"Who is the star of TV series ""The F Word"" and ""Hell's Kitchen""?"

Gordon Ramsay's F Word - Show News, Reviews, Recaps and Photos - TV.com Gordon Ramsay's F Word Channel 4 Premiered Oct 27, 2005 In Season USER EDITOR EDIT This UK series is all about food. Celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay shows his softer side at his London restaurant, The F Word, from which the show has taken its name. In case you have been wandering the F stands for Food of course. Each season has its own theme. Season one is centred on Ramsay preparing a three-course meal at the F Word restaurant for 60 invited diners. He has adapted some of his restaurant recipes so that everything that he cooks on the show can be cooked by anyone. The Times' restaurant critic Giles Coren acts as a field correspondent. Food writer Rachel Cooke also provides several reports on healthy eating. Two (or three) commis "battle" each other in every episode to earn a position at one of Ramsay's restaurants. 12 commis chefs appeared in the series out of a thousand applicants. Furthermore this season has turkeys as the featured animal that Gordon raised in his back yard, for food, so that his children gained a better understanding of where their food came from.This season also features Gordon's "Get Women Back in the Kitchen" campaign, for the promotion of which he visited several English households to help women who wanted to improve their culinary skills. A pudding (dessert) challenge, usually between Ramsay and a celebrity guest is also featured, the winner of which had the honour of serving his or her pudding to the guests at the F-Word restaurant. From the second series onwards the restaurant sits 50 paying guests served by a different brigade. The brigades featured in season two are amateur brigades. If guests found any of their food unsatisfactory, they could choose not to pay for that item. Janet Street-Porter became the series' field correspondent instead of Giles Coren who only appeared as a guest star. Pigs are the seasons featured animals raised once again By Gordon and his family in his back yard. The recipe challenge in this season includes any kind of food instead of pudding only. This series empha on the importance of Sunday lunch. Due to a schedule change bad language is not beeped out from this season onward. (more to come soon)moreless


Which capital city is on the northern bank of the La Plata estuary?

CIA - The World Factbook -- Argentina  South America :: Argentina Caption The Rio Parana in Argentina (running north-south through image center) appears brown from its sediment; it eventually drains into the Delta del Parana and the Rio de la Plata estuary. Where the Rio de la Plata empties into the Atlantic, the brown, sediment-filled river water mixes with clearer ocean water and creates swirls and cloudy formations. Visible in this image (in gray) is Buenos Aires, the capital city of Argentina, located where the Rio Parana meets the Rio de la Plata. Montevideo, Uruguay's capital, is located on the opposite side of the Rio de la Plata. Photo courtesy of NASA. Usage Factbook photos - obtained from a wide variety of sources - are in the public domain and are copyright free.


In what year was the German Empire, including all the German states except Austria, with the King of Prussia as emperor, founded?

The German Empire - All Empires The German Empire   Categories: 20th Century: Political History , 19th Century: Political History Founding The founding of the German Empire was something in the making since the end of the Thirty Years War.  After being defeated at the hands of France and Sweden in 1648, Germany became even more fractured. Religion ceased to be as large an issue as before, and not much authority was put into the emperor afterwards. Germany could scarcely even be considered a loose confederation. At the beginning of the 18th century, Saxony, severely weakened after the Great Northern War, was replaced by Prussia as the main power in Germany (excluding Austria). After a few small wars with Austria, Prussia's ceding of Silesia eventually led to the Seven Years War. Commanding the already excellent army, thanks to his father, Frederick the Great managed to defeat his enemies in many battles, but, eventually, the alliance of Austria, Russia, Sweden, France, and other smaller nations began to defeat Prussia. However, increased efforts put forth by Great Britain, and a war weary Sweden's withdrawal (as well as the Russian tsar's replacement by one who admired Frederick),  ended the war in an almost stalemate for Prussia. Prussia's next war would be against the Republic of France in 1792, although they were defeated at Viminy. Much of Germany sided with France during the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, and Prussia suffered many defeats, the worst being Jena. After the embarrassing defeats, Prussia was kept under French terms until 1812, after the French defeat in Russia. Between 1807-1812, Prussia had been reforming its military, and so when war was renewed with France, Prussia managed to obtain victory with the great assistance from a coalition of nations. War with France was renewed again in 1815, and attributed to the French defeat at Waterloo. The Napoleonic Wars had made Austria and Prussia cooperate, and a confederation was formed. The first call for unity was called for in 1848 with a series of revolutions throughout Germany. However, these attempts failed and the revolutions were put down. In 1862, a constitutional crisis over military reforms in the very liberal Landtag of Prussia caused Otto von Bismarck to be appointed as Prime Minister. Bismarck at first tried to create a compromise, but instead alienating both the government and the Landtag. In 1863, a meeting was called in Frankfurt between all German states.  Prussia's failure to attend caused the conference at Frankfurt to collapse. In 1864, Otto von Bismarck convinced Austria to go to war against Denmark, with Prussia, in order to take the Denmark claimed Holstein and Schleswig. The war ended with a victory for Austria and Prussia.   Relations between Prussia and Austria then deteriorated, and after Bismarck made an alliance with Italy during the summer of 1866, Austria and Prussia went to war. Prussia faced a large alliance of Austria, Saxony, Hannover, and other small German nations, but Austria failed to coordinate their efforts. Prussia quickly defeated Austria's allies and after a lightning campaign in Bohemia, Austria was defeated. After the Seven Weeks War (as it only took 7 weeks), the German Confederation was replaced by Prussia's Northern German Confederation north of the Main River, southern German states, and Austria (which was excluded from German affairs). France, who had believed they would receive land for remaining neutral in the war, became angry when they did not receive it. After a period of deterioration, the French were made to look like the aggressors, and war was declared by France on June 10th, 1870. Southern Germany worked with Prussia in the war because of the French's apparent aggression. Prussia mobilized for war much faster than France, but, due to poor decisions made by France for how weapons should be handled, and the poor leadership of Napoleon III, the French armies were defeated many times before being bottled up in Metz.  Another French army was soon trapped in Sedan, and after a brief siege, 110,000 Fr


When the Olympic flame is about to be taken to the venue for the next Olympic Games, it is lit in which city?

London 2012: Olympic flame will be lit in one year's time, but still much to do | Sport | The Guardian London 2012: Olympic flame will be lit in one year's time, but still much to do IOC hail progress as Tom Daley dives into Aquatics Centre pool, completed on time and budget London 2012: An aerial view of the Aquatics Centre in the Olympic Park, east London. London 2012: Olympic flame will be lit in one year's time, but still much to do IOC hail progress as Tom Daley dives into Aquatics Centre pool, completed on time and budget Tuesday 26 July 2011 13.47 EDT First published on Tuesday 26 July 2011 13.47 EDT Close This article is 5 years old With 366 days to go, 2012 being a leap year, until the Olympic flame is lit in east London, organisers, the government and the International Olympic Committee are queuing up to hail progress to date. Wednesday's events to mark the milestone, which will see the £269m Zaha Hadid designed Aquatics Centre formally handed over to organisers by the Olympic Delivery Authority and Tom Daley diving into the pool, will have an air of celebration. "Marking one year to go, by diving in the Aquatics Centre is an incredible honour. Only a few years ago, this was a distant dream," said Daley, who finished fifth at the world championships in Shanghai on Sunday. "I can't wait for next year and the honour of representing Team GB." But although world class athletes are beginning to test the venues, there remains much to do. Venues The Aquatics Centre is the sixth and final permanent venue to be handed over to organisers by the ODA, which has spent £7.25bn of public money building them. Chairman John Armitt said the successful completion of the venues had helped boost the image of British contractors around the world. "It's very satisfying to be handing it over on time and keeping within the budget. It's a great tribute to everybody that has played a part in this," he told the Guardian. "It is something that as a country and an industry we should be proud of and we should try to maximise opportunities in other parts of the world while memories are still fresh about what the industry can do." Some venues, especially the velodrome that has already been nominated for the Stirling Prize, have garnered more plaudits than others. The clean lines and simplicity of the stadium have also been praised but there has been criticism of the ugly temporary "water wings" that have been attached to the aquatics centre to boost the capacity to 17,500 for the Games. When it was designed, the high cost was justified by the signature design, which will be obscured by the temporary stands. "When you're inside it, it's fabulous," says Armitt, diplomatically. Despite outward appearances, the London organising committee still has a huge task. Each venue must be "fitted out", a task that includes the laying of the track in the main stadium, and several major temporary venues must be built from scratch. They include a 15,000 capacity hockey stadium, a 23,000 capacity arena for the equestrian events at Greenwich Park and a 15,000 seat bowl on Horseguard's Parade for the beach volleyball. Tickets London organising committee chief executive Paul Deighton has confirmed the last batch of 1.2m tickets that will go on sale from December will first be made available exclusively to those who took part in the initial ballot in April and have yet to get a ticket. Around 6m tickets have already been sold, considered unprecedented with a year to go, with only around 1.5m for football matches around the country and those final 1.2m across all sports – to be made available when the final seating configurations are decided – remaining. Next year, Locog also plans to sell "non-event tickets" which will allow entry to the park but not the venues. Later this year, millions of free tickets for the live sites, with big screens and concerts in Hyde Park, Victoria Park and Potter's Fields will also be made available on a first come, first served basis. The mantra from Locog chairman Lord Coe and other organisers has been that while they understand the "


What is the name of the multi-sport event for athletes with physical and visual disabilities, including athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, and cerebral palsy, that are held every 4 years, following the Olympic Games?

Paralympic Games: Information, News & Events - Disabled World Paralympic Games: Information, News & Events Synopsis: The Paralympic Games are multi-sport disability events for athletes with physical mental and sensorial disabilities. About Paralympic Games The Paralympic Games is a major international multi-sport event, involving athletes with a range of physical disabilities, including impaired muscle power (e.g. paraplegia and quadriplegia, muscular dystrophy, Post-polio syndrome, spina bifida), impaired passive range of movement, limb deficiency (e.g. amputation or dysmelia), leg length difference, short stature, hypertonia, ataxia, athetosis, vision impairment and intellectual impairment. There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games, which since the 1988 Summer Games in Seoul, South Korea, are held almost immediately following the respective Olympic Games. All Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). Main Document The Paralympic Games are a multi-sport event for athletes with physical, mental and sensorial disabilities. This includes mobility disabilities, amputees, visual disabilities and those with cerebral palsy. The Paralympic Games are held every four years, following the Olympic Games, and are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) - (The Paralympic Games are sometimes confused with the Special Olympics , which are only for people with intellectual disabilities.) When did the Paralympic Games First start The Paralympics first started in 1948 when Ludwig Guttmann organized a sports competition which involved world war 2 veterans that had spinal injuries. Afterwards a similar event was organized in Toronto, Canada where different disability groups were added and the idea of merging together and taking part in athletic sports was a success. The name derives from the Greek "para" ("beside" or "alongside") and thus refers to a competition held in parallel with the Olympic Games. No relation with paralysis or paraplegia is intended, however, the word Paralympic was originally a portmanteau combining 'paraplegic' and 'Olympic'. The number of athletes participating in Summer Paralympic Games have increased from 400 athletes from 23 countries in Rome in 1960 to 3806 athletes from 136 countries in Athens in 2004. The International Paralympic Committee (IPC) is the global governing body of the Paralympic Movement. The IPC organizes the Summer and Winter Paralympic Games, and serves as the International Federation for nine sports, for which it supervises and co-ordinates the World Championships and other competitions. The Summer and Winter Paralympic Games are the ultimate international competitions for world class athletes with a disability. They are linked to the Olympic celebrations every two years and athletes must meet strict qualifying standards in order to compete. Disability Category Definitions for Paralympic Games: (These categories apply to both summer and winter Paralympics.) Amputee: Athletes with a partial or total loss of at least one limb. Cerebral Palsy: Athletes with non-progressive brain damage, for example cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, stroke or similar disabilities affecting muscle control, balance or coordination. Intellectual Disability: Athletes with a significant impairment in intellectual functioning and associated limitations in adaptive behavior (currently suspended.) Wheelchair: Athletes with spinal cord injuries and other disabilities which require them to compete in a wheelchair. Visually Impaired: Athletes with vision impairment ranging from partial vision, sufficient to be judged legally blind, to total blindness. Athletes with a physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other five categories, such as dwarfism, multiple sclerosis or congenital deformities of the limbs such as that caused by thalidomide. Quick Facts: Paralympic Venues


What is the smallest interval in European music, of which 12 make an octave?

Smaller Intervals   Smaller Intervals So far we have looked at intervals that are a fairly large distance apart. Octave, perfect fifth, and perfect fourth are often called "leaps" because are often used in melodies to call attention, make a change in feeling, or herald the beginning of a song or new section of music. They are fairly rare in most melodies. Minor Second (one Semitone, one Half-step) Now we look at the other end of the spectrum: the smallest interval that we have in the Western Classical music tradition . The minor second (also called the "semitone" or "half-step") is the interval between any two adjacent notes in the chromatic scale . It occurs frequently in diatonic melodies, but is rare in the pentatonic melodies that are common on the Native American flute. In Western classical music, the note that is a semitone or minor second above a 300 Hz note would have a frequency of 317.839 Hz. This gives a frequency ratio of very close to 18:17 (it's really 18.0109:17). The first and second notes, as well as the second and third notes of "Ta Ra Ra Boom De Ay" are a minor second interval apart. Here are some examples of minor second intervals on a Native American flute: Semitone Intervals Clint Goss. E minor flute of Spalted Maple by Barry Higgins. So what is the feeling of a minor second interval? Most people say this interval provides "high tension", "dissonance", or even a "mistake" or "out of tune". Root G# (Ab) A The table on the right shows the pairs of notes that are a minor second apart - you simply go up one note in the chromatic scale. Because the primary scale of the Native American flute has no minor second intervals, you have to use cross-fingerings to get this interval. Most contemporary six-hole Native American flutes will get a minor second interval with the fingerings . Other pairs of minor second intervals can be played on almost any Native American flute, but you have to experiment to get the right fingering. For example, the note that is a minor second above might be fingered or it might be fingered . The idea is to use your ear to recognize the fingering that works best (see Finding the Right Fingering below). Likewise, a minor second above might be fingered or . On five-hole flutes, finding a minor second above any particular note also takes experimentation. The note a minor second above might be or . On a keyboard, play any note and then the next higher note … including all the white and black keys. Here's a minor second interval, based on the root note we've been using above:   Semitones Even though the minor second is rarely used in Native American flute music, it's very important for building up scales. The minor second is the smallest interval in the Western classical music, and the frequency ratio of every other interval in the equal-tempered scale is a multiple of the minor second interval. The minor second is so important for building up scales, that it is given a specific name for this use: the semitone (also called the “half-step”). All the intervals discussed above can be given in terms of the number of semitones: An octave is 12 semitones. A perfect fifth is 7 semitones. A perfect fourth is 5 semitones. A minor second is 1 semitone. Finding the Right Fingering Many of the cross-fingered notes on the Native American flute are best found by ear. For example, you know that the fingerings and produce notes that are two semitones apart. Let's say you're looking for the right fingering for the note in between - one semitone above and one semitone below . Unless you want to try to use half-holing, you basically have to flatten the note by closing some combination of the bottom two holes. The fingering might be or or even . You can tell the best fingering by playing the three notes in order and see which middle note sounds closes to half way between the end notes: or or . Here is a sound sample of a sequence where the middle note is too sharp (it uses the fingering sequence): Using a fingering that is too sharp Clint Goss. E minor flute of Spalted Maple by Barry Higgins. And here's one


In which century was the Suez Canal opened?

Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography Geography Suez Canal Connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea Egptian Suez Canal Has Been Center of Conflict The guided missile destroyer USS Scott transits the Suez Canal.  Getty Images Suez Canal Construction History Although the Suez Canal wasn't officially completed until 1869, there is a long history of interest in connecting both the Nile River in Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. It is believed that the first canal in the area was constructed between the Nile River delta and the Red Sea in the 13th Century B.C.E. During the 1,000 years following its construction, the original canal was neglected and its use finally stopped in the 8th Century. The first modern attempts to build a canal came in the late 1700s when Napoleon Bonaparte conducted an expedition to Egypt. He believed that building a French controlled canal on the Isthmus of Suez would cause trade problems for the British as they would either have to pay dues to France or continue sending goods over land or around the southern part of Africa. continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge Studies for Napoleon's canal plan began in 1799 but a miscalculation in measurement showed the sea levels between the Mediterranean and the Red Seas as being too different for a canal to be feasible and construction immediately stopped. The next attempt to build a canal in the area occurred in the mid-1800s when a French diplomat and engineer, Ferdinand de Lesseps, convinced the Egyptian viceroy Said Pasha to support the building of a canal. In 1858, the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company was formed and given the right to begin construction of the canal and operate it for 99 years, after which time, the Egyptian government would take over control of the canal. At its founding, the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company was owned by French and Egyptian interests. Construction of the Suez Canal officially began on April 25, 1859. It opened ten years later on November 17, 1869 at a cost of $100 million. Suez Canal Use and Control Almost immediately after its opening, the Suez Canal had a significant impact on world trade as goods were moved around the world in record time. In 1875, debt forced Egypt to sell its shares in ownership of the Suez Canal to the United Kingdom . However, an international convention in 1888 made the canal available for all ships from any nation to use. Shortly thereafter, conflicts began to arise over use and control of the Suez Canal. In 1936 for example, the U.K. was given the right to maintain military forces in the Suez Canal Zone and control entry points. In 1954, Egypt and the U.K. signed a seven year contract that resulted in the withdrawal of British forces from the canal area and allowed Egypt to take control of the former British installations. In addition, with the creation of Israel in 1948, the Egyptian government prohibited the use of the canal by ships coming and going from the country. Also in the 1950s, the Egyptian government was working on a way to finance the Aswan High Dam . Initially it had support from the United States and the U.K. but in July 1956, both nations withdrew their support and the Egyptian government seized and nationalized the canal so passage fees could be used to pay for the dam. On October 29 of that same year, Israel invaded Egypt and two days later Britain and France followed on grounds that passage through the canal was to be free. In retaliation, Egypt blocked the canal by intentionally sinking 40 ships. These events were known as the Suez Crisis. In November 1956, the Suez Crisis ended when the United Nations arranged a truce between the four nations. The Suez Canal then reopened in March 1957 when the sunken ships were removed. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the Suez Canal was closed several more times because of conflicts between Egypt and Israel. In 1962, Egypt made its final payments for the canal to its original owners (the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company) and the nation took full control of the Suez Canal. The Suez


What is the name of the blocks that support rails for railway tracks?

Infrastructure Infrastructure Introduction Track is the base upon which the railway runs.  To give a train a good ride, the track alignment must be set to within a millimeter of the design.  Track design and construction is part of a complex and multi-disciplinary engineering science involving earthworks, steelwork, timber and suspension systems - the infrastructure of the railway.  Many different systems exist throughout the world and there are many variations in their performance and maintenance.  This page looks at the basics of infrastructure and track design and construction with drawings, photos and examples from around the world.  Some information was contributed by Dan McNaughton, Simon Lowe and Mike Brotzman. Contents Background - Basic Construction - The Sub-Structure - Ballast - Track - Sleepers (Ties) - Rails - Rail Welding - Gauge - Modern Track Forms - Ballasted vs Non-Ballasted Track - Structures - Gauging - Monuments and Datum Plates - Curves - Cant - Turnouts - Crossings - Types of Turnouts - Examples of Turnouts . Background The track is a fundamental part of the railway infrastructure and represents the primary distinction between this form of land transportation and all others in that it provides a fixed guidance system.  The track is the steering base for the train and has evolved from an ancient design of vehicle guidance with origins dating, some historians have suggested, from the Sumerian culture of 2000 BC.  The modern railway version is based on the steel wheel running on a steel rail.  Other forms of guided vehicle technology exist; rubber-tyred trains, magnetic levitation and guided busways, for example, but these are not dealt with here.  There is a good description of the French-based rubber tyred train technology available at The Rubber Tyred Metro . Basic Construction Track is the most obvious part of a railway route but there is a sub-structure supporting the track which is equally as important in ensuring a safe and comfortable ride for the train and its passengers or freight.  The infrastructure diagram here shows the principal parts of an electrified, double-track line. The total width across the two-track alignment will be about 15 m (50 ft) for a modern formation.  The "cess" shown each side of the alignment is the area available for a walkway or refuge for staff working on the track. The Sub-Structure This part of the road consists of three main elements; the formation, the sub-ballast and the ballast.  The formation is the ground upon which the track will be laid.  It can be the natural ground level or "grade" or it can be an embankment or cutting.  It is important that the formation is made of the right materials and is properly compacted to carry the loads of passing trains.  The formation under the track has a "camber" rather like that seen on a roadway.  This is to ensure ease of water run-off to the drains provided on each side of the line.  The track itself is supported on "ballast", made up of stones - usually granite or, in the US, basalt - below which is a layer of sand, which separates it from the formation.  For new or renewed formations, the sand is normally laid over some sort of geotechnical screen or mesh to separate it from the foundation material below.  In the past, asphalt or plastic sheeting has been used to prevent water seepage. Catenary masts (if the line is electrified on the overhead system) are located outside the drains and, beyond them, there is a walkway area.  This may just be a cleared path for staff to walk safely, avoiding passing trains or, on modernised routes, a properly constructed path.  Next to this path will be a cable trough.  These were originally concrete but are nowadays often made of plastic.  Cables crossing the track are protected by a plastic tube, usually bright orange in the UK.  Proper cable protection is essential to prevent damage by animals, track maintenance tools, weather and fire. Usually, the edge of the railway property is outside the pathway or cable runs.  If the line is built through an area requiring an embankment or c


The Five Largest Freshwater Lochs in Scotland - Holiday Parks The Five Largest Freshwater Lochs in Scotland The Five Largest Freshwater Lochs in Scotland January 22, 2013 at 2:44 pm The Five Largest Freshwater Lochs in Scotland: Lochs by Volume, Area, Length and Depth Loch Ness might get almost all the press when it comes to the Scottish Lochs, but it’s by no means the largest or longest. There are at least 31,460 lochs in Scotland, and out of these, there are lochs that are deeper, longer and larger in area than Loch Ness. Loch is simply the Scottish Gaelic and Irish word for a lake or sea inlet, and there is only one natural body of water called a ‘lake’ in Scotland: Lake Menteith. This article is a guide to the five largest lochs by volume, area, length and depth. Holiday Parks offer breaks at Lomond Woods at Loch Lomond – the largest loch in Scotland by surface area.   5 Largest Scottish Lochs by Volume Loch Ness is by far the largest loch in Scotland by volume, and it contains more water than all of the lakes in England and Wales combined. Of course, it’s apparently the home of the fabled Loch Ness monster, and this huge volume of water has given Nessy plenty of space to hide over since her modern ‘sighting’ in 1933. 5 Largest Scottish Lochs by Area Loch Ness wins for volume for its consistent depth for its area, but Loch Lomond actually has a considerably larger surface area. Most originated from glacial over deepening of the valleys they now occupy, and are subsequently long and thin in shape. Loch Lomond has a bulbous southern expanse of water, which gives it a greater surface area than the other lochs. 5 Longest Scottish Lochs Loch Awe is the longest loch – just beating Loch Ness by 2km. It is located to the West of Loch Lomond in Argylle and Bute. While it has a length of 41km, it has an average width of 1km. It is particularly well renowned for trout and salmon – so if you’re a keen fisher, then Loch Awe is a good spot. 5 Deepest Scottish Lochs by Depth Loch Morar is the deepest freshwater body in the British Isles, at a depth of 310m. Much like Loch Ness, it’s home to a legendary monster – dubbed morag by the locals. Loch Morar would be able to fit the newly opened London building The Shard, which is also 310m in height, exactly in its depth.


Fear of Beards Phobia – Pogonophobia You are here: Home / Phobias / Fear of Beards Phobia – Pogonophobia Fear of Beards Phobia – Pogonophobia Pogonophobia is the irrational, persistent and often unwarranted fear of beards. The word is derived from Greek pogon (beard) and phobos (fear). Mothers often warn their daughters to “never trust a man with beard or facial hair unless he is Santa Claus”. In the United States, there has not been a president with a beard since the 1800s. The fear of beard or facial hair on other people can cause a great deal of anxiety to a Pogonophobic. This can severely affect his/her health and mental wellbeing. The phobia is known to affect thousands of people worldwide. Causes of fear of beards phobia Pogonophobia may be caused owing to a variety of reasons. At some point, there might have been a negative or traumatic event in the sufferer’s past linked with men with beards. The unconscious mind then creates the phobic response as a protective mechanism. Facial hair is often viewed as a sign of ruggedness. The ‘unclean-unshaved’ look is associated with illness, misfortune, or homeless people etc. Phobics tend to think of bearded men “as coming from unhygienic places or not having access to materials for cleaning and shaving”. Stereotypes about bearded men not being trustworthy, benign TV shows or books depicting trauma caused by bearded individuals can also trigger Pogonophobia. Post 9/11 the fear of beards phobia increased as the perpetrators of the act were a bearded group of religious fanatics. Some cultures and religious doctrines force men to keep facial hair. In Western countries though, beard is considered to be out of fashion. The western portrayal of Jesus is usually without a beard though most paintings of Da Vinci, including “The Last Supper”, show Him with a beard. While the fear of beards phobia can affect all genders and ages, it is usually women who are known to become “uncomfortable” around men with beards. A survey shows that most women do not mind a bit of stubble or “five o’clock shadow”, but a full-fledged beard was a ‘turn-off’ for 9 out of 10 women who participated in the survey. In America, the most famous bearded president was Abraham Lincoln. However, majority of the political candidates, members of Congress or presidents today are known to prefer the clean shaven look as it “helps them earn the trust in the minds their voters”. Symptoms of Pogonophobia People living with Pogonophobia have to pay a real price in terms of their health, careers and social interactions. The problem significantly impacts their quality of life as the sufferers experience different symptoms based on the level of their fear. These include: Shortness of breath or hyperventilating around bearded men Irregular heart beat/palpitations


What city was founded on the island of Manhattan by Peter Minuit in 1626?

Peter Minuit | Dutch colonial governor | Britannica.com Dutch colonial governor Michael Bloomberg Peter Minuit, Minuit also spelled Minnewit (born c. 1580, Wesel, Kleve [Germany]—died June 1638, Caribbean Sea ), Dutch colonial governor of New Amsterdam who is mainly remembered for his fabulous purchase of Manhattan Island (the nucleus of New York City ) from the Indians for trade goods worth a mere 60 guilders. Minuit, detail of a painting by an unknown artist Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Though probably of French or Walloon ancestry, Minuit wrote in Dutch (Netherlandic) and was a deacon in the local Dutch Church in his hometown of Wesel (now in Germany ). In 1625 he left Wesel, perhaps in flight from the Spanish who had occupied the town, and from Holland he sailed to the Dutch colony of New Netherland. He apparently returned to Holland the same year, for in January 1626 he sailed westward again, arriving at the mouth of the Hudson River on May 4, 1626. On September 23 the Dutch West India Company named him director general of the colony on Manhattan. To legitimize European occupation of the territory, he met with Indian sachems (variously characterized by historians as having belonged to the Lenape , Delaware, Munsee, or Algonquin people) and persuaded them to transfer “ownership” (a concept that was foreign to Native Americans when relating to land) of the entire island to the settlers. According to legend , the “purchase” was made for glass beads. Glass beads were an important trading item, but while the deal almost certainly involved trade goods, there is no historical evidence that beads were used. Historical records, on the other hand, indicate that the island was purchased for “the value of 60 guilders” (with the often-cited equivalance of $24 first introduced in an account from 1846). On the southern tip he founded New Amsterdam , building a fort around which the early Dutch settlers could make their homes. The Purchase of Manhattan Island, by Alfred Fredericks, c. 1910. Three Lions/Hulton Archive/Getty Images In 1631 Governor Minuit was recalled to Holland, presumably for granting privileges to the patroons at the expense of the Dutch West India Company. A few years later he entered Swedish service and was given command of two vessels of mainly Swedish colonists, who established (March 1638) New Sweden —the first settlement on the Delaware River . There Minuit again purchased land—extending indefinitely westward from the Delaware River between Bombay Hook and the mouth of the Schuylkill River —from the Indians and built Fort Christina (later Wilmington), named for the child queen-elect of Sweden , Christina . On a trading expedition soon after to the island of Saint Christopher (now Saint Kitts and Nevis ) in the West Indies , Minuit was lost at sea in a hurricane. Learn More in these related articles:


Before 1945, what was the city of Gdansk called?

Gdansk, Poland. Before 1945, the city was called Danzig. | Flickr Gdansk, Poland. Before 1945, the city was called Danzig. Done


Which Sultan of Egypt ruled an expanding empire that included Syria, Mesopotamia, and most of Asia Minor until stopped in 1192 by Richard I in the first Crusade?

Re: Very Brief History: Timeline of Islam and Acts of Terror and Massacre - Google Groups Google Groups Mar 15, 2010 11:35 AM Posted in group: alt.religion.islam TIMELINE OF ISLAM – [622 to 1354] 622 16th July - Traditional date of the Hijrah and beginning of Muslim calendar Muhammad's wars against Mecca and Medina – at the time, considerable centres of commerce and culture, with marked Christian Greek and Jewish influence Pact of Medina between Muhammad and indigenous Ansar and Jewish tribes of Medina Muhammad's forces attack Meccan caravans 624 March - Battle of Badr, Muhammad's forces defeat Meccans and Banu Quraysh, expel Banu Qaynuqa Battle of Uhud, Meccans defeat Muhammad; in retaliation, Muhammad expels the Banu Nadhir from Medina 627 Battle of Khandaq; Muhammad has 900 Jewish prisoners of the Banu Qurayza beheaded and enslaves the women and children 628 Muhammad’s sham treaty with the Banu Quraysh 629 May - Battle of Khaybar; to raise his prestige after the hudna of Hudaybiyya, Muhammad attacks the Khaybar Jews, massacres a peace delegation led by Usayr ibn Zorim of the Banu Nahdir. Muhammad massacres the Khaybar prisoners; orders the torture and murder of Kinana ibn al-Rabi; marries Saffiya, the 17-year-old daughter of Huyayy, the Banu Nahdir chief, and widow of Kinana ibn al-Rabi; takes as a jarya (slave concubine) Kaihana, survivor of the massacre of the Qurayza Jews. Muhammad allows the Khaybar survivors to remain on their lands, so long as they pay him 50% of their produce. The battle greatly raises Muhammad’s prestige; the beduin swear allegiance and convert to Islam, the Jewish tribes of Fadattr, Tedma, and Magne capitulate and are permitted to keep their religion and their lands in exchange for 50% of their produce 630 Augmented by weapons won from the Khaybar Jews, Muhammad's forces conquer Mecca; Muhammad dedicates the sacred pagan Black Rock, a meteorite fragment housed in the eastern wall of Ka'aba, to Islam; Meccans vow allegiance to Muhammad and convert to Islam 632 Death of Muhammad, supposedly poisoned by Saffiya bint Huyayy in revenge for the massacre of the Khaybar Jews; Abdu'llah ibn Abi Quhafah (Abu Bakr), first of the Rightly Guided Caliphs (khulafa ar- rashidin), caliph Wars of apostasy (riddah) begin:  Muslims defeat "false prophets" Tulayha and Musaylima, force capitulation of Jewish tribes of Fadattr, Tedma, and Magne, laying the foundations for the future laws of the dhimma Muslim invasions and conquests outside Arabia begin; Muslim forces under Khalid ibn al-Walid invade Syria 634 30th July, battle of Ajnadayn between Gaza and Jerusalem, Khalid ibn al-Walid’s forces defeat Byzantine forces under Theodoros, the emperor's brother 23rd August, death of Abu Bakr; 'Umar ibn al-Khattab, second of the Khulafa ar-Rashidin, caliph 634-644. [N.B.: 'Umar assumes the title Amir al-Mu'minin; imposes the primacy of Arab Muslims over non-Arab Muslims, and permanent legal disabilities on Jews and Christians ("People of the Book"); re- appoints Shifa bint 'abd Allah, a woman whom Muhammad had appointed, comptroller of the markets of Medina; eradicates the Christian and Jewish communities of Arabia] Muslims invade Mesopotamia and Iran (635-642) 635 Battle of Marj al Saffar near Damascus; Muslim forces under Khalid ibn al-Walid defeat Byzantines Battle of Buwayb, Muslims defeat Iranians [N.B.: In shame over his failure to protect them from Muslim assault, Khalid ibn al-Walid returned their taxes to the Christians of Homs] 636 20 August, Battle of the Yarmuk, Muslims under Khalid ibn al-Walid rout Byzantine forces Battle of Qadisiyah, Muslims under Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas defeat Iranian forces Battle of Jalula, Muslims defeat Iranians, seize Ctesiphon. Muslims destroy Church of the Annunciation in Nazareth, Jerusalem capitulates to Umar Muslims ravage Iran, eradicate indigenous Zoroastrian religion; Iranians request aid against the Muslims from T'ai Tsung, emperor of China (d 649) [N.B.: T'ai Tsung's military conquests had established contacts with Iranian and Indian civilizations. He received Alopen, an Iran


Where was a battle fought between General Robert E Lee and General Meade from 1 to 3 July 1863, which is generally accepted as the turning point of the American Civil War?

Civil War Battles , Civil War Battles changed history. April 12,1861   Battle of Fort Sumter Defense: Historic beginning of the Civil War as Fort Sumter, a Union fort in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina is shelled at 04:30 April 12,1861 after receiving its last offer of surrender from the Confederates just 2 hours before. Union Commander: Major Robert Anderson was in fact a former slave owner from Kentucky. He stayed with the Union as war was imminent and had been commanding his small detachment of just 2 companies of 127 men at Fort Moultrie on shore, but decided to move his force to Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor on December 26, 1860.  Fort Sumter was in fact under construction. This decision he made without permission or fanfare realizing that he needed a more defensable position. The Union supply ship “Star of the West” was than fired upon by CSA batteries on January 9,1861 trying to reach Ft. Sumter.   Attack : Union Major Anderson has held out for months without a direct order from Washington to evacuate.  He refuses the last requests to evacuate from the CSA and offers his own conditions for his surrender to CSA envoy Colonel James Chesnut, Jr. who returns to nearby Fort Fisher. Colonel Chesnut will than open up with his batteries on Fort Sumter to fire the opening salvos of the Civil War ! Confederate Commander: General P.G.T. Beauregard was in fact a former student of artillery at West Point under the Union commander he now faced..Major Robert Anderson who commented that he knew Beauregard and that this fine officer would execute his duties to South Carolina “with skill and sound judgement”. The bombardment will last 34 hours when Anderson has no choice but to surrender Fort Sumter to the Confederates. Battle Outcome: Confederate Victory July 21,1861     First Battle of Bull Run Defense: Known as the First Battle of Bull Run or First Manassas fought in Manassas, Virginia. The Northern public has been pressing for a Union attack on Richmond, Virginia since the fall of Fort Sumter. Unseasoned troops of both the Union and the CSA will now engage in the “first major land battle of the Civil War”. The events that follow will change the public’s mind as to how long and bloody this Civil War war will be. First Confederate Commander: General P.G.T. Beauregard, the hero of the Fort Sumter victory has his troops massed in an area by the Bull Run River just northeast of Manassas, Virginia and just miles from Washington D.C. itself. His army is in a strong position should the Federals commence an advance toward the Confederate States capital at Richmond. Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston will arrive by railroad from the Shenandoah just as the Union has the advantage and change the outcome of the battle. The railroad will show itself to be critical in the future for delivering men and supplies. Johnston will be one of the foremost Confederate commanders of the war, and the last to surrender 4 years later. Attack: The pressure on President Lincoln from the North to attack the Confederates has become too great, as well as the 90 day Union enlistees are about to be released. Union commander General Irvin McDowell is ordered to march. Many feel the war will last only a month and this battle could end the war promptly with a Union victory. The Union army advances across Bull Run and attacks the CSA army at Manassas, Virginia on July 21,1861. Few could have guessed the outcome. Union Commander: Brig. General Irvin McDowell upon reaching Bull Run has a plan for a surprise attack that will roll up the CSA left flank. The Confederate Army initially retreats even with the poorly executed attack from the inexperienced Union officers. But Confederate reinforcements  under General Joseph E. Johnston arrive just in time by train for a counterattack with will drive the Union Army from the field in complete panic. Later dubbed by the newspapers as “The Great Skedaddle” the Union soldiers pour back into Washington D.C. in chaos which lasts in the city for 2 days until Union officers are able to restore order. A relatively unknown Con


What was patented in London by Ralph Wedgewood in 1806?

October 7 Saints of the Day – The 99 Fathers of Crete, and Osgyth | The Onion Dome October 7 Saints of the Day – The 99 Fathers of Crete, and Osgyth Posted by Your Intrepid Blogger on October 7, 2013 in Hagiography On this day in 1806, carbon paper was patented in London by inventor Ralph Wedgewood. On this day in 1806, carbon paper was patented in London by inventor Ralph Wedgewood. On this day in 1806, carbon paper was patented in London by inventor Ralph Wedgewood. (Press hard – bottom copy is yours.) The 99 Fathers of Crete (date unk.) started out as John and His Thirty-Five Companions (not a good name for a rock band, but perhaps for a swing orchestra?), who left Egypt for Cyprus to practice asceticism in exile. There they met thirty-nine other exile-seekers, bringing their total to 75. They all moved to Pamphylia, where they picked up twenty-four more exilophilic monks, bringing their total to 99. (Addition facts provided as a courtesy for our friends with liberal arts degrees.) With Christ as their leader, they figured they made a nice, round 100, and one imagines they had to keep turning down any further groups. “No, really, we’ve got enough, thanks.” To allow the Pamphylians to be exiles too (as was only fair), they moved to Crete, where they lived in two caves, except John who lived separately as a hermit. “Let’s all die on the same day,” they said, and petitioned God that this might be so. Whether through not eating, or praying on his knees until he was stiff, John eventually couldn’t stand up straight. One day he was crawling about gathering food when a shepherd, thinking he was a sheepophagous wild beast, shot him with an arrow. He ran to find what he had felled, and was aghast to see it was a man. “Forgive me!” he cried. Of course John forgave him, blessed him, and died, almost in the same breath. The other 98 monks all died on the same day, one at a time, between the third and seventh hours. (That’s about one every 2 minutes and 26 seconds. You’re welcome.) Osgyth (d. 700) was the daughter of the pagan King Penda of Mercia, but raised in a convent, for reasons unstated. She was married against her will to King Sighere of Essex, to whom she gave an heir. (By the usual method.) After some time she got her husband to agree to let her go back to the convent and be a nun like she’d always wanted. A generous man, Sighere didn’t just send her to the old monastery; he gave her a parcel of land in Chich, and built a new abbey just for her. Unfortunately Chich was on the Viking Raiders Sightseeing Map™, and sure enough some Vikings came by to see what they could see. As was not uncommon, they saw red, and went about killing people. They beheaded Osgyth where she stood, for instance, and a healing spring sprang up where her head hit the ground. Undaunted, her body picked up the head and walked back to the monastery with it, knocking three times at the door before falling down dead. (Liberal arts majors may be interested to know that there is a word — cephalophore — for a saint who carries his or her head after having it amputated.) The Vikings destroyed the nunnery, but left the church of Peter & Paul standing (it’s still there). Osgyth’s body was taken away by her grieving parents to Aylesbury, but returned to Chich six years later (some of it is still there), which was just enough time for the village to be renamed St Osyth. (The missing “g” has been sought ever since. You turn your back for six years. . . .) Of course it soon became a pilgrimage destination, despite the fact that Bede (who died a mere 35 years after Osgyth) never mentioned her. Clearly medieval pilgrims didn’t rely entirely on the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum to find destinations. The Bishop of London rebuilt the monastery in 1121, dedicating it to Peter, Paul & Osyth. (Finally, a good name for a rock group.) Nearby St Osyth’s Beach now caters to naturists, which means natural photographers can get some great shots there. Osgyth was for many years prayed to for deliverance from “fire, water, and all misadventure.” Copyright © 2013 Alex R


In international sport, what is the IPL?

IPL on Sky Sports: Indian Premier League live on Sky from 2015 | Cricket News | Sky Sports IPL on Sky Sports: Indian Premier League live on Sky from 2015 Sky Sports will show the Indian Premier League exclusively live for the first time next year. Last Updated: 17/02/14 10:57pm The IPL is packed with cricket's biggest names, such as Kevin Pietersen Viewers will be able to enjoy 60 live matches each year, as Sky Sports adds the drama, colour and excitement of the IPL for at least three years from 2015. The agreement strengthens Sky's unrivalled schedule of live year-round cricket which includes England home and away, plus coverage from Australia, India, South Africa, the West Indies and New Zealand. From next year, only Sky Sports viewers be able to enjoy the world's top four domestic Twenty20 cricket competitions; the IPL, the ECB's NatWest T20 Blast, Australia's Big Bash League and South Africa's Ram Slam T20 Challenge. Barney Francis, managing director of Sky Sports, said: "It's the cricket competition that everyone is talking about and from next year, only on Sky Sports can viewers follow the IPL live. "Sky Sports' cricket coverage has never been stronger, offering something for everyone including all the major Test playing nations and all the best players. We can't wait. "Before then, our cricket continues with the best action including ICC World Twenty20 next month and England's summer Tests against Sri Lanka and India." Launched in 2008, the IPL features many of the world's best players in a two month competition contested across India, with matches drawing huge crowds that create electric atmospheres. Last year's tournament was won by Sachin Tendulkar's team, the Mumbai Indians, with Tendulkar ending his six-year IPL career with his first Indian Premier League trophy win. The agreement is the latest in a series of long-term rights announcements made by Sky Sports, strengthening its unrivalled portfolio of live sport across six channels. Last month, Sky announced agreements for British & Irish Lions, Super League, WWE, Scottish Football, Cricket New Zealand and speedway and last week a seven-year deal for live PGA Tour golf. Unrivalled The IPL deal reinforces Sky's unrivalled schedule of year-round cricket. Sky Sports viewers can enjoy live coverage of every major cricket Test playing nation until 2016, which includes England at home and abroad, ICC events, long term deals for cricket from South Africa, Australia, West Indies, India and New Zealand, women's international matches, and the best of the English domestic season, plus a range of additional programming. Cricket coverage on Sky Sports features analysis from some of the biggest names in the sport, including Sir Ian Botham, Shane Warne, David Gower, Michael Atherton, Nasser Hussain, David Lloyd and Michael Holding. The latest cricket news, results and views are also available every day on skysports.com and Sky Sports News HD.


What was invented by Elias Howe in 1846 and improved by Isaac Merritt Singer?

History of Sewing Machines - Elias Howe & Isaac Singer Isaac Singer Machine.  Updated February 24, 2016. Hand sewing is an art form that is over 20,000 years old. The first sewing needles were made of bones or animal horns and the first thread was made of animal sinew. Iron needles were invented in the 14th century. The first eyed needles appeared in the 15th century. Birth of Mechanical Sewing The first possible patent connected to mechanical sewing was a 1755 British patent issued to German, Charles Weisenthal.     Weisenthal was issued a patent for a needle that was designed for a machine, however, the patent did not describe the rest of the machine if one existed. Several Inventors Attempt to Improve Sewing The English inventor and cabinet maker, Thomas Saint was issued the first patent for a complete machine for sewing in 1790. continue reading below our video 5 Ways to Improve Your Credit Score It is not known if Saint actually built a working prototype of his invention. The patent describes an awl that punched a hole in leather and passed a needle through the hole. A later reproduction of Saint's invention based on his patent drawings did not work. In 1810, German, Balthasar Krems invented an automatic machine for sewing caps. Krems did not patent his invention and it never functioned well. Austrian tailor, Josef Madersperger made several attempts at inventing a machine for sewing and was issued a patent in 1814. All of his attempts were considered unsuccessful. In 1804, a French patent was granted to Thomas Stone and James Henderson for "a machine that emulated hand sewing." That same year a patent was granted to Scott John Duncan for an "embroidery machine with multiple needles." Both inventions failed and were soon forgotten by the public. In 1818, the first American sewing machine was invented by John Adams Doge and John Knowles. Their machine failed to sew any useful amount of fabric before malfunctioning. Barthelemy Thimonnier - First Functional Machine & a Riot The first functional sewing machine was invented by the French tailor, Barthelemy Thimonnier, in 1830. Thimonnier's machine used only one thread and a hooked needle that made the same chain stitch used with embroidery. The inventor was almost killed by an enraged group of French tailors who burnt down his garment factory because they feared unemployment as a result of his new invention. Walter Hunt & Elias Howe In 1834, Walter Hunt built America's first (somewhat) successful sewing machine. He later lost interest in patenting because he believed his invention would cause unemployment. (Hunt's machine could only sew straight steams.) Hunt never patented and in 1846, the first American patent was issued to Elias Howe for "a process that used thread from two different sources." Elias Howe's machine had a needle with an eye at the point. The needle was pushed through the cloth and created a loop on the other side; a shuttle on a track then slipped the second thread through the loop, creating what is called the lockstitch. However, Elias Howe later encountered problems defending his patent and marketing his invention. For the next nine years Elias Howe struggled, first to enlist interest in his machine, then to protect his patent from imitators. His lockstitch mechanism was adopted by others who were developing innovations of their own. Isaac Singer invented the up-and-down motion mechanism, and Allen Wilson developed a rotary hook shuttle. Isaac Singer Vs Elias Howe - Patent Wars Sewing machines did not go into mass production until the 1850's, when Isaac Singer built the first commercially successful machine. Singer built the first sewing machine where the needle moved up and down rather than the side-to-side and the needle was powered by a foot treadle. Previous machines were all hand-cranked. However, Isaac Singer's machine used the same lockstitch that Howe had patented. Elias Howe sued Isaac Singer for patent infringement and won in 1854. Walter Hunt's sewing machine also used a lockstitch with two spools of thread and an eye-pointed needle; how


Who invented an early form of fragmentation shell that was first used by the British army in 1803?

Henry Shrapnel biography, list of Henry Shrapnel inventions | edubilla.com : Army officer About Inventor Major General Henry Shrapnel (1761 –1842) was a British Army officer whose name has entered the English language as the inventor of the "shrapnel shell". In 1784, Henry Shrapnel invented the shrapnel shell for cannons, which was later adopted by the British army in 1803 for cannons and rifles. Early Scatter Projectiles Before Henry Shrapnel invented his weapon there were several earlier kinds of scatter projectiles. There was case shot, or canister, first used at Constantinople in 1453. The name "case shot" comes from the projectile's case usually made of metal, which was filled with scrap, musket balls, or slugs. Similiar to the case shot was the grape shot, without a metal case, made from larger iron balls. The grape shot was named from the grape-like appearance of the iron balls. The grape shop could disable men at almost 900 yards and was used extensively during the 1700's. Eventually, it was replaced by case shot type scatter projectiles, which was more effective at shorter ranges (400 to 700 yards). The spherical case shot was more effective because of its bursting shell. It was the direct forerunner of the shrapnel used so much in World War I, invented by Henry Shrapnel in 1784. Henry Shrapnel's invention was the first air-bursting case shot which, in technical words, "imparted directional velocity" to the bullets it contained. Henry Shrapnel's new shell was first used by the British against the French in 1808, however, it was not named after Henry Shrapnel until 1852. Henry Shrapnel & Shrapnel Scatter Projectiles The first photo to the right depicts two shrapnel balls from a World War I era 75-mm. shrapnel projectile and a fragment from a World War I era 75-mm. high explosive shell. The intended destructive effect of the shrapnel projectile against men and animals came from the shrapnel balls. The projectile casing, which merely acted as a carrier for the shrapnel balls, was not designed to fracture or fragment. Some World War I era shrapnel projectiles contained a mixture of two sized balls. The smaller balls, intended for anti-personnel use, constituted approximately ninety per cent of the shrapnel round. The remaining percentage of larger balls were included to disable or kill horses. The intended destructive effect of high explosive rounds came from the action of the high explosive charge coupled with the fragmentation of the projectile casing. Whereas a shrapnel round was intended to kill or injure people and animals, high explosive rounds were originally designed to damage or destroy inanimate objects such as buildings and field guns.


In a film script, what do the letters POV mean?

POV stands for point of view. | Screenwriting.io What is a screenplay? What does POV mean? POV stands for point of view, and is used to indicate that the audience is seeing something from a specific angle or through a particular character’s eyes. POV shots can also sometimes be indicated without using POV, as John August demonstrates in this example from johnaugust.com : Evan is three spoonfuls into his muesli when he hears an EXPLOSION outside. Racing to the window... EXT. KITCHEN WINDOW / FRONT YARD – DAY ...Evan leans out to see his Toyota Yaris flipped over on the front lawn, engulfed in flames.


What painting medium consists of pigment suspended in water?

handprint : how watercolor paints are made   how watercolor paints are made This page discusses standard paint ingredients and manufacturing methods. The material is presented in four sections: (1) the ingredients and recipes used to make watercolor paints, (2) the generic historical and modern pigments that provide the color in paints; (3) the manufacture of modern pigments; and (4) the manufacture of watercolor paints. Information on these topics is scattered across a wide range of sources, from chemical engineering texts to art conservation studies. In some cases I was only able to obtain information by querying experts or manufacturers directly. Each source has its own perspective and professional traditions, and they sometimes disagree on specifics. I've made editorial judgments based on all the facts I could gather, and regret any inaccuracies that remain. paint ingredients Every paint is a mixture of microscopic pigment particles , which provide the paint color, mixed in a liquid paint vehicle that holds the pigment in suspension, allows it to be applied with a brush, then dries to bind it to the support (paper, board or canvas). The vehicle also contains other substances that reduce manufacturing costs, adjust the visual appearance and handling attributes of the paint, and increase its shelf life in the art store. The Backbone Composition. Each paint manufacturer develops a proprietary backbone composition  a basic recipe of pigment and vehicle ingredients  that is fundamentally designed to keep manufacturing costs under control and to get the best possible handling attributes for every pigment in the watercolor line. The manufacturer then tweaks the exact proportions of this recipe from one pigment or paint color to the next, so that the texture and color of each pigment is put on best display and the differences in pigment dispersability, tinting strength or staining across the different paint colors are minimized. paints The backbone composition is the foundation of the manufacturer's brand style and quality standards. It usually includes most or all of the following ingredients:  one or more pigments, and sometimes  a brightener, transparent or "white" crystals that lighten the value and increase the chroma of the dried paint dispersed in a vehicle or medium consisting of:  binder, traditionally and still commonly said to be gum arabic but, in some brands, actually a synthetic glycol  plasticizer, usually glycerin, to soften the dried gum arabic and help it redissolve  humectant, traditionally simple syrup or honey but now often inexpensive corn syrup, to help the paint retain mosture (especially in pan paints)  extender or filler, such as dextrin, used to bulk out and thicken the paint without noticeably affecting the color  manufacturing additives, in particular dispersants (to prevent clumping of the raw pigment after manufacture and to speed up the milling of the pigment and vehicle ingredients) and a fungicide or preservative to suppress the growth of mold or bacteria, and  water, which dissolves or suspends all the ingredients, carries them onto the paper, and evaporates when its work is done. These ingredients are described below. Pigment. Pigments are chemical compounds with appealing or useful color attributes and that do not dissolve in water . Paints are a dispersion of tiny pigment particles suspended in the vehicle, just as the Mississippi is a suspension of sand, clay, agricultural chemicals and effluent. All professional quality tube and pan watercolors are made with pigments. In contrast, a dye is completely soluble (dissolves) in water, and binds directly with the materials it contacts (though a mediating chemical called a mordant must often be present to make this bond happen). Some brands of liquid watercolors or "brilliant" watercolors are made with dyes. The manufacturer's cost considerations aside  and those are usually a major consideration in commercial paint design  the pigment particle size , tinting strength and dispersability primarily determine the adjustments made to


Who was Queen of England between 1837 and 1901?

Queen Victoria | Britroyals Born: May 24, 1819 at Kensington Palace Parents: Edward, Duke of Kent (son of George III) and Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld Relation to Elizabeth II: great-great-grandmother House of: Hanover Ascended to the throne: June 20, 1837 aged 18 years Crowned: June 28, 1838 at Westminster Abbey Married: Albert, son of Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Children: Four sons including Edward VII, and five daughters Died: January 22, 1901 at Osborne, Isle of Wight, aged 81 years, 7 months, and 29 days Buried at: Frogmore Reigned for: 63 years, 7 months, and 2 days Succeeded by: her son Edward VII Named Alexandrina Victoria but known as Victoria, she was the only child of Edward Duke of Kent and Victoria Saxe-Coburg. Her father died when she was 1 year old and her domineering mother kept her away from her �wicked� uncles Kings George and William. She had a sheltered upbringing, and came to the throne shortly after her 18th birthday in 1837 on the death of her uncle William IV who had no surviving legitimate children. She was at the time unmarried and not crowned until June 28, 1838. In February 1840 she married her cousin and love of her life Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The British Empire was at the height of its power and she ruled over 450 million people, one quarter of the world�s population and approximately one quarter of the work�s landmass. It stretched so far around the globe from Canada to the Caribbean, Africa, India, Australia and New Zealand that it was said that the sun never set on the British Empire. India was Jewel in the Crown and in 1876 she was given the title Empress of India. The Victorian era was a time of immense industrial, political, trade, scientific and military progress for Great Britain. In her early years she was dependent on her Prime Minister Lord Melbourne and her uncle King Leopold of Belgium for advice, but increasingly her husband Albert became her main advisor. He was involved in organising the Great Exhibition in 1851, and persuaded her to take a more constitutional role in leaving the rule of the nation and Empire to Parliament. She was strong willed and her relations with her prime ministers ranged from the affectionate (Melbourne and Disraeli) to the stormy (Peel, Palmerston, and Gladstone). Victoria and Albert had four sons, five daughters and 42 grandchildren who were married to royalty across Europe making her the �grandmother of Europe�. Her daughter Victoria was mother of the German Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II, and her grand-daughter Alexandria was the wife of Nicholas II Emperor and last Tzar of Russia. The death of Albert from typhoid in 1861 plunged Victoria into mourning and she withdrew almost completely from public life spending her time at Balmoral Castle in Scotland and Osborne house on the Isle of Wight where she spent time with her favourite Scottish servant John Brown. This encouraged republican sentiments and she was the target of several assassination attempts. However she kept control of affairs, refusing her son Edward, Prince of Wales (who became Edward VII) any active role. Her golden jubilee in 1887 and diamond jubilee in 1897 regained her popular support and matriarchal role as Queen of the nation and Empire. She died at Osborne House on 22 January 1901, and was buried at Windsor. Her reign lasted 63 years and 7 months which is the second longest of any British monarch. Queen Victoria's Signature Quotes: �Great events make me quiet and calm; it is only trifles that irritate my nerves� - Queen Victoria �Being pregnant is an occupational hazard of being a wife� - Queen Victoria� (she had 9 children) �The Queen is most anxious to enlist everyone who can speak or write or join in checking this mad, wicked folly of �Woman�s Rights� with all its attendant horrors on which her poor feeble sex is bent, forgetting every sense of womanly feeling and propriety� � Queen Victoria (she was against women�s rights despite being matriarch to nearly a quarter of the world�s population) �The important thing is not what they think of me, but what I thin


Rheumatism affects what part of the body?

10 Ways Rheumatoid Arthritis Affects the Body - Health.com 10 Ways Rheumatoid Arthritis Affects the Body Health / Rheumatoid Arthritis 10 Ways Rheumatoid Arthritis Affects the Body Although often mistaken for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that affects approximately 1.3 million Americans. By Tammy Worth View all 1 of 12 Photo: Getty Images Living with RA Although often mistaken for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that affects approximately 1.3 million Americans. Along with joint pain and swelling, about four out of 10 people with RA have related problems in other body parts, says Eric Matteson, MD, professor of medicine and chair of the department of rheumatology at Mayo Clinic, in Rochester, Minn. RA can decrease life expectancy, but “with modern therapies, we are seeing less rheumatoid disease outside of the joints, and patients are living longer,” he says. Following are ways in which RA affects the body and what you can do about it. 1 of 12 View all 1 of 12 Photo: Getty Images Living with RA Although often mistaken for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that affects approximately 1.3 million Americans. Along with joint pain and swelling, about four out of 10 people with RA have related problems in other body parts, says Eric Matteson, MD, professor of medicine and chair of the department of rheumatology at Mayo Clinic, in Rochester, Minn. RA can decrease life expectancy, but “with modern therapies, we are seeing less rheumatoid disease outside of the joints, and patients are living longer,” he says. Following are ways in which RA affects the body and what you can do about it. 1 of 12 View all 2 of 12 Photo: Getty Images Joints What happens: Rheumatoid arthritis often starts in the small joints of the hands and feet but can progress to other parts of the body. Pain is often worse in the morning and is sometimes symmetrical (you have it in both hands, for example). What helps: There are numerous medications that can help, and most aim to temper the immune system. Choices include chemotherapy, and anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory medications. "The most important concept about the medications we have today is that when we recognize and diagnose RA, we start therapy as soon as we know what is going on," Dr. Matteson says. 2 of 12 View all 3 of 12 Photo: Getty Images Heart What happens: People with RA have twice the risk of having a heart problem as those without it, according to Dr. Matteson. The condition creates a chronic, low-grade inflammation that damages blood vessels and increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, heart disease, and heart failure, he says. RA can also cause the pericardium, the sac-like structure around the heart, to become inflamed. This complication can produce sharp chest pain and fever, and if left untreated, can lead to thickening and scarring of the pericardium. What helps: The treatment for heart problems and most other RA complications is to reduce inflammation through medication. If problems progress, a pacemaker may be necessary. 3 of 12 View all 4 of 12 Photo: Getty Images Lungs What happens: Up to 10% of RA patients develop serious lung problems. The most common conditions are inflammation in the lungs' lining (pleurisy), which causes pain when breathing; scarring of the tissue in the lungs (pulmonary fibrosis); and an increased chance of emphysema , even in nonsmokers. What helps: The best treatments are those that reduce the underlying inflammation. 4 of 12 View all 5 of 12 Photo: Getty Images Mood What happens: People with chronic diseases, including RA, are more likely to experience depression or other mood disordersit's a common and understandable occurrence, Dr. Matteson says. Chronic inflammation is also associated with abnormalities of neurotransmitters and hormones that can affect how a person feels, he adds. What helps: If people are depressed or have significant mood changes, antidepressants can be used to treat the symptoms, according to Dr. Matteson. 5 of 12 View all 6


The Scrabble game board is marked with what sized grid?

Scrabble Board Game | Scrabble Board Game Scrabble Board Game December 7, 2009 by scrabble board game scrabble board game is played by two to four players score points by forming words from individual lettered tiles on a game board marked with a 15-by-15 grid. The words are formed across and down in crossword fashion and must appear in a standard dictionary. Scrabble Board Game Diamond Anniversary Edition Sixty has never looked so good! This Diamond Anniversary Edition Scrabble features sleek black and silver tiles, a rotating board splashed with color, curved letter racks of smoky red plastic, and much more. With two built-in side trays for storing game pieces and a raised grid that keeps your letters in place, this anniversary edition of Scrabble will please all players ages eight and above. Celebrate 60 years of winning words. This Scrabble game offers special features designed with one idea in mind: to spoil Scrabble players wherever they go. Unfold the premium carrying case to reveal a colorful, rotating game board that allows each player. Deluxe Turntable Scrabble Board Game Scrabble Brand Crossword Game: Deluxe Edition This deluxe version of the one and only all-American crossword game has a rotating board so you can analyze all the angles! Also included is built-in storage and a cloth bag to store your tiles Comes with new ‘Shorter Game’ rules and a timer 2 to 4 Players A sleek upscale version of the classic crossword game! You won’t have to work upside-down with this rotating board! And ridged letter spaces keep all those high-scoring words in place! It’s easy to keep game pieces together —board features built-in storage, plus drawstring bag for tiles! Handsome burgundy wood tiles rest on large letter racks with letter distribution counter! Includes new “shorter game” rules, plus a timer! For 2 to 4 players. Winner of the CLASSIC Award by Parent’s Choice Awards. Ages: 8 & UP. Score as many points as you can by forming words from the letters on the tiles Bonus squares on the board give double or triple letter word points Use all 7 tiles in your hand and score 50 bonus points Perfect for Family Game Night events. Scrabble is one of the best, most challenging games invented. Up to four players choose seven letter tiles each, and they must use them to produce words that connect with other tiles already on the board to form horizontal and vertically arranged words — like a crossword puzzle. Sound easy to play? It is. But it’s not easy to master. Comes with wooden letter holders Rotating Game Board Double the amount of letter tiles Comes with tile storage bag. If you like and enjoy regular Scrabble, you will love Super Scrabble. But – be sure to get the deluxe version because the regular Super Scrabble lacks the much-needed raised grid. Turntable is a little funky, but it’s still great fun to play. Scrabble Board Game Premier Wood Edition Show off your sense of style along with your passion for world-building fun with this elegant, two-toned wood cabinet that has brass-colored metal accents. Gather your family and friends around the built-in, rotating gameboard and select your seven faux-ivory tiles from the genuine embossed leather tile pouch. Sort your letters on the deluxe wood, brass-toned tile racks, complete with metal end caps. Enjoy classic SCRABBLE wordplay challenge with even more luxurious features, like the gold-toned, raised grid that holds tiles in place on the gameboard, a foil-stamped score pad and pencil, a timer for optional timed play, and a storage drawer with an organizer that keeps all of these distinctive components neatly in place when the game is put away. Features a built-in, rotating game board and elegant Game for 2-4 players Sort your letters on the deluxe wood, brass-toned tile racks, complete with metal end caps For ages 8 and above Scrabble Board Game Folio Edition Take the challenge of building words anywhere you go. This Scrabble game travels in first-class style with an all-inclusive, soft-sided zipper case. The Folio Edition makes this word game easy to play, simple to put away and


What name was given to Nepalese soldiers recruited into the Indian army?

Gurkhas — Legendary Nepalese Mercenary Soldiers | Jim Burke's Asia Gurkhas — Legendary Nepalese Mercenary Soldiers Posted on August 20, 2013 | Leave a comment The Gurkhas, or Gorkhas as they are called in the Indian Army, are legendary and feared soldiers who were originally recruited into the British army in India after the treaty of Sugauli in 1815, which ended the Anglo-Nepalese War between the Gurkha Kingdom of Nepal and the British East India Company. That war resulted in heavy British losses  — even during that war, the British recognized the excellent martial qualities of the men from Nepal and were keen to use defectors from the Nepalese army as irregular forces. Gurkhas march in London parade. The name “Gurkha” comes from the Nepalese hill town of Gorkha, which is named after the Hindu warrior-saint Guru Gorakhnath. The Nepalese refer to themselves as Gorkhas — Gurkha is the Anglicised version of Gorkha, coined by the British. About 5000  Gurkhas entered the British army in 1815 and since then have served loyally and bravely in every British military engagement until present day Afghanistan. About 200,000 Gurkhas fought in the British army in world War I. That number increased to over 250,000 in world War II. During that time, these Nepalese have been awarded countless medals for bravery including 26 Victoria Crosses, the highest British award for valor on the battlefield. Gurkha Soldier Monument, Whitehall, London The fearless quality of the gurkhas is legendary. British leaflets dropped behind German lines in World War I emphasized and exaggerated it. the Germans were more terrified of the men from Nepal than any other Allied troops: this was not only because the British leaflets stressed the courage of the Gurkhas, but they also mentioned, untruthfully, that when the Gurkhas took prisoners they tended to eat them. I got to know these tough soldiers when I was assigned to write a magazine article on a Gurkha battalion. I first saw their physical prowess at an annual “khud” (hill) race: a run up a 1200 foot “khud,” with a 45-degree slope which, in some stretches, increased another 10 or so degrees (it looked like a mountain to me) and down again. The racers began crossing the finish line in under 17 minutes. Most of the racers were Gurkhas but there were a few superbly fit English soldiers and British Gurkha officers. The leading Englishman arrived at the finish line about five minutes after the winning Gurkha. He was more than thrilled to beat a few of the Nepalese. He knew the men from the Himalayas had all the odds on their side: physically and historically. Physically, young Nepali boys begin training for a “khud” race before they are six years old. By then they are already climbing the precipitous slopes of their homeland helping their elders tend to sheep or plow steep farm plots. Historically, this race dates back to the days when the British-led Indian army campaigned in Northwest India. The main columns had to move through narrow valleys: picket squads climbed to the top of overlooking hills to protect the main force from surprise attacks. This job was usually given to Gurkhas because the speed of the column was determined by how fast the picket unit could get to the tops of hills, make a reconnaisance and get back down. The British found that their columns moved faster with Gurkha pickets. An observer can feel and see the Gurkha pride and precise discipline as they march in review. And, knowing their history, a shiver goes down the spine when they march and yell out their historic war cry: “Jaya Mahakali, Ayo Gorkhali” (Glory to Great Kali, Gorkhas Approach). A symbol of the Gurkhas that is recognized worldwide is the fearsome-looking, inwardly curved, 18-inch Gurkha Utility Knife or Kukri. My next blog will go into some detail on the kukri. The Kukri — Gurkha Utility Knife. Today there are just a few Gurkha units left in the British army, but their brave and martial reputation makes them much sought after in other army units, police forces, and private security firms. Large numbers of retired Gurkhas


Which river, the longest in France, empties into the Atlantic at St. Lazaire?

European Rivers - Rivers of Europe, Map of Rivers in Europe, Major Rivers in Europe - Worldatlas.com print this map Hundreds of rivers and their tributaries cross the European continent. Here we highlight those over 600 miles in length, and a few others of note. DANUBE: Beginning in the Black Forest region of Germany, it flows across central Europe and the countries of Austria, Hungary, Croatia and Yugoslavia. It then forms the border between Romania and Bulgaria, turning north across Romania to eventually end in the Black Sea. It is (1,771 miles) (2,850 km) in length, and one of the most significant commercial waterways on the continent. DNIEPER: Rising in the southwestern part of the Russian Federation, it flows generally south through Belarus, then southeast through Ukraine, ending in the Black Sea. Overall it's (1,420 miles) (2,285 km) in length. DON: Beginning it the southwestern Russian Federation, to the south of Moscow, it flows southeasterly towards the Volga, then turns abruptly west, ending in the Sea of Azov. Overall it's (1,224 miles) (1,969 km) in length. ELBE: Rising in the Czech Republic, the Elbe River then flows north through Germany, ending in the North Sea near Cuxhaven. It's (724 miles) (1,165 km) in length. LOIRE: Recognized as the longest river in France, the navigable Loire begins in the foothills of the Massif Central, then flows north and west across the heartland of France, finally ending in the Bay of Biscay. It's (634 miles) (1,020 km) in length. ODER: Rising in the rugged mountains of the eastern Czech Republic, it flows west and north through south-central Poland, eventually emptying into the Baltic Sea. It's (567 miles) (912 km) in length. PO: Italy's longest river begins in the upper reaches of the Alps, flowing west to east across northern Italy, ending in the Adriatic Sea. It's (405 miles) (652 km) in length. RHINE: Forming in the mountains of southeastern Switzerland, this legendary river flows west, forming Switzerland's northeastern border with Germany, then runs directly north through western Germany forming part of that country's border with France, then finally dissecting the Netherlands and ending in the North Sea. Numerous tributaries and branches run in all directions, and in overall length is (820 miles) (1,319 km). RHONE: Begin high in the Swiss Alps, this fast moving river flows into the eastern end of Lake Geneva, then south through south-eastern France, emptying into the Mediterranean Sea. Small branches run in all directions, and in overall length, it's (300 miles) (485 km). SHANNON: Rising in northwestern Ireland, it flows south through a series of lakes, then turns west to eventually empty into the Atlantic Ocean. It's 230 miles (370 km) in length. TAGUS: The Tagus River rises in the central highlands of Spain, flowing southwest across Portugal, then south to Lisbon and the Atlantic Ocean. It's 626 miles (1,007 km) in length. VOLGA: The Volga is the largest river in European Russia in terms of length, discharge, and watershed. It flows through central Russia, and is widely viewed as the national river of Russia. It's 3,692 km (2,294 mi) long


Who was the American poet who worked for Mussolini to broadcast propaganda to the USA, was tried for treason in 1945 and was judged to be insane?

Ezra Loomis Pound facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Ezra Loomis Pound COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc. Ezra Loomis Pound Ezra Loomis Pound (1885-1972), American poet, translator, editor, critic, and esthetic propagandist whose life was surrounded by controversy, is best known for his Cantos (1925-1960), an epic version of the history of civilization. Pound founded the imagist movement in American poetry and was an influential poet. He was the first to promote and publish T.S. Eliot's poetry. Recently it was discovered that Pound's suggested revisions for Eliot's The Waste Land (1922) were adopted in the final version of the work, revealing Pound as a sort of invisible "co-author" of one of the 20th century's most influential poems. Unfortunately, Pound's positive role as a teacher and promoter of modernist poets and poetics and as a translator of Oriental and Anglo-Saxon verse has been largely overshadowed by the spectacle of the vehemently reactionary anti-Semite and racist who actively supported the Fascists during World War II, was indicted for treason following the war, and was declared legally insane in 1945. Ezra Loomis Pound was born on Oct. 30, 1885, in Hailey, Idaho, but spent most of his youth in Pennsylvania. In 1901 he began attending the University of Pennsylvania and then, two years later, transferred to Hamilton College in Clinton, New York, from which he graduated in 1905. He received a master of arts degree from Pennsylvania in 1906, where he taught while engaged in his studies. Among his pupils was poet William Carlos Williams. After teaching French and Spanish at Wabash College, Indiana, Pound left for London in 1908 on a cattle boat, where he lived until 1920. Imagist Movement A Lume Spento (1908), Pound's first published volume, was followed in 1909 by Personae of Ezra Pound and Exultations of Ezra Pound. Most of his early work was late romantic in style, heavily imitative of Robert Browning, and probably influenced as well by his study of Provençal chansons. The "credo" Pound stated in 1917, calling for a new "imagist" poetry of austerity, directness, and emotional freedom, a poetry "nearer the bone, " was realized in the poem Portrait d'une femme, published in Ripostes (1912), which was probably inspired by Henry James's novel Portrait of a Lady and which may have influenced T.S. Eliot's later poem of the same name. Pound founded and edited the revolutionary literary magazine Blast in 1914 and later became the European editor of Harriet Monroe's Chicago Poetry, using his influence to promote and encourage Eliot. Harriet Monroe later said, "It was due more to Ezra Pound than to any other person that 'the revolution' was on." Pound effectively preached the gospel of modernism during this period, but his own poetry for the most part did not live up to his teachings. He developed his own voice as a poet much more slowly than did Eliot, who by the time he left Harvard had already developed his mature style. Through his "creative translations" of Chinese poems in Cathay (1915) and his "Homage to Sextus Propertius" (1918 and 1919) Pound's characteristic mature style gradually emerged. By the time Hugh Selwyn Mauberley appeared in 1920, with its echoes of Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, " Pound had achieved his artistic maturity. In 1918 Pound began investigating the causes of World War I, the earliest evidence of his lifelong obsession with economic and political theory, to explain the failures of modern democratic society. From 1920 to 1924 Pound lived in Paris, where he was associated with Gertrude Stein and her brilliant circle of American expatriates. He dominated the avant-garde literary movements of the period. He moved to Italy in 1924, where he spent most of the rest of his life. The first of the Cantos, his magnum opus, appeared in 1925. In the years before World War II he published, in addition to his poetry, books on economics, art, and Oriental literature and lectured at the Bocconi University in Milan on Thomas Jefferson and Martin Van Buren. In


In a TV series, who lived in the town of Bedrock?

Bedrock | The Flintstones | Fandom powered by Wikia Bedrock is the city where the Flintstones live. Contents [ show ] Size Though the first two seasons' opening credits of the original Flintstones series stated the town's population as only 2,500 people (though it did swell to 30,000 in a dream sequence in the sixth season episode entitled "Rip Van Flintstone"), Bedrock was generally presented as a medium-sized American city, with all the amenities of such, but with a "prehistoric" twist. For instance, dinosaurs were seen being used as cranes at the town's most well-known employer, "Slate Rock and Gravel" (also known as "Rockhead and Quarry Cave Construction Company" in the series' earlier episodes). Features The climate of Bedrock is somewhat undetermined, since different Flintstones episodes and media have portrayed it differently. Palm trees and cycads are common yard trees, suggesting a warm climate. However, episodes and movies set at Christmas time depicted plenty of snow. Sometimes the wilderness on Bedrock's outskirts appears to be desert-like, whereas at other times it resembles a tropical/subtropical jungle (as shown in the opening scenes of the theatrical animated movie The Man Called Flintstone).    The people of Bedrock tend to be fairly friendly, if not without having various quirks. The denizens of Bedrock have a strong sense of civic spirit and tend to participate in various charities, parades, and so forth. The city is home to a number of service organizations, the best known of which (in the context of the Flintstones television series) is the Loyal Order of Water Buffalos, which counts among its membership Fred Flintstone and Barney Rubble. Law and Government A police department helps protect the residents; for a period of time, Fred and Barney were members as part-time police officers.   Bedrock has also been shown as having a volunteer fire department, although the episode in which the volunteer fire department was introduced suggests the uselessness of such a service in a city of stone buildings; instead, its members use it as an excuse to create a social club. However several other episodes feature a more traditional full-time firefighting service.   Also located near Bedrock is Camp Millstone Army Base, where Fred and his best friend Barney Rubble were stationed after they were mistakenly inducted into the Army. Bedrock's city government plays a role in The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show episode "Mayor May Not," where Pebbles becomes the city's temporary student mayor for a week.   Regarding health care, Bedrock had the Rockapedic Hospital, where Pebbles was born. Media For a town its size, Bedrock has a sizeable concentration of media. Bedrock has at least several radio stations (one of which has the call letters "BDRX"), several television stations, and several newspapers. One of Bedrock's TV stations is an affiliate of ABC (the "Abbadabba Broadcasting Company"). Later spinoffs show the people of Bedrock also enjoy cable and satellite television service. Television programs produced in Bedrock included the cooking program The Happy Housewife Show (which, for a time, starred Wilma) and the teen dance program Shinrock. Other favorite programs of Bedrock citizens, though not produced there, include such fare as Peek-a-Boo Camera and variety program The Ed Sulleystone Show. One of Bedrock's newspapers is The Daily Granite, edited by Lou Granite. For a time, The Daily Granite employed Wilma Flintstone and Betty Rubble as reporters. Another newspaper is The Daily Slab (which usually ended up clobbering Fred after being "delivered" by Arnold the Newsboy). There are also two recording companies located in Bedrock, the Keen Teen Record Company and the Flippo Record Company. Cultural and Educational Institutions In terms of educational features, Bedrock apparently has just one high school, Bedrock High School, alma mater of Fred Flintstone, his wife Wilma, and later his daughter Pebbles. Universities in or near Bedrock include Prinstone University, as well as its arch rival school Shale University;


Eamon de Valera was a politician in which country?

Clare People: Eamon De Valera Eamon De Valera (1882-1975) Eamon de Valera was born in Manhattan, New York, on 14th October 1882.     His father was Juan de Valera, a Spaniard who had studied to be a sculptor     but due to ill-health he had reverted to teaching music. In September     1881, Juan de Valera had married Kate Coll from Knockmore, near Bruree,     Co. Limerick, a young girl who had emigrated to America two years earlier.     His father died when de Valera was only two years old and his mother decided     that her son would be better off at home in Ireland. She sent him to be     reared by his grandmother, Elizabeth Coll, who lived in a labourerï¿½s cottage     at Knockmore. De Valera attended the national school at Bruree and from     there went to the Christian Brotherï¿½s School at Charleville. He walked     the seven miles there and back everyday since the Collï¿½s could not afford     a bicycle. At 16, he won a scholarship to Blackrock College, Co. Dublin.     He went on to become a professor of mathematics and lectured part-time     at Maynooth and various Dublin colleges. At school and later he was a     keen rugby player. In 1908, he joined the Gaelic League, the beginning of     his life-long devotion to Irish. One of his teachers was Sinead Flanagan,     herself a teacher and four years his senior. They fell in love and were     married in January 1910. De Valera joined the Irish Volunteers at their     first meeting in 1913. He took part in the landing of guns from the Asgard     in July 1914. He commanded the Bolandï¿½s Mills garrison during the 1916     rising. After the surrender he was sentenced to death, but later it was     decided to sentence him to life imprisonment instead. In prison, de Valera     began to show his leadership qualities. De Valera was released from prison     in June 1917 and was elected Sinn Fein deputy for East Clare. At the Sinn     Fein Ard-Fheis in October 1917, de Valera was elected President of the     party and at the end of the same month he was elected President of the     Irish Volunteers. When the British Government proposed to extend conscription     to Ireland in early 1918, de Valera led the successful opposition to this     proposal. On 17 May 1918, De Valera was arrested and deported for internment     to England, where he was to remain up to February 1919. While he was in jail he was elected for East Clare in the     general election. On 21 January 1919, the assembled deputies met in the     Mansion House, Dublin, and formally set up the Government for the Irish     Republic. After his escape from Lincoln Jail on 3 February 1919, de Valera     returned briefly to Ireland and was elected President of the Dail. Early in June 1919, he travelled to the U.S.A. to seek     financial and political support for an independent Ireland. He returned     to Ireland in December 1920 to take his place as the President of Ireland.     From the very start the Dail had to face a number of serious problems,     the lack of experience of the new government. The War of Independence     was raging at this time with the regular British forces being assisted     by the ï¿½Black and Tansï¿½. The ï¿½Black and Tansï¿½ were ex-army men brought     into Ireland to assist the British in the War of Independence. A truce     was declared on 11 July and negotiations were opened with the English     Prime Minister, Lloyd George, and his government leading up to the signing     of the Anglo-Irish Treaty on 6 December 1921. The Treaty was accepted     in the Dail on 7 January 1922 with 64 in favour and 57 against. As an     opponent of the Treaty, de Valera tendered his resignation to the Dáil.     Arthur Griffith was elected President in the place of de Valera. During the Civil War of 1922-1923 between the pro-Treaty Provisional Government under Michael Collins and


"What is the name of the square in the UK TV series ""EastEnders""?"

Eastenders Archives - What' s on TV What' s on TV News, spoilers, pictures and video from BBC1 soap EastEnders (set in Albert Square) Showing 6 of 6 episodes Thu, January 19 19:30 Fri, January 20 20:00