What art movement was represented by Salvador Dalí and René Magritte?

Art History News: Surrealism and the Dream: Salvador Dalí, Paul Delvaux, René Magritte, Max Ernst Wednesday, September 4, 2013 Surrealism and the Dream: Salvador Dalí, Paul Delvaux, René Magritte, Max Ernst From 8 October 2013 to 12 January 2014, the Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza is presenting the first monographic exhibition on Surrealism and the Dream. Including a total of 163 works by the great Surrealist masters –André Breton, Salvador Dalí, Paul Delvaux, Yves Tanguy, Joan Miró, René Magritte, Max Ernst, André Masson, Jean Arp and Man Ray– the exhibition will offer a thematic presentation of the Surrealists’ visual interpretation of the world of dreams. The works in the exhibition are loaned from museums, galleries and private collections around the world including the Centre Pompidou (Paris), Tate Modern (London), the Museum of Modern Art and the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), among many others. Surrealism should not be considered just one more art movement: rather, it was an attitude to life essentially based on a vision of interior images accessed through the flow of desire. Its ideas have had a key influence on all subsequent art and on the contemporary mindset. The present exhibition aims to demonstrate that this influence has its most profound roots in the Surrealist connection between dream and image. In order to do so, the exhibition will include examples from the wide range of media in which this link is evident: painting, drawing, graphic work, collage, objects, sculptures, photography and film. The Surrealists’ creative horizon encompassed all art forms that could enrich and expand the mind, and its doors were equally open to painters, sculptors, photographers and filmmakers who were the first to adopt the fusion of expressive genres with a multimedia aesthetic during a period of major technological advances in the production and reproduction of images. From this viewpoint, the role played by film was crucial. The darkness of the cinema brought about an encounter with the unexpected and the amazing of an unpremeditated and unconscious kind. Looking at the silver screen was the realm of waking dreams. According to André Breton, it was in cinemas that “the only totally modern mystery was celebrated”. In the present exhibition the cinema is represented by seven video installations that will project excerpts from selected Surrealist films including Un chien d’Andalou (1929) by Louis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí, in which the idea of alienation or rootlessness – a key concept in the Surrealist aesthetic - is taken to its furthest limit. The film discards any narrative ordering in order to unfold a flow of images that is as open as a dream. The significant presence of female artists in the exhibition is another important feature. For the first time, women artists encountered a key role within the context of Surrealism and one that gradually extended beyond their initial function as muses, objects of desire or companions. Many of them developed a creative personality that challenged or differed from those of their male colleagues. The large number (eleven) of women artists represented in the present exhibition, including Claude Cahun, Kay Sage, Nadja, Toyen, Dora Maar, Leonor Fini, Remedios Varo, Dorothea Tanning, Ángeles Santos, Meret Oppenheim and Leonora Carrington, offers proof of the unique nature of their contribution to the Surrealist representation of dreams. The other half of life The Surrealists’ most important contribution to the artistic concept of the dream lies in the way that they ceased to consider it a void or a hole in consciousness, rather seeing it as the other half of life and a conscious plane of experience. Knowledge and liberation of this plane was central to the enrichment and expansion of the interior world, which was the principal aim of these artists. In this sense, Goya, with his depiction of the dream as a realm of human reality devoid of the supernatural or mythical connotations that were present in earlier art, crucially embarked on a direction that would be pursued by the Surrealis


In what sport did Gene Tunney defeat Jack Dempsey?

The Dempsey-Tunney Fight of 1926 The Dempsey-Tunney Fight of 1926 By Deborah Boyer | Published: January 1, 2009   Among the many events at the Sesquicentennial, perhaps none drew as much attention and publicity as the world’s heavyweight title fight between defending champion Jack Dempsey and challenger Gene Tunney. Held at the Sesquicentennial Municipal Stadium on September 23, 1926, the boxing match drew a crowd of over 120,000 people and became one of the best known fights of the 1920s. Although Tex Rickard, the promoter for the fight, originally investigated staging the match in Chicago or Jersey City, he eventually arranged for it to be held on September 16, 1926 at Yankee Stadium in New  York. These arrangements had to be abandoned, however, when the License Committee of the New York State Athletic Commission refused to issue Dempsey a license to box in New York. Rather than fight the decision in court, Rickard chose to accept the offer of E.L. Austin, Director of the Sesquicentennial, to hold the match at the Municipal Stadium in Philadelphia on September 23.[1]   The decision to move the match to Philadelphia was warmly welcomed by residents of the city. Boxing was hugely popular in the 1920s. As Tunney prepared for his match with Dempsey, a crowd of 2,000 people came just to watch him spar twelve rounds with two workout partners on August 15, 1926.[2] On that same day, more than 1,000 people paid $1 each plus tax to watch Dempsey during his workout at Saratoga Springs, New York.[3] The New York Times published 75 articles on the fight preparations in August and September alone and ran a three-tiered front page headline as well as nine full pages of coverage the day after the fight.[4] While tickets to the fight sold quickly, not everyone approved of the bout being held at the Sesquicentennial. One letter to the New York Times argued that the fight was being held to “bolster up deficient receipts” at the Sesquicentennial and that it was “disgraceful and humiliating (or should be) to the American people.”[5] Plenty of Americans did not find the fight disgraceful or humiliating at all. The match was attended by both the mayor of Philadelphia and the mayor of New York City as well as Pennsylvania Governor Pinchot, several other governors from across the country, Secretary of the Navy Curtis D. Wilbur, and many millionaires and members of well-known families.[6] Extra trains brought crowds from New York, New Jersey, Chicago, and dozens of other places. People around the world eagerly listened for radio and telegraph reports regarding the outcome of the match.   After ten rounds fought in the pouring rain, Tunney defeated Dempsey to claim the title of world’s heavy-weight champion. Although the match did not end in a knockout, Tunney is said to have been “a complete master, from first bell to last. He out-boxed and he out-fought Dempsey at every turn.”[7] In meticulous detail, the New York Times summarizes the fight and notes Tunney’s strategic and calculated responses to the more rushed and ineffectual charges by Dempsey. One year later on September 22, 1927, Tunney would successfully defend his title and defeat Dempsey again at Soldier Field in Chicago in a fight that came to be known as The Long Count. The Dempsey-Tunney boxing match drew incredible crowds to the Sesquicentennial and demonstrates the extreme popularity of boxing during the 1920s. The Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce estimated that the crowds likely brought an additional $3,000,000 in revenue to city businesses through purchases of meals, hotel rooms, train and taxi rides, and other items.[8] The match helped boost Sesquicentennial attendance numbers while also showing that many members of the public now favored public sporting events to world’s fairs as a way to spend their leisure time and money. [1] New York Times, “Dempsey Title Bout Suddenly Shifted to Philadelphia.” August 19, 1926. [2] New York Times, “Tunney Boxes Twelve Rounds; 2,000 Attend the Workout.” August 16, 1926. [3] New York Times, “1,000 Pay $1 Each to Watch Dempsey.” August 16,


What miracle drug was discovered by Alexander Fleming?

The real story behind penicillin | PBS NewsHour The real story behind penicillin EMAIL BY Dr. Howard Markel   September 27, 2013 at 2:06 PM EST In a monthly column for PBS NewsHour, Dr. Howard Markel revisits moments that changed the course of modern medicine on their anniversaries, like the development of penicillin on Sept. 28, 1928. Above: Jean-Claude Fide is treated with penicillin by his mother in 1948. Photo by Bert Hardy/Picture Post The discovery of penicillin, one of the world’s first antibiotics, marks a true turning point in human history — when doctors finally had a tool that could completely cure their patients of deadly infectious diseases. Many school children can recite the basics. Penicillin was discovered in London in September of 1928. As the story goes, Dr. Alexander Fleming, the bacteriologist on duty at St. Mary’s Hospital, returned from a summer vacation in Scotland to find a messy lab bench and a good deal more. Upon examining some colonies of Staphylococcus aureus, Dr. Fleming noted that a mold called Penicillium notatum had contaminated his Petri dishes. After carefully placing the dishes under his microscope, he was amazed to find that the mold prevented the normal growth of the staphylococci. Sir Alexander Fleming (1881 – 1955), studying a test tube culture with a hand lens. Photo by Chris Ware/Getty Images. It took Fleming a few more weeks to grow enough of the persnickety mold so that he was able to confirm his findings. His conclusions turned out to be phenomenal: there was some factor in the Penicillium mold that not only inhibited the growth of the bacteria but, more important, might be harnessed to combat infectious diseases. As Dr. Fleming famously wrote about that red-letter date: “When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didn’t plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the world’s first antibiotic, or bacteria killer. But I guess that was exactly what I did.” Fourteen years later, in March 1942, Anne Miller became the first civilian patient to be successfully treated with penicillin, lying near death at New Haven Hospital in Connecticut, after miscarrying and developing an infection that led to blood poisoning. But there is much more to this historic sequence of events. Actually, Fleming had neither the laboratory resources at St. Mary’s nor the chemistry background to take the next giant steps of isolating the active ingredient of the penicillium mold juice, purifying it, figuring out which germs it was effective against, and how to use it. That task fell to Dr. Howard Florey, a professor of pathology who was director of the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at Oxford University. He was a master at extracting research grants from tight-fisted bureaucrats and an absolute wizard at administering a large laboratory filled with talented but quirky scientists. This landmark work began in 1938 when Florey, who had long been interested in the ways that bacteria and mold naturally kill each other, came across Fleming’s paper on the penicillium mold while leafing through some back issues of The British Journal of Experimental Pathology. Soon after, Florey and his colleagues assembled in his well-stocked laboratory. They decided to unravel the science beneath what Fleming called penicillium’s ”antibacterial action.” A petri-dish of penicillin showing its inhibitory effect on some bacteria but not on others. Photo by Keystone Features/Getty Images. One of Florey’s brightest employees was a biochemist, Dr. Ernst Chain, a Jewish German émigré. Chain was an abrupt, abrasive and acutely sensitive man who fought constantly with Florey over who deserved credit for developing penicillin. Despite their battles, they produced a series of crude penicillium-mold culture fluid extracts. During the summer of 1940, their experiments centered on a group of 50 mice that they had infected with deadly streptococcus. Half the mice died miserable deaths from overwhelming sepsis. The others, which received penicillin injections, survived. It was at that point that Florey realized


What economic downturn lasted through most of the decade?

It's official: U.S. in a recession since December 2007 - Dec. 1, 2008 View photos NEW YORK (CNNMoney.com) -- The National Bureau of Economic Research said Monday that the U.S. has been in a recession since December 2007, making official what most Americans have already believed about the state of the economy . The NBER is a private group of leading economists charged with dating the start and end of economic downturns. It typically takes a long time after the start of a recession to declare its start because of the need to look at final readings of various economic measures. The NBER said that the deterioration in the labor market throughout 2008 was one key reason why it decided to state that the recession began last year. Employers have trimmed payrolls by 1.2 million jobs in the first 10 months of this year. On Friday, economists are predicting the government will report a loss of another 325,000 jobs for November. The NBER also looks at real personal income, industrial production as well as wholesale and retail sales. All those measures reached a peak between November 2007 and June 2008, the NBER said. In addition, the NBER also considers the gross domestic product, which is the reading most typically associated with a recession in the general public. Many people erroneously believe that a recession is defined by two consecutive quarters of economic activity declining. That has yet to take place during this recession. This downturn longer than most The NBER did not give any reasons or causes of the recession. But it is widely accepted that the housing downturn, which started in 2006, is a primary cause of the broader economic malaise. The fall of housing prices from peak levels reached earlier this decade cut deeply into home building and home purchases. This also caused a sharp rise in mortgage foreclosures, which in turn resulted in losses of hundreds of billions of dollars among the nation's leading banks and a tightening of credit. The current recession is one of the longest downturns since the Great Depression of the 1930's. The last two recessions (1990-1991 and 2001) lasted eight months each, and only two of the 10 previous post-Depression downturns lasted as long as a full year, according to the NBER. In a statement, White House Deputy Press Secretary Tony Fratto said that even though the recession is now official, it is more important to focus on the steps being taken to fix the economy. "The most important things we can do for the economy right now are to return the financial and credit markets to normal, and to continue to make progress in housing, and that's where we'll continue to focus," he said. "Addressing these areas will do the most right now to return the economy to growth and job creation." President-elect Obama's transition team did not have an immediate comment on the recession announcement. But other top Democrats said this is further proof of the need for another economic stimulus package, which Obama has advocated. "With rising costs of living, rising unemployment, record foreclosures and depleted savings, we must do more to help families make ends meet," said Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid in a statement. "With the cooperation of our Republican colleagues, we intend to send a plan to the White House as soon as possible following President-elect Obama's inauguration next month." How long will it go? Nonetheless, several economists said the real concern is that there is no end in sight for the downturn. Some suggested that the best case scenario for the economy is that it would reach bottom in the second quarter of 2009. And even if that happens, that would still make this recession the longest since the Great Depression. Rich Yamarone, director of economic research at Argus Research, said the only good news for the economy is that some of the steps already taken by the government earlier this year could start to spur growth soon. For example, he said interest rate cuts by the Federal Reserve, which started in September 2007, "should be working their magic any day now." In February, Congres


SparkNotes: World War II (1939–1945): The Start of the War The Start of the War World War II (1939–1945) History SparkNotes The Start of the War → The Start of the War, page 2 page 1 of 3 March 13, 1938 Germany annexes Austria October 7–10 Germany takes Czech region of Sudetenland August 23, 1939 German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact September 1 Germany invades Poland September 3 Britain and France declare war on Germany September 17 USSR invades Poland from the east September 19 German and Soviet forces meet in central Poland September 28 Warsaw falls to Germany November 30 Soviet forces invade Finland Key People Adolf Hitler -  Chancellor of Germany; pursued aggressive territorial expansion in the late 1930s Neville Chamberlain -  British prime minister; adhered to policy of appeasement that allowed German territorial annexations in 1938 Joachim von Ribbentrop -  German foreign minister; signed German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact Vyacheslav Molotov -  Soviet foreign minister; signed German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact Germany Under Hitler In 1938, Germany was a total dictatorship under the Nazi Party and Chancellor Adolf Hitler. Although the 1919 Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I had imposed strict disarmament terms on Germany, by the late 1930s, Hitler had dropped all pretense of observing the terms of the treaty. He began not only to rebuild his military rapidly, but also to speak openly of Germany’s need for lebensraum , or “living space.” Anschluss and Appeasement In March 1938, offering little in the way of justification, Nazi troops took control Austria, which put up no resistance. Hitler claimed that the annexation was supported by his doctrine of Anschluss , or natural political unification of Germany and Austria. Though gravely disturbed, Britain and France took no action. Shortly thereafter, Hitler demanded that Czechoslovakia cede to Germany the Sudetenland, a territory along the German-Czech border. Hitler accused the Czechs of repressing the large German population there and asserted that the territory rightly belonged to Germany. The September 1938 Munich Conference was called to address the situation; ironically, Czechoslovakia was not present. After several rounds of negotiation, and despite their own treaties with Czechoslovakia, Britain and France agreed to give in to Hitler’s demand, as long as he agreed not to seize any further European territory. Hitler did sign an agreement to that effect, promising no further invasions. After taking the Sudetenland, however, Hitler ignored the agreement and proceeded to occupy most of western Czechoslovakia, along with several other territories in eastern Europe. Britain and France again took no action. This policy of appeasement of Hitler’s demands, which was advocated primarily by British prime minister Neville Chamberlain, has been much criticized as paving the road to World War II. The Consequences of Appeasement The decisions made by the Allied nations leading up to World War II, as well as those of the first six months or so after the war began, have dumbfounded historians ever since. The appeasement of Hitler, in particular, has been so often held up as an example of how not to deal with a rising dictator that it has become a stereotype. However, although it may be obvious in hindsight that Hitler should not have been appeased, the actions of Prime Minister Chamberlain must be considered within the context of the time. Europe was still recovering from World War I: many of the countries of Europe were adjusting to new parliamentary governments, and the newly created League of Nations was a new force in international affairs. Few European leaders understood the full scope of Hitler’s intentions, and a decision to go to war would have been hugely unpopular in countries, such as Britain and France, that had been so devastated in World War I. Indeed, many sincerely believed that the very concept of war had become obsolete. 1


"What country's civil war was called a ""dress rehearsal"" for WWII?"

Nazi Germany and the Spanish Civil War Spanish Civil War Nationalist leader General Franco The Spanish Civil War was fought between 1936 and 1939. Like most domestic conflicts it was a bitter internecine affair, full of propaganda, attrition and brutality against prisoners and civilians. From the beginning of the 1800s, Spain had endured a turbulent political history. For much of this time it was a constitutional monarchy – but there were repeated attempts to unseat the king and establish a republic. Elections in 1931 saw control of the government pass to republicans and socialists. They proposed some radical reforms: the abolition of the monarchy, restrictions on the Catholic Church and improvements to the rights of workers and women. These reforms were met with hostility by conservatives – as well as the Spanish military, which had suffered from budget cuts by the new government. In July 1936, a prominent right-wing politician, Jose Calvo Sotelo, was abducted and murdered, apparently in retaliation for the killing of a socialist police commander. A group of army generals – including Francisco Franco, Jose Sanjurjo, Emilio Mola and Juan Yague – plotted to seize power. Realising a military coup was inevitable, Spanish politicians began arming socialist groups to defend the republic. War eventually broke out on July 17th 1936. It would be fought by two broad-based coalitions: the left-wing Republicans (liberals, socialists, communists and anarchists) and the right-wing Nationalists (monarchists, conservatives, Catholics and the Falange, a black-shirted fascist group). By early 1937 the Nationalists held the western half of Spain, as well as external territories like Morocco and the Canary Islands. It would take them another two years to capture the rest of Spain from the Republicans. Fighting for major cities such as Madrid, Barcelona and Valencia proved particularly fierce. A notable feature of the Spanish Civil War was foreign involvement. To many observers, the civil war in Spain was the first battle in a much broader conflict – the struggle between left- and right-wing ideologies for control of Europe. The Spanish Civil War captured the imagination of thousands of volunteers, who journeyed to Spain to fight for its political future. The majority of them belonged to the International Brigades: regiments of left-wing sympathisers who fought alongside the Republicans. More than 9,000 Frenchmen joined the Brigades; so did the ‘Abraham Lincoln Battalion’, a corps of 3,000 American volunteers. About 1,000 Canadians and 60 Australians also fought with the Republicans. The Nationalists had considerably fewer foreign volunteers; the largest contingent (around 800 men) came from Catholic Ireland. The majority of European governments adopted a neutral or non-interventionist position on the war. Nazi Germany, however, rushed to back the Nationalist forces and their leader, General Franco. Hitler’s public justification for providing military support to the Nationalists was his desire to prevent communism taking hold in western Europe. Privately, the fuhrer saw some clear advantages to a fascist government in Spain. Germany could cultivate the Spanish as trading partners, suppliers of raw materials and iron ore, possibly even as military allies. France would be surrounded and held in check by a ‘fascist triangle’ of Germany, Italy and Spain. Hitler also believed the Spanish war was an ideal opportunity to test the mettle of his newly-restored armed forces. He was particularly keen to assess the performance of the Luftwaffe (air force) in combat. “At the Nuremberg Trials, Goering claimed that the chief motive of Germany was to use Spain as a testing ground for the German air force, but this seems to have been a very minor reason. Hitler’s thinking had much more to do with promoting a favourable balance of power in Western Europe and using a Nationalist-run Spain to weaken France, allowing Germany to expand unopposed into Eastern Europe. His main aim was to prevent the emergence of a Spanish-French bloc which might be directed agains


What baseball player was diagnosed with ALS disease?

ALS at 27: Baseball Player With Lou Gehrig's Disease Strikes Back - ABC News ABC News ALS at 27: Mass. Baseball Player Strikes Back By Katie Moisse Pete Frates, 27, was diagnosed with Lou Gehrig's disease in March. 0 Shares Pete Frates , a 27-year-old baseball player from Beverly, Mass., was in the best shape of his life. But a wayward pitch to the wrist and the lingering weakness that followed marked the start of a tragic turn. "There were no broken bones, so they started to look for nerve damage," Frates said. Six months of tests would reveal something far worse than a damaged nerve. He discovered in March that he has ALS , a deadly neurological disease that usually strikes people in their 50s and 60s. "The man upstairs, this is his plan for me," said Frates, whose sculpted muscles are destined to waste away, trapping him inside a paralyzed body. ALS, better known as Lou Gehrig's disease after the Yankee slugger, kills the nerves that control movement, relentlessly robbing its victims of the ability to walk, speak, eat and even breathe. But Frates, a team captain his whole life, is ready to play ball. "Instead of wasting energy on the negative, let's use the energy in a positive way," he said. "Let's raise some awareness; raise some funds." About 30,000 Americans have amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, landing the condition in a category of rare and often underfunded "orphan" diseases. But experts say the number is deceiving because each new diagnosis is offset by someone's untimely death. "One in 500 people will die from ALS," said Dr. Robert Brown, chair of the Department of Neurology at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester and president of the ALS Therapy Alliance . "And we call it an orphan disease?" It is rare, however, to see ALS in someone as young as Frates, who is statistically unlikely to live past 32. "The sense of tragedy looms even larger when someone is so young," said Brown, who has seen patients as young as 11. "The irony is that at a time when their muscles are wasting away, we see extraordinary courage and motivation, and what can only be called strength." Frates hopes to use his youth and every ounce of energy to change the face of ALS, and convince the country a cure is worth fighting for. "We need more funding at a federal level," he said, adding that the one treatment approved to slow disease progression offers some patients a few extra months, at most. "If that's all people with ALS have to lean on, it's unacceptable. We need to do more." Frates' father, John Frates, said he can't think of a better person to rally resources for people with ALS, many of whom have been silenced by the disease. "He's always been a leader; a captain," he said, his voice shaking. "It's just the guy he is. It's always about the team." Frates has always been a driven athlete, playing baseball since he was 3. "If he cried, we'd stop [playing]," John Frates said. "So he just never cried." Frates was team captain for Boston College, and even tried out for the majors. "That's the most challenging part of this," John Frates said. "Watching his body let him down. He played by the rules: no smoking, no drugs, always worked out." But ALS doesn't discriminate. Indeed, some studies suggest that it might even disproportionately affect athletes. "The concept that this disease could be overrepresented among athletes has been in the medical literature for a long time, and no one underscores that concept more than Lou Gehrig," neurologist Brown said. "But the interesting question is: Does athleticism set the stage for motor neuron degeneration, or does that same property that makes a person a great athlete also make them susceptible to the disease?" Young Athlete Strikes Back at ALS In the 11 weeks since Frates was formally diagnosed, he has seen evidence of the disease's swift progression. "My calf muscles and ankles seem to be slowing first, making me a little clumsier than usual," he said. "I'm definitely not running or throwing the ball around as much." And Frates' left hand below the wrist smacked with a speedi


What building became the world's tallest in 1931?

History of the World's Tallest Buildings | Statistics | EMPORIS Add Building History of the World's Tallest Buildings Tall structures have always fascinated mankind. There were buildings stretching well over 100 meters into the sky even before industrialization. But how has the history of the tallest buildings in the world developed? Which structures have played a role in this history? The essential details can be found here. There are a few very early examples of architecture reaching far up into the sky. The Pyramid of Khufu for instance, from the 4th Dynasty (2620 to 2500 B.C.), at 139 meters the world's tallest pyramid, or the Pharos of Alexandria, which according to its legend was, at around 140 meters' height, the tallest lighthouse ever built up until the 20th century. And not to forget the Tower of Babel, which according to the Old Testament reached all the way up to Heaven. Since the 19th century, however, it has not just been sacred buildings that have been touching the clouds. Increasing numbers of high-rises with apartments, offices and hotel rooms have been built. Skyscraper construction received its first significant impulse with the invention of the elevator by Elisha Grave Otis in 1852. While it would, from a technical point of view, already have been possible to build tall structures with more than six stories, one would have been unable to find many tenants for them. The invention of steel frame construction was the next important step on the road toward skyscraper architecture. The first building constructed in this way was the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, built in 1885. At a height of 55 meters and ten floors it was the world's first high-rise – and revolutionary for the development of skyscraper construction. 1901 - 1908 Philadelphia City Hall From 1901 onward, Philadelphia City Hall in the American city of Philadelphia, already substantially taller at 167 meters, reached for the skies. In fact, the architecture of this skyscraper with a bell tower was not based on the recently-invented steel frame construction: to this day it is considered the tallest masonry structure in the world. 1908 - 1909 Singer Building For seven years, Philadelphia City Hall was the world's tallest building until it was superseded in 1908 by the Singer Building in New York City, which was 20 meters taller. This particular skyscraper was only able to stay in pole position a short time, however. 1913, only four years later, saw the opening of the 213-meter-tall Metropolitan Life Tower, also located in New York City. 1909 - 1913 Metropolitan Life Tower The skyscrapers that followed the Met Life Tower were also located in New York City. After just four years, the Woolworth Building, built in the borough of Manhattan and 241 meters tall, forced the Met Life Tower from the top spot. 1913 - 1930 Woolworth Building Construction of the Woolworth Building was only possible thanks to the development of reinforced foundations, technology intended to prevent the skyscraper from leaning too heavily and toppling over in the case of earth movements. Until 1930, the Woolworth Building was the world's tallest skyscraper. 1930 - 1930 The Trump Building The history of the skyscraper was increasingly concentrated in the decades that followed in the one city – New York City. 1930 saw the completion there, after less than a year's construction, of The Trump Building. At a height of 283 meters, it was briefly the world's tallest building. 1930 - 1931 Chrysler Building The Trump Building unfortunately had to cede its title after just a few weeks to the Chrysler Building, which, at 319 meters, exceeded it by far. The man who had it built, Walter Chrysler, was inspired by the Eiffel Tower in Paris – at that time the world's tallest structure – to want to build the world's tallest skyscraper in the Chrysler Building in New York City. To win the race, Chrysler and his architect William van Alen came up with a sophisticated trick: Van Alen had an additional 56-meter-long spire built, which was then delivered secretly in pieces, put together in the


What book by John Steinbeck was about poor Okies looking for work in California?

Steinbeck's myth of the Okies (Another archtypical liberal myth debunked) Steinbeck's myth of the Okies (Another archtypical liberal myth debunked) The New Criterion ^ | June 2002 | Keith Windschuttle Posted on 07/02/2002 7:39:01 AM PDT by robowombat Steinbeck's myth of the Okies by Keith Windschuttle John Steinbeck performed a rare feat for a writer of fiction. He created a literary portrait that defined an era. His account of the Okie Exodus in The Grapes of Wrath became the principal story through which America defined the experience of the Great Depression. Even today, one of the enduring images for anyone with even a passing familiarity with the 1930s is that of Steinbecks fictional characters the Joads, an American farming family uprooted from its home by the twin disasters of dust storms and financial crisis to become refugees in a hostile world. Not since Dickenss portrayal of the slums of Victorian England has a novelist produced such an enduring definition of his age. According to Penguin Books, which produced a very handsome series of paperbacks to mark the centenary of his birth this February, Steinbecks novels still generate a combined sale of around two million books a year. Originally published in 1939, The Grapes of Wrath remains a widely studied text in both high schools and universities, and the 1940 John Ford film of the book still enjoys healthy sales on videotape and frequent reruns on classic movie shows on cable television. The story that these various audiences hear goes like this: Dust storms and bank foreclosures during the Great Depression forced a mass migration of hundreds of thousands of small landowners and sharecroppers from the American southwest, especially Oklahoma, Arkansas, and east Texas. Enticed by false advertising, impoverished farming families loaded their possessions onto ramshackle automobiles and pickup trucks to brave the thousand-mile journey westward to California where they hoped to revive their fortunes and regain their livelihood on the land. This American version of Exodus faced its own Sinai crossing in the Arizona desert, where many vehicles broke down or ran out of gas. Those who survived the hazardous passage to the promised land, however, found the large corporations that controlled Californian agriculture used the rapidly growing number of migrants to continually beat down harvest wages. Police and vigilantes set upon those who complained or resisted, especially if they were suspected of being reds or Communist agitators. The Okies ended up landless, homeless, and impoverished, forced to watch their children starve in a land of plenty. Folk singers like Woody Guthrie, in his Dust Bowl Ballads, expressed their bitterness and anger: Im goin down the road feelin bad. Lawd. Lawd. And I aint gonna be treated this-a-way. Although it is about the experiences of the fictional Joad family, The Grapes of Wrath was always meant to be taken literally. Borrowing from John Dos Passoss U.S.A. trilogy and other works in the realist or documentary genre of the time, Steinbeck interspersed his fictional chapters with passages that gave a running account of the prevailing social, climatic, economic, and political conditions. Steinbeck himself had researched the living conditions of the Okies for a series of newspaper articles he wrote for a San Francisco newspaper, and, soon after his novel appeared, its tale was confirmed by the publication of Americas most famous work of photographic essays, Dorothea Lange and Paul S. Taylors American Exodus, which traced every step of the Okies tragic journey across the country. In other words, Steinbecks book was presented at the time as a work of history as well as fiction, and it has been accepted as such ever since. Unfortunately for the reputation of the author, however, there is now an accumulation of sufficient historical, demographic, and climatic data about the 1930s to show that almost everything about the elaborate picture created in the novel is either outright false or exaggerated beyond belief. For a start, dust s


What communist led his forces on the Long March?

The Long March of the Communist Party of China 1934-35 The Long March of the Communist Party of China 1934-35 This is the story of the Long March of the Communist Party leadership and the Red Army from South China to Northwest China. The source is mainly Harrison Salisbury's book The Long March. Salisbury's book is a very good book that well conveys the drama of the Long March and its three struggles: 1. the Red Army with the Nationalist Army of Chiang Kai-shek 2. the Red Army with the elements and terrain of western China 3. the factions within the Red Army with each other. The latter struggle was primarily between the Mao Zedong faction and the Communist International (Comintern) faction led by the man Joseph Stalin imposed as a condition for aiding the communists, Otto Braun.  There was also a power struggles between the First Army led by Mao Zedong and the Fourth Army led by Zhang Guotao. Salisbury is sympathetic to Mao but his book is objective and well worth reading. There is however another book, Mao: The Unknown Story by Jung Chang and her husband Jon Halliday that tells the story behind the story of the Long March. Background Both the Communist Party and the Guomindang (Nationalist) Party were created around 1920 and had a socialist orientation. The Guomindang although it had a socialist orientation was primarily concerned with establishing a nation state. This meant suppressing the numerous warlords and uniting China. The Guomindang needed financial aid to achieve this and it was not going to get such aid from the imperialist powers. The founder and leader of the Guomindang, Sun Yatsen, sought and received aid from the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union not only sent material aid, it also sent advisors, Michael Borodin and Otto Braun. The latter was a German Communist representing the Communist International, the Comintern. The Soviet Union also required that the Guomindang admit to its membership the members of the Communist Party of China. The Communists worked within the Guomindang during the early and middle 1920's. The arrangement appeared to work well. Chiang Kai-shek directed the Whampoa Military Academy and Zhou Enlai served as the political officer for that academy. Chiang Kai-shek went to Moscow for training and later  his son, Chiang Ching-guo, went to Moscow. The trouble came when Sun Yat-sen died of cancer in 1925. It was uncertain who would succeed him as leader of the Guomindang. After a short period of political maneuvering Chiang Kai-shek emerged as the leader. The Guomindang actually split at this time into two factions, a left faction headed by Chiang Kai-shek who accepted continued cooperation with the Communists and a right faction which opposed such cooperation. After consolidating his hold on the Guomindang Chiang Kai-shek organized a northern expedition to defeat the many warlords who controlled local areas of northern China. Chiang's Northern Expedition of 1926-27 was a great success. Thirty nine war lords were defeated. The Northern Expedition then moved to Shanghai. The Communist-dominated labor unions staged an uprising prior to the entry of Chiang's army into the city. This uprising established a city government without Chiang's approval. This and other actions by the Communists within the Guomindang led Chiang to fear the Communists were following their own agenda and were striving for control. Chiang's followers turned upon the Communists in Shanghai and massacred them. A similar slaughter and purge of the Communists within the Guomindang throughout other parts of China took place shortly afterwards. Those that could escaped and joined the rural communist centers in South China. The major rural Communist strongholds were in the rural areas of Jiangxi and Hunan Provinces. There were also strongholds in the more remote provinces of Sichuan and Shaanxi. In the Jiangxi Soviet, as it was called, Mao Zedong was a major leader. Mao Zedong Mao Zedong came from the clan village of Shaoshan in Hunan Province. He was born at the


"Who starred as Rhett Butler in ""Gone With the Wind""?"

Gone with the Wind (1939) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) G | From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC A manipulative Southern belle carries on a turbulent affair with a blockade runner during the American Civil War. Directors: Margaret Mitchell (story of the old south "Gone with the Wind"), Sidney Howard (screenplay) Stars: a list of 28 titles created 06 Mar 2012 a list of 38 titles created 24 Feb 2014 a list of 41 titles created 02 Mar 2015 a list of 28 titles created 24 Oct 2015 a list of 21 titles created 6 months ago Title: Gone with the Wind (1939) 8.2/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won     8     Oscars. Another    9 wins & 8 nominations. See more awards  » Videos In Casablanca, Morocco in December 1941, a cynical American expatriate meets a former lover, with unforeseen complications. Director: Michael Curtiz When a Jewish prince is betrayed and sent into slavery by a Roman friend, he regains his freedom and comes back for revenge. Director: William Wyler A spoiled heiress running away from her family is helped by a man who is actually a reporter in need of a story. Director: Frank Capra A silent film production company and cast make a difficult transition to sound. Directors: Stanley Donen, Gene Kelly Stars: Gene Kelly, Donald O'Connor, Debbie Reynolds When two male musicians witness a mob hit, they flee the state in an all-female band disguised as women, but further complications set in. Director: Billy Wilder A self-conscious bride is tormented by the memory of her husband's dead first wife. Director: Alfred Hitchcock Following the death of a publishing tycoon, news reporters scramble to discover the meaning of his final utterance. Director: Orson Welles An ingenue insinuates herself into the company of an established but aging stage actress and her circle of theater friends. Director: Joseph L. Mankiewicz A man tries to rise in his company by letting its executives use his apartment for trysts, but complications and a romance of his own ensue. Director: Billy Wilder After settling his differences with a Japanese PoW camp commander, a British colonel co-operates to oversee his men's construction of a railway bridge for their captors - while oblivious to a plan by the Allies to destroy it. Director: David Lean A Phoenix secretary embezzles $40,000 from her employer's client, goes on the run, and checks into a remote motel run by a young man under the domination of his mother. Director: Alfred Hitchcock A San Francisco detective suffering from acrophobia investigates the strange activities of an old friend's wife, all the while becoming dangerously obsessed with her. Director: Alfred Hitchcock Edit Storyline Scarlett is a woman who can deal with a nation at war, Atlanta burning, the Union Army carrying off everything from her beloved Tara, the carpetbaggers who arrive after the war. Scarlett is beautiful. She has vitality. But Ashley, the man she has wanted for so long, is going to marry his placid cousin, Melanie. Mammy warns Scarlett to behave herself at the party at Twelve Oaks. There is a new man there that day, the day the Civil War begins. Rhett Butler. Scarlett does not know he is in the room when she pleads with Ashley to choose her instead of Melanie. Written by Dale O'Connor <daleoc@interaccess.com> Now in 70mm. wide screen and full stereophonic sound! [reissue] See more  » Genres: 17 January 1940 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Lo que el viento se llevó See more  » Filming Locations: $1,192,593        (USA) (26 June 1998) Gross: Mono (Western Electric Sound System) Color: Did You Know? Trivia The idea of a sequel to this film was scrapped, but in the 1990s there was a sequel in the form of a television miniseries. The series was Scarlett (1994), based on the


"What character from ""The Wizard of Oz"" lacked a brain?"

How does the character of the Scarecrow change throughout "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz"? | eNotes How does the character of the Scarecrow change throughout "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz"? dymatsuoka | (Level 1) Distinguished Educator Posted on March 19, 2008 at 1:22 AM The biggest change in the character of Scarecrow is the development of confidence.  In the early parts of the story, when he begins his journey with Dorothy, Scarecrow has a very low opinion of himself because, stuffed with straw as he is, he does not have a brain. His actions as the story unfolds, however, show that although he does not have a physical brain, he is really quite intelligent.  It is Scarecrow who saves Dorothy, Tin Man, and Lion on numerous occasions on their quest, and he is quick to come up with solutions to difficult problems that arise.  Scarecrow is constant in his devotion to his friends, and as the story progresses his air of flighty goofiness is tempered by a subtle, quiet nobility born of the realization that he might capable despite his perceived lack.  At the end of their quest, the Wizard, understanding that Scarecrow already possesses the qualities he seeks and only needs to believe in himself, concocts a brain for him out of "bran, pins, and needles" to make him "sharp".  With a physical representation of a "brain" at last, Scarecrow has self-assurance of his own intelligence, and finally feels complete. Sources: Start your free trial for complete access to this answer and thousands more. Homework Help 300,000+ answers or ask real teachers questions on any subject. 30,000+ Study Guides Save time with thousands of teacher-approved book and topic summaries. On the Go Access


The Official Site of Ginger Rogers QUOTES About Ginger Rogers [About Fred Astaire] "Sure he was great, but don't forget Ginger Rogers did everything he did backwards...and in high heels!" -- Bob Thaves 1982 © NEA Inc. By Ginger Rogers -"My mother told me I was dancing before I was born. She could feel my toes tapping wildly inside her for months." -"When two people love each other, they don't look at each other; they look in the same direction." -"They're not going to get my money to see the junk that's made today."(1983) -"The only way to enjoy anything in this life is to earn it first." -"I don't know which I like best. I love the applause on the stage. But pictures are so fascinating - you reach many millions through them. And you make more money too." -"When you're happy, you don't count the years." -"Hollywood is like an empty wastebasket." -[On her partnership with Astaire] "After all, it's not as if we were Abbott and Costello. We did have careers apart from each other." -"The most important thing in anyone's life is to be giving something. The quality I can give is fun, joy and happiness. This is my gift."


"What child actress delighted audiences in ""Curly Top"" and ""Heidi""?"

1000+ images about Shirley Temple/Curly Top on Pinterest | United states navy, Little princess and Hawaii vacation Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas Shirley Temple/Curly Top


What instrument was played by bandleaders Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw?

Artie Shaw, Bandleader, Composer and Wizard of the Clarinet, Is Dead at 94 - Obituary (Obit); Biography - NYTimes.com Artie Shaw, Bandleader, Composer and Wizard of the Clarinet, Is Dead at 94 By JOHN S. WILSON Published: December 31, 2004 Artie Shaw, the jazz clarinetist and big-band leader who successfully challenged Benny Goodman's reign as the King of Swing with his recordings of ''Begin the Beguine,'' ''Lady Be Good'' and ''Star Dust'' in the late 1930's, died yesterday at his home in Newbury Park, Calif. He was 94. He apparently died of natural causes, his lawyer, Eddie Ezor, told The Associated Press. In the Royalty of Swing Artie Shaw's virtuosity on his instrument, his groups' highly original arrangements and his explosively romantic showmanship made him one of the most danced-to bandleaders of swing and one of the most listened-to artists of jazz. He quit performing in 1954 , but the many re-releases of his discs, a ghost band, and his informed but often sardonic comments on music and many other subjects kept him in the public ear. Although his musical career closely paralleled that of Benny Goodman, his archrival, who died in 1986, the two men had little in common in their approaches to music. ''The distance between me and Benny,'' Mr. Shaw said several years ago, ''was that I was trying to play a musical thing, and Benny was trying to swing. Benny had great fingers; I'd never deny that. But listen to our two versions of 'Star Dust.' I was playing; he was swinging.'' Mr. Shaw impressed and amazed clarinetists of all schools. Barney Bigard, the New Orleans clarinetist who was Duke Ellington's soloist for 14 years, said he considered Mr. Shaw the greatest clarinetist ever. Phil Woods, a saxophonist of the bebop era, took Charlie Parker as his inspiration on saxophone, but he modeled his clarinet playing on Mr. Shaw's. John Carter, a leading post-bop clarinetist, said he took up the instrument because of Mr. Shaw. And in 1983, when Franklin Cohen, the principal clarinetist of the Cleveland Orchestra, was to be featured playing Mr. Shaw's Concerto for Clarinet, he listened to Mr. Shaw's recording of the work and said he found his playing unbelievable. ''Shaw is the greatest player I ever heard,'' he said. ''It's hard to play the way he plays. It's not an overblown orchestral style. He makes so many incredible shadings.'' Mr. Shaw and Mr. Goodman were born a year apart (Goodman in 1909; Mr. Shaw on May 23, 1910); both had Jewish immigrant parents and grew up in the ghettos of major American cities. Mr. Shaw grew up on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, Goodman on the west side of Chicago. They began playing professionally as teenagers, and by 1926 they were both far from home performing with major bands of the day: Goodman in Venice, Calif., with Ben Pollack; Mr. Shaw in Cleveland with Austin Wylie. In the Depression era, they settled in New York City and were the top two choices for the woodwind sections of radio-network and recording-studio orchestras. Frequently, they sat side by side in these ensembles. By then, however, Mr. Shaw had decided music was a dead end. He intended to be a writer, and he had become a voracious reader. At band rehearsals, his music rack often held a book he was reading along with the compositions he was playing. But his interests reverted to music after he was asked to play at a concert at the Imperial Theater in New York in May 1935. It was called a swing concert, and it included well-known swing bands like the Casa Loma Orchestra and the bands of Tommy Dorsey and Bob Crosby. Although Mr. Shaw was not yet known to much of the public, he was asked to put together a small group to play while the band onstage was changed. ''Just for kicks, I thought I'd write a piece for clarinet and string quartet, plus a small rhythm section,'' Mr. Shaw recalled. ''Nobody had ever done that, sort of a jazz chamber-music thing.'' An Instant Hit His Interlude in B flat brought down the house. The audience refused to stop applauding, but Mr. Shaw had nothing else to play because this was the only thing he


Stan Laurel - Biography - IMDb Stan Laurel Biography Showing all 75 items Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (2) | Spouse  (5) | Trade Mark  (5) | Trivia  (42) | Personal Quotes  (13) | Salary  (4) Overview (4) 5' 8" (1.73 m) Mini Bio (2) Stan Laurel came from a theatrical family, his father was an actor and theatre manager, and he made his stage debut at the age of 16 at Pickard's Museum, Glasgow. He traveled with Fred Karno 's vaudeville company to the United States in 1910 and again in 1913. While with that company he was Charles Chaplin 's understudy, and he performed imitations of Chaplin. On a later trip he remained in the United States, having been cast in a two-reel comedy, Nuts in May (1917) (not released until 1918). There followed a number of shorts for Metro, Hal Roach Studios, then Universal, then back to Roach in 1926. His first two-reeler with Oliver Hardy was 45 Minutes from Hollywood (1926). Their first release through MGM was Sugar Daddies (1927) and the first with star billing was From Soup to Nuts (1928). Their first feature-length starring roles were in Pardon Us (1931). Their work became more production-line and less popular during the war years, especially after they left Roach and MGM for Twentieth Century-Fox. Their last movie together was The Bullfighters (1945) except for a dismal failure made in France several years later ( Utopia (1951)). In 1960 he was given a special Oscar "for his creative pioneering in the field of cinema comedy". He died five years later. ( 23 August  1926      - 28 September  1935) (divorced) (2 children) Trade Mark (5) Usually played a childishly innocent man who always looked up to his good friend Oliver Hardy , whether it was deserved or not. Common schticks included crying in cases of great predicaments, taking instructions literally at all times and mixing up his lines. He and Hardy often had a scene in their films where they would get into a fight with another person that consisted solely of destroying property. The duo would destroy something the opponent values while the opponent ooks on and does not resist. When they are done, the opponent does the same to them, while they refrain from resisting, and so on. Wide, "hanger-in-my-mouth" smile, spiky hair sported in all of his films, and of course, the "whiny face" for which he is famous. Completely vacant stare into the camera, accentuated by white pancake makeup. Gaze into the camera with arms up and palms out in a "What now?" gesture. Subtle substitution of the word "me" for "my", as in the line from Way Out West: "Wait a minute while I spit on me hands." Trivia (42) His light blue eyes almost ended his movie career before it began. Until the early 1920s, filmmakers used black-and-white Orthochromatic film stock, which was "blue blind". Hal Roach cameraman George Stevens (the same George Stevens who would later become an acclaimed producer/director) knew of panchromatic film and was able to get a supply of it from Chicago. This new film was sensitive to blue and recorded Laurel's pale blue eyes in a more natural way. Stevens became Laurel's cameraman on his short films at Roach. When Laurel teamed with Oliver Hardy , the team made Stevens their cameraman of choice. Had two children with his first wife, Lois: a daughter, Lois Laurel ; and a son, Stanley Robert (born May 7, 1930; died May 16, 1930), who was born two months prematurely and died nine days later. Laurel first appeared with his future partner, Oliver Hardy , in The Lucky Dog (1921), which was filmed in 1919, but not released until 1921. He always thought that his "whining face" was humiliating, but the producers forced him to do it in most of his movies since the public loved it. Interred at Forest Lawn (Hollywood Hills), Los Angeles, California, USA. Suffered a nervous breakdown on the death of his longtime film partner and friend, Oliver Hardy , and according to his friends, never fully recovered. Turned down a cameo role in Stanley Kramer 's gigantic farce It's a Mad Mad Mad Mad World (1963). Had always been a huge fan of westerns, and after


"In what movie did Sam play the song ""As Time Goes On""?"

Casablanca (1942): Play it Sam, Play As Time Goes By. Ingrid Bergman, Humphrey Bogart, Sinatra sings - YouTube Casablanca (1942): Play it Sam, Play As Time Goes By. Ingrid Bergman, Humphrey Bogart, Sinatra sings Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Sep 17, 2011 Casablanca (1942): Play it Sam, Play As Time Goes By, Ingrid Bergman, Humphrey Bogart, Frank Sinatra sings, Ilsa: Play it once, Sam, for old times' sake. Sam: I don't know what you mean, Miss Ilsa. Ilsa: [whispered] Play it, Sam. Play As Time Goes By. Sam: Why, I can't remember it, Miss Ilsa. I'm a little rusty on it. Ilsa: I'll hum it for you. [Ilsa hums two bars. Sam starts to play] Sing it, Sam. Sam: [singing] You must remember this A kiss is just a kiss A sigh is just a sigh The fundamental things apply As Time Goes By (A kiss is just a kiss) lyrics You must remember this A kiss is still a kiss, a sigh is just a sigh The fundamental things apply And when two lovers woo They still say, "I love you" On that you can rely No matter what the future brings As time goes by And man must have his mate That no one can deny it's still the same old story A fight for love and glory A case of do or die The world will always welcome lovers As time goes by And man must have his mate That no one can deny it's still the same old story A fight for love and glory A case of do or die The world will always welcome lovers As time goes by ---------------------------------------------------------------- Ilsa spots Sam and asks him to "Play it once, Sam, for old times' sake." When he feigns ignorance, she responds, "Play it, Sam. Play 'As Time Goes By.'" Later that night, alone with Sam, Rick says, "You played it for her and you can play it for me," and "If she can stand it, I can! Play it!" ---------------------------------------------------------------- Famous quotes One of the lines most closely associated with the film — "Play it again, Sam" — is a misquotation. When Ilsa first enters the Café Americain, she spots Sam and asks him to "Play it once, Sam, for old times' sake." When he feigns ignorance, she responds, "Play it, Sam. Play 'As Time Goes By.'" Later that night, alone with Sam, Rick says, "You played it for her and you can play it for me," and "If she can stand it, I can! Play it!" Rick's remark to Ilsa, "Here's looking at you, kid," is not in the draft screenplays, but has been attributed to something Bogart said to Bergman as he taught her poker between takes. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Casablanca is a 1942 American romantic drama film directed by Michael Curtiz, starring Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman and Paul Henreid, and featuring Claude Rains, Conrad Veidt, Sydney Greenstreet and Peter Lorre. Set during World War II, it focuses on a man torn between, in the words of one character, love and virtue. He must choose between his love for a woman and helping her and her Czech Resistance leader husband escape from the Vichy-controlled Moroccan city of Casablanca to continue his fight against the Nazis. Although it was an A-list film, with established stars and first-rate writers—Julius J. Epstein, Philip G. Epstein and Howard Koch received credit for the screenplay—no one involved with its production expected Casablanca to be anything out of the ordinary;[1] it was just one of dozens of pictures produced by Hollywood every year. The film was a solid, if unspectacular, success in its initial run, rushed into release to take advantage of the publicity from the Allied invasion of North Africa a few weeks earlier.[2] Despite a changing assortment of screenwriters frantically adapting an unstaged play and barely keeping ahead of production, and Bogart attempting his first romantic lead role, Casablanca won three Academy Awards, including Best Picture. Its characters, dialogue, and music have become iconic, and Ca


Anne Frank - World War II - HISTORY.com Google Anne Frank’s Childhood Anne Frank was born Anneliese Marie Frank in Frankfurt, Germany, on June 12, 1929, to Edith Hollander Frank (1900-45) and Otto Frank (1889-1980), a prosperous businessman. Less than four years later, in January 1933, Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany and he and his Nazi government instituted a series of measures aimed at persecuting Germany’s Jewish citizens. Did You Know? In 1960, the building at Prinsengracht 263, home to the Secret Annex, opened to the public as a museum devoted to the life of Anne Frank. Her original diary is on display there. By the fall of 1933, Otto Frank moved to Amsterdam, where he established a small but successful company that produced a gelling substance used to make jam. After staying behind in Germany with her grandmother in the city of Aachen, Anne joined her parents and sister Margot (1926-45) in the Dutch capital in February 1934. In 1935, Anne started school in Amsterdam and earned a reputation as an energetic, popular girl. In May 1940, the Germans, who had entered World War II in September of the previous year, invaded the Netherlands and quickly made life increasingly restrictive and dangerous for Jewish people there. Between the summer of 1942 and September 1944, the Nazis and their Dutch collaborators deported more than 100,000 Jews in Holland to extermination camps. Anne Frank’s Family Goes into Hiding In early July 1942, after Margot Frank received a letter ordering her to report to a work camp in Germany, Anne Frank’s family went into hiding in an attic apartment behind Otto Frank’s business, located at Prinsengracht 263 in Amsterdam. In an effort to avoid detection, the family left a false trail suggesting they’d fled to Switzerland. A week after they had gone into hiding, the Franks were joined by Otto’s business associate Hermann van Pels (1898-1944), along with his wife Auguste (1900-45) and their son Peter (1926-45), who were also Jewish. A small group of Otto Frank’s employees, including his Austrian-born secretary, Miep Gies (1909-2010), risked their own lives to smuggle food, supplies and news of the outside world into the secret apartment, whose entrance was situated behind a movable bookcase. In November 1942, the Franks and Van Pels were joined by Fritz Pfeffer (1889-1944), Miep Gies’ Jewish dentist. Life for the eight people in the small apartment, which Anne Frank referred to as the Secret Annex, was tense. The group lived in constant fear of being discovered and could never go outside. They had to remain quiet during daytime in order to avoid detection by the people working in the warehouse below. Anne passed the time, in part, by chronicling her observations and feelings in a diary she had received for her 13th birthday, a month before her family went into hiding. Addressing her diary entries to an imaginary friend she called Kitty, Anne Frank wrote about life in hiding, including her impressions of the other inhabitants of the Secret Annex, her feelings of loneliness and her frustration over the lack of privacy. While she detailed typical teenage issues such as crushes on boys, arguments with her mother and resentments toward her sister, Frank also displayed keen insight and maturity when she wrote about the war, humanity and her own identity. She also penned short stories and essays during her time in hiding. The Franks are Captured by the Nazis On August 4, 1944, after 25 months in hiding, Anne Frank and the seven others in the Secret Annex were discovered by the Gestapo, the German secret state police, who had learned about the hiding place from an anonymous tipster (who has never been definitively identified). After their arrest, the Franks, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer were sent by the Gestapo to Westerbork, a holding camp in the northern Netherlands. From there, in September 1944, the group was transported by freight train to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination and concentration camp complex in German-occupied Poland. Anne and Margot Frank were spared immediate death in the Auschwi


"Who said ""I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat""?"

'I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat' - the meaning and origin of this phrase Famous Last Words Browse phrases beginning with: I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat Meaning A line from Sir Winston Churchill's WWII speech on becoming prime minister of the UK in 1940. Origin This famous quotation comes from Sir Winston Churchill's speech on 13th May 1940 to the UK's House of Commons. He had recently taken over from Neville Chamberlain as the British Prime Minister. The speech was intended to be a stirring and uplifting call to arms. Churchill was aware of the public hopes that he could change the direction of the war - much in the way that ailing sports clubs hope to change their fortunes by appointing a new manager - and he wanted to make best use of that tide of feeling. He was also well aware of the difficulties ahead and, not wanting to raise false hope, he entered notes of caution and warning. The widely repeated story, that Churchill's radio speeches were voiced by and actor, isn't now believed by most Churchill scholars. He had used the line "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat" on his Cabinet colleagues earlier the same day. Part of his speech was: "I say to the House as I said to ministers who have joined this government, I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many months of struggle and suffering.You ask, what is our policy? I can say: It is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of human crime." The line is often said to have given rise to another phrase, which over time has become more integrated into the language - 'blood, sweat and tears'. That phrase predates Churchill though and had been used several times during the 19th century with allusion to the trials and tribulations of Jesus Christ; for example, this poem, called Christ in the Garden, reprinted in The Huron Reflector in 1845: So deep was his sorrow, so fervent his prayers, That down o'er his bosom rolled blood, sweat and tears; I wept to behold him and asked him his name; He answered, 'tis Jesus, from heaven I came. There's no suggestion that in using 'blood, toil, tears and sweat' Churchill took his lead from this piece of doggerel. He may well though have been conscious of the allusion to Christian symbolism in his speech.


Who was assassinated in New Delhi in 1948?

Gandhi assassinated - Jan 30, 1948 - HISTORY.com Gandhi assassinated Publisher A+E Networks Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, the political and spiritual leader of the Indian independence movement, is assassinated in New Delhi by a Hindu fanatic. Born the son of an Indian official in 1869, Gandhi’s Vaishnava mother was deeply religious and early on exposed her son to Jainism, a morally rigorous Indian religion that advocated nonviolence. Gandhi was an unremarkable student but in 1888 was given an opportunity to study law in England. In 1891, he returned to India, but failing to find regular legal work he accepted in 1893 a one-year contract in South Africa. Settling in Natal, he was subjected to racism and South African laws that restricted the rights of Indian laborers. Gandhi later recalled one such incident, in which he was removed from a first-class railway compartment and thrown off a train, as his moment of truth. From thereon, he decided to fight injustice and defend his rights as an Indian and a man. When his contract expired, he spontaneously decided to remain in South Africa and launched a campaign against legislation that would deprive Indians of the right to vote. He formed the Natal Indian Congress and drew international attention to the plight of Indians in South Africa. In 1906, the Transvaal government sought to further restrict the rights of Indians, and Gandhi organized his first campaign of satyagraha, or mass civil disobedience. After seven years of protest, he negotiated a compromise agreement with the South African government. In 1914, Gandhi returned to India and lived a life of abstinence and spirituality on the periphery of Indian politics. He supported Britain in the First World War but in 1919 launched a new satyagraha in protest of Britain’s mandatory military draft of Indians. Hundreds of thousands answered his call to protest, and by 1920 he was leader of the Indian movement for independence. He reorganized the Indian National Congress as a political force and launched a massive boycott of British goods, services, and institutions in India. Then, in 1922, he abruptly called off the satyagraha when violence erupted. One month later, he was arrested by the British authorities for sedition, found guilty, and imprisoned. After his release in 1924, he led an extended fast in protest of Hindu-Muslim violence. In 1928, he returned to national politics when he demanded dominion status for India and in 1930 launched a mass protest against the British salt tax, which hurt India’s poor. In his most famous campaign of civil disobedience, Gandhi and his followers marched to the Arabian Sea, where they made their own salt by evaporating sea water. The march, which resulted in the arrest of Gandhi and 60,000 others, earned new international respect and support for the leader and his movement. In 1931, Gandhi was released to attend the Round Table Conference on India in London as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. The meeting was a great disappointment, and after his return to India he was again imprisoned. While in jail, he led another fast in protest of the British government’s treatment of the “untouchables”–the impoverished and degraded Indians who occupied the lowest tiers of the caste system. In 1934, he left the Indian Congress Party to work for the economic development of India’s many poor. His protege, Jawaharlal Nehru, was named leader of the party in his place. With the outbreak of World War II, Gandhi returned to politics and called for Indian cooperation with the British war effort in exchange for independence. Britain refused and sought to divide India by supporting conservative Hindu and Muslim groups. In response, Gandhi launched the “Quit India” movement it 1942, which called for a total British withdrawal. Gandhi and other nationalist leaders were imprisoned until 1944. In 1945, a new government came to power in Britain, and negotiations for India’s independence began. Gandhi sought a unified India, but the Muslim League, which had grown in influence during the war, disagre


What French fashion designer and perfumer was suspected of being a Nazi spy?

Five Big-Name Fashion Designers Who Had Ties to the Nazis - theFashionSpot Nika Mavrody May 1st, 2014 As a disclaimer: a designer's political views don't necessarily have anything to do with the strength of his or her work, but that doesn't mean we should ignore the facts. And although we love fashion because it's beautiful and creative, some elements of its history are dark. For example, a handful of the 20th century's most legendary designers were closely tied to Naziism. In some cases, this is a byproduct of the historical circumstances: During the Nazi occupation of France, which began in 1940, designers were forced either to collaborate with the Nazis (who saw immense value in the French fashion industry, and even considered relocating it to Vienna or Berlin) or close their doors*. Although it's understandable that some didn't have the courage to resist Nazi occupiers, others went out of their way to embrace the regime.  Below, we've assembled a list of five big-name designers with ties to the Nazi party: Image: Getty Coco Chanel Published in 2011,  Sleeping with the Enemy: Coco Chanel's Secret War  exposes Coco Chanel's activities as a spy for the Third Reich. The New York Times review of the book opened thusly:  "Gabrielle Chanel — better known as Coco — was a wretched human being. Anti-Semitic, homophobic, social climbing, opportunistic, ridiculously snobbish and given to sins of phrase-making like 'If blonde, use blue perfume,' she was addicted to morphine and actively collaborated with the Germans during the Nazi occupation of Paris." Cristobal Balenciaga  Some suspect that Balenciaga's success in Nazi-occupied Paris had something to do with the  designer's close relationship with Hitler's ally, General Franco . According to Stitched Up by Tansy E. Hoskins, Balenciaga designed many dresses for Franco's wife prior to the start of the war and, decades later, even came out of retirement to create a wedding gown for the fascist leader's granddaughter. However, he stood up to Hitler when asked to relocate the French fashion industry to Berlin: According to the designer himself , “Hitler wanted to transfer the French couture to Berlin. He sent six enormous Germans to see me … to talk about it. I said that he might just as well take all the bulls to Berlin and try and train the bullfighters there.” Louis Vuitton Louis Vuitton: A French Saga reveals that the leather goods house had strong ties to the Vichy regime in Nazi-occupied France. Louis Vuitton was the only brand allowed to operate a store on the ground floor of Hotel du Parc, which was used as the premises for France's puppet government, led by Marshal Philippe Pétain. According to The Guardian , the luxury brand also produced items "glorifying Pétain, including more than 2,500 busts, a fact not mentioned in any of its business records."  The family's eldest son, Henry, was a regular at a popular Gestapo cafe, and "was one of the first Frenchmen to be decorated by the Nazi-backed government for his loyalty and his efforts for the regime." Christian Dior Although Christian Dior never professed Nazi sympathies, as an employee of Lucien LeLong during the occupation,  he dressed a a clientele of wives and mistresses of high-ranking Nazi officers. Although his niece, Françoise, was vocal about her Nazi views , his sister Catherine (the Miss Dior), was a member of the Resistance . Hugo Boss The German designer joined the Nazi party in 1931 (Hitler came to power in 1933) and created the uniforms worn by the Hitler Youth. The company also used forced labor from Nazi prisoners in its factories. In 2011, the company issued a formal apology about its activities during the Second World War.


What new country was led by David Ben-Gurion?

David Ben-Gurion | Jewish Virtual Library Tweet David Ben-Gurion was the first Prime Minister of Israel and widely hailed as the State's main founder. David Ben-Gurion was born in Plonsk, Poland in 1886 and educated in a Hebrew school established by his father, an                  ardent Zionist . By his mid-teens, Ben-Gurion                  led a Zionist youth group, "Ezra," whose members spoke                  only Hebrew among themselves. At the age of 18 he became a teacher in a Warsaw Jewish                  school and joined the Socialist-Zionist group "Poalei Zion" (Workers of Zion). Arriving in the Land of Israel in 1906, he became involved in the creation of the first agricultural workers' commune                  (which evolved into the Kvutzah and finally the Kibbutz ),                  and helped establish the Jewish self-defense group,  Hashomer  (The Watchman). Following the outbreak of World War I he was deported                  by the Ottoman authorities                  with Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (later,                  Israel's second President). Ben-Gurion traveled on behalf of the Socialist-Zionist                  cause to New York, where he met and married Paula Monbesz, a fellow                  Poalei Zion activist. He returned to Israel in the uniform of the Jewish                   Legion , created as a unit in the British Army by Zionist leader Vladimir Jabotinsky . Ben-Gurion was a founder of the trade unions, and,                  in particular, the national federation, the Histadrut ,                  which he dominated from the early 1920's. He also served as the Histadrut's                  representative in the World Zionist Organization and Jewish Agency, and was elected chairman of both organizations in                  1935. Having led the struggle to establish the State of Israel in May 1948, Ben-Gurion became Prime                  Minister and Defense Minister .                  As Premier, he oversaw the establishment of the state's institutions.                  He presided over various national projects aimed at the rapid development                  of the country and its population:  Operation                   Magic Carpet , the airlift of Jews from Arab countries, the                  construction of the national water carrier, rural development projects and the establishment of new towns                  and cities. In particular, he called for pioneering settlement in outlying                  areas, especially in the Negev . In late 1953, Ben-Gurion left the government and retired                  to Kibbutz Sde Boker in the Negev.                  He returned to political life, after the Knesset elections in 1955, assuming the post of Defense Minister and later the                  premiership. Continuing as Prime Minister, Ben-Gurion supported                  the establishment of relations with West                   Germany , despite bitter opposition. He also led the country during                  the 1956 Sinai campaign ,                  in which Israeli forces temporarily secured the Sinai peninsula. In June 1963 Ben-Gurion resigned as Prime Minister,                  citing personal reasons. Levi                   Eshkol took over the posts of Prime Minister and Defense Minister.                  But Ben-Gurion remained active politically, with a rivalry developing                  between him and Eshkol. In June 1965, the Mapai


At what university did J.R.R. Tolkien teach?

J.R.R. Tolkien Biography - Tolkien's life Tolkien Biography Philologist, author, mythmaker and creator of "Middle Earth" Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University, a brilliant philologist,     and a self-described "hobbit," J.R.R. Tolkien created two of     the best-loved stories of the 20th century, " The Hobbit " and " The Lord of the Rings ", recently made into a multiple award-winning     movie by the director Peter Jackson for New Line Cinema. Early Life John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on January 3, 1892, in Bloemfontein,     South Africa, to English parents. At the age of three his mother brought     him and his younger brother, Hilary, back to England. Tolkien's father died soon afterwards     in South Africa, so the family stayed in England and by the summer of 1896 his mother found them a home in the hamlet of Sarehole, just outside the city Birmingham. Tolkien's family lived in genteel poverty, eventually moving to Moseley a     suburb of Birmingham, just north west of Sarehole. When he was 12, Tolkien's     mother died, and he and his brother were made wards of a Catholic priest.     They lived with aunts and in boarding homes thereafter. The dichotomy     between Tolkien's happier days in the rural landscape of Sarehole and     his adolescent years in the industrial centre of Birmingham would be felt     strongly in his later works. Education The young Tolkien attended King Edward's School in Birmingham in the years     1910 and 1911, where he excelled in classical and modern languages. There     are six known contributions he made in the King Edward's School Chronicle.     In 1911 he went to Exeter College, Oxford, where he studied Classics,     Old English, Germanic languages, Welsh, and Finnish. He quickly demonstrated     an aptitude for philology and began to create his own languages. In 1913     Tolkien published his very first poem, called 'From the many-willow'd     margin of the immemorial Thames', in the Stapeldon Magazine of Exeter     college. The Great War By the time Tolkien had completed his degree at Oxford in 1915, World     War I had erupted across Europe. Tolkien enlisted and was commissioned     in the Lancashire Fusiliers, but he did not see active duty for months.     In this period he wrote the poem 'Gobin Feet' which got published in ' Oxford     Poetry 1915 '. When he learned that he would be shipped out in March     1916, he married his longtime friend Edith Bratt, the girl the poem     was written for. Tolkien was sent to the Western Front and fought in the Somme offensive.     Almost all of his closest friends were killed. After four months in and     out of the trenches, he contracted a typhus-like infection and was sent     back to England, where he served for the rest of the war. Academic Career Tolkien's first job was as a lexicographer on the New English Dictionary     (helping to draft the Oxford English Dictionary). Tolkien wrote 'A Middle     English Vocabulary', but it was not published until 1922, but after it     was published some copies were bound with 1st impressions of Sisam’s     book, 'Fourteenth Century Verse and Prose' which was published one year     before. During this time he began serious work on creating languages that     he imagined had been spoken by elves. The languages were based primarily     on Finnish and Welsh. He also began his "Lost Tales" a mythic     history of men, elves, and other creatures he created to provide context     for his "Elvish" languages. He made the first public presentation     of his tales when he read "The Fall of Gondolin" to an appreciative     audience at the Exeter College Essay Club. Tolkien then became a professor in English Language at the University     of Leeds, where he collaborated with E. V. Gordon on the famous edition     of 'Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'. Tolkien remained at Leeds until


"Who wrote the play ""Death of a Salesman""?"

SparkNotes: Death of a Salesman: Context Death of a Salesman Table of Contents Plot Overview Arthur Miller was born in New York City on October 17, 1915. His career as a playwright began while he was a student at the University of Michigan. Several of his early works won prizes, and during his senior year, the Federal Theatre Project in Detroit performed one of his works. He produced his first great success, All My Sons, in 1947. Two years later, Miller wrote Death of a Salesman, which won the Pulitzer Prize and transformed Miller into a national sensation. Many critics described Death of a Salesman as the first great American tragedy, and Miller gained eminence as a man who understood the deep essence of the United States. He published The Crucible in 1953, a searing indictment of the anti-Communist hysteria that pervaded 1950s America. He has won the New York Drama Critics Circle Award twice, and his Broken Glass (1993) won the Olivier Award for Best Play of the London Season. Death of a Salesman, Miller’s most famous work, addresses the painful conflicts within one family, but it also tackles larger issues regarding American national values. The play examines the cost of blind faith in the American Dream. In this respect, it offers a postwar American reading of personal tragedy in the tradition of Sophocles’ Oedipus Cycle. Miller charges America with selling a false myth constructed around a capitalist materialism nurtured by the postwar economy, a materialism that obscured the personal truth and moral vision of the original American Dream described by the country’s founders. A half century after it was written, Death of a Salesman remains a powerful drama. Its indictment of fundamental American values and the American Dream of material success may seem somewhat tame in today’s age of constant national and individual self-analysis and criticism, but its challenge was quite radical for its time. After World War II, the United States faced profound and irreconcilable domestic tensions and contradictions. Although the war had ostensibly engendered an unprecedented sense of American confidence, prosperity, and security, the United States became increasingly embroiled in a tense cold war with the Soviet Union. The propagation of myths of a peaceful, homogenous, and nauseatingly gleeful American golden age was tempered by constant anxiety about Communism, bitter racial conflict, and largely ignored economic and social stratification. Many Americans could not subscribe to the degree of social conformity and the ideological and cultural orthodoxy that a prosperous, booming, conservative suburban middle-class championed. Uneasy with this American milieu of denial and discord, a new generation of artists and writers influenced by existentialist philosophy and the hypocritical postwar condition took up arms in a battle for self-realization and expression of personal meaning. Such discontented individuals railed against capitalist success as the basis of social approval, disturbed that so many American families centered their lives around material possessions (cars, appliances, and especially the just-introduced television)—often in an attempt to keep up with their equally materialistic neighbors. The climate of the American art world had likewise long been stuck in its own rut of conformity, confusion, and disorder following the prewar climax of European Modernism and the wake of assorted -isms associated with modern art and literature. The notions of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung regarding the role of the human subconscious in defining and accepting human existence, coupled with the existentialist concern with the individual’s responsibility for understanding one’s existence on one’s own terms, captivated the imaginations of postwar artists and writers. Perhaps the most famous and widely read dramatic work associated with existentialist philosophy is Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot. Miller fashioned a particularly American version of the European existentialist stance, incorporating and playing off idealistic notions of succes


What name was given to Japanese suicide pilots?

Kamikaze Pilots Kamikaze Pilots Suicide warfare in World War 2, and its military and cultural rationale Japan's Kamikaze pilots and their suicide attacks on American warships in the last year of World War 2, remain one of the most terrorizing memories of this war. As I write this essay, three years after terrorist suicide pilots killed thousands in New York and Washington, and as suicide terrorists kill innocent civilians worldwide, it is important to note that history clearly shows, that those who turned to systematic use of suicide warfare, lost their war. In addition to the Japanese Kamikaze pilots air campaign, the essay also explores other suicide weapons and tactics in World War 2, and the military and cultural rationale of suicide warfare, in order to better understand this type of fanatic threat that the free world is facing once again. Kamikaze pilots - Japan's last weapon Kamikaze, which means "Divine Wind" in Japanese, was Japan's last attempt to balance the ever increasing technological and material advantage of the American forces advancing to Japan. The Kamikaze attack tactic was suggested on October 19, 1944, by vice-Admiral Onishi of the Japanese Navy, when he was assigned to command the air attacks against the huge American invasion fleet off the Philippines, and then realized that he had less than 100 operational aircraft for this task. There was no way to sink or even severely damage the American fleet in any conventional tactic, so the Admiral needed a force multiplier, a way to get a significantly greater striking power from a given force. The solution was obvious. Guided weapons provide dramatically greater accuracy and lethality than unguided weapons, producing much greater damage per weapon unit and per sortie. Such weapons already existed and were operational for over a year then, but not in Japan. The German Air Force successfully used large radio-guided Fritz-X bombs against battleships and cruisers since September 1943, but Japan had no such weapon, and therefore Admiral Onishi suggested that volunteer pilots will guide their bomb-carrying aircraft all the way to an explosive suicide collision with their American warship targets, acting as a living guidance system, literally becoming "smart bombs". The new tactic was adopted immediately. Large numbers of pilots, initially qualified and experienced pilots and later air cadets with minimal training who were asked to volunteer, were assigned to "Special Attack" air wings, the official name of the Kamikaze units. Their goal and motto was "One man - one ship". To increase the Kamikaze pilots chance of successful penetration of the American Navy's dense perimeter defense of fighters and anti-aircraft ships, and reach the main ships in the center, most desirably the aircraft carriers, the Japanese concentrated most of the Kamikaze pilots attacks during the battle of Okinawa in ten large attack waves of mixed Kamikaze and conventional attack aircraft, in an attempt to saturate the American defenses. These large attack waves, nicknamed Kikosui (floating Chrysanthemum), were also coordinated with the Japanese naval and ground operations of the battle of Okinawa, the war's last great battle. In the first of these Kamikaze attack waves, 355 Kamikaze pilots attacked the American fleet off Okinawa, together with 341 conventional attack aircraft, and in coordination with a naval attack which included the super-battleship Yamato. The result of this massive air strike was six sunk ships and ten severely damaged. When Japan ran out of ordinary combat aircraft for Kamikaze attacks, slow trainer aircraft were also used. Another aircraft used was the Okha (cherry blossom), Japan's latest new weapon. The Okha was specifically designed as a Kamikaze missile. It was a small rocket-powered aircraft with a large 1200kg warhead in the nose, that was carried by a bomber and dropped 20-30 miles from its target, where its Kamikaze pilot ignited the rockets and streaked to its target. In its final dive, the Okha reached a top speed of 576mph, much faster than any other


"What bebopping saxophonist was known as ""Bird""?"

Charlie Parker o Bebop o King of Alto Sax o Genius of - AFRCNA - 0639 Charlie parker o bebop o king of alto sax o genius of SCHOOL View Full Document Charlie Parker o Bebop o King of Alto Sax o Genius of history of Jazz o Was known as “Bird” or “Yardbird” o Had both a positive and negative influence on young musicians  Positive because he set music examples that were almost impossible to attain • Set a standard during the bebop era  Negative, use of narcotics was on of the most detrimental influences on young musicians in history of jazz o Alto saxophonist and composer o Had unusually high IQ o His photogenic memory, tonal memory, and keen sense of rhythm made Parker one of the most exceptional musicians the world has ever know o Improvised on the jazz classics o Collected royalties on his original melodies o Parker showed musicians how to be “hip”  To be “hip” a musician had to be able to improvise from the “chosen standards” • Vi Redd o Females in Jazz o Alto Sax o Hard Bop School • Gunther Schuller o Creator of the term Third Stream • Billy Strayhorn o Band leader & composer o Worked with Duke Ellington • Tommy Turnantine o Swing o Harp Bop o Trumpeter • Stanley Turrentine This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. This is the end of the preview. Sign up to                   access the rest of the document. TERM Characteristics Bebop caricature o Wore berets o More cultured than anything o Circul Characteristics


"What musical featured the songs ""Some Enchanted Evening"" and ""Bali Ha'i""?"

South Pacific: Bali Hai - 1949, Martin & Pinza - YouTube South Pacific: Bali Hai - 1949, Martin & Pinza Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Jun 10, 2010 From the original 1949 Broadway cast recording of "South Pacific." This production won the 1950 Pulitzer Prize for Drama; and won Tony Awards for Best Musical; Libretto; Best Original Score; Best Actor in a Musical (Ezio Pinza); Best Actress in a Musical (Mary Martin); Best Featured Actor in a Musical (Myron McCormick); Best Featured Actress in a Musical (Juanita Hall); Producer (Musical) (Hammerstein, Rodgers, Hayward, Logan); Best Director (Logan); and Best Scenic Design (Jo Mielziner). This track is from the LP pictured in the video above, Columbia Masterworks, serial number OS 2040. Category


To what island did Chiang Kai-shek flee?

BBC - History - Chiang Kai-shek z Chiang Kai-Shek, June 1946    © Chiang Kai-shek was a Chinese military and political leader who led the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) for five decades and was head of state of the Chinese Nationalist government between 1928 and 1949. Chiang Kai-shek (also known as Jiang Jieshi) was born on 31 October 1887 in Zhejiang, an eastern coastal province of China. His father was a merchant. At the age of 18 he went to military training college in Japan. He returned to China in 1911 to take part in the uprising that overthrew the Qing Dynasty and established a Chinese republic. Chiang became a member of the Chinese Nationalist Party (known as the Kuomintang or KMT), founded by Sun Yat-sen. Supported by Sun Yat-sen, Chiang was appointed commandant of the Whampoa Military Academy in Canton in 1924, where he built up the Nationalist army. After Sun's death in 1925, Chiang became leader of the KMT. He spearheaded the Northern Expedition which reunified most of China under a National Government based in Nanjing. In 1928, he led the suppression of the Chinese Communist Party. Chiang oversaw a modest programme of reform in China but the government's resources were focused on fighting internal opponents, including the Communists. From 1931, Chiang also had to contend with a Japanese invasion in Manchuria, in the north-east of China. In 1937, Japan launched a full-scale invasion of China. When the United States came into the war against Japan in 1941, China became one of the Allied Powers. As Chiang's position within China weakened, his status abroad grew and in November 1943 he travelled to Cairo to meet US President Franklin D Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. His wife, Soong Mei-ling, travelled with him and became famous in the west as Madame Chiang. In 1946, civil war broke out between the KMT and the Communists. In 1949, the Communists were victorious, establishing the People's Republic of China. Chiang and the remaining KMT forces fled to the island of Taiwan. There Chiang established a government in exile which he led for the next 25 years. This government continued to be recognised by many countries as the legitimate government of China, and Taiwan controlled China's seat in the United Nations until the end of Chiang's life. He died on 5 April 1975.