What is a district called which is under the pastoral care of a bishop in the Christian church?

Parish Pastoral Council Guidelines | The Roman Catholic Diocese of Corner Brook and Labrador Parish Pastoral Council Guidelines Parish Pastoral Council Guidelines The Mission of the Church The Church is the living body of Christ in which all share in various and diverse ways the responsibility for the mission given to the Church by the Lord to: Worship God in joyous celebration of the Mass and sacraments Proclaim the Word of God to all people Witness the love and redemptive healing of Christ Serve those in need in both Church and society The Parish "A parish is a definite community of the Christian faithful established on a stable basis within a particular church; the pastoral care of the parish is entrusted to a pastor as its own shepherd under the authority of the diocesan bishop" (Canon 515). Clergy, religious and laity together form a parish, a portion of God's People whose pastoral care is entrusted to a pastor so that all can continue the mission of Jesus here on earth.  The People of God have different gifts, roles and responsibilities, yet all are under one head, Christ Jesus – sisters and brothers in Him. Duties of Pastor A pastor has responsibilities, which are uniquely his arising from his ordination and appointment to the pastorate by the Bishop. The pastor (parochus) is the proper pastor (pastor) of the parish entrusted to him, exercising the pastoral care of the community committed to him under the authority of the diocesan bishop in whose ministry of Christ he has been called to share, so that for that same community he carries out the functions of teaching, sanctifying, and governing, also with the cooperation of other presbyters or deacons and with the assistance of lay members of the Christian faithful, according to the norm of law. (Can. 519) When a priest accepts a pastorate, he becomes the appointed leader of the parish, the bond of communion, the designated head, and the father in the faith to this community of believers.  He is also called to be a servant of the people.  Moreover, he is to be the animator, motivating his people to work together, and at the same time to be the healer, bringing peace and unity to avert division and anger.  Consultation with parishioners, as individuals and as a community, is required for a pastor to carry out his duties responsibly. Consulation The Code of Canon Law insists on consultation at every level of decision-making among all God's people. The Code also makes it clear that pastors have certain responsibilities which are theirs alone. Cardinal Leo Suenens noted that a misinterpretation of the Council has caused some people to believe that the Church is a democracy:  "The Church is not a democracy and not an aristocracy...but a collegial reality." On December 30, 1988, Pope John Paul II, referring to the ecclesiology of communion, said, "The Council's mention of examining and solving pastoral problems 'by general discussion' ought to find its adequate and structured development through a more convinced, extensive and decided appreciation for 'Parish Pastoral Councils,' on which the Synod Fathers have rightly insisted." Role and Function of the Parish Pastoral Councils Canon Law provides for the formation of Parish Pastoral Councils in Canon 536 #1. "In every parish of the diocese, a Pastoral Council shall be established, if the diocesan Bishop, after consulting with the Council of Presbyters, so decides.  The pastor presides over the Pastoral Council.  The Pastoral Council is composed of members of the congregation together with those of the parish staff who have pastoral care by reason of their office.  The Pastoral Council assists in promoting pastoral action in the parish." What constitutes parish staff will vary from parish to parish.  Pastoral Team members are those who are involved in the day-to-day ministry of the parish.  They may be full time, part time, or volunteers.  The Pastoral Team generally has its own unique relationship with the pastor as it endeavors to carry out its responsibilities and ministry within the parish. Pastoral Team members may be


Which World War ll criminal died of suicide by asphyxiation in Spandau Prison in 1987?

1000+ images about Rudolf Walter Richard Heß on Pinterest | Crime, Peace and World war Forward Rudolf Walter Richard Hess, (26 April 1894 – 17 August 1987), was a prominent Nazi politician who was Adolf Hitler's deputy in the Nazi Party during the 1930s and early 1940s. On the eve of war with the Soviet Union, he flew solo to Scotland in an attempt to negotiate peace with the United Kingdom, where he was arrested and became a prisoner of war. Hess was tried at Nuremberg and sentenced to life imprisonment, which he served at Spandau Prison, Berlin, where he died in 1987. See More


Which US state was considered the first to join the Union?

Statehood Order by Dates: Statehood by Dates New Jersey, one of the thirteen colonies, became the third state on December 18, 1787. Georgia Georgia, one of the thirteen colonies, ratified the US Constitution on January 2, 1788, becoming the fourth state   to do so; it joined the Confederacy on January 19, 1861, and re-entered the Union after the Civil War. Connecticut Connecticut, one of the thirteen colonies, became the fifth state on January 9, 1788. Massachusetts Originally part of the thirteen colonies, Massachusetts became a state on February 6, 1788 Maryland Maryland became the seventh state on April 28, 1788. During the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln placed Maryland   under military control. South Carolina South Carolina, one of the thirteen colonies, became the eighth state on May 23, 1788. On December 20, 1860, South   Carolina became the first state to secede form the Union. It re- entered after the Civil War. New Hampshire In a sense, New Hampshire, originally one of the thirteen colonies, "created" the new nation by becoming the ninth state on June   21, 1788, meeting the requirement for nine states to ratify the Constitution. Virginia Virginia one of the thirteen colonies, became the 10th state on June 25, 1788. Richmond became the capital of the   Confederacy on May 29, 1861, but re-entered the Union after the war. New York On July 26, 1788, New York , one of the thirteen colonies, became the 11th state. North Carolina North Carolina, one of the thirteen colonies, became the 12th state on November 21, 1789. North Carolina troops suffered   the greatest losses of all the states during the Civil War while fighting for the Confederacy, re-entered the Union after the fighting ceased. Rhode Island Rhode Island was the last of the thirteen colonies to join the Union on May 29, 1790. Vermont Vermont became the first state added to the Union following the 13 colonies on March 1, 1791. Until statehood, had   been a region claimed by both New York and New Hampshire Kentucky Kentucky became the first state to be carved from the great western wilderness on June 1, 1792.  Never a territory,   it was part of Virginia until statehood. Tennessee Tennessee became a state on June 1, 1796. On June 8, 1861, it joined the Confederacy and became a major battleground   for the Civil War, re-entering the Union after war's end. Was Southwest Territory before statehood. Ohio Ohio became the first state west of the Alleghenies on March 1, 1803. Was part of the Northwest Territory until statehood. Louisiana Louisiana became the 18th state on April 30, 1812. It joined the Confederacy on January 26, 1861 and re-entered the   Union after the Civil War. With certain boundary changes, had been the Territory of Orleans. Indiana Indiana became the 19th state on December 11, 1816.  There was a residue of Indiana Territory that continued   to exist under that name until Dec. 3, 1818, when it was attached to Michigan Territory Mississippi On December 10, 1817, Mississippi was admitted as the 20th state. Territory by Act of April 7, 1798, effective May   7, 1798. Illinois Illinois became the 21st state on December 3, 1818. Alabama Alabama entered the Union on December 14, 1819. In January 1861, Alabama seceded from the Union, and on February 4,   delegates from six states met at Montgomery and formed the Confederate States of America, with Montgomery as the capital. After the Civil War, Alabama   re-entered the Union. Territory by Act of March 3, 1817, effective Aug. 15, 1817. Maine Maine became the 23rd state on March 15, 1820. Its admission to the Union balanced the simultaneous admission of Missouri   as a slave state. What is now the state of Maine was, before statehood, called the District of Maine and belonged to Massachusetts. Missouri Missouri was admitted as a slave state on August 10, 1821, after an agreement known as the Missouri Compromise in   which Maine was admitted as a free state. The state was much smaller than the territory. The area to the west and northwest of the state,


Who wrote the books ‘The Good Companions’ and ‘An Inspector Calls’?

An Inspector Calls: the message behind the new BBC thriller - Telegraph TV and Radio An Inspector Calls: the message behind the new BBC thriller As Priestley’s An Inspector Calls comes to BBC One, Tim Martin examines the  biting message behind its cosy whodunnit façade David Thewlis as the Inspector and Finn Cole as Eric Birling in the BBC's upcoming 'An Inspector Calls' Photo: BBC Pictures/Drama Repbulic By Tim Martin 11:00AM BST 12 Sep 2015 ‘The way some of these cranks talk now, you’d think everybody has to look after everybody else, as if we were all mixed up like bees in a hive. Community and all that nonsense.” The lines belong to Arthur Birling, the wealthy industrialist celebrating with his family as the curtain rises on JB Priestley ’s An Inspector Calls, but the uncharitable sentiments obviously aren’t confined either to 1912, the year in which Priestley’s play is set, or to 1947, the year of its UK premiere (it first opened in Russia 70 years ago). Instead, this strange and didactic piece of theatre has lasted longer than anything else its author wrote, and its story about the moral audit of an upper-crust family continues to appeal to audiences well beyond those for whom it was originally conceived. Besides the 1954 film with Alastair Sim and a clutch of periodic revivals on TV, An Inspector Calls has also been a Soviet-era Russian mini-series (Inspektor Gull, 1979), a madcap cinematic comedy set among the nouveau riche of Hong Kong (released in February) and, as of last year, has taken its place on the GCSE syllabus. Now it returns to the BBC in a new adaptation directed by Aisling Walsh, with David Thewlis as the mysterious Inspector Goole who turns the lives of the Birling family upside down. In one sense, the appeal of An Inspector Calls is easy to understand. Set before the First World War but written and performed at the end of the Second, it came packaged from birth with a kind of comforting period remoteness, and its presentation is that of a classic drawing-room thriller in the Agatha Christie mould: as the Birlings are celebrating their daughter’s engagement over dinner, a policeman arrives to speak to them about the suicide, earlier in the day, of a pregnant woman. Every member of the family denies any connection with the victim, but, as the evening wears on, it becomes apparent that they have, knowingly or blindly, played a role in her downfall. The wealthy paterfamilias sacked her from his factory after a labour dispute, the daughter arranged to have her dismissed from a position as a shop assistant, and so on. Under the scrutiny of the appallingly candid Goole, whose performer Priestley insisted should “create an impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness”, the mystery of her death is slowly solved. If the conceit of An Inspector Calls is familiar, though, the execution is more unusual. Priestley began writing plays in the early Thirties, after a successful career as a novelist and essayist: his book The Good Companions (1929) won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize, became a bestseller, and largely freed Priestley from financial worries thereafter. Miranda Richardson as Sybil Birling, An Inspector Calls (Photo: BBC Pictures/Drama Republic) Writing for the stage offered him the opportunity to experiment – and, particularly, to experiment with the dramatic possibilities of several then-fashionable theories of time. The first of these plays was Dangerous Corner (1932), in which a houseful of couples suffer an evening of brutally traumatic revelations before the play resets to the beginning and events take a different path. By the time of An Inspector Calls, Priestley was fully at ease with a mystical dimension in his work that led the psychologist Carl Jung, a frequent correspondent, to praise his “superhuman faculty of looking at things with a straight and an inverted eye”. Not only does the play make use of one of his signature timeslips – as with Dangerous Corner, an adjustment to the flow of events in the final moments acts as a sort of closing twist to the play – it also strongl


Who played the title role in the 1977 film ‘Annie Hall’?

Annie Hall (1977) Pages: ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) Background Annie Hall (1977), from director-actor-co-writer Woody Allen, is    a quintessential masterpiece of priceless, witty and quotable one-liners    within a matured, focused and thoughtful film. It is a bittersweet   romantic comedy of modern contemporary love and urban relationships (a great    successor to classic Hollywood films such as The Awful   Truth (1937) and The Philadelphia Story (1940) ),   that explores the interaction of past and present, and the rise and fall of   Allen's own challenging, ambivalent New York romance with his opposite - an   equally-insecure, shy, flighty Midwestern WASP female (who blossoms out in   a Pygmalion-like story). Annie Hall clearly has semi-autobiographical elements   - it is the free-wheeling, stream-of-consciousness story of an inept, angst-ridden,   pessimistic, Brooklyn-born and Jewish stand-up comedian - much like Allen   himself (who started out as a joke writer for The Tonight Show) - who   experiences crises related to his relationships and family. His unstable love   affair with aspiring singer Annie Hall begins to disintegrate when she moves   to Los Angeles and discovers herself - and a new life. [A real-life relationship and breakup did occur in early 1970   between Allen and co-star Keaton. Keaton's birth name was Diane Hall, her   nickname was Annie, and she did have a Grammy Hall. And Woody Allen played   a similar role as mentor to Diane Keaton (about New York life, politics, philosophy,   and books), as did best friend Tony Roberts to Allen.] This breakthrough film came after Allen's five earlier light-hearted   comedies (from 1969-1975) that were take-offs of various film genres or books,   often similar to episodic Marx Brothers' films: Allen's Previous Films   The Story After the silent opening credits (influenced by director Martin Ritt's film The Front (1976), starring Woody Allen), the opening scene has the   main character (indistinguishable from Woody Allen himself, dressed in a tweed   jacket, red plaid shirt, and his black-framed spectacles) speaking intimately   and directly to the audience viewer in a full, stark closeup. He tells two   key Jewish jokes in a stand-up, vaudeville-style monologue. In his first joke,   he satirizes his own feelings about life and its miserable shortcomings: Two elderly women are at a Catskill Mountain resort. And     one of 'em says: 'Boy, the food at this place is really terrible.' The     other one says: 'Yeah, I know. And such small portions.' Well, that's     essentially how I feel about life. Full of loneliness and misery and    suffering and unhappiness, and it's all over much too quickly. His second joke pays tribute to key individuals in his life - Groucho Marx   and Sigmund Freud. From Groucho Marx, the comedian learned comedy. From Freud's   writings on wit and jokes, the 'pleasure mechanism', neuroses, dreams, and   psychopathology [the content of the film, in fact!], he delved into his unconscious: The other important joke for me is one that's usually attributed    to Groucho Marx but I think it appears originally in Freud's Wit and Its     Relation to the Unconscious - and it goes like this. I'm paraphrasing.    I would never want to belong to any club that would have someone like me for    a member. That's the key joke of my adult life, in terms of my relationships    with women. The malcontented comic, later identified as Alvy Singer (Woody Allen) [the   name bears some resemblance to the hedonistic, Cockney title character in Alfie (1966) - a similar film about the lead character's love life   and his problems with commitment], has just turned forty (and already experienced   two failures in his previous marriages to intellectual Jewish women) and   is in the middle of a mid-life crisis, with aging bringing on signs of slight balding: "I think I'm gonna get better as I get older." He hopes to become   the "baldi


Navigator Fred Noonan disappeared with who, after taking off in their plane from New Guinea?

Amelia Earhart’s Navigator: The Life and Loss of Fred Noonan - History in the Headlines Amelia Earhart’s Navigator: The Life and Loss of Fred Noonan June 28, 2012 By Elizabeth Hanes Fred Noonan with Amelia Earhart on June 11, 1937. Share this: Amelia Earhart’s Navigator: The Life and Loss of Fred Noonan Author Amelia Earhart’s Navigator: The Life and Loss of Fred Noonan URL Google In one of history’s most fascinating mysteries, Fred Noonan will always be something of a footnote. Forever remembered as “Amelia Earhart’s navigator,” he vanished with the famous aviator on July 2, 1937, nearly 75 years ago, during their ill-fated round-the-world attempt. As the anniversary of his disappearance approaches, find out more about this oft-forgotten flyer’s life and—presumably—death. Fred Noonan has been consigned to a historical footnote as Amelia Earhart’s navigator. That’s partly because little is known about him. When he and Earhart vanished 75 years ago on July 2, 1937, headlines blared about the disappearance of “Lady Lindy” and the frantic search for her Lockheed Electra. Little coverage was devoted to the equally lost Noonan at the time, and little has been written about him since. We know he was married. Twice. We know he stood just over 6 feet tall and had a ruddy complexion, blue eyes and auburn hair. According to U.S. Shipping Board registers, he had a “scar at the base of thumb” and a “protrusion on forehead over right eye.” We know these details from notations in publicly available records—marriage certificates, maritime files, Federal Aviation Administration documents, city directories. It’s a sketchy portrait. And yet together, these bare facts paint the picture of an adventuresome man who led a rich life before his disappearance. Earhart may get all the glory for being a pioneering aviator, but Noonan was no slouch in that respect. Widely credited with opening the Pacific to air transportation, Noonan worked for Pan American World Airways beginning in the mid-1920s and was responsible for charting the westward routes from California to Manila for the carrier’s “Clipper” airplane fleet. Born in Chicago (or, according to some reports, in Ireland), he had first encountered these far-flung corners of the globe after leaving home at just 13 to become a merchant marine in 1906. Over 20 years he rose through the ranks to become a captain, working on ships that ferried goods around the world. In the 1930s Noonan changed gears to take up flying, but he never lost his love for the sea and continued to renew his captain’s license until right before his disappearance. A neighbor in his adopted hometown of New Orleans told a Times-Picayune reporter, “I remember when he quit the sea because he wanted to take up aviation, not necessarily as a pilot, but in a navigating capacity.” After obtaining his pilot’s license in 1930, he went on to become a leader in long-distance aerial navigation, developing a solid reputation for his skills. According to some accounts, he served as the head of Pan Am’s navigation section. With Noonan in the navigator’s seat, Pan Am’s China Clipper seaplane completed the first air trip from San Francisco to Honolulu in April 1935. The feat earned him a congratulatory letter from the world’s foremost expert on air navigation, P.V.H. Weems, who had taught pilots at the Naval Academy. In an era before electronic navigation, the role of air navigator held critical significance and involved a combination of line-of-sight and calculating positions based on heavenly bodies or radio signals. As Noonan later wrote to Weems, navigation during the Honolulu flight “was comparable with such as would be practiced afloat—fixes were determined entirely by stellar observations at night.” Noonan’s reputation as a top-notch navigator wasn’t lost on Earhart’s camp. Though she’d initially chosen sea captain Harry Manning to navigate her flight around the world, the celebrated aviator eventually approached Noonan instead. Noonan’s air navigation skills trumped Manning’s, and Earhart’s husband preferred Noonan because of his va


In the UK, in which year did the Life Peerage Act entitled women to sit in the House of Lords for the first time?

BBC ON THIS DAY | 30 | 1957: Lords to admit first women peers About This Site | Text Only 1957: Lords to admit first women peers The Government has unveiled plans to reform the House of Lords which include admitting women for the first time. Under the scheme, male and female life peerages will be created to ensure a balanced representation of the different political parties. Expenses are also to be paid to peers. The idea behind the creation of life peers is to enable distinguished and experienced people, who may not feel able to accept hereditary titles, to enter the House. Appointments will be made at the discretion of the prime minister. The Conservative Leader of the House, Lord Home, announced the proposals to the Lords this afternoon. Taking women into parliamentary embrace is, after all, only an extension of the normal privileges of a peer. Lord Home There were cheers when he said admitting women would simply be recognising the place they had commanded for themselves as a right in modern society. He raised a laugh when he added: "Taking women into parliamentary embrace is, after all, only an extension of the normal privileges of a peer." Labour's Lord Alexander of Hillsborough rose to complain that his party had not been given any warning of the content of today's debate and he therefore felt unwilling to participate. However, he thought it likely his party would support the admission of women to the House. The Government has ruled out - for the time being - any discussion on the alteration in the powers of the House and any discussion of abolition or reduction of the right of hereditary peers to legislate. Lord Samuel for the Liberals welcomed any reform. He said: "House of Lords reform has been rather like a slow motion film of a prima ballerina, not marked by agility or grace, but by languid exhibition and elephantine deliberations." He said the House of Lords was the only organisation which excluded women - directly contrary to the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act passed by the House nearly 40 years ago but which the House had ever since refused to obey. Talks have been continuing on and off for years about possible reform of the House of Lords. The last attempt was in 1953 when Conservative Lord Simon introduced a Life Peers Bill. The Conservative Government invited the leaders of the Liberal and Labour parties to attend talks but Clement Attlee refused to take part on Labour's behalf and the discussions did not take place. Lady Carter says the House will be more "exciting" In Context The Life Peerages Act was passed in 1958. It empowered the Crown to create life peers, both men and for the first time, women, who would be entitled to sit and vote in the House of Lords and whose peerages would expire on their death. The Peerage Act of 1963 allowed hereditary peeresses to sit in the House of Lords for the first time. It also allowed peers to give up titles if they wished to be elected to sit in the Commons. This followed the Stansgate case in which Anthony Wedgwood Benn fought to have the right to drop his title in order to remain an MP. In 1969 further plans to reform the House of Lords had to be abandoned after delaying tactics by MPs. Following Labour's election victory in 1997, plans for Lords' reform were once again put forward. As a first stage, the number of hereditary peers was reduced to 92 or roughly 10% of the total. Plans for the second stage of reform hit the buffers in 2003. After MPs failed to agree a plan on a way forward, the Government agreed to delay pending further consultation. Stories From 30 Oct


Which actor plays a chain-smoking, womanising angel in the 1996 film ‘Michael’?

Michael (1996) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Two tabloid reporters checking out a report of the Archangel Michael living with an old woman find that it's true. But that's not the only surprise. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 41 titles created 15 Nov 2011 a list of 25 titles created 18 Feb 2012 a list of 41 titles created 18 Sep 2013 a list of 43 titles created 28 Jun 2014 a list of 43 titles created 11 months ago Search for " Michael " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. An ordinary man sees a bright light descend from the sky, and discovers he now has super-intelligence and telekinesis. Director: Jon Turteltaub A television weatherman scams a local lottery. Director: Nora Ephron     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.8/10 X   After a single, career-minded woman is left on her own to give birth to the child of a married man, she finds a new romantic chance in a cab driver. Meanwhile, the point-of-view of the newborn boy is narrated through voice-over. Director: Amy Heckerling Terrorists steal nuclear warheads from the U.S. military but don't count on a pilot and park ranger spoiling their plans. Director: John Woo When the daughter of a well-known and well-respected base commander is murdered, an undercover detective is summoned to look into the matter and finds a slew of cover-ups at West Point. Director: Simon West A disgruntled security guard holds a school trip group hostage, while a news reporter forms a bond with him. Director: Costa-Gavras A mobster travels to Hollywood to collect a debt and discovers that the movie business is much the same as his current job. Director: Barry Sonnenfeld The story takes place in alternative America where the blacks are members of social elite, and whites are inhabitants of inner city ghettos. Louis Pinnock is a white worker in a chocolate ... See full summary  » Director: Desmond Nakano Edit Storyline Frank Quinlan and Huey Driscoll, two reporters from a Chicago-based tabloid, along with Dorothy Winters, an 'angel expert', are asked to travel to rural Iowa to investigate a claim from an old woman that she shares her house with a real, live archangel named Michael. Upon arrival, they see that her claims are true - but Michael is not what they expected: he smokes, drinks beer, has a very active libido and has a rather colourful vocabulary. In fact, they would never believe it were it not for the two feathery wings protruding from his back. Michael agrees to travel to Chicago with the threesome, but what they don't realise is that the journey they are about to undertake will change their lives forever. Written by Jonathan Broxton <j.w.broxton@sheffield.ac.uk> He's an angel... Not a saint. Genres: Rated PG for a mild barroom brawl, some language and sensuality | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 25 December 1996 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: $27,629,196        (USA) (27 December 1996) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia Although set in Iowa many scenes were filmed in and around New Braunfels, Texas. Gruene Hall, built in 1878 and known as the oldest continually run dance hall in Texas served as, "Joe's," where the dance scene to, "Chain of Fools," and the ensuing bar brawl took place. See more » Goofs Near the end of the movie, there is a camera shot of a Christmas tree with an angel at the top. However, the angel is holding a horn. That angel is Gabriel, not Michael. See more » Quotes Lyrics by Richard B. Smith (as Dick Smith) Published by WB Music Corp. (ASCAP) Performed by Dion DiMucci (as Dion) Produced by Dion DiMucci for Salt Productions Inc. Courtesy of The Right Stuff Under license from EMI-Capitol Music Special Markets (United States) – See all my reviews It has been quite some time since I last saw this film. However, the amazi


The Rimutaka Railway Tunnel is in which country?

History | Rimutaka Incline Railway Rimutaka Incline Railway Building a Sanctuary for Steam Main menu Search History The railway from Upper Hutt to the Wairarapa included five tunnels, several large bridges and many steep grades. The railway reached the summit of the Rimutaka Range by conventional means, but such a route could not be found to descend to the Wairarapa valley. The three-mile section of track between Summit and Cross Creek on the Wairarapa side of the range had an average grade of 1 in 15. The patented Fell centre-rail system was employed to enable specially-fitted locomotives to negotiate the steep grade safely while hauling larger loads than otherwise would have been possible. Requirement for Fell centre-rail system The Rimutaka mountain range separating Wellington and the Wairarapa presented railway engineers with a difficult situation. Although a suitable alignment could be found on the western side of the range, on the eastern side surveys were less successful, the only practical route was that with graded steeper than that used with conventional railways. The Fell system had been patented after first use in France, providing temporary traversal of mountainous terrain whilst time-consuming tunnel boring was carried out. Construction Four contracts were let for construction of the formation for the Wellington and Masterton Railway between Upper Hutt and Featherston: Mungaroa Contract First contract for the route, commencing a short distance north of Upper Hutt, and terminating a similar distance past Kaitoke station. Charles McKirdy won the contract, having previously constructed much of the railway up the Hutt Valley to Upper Hutt. Pakuratahi Contract William Oakes won this contract, commencing a short distance north of Kaitoke station and terminating just short of Summit. Summit Contract Messrs Collie, Scott and Wilkinson won the Summit Contract. It may have been of short length, but was perhaps the most difficult as it included the 630 yard (576 metre) Summit tunnel. The contract terminated a short distance downhill of the tunnel. Incline Contract Incline Contract, comprising the remainder of the route to Featherston, including the majority of the Fell Incline section. Charles McKirdy also won this contract. The Railway between Upper Hutt and Featherston was opened in stages during 1878. The Upper Hutt to Kaitoke section was opened on 1 January 1878, the more difficult Kaitoke to Featherston section on 12 October of the same year. Operation Four Fell locomotives were initially built for the incline, joined by a further two in 1886. Traffic continued to grow, boosted by connection to the Napier-New Plymouth railway in 1897, although relieved to some extent by the purchase of the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company by the Government in 1908. Some use of conventional locomotives was made on the incline, along with an experimental Mallet compound. After World War I the incline was again entrusted solely to the six Fell locomotives. Dramatic improvements in passenger service schedules were achieved from 1936 with a fleet of 6 railcars built at Hutt Workshops, known as the 'Wairarapa' railcars. The railcars were used for most passenger services until the incline closed, with the exception of special passenger trains and holiday traffic. Uniqueness At seventy-seven years New Zealand's Fell Incline Railway was far and away the longest-lived Fell-worked route of railway. Most other instances of Fell railways were short-lived affairs, but the Rimutaka Incline was not made obsolete by tunnel replacement until 1955. Other lines in New Zealand and overseas continued to use the Fell centre-rail system for braking purposes, the Rimutaka Incline was the longest-lasting line in the world that used a Fell centre-rail for adhesion as well as braking. Demise and closure In October 1955 the old railway route between Upper Hutt and Featherston was closed. A new railway route had been completed, including an 8.8km long tunnel through the Rimutaka Range. After closure the track was dismantled and land disposed of by the


US comedian and actor Nathan Birnbaum, born in 1898, was better known by what name?

George Burns - Biography - IMDb George Burns Biography Showing all 99 items Jump to: Overview  (5) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (2) | Trade Mark  (4) | Trivia  (34) | Personal Quotes  (52) | Salary  (1) Overview (5) 5' 7" (1.7 m) Mini Bio (1) George Burns was born on January 20, 1896 in New York City, New York, USA as Nathan Birnbaum. He was an actor and producer, known for The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show (1950), Oh, God! (1977) and The Sunshine Boys (1975). He was married to Gracie Allen and Hannah Siegal. He died on March 9, 1996 in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, California, USA. Spouse (2) ( 7 January  1926      - 27 August  1964) (her death) (2 children) Hannah Siegal Trade Mark (4) His ever present cigar Played the straight man to his wife, Gracie Allen. After her death and his retirement period, he created a new image as an remarkably active amiable old comedian. Wearing glasses in his later years. Deep, scratchy voice. Trivia (34) As a child, he attended P.S. 22 and left after the fourth grade due to economic reasons. Interred along with his wife Gracie Allen at Forest Lawn (Glendale), Glendale, California, USA, in the Freedom Mausoleum, Sanctuary of Heritage. Uncle of Lou Weiss, chairman emeritus of William Morris Agency, who got his mailroom start in agency business with help of 'Uncle Nate'. Was a regular on the "Dean Martin Celebrity Roasts". He was even a guest of honor in 1978. "The Burns & Allen Show" (on CBS and NBC from 1934 to 1950) was inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame in 1994. At the time of his Oscar win, he was the oldest recipient of an Academy Award. He was 80 when he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for The Sunshine Boys (1975). This record was surpassed by Jessica Tandy in 1990 and later by Christopher Plummer in 2012 who received his Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor at age 82. Best friends with fellow comedian Jack Benny , who also served as best man at his and Gracie Allen 's wedding. Burns loved playing jokes on Benny, almost as much as watching him laugh (and pound the floor) afterward. Actually wore a hairpiece for most of his performing career; appears briefly without it in The Sunshine Boys (1975) and in _Two of a Kind (1982)_. He and Gracie Allen continued to play single, even years after they were married; declining ratings prompted George to "update" the act on-air. He said later, "We were the only couple on radio who got married because we had to". Took the name "Burns" from the Burns Brothers Coal Company, whose trucks he'd stolen lumps from growing up, to help heat the family home. "George" was a sobriquet his brother occasionally used. Until his death, he smoked as many as ten cigars a day. Biography in: "Who's Who in Comedy" by Ronald L. Smith. Pg. 78-80. New York: Facts on File, 1992. ISBN 0816023387 His first marriage was in name only. In the early 1920s, he was doing a ballroom dancing act with Hannah Siegal, and they were offered a 36-week contract to go out on the road. When her father objected to her traveling with a young man outside the bonds of matrimony, George and Hannah got married so as not to turn down the offer. When they returned from their three-month engagement, they divorced. In the beginning of their partnership, Gracie Allen played the straight character and Burns had the funny lines. When he realized Gracie got more laughs, he switched their roles. Daughter Sandra Burns adopted 1934, son Ronnie Burns adopted 1935. Discovered Ann-Margret and made her his opening act in Las Vegas, Nevada. He was in very fragile health and could not attend his 100th birthday celebration in person. Biography in: "American National Biography". Supplement 1, pp. 82-84. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Was originally supposed to deliver the eulogy at the funeral of his best friend, Jack Benny , but he was so overcome with emotion after trying that he let someone else do it. In the movie 18 Again! (1988) Burns' character celebrates his 81st birthday, although Burns himself was already 92 years old. In the early 1940s, during the height of their


On 26th September 1953, the rationing of what ended in the UK?

BBC ON THIS DAY | 5 | 1953: Sweet rationing ends in Britain About This Site | Text Only 1953: Sweet rationing ends in Britain Children all over Britain have been emptying out their piggy-banks and heading straight for the nearest sweet-shop as the first unrationed sweets went on sale today. Toffee apples were the biggest sellers, with sticks of nougat and liquorice strips also disappearing fast. One firm in Clapham Common gave 800 children 150lbs of lollipops during their midday break from school; and a London factory opened its doors to hand out free sweets to all comers. Adults joined in the sugar frenzy, with men in the City queuing up in their lunch breaks to buy boiled sweets and to enjoy the luxury of being able to buy 2lb boxes of chocolates to take home for the weekend. Stocks 'sufficient' The government and manufacturers have been quick to reassure the public that there would be no repeat of the first attempt to de-ration sweets, in April 1949, when demand far outstripped supply and they were put back on ration after just four months. This time, the Minister of Food, Major Gwilym Lloyd-George, has told the House of Commons that he has no doubt that stocks are sufficient. He has ordered a one-off allocation of extra sugar to manufacturers to help them meet the anticipated surge in demand. Sugar still rationed Sugar itself, though, still remains rationed, and manufacturers say the Ministry of Food should have freed sugar supplies as well as those of sweets and chocolate. As it is, they will have to make enough sweets to meet the demand of a de-rationed market, but with only 54% of the sugar supplies they had before the war. However, overall the industry gave a warm welcome to the news. "We are very glad about it," said a spokesman for the Cocoa, Chocolate and Confectionery Alliance. "We will do all we can to make it work." So far, despite the heavy sales, there have been no signs of panic buying, even though there are already shortages of the most popular brands. One reason may be that the price of confectionery has nearly doubled during the war, and many have not been taking up their full 6oz ration. Sweet coupons, though, will be with us for some time yet: it takes so long to print all 50m ration books that next year's have been designed already, sweet ration and all.


Cattleya Orchids | Types of Flowers with Pictures | HGTV Flowers Orchids Plants Houseplants Celebrate beauty by growing one of the most recognized flowers, the cattleya orchid. This orchid type is well known because it produces the blossoms used to create corsages. Cattleya orchids are sometimes referred to as the “Queen of Orchids.” The flowers are large and frequently fragrant, and they come in a rainbow of colors thanks to the efforts of plant hybridizers. But the original cattleya orchid species opens flowers in the bright purple shade that coined the color “orchid.”   Cattleya orchids grow on tree branches in the American tropics and subtropics, where the orchid’s roots are exposed to air. This type of growth pattern is known as epiphytic, meaning that cattleya orchid roots thrive with air movement. The need for air around roots is probably the main reason cattleya orchids don’t make it. They need an orchid potting mix that provides good air flow to roots.   Consider blending expanded clay pellets with other orchid potting mix elements, such as tree fern bark, hardwood charcoal, perlite or redwood chips. There really isn’t one correct orchid potting mix to use with cattleya orchids. The ideal mix is one that works with your growing conditions and the type of container you use.   Many growers have success raising cattleya orchids on slabs or in slat baskets. Both of these growing techniques provide excellent air flow to roots. With any orchid potting mix, it’s a good idea to replace it every so often. Cattleya orchids tend to need repotted every two to three years. When you’re repotting orchids, use that time to inspect slat baskets or slabs for signs of rot.   In the home, give cattleya orchids a spot near a bright window. The plants prefer high light in the morning and early evening, but need protection from the sun’s hottest rays at midday. The rule of thumb for providing light to cattleya orchids is to aim for bright shade, with sunlight early and/or late in the day.   Cattleya orchids experience cycles of wet and dry growing conditions in their native forest settings. Rain storms blow in water, followed by gusts of wind that dry plant roots. Cattleya orchids have thickened stems known as pseudobulbs. In the wild, these pseudobulbs store moisture for the orchid plant to use during the dry season. In a home setting, pseudobulbs still store water, so it’s important not to overwater plants.   These pretty orchids have actively growing and dormant times in their annual growth patterns. The dormant, resting time can last for a few weeks or months. During the active growth time, provide regular water and fertilizer. For orchid fertilizer, use a balanced fertilizer (numbers like 20-20-20) that contains micronutrients.


Which former England rugby union player was nicknamed ‘Squeaky’?

About: Rob Andrew About: Rob Andrew An Entity of Type : athlete ,   from Named Graph : http://dbpedia.org ,   within Data Space : dbpedia.org Christopher Robert "Rob" Andrew MBE (born 18 February 1963 in Richmond, Yorkshire), nicknamed "Squeaky", is a former English rugby union footballer and currently Professional Rugby Director at the RFU. He was formerly the Director of Rugby of Newcastle Falcons. As a player, Andrew was assured in his kicking and defensive skills off both feet. Andrew also had a brief career in first-class cricket. Property abstract Christopher Robert Andrew, né le à Richmond, est un joueur de rugby anglais, évoluant au poste de demi d'ouverture. Il est l'un des joueurs les plus controversés de l'histoire du rugby anglais. Critiqué pour un jeu privilégiant le jeu au pied, et pour un taux de réussite non satisfaisant aux yeux de ses détracteurs, il a même été nommé comme le « pire joueur ayant jamais représenté l'Angleterre » par un ancien capitaine du XV de la Rose[réf. nécessaire]. Cependant, c'est un formidable défenseur et il travaille dur ses points faibles : il deviendra ainsi un des joueurs essentiels de l'ère du capitaine Will Carling à la fin des années 1980 et le début des années 1990. Pour ses débuts contre la Roumanie, il marque 18 points, un record pour sa première sélection. Bien qu'il soit l'ouvreur titulaire jusqu'à la Coupe du monde de rugby 1987, il n'y dispute que 2 matchs dont l'un en tant que remplaçant. En automne 1988, bien qu'il soit pressenti pour devenir capitaine du XV anglais, Will Carling lui est préféré. Celui-ci commence par une grande victoire contre l'équipe d'Australie à Twickenham. En 1989, après une première désillusion à la suite de sa non-sélection pour les Lions, il fait finalement partie de la tournée en Australie en remplaçant d'un blessé. Après une première défaite, il participe grandement à la victoire dans le second par son jeu au pied qui éloigne la menace Michael Lynagh. La victoire 19-18 dans le 3e donne la victoire dans la série et un nouveau prestige en Angleterre. Lors du Tournoi des Cinq Nations suivant, en 1990, le Grand Chelem se joue lors du dernier match entre les 2 prétendants à la victoire à Murrayfield. Finalement le XV écossais de Gavin Hastings remporte le match et le grand chelem. L'Angleterre prend sa revanche avec deux grands chelems lors des 2 éditions suivantes. Entre temps, la Coupe du monde de rugby 1991 se déroule en partie à domicile. Bien que favoris, les anglais y perdent leur premier match contre les Blacks. Cependant, ils atteignent la finale, battus par les Australiens de Nick Farr-Jones. Malgré la perte de sa place d'ouvreur en Angleterre, il fait à nouveau partie du squad des Lions en 1993 en Nouvelle-Zélande où il dispute 2 nouveaux tests pour une défaite dans la série par 2 à 1. Il devient ensuite le buteur titulaire du XV anglais après avoir beaucoup travaillé sur sa technique. Il prouve immédiatement ses nouvelles qualités lors d'une tournée en Afrique du Sud où il marque 27 points lors du premier test victorieux contre les Boks à Pretoria. Le tournoi 1995 voit l'Angleterre renouer avec le grand chelem. La Coupe du monde qui suit en Afrique du Sud voit les anglais échouer en demi-finale, assommés par les Blacks d'un certain Jonah Lomu. Il ne rejouera avec le XV anglais qu'une seule fois 2 ans plus tard lors d'un match du tournoi contre les Gallois. Finalement, lorsqu'il prend sa retraite internationale, il détient un grand nombre de records, comme le record de points marqués par un anglais en test match, le record du monde de drops marqués (21) en test match, le record du nombre de points marqués dans un test match (30, record partagé avec Didier Camberabero) et dans un match du tournoi des 5 nations (24, en 1995). En 1991, il effectuera une saison à l'ouverture au Stade toulousain. Plus tard, il a pris en mains les destinées de son club de Newcastle Falcons le conduisant à un titre de champion en 1998. Il devient également le mentor de Jonny Wilkinson qui le dépossédera en 2003 de son record de point marqués pour le


Used in cooking, Royal, Fondant, Buttercream and Foam are all types of what?

Types - Frosting or Icing, Fillings and Glazes | CraftyBaking | Formerly Baking911 Types - Frosting or Icing, Fillings and Glazes Copyright © 2000 Sarah Phillips CraftyBaking.com All rights reserved. The basic frosting or icing recipe contains butter, sugar, and a liquid such as water or milk. More liquid is added for a glaze. Flavorings such as extracts, fruit zest or juice, and chocolate are often added. Sugar is the most important ingredient in all types of frostings, providing sweetness, flavor, bulk and structure. For richer flavor, unsalted grade A butter is used instead of margarine or shortening, but icings made with shortening will hold up better in warmer environments. For safety, frostings containing raw eggs should be heated to certain temperatures to kill any bacteria. Frostings containing egg whites should be whipped with oil-free utensils. Any oil on utensils or in the mixing bowl will prevent the egg whites from whipping into peaks. SARAH SAYS: If tinting the filling, frosting, etc use restraint. I recommend using gel food colors because they are much more subtle than the paste ones, and allow for a greater margin of error. Mix the color a few shades lighter than you want because as it dries, the color will get darker as it sits, especially overnight. Always mix more than you think you'll need of each. It is almost impossible to mix the exact color again if you need more. How Much Frosting or Icing Do I Need to Cover my Cake With? Answer How much Fondant do I need to cover my cake with? Answer Commonly used frostings or icings, fillings and glazes: DESCRIPTION / CONSISTENCY ex: Seven Minute Vanilla Bean Icing Recipe Made by warming egg whites, sugar, and a bit of water and beating until it's fluffy and glossy. Substituting light brown sugar for granulated sugar makes sea-foam frosting. Sets quickly. Most commonly used both between layers and to cover a devil's food cake. / Is pure white and can be tinted to yield pastels. Best used immediately. Iced cake can be stored at room temperature. Keeps for about 24 hours, and then deflates. Does not freeze well. Will deflate if mixed with ingredients containing fat such as chocolate or whipped cream. AMERICAN BUTTERCREAM / CONFECTIONERS' SUGAR ICING Several styles. Is most popular choice for frosting. Sweet, buttery flavior. Can be slightly gritty. Great for most decorating. Butter(and/or shortening) and cream or milk are beaten together, and then confectioners' sugar added. Flavored with extracts and chocolate. Can be made thin to stiff consistency, and fluffy or smooth.  Bettercream from www.richs.com : whipped buttercream icing used to decorate cakes that store bakeries use. Use as an frosting and filling. Can be piped for smooth, borders, writing. Most decorations including roses, drop flowers, sweet peas and figure piping. Flowers remain soft enough to be cut with a knife. Use or serve at room temperature. / Yields all colors. Most colors deepen overnight. Some colors may fade sitting in bright light. Icing can be refrigerated in an airtight container for 2 weeks or frozen. Iced cake can be stored at cool side of room temperature for 2-3 days. Does not hold up well in warm weather, unless shortening is used. Jams and ganache are always great alternatives to buttercream fillings and hold-up well in warm weather. BUTTERCREAM - FRENCH Swiss Meringue Buttercream Recipe (SMBC)   Both use only egg whites, but differences are how they are made. Italian: Hot sugar syrup is added to already whipped egg whites. Swiss: The whites and sugar are mixed together over heat and whipped. Then, cooled before the butter and flavoring are added. This type of buttercream is the simplest. Frosting and filling on cake. Suggest making a filling dam if used as a filling otherwise may squish from cake. / Yields pastel colors. Needs refrigeration. Italian holds up well in warm weather (75 degrees plus) and is more dependable. Swiss tends to deflate a little quicker and doesn't hold up as well in warm environments. BUTTERCREAM - ROLLED Made from stiff American buttercream. Dough-like co


A carillon is a set of at least 23 what, often located in a tower, each producing a musical note and usually played from a keyboard?

carillon | musical instrument | Britannica.com musical instrument Matthias van den Gheyn Carillon, musical instrument consisting of at least 23 cast bronze bells in fixed suspension, tuned in chromatic order (i.e., in half steps) and capable of concordant harmony when sounded together. Customarily located in a tower, it is played from a clavier , or keyboard, containing wooden levers and pedals wired to clappers or, less commonly, from an ivory keyboard with electric action operating the clappers; but only the first method permits expression through variation of touch. On some instruments a part of the range is capable of automatic play by use of perforated rolls. Carillon in the Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, St. Petersburg. RuED A discussion of the large carillon in Sather Tower at the University of California, Berkeley. Displayed by permission of The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. (A Britannica Publishing Partner) Learn about the importance of the Peace Tower Carillon in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. © Library of Parliament (Canada) (A Britannica Publishing Partner) Most carillons encompass three to four octaves , a few five and even six. Although the bourdon, or lowest note, can be any pitch, it often sounds around middle C. In heavy instruments the bell to produce this note may weigh 6 to 8 tons, occasionally 10 or 12; the world’s heaviest, at the Riverside Church, New York City, weighs 20 tons. Carillon bells diminish in size and weight with the upward scale to extreme trebles of about 20 pounds (9 kilograms). Playing large instruments—using fists and feet—takes considerable physical exertion, as clappers weighing as much as several hundred pounds must be swung. (The heaviest clappers are counterbalanced.) Most carillon music has been arranged for a specific instrument by its player. Baroque music of the 17th and 18th centuries adapts to bells; much of Vivaldi , Couperin, Corelli, Handel , Bach, and Mozart is admirably suited to carillon transcription. Nineteenth-century Romantic music must be chosen selectively, and contemporary music even more so. Improvisation is extensively employed, particularly on folk songs and other familiar themes. Similar Topics music synthesizer The word carillon was originally applied in France to four stationary clock bells (hence the medieval Latin name quadrilionem) and later referred to any group of fixed bells. During the 14th century a weight-driven revolving pegged drum was invented that could be connected to clockworks; the pegs tripped levers wired to hammers, which in turn struck the bells. For the next 150 years, clock chimes struck by this method produced simple note sequences or melodies preceding the hour strike in church and town-hall towers. Interest in the musical potential of bells was greatest in Belgium and the Netherlands , where bell founding had reached an advanced stage and a bell profile had been developed that produced a more musical sound than those of foreign founders. The set of bells now known as a carillon originated in Flanders , possibly at Aalst or Antwerp, in about 1480. The Flemish devised a wooden keyboard for use alongside the chiming cylinder. This innovation became popular throughout Belgium and the Netherlands and northern France but was widely adopted elsewhere only in modern times. Carillon art reached a pinnacle in the latter half of the 17th century with the founders François and Pierre Hémony of the Netherlands. They were the first to tune the bells with precision, especially with regard to a bell’s inner tuning (i.e., of the partial tones that make up a bell’s complex sound), and thus to put fully into practice the results of research completed 200 years earlier. During the 19th century, tuning techniques (but not the underlying theory) were forgotten as orders for bells slackened; the bells that were made were generally inferior, and carillons fell into disrepair. The rediscovery of the tuning process at the John Taylor and Company foundry in Loughborough, Leicestershire, England, in the 1890s initiated a re


In 1879, the Zulu War ended after which battle?

Zulu War 1879 (South Africa) Zulu War 1879 (South Africa) Tweet The Zulu war of 1879 finally ended by bloodshed two years of political activity by the British designed to remove the last challenge to their Imperial power in southern Africa. Zululand had become a powerful kingdom under the rule of the warlord king Shaka in the early 19th century, but by 1870 European colonial expansion was starting to hem it in. The British were expanding from the south in Natal and the Boers, Dutch settlers were expanding from the west in the area know as the Transvaal which the British annexed to their future cost in 1877. The British had seized their South African colonies during the Napoleonic Wars but these possessions had been plagued with trouble due to violence between the British, the Boers and local African kingdoms. The British plan was to unite black and white under their rule, but first the Zulu kingdom had to be removed. At this time the British were fighting many small wars in various colonies and did not want another war in a distant colony. Despite this the British High Commissioner Sir Henry Bartle Frere and the Army Commander, Lieutenant-General Sir Frederic Thesiger soon to be the new Lord Chelmsford, decided that war with the Zulus was unavoidable. Using the delay in communications between London and themselves they set in motion what they hoped would be a small quick war. Using a minor border incident as justification Zulu representatives were summoned to a meeting of the Border Commission which actually found in the Zulu's favour but determined to promote the idea of a Zulu threat a condition was imposed on the settlement that the Zulus would have to give up their military system which was key to their culture, a condition the King Cetshwayo could never accept. Lord Chelmsford decided to invade Zululand with 3 columns leaving 2 more to protect Natal and the Transvaal. He expected the Zulus to behave like the other African Armies he had fought and prove elusive and unwilling to fight pitched battles. This was to prove a serious mistake. British forces crossed the ford at Rorke's Drift on the 11th Jan 1879 and on the 22nd January the British forces divided by Chelmsford were taken by surprise and nearly destroyed by the Zulu warriors at the battle of Isandhlwana, one of the few times in the history of the British Army that is has been defeated by a native Army. The British forces holding the Ford at Rorke's Drift quickly came under heavy attack by Zulu reserves leading to one of the most famous battles in British history. When news reached Britain of the disaster at Isandhlwana it caused an uproar. In March 1879 the second phase of the war began Chelmsford reorganised his troops and awaited promised reinforcements from Britain which would take several months to arrive. With irregular horsemen harassing the Zulu's and an abortive attack on Hlobane mountain which cost 15 officers and 79 men dead the war dragged on as Chelmsford awaited fresh troops. The war began to turn to favour the British as a Zulu attack on the British camp at the battle of Khambula was repulsed on 29th March 1879. In the aftermath of the battle it was clear that the Zulu Impi would never take to the battlefield with such confidence again and the way was clear for a second invasion. As fresh British troops started to arrive the final invasion of Zululand (May to July 1879) began. King Cetshwayo sent messengers to the British asking for terms of surrender but the British demanded unconditional surrender and Cetshwayo made his last stand at the battle of Ulundi (4 July 1879) . After this final defeat the Zulu nation was smashed and split up into 13 kingdoms which were given to pro British Africans only for it to dissolve into civil war a few years later. The British pulled out of Zululand soon after the battle and Cetshwayo was hunted down and exiled. After a brief return to try and halt the civil war Cetshwayo was defeated and later died in 1884. Zululand is now part of the Republic of South Africa.


What is the name of the two-handled, narrow-necked jar, used by ancient Greeks and Romans for holding oil or wine?

Amphorae - definition of amphorae by The Free Dictionary Amphorae - definition of amphorae by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/amphorae Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . am·pho·ra  (ăm′fər-ə) n. pl. am·pho·rae (-fə-rē′) or am·pho·ras A two-handled jar with a narrow neck used by the ancient Greeks and Romans to carry wine or oil. [Middle English, from Latin, from Greek amphoreus, short for amphiphoreus : amphi-, amphi- + phoreus, bearer (from pherein, to bear; see bher-1 in the Appendix of Indo-European roots).] am′pho·ral adj. n, pl -phorae (-fəˌriː) or -phoras (Archaeology) an ancient Greek or Roman two-handled narrow-necked jar for oil, wine, etc [C17: from Latin, from Greek amphoreus, from amphi- + phoreus bearer, from pherein to bear] am•pho•ra n., pl. -pho•rae (-fəˌri) -pho•ras. a large earthenware storage vessel of Greek and Roman antiquity, having an oval body with two handles extending from below the lip to the shoulder. [1300–50; Middle English < Latin < Greek amphoreús=am(phi)- amphi - + phoreús bearer (i.e., handle), akin to phérein to bear 1] am′pho•ral, adj. Noun 1. amphora - an ancient jar with two handles and a narrow neck; used to hold oil or wine jar - a vessel (usually cylindrical) with a wide mouth and without handles Translations [ˈæmfərə] N (amphoras, amphorae (pl)) [ˈæmfəˌriː] → ánfora f amphora n pl <-s or -e> (form) → Amphora f, → Amphore f Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: stamnos References in classic literature ? Nevertheless, there are to-day in the artistic youth so much life, power, and, so to speak, predestination, that in our schools of architecture in particular, at the present time, the professors, who are detestable, produce, not only unconsciously but even in spite of themselves, excellent pupils; quite the reverse of that potter mentioned by Horace, who dreamed amphorae and produced pots.


Which British Prime Minister introduced income tax, to help offset a reduction in revenue caused by a decline in trade?

William Pitt the Younger | World Public Library - eBooks | Read eBooks online William Pitt the Younger English Subject: Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth , George Canning , Frederick North, Lord North , Spencer Perceval , William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham Collection: 10 May 1804 – 23 January 1806 Monarch 1 January 1801 – 14 March 1801 Monarch (as Prime Minister of Great Britain) Succeeded by 19 December 1783 – 1 January 1801 Monarch 10 May 1804 – 23 January 1806 Preceded by 19 December 1783 – 1 January 1801 Preceded by 10 July 1782 – 31 March 1783 Preceded by Statue of Pitt at Pembroke College, Cambridge The huge monument to William Pitt the Younger, Guildhall, London faces an equally huge monument to his father, William Pitt the Elder in a balanced composition William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759 – 23 January 1806) was a British politician of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He became the youngest Prime Minister in 1783 at the age of 24. He left office in 1801, but was Prime Minister again from 1804 until his death in 1806. He was also the Chancellor of the Exchequer throughout his premiership. He is known as "the Younger" to distinguish him from his father, William Pitt the Elder , who had previously served as Prime Minister. The younger Pitt's prime ministerial tenure, which came during the reign of French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars . Pitt, although often referred to as a Tory , or "new Tory", called himself an "independent Whig " and was generally opposed to the development of a strict partisan political system. He is best known for leading Britain in the great wars against France and Napoleon . Pitt was an outstanding administrator who worked for efficiency and reform, bringing in a new generation of outstanding administrators. He raised taxes to pay for the great war against France and cracked down on radicalism. To meet the threat of Irish support for France, he engineered the Acts of Union 1800 and tried (but failed) to get Catholic Emancipation as part of the Union. Pitt created the "new Toryism", which revived the Tory Party and enabled it to stay in power for the next quarter-century. Historian Asa Briggs points out that his personality did not endear itself to the British mind, for Pitt was too solitary, too colourless, and too often exuded superiority. His greatness came in the war with France, with the adversary setting the pace. Pitt reacted to become what Lord Minto called "the Atlas of our reeling globe". His integrity and industry and his role as defender of the threatened nation allowed him to inspire and access all the national reserves of strength. William Wilberforce said that, "For personal purity, disinterestedness and love of this country, I have never known his equal."[1] Historian Charles Petrie concludes that he was one of the greatest prime ministers "if on no other ground than that he enabled the country to pass from the old order to the new without any violent upheaval....He understood the new Britain."[2] For this he is ranked highly amongst British Prime Ministers . Contents Impact of the American War of Independence 2.1 Rise to power 3 Places named after him 13.2 References 14 The Honourable William Pitt, second son of Categories to form the United Kingdom Preceded by 1 January 1801 – 14 March 1801 Succeeded by Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 10 May 1804 – 23 January 1806 Succeeded by Leader of the House of Commons 1804–1806 Parliament of the United Kingdom created Member of Parliament for Cambridge University 1801–1806 Pitt the Younger on the 10 Downing Street website   , February 27, 2005William Pitt the Younger interview with William Hague on his book After Words External links Pitt, William. The speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt, in the House of commons (1817) online edition Primary sources Foster, R. E. "Forever Young: Myth, Reality and William Pitt," History Review (March 2009) No. 63 online Loades, David Michael, ed. Reader's guide to British history (2003) 2: 1044-45 Moncure, James A. ed. Research Guide to European Historical Biography: 1450-


The Krimml Falls are in which European country?

Krimml Waterfalls in Salzburg, Austria Order Krimml Waterfalls Enjoy a spectacular hike to Austria’s highest waterfalls. The three stages of the hike, starting in the village of Krimml, take you to ever more spectacular views of the falls and the surrounding countryside. Bring your camera and capture the most beautiful section of the falls! The gorgeous scenery of the Hohe Tauern National Park is your backdrop when hiking from the little village of Krimml, in the province of Salzburg, to Central Europe’s tallest waterfalls: the “Krimml Waterfalls.” From a height of 380 meters, the mountain waters of the Krimmler Ache, a glacial creek, plunge over three tiers to the valley below. Walk for about 30 minutes from the southern end of the village, high above the Salzach valley, along the path to the first view point, the Lower Falls. The Riemannkanzel and the third view point are only about 5 minutes apart. Further along, the Regenkanzel takes you to the Middle Falls where you can literally feel the power of the water. If you feel like taking a break, the Schoenangerl restaurant at 4,216 ft. is the perfect place to do so. Of course, you’ll find the finest view at the Bergerblick, the top of the falls. Expect to spend 1 ½ hours to hike to the top. Tectonic shifts pushed the earth up to create the high distance to the bottom of the falls. Don’t miss the Krimmler Ache, which is the source of the waterfall! Immediately adjacent to the falls, find the WasserWunderWelt, an aquatic theme park that depicts water in its countless forms.


Borachio is a villain in which Shakespeare play?

Characters: Much Ado about Nothing — Utah Shakespeare Festival Characters: Much Ado about Nothing Characters: Much Ado about Nothing Don Pedro: The visiting prince of Aragon and longtime friend of many in Messina, Don Pedro is a resourceful young man who likes action and entertainment. He is a half-brother of Don John and close companion of Claudio and Benedick. Don John: The illegitimate half-brother of Don Pedro, Don John has recently fought with his more powerful and more noble brother, but they have reached an uneasy reconciliation. He is a malcontent and a villain; however, compared with Shakespeare’s other dark characters, Don John is a mild and rather ineffective villain. Borachio does his thinking for him. His machinations are regarded, like many other parts of the play, as amounting to nothing. Claudio: A young man from Florence, Claudio is a dear friend of Don Pedro and Benedick and quickly falls in love and is betrothed to Hero. In the beginning of the play, he is a weak and rather ineffective character, though he shows some growth before the end of the play. Still, he is typical of a certain breed of Shakespearean characters who are inferior to the women they marry. Benedick: A young man from Padua, Benedick has a sparkling wit, is a friend of Don Pedro and Claudio, and has vowed he will never marry; however, in the end he too is smitten by love and makes an ideal match with Beatrice. One of Shakespeare’s comic heroes, Benedick is quick to act on belief and feeling. For example, once convinced that Beatrice is in love with him, he is willing to go to any extreme to please her, even that of killing Claudio. Leonato: The governor of Messina, father of Hero, and uncle of Beatrice, Leonato is host to Don Pedro and his comrades-in-arms. At first somewhat unappreciative and untrusting of his daughter, he is convinced in the end that Hero is blameless and deserving of pity and sympathy, rather than censure. Antonio: The brother of Leonato and the uncle of Hero and Beatrice, Antonio is Leonato’s helpful and trusting friend throughout the play. Balthasar: A musician employed by Don Pedro, Balthasar attends faithfully to his prince. Borachio: A drunken and unscrupulous follower of Don John, Borachio almost outdoes his master in villainy. He will do almost anything for money, and it is he who stages a scene with Margaret that practically wrecks the lives of Hero and Claudio. Conrade: Another of Don John’s henchmen, Conrade is an underling to Borachio and helps him in his treacherous plots. Friar Francis: The priest who performs the marriage ceremony of Claudio and Hero, he believes in Hero’s innocence and is the driving force behind clearing her name. Dogberry: A comic character, Dogberry is the constable who unwittingly uncovers the villainous plot against Claudio and Hero. Coarse, ignorant, dunderheaded, and likable, his blundering efforts contribute much humor to the play. Verges: The headborough of the region, Verges is as equally simple and comic as his companion, Dogberry. Hero: The only daughter of Leonato and cousin and constant companion of Beatrice, Hero quickly wins Claudio’s heart and then suffers much as the result of Don John’s machinations. She is not a strong character and is overshadowed by the scintillating Beatrice. She does show some growth and character development, however, and matures because of the suffering she goes through. She is much more ready for marriage at the end of the play than she was at the beginning. Beatrice: The niece of Leonato and cousin and confidant of Hero, Beatrice is the perfect foil for Benedick, whom she eventually falls in love with and marries. In the play’s skirmish of wits with Benedick, Beatrice shows liveliness, humor and a keen intelligence; indeed her power of repartee is probably excelled by no other Shakespearean character. Margaret: Hero’s lady-in-waiting, Margaret was Borachio’s accomplice in tricking Claudio into thinking Hero was untrue. However, whether she was a willing or knowing accomplice is a matter of speculation and one of the loose stitches in the p


American Larry Adler was known for playing which musical instrument?

BBC News | MUSIC | Larry Adler: Mouth organ virtuoso Tuesday, 7 August, 2001, 08:45 GMT 09:45 UK Larry Adler: Mouth organ virtuoso Larry Adler made the mouth organ a revered artform Virtuoso musician Larry Adler has died aged 87, having elevated the humble harmonica from being a playground toy to a serious concert hall instrument. Larry Adler was the best-known mouth organist in the world. His music for the classic film Genevieve in 1953 made him a wealthy man - and famous in England, his adopted home. His life was a who's who of celebrity associations. He played with everyone from Fred Astaire to Sir Elton John and counted kings and prime ministers among his friends. Lawrence Cecil Adler was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on 10 February 1914, the son of Louis and Sadie Adler. At the age of five, he was taken to a Rachmaninov concert and developed his own musical skills within the framework of the Adler family's orthodox Judaism. He was the youngest cantor, singer in a synagogue, in Baltimore and made himself unpopular by chiding his schoolmates for their lack of religious piety. Runaway He was enrolled at the prestigious Peabody School of Music to study the piano. Larry Adler: friend of Chaplin and Ingrid Bergman Shortly afterwards he started playing the harmonica, which he always called a "mouth organ". Still a teenager, he ran away to New York where, with his parents' eventual consent, he became a professional musician. Adler's virtuosity was such that he could pick out a tune simply by hearing it once and he brought to the harmonica the musical richness which was once the reserve of purely classical soloists. The Chicago Herald said Adler was able to produce "a tone reminiscent of many instruments, which tone is as varied as those that emerge from a symphony orchestra". After seeing Adler play in New York in 1934, the English impresario C B Cochrane was so impressed that he immediately offered to sign the young man to star in his London review, Streamline. Before long he was playing for, and being f�ted by, the crowned heads of Europe as well as former monarchs like the Duke of Windsor. Respectable In the 30s and 40s he worked with everyone from big bands to George Gershwin and the British composer Vaughan Williams, who wrote a work especially for him. To many he was the man who made the mouth organ respectable - though he never meant to. George Gershwin was a major influence He once admitted, "All I wanted to do was to get the hell out of Baltimore, which I hated. I wanted to go on the stage, which I was magnetically drawn to." A friend of the stars, Charlie Chaplin was a personal friend and he romanced such screen goddesses as Greta Garbo and Ingrid Bergman. The war years saw Larry Adler entertaining Allied troops. It ended with him personally liberating the Hohner harmonica factory in Germany. The company rewarded him with a crateful of the instruments. But Adler's life changed forever in 1949. While on a tour of Britain, he was called to testify to the McCarthyite House Un-American Activities Committee. Refusing to do so, he stayed and made his home in England. Gershwin Branded a communist in his homeland where he was blacklisted, Larry Adler re-built his life. A friend of The Duke of Edinburgh, he belonged to theThursday Club, whose members, including the actors David Niven and Peter Ustinov, enjoyed long, boozy, lunches at Wheeler's restaurant in London's Soho. Sir Elton John called him "a genius" Like his hero George Gershwin, Larry Adler understood both jazz and classical music. He introduced Gershwin's music to classical stars like the violinist Yitzhak Perlman. Gershwin produced a piano-roll accompaniment for perhaps his most famous work, Rhapsody in Blue, for Larry Adler to play to. Right into his late 80s, he would delight audiences with the haunting spectacle of the playerless piano backing his music, an echo through the ages which never failed to spellbind. Celebrity In recent years, Larry Adler had become known to a younger audience through The Glory of Gershwin, the platinum-selling album of critic


Which English-born businessman and politician was Rhodesia named after?

Cecil John Rhodes, portrait c. 1900 Pictures | Getty Images Cecil John Rhodes, portrait c. 1900 January 01, 1900 License Cecil John Rhodes, portrait c. 1900. Cecil Rhodes was an English-born businessman,...Cecil John Rhodes, portrait c. 1900. Cecil Rhodes was an English-born businessman, mining magnate, and politician in South Africa. Founded the diamond company De Beers. B. 5 July 1853  26 March 1902. LessMore


Pung and Chow are terms used in which game?

About Mahjong game - Mahjong Solitaire rules About Mahjong game Whether its called Ma Jong, Mah Jong, Mah Jongg, Ma Diao, Ma Cheuk, Mah Cheuck, Baak Ling, or Pung Chow the history of this game is as intriguing as the game itself. Throughout history many theories have been presented regarding the origin of the game. One suggests that it had been played on Noah's Ark during the 40 days and nights of rain. East had been the prevailing wind during the storm thus becoming the dominant seat in playing the game. This theory would suggest that the game would date back to around 2350 BC. Another very interesting story suggests that Confucius the great Chinese philosopher had developed the game about 500 BC. The appearance of the game in various Chinese provinces coincides with Confucius' travels at the time he was teaching his new doctrines. The three "Cardinal" tiles also coincide with the three Cardinal virtues taught by Confucius. Chung (middle) the Red, Fa (prosperity) the Green, Po (white) the white, Benevolence, Sincerity, and Filial Piety. Confucius was said to be fond of birds, which would explain the name Mah Jong (Hemp Bird). Terms used in the play of the game "Pung," "Chee," and "Kong" also add support to this theory. Confucius was of the Kong family his full name being Kong-Fu-Tze, he married a girl named Che and adopted the term "Chee" meaning 'to connect' which occidentals corrupted into "Chow". Although these as well as various other stories lend themselves to a very interesting background to the game, the most logical theory suggests that the game had been developed from various Chinese games. During the Sung Dynasty (960-1279 AD) a game called "Ya Pei" which is played with 32 cards made of either wood or ivory, and are oblong in shape similar to the present day Ma Jong tiles. During the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD) a game called "Ma Tiae" (Hanging Horse) was invented. This game was played with 40 paper cards similar in appearance to the cards used in the game Ya Pei. These forty cards were numbered 1 to 9 in four different suits along with four additional flower cards are quite similar to the numbering of mah jong cards today. It is thought that roughly around 1850 AD in the city of Ningpo two brothers had created mah jong from the earlier game of ma tiae. The introduction to the western world is thought to have begun with two brothers named White, which in the early 1900's introduced mah jong to the English clubs of Shanghai, where it quickly gained popularity among the foreign residents. Importation of mah jong tiles began with Joseph P. Babcock, who at that time was the Soochow representative of the Standard Oil Company. He simplified the game eliminating most of the limit hand scoring, and retained only the essential basic scores. Mr. Babcock is also credited with starting the practice of putting English numerals on the tiles, and in September of 1920 he copyrighted and put his rules into print for the first time. It wasn't however until two years later a lumber merchant from San Francisco named W. A. Hammond formed the Mah Jongg Sales Company of San Francisco and began importing large quantities of sets.


In mythology, which Roman goddess often assumed the form of a cat in order to mate with her brother Lucifer?

Gods and Goddesses 1 Gods and Goddesses 1 Here you'll find many diffrent gods and goddesses and there information Abassi Africa Creator god of the Efik people in Nigeria. Abeona Roman Goddess who protects children when they leave the parents' home. Abgal Mesopotamian Seven wise-men and the attending deities of the god Enki. Abuk Africa According to Dinka mythology, the first woman. She is the patron of women and gardens, and her emblem is a small snake. Abundantia Roman Goddess of abundance and good fortune. She carries a cornucopia from which she distributes grain and money. Ac Yanto Mayan God of White Men. Acan Mayan God of Wine. Acat Mayan God of tattooers. Achelois Greek Moon goddess, known as she who drives away pain. Sacrifices to her were ordered by the Dodonian Oracle. Achelous Greek God of rivers. Often assumed the shape of a bull, a horn of which was fashioned into the cornucopia. He is often seen as a bull with the torso of a man and a beard, or as an old, grey man with horns. Acolmiztli Aztec God of the underworld. Acolnahuacatl Aztec God of the underworld. Adamanthea Greek The nymph who nursed the baby Zeus and hid him from his father, Cronus. Adeona Roman Goddess who guides children back home after leaving the parents house. Adimurti Hindu An avatar of Vishnu. Adityas Hindu Twelve sun gods who represent the twelve months of the year. They protect against various diseases and belong to the Devas. They are: Ansa, Aryman, Bhaga, Daksha, Dhatri, Indra, Mitra, Ravi, Savitri, Surya, Varuna, and Yama. Adonis Greek Greek youth who was loved by Aphrodite and killed by a wild boar. He was killed by a wild boar. One of many variants on the dying god myth, see Attis. Adrammelech Mesopotamian Babylonian god (possibly of the sun) to whom babies were burned in sacrifice. Adrasteia Greek Goddess of divine retribution or punishment for wrongs. Roman equivalent: Nemesis. Adroa Africa God of the Lugbara people. Adroa has two aspects: one good and one evil. Considered to be the creator of Heaven and Earth, and will appear to those about to die. Adroa is represented as a tall, white man with only half a body - one eye, one arm, one leg, one ear. Adroanzi Africa The children of Lugbara god Adroa. They dwell near large trees, rocks and streams. The Adroanzi are fond of following people at night. If the person does not look back, they will be safe. If the person does look back, the Adroanzi will kill them. Aegea Greek Goddess of, and daughter of, the Sun. When the the Titans attacked the gods of Olympus, Gaia placed her in a cave to hide her shining beauty. Aengus Celtic God of love and harper for the Tuatha De Danann. Aeolus Greek Custodian of the winds. When directed by the gods, he loosed the captured winds as breezes, gales, or other forces decreed by the gods. Aequitas Roman God of honest dealing and fair transactions. Aesir Norse Principal race of gods in Norse mythology. They included Odin, Thor, Baldur among others. Aether Greek God of the pure air which the Gods breathe, as opposed to the Aer breathed by mortals. One of the fundamental deities of the cosmos; also called the soul from which all life emanates. Aethon Greek God of famine in early Greece. Aetna Greek Goddess of Mt. Etna, a volcano in Sicily. Africus Roman God of the southwest wind. Agastya Hindu Protector and companion of the god Rama. AgÃ© Africa Dahomey god of the wilderness and the animals which dwell within it. Often worshipped by hunters. Aghora Hindu See Shiva. Aglaea Greek Youngest of the three Graces. Her name means "the brilliant, splendor, shining one". Agni Hindu Vedic god of the divine fire, both of real fire (in the hearth) and the fire that consumes the soul and the food in the belly. He is the spark of life, and so a part of him is in every living thing. He is red, with two faces, seven firey tongues and golden teeth, seven arms, three legs and seven rays of light that emanate from his body. AgouÃ© Vodou Loa of the sea and patron of fishermen and sailors. His symbol is the drawing of a boat. Sacrifices to him are loaded onto small rafts and set


Budo is a Japanese term that describes what?

The Meaning of the Martial Arts: Some Reflections Along the Way The Meaning of the Martial Arts: Some Reflections Along the Way by Diane Skoss Did I have even the slightest idea of what I was getting into when I started my martial arts training? Absolutely not! Do I have a clue as to what's going on now? Perhaps just a hint, thanks to several extraordinary teachers and their equally extraordinary arts. Is it necessary for someone just starting out on the path of the Japanese martial ways to have an idea of what might be in store? Not really, in my opinion, since the Japanese budo are a process, not a goal. There's no way we can understand or evaluate the complete meaning of budo until we reach the end of the road; and for most of us on the path, that's the end of our days on this earth. If the shape of the trail can't be seen while we're still on it, why then even attempt to map it? What's the point in my personal "mission" of providing more accurate information and explanations of the rare and often misunderstood Japanese classical warrior traditions (koryu bujutsu) to non-Japanese? Before I answer that, let's define a few terms. One important thing I've discovered since my return to the U.S. after more than a decade in Japan is that the English term "martial arts" is not at all equivalent to either standard Japanese term, "budo" or "bujutsu." We have here in the States a "martial arts industry," much of which appears to me to be a grotesque, almost farcical, distortion of what I believe to be most valuable about these arts. Catering to "clients" is a topic of serious discussion among some instructors, and "Kardio Kick-boxing" is all the rage. Some even advocate dropping requirements for traditional training wear, arguing that a woman's self-esteem can be affected badly by the stiff unflattering garments we ask her to wear. I beg your pardon? What ever happened to discipline? To learning how to do something that is perhaps a little uncomfortable or downright scary in order to stretch yourself? Learning things, without complaint, that make no sense now, but that surely and inevitably provide the building blocks for future progress and understanding? There are historical and aesthetic reasons for the Japanese keikogi we wear. Changing the uniform breaks our links to the time and culture in which our arts originated. Austerity and simplicity are the norm in dojos in Japan; photographs, flags, trophies, certificates, posters, and colorful training wear are merely an annoying distraction. The classical warrior traditions that I have learned do not exist for a participant's amusement but are serious endeavors not to be undertaken casually. The "martial arts industry" resembles more a fast-food restaurant, promising sure and quick results. Now there's nothing inherently wrong with a wide variety of approaches to martial arts. Each of us begins our training for our own reasons, and we look for an art or teacher that can satisfy those needs as we understand them at that time--or at least that's what we ought to do. Some are looking for an activity to share with a friend, others for exercise; some are into competition, while some folks are looking to learn to fight, and others are looking a spiritual path. I'd argue that one of the major limitations of the McDojo mass-market approach is that it can fill only a limited range of needs and that, as a student's level and commitment grows, there comes a point where the franchise gym/school simply has no more to offer. The reasons we train most definitely do evolve, and it is a very rare teacher of a strong and comprehensive system that has the depth and breadth to encompass a student's entire training career. For example, when I started aikido, it was to learn a little self-defense and to share an activity with a boyfriend. Later, as I was not particularly talented or psychologically prepared, it was because it was the most difficult thing I had ever tried to do. After five years I realized that there weren't teachers in my immediate area who could guide me further, so I headed off to


The Pyramids of the Sun and the Moon are popular tourist attractions in which country?

Pyramid of the Sun (the third largest pyramid in the world), Teotihuacan, Mexico Tourist Attractions and Travel HOME > AMERICA > Pyramid of the Sun (the third largest pyramid in the world), Teotihuacan, Mexico Tourist Attractions and Travel The Pyramid of the Sun is the largest building in Teotihuacán and one of the largest in Mesoamerica. Found along the Avenue of the Dead, in between the Pyramid of the Moon and the Ciudadela, and in the shadow of the massive mountain Cerro Gordo, the pyramid is part of a large complex in the heart of the city. Pyramid of the Sun travel, Mexico Tourist Attractions The Pyramid of the Sun was built in 2 A.D. along with the surrounding city of Teotihuacan and the Pyramid of the Moon. This ancient area was said to be the place where men became gods. Mexican lore states that the two pyramids were built to honor the birth of the Sun and Moon gods. I Priests would perform daily rituals from both pyramids in their honors. Just recently a man's body was found buried in the Moon Pyramid. The man was apparenlt buried alive with art, gold and sacrafices for the god. As a connector between the pyramids, the Avenue of the Dead runs for about a mile. The priests would walk the avenue during their religious cerimonies. Although the ancient city was a religious hub, it also was one of the largest cities at the time, and had approximately 100,000 people. Pyramid of the Sun attractions The name Pyramid of the Sun comes from the Aztecs, who visited the city of Teotihuacán centuries after it was abandoned; the name given to the pyramid by the Teotihuacanos is unknown. It was constructed in two phases. The first construction stage, around 100 A.D., brought the pyramid to nearly the size it is today. The second round of construction resulted in its completed size of 738 feet (225 meters) across and 246 feet (75 meters) high, making it the third largest pyramid in the world behind the Great Pyramid of Cholula and The Great Pyramid. The second Pyramid of the Sun travel phase also saw the construction of an altar atop of the pyramid, which has not survived into modern times. The Adosada platform was added to the pyramid in the early third century, at around the same time that the Ciudadela and Temple of the Feathered Serpent, Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent were constructed.   Over the structure the ancient Teotihuacanos finished their pyramid with lime plaster imported from surrounding areas, on which they painted brilliantly colored murals. While the pyramid has endured for centuries, the paint and plaster have not and are no longer visible. Few images are thought to have been included in the mural decorations on the sides of the pyramid. Jaguar heads and paws, stars, and snake rattles are among the few images associated with the pyramids. Arch of Triumph   It is thought that the pyramid venerated a deity within Teotihuacan society but the destruction of the temple on top of the pyramid, by both deliberate and natural forces prior to the archaeological study of the site, has so far prevented identification of the pyramid with any particular deity. Some scholars have suggested that the deity of the pyramid was the Great Goddess, one of two Pyramid of the Sun tourism major Teotihuacan deities and one of the few goddesses in ancient Mesoamerica. However, little evidence exists to support this theory.   The first major archaeological excavation of the site was done by Leopoldo Batres in 1906. Batres supervised restoration of the Pyramid for the 1910 centennial of Mexican independence. Some aspects of Batres' reconstruction of the pyramid have been questioned by later archaeologists. Subsequent excavations of Teotihuacan have continued to the present. In 1925 Pedro Dosal discovered skeletons at the 4 corners of the foundations of the temple, which he interpreted as human sacrifices at the dedication of the temple.   The orientation of the structure may hold some anthropological significance. The pyramid is oriented slightly northwest of the horizon point of the setting sun on two days a year, August 12


Which US actor appears in the video for Travis’s ‘Closer’?

Ben Stiller stars in new Travis video - NME NME 12:48 pm - Mar 12, 2007 0shares 0shares The longtime fan guests in clip for 'Closer' American actor Ben Stiller is to star in the video for the new Travis single ‘Closer’. The band have just returned from filming the clip in Los Angeles. Set in a supermarket, with each band member playing a store employee, singer Fran Healy – clad in a bear suit as the store’s mascot – breaks into song, shoppers and their trolleys engage in a synchronised dance routine. Drummer Neil Primrose dances across the aisles with a customer, until the store’s manager – played by long-standing Travis fan Stiller – breaks up the fun. The single is available for download from April 9, with a full release following on April 23. The group’s new album ‘The Boy With No Name’ follows on May 7. Travis also embark on a full UK tour in May, calling at: Grimsby Auditorium (May 15)


St Mawes and Pendennis Castles in Cornwall were built by which English monarch to defend the coast against a French invasion?

St Mawes - Cornwall Online Portloe St. Mawes, is a pretty     harbourside village that looks out over the River Fal towards the busy     maritime town of Falmouth. The dramatic Cornish coastline around St. Mawes     was used as the setting for the popular television series Poldark. This is very much     a sea faring community, with boats and yachts continually setting anchor     in the calm waters just beyond the main harbour. St. Mawes' sheltered     location creates a a safe anchorage with easy access to the coast, the     Fal and the Carricks Roads - (a large waterway created after the Ice age     from an ancient valley which flooded as the melt waters caused the sea     level to rise dramatically -creating an immense natural harbour, the world's     third largest, which is navigable from Falmouth to Truro). St. Mawes is an ideal     spot for a family holiday. The village has two very good beaches,on either     side of the harbour, both beaches are excellent for swimming and benefit     from a southerly aspect - making them ideal for sunbathing. St. Mawes     has several shops, a bank, cafes and hotels around the harbour as well     as a Sailing Club. Tennis courts can be hired in the recreation ground     nearby. Ferries leave the     main harbour at regular intervals - taking people on the short trip across     the Percuil River to Anthony Head or across the Fal to the busy town of     Falmouth. The area also includes     part of the coastal footpath and visitors can enjoy many lovely coastal     and inland walks. St.     Mawes Castle (English Heritage) Built in the reign of Henry VII as a defense against invasion by France.     The attack never came, but the Castle, with its three huge circular bastions     (like a clover leaf) and gun ports covering every angle of approach, is     a fine example of Tudor military architecture. The Castle offers some     of the finest views of Falmouth and its situation on the waters edge make     it a must to visit. The Castle is now in the custodianship of English     Heritage and open to the public all year round. The impressive St.     Mawes Castle, and its larger sister castle, Pendennis, just add to the     drama of this evocative landscape. Both Castles were built between 1539     and 1545 by Henry VIII as part of a defensive chain of fortresses to protect     the south coast of England. The Castle, with its three huge circular bastions     (like a clover leaf) and gun ports covering every angle of approach, is     a fine example of Tudor military architecture. The Castle offers some     of the finest views of Falmouth and its situation on the waters edge make     it a must to visit. The central tower     was designed with four floors. You enter the tower by a bridge to the     third level. The elaborate decorations were continued inside the tower,     with wooden carvings of a cherub, a monk, Tudor roses and fleur-de-lis     surviving to the present day. The gun platforms     at St. Mawes, were like Pendennis, well designed, with the towers upper     gun deck being built with ventilation shafts above the gun placements     to disperse the smoke. The forward gun room at the castle has several     canons on display to the general public; you can still see the sockets     in the walls that held the large beams to support the gun tackle needed     to manoeuvre the large cannon. St. Mawes, like its     neighbour Pendennis did not see action against the French or the Spanish     during the Tudor period. The defenses were improved by Elizabeth I following     the Spanish landings and subsequent raid on Penzance and Mounts in 1595;     as a precaution against a possible full scale invasion. St. Mawes and Pendennis,     were both Royalist strongholds during the English Civil War. The Royalist     commander at St. Mawes, realise