Found in the human body, what is the more common name for myeloid tissue?

adipose tissue | anatomy | Britannica.com Adipose tissue bone Adipose tissue, or fatty tissue, connective tissue consisting mainly of fat cells ( adipose cells , or adipocytes), specialized to synthesize and contain large globules of fat , within a structural network of fibres. It is found mainly under the skin but also in deposits between the muscles, in the intestines and in their membrane folds, around the heart , and elsewhere. It is also found in the bone marrow , where it imparts a yellow colour; yellow marrow is most abundant in adults. The fat stored in adipose tissue comes from dietary fats or is produced in the body. When hormones signal the need for energy, fatty acids and glycerol are released from triglycerides … Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Mammals have two different types of adipose: white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. White adipose, the most common type, provides insulation, serves as an energy store for times of starvation or great exertion, and forms pads between organs. When muscles and other tissues need energy, certain hormones bind to adipose cells and trigger the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol , resulting in the release of energy-rich fatty acids and glycerol —a process known as lipolysis. The enzyme responsible for hydrolysis is lipase , which occurs in the blood , certain gastrointestinal juices, and adipose tissue. Lipase is activated by the hormones epinephrine , norepinephrine, glucagon , and adrenocorticotropin , which bind to adipocytes. White adipose tissue also is a source of a number of different hormones, which serve various roles in metabolism and endocrine function. The adipose-produced hormones adiponectin, leptin, and resistin are involved in energy metabolism, for example, whereas plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 prevents the dissolution of blood clots. Brown adipose , found mainly in newborn animals, generates heat and actually consumes energy. In humans, the percentage of brown adipose found in the body decreases with age. In other animals, however, particularly those that hibernate (e.g., grizzly bears and black bears ), it is found in adults and plays an important role in survival. Species that hibernate experience a drop in body temperature and a slowing of metabolism during winter dormancy, which allows them to conserve energy. Brown adipose, by consuming energy, releases heat, which is vital for awakening and emergence from dormancy. Brown adipose tissue typically is tan to red in colour. Its colour and heat-generating properties are imparted by the abundance of organelles known as mitochondria found in brown fat cells. (Mitochondria are the energy-producing components of cells.) Similar Topics


Situated in Cheshire, on what canal would you find the Anderton Boat Lift?

Anderton Boat Lift Anderton Boat Lift Featured Location Guide   By the end of the   17th century a major salt mining industry had developed around the towns of   Northwich, Middlewich, Nantwich and Winsford. By the end of the 1700's there   were two navigable routes to transport the salt via the River Weaver and the   Trent & Mersey Canal, rather than competing with each the other the two   owners decided to work together and in 1793 a basin was excavated at   Anderton on the Weaver, which took the river to the foot of the escarpment   of the canal 50ft above. Facilities were built to transport the goods   between the two waterways including two cranes, salt chutes and an inclined   plan and by 1801 a second quay was built and in 1831 a second entrance into   the Basin. By 1870 the Anderton Basin was a major interchange for the   shipping of goods in both directions with warehousing, 3 separate  double incline planes and four salt chutes. However movement of goods by   this means was slow and they needed a more efficient way of getting the   vessels from one waterway to the other, canal locks were initially   considered and discarded as too much water would be lost form the canal, so   the idea of a boat lift was muted and chief engineer Edward Leader Williams   was asked to draw up plans. Various options were considered but they finally   settled on a design involving a pair of water-filled caissons (tanks). The Anderton Boat Lift was built   in 1875, by the Victorians   and was the worlds first hydraulic working lift with each tank supported by   a giant ram. Generally two rams are connected hydraulically with one tank   balancing the other, whilst one is at the top the other is below at river   level. Large pumps below the aqueduct pump the hydraulic oil from one   cylinder to the other giving the raising and lowering power. It was built to   provide a 50 feet vertical link between to navigable waterways, the River Weaver and the Trent & Mersey Canal. The tanks which carry   the boats up and down, each weight 252 tonnes when full of water and 80   tonnes when empty. At rest one is level with the canal the other with the   river, to move the tanks a small amount of water is removed from the river   level tank and the heavier one above then descends and forces the hydraulic   fluid into a cylinder to the lighter tank pushing it upwards. Taken from beside the River Weaver   From on the side of the Trent & Mersey Canal Click     on the images to see a larger version The boat lift was in   use for over 100 years until it was closed in 1983 through corrosion,   however in 2001 restoration took place for it to re-open in 2002 as a   working boat lift carrying pleasure canal boats from the River below up to   the canal above. It is operated by British Waterways and is one of only two   working boat lifts in the UK, the other being the Falkirk Wheel in Scotland. So what can you do   on a visit today. There is a two   storey Operations/Exhibition Centre. The first floor   of the Operations Centre has a cafe area, a   welcome desk which also serves as the retail area and provides tickets for the   trip boat through the lift, exhibition area and toilet facilities. The lower level has an   exhibition, focusing upon the liftï¿½s history and the people who worked on   and around it. The exhibition is colour coded to specific themes, with   interactive content and an entertaining cinematic centrepiece. The   computerised lift control centre is located within the exhibition, enabling   visitors to get up close and personal with the lift on its busy daily   schedule. Time travel through the   unique structure of the boat lift on board the elegant Edwin Clark trip   glasstop boat, journeying between the River Weaver and the Trent & Mersey Canal high   above. A 30 minute ride takes you on journey, in a 56 seat cruiser,   through the towering structure that used to transport the salt beari


"Members of which London-based sporting club wear a yellow and red tie known as the ""Egg & Bacon""?"

151118 themonitor by The Monitor Inc - issuu issuu Monitor The Need Work? Need Staﬀ? Talk to us. Serving the Roxby Downs Community since 2009 Contact or visit us today to find out how we can help. Call on 8671 4622 6-10 Richardson Place roxbydowns.industrial@workpac.com Your Community Newspaper ~ Roxby Downs www.themonitor.com.au Register & apply for work online today! www.workpac.com/labour-hire-roxby-downs A Smarter Alternative Volume 12, Wednesday, November 18, 2015 Carols move to oval Roxby Downs Community Carols in the Park organisers Ross Wilson, Mary Lewis and Tony Weir with candles to be sold on the night. PHOTO: Patrick Glover WRITTEN BY PATRICK GLOVER H undreds of community members are expected to flock to the Roxby Downs Area School oval for a night of Christmas cheer next month. Carols have been held at the Roxby Downs Community Christian Church (RDCCC) car park for the past two years. However, with help from local radio station RoxFM and other sponsors, the event is set to grow into a larger community event known as Roxby Downs Community Carols in the Park. “Everyone loves carols,” said the RDCCC’s Reverend Mary Lewis. “It is great we can do something that will attract the entire community.” RoxFM station manager Ross Wilson said Rev Lewis had done a “fantastic job” of organising the carols over the past four years and he was looking forward to expanding it. Mr Wilson encouraged everyone to bring down a picnic rug and enjoy some of the local performers showcasing their talents on Friday, December 4. “(Local music teacher) Mark Richardson said he has a few students that will sing,” Mr Wilson said. “Tony D’Arrigo will be singing, and apparently Kurt from the Andamooka Yacht Club has the voice of an angel and is putting something together. “Then there are other local artists, like Father John and Matt Green, who will be singing. “Cassie Henry is another one that may sing – she has a wonderful voice and won in her section at Roxby’s Got Talent.” The Roxby Downs Scouts will also get involved by selling yiros, while Vern Kruger will be offering his famous donuts and the Combined Churches Group will have soft drinks available for purchase. Electronic candles donated by Beyond Bank will also be available on the night for $2 each. The event will begin at 6.30pm before performances start at about 8pm, with all proceeds from the night going towards the local school chaplaincy program. COLOURING COMPETITION 1.To be judged at member’s night at The Club by members of The Club’s committee on Wednesday, November 18, 2015. 2.Finished coloured in pictures to be presented in person at 6pm on Wednesday, November 18, 2015 at member’s night at The Club. 3.Two categories - Ages 2yrs -5yrs and 6yrs -12yrs, prize for both. 4. This is the last colouring competition for 2015. Fantastic Family Members Night Heaps for kids! 6 - 8:15pm • Special guest appearance for the kids • Kids Under 12 eat free, Special kids dessert • Themed buffet for adults $15 • Jumping castle • Kids games • Kids corner • Treasure chest for adults to win CASH • Spin the wheel to win CASH and PRIZES Membership Renewals NOW DUE Memberships - Single $20 ~ Family $40 • TAKE AWAYS OVER THE BAR* 6pm - MIDNIGHT • MONDAY to SATURDAY • *Members only. Conditions apply P h: 8671 00 5 3 Fax: 08 8671 0076 E: admin@roxbyclub.com.au Monitor NEWS The Chives changes things up Our Christmas edition comes out on December 2. If you haven’t been contacted and would like to place an ad, please call Jody on 8671 2683. WRITTEN BY PATRICK GLOVER C hives Restaurant is undergoing a number of changes including the introduction of a new summer menu and new opening hours. Opening Hours Sunday – Wednesday Only open for Takeaway from 5pm (excluding functions booked in advance) Thursday – Saturday Open for Dine In & Takeaway from 5pm Special Nights Monday - Wednesday Curry Night (Take Away ONLY) Thursday Kids Eat Free (Dine In ONLY) For more specials Chives, Roxby Downs To place an order or book a table please call 8671 1122 Patrons will be able to access takeaway from Chives every night of the


"Members of which London gentleman's club wear a pink and green tie known as the ""Salmon & Cucumber""?"

Garrick looks to loosen its old club ties - Telegraph Garrick looks to loosen its old club ties Lord Attenborough wearing the salmon and cucumber tie  By Zoe Griffin 12:02AM BST 25 Jun 2004 The Garrick Club, one of Britain's most exclusive members clubs, could relax its dress code and make tie-wearing optional. Since the London gentlemen's club was founded in 1831 all members, from Charles Dickens and Edward Elgar to Lord Attenborough and David Suchet, have had to wear appropriate neckwear - frequently the Garrick's official salmon pink and cucumber green tie - to enter the clubhouse in Garrick Street. The salmon and cucumber tie has been the club's trademark since the 1920s when the actor Norman Forbes Robertson wore one to dinner and it was universally admired by other members. Now the tradition is threatened by a motion to the Garrick's annual meeting next week asking the committee to look into the possibility of relaxing the dress code. Related Articles Stephen Fry's club admits defeat over Harriet Harman's Equality Act 30 Oct 2010 The Garrick, which has annual fees of £1,000 and is said to have a seven year waiting list, refused to comment. But, according to club talk, the incident that prompted the debate was the appearance of a theatre director wearing a leather jacket and what was described as a "white silk choker". It is not the first time that Garrick members, predominantly actors, lawyers and journalists, have argued about the code. Several years ago, some were upset when the nightclub owner Peter Stringfellow wore shoes with no socks when dining as a guest of a member. Some members hope that less formal standards will be accepted. Simon Tait, an arts journalist and club member, said: "Lawyers wear ties. Actors and journalists on the whole do not. "The fact of the matter is that it is a pain when you find yourself in town without a tie. It is as if you cannot go for lunch in your own home." Traditionalists are likely to fight to keep the status quo, as they did in 1992 when they voted by four-to-one against admitting women as members.


"The football chant ""Here We Go"" is sung to the tune of which Sousa march?"

Here We Go (song) - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on Here We Go (song)   Wikis Here We Go (song): Wikis Advertisements Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the football chant. For other uses, see Here We Go . "Here We Go" is the archetypal football chant , composed of the words "here we go" sung over and over again to the tune of Sousa 's Stars and Stripes Forever . Used at the time of the miners' strike as a rallying call , the song is often interpreted to precede a battle of some kind - in popular thought it is the chant of an aggressive football firm or gang; yet, unlike many football chants, it contains no explicitly offensive lyrics and is known widely. It is also an integral component of " The Music Man ", alongside " The Dam Busters " and the theme tune to Match of the Day . The same segment of Sousa tune is sometimes employed for club-specific football chants (for example Plymouth Argyle supporters regularly sing "Ar-guy-ull, ar-guy-ull, ar-guy-ull") and as a vehicle for exhortations to the players (a team that has scored three goals might be encouraged to "Give us four" etc), an impromptu observation on the on-field action ("Send him off") or a taunt ("You are crap"). The supporters of Valencia CF use to sing the melody with the words " Xe que bó!" which means something like "Oh! How good" in Catalan . The chant formed the title and a great deal of the lyrics Everton's FA Cup final single Here We Go! in 1984. [1] External links Here We Go Everything you could want to know about the chant, songs, albums, films and books named 'Here we go'.


"The football chant ""Who Ate All The Pies"" is sung to which music-hall tune?"

Will and Guy's Football Chants  Ξ Will and Guy's Football Chants I have often speculated on how football chants are born.  Do a bunch of fans get together, have a few words, then make up the words?  Perhaps supporters find themselves in holiday resort like Benitses or Palma Nova and the karaoke breaks down, so the improvise with a few choice words of their own. This is my favourite chant Newcastle fans towards Sunderland fans. 'Going down, going down, going down. ' Sunderland fans reply..... 'So are we, so are we, so are we. ' Collection of Football chants: As time goes on, some are likely to become obsolete, nevertheless they capture the ephemeral and irreverent nature of football chants. Manchester United chant to visiting Liverpool supporters: chant to Lord of the Dance tune: Man U Sing: 'Park, Park, Where ever you may be You eat dogs in your home country But it could be worse You could be a scouse Eating rats in your council house' West Brom Sing: West Bromwich Albion fans sang: the premier league is upside down the premier league is upside down we' re up the top Chelsea bottom the premier league is upside down then a few seconds later champions...............champions..............champions.  Δ Who ate all the Victorian pies? The football chant 'Who ate all the pies?' dates back more than 100 years, researchers have discovered. Sung to the tune of 'Knees Up Mother Brown', it was directed at Sheffield United's 24 stone goalkeeper William 'Fatty' Foulke by his own fans in 1894. The history was revealed in new dictionary: 'The Penguin Book of Clichés'. William Foulke also played professional cricket for Derbyshire and won a single cap playing football for England in 1897 against Wales. He was reputed to be 6 feet 7 inches tall.  Fatty Foulke also won the Football League championship [equivalent of the Premier League] and two FA cup winners medals. Modern variation on 'Who ate all the pies' Toon [Newcastle United FC] fans to JF Hasselbaink. He even laughed!: 'you're just a fat Eddie Murphy'  Φ 'He's here, he's there we' re not allowed to swear Frank Leboeuf, Frank Leboeuf' Chelsea fans after Leboeuf said in a radio interview that he didn't Like the idea of a swear word in his song. In reference to Jaime Carragher's [Liverpool] dad being banned from football stadia after being arrested for being drunk at a football match... He's red, He's banned from every ground, Carra's dad, To the tune of Rebel Rebel Neville Neville, [Manchester United] you play in defence, Neville Neville, your play is immense, Neville Neville, like Jacko you're bad, Neville Neville is the name of your dad. Don't blame it on the Biscan, Don't blame it on the Hamann, Don't blame it on the Finnan, Blame it on Traore, He just can't , He just can't , He just can't control his feet. He just can't , He just can't , He just can't control his feet. [Liverpool 2004-2005 season] 'Two Andy Gorams, there's only two Andy Gorams' ... Celtic fans to Andy Goram after it revealed the goalkeeper was diagnosed with schizophrenia. If you like this page then please share it with your friends


What variety of grape is used to produce the Italian red wine Chianti?

Italian Grape Varieties / Glossary » CellarTours Italian Grape Varieties Italian Red Grapes Aglianico: used to make quality full-bodied red wines in Campania (best commune being Taurasi) and also in up and coming Basilicata. Of Greek origin, it was known as “Vitis Hellenica” Aleatico: strong Mediterranean red varietal grown on the island of Elba and also in Puglia and Lazio Barbera: makes both elegant and juicy wines in Piedmont Bonarda: classic Lombard grape grown in the Oltrepò Pavese and Colli Piacentini DOCs. Bovale: Sardinian red grape of Spanish origin Cannonau: grown in the gorgeous island of Sardegna, also called Alicante. Said to have been imported from Spain in 13th century Cesanese: grown in the Lazio region it is often used to make semi sparkling red Corvina: one of the key grapes used for the production of Amarone, also used for wines like Valpolicella , Bardolino and Recioto Classico Dolcetto: originated in Piedmont and has become a huge commercial success Frappato: main grape used to make the famed Sicilian Cerasuolo Freisa: light red from Piedmont used to make semi sparkling wines Fumin: grown in the Aosta Valley Gaglioppo: Greek varietal imported in ancient times to Calabria, Cirò is most famous brand to use this grape Grignolino: light colored red wine is made from this grape in Piedmont mainly around Monferrato and Asti Lambrusco: historic grape in Italy from Emilia Romagna, became notorious for the sweet sparking red wines. Malvasia Nera: Literally Black Malvasia, used in many wines from Puglia Molinara: one of the 3 grapes used for Amarone production (the others being Rondinella and Corvina) Montepulciano d´Abruzzo: up and coming grape used to make some excellent wines in the Marche and Abruzzi regions, also in Molise and Puglia Nebbiolo: the Piemontese grape used to make Barolo and Barbaresco, also called Chiavennasca in Valtellina to produce Sforzato, and Spanna Negrara: Veneto grape from the Negrar district of Valpolicella, characteristic Negroamaro: means “Black bitter”, this intense black grape is king in Puglia, Nero d´Avola: also called “Calabrese, this is considered to be the finest red grape in Sicily and makes powerful wines Ormeasco: the term used for the Dolcetto grape in Liguria Piedirosso: found in Campania, probably of Greek origin as many Campania grapes. Means “red feet”, and is main grape in some of Mustilli´s best wines. Primitivo: cousin to California’s zinfandel and originating in Croatia, this popular red grape used in Puglia, particularly in the Salice Salentino and Primitivo di Manduria wines Prugnolo Gentile: name of the Sangiovese Grosso clone used to make the famed Vino Nobile di Montepulciano Raboso: grown in the Padua province especially for the wines from Colli Euganei Refosco: main red grape from Friuli , makes light reds Rondinella: used as part of a trio of grapes in Amarone and other Valpolicella wines Sagrantino: the main red grape of Umbria and used to make the excellent DOCG Sagrantino di Montefalco Sangiovese: also called Morellino, this is the flagship grape of Italy used to make Chianti Classico , Schiava/Vernatsch: northern red grape found in Trentino Alto Adige Italian White Grapes


What variety of bean is used to produce beansprouts, popular in Oriental cuisine?

Mung Bean Sprouts, A Raw or Cooked Plant-Based Protein Protein -  7.0g Calories - 105 In a 2014 published review analyzing mung beans, mung sprouts and their nutritional qualities, it was stated that "High levels of proteins, amino acids, oligosaccharides, and polyphenols in mung beans are thought to be the main contributors to the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities of this food and are involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism." As with other types of sprouts , raw mung bean sprouts are a rich source of natural food-based enzymes, which is not the case for cooked varieties. Consuming them alongside cook meals or harder to digest foods can help to increase digestion and preserve one's own digestive enzyme resources. In the previous review, it was also reported that "In recent years, studies have shown that the sprouts of mung beans after germination have more obvious biological activities and more plentiful secondary metabolites since relevant biosynthetic enzymes are activated during the initial stages of germination. Thus, germination is thought to improve the nutritional and medicinal qualities of mung beans." Best Quality Mung Beans Commercial mung beans are usually grown in either India or China and are exported to other countries around the world. We have, however, found a good source of organic mung beans cultivated in California, which may be preferred for those living in the United States. We always recommend purchasing organically grown and non-GMO certified mung beans for highest possible quality and sprout viability. About Sprouting Mung Beans Mung bean sprouts are sprouted in much the same way you would initially jar sprout other types of sprouts like broccoli , alfalfa , fenugreek and onion , or when preparing microgreens like sunflower or purslane before they are placed on a tray or growing medium. The length of time it takes to sprout them is fairly short, usually about 1-3 days depending on how you plan to eat them. For consuming raw sprouts, we recommend sprouting them for at least 2-3 days, which will produce a white sprout that is about 1/4-3/4 an inch long (or .63-1.9 cm). If you're going to cook your mung sprouts, it is best to sprout them for only a brief one day period, just after the sprout emerges from the seed. This provides a better flavor after the beans are cooked. How to Sprout Mung Beans To sprout mung beans you will need a one quart glass jar, a mesh sprouting lid and 1 ½ cups of whole green mung beans (preferably organic). This will produce about a one quart jar of mung bean sprouts Directions Place the mung beans in the jar and fill with filtered pure water, stir and allow to soak overnight or for at least 8 hours with a loose lid. Screw on mesh lid and strain the soaking liquid. Rinse, stir, remove any loose hulls that float to the top and strain again. Leave the jar turned upside down, tilted at an angle in a dish drain or container. Rinse and strain once a day until a desired sprout size between 1/4-3/4 an inch long (or .63-1.9 cm) is achieved. This usually takes between 1-3 days depending on room temperature. (For more on sprouting specifics see our sprouting seeds or how to sprout pages.) How to Use Mung bean sprouts can be consumed in small amounts as a raw sprout variety atop salads, soups or most any raw and cooked meal. They can likewise be added to wraps, tacos or sushi rolls. We used them in our vegan pad thai and seaweed salad recipes as an added protein source. Cooking mung beans, either slightly sprouted or unsprouted legumes, usually takes a lot less time to prepare than other types of beans, usually between 1 - 1 1/2 hours total cooking time. They are delicious when cooked and prepared as a sprouted mung bean dal with curry, turmeric and other Indian spices. Mung beans, when slightly undercooked, can additionally be prepared as a homemade tempeh that can be sliced, grilled, stir-fried or served in miso soup. Another Way to Eat Raw Legumes In recent years some experimentation with fermenting raw soaked or sprouted bean pa


Berengaria of Navarre was the queen of which English King?

Arrayed in Gold: Berengaria of Navarre: The English Queen Who Never Set Foot in England Berengaria of Navarre, Queen of England. Engraving from c.1890. Berengaria of Navarre, consort to one of England's most beloved and best remembered kings, Richard I (the Lionheart), had a distinction in history as the only Queen of England never to set foot in England, well at least during her husband's lifetime. Just as in the case of early medieval English queens consort, little is known about Berengaria's life, and this what makes her more intriguing for me. She lived in a time of many historical events and yet she was overshadowed by more forceful personalities of that time (Richard the Lionheart and his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine). Berengaria is one of my favorite historical character, and I have always looked up to her as a beautiful, intelligent, compassionate and courageous woman, deeply devoted to her husband. But beauty and devotion were all seemed wasted. Richard, although undoubtedly the ideal warrior-king and the epitome of a chivalrous knight, was far from being the ideal husband (and the ideal king), and his treatment of Berengaria reveals a rather cold and callous side of his personality. Berengaria was born a princess of Navarre, a little kingdom on the borders of France and Spain (and now a Northeastern region of Spain), between the years 1165 and 1170. She was the eldest daughter of Sancho IV of Navarre (nicknamed "the Wise") and Infanta Sanchia of Castile. Berengaria was probably born and educated in Pamplona, the capital of Navarre. She was said to be extremely well-educated, and she grew up with a great appreciation for the music and poetry of the troubadours of neighboring Provence. Even though she was a Spanish by descent, she was more a Provencal princess in language and education. When it comes to her appearance, Berengaria was described as dark-haired and dark-eyed, "petite, and a fine musician... in all things, a suitable consort for a king". She was said to be very beautiful, but a Norman minstrel named Ambroise, one of the only two contemporaries who ever saw her, simply described her as "elegant and prudent". Berengaria first saw Richard when he was still Count of Poitou at a grand tournament held by her father in Pamplona. Richard was a great friend of Berengaria's brother, Sancho. They were fratres juratis, or sworn brothers, according to a custom of the times of chivalry. They had similar personalities and interests. Both men were renowned for their bravery, and they were highly skilled in all the learning and poetry of the Provencals. As Count of Poitou, Richard had ample opportunities to visit Sancho since Navarre was a close neighbor of Poitou. It was believed by historians that it was the result of Richard's frequent sojourns to Navarre that he became acquainted and eventually felt attracted to Berengaria. Berengaria herself was a learned and cultivated princess, and Richard, a gifted troubadour-poet, must have become naturally drawn to her. He admired her cultivated mind, and she made a strong impression on his volatile heart. Years after Richard and Berengaria's first meeting, the King of Navarre was informed that Eleanor of Aquitaine was interested in a marriage between Berengaria and her favorite son Richard, who by this time had made a vow to 'take up the cross' and join the Crusade. The union between the Princess of Navarre and a Prince of England would be very beneficial for Queen Eleanor, for an alliance with the kingdom of Navarre would mean protection to the southern borders of Aquitaine. The cultural similarities between Aquitaine and Navarre, where the troubadours enjoyed great prestige and royal protection, and the apparent physical attraction between Richard and Berengaria, helped to forge the marriage. But marriage was impossible between the couple while the contract made by their parents between Richard and Alys of France remained intact. Years ago, Richard had been promised in marriage to Alys Capet, half-sister of the King of France. However, Richard's father King Henry II of En


Catherine of Braganza was the queen of which English King?

Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England « The Freelance History Writer August 30, 2012 By Susan Abernethy in 17th Century , Early Modern History , Women's History Tags: Catherine of Braganza , King Afonso VI of Portugal , King Charles II of England , King Juan IV of Portugal , Louise de Keroulle , Portugal 20 Comments Portrait of Catherine of Braganza by Lely Amidst all the commotion created by King Charles II’s sex life and flamboyant mistresses, there actually was a Queen. She was Catherine of Braganza and she led a very interesting life in England as the King’s wife and later as ruler of her country of origin. Catarina Henriqueta de Braganza was born on November 25, 1638 in the Vila Vicosa in Alentego, Portugal. She was the eldest child of Joao, Duke of Braganza and his wife, Luisa Maria Francisca de Guzman . Catherine had two siblings, Afonso and Pedro and grew up in a loving family. Catherine’s mother took an active interest in her children’s education. In 1640, Catherine’s father led a rebellion against Spain. During the rebellion he was offered the crown of Portugal and at his wife’s urging he agreed. The family moved to Lisbon and he was crowned King Joao IV. Portugal continued to fight for independence from Spain and received little cooperation from other European countries. However, one monarch acknowledged his elevation to the monarchy. The beleaguered King Charles I of England recognized his crown and King Joao would always remember this validation of his status. In 1644, King Joao finally prevailed against Spain. In an effort to reinforce his standing further, he sent his ambassador to England to negotiate a marriage agreement between King Charles I’s eldest son Charles and his daughter Catherine. Due to the raging Civil War in England, the negotiations never were carried out. Catherine lived for most of her childhood in a convent close to the royal palace where her mother could supervise her education. Her upbringing was said to be sheltered and made her a person of strong faith and devotion. Exhausted with fighting the Spaniards, King Joao died in 1656 leaving his remarkable wife as regent for King Afonso. Luisa continued the fight against the dominance of Spain and enhanced Portugal’s independence through military and commercial endeavors. She soon was entertaining proposals for her daughter’s hand in marriage. She first contemplated a marriage with Louis XIV of France. When that didn’t materialize, she turned to England. A secret meeting was set up with her ambassador and King Charles II. The Portuguese offered Charles Tangier which could be used as a base for trade in the Mediterranean, Bombay, a gateway for trade with India, free trade with Brazil and the East Indies and an enormous amount of cash, £300,000. After a year of negotiations and overcoming doubts over him marrying a Catholic princess, Charles announced he would marry Catherine of Braganza before Parliament on May 8, 1661. King Charles II of England The marriage contract was signed on June 23, 1661 with England agreeing to provide military assistance to help protect Portugal from Spain in return for the massive dowry. Catherine was given and income of £30,000 and the right to worship freely in England as a Catholic. Catherine was twenty-three and had become a serene and quiet young woman. She made the difficult journey to England, leaving her beloved home. The couple had two wedding ceremonies performed on May 21, 1662. The first was a Catholic service performed in secret and then a public Protestant service. She was never crowned as a Catholic was not allowed to participate in an Anglican ceremony. People were already criticizing Catherine’s appearance and her reserved nature. The fact that she didn’t speak English well made things difficult for her. But Charles seemed pleased with her appearance and her behavior and the early days of their marriage were satisfying. Catherine fell hopelessly in love with the King. But things did not go smoothly for long. Barbara Villiers, Lady Castlemaine, Charles’ tempestuous mistress was pregnant with her


"Which one-man band had two top ten hits, both in 1968, with ""Rosie"" and ""Blue Eyes""?"

Don Partridge: One-man band who had Top 10 hits in the 1960s but returned to a life of busking | The Independent Don Partridge: One-man band who had Top 10 hits in the 1960s but returned to a life of busking Monday 27 September 2010 23:00 BST Click to follow The Independent Online Street entertainment is now a regular feature of city life, but in the 1960s it was primarily buskers, and not too many of them, either. The one-man band Don Partridge was signed by EMI and had Top 10 hits with "Rosie" and "Blue Eyes" in 1968, but he preferred an itinerant lifestyle and soon returned to busking. He stressed that he never begged and was always being paid for entertainment. Don Partridge was born in Bournemouth in October 1941. He left school at 15, taking a variety of different jobs and finding a purpose in life when he saw the American one-man band, Jesse Fuller, on a UK tour. Partridge set himself up with a guitar, a harmonica on a harness, a drum on his back (operated with a stick attached to his elbow) and a foot cymbal. Wearing an old snakeskin jacket, he played across Europe, settling wherever he fancied, but he was often arrested. Fortunately for him, the fine for busking in London was £2 and he earned several times that in a day. In 1967, the songwriters, Don Paul (of the Viscounts) and Richard Kerr (who later wrote "Mandy", a hit for Barry Manilow) went to see You Only Live Twice at the Odeon, Leicester Square. They were taken with Partridge, who had two young girls in mini-skirts as "bottlers" (that is, collecting the money). Paul invited Partridge to record at the Regent Sound Studio in Denmark Street, which cost £8 an hour. "We did five takes of his song, 'Rosie', and every one sounded the same," Paul told me in 2001, "EMI put it out and he really didn't care if it was a hit or not. He was difficult to manage as he always did what he wanted. I put him on tour with Gene Pitney and when someone shouted for 'Rosie', he replied, 'Piss off!' It was unheard of for someone to swear on a package tour and the promoter, Arthur Howes, was very annoyed. He'd have been another Rolf Harris if I could have tamed him." Kerr wrote the second hit, "Blue Eyes". "We needed an upright bass for a half-session which cost £4, but otherwise it was his one-man band. His co-ordination was excellent but the minute you added strings or made him more sophisticated, he was all at sea. I saw him take a handful of fivers and throw them in the fire because money wasn't going to get to him. He got sacked from a season on Blackpool pier for constantly swearing on stage. He was soon back on the streets but that was where he wanted to be." For a short time, Partridge enjoyed his wealth, buying a Mercedes and hand-made suits, but he soon gave it away. Using his own money, Partridge organised a short tour with other street entertainers, including a concert at the Royal Albert Hall. Around 1972, I saw him at Jacqui and Bridie's folk club in Liverpool, for which he received £10. Partridge was never homeless but sometimes lived in a horse-drawn caravan, and sometimes on a longboat. In the 1970s he moved into a fisherman's cottage in Brixham, Devon and later had various addresses in East Sussex. He persuaded the Swedish authorities to change the law on busking and his final album, The Highwayman (2001), included reflections on his life as a busker. In 2005, he went on a UK tour with Lemon Jelly, playing inside and outside theatres. "I could never refuse a pretty face", he once confessed, "I'd be busking and a girl would come up and invite me to her place. I could always tell the difference between true love and sex, but unfortunately my wives couldn't." Indeed, at the time of his hit records, he appears to have had two wives, both Swedish girls. His life can be summarised by the opening track on his album Don Partridge (1968), "Following Your Fancy". Don Partridge, musician: born Bournemouth 27 October 1941; married four times (eight children); Peacehaven, East Sussex 21 September 2010. More about:


Which former US First Lady founded, in 1982, a well-known drug and alcohol rehabilitation centre?

Betty Ford, former First Lady and drug rehab centre founder, dies aged 93 | Daily Mail Online Betty Ford, former First Lady and drug rehab centre founder, dies aged 93 comments Former US First Lady Betty Ford, who founded a rehabilitation clinic after battling drug and alcohol addiction herself, has died at 93. Mrs Ford, widow of ex-President Gerald Ford died in hospital near her Betty Ford Clinic in Rancho Mirage, California. President Obama said yesterday: 'She helped reduce the social stigma surrounding addiction and inspired thousands to seek much-needed treatment.' Betty Ford in 1985 at a charity awards ceremony in Los Angeles Together: Betty Ford seen here in 1976 with her husband former President Gerald Ford Mrs Ford was thrust into the limelight in 1974 when disgraced Republican President Richard Nixon quit office and Vice-President Mr Ford took over. She had a mastectomy for breast canver, then left the White House when Jimmy Carter won the 1976 election. She was treated for her addictions and in 1982 founed her clinic, which helped stars such as Elizabeth taylor and Liza Minelli. Mr Ford died in 2006, also at 93. They leave four children. She died with her family at her bedside. 'I was deeply saddened this afternoon when I heard of Betty Ford's death,' former first lady Nancy Reagan said in a statement confirming Mrs Ford's death. Effect: her well known Betty Ford Clinic has treated scores of celebrities over the years In 1978 she made headlines after being admitted to Long Beach Naval Hospital for prescription drug and alcohol abuse. Many believe Mrs Ford's problems with chemical dependency may have begun in 1964, when doctors prescribed her painkillers for a pinched nerve.  The episode in 1978 led to the 1982 founding of the Betty Ford Center in Rancho Mirage, California. Scores of celebrities have sought treatment at the clinic - including Lindsay Lohan, Robert Downey Jr., Chevy Chase, Kelsey Grammer, Elizabeth Taylor, Anna Nicole Smith, Ozzy Osbourne, Drew Barrymore, Johnny Cash, Liza Minnelli, Billy Joel, and David Hasselhoff. Mrs. Ford's death was confirmed by Marty Allen, chairman emeritus of the Ford Foundation. He did not comment further, and said he expected the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum would release information later. During and after her years in the White House, 1974 to 1977, Mrs Ford won acclaim for her candor, wit and courage as she fought breast cancer, severe arthritis and the twin addictions of drugs and alcohol. She also pressed for abortion rights and the Equal Rights Amendment. But it was her Betty Ford Center, a desert oasis that rescued celebrities and ordinary people from addiction, that made her famous in her own right. She was modest about that accomplishment. 'People who get well often say, 'You saved my life,' and 'You've turned my life around,'' she recalled. 'They don't realise we merely provided the means for them to do it themselves and that's all. 'That's a God-given gift as far as I'm concerned. I don't take any credit for providing anything that wasn't provided to me.' After the former president died December 26, 2006, at age 93, his widow said: 'His life was filled with love of God, his family and his country.' They had been married in 1948, the same year he was elected to Congress. Passed away: Betty Ford bows her head at the casket of her husband, former U.S. President Gerald R. Ford, as his remains lie in state in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol January 1, 2007 As she and their children led the nation in mourning him, Americans were reminded anew of her own contributions, as well as his. It was calculated then that the Betty Ford Center had treated 76,000 people. 'It's hard to imagine a more important figure in the substance abuse field than Mrs. Ford,' Rick Rawson, associate director of the integrated substance abuse program at the University of California at Los Angeles, said at the time. She and her husband had retired to Rancho Mirage after he lost a bruising presidential race to Jimmy Carter in 1976. She went to work on her memoirs, 'The


Who was the first actor to win the Academy Award for Best Actor posthumously?

Oscars Awarded Posthumously Who was the first actor to receive an Oscar posthumously? The Answer: The only actor to win an Oscar posthumously was Peter Finch , who won the Academy     Award for Best Actor in 1977 for his role in the movie Network The British-Australian actor, who was also nominated for his     role in Sunday Bloody Sunday (1971), died of a     heart-attack on Jan. 14, 1977, in Beverly Hills, while promoting the     movie. His widow, Aletha Finch, accepted the award at the 49th annual Academy Awards . An Oscar has been awarded posthumously to several non-actors,     the first being Sidney     Howard , screenwriter of Gone With the     Wind in 1939. Others include Edward G. Robinson , who was given a     special honorary award by the Academy in 1973. And in 1993, "Hollywood 10" member Dalton Trumbo received a belated,     posthumous award for writing the screenplay to 1953's Roman     Holiday . The film had won an award for his "front" Ian     McLellan Hunter. —The Editors


Directed by John Lasseter, what was, in 1995, the first film to be entirely computer-generated?

Pixar Luxo Jr. is completed. The short film, John Lasseter’s directorial debut, is unveiled in August at SIGGRAPH and then screened for general audiences at Los Angeles-area theaters in November. Luxo Jr. will be the first three-dimensional  computer animated film to be nominated for the Best Animated Short Film Oscar®. 1986 1987 Red’s Dream is completed. Its rain effect and complexity of lighting pose new technological challenges for the team and allow a study in creating mood and atmosphere. A portion of the film is rendered entirely on the Pixar Image Computer.   Also directed by John Lasseter, the short film has its  premiere in July at SIGGRAPH. 1987 1988 Tin Toy is completed. A partially completed version is screened for SIGGRAPH audiences in August, and the film receives its official premiere later that year at the Ottawa International Film Fest. Tin Toy will be the first computer animated film to receive an Academy Award® when it is named Best Animated Short Film of 1988. Pixar’s new animation system, Menv (short for "modeling environment"), comes online.   2000 2001 Monsters, Inc. is released in theaters on November 2, accompanied by For the Birds. Monsters, Inc. reaches over $100 million in domestic box-office in just 9 days—faster than any animated film in history. It will receive two Academy Award® nominations, including Best Song; Randy Newman will take home the Oscar® for "If I Didn't Have You," from the Monsters, Inc. soundtrack.  Rob Cook, Loren Carpenter and Ed Catmull receive an Academy Award of Merit® for Significant Advances in the Field of Motion Picture Rendering. Pixar now numbers over 600 employees. Co-founder Ed Catmull is named Pixar's President.   2001 2002 Mike's New Car, the first-ever Pixar short featuring characters from another Pixar film, premieres on September 17.  It is featured as part of the Monster, Inc. DVD and VHS release. The short will receive an Academy Award® nomination for Best Animated Short Film. "a bug's land" attraction opens on October 7  at Disney California Adventure Park.   2002 2003 Finding Nemo is released in theaters on May 30, accompanied by a remastered version of Knick Knack. Finding Nemo breaks opening weekend box-office records domestically for an animated feature. Finding Nemo will be nominated for four Academy Awards® and win the Oscar® for Best Animated Feature. Boundin' premieres and will be nominated for the Academy Award® as Best Animated Short Film.   Brave is released in theaters on June 22, accompanied bythe short La Luna. Brave is nominated and wins the Academy Award® for Best Animated Feature Film . Partysaurus Rex, Time Travel Mater, and The Legend of Mor'du are all released. 2012 2013 Monsters University is released in theaters on June 21, accompanied by the short The Blue Umbrella. ABC Televised special Toy Story Of Terror  and  Tales From Radiator Springs (Hiccups, Spinning, Bugged), are all released. 2013 Toy Story That Time Forgot, Pixar's Holiday TV special, aired on December 2, 2014 on ABC. 2014 2015 After premiering at the 68th Cannes Film Festival in May, Inside Out was released in North America on June 19, 2015, accompanied by the short film LAVA. Inside Out went on to receive several awards, including an Academy Award®, BAFTA Award, Golden Globe Award, Critics' Choice Award, Annie Award, and Satellite Award for Best Animated Feature. 2015-1 2015 (cont.) The Good Dinosaur premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on November 17, 2015. It was accompanied by the short film  Sanjay's Super Team. 2015-2 2016 Finding Dory premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on June 8, 2016, and was released in the United States on June 17, 2016.  Finding Dory is ranked as the highest-grossing animated debut of all time. It was accompanied by the Short Film Piper. 2016


Journalist and writer Martha Gellhorn was the first wife of which author?

The ferocious journalist who gave as good she got: How Martha Gellhorn was Hemingway's toughest contender | Daily Mail Online The ferocious journalist who gave as good she got: How Martha Gellhorn was Hemingway's toughest contender comments To many, especially those captivated by Nicole Kidman's performance in HBO's two hour epic last night, Martha Gellhorn is best known as Ernest Hemingway's third wife. But Kidman's effervescent portrayal of the gutsy journalist in Hemingway & Gellhorn did more than provide a worthy counterpart to Clive Owen's Hemingway. It has thrown a well-deserved spotlight onto the woman who gave the oafish, ego-maniacal Nobel Prize winner a run for his money when it came to brains and bravery. Cut from the same cloth: Clive Owen and Nicole Kidman as the self-destructive duo Ernest Hemmingway and third wife, Martha Gellhorn, in an HBO movie A ferociously ambitious blonde with big ideas about people, politics and polemics, Martha Gellhorn was one of the first ever women to work as a war correspondent while also authoring five novels, 14 novellas and two collections of short stories. She traveled the world extensively to more than 50 countries and was known to go to extreme lengths to get a story even if it involved stowing away on a boat or smuggling herself into enemy territory. She was also the only wife to leave Hemingway after their stormy and competitive five year marriage came to an explosive end. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share The fiery duo both met their match in Sloppy Joe's bar in Key West, Florida in 1936 while Gellhorn was on a Christmas break in the States. Though at the time Hemingway was still married to Pauline Pfeiffer, it was 27-year-old Gellhorn who went with him to Spain that same year to cover the Civil War for Collier's Weekly and she who spent Christmas with him in Barcelona in 1937. The two embarked on a heated and self-destructive on-off love affair interrupted as much by her toing and froing from one war zone to another as it was by the fact that Hemingway did not divorce Pfeiffer until 1939. Happier days: After four years of an erratic on-off love affair Hemmingway and Gellhorn were married but he was always frustrated by her travels abroad to cover the front lines But though HBO made much of the sexual chemistry between the pair, Gellhorn was not only unfaithful during their relationship with Hemingway, she famously wrote in a letter in 1972 that sex was never of any particular interest to her. In the missive she confessed: 'I didn't like sex at all … all my life idiotically, I thought sex seemed to matter so desperately to the man who wanted it that to withhold was like withholding bread, an act of selfishness … what has always really absorbed me in life is what is happening outside. 'I accompanied men and was accompanied in action, in the extrovert part of life; I plunged into that; that was something altogether to be shared. 'But not sex; that seemed to be their delight and all I got was a pleasure of being wanted, I suppose, and the sort of tenderness (not nearly enough) that a man gives when he is satisfied. I daresay I was the worst bed partner in five continents.' The couple were eventually married in 1940 and lived together in Cuba at the famous La Finca Vigia estate but before long, the unrest in Europe called the passionate journalist back and she left to report from the Italian front. Their relationship had already become a battle of wills and clash of personalities as Gellhorn continued to disappoint her husband by leaving their marital bed for the challenges of war reportage. Whose is bigger? The pair made a competitive couple as Gellhorn's own literary and journalistic pursuits often came before her relationship with Hemmingway Hemingway's frustration with Gellhorn's constant absence was showcased in a mocking pre-wedding contract penned by the whip smart journalist. In it Gellhorn stated: '[Hemingway] and his business are what matter to me in this life, and that also I recognize that a very fine and sensitive writer cannot be left alone fo


Writer Roald Dahl was the husband of which Oscar-winning actress?

“Dealing with Olivia’s Death” – Roald Dahl Fans > “Dealing with Olivia’s Death” “Dealing with Olivia’s Death” This story is from the March 31, 1997 issue of People Magazine. It appeared as part of a larger piece on celebrities who’ve survived the death of a child. Roald Dahl’s first wife Patricia Neal contributed the following… Updated: If you’d like to read more about Olivia, please see “MEASLES: A Dangerous Illness” . In it, Roald Dahl urges parents to have their children vaccinated against measles to avoid tragedies like Olivia’s death. Patricia Neal In 1961, Neal, the Oscar-winning actress (for 1963’s Hud), her husband, writer Roald Dahl (Charlie and the Chocolate Factory), and their three children moved to the tranquil town of Great Missenden, England, after their son Theo was almost killed by a Manhattan taxi cab. A year later, 7-year-old Olivia, the eldest, contracted measles. Inoculation was then rare in England, and Olivia had never received measles vaccine. Less than a week after coming down with the virus, she developed measles encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain. On Nov. 17, 1962, she fell into a coma and died. The phone rang. It was the doctor. He said, “Mrs. Dahl, Olivia’s dead. Did you hear me? I said Olivia is dead.” I said, yes, thank you. I couldn’t believe how cold he was. Roald came back from the hospital and he cried. Oh, he cried. He had seen her dead. I unfortunately never did. My sisters-in-law talked me out of it. I wish they hadn’t. I stayed up that first night just looking out the window. Your love is dead, and the sun still comes up. It’s just so sad. I was the strong one at that point. I don’t want to brag about myself, but I’ve never seen anything like it. Roald really almost went crazy. I held everything together. I cooked all day and went on. Of course 34 years ago anything like a survivors’ support group was virtually unheard of. You had to pull yourself together. I loved Olivia, loved her, but my God, I had two more children. I had to go on. Over the years, I found that talking about Olivia helped immeasurably. Roald – who died in 1990 – couldn’t say a word. It was locked inside him. Part of my healing came by having another child. No one could replace Olivia, but a new child would begin to heal the emptiness. In a letter to my doctor in California soon after Olivia’s death, I wrote, “I absolutely believe in a soul. And I long to let her go, to free her and hope she will be born again to me.” Two years later, Ophelia was born and a year after that, Lucy. Over the years, I did other things to help keep Olivia’s memory alive, donating a silver cup to her school each year to be awarded to the best high jumper, as she was in 1962. And when I played Olivia Walton in the TV film that preceded The Waltons television series, I insisted that my character’s name not be changed to “Mary” as the producers wanted. I keep a few momentos of Olivia around the house. One is a letter that she wrote when she was about 6 to a family friend. It says, “Dear Sheila, Thank you for the bubbly gum. I hope you are well. The bubbly was the most exciting present I ever had and I can blow bubbles . . . Love, Olivia. XXXXX.” That’s my Olivia. Isn’t she a honey of a girl? Olivia Dahl


Singer Alecia Moore first hit the charts in 2000 under what one-word name?

Pink - Biography - IMDb Biography Showing all 70 items Jump to: Overview  (3) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (1) | Trade Mark  (5) | Trivia  (47) | Personal Quotes  (13) Overview (3) 5' 4" (1.63 m) Mini Bio (1) Pink was born Alecia Beth Moore in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, and was later raised in Philadelphia. Her parents, Judith Moore (née Kugel), a nurse, and Jim Moore , a Vietnam veteran, divorced when she was very young. Her mother is from an Ashkenazi Jewish family, while her father has Irish, German, and English ancestry. As a child, all Pink wanted was to become a singer, and she was driven by the music of Madonna , Mary J. Blige , 4 Non Blondes , Janis Joplin , Billy Joel and Whitney Houston . Pink was a very unique teenager, and went through phases as a skateboarder, hip-hopper and gymnast. She spent several years as part of the club scene in Philadelphia, singing guest spots and performing for talent shows. At the age of 13, she was asked by a local DJ to sing back-up for his rap group, Schools of Thought. A short time later, she was discovered by a record executive and joined a female R&B group, Choice. When that didn't work out, she signed with LaFace Records and began her solo career. In spring 2000, she released her debut, "Can't Take Me Home". She co-wrote many songs and watched it go multi-platinum by the year's end. Her debut included the Top 10 hit, "There You Go", which was certified a gold single. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Michael Arreola Spouse (1) ( 7 January  2006      - present) (2 children) Trade Mark (5) Pink colors sometimes appear in her hair Her tattoos Spells her name with an exclamation mark instead of an 'i'. Short platinum blonde hair American singer-songwriter. Grew up in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. Her hit song "There You Go" was dubbed the "I Will Survive" for the new millennium by Teen People magazine. Remade the Patti LaBelle classic "Lady Marmalade" along with Mya , Lil' Kim and Christina Aguilera for the Moulin Rouge! (2001) soundtrack. Claims her name derives from the movie Reservoir Dogs (1992). while seeing the movie with friends, they all agreed that she resembled the character Mr. Pink, played by Steve Buscemi . They thought the name to be a great irony, as she was a tomboy. Was the lead singer of the rock band Middleground before getting a record deal. Attended Central Bucks West High, class of 1997. Sometimes writes her name: P!nk Her father is a Vietnam veteran. Met her boyfriend, motocross superstar Carey Hart , at the 2001 X Games in Philadelphia. She's a big supporter of the animal-rights organization PETA. She was voted one of Choice USA's "Top 30 Under 30" activists for reproductive freedom in 2004. Ranked #36 in Stuff magazine's "102 Sexiest Women in the World" (2002). Is good friends with Avril Lavigne and Lisa Marie Presley . Engaged to Carey Hart on June 26, 2005. They got married January 7, 2006. She has a brother named Jason Moore. Parodied Paris Hilton , Lindsay Lohan , Mary-Kate Olsen , Jessica Simpson , Hilary Duff , Nicole Richie and several other Hollywood celebrities on the music video for her single "Stupid Girls", in which she deplored the lack of good role models for girls (February 2006). Follows a strict vegan lifestyle. Dislikes horror movies. Her first concert took place in Orlando, Florida. Ranked #57 on VH1's 100 Sexiest Artists. Announced that she and Carey Hart had separated, but remained good friends (19 February 2008). Born to James Jim Moore , a Vietnam veteran, and his then-wife, Judith Moore (aka Judy Kugel), a nurse. Her father has Irish, German, and English ancestry. Her mother is from an Ashkenazi Jewish family (from Bohemia, Russia, and Lithuania). Being a passionate campaigner for PETA, she once sent a letter to Prince William criticizing him for fox hunting and to Queen Elizabeth II protesting the use of real fur in bearskins of the Honourable Artillery Company and the Foot Guards. Has won two Grammy Awards for "Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals" in 2002 ("Lady Marmalade") and "Best Female Rock Performance" in 2004 ("Trouble"). As of 20


In 1994, Sannie Carlson became the first ever non-British singer to make a chart debut at number one - under what one word name?

whigfield : definition of whigfield and synonyms of whigfield (English) 5 External links   Biography Sannie Charlotte Carlson was born in Skælskør , Denmark. She spent several years in Africa as a child before returning to her native country. Before singing Sannie worked as a very successful model and studied music. When she met the producer Larry Pignagnoli , who also produces Benny Benassi , Katla, In-Grid, Ally & Jo, Ann Lee, Spagna, J.K., Dhany and others, the artist "Whigfield" was born. The name "Whigfield" is a tribute to her piano teacher. [1]   Musical career   International success She rose to prominence when her single "Saturday Night" became the summer smash hit of 1994, thanks to extensive play in the clubs of the Mediterranean and the fact that it had a dance which many found easy to learn. It was also the single which prevented Wet Wet Wet from reaching a record-equalling 16th week at number 1 in the UK. [2] She became the first ever non-UK or American artist to debut at No.1 in her first week in the UK Singles Chart . Her music was also very successful in Australia , Brazil , Venezuela , Canada , Italy , France , India , the Netherlands , the Nordic countries , The Philippines where it became a hugely popular and smash hit summer song of 1994 gaining a very decent cult status in recent years along with the songs of Ace of Base and Los del Río , and Spain during the 1995 Eurodance phenomenon. Her role in the Eurodance scene has been very significant and has played an important role in music coming from Italy and Scandinavia. Later singles include "Think of You", "Close To You", " Last Christmas ", "Gimme Gimme" and "Sexy Eyes". "Gimme Gimme" and "Sexy Eyes" reached #14 and #6 in Australia, respectively, and they were the only two significant charting hits in that country. [3] Like the group Milli Vanilli , Whigfield was accused of not singing her own songs. This was because she did all her live performances lip synching (miming to a backing track). "Saturday Night" was produced by Larry Pignagnoli and Davide Riva , two Italian producers known for a variety of Eurodance projects, who usually worked with vocalists such as Daniela Galli (better known as Dhany ), Annerley Gordon (aka Ann Lee ) and Sandy Chambers . Another Pignagnoli project, Ally & Jo, featured a similar voice to Whigfield's but different faces in the CD cover and led to the accusations. In October 2007, Whigfield released All In One, a greatest hits album with past hits being resung with newer, modern beats. The album included updated versions of "Think Of You", "Gotta Getcha", "Sexy Eyes", "Givin All My Love", "No Tears To Cry", "Was A Time", "Close To You", "Out Of Sight", "Another Day", and her biggest hit "Saturday Night". The album also includes two new songs, "Rainbow" and " Right in the Night ", a cover version of Jam & Spoon 's track. On 18 December, she released her first single in three years, "Think of You", which contains mixes from Mathieu Bouthier & Muttonheads and Gabry Ponte. A second single "Right In The Night" was released in May 2008, which peaked at #4 on the Eurodance.com Interactive Chart. A third single was released "Saturday Night (Klm Mixes)" in late 2008 which contains 20 new mixes. However successful Whigfield became on the international marketplace, the only place where she has yet to achieve major commercial success, is the United States . Although she placed both "Saturday Night" and "Another Day" on the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in 1995, with "Night" peaking at #19 and "Day" coming in at #21, respectively. In the years 1994-1997 Whigfield sold more records than Oasis and Blur combined,[ citation needed ] although in a 1998 interview she accepted that she was not a bigger influence on mainstream music than either band.   Recent works Whigfield has since written and performed many dance songs for groups such as Benny Benassi, changed her performance name to Naan, and is still involved in the industry. [4] In 2005, Whigfield appeared on the Benassi Bros album Phobia, writing and singing on two songs


The ancient cities of Leptis Magna and Cyrene can be found in which modern-day country?

Cyrene was a Libyan Amazon Queen. Prospered through the silphium plant. Cyrene was one of the largest cities in Africa in the 4th century BC. Temple of Zeus (above picture) was larger than Athens' Parthenon. The rulers of Cyrene include: Cleopatra, Alexander the Great, and Marc Antony. A series of turbulent rebellions sent the city in turmoil in the 2nd    century AD. The city recovered under the patronage of the Libyan Emperor Septimius    Severus. Cyrene was named Unesco World Heritage Site in 1982. One of the top archaeological destination in Libya today. The Greek Invasion of Cyrene The Greek invasions of Crete and Rhodes of the 9th century    BC were shortly followed by their invasions of Cyrenaica in Eastern    Libya.     The city of Cyrene was a Greek colony, built in the seventh century BC    (631 BC) upon the oracle advice of Delphi, on one of    the best verdant regions of Eastern Libya's Green Mountain,    by        immigrants (or refugees according to some sources) from    the island of Thera (Santhorini).    However, there    was also a failed attempt to colonise Tripolitania under    the command of Dorieus, the king of Sparta, who    reached the River Cinyps (Wadi Caam), just east of    Leptis Magna, in 520 BC and founded a city by that    name. They were kicked out three years later by the    Carthaginians (Berbers & Phoenicians). The prosperity of Cyrene was founded    on the silphium plant,    pictured on Cyrenaican coins, where it resembles a stylised    leek or a sunflower. The plant once grew only in Libya    and apparently its extinction was a grievous blow to    the city's economy.     Libyan Amazonian Cyrene: The city is locally known as    Qurina: (QRN) > *Qyrne > Cyrne (CRN). But Cyrene was also one of the Libyan Amazon queens who, according to legend, founded a city with that    name (Cerne) along the coast. The Greek goddess Ceres,    a Hellenic form of African Isis, the Corn-goddess,    the goddess of fertility, was also known    as Qer,        Ger or Cer, and therefore Qurina appears to be the Libyan   form of Qer.   The Greek Version of the Myth of Cyrene According to the Greek version of the founding myth, the nymph-huntress    Cyrene, whom the Greeks knew as Kurana (cf. Qurina), was spotted by the    Sun-god Apollo wrestling with and subsequently strangling    a lion in the jungle, and he immediately fell in love    with the courageous princess. Typical of most Greek    gods Apollo did    what Zeus normally does, and so he abducted the beautiful    princess, threw her in his golden chariot, and flew to    a site that eventually bore her name. To make    the region safe for settlers, the followers of the god    built    the Temple of Apollo, whence probably the port of Apollonia nearby. Like Graves had brilliantly pointed   out in his Greek Myths, abductions and rapes point to physical   invasions in the real world, and as such Apollo's abduction of Cyrene could point us to the fact that the Greeks had   invaded an already existent city with that name, which we can,   with some reserve, identify with the above Amazonian   city. The evidence for this could also come   from the myth itself: building a temple for Apollo to protect   the settlers indicate that the place originally was inhabited   by locals whom the settlers needed protection from.    Cyrene's Amazonian connection is also hinted at by the fact    that instead of the usual  household tasks    of weaving and cooking, the nymph Cyrene    was strongly passionate about "manly" activities, such as hunting wild beasts; and    therefore the fact that    Libyan nymph was seen by Apollo wrestling a lion could    only point to her being an Amazon    princess.   One of several pieces found in Cyrenaica, which show the Libyan Amazons. This particular one, currently on display in    Tolmeita    Museum  , was found in Wadi Khamish.   Archae


The ancient cities of Troy and Ephesus can be found in which modern-day country?

Ancient ruins of Turkey - Lonely Planet Ancient ruins of Turkey Ephesus, Turkey by Esther Lee Creative Commons Attribution Turkey has been a crossroads of civilisations as long as civilisations have existed, meaning you can’t visit the country without tripping over amazing ancient ruins seemingly everywhere you go. Ephesus is rightly acclaimed as one of the world’s great historic sites, with its vast (and very popular) group of excavated buildings dating back to its Roman heyday. Other similar sites run up and down the Aegean coast with highlights like Pergamum running Ephesus a close second when it comes to well-preserved remains, while Troy though more famous, needs a lot of imagination to appreciate its ruins. Evidence of Turkey’s long past and importance in world history can be found at three remarkable spots – Hattuşa, capital of the Hittite Empire; Çatalhöyük, a 9000-year old Neolithic settlement; and Göbekli Tepe, where archaeologists believe they’ve found the world’s oldest place of worship.


When Muttiah Muralitharan took his record-breaking 709th test wicket, which England player was the victim?

BBC SPORT | Cricket | International Teams | Sri Lanka | Muralitharan - the record-breaker International teams Muttiah Muralitharan is one of the most divisive figures in cricket history. Muralitharan receives the acclaim of his home-town crowd To his admirers, he is a sports phenomenon. To his detractors, he is a spin bowler whose action should have been outlawed by the game's rule-makers. Whichever view you take, there is no arguing with statistics. And by bowling England's Paul Collingwood in Kandy on Monday to claim his 709th victim, he became the leading wicket-taker in Test cricket for the second time. It is, by any standards, an astonishing feat - and it should not be forgotten that he also has 457 wickets in one-day and Twenty20 internationals to his credit as well. When England fast bowler Fred Trueman became the first player to take 300 Test wickets, he was asked whether he thought anyone would surpass his achievement. "If anyone beats it, they'll be bloody tired" was his typically robust response. 606: DEBATE I have found it a joy to watch him weaving his magic over the years DeltaAlpha Trueman's record stood for 11 years until his final total of 307 wickets was bettered by West Indies off-spinner Lance Gibbs. But with 35-year-old Muralitharan keen to push on towards 800, 900, perhaps even 1,000 victims, it is unlikely his record will be broken for many years to come - if ever. CONTROVERSY Muralitharan made a modest international debut in August 1992 when he took four wickets in a drawn Test against Australia in Colombo, but he had already shown them he had the potential to become something special. "The first time anyone in Australia saw Murali bowl, he delivered one over before lunch to Allan Border in a President's XI warm-up [game] - and we all looked stunned. MURALITHARAN'S WICKETS 67 v India 59 v Australia "We asked AB what he was bowling, and AB said he was a leg-spinner. We eventually realised he was bowling a wrist spin version of off-spin," said ex-Sri Lanka coach Tom Moody. It was on tours to Australia, however, where his career became mired in controversy as he was called for throwing by umpires Darrell Hair and Ross Emerson. And in 2004, biomechanics expert Professor Bruce Elliott ruled that Muralitharan's doosra, a ball which turns from leg to off, was illegal as he straightened his arm by 10 degrees. The following year, the International Cricket Council relaxed its rules, making it legal for bowlers to straighten their arms up to 15 degrees. Former England batsman Geoffrey Boycott described it as "a sad day for cricket" and former India spin bowler Bishen Bedi said the ICC had "created a monster" by legitimising his action. Muralitharan was born with a permanently bent arm but it is a double-jointed wrist, perhaps combined with the deformity, which is primarily responsible for the amount of turn he is able to obtain on even the most batsman-friendly surfaces. But that is only part of the spin bowler's art - and Muralitharan is also a master of the subtleties of flight, disguise, change of pace, line and length. RIVALRY In years to come, Muralitharan's wicket-taking duel with Australia's great leg-spinner Shane Warne will go down as one of the game's great rivalries. Muralitharan first broke the record in May 2004 when he had Zimbabwe's Mluleki Nkala caught in Harare - his 520th Test victim. Kings of spin: Shane Warne and Muttiah Muralitharan But a lengthy spell on the sidelines following shoulder surgery enabled Warne, who had been first to 500, to establish a lead which he held for the remainder of his career. Warne bowed out last winter with 708 wickets at a cost of 25.4 runs each. To the purists, he remains the superior performer - only 17 of his wickets came against Bangladesh and Zimbabwe, whereas Muralitharan's tally has been swollen by 163 successes against Test cricket's two weakest sides. Muralitharan, on the other hand, has a bowling average of 21.67. Such a debate, however, can never be resolved definitively one way or the other. "Muralitharan is what I would call a freakish genius, wh


Which snooker player has scored a record 709 centuries in professional tournaments?

World Records - snooker.org Awards | Odd Stuff | World Records | Managers Snooker World Records Here are the (unofficial) snooker world records that I have collected. If you notice any errors or know of any other records, please let me know. World Championships Most Titles The World Professional Championship (instituted 1927) was won a record 15 times by Joe Davis, on the first 15 occasions it was contested 1927-40 and 1946. The most wins in the Amateur Championships (instituted 1963) have been two by; Gary Owen in 1963 and 1966; Ray Edmonds 1972 and 1974; and Paul Mifsud (Malta) 1985-86. Allison Fisher (b. 24 Feb 1968) has won seven Women's World Championships, 1985-86, 1988-89, 1991, 1993-94. Maureen Baynton (née Barrett) won a record eight Women's Amateur Championships between 1954 and 1968, as well as seven at billiards. Youngest The youngest man to win a world title is Michael White (Wales) (b. 5 Aug 1991) who was 14 yr 210 days when he won the World Amateur Snooker Championships in Prestatyn, Wales on 3 Mar 2006. Stephen Hendry (Scotland) (b. 13 Jan 1969) became the youngest World Professional Champion, at 21 yr 106 days on 29 Apr 1990. Stacey Hillyard (b. 5 Sep 1969) won the Women's World Amateur Championship in October 1984 at the age of 15. Highest Breaks Maximum Breaks The first to achieve the maximum break of 147 was E.J. Murt O'Donoghue (New Zealand) (1901-94) at Griffiths, New South Wales, Australia on 26 Sep 1934. The first officially ratified 147 was by Joe Davis against Willie Smith at Leicester Square Hall, London on 22 Jan 1955. The first achieved in a major tournament were by John Spencer (b. 18 Sep 1935) at Slough, Berks on 13 Jan 1979, but the table had oversized pockets, and by Steve Davis (b. 22 Aug 1957) who had a ratified break of 147 against John Spencer in the Lada Classic at Oldham, Greater Manchester on 11 Jan 1982. This was also the first televised maximum. The youngest to score a competitive maximum was Judd Trump (b. Aug 1989) at 14 yr 206 days days in an under-16 series match against Chris Piech at the Potters Club in Coalville on 13 Mar 2004. Ronnie O'Sullivan (b. 5 Dec 1975) made a maximum at 15 yr 98 days during the English Amateur Championship (Southern Area) at Aldershot, Hants on 13 Mar 1991. Cliff Thorburn (Canada) (b. 16 Jan 1948) was first to make two tournament 147 breaks on 23 Apr 1983 (the first in the World Professional Championships) and 8 Mar 1989. Peter Ebdon (b. 27 Aug 1979) and James Wattana (Thailand) (b. 17 Jan 1970) have also achieved this feat. Ronnie O'Sullivan have the most maximums in the professional game with 13 ahead of Stephen Hendry who has 11. O'Sullivan's latest came at the 2014 Coral UK Championship , in the last frame of the last-16 match against Matthew Selt (England). Stephen Hendry became the first to make more than two tournament 147s. Hendry's first was made in the European League and his second in the 1995 World Championship . The record-breaking third came on 25 Nov 1995 in the UK Championship . Not content with this he made his fourth maximum on 5 Jan 1997 in the 1997 Liverpool Victoria Charity Challenge and his fifth on 23 May 1998 in the 1998 Dr Martens Premier League , his sixth on 19 Sep 1999 in the final of the 1999 British Open (the first maximum in a ranking final), his seventh on (21-23) November in 1999 in the 1999 Liverpool Victoria UK Championship , his eighth on 25 Feb 2001 in the final of the 2001 Rothmans Grand Prix, his ninth on 28 Apr 2009 in the quarterfinals of the 2009 Betfred.com World Championship , his 10th in the second round of the 2011 Wyldecrest Park Homes Welsh Open and his 11th in the first round of the 2012 Betfred.com World Championship ! Leo Levitt was the first amateur to achieve the maximum break, in november 1948 at the Windsor Bowling alley in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Geet Sethi (India) was the first one to manage one in competition, in the Indian Amateur Championships on 21 Feb 1988. In the World Junior Championship in Iceland (June 1989) Gary Hill made a maximum break at the age of 20 years 8 months and became


Arlanda airport serves which European capital city?

Stockholm Arlanda Airport Airline Information - ARN Stockholm Arlanda Airport Airline Information Stockholm Arlanda Airport: Swedavia Arlanda Airport, 190 45 Stockholm-arlanda, Sweden Search Airport Hotels Arlanda Hotellby As Sweden’s busiest airport, Stockholm Arlanda Airport serves as the headquarters for Scandinavian Airlines. What’s interesting about this airline is that it is based in Stockholm and carriers the flag of Sweden but also acts as a national airline for Denmark and Norway. Scandinavian Airlines connects Sweden’s capital city with other European capitals such as Berlin, Brussels, Amsterdam, Dublin, Istanbul, London, and Paris. Additionally, the Swedish flag carrier is also an excellent option for getting to other large metropolitan areas such as Frankfurt, Birmingham, Manchester, Milan, and Zurich. Having the busiest status in the Scandinavian region, it’s quite natural for Scandinavian Airlines to connect Stockholm Arlanda Airport to the company’s other major hubs. Sweden’s national airline takes passengers to Copenhagen and Oslo on a daily basis. Bergen, Trondheim and Stavanger are other major Scandinavian destinations (all in Norway) that are listed on the year round schedule operated by Scandinavian Airlines. The Terminal 5 building hosts the busiest airline at Stockholm Arlanda Airport. As Scandinavia’s second biggest airline company, Norwegian Air Shuttle takes the second spot when it comes to the busiest schedule at Stockholm Arlanda Airport. This Norwegian company offers daily flights to European cities like Barcelona, Belgrade, Budapest, Helsinki, Krakow, Munich, Prague, and Paris. Of course, Norwegian Air Shuttle also invites Stockholm’s passengers to the carrier’s home base at the Gardermoen Airport in Oslo. Bangkok in Thailand, New York City in the United States and Tel-Aviv in Israel make up the list of long haul operations provided by Norwegian Air Shuttle. The seasonal lineup by this major Norwegian airline includes trips to Mediterranean islands and southern European resorts. Norwegian Air Shuttle welcomes its customers at the gates in Terminal 5 at Stockholm Arlanda Airport. From Terminal 4, this company connects Stockholm with other cities in Sweden such as Malmo and Visby. Sweden’s busiest airport is also served by over a dozen European airline companies. Flag carriers such as Air France, Belavia, British Airways, Estonian Airlines, Finnair, Icelandair, KLM, LOT Polish Airlines, and Turkish Airlines connect Stockholm with other major European capital cities. Being an important city in the Scandinavian region, Stockholm also attracts the presence of other airlines from outside of Europe. Aeroflot offers trips to Moscow and Rossiya takes customers to St. Petersburg. Arkia Israel Airlines offers flights to Tel Aviv and Iran Air is the only option for getting to Tehran. Delta Air Lines and United Airlines both connect Stockholm Arlanda Airport with New York City. Copyright © 2001-2017 Airport Hotel Guide, All Rights Reserved. 22707 S. Ellsworth Rd. Suite 104, Queen Creek, AZ 85142


Ruzyne airport serves which European capital city?

Prague Ruzyne Airport (PRG) Airlines and Terminals: Airlines at Airports in Prague Area, Czech Republic Prague Ruzyne International Airport (PRG) Airlines and Terminals (Prague, Czech Republic) Prague Ruzyne Airport (PRG) provides an essential hub for the Czech Republic's capital city as well as for neighbouring cities. CSA Czech Airlines operates daily flights to a vast number of EU and international destinations, while other airlines operate routes to mainly European cities. The airport has four terminals, the most significant of which are Terminals 1 and 2, from which the majority of international flights are received and dispatched. Terminals 3 and 4 are smaller and generally deal with private, irregular, special and VIP flights as well as those operated by small aircraft. Terminal Information Terminal 1 - serves flights based outside the Schengen region, opened in 1997 Terminal 2 - serves flights within the Schengen region, opened in 2006 Terminal 3 - serves both charter and private flights, opened in 1997 Terminal 4 - used solely for state visits and VIP aircraft, dates from 1937 The following list provides information on the main airlines that serve Prague Ruzyne Airport (PRG). Terminal 1 Iceland Express (Holidays Czech Airlines) Jet2.com


Scotsman Ivor Robson introduces the competitors in which annual sporting event?

2014 Volvo Golf Champions by Volvo Event Management - Golf - issuu www.wspglobal.com 2 Nelson Mandela 1918 - 2013 â€œSport has the power to change the world. It has the power to inspire, it has the power to unite people in a way that little else does. It speaks to youth in a language they understand. Sport can create hope, where once there was only despair. It is more powerful than governments in breaking down racial barriers. It laughs in the face of all types of discrimination.â€? NELSON MANDELA Welcome from Håkan Samuelsson, President and CEO Volvo Car Group O n behalf of the Volvo Car Group and Volvo Car South Africa, I am delighted to welcome you here to Durban Country Club for the fourth staging of the Volvo Golf Champions. Volvo’s long-lasting but always innovative golf sponsorship led to the introduction of this tournament in 2011, and it is now firmly established as the European Tour’s tournament of champions. This ground-breaking strategy of customising events fits well with our corporate and brand strategy ”Designed Around You” which puts people at the heart of everything that we do. With more than 80 events on The European Tour alone, our enthusiasm for and involvement in golf continues. Volvo’s portfolio also includes our global corporate tournament, the Volvo World Golf Challenge, and I congratulate all those who have made it to this week’s World Final, particularly those who qualify for Playing With The Pros here at Durban Country Club on Friday.  Spending quality time with our customers is as important to us as showcasing our brand and products both to the golf fans attending here this week and those watching on TV all over the world. The Volvo Car South Africa team, led by Managing Director Bram van der Reep, share my welcome and will be doing all they can to ensure that everyone here this week enjoys a truly world-class experience that will live long in the memory.   We are delighted to be back here at Durban Country Club, at the heart of a golfing nation which really enjoyed this tournament when it was staged here last year. This week we are also very excited over our models that are the rewards for a Hole-in-One during the Championship.  I am sure that the star golfers from The European Tour will enjoy a wonderful and thrilling Volvo Golf Champions, and I hope that they, as well as everyone, will have a wonderful week.   Good luck everyone, and please enjoy yourself! 5 Håkan Samuelsson President and CEO Volvo Car Group Welcome from Olof Persson, President and CEO of the Volvo Group I am delighted to welcome everyone – players and officials, business partners, journalists and, of course, all of the golf-loving spectators – to the beautiful Durban Country Club. This challenging course will once again be a perfect home for what is sure to be a week of the finest golf featuring many of the greatest players on The European Tour. A championship such as this is the perfect opportunity not only for us to showcase our values, our products and our brand, but also to engage with key customers and clients. It is our customers and their passion for golf who really make these events. With the help of the star golfers who support our tournaments and the spectators, creating such a lively and exciting atmosphere, the Volvo Golf Champions is now one of golf’s biggest and best events. On Friday, the Pros will be joined by Volvo customers from all over the world who have qualified for the World Final of the Volvo World Golf Challenge. The top finishers will be Playing With The Pros, a unique experience in amateur golf, and I congratulate them all. Last year’s champion, Louis Oosthuizen, went home with one of our compact excavators to use on his farm as a result of his success in Playing With The Pros. This year he will get the chance to add to his Volvo collection as there will be a number of very exciting prizes on offer for a Hole-in-One, including a Volvo Backhoe Loader and a new Volvo FH truck. I know that Torbjörn Christensson, President of the Volvo Group Southern Africa, and his team, joins me


"From the Arabic for ""path"", what is the name given to Islamic law?"

The Origins of Islamic Law - Constitutional Rights Foundation The Origins of Islamic Law The Origins of Islamic Law Islamic law represents one of the world's great legal systems. Like Judaic law, which influenced western legal systems, Islamic law originated as an important part of the religion. Sharia, an Arabic word meaning "the right path," refers to traditional Islamic law. The Sharia comes from the Koran, the sacred book of Islam, which Muslims consider the actual word of God. The Sharia also stems from the Prophet Muhammad's teachings and interpretations of those teachings by certain Muslim legal scholars. Muslims believe that Allah (God) revealed his true will to Muhammad, who then passed on Allah's commands to humans in the Koran. Since the Sharia originated with Allah, Muslims consider it sacred. Between the seventh century when Muhammad died and the 10th century, many Islamic legal scholars attempted to interpret the Sharia and to adapt it to the expanding Muslim Empire. The classic Sharia of the 10th century represented an important part of Islam's golden age. From that time, the Sharia has continued to be reinterpreted and adapted to changing circumstances and new issues. In the modern era, the influences of Western colonialism generated efforts to codify it. Development of the Sharia Before Islam, the nomadic tribes inhabiting the Arabian peninsula worshiped idols. These tribes frequently fought with one another. Each tribe had its own customs governing marriage, hospitality, and revenge. Crimes against persons were answered with personal retribution or were sometimes resolved by an arbitrator. Muhammad introduced a new religion into this chaotic Arab world. Islam affirmed only one true God. It demanded that believers obey God's will and laws. The Koran sets down basic standards of human conduct, but does not provide a detailed law code. Only a few verses deal with legal matters. During his lifetime, Muhammad helped clarify the law by interpreting provisions in the Koran and acting as a judge in legal cases. Thus, Islamic law, the Sharia, became an integral part of the Muslim religion. Following Muhammad's death in A.D. 632, companions of Muhammad ruled Arabia for about 30 years. These political-religious rulers, called caliphs, continued to develop Islamic law with their own pronouncements and decisions. The first caliphs also conquered territories outside Arabia including Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Persia, and Egypt. As a result, elements of Jewish, Greek, Roman, Persian, and Christian church law also influenced the development of the Sharia. Islamic law grew along with the expanding Muslim Empire. The Umayyad dynasty caliphs, who took control of the empire in 661, extended Islam into India, Northwest Africa, and Spain. The Umayyads appointed Islamic judges, kadis, to decide cases involving Muslims. (Non-Muslims kept their own legal system.) Knowledgeable about the Koran and the teachings of Muhammad, kadis decided cases in all areas of the law. Following a period of revolts and civil war, the Umayyads were overthrown in 750 and replaced by the Abbasid dynasty. During the 500-year rule of the Abbasids, the Sharia reached its full development. Under their absolute rule, the Abbasids transferred substantial areas of criminal law from the kadis to the government. The kadis continued to handle cases involving religious, family, property, and commercial law. The Abbasids encouraged legal scholars to debate the Sharia vigorously. One group held that only the divinely inspired Koran and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad should make up the Sharia. A rival group, however, argued that the Sharia should also include the reasoned opinions of qualified legal scholars. Different legal systems began to develop in different provinces. In an attempt to reconcile the rival groups, a brilliant legal scholar named Shafii systematized and developed what were called the "roots of the law." Shafii argued that in solving a legal question, the kadi or government judge should first consult the Koran. If the answer were not clear there


Which country's currency changed from the Pound to the Euro in January 2008?

What is ERM II? - European Commission European Commission Communicating on the euro What is ERM II? The Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II) was set up on 1 January 1999 as a successor to ERM to ensure that exchange rate fluctuations between the euro and other EU currencies do not disrupt economic stability within the single market, and to help non euro-area countries prepare themselves for participation in the euro area. The convergence criterion on exchange rate stability requires participation in ERM II. Within the euro area, there is only one currency – the euro – but there are EU countries outside the euro area with their own currencies, and avoiding excessive fluctuations in their exchange rates with the euro or misalignments helps the smooth operation of the single market. It is ERM II that provides the framework to manage the exchange rates between EU currencies, and ensures stability. Participation in ERM II is voluntary although, as one of the convergence criteria for entry to the euro area, a country must participate in the mechanism without severe tensions for at least two years before it can qualify to adopt the euro. How does ERM II work? In ERM II, the exchange rate of a non-euro area Member State is fixed against the euro and is only allowed to fluctuate within set limits. ERM II entry is based on an agreement between the ministers and central bank governors of the non-euro area Member State and the euro-area Member States, and the European Central Bank (ECB). It covers the following: A central exchange rate between the euro and the country's currency is agreed. The currency is then allowed to fluctuate by up to 15% above or below this central rate. When necessary, the currency is supported by intervention (buying or selling) to keep the exchange rate against the euro within the ±15% fluctuation band. Interventions are coordinated by the ECB and the central bank of the non-euro area Member State. Non-euro area Member States within ERM II can decide to maintain a narrower fluctuation band, but this decision has no impact on the official ±15% fluctuation margin, unless there is agreement on this by ERM II stakeholders. The General Council of the ECB monitors the operation of ERM II and ensures co-ordination of monetary- and exchange-rate policies. The General Council also administers the intervention mechanisms together with the Member State’s central bank. A measure of sustainable economic convergence When a Member State enters the euro area, its central bank becomes part of the Eurosystem made up of the national central banks of the euro area and the ECB, which conducts monetary policy in the euro area independently from national governments. The consequence of this is that euro-area Member States can no longer have recourse to currency appreciation or depreciation to manage their economies and respond to economic shocks. For example, they can no longer devalue their currency to slow imports and encourage exports. Instead, they must use budgetary and structural policies to manage their economies prudently. ERM II mimics these conditions thereby helping non-euro area Member States to prepare for them. Successful participation in ERM II for at least two years is considered as confirmation of the sustainability of economic convergence and that the Member State can play a full role in the euro-area economy. It also provides an indication of the appropriate conversion rate that should be applied when the Member State qualifies and its currency is irrevocably fixed. EU currencies included in the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II) Denmark: the Danish kroner joined ERM II on 1 January 1999, and observes a central rate of 7.46038 to the euro with a narrow fluctuation band of ±2.25%. Greece: the Greek drachma joined ERM II on 1 January 1999, and observed a central rate of 353.109 to the euro with a standard fluctuation band of ±15%. On 17 January 2000, the central rate was revalued to 340.750. The Greek drachma left ERM II when Greece adopted the euro on 1 January 2001. Estonia: the Estonian kroon joined ERM II on 28 Jun


Which country's currency changed from the Lira to the Euro in January 2008?

ExchangeRate.com - Currency Information Maltese Lira  |  Post  |  View The lira (Maltese: lira maltija, plural: liri, ISO 4217 code : MTL) was the currency of Malta from 1972 until 31 December 2007. The lira was abbreviated as Lm, although the traditional ₤ sign was often used locally. In English, the Maltese currency was sometimes referred to as the pound. The euro replaced the Maltese lira as the official currency of Malta on 1 January 2008 at the irrevocable fixed exchange rate of 0.429300 MTL per 1 euro. History Before 1972, the pound circulated, composed of British coins and banknotes supplemented by Maltese notes. Although using British coins, Malta did not decimalize with the UK in 1971. Instead, it adopted a decimal system in 1972, based on the lira (equal to the pound) subdivided into 1000 mils or 100 cents. The name "lira" was used on banknotes beginning in 1973, initially jointly with "pound", and exclusively on both coins and banknotes since 1986. Mils were removed from circulation in 1994. On entry into the European Union, Malta agreed to adopt the euro. The lira was replaced by the euro on 1 January 2008, as part of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union. Euro changeover The Maltese lira was replaced by the euro as the official currency of Malta at the irrevocable fixed exchange rate of 0.429300 MTL per 1 EUR. However, Maltese lira banknotes and coins continued to have legal tender status and were accepted for cash payments until 31 January 2008. Maltese liri were convertible free of charge at all Maltese credit institutions until 30 March 2008. Maltese coins will be convertible at the Central Bank of Malta until 1 February 2010, and banknotes until 31 January 2018. Exchange rate The Maltese pound/lira was on a par with the British pound sterling (GBP) until the late 1970s, since then the lira had been allowed to float, anchored to a basket of reserve currencies. The lira had subsequently been worth around £1.60 sterling. After the Kuwaiti dinar, it was the second-highest-valued currency unit in the world, being worth US$3.1596 as of 28 April 2007. After the dollar weakened against other currencies in mid 2006, the lira was worth US$3.35289 as of 16 December 2007. The currency entered the ERM II on 2 May 2005, by which its value had to be maintained within a 15% band around the central parity rate of 0.429300 LM per euro. The Central Bank of Malta and Maltese Government unilaterally decided to keep the actual LM/euro exchange rate equal to the central parity rate (i.e., doing away with the 15% band) throughout the ERM II period. The irrevocable fixed conversion rate was established by the ECOFIN on 10 July 2007, at 0.4293 lira to one euro. Coins Decimal coinage was introduced in 1972 in denominations of 2, 3 and 5 mils, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 50 cents. The division of the lira into 100 cents (rather than the 240 pence of the old system) meant that the cent was a relatively large unit - the United Kingdom introduced the decimal ½ penny for this reason. Malta went "one better" in introducing the mil. It will be noted that there was no 1 mil coin. However, the coins that were provided (2, 3, and 5 mils) allowed goods to be priced (and change given) for any number of mils. In 1975, a 25 cent coin was introduced. A new coinage was issued in 1986 in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 cents and 1 lira. A third series was introduced in 1991 due to the change in Malta's coat of arms. The mils were withdrawn in 1994, although for some time only the 5 mils had been seen (and then only rarely). Banknotes In 1973, banknotes were introduced, denominated in liri on the obverse and pounds on the reverse, in denominations of 1, 5 and 10 liri. In 1986, 1 lira notes were replaced by coins and 2 lira and 20 lira notes were introduced. Four series had been issuing, designated the second to the fifth series by the Central Bank, with the first series in the pound.


How many toes are there on each foot of an ostrich?

How many toes does an ostrich have? | Reference.com How many toes does an ostrich have? A: Quick Answer Ostriches have a total of four toes, two on each foot, which is the least of any bird. The inner toes have heavy hoof-like nails, while the outer toes have no nails at all. Full Answer Ostriches' long legs and specialized foot structure make them the fastest birds on land, with top speeds of over 40 miles per hour. Even young ostriches can top 35 miles per hour, and their sustained speeds are only slightly slower. Ostriches are thus generally very successful at evading predation. Their legs are also powerful weapons when necessary, and kicks from ostriches have killed lions. Despite their heaviness, the claws of the ostrich are very dangerous and can disembowel a human.


How many pairs of chromosomes does a human have?

How many chromosomes do people have? - Genetics Home Reference How many chromosomes do people have? How many chromosomes do people have? In humans, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. Twenty-two of these pairs, called autosomes, look the same in both males and females. The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes, differ between males and females. Females have two copies of the X chromosome, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. The 22 autosomes are numbered by size. The other two chromosomes, X and Y, are the sex chromosomes. This picture of the human chromosomes lined up in pairs is called a karyotype. Credit: U.S. National Library of Medicine For more information about the 23 pairs of human chromosomes: