FACT SHEET: U.S. EPA MUNITIONS RULE U.S. EPA Munitions Rule Other Considerations Introduction The Federal Facility Compliance Act, signed into law in 1992, contained provision 107 requiring the U.S. EPA (EPA), in conjunction with the Secretary of Defense and appropriate State officials, to develop regulations to define the point at which conventional military munitions become hazardous waste and to provide for the safe transport and storage of such waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) (42 U.S.C. section 6924 subsection 3004y). Since 1992, EPA has consulted with DoD, the Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board (DDESB), States, and various environmental interest groups on this regulatory initiative, culminating in the "Military Munitions Rule: Hazardous Waste Identification and Management; Explosives Emergencies; Manifest Exemption for Transport of Hazardous Waste on Right-of-Ways on Contiguous Properties; Final Rule" published in the 12 February 1997 Federal Register. The effective date of the rule was 12 August 1997. The impact of these new regulations upon USAF ordnance and munitions specialties is expected to be minimal. The purpose of this fact sheet is to introduce USAF personnel to these new regulatory requirements and briefly discuss how these changes will affect USAF operations. Background USAF Policy Prior to release of the munitions rule, USAF policy was outlined in two USAF memos, one dated 1 November 1993 entitled Application of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Hazardous Waste Management Requirements to Conventional Explosive Ordnance Operations, and the other dated 14 January 1994 entitled Air Force Policy for Disposition of Munitions Assets. This policy had set forth the guidance necessary to determine when RCRA applied to specific munitions operations. Under this approach, munitions removed from the active inventory were to undergo review to determine whether they can be returned to service or used for other purposes. When the possibility of beneficial uses had been eliminated, the material would be transferred to a hazardous waste account (the BHW account) and orders to destroy the munitions would be transmitted to the installation that held it. The munitions would become a hazardous waste at the point that the order was received by the munitions' custodian. The custodian, therefore, would become the waste generator in the context of RCRA; generator standards would apply at the storage magazine; and land disposal restrictions would require prompt treatment and disposal. The most significant drawbacks to this policy were twofold: First, if munitions in a storage magazine were declared a hazardous waste, the magazine itself would become subject to RCRA and containment building standards. Although these magazines were constructed according to military specifications for protection against explosive hazards, they would have to be retrofitted to meet RCRA guidelines for hazardous waste accumulation and storage. Second, if the munitions were classified as hazardous waste and remained on the installation for more than 90 days, the installation would be subject to RCRA permitting requirements, a complex 2-3 year process involving considerable time and effort. A Summary of the New Regulations With The Military Munitions Rule, EPA has amended the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) implementing RCRA in 40 CFR Parts 260-266, and Part 270. This Rule attempts to address six specific issues: the conditions specifying when military munitions become subject to regulation as a solid waste or hazardous waste under RCRA; the application of RCRA hazardous waste standards to the use of munitions in weapons testing and military training exercises; the standards applicable to emergency responses to incidents involving munitions and other explosives; the applicability of RCRA requirements to unexploded ordnance and environmental contamination at closed or transferred military firing ranges; management standards necessary for the protection of human health and environmental quality d


"Which group from New York City released an eponymous album in 1973 with the personnel of David Johansen, Sylvain Sylvain, Arthur ""Killer"" Kane, Jerry Nolan and Johnny Thunders?"

David Johansen : definition of David Johansen and synonyms of David Johansen (English) 6 External links   Early life Johansen was born in the New York City borough of Staten Island , New York to a librarian mother and an insurance sales representative father. [2] Johansen's family was Catholic . His mother was Irish American and his father was Norwegian American . [1]   Career Johansen began his career in the late 1960s as a lead singer in the local Staten Island band the Vagabond Missionaries and later in the early 1970s as the singer /songwriter in the protopunk band the New York Dolls . The New York Dolls released two albums, the eponymous New York Dolls (1973), and Too Much Too Soon (1974). The bulk of the material was written by Johansen and guitarist Johnny Thunders . The Dolls were well received critically, but failed to succeed commercially. In 1975, Johnny Thunders and Jerry Nolan left the band. Johansen and Sylvain Sylvain , along with Peter Jordan, Chris Robison, and Tony Machine, continued playing as the New York Dolls, until 1977, after which Johansen embarked on a solo career. His first two albums , David Johansen and In Style, featured several enduring originals. Sylvain Sylvain frequently performed with him, and his band covered many Dolls songs in concert; his live albums Live It Up and The David Johansen Group Live document Johansen's reputation as an exceptional concert performer. The studio releases Here Comes the Night (which includes a signature number, "Heart of Gold") and Sweet Revenge again showcased his strengths as a writer of new material and featured a guest appearance by jazz saxophone player Big Jay McNeely . A number of the songs on "Here Comes the Night" were co-written with South African musician Blondie Chaplin . In 1982 Johansen was the opening act for The Who at Byrne Meadowlands Arena.   Buster Poindexter In the late 1980s, Johansen achieved moderate commercial success under the pseudonym Buster Poindexter, accompanied by The Uptown Horns , performing a mixture of jazz , lounge , calypso , and novelty songs, and appearing as part of the house band on the television program Saturday Night Live . As Poindexter he scored his first hit song, " Hot Hot Hot ," which in an interview on National Public Radio 's Fresh Air he called "the bane of my existence," due to its pervasive popularity. "Hot Hot Hot" was initially written and recorded by Montserratian Soca artist Arrow . As Poindexter, Johansen often appeared with his band, The Banshees of Blue. Early Poindexter releases combined an eclectic selection of covers with Johansen's own compositions. Johansen went on to issue Buster Poindexter's Happy Hour, a CD of songs thematically linked by their subject matter—alcohol. It is his most jazz-influenced release to date. It was followed by Buster Poindexter's Spanish Rocket Ship, a synthesis of R&B , calypso and Latin jazz.   Acting Johansen acted in several films during the 1980s and 1990s, and had a brief role on the HBO drama Oz . He appeared in the television series The Adventures of Pete & Pete in the episode "On Golden Pete," in which he played a park ranger. He appeared in the MuppeTelevision segment of an episode of The Jim Henson Hour . Among his more prominent roles are that of the wisecracking Ghost Of Christmas Past in Scrooged as well as the part of 'Looney' in the movie, Let It Ride , playing opposite Richard Dreyfuss . He co-starred with John C. McGinley in the movie Car 54, Where Are You? , based on the television series. He can be seen in the Jim White documentary film Searching for the Wrong Eyed Jesus in which he sings a version of Last Kind Words while in a motel room. He also had a supporting role with Mick Jagger and Emilio Estevez in the movie Freejack . He also played Halston (a hired hitman ) in the anthology film Tales from the Darkside: The Movie , in the segment The Cat From Hell .   Later solo career Johansen then turned to country blues with his group, The Harry Smiths. The group was named as a tribute to Harry Everett Smith , who compiled the Anthology of American


Anaemia is better described by which term?

Anemia | definition of Anemia by Medical dictionary Anemia | definition of Anemia by Medical dictionary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Anemia Related to Anemia: iron deficiency anemia anemia  [ah-ne´me-ah] a condition in which there is reduced delivery of oxygen to the tissues; it is not actually a disease but rather a symptom of any of numerous different disorders and other conditions. The World Health Organization has defined anemia as a hemoglobin concentration below 7.5 mmol/L (12 g/dL) in women and below 8.1 mmol/L (13 g/dL) in men. Peripheral blood smears from a patient with megaloblastic anemia (left) and from a normal subject (right), both at the same magnification. The smear from the patient shows variation in the size and shape of erythrocytes and the presence of macro-ovalocytes. From Goldman and Bennett, 2000. Some types of anemia are named for the factors causing them: poor diet ( nutritional anemia ), excessive blood loss ( hemorrhagic anemia ), congenital defects of hemoglobin ( hypochromic anemia ), exposure to industrial poisons, diseases of the bone marrow ( aplastic anemia and hypoplastic anemia ), or any other disorder that upsets the balance between blood loss through bleeding or destruction of blood cells and production of blood cells. Anemias can also be classified according to the morphologic characteristics of the erythrocytes, such as size ( microcytic , macrocytic , and normocytic anemias ) and color or hemoglobin concentration ( hypochromic anemia ). A type called hypochromic microcytic anemia is characterized by very small erythrocytes that have low hemoglobin concentration and hence poor coloration. Data used to identify anemia types include the erythrocyte indices: (1) mean corpuscular volume (MCV), the average erythrocyte volume; (2) mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), the average amount of hemoglobin per erythrocyte; and (3) mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), the average concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. adj., adj ane´mic. Symptoms. Mild degrees of anemia often cause only slight and vague symptoms, perhaps nothing more than easy fatigue or a lack of energy. As the condition progresses, more severe symptoms may be experienced, such as shortness of breath, pounding of the heart, and a rapid pulse; these are caused by the inability of anemic blood to supply the body tissues with enough oxygen. Pallor, particularly in the palms of the hands, the fingernails, and the conjunctiva (the lining of the eyelids), may also indicate anemia. In very advanced cases, swelling of the ankles and other evidence of heart failure may appear. Common Causes of Anemia. Loss of Blood (Hemorrhagic Anemia): If there is massive bleeding from a wound or other lesion, the body may lose enough blood to cause severe and acute anemia, which is often accompanied by shock. Immediate transfusions are generally required to replace the lost blood. Chronic blood loss, such as excessive menstrual flow, or slow loss of blood from an ulcer or cancer of the gastrointestinal tract, may also lead to anemia. These anemias disappear when the cause has been found and corrected. To help the blood replenish itself, the health care provider may prescribe medicines containing iron, which is necessary to build hemoglobin, and foods with high iron content, such as kidney and navy beans, liver, spinach, and whole wheat bread. Dietary Deficiencies and Abnormalities of Red Blood Cell Production (Nutritional Anemia, Aplastic Anemia, and Hypoplastic Anemia): Anemia may develop if the diet does not provide enough iron, protein, vitamin B12, and other vitamins and minerals needed in the production of hemoglobin and the formation of erythrocytes. The combination of poor diet and chronic loss of blood makes for particular susceptibility to severe anemia. Anemias associated with folic acid deficiency are very common. Excessive Destruction of Red Blood Cells (hemolytic anemia): Anemia may also develop related to hemolysis due to trauma, chemical agents or medications (toxic hemolytic anemia), infectious disease


"What was the name of Han Solo's spacecraft in the first ""Star Wars"" film to be released?"

Han Solo | StarWars.com Databank Han Solo Smuggler. Scoundrel. Hero. Han Solo, captain of the Millennium Falcon, was one of the great leaders of the Rebel Alliance. He and his co-pilot Chewbacca came to believe in the cause of galactic freedom, joining Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia Organa in the fight against the Empire. But after the Battle of Endor, Han would face difficult times in a galaxy plagued by chaos and uncertainty. databank "Never tell me the odds!" THE EMPIRE STRIKES BACK HISTORY // GALACTIC CIVIL WAR Han Solo, along with his friend Chewbacca , was hired by Obi-Wan Kenobi and Luke Skywalker to provide passage to Alderaan . Han boasted that his starship, the Millennium Falcon , could make the Kessel Run in less than 12 parsecs; whether that was true is unknown, but he needed the job. The smuggler was deep in debt to crime lord Jabba the Hutt , who had placed a bounty on his head. In a sit-down standoff at the Mos Eisley cantina , Han blasted Greedo , one of Jabba’s bounty hunters looking to collect a handsome sum for the Corellian. He later had a run in with the gangster himself, convincing Jabba to give him more time -- though it would cost 15% extra. The group departed Tatooine , blasting their way out past Imperial stormtroopers who were searching for Luke’s droids. On the trip, it became clear that Han didn’t believe in the Force, saying, “There's no mystical energy field that controls my destiny.” Finally, they arrived at Alderaan -- or where Alderaan should have been. It had been completely blown away by the Empire ’s Death Star , and the Millennium Falcon was soon caught in the space station’s tractor beam. On the Death Star, they rescued Princess Leia Organa -- with whom Han bickered intensely -- but lost Obi-Wan. They escaped to Yavin 4 , location of the hidden Rebel base, and delivered stolen Death Star plans to the Alliance . While the fledgling group was planning an attack on the Imperial outpost, Han collected a reward for rescuing the Princess and planned to leave -- a decision that disappointed his new friends. “I know what I’m doing,” he told Chewbacca. Toward the battle’s end, with Luke about to be blasted by Darth Vader , Han and Chewie returned in the Millennium Falcon. They cleared the TIE fighters off Luke’s tail, and he delivered a precise shot, destroying the dreaded Death Star. Han stuck with the Rebel Alliance, and helped establish its new base on the ice planet Hoth . After Luke didn’t return from a routine sweep of the planet surface, Han headed out alone into the frigid cold to find him. He finally located the young Jedi, but Luke had suffered severe injuries and was close to freezing to death. Desperate to save his friend, Han used Luke’s lightsaber to slice open his tauntaun , and placed Luke inside for warmth. The two were found by the Alliance the next morning, and Luke survived. But old problems lingered; Han was still wanted by Jabba the Hutt and had to pay off his debt. While preparing to leave, he and Leia verbally sparred. His bravado could infuriate her, but it was clear that they meant something to each other. The Empire shortly attacked the base, and Han changed his plans, evacuating Leia on the Millennium Falcon. Pursued through an asteroid field and across the galaxy, they eventually landed at Cloud City -- home of Han’s old friend, Lando Calrissian . While Han believed they were now safe, things were much worse; the Empire, thanks to bounty hunter Boba Fett , had arrived just before they did. Han was tortured by Darth Vader, who used the pilot’s pain to lure Luke into a trap, and was later frozen in carbonite . Before he was lowered into the crude freezing chamber, Leia finally told Han that she loved him. “I know,” he replied. Boba Fett took the frozen Han to Jabba the Hutt on Tatooine, collecting on a long-standing reward for the former smuggler. Jabba the Hutt mounted Han’s carbonite slab to a wall in his palace, calling him his “favorite decoration.” But the ace pilot’s friends hatched a rescue mission, with Leia -- disguised as bounty hunter Boussh -- freein


In what TV series was the family butler called Lurch?

Ted Cassidy - IMDb IMDb Actor | Writer | Soundtrack Ted Cassidy was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and raised in Philippi, West Virginia. He was a well respected actor who portrayed many different characters during his film and television career. His most notable role was Lurch, the faithful butler on the television series The Addams Family (1964). His most memorable dialogue as Lurch would be, "... See full bio » Born: a list of 41 people created 11 Aug 2011 a list of 23 people created 28 Jun 2012 a list of 44 people created 27 Dec 2012 a list of 35 people created 7 months ago a list of 30 people created 6 months ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Ted Cassidy's work have you seen? User Polls  1977-1982 The Incredible Hulk (TV Series) Narrator / Hulk / Narrator, Hulk - A Minor Problem (1982) ... Narrator (voice, uncredited) - Triangle (1981) ... Narrator (voice, uncredited) - Sanctuary (1981) ... Narrator (voice, uncredited) - Race for Life (1978) ... Montaro (voice) - Suspicion (1978) ... Montaro (voice)  1978 Dr. Strange (TV Movie) Demon Balzaroth (voice, uncredited)  1978 Man from Atlantis (TV Series) Canja  1978 Dinky Dog (TV Series) Additional Voices  1977 Space Sentinels (TV Series) Agent Kronos  1974 Planet Earth (TV Movie) Isiah  1973 Genesis II (TV Movie) Isiah  1973 Hec Ramsey (TV Series) Mountain Man Pete - Mystery of the Yellow Rose (1973) ... Mountain Man Pete  1973 Banacek (TV Series)  1968 Daniel Boone (TV Series) Gentle Sam - Galactus (1967) ... Galactus (voice, uncredited)  1967 Insight (TV Series)  1967 Super President (TV Series) Spy Shadow (voice)  1967 Mr. Terrific (TV Series) Bojo  1967 The Beverly Hillbillies (TV Series) Mr. Ted - The Dahlia Feud (1967) ... Mr. Ted  1967 Laredo (TV Series)  1967 The Monroes (TV Series) Teddy Larch  1966 Lost in Space (TV Series) Slave  1972 Charcoal Black (additional dialogue) Hide   1965 Hollywood a Go Go (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.48 (1965) ... (performer: "The Lurch", "Wesley")  1965 Shindig! (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Episode #2.14 (1965) ... (performer: "Get on the Right Track, Bobby") Hide  (1970s) TV commercials for McDonald's - voice of McDonaldland's Officer Big Mac. See more » Publicity Listings: Did You Know? Personal Quote: "If I'm up for a part if, I'm asked to play something, I really worry what I'm going to be because they always make fellows like me the big dumb galoot, the oaf who doesn't know anything, who trips over himself. We are apparently idiots, all big men. You end up never leading anybody to anything. You end up holding people, while the boss hits them in the face -- scratching your head a lot ... See more » Trivia: Played one season of college basketball at Stetson University in the 1950s and averaged 17 points and 10 rebounds a game. See more » Trademark: Towering height and slender frame See more » Star Sign:


"""Pollywog"" is another name for what?"

Polliwog - definition of polliwog by The Free Dictionary Polliwog - definition of polliwog by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/polliwog also pol·ly·wog  (pŏl′ē-wŏg′, -wôg′) n. [Variant of polliwig, from Middle English polwigle : pol, head; see poll + wiglen, to wiggle; see wiggle.] polliwog 1. (Animals) dialect Brit and US and Canadian another name for tadpole 2. (Nautical Terms) informal a sailor who has not crossed the equator. Compare shellback [C15 polwygle; see poll, wiggle] ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: pollywog , tadpole amphibia , class Amphibia - the class of vertebrates that live on land but breed in water; frogs; toads; newts; salamanders; caecilians larva - the immature free-living form of most invertebrates and amphibians and fish which at hatching from the egg is fundamentally unlike its parent and must metamorphose Translations [ˈpɒlɪwɒg] N (US) (Zool) → renacuajo m polliwog n (US) → Kaulquappe f Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: tadpole References in classic literature ? Nevertheless, I cannot help thinking that if we would put an improved breed of polliwogs in our drinking water, construct shallower roadways, groom the street cows, offer the stranger within our gates a free choice between the poniard and the potion, and relinquish our private system of morals, the other measures of public safety would be needless.


The caffeine-rich infused drink, mate, is prepared from a species of South American holly called what?

What does mate mean? "Birds mate in the Spring" match, mate, couple, pair, twin(verb) bring two objects, ideas, or people together "This fact is coupled to the other one"; "Matchmaker, can you match my daughter with a nice young man?"; "The student was paired with a partner for collaboration on the project" checkmate, mate(verb) place an opponent's king under an attack from which it cannot escape and thus ending the game "Kasparov checkmated his opponent after only a few moves" GCIDE(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Mate(v. t.) To breed; to bring (animals) together for the purpose of breeding; as, she mated a doberman with a German shepherd. Mate(v. t.) To join together; to fit together; to connect; to link; as, he mated a saw blade to a broom handle to cut inaccessible branches. Wiktionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: mate(Noun) Freebase(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Mate Mate, also known as chimarrão or cimarrón, is a traditional South American infused drink, particularly in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and the southern states of Brazil and to a lesser degree in south of Chile, the Bolivian Chaco, Syria and Lebanon. It is prepared from steeping dried leaves of yerba mate in hot water. Mate is served with a metal straw from a shared hollow calabash gourd. The straw is called a bombilla in some Latin American countries, a bomba in Portuguese, and a bombija or, more generally, a masassa in Arabic. The straw is traditionally made of silver. Modern, commercially available straws are typically made of nickel silver, called Alpaca; stainless steel, or hollow-stemmed cane. The gourd is known as a mate or a guampa; while in Brazil, it has the specific name of cuia, or also cabaça. Even if the water is supplied from a modern thermos, the infusion is traditionally drunk from mates or cuias. Chambers 20th Century Dictionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Mate māt, n. a companion: an equal: one of a pair, the male or female of animals that go in pairs: in a merchant-ship the first-mate is the second in command—in the navy the term is now confined to petty-officers, such as boatswain's mate, gunner's mate, &c.: an assistant, deputy.—v.t. to be equal to: to become a companion to: to marry.—adj. Mate′less, without a mate or companion. [A.S. ge-maca; Ice. maki, an equal, from the same root as make. Cf. match. Prob. mate in its naut. sense is Dutch—Old Dut. maet, mod. maat.] Mate māt, n. and v.t. in chess=Checkmate. Mate Maté, mä′tā, n. a South American species of holly, the leaves and green shoots of which, dried and roughly ground, furnish the yerba de mate of Paraguay and Brazil. [Sp. mate, orig. the vessel in which it was infused for drinking.] Mate māt, v.t. (Bacon) to weaken, to confound, to crush. [O. Fr. mater; cf. Sp. matar, to weaken.] Editors Contribution(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: mate two living species of opposite sex together by a union or marriage for the purpose of forming a family and through sexual intercourse maintaining its species in evolution. adam and eve Rank popularity for the word 'mate' in Written Corpus Frequency: #1491 Nouns Frequency The numerical value of mate in Chaldean Numerology is: 5 Pythagorean Numerology


Where was Chiang Kai-Shek leader until 1949?

Chiang Kai-shek - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google Chiang Kai-shek’s Early Life and Career Born in the coastal province of Chekiang on October 31, 1887, Chiang ran away from home after his father died and joined the provincial army. He received formal military training at the Paoting Military Academy in northern China, and later in Japan. When uprisings against the ruling Qing (Manchu) dynasty broke out in China in 1911, Chiang returned home and joined the struggle, which ended in the overthrow of the Manchus and the formation of a Chinese republic. In 1918, he joined the Nationalist Party (known as the Kuomintang, or KMT), founded by Sun Yat-sen. Did You Know? Chiang Kai-shek's second wife, Soong Mei-ling, became a significant political figure in her own right. In addition to her address of Congress in 1943, the Wellesley-educated "Madame Chiang" wrote many articles on China for the American press. With Sun’s support, Chiang founded a military academy at Whampoa, near Canton, in 1924. He began to build up the Nationalist army, based on methods Chiang observed during a visit to the Soviet Union. During this same time, Chinese Communists were admitted into the KMT; after Sun’s death in 1925, they began to clash with more conservative party elements. As Sun’s successor, Chiang led a successful military campaign against local warlords in northern China and consolidated control within his own party by expelling the Communists in a brutal coup in 1927. In 1928, he formed a new central government out of Nanking, with himself as head of state. Chiang Kai-Shek: Internal and External Conflict in China Chiang sought to institute a modest program of reforms, including financial and educational reforms, infrastructure improvements and a revival of Confucianism, supported by the “New Life Movement” campaign. The bulk of his government’s energies and resources, however, were focused on threats to its own stability from within and outside of China. The Communists were operating their own opposition government from rural strongholds, while war with Japan–which seized Manchuria in 1931–seemed imminent. Chiang initially focused on the communist threat rather than confront Japan directly, a choice that angered many of his supporters. In the Sian (Xian) Incident of December 1936, one of his generals seized Chiang and held him captive for two weeks until he agreed to ally with Mao Zedong’s Communist forces against Japan. Japan invaded China the following year, sparking the Sino-Japanese War. China fought Japan on its own for more than four years, until the Allies (with the exception of the Soviet Union) declared war on Japan in 1941. For its efforts, China earned inclusion among the Big Four powers, and Chiang’s international reputation skyrocketed. In 1943, his Western-educated wife, Soong Mei-ling, became the first Chinese and only the second woman to address a joint session of the U.S. Congress, when she asked for increased U.S. aid for China in the Sino-Japanese War. At the same time, however, Chiang’s government was losing a good deal of support within the country itself, thanks to his relative passivity toward Japan and increasingly conservative policies that favored landowners and mercantile interests and alienated peasants (who made up nearly 90 percent of the Chinese population). Chiang Kai-Shek: Civil War and Government in Exile In 1946, a year after Japan’s surrender, civil war broke out in China between KMT and Communist forces. With the Communist victory in mainland China in 1949, Mao declared the establishment of the People’s Republic of China. Upon his defeat, Chiang fled with the remnants of his Nationalist government to Taiwan, which had been turned over to the Nationalist government after the defeat of Japan according to terms agreed upon in Cairo in 1943. Backed by American aid, Chiang launched Taiwan on the path of economic modernization, and in 1955 the United States signed an agreement guaranteeing Taiwan’s defense. Many countries continued to recognize Chiang’s government in exile as the legitimate Chinese governme


"In WCF, an international body formed in 1986 which is associated among other things with the MacRobertson Shield, what does the ""C"" stand?"

Croquet World Online Magazine | People My life in croquet: Part Two, by John Prince John Prince returned from the first trip to England with his New Zealand teammates in 1974 at the age of 28 after losing the MacRobertson Shield to a powerful British team. Despite periodic bouts of self-doubt, he continued to pile up impressive personal victories and was soon to lead New Zealand in the most sweeping world team series triumph in its history. He virtually dropped out of serious competition for long periods to raise a family and pursue his art interests. In this third and concluding portion of the Prince memoir, one of the winningest players of croquet history recounts an often difficult journey towards a balanced life - a life whose ultimate satisfaction does not necessarily depend on beating the best players in the world on a croquet court. These days, John Prince's love of the game embraces both competition and coaching - both, still, at the highest level. In the seventies a number of promising youngsters emerged in New Zealand, quite a few of them from the Barry Memorial Club in Gisborne - including one Joe Hogan, who on his first appearance in 1976 was overshadowed by the diminutive Peter Adsett, who won the New Zealand Men's title, defeating Bob Jackson in the final. Finals day was not a good one for Bob that year, as he also failed to take croquet against me in both of our games in the New Zealand Open Singles. Interestingly (like the Neal vs Solomon final around the same time), despite being a great shot he elected not to take a lift shot in either game but placed a ball in corner one; however, like Neal, I was able to go round both times. No doubt I was spurred on by the presence of my three-month-old son Nick sleeping in his pushchair near the sideline with my wife Sue. Winning the Shield in New Zealand as player and captain Bernard Neal (Captain of the Great Britain Team) with John Prince (New Zealand Captain) holding the MacRobertson Shield, at Wanganui, New Zealand, during the 1979 Test Series, in which New Zealand defeated both England and Australia three tests each to nil. I recovered the Open title the next year, again defeating Bob Jackson in the final, but during the following winter I damaged the tendons in my forearm. I still played well enough to make the 1979 MacRobertson Team for the series held in New Zealand, but I'd lost a lot of power and confidence in my swing. I couldn't rush with the same accuracy of old, nor could I run hoops very hard to finish up down the other end of the court. During the series I played fairly well - all the croquet strokes were still there - but I knew my technique was limited at times. It was nevertheless a great honour to Captain such a fine bunch of guys in winning the Shield for New Zealand. Some of the proudest moments of my life were being presented with the Shield, first by Bernard Neal and later by the Governor-General for New Zealand, Sir Keith Holyoake. Time out for the family I did not play much for a couple of years while I was enjoying family life. My second son Jonathan had been born just before the 1979 series, so we were kept busy at home with two young fellows. Nicholas became very keen on playing football and cricket, and was a representative player in both codes for Hastings, the Hawkes Bay town where they both grew up. Prince plays a rush shot near the boundary during the 1979 MacRobertson Series at Wanganui in a victorious match against Great Britain. Jonathan had a great curiosity for how things worked and understood many things electronic and mechanical. He converted my lawnmower into a go-cart, but of course had no intention of returning it back to a lawnmower, so I had to buy a new one. Later when we moved to Christchurch he got his drivers license the day he was old enough to sit the test, although he had already bought his first car, a Morris Mini. The car was never roadworthy, despite his attempts to modify it. It still sits there partially hidden behind my glasshouse, although Jonathan lives in Germany. I haven't the heart to ge


Which group, named after its keyboardist, had its first hit record when the members included Mike Hugg, Mike Vickers, Tom McGuinness and Paul Jones?

What did I do Wrong | Manfred Mann Lyrics, Song Meanings, Videos, Full Albums & Bios What did I do Wrong / Manfred Mann Video From album: The Singles Plus The Singles Plus Manfred Mann was a British beat, rhythm and blues and pop band (with a strong jazz foundation) of the 1960s, named after their South African keyboardist, Manfred Mann, who later led the successful 1970s group Manfred Mann's Earth Band. Manfred Mann were chart regulars in the 1960s, and the first south-of-England-based group to top the US Billboard Hot 100 during the 'British invasion' of the US music scene. Beginnings 1962—1963 The Mann-Hugg Blues Brothers (as the band were originally called) were formed in London in December 1962 by keyboard player Manfred Mann and drummer/vibes player Mike Hugg. Born out of the British blues boom then sweeping London's clubs (which also spawned such luminaries as The Rolling Stones and The Yardbirds), the band were completed by Mike Vickers on lead guitar, Dave Richmond on bass, and Paul Jones fronting as lead vocalist and harmonica player. Gigging constantly throughout late 1962 and early 1963, the band soon attracted attention for their distinctive sound propelled by Mann's keyboards, Jones' soulful vocals and an occasional horn section. Manfred Mann's Cock-A-Hoop (1964) The group signed to HMV Records in March 1963 after a change of name to Manfred Mann (at the suggestion of their label's producer), and debuted in July of that year with the jazzy instrumental single "Why Should We Not?", which failed to chart, as did the follow up (with vocals this time), "Cock-A-Hoop" Early success 1964—1965 Groovin' with Manfred Mann EP (1964) In 1964 the group were asked to provide a new theme tune for the ITV pop music TV series Ready Steady Go!. They responded with the energetic "5-4-3-2-1" which, with the help of weekly TV exposure, rose to No.5 in the UK charts. It was shortly after "5-4-3-2-1" was recorded that Richmond left the band, being replaced by Tom McGuinness - the first of many line-up changes. After a further self-penned hit ("Hubble Bubble (Toil And Trouble)") the band struck gold with "Do Wah Diddy Diddy", a cover of a minor hit earlier that year by The Exciters. The track, which showcased Jones' powerful singing, reached the top of both the UK and US charts (The Exciters version had only charted #78 in the US). During 1965 the group continued to have hits with both self-penned and cover material, their sound increasingly moving away from the blues-based music of their early years to a highly successful pop-soul hybrid. Notably the group began to have success with interpretations of Bob Dylan songs, including "With God On Our Side" as a track on a best-selling EP. The One In the Middle EP (1965) They also reached No.2 in the UK with the controversial "If You Gotta Go, Go Now", which was banned or edited by a number of TV and radio stations. Prior to this latter release, Paul Jones announced his intention to quit the band for a solo career once a replacement could be found. The Mike d'Abo years 1966—1969 Jones stayed with the band for one more year, during which time Mike Vickers was replaced by Jack Bruce of John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (long enough to play bass on the band's second UK No.1 single "Pretty Flamingo"). Jones was eventually replaced by Mike d'Abo - among those on the shortlist was Rod Stewart - and this was one of the few occasions when a band has successfully swapped lead singers and remained at the top. Jack Bruce left to form Cream and was replaced by Klaus Voorman (a longtime Beatles associate), with McGuinness moving to guitar. To complete the changes, the group switched labels to Fontana Records. With d'Abo as vocalist, the group pursued a softer acoustic pop sound, with a tinge of Dylanesque social comment and surrealism in the lyrics. Their first Fontana Records single was in fact a Dylan cover, "Just Like A Woman", and the group went on to score their biggest hit for two years with a cover of his "Mighty Quinn". Frustrated with the limitations and image of being seen purely as a hit single


"Who resigned his army commission in 1858 to write music, such as the opera ""Boris Godunov"" and ""Pictures at an Exhibition""?"

Classical Net - Basic Repertoire List - Mussorgsky Modest Mussorgsky (1839 - 1881) Along with Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky , the greatest Russian composer of the Nineteenth Century, Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (March 9, 1839 - March 16, 1881) was born into a wealthy rural, landowning family. He began by picking out on the piano the tunes he heard from the serfs on his family's estate. At the age of six, he began to study piano with his mother. His parents initially set him out on the career of military officer. He became a cadet and finally commissioned in an elite imperial regiment. Two years later, in 1858, he resigned his commission. During this time, he met a musically-inclined army doctor: Alexander Borodin . The two became friends. In 1861, with Russia's emancipation of the serfs, his family lost significant income, and he was forced to earn a living. In 1863, he began a spotty career in the civil service, which dismissed him at least twice. In 1856, he met the composer Dargomïzhsky, who in turn introduced him to Cesar Cui, Mily Balakirev, and a critic named Victor Stasov. Gradually, Borodin and Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakoff joined to form a loose group known as the "Moguchaya Kuchka" ("the mighty handful" or "the mighty bunch"). All but Stasov nursed ambitions to compose, and all had very definite ideas about what Russian music should be. None of them had formal training in composition. Balakirev and Mussorgsky essentially taught themselves by playing through piano-duet arrangements of orchestral scores. For Russian composers of the time, this was not unusual. Neither Mikhail Glinka , the founder of the nationalist school, nor Dargomïzhsky had formally studied. After all, the first Russian music conservatory had been founded only relatively recently. All were, to one degree or another, amateurs. Rimsky, for example, was a naval officer, Borodin a doctor and chemist. Most writers consider Tchaikovsky the first great Russian composer to have had thorough academic training along German lines. Mussorgsky absorbed these main ideas of the Kuchka: Russian music should express the Russian soul. Russian music should be written in a Russian way. The latter idea meant mainly a rejection of German classical forms in favor of one-off, "organic" forms. Instead of a form determining the nature of the musical materials, the materials shaped the forms – bottom-up, rather than top-down. The Kuchka got these ideas from German Romantic aestheticians and revered those artists who wrote accordingly, like Franz Liszt and Hector Berlioz . Mussorgsky learned composition mainly by doing. His early efforts are in the expected short forms: songs, piano morceaux, and so on. His "apprentice" instrumental works, with the exception of his remarkable Intermezzo in modo classico (1862, describing Russian peasants stepping on and sinking into snowdrifts), are things you could get from just about anybody at the time. However, most of his early songs owe little to any predecessor. Practically from the get-go, Mussorgsky found something original, even among Russian composers, which may arise from the fact that he alone of all the Kuchka grew up in the country, away from the city. He actually heard serfs sing daily as part of his normal environment, and the "crudities" that others tended to soften attracted him in the first place. He also had larger ambitions, encouraged by Balakirev and Stasov. He began several opera projects: an Oedipus (1858-61), a Salammbô (1863-66); and most notably The Marriage (1868), based on Gogol. He completed none of them, for one reason or another, but all of them bore fruit in later works, either by providing numbers Mussorgsky re-used or, in the case of The Marriage, clarifying his ideas of word-setting. He first thought that music should set the patterns of speech "realistically," as Dargomïzhsky had first theorized. While this was fine for songs, The Marriage convinced Mussorgsky that it would not work over a longer span, and he abandoned the opera after composing one act. Much of the rest of is career is spent finding new expr


What sport do players in the Super League compete in?

Barrie McDermott: Super League must do more to retain star names | Rugby League News | Sky Sports Rugby League Expert & Columnist @RLBarrieMc10 Barrie McDermott: Super League must do more to retain star names Last Updated: 30/03/16 1:27pm Barrie McDermott discusses Dan Sarginson and Josh Charnley's departures from Wigan and previews this weekend's Super League action Barrie McDermott says Super League must work harder to raise its profile or players will continue to leave for the NRL or rugby union. Wigan were dealt a double blow on Wednesday with Josh Charnley announcing he will swap codes at the end of the season and join Sale Sharks , while Dan Sarginson agreed a move to the Gold Coast Titans in the NRL. Former Warriors prop McDermott admits the spending power of the NRL and rugby union makes it difficult for Super League clubs to compete, but says more must be done to make the players feel valued. "What can we do to stop players leaving? We need to give them a better platform, as in the profile of the game," McDermott told Sky Sports News HQ. "Sky do a wonderful job but we need to raise the profile so the players feel valued. That needs to be reflected by their pay packets as well. Josh Charnley is the latest rugby league player to switch codes after announcing he'll join Aviva Premiership side Sale next season "I'm not saying these two players are leaving just for money, it's for the opportunity, but when you have a salary cap of £1.8m and other teams or sports offer them better wages, it is only natural they would be tempted. "Dan Sarginson came up north from London. He was born in Australia and learned his rugby league in Hemel Hempstead. It will be a shame to lose him. He has developed into a wonderful player. "He came to the club as a stand-off but made his name as a centre, and he has been playing at full-back lately due to the injury to Sam Tomkins. "Charnley is a little bit different to Sarginson. He learned his trade down the road at Chorley and came through the system. He is Wigan born and bred and for him to leave the club and go to rugby union, it's about the opportunity. It is a desperate shame for the club. "We have to work harder as a game not to lose our great stars."


Which club won the 1992-1993 UEFA Champions League, the first since being rebranded from the European Champion Clubs' Cup?

UEFA Champions League 1992/93 - History – UEFA.com   Video Deschamps on Goethals glory with Marseille Didier Deschamps discusses Raymond Goethals, the man who coached Olympique de Marseille to victory in the first ever UEFA Champions League final. Deschamps and Völler recall Marseille glory As the UEFA Champions League final returns to Munich, we look back at Olympique de Marseille's 1993 triumph in the city with captain Didier Deschamps and striker Rudi Völler.   1992/93 in photos Did you know? The European Champion Clubs' Cup was rebranded the UEFA Champions League for the 1992/93 season – formalising the mini-league group stage system that had been tried the previous year. Also in this year • Juventus and Italy forward Roberto Baggio wins the Ballon d'Or, with Dennis Bergkamp coming second and Eric Cantona third. • Australian spinner Shane Warne bowls the 'Ball of the Century' to Mike Gatting in the first Ashes Test at Old Trafford. • Democrat Bill Clinton succeeds George Bush to become the 42nd President of the United States. • Nelson Mandela and South Africa President F W de Klerk win the Nobel Peace Prize for their work to terminate apartheid.


What did the Festival International du Film become in 2002?

Cannes Film Festival: Overview Cannes Film Festival Date: May 13 - May 24 2009     Location: Cannes, France Location: Cannes, France Notes: The festival takes place since 1946. In the years before 1955 the main festival award was named 'Grand Prix du Festival International du Film'. The current form of the Golden Palm has been used since 1997 and has been designed by Caroline Scheufele-Gruosi, CEO of Chopard. Awards Palme d'Or 1939: The first Cannes Film Festival had been planned for 1939. It had to be canceled, because World War II broke out. For its 55th anniversary in 2002 the festival decided to screen 12 films from the original selection, seven of which would be "in competition" and be retrospectively judged by a contemporary jury. 1959: The atomic bombs of 1945 are still taboo as a subject. Resnais's Hiroshima mon amour is excluded from the official selection in order not to upset the US government. 1964: The name of the festival's grand prix 'Golden Palm' is abandoned and changed to 'Grand Prix International du Festival'. (It will be called 'Golden Palm' again from 1975.) 1966: The Grand Prix is named 'Grand prix du vingtième anniversaire du Festival international du film' for the festival's 20th anniversary. 1966: A new non-competitive festival section called "Directors' Fortnight" is created. 1973: A new non-competitive and informative festival section called 'Étude et documents' is created. 1973: Another non-competitive festival section called 'Perspectives du Cinéma Français' is initiated by the French Film Directors' Society (1973-1991). 1975: The name of the festival's grand prix is again changed to 'Golden Palm' after it had been abandoned in 1964. 1975: A new non-competitive festival section called 'Les Yeux Fertiles' is created, focusing on films dealing with other arts (1975-1977). 1975: A day before the festival opens a bomb is found in the Palais. The 'People's Struggle Against the Perversion of Humanity', is never heard of again. 1976: A new non-competitive festival section called 'L'Air du temps' is created, focusing on films dealing with contemporary subjects (1976-1977). 1977: A new non-competitive festival section called 'Le Passé composé' is created, solely for compilations. It will be celebrated in 1977 only. 1978: A new non-competitive festival section called 'Un Certain Regard' is created replacing the sections 'Les Yeux Fertiles' (1975-1977), 'L'Air du temps' (1976-1977) and 'Le Passé composé' (1977). 1980: The surprise film, Tarkovsky's Stalker , is interrupted due to strikes held by the electricians. 1982: The festival poster is designed by Federico Fellini . 1983: The festival poster is designed by Akira Kurosawa . 1990: The retrospectives are introduced, from 1992 on called 'Cinéma de toujour'. 1992: The retrospectives become an official name: 'Cinéma de toujour'. 1992: The section formerly known as 'Perspectives du Cinéma Français' (1973-1991) is renamed to 'Cinémas en France'. 1998: The festival will have a short film jury from now on. 2002: The winning film for the first festival, which actually was canceled in 1939 due to the beginning of World War II, was decided on retrospectively by a jury in 2002. 2004: For the first time in the history of the festival, president Gilles Jacob gave the jury an opportunity to explain their Golden Palm choices. Golden Palm Given: 1955- The winning movie is chosen by a jury from the pool of movies which are part of the festivals 'official selection' (sélection officielle). Grand Prize of the Festival Given: 1946-1947, 1949, 1951-1954 1959: The atomic bombs of 1945 are still taboo as a subject. Resnais's Hiroshima mon amour is excluded from the official selection in order not to upset the US government. The winning movie was chosen by a jury from the pool of movies which were part of the festivals 'official selection' (sélection officielle). Grand Prize of the Jury The winning movie is chosen by a jury from the pool of movies which are part of the festivals 'official selection' (Sélection officielle). Jury Prize The winning movie is chosen by a j


Cyrus the Great of Persia, for his religious tolerance, power and skill the only non-Jew to be acclaimed as the Messiah, founded the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BCE which stretched how far?

Cyrus the Great - WOW.com Cyrus the Great King of the Four Corners of the World [1] Cyrus the Great with a Hemhem crown Campaigns of Cyrus the Great Battles as a Satrap Battle of the Assyrian camp[ citation needed ] Persian revolt Siege of Babylon Cyrus II of Persia ( Old Persian : 𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 Kūruš; [4] New Persian : کوروش Kūrosh; Hebrew : כֹּרֶשׁ Koresh; c.  600 or 576 – 530 BC), [5] commonly known as Cyrus the Great [6] and also called Cyrus the Elder by the Greeks, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire . [7] Under his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of the ancient Near East , [7] expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Southwest Asia and much of Central Asia and the Caucasus . From the Mediterranean Sea and Hellespont in the west to the Indus River in the east, Cyrus the Great created the largest empire the world had yet seen. [8] Under his successors, the empire eventually stretched at its maximum extent from parts of the Balkans ( Bulgaria - Paeonia and Thrace - Macedonia ) and Eastern Europe proper in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east. His regal titles in full were The Great King, King of Persia, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, and King of the Four Corners of the World. The reign of Cyrus the Great lasted between 29 and 31 years. Cyrus built his empire by conquering first the Median Empire , then the Lydian Empire and eventually the Neo-Babylonian Empire . Either before or after Babylon, he led an expedition into central Asia, which resulted in major campaigns that were described as having brought "into subjection every nation without exception". [9] Cyrus did not venture into Egypt, as he himself died in battle, fighting the Massagetae along the Syr Darya in December 530 BC. [10] [11] He was succeeded by his son, Cambyses II , who managed to add to the empire by conquering Egypt , Nubia , and Cyrenaica during his short rule. Cyrus the Great respected the customs and religions of the lands he conquered. [12] This became a very successful model for centralized administration and establishing a government working to the advantage and profit of its subjects. [7] In fact, the administration of the empire through satraps and the vital principle of forming a government at Pasargadae were the works of Cyrus. [13] What is sometimes referred to as the Edict of Restoration (actually two edicts) described in the Bible as being made by Cyrus the Great left a lasting legacy on the Jewish religion , where, because of his policies in Babylonia, he is referred to by the Jewish Bible as Messiah (lit. "His anointed one") ( Isaiah 45:1 ), [14] and is the only non-Jew to be called so. [15] Cyrus the Great is also well recognized for his achievements in human rights , politics , and military strategy , as well as his influence on both Eastern and Western civilizations . Having originated from Persis , roughly corresponding to the modern Iranian province of Fars , Cyrus has played a crucial role in defining the national identity of modern Iran . [16] [17] [18] Cyrus and, indeed, the Achaemenid influence in the ancient world also extended as far as Athens , where many Athenians adopted aspects of the Achaemenid Persian culture as their own, in a reciprocal cultural exchange. [19] In the 1970s, the Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi identified his famous proclamation inscribed onto Cyrus Cylinder as the oldest known declaration of human rights , [20] and the Cylinder has since been popularized as such. [21] [22] [23] This view has been criticized by some historians [24] as a misunderstanding [25] of the Cylinder's generic nature as a traditional statement that new monarchs make at the beginning of their reign. [22] [23] [26] Contents Etymology For more details on this topic, see Cyrus . "I am Cyrus the king, an Achaemenid ." in Old Persian , Elamite and Akkadian languages. It is carved in a column in Pasargadae. The name Cyrus is a Latinized form derived from the Greek Kūros itself from the Old Persian Kūruš. [27] [28] The name and its meaning has been rec


In 2015 pop artist Taylor Swift won a disagreement over pay with what organisation?

Taylor Swift's Apple Music Battle: How She Avoided Lars Ulrich's Napster Mistakes | Billboard COMMENTS The pop superstar could have been viewed as greedy. Instead, she's viewed as a champion. Here's how she avoided Metallica's missteps. Taylor Swift 's open letter to Apple Music on Sunday (June 21) produced a victory for the pop superstar in a matter of hours, as the tech giant announced that night that it had decided to pay labels during its new streaming service's 90-day free trial period after Swift had taken issue with the lack of artist compensation. Dozens of like-minded artists applauded Swift for influencing Apple's free trial stance, and Swift tweeted that she was "elated and relieved" by the change in course. However, Swift had already won the more important battle before Apple waved the white flag: she had avoided the bad publicity that usually comes from a superstar griping over money issues generated from new technology -- or, simply put, becoming the Lars Ulrich of a new generation. Quick history lesson: 15 years ago, Ulrich and the rest of Metallica filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Napster, the first widely successful MP3 downloading service, after discovering that a demo of their song "I Disappear" had been floating around the Internet for free. Metallica was not the only artist or entity to take Napster to court, but Ulrich unwittingly became the poster child for the anti-piracy movement by being the most demonstratively opposed to the idea of music being accessed for free online, both in media interviews and via official testimony. This all happened in 2000, when popular artists could forge a platinum album off of one single; the music industry today is unrecognizable from the one that birthed Napster, but Ulrich was battling for artists' rights and the value of recorded music, which is the same fight Swift took on last weekend. Jack Antonoff, Christina Perri Respond to Taylor Swift's Open Letter Against Apple Music The talking points are eerily similar, too. "This is not about me," Swift wrote in her Tumblr post about Apple Music. "Thankfully I am on my fifth album and can support myself, my band, crew, and entire management team by playing live shows. This is about the new artist or band that has just released their first single and will not be paid for its success." In July 2000, Ulrich told the Senate Judiciary Committee during his Napster takedown, "[M]y band, Metallica, is fortunate enough to make a great living from what it does. Most artists are barely earning a decent wage and need every source of revenue available to scrape by." Swift called Apple Music's disregard of writer, producer and artist royalties "shocking" and "disappointing," a decade and a half after Ulrich reduced Napster's services to a single word: "theft." Like Swift, Ulrich eventually won out against his corporate foe: in 2001, the Napster lawsuit was partially settled and the file-sharing service became a widely ignored subscription system. One year later, Napster filed for bankruptcy. Metallica has continued releasing music and performing to large crowds -- the band will headline Lollapalooza later this summer -- but Ulrich's Napster crusade will forever be the part of his career that is the most widely derided. Ulrich and the rest of Metallica were mocked on South Park, portrayed as money-hungry morons in a popular video by CampChaos.com and bashed by fans for attacking their fandom. Mötley Crüe bassist Nikki Sixx told MTV in 2000, "[Metallica] make enough off T-shirts and concert events and other forms of corporation. I think that it's not acceptable behavior for an artist to do that to their fans." Ulrich's legacy will forever be intertwined with that of Napster, which is probably something that the Metallica drummer never wanted to happen. Meanwhile, Swift's Apple Music showdown probably won't be more than a minor footnote in her career when it ends someday -- and it certainly won't involve the word "backlash" at all. Bleachers' Jack Antonoff called Swift's words "powerful and important," while Christina Pe


The mediaeval wind instrument called a shawm typically had a cover over its keys called what?

Basset Pommer in Rio (Bombardão): Pommer or Shawm according to Grove´s Dictionary quarta-feira, 7 de julho de 2010 Pommer or Shawm according to Grove´s Dictionary Shawm [scalmuse, shalm, shalmie, schalmuse] (from Lat. calamus: ‘reed’; Fr. chalemelle, chalemie, chelemele; Ger. Schalmei, Schalmey; It. cialamella, ciaramella, piffaro; Lat. celimela, gingrina, tibia; Sp. chirimía, xirimía). A woodwind instrument, usually with a double reed. The term ‘shawm’ has developed more than one meaning; since Hornbostel and Sachs (‘Systematik der Musikinstrumente’, 1914) it has been used as a generic term denoting both single-reed and double-reed aerophones, but in organological literature it is applied for the sake of precision to double-reed instruments only, many of whose names are linguistically related to ‘shawm’ (e.g. the Arab zamr, the Turkish zūrnā, the Persian surnāy, the Chinese suona, the Javanese saruni and the Hindu sahanai/sanayi). This article is concerned with European types (for non-European types, see Oboe, §I, 1 ), primarily with the shawm as the double-reed instrument extensively used in European art music from the 12th century to the 17th and reappearing in the early music revival of the 20th. It was made in many different sizes. The larger sizes of European shawm also became known as ‘bombarde’ or ‘bumbard’ (from Lat. bombus, ‘drone, buzz’; It. bombardo, Ger. Pumhart or Pommer), a term deriving from a medieval artillery piece. The distinction already present in German in the middle of the 14th century between ‘schalmigen und bumbart’ (Strassburg, 1322) did not occur in English of the period, where all sizes were usually called ‘shawm’ or ‘hoboy’ indiscriminately. In fact there are some indications that the Pommer had an independent type of construction used only for instruments in the lower registers. During the 15th century the term ‘hautbois’ (from Fr., literally ‘high wood’) was also applied to the higher instrument, although it was transferred in the late 17th century to the newly developed oboe; an analogous term for lower ones was ‘grosbois’. English also had the term ‘wayghte’ or ‘waits pipe’ (still used for the English shawm by James Talbot, MS c1695, GB-Och Mus.1187), named after the city watchman’s duty of sounding the hours. In late medieval Germany and the Low Countries the term Rauschpfeife was sometimes used for the shawm both with and without a wind cap. For discussion of shawms with wind caps, see Wind-cap instruments, §2 .             Praetorius illustration with 5 shawms on the top right   As no original pre-16th-century instruments have been preserved, it is necessary to resort (with due caution) to modern folk survivals and to iconographical evidence for clues as to the early form and history of the shawm. Even the few later instruments that have survived are difficult to date and to classify in accordance with the diversity of original terminology whose meaning is not always clear. It is difficult to reconstruct playing practices from the meagre written documentation, and misleading concepts have become entrenched from attempts to reintroduce the shawm consort by 20th-century early music groups. A thorough history of the shawm and of shawm playing has not yet been written. Shawm 1. General description. Shawms were made of various hardwoods, often maple. They have a conical bore expanding into a bell and are usually made in one piece, except the larger instruments which consist of several sections fitted together. They generally have little external ornamentation and are cylindrical or slightly tapered in outline. Internally, the bore is conical for some four-fifths of its length. The instruments have seven finger-holes at the front; in the larger instruments the lowest hole is closed by a key which operates inside a protective, slide-on wooden barrel (Fr. fontanelle) perforated by small holes, arranged in ornamental patterns, to let the sound through (fig.1). Below the lowest finger-holes there are several vent-holes to correct the effect of the acoustically overlong bell section (which is ne


"The character ""Mr. T"" is from which US TV series?"

The A-Team (TV Series 1983–1987) - IMDb (Toronto, Ontario) – See all my reviews Weren't 80's shows the greatest? There are some great shows out there today but nothing like The Dukes of Hazard, The Incredible Hulk and The A-Team. What an absolutely fantastic idea to have four Vietnam Vets on the run from the law and along the way solving crimes and puzzles for people that can afford them. How many of us can remember the bickering of B.A and Murdock? Remember how funny it was to watch Hannibal and Murdock trick B.A into drinking his milk? All of this was done to knock him out so they could fly somewhere (B.A. was afraid of flying). Hannibal smoking his cigars and then spewing out cool lines like " I love it when a plan comes together. " Faceman could infiltrate any establishment, not through brute force but with his wit and ability to disguise himself. And Murdock was just plain crazy, or was he? Many people have alluded to the fact no one ever got hurt either. How many times did Hannibal shoot out someone's tires and the car would flip over 500 times and then the occupants would get out of the car just rubbing their neck and grimacing a bit? Classic stuff. I also think the A-Team was a distant cousin of MacGyver because they could build anything out of anything. They would be locked in a warehouse by the bad guys and that warehouse would just happen to have a blow-torch and a bunch of steel in it. Low and behold, they would build themselves a tank. Sure this is all incredibly silly but so entertaining. Some 90's shows are great. Friends and Cheers and Frasier and I'm sure a bunch of others are awesome, but they can not match the sheer innocence and brilliance of shows like the A-Team. Maybe I am biased because I grew up in the 80's but I truly feel that way. The A-Team is one show that I wish would show up in syndication here in Toronto. It was fun, imaginative and damn entertaining. Just like most other entertainment that was born in the 80's. A true staple of the 80's 10 out of 10 36 of 39 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes


What was the nickname of the defending champion in the 2014 World Snooker Championship?

World Snooker Championship 2014 live on BBC & Eurosport – Sport On The Box 3 The snooker season reaches its climax with 32 of the world’s top players battling over 17 days for the title of 2014 World Champion and BBC Sport and British Eurosport will be screening daily coverage from Sheffield’s Crucible Theatre. The top 16 seeds plus 16 qualifiers will be competing for one of the most famous trophies in sport, as well as a record top prize of £300,000. The World Championship has always been the most prestigious tournament on the snooker calendar and this year boasts the biggest prize fund, as well as offering important ranking points for the following season.  World champion and snooker’s biggest name Ronnie O’Sullivan will be defending the title he won for a fifth time last year, with the likes world number one Neil Robertson, Chinese ace Ding Junhui, Judd Trump, Mark Selby and Shaun Murphy among the other leading contenders for the crown. O’Sullivan is looking to win the tournament for the third consecutive year, a feat that has not been achieved since Stephen Hendry did so in 1994, during the Scotman’s undisputed reign as the king of snooker in the early 1990s. ‘The Rocket’ has had an impressive season, winning the Masters, Champion of Champions, Welsh Open and Paul Hunter Classic and the 38-year-old will be aiming to hold onto his title again this year, which would put him level with the legendary Steve Davis on six world titles. Having remarkably won in 2013 after taking a nine-month break from competition, O’Sullivan is favourite to claim an historic six world title after a strong showing this season, though ‘The Rocket’ is not the only player looking to rewrite the record books in Sheffield. China’s Ding Junhui has been the season’s star-man and victory at the Crucible will make him the first player since Stephen Hendry in 1991 to win five ranking titles in one season. Ding will also be keen to avenge his 9-3 defeat to O’Sullivan in the Welsh Open final, a match that saw the latter record a 12th competitive 147 break to seal the title. Other contenders at the Crucible include current world number one Neil Robertson, who became the first Australian to win the world title in 2010, and Leicester’s Mark Selby, who will be eyeing a first World Championship title having won virtually every other major televised tournament going. The 17-day World Championship will again provide an unmissable feast of top class snooker and will be televised in over 70 countries worldwide to a global audience of over 300 million. World Snooker chairman Barry Hearn said: “This is truly one of the great events on the sporting calendar and there are hundreds of millions of fans across the planet eagerly awaiting the moment when the defending champion steps out on the first morning. “The atmosphere at the Crucible is unique in sport and those lucky enough to be inside the arena are going to experience something truly spectacular. “We have increased the prize money this year to £1,214,000 with the winner to receive the biggest cheque in the history of snooker. With so many top players in form and in contention, it’s going to be an incredible 17 days.” Follow the 2014 World Snooker Championship on BBC Sport & British Eurosport: . The BBC will bring snooker fans the very best action from the 2014 World Championship with over 150 hours of TV coverage on BBC One and BBC Two, as well as live action via Red Button and online. All 17 days of the slow-burning tension and drama of the sport’s biggest tournament will be shown live on BBC Sport via TV and online, with daily TV coverage from Sheffield’s Crucible Theatre – from the opening frames to all four sessions of the final. Hazel Irvine will lead again lead BBC Sport’s presentation team throughout the event alongside Jason Mohammad. The presenting team will primarily be based in a studio inside the ‘Cue Zone’ located within Sheffield’s Winter Gardens, directly opposite the Crucible Theatre. They will be joined by an expert team of guests and commentators, including snooker legends Steve Davis, John Pa


What international humanitarian institution was founded in Switzerland in 1863?

Jobs at ICRC - International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC - International Committee of the Red Cross Welcome to the Career site of the ICRC at UNjobfinder! The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) was founded in 1863 and is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland. The ICRC is a three-time Nobel Prize Laureate and is part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and is one of the most widely recognized organizations in the whole world. The ICRC is an independent, neutral organization ensuring humanitarian protection and assistance for victims of armed conflict and other situations of violence. It takes action in response to emergencies and at the same time promotes respect for international humanitarian law and its implementation in national law. Career at ICRC Is your dream to work for the ICRC? Watch this video to get more insight into humanitarian career, different ICRC jobs and the roles and life of the ICRC staff in operational contexts.   ICRC is continuously seeking and recruiting staff, training them and developing their skills, to always be prepared to call on a sufficient number of qualified personnel to work in the operational contexts of the ICRC. More than 2,000 people are currently on field missions for the ICRC across the globe, backed up by some 11,900 nationally employed and supported and coordinated by around 1,000 staff at Geneva headquarters. Mandate  The work of the ICRC is based on the Geneva Conventions of 1949, their Additional Protocols, its Statutes – and those of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement – and the resolutions of the International Conferences of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. Fundamental principles International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement are sharing some fundamental principles: Humanity: The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, born of a desire to bring assistance without discrimination to the wounded on the battlefield, endeavours, in its international and national capacity, to prevent and alleviate human suffering wherever it may be found. Its purpose is to protect life and health and to ensure respect for the human being. It promotes mutual understanding, friendship, cooperation and lasting peace amongst all peoples. Impartiality: It makes no discrimination as to nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or political opinions. It endeavours to relieve the suffering of individuals, being guided solely by their needs, and to give priority to the most urgent cases of distress. Neutrality: In order to continue to enjoy the confidence of all, the Movement may not take sides in hostilities or engage at any time in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature. Independence: The Movement is independent. The National Societies, while auxiliaries in the humanitarian services of their governments and subject to the laws of their respective countries, must always maintain their autonomy so that they may be able at all times to act in accordance with the principles of the Movement. Voluntary service: It is a voluntary relief movement not prompted in any manner by desire for gain. Unity: There can be only one Red Cross or one Red Crescent Society in anyone country. It must be open to all. It must carry on its humanitarian work throughout its territory. Universality: The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, in which all Societies have equal status and share equal responsibilities and duties in helping each other, is worldwide. Apply You will find all the ICRC’s opportunities at UNjobfinder, however all applications must be submitted directly to the ICRC. Please don't forget to indicate UNjobfinder in your application if you find the job through the ICRC’s career site at UNjobfinder. Vacancies


He is a playwright, screenwriter, film director and essayist with a Pulitzer Prize (1984) and Tony and Oscar award nominations; he is married to singer-songwriter Rebecca Pidgeon; what is his name?

David Mamet David Mamet David Mamet   David Alan Mamet ( born November 30, 1947) is an American playwright, essayist, screenwriter, and film director. As a playwright, Mamet has won a Pulitzer Prize and received Tony nominations for Glengarry Glen Ross (1984) and Speed-the-Plow (1988). As a screenwriter, he has received Oscar nominations for The Verdict (1982) and Wag the Dog (1997). Mamet’s books include: The Old Religion (1997), a novel about the lynching of Leo Frank; Five Cities of Refuge: Weekly Reflections on Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy (2004), a Torah commentary with Rabbi Lawrence Kushner; The Wicked Son (2006), a study of Jewish self-hatred and antisemitism; Bambi vs. Godzilla, a commentary on the movie business; The Secret Knowledge: On the Dismantling of American Culture (2011), a commentary on cultural and political issues; and Three War Stories (2013), a trio of novellas about the physical and psychological effects of war. Feature films which Mamet both wrote and directed include Redbelt (2008), The Spanish Prisoner (1997), House of Games (1987) (which won Best Film and Best Screenplay awards at the 1987 Venice Film Festival and “Film of the Year” for the 1989 London Critics Circle Film Awards), Spartan (2004), Heist (2001), State and Main (2000) (Winner of a Best Acting – Ensemble award from the National Board of Review), The Winslow Boy (1999), Oleanna (1994), Homicide (1991) (nominated for the Palme d’Or at 1991 Cannes Film Festival and won a “Screenwriter of the Year” award for Mamet from the London Critics Circle Film Awards and Best Cinematography for Roger Deakins from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards), Things Change (1988) (which won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at 1988 Venice Film Festival for Don Ameche and Joe Mantegna), and most recently the 2013 HBO film Phil Spector, starring Al Pacino as Spector with Helen Mirren and Jeffrey Tambor. Mamet has also written the screenplays for such films as The Verdict (1982), directed by Sidney Lumet, The Postman Always Rings Twice (1981), directed by Bob Rafelson, The Untouchables (1987) directed by Brian De Palma, Hoffa (1992), Ronin (1998), Wag The Dog (1997), The Edge (1997), and Hannibal (2001). Mamet was also the creator, executive producer, and frequent writer for the TV show The Unit.   Early Life Mamet was born in 1947 in Chicago to Jewish parents, Lenore June (née Silver), a teacher, and Bernard Morris Mamet, an attorney.[2] One of his first jobs was as a busboy at Chicago’s The Second City. He was educated at the progressive Francis W. Parker School and at Goddard College in Plainfield, Vermont. At the Chicago Public Library Foundation 20th anniversary fundraiser in 2006, though, Mamet announced “My alma mater is the Chicago Public Library. I got what little educational foundation I got in the third-floor reading room, under the tutelage of a Coca-Cola sign”.[3]     Theater Mamet is a founding member of the Atlantic Theater Company; he first gained acclaim for a trio of off-Broadway plays in 1976, The Duck Variations, Sexual Perversity in Chicago, and American Buffalo.[4] He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1984 for Glengarry Glen Ross , which received its first Broadway revival in the summer of 2005. His play Race , which opened on Broadway on December 6, 2009 and featured James Spader, David Alan Grier, Kerry Washington, and Richard Thomas in the cast, received mixed reviews.[5] His play The Anarchist, starring Patti LuPone and Debra Winger, in her Broadway debut, opened on Broadway on November 13, 2012 in previews and is scheduled to close on December 16, 2012.[6] In 2002, Mamet was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame.[7] Mamet later received the PEN/Laura Pels International Foundation for Theater Award for Grand Master of American Theater in 2010. Film Mamet’s feature films, which he both wrote and directed, include in chronological order: his feature directorial debut House of Games (1987) (which won Best Film and Best Screenplay awards at the 1987 Venice Film Festival and “Film of the Year” fo


What does the Gdel solution, proposed to Einstein's equations, imply as a technical possibility?

Time Machines (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Time Machines First published Thu Nov 25, 2004; substantive revision Tue Mar 29, 2016 Recent years have seen a growing consensus in the philosophical community that the grandfather paradox and similar logical puzzles do not preclude the possibility of time travel scenarios that utilize spacetimes containing closed timelike curves. At the same time, physicists, who for half a century acknowledged that the general theory of relativity is compatible with such spacetimes, have intensely studied the question whether the operation of a time machine would be admissible in the context of the same theory and of its quantum cousins. A time machine is a device which brings about closed timelike curves—and thus enables time travel—where none would have existed otherwise. The physics literature contains various no-go theorems for time machines, i.e., theorems which purport to establish that, under physically plausible assumptions, the operation of a time machine is impossible. We conclude that for the time being there exists no conclusive no-go theorem against time machines. The character of the material covered in this article makes it inevitable that its content is of a rather technical nature. We contend, however, that philosophers should nevertheless be interested in this literature for at least two reasons. First, the topic of time machines leads to a number of interesting foundations issues in classical and quantum theories of gravity; and second, philosophers can contribute to the topic by clarifying what it means for a device to count as a time machine, by relating the debate to other concerns such as Penrose’s cosmic censorship conjecture and the fate of determinism in general relativity theory, and by eliminating a number of confusions regarding the status of the paradoxes of time travel. The present article addresses these ambitions in as non-technical a manner as possible, and the reader is referred to the relevant physics literature for details. 1. Introduction: time travel vs. time machine The topic of time machines is the subject of a sizable and growing physics literature, some of which has filtered down to popular and semi-popular  presentations.[ 1 ] The issues raised by this topic are largely oblique, if not orthogonal, to those treated in the philosophical literature on time  travel.[ 2 ] Most significantly, the so-called paradoxes of time travel do not play a substantial role in the physics literature on time machines. This literature equates the possibility of time travel with the existence of closed timelike curves (CTCs) or worldlines for material particles that are smooth, future-directed timelike curves with  self-intersections.[ 3 ] Since time machines designate devices which bring about the existence of CTCs and thus enable time travel, the paradoxes of time travel are irrelevant for attempted “no-go” results for time machines because these results concern what happens before the emergence of  CTCs.[ 4 ] This, in our opinion, is fortunate since the paradoxes of time travel are nothing more than a crude way of bringing out the fact that the application of familiar local laws of relativistic physics to a spacetime background which contains CTCs typically requires that consistency constraints on initial data must be met in order for a local solution of the laws to be extendable to a global solution. The nature and status of these constraints is the subject of ongoing discussion. We will not try to advance the discussion of this issue  here;[ 5 ] rather, our aim is to acquaint the reader with the issues addressed in the physics literature on time machines and to connect them with issues in the philosophy of space and time and, more generally, with issues in the foundations of physics. Paradox mongers can be reassured in that if a paradox is lost in shifting the focus from time travel itself to time machines, then a paradox is also gained: if it is possible to operate a time machi


"According to the old saying, what is ""the spice of life""?"

Variety Is the Spice of Life Variety is the spice of life. Meaning: You use this proverb to say that if you do a lot of different things and meet  different people, etc., your life becomes more interesting. Having and experiencing a lot of different things is what makes your life interesting.   Example: Variety is the spice of life, and there's a lot of it at the English  Language Center. You can meet people from many different countries, and there  are a lot of activities you can participate in. Picture: This picture was drawn by Erika Aoyama


The Armagnac region of France lies between the Adour and Garonne rivers and near which other feature?

IN VINO SAN FRANCISCO IN VINO SAN FRANCISCO Vinous Adventures of a Frenchman in America September 05, 2007 Posted by Raphael Knapp at 09:22 PM | Permalink | Comments (2) | TrackBacks (0) Pomerol - July 17, 2007 Posted by Raphael Knapp at 08:28 PM | Permalink | Comments (634) | TrackBacks (0) July 28, 2007 Claude Michot (Pouilly Fumé) - July 23, 2007 Claude Michot is located in St Andelain, the same village as Didier Dagueneau. He is a purist and his 2006 Pouilly-Fume is intensely flagrant, heady with acacia blossoms, wet stone and fresh herbs.  View of Pouilly Fume and the hill of Sancerre from "les Monts Damnes" above the village of Chavignol, world-known for its famous Goat Cheese "Crottin de Chavignol". The small cylindrical goat cheese from the area around Chavignol has been produced since the 16th century, but it wasn't until the year 1829 that it was first written about.  View of the Pouilly-Fume vineyards across the Loire River from the hill of Sancerre. The tiny village under the forest in the middle below the horizon is Saint-Andelain. Below and the right is the lieu-dit "Les Berthiers" where Claude lives and makes his wine.  View of the Loire River and the hill of Sancerre from the Pouilly-Fume vineyards.  In le lieu-dit "Les Berthiers", Claude benefit from the emulation of a great competition!  Pouilly-Fume is made of 100% Sauvignon Blanc. Sauvignon Blanc is a green-skinned grape variety which originates from the Bordeaux region of France. It is now planted in many of the world's wine regions, producing a crisp, dry, and refreshing white wine. Conversely, the grape is also a component of the famous dessert wines from Sauternes. Sauvignon blanc is also widely cultivated in New Zealand and California. Depending on climate, the flavor can range from grassy (New Zealand) to sweetly tropical (many California examples). Wine experts often use the phrase "cat's pee in a gooseberry bush" as a favorable description of Sauvignon blanc from the Loire Valley. Sauvignon blanc, when slightly chilled, pairs well with fish or cheese, particularly Chevre (Goat cheese). It is also known as one of the few wines that can pair well with Sushi...  Pressoir  Temperature Control System   In the "Cuverie", Claude has me try two samples from two different vineyards. The cuvee "Les bois" (clay-limestone soil) and the cuvee "Les Chailloux" (all of the above plus a lot of silex). The two plots are distant from 300 feet but the wines are totally opposite. The terroir of silex add some beautiful light mineral notes. Claude plans to release the "silex" cuvee in the near future.  A handful of silex stones from Claude Vineyards.  Today, a vigneron is, also, a businessman. Terroir now goes hand in hand with high tech... Posted by Raphael Knapp at 09:46 PM | Permalink | Comments (444) | TrackBacks (0) Chateau Peyros - July 21st, 2007   Posted by Raphael Knapp at 09:44 PM | Permalink | Comments (971) | TrackBacks (0) Chateau Laubade (Bas-Armagnac) - July 20th - 21st, 2007 Chateau de Laubade is the benchmark for Armagnacs. The leader of the luxury French domestic market. Laubade has won a staggering 40 medals in the Paris and Eauze tasting competition. Refined and rich in aromatic nuances, an almost perfect balance, magnificent amber colour, you are very close to perfection. The XO, is a blend of very fine, subtle and elegant spirits, some of which are more than 20 years old. The resulting armagnac is rounded and deep. Vintage wine is the pride and joy of the Armagnac appellation, and in particular of Château de Laubade, one of the great specialists. In Armagnac all of the vintage wines are identified and authenticated. They are produced with 100% of the year’s harvest. At Château de Laubade, vintage wines are bottled as and when they are needed. The bottling date is marked on the back-label to guarantee the true maturing time in the barrels. The vintage bottles are waxed and presented in magnificent ash wood cases.  Right: Monsieur Saigne, winemaker Chateau Laubade Salon where we tasted fantastic Armagnacs: VSOP, XO, 1978, 1948 and 1924 among oth


In 1892, who became the first heavyweight boxing champion to fight under the Marquess of Queensberry rules?

John L. Sullivan | Boxing Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Edit He was born in the South End [1] neighborhood of Boston to Irish immigrant parents, Michael Sullivan from Abbeydorney, County Kerry and the former Catherine Kelly from Athlone, County Westmeath/County Roscommon. Sullivan was nicknamed The Boston Strongboy. As a youth he was arrested several times for participating in bouts where the sport was outlawed, and he went on exhibition tours offering people money to fight him. In 1879, when he challenged anyone (except for Negroes) in America to fight him for $500, Sullivan had won over 450 fights in his career. In 1883–84 Sullivan went on a coast-to-coast tour by train with five other boxers. It was scheduled to comprise 195 performances in 136 different cities and towns over 238 days. To help promote the tour, Sullivan announced that he would box anyone (as long as they were White) at any time during the tour under the Queensberry Rules for $250. He knocked out eleven men during the tour. Paddy Ryan, 1887 Edit A cigarette trading card of Sullivan produced in late 1886. In Sullivan's era, no formal boxing titles existed. He became a champion after defeating Paddy Ryan in Mississippi City, near Gulfport, Mississippi on February 7, 1882 since Negroes were not permitted to compete. Modern authorities have retroactively labelled Ryan the "Heavyweight Champion of America", but any claim to Ryan's being a "world champion" would have been dubious; he'd never contended internationally as Sullivan had. Depending on the modern authority, Sullivan was first considered world heavyweight champion either in 1888 when he fought Charley Mitchell in France, or the following year when he knocked out Jake Kilrain in round 75 of a scheduled 80-round bout. Arguably the real first World Heavyweight champion was Jem Mace who defeated Tom Allen in 1870 at Kenner, Louisiana, but strong anti-British sentiment within the mostly Irish American boxing community at that time chose to disregard him. When the modern authorities talk of the heavyweight championship of the world, they are probably referring to the championship belt presented to Sullivan in Boston on August 8, 1887. The belt was inscribed Presented to the Champion of Champions, John L. Sullivan, by the Citizens of the United States. Its centerpiece featured the flags of the US, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Mitchell came from Birmingham, England and fought Sullivan in 1883, knocking him down in the first round. Their second meeting took place in 1888 on the grounds of a chateau at Chantilly, France in driving rain. It went on for more than two hours, at the end of which both men were unrecognisable and had suffered much loss of blood; neither could lift his arms to punch and the contest was considered a draw. The local gendarmerie arrived at this point and managed to arrest Mitchell, who spent the next few days in a cell and was later fined by the local magistrate, boxing being illegal in France at that time. Sullivan managed to evade the law, swathed in bandages, and was taken back across the English Channel to spend the next few weeks convalescing in Liverpool. Mitchell acted as Sullivan's corner man for many years after. The Kilrain fight Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sullivan - Kilrain Fight Jim Corbett The Kilrain fight is considered to be a turning point in boxing history because it was the last world title bout fought under the London Prize Ring Rules and therefore the last bare-knuckle heavyweight title bout. It was one of the first American sporting events to receive national press coverage. For the first time, newspapers carried extensive pre-fight coverage, reporting on the fighters' training and speculating on where the bout would take place. The center of activity was New Orleans , but the governor of Louisiana had forbidden the fight in that state. Sullivan had trained for months in Belfast, New York under trainer William Muldoon , whose biggest problem had been keeping Sullivan from liquor. Rochester reporter Arch Merrill commented that occasionally Sulliva


By what name is Mrs Montagu Barstow better known?

Baroness Emmuska Orczy - Biography - IMDb Baroness Emmuska Orczy Jump to: Overview  (3) | Spouse  (1) | Trivia  (5) Overview (3) Emmuska Magdalena Rosalia Maria Josepha Barbara Orczy Spouse (1) The name Orczy is pronounced Ort-zee. Her most famous work, "The Scarlet Pimpernel", was written as a play in 1904. The language she wrote in, English, was not her mother tongue, rather, it was her third language - she had been exiled from her native land as a girl. Gave birth to her only child at age 33, a son John Montague Orczy-Barstow on February 25, 1899. Child's father is her then husband, Montagu Barstow . Also known as Mrs. Montagu Barstow. See also


What is the official language of the principality of Andorra?

Andorra | history - geography | Britannica.com Country Data Overview (PDF) Andorra, small independent European coprincipality situated among the southern peaks of the Pyrenees Mountains and bounded by France to the north and east and by Spain to the south and west. It is one of the smallest states in Europe . The capital is Andorra la Vella . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. House overlooking Andorra la Vella, Andorra. G. Sioen—IGDA/DeA Picture Library Geography Andorra consists of a cluster of mountain valleys whose streams unite to form the Valira River. Two of these streams, the Madriu and the Perafita, flow into the Madriu-Perafita-Claror valley, which occupies about one-tenth of Andorra’s land area and is characterized by glacial landscapes, steep valleys, and open pastures. The valley was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2004. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Vall d’Incles, Andorra. © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images Andorra has traditionally had a strong affinity with the region of Catalonia in northern Spain. Andorra’s official language is Catalan (Spanish and French are also spoken); its institutions are based in Catalonian law, and a large proportion of the Spanish immigrants (or their descendants) in Andorra are Catalan. Most Andorrans are Roman Catholic; Andorra is part of the diocese of Urgel. Roughly nine-tenths of the population is classified as urban, and more than half of residents are foreign nationals, mainly from Spain, France, and Portugal . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. With only a tiny proportion of Andorra’s land cultivable, the traditional economy centred on the pasturing of sheep and the harvesting of modest quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, olives, grapes, and potatoes. Industry was limited to processing these products and to handicrafts. Because of the lack of customs duties and low or nonexistent taxes, Andorra has become an important international centre of retail trade that has attracted millions of shoppers from all over Europe with its duty-free imported consumer goods, including alcoholic beverages, electronic devices, tobacco, and clothing. Tourism is another of Andorra’s leading industries, and the area has excellent opportunities for winter sports. The construction industry flourished in response to the increase in tourism. The banking sector is also economically significant. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest Although not a member of the European Union , Andorra has used the euro as its de facto primary currency since 2002. In July 2011 Andorra concluded a monetary agreement with the EU that made the euro its official currency, although the Andorran government was not granted the power to issue its own euro banknotes. No railway system exists, but good roads link Andorra with France and Spain, and the principality is served by a small airport in Seo de Urgel, Spain. The University of Andorra was established in 1997; it has faculties in nursing, computer studies, and virtual studies and continuing education. Virtually all Andorrans are literate. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Countries of the World Historically, the coprinces (the French president and the bishop of Urgel) represented Andorra internationally and jointly headed the government through their delegates. The elected members of Andorra’s unicameral legislature, the 28-member General Council of the Valleys, were responsible for internal administration and functioned as both an informal legislature and a cabinet headed by a prime minister. The 1993 constitution, approved by Andorran voters in a referendum, changed this structure and transferred most of the powers of the coprinces to the General Council, which became a true national parliament elected by universal suffrage. Every four years, the General Council elects an Executive Council president who heads the government and who then chooses cabinet members. The government was newly empowered to raise revenues through taxation, to create an independent judiciary, to give citizens the right to for


Rio 2016 Olympics - Schedule, Medals, Results & News   More info The Rio 2016 emblem is inspired by the organisers’ vision, which is: “All Brazilians uniting to deliver the greatest festival on earth and proudly advancing our national promise of progress.” It has, as its essence, the concepts of passion and transformation, which both reflect modern-day Brazil. This positioning is supported by four pillars – harmonious diversity, contagious energy, exuberant nature, and the Olympic spirit. These have all been masterfully combined to give Rio 2016 its colourful identity. This emblem is not only a symbol of Rio’s and Brazil’s hopes for these Games but also for the future of the city and country. IOC On the obverse, Nike, goddess of victory, flies into the Panathinaikos stadium bringing triumph to the best athlete. For these Games, her figure is accompanied by the specific inscription: “XXXI Olympiada Rio 2016”. The reverse features laurel leaves – a symbol of victory in the ancient Greece, in the form of the wreaths awarded to competition winners. They are surrounding the Rio 2016 Olympics logo. Bearing a design that celebrates the relationship between the strengths of Olympic heroes and the forces of nature, the 500g gold, silver and bronze medals have been made with sustainability at their heart. The silver and bronze medals have been produced using 30 per cent recycled materials while the ribbons are made from 50 per cent recycled PET. Meanwhile, the gold medals are completely free of mercury. The gold medals are purer than ever, meeting sustainability criteria from extraction to refining, as well as meeting strict environmental and labour laws. They make use of recycled raw silver at 92.5 per cent purity, coming from leftover mirrors, waste solders and X-ray plates. And 40 per cent of the copper used in the bronze medals came from waste at the Mint itself. The substance was melted and decontaminated to provide material for the medals. Number of medals: 812 gold, 812 silver and 864 bronze. Weight: 500g Mint: Brazilian Mint The city of Rio de Janeiro hosted the Games of the XXXI Olympiad. This followed three rounds of voting by members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on 2 October 2009 at the 121st IOC Session, in Copenhagen, Denmark. Rio 2016 Alex Ferro Seven cities were initially proposed by their National Olympic Committees to host the 2016 Games: Chicago (USA), Prague (CZE), Tokyo (JPN), Rio de Janeiro (BRA), Baku (AZE), Doha (QAT) and Madrid (ESP). On 4 June 2008, the IOC Executive Board selected four cities to enter the Candidate City phase of the bid process. Listed in the official order of drawing of lots, these cities were: Chicago (USA) Rio de Janeiro (BRA) Madrid (ESP) During the vote on 2 October 2009, Rio de Janeiro eventually triumphed by taking 66 votes compared to Madrid's 32. This gave Rio the majority that it needed to be elected as the host city for the 2016 Games. Rio had to overcome stiff competition, however, in the form of Chicago, Tokyo and Madrid in order to get the Games. 21st IOC Session, 2 October 2009, Copenhagen: Election of the Host City of the XXXI Games of the Olympiad Rounds