In which county is the Prime Minister’s country retreat Chequers?

Chequers | estate, England, United Kingdom | Britannica.com estate, England, United Kingdom Globe Theatre Chequers, formally Chequers Court, country house, administrative and historic county of Buckinghamshire , England , situated 30 miles (50 km) northwest of London, the official country residence of the prime ministers of Great Britain. The estate is about 1,500 acres (600 hectares) in extent. Chequers owes much of its present character to the remodeling, in 1565, of its predecessor. In the 19th century the exterior was plastered and the interior redecorated in neo-Gothic style. In 1917 Viscount Lee of Fareham made provision, with parliamentary approval, for the house to become a weekend retreat and place for prime ministers to entertain guests. Since 1921, when David Lloyd George became the first prime minister occupant, his successors have usually spent time there during their terms of office, and ministerial weekends at Chequers have become a part of British political life. Chequers, Ellesborough, Buckinghamshire, Eng. prime minister the head of government in a country with a parliamentary or semipresidential political system. In such systems, the prime minister—literally the “first,” or most important, minister—must be able to command a continuous majority in the legislature (usually the lower house... Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: August 14, 2008 URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chequers Access Date: January 18, 2017 Share


Barry George spent 8 years behind bars before being cleared in a retrial of the murder of whom?

So...who did kill Jill Dando? | Daily Star Latest News So...who did kill Jill Dando? ODDBALL Barry George was in hiding last night after being cleared of the murder of TV presenter Jill Dando. Published 2nd August 2008 Barry George The 48-year-old had spent eight years behind bars before being found not guilty at a retrial. The verdict means that, nine years after the Crimewatch presenter was shot dead on her doorstep, the police are no closer to finding her killer. And it left Jill’s friends and family demanding to know: “If George did not shoot her, who did?” Her agent Jon Roseman said: “Whoever did it – if it wasn’t Barry George – has got away with it.” The shock verdict left Jill’s former Crimewatch colleague Nick Ross, 60, almost speechless. He said: “There is nothing I can say.” George was smuggled out of the court and driven away to a secret address in a black cab  after the verdict was delivered at the Old Bailey in central London. His sister Michelle Diskin, who had tirelessly protested his innocence, said outside the court: “We are really delighted to finally have justice. “We have been fighting for many years. Now we need time to get back together as a family. We also hope the police will now look again into the murder of Jill Dando.” And his solicitor, Jeremy Moore, said: “This is not a time to celebrate. Barry George, an innocent man, has spent eight years in prison for a crime he did not commit. Those eight years could have been better served by the police in searching for the real killer.” He revealed that George’s first words on hearing the jury’s verdict were: “I can’t believe it.” Mr Moore added: “We are obviously delighted with the outcome today that we feel is the only sensible verdict that the jury could have made on the evidence before them.” Jill, 37, was shot dead on the doorstep of her home in Fulham, west London, on April 2 1999.  George – an epileptic with an IQ of just 75  – was  arrested a year after the murder and found guilty at his original trial in 2001. It can now be revealed that he has previous convictions for attempted rape, indecent assault and for impersonating a police officer by using a bogus warrant card. George, who had been obsessed with Princess Diana, was also once arrested while trying to scale the walls at Kensington Palace, armed with a knife. But his past offences were never put before the jury, because they bore no relation to the shooting of Jill. Prosecutors based their original case on a tiny particle of dust found in the pocket of his overcoat, which they claimed matched firearms residue recovered from Jill’s hair. But at the retrial, the judge, Mr Justice Griffith Williams, ruled that evidence was inadmissible. He said the amount was so small, it could have been a result of armed police or criminal gunmen on the streets of London. Without it, there was no evidence which linked George directly to the murder. And before the retrial started, one senior detective privately admitted the residue evidence was crucial and  “a wheel had come off” the case without it.  It left detectives open to allegations that they were so desperate for a result in the case, they had simply rounded up “the local nutter” – as his own lawyer, William Clegg, described him. Mr Clegg also argued that George lacked the skills, motive and expertise to have committed such a “meticulously planned” and “thoroughly professional” crime. The prosecution told the court George was a military-obsessed fantasist who had stalked other women near his Fulham home. But, after 13 hours of deliberation, the jury of eight men and four women unanimously found him not guilty. His psychologist Dr Susan Young, who had sat in the dock with him throughout the trial, said: “Mr George feels overwhelmed by the verdict as, throughout the trial, he did not dare get his hopes up. “He said to me continually in the dock that he believed he was going to be convicted. “His eyes filled with tears and he took a deep breath. He now has to come to terms with this and make important adjustments in his life.” Scotland Yard Commander Si


Which military force was founded by David Stirling?

The Rogue British Officer Who Broke All the Rules Founded the SAS and was Nicknamed by the Germans, “The Phantom Major” - Page 2 of 2 STORE   The Rogue British Officer Who Broke All the Rules Founded the SAS and was Nicknamed by the Germans, “The Phantom Major” SHARE: Facebook Twitter A Fight from Beginning to End Although taken aback by Sterling’s unorthodox entry, General Richie read his plan and thought it had merit. Stirling was given the task to raise a force of 60+ men who would fight behind enemy lines and exact maximum damage for little cost to the British Army. To raise such a crew of misfits, Stirling would seek those who were frequently under military discipline but displayed a strong heart for action. He would gather his men, but would still not win any friends with the Middle East Command bureaucracy. And while they attempted to delay the supply of his unit, David Stirling made it his unit’s first mission to steal what they needed to win the war. Famously raiding a New Zealand military camp for everything but the kitchen sink, they established their base and began training on their own. After approval from General Aucheleck, his newly formed Special Air Service was given the task of parachuting behind enemy lines and destroying German aircraft in advance of the British offensive, Operation Crusader. An unfortunate desert storm would turn this jump into a disaster in which over 40 of his 60 plus men were lost. But turning misfortune into favor, David Stirling realized that utilizing the British long-range desert group that was designated as their Operation Crusader extract was a better method of entry than parachuting. Members of the SAS in North Africa via commons.wikimedia.org With this newfound method of entry behind enemy lines, David Stirling and his newly formed SAS would wreak havoc on the German and Italian positions in North Africa. By January 1943, Stirling’s men had destroyed over 250 aircraft on the ground as well as many other supply positions and enemy personnel.  Through his own initiative and disdain for the rules of traditional warfare, he proved that a small force of elite warriors could exact a heavy toll on the enemy with little risk to the allies. Unfortunately, in 1943, these raids behind enemy lines would lead to Sterling’s capture by the Germans. In fitting fashion, he made multiple escape attempts that eventually led to him being imprisoned at the escape-proof Colditz Castle for the remainder of the war. A Legacy for Future Generations After the war, Sterling’s unconventional tactics and disdain for traditional military culture would see him commit to a variety of private military ventures. But out of his World War II efforts, the modern British SAS were formed where Stirling and his men are simply referred to as, “The Originals.” Had Stirling never broken the rules and thumbed his nose at traditional British military hierarchy, the SAS may have never existed. Statue of David Stirling in Scotland via commons.wikimedia.org Since its inception, the SAS has proved itself as one the most capable military forces in the world ready to take the fight to the enemy when they least expect it and where they least expect it. It was Stirling himself to who coined the SAS phrase, “Who dares wins.” British General Montgomery would go on to describe Stirling as “mad, simply mad.”  But it would take such a demeanor to conduct such missions and while the British SAS who value secrecy guard all secrets closely, there is one story they believe should always be told. Namely, that of David Sterling and the originals who paved the way for clandestine military success. FEATURED VIDEO


What is the collective name for the writers of the four gospels?

The Four Gospels. Sources and History Sources and History In the writings that come from the early stages of Christianity, the Gospels are not mentioned until long after the works of Paul. It was not until the middle of the Second century A.D., after 140 A.D. to be precise, that accounts began to appear concerning a collection of Evangelic writings, In spite of this, "from the beginning of the Second century A.D., many Christian authors clearly intimate that they knew a. great many of Paul's letters." These observations are set out in the Introduction to the Ecumenical Translation of the Bible, New Testament (Introduction ï¿½ la Traduction oecumï¿½nique de la Bible, Nouveau Testament) edited 1972 [ Pub. Editions du Cerf et Les Bergers et les Mages, Paris.]. They are worth mentioning from the outset, and it is useful to point out here that the work referred to is the result of a collective effort which brought together more than one hundred Catholic and Protestant specialists. The Gospels, later to become official, i.e. canonic, did not become known until fairly late, even though they were completed at the beginning of the Second century A.D. According to the Ecumenical Translation, stories belonging to them began to be quoted around the middle of the Second century A.D. Nevertheless, "it is nearly always difficult to decide whether the quotations come from written texts that the authors had next to them or if the latter were content to evoke the memory of fragments of the oral tradition." "Before 140 A.D." we read in the commentaries this translation of the Bible contains, "there was, in any case, no account by which one might have recognised a collection of evangelic writings". This statement is the opposite of what A. Tricot writes (1960) in the commentary to his translation of the New Testament: "Very early on, from the beginning of the Second century A.D., it became a habit to say "Gospel' meaning the books that Saint Justin around 150 A.D. had also called "The Memoirs of the Apostles'." Unfortunately, assertions of this kind are sufficiently common for the public to have ideas on the date of the Gospels which are mistaken. The Gospels did not form a complete whole 'very early on'; it did not happen until more than a century after the end of Jesus's mission. The Ecumenical Translation of the Bible estimates the date the four Gospels acquired the status of canonic literature at around 170 A.D. Justin's statement which calls the authors 'Apostles' is not acceptable either, as we shall see. As far as the date the Gospels were written is concerned, A. Tricot states that Matthew's, Mark's and Luke's Gospels were written before 70 A.D.: but this is not acceptable, except perhaps for Mark. Following many others, this commentator goes out of his way to present the authors of the Gospels as the apostles or the companions of Jesus. For this reason he suggests dates of writing that place them very near to the time Jesus lived. As for John, whom A. Tricot has us believe lived until roughly 100 A.D., Christians have always been used to seeing him depicted as being very near to Jesus on ceremonial occasions. It is very difficult however to assert that he is the author of the Gospel that bears his name. For A. Tricot, as for other commentators, the Apostle John (like Matthew) was the officially qualified witness of the facts he recounts, although the majority of critics do not support the hypothesis which says he wrote the fourth Gospel. If however the four Gospels in question cannot reasonably be regarded as the 'Memoirs' of the apostles or companions of Jesus, where do they come from? Culmann, in his book The New Testament (Le Nouveau Testament) [ Pub. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1967], says of this that the evangelists were only the "spokesmen of the early Christian community which wrote down the oral tradition. For thirty or forty years, the Gospel had existed as an almost exclusively oral tradition: the latter only transmitted sayings and isolated narratives. The evangelists strung them together, each in his own w


Which is the country of origin of Martha and the Muffins, Crash Test Dummies and Rush?

Famous Canadian Musicians Famous Canadian Musicians singer, musician, songwriter, "Everything I Do", music for "Robin Hood" Burton Cummings "American Woman", lead singer of Guess                Who Corey Hart great writer-producer, but his singing                sucks.  "Sunglasses at Night" Dan Hill singer, songwriter, "Sometimes When We                Touch" David Clayton Thomas writer, producer, "St.Elmo's Fire" "Oh What a Feeling", multi Grammy                winner David Usher Reputed to be the best pianist in the world. Gordon Lightfoot singer, songwriter, Canada's Bob Dylan Guy Lombardo big band leader, famous for Auld Lang Syne in New                York on Christmas Eve Frank Mills "Music Box Dancer", pianist, composer Kim Mitchell


Who played bongos on the Shadows 1960 No.1 Apache?

Apache by Jorgen Ingmann Songfacts Apache by Jorgen Ingmann Songfacts Songfacts Jorgen Ingmann is a Danish guitarist who had the first American hit with "Apache," which was the top song in the UK the previous year and later made its way into many Hip-Hop songs as a popular sample. The song was written by a British performer named Jerry Lordan, who had three UK Top-40 hits in 1960, but didn't record "Apache." A guitarist named Bert Weedon first recorded it, but it was The Shadows' "Apache" that was first released and became a UK #1 hit for 5 weeks in 1960. The Shadows met Jerry Lordan when they appeared on the same bill of a 1960 tour, and they heard Lordan perform the song on his ukulele. The Shadows version didn't make it in America, where the group had little promotion and a lawsuit from an American R&B group also called The Shadows. It was Ingmann who finally delivered the US hit with this song. Ingmann hadn't been playing this style long - he played Jazz guitar in dance halls before he discovered the style of Les Paul in the 1950s. While his version was the US hit, The Shadows recording with guitar work from Hank Marvin is generally considered the definitive version. UK guitarist Bert Weedon originally recorded this song, but his Top Rank Record Company procrastinated over its release, and Jerry Lordan passed it to The Shadows. Bert Weedon's version was released shortly after The Shadows' came out, but his only reached #24. The Shadows were Cliff Richard's group in the 1960s, and Richard played the Chinese drum that sounded like bongos on The Shadows version. In 1000 UK #1 Hits by Jon Kutner and Spencer Leigh he says "Jorgen Ingmann put in a few tricky bits, but essentially it was a cover job. If the Shads had made the charts there with 'Apache,' things might have been very different for us." One Ingmann hit with this song, the floodgates opened for cover versions. Sonny James added vocals to the song and took it to #87 later in 1961. The Ventures released their cover in 1963 and included it on albums released '65, '67, '71, '75, '77, '80 and '82. Other charting covers in America were by Davie Allen & The Arrows (#64 1965) and The Sugarhill Gang (#53 1982). The most influential cover was by The Incredible Bongo Band , whose 1973 version included an extended drum break that gave the New York DJ Kool Herc the idea of looping that section of the song, creating the first breakbeat. This "break" became one of the most popular samples in Hip-Hop, appearing in songs by LL Cool J, Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five, MC Hammer and many others. Three years after recording this, Jorgen Ingmann with his wife Grethe won the Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Dansevise" (Dancing Tune). They were representing their home country of Denmark. The couple met in 1955, where married in 1956 and got divorced in 1975. This was a rare cover of a UK hit that made it into the US Top 10. Through most of the 1960s, it was usually the other way around, with British bands importing American hits.


Which Umberto Eco adaptation won him a British Academy Award?

View All Critic Reviews (23) Audience Reviews for The Name of the Rose (Der Name der Rose) One of my favorite films of all time! This little-known film features strong performances from Sean Connery, F. Murray Abraham and a strange and unsettling William Hickey. This is probably Christian Slater's first big role, in which there is some momentary full-frontal nudity. I read an article 20 years ago where Slater said he truly regretted exposing himself on film. Well, Mr. Slater -- I don't regret it! Christian C Super Reviewer In this adaptation of Umberto Eco's celebrated novel, Franciscan friar Sean Connery investigates a series of bizarre murders in a monastery in the 14th century. Aside from the rather unusual subject matter, this is a unique film in that it does not feature the usual starlets and pretty boy actors populating a glossy Hollywood-ized version of history; it actually looks and feels like a working Medieval abbey. And as such, the monks will win no beauty competitions! Most of them would look perfectly at home adorning the abbey walls with the rest of the gargoyles! This just adds to the already potent atmosphere, and in one of his best roles, Sean Connery commands the screen as well as the able supporting cast including the ever reliable Ron Perlman as the demented hunchback. The story explores the theme of religious intolerance and climate of hysteria in which a reasonable minded man of learning can find it impossible to function within; "justice" is doled out by self-appointed prophets who dare not be opposed on pain of death, and blind faith and superstition replace logic and reason. Let's face it, things haven't changed much over the centuries. Add some wonderfully literary and witty dialogue and fascinating historical insights, and you have a film that works both as an excellent adaptation and a satisfying murder mystery. xGary Xx


In which movie did Connery play a character called Marko Ramius?

Marko Ramius (Character) - Quotes Marko Ramius (Character) The Hunt for Red October (1990) Capt. Vasili Borodin :  I will live in Montana. And I will marry a round American woman and raise rabbits, and she will cook them for me. And I will have a pickup truck... maybe even a "recreational vehicle." And drive from state to state. Do they let you do that? Capt. Vasili Borodin :  No papers? Captain Ramius :  No papers, state to state. Capt. Vasili Borodin :  Well then, in winter I will live in... Arizona. Actually, I think I will need two wives. Captain Ramius :  Oh, at least. Captain Ramius :  We will pass through the American patrols, past their sonar nets, and lay off their largest city, and listen to their rock and roll... while we conduct missile drills. [a torpedo is racing toward them] Jack Ryan :  Pardon me? Captain Ramius :  What books did you write? Jack Ryan :  I wrote a biography of, of Admiral Halsey, called "The Fighting Sailor", about, uh, naval combat tactics... Captain Ramius :  ...Halsey acted stupidly. Captain Ramius :  You're afraid of our fleet. Well, you should be. Personally, I'd give us one chance in three. More tea anyone? [Shootout in the missile room] Captain Ramius :  Hey, Ryan, be careful what you shoot at. Most things in here don't react too well to bullets. [Moves closer to enemy, who fires several shots at him] Jack Ryan :  *I* have to be careful what *I* shoot at? [last lines] Captain Ramius : "... and the sea will grant each man new hope, as sleep brings dreams of home." Christopher Columbus. Jack Ryan :  Welcome to the New World, Captain. Captain Ramius :  When he reached the New World, Cortez burned his ships. As a result his men were well motivated. Captain Ramius :  I miss the peace of fishing like when I was a boy. Forty years I've been at sea. A war at sea. A war with no battles, no monuments... only casualties. I widowed her the day I married her. My wife died while I was at sea, you know. Captain Ramius :  A great day comrades, we sail into history! Captain Ramius :  It reminds me of the heady days of Sputnik and Yuri Gagarin when the world trembled at the sound of our rockets. Now they will tremble again - at the sound of our silence. The order is: engage the silent drive. Capt. Bart Mancuso : [Ramius comments in Russian to Borodin that Mancuso is a "buckaroo". Ryan laughs] What's so funny? Jack Ryan :  Ah, the Captain seems to think you're some kind of... cowboy. Captain Ramius : [spoken "You parle ruski"] You speak Russian. Jack Ryan : [in Russian] A little. It is wise to study the ways of ones adversary. Don't you think?


Which footballer gained his 100 England cap in the friendly with Sweden?

Sweden 4-2 England | International friendly match report | Football | The Guardian Pinterest By the end, Roy Hodgson had given six different players their debuts. Leon Osman, Raheem Sterling and Steven Caulker all began the match while Carl Jenkinson, Ryan Shawcross and Wilfried Zaha were introduced in the second half. They will cherish the memories but, equally, they will be quite grateful if they do not have to come up against Zlatan Ibrahimovic any time soon. Has there been a better performance from an opposition striker in an England fixture? Possibly, yet Ibrahimovic has put himself in the record books with this demonstration of spectacular finishing. Sweden's captain, talisman and inspiration seemed determined to do everything he could to upstage everyone on the night of Steven Gerrard's 100th cap and he finished a remarkable performance with all four Sweden goals. The fourth in particular, an overhead volley from an almost implausible angle and distance, was the kind of rare brilliance that could be associated with only an elite band of footballers. The third was not too shabby either, coming direct from a free-kick over 25 yards, and the first two were other reminders of the man's uncommon ability. England have to be grateful he was not on this form when the sides met in the summer. If he had touched these exhilarating heights, the ordeal at Euro 2012 may have come even more quickly. Hodgson's team had led 2-1, on course for their first win in Sweden since 1965, after recovering from Ibrahimovic's opener to equalise via Danny Welbeck in the 35th minute, followed shortly afterwards by Caulker becoming the first England player to score on his debut since David Nugent against Andorra in 2007. To think England's supporters could be heard loudly mocking Ibrahimovic at this point as a substandard version of Andy Carroll. The one-man show in the last quarter of an hour should guarantee they never make the same mistake again. Hodgson, however, was not clutching at straws when he argued there were still plenty of positives. Sterling looked lively, with his enthusiasm to run at Sweden's defenders. Osman was impressive, always wanting the ball and generally doing the right thing with it. Caulker will be better for the experience. Of all the debutants, Shawcross was the only one who really suffered. England had been leading when he went on the pitch, in direct combat to Ibrahimovic, and the Stoke City defender was at fault for the goal that made it 2-2. It was a bad night for Joe Hart, too, following on from his mistake for Manchester City against Tottenham Hotspur on Sunday. One mixup with Gary Cahill presented Mathias Ranegie with a chance to make it 2-0. There was a dropped catch, albeit under pressure from the same player, in the second half, and Ibrahimovic's fourth came from the goalkeeper running out of his penalty area to meet a long ball and not getting enough distance with his headed clearance. Hodgson admitted afterwards it was "not one of Joe's best nights" though, in fairness, it was still fairly ludicrous that Ibrahimovic could score from such a position, throwing his body at the ball, connecting perfectly and sending the ball into the air, up and down and dropping into the empty goal. Ibrahimovic's first was another beauty and a lesson, too, for Sterling given that it was he who lost the ball in the buildup. Martin Olsson exchanged passes with Ranegie and sent a low cross into the penalty area. Ibrahimovic's first shot came back off Caulker. The second was an old-fashioned toe-poke that was still rising as it arrowed into the top corner. England's response was impressive. Welbeck volleyed in at the far post after Ashley Young had broken free on the left wing and eluded Sebastian Larsson. Three minutes later, Gerrard stood over a free-kick on the right wing. The delivery was sumptuous and Caulker slid in at the back post to score from close range. For a long spell after that, England were pretty comfortable. Tom Cleverley looks increasingly confident at this level, while Gerrard seemed determined to mark his mi


What is the strong material found in the cell walls of plants?

Plant Cell Wall Basics The diffuse layer model The stratified layer model Xyloglucan molecules are hydrogen bonded to and cross-link cellulose microfibrils. The cellulose-xyloglucan network is emeshed in a non-covalently cross-linked pectic network. Xyloglucan molecules are hydrogen bonded to the surface of cellulose microfibrils    but do not directly cross link them. The tightly-bound xyloglucan is surrounded    by a layer of less-tightly bound polysaccharides. The cellulose and xyloglucan    are embedded in a pectic matrix. Xyloglucan molecules are hydrogen bonded to and cross-link cellulose microfibrils. The cellulose-xyloglucan lamellae are separated by strata of pectic polysaccharides. Much research is sitll required to provide a complete description of the  primary wall at the molecular level. Moreover, there is increasing evidence  that primary walls are dynamic structures whose composition and architecture  changes during plant growth and development.   Secondary cell walls Plants form two types of cell wall that differ in function and in composition. Primary walls surround growing and dividing plant cells. These walls provide mechanical strength but must also expand to allow the cell to grow and divide. The much thicker and stronger secondary wall (see figure on right), which accounts for most of the carbohydrate in biomass, is deposited once the cell has ceased to grow. The secondary walls of xylem fibers, tracheids, and sclereids are further strengthened by the incorporation of lignin. The evolution of conducting tissues with rigid secondary cell walls was a critical adaptive event in the history of land plants, as it facilitated the transport of water and nutrients and allowed extensive upright growth. Secondary walls also have a major impact on human life, as they are a major component of wood and are a source of nutrition for livestock. In addition, secondary walls may help to reduce our dependence on petroleum, as they account for the bulk of renewable biomass that can be converted to fuel. Nevertheless, numerous technical challenges must be overcome to enable the efficient utilization of secondary walls for energy production and for agriculture. Primary and secondary walls contain cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin, albeit in different proportions. Approximately equal amounts of pectin and hemicellulose are present in dicot primary walls whereas hemicellulose is more abundant in grasses (e.g., switchgrass). The secondary walls of woody tissue and grasses are composed predominantly of cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose (xylan, glucuronoxylan, arabinoxylan, or glucomannan). The cellulose fibrils are embedded in a network of hemicellulose and lignin. Cross-linking of this network is believed to result in the elimination of water from the wall and the formation of a hydrophobic composite that limits accessibility of hydrolytic enzymes and is a major contributor to the structural characterisitics of secondary walls. Xylan, which accounts for up to 30% of the mass of the secondary walls in wood and grasses contributes to the recalcitrance of these walls to enzymic degradation. A high xylan content in wood pulp increases the economic and environmental costs of bleaching in paper manufacturing. Thus, reducing the xylan content of secondary walls and altering xylan structure, molecular weight, ease of extractability, and susceptibility to enzymic fragmentation are key targets for the genetic improvement of plants. However, progress in these areas is limited by our incomplete understanding of the mechanisms of xylan biosynthesis.   Xylans have a backbone of 1,4-linked β-D-xylosyl residues with short [α-D-glucosyluronic acid (GlcA), 4-O-methyl-α-D-glucosyluronic acid (MeGlcA), α-L-arabinosyl, O-acetyl, feruloyl, or coumaroyl] sidechains (see figure). Xylan synthesis requires the coordinated action of numerous enzymes, including glycosyl transferases (GTs) that elongate the backbone and add side chain residues (see left figure on right). None of these GTs have been purified and biochemically chara


What have types called – continental, mountain and piedmont?

What types of glaciers are there? | National Snow and Ice Data Center National Snow and Ice Data Center On Thin Ice: Expedition to a Crumbling Ice Shelf Scientists blog from Antarctica and provide a glimpse of what it's like to do research in the field. Read their blog ... NSIDC Monthly Highlights Icelights: Answers to your burning questions about ice and climate What's hot in the news around climate and sea ice and what are scientists talking about now? Read more... Cryosphere Glossary What is the Cryosphere? When scientists talk about the cryosphere, they mean the places on Earth where water is in its solid form, frozen into ice or snow. Read more ... Service Interruption On Monday, 11 July from 3:00 p.m. through Wednesday, 13 July until 5:00 p.m. (USA Mountain Time), NSIDC data distribution, services, and Web site will be unavailable to accommodate a major upgrade to our data center. We apologize for any inconvenience this may cause you. Need to talk to us? You can always contact our friendly User Services Office at nsidc@nsidc.org or + 1 303.492.6199. All About Glaciers What types of glaciers are there?   Mountain glaciers Variegated Glacier is a valley glacier that winds through the Saint Elias Mountains in Alaska, terminating near Yakutat Bay. —Credit: Photograph by Austin Post. 1965. Variegated Glacier: From the Glacier Photograph Collection. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. These glaciers develop in high mountainous regions, often flowing out of icefields that span several peaks or even a mountain range. The largest mountain glaciers are found in Arctic Canada, Alaska, the Andes in South America, and the Himalaya in Asia. Valley glaciers Commonly originating from mountain glaciers or icefields , these glaciers spill down valleys, looking much like giant tongues. Valley glaciers may be very long, often flowing down beyond the snow line, sometimes reaching sea level. Tidewater glaciers As the name implies, these are valley glaciers that flow far enough to reach out into the sea. Tidewater glaciers are responsible for calving numerous small icebergs , which although not as imposing as Antarctic icebergs, can still pose problems for shipping lanes. Piedmont glaciers A classic tidewater glacier, Lamplugh Glacier terminates in a small embayment in Alaska's Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve. —Credit: Photograph by William Osgood Field. 1941. Lamplugh Glacier: From the Glacier Photograph Collection. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Piedmont glaciers occur when steep valley glaciers spill into relatively flat plains, where they spread out into bulb-like lobes. Malaspina Glacier in Alaska is one of the most famous examples of this type of glacier, and is the largest piedmont glacier in the world. Spilling out of the Seward Icefield, Malaspina Glacier covers about 3,900 square kilometers (1,500 square miles) as it spreads across the coastal plain. Hanging glaciers When a major valley glacier system retreats and thins, sometimes the tributary glaciers are left in smaller valleys high above the shrunken central glacier surface. These are called hanging glaciers . If the entire system has melted and disappeared, the empty high valleys are called hanging valleys . Cirque glaciers Cirque glaciers are named for the bowl-like hollows they occupy, which are called cirques . Typically, they are found high on mountainsides and tend to be wide rather than long. Ice Aprons These small, steep glaciers cling to high mountainsides. Like cirque glaciers, they are often wider than they are long. Ice aprons are common in the Alps and in New Zealand, where they often cause avalanches due to the steep inclines they occupy. Rock Glaciers This satellite image shows the Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica, in 1998, four years before the shelf disintegrated. Taken at the beginning of the Antarctic winter, the ice shelf is clearly visible. Notice that sea ice is forming over the ocean to the right the ice shelf. —Credit: NSIDC, data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging S


What word is used for the process of clarifying beer or wine?

Using Fining Agents: Techniques - WineMaker Magazine Using Fining Agents: Techniques Author:  WineMaker Staff Issue: Dec 02/Jan 03 Pesky cloudy wines! Sediments in the bottle! There is nothing more frustrating to home winemakers than a wine that will not clear or that continues to throw sediments in the bottle. Making crystal-clear wine is an important objective in any type of winemaking. Anything less is considered a serious wine fault — a telltale sign of poor winemaking control — and will probably be shunned by serious wine drinkers. A seemingly clear wine can also throw sediments in the bottle. This is usually not considered a wine fault in older wines that have been aged for many years and that have not been clarified except for periodical rackings. However, sediments in early-drinking, young wines are a sign of insufficient clarification and rushed winemaking. Grape juice and wine contain many naturally occurring particles as well as compounds acquired during winemaking, such as tannins during oak barrel aging, which will affect clarity and may result in sediments in the bottle. Proteins, pectins, phenols (such as color pigments, tannins) and salts are examples of such particles that need to be controlled through racking, use of natural additives (fining agents), and careful filtration. Note: Clear (tartrate) crystal deposits at the bottom of a bottle or on the inside end of the cork are a result of the wine being subjected to cold temperatures. Tartrate crystals are a different beast altogether and should not be confused with other sorts of sediment. Tartaric acid, the most prominent wine acid, will cause some precipitation under cold temperatures; it is not a problem related to clarification. Cold stabilizing the wine prior to bottling prevents tartrate deposits. (Refer to “Fix Your Wine!” in the Winter 2001 issue of WineMaker for more information on cold stabilization.) Many traditional commercial winemakers, many of whom produce some of the best wines in the world, avoid the use of additives or filtration to clarify wine for fear that it might be perceived as unnatural winemaking. These winemakers prefer to rely instead on periodical rackings — for example, they might rack every 3 months over a period of 18–24 months. Home winemakers wanting to produce early-drinking wines without the hassle of multiple rackings or having to age wine should always clarify wine using fining agents and/or filtration. In this article, we will examine fining agents available to home winemakers, and explain how to maximize their effectiveness in clarifying wines. Selecting and using fining agents Early-drinking wines from fresh juice or grapes should always be clarified prior to bottling. The high-protein content in these wines can cause clarity instability, resulting in a cloudy wine or sediments in the bottle. Wines from concentrate or other processed juice (such as semi-concentrate or sterilized juice) are designed for quick production and bottling and therefore should also be clarified. When selecting a fining agent, the main factors to consider are the type of wine you are making (white or red), the tannin concentration of the wine, and desired results relative to color. Fining agents have varying levels of effectiveness in white versus red wines because of different particles present, namely concentration of phenolic compounds. Tannin concentration is the most significant difference in the context of clarification and may cause improper clarification with some fining agents, resulting in a cloudy wine or bottle sedimentation. Grapes and the process used in red winemaking impart a higher concentration of phenolic compounds. As a result, red wines have a significantly higher tannin content compared to white wines. Wines aged in oak barrels will also have higher tannin content because oak is rich in tannin. The primary objective of clarification using fining agents is to produce a clear wine, free of suspended particles that could otherwise affect clarity. Color should be altered only minimally, except in the case where color mus


In the 1920’s, which French designer created the ‘little black dress’?

Who Invented the Little Black Dress? | Mental Floss Who Invented the Little Black Dress? ThinkStock Like us on Facebook The “little black dress,” quintessential staple of any woman’s wardrobe, isn’t as timeless as most people think. An LBD is a classic in that it’s neither a trend nor is it ever out of fashion, but its history is a surprisingly short one, dating back only about a century to the early 1900s. While history tends to credit French designer Coco Chanel with popularizing the design, the question of who came up with the little black dress first is a little more complicated than that.  As hard as it is to believe today—when black clothing is the neutral, flattering norm, and the latest fashion is credited as “the new black”—dark-colored garments were hardly a stylish society woman’s first choice years ago. Through the 1800s, black clothing was associated with mourning dress; in previous centuries, it was a symbol of luxury, as only the wealthy could afford costly black dye for their garments. Public perception gradually changed as history’s fashionistas realized that black was not only a practical choice that did not show stains or spills, but also a stylish one that offset their expensive accessories to good advantage. By the time Coco Chanel came into the equation in the 1920s, black dresses of all shapes and sizes were already quite popular all on their own. The specific little black dress so famously associated with Chanel appeared in a 1926 issue of Vogue, a simple, calf-length design shown with a plain string of pearls that was distinct in its contrast to the heavily embellished flapper styles that were popular at the time. The magazine called it “Chanel’s Ford”—referring to Henry Ford’s Model T car, the standard for all automobiles to come—and predicted its role as “a sort of uniform for all women of taste.” A 1930 issue of Vogue later featured another black Chanel dress, made of sheer black lace with a matching capelet, which served to double down on the public perception of Coco Chanel having invented the fashion. However, designers like Edward Molyneux were simultaneously promoting their own, similar fashions, just without Vogue’s endorsement. Perhaps the most iconic little black dress of all is a work of the 1960s: Audrey Hepburn famously wore a little black Givenchy dress as Holly Golightly in the opening scene of Breakfast at Tiffany’s, the movie that spawned a million Halloween costumes. That level of exposure may have truly cemented the little black dress as a cultural touchstone, so much so that we’ve turned it into an acronym: LBD, which has been included in the official Oxford Dictionary of English since 2010.


What is the British monarch’s official Scottish residence?

Royal Residences Of The British Monarchy - British Monarchy Family History British Monarchy Family History Royal Residences Of The British Monarchy        As you read about the many monarchs featured on this website you will come across the names of many castles and palaces, some of which are universally recognised and some virtually unheard of. The United Kingdom is awash with palaces, castles and stately homes, but not all of them are owned by royals, in fact Queen Elisabeth II actually owns only five royal residences, two castles, two palaces and one stately home and of those five only two are actually privately owned by herself. These five royal residences have not always been the homes of choice of former monarchs however, with several castles and palaces, some of which are no longer with us, having been used by previous monarchs.  Listed below, in alphabetical order, are thirty one royal residences which have been the official homes or holiday retreats of either the English, British or Scottish monarchs over the past one thousand years.  BALMORAL CASTLE Image courtesy of Stuart Yeates, wikimedia commons  Balmoral Castle is situated in Royal Deeside in Aberdeenshire in Scotland and is one of only two privately owned royal residences of the monarch. Originally built in 1390 by Sir William Drummond for Scotland's King Robert II, the castle was formerly rented by and then brought by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert as a holiday home in 1848 and remodeled into what we see today. Since then the castle, which is now part of a fully working 64,000 acre estate, is one of the royal family's favourite retreats, with the family taking regular annual Summer holidays there.        Beaumont Palace was built around 1130 by England's King Henry 1.  The palace stood in what is today part of the grounds of Blenheim Palace - the country's only non royal, non episcopal country house which is known as a palace - located in Woodstock in Oxfordshire.  The palace was the birthplace of the future King Richard I in 1157 and his younger brother the future King John in 1167.  The palace was dismantled during the years of the dissolution of the monasteries between 1536 and 1541 and it's stone used in the construction of the two great seats of learning, Christ Church University and St John's College, both of which are located in the City of Oxford.    BRIDEWELL PALACE     Bridewell Palace was commissioned by King Henry VIII and became his official residence between 1515 and 1523. It was situated on the banks of the River Fleet in east London and named after a nearby well dedicated to St Bride. In 1553 King Edward VI gave the palace to the City of London for the housing of the poor and homeless. Since then the palace has been a poorhouse, a hospital and a prison before being demolished in 1863. The palace is best remembered for being the site of the papal delegations concerning King Henry VIII’s divorce from his first wife Catherine of Aragon.     BOLEBROKE CASTLE    Built around 1480 Bolebroke Castle, which is located in Hartfield in Sussex, is actually a red brick manor house set in thirty acres of land. The castle, which has been designated as a Grade II listed building, was used extensively as a hunting lodge by King Henry VIII when he attended shooting parties in nearby Ashdown Forest.  Later Henry would use the castle as his main base for conducting his affair with Anne Boleyn as it is located just five miles from her family home of Hever Castle situated in the nearby village of Edenbridge in Kent.  Today the property is a four star hotel.    BUCKINGHAM PALACE  Image courtesy of Dilif, wikimedia commons  Situated on The Mall in the City of Westminster and known as Buck House throughout the land, Buckingham Palace has been the official royal residence of the British monarchy since the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. Originally built in 1703 from a design by William Winde for the Duke of Buckingham, the house first became a royal residence in 1761 when King George III had architects John Nash and Edward Blore remodel the building for his


Who stars in the TV NHS black-comedy Getting On and has appeared on QI 29 times?

QI - Wikiquote QI Jump to: navigation , search QI , standing for Quite Interesting, is a comedy panel game shown on BBC Two and BBC Four and was hosted by Stephen Fry , until Series M, now hosted by Sandi Toksvig with permanent panellist Alan Davies . Contents Episode A.01 "Adam"[ edit ] [On the subject of Adam and Eve] Stephen Fry : But perhaps, you know, we should believe in Adam and Eve. Geneticists have established that every woman in the world shares a single female ancestor who lived a hundred and fifty thousand years ago. Scientists actually call her "Eve", and every man shares a single male ancestor called "Adam". It's also been established, however, that Adam was born eighty thousand years after Eve. So the world before him was one of heavy to industrial-strength lesbianism, one assumes. [After a question concerning Burmese etiquette] Stephen Fry: While double-checking this … on the Internet, we came up with the extraordinary information that it's considered polite to express joy by eating snow and to send unwanted guests away by biting their leg, and normal behaviour to wipe your mouth on the sofa. This is actually true, the researchers were writing this down with great excitement about Burma, only to discover in the end that Burma turned out to be the name of a poodle belonging to the author of the website. Stephen Fry: Now, why... Hugh? Alan Davies: That’s how you spell it! Stephen Fry: Oh, no, let Hugh... Poor Hugh. Hugh Laurie: No really, that’s fine. I was gonna say exactly that. It’s got that many Ds in it, cos that’s his name! If you took the Ds out, it would be a different name. Alan Davies: Ewar Woowar! Hugh Laurie: Ewar Woowar. Stephen Fry: Exactly. It would be Ewar Woowar. It’s a sort of structural device, like a joist, which stops his name collapsing into the sort of spongey mass of Ewar Woowar. Stephen Fry: What would you do with a pencil and a lesser anteater? Alan Davies: Oh, hours of fun. Episode A.02 "Astronomy"[ edit ] [Alan stops writing and looks up at Stephen.] Rich Hall: Here we go again. Alan Davies: Pluto is a planet! It was discovered in the 1930s. It was the most recent planet to be discovered. Stephen Fry: It was discovered by Clive Tombaugh in 1930 exactly, yes. Bill Bailey: It’s a collection of gasses, it’s not actually... Stephen Fry: It’s not a planet. By no criterion by which planets are judged could Pluto be said... Alan Davies: It’s really, really big and it goes around the sun! Stephen Fry: Yes, but it’s not really that big at all. It’s tiny. Alan Davies: Well, that’s why it took so long to find! Don’t be hard on it cos it’s small! Alan Davies: Pluto and Bangkok don’t exist. I’m scared to go out. Alan Davies: Is gay whispers like Chinese whispers Stephen Fry: Much more fun, I assure you, much more fun. Episode A.03 "Aquatic Animals"[ edit ] Stephen Fry : Holmes was retired by this point, and was keeping bees on the Sussex Downs. Alan Davies : Against their will? Stephen Fry: What begins with A, has six Cs, and no Bs? Clive Anderson : Is it the Welsh alphabet? Alan Davies: I’ve got that in my pond, I get rid of it. Stephen Fry: No. Think about how many people you kill by doing that. You might just as well go around with a pillow and just clamp them to old lady’s faces. You bastard. Episode A.04 "Atoms"[ edit ] Rob Brydon : Softly with their songs. Episode A.06 "Antidotes"[ edit ] [Danny Baker has related a theory that states if a person can lick their own elbow, then they will be immortal.] Stephen Fry : But isn't that how socialism was invented, that someone said, "Come, let us lick each other's elbows"? Danny Baker : The fourth largest navy in the world, if one goes by boats alone? Disney. Disney has the fourth largest flotilla in the world. Stephen Fry: Good God. They'll be making films next! Alan Davies : How do you spell ribbit? Oh, like that. Stephen Fry: That’s apparently how you spell it. Alan Davies: No, that’s rabbit in New Zealand. Episode A.07 "Arthropods"[ edit ] Jackie Clune : I have an Australian girlfriend who has two vaginas. She went to have a smear test and t


By what name did the Germans call the Polish port of Gdansk?

Port News of the port of Gdansk - vesseltracker.com Port News of the port of Gdansk 33 days ago by arnekiel MAFI delivers 33 terminal tractors to DCT Gdansk Germany-based tractor manufacturer MAFI Transport-Systeme has completed another delivery of 33 terminal tractors type T 230 F to DCT Gdansk in Poland. The T 230 F is equipped with various options for a comfortable and ergonomical working environment. This is in line with DCT’s strong emphasis on health and safety measures, and accordingly, a light has been installed on top of the cabin that indicates whether the driver has fastened the seat belt. - See more at: www.portstrategy.... 85 days ago by arnekiel Opening of Terminal 2 (T2) at Gdansk celebrated. Deepwater Container Terminal (DCT) Gdansk, maritime ports consultant CH2M and Belgian contractor BESIX celebrated the opening of Terminal 2 (T2), expanding Poland's sole deep-sea terminal to become the largest container hub in the Baltic Sea. The new 650-meter-long and 17-meter-deep quay increases DCT's annual handling capacity to up to 3 million TEU (twenty-foot equivalent unit). Additionally, the new terminal berth can now accommodate ultra-large container vessels of capacity exceeding 18,000 TEU, such as the Maersk Triple E class container ships, which enter the Baltic Sea through the Danish Straits. www.prnewswire.co... 145 days ago by arnekiel Yet another regular ocean link between the Port of Gdansk and Asia The Port of Gdansk's network of regular maritime connections was enriched by yet another link, this time of the Ro-Ro type, operated by Bahri, say the Port of Gdansk Authority. Bahri, the national shipping company of Saudi Arabia, specialising in the transport of general cargo, fuels, chemicals, and dry bulk cargo for nearly 40 years now, offers transport services mainly in the area of South Asia, in particular the Arabian Peninsula, North America's east coast and Northern Europe. At the moment, apart from Gdansk, the company's ships also regularly call at European ports such as Hamburg, Antwerp, Bremerhaven, Rotterdam, and Bilbao. The company's decision to include the Port of Gdansk in its network of regular shipping links is closely connected, among others, with the performance of a big, several-year contract for the delivery of tanks signed by one of Poland's leading manufacturers of railway cars and a Saudi railway operator. The tanks are delivered from the south of Poland to the Port of Gdansk by rail and then rolled directly onto specialist roll trailers, on which they are loaded onto the ship. The transshipment operations are carried out by the Port Gdanski Eksploatacja (Port of Gdansk Cargo Logistics SA) company, and ship agency services are provided by Wilhelmsen Ships. en.portnews.ru/ne... 179 days ago by arnekiel DCT Gdansk’s state-of-the-art STS cranes already on rails Three STS cranes, which in May had arrived dismantled by sea for the second berth of DCT Gdansk terminal, were erected and the process of transporting them to the crane rails began a few days ago. Now, all three of them are positioned on the crane rails. The second berth of deepwater container terminal will be equipped with five largest and most modern STS cranes in Europe. The components of remaining two cranes will be delivered next month. STS cranes of T2 terminal with a height of 130 m (boom up) and around 89 m (boom down), with the outreach of 25 rows of containers will be able to handle the largest container vessels in the world. The completion of one of the largest investment projects in Pomerania is fast approaching. T2 project is on time and on budget. The infrastructure works will be finished in August and the berth will be fully operational at the end of 2016. 186 days ago by arnekiel EU to inject nearly EUR 1.9bn in several projects at the Port of Gdansk On 8 July 2016, the CEF Transport Coordinating Committee approved a list of transport projects, including as many as three submitted by the Port of Gdansk Authority SA, for funding from the resources of the Connecting Europe Facility funding instrument, the Port Autho


What name is given to creatures such as earthworms which are both male and female?

Types of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction About Watch and Favorite Watch Watching this resources will notify you when proposed changes or new versions are created so you can keep track of improvements that have been made. Favorite Favoriting this resource allows you to save it in the “My Resources” tab of your account. There, you can easily access this resource later when you’re ready to customize it or assign it to your students. Types of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Asexual and sexual reproduction, two methods of reproduction among animals, produce offspring that are clones or genetically unique. Learning Objective Discuss sexual and asexual reproduction methods Key Points Asexual reproduction includes fission , budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis , while sexual reproduction is achieved through the combination of reproductive cells from two individuals. The ability of a species to reproduce through fragmentation depends on the size of part that breaks off, while in binary fission , an individual splits off and forms two individuals of the same size. Budding may lead to the production of a completely new adult that forms away from the original body or may remain attached to the original body. Observed in invertebrates and some vertebrates, parthenogenesis produce offspring that may be either haploid or diploid . Sexual reproduction, the production of an offspring with a new combination of genes , may also involve hermaphroditism in which an organism can self-fertilize or mate with another individual of the same species. Terms Methods of Reproduction: Asexual & Sexual Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent because the offspring are all clones of the original parent. This type of reproduction occurs in prokaryotic microorganisms (bacteria) and in some eukaryotic single-celled and multi-celled organisms. Animals may reproduce asexually through fission, budding, fragmentation, or parthenogenesis. Fission Fission, also called binary fission, occurs in prokaryotic microorganisms and in some invertebrate, multi-celled organisms. After a period of growth, an organism splits into two separate organisms. Some unicellular eukaryotic organisms undergo binary fission by mitosis . In other organisms, part of the individual separates, forming a second individual. This process occurs, for example, in many asteroid echinoderms through splitting of the central disk. Some sea anemones and some coral polyps also reproduce through fission . Coral polyps reproduce asexually by fission, where an organism splits into two separate organisms. Budding Budding is a form of asexual reproduction that results from the outgrowth of a part of a cell or body region leading to a separation from the original organism into two individuals. Budding occurs commonly in some invertebrate animals such as corals and hydras . In hydras, a bud forms that develops into an adult, which breaks away from the main body; whereas in coral budding, the bud does not detach and multiplies as part of a new colony. Hydra reproduce asexually through budding, where a bud forms that develops into an adult and breaks away from the main body. Fragmentation Fragmentation is the breaking of the body into two parts with subsequent regeneration. If the animal is capable of fragmentation, and the part is big enough, a separate individual will regrow. Many sea stars reproduce asexually by fragmentation. For example, if the arm of an individual sea star is broken off it will regenerate a new sea star . Fishery workers have been known to try to kill the sea stars that eat their clam or oyster beds by cutting them in half and throwing them back into the ocean. Unfortunately for the workers, the two parts can each regenerate a new half, resulting in twice as many sea stars to prey upon the oysters and clams. Fragmentation also occurs in annelid worms, turbellarians, and poriferans. Note that in fragmentation, there is generally a noticeable difference in the size of the individuals, whereas in fission, two individu


Which Neopagan religion is often called ‘witchcraft’ or simply ‘the craft’?

Classifying Witchcrafts (excerpt from Witchcraft: A Concise History) Bonewits's Essential Guide to Witchcraft and Wicca Copyright © 1971, 2005 c.e., Isaac Bonewits As with the words "artist," "doctor," "scientist," or "diviner," the word "witch" is almost meaningless without some sort of qualifying adjective       in front of it. Here is a brief review, in alphabetical order,       of the classification system I have created to distinguish the       various European and American sorts of witches from one another.       Note that several of these categories are capable of overlapping       and/or of being mixed by living individuals. Anthropologic Witchcraft Anything an anthropologist calls "witchcraft," usually referring to either or both of the following meanings: 1. The practices of independent (real or supposed) magic users       who are suspected of at least sometimes using their magic outside       of their society's accepted cultural norms 2. A perceived state, often involuntary, of being a monster who       can curse people with the "evil eye" Christian Witchcraft, a.k.a. Christo-Wicca The beliefs and practices of those       who mix Neoclassic Witchcraft (see below) and/or Neopagan Witchcraft       (Wicca) with a liberal form of Christianity, thus creating new       Mesopagan versions of Wicca. Those who do primarily the former       are often believers that "witchcraft is a craft," not       a religion. Those who do primarily the latter are looked at askance       by most Wiccans, who are inclined to think of them as "heretics." Naturally, all but the most liberal of Christians consider people       doing any flavor whatsoever of witchcraft to be heretics, since       Christian priests, preachers, and ministers are supposed to have       a complete monopoly on all performances of magic. Classic Witchcraft, a.k.a. Cunning Craft The practices of the people that many       modern witches think were the original witches, but who are more       properly known as the cunning men and women. These folk were       seldom called "witches" (at least to their faces) and       could have any or all the following in their bags of tricks:       midwifery; healing with magic, herbs, and other folk remedies;       providing abortions, love potions, and poisons; divination; and       casting of curses and blessings. Classic Witches have continued       to exist to this very day, in ever dwindling numbers, mostly       in the remotest villages and among the Romany or other traveling       peoples. Criminal Witchcraft Witchcraft as originally conceived       by those who used the term first: the suspected or real use of       magic for negative purposes -in other words, magical malpractice.       This is probably what the word "wicce" originally referred       to, annoying as that may be to modern Wiccans, and is very similar       to the way anthropologists define witchcraft. Diabolic Witchcraft An imaginary cult of Devil worshipers       invented by the medieval Church, used as the excuse for raping,       torturing, and killing scores of thousands of women, children,       and men. The cult was said to consist of people who worshiped       the Christian Devil in exchange for magical powers they used       to benefit themselves and harm others. I used to call this "Gothic       Witchcraft." Dianic Witchcraft 1. A postulated medieval cult of Diana       and/or Dianus worshipers (Margaret Mur-ray's idea). 2. Term used by some henotheistic Neopagan Witches to refer to       their concentration on the Goddess as more important than the       God. 3. Term used by some Feminist Witches, especially those who are       separatist, to describe their practices and beliefs. Eclectic Witchcraft The beliefs and practices of those       on the liberal/heterodox end of the Wiccan spectrum. S


In a Roman house what activity took place in the triclinium?

The Roman House Your browser does not support the IFRAME tag. The Roman House Choose which paragraph to jump to and press "Go!": 1 Atrium Model of a two storey Roman house. Museo della Civilta, Rome Early Italian houses grouped around the atrium, with a small garden, the so-called hortus, at the back. The classic Roman house, however, was divided into two parts. The first part grouped around the atrium, the second around the peristylium. The peristylium having developed out of the earlier hortus. The atrium and the peristylium were perfect adaptions to the heat of the Mediterranean. They were open to the sky, letting fresh air in to circulate among the corridors and rooms. In the atrium a small pool, the impluvium would catch the rainwater, whereas in the peristylium, the rain would water the plants. Further to the impluvium there was an underground tank connected to it which could catch any excess rainwater. The Roman house is very much a house built for the people of southern Europe. So much so, that when the Romans built their houses in northern Italy or the northern European provinces, they adopted a system of heating, circulating warm air under the floors and along the walls. It was constructed to face inward. Meaning it generally had no windows at all, but drew its air and light from the openings of the atrium and peristylium. The house was normally only built on the ground floor, and if there was a first floor, it was small and limited to few rooms. Rooms were designed for one specific purpose only, the triclinium being for dining, a cubiculum for sleeping, etc. An interesting thing to note about the layout of the Roman house, is that the names given to the front part of the house around the atrium are Latin, whereas those in the back are largely Greek. The typical Roman house was, in general, only occupied by one family. (Although one must consider that Roman families were generally enlarged families, including several generations.) The Posticum Aside from the main door, there was a servants' entrance, the posticum, usually positioned at the side of the house. It was used slaves, servants, humble visitors or sometimes even by the master of the house, who sought to leave the house unnoticed by the prying eyes of onlookers in the main street. The Atrium The atrium originally was the bedroom of the mother of the family in an old Latin household. Hence a bed lectus genialis stood opposite the main entrance. The Romans kept the bed standing, as a symbol of the sanctity of marriage (the bride was still placed upon it by the groom as part of the marriage ceremony). But to them it served only symbolic use. A further symbol connected with the atrium was the hearth. In early houses the hearth, which all its symbolisms of homeliness, was situated in the atrium the centre of the house and domestic life. But the more classic Roman houses don't have a hearth in the atrium. In fact it remains unclear where the highly symbolic hearth was thereafter moved to. The impluvium was the shallow pool sunk into the floor to catch the rainwater. Some surviving examples are beautifully decorated. The opening in the ceiling above the pool called for some means of support for the roof. And it is here where one differentiates between five different styles of atrium. atrium tuscanium: this type had no columns. The weight of the ceiling was carried by the rafters. though expensive to build, this seems to have been the most widespread type of atrium in the Roman house. atrium tetrastylum: this type had one column at each corner of the impluvium. atrium corinthium: this type was similar to the atrium tetrastylum but had a greater opening in the roof and a greater number of columns. atrium displuviatum: the roof actually sloped towards the side walls, a large rainwater therefore ran off into other outlets than the impluvium. atrium testudinatum: this atrium had no opening in the roof at all and was only seen in small, unimportant houses. As the centrepiece of the house The atrium was the most lavishly furnished room. Also it contained the little c


What religion was accepted in the Roman Empire in AD313 by the Edict of Milan?

The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Early Christians | PBS   Early Christians The spread of Christianity was made a lot easier by the efficiency of the Roman Empire, but its principles were sometimes misunderstood and membership of the sect could be dangerous. Although Jesus had died, his message had not. Word of his teachings spread to Jewish communities across the empire. This was helped by energetic apostles, such as Paul and by the modern communications of the Roman Empire. Spreading the word Over 30 years, Paul clocked up around 10,000 miles, traveling across the Roman Empire. He preached in some of the empireï¿½s most important cities. Although places like Ephesus, Philippi, Corinth and Athens looked magnificent, they were also home to tens of thousands of poor, desperate people who were the perfect audience for the Christian message of eternal life. Like Jesus, Paul spoke to people in their homes and synagogues. But he went beyond Jesus, who had only preached to Jews . Paul believed his message should also be taken to gentiles ï¿½ the non-Jews. Relaxing the rules This meant taking a more relaxed approach to ancient Jewish laws about food and circumcision. It was a slap in the face for Jewish tradition, but it was also the central reason for the rapid spread of Christianity. As the Christian movement began to accept non-Jewish members, it moved further away from the strict rules imposed on Jews. In so doing, it gradually became a new and separate religion. An easy target Despite its growing popularity, Christianity was sometimes misunderstood and membership could bring enormous risks. Widely criticized after the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, the Emperor Nero tried to divert attention away from his own failings by providing an easy scapegoat: the Christians. Although the followers of Jesus were working hard to spread the message, there were still very few Christians in Rome. They were regarded with suspicion. Some important Christian rituals were mistaken as cannibalism, others as incest. Christians became an easy target. Nero wasted no time. He arrested and tortured all the Christians in Rome, before executing them with lavish publicity. Some were crucified, some were thrown to wild animals and others were burned alive as living torches. A new approach Despite this, Nero's persecution of the new Christian sect was brief and, in the first century at least, was not repeated in other parts of the empire. When asked by Pliny the Younger how to deal with Christians in the Asian provinces, Trajan replied that they should not be actively pursued. However, they could be punished if they were publicly criticized and refused to abandon their beliefs. Over time, the Christian church and faith grew more organized. In 313 AD, the Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan, which accepted Christianity: 10 years later, it had become the official religion of the Roman Empire. Where to next:


Which term is used for a painting of Mary supporting the body of the dead Christ?

Pieta in Art: Image of Virgin Mary Holding Dead Christ Image of Virgin Mary Holding Dead Christ. Pieta (1500) St Peter's Rome. The world's most famous "pieta". Sculpted by Michelangelo at By Luis de Morales (El Devino) Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Madrid. Pieta (1600) and styles, see: History of Art . For chronology, see: History of Art Timeline . What is a Pieta? In Christian     art , "pieta" - the Italian for "pity" or "mercy" - is a depiction of the dead Christ following the descent from the cross,     accompanied either by a sorrowful Virgin/Madonna (sometimes with Saint     John), or angels. The image may be a sculpture - most often a marble sculpture or a wood carving - or a painting .     The most famous Pieta is the sculpture by Michelangelo ,     which can be seen in St Peter's Basilica ,     Rome. The Pieta is not unlike the Lamentation     of Christ, taken from the Passion, except it is more reflective, and     its most common form is one consisting only of the dead Jesus lying on     the lap of the Virgin Mary. Indeed, if Christ and the Virgin are surrounded     by too many figures, the work can lose its meditative character, and become     a Lamentation. Another important difference between a Pieta and a Lamentation, is that while the latter represents a particular     biblical scene from Christ's Passion, the former is a timeless image. The Pieta is one of several representations     used in Biblical art to depict a grieving     Virgin Mary (the Mater Dolorosa). Another comes from the Stations     of the Cross, when the weeping mother meets her son Jesus on the way to     his Crucifixion at Calvary. The second is the Stabat Mater (here     stands the mother), depicting the Madonna standing beneath the cross,     an image often used as part of a large church-crucifix or rood. The intensity     of the imagery can vary considerably. Wood-carved Pietas in German     Gothic art often emphasise Christ's wounds, and/or the Virgin's grief.     However, once the grief becomes too obvious, the work loses its reflective     character, and becomes a Lamentation. History of the     Pieta The Pieta appears to have originated     in Germany (where it is known as the Vesperbild) during the mid     to late 13th century era of Gothic art (although     equally early examples have been found in Spain and in Orthodox churches     in Russia). Thereafter it spread to Italy in time for the Early     Renaissance (c.1400-90), although it was not in widespread use as     a form of religious art : witness an     entry from the diary of Landucci, a writer, which describes a painting     as being of "a seated Madonna, holding the dead Christ in her arms,     following the descent from the cross, which some are calling a Pieta." Also, the French Cardinal who commissioned the St Peter's version from     Michelangelo, was so unfamiliar with the subject that he insisted on describing     the pose required, in the contract. Famous Pietas  Rottgen Pieta (1300) Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Bonn, by unknown     carver.  Christ on the Virgin's Knees (c.1350) Munich, by unknown sculptor.  Pieta in limestone (1400) The Cloisters New York, by unknown sculptor.  Dead Christ Attended by Angels (1443) Victoria & Albert, by Donatello .  Pieta (1500) St Peter's Basilica, by Michelangelo.  Pieta (1500-20) Eglise Saint-Martin, Bayel, by the Master of Chaource. PAINTING  The Avignon Pieta (c.1454-6) Louvre, by Enguerrand     Quarton .  Pieta with Saint John and donor (1435) Prado, by Roger     van der Weyden .  Christ Upheld by Angels (1460) Staatsgalerie Berlin, by Giovanni     Bellini.  Christ Upheld by the Virgin & St John (1468) Brera Milan, by Giovanni Bellini .  Pieta (1490) Uffizi Gallery, by Perugino .  Pieta (c.1560) Prado, by Luis de Morales.  Pieta (c.1570) Accademia Venice, by Titian .  Pieta (1571-6) Philadelphia Museum of Art,


What was invented and first described by Dr Ludovic Zamenhof in 1887?

Esperanto : Wikis (The Full Wiki) The Full Wiki       Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics Latin_alphabet ">Top languages by writing system: Latin alphabet Did you know ... From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the language. For other uses, see Esperanto (disambiguation) . Esperanto Native : 200 to 2000 (1996, est.); Fluent speakers: est. 100,000 to 2 million (in about 115 countries) [1] Category (purpose) Esperanto (help·info) is the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language . [2] Its name derives from Doktoro Esperanto, the pseudonym under which L. L. Zamenhof published the first book detailing Esperanto, the Unua Libro , in 1887. The word esperanto means "one who hopes" in the language itself. The language's original name was "La Internacia Lingvo." [3] Zamenhof's goal was to create an easy to learn and politically neutral language that would serve as a universal second language to foster peace and international understanding. [4] Esperanto has between 100,000 and 2 million speakers in about 115 countries, and approximately one thousand native speakers , [5] i.e. people who learned Esperanto as one of their native languages from their parents. Although no country has adopted the language officially , Esperanto did get official recognition by UNESCO in 1954. [6] Today, Esperanto is employed in world travel, [7] correspondence, cultural exchange, conventions, literature, language instruction, [8] television, [9] movies, [10] and radio broadcasting. [11] The first international Esperanto congress was organized in France, Boulogne-sur-Mer , in 1905. Since then international conferences and meetings have been organized around the world with Esperanto every year. [12] At least one major search engine, Google , offers searching of Esperanto-related websites via an Esperanto portal. [13] There is evidence that learning Esperanto may provide a good foundation for learning languages in general. [14] Esperanto is also the language of instruction in one university, the Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj in San Marino . [15] Contents The first Esperanto book by L. L. Zamenhof Esperanto was created in the late 1870s and early 1880s by Dr. Ludovic Lazarus Zamenhof , a Jewish ophthalmologist from Bialystok , at the time part of the Russian Empire . According to Zamenhof, he created this language to foster harmony between people from different countries. His feelings and the situation in Bialystok may be gleaned from an extract from his famous letter to Nikolai Borovko: [16] The place where I was born and spent my childhood gave direction to all my future struggles. In Bialystok the inhabitants were divided into four distinct elements: Russians, Poles, Germans and Jews; each of these spoke their own language and looked on all the others as enemies. In such a town a sensitive nature feels more acutely than elsewhere the misery caused by language division and sees at every step that the diversity of languages is the first, or at least the most influential, basis for the separation of the human family into groups of enemies. I was brought up as an idealist; I was taught that all people were brothers, while outside in the street at every step I felt that there were no people, only Russians, Poles, Germans, Jews and so on. This was always a great torment to my infant mind, although many people may smile at such an 'anguish for the world' in a child. Since at that time I thought that 'grown-ups' were omnipotent, so I often said to myself that when I grew up I would certainly destroy this evil. —L. L. Zamenhof, in a letter to one N. Borovko, ca. 1895 After some ten years of development, which Zamenhof spent translating literature into Esperanto as well as writing original prose and verse , the first book of Esperanto grammar was published in Warsaw in July 1887. The number of speakers grew rapidly over the next few de


Arthur Wynne of Liverpool invented which teaser in 1913?

Arthur Wynne - History of Crossword Puzzles Share By Mary Bellis A crossword puzzle is a game of words where the player is given a hint and the number of letters. The player then fills in a grid of boxes by finding the right words. Liverpool journalist, Arthur Wynne invented the first crossword puzzle. Arthur Wynne Arthur Wynne was born on June 22, 1871 in Liverpool, England. He immigrated to the United States at the age of nineteen. He first lived in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and worked for the Pittsburgh Press newspaper. An interesting side-note, was that Wynne also played violin in the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra. Later, Arthur Wynne moved to Cedar Grove, New Jersey and started working for a New York City based newspaper called the New York World. He wrote the first crossword puzzle for the New York World, published on Sunday, December 21, 1913. The editor had asked Wynne to invent a new game for the paper's Sunday entertainment section. View a copy of Arthur Wynne's first crossword puzzle Word-Cross to Cross-Word to Crossword Arthur Wynne's first crossword puzzle was initially called word-cross and was diamond-shaped. continue reading below our video 5 Steps to Starting Your Own Business The name later switched to cross-word, and then as a result of an accidental typo the hyphen was dropped and the name became crossword. Wynne based his crossword puzzle on a similar but much older game played in ancient Pompeii that translated from Latin to English was called Magic Squares. In Magic Squares, the player is given a group of words and has to arrange them on a grid so that the words read the same way across and down. A crossword puzzle is very similar, except instead of being given the words the player is given clues. Arthur Wynne added other innovations to the crossword puzzle. While the first puzzle was diamond-shaped , he later invented horizontal and vertical shaped puzzles; and Wynne invented the use of adding blank black squares to a crossword puzzle. The crossword puzzle in a British publication was published in Pearson's Magazine in February 1922. The first New York Times crossword was published on February 1 1930. First Book of Crossword Puzzles According to the Guinness Book of Records , the first collection of crossword puzzles was published in the USA in 1924. Called The Cross Word Puzzle Book it was the first publication by a new partnership formed by Dick Simon and Lincoln Schuster. The book, a compilation of crossword puzzles from the newspaper New York World, was an instant success and helped to establish publishing giant Simon & Schuster, who continue to produce crossword books to this day. Crossword Weaver In 1997, Crossword Weaver was patented by Variety Games Inc. Crossword Weaver was the first computer software program that created crossword puzzles.


Which organisation refers to God as ‘The Great Architect of the Universe’?

The Great Architect of the Universe - Subliminal Messages and Propaganda - tribe.net The Great Architect of the Universe topic posted Mon, October 1, 2007 - 12:48 AM by  Unsubscribed The Great Architect of the Universe en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grea...e_Universe (GAOTU, also Grand Architect of the Universe or Supreme Architect of the Universe) is a conception of God used by many. It is a conception of God discussed by many Christian theologians and apologists. As a designation it is used within Freemasonry to neutrally represent whatever Supreme Being to which each member individually holds in adherence. It is also a Rosicrucian conception of God, as expressed by Max Heindel. The concept of the Demiurge as a grand architect or a great architect also occurs in gnosticism and other religious and philosophical systems. Contents [hide] 6 The Great Architect in Literature 7 See also 8 References [edit] Christianity The concept of God as the (Great) Architect of the Universe has been employed many times in Christianity. Illustrations of God as the architect of the universe can be found on Bibles from the Middle Ages[1] and regularly employed by Christian apologists and teachers. Wayne Jackson, editor of the Christian Courier [2], for example, talks about reflecting "upon the existence, power, and wisdom of the grand Architect of the universe". A Beka Books from Pensacola Christian College[3], for another example, state that "No subject matter better reflects the glory of God than mathematics. To study mathematics is to study God's thoughts after Him, for He is the great Engineer and Architect of the universe.". Christian theologians such as Thomas Aquinas hold that there is a Grand Architect of the Universe, the First Cause, and that this is God. Commentators on Aquinas such as Stephen A Richards[4] have pointed out that the assertion that the Grand Architect of the Universe is the Christian god "is not evident on the basis of 'natural theology' alone but requires an additional 'leap of faith' based on the revelation of the Bible". John Calvin, in his Institutes of the Christian Religion (published in 1536), repeatedly calls the Christian God "the Architect of the Universe", also referring to his works as "Architecture of the Universe", and in his commentary on Psalm 19 refers to the Christian god as the "Great Architect" or "Architect of the Universe". [edit] Freemasonry Usage of the term in Freemasonry has been the subject of criticism by some non-Masons, particularly Christian non-Masons, who criticise the idea of worshipping multiple gods by a single name.[5] This criticism has formed one basis for allegations that Freemasonry is a new religion. Masons themselves, such as Bissey[6], Leazer (quoting Coil's Masonic Encyclopaedia)[7], and Morris[8], assert that "the Masonic abbreviation G.A.O.T.U., meaning the Great Architect of the Universe, continues a long tradition of using an allegorical name for the Deity". They trace how the name and the abbreviation entered Masonic tradition from the Book of Constitutions written in 1723 by Reverend James Anderson. They also note that Anderson, a Calvinist minister, probably took the term from Calvin's usage. Christopher Haffner's own explanation of how the Masonic concept of a Great Architect of the Universe, as a placeholder for the Supreme Being of one's choice, is given in Workman Unashamed: "Now imagine me standing in lodge with my head bowed in prayer between Brother Mohammed Bokhary and Brother Arjun Melwani. To neither of them is the Great Architect of the Universe perceived as the Holy Trinity. To Brother Bokhary He has been revealed as Allah; to Brother Melwani He is probably perceived as Vishnu. Since I believe that there is only one God, I am confronted with three possibilities: They are praying to the devil whilst I am praying to God; They are praying to nothing, as their gods do not exist; They are praying to the same God as I, yet their understanding of His nature is partly incomplete (as indeed is mine — 1 Cor 13:12) It is without hesitation that I accept the third possibi


In Sikhism men take the last name Singh – what name do women take?

Sikhism: Why do Sikh men have the last name Singh and all women, have the last name Kaur? FAQ > Equality Q: Why do Sikh men have the last name Singh and all women, have the last name Kaur? A: Singh means a lion and Kaur means a princess. In Sikhism these titles eliminate discrimination based on “family name” (which denotes a specific caste) and reinforces that all humans are sovereigns and equal under God. This tradition started because through the last name one could distinguish what caste one belongs to. Just by knowing the last name they would say, “Oh, you are the lowest” or “You are the middle” or “You are from high class”. Thus Sikh Gurus eliminated the last name from all the Sikhs so that no one could distinguish the caste and achieved equality for all Sikhs. Guru Gobind Singh Ji gave Singh as a last name to all the Sikh men and Kaur to all the Sikh women. Women were not treated equally before the time of the Sikh Gurus, and so to ensure equality, a movement for women’s liberation was started five hundred years ago with the Sikh faith. The Guru said, “You are my beloved princesses, my daughters. You must be respected. How can this world be without you?” He cautioned men for being rude and bad to women. He said, “Without women this world cannot be. So, give them the rights, and give them equal respect they deserve.” Women are humans and all humans deserve equal rights. Normally, when a woman would get married, she would take the last name of the family she gets married into. Since Guru eliminated the last name, he said, “You don’t have to take anybody else's name. You are an individual, you are a princess, and you can keep Kaur as your last name.” It gave women a lot of self-respect. Related Information


Which term is commonly used for members of the Unification Church?

Unification Church at Worships.org Women in Religion About the Unification Church The Unification Church was founded 1954 in South Korea by the Reverend Sun Myung Moon. It is commonly known by the pejorative term Moonies (after the founder and leader). Some followers object to the name, claiming it is meant as an insult. However, the name was coined and used by members of the Unification Church itself. Currently, the Unification Church goes by the name "Association of Families for Unification and World Peace," or "Family Federation for World Peace and Unification." However, the Unification Church operates under numerous names. The Unification Church claims to be a Christian movement, but deviates significantly in teachings and practices. Members live throughout the world with the largest number living in South Korea, or perhaps Japan. Members reject the concept of the Christian Trinity in favor of one unified God, and believe that humanity's fallen nature is due to an affair Eve had with Lucifer. The church's goal is to unite all of Christianity under one church, which will  be achieved through the birth of the "third Adam," something that already  occured during the early 20th century in Korea. The church is perhaps best known for its mass wedding ceremonies, known as Blessings. As an example, on February 17, 2010 the Rev. Sun Myung Moon carried out one of the signature events of his church by blessing about 7,000 couples in Seoul, South Korea. Most of the couples never saw each other before they were matched. The church is slightly less known for its funding of numerous conservative political groups and publications  in the United States, including the Washington Times. UNIFICATION CHURCH NEWS


What was found in 1872 in the Atlantic with no-one on board but the cargo secure?

Mystery of the Mary Celeste - National Geographic Society Vocabulary On December 4, 1872, the “ghost ship” Mary Celeste was discover ed sailing near the Azores Islands, un harm ed and with her cargo intact —but without any crew . The abandon ment of the Mary Celeste and the fate of her crew remains one of history’s greatest maritime mysteries.   The Mary Celeste had left New York City, New York, about a month earlier. The ship carried a cargo of industrial alcohol and was headed to Genoa, Italy. A crew of eight, plus the captain’s wife and son, were on board.     A British vessel spotted the Mary Celeste sailing erratic ally and investigate d. They found the cargo mostly intact, instrument s working, and all the crew and passengers’ valuable items still secure. The weather was good. The only unusual elements were one missing lifeboat, several broken barrels of alcohol, and a fray ed rope trailing behind the ship.   There are many theories surrounding the mystery of the Mary Celeste, ranging from pirate s to mutiny . One of the strongest theories is that insecure barrels of alcohol broke, and the fume s helped create spark s that startled the crew. Thinking the ship may explode , the crew and passengers of the Mary Celeste boarded the lifeboat, tied to the larger ship while the cargo hold “aired out” the fumes. With the lifeboat safely tied to the Mary Celeste, a storm may have hit. While the large, sturdy Mary Celeste survived the storm, the tiny lifeboat and single rope were much more vulnerable . No trace of the lifeboat or any survivor of the Mary Celeste has ever been found.  Term to desert or leave entirely. alcohol Noun chemical compound, usually ethanol or  methanol, generated by fermentation and used for fuel, hygiene, medicine, and  food. cargo goods carried by a ship, plane, or other  vehicle. crew workers or employees on a boat or ship. discover to learn or understand something for the  first time. erratic wandering or veering from a set course. explode to expand with great speed, force, and noise. fate predetermined course of events in the life of a person. fray to wear away or unravel. fume vapor from a substance that usually has an identifiable odor. harm having to do with factories or mechanical production. instrument to study or examine in order to learn a series of facts. maritime having to do with the ocean. mutiny thief who steals from ships or ships'  crews while at sea. secure to guarantee, or make safe and certain. spark severe weather indicating a disturbed state of the atmosphere resulting from uplifted air. survive craft for traveling on water, usually larger than a rowboat or skiff. vulnerable


Which element is basic to all organic chemistry?

organic chemistry - The most common elements in functional group - Chemistry Stack Exchange up vote 4 down vote The most common element present in organic functional groups is carbon, $\ce{C}$, which is also the most common element in organic compounds. All functional groups are defined as some other atoms attached to at least one carbon atom. The second most common element in organic compounds is hydrogen, $\ce{H}$, but $\ce{H}$ is not necessary for the formal definition of many functional groups. The third most common element is oxygen, $\ce{O}$, which is an essential element in the definition of many functional groups, followed by nitrogen, $\ce{N}$, and then sulfur, $\ce{S}$, phosphorous, $\ce{P}$, the halogens, and boron, $B$. Occurrence frequency in functional group definition: In the lists of functional groups below, the prevalence of certain elements by requirement in the formal definition of that functional group is: $\ce{C} \ 100\%,\ \ce{O}\ 47\%,\ \ce{N}\ 30\%,\ \ce{S}\ 19\%,\ \ce{H}\ 13\%,\ \ce{P}\ 9\%,\ \ce{F,\ Cl,\ Br,\ I, B}\ 4\%$ Hydrocarbons: Alkane and Cycloalkane - all $sp^3$ $\ce{C-C}$ and $\ce{C-H}$ bonds: $\ce{-CH2-CH2 -}$ Alkene - at least two $sp^2$ carbon atoms sharing at least one $\ce{C=C}$ bond: $\ce{-CH=CH -}$ Allene - at least one cumulated diene where the middle carbon is $sp$: $\ce{-CH=C=CH -}$ Alkyne - at least two $sp$ hybridized carbon atoms sharing at least one $\ce{C#C}$ bond: $\ce{-C3C -}$ Aromatic ring - a cyclic planar fully conjugated polyene containing $4n+2 \ \pi$ electrons, where $n\geq0$ is an integer. See benzene . In all of the hydrocarbon functional groups, the hydrogen atoms are not necessary. They can often be replaced by carbon or heteroatoms (not $\ce{C}$ or $\ce{H}$) and you still have the functional group. That being said, hydrogen is the second most common element in organic molecules, even if it is not required for the formal definition of some functional groups. Functional groups with single bonds between carbon and heteroatoms. In most of these functional groups, the $\ce{H}$ atoms shown are part of the definition. The letter $\ce{R}$ represents hydrocarbon groups, although for a few groups, it can represent $H$.


Which Dickens novel features the Gordon Riots?

Supremacy and Survival: The English Reformation: Charles Dickens and the Gordon Riots Wednesday, February 8, 2012 Charles Dickens and the Gordon Riots Charles Dickens' 200th birthday was celebrated yesterday, February 7. Among Dickens' many, many works is one rather unusual historical novel, Barnaby Rudge, concerning the Gordon Riots--those anti-Catholic disturbances that followed the first steps of emancipating Catholics in England. There are two interesting features of this novel: one that Dickens wasn't really that interested in history and the other that Dickens really had no sympathy for the Catholics attacked during the Gordon Riots! As to the first feature: Chesterton commented on Dickens writing two historical novels (A Tale of Two Cities and Barnaby Rudge) while not knowing anything or caring about history: But it is very typical of Dickens's living interest in his own time, that though he wrote two historical novels they were neither of them of very ancient history. They were both, indeed, of very recent history; only they were those parts of recent history which were specially picturesque. I do not think that this was due to any mere consciousness on his part that he knew no history. Undoubtedly he knew no history; and he may or may not have been conscious of the fact. But the consciousness did not prevent him from writing a History of England. Nor did it prevent him from interlarding all or any of his works with tales of the pictorial past, such as the tale of the broken swords in Master Humphrey's Clock, or the indefensibly delightful nightmare of the lady in the stage-coach, which helps to soften the amiable end of Pickwick. Neither, worst of all, did it prevent him from dogmatising anywhere and everywhere about the past, of which he knew nothing; it did not prevent him from telling the bells to tell Trotty Veck that the Middle Ages were a failure, nor from solemnly declaring that the best thing that the mediæval monks ever did was to create the mean and snobbish quietude of a modern cathedral city. No, it was not historical reverence that held him back from dealing with the remote past; but rather something much better -- a living interest in the living century in which he was born. He would have thought himself quite intellectually capable of writing a novel about the Council of Trent or the First Crusade. He would have thought himself quite equal to analysing the psychology of Abelard or giving a bright, satiric sketch of St. Augustine. It must frankly be confessed that it was not a sense of his own unworthiness that held him back; I fear it was rather a sense of St. Augustine's unworthiness. He could not see the point of any history before the first slow swell of the French Revolution. He could understand the revolutions of the eighteenth century; all the other revolutions of history (so many and so splendid) were unmeaning to him. But the revolutions of the eighteenth century he did understand; and to them therefore he went back, as all historical novelists go back, in search of the picturesque. And from this fact an important result follows, The result that follows is this: that his only two historical novels are both tales of revolutions -- of eighteenth-century revolutions. These two eighteenth-century revolutions may seem to differ, and perhaps do differ in everything except in being revolutions and of the eighteenth century. The French Revolution, which is the theme of A Tale of Two Cities, was a revolt in favour of all that is now called enlightenment and liberation. The great Gordon Riot, which is the theme of Barnaby Rudge, was a revolt in favour of something which would now be called mere ignorant and obscurantist Protestantism. Nevertheless both belonged more typically to the age out of which Dickens came -- the great sceptical and yet creative eighteenth century of Europe. Whether the mob rose on the right side or the wrong they both belonged to the time in which a mob could rise, in which a mob could conquer. No growth of intellectual science or of moral cowardice had made it impossible to