt: Ronald Reagan waves during his time at a Washington, DC hotel moments before he is shot in a near assassination on his life Next move: The son or daughter of the woman who kept the blood tube after Reagan's assassination attempt (pictured) tried to figure out what to do with the vial Also posted on the PFC site was an image of a form from Bio-Science Laboratories that lists George Washington Hospital as the source of the vial, along with a statement from an unnamed pe


Which film originated the obsession/jealousy term 'bunny boiler'?

'Bunny boiler' - the meaning and origin of this phrase Bunny boiler An obsessive and dangerous female, in pursuit of a lover who has spurned her. Origin The expression 'bunny boiler' derives from the 1987 film Fatal Attraction, written by James Dearden and Nicholas Meyer. The plot centres around Alex Forrest (Glenn Close) obsessively pursuing her ex-lover Dan Gallagher (Michael Douglas). The phrase comes from the plot device whereby Forrest, in a fit of frenzied jealousy, boils her erstwhile lover's daughter's pet rabbit. Gallagher's suspicions should have become aroused earlier, when Forrest was trying to persuade him to meet her, and she said "Bring the dog, I love animals... I'm a great cook." At the time that the phrase first came into general use it referred to someone unable to remain rational at the end of a romantic relationship. Very quickly that usage became moderated and it came to be used, often with some degree of irony, in much less extreme situations. Any needy, possessive or even just mildly annoying woman is now liable to be described as a 'bunny boiler'. One of the more evocative phrases that has established itself in the language in recent years. The phrase is the modern equivalent of the woman referred to in the expression ' Hell has no fury like a woman scorned ' which, in the competition for 'best-known phrases attributed to Shakespeare that were actually by someone else',  runs ' music has charms to soothe the savage breast ' into a close second place. Both these phrases were coined by William Congreve in 1697, in the play The Mourning Bride. For reasons that I'll leave others to explain, it is only women who are thought to become unhinged by being what is now graphically known as 'being dumped'. There's no male equivalent of 'a women scorned' or a 'bunny boiler'. As 'bunny boiler' is a recent phrase with such a clear source we are able to trace how it has found its way into popular use. It wasn't directly from the film, as the epithet isn't used in the dialogue or in any of the advertising blurb used to promote it. As to who coined it, that's not clear, although it may well have been Glenn Close. The first use of it in print is from an interview Close gave to the US magazine the Ladies' Home Journal, reported in the Dallas Morning News on 6th December 1990: "There's nothing like portraying a psychopathic bunny-boiler to boost one's self-esteem, Glenn Close tells Ladies' Home Journal." Popular phrases that have found their way into the language since the emergence of the Internet appear first in online discussion groups, blogs and online newspapers. The earliest large  archive of online colloquial messages is that of USENET groups, but 'bunny boiler' isn't found there until 1994, nor does it appear more than once or twice in the archives of US or British newspapers before that date. The section of the public that most enthusiastically adopted the term into its language was street-wise young adults - not a group that would normally be expected to read the Ladies' Home Journal. The phrase became a commonplace on TV reality shows and soap operas; for example, in an August 2004 piece by Danielle Lawler and Emma Cox about the UK TV show Big Brother, headed Big Brother: Bunny Boiler,we find: And the love-struck Geordie has already warned her boyfriend Stuart Wilson's army of female fans to stay away. She hissed: "I can be an extremely jealous girlfriend ... and Stu won't even be looking at another girl when he comes out. I can see how people think I'm a bunny boiler." If the phrase were a commercial product then marketing people would say that it reached its target audience in 1994. It certainly saw a sudden and widespread use from then onwards and became a commonly used phrase. Fatal Attraction was released in 1987 and Close referred to the phrase in 1990. Newly coined terms appear to spread in the community like viruses and, like flu viruses, they float around in the populace until they reach a threshold of infected cases, above which they spread rapidly. It appears that 'bunny boiler' got


Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was the ruthless dictator of which African nation for 23 years, before its 2011 uprising?

Tunisians drive leader from power in uprising - World news - Mideast/N. Africa   | NBC News Olympic construction leaves Sochi residents in the cold The upheaval took place after weeks of escalating unrest fueled partly by social media and cell phones, as thousands of demonstrators from all walks of life rejected Ben Ali's promises of change and mobbed the capital of Tunis to demand his ouster in the country's largest demonstrations in generations. At least 23 people have been killed in the riots, according to the government, but opposition members put the death toll at more than three times that. On Friday, police repeatedly clashed with protesters, some of whom climbed onto the entrance roof of the dreaded Interior Ministry, widely believed for years to be a place where the regime's opponents were tortured. With clouds of tear gas and black smoke drifting over the city's whitewashed buildings, Prime Minister Mohammed Ghannouchi went on state television to announce that he was assuming power in this North African nation previously known mostly for its wide sandy beaches and ancient ruins. Advertise "I take over the responsibilities temporarily of the leadership of the country at this difficult time to help restore security," Ghannouchi said in a solemn statement on state television. "I promise ... to respect the constitution, to work on reforming economic and social issues with care and to consult with all sides." Ghannouchi promised legislative elections in six months, a pledge that appeared to open at least the possibility of a new government. Tunisia's ousted president flew to Saudi Arabia. The Saudi Press Agency cited a statement from the office of King Abdullah that said: "We have welcomed in the Saudi kingdom the arrival of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali and his family." The statement said the decision to accept Ben Ali was made in light of "the exceptional circumstances the Tunisian people are going through" and with a "wish for peace and security to the people of Tunis." A Saudi official told Reuters Ben Ali was in the port city of Jeddah. It was far from certain that his ouster would calm the streets. Isolated gunfire broke out sporadically Friday night and a state of emergency was in effect. European tour companies moved thousands of tourists out of the country. "My first reaction is relief," said Dr. Souha Naija, a resident radiologist at Charles Nicole Hospital. "He's gone ... I finally feel free." "They got the message. The people don't want a dictator." However, she voiced concern for the future because, officially at least, Ben Ali vacated power only temporarily. "It's ambiguous," she said. Ben Ali's downfall sent a potentially frightening message to autocratic leaders across the Arab world. He deftly managed the economy of his small country of 10 million better than many other Middle Eastern nations grappling with sclerotic economies and booming, young populations, turning it into a beach haven for tourists and beacon of stability in volatile North Africa. There was a lack of civil rights and little or no freedom of speech, but a better quality of life for many than in neighboring countries like Algeria and Libya. He had won frequent praise from abroad for presiding over reforms to make the economy more competitive and attract business; growth last year was at 3.1 percent. French to send 1,000 more troops to Mali Thousands of Tweets congratulating the Tunisian people flooded the Internet and many people changed their profile pictures to Tunisian flags. Egyptian activists opposed to President Hosni Mubarak's three-decade regime also looked to the events in Tunisia with hope. About 50 Egyptians gathered outside the Tunisian embassy in Cairo Friday to celebrate with singing and dancing. They chanted, "Ben Ali, tell Mubarak a plane is waiting for him too!" Unconfirmed rumors about Ben Ali's location reached such a fevered pitch that the governments of France and Malta — just two of several countries where Ben Ali was speculated to be heading — put out statements saying they have had no requests to accomm