The men travelling as whose crew were the first known humans to reach and cross the Antarctic Circle in 1773?

Lonely Planet Travel Guides and Travel Information International Geophysical Year (IGY) The ancients Antarctica, unlike any other continent, was postulated to exist long before it was actually discovered. The ancient Greeks, beginning with Pythagoras in about 530 BC, believed the earth to be round. Aristotle supported and refined the idea, suggesting that the symmetry of a sphere demanded that the earth’s inhabited northern region should be balanced by an equally inhabited – or, at least, inhabitable – southern region. Without it, the top-heavy globe might tumble over. This idea of earthly balance gave rise to the name we give the southern continent today: Antarktos, or ‘opposite Arktos, ’ the constellation in the northern sky. In Egypt Ptolemy agreed that geographical equilibrium required an unknown southern continent, but he believed the unknown land would be populated and fertile. A map he drew c AD 150 showed a large continent linking Africa and Asia . Two factors conspired, however, against anyone going to look for this mysterious undiscovered continent. First, ancient thinkers as far back as Parmenides (460 BC) believed that between the earth’s two temperate regions would be found a zone of fire and perhaps even monsters. This may have been wisdom somehow gleaned from an early traveler who had experienced a tropical summer. This torrid zone was thought to be impassable and deadly. If mortal fear was not enough to dissuade would-be discoverers, perhaps eternal damnation did the trick, for the Catholic Church found the idea of a southern continent – with its own population, and thus its own separate relationship with God – unacceptable. The idea that the Creator could possibly have made two sets of humanity was deemed heretical, and the flat-earth theory was given full backing. Intrepid voyagers nevertheless pushed back the boundaries of their known worlds. As early as 700 BC, the Greek historian Herodotus records, a Phoenician fleet sailed from the Red Sea south along the African coast and around Cape Agulhas to the Strait of Gibraltar . This incredible voyage was not to be repeated for nearly 2000 years. In AD 650, according to Rarotongan legend, a Polynesian navigator named Ui-te-Rangiora sailed so far south that he reached a place where the sea was frozen. These voyages were neither repeated nor widely known, however, and it was not until late in the 15th century that further progress was made on answering the question of Antarctica. ^ Back to top The explorers The Portuguese made the first important penetrations south, beginning with a naval voyage in 1487–88 led by Bartholomeu Días de Novaes and João Infante, who sailed around the southern tip of Africa , Cape Agulhas, as far as present-day Mozambique . Their voyage opened the way for another naval expedition, led by Vasco da Gama in 1497, to discover the way around Africa to India . These expeditions proved that if there was a great southern continent, it was not attached to Africa . Likewise, Portuguese explorer Fernão de Magalhães (Ferdinand Magellan), leading the first circumnavigation of the globe from 1519 to 1522, discovered and named Tierra del Fuego (‘Land of Fire, ’ named not for the ancients’ torrid regions, but for the campfires built by the native Yámana people that had been spotted onshore). By sailing through the straits that now bear his name, Magellan proved the southern land was not connected to South America , either, although it remained possible that it was attached to Tierra del Fuego. What’s remarkable about these discoveries is that their makers were disproving rather than proving the existence of a great southern land. Antarctica was a mysterious place whose extent was originally imagined to be enormous: it was thought to cover the whole Southern Ocean and connect to the southern extremes of the known continents. Although each subsequent voyage of discovery pared off great sections of open ocean where Antarctica was obviously not located, few people seemed able to conceive that the continent might not exist at all; instead the belief pe


Which singer and songwriter of the 1970s and 1980s was the first to have three consecutive double albums hit #1 on the Billboard charts, and was the first female artist to have four number-one singles in a thirteen-month period?

Donna Summer - Music on Google Play Donna Summer About the artist LaDonna Adrian Gaines, known by her stage name Donna Summer, was an American singer, songwriter, painter, and actress. She gained prominence during the disco era of the late-1970s. A five-time Grammy Award winner, she was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach No. 1 on the United States Billboard 200 chart and charted four number-one singles in the U.S. within a 12-month period. Summer has reportedly sold over 140 million records, making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time. She also charted two number-one singles on the R&B charts in the U.S. and one number-one in the U.K. Summer earned a total of 32 hit singles on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart in her lifetime, with 14 of those reaching the top ten. She claimed a top 40 hit every year between 1975 and 1984, and from her first top ten hit in 1976, to the end of 1982, she had 12 top ten hits; more than any other act. She returned to the Hot 100's top five in 1983, and claimed her final top ten hit in 1989 with "This Time I Know It's for Real". Her most recent Hot 100 hit came in 1999 with "I Will Go With You".


What relish originating in the Far East, is prepared from sweet fruits, to which acidulous flavours, hot seasoning, peppers and spices are added?

Glossary : SBS Food (top) Acacia seed A small, oval, black variety of the wattle seed. It is roasted and milled to be used in a wide variety of foods including soups, meat rubs, ice-creams and baked goods. Acetic Acid An organic acid better known as vinegar. Acidulated Water Water to which an acid substance such as lemon juice or wine vinegar is added. Once peeled, vegetables such as celery and artichokes can be immersed in it to stop them from going brown. Agar-Agar Based on seaweed and used as a stabiliser or thickener in many food products, agar-agar is a vegetarian alternative to gelatine. It is sold in many of the large supermarkets in powder form, as flakes and as bars. Ajowan Also known as ajwain, ajowan caraway, carom seeds or mistakenly as bishop's weed, it is a plant of Indian and the Near East whose seeds are often used as a spice. It has an intense thyme-like flavour and a zesty kick. Ajvar A relish made from grilled red capsicum, eggplant, garlic and olive oil. Available in hot and mild variations, it is often served with grilled and roasted meat in Croatian cuisine. Akara Fritters made from black eyed-peas that are eaten as snacks either at home or as street food. Akudjura Also known as bush tomatoes or desert raisins, these tiny tomato-like berries are yellow when ripe but are mostly available commercially in dried form - whole or ground - as a brownish-red fruit with a taste similar to sun-dried tomatoes. Al Dente An Italian phrase used to describe the texture of pasta, rice and vegetables as tender or soft on the outside but still firm 'to the bite'. Albumen The white of an egg. Alicha A mild Ethiopian curry sauce featuring garlic and ginger, turmeric and pungent spices. Allspice The pea-sized berry of the evergreen Pimiento tree, native to the West Indies and South America. In Jamaica, it is also known as Jamaica pepper. Tastes like a combination of cinnamon, nutmeg and cloves and is used in both sweet and savoury dishes. Almonds The kernel of the fruit of the almond tree. There are two main types of almonds - sweet and bitter. The sweet almond is delicate and slightly sweet. Bitter almonds are more strongly flavoured and contain traces of lethal prussic acid when raw. Processed bitter almonds are used to flavour extracts and liqueurs. Amaranth Amaranth was a sacred food of the Aztecs. In Asia, varieties have been grown as a green vegetable since the beginning of time. It is a tall plant with broad leaves that produces many thousands of tiny seeds. Both leaves and seeds are edible. The greens have a good, slightly sweet flavour and can be used both cooked and raw. The seeds are used as a cereal or can be ground into flour. Amaranth seeds and flour can be found in health food, Caribbean and Asian shops. Amaretti Crisp, airy macaroon biscuits that are made with bitter-almond paste or apricot-kernel paste. Anaheim Chillies Mild, long green chillies named after the area near Los Angeles where they were once grown. Available canned (whole or chopped) or fresh. Mexican cooks also like to dice or purée them, and then add them to sauces, soups, and casseroles. Ancho Chillies Dried poblano peppers that are very commonly used in Mexican cuisine. They're brownish-black and wrinkled wrinkled and large and green when fresh. A mild, slightly sweet . Anchovy Sauce Anchovy Sauce (Mam nem) is widely used in Central and Southern Vietnamese food. It's a mixture of fermented salted anchovies and sold in a bottle as a condiment. It is very strong in taste and smell and is normally diluted when used to make the sauce of the same name. Angelica A biennial herb used mainly in dessert cooking. It is often used to add to fruit when cooking to reduce the need for sugar, such as in jams and preserves. Candied angelica is commonly used in cake and dessert decoration. It can also be steamed and eaten as a vegetable. Anise A small, annual plant that is a member of the parsley family. The leaves and seed have a distinctive, sweet liquorice flavour. The anise seed flavours a variety of confections, savoury dishes and drinks. Annatto A


In Britain, by an act of 1541 (repealed in 1845) artificers, labourers, apprentices and servants were forbidden to play which sport at any time except Christmas, and then only in their master's house and presence, or be fined 6s. 8d?

History of English Sports - An Englishman's Favourite bits of England An Englishman's Favourite bits of England History of British Sports Given To The Warld         Inventor of the Pea Whistle by Englishman Joseph Hudson ( 1848-1930 )       Jigsaw Puzzles – An English Iconic Game - 1776       Village of Wenlock, England – A Modern Olympic Games – 1850       Centuries of English Cricket History – 990AD       Twenty20 Cricket – It's Founding and History - 2003       History of Horse Racing – 12th. Century England       History of The Grand National – England 1839       The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race – It's Fun History       Commonwealth Games – The Friendly Games       Darts – British 16th Century History       World's First Football Chant – by Edward Elgar       English Football - It's History from 1280 AD       English Football Premier League – History       English Rugby – History       The Ryder Cup Golf Competition – History       English Field Hockey - 1363 AD History       Badminton and it's English History       Table Tennis and Its English History       The Sport 0f Squash - It's English Historical Beginnings       History of Cribbage – An English Iconic Game       History of English Lawn Bowls Inventor of the Pea Whistle by Englishman Joseph Hudson (1848-1930) As a fan of most sports I thought I would write about how the first referee's Pea Whistle was invented and by whom. Way back in the 1860s, Joseph Hudson, who was originally a Farm Worker from Derbyshire who moved to Birmingham during the Industrial Revolution. He later trained as a toolmaker and converted his humble wash room at St. Mark’s Square, Birmingham which he rented for 1s. 6d. (one shilling and six pence per week) into a workshop where he could supplement the family income by watch repairing and to cobbling shoes. Joseph Hudson was well known as an inventor in Birmingham, England during the late 19th century and the founder of J Hudson & Co. in 1870 later to become the world largest whistle manufacturer. He entered a competition held by the Metropolitan police force in London in 1883 to design a better way of attracting people's attention. He won a contract to supply the police with their new devices, a small but loud 'Whistle'. Prior to this time the police force had to rely on hand rattles and whistles were only thought of as musical instruments or toys, his whistle is still used by the force and many others world side. He later invented the first referee whistle for football matches, prior to this handkerchiefs were used at games. Hudson also invented the 'Acme Thunderer' (first ever pea whistle) which has been, and remains, the most used whistle in the world, from train guards to dog handlers, party goers to police officers. Joseph Hudson set up his whistle factory in Birmingham, England in 1870. Around 1878, his ACME Whistles were the first to replace the handkerchiefs and sticks of football referees. In 1883 the Home Secretary invited competition from companies to replace the hand rattle that the London Metropolitan Police of the time relied on. Joseph Hudson, basing a new whistle on the sound he had heard when a violin broke from a fall, was awarded the contract for over 7,000 whistles. During testing on Clapham Common, the sound of the whistle was heard over a mile away. In 1884, the company continued their whistle revolution, inventing the first reliable pea-whistle, the ACME Thunderer which is still the most popular whistle today and has sold in the hundreds of millions. Today Acme whistles are recognized as some of the finest whistles manufactured in the world today. Jigsaw Puzzles – An English Iconic Game - 1776 I thought as Jigsaw Puzzles was invented by us English I thought I would tell its history. The first jigsaw was made by John Spilsbury (an Englishman) in 1766 who was a renowned mapmaker and engraver from London who mounted a map of England on a thin sheet of mahogany board, used a hand held fretsaw to cut round the county boundaries and sold the boxed pieces for children to assemble. They were known as "Dissected maps". Th


With what art form is Frenchman Paul Czanne associated?

Paul Cézanne (1839–1906) | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art Works of Art (14) Essay One of the most influential artists in the history of twentieth-century painting, Paul Cézanne (1839–1906) has inspired generations of modern artists. Generally categorized as a Post-Impressionist , his unique method of building form with color and his analytical approach to nature influenced the art of Cubists , Fauvists , and successive generations of avant-garde artists. Beginning to paint in 1860 in his birthplace of Aix-en-Provence and subsequently studying in Paris, Cézanne’s early pictures of romantic and classical themes are imbued with dark colors and executed with an expressive brushwork in the tradition of Eugène Delacroix (1798–1863). Dramatic tonal contrasts and thick layers of pigment (often applied with a palette knife) exemplify the vigor in which Cézanne painted during the 1860s, especially apparent in the portrait series of his uncle Dominique Aubert, variously costumed as a lawyer, an artist, and a monk ( 53.140.1 ; 1993.400.1 ). This kind of costume piece is reminiscent of Édouard Manet’s Spanish paintings of the 1860s. While the three works that Cézanne exhibited in 1874 at the first Impressionist exhibition were not fully in line with the Impressionist technique of quickly placing appliqués of pigment on the canvas, he did eventually abandon his relatively dark palette in exchange for brilliant tones and began painting out-of-doors, encouraged by the Impressionist painter Camille Pissarro (1830–1903). His Bathers ( 1976.201.12 ) of 1874–75 demonstrates a developed style and tonal scale in one of his first paintings of this theme, which recurs in his oeuvre. The landscape of Bathers has the brilliance of plein-air painting, while the figures, drawn from the artist’s imagination (Cézanne rarely painted nudes from life), reconcile themselves within this setting. The complex process of drawing inspiration from these two sources, nature and memory, would occupy Cézanne in his later work. The Fisherman (Fantastic Scene) ( 2001.473 ), of about 1875, shares the same bright tones as Bathers, while its subject recalls the themes of fantasy familiar from the 1860s; it too could be the product of two polar sources. In his still-life paintings from the mid-1870s, Cézanne abandoned his thickly encrusted surfaces and began to address technical problems of form and color by experimenting with subtly gradated tonal variations, or “constructive brushstrokes,” to create dimension in his objects. Still Life with Jar, Cup, and Apples shows Cézanne’s rejection of the intense contrasts of light and shadow of his earlier years in exchange for a refined system of color scales placed next to one another. The light of Impressionism resonates in this work, but signs of a revised palette are especially apparent in his muted tones. Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses ( 51.112.1 ), a mature work from the early 1890s, reveals Cézanne’s artistic evolution and mastery of this style of building forms completely from color and creating scenes with distorted perspectival space. The objects in this painting, such as the fruit and tablecloth, are rendered without use of light or shadow, but through extremely subtle gradations of color. In such still lifes as Dish of Apples ( 1997.60.1 ) of about 1875–77, as in his landscapes, Cézanne ignores the laws of classical perspective, allowing each object to be independent within the space of a picture while the relationship of one object to another takes precedence over traditional single-point perspective. From 1882, Cézanne executed a substantial number of landscape pictures of his native Aix and of L’Estaque, a small fishing village near Marseille, in which he continues to concentrate on pictorial problems of creating depth. Here Cézanne used an organized system of layers to construct a series of horizontal planes, which build dimension and draw the viewer into the landscape. This technique is apparent in Mont Sainte-Victoire an


Which family includes Louis, a television journalist, his father Paul, a travel writer and novelist, his elder brother Marcel, a writer and television presenter and his cousin Justin, an American actor?

Louis Theroux News - Louis Theroux Net Worth Louis Theroux News Read more... Louis Theroux Louis Theroux Net Worth is $4 Million. Louis Theroux Nickname is Louis Sebastian Theroux. Louis Theroux is Presenter, Actor, Film Producer, Screenwriter, Television Producer, Broadcaster. Louis Theroux Height is 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m). Louis Theroux Ethnicity is Caucasian race. Louis... Louis Theroux Net Worth is $4 Million. Louis Theroux Net Worth is $4 Million. Louis Theroux Nickname is Louis Sebastian Theroux. Louis Theroux is Presenter, Actor, Film Producer, Screenwriter, Television Producer, Broadcaster. Louis Theroux Height is 6 ft 2 in . Louis Theroux Ethnicity is Caucasian race. Louis Theroux Nationality is United Kingdom. Louis Theroux Date of Birth is 1970-05-20. Louis Theroux Place of Birth is Singapore. Louis Sebastian Theroux is a British journalist and broadcaster. He is best known for his documentaries in the television series Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends and When Louis Met..., as well as his Louis Theroux's BBC Two specials. His career started in journalism and bears influences of notable writers in his family, such as his father Paul Theroux and brother Marcel Theroux. He currently works with the BBC, producing his documentaries and popular television series. Theroux is the youngest son of the American travel writer and novelist Paul Theroux . His mother, Anne Castle, was his father's first wife. His elder brother is the writer and television presenter Marcel Theroux. He is the cousin of American actor and screenwriter Justin Theroux. Born in Singapore, he moved to the UK when he was one and was brought up in London thereafter. He is an American citizen by desce...


What word is used to describe how to remove rubber from trees?

Rubber: A simple introduction - Explain that Stuff Tweet by Chris Woodford . Last updated: August 5, 2016. Think of rubber and you probably think of elastic bands, car tires, or pencil erasers. But this super-stretchy material actually finds its way into tens of thousands of different products—everything from rubber stamps and waterproof shoes to surfing wetsuits , swimming caps, and dishwasher hoses. Rubber, which has been commonly used for over 1000 years, once came entirely from natural sources; now rubber products are just as likely to be made artificially in chemical plants. That's largely because we can't produce enough natural rubber to meet all our needs. And that, in turn, is because rubber is so fantastically useful. Let's take a closer look at one of the world's most amazing materials! Photo: Half of the world's rubber is used to make vehicle tires—and at least half of them are wasted in landfills, burned in incinerators, or otherwise dumped. What is rubber? When people talk about "rubber", they don't usually specify what kind. There are many different kinds of rubber, but they all fall into two broad types: natural rubber (latex—grown from plants) and synthetic rubber (made artificially in a chemical plant or laboratory). Commercially, the most important synthetic rubbers are styrene butadiene (SBR), polyacrylics, and polyvinyl acetate (PVA); other kinds include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polychloroprene (better known as neoprene), and various types of polyurethane. Although natural rubber and synthetic rubbers are similar in some ways, they're made by entirely different processes and chemically quite different. Natural rubber Natural rubber is made from a runny, milky white liquid called latex that oozes from certain plants when you cut into them. (Common dandelions, for example, produce latex; if you snap off their stems, you can see the latex dripping out from them. In theory, there's no reason why we couldn't make rubber by growing dandelions, though we'd need an awful lot of them.) Although there are something like 200 plants in the world that produce latex, over 99 percent of the world's natural rubber is made from the latex that comes from a tree species called Hevea brasiliensis, widely known as the rubber tree. This latex is about one third water and one third rubber particles held in a form known as a colloidal suspension. Natural rubber is a polymer of isoprene (also known as 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) with the chemical formula (C5H8)n. To put it more simply, it's made of many thousands of basic C5H8 units (the monomer of isoprene) loosely joined to make long, tangled chains. These chains of molecules can be pulled apart and untangled fairly easily, but they spring straight back together if you release them—and that's what makes rubber elastic. Photo: Left: Rubber bands are a very familiar everyday use of latex rubber. Right: Guayule : one of many plants from which rubber can be made. Photo by Peggy Greb courtesy of US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service (USDA/ARS) . Synthetic rubbers Synthetic rubbers are made in chemical plants using petrochemicals as their starting point. One of the first (and still one of the best known) is neoprene (the brand name for polychloroprene), made by reacting together acetylene and hydrochloric acid. Emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber (E-SBR), another synthetic rubber, is widely used for making vehicle tires. For the rest of this article, we'll concentrate mostly on natural rubber. How is rubber made? It takes several quite distinct steps to make a product out of natural rubber. First, you have to gather your latex from the rubber trees using a traditional process called rubber tapping. That involves making a wide, V-shaped cut in the tree's bark. As the latex drips out, it's collected in a cup. The latex from many trees is then filtered, washed, and reacted with acid to make the particles of rubber coagulate (stick together). The rubber made this way is pressed into slabs or sheets and then dried, ready for the next stages of production. By itself, un


"According to the saying, what ""never boils""?"

'A watched pot never boils' - the meaning and origin of this phrase Famous Last Words Browse phrases beginning with: A watched pot never boils more like this... Time feels longer when you're waiting for something to happen. Origin 'A watched pot never boils' is one of the homely and improving proverbs that is ascribed to Poor Richard, which was the pseudonym that Benjamin Franklin used when publishing his widely popular annual almanac. Franklin, a tireless and industrious polymath, was fixated on such improving aphorisms and published numerous of them in the guise of Poor Richard between 1732 and 1758. The general theme of the proverbs can be summed up as 'Industry: good; sloth: bad'. They include: There are no gains without pains. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. Plough deep while sluggards sleep and you shall have corn to sell and to keep. Have you something to do tomorrow? Do it today. Amongst many other callings, Franklin was a noted diplomat and during his time as United States envoy to France he was directed by the King to write a report on Franz Mesmer's controversial theory of 'animal magnetism'. In the report, published in 1785, Franklin included this text: Finally another Breakfast is ordered. One Servant runs for fresh Water, another for Coals. The Bellows are plied with a will.   I was very Hungry; it was so late; "a watched pot is slow to boil," as Poor Richard says. Actually, Franklin ought to have written "as Poor Richard might have said", as the proverb isn't found in any of the Poor Richard almanacs. That's a moot point however, Franklin and Poor Richard being one and the same. Of course, Franklin was also a celebrated scientist and would have been aware that watching a pot has no effect on how long it takes to boil. Like many of the most effective proverbs, this one is poetic rather than literal.


What was the Japanese name for Manchuria after they occupied it in 1931?

Japan invades Manchuria 1931 - Inter-war Period: Causes of WWII Inter-war Period: Causes of WWII 9. Japan Invades Manchuria: A. During 1931 Japan had invaded Manchuria without declarations of war, breaching the rules of the League of Nations.  Japan had a highly developed industry, but the land was scarce of natural resources.  Japan turned to Manchuria for oil, rubber and lumber in order to make up for the lack of resources in Japan.  China's immediate responde was to plead to the League of Nations for them to help drive Japan out of China.  Since Japan was in a depression and the only means that the League of Nations could punish nations was by economic sanction, it had little effect on Japan.  Due to this event, the Abyssinian crisis had shattered the League of Nations credibility which then showed that the League of Nations had little power of the global community. B. The League of Nation appease to Japan in order to stop its invasion of Manchuria Expansionism: Manchuria have vast amount of raw materials and manpower, which increase industrialization of Japan. Confrontation: Japan’s invasion of Manchuria Japan renames Manchuria; 'Manchukuo' C. Having been barely affected by World War I, Japan was becoming increasingly crowded due to its limited size as a nation and its rapidly increasing population. Also Japan’s economy was seriously affected by the Great Depression which began in 1929, with the increase of foreign tariffs imposed on its exports of manufactured goods limited the capacity of Japan to pay for its food imports. Manchuria offered nearly 200,000 square kilometres which, could easily solve the over population problem. Japan also believed that Manchuria offered large amount of raw materials, such as minerals, forestry and rich agricultural land. With all the problems that Japan had experienced at home, Manchuria seems to be a great solution to it. After the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, the Japanese economic presence and political interest has expanded in Manchuria. With the result of Treaty of Portsmouth, Japan have part of the South Manchuria Railway branch. By 1931, Japan had invested large amount of money into the economy of Manchuria, controlling the South Manchuria Railway Company. Using the excuse of guarding all of its investments, Japan kept a large army in southern Manchuria. On the night of 18 September 1931, an explosion on a section of South Manchuria Railway, giving the Japanese army the excuse it needed to blame the local government, and toke control of the nearest Manchurian town of Shenyang. The league of China immediately requests the Japanese army to withdraw. The Japanese government in Tokyo agreed to this demand. However, the army did not listen and it launched a full scale invasion of Manchuria and by the end of 1931, it had occupied the whole province. China complained to the League of Nations, hoping the League would keep Japan out of Manchuria. The League accepted the request and demand Japan to withdraw their form Manchuria. After seeing the rich raw material and manpower Manchuria could provide, Japan refuse to withdraw form Manchuria. Therefore, Japan uses the mid warning as an excuse to leave the League of Nations. Since verbal warning did not work, the League setup the economic sanction hoping to convince Japan economically, however, due to the impact of Depression of economy nations that treaded with Japan did not want to risk of losing this trade. If a nation did give up trading with Japan, their place would quickly be taken by another country that is willing to start the trade. Therefore, the League could not enforce its authority and lost its most powerful member in the Far East and eventually Japan was to unite with the two other nations that broke League rules, Germany and Italy.  Copyright ©2009 by Ben Pi, Tony Fu, Amere Huang, Jeff Fong, Edwin Li, Irena Liu SS 20IB Create a free website


"Historically, ringing bells were the way of telling time on ships. ""8 bells"" was rung every how many hours?"

Tell Time Like A Sailor Tell Time Like A Sailor Shed your landlubber status now! After you read this page you'll be able to tell time like a   sailorï¿½The Muses guarantee it. On the right and left and below are two depictions of   the clipper ship Flying Cloud, proud representative of its new class of   high-speed sailing vessels when it was launched in 1851. On its maiden   voyage it broke the speed record for sailing from New York to San Francisco,   becoming world famous overnight. It made the journey in 89 days, cutting the   previous record in two. Time flew on the Flying Cloud. about announcing time onboard ship The sound you heard when this page opened is the ringing of a ship's bell.   It's   sounding eight bells. Peaceful, isn't it?...Or are the bells announcing fire or danger of another sort? Bells   were rung onboard ship for a number of reasons. Want to hear the bells again? The bell repeats once. Wait until the repeat finishes;    then play it again: click here . On this page, The Muses discuss how bells ring onboard ship when they   tell time. Time of day (local to a ship) is announced around the clock every day on   virtually all maritime vessels everywhere in the world. It's announced the   same way using the same system regardless of country, crew, cargo, or   registry. The method used for expressing announced time employs a bell. It's  universal. Anyone who   can hear the bell and who knows how to decipher the rings knows what time it   is. Read on as The Muses explain how you can   decipher nautical bell signals like a pro. A brief History of nautical bell ringing Announcing time with bells aboard ship is an ancient   tradition dating back to the 15th century. It was adopted by mariners   because knowing the time was important; it spread by   common, unwritten agreement. No standards body was necessary because, in   addition to their land of birth, all seamen share citizenship in a single   nationï¿½the sea. Even enemy sailors had   seamanship in common. In the early days, time was kept with an hourglass and the bells were   rung manually. Later, after the development of accurate ship's clocks in the   nineteenth century, chronometers were developed that would announce time by automatically ringing   bells. Technically, a chronometer is a timepiece or timing device with a special   mechanism for ensuring and adjusting its accuracy. Chronometers were   developed to determine longitude at sea and for any other purpose where   very exact measurement of time is required. Since the advent of   chronometers, the science of measuring time accurately has continued to   improve without letup; but the method for announcing time with bells has scarcely changed since its   inception. It's used today almost exactly as it was in the British   Navy of the 17th and 18th Centuries. How to tell time nautically Telling time with nautical bells is essentially a matter of deciphering   the code used to ring the bells. It's a procedure that's easy and simple.   Translating bell ringing into clock time is child's play once you know the   standard scheme for ringing the bells and you understand   the role of the watch in ship's life. the watch Onboard a ship, a watch is a period of time, usually four hours, during which    one part of a ship's crew is on duty. For obvious reasons, the officers and crew who tend to the working of a    ship for this four-hour period are also referred to as the watch. How    the watch worksï¿½A new watch comes on duty every four hours. Rotation relieves the old    watch from fatigue and keeps the new watch on its toes. This rotation pattern repeats throughout the    24-hour period that comprises a day. Since a watch lasts four hours, there    are six watches during the day and the day is broken into six equal parts.    Three watches or twelve hours pass during the morning hours, from midnight    to noon; three watches or twelve hours pass during the eve


Rickets is caused by a deficiency in which vitamin?

Rickets, Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets, Vitamin D Deficiency Important It is possible that the main title of the report Rickets, Vitamin D Deficiency is not the name you expected. Please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name(s) and disorder subdivision(s) covered by this report. Synonyms None General Discussion Vitamin-D deficiency rickets, a disorder that becomes apparent during infancy or childhood, is the result of insufficient amounts of vitamin D in the body. The vitamin deficiency may be caused by poor nutrition , a lack of exposure to the sun, or malabsorption syndromes in which the intestines do not adequately absorb nutrients from foods. Vitamin D is needed for the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the body, which, in turn affects how calcium is deposited in the bones; thus it is considered essential for proper bone development and growth. Major symptoms of vitamin D deficiency rickets include bone disease, restlessness, and slow growth. This disorder is rare in the United States but is not uncommon in certain areas of the world. Resources NIH/National Institute of Diabetes , Digestive & Kidney Diseases Office of Communications & Public Liaison Bldg 31, Rm 9A06 31 Center Drive, MSC 2560 Bethesda, MD 20892-2560 Internet: http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/GARD/ For a Complete Report This is an abstract of a report from the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD). A copy of the complete report can be downloaded free from the NORD website for registered users. The complete report contains additional information including symptoms, causes, affected population, related disorders, standard and investigational therapies (if available), and references from medical literature. For a full-text version of this topic, go to www.rarediseases.org and click on Rare Disease Database under "Rare Disease Information". The information provided in this report is not intended for diagnostic purposes. It is provided for informational purposes only. NORD recommends that affected individuals seek the advice or counsel of their own personal physicians. It is possible that the title of this topic is not the name you selected. Please check the Synonyms listing to find the alternate name(s) and Disorder Subdivision(s) covered by this report This disease entry is based upon medical information available through the date at the end of the topic. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder. For additional information and assistance about rare disorders, please contact the National Organization for Rare Disorders at P.O. Box 1968, Danbury, CT 06813-1968; phone (203) 744-0100; web site www.rarediseases.org or email orphan@rarediseases.org Last Updated: 4/25/2008


Who was elected president of the southern states of the USA when they seceded from the Union in 1861?

The South Secedes [ushistory.org] 32e. The South Secedes Crowds gathered in front of the Capitol building in Montgomery, Alabama, the day that the secession bill was passed. The force of events moved very quickly upon the election of Lincoln. South Carolina acted first, calling for a convention to secede from the Union. State by state, conventions were held, and the Confederacy was formed. Within three months of Lincoln's election, seven states had seceded from the Union. Just as Springfield, Illinois celebrated the election of its favorite son to the Presidency on November 7, so did Charleston, South Carolina, which did not cast a single vote for him. It knew that the election meant the formation of a new nation. The Charleston Mercury said, "The tea has been thrown overboard, the revolution of 1860 has been initiated." South Carolina Ordinance of Secession We, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained, That the ordinance adopted by us in convention on the twenty-third day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight, whereby the Constitution of the United States of America was ratified, and also all acts and parts of acts of the General Assembly of this State ratifying amendments of the said Constitution, are hereby repealed; and that the union now subsisting between South Carolina and other States, under the name of the "United States of America," is hereby dissolved. Done at Charleston the twentieth day of December, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty. This map shows the states that seceded from the Union before the fall of Fort Sumter, those that seceded afterwards, the slave states that did not secede, and the Union states. Within a few days, the two United States Senators from South Carolina submitted their resignations. On December 20, 1860, by a vote of 169-0, the South Carolina legislature enacted an "ordinance" that "the union now subsisting between South Carolina and other States, under the name of 'The United States of America,' is hereby dissolved." As Grist had hoped, South Carolina's action resulted in conventions in other southern states. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas all left the Union by February 1. On February 4, delegates from all these states except Texas met in Montgomery, Alabama, to create and staff a government called the Confederate States of America. They elected President Jefferson Davis. The gauntlet was thrown. How would the North respond? Senator Crittenden's two sons went on to serve as generals on opposite sides of the Civil War. A few last ditch efforts were made to end the crisis through Constitutional amendment . Senator James Henry Crittenden proposed to amend the Constitution to extend the old 36°30' line to the Pacific. All territory North of the line would be forever free, and all territory south of the line would receive federal protection for slavery. Republicans refused to support this measure. On March 2, 1861, two days before Lincoln's inauguration, the 36th Congress passed the Corwin Amendment and submitted it to the states for ratification as an amendment to the Constitution. Senator William H. Seward of New York introduced the amendment in the Senate and Representative Thomas Corwin of Ohio introduced it in the House of Representatives. The text of the proposed amendment is as follows: "No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which will authorize or give to Congress the power to abolish or interfere, within any State, with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of persons held to labor or service by the laws of said State." Note that, much like the rest of the language in the Constitution prior to the Civil War, the proposed amendment never uses the word "slavery," instead employing the euphemisms "domestic institutions" and "persons held to labor or service." The proposed amendment was designed to reassure the seceding slave states that the federal government would not interfere wi


Which team was the runner-up at the 3rd American Football World Cup in Kawasaki, Japan, in 2007? Which team was the runner-up at the 3rd American Football World Cup in Kawasaki, Japan, in 2007? 0 votes posted May 20, 2016 by Madhavi Latha Share this question   Your comment on this question: Email me at this address if a comment is added after mine:Email me if a comment is added after mine Privacy: Your email address will only be used for sending these notifications. Anti-spam verification: To avoid this verification in future, please log in or register . 1 Answer answer May 20, 2016 by Rupali Dadhe Your comment on this answer: Email me at this address if a comment is added after mine:Email me if a comment is added after mine Privacy: Your email address will only be used for sending these notifications. Anti-spam verification: To avoid this verification in future, please log in or register . Your answer Please be sure to answer the question, provide details and share your research. Avoid asking cross question, use comment button instead. Use ctrl+k to highlight, ctrl+b to make the text as bold. Preview Email me at this address if my answer is selected or commented on:Email me if my answer is selected or commented on Privacy: Your email address will only be used for sending these notifications. Anti-spam verification:


What is the name for a method of enamel decoration where the design is outlined with soldered metal fillets which are filled with enamel paste or powder, which is vitrified and ground smooth?

Full text of "Enamel, an historic survey to the present day" See other formats 5-^   ^ JNSTITUTION '^NOIinillSNlf NV(N0SHilWS^S3 I H Va B I A I B RAR r f<;^qm^^2?^«k.^ 2 OT ^.-r—^ z \ w ^"'''°«' '_i-rBRARIES SMITHSONAN INSTI'   5^S3 , ava a . VL I B R AR . ES^SMITHS0NIAN^INSTITUT(0N^N0,ini,ISNI-'NVIN0SHIfWS^S3 1^   t/7   m   a]   M   I .NSmUT.ON N0.ini.lSN,^MV.N0SHi,WS^S3,avaan;L,BRAR,ES>.THS0m^^^  S3 I ai^a n LI B R AR I ES^SMlTHS0NIAN_INSTITUTI0N>,ini,iSNI^NVIN0SHllWs"s3 I Ml ..NSTITUT.0N^N0IirUJISN.^NVIN0SHllWS^S3 . ^  3    W    S3iav^an^L.BRARlES^SMITHS0N.AN;,NSTITUT,0N>,iniIlSm-NVIN0SHims"s3^   o  S3 I a Va a n^L I B R AR , ES^ SMITHSONIAN^.NSTITUTrON^NO.inillSNl"NVINOSHlIWS^S3 l^    .NSmUT.ON N.0.ini.lSN.^NV.N0SHl.WS^S3 . a Va 3 H^L. B R AR I ES>.THSO^AN-,N§m;;    ■2t/J 2 ^ XiJillgiX 5 ^  S3 1 ava a n_ li b rar i Es^SMiTHsoNiAN_iNSTiTUTiON>o.iniiiSNi^NviNosHiiws"s3 1 av^      r  THS0NIAN~INSTITUTI0N'"N0liniliSNI~NVm0SHltWS"S3 lavyan^'BRARI ES SMITHSONIAI    NOSHiiws S3iavyan libraries Smithsonian institution NoiiniiiSNi_NviNOSHiiw   O  2  ITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOUniliSNI NVINOSHilWS SBiaVMOn LIBRARIES SMITHSONIA    NOSHiiws S3iyvaan libraries Smithsonian institution NoiiniiiSNi NViNosHim   THSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIiniliSNI NVINOSHIIWS S3iavaan libraries SMITHSONIA   N0SHilWS~S3 I MVa ailLIBRARI ES~SMITHSONIAN"lNSTITUTION " NOIiniliSNI~NVINOSHim _ _ _ ^ —   ITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIiniliSNI NVINOSHIIWS S3iavaan LI B RAR I ES SMITHSONIA    NOSHims ssiHvaan libraries Smithsonian institution NoiiniiisNi nvinoshii^   Z _l 2 -I ^  IITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIiniliSNI NVINOSHIIWS SBiaVaail LIBRARIES SMITHSONI/ r- 5^ I— 2 •" ^    INOSHIIWS S3 I ava a n"LI B RAR I Es'^SMITHSONlAN "institution ' NOIiniliSNI NVINOSHllt  M Z ,,. trt Z v^ W ^ -.   /UK 5000   ENAMEL  An Historic Survey to the Present Day   THE COOPER UNION MUSEUM FOR THE ARTS OF DECORATION   ACKNOWLEDGMENT  In assembling material for the exhibition, the Museum has received most helpful suggestions and information from the following, to whom are given most grateful thanks:  Kenneth Francis Bates Leopold Blumka Peggy De Salle Miss Helen S. Foote Leon Grinberg Miss Yvonne Hackenbroch Mathias Komor Mrs. Mary Lyon Augustus Peck Francis W. Robinson Walter Rozalski Laurence E. Schmeckebier Seymour Slive   The apparatus used for the technical demonstrations has been provided through the courtesy of the Brooklyn Museum Art School.   The flock paper used in the cases was specially made for this exhibition by Piazza Prints, Inc.   Copyright 1954 by The Cooper Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration   INTRODUCTION   w   IE HAVE FORGOTTEN HOW MUCH BY CHANCE, by mishaps and runs of luck man was first induced to profit by tfie accidents that have filled his life with marvels. But the goddess Fortuna, discredited now and doubtless fretful at neglect, once manipulated the affairs of man with whimsical tyranny. In ages less insolent than ours, when daily we rifle doom as if it were a penny bank, her escapades were solemnly pondered; her gifts, good or hateful, were received with deference. With the exercise of reason man has rejected the troubling hints that his exploits may have had their beginnings in something other than intelligence.  Can we say that the arch, the pulley, the lever and the wheel were "in- vented," that some haphazard event, delivering the example, did not precede their application? Two walls fell together and joined in a curve; a vine grew around a branch; a stick once trod upon moved a stone; the rolling circle of a log called up a premonition of machines. Man does absolve himself of vainglory to the extent that the fortuitous is gathered in, understood, and regulated; to the extent that — never forgetting humility — he modifies occa- sion by his will.  The means by which the goddess brings about invention are so slight, so easily concealed, that her reward must often consist only of ironical pride, not uncolored by envy. For f


Plato and Xenophon are the most famous pupils of which Greek philosopher?

Who Was Socrates? The   Life of Socrates Socrates, 469-399    B.C., Greek philosopher of Athens, is generally regarded as one of the wisest    people of all time. Socrates himself left no writings, and most of our knowledge    of him and his teachings comes from the dialogues of his most famous pupil, Plato (427-347 B.C.), and from the memoirs of Xenophon. Socrates is described    as having neglected his own affairs, instead spending his time discussing    virtue, justice, and piety wherever his fellow citizens congregated, seeking    wisdom about right conduct so that he might guide the moral and intellectual    improvement of Athens. Using a method now known as the Socratic dialogue,    or dialectic, he drew forth knowledge from his students by pursuing a series    of questions and examining the implications of their answers. Socrates equated virtue    with the knowledge of one's true self, holding that no one knowingly does    wrong. He looked upon the soul as the seat of both waking consciousness    and moral character, and held the universe to be purposively mind-ordered.    His criticism of the Sophists and of Athenian political and religious institutions    made him many enemies, and his position was burlesqued by Aristophanes. In 399 B.C. Socrates    was tried for corrupting the morals of Athenian youth and for religious    heresies; it is now believed that his arrest stemmed in particular from    his influence on Alcibiades and Critias, who had betrayed Athens. He was    convicted and, resisting all efforts to save his life, willingly drank    the cup of poison hemlock given him. The trial and death of Socrates    are described by Plato in the Apology, Crito, and Phaedo.


What island was occupied by Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Goths, Saracens, Normans, and the Angevin, Hapsburg and Bourbon dynasties until it became part of United Italy in 1861?

History of Sicily - Our Buemi Family Our Buemi Family    The Multicultural Legacy of Three Continents Perhaps we should begin with the most superficial stereotype of Sicilians as "dark-eyed Mediterraneans," a preconception belied by the 18 percent of Sicilians who have blue or green eyes, but genetic and cultural diversity far transcend such banal statistics. Genetic evidence reflects the fact that Sicily, with its numerous genetic haplogroups, was successively occupied or colonised by peoples from around Europe and the Mediterranean. Culture, of course, is far more than a question of genes. Visitors unacquainted with Sicilian history seem inclined to ask questions like: "Where are Sicily's Arabs?" or "What became of Sicily's Normans?" The most accurate answer is that we Sicilians are descended from these peoples and others. This is not to suggest that you'll encounter many Sicilians speaking Siculo-Arabic (similar to Maltese) or Norman-French, but the historical legacy is a very real one, while the genetic legacy of the Sicilians is nothing if not diverse. Peoples of Sicily Series Jews Evidence indicates an organised human presence in Sicily durng the Mesolithic Age (circa 10,000 BC). Drawings found in the Addaura Cavern, beneath the slopes of Mount Pellegrino near Palermo, have been dated to about 8000 BC and imply that the neolithic culture which eventually emerged was quite similar to those present in central and western Europe. The Sicanians are identified as the earliest "indigenous" Sicilian civilisation, possibly direct descendants of the earliest humans present here, followed by the Sicels and Elymians . We are uncertain whether the first people arrived in Sicily from the North or the South, but the Sicanian language probably was not Indo-European, while Elymian and Sicel were. The neolithic ancestors of the Sicanians, who we might call the "Proto-Sicanians," exported their earliest neolithic culture, constructing Malta's megalithic temples beginning around 3,800 BC. These structures are older than Stonehenge, the megaliths of northeastern France and the pyramids of Egypt. Long before the arrival of the Elymians and Sicels, the Myceneans and Minoans made contact with the native Sicanians, establishing trading centres at Thapsos, on the Ionian coast, and at several points in the Aeolian Islands and along the Tyrrhenian coast. Their cultural influence long outlived their presence, however, and centuries would pass before other "Greeks" would settle in Sicily permanently during the Bronze Age. The Temple of Diana at Cefalù is probably Sicanian in origin. The necropoli at Pantalica seem to reflect indigenous as well as Mycenean influences. By around 1100 BC, two populations arrived to inhabit certain parts of Sicily, in the process forcing the Sicanians into the territory formed by the mountains that bear their name today, with an important centre at Kamikos near present-day Sant'Angelo Muxaro. In the east, the Sicels (or Sikels) arrived from the Italian peninsula. Their language was probably Italic and one of their main centres was Palikoi near present-day Mineo. The Elymians arrived, probably via Africa, from Asia Minor (perhaps originating in Anatolia in what is now Turkey) and occupied parts of northwestern Sicily, including Egesta (Segesta), Eryx and Entella. It appears that the Elymians, despite their proximity to what (by 700 BC) was Punic Sicily, assimilated easily with the conquering Greeks, followed by the Sicels. The Sicanians eventually amalgamated with the Greeks, but theirs was a slower assimilation with a completely alien culture which initially disdained them. Having founded Carthage in North Africa, the Phoenicians began to colonize the northwest of Sicily around 800 BC, founding Mozia , Solunto and Palermo . About the same time, the Greeks arrived in eastern Sicily, establishing Naxos (near Taormina) followed by Catania and Messina. Though the three Sicilian civilizations were eventually amalgamated with Hellenic culture, the Greeks often found themselves in conflict with the Carthaginians - partly


Where was gold discovered by James Wilson Marshall on January 24, 1848, that led to the California Gold Rush (18481855)?

6/12/2006 • Personalities , Wild West If luck were a critical factor in the discovery of gold that initiated the California Gold Rush, probably the unluckiest man of that period was no other than the original discoverer himself, James Wilson Marshall. Few people know about Marshall’s ironically tragic life after he made his great discovery, from which he did not profit; he died with assets barely sufficient to cover his funeral expenses. Marshall’s gold discovery more than 150 years ago arguably began the modernization of California. The events that set the world in motion to the new El Dorado began almost by accident–John Sutter decided to build a sawmill in partnership with his employee, James Marshall, in 1847. Born on October 8, 1810, in New Jersey, where his great-grandfather had served as a signer of the Declaration of Independence, the young Marshall received an adequate education for that era. He also was taught his father’s trade as a carpenter and wheelwright. His early years were marked by conflicts with his stern Baptist father and rejection by two young women, each of whom he had hoped to marry. Marshall never did marry. Hoping to get on with his life under better circumstances, young James headed west, drifting into the Ohio Valley during the 1830s and for a while settling in Missouri. In 1844, he arrived in Oregon by wagon train. After spending a long, wet winter doing carpentry in Oregon’s Willamette Valley, Marshall soon wandered south to California where he worked for Sutter, making tools, furniture, spinning wheels, looms and virtually anything else that could be made from wood. In 1846, the restless Marshall joined the Bear Flag Rebellion and served under John C. Frémont as the Mexican War spread into California. In 1847, having been discharged, he returned to Sutter’s employ. Marshall convinced Sutter that a partnership in a sawmill in the Sierra Nevada foothills would be a profitable venture, and he set out to find a suitable location. On the south fork of the American River, 45 miles northeast of Sutter’s Fort, near a Maidu Indian village called Cullumah (Coloma), Marshall began construction. He enlisted the services of local Indians and Mormon veterans of the Mexican War to build the mill, which was nearly complete by late 1847. Each night Marshall directed the river’s flow through the millrace to allow erosion to deepen the channel and carry away the debris from the previous day’s work. On January 24, 1848, during his regular morning inspection, he made the discovery that would change the course of California and even American history. He spotted a gleam in the bottom of the ditch, scooped up a handful of gravel, examined it closely and concluded that he had found what appeared to be gold. Before taking samples to Sutter, who had financed the building of the mill, Marshall conducted crude tests to better determine the authenticity of his find by comparing flakes with a $5 gold piece and pounding a nugget on an anvil. He knew that real gold was soft and malleable and would not shatter like fool’s gold–iron pyrite or mica. Additional tests at Sutter’s Mill convinced the partners that Marshall indeed had found gold. They decided to keep the discovery as secret as possible. Surprisingly, their orders to remain silent generally were followed. For the time being at least, workers at the mill continued to perform their usual tasks, remained reasonably silent and prospected individually on their own time. Although most Californians who heard of the strike doubted its significance, by May 1848 word had reached San Francisco when a Mormon merchant, Sam Brannan, waved a quinine bottle filled with glittering dust at San Franciscans. ‘Gold,’ he shouted, ‘Gold, gold from the American River!’ Within days, half of the city’s population had departed, and within weeks, the news had spread as far south as distant, sleepy San Diego. During 1848, Marshall and Sutter tried in vain to claim ownership of the Coloma property and charge a commission for any gold found by other miners. Only a few of the most naive newcomer


Phobos and Deimos are the moons of which planet?

Mars' Moons: Facts About Phobos & Deimos Mars' Moons: Facts About Phobos & Deimos By Nola Taylor Redd, Space.com Contributor | June 27, 2016 06:00pm ET MORE Of the four rocky, terrestrial planets, only Mars has more than one moon. The two small bodies that orbit the red planet are both smaller than Earth's moon, and raise a number of questions about the formation of the early solar system. Identity crisis Phobos and Deimos bear more resemblance to asteroids than to Earth's moon. Both are tiny — the larger, Phobos, is only 14 miles across (22 kilometers), while the smaller, Deimos, is only 8 miles (13 km), making them some of the smallest moons in the solar system. Both are also made up of material that resembles Type I or II carbonaceous chondrites, the substance that makes up asteroids . With their elongated shapes, they even look more like asteroids than moons. Even from Mars , the moons don't look like moons. The more distant moon, Deimos, appears more like a star in the night sky. When it is full and shining at its brightest, it resembles Venus as seen on Earth. Phobos has the closest orbit to its primary of any moon in the solar system, but still only appears a third as wide as Earth's full moon . Phobos orbits only 3,700 miles (6,000 km) from the Martian ground. Its surface is marred by debris that may have come from impacts on Mars. It travels around the planet three times a day, zipping across the Martian sky approximately once every four hours. The fast-flying moon appears to travel from west to east. Deimos orbits much farther away, tending to stay 12,470 miles (20,069 km) from the red planet's surface. The moon takes about 30 hours, a little over a Martian day, to travel around its host. Lunar origins Because of their odd shapes and strange composition, scientists thought for a long time that both moons were born asteroids. Jupiter's gravity could have nudged them into orbit around Mars, allowing the red planet to capture them. But the orbits of the moons make such a birth appear unlikely. Both moons take stable, nearly circular paths around the red planet. Captured bodies tend to move more erratically. An atmosphere could have slowed the pair down and settled them into their present-day orbits, but the air on the Martian planet is thin and insufficient for such a task. It is possible that the moons formed like the planet, from debris left over from the creation of Mars. Gravity could have drawn the remaining rocks into the two oddly shaped bodies. Or, the moons could have spawned from a violent birth, much like Earth's moon . A collision, common in the early solar system, could have blown chunks of the red planet into space, and gravity may have pulled them together into the moons. Similarly, an early moon of Mars could have been impacted by a large object, leaving Phobos and Deimos as the only remaining bits. Discovery and death For years, scientists thought that Mars had no moon. Johannes Kepler suggested the possibility of two moons around the red planet, but only from a numerical standpoint; Earth had one moon and Jupiter, at the time, was known to have four , so the middle planet would likely have two. It wasn't until American astronomer Asaph Hall made a thorough study of the planet in 1877 that the tiny, closely orbiting bodies were found. Hall discovered Deimos on Aug. 12 and Phobos on Aug. 18. The two tiny bodies had been hidden in the glare from the planet. Hall named the two satellites for the sons of the Greek god of war, Ares (Mars to the Romans). The twin boys, Phobos (Fear) and Deimos (Dread or Panic), attended their father in battle. But the sons won't be in attendance around Mars forever. Phobos is slowly spiraling inward at a rate of 6 feet (1.8 meters) every century. Within 50 million years, the moon will either collide with Mars or become a ring of rubble around it; stretch marks on its surface are likely early signs that the moon is breaking apart , one 2015 study said, although others have postulated these marks are instead grooves from Mars ejecta . Deimos, on the other hand, is slowly


Who was president of the Fdration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), when, on 28 May 1928, the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship?

The FIFA Weekly Issue #28 by Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) - issuu issuu ISSUE 28, 2 MAY 2014 ENGLISH EDITION Fédération Internationale de Football Association – Since 1904 BRAZIL THE TRAUMA OF 1950 HODGSON A CLEAR VISION FOR ENGLAND BLATTER FAIR PLAY MEANS MORE GOALS The Uruguayans World Cup legend Alcides Ghiggia W W W.FIFA.COM/ THEWEEKLY 6 17 North and Central America 35 members www.concacaf.com U ruguay Ordinarily, countries with 3.3 million inhabitants play a minor role in world football, but Uruguay is no ordinary footballing nation. The two-time world champions have trained a succession of world-class players and defeated a string of world football’s strongest teams. 64 years after their World Cup triumph in Brazil in 1950, we search for the clues to their success. South America 10 members www.conmebol.com Mexico Wizards and witchcraft: We examine the influence of supernatural powers on fans and matches in Mexico's Primera Division. 23 S epp Blatter Despite several rule changes in the past 25 years, the number of goals per game is steadily declining. According to the FIFA President, “there is a magic formula for making football more spectacular, and it is both simple and complex: fair play.” 36 G unter Netzer The former midfield maestro does not understand the constant criticism levelled at international friendlies. “These meetings are vitally important for national sides, and it’s high time the clubs accepted that too.” 30 1950 World Cup Final The Jules Rimet Trophy was ready and waiting for Brazil when Uruguay’s Ghiggia scored to give his side a 2-1 win. World Cup 2014: Groups A-C The Uruguayan A 23-year-old Alcides Ghiggia poses in his football kit in an image captured by Bob Thomas in 1950. That same year, Ghiggia scored the legendary World Cup winning goal in the Final in Rio. 2 T H E F I FA W E E K LY 3 EVERY GASP EVERY SCREAM EVERY ROAR EVERY DIVE EVERY BALL E V E RY PAS S EVERY CHANCE EVERY STRIKE E V E R Y B E AU T I F U L D E TA I L SHALL BE SEEN SHALL BE HEARD S H A L L B E FE LT Feel the Beauty THE NEW 4K LED TV “SONY” and “make.believe” are trademarks of Sony Corporation. UNCOVERED T Andres Stapff / Reuters here are many reasons to visit Uruguay: the architecture, the climate and the people, to name just three. And then there are childhood dreams, which refuse to follow logic. Sven Goldmann, who penned our cover story on Uruguayan football, wrote in an email to the editorial team: “I fell in love with Uruguay when I was a boy. I thought the name of the place was fascinating and imagined all sorts of things about the place. Of course, I had to see it for myself later in life.” After several visits, the result is an in-depth report full of incredible images that asks the key question: How does a small country with just 200,000 footballers manage to play such a dominant role in world football? The main article ends with the tale of a young winger who sealed Uruguay’s second World Cup triumph with his goal in the 1950 Final. His name is Alcides Ghiggia and he features on the cover of this issue. 64 years after that goal, Ghiggia is the only surviving member of the team that lifted the 1950 World Cup in Brazil. He is now 87 years old. Our two-page history feature documents how his winning goal plunged an entire nation into a state of shock. After all, on 16 July 1950 the whole of Rio de Janeiro was ready to celebrate Brazil being crowned world champions, only for things to work out differently. I n contrast, Falko Gotz’s escape went exactly to plan. While in Belgrade for an away match in 1983, the former East Germany attacking midfielder decided never to return to his homeland. Climbing into a taxi marked a turning point in the life of the German, who later won the UEFA Cup with Leverkusen, and his story makes for a fascinating read. D isciplined team organisation and greater physical strength has reduced the number of goals scored in matches in recent years, but Sepp Blatter does not believe the rules should be changed as a result. “Instead, constructive play should be protecte


Which Welsh mountain system runs from the Black Mountains to Snowdon?

Mountains In Wales | Exploring Welsh Mountains | Visit Wales Elan Valley Reservoir, Powys, Mid Wales Cambrian Mountains is a name that’s sometimes used literally, to mean the rocky spine that reaches all the way from the craggy heights of Snowdonia to the softer peaks of the Brecon Beacons – in other words, all the mountains in Wales. But it’s also used more specifically to describe the Mid Wales uplands – the sparsely populated landscape from Plynlimon (752m) near Machynlleth to Mallaen (462m) near Llandovery.  The Cambrian Mountains  are separated from Snowdonia and the Black Mountain Range by the Dovey and Tywi valleys. They’re home to the sources of the Wye and the Severn, the peaceful Elan Valley reservoirs, and miles of wild scenery, home to owls and other birds of prey. Black Mountain Range, the Black Mountains, Fforest Fawr and the Brecon Beacons Best for: walking, cycle touring, mountain biking, horse riding, hang-gliding, canal boating, stargazing, caving, nature trails, ancient sites Llangorse Lake, Brecon Beacons No, the Black Mountain Range and the Black Mountains aren’t one and the same – but they’re both found within the grassy expanses of the Brecon Beacons National Park . The Black Mountain Range, sometimes just called Black Mountain, is to the west, north of Swansea. It’s one of Wales’ most wild and remote corners with impressive, glacier-carved escarpments and isolated lakes, several miles from the nearest road. Its highest peak is Fan Brycheiniog (802m). The Black Mountains are to the east, on the border with England. Abergavenny, Hay-on-Wye, Llangorse and the Monmouthshire and Brecon Canal stand at their feet and their highest point is the Waun Fach plateau (811m). Confusingly enough, this range is also home to a peak called Black Mountain. To the southwest is Fforest Fawr (Great Forest), an upland area of remarkable limestone cliffs and caves. It’s the only Geopark in Wales.


Susan Mayer, Lynette Scavo, Bree Van de Kamp, Gabrielle Solis, Edie Britt, Mary Alice Young, Betty Applewhite, Katherine Mayfair and Karen McCluskey have all lived in which street?

Katherine Mayfair | Wiksteria Lane | Fandom powered by Wikia (" Crime Doesn't Pay ") Katherine, Mike, and Dave plan on going on a camping trip but Katherine changes her mind because she has to do her taxes. Dave convinces Katherine to come because he made a huge impact on Mike's life and he wants to get to know her better. Katherine agrees to go. At the end of the episode, Katherine, Mike, and Dave leave for their camping trip. (" The Story of Lucy and Jessie ") Katherine, Mike, and Dave get to their c Katherine and Mike hide from Dave's gunshots abin unaware that Dave plans to shoot Katherine to make Mike suffer. When Katherine and Mike go for a hike, Dave hides in the bushes ready to shoot Katherine. Edie calls Dave which interrupts him and he shoots a tree instead. Katherine was not killed. But that night, Edie Williams would be. (" Marry Me a Little ") Jackson thinks Mike was the one who had him deported. Katherine tells Susan it couldn't have been Mike because Katherine never told him that the wedding was a sham. Katherine tells Susan she sent the message. Susan is furious and is ready to tell Mike. Katherine begs Susan not to tell because she knows she can make Mike happy but first Mike has to move on from his ex-wife. Susan agrees which makes Katherine more happy. Susan later asks Mike if he loves Katherine and he says yes. Susan says that is all she needed to hear. Katherine and Mi Katherine and Mike waiting to go on their honeymoon ke decide to go and elope in Las Vagas. Katherine and Mike leav Katherine is left alone by Mike e for their quick wedding in Vagas. At the airport, Mike watches the tape that Dave gave Mike. Katherine went to get cappachinos for her and Mike. Mike leaves the airport to save his son and ex-wife. Katherine returns but thinks Mike got cold feet. Katherine starts crying because she is alone on her wedding day. Two months later, it shows Mike marrying an unidentified bride. It could be Katherine or Susan. Mary Alice Young It is revealed that Mike's mystery bride was Susan and not Katherine. Eight weeks before the wedding, Mike ends his relationship with Katherine. Katherine acts as if she is okay but she is furious with Susan. Katherine starts to put all her attention into her work which is revealed when she shows up at Angie Bolen 's house to tell Bree Hodge she just finished planning a barmitzfah that was three months away. Lynette Scavo and Gabrielle Solis get worried about Katherine. Katherine notices Susan who hides behind Lynette. Angie notices the way Susan and Katherine act to one another and is feeling awkward. When Susan's wedding dress arrives and Susan isn't home to sign for it. Katherine signs for it. Susan goes to Katherine's house to retrieve her dress only to find Katherine wearing it. Susan is worried Katherine will ruin her dress. Katherine goes to check on her tomato sauce which is bubbling and scares Susan. Katherine finally gives Susan her dress back. At Susan's wedding while she is in her dressing room, Katherine shows up and demands Susan apoligize to her in her wedding vows. Susan refuses but Katherine threatens to make a scene. Susan locks Katherine in a closet and gets married right before Katherine escapes. Katherine barges in as Mike Bree stops Katherine. " The God-Why-Don't-You-Love-Me Blues " s Bree that it's a lie. Later on at a wedding, Katherine tells Bree she's sorry. Bree and Katherine hug but Katherine see's the wedding cake which is the same one Katherine made for her and Mike's wedding. Katherine tries to destroy the cake but Bree stops her. The next morning Katherine shows up for work. Bree is furious with Katherine and tells her she needs to get help. Bree fires Katherine. Katherine retaliates by scratching Bree's car with her keys to Bree's test kitchen. Katherine and Bree end their friendship and Katherine leaves Bree's house. While choosing people for neighborhood watch, Katherine wants to work with Mike but Susan doesn't choose Wisteria Lane residents her. Katherine starts snooping around Susan's house and Julie gets scared. Julie has Angie Bolen


Crampons: How to Choose - REI Expert Advice Learn at REI  >  Expert Advice  >  Crampons: How to Choose Crampons: How to Choose Crampons are a necessity to securely travel on snow and ice. With them, you can cross glaciers, ascend snow slopes, climb frozen waterfalls and scale ice-smeared rock. Because most alpinists and ice climbers today wear leather or synthetic-leather boots (instead of plastic mountaineering boots), semi-rigid construction with horizontal frames are the rule. And, thanks to modern design and manufacturing technique, crampons have become lighter and better fitting. The Right Crampons for You Crampons are becoming more specialized by activity. Super-lightweight traction devices are made for everyday winter walking. More traditional crampons handle snow and glacier travel, technical hiking (when you bring along an ice axe) and mountaineering. Crampons designed for frozen waterfalls or mixed ice/rock routes are now increasingly technical. Use this chart to help match the crampon to your activity. Activity Flexible construction (i.e., spring center bars) Strap-on Waterfall ice and mixed climbing Steel Shop REI's selection of crampons . Crampon Frames Frame Materials Steel crampons are best for general mountaineering. Their durability makes them essential for technical, steep and icy terrain. Stainless-steel crampons offer corrosion resistance as well as the other benefits of steel crampons. Aluminum crampons can be ideal for approaches and ski mountaineering. Their lower weight makes them better on alpine climbs, but they will wear out significantly faster than steel if used on rocky terrain. Frame Alignment It used to be that you'd buy crampons with a vertically oriented frame to use with double plastic boots. However, since climbers have generally moved from plastic boots to insulated leather boots, crampons aren't required to be as rigid. Horizontally oriented frames are now the rule. Horizontal frames flex for walking and, because the steel or aluminum lays flat, your feet are closer to the ground than with vertical frames so you enjoy greater stability. The flat bars also repel snow efficiently. Weight Aluminum crampons are the lightest, but as you save weight you generally decrease durability and strength. For non-technical climbing, aluminum is a good choice—just avoid mixed rock-and-snow climbing in aluminum crampons. Construction While hinged and rigid crampons are still available, the vast majority in use today are considered semi-rigid. A semi-rigid design offers the advantage of good performance in the broadest of conditions. It provides sufficient flex for winter walking yet is rigid enough for moderate ice climbing. For example, I have used semi-rigid crampons to climb Telluride's Bridal Veil Falls since I needed something that could perform on the approach as well as on the technical climb. On some models, an adjustment can be made to the linking bar (the bar between the toe and heel piece) that changes the crampon from a semi-rigid to a flexible mode—making it more comfortable for hiking and less likely to ball up with snow. Semi-rigid crampons are easier to adjust than the old rigid designs and fit a greater variety of boot shapes. If you have a highly curved boot, you can get an asymmetrical center bar as an accessory to get a better fit. Or you can try a longer or flex (spring steel) center bar depending on the size and type of your boot. Note: There are left and right crampons in a semi-rigid design. This is determined by the orientation of the center bar. Types of Bindings Crampons attach to most boots using one of the 3 binding types described below. If you wear overboots (for high-altitude or very cold conditions), make sure you try on crampons with these boots in place, as their extra rubber and fabric can affect crampon fit. Some manufacturers also make bail wires compatible with telemark boots. Hybrid Sometimes called mixed or semi-step crampons, hybrids feature a heel lever and toe strap. They require boots with a stiff sole plus a heel groove or welt to hold the heel lever. The


Who was the Philistine warrior, famous for his battle with David, the future king of Israel, as described in the Hebrew Bible/Christian Old Testament and, more briefly, in the Quran?

1000+ images about David vs Goliath on Pinterest | Old testament, The throne and Awesome David And Goliath - this is similar to the conflict with Kira and Vandara, where Kira stands up to Vandara despite Vandara being older and more powerful. See More


What was the name of the representative body in pre-revolutionary Russia that was revived in 1905?

1905 Russian Revolution INTRODUCTION Up to the end of the 19th century,  Russia was an autocratic country. It was ruled by an autocratic Czar. He ruled  as he liked. His will was the sole source of law, of taxation and justice. He  controlled the army and all the officials. Through his special position on the  Holy Synod, he controlled even religious affairs. His autocratic rule was  supported by the privileged nobles, who possessed land and serfs, and held all  the chief offices in the Czar's administration. The mass of people were serfs. Serfs  were 'slaves'. They worked on the estates of the nobles. They could be punished  in any form by the nobles. They could even be sold as chattels by the nobles.  Besides the serfs, there was a very small middle class in the towns. They were  discontented with the backwardness of Russia. The main theme of the Russian  history in the 19th century is that the non-noble classes asked for an  improvement in their wretched and poor conditions of life. When the Czarist  government failed to do so, they revolted for the first time in 1905 and then  for the second time in 1917, by which Czardom was finally  overthrown. The causes of the 1905 Revolution  went far back into Russian history. It was the product of more than a century of  discontent and the discontent grew more rapidly after  1861. A. THE REIGN OF CZAR ALEXANDER II (  1855-1881 ) AND WIDESPREAD DISCONTENT AMONG THE  RUSSIANS Czar Alexander II began his reign in  1855 when Russia was defeated by Britain, France and Piedmont in the Crimean  War. He thought that the chief reason for Russian defeat was her backward  economic and social system -- most of the labour force were serfs who were  ignorant and superstitious. In order to strengthen the dynasty, he decided to  carry out a number of reforms to modernize the archaic institutions of  Russia. ( 1 ) The Reforms of Alexander  II (i) Emancipation of the serfs  (1861): According to the Emancipation Edict  of March 3,1861, the serfs were not only freed but granted a certain portion of  the noble's estates. The nobles who lost their estates were to be compensated by  the government. To the government, the peasants were to pay an annual sum for 49  years, at the end of which time the land was to be their property. In the  meantime, the land was not the private property of the peasants, but was to be  kept by the village communities. The village communities would allot a share of  the village land to each peasant; in return, each peasant was compelled to repay  the annual sum to the government. These arrangements proved very  unsatisfactory to the peasants. Firstly, their share of the village land was  often insufficient to keep them above the level of grinding poverty. (It has  been estimated that only 1/3 of the total area of agricultural land was given to  the village communities; while more than 1/3 was kept by the state and the  Imperial family, and ¼ was till kept by the nobles.) Secondly, their annual sums  to the government were often heavier than the dues (or rents) they had formerly  paid to the nobles. Thirdly, the land of the village communities was often  infertile because the nobles were allowed to give up the poorest parts of their  estates to the peasants and kept the best parts for themselves. Fourthly, the  village communities kept the village land as collective property. As the  population of the village continued to increase, at each re-allotment of land  the share of land granted to each peasant would become smaller and smaller.  After the emancipation, peasant discontent increased and peasant riots continued  up to 1917. (ii) The creation of the Zemstva  (1864) and the Town Councils (1870): Before the reform, the  administration of countryside was dominated by the nobles. The reform of 1864  created district and provincial assemblies (zemstva). The members of the  district assemblies were elected by the inhabitants of each rural district,  peasants and nobles alike. Members of the district assemblies then elec


What is the name for the position in the orbit of a heavenly body when it is nearest the sun?

Planets dictionary definition | Planets defined See also astrology ; astronomy ; cosmology ; earth ; mars ; moon . aphelion the point in the orbit of a heavenly body where it is farthest from the sun. See also perihelion. apocynthion apolune. apogee the farthest point in an orbit from the body being orbited. apolune the farthest point from the moon in a lunar orbit, as that of a spacecraft. Also called apocynthion. areography the study of the physical features of the planet Mars. celidography Archaic. a description of the surface markings of the sun or a planet. —celidographer, n. exobiology the branch of biology that studies life beyond the earth’s atmosphere, as on other planets. —exobiologist, n. meridian the highest point a planet or other orbiting heavenly body reaches in its orbit. —meridian, meridional, adj. occultation the process of one heavenly body disappearing behind another as viewed by an observer. pericynthion perilune. perigee the closest point in an orbit to the body being orbited. perihelion the point in the orbit of a heavenly body where it is nearest the sun. Also called perihelium. See also aphelion. perihelium perihelion. perilune the closest point to the moon in a lunar orbit, as that of a spacecraft. Also called pericynthion. planetarium 1. a representation of the planetary system, particularly one in which the movements of the planets are simulated by projectors. 2. a room or building housing such an apparatus. planetoid Astronomy. any of thousands of small celestial bodies that revolve about the sun in orbits chiefly between those of Mars and Jupiter ranging in diameter from one mile to 480 miles. Also called asteroids, minor planets. —planetoidal, adj. zenography the study and description of Jupiter. —zenographical, adj. planets »  more... They'd trained together on one of the Council's neutral planets and ended up rivals in everything. I didn't believe the planets died without the dhjan and his lifemate until I saw what happened to Anshan. The Council disallowed lasers or other advanced weapons, instead opting for the traditional weapons of their ancestors, and the only weapons some planets with their crude civilizations in the nearby galaxies used. The Brains set up the Planetary Council-- the alien version of the United Nations-- several generations before to mediate between the warring planets within the Five Galaxies. When he's running around destroying planets, I cannot help him.


Which British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team won four drivers' and two constructors' world championships in its 30-year Formula One history?

Brabham - definition - What is ? What is ? Brabham definition : Brabham Motor Racing Developments Ltd., commonly known as Brabham , was a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four Drivers' and two Constructors' World Championships in its 30-year Formula One history. Jack Brabham's 1966 Drivers' Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the driver's own name. In the 1960s, Brabham was the world's largest manufacturer of open wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams, and had built more than 500 cars by 1970. During this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three. Brabham cars also competed in the Indianapolis 500 and in Formula 5000 racing. In the 1970s and 1980s, Brabham introduced innovations such as the Gordon Murray designed "fan car"—which won its only race before being withdrawn—in-race refuelling, carbon brakes, and hydropneumatic suspension. The team won two more Formula One Drivers' Championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet. He won his first championship in in the Ground effects BT49-Ford, and became the first to win a Drivers' Championship with a turbocharged car in . In 1983 the Brabham BT52, driven by Piquet and Italian Riccardo Patrese, was powered by the BMW M12 Straight-4 engine, and powered Brabham to four of the team's 35 Grand Prix victories. British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s, and later became responsible for administering the commercial aspects of Formula One. Ecclestone sold the team in 1988. Its last owner was the Middlebridge Group, a Japanese engineering firm. Midway through the 1992 season, the team collapsed financially as Middlebridge was unable to make repayments against loans provided by Landhurst Leasing. The case was investigated by the United Kingdom Serious Fraud Office. In 2009, an unsuccessful attempt was made by a German organisation to enter the 2010 Formula One season using the Brabham name. ==Origins== The Brabham team was founded by Jack Brabham and Ron Tauranac, who met in 1951 while both were successfully building and racing cars in their native Australia. Brabham was the more successful driver and went to the United Kingdom in 1955 to further his racing career. There he started driving for the Cooper Car Company works team and by 1958 had progressed with them to Formula One, the highest category of open wheel racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motor sport's world governing body. In 1959 and 1960, Brabham won the Formula One World Drivers' Championship in Cooper's revolutionary mid-engined cars. Despite their innovation of putting the engine behind the driver, the Coopers and their Chief Designer Owen Maddock were generally resistant to developing their cars. Brabham pushed for further advances, and played a significant role in developing Cooper's highly successful 1960 T53 "lowline" car, with input from his friend Tauranac. Brabham was confident he could do better than Cooper, and in late 1959 he asked Tauranac to come to the UK and work with him, initially producing upgrade kits for Sunbeam Rapier and Triumph Herald road cars at his car dealership, Jack Brabham Motors, but with the long-term aim of designing racing cars. Brabham describes Tauranac as "absolutely the only bloke I'd have gone into partnership with". Later, Brabham offered a Coventry-Climax FWE-engined version of the Herald, with and uprated suspension to match the extra power. To meet that aim, Brabham and Tauranac set up Motor Racing Developments Ltd. (MRD), deliberately avoiding the use of either man's name. The new company would compete with Cooper in the market for customer racing cars; as Brabham was still employed by Cooper, Tauranac produced the first MRD car, for the entry level Formula Junior class, in secrecy. Unveiled in the summer of 1961, the "MRD" was soon renamed. Motoring journalist Jabby Crombac pointed out that


In which country, which was neutral in World War II, was there a revolution which deposed the monarchy in 1910, then a military coup d'tat in 1926, followed by a right-wing dictatorship?

Portugal - Countries of the world Countries of the world 10,781,459 (July 2012 est.) Portugal i/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]; officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country located in Southwestern Europe , on the Iberian Peninsula. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are Portuguese territory as well. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.[8] The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation-state.[9] In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery, Portugal expanded western influence and established the first global empire,[10] becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers. In addition, the Portuguese Empire was the longest-lived of the modern European colonial empires, spanning almost 600 years, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999 or the grant of sovereignty to East Timor in 2002. The empire spread throughout a vast number of territories that are now part of 53 different sovereign states. However, the country's international status was greatly reduced during the 19th century, especially following the Independence of Brazil , its largest colony. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established being then superseded by the "Estado Novo" authoritarian regime. Democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. As of 2011, the population of Portugal was 10,561,614, of which 547,631 live in Lisbon , the country's capital and largest city, located in the South, and 237,584 in Porto, also known as Oporto, that is the second-largest city, located in the North. The country is a democratic republic with a president (currently Aníbal Cavaco Silva ) and prime minister (currently Pedro Passos Coelho ). Since the 1990s, Portugal's economic development model has been slowly changing from one based on public consumption to one focused on exports, private investment, and development of the high-tech sector. The Portuguese currency is the euro (€) and the country's economy is in the Eurozone. Portugal is a developed country with a very high Human Development Index, the world's 19th-highest quality-of-life as of 2005, and a strong healthcare system. It is one of the world's most globalized and peaceful nations:[11] a member of the European Union and the United Nations, and a founding member of the Latin Union, the Organization of Ibero-American States, OECD, NATO, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, the Eurozone and the Schengen Agreement. History Early history The Roman Temple of Évora, Alentejo. The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula. The name of Portugal derives from the Roman name Portus Cale. The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes, visited by Phoenicians and Carthaginians, incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania and part of Gallaecia (both part of Hispania), after 45 BC until 298 AD, settled again by Suebi, Buri, and Visigoths, and conquered by Moors. Other minor influences include some 5th century vestiges of Alan settlement, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra and even Lisbon .[12] Muslim Iberia The rebuilt Moorish Castle, in Sintra. Portugal was part of the Arab-Muslim world for slightly under five and a half centuries following the Umayyad Caliphate


Who, we are led to believe, is Dr. Gregory Houses only true friend?

Dr. Gregory House (Character) - Quotes Dr. Gregory House (Character) from "House M.D." (2004) The content of this page was created by users. It has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff. Dr. Gregory House :  This is my office, I'm talking, there are people here who work for me, but not listening. Explain this to me. Dr. Gregory House :  If I'm in a buttload of pain, I need a buttload of pills. Dr. Gregory House :  What the hell does "reasonable" mean? [Alice's heart rate and blood pressure go up and her monitor beeps] Dr. Lisa Cuddy :  Keep it quiet. Her BP reacts to stress and yelling is not go... Dr. Gregory House :  You think that I'm not in pain, then don't give me anything. Keep me away from the aspirin. If I'm in a buttload of pain, I need a buttload of pills. Dr. Lisa Cuddy :  Fine, you need more pills! You're not getting them. You can have the aspirin you want. [House walks out of the room] Dr. Eric Foreman :  I say we draw straws. Loser drives out to Trenton, scores him an 8-ball. Dr. Gregory House :  Where's my prescription? Dr. Lisa Cuddy :  No more free-flowing prescriptions. Princeton PD has already forced Wilson to shut down. Dr. Gregory House :  A cop says, "Boo," Wilson shuts down. Dr. Lisa Cuddy :  Every doctor in this place is afraid to make a move without covering his ass. Dr. Gregory House :  You think maybe you're shouting at the wrong person? Tritter's obviously out to get me. He doesn't care... Dr. Lisa Cuddy :  Your pain has become my pain. From now on, you get reasonable doses at reasonable times. Dr. Gregory House :  But I hurt in an unreasonable way. Dr. Gregory House :  Tritter took it. Dr. Lisa Cuddy :  Then move on to your secret-secret stash. Dr. Gregory House :  I ran out. Dr. Lisa Cuddy :  Then move on to your secret-secret-secret stash! Dr. Eric Foreman :  You stash your drugs in a lupus textbook. Dr. Gregory House :  It's never lupus. Dr. Eric Foreman : [about the patient, Alice] She's six. Six-year-olds don't get gallstones. Dr. Robert Chase :  His theory correctly predicted the pancreatitis. Dr. Eric Foreman : [to Chase] You might wanna wait until he actually tell us his theory before you start kissing his theory's ass. Dr. Gregory House : [to Alice's parents] Sorry, didn't know you wanted your kid dead. Although for a couple of G's, I can still make it happen. Rob : [about Alice] And for all we know, she could get sick again tomorrow. Edie :  Then I'll take her to our pediatrician. She's six, Rob. She shouldn't have unnecessary surgery. Dr. Gregory House :  Or a moron for a mom. What can you do? Judge :  I've read the file. You've got 15 minutes. Dr. Gregory House :  It's people like this who killed Copernicus. Judge :  And they just locked Galileo up. Dr. Gregory House :  They killed his spirit and nobody likes a showoff. Edie :  Your honor, I've had no opportunity to consult my attorney. Dr. Gregory House :  There's no time. Edie :  All I want is a second opinion before... Dr. Gregory House : [in a sing-song tone] No time! Judge :  Your testimony is that their child will die if I don't grant this motion right now. Dr. Gregory House :  Am I under oath? Judge :  Let's say yes. Dr. Gregory House :  My testimony is that this child might die if you don't grant this motion right now. Judge :  Literally no time for a second opinion. Dr. Gregory House :  Won't be as good as the first opinion. Dr. Eric Foreman : [when Tritter freezes Cameron and Foreman's accounts] Tritter froze my account. They're checking theirs. I'm on hold with a lawyer. Dr. Gregory House : [takes Foreman's cell phone, turns it off, and tosses it on the table] Call Wilson's lawyer. He'll tell you exactly how and why you're screwed. This kid has no history of allergies. Dr. Eric Foreman : [shouting] You gotta talk to Tritter. You gotta make this go away! Dr. Robert Chase : [sarcastic tone] Yeah, great plan! The man's obviously open to reason. Dr. Gregory House : [to Cameron and Foreman] Bullies bully. They don't get a reaction, they lose interest. [in a menacing tone]


What was the nationality of the scholar Erasmus?

Erasmus English Bible History Erasmus In considering the experiences of Linacre and Colet, the great scholar Erasmus was so moved to correct the corrupt Latin Vulgate, that in 1516, with the help of printer John Froben, he published a Greek-Latin Parallel New Testament.    The Latin part was not the corrupt Vulgate, but his own fresh rendering    of the text from the more accurate and reliable Greek, which he had managed    to collate from a half-dozen partial old Greek New Testament manuscripts    he had acquired. This milestone was the first non-Latin Vulgate text of    the scripture to be produced in a millennium… and the first ever to    come off a printing press. The 1516 Greek-Latin New Testament of Erasmus further focused attention on just how corrupt and inaccurate the Latin Vulgate    had become, and how important it was to go back and use the original Greek    (New Testament) and original Hebrew (Old Testament) languages to maintain    accuracy. Erasmus, a.k.a. Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam,    (October 27, 1466 - July 12, 1536) was a Dutch humanist and theologian.    He was born Geert Geertsen in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.    Erasmus died in 1536 in Basel, Switzerland. One of the most famous and amusing    quotes from the noted scholar and translator Erasmus was, "When    I get a little money I buy books; and if any is left I buy food and clothes." The Early Life of Erasmus Information as to his family and early life comes from a few meager accounts    written or suggested by himself at a somewhat advanced age and from many    but vague references in his writings at all periods of his life. He was    doubtless born out of wedlock, well cared for by his parents till their    early death, and then given the best education open to a young man of his    day in a series of monastic or semi-monastic schools. All this early education    is made by him in the light of later experience to appear like one long    conspiracy to force him into the monastic life. He was admitted to the priesthood    and took the monastic vows at about the age of twenty-five, but there is    no record that he ever exercised the priestly functions, and monasticism    was one of the chief objects of his attack in his lifelong assault upon    the evils of the Church. Studies and Travels of Erasmus Almost immediately after his consecration the way was opened to him for    study at the University of Paris, then the chief seat of the later scholastic    learning, but already beginning to feel the influence of the revived classic    culture of Italy. From this time on Erasmus led the life of an independent    scholar, independent of country, of academic ties, of religious allegiance,    of everything that could interfere with the free development of his intellect    and the freedom of his literary expression. The chief centers of his activity    were Paris, Louvain, England, and Basel; yet it could never be said that    he was identified with any one of these. His residences in England were    fruitful in the making of lifelong friendships with the leaders of English    thought in the stirring days of Henry VIII. — John    Colet , Thomas More, Thomas Linacre , and William Grocyn. He held at Cambridge an honorable position    as Lady Margaret professor of divinity, and there seems to have been no    reason except his unconquerable aversion to a routine life, why he should    not have spent his days as an English professor. He stayed at Queens' College,    Cambridge and may have been an alumnus. He was offered many positions of honor and profit in the academic world,    but declined them all on one or another pretext, preferring the uncertain,    but as it proved sufficient rewards of independent literary activity. In    Italy he spent three years (1506-09), part of the time in connection with    the publishing house of Aldus Manutius at Venice. The residence at Louvain expo