"Which English novelist wrote ""Decline and Fall"", ""Brideshead Revisited"" and ""Officers and Gentlemen""?"

Evelyn Waugh (Author of Brideshead Revisited) edit data Evelyn Waugh's father Arthur was a noted editor and publisher. His only sibling Alec also became a writer of note. In fact, his book “The Loom of Youth” (1917) a novel about his old boarding school Sherborne caused Evelyn to be expelled from there and placed at Lancing College. He said of his time there, “…the whole of English education when I was brought up was to produce prose writers; it was all we were taught, really.” He went on to Hertford College, Oxford, where he read History. When asked if he took up any sports there he quipped, “I drank for Hertford.” In 1924 Waugh left Oxford without taking his degree. After inglorious stints as a school teacher (he was dismissed for trying to seduce a school matron and/or inebriation), an appren Evelyn Waugh's father Arthur was a noted editor and publisher. His only sibling Alec also became a writer of note. In fact, his book “The Loom of Youth” (1917) a novel about his old boarding school Sherborne caused Evelyn to be expelled from there and placed at Lancing College. He said of his time there, “…the whole of English education when I was brought up was to produce prose writers; it was all we were taught, really.” He went on to Hertford College, Oxford, where he read History. When asked if he took up any sports there he quipped, “I drank for Hertford.” In 1924 Waugh left Oxford without taking his degree. After inglorious stints as a school teacher (he was dismissed for trying to seduce a school matron and/or inebriation), an apprentice cabinet maker and journalist, he wrote and had published his first novel, “Decline and Fall” in 1928. In 1928 he married Evelyn Gardiner. She proved unfaithful, and the marriage ended in divorce in 1930. Waugh would derive parts of “A Handful of Dust” from this unhappy time. His second marriage to Audrey Herbert lasted the rest of his life and begat seven children. It was during this time that he converted to Catholicism. During the thirties Waugh produced one gem after another. From this decade come: “Vile Bodies” (1930), “Black Mischief” (1932), the incomparable “A Handful of Dust” (1934) and “Scoop” (1938). After the Second World War he published what is for many his masterpiece, “Brideshead Revisited,” in which his Catholicism took center stage. “The Loved One” a scathing satire of the American death industry followed in 1947. After publishing his “Sword of Honor Trilogy” about his experiences in World War II (“Men at Arms” (1952), “Officers and Gentlemen” (1955), “Unconditional Surrender" (1961) his career was seen to be on the wane. In fact, “Basil Seal Rides Again” (1963) - his last published novel - received little critical or commercial attention. Evelyn Waugh, considered by many to be the greatest satirical novelist of his day, passed away on 10 April 1966 at the age of 62.


"In 1985 the Greenpeace protest ship ""Rainbow Warrior"" was bombed and sunk by French agents in which harbour?"

zoom Around 8.30pm, 10 July 1985, Jean-Michel Bartelo put on his scuba gear and slipped beneath the water, heading for the Rainbow Warrior Those already on deck scramble up the ladder or leap to safety on the wharf. Within minutes, they see the ship’s steel masts tilt towards them… The tragic death of a crew member “I stood there looking at the boat with all of these bubbles coming out of it,” captain Pete Willcox would later recall. “That’s when Davey [Edwards] said Fernando is down there. I remember arguing with him, saying no, Fernando has gone to town, that’s what he always did. No he said. Fernando is down there.” The Portugal-born Greenpeace photographer Fernando Pereira had joined the crew of the Rainbow Warrior to document the French nuclear testing and bring his photographs to the world. He was caught in a rush of water that night, and drowned. He had just celebrated his 35th birthday. A state-sanctioned bombing – shrewdly planned and executed The Rainbow Warrior wasn’t hit by a tug, of course. In an attempt to “neutralise” the ship ahead of its planned protest, French secret service agents in diving gear had attached two packets of plastic-wrapped explosives to it, one by the propeller, one to the outer wall of the engine room. Initially, the French government denied all knowledge of the operation, but it became soon obvious that they were involved. Eventually, prime minister Laurent Fabius appeared on television and told a shocked public: “Agents of the DGSE (Secret Service) sank this boat. They acted on orders.” First they denied, then they disappeared Only two agents ever stood trial. Dominique Prieur and Alain Mafart, who had posed as Swiss tourists, pleaded guilty to charges of manslaughter and wilful damage, attracting sentences of 10 and 7 years. A UN negotiated settlement meant that they were transferred to Hao atoll, a French military base in French Polynesia. They were both released within less than two years. The spy who infiltrated the Greenpeace New Zealand office ahead of the bombing, Christine Cabon, evaded arrest in Israel. She hasn’t been seen since. The whereabouts of the combat frogman with the alias Jean-Michel Berthelot – one of the two divers believed to have planted the bombs – are unknown. Most of those involved in what happened that night in an Auckland harbour have simply disappeared. You can’t sink a Rainbow The Rainbow Warrior was named after a North American Cree Indian prophecy: “When the world is sick and dying, the people will rise up like Warriors of the Rainbow…” On its bow she proudly carried a dove of peace carrying an olive branch – never leaving any doubt about her non-violent mission. All around her hull, there were the striking colours of the rainbow. After the bombing, the ship was given a resting place at Matauri Bay, in New Zealand’s Cavalli Islands, where it has become a living reef, attracting marine life and recreational divers. Greenpeace replaced her with a new vessel, and for 22 years, the second Rainbow Warrior has campaigned for a green and peaceful future. In 2011 the new Rainbow Warrior, the world's first purpose-built environmental campaigning ship, readied herself to carry on the original Rainbow Warrior’s spirit. It’s a spirit that will always live on. Categories


Which computer game takes place in Liberty City, Vice City and San Andreas, which suffer from rampant crime, feuding between crime syndicates, random acts of violence from street gangs, organized thievery and murder, and corrupt city officials and police?

Grand Theft Auto | Encyclopedia Gamia | Fandom powered by Wikia Walkthrough Grand Theft Auto (abbreviated as GTA) is a 1997 action-adventure video game created by DMA Design (now Rockstar North ) and published by BMG Interactive . The game allows the player to take on the role of a criminal who can roam freely around a big city. Various missions are set for completion, such as bank robberies, assassinations, and other crimes. It is the first title in the Grand Theft Auto series that has thus far spanned ten standalone games, and three expansion packs. The game was originally intended to be named "Race N Chase". [1] GTA was succeeded by Grand Theft Auto 2 and both games were made available as a free download by Rockstar Games on their website in 2004. [2] The game was made available on Steam on January 4, 2008. [3] However, as at time of writing on September 2015, the game is no longer available for download on Steam, and neither is its sequel, Grand Theft Auto 2 . Contents [ show ] Gameplay Grand Theft Auto is made up of a series of levels , each set in one of the three main cities. In each level, the player's ultimate objective is to reach a target number of points , which is typically achieved by performing tasks for the city's local crime syndicate. Each level has its own unique set of tasks. Successful completion of a mission rewards the player with points and opens the opportunity to attempt harder missions for higher rewards, while failure awards few points and may permanently seal off opportunities for more tasks. Possibilities The player is free to do whatever he or she wants. The player can gain points by causing death and destruction amid the traffic in the city, or steal and sell cars for profit, although to get to the large target money amount to complete a level, players will usually opt to complete missions which will gain them one multiplier for every success and lose one for every failure. The multiplier multiplies the number of points scored for anything. Some criminal acts have an inherent multiplier; for example, using a police car for running over people doubles the number of points received. Freedom Even during missions there is still some freedom as most of the time the player is free to choose the route to take, but the destination is usually fixed. It is this level of freedom which set Grand Theft Auto apart from other action based computer games at the time. [4] Some places in the game have to be unlocked by completing missions. Setting Grand Theft Auto takes place in three large cities, all of which are modelled after real cities: Liberty City which is based on New York City , Vice City based on Miami , and San Andreas based on San Francisco , Los Angeles , and Las Vegas . All three cities suffer from rampant crime and corruption, with constant feuding between the local crime syndicates, random acts of violence from street gangs, organized thievery and murder, and corrupt city officials and police officers. These three cities would later become the settings all the Grand Theft Auto games to follow, except for the Grand Theft Auto: London mission packs and Grand Theft Auto 2 . Characters Players are able to choose to play as eight characters in the game: Travis, Katie, Nikki, Divine, Bubba, Troy, Kivlov and Ulrika (the PlayStation version only lets players choose the four male characters, however). In actual gameplay, there is no real difference, since the characters all wear exactly the same yellow sweater. Although they do wear different coloured trousers and hair colours to each other and have the correct skin colours. You may also name your character, which, with the correct name, acts like a cheat code and alters gameplay. Soundtrack Grand Theft Auto has seven "radio stations", plus a police band track, which can be heard once the player enters a car, however each vehicle can only receive a limited number of these radio stations. [5] In the PlayStation port each car only had one station. PC players can remove the CD once the game is loaded and replace it with an audio CD . The next time the


The rest is silence are the dying words of which Shakespearean character?

Why did Shakespeare make "the rest is silence" Hamlet's final words? | eNotes Why did Shakespeare make "the rest is silence" Hamlet's final words? amymc | High School Teacher | (Level 2) Associate Educator Posted on June 13, 2011 at 12:13 AM I would ask you to consider the "noise" that Hamlet has been experiencing since his father died.  Because Hamlet is a sensitive, philosophical young man, he thinks rather than acts.  However, his father has been murdered and demands revenge from his only son.  Therefore, Hamlet experiences a lot of emotional "noise" and it tends to be introverted psychologically rather than extroverted (inward, not outward).  His erratic thoughts create additional "noise"  as does his thwarted love for Ophelia and the deceptions of his two friends.  As Act V concludes, he realizes his end may be near and does not seem afraid.  In fact, he seems to have resolved his life to the hand of fate, as the following quotation implies: If it be now, 'tis not to come; if it be not to come, it will be now; if it be not now, yet it will come: the readiness is all: since no man has aught of what he leaves, what is't to leave  betimes? After this decision, the "noise" in his head subsides.  He seems to think more clearly.  The final quote--"the rest is silence"--could represent the true peace that Hamlet feels as both external and internal noise are gone. like 2 dislike 0 August 16, 2008 at 9:29 AM Hamlet, who speaks the majority of the lines in the play, is about to die and stop speaking for ever. He has avenged his father's murder, been cut with the poisoned rapier, and, as he has just reflected to Horatio, is about to pass the crown of Denmark (he is, at this moment, effectively the only candidate to be king) to Fortinbras. There will be no familial succession. In that sense, the rest is silence for the line of the Hamlets. Yet there is (as with so many other things in Hamlet) a meta-theatrical element. Hamlet has just asked Horatio not to commit suicide (Horatio's line 'Here's yet some liquor left' refers to a drop of poison left and his desire to kill himself) but to stay alive and to 'report' Hamlet's story to Fortinbras. Hamlet cannot voice his choice for succession nor can he tell his own story: he is about to die; there can only be silence from him. But when the play--itself a version of Hamlet's story--comes to an end, part of Horatio's project, even after the curtain has come down, is to re-tell that same story: So tell him, with the occurrents, more and less, Which have solicited. Paraphrase: So tell Fortinbras, with the events and results that came to pass, more or less, which wrongdoing was provoked and incited. So, perhaps, as we come to the end of a performance of Hamlet in the theatre, we confront Hamlet. Yet, in an odd sort of way, we simply come to the end of a cycle. There is silence at the end of each performance, but every time the play itself is performed, Hamlet's dying wish for his story to be told 'aright' is fulfilled. HAMLET The potent poison quite o'er-crows my spirit: I cannot live to hear the news from England, But I do prophesy the election lights On Fortinbras: he has my dying voice; So tell him, with the occurrents, more and less, Which have solicited—The rest is silence". The reference you mention is part of Hamlet's final speech in which he observes the fact that he is dying and reflects that he will not be a part of anything more in life. The rest of his life is to be silence.  His life ended, too soon, leaving a wide gap of silence where years of living should be.  Hamlet realizes he needs to rely on Horatio to tell Fortinbras that he has Hamlet's "dying voice" for succession to the throne of Denmark. He also asks Horatio to tell the story of his uncle, his father, his mother, of how Ophelia died, and finally of how Hamlet's promising life was cut short when he says: HAMLET. So tell him, with the occurrents, more and less, Which have solicited ... May 29, 2008 at 8:39 AM The obvious answer is probably the right one here: It was the end of the play.  Hamlet dies with these words


"What was reported as being from ancient Greece by authors Lynn and Gray Poole in their ""History of the Ancient Games"", after they saw it carved on a stone when visiting Delphi In the 1950s?"

WHY ARE THERE 5 COLORS IN OLYMPIC FLAG WITH WHITE BACKROUND | eBay March 19, 2014 Why there is 5 colors to the Olympics with the white backround; The primary symbol of the Olympic Games is composed of five interlocking rings, colored blue, yellow, black, green, and red on a white field, known as the "Olympic rings." The symbol was originally designed in 1912 by Baron Pierre de Coubertin, co-founder of the modern Olympic Games. According to Coubertin, the ring colors with the white background stand for those colors that appeared on all the national flags that competed in the Olympic games at that time. Upon its initial introduction, Coubertin stated the following in the August, 1912 edition of Olympique:[full citation needed] "...the six colors [including the flag’s white background] thus combined reproduce the colors of all the nations, with no exception. The blue and yellow of Sweden, the blue and white of Greece, the tri- colors of France, England and America, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Hungary, the yellow and red of Spain next to the novelties of Brazil or Australia, with old Japan and new China. Here is truly an international symbol." In his article published in the "Olympic Revue" the official magazine of the International Olympic Committee in November 1992, the American historian Robert Barney explains that the idea of the interlaced rings came to Pierre de Coubertin when he was in charge of the USFSA, an association founded by the union of two French sports associations and until 1925, responsible for representing the International Olympic Committee in France: The emblem of the union was two interlaced rings (like the vesica piscis typical interlaced marriage rings) and originally the idea of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung: for him, the ring symbolized continuity and the human being.[4] The 1914 Congress had to be suspended because of the outbreak of World War I, but the symbol and flag were later adopted. They would first officially debut at the Games of the VII Olympiad in Antwerp, Belgium in 1920.[5] The symbol's popularity and widespread use began during the lead-up to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. Carl Diem, president of the Organizing Committee of the 1936 Summer Olympics, wanted to hold a torchbearers' ceremony in the stadium at Delphi, site of the famous oracle, where the Pythian Games were also held. For this reason he ordered construction of a milestone with the Olympic rings carved in the sides, and that a torchbearer should carry the flame along with an escort of three others from there to Berlin. The ceremony was celebrated but the stone was never removed. Later, two British authors Lynn and Gray Poole when visiting Delphi in the late 1950s saw the stone and reported in their "History of the Ancient Games" that the Olympic rings design came from ancient Greece. This has become known as "Carl Diem's Stone".[6] This created a myth that the symbol had an ancient Greek origin. The rings would subsequently be featured prominently in Nazi images in 1936 as part of an effort to glorify the Third Reich.[7] The current view of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) is that the symbol "reinforces the idea" that the Olympic Movement is international and welcomes all countries of the world to join.[8] As can be read in the Olympic Charter, the Olympic symbol represents the union of the five regions of the world and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games. However, no continent is represented by any specific ring. Prior to 1951, the official handbook stated that each color corresponded to a particular continent: blue for Europe, yellow for Asia, black for Africa, green for Australia and Oceania and red for the Americas; this was removed because there was no evidence that Coubertin had intended it (the quote above was probably an afterthought Tags:


"How did the theme song for the TV show ""The Monkees"" begin?"

(Theme From) The Monkees by The Monkees Songfacts Songfacts This was the first song written and recorded for The Monkees TV series, which ran on NBC 1966-1968. Written to introduce the irreverent act, a portion of it was used as the theme song for the show. It was written by the songwriter/producers Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart, who were hired to write three songs for the show's pilot, including the theme. When they wrote it, the cast had not been chosen and they had very little direction - the show was pitched as "An American version of The Beatles" and loosely based on the Beatles movie A Hard Day's Night. Boyce and Hart wrote the song in the style of The Beatles, composing good-natured lyrics positioning the band as a fun group of guys who are "too busy singing to put anybody down." The finger snaps and "here we come" line were influenced by the Dave Clark Five song " Catch Us If You Can ," where they sing, "Here we come again, catch us if you can." The Monkees didn't play on their early albums, so very often the only band member to appear on a song would be its lead vocalist, which in this case was Micky Dolenz. This song was produced by the song's writers, Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart, who had members of their band, the Candy Store Prophets, play the instruments. The backing credits are as follows: Micky Dolenz: vocal Wayne Erwin, Gerry Mcgee & Louie Shelton: guitar Larry Taylor: bass Billy Lewis: drums Gene Estes: percussion Turns out this song works very well in a documentary about actual monkeys: It was used to open the 2015 Disney film Monkey Kingdom. "I always thought the song worked fine as the theme song for the TV show. But I never allowed us to sing it in public," Peter Tork, the group's keyboardist/bass guitarist, told Entertainment Weekly. "The whole idea of standing up there and singing, 'We're wonderful/We're the wonderful ones/And our names are The Wonderful Ones,' was too self-congratulatory. What we do now is, the backing band plays [the music] and Micky and I come out onstage to it. I can't ever see us singing 'Hey, hey, we're the Monkees!' I couldn't bear it."


"In music, which word means ""lively"" or ""animated""?"

Lively - definition of lively by The Free Dictionary Lively - definition of lively by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lively adj. live·li·er, live·li·est 1. a. Full of energy or alertness; vigorous or animated: a lively baby; lively eyes. b. Characterized by much activity or excitement: "You would have ... indulged in the rides, games and fast food on the lively boardwalks" (Sarah Milstein). See Synonyms at active . 2. a. Quick-paced: a lively tune. b. Full of flavor or spice: a lively sauce. c. Stimulating and invigorating: a lively breeze. 3. Rebounding readily upon impact; resilient: a lively tennis ball. adv. With energy or vigor; briskly: Step lively! [Middle English lifli, from Old English līflīc, from līf, life; see leip- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.] live′li·ly adv. 1. full of life or vigour 2. vivacious or animated, esp when in company 3. busy; eventful 4. characterized by mental or emotional intensity; vivid 5. having a striking effect on the mind or senses 6. refreshing: a lively breeze. 7. springy or bouncy or encouraging springiness: a lively ball. 8. (Nautical Terms) (of a boat or ship) readily responsive to the helm adv 9. in a brisk manner: step lively. 10. look lively (interjection) make haste ˈliveliness n (ˈlaɪv li) adj.andadv. -li•er, -li•est. adj. 1. full or suggestive of life or vital energy; active, vigorous, or brisk: a lively discussion. 2. animated; spirited, vivacious, or sprightly: a lively tune; a lively wit. 3. eventful, stirring, or exciting: The opposition gave us a lively time. 4. bustling with activity; astir: The marketplace was lively with vendors. 5. strong, keen, or distinct; vivid: a lively recollection. 6. striking, telling, or effective, as an expression or instance. 7. vivid or bright, as color or light: a lively pink. 8. sparkling, as wines. 9. fresh or invigorating, as air: a lively breeze. 10. rebounding quickly; resilient: a lively tennis ball. adv. 11. with briskness, vigor, or animation; briskly: to step lively. [before 1000; Middle English; Old English līflīc vital] live′li•ness, n. Adj. 1. lively - full of life and energy; "a lively discussion"; "lively and attractive parents"; "a lively party" alert , watchful - engaged in or accustomed to close observation; "caught by a couple of alert cops"; "alert enough to spot the opportunity when it came"; "constantly alert and vigilant, like a sentinel on duty" animated , alive - having life or vigor or spirit; "an animated and expressive face"; "animated conversation"; "became very animated when he heard the good news" energetic - possessing or exerting or displaying energy; "an energetic fund raiser for the college"; "an energetic group of hikers"; "it caused an energetic chemical reaction" spirited - displaying animation, vigor, or liveliness rested - not tired; refreshed as by sleeping or relaxing; "came back rested from her vacation" dull - lacking in liveliness or animation; "he was so dull at parties"; "a dull political campaign"; "a large dull impassive man"; "dull days with nothing to do"; "how dull and dreary the world is"; "fell back into one of her dull moods" 2. spirited - displaying animation, vigor, or liveliness 3. lively - quick and energetic; "a brisk walk in the park"; "a lively gait"; "a merry chase"; "traveling at a rattling rate"; "a snappy pace"; "a spanking breeze" energetic - possessing or exerting or displaying energy; "an energetic fund raiser for the college"; "an energetic group of hikers"; "it caused an energetic chemical reaction" 4. lively - elastic; rebounds readily; "clean bouncy hair"; "a lively tennis ball"; "as resilient as seasoned hickory"; "springy turf" elastic - capable of resuming original shape after stretching or compression; springy; "an elastic band"; "a youthful and elastic walk" 5. lively - filled with events or activity; "a lively period in history" eventful - full of events or incidents; "the most exhausting and eventful day of my life" 6. lively - full of spirit; "a dynamic full of life woman"; "a vital and charismatic leader"; "this whole lively w


Where are The Prince Edward Islands, two islands named Marion Island and Prince Edward Island, which are politically part of South Africa?

Marion and Prince Edward Islands Marion and Prince Edward Islands Dec 28, 2003 Author: Terry Hutson The name of Marion Island is familiar to most South Africans, but few are likely to have gone anywhere near the place. From time to time the name appears in the newspapers or on television, usually in connection with a visit to that inhospitable place by the supply vessel SA Agulhas. Sometimes the news is that one of the scientists manning its weather station needs medical care and a navy ship has been despatched to the southern Indian Ocean to perform a rescue. More recently Marion was again in the news with the arrest of a Uruguayan fishing vessel named Viarsa 1. The Spanish-crewed ship had fled the length of the Southern Ocean, hotly pursued (if one can be forgiven for using such an expression about such a cold place) by an Australian sea fishery patrol boat named Southern Supporter. During this weeks-long saga the supply ship SA Agulhas, which was on her way to Marion Island with building material for a new weather station, was brought into the chase. Apart from these isolated reports and stories, the small group of islands that form South Africa�s only dependency remain a mystery to most, with few knowing the history or background of this inhospitable place, or how they came to be a part of South Africa so late in the history of exploration. The Prince Edward Island group consists of Prince Edward and Marion Islands and is South Africa�s only dependency. This in itself is quite remarkable given South Africa�s turbulent history since 1652, which includes having taken part in the invasion of several other countries during the course of two world wars � German South West Africa (now Namibia), German East Africa (now Tanzania), Ethiopia, Madagascar and subsequent to World War II, Angola. The first explorers to see Marion Island were probably the Dutch - there is a record of the ship Maerseveen under the command of Barent Barentszoon Lam, which sailed past the islands in 1663 on the way to the Dutch East Indies. Due to an error in reporting the position of the two islands neither could be found again by subsequent Dutch sailors. Lam was followed more than a hundred years later by the French explorer Marion du Fresne on board his ship Le Mascarin, who called on 13 January 1772. It was in honour of this man that the main island was eventually named. Du Fresne continued with his voyage, discovering the Crozet islands some 500 nautical miles further east before continuing on to his untimely end in New Zealand. Four years after du Fresne came Captain James Cook, who left his indelible mark by naming the group of islands in honour of King George�s fourth son, Prince Edward, but who, like his predecessors, failed to land. The first recorded landing was as late as 1803 when a number of sealers made their way ashore. Here they uncovered evidence that others, most likely other sealers, had indeed been there before, although no written record had been left of their visit. Which is how things remained with both islands remaining uninhabited, apart from occasional visits by sealers or whalers and the odd explorer, until Britain began assuming ownership in 1908 when it granted one of its citizens a 21-year lease to gather guano deposits. The British government later issued licences to the Kerguelen Sealing & Whaling Company to exploit whales, seals, guano and minerals on several Southern Ocean islands from the mid 1920s. The aftermath of World War II was to bring about the end to isolation for the Prince Edward Group of islands, and is said to have come about through a realisation by the major powers that long-range warfare encompassing the entire globe was now a distinct possibility. With the encouragement of the British government, Field Marshall Jan C Smuts, then prime minister of South Africa, commissioned an enquiry that led to a decision to send a South African warship to the islands to annex and take formal occupation of both in the name of South Africa. The ship chosen for this lonely task was the Loch class frigate HMSAS Transv


By what name is the writer Alfred Maximovitch Peshkov better known?

Maxim Gorky Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements & Timeline Writers Maxim Gorky Biography Alexei Maximovich Peshkov, better known as Maxim Gorky, was a Russian author. This biography of Gorky provides detailed information about his childhood, life, works, achievements and timeline. Quick Facts Maksim Gorky, Aleksey Maximovich Peshkov, Maxim Gorki, Makszim Gorkij, Maxim Gorkij, Alexei Maximovich Peshkov Famous as Gorki Leninskiye, Moscow Oblast, Soviet Union Personality Type Maria Andreyeva, Yekaterina Peshkova, Moura Budberg children Maxim Peshkov, Yekaterina Peshkova, Zinovy Peshkov, Catherine Zhelyabuzhskiy, Yuri Zhelyabuzhsky By ru:ÐÐµÑÐ¼Ð°Ð½ ÐÐ¸ÑÐºÐ¸Ð½ [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons Alexei Maximovich Peshkov, better known as Maxim Gorky, was a Russian author considered the father of Soviet revolutionary literature and founder of the doctrine of socialist realism. After having a difficult childhood, he roamed across the Russian empire, frequently changing jobs for about fifteen years before he became a successful writer. The experiences he had during those fifteen years deeply influenced his writing. Initially, he wrote stories mainly based on the lives of tramps and social outcasts, and he became known for his naturalistic style of writing. One of his greatest works is âThe Mother,â which Lenin praised as âa very timely book.â Gorky was deeply associated with fellow Russian writers, Anton Chekhov and Leo Tolstoy and later wrote memoirs on them. Gorky was not only a great writer but also an influential figure in the political thinking. He was active with the emerging Marxist social-democrat movement. Initially a Bolshevik supporter, he became a critic when Vladimir Lenin seized power. However, later Gorky served as a Soviet advocate and headed the Union of Soviet Writers. His life was marked with a number of politically forced and sometimes self-imposed exiles. Childhood & Early Life Aleksey Maksimovich Peshkov was born on March 28, 1868, in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia and became an orphan at the age of eleven. He was raised by his maternal grandmother who helped his development as a storyteller. He ran away from home at the age of twelve in 1880. After an attempt at suicide in December 1887, he travelled on foot across the Russian Empire for five years, frequently changing jobs. His jobs included, among many others, work as assistant in a shoemakerâs shop, as errand boy for an icon painter, and as a dishwasher on a Volga steamer, where the cook introduced him to readingâsoon to become his main passion in life. Career In the 1890s, he began writing. He adopted the pseudonym Maxim Gorky (choosing the name Gorky because it meant "bitter"). His first short story, âMakar Chudraâ was published in various journals in 1892, and it became very popular with readers. Then, in 1895, âChelkash,â a short story about a thief and a peasant boy was published. In all his writings, Gorky wrote using all the experiences he had gained from living in poverty. He wrote with sympathy about the simple folks, the outcasts, the gypsies, the hobos and dreamers in the context of social decay in the Russian Empire. His perspective won him great acclaim around the country, and he was soon viewed as one of the leading writers. In 1898, a collection of Gorkyâs writings, âSketches and Storiesâ was published. He also produced full-length books and plays beginning with the novel âFoma Gordeyevâ in 1899. He became friends with Anton Chekhov and Leo Tolstoy and later penned their memoirs. His play âThe Lower Depthsâ was praised by Chekhov and was successfully played in Europe and the United States in 1902. Gorky was a devoted Marxist and gave much of his writing income to the cause. He followed the Bolshevik wing following a party split in 1903, though he was never an official party member. Gorky was imprisoned for his actions during the Russian Revolution of 1905. He went to live in Europe and America during 1906-13. In America he started his classic novel, âThe Motherâ, about a Russian Christian woman


Which painter, born in Antwerp, was invited by Charles I to be the court painter, and was knighted in 1632?

Astrology of Anthony Van Dyck with horoscope chart, quotes, biography, and images   Anthony      van Dyck Sir Anthony (Antoon)      van Dyck (*March 22, 1599 - December 9, 1641) was a Flemish painter — mainly of portraits — who became the leading court painter      in England. He was also a master of etching. Van Dyck was born      in Antwerp and became an independent painter in 1615. In his younger      years, he was the chief assistant of Peter Paul Rubens. In 1620, he      came to England for the first time but did not succeed in getting presented      to King James I. After four months he returned to Flanders. He then      went to Italy where he remained for 6 years studying the Italian masters      and laying the foundations of his career as a successful portraitist.      In 1627, he went back to Antwerp where for some years he painted a host      of masterpieces. His reputation reached the ears of Charles I of England      who recalled him. In 1632, Van Dyck again arrived in London. His success      in England was rapid. He painted portraits of King Charles, Queen Henrietta,      the king's children, and countless personages at court in addition to      iimages of himself and his mistress, Margaret Lemon. In the latter part      of his life he only gave finishing touches to the portraits which were      for the most part painted by his pupils after his own designs. He was      charming to his patrons, which added to his ability to obtain commissions. In July 1632, he      was knighted, and in 1633 elected painter to the king. He received a      considerable pension and married the daughter of Lord Ruthven. In 1634,      he took a short journey to Antwerp, and in 1641, another one to France. Anthony van Dyck      died in 1641 in London, and was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. Van Dyck had a great      influence on English portrait painting. Therefore, some scholars call      him the founder of the English school of painting. Van Dyck was also      known for painting portraits of people having short, pointed beards,      and that's why this particular kind of beard was named after him a vandyke.      During the reign of George III, a generic "Cavalier" fancy-dress      costume called a 'Van Dyke' was popular; Gainsborough's 'Blue Boy' is      wearing such a 'Van Dyke' outfit. The oil paint pigment van Dyck brown      is named after him Anthony Van Dyck      was born in Antwerp on the 22 March 1599. Artistically precocious, he was apprenticed to the minor figure painter, Hendrik      van Balen in the Guild of St.\ Luke, Antwerp, as early as 1609. By 1615-16      he was already working independently and, in 1618, he was admitted to the Guild as a master painter. Contrary to popular belief, he was never      a pupil of Rubens, though, during the period 1618--21, he worked as Rubens's principal assistant, often executing finished pictures after the master's designs. Not surprisingly, the influence of Rubans is especially marked in Van Dyck's early works; but. throughout his short career he was often to follow in the elder artist's footsteps - and      to some extent in his shadow. Van Dyck was briefly      in England in 1620, apparently at the invitation of James I. By 1621, however, he was back in Antwerp; and, in the same year, he left for six years in Italy. During this period he travelled widely, visiting Rome, Florence, Venice, and Palermo; but his most fruitful Italian years were spent in Genoa (1623--27), where he painted      a splendid series of portraits of the local aristocracy. These pictures      - many of which may now be seen in the National Gallery, Washington -      are arguably his greatest achievements as a portraitist and are certainly among the noblest examples of their genre. Van Dyck returned      to Antwerp in 1627 and re-established his studio, presumably in th


The Kodiak bear is native to which continent?

Bears - Discover Kodiak - Kodiak Island, Alaska Discover Kodiak Send an ePostcard Explore Our Villages There are villages in the Kodiak Archipelago that are windows to the past and models of modern subsistence lifestyle. Learn more » Things To Do & See There are a multitude of creatures that call Kodiak Island home!  more...   Kodiak Arts Scene Green mountains rising from the sea, the magnificent Kodiak brown bear, rugged coastlines, abundant birds and wildflowers are all inspirational to the many Kodiak artists.  more...   Packing List Kodiak Itineraries There are as many ways to see Kodiak as there are brown bears on the island! Start now » Specialty Travel A Kodiak Island wedding promises memories and adventure that will last a lifetime  more... Contact Us Looking for additional information about Kodiak? Fill out our request form » Share  Bears Twitter Facebook The Kodiak Bear While many large animals in North America find their way to the endangered species list, the Kodiak brown bear is a success story in the management of wildlife.   The Kodiak bear is healthy and productive throughout the archipelago and its population is actually increasing.  In fact, the Kodiak bear population is at an historic high.  According to Alaska Department of Fish & Game estimates, there are 3,500 bears on the Kodiak Archipelago. The vast majority of these bears live in the protected lands of the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, which comprises two-thirds of the island.  The Kodiak bear is a subspecies of the brown or grizzly bear.  Brown bears migrated to the Kodiak Archipelago from mainland Alaska about 12,000 years ago. As the climate warmed at the end of the last ice age, the sea level rose and the bears became an isolated population. They live exclusively on the islands of the Kodiak Archipelago. Kodiak bears are the largest bears in the world. While they may grow to over 1,000 pounds, the average adult male weighs between 600-900 lbs.; females generally weigh about 30 percent less.    Although Kodiak bears are often touted as the world’s largest carnivore, they are actually omnivores.  Although fish is an important part of their diet, they eat more grass, plants and berries than meat and rarely expend the time or effort necessary to chase and kill animals. Bears and humans have coexisted on the Kodiak Archipelago for almost 8,000 years. Ancestors of the Alutiiq people venerated and respected their island co-habitants and although they were hunted for food, clothing and tools, native hunters left the head in the field as a sign of respect to the spirit of the bears.    Kodiak has a long history of bear hunting which continues today.  Regulated by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, the hunting system is designed to keep bear populations at an appropriate level for the health and welfare of the species.  Kodiak is fortunate to have one of the most successful and well-regulated hunting systems in the world. For information about bear viewing, see Bear Viewing under Things to Do.


What defence treaty was signed by Great Britain, the USA, France, Siam, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan and the Philippines in 1954?

Treaties and alliances - The Cold War | NZHistory, New Zealand history online The Cold War Page 4 – Treaties and alliances The loss of Singapore to the Japanese in 1942 seriously undermined New Zealand’s confidence in Britain’s ability to protect the far-flung parts of its empire. New Zealand began to look to the United States as a backstop to Commonwealth defence in Asia and the Pacific. During the 1940s and 1950s the country signed a series of collective treaties with Britain and the United States aimed at countering the threats of Japanese military resurgence and communist expansion. The Canberra Pact (1944) In 1944 New Zealand and Australia signed the Canberra Pact. This was not a military alliance; its focus was on working together on issues of mutual interest. Of particular concern was the post-war fate of the Pacific islands captured by US forces. United Nations Charter (1945) New Zealand was one of 51 nations to pledge its support for the principle of collective security by signing the United Nations Charter in June 1945. This was seen as an important way of ensuring that small nations would have a voice in world affairs. Support for the United Nations and collective security was behind New Zealand’s decision to send military forces to Korea in 1950 . ANZAM (1949) In 1949 New Zealand joined an evolving Commonwealth defence plan known as ANZAM, a name derived from the countries it encompassed – Australia, New Zealand and British-ruled Malaya. Its initial concern was the protection of wartime sea communications in the area. The Malayan Emergency extended the scope of ANZAM to include the defence of Malaya, previously solely the responsibility of Britain. ANZUS (1951) The ANZUS treaty was a mutual defence pact signed between Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. For the US it was an alliance to counter the spread of communism in the Asia and Pacific region; for Australia and New Zealand it provided security against any threat of Japanese military resurgence. New Zealand’s fear that a failure to stand by the United States might compromise ANZUS was largely responsible for its decision to commit combat troops to Vietnam in 1965 . SEATO (1954) The South-East Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO) grew out of the Manila Pact signed in September 1954, following France’s defeat in and withdrawal from Indochina. The defence pact was designed to block further communist advances in the region. Its signatories were Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand and the United States. South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia were offered protection under the treaty without being formally included. Significantly, India, Indonesia and Malaya declined to take part. SEATO has been commonly cited as the key reason for New Zealand’s participation in the Vietnam War. But while the American, Australian and New Zealand governments used it to justify their involvement, SEATO did not act collectively in this war, which some of its members opposed. New Zealand and the Cold War Treaties and alliances


Which canal joins the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans?

Panama Panama OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Panama FORM OF GOVERNMENT: Constitutional democracy CAPITAL: Panama City AREA: 29,118 square miles (75,416 square kilometers) MONEY: Balboa, U.S. dollar Map of Panama GEOGRAPHY This Central American country is bordered by Costa Rica and Colombia , and is situated between the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean. Panama is a narrow land bridge, or isthmus, connecting North and South America. Panama is slightly smaller than South Carolina . People and Culture Most Panamanians are descended from indigenous, or native, people, Europeans, Afro-Caribbeans, and immigrants from all over the world. The three largest indigenous groups in Panama are the Kunas, Emberás, and Ngöbe-Buglés and they still live in the remote areas of the country. They have their own dialects, languages, and customs and most of them also speak Spanish.   The national traditional dress for women is a long, full white cotton dress decorated with colorful embroidery called a pollera. Men wear a traditional montuno, which is a white cotton shirt with embroidery and short pants. Family is very important in Panama. Children attend school from ages 7 to 15. Most of Panama’s national holidays are religious occasions.   Panamanians eat rice with most of their meals. They also eat corn tortillas with meat and vegetables. NATURE The country is very diverse with mountains, rain forests, beautiful white-sand beaches, and 1,500 islands. Darién Gap, from Panama City to Colombia, has about 12 million acres of rain forest, yet few Panamanians or tourists ever visit the area, which is only accessible by boat.   This remote nature preserve is threatened by development and the proposed extension of the Pan-American Highway through this region.   The national flower is a white orchid called the Flor del Espiritu Santo, or Flower of the Holy Spirit. There are over 1,400 tree species, including the square tree, which has a square shaped trunk and is found in the mountains west of Panama City.   Panama is home to many unique animals that are found only in Panama. The mysterious golden frogs have gleaming, shimmering skin and are thought to bring people good luck. The numbers of golden frogs is declining and so are the numbers of sea turtles.   Photograph by Peter Scott, Dreamstime GOVERNMENT & ECONOMY Under the constitution, there are three branches of government, including the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Panamanians elect a president and a vice president every five years. The president picks a cabinet of ministers.   After years of government corruption, Panama instituted many laws to focus on human rights, and to make the government more transparent to its citizens.


Mr McGregor is the name of the farmer in which stories?

00.06.05: Mr. McGregor�s Garden, Peter Rabbit, & The Plant-tastic World of Photosynthesis Mr. McGregor�s Garden, Peter Rabbit, & The Plant-tastic World of Photosynthesis by


"What play ends ""So give me your hands if we be friends and Robin shall restore amends""?"

No Fear Shakespeare: A Midsummer Night’s Dream: Act 5, Scene 1, Page 18 A Midsummer Night’s Dream Never mole, harelip, nor                 scar, Nor mark prodigious, such as                   are Despisèd in                 nativity, Shall upon their children                 be. With this field dew                 consecrate, Every fairy take his                 gait. And each several chamber                 bless Through this palace with sweet                   peace. And the owner of it                 blessed Ever shall in safety                 rest. Trip away. Make no                 stay. Meet me all by break of                 day. They won’t have moles, or harelips, or                   scars, or abnormal markings, or anything else that might alarm someone if their baby was born with it. Use this blessed dew                   from the fields to bless each room in the palace with sweet                   peace. And the blessed owner will always be safe. Run along.                   Don’t stay long. Meet me at dawn. Exeunt all but ROBIN They all exit except for ROBIN. ROBIN If we shadows have offended, Think but this, and all is mended— That you have but slumbered here While these visions did appear. And this weak and idle theme, No more yielding but a dream, Gentles, do not reprehend. If you pardon, we will mend. And, as I am an honest Puck, If we have unearnèd luck Now to ’scape the serpent’s                 tongue, We will make amends ere long. Else the Puck a liar call. So good night unto you all. Give me your hands if we be friends, And Robin shall restore amends. ROBIN If we actors have offended you, just think of it this way and                 everything will be all right—you were asleep when you saw                 these visions, and this silly and pathetic story was no more real                 than a dream. Ladies and gentlemen, don’t get upset with                 me. If you forgive us, we’ll make everything all right.                 I’m an honest Puck, and I swear that if we’re                 lucky enough not to get hissed at, we’ll make it up to                 you soon. If not, then I’m a liar. So good night to                 everyone. Give me some applause, if we’re friends, and                 Robin will make everything up to you. Exit


After a plague in 1633, in which German town did the villagers vow to present a living representation of Christ's Passion every tenth year?

Full text of "The passion play at Oberammergau" See other formats Google   This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on Hbrary shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project  to make the world's books discoverable online.  It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject  to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books  are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.  Marks, notations and other maiginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the  publisher to a library and finally to you.  Usage guidelines  Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we liave taken steps to prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying. We also ask that you:  + Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for personal, non-commercial purposes.  + Refrain fivm automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.  + Maintain attributionTht GoogXt "watermark" you see on each file is essential for informing people about this project and helping them find additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.  + Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liabili^ can be quite severe.  About Google Book Search  Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web  at |http : //books . google . com/|   ^ J V   ' . / '.   TKe gift of   F. C. CHASE   HARVARD COLLEGE LI BRARY30   {   ■5. i   .J . .■[  ■   THE PASSION PLAY   ,/   THE PASSION PLAY  A   AT   OBER-AMMERGA U^   With the whole Drama translated into English, and the Songs of the Chorus, in German and English   BY   THE AUTHOR OF ''CHARLES LOWDER   ff   /   " Tibi reddetur votufn,"—Vs. Ixv. i   FIFTH THOUSAND   LONDON :  W. H. ALLEN & CO., 13, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W.  AND CALCUTTA   L /" ^ 1890   Y-y S /jL^.(i/, cJ.0   f    r   .!Mu-^. u **?< ^'/^i    -^ « j:.^ ».   '^(^ ^/*^   i^wJKr   LONDON :  PRINTED BY WOODFALL AND KINDER  70 TO 76, LONG ACRE, W.C.   TO THE  iHemorij  OF  THE VENERABLE GEISTLICHER RATH  DAISENBERGER  AND OF MY FRIEND AND COMPANION AT OBER-AMMERGAU  IN 1880  MARGARET LEIGHTON.   V   INTRODUCTION.   The whole dialogue of the Passion Play at Ober-Ammergau trans- lated into English, with the Choruses, and an account of the perform- ance,


Which strong man appears in the Bible in the Book of Judges?

Book of Judges - Life, Hope & Truth Book of Judges by André van Belkum The book of Judges provides a fascinating account of the tribes of Israel in the Promised Land and their cycles of sin, captivity and repentance. In the Hebrew Bible, Joshua and Judges were regarded as one scroll and formed the first book in the Former Prophets section. The Former Prophets also included 1 and 2 Samuel and 1 and 2 Kings. Introduction to Judges The book of Judges covers the period in the history of Israel from the death of Joshua to the time of the prophet Samuel. Unfortunately, after the Israelites occupied the Promised Land, they repeatedly showed unfaithfulness to God and fell away into sin and idolatry . Not having a strong central government, they were hounded by enemies who desired to exterminate them. At times the tribes were further weakened by civil war among themselves. It was only through God’s mercy and constant intervention that the people survived. This era is often referred to as the period of the judges. The Lion Handbook to the Bible, edited and produced by David and Pat Alexander, summarizes the history of the tribes as they settled in Canaan: “The human scene in Judges is a depressing one. The nation’s fortunes follow a monotonous, repetitive cycle. Israel deserts God for the heathen gods. In consequence God allows them to suffer at the hands of the Canaanites. Israel cries to God for help. God sends a deliverer. All is well until his death: then the old pattern of infidelity reasserts itself. Nowhere in Scripture is man’s essential bias to sin more graphically portrayed—a bias which shows itself even in those who know God. The wonder is God’s constant love and concern in the face of all this” (p. 219). If only the people had demonstrated zeal to serve and obey God, they would have been richly blessed: “Oh, that they had such a heart in them that they would fear Me and always keep all My commandments, that it might be well with them and with their children forever!” (Deuteronomy 5:29, emphasis added throughout). Regrettably, this utterance fell on deaf ears. What happened after the death of their leader Joshua? “Then the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD, and served the Baals; and they forsook the LORD God of their fathers. … and they followed other gods from among the gods of the people who were all around them, and they bowed down to them; and they provoked the LORD to anger. They forsook the LORD and served Baal and the Ashtoreths” (Judges 2:11-13). This rebellion resulted in occupation and plundering by their enemies. Only when they cried out to God for deliverance did He send judges to deliver them. But their change of heart was half-hearted and short-lived, as they soon reverted back to idolatry and wickedness ( 2:18-19 ). Outline of Judges Bible commentaries are not unanimous in the way they outline the book, but below is one possibility: Chapter 1: Battles immediately after the death of Joshua. Chapter 2: Summary and overview of the entire book of Judges. Chapters 3-8:32: Chronology of successive judges, ending with the death of Gideon. Chapters 8:33-10:5: Abimelech and his exploits, followed by Tola and Jair. Chapters 10:6-12:15: Ammonites and the judgment of Jepthah. Chapters 13:1-16:31: Philistine oppression and the role of Samson in judging Israel. Chapters 17-21: General anarchy and civil war. The Lion Handbook of the Bible lists the names of 12 judges and certain of their victories (p. 220): Othniel of Judah ( 3:9 ); victory over Cushan-Rishathaim. Ehud of Benjamin ( 3:15 ); victory over Eglon of Moab. Shamgar ( 3:31 ); victory over the Philistines. Deborah from Ephraim and Barak from Naphtali ( 4:4-6 ); victory over Jabin and Sisera. Gideon of Manasseh ( 6:11 ); victory over the Midianites and Amalekites. Tola of Issachar ( 10:1 ). Jephthah of Gilead ( 11:11 ); victory over the Ammonites. Ibzan of Bethlehem ( 12:8 ). Samson of Dan ( 15:20 ); victory over the Philistines. References to Judges in the New Testament Judges 2:16 is referred to in Acts 13:20 . Hebrews 11:32 refers to Barak,


What name is given to a revolving tray that is usually placed in the middle of a dining table?

Glossary of Terms Used by Ashley HomeStore A Acanthus leaf Used in classic Greek and Roman decoration, this popular 18th century motif is favored by Chippendale. Carvings of this Asian-native plant appear on cabriole legs and moldings. Accent colors Contrast colors used to spice up room schemes A.F.F. Abbreviation for Above Finished Floor. This is typically used on construction plans to note installation heights or objects. Accent lighting Decorative lighting used to draw attention to chosen objects and create mood and highlights. i.e., track lighting, chandeliers, and sconces. ADA Guidelines A set of requirements applied to the design and construction of all buildings to ensure individuals with disabilities have full access to the building and its facilities under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990. Adaptations Newly made furniture pieces that capture the flavor of the original but are not authentic. Ambient Lighting Main overhead lighting in a space providing a diffused layer of uniform illumination Antiquing The process of making wood or fabric look old and used. This can be done through a finish, artificial weathering, or distressing. Applique French for "applied." Ornaments such as carvings, turnings, lozenges, etc., which are tacked or glued to a surface rather than cut from the solid wood. Apron Boards that are placed at right angles to the underside of a tabletop or seat of a chair, extending between the tops of legs. On case goods furniture, it is the perpendicular face below the lowest drawer between bracket feet. Arabesque A kind of scroll pattern in which leaves, flowers, fruit and geometric forms are intertwined Armoire French term for a wardrobe frequently used to describe a French-style wardrobe. Art Deco Style of architecture and furnishings popular in the 1920's and 1930's; characteristics include streamlined, geometric motifs expressed in materials such as glass, plastic and chrome. Art Nouveau Forerunner of Art Deco; style of decoration between 1890 and 1910 characterized by flowing lines, sinuous curves and forms derived from nature. B A small low chest of drawers which first appeared in the 18th century. Back Splat A section of flat, occasionally pierced wood in the center of the back of a chair Back orders Items on a purchase order with insufficient inventory to satisfy demand. Balance A state of equilibrium; can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Arrangement of objects around an imaginary central point to achieve a pleasing result. Ball and claw A turned food of spherical form with a carved bird's claw clutching the ball. Inspired by ancient Chinese figures of a dragon claw holding a jewel Balloon back A chair with a circular back resembling a balloon; popularized in Victorian times. Banquette A long bench-like seat, often upholstered and generally built into or along a wall. Bas relief A sculpture or carving whose design projects a little from the surface. Blanket Chest A low storage chest with a hinged lid and often a lower drawer, serving also as a bench. Beading Decorative detail resembling a row of flattened beads. Bentwood chair A chair popularized in Paris café culture made from wood bent using a steaming process. Bergère An upholstered French armchair with outwardly rolling arms and sections of its wooden frame exposed. Bleaching The process of chemically treating wood to provide a lighter, more uniform color. Bolster A long, often cylindrical, cushion or pillow for a bed, sofa, etc. Bombe (Pronounced Bombay) A low, usually heavily decorated chest of drawers with outwardly bulging front and sides. Bonheur Du Jour A delicate 18th century French ladies writing desk having a small glazed cabinet on top. Bonnet top Also called a Hooded or Dome top. A full dome or curved, covered top section. Bookcase Headboard A headboard for a bed that has space to store books, radios, clocks, and other small items. Sometimes called a storage headboard. Book Match A method of veneer matching where pairs of adjacent slices of veneer, as they are cut from the log, are opened up like the pages of a bo


What is the name for a vertical division of a window?

Window Part Terminology Window Part Terminology       Woodworkers try to bring order to the vocabulary universe and define "muntin," "mullion," "bar," "rail," and related window and door terminology. March 26, 2010 Question I had a pleasant discussion with a friend the other day about the real meaning of the terms muntins, mullions, bars and rails. I have a good deal of respect for this individual's intellectual knowledge of woodworking, but am curious how others define these items. When I told him I thought I'd write this post he thought it was a great idea. He wanted to know if others agreed with his definitions. I've been one of those that will describe the divider bars in windows as "muntins or mullions or whatever!" For years I've also referred to the vertical dividers that separate side by side panels as "vertical stiles." I've always known that I was probably wrong in making these references but never put out any effort to become more accurate. So, here are my friend's definitions, in my words. Do you agree? Mullion: a vertical space separating two architectural units such as a stud pocket between an entry door and a sidelight. Not the divider bars between window panes. Rail: a horizontal component separating glass panes that goes between a pair of stiles just like the top, bottom and/or intermediate rails on a door. To be a rail, the part must cross the entire width of the opening in one unbroken piece. Bar: a component separating glass panes that goes either horizontally between a pair of stiles (another name for "rail") or vertically between a pair of rails in a door or window frame. In effect, if the part goes horizontally all the way across the opening it can be called a "rail" or a "bar," but if these primary unbroken components do the same thing vertically, then they are a "bar." Bar rail: totally unrelated to the above but clearly preferred by many at the end of a long hard day. Muntin: The shorter pane divider components that do not go all the way across the opening in one piece, but rather go only between the bars, rails or frame in short segments. Forum Responses I agree with your friend. From contributor T: If there's a bet riding on it, then you need an arbiter. In my opinion, that arbiter should be the AWI manual, since they set the standards for all specified jobs. Their definition of mullion: an upright *or vertical* member between panels. Similar to a cross rail in the way it is fit and machined. Bar: A rabbeted moulding which extends the total height *or* width of the glass opening in a door. Muntin: A short bar, either horizontal *or* vertical, extending from a full bar to a stile, rail, or another bar. From contributor J: From Steven Mouzon's "Traditional Construction Patterns": Muntin: 1) A door muntin is any framing member that does not extend entirely from top to bottom of the door or from stile to stile. Muntins are most commonly used to divide vertical panels. 2) A window muntin is any framing member that divides panes of glass. He defines several specific types of rails, all of them horizontal members that cross an entire door from stile to stile, and all of them surrounding panels (not glass). Mullion: A member that joins wall openings such as doors, windows or cased openings (i.e. the vertical casing that bridges the jambs of two windows set close together is a "casing mullion"). From contributor F: I don't know if I'm correct, but my understanding is: Stile - outside vertical frame member. Rail - outside horizontal frame member. Mullion - inside vertical member. Muntin - inside horizontal member. Bars - another description of muntins and mullions as a whole, i.e. barred (divided) glass as opposed to a single pane. From contributor D: I agree that while there are geographical differences in the terminology and applications, the diversity of definition arises mostly from the lack of continuity and formal education in our chosen profession. The shops I trained in were more than lax in linguistic accuracy, and "that thing" or "the stick" or "them sticks" sufficed for communication and de f


Which organisation founded by Lord Baden Powell and his sister Agnes was incorporated by Charter in 1915?

History of Scouting - Scouting in the Philippines Scouting in the Philippines Stone on  Brownsea Island commemorating the  first Scout camp As a military officer, Robert Baden-Powell was stationed in  British India  and  Africa  in the 1880s and 1890s. Since his youth, he had been fond of  woodcraft  and military scouting , and—as part of their training—showed his men how to survive in the wilderness. He noticed that it helped the soldiers to develop independence  rather than just blindly follow officers' orders. [1] In 1896, Baden-Powell was assigned to the  Matabeleland  region in  Southern Rhodesia  (now  Zimbabwe ) as Chief of Staff to Gen.  Frederick Carrington  during the Second Matabele War , and it was here that he first met and began a lifelong friendship with  Frederick Russell Burnham , the American born Chief of Scouts for the British. [2] [3]  This would become a formative experience for Baden-Powell not only because he had the time of his life commanding reconnaissance missions into enemy territory, but because many of his later Boy Scout ideas took hold here. [4]  During their joint scouting patrols into the  Matobo Hills , Burnham began teaching Baden-Powell  woodcraft , inspiring him and giving him the plan for both the program and the code of honor of Scouting for Boys. [5] [6]  Practiced by frontiersmen  of the  American Old West  and  Indigenous peoples of the Americas , woodcraft was generally unknown to the  British , but well known to the American scout Burnham. [2]  These skills eventually formed the basis of what is now called  scoutcraft , the fundamentals of Scouting. Both men recognised that wars in  Africa  were changing markedly and the  British Army  needed to adapt; so during their joint scouting missions, Baden-Powell and Burnham discussed the concept of a broad training programme in woodcraft for young men, rich in  exploration ,  tracking ,  fieldcraft , and self-reliance. [7]  It was also during this time in the Matobo Hills that Baden-Powell first started to wear his signature  campaign hat  like the one worn by Burnham, and it was here that Baden-Powell acquired his Kudu horn, the Ndebele war instrument he later used every morning at Brownsea Island to wake the first Boy Scouts and to call them together in training courses. [8] [9] [10] Three years later, in  South Africa  during the  Second Boer War , Baden-Powell was besieged in the small town of  Mafeking  by a much larger Boer army (the  Siege of Mafeking ). [11]  The  Mafeking Cadet Corps  was a group of youths that supported the troops by carrying messages, which freed the men for military duties and kept the boys occupied during the long siege. The Cadet Corps performed well, helping in the defense of the town (1899–1900), and were one of the many factors that inspired Baden-Powell to form the Scouting movement. [12] [13] [14]  Each member received a badge that illustrated a combined  compass  point and  spearhead . The badge's logo was similar to the  fleur-de-lis  that Scouting later adopted as its international symbol. [15] In the United Kingdom, the public followed Baden-Powell's struggle to hold Mafeking through newspapers, and when the siege was broken, he had become a  national hero . This rise to fame fueled the sales of a small instruction book he had written about military scouting, Aids to Scouting. [16] On his return to England, he noticed that boys showed considerable interest in the book, which was used by teachers and youth organizations. [17]  He was suggested by several to rewrite this book for boys, especially during an inspection of the  Boys' Brigade , a large youth movement drilled with military precision. Baden-Powell thought this would not be attractive and suggested that it could grow much larger when scouting would be used. [18]  He studied other schemes, parts of which he used for Scouting. A 2007  British fifty pence coin commemorating the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Scout Movement In July 1906,  Ernest Thompson Seton  sent Baden-Powell a copy of his book The Birchbark Roll of the Woodcr


The Nobel Peace Prize 1979 The Nobel Peace Prize 1979 Mother Teresa The Nobel Peace Prize 1979 Mother Teresa The Nobel Peace Prize 1979 was awarded to Mother Teresa. Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation Share this: To cite this page MLA style: "The Nobel Peace Prize 1979". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 19 Jan 2017. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1979/>


"Which sculptor is famous for ""Bronze Age"" (1877), ""Burgesses of Calais"" (1889), ""The Kiss"" (1898), and is best known in England for ""Le Penseur""?"

Auguste Rodin on ArtStack - art online François Auguste René Rodin (12 November 1840 – 17 November 1917), known as Auguste Rodin ( /oʊˈɡuːst roʊˈdæn/ ; French:  [oɡyst ʁɔdɛ̃] ), was a French sculptor . Although Rodin is generally considered the progenitor of modern sculpture, [1] he did not set out to rebel against the past. He was schooled traditionally, took a craftsman-like approach to his work, and desired academic recognition, [2] although he was never accepted into Paris's foremost school of art. Sculpturally, Rodin possessed a unique ability to model a complex, turbulent, deeply pocketed surface in clay . Many of his most notable sculptures were roundly criticized during his lifetime. They clashed with predominant figurative sculpture traditions, in which works were decorative, formulaic, or highly thematic. Rodin's most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory , modeled the human body with realism, and celebrated individual character and physicality. Rodin was sensitive to the controversy surrounding his work, but refused to change his style. Successive works brought increasing favor from the government and the artistic community. From the unexpected realism of his first major figure – inspired by his 1875 trip to Italy – to the unconventional memorials whose commissions he later sought, Rodin's reputation grew, such that he became the preeminent French sculptor of his time. By 1900, he was a world-renowned artist. Wealthy private clients sought Rodin's work after his World's Fair exhibit, and he kept company with a variety of high-profile intellectuals and artists. He married his lifelong companion, Rose Beuret, in the last year of both their lives. His sculptures suffered a decline in popularity after his death in 1917, but within a few decades, his legacy solidified. Rodin remains one of the few sculptors widely known outside the visual arts community. Contents Formative years[ edit ] Rodin was born in 1840 into a working-class family in Paris, the second child of Marie Cheffer and Jean-Baptiste Rodin, who was a police department clerk. He was largely self-educated, [3] and began to draw at age ten. Between ages 14 and 17, Rodin attended the Petite École, a school specializing in art and mathematics, where he studied drawing and painting. His drawing teacher, Horace Lecoq de Boisbaudran , believed in first developing the personality of his students so that they observed with their own eyes and drew from their recollections. Rodin still expressed appreciation for his teacher much later in life. [4] It was at Petite École that he first met Jules Dalou and Alphonse Legros . Rodin circa 1862. In 1857, Rodin submitted a clay model of a companion to the École des Beaux-Arts in an attempt to win entrance; he did not succeed, and two further applications were also denied. [5] Given that entrance requirements at the Grande École were not particularly high, [6] the rejections were considerable setbacks. Rodin's inability to gain entrance may have been due to the judges' Neoclassical tastes, while Rodin had been schooled in light, 18th-century sculpture. Leaving the Petite École in 1857, Rodin earned a living as a craftsman and ornamenter for most of the next two decades, producing decorative objects and architectural embellishments. Rodin's sister Maria, two years his senior, died of peritonitis in a convent in 1862. Rodin was anguished and felt guilty because he had introduced Maria to an unfaithful suitor. Turning away from art, he briefly joined a Catholic order, the Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament . Saint Peter Julian Eymard , founder and head of the congregation, recognized Rodin's talent and, sensing his lack of suitability for the order, encouraged Rodin to continue with his sculpture. He returned to work as a decorator, while taking classes with animal sculptor Antoine-Louis Barye . The teacher's attention to detail – his finely rendered musculature of animals in motion – significantly influenced Rodin. [7] In 1864, Rodin began to live with a young seamstress named Rose Beur


"What is the form of sugar called ""dextrose"" also known as?"

What is the Difference Between Dextrose, Fructose, and Glucose? What is the Difference Between Dextrose, Fructose, and Glucose? Last Modified Date: 10 December 2016 Copyright Protected: 10 hilariously insightful foreign words Dextrose, fructose , and glucose are all monosaccharides, known as simple sugars. These sugars can combine to form more complex sugars, including the disaccharide known as sucrose , or table sugar. The primary differences between these sugars have to do with the ways in which they are metabolized by the body, and they all play important roles in body function. Fructose is an extremely sweet sugar that is found in many fruits. The flavor is sometimes intensely cloying, as anyone who has eaten an overripe piece of fruit knows, and it is believed to be the most sweet of the naturally occurring sugars. Fructose can also be obtained through the breakdown of sucrose, which is made from linked fructose and glucose molecules. It has a low glycemic index, which means that it takes a long time for the body to break down, resulting in a slow release of sugar, rather than a sudden rush. A diet high in fructose as been linked to health problems like diabetes and obesity, although there is as of yet no proof that it causes these conditions. Ad Dextrose is simply a form of glucose. Some food packagers like to use "dextrose" on their packaging instead of "glucose" because they believe that people have negative associations with glucose. This sugar is extremely abundant in nature, and it can be found in numerous plant and animal tissues, often along with other sugars such as fructose. The body relies on glucose for energy, using this sugar to power cells. When people measure their blood sugar , they are actually measuring the amount of dissolved glucose in the blood. The molecular formula for glucose/dextrose and fructose is actually the same. Both sugars are considered to be hexoses, meaning that they have six carbon atoms attached to 12 hydrogen atoms and six oxygen atoms. The differing ways in which molecules can be attached cause various hexoses to behave differently, creating different chemical compounds which lend the hexoses some distinct properties. Glucose is what is known as an aldohexose, meaning that it contains a compound called an aldehyde , located at the first position in the molecule. Aldehydes have a carbon atom which is attached to a hydrogen atom and also double bonded to an oxygen atom. Fructose, on the other hand, is a ketohexose, containing a ketone which consists of a single carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom. The ketone in fructose is attached to the second position in the molecule. Ketones play an important role in biochemistry. The simple structures of these sugars allow them to be linked in a number of different ways to other molecules, creating more complex sugars which will behave differently in the body and generating some extremely unwieldy chemical formulas. For consumers, the important thing to remember is that labels which say "dextrose" really mean "glucose." Ad Post 41 @anon119975: "Coincidence"? Seemingly, but not specifically. Fructose is more addictive than dextrose/glucose. Obesity is the result of food processors putting more and more sugars of all types into their products to "cash-in" on this addictive quality of all sugars. Once addicted (as we in the west certainly are, to our shame and certain demise) we seek products that give us the highest hit possible. Food producers, especially the huge conglomerates, put as much sugars as possible into almost everything these days, even where it is ridiculous. In 1967 at high school, as a science project, we analyzed Coca Cola by destructive distillation. The sugar content was 6.7 percent, made up of mostly corn syrup, but we did not have the resources to determine what exact sugars were present. Labeling was not used, so the consumer was unaware of the sugar content. Today, check the label on a bottle of coca cola that is not "diet/zero or sugar free." Pepsi Cola is pretty much the same: about 11 percent to Coke's 10.4


Which American is famous for her photographs of John Lennon and Yoko Ono taken the day of Lennon's death, Demi Moore nude when 7 months pregnant, and, later, nude with a suit painted on her body?

Naked album photos of John Lennon and Yoko Ono to be auctioned | Daily Mail Online comments Two rare vintage photographs of John Lennon and Yoko Ono posing naked have emerged for sale. The images were used on the couple's 1968 album 'Unfinished Music No 1: Two Virgins', and were taken by them on a self-timer. The photos are wider than the one used on the LP cover and show more clutter around the couple's feet. Original: This vintage photo of John Lennon and Yoko Ono posing for their 1968 album Unfinished Music No 1: Two Virgins is due to go under the hammer at auction They have been put up for sale by a private owner who found them in the loft at the home of his late mother. He was stunned by the discovery and has no idea how she acquired them. The LP showed the pair nude on the front and the reverse had them naked from behind. Both original front and back images are going under the hammer at Duke's auctioneers in Dorchester, Dorset, and they have been given a pre-sale estimate of £700. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share It was a controversial album cover and many record shops refused to stock it. Where it was sold it was handed over in a brown paper bag. The album was the result of an all-night session of musical experimentation in Lennon's home studio. The photographs were taken at Ringo Starr's basement apartment at Montagu Square, London, where Lennon and Ono stayed later that year. Bare cheek of it: The 1968 album the pictures were used in was highly controversial and many shops refused to stock it. The pictures were taken on a self-timer Matthew Denney, from Duke's, said: 'No-one knows how the photographs emerged in Dorset. 'The vendor found them in his mother's attic after she died and he has no idea how she came by them. 'These are wider shots than the ones produced on the album cover and Beatles experts we have spoken to are very interested in them. 'These are vintage photographs and there are already been quite a bit of interest in them.' During the uproar about the album cover, Lennon said that is was not to do with the nudity itself, but because the pair looked so unattractive. Indeed, he later described it as a picture of 'two slightly overweight ex-junkies'. The auction is on Thursday. Famous: This Rolling Stone Magazine cover from January 22 1981 which shows John Lennon naked with Yoko Ono was voted the number one cover from the last 40 years in 2005. The photo was taken by photographer Annie Liebovitz in December 1980 on the last day of Lennon's life


Which English King signed the Magna Carta at Runnymede, Surrey, England, in 1215?

Runnymede council calls Magna Carta bank holiday - BBC News BBC News Runnymede council calls Magna Carta bank holiday 2 September 2010 Close share panel Image caption King John signed Magna Carta at Runnymede Meadow, near Egham, in 1215 A council has called for a bank holiday to mark the 800th anniversary of the sealing of Magna Carta in Surrey. Runnymede Borough Council is considering several initiatives to mark the event in June 2015, including setting up an education centre. Council chief executive Paul Turrell said the international significance of the document made it an event that could be celebrated all over the world. King John signed Magna Carta at Runnymede Meadow, near Egham, in 1215. 'Great benefit' Mr Turrell said a local committee was working on several initiatives and was hoping to get royal patronage to support the proposal for a bank holiday. He said: "We're looking at making June 2015 a very special occasion, perhaps over two or three months leading up to June 2015, but we're also looking at a legacy." He said an education or interpretation centre would demonstrate the significance of Magna Carta, which had been influential across the English-speaking world. Image caption An education centre could be set up to explain the significance of Magna Carta Mr Turrell said it was hoped both the celebrations and legacy could also bring an economic boost. He said: "I think it's something which would be a great benefit to business. "And the international significance of Magna Carta would perhaps give us that opportunity to say here's a bank holiday which we can celebrate with people all over the world." He added: "We're very much at the ideas stage at the moment, but although 2015 may seem a long way away, we need to start preparing now." Mr Turrell said the council was hoping to "crystallise" ideas early in 2011. Runnymede councillor Alan Alderson said it had not yet been decided whether the holiday should be a one-off or an annual event, but a yearly holiday would be an annual reminder to people of the importance of Magna Carta. Barons in revolt Copies of Magna Carta, which forms part of the common law of England, are held at the British Library and at Salisbury and Lincoln cathedrals. It formed a peace treaty between King John and barons who were in revolt. Its opening chapter guaranteed the rights of the Church, and a further 15 were designed to curb the king's exploitation of loopholes in feudal custom. Ten further chapters dealt with finances, while another section confirmed people's rights under common law. The common law section was seen as crucial because it subjected the king to the law of the land for the first time in Britain's history.


History Ireland Published in Features , Issue 2 (Summer 1996) , Pre-history / Archaeology , Pre-Norman History , Volume 4 Emperor Claudius – invaded Britain in AD43. A number of areas are worth exploring in this regard: not only the possibility of a Roman invasion of Ireland but also Roman geographical knowledge and perceptions of Ireland and Roman attitudes to their empire generally. Whilst debates about an invasion of Ireland, however fascinating, may always be inconclusive, it is ironic—Roman perceptions of space and power being what they were—that Rome did not need to set foot in Ireland in order to claim imperium over it. Greek geographers First we must establish Ireland’s place in the Roman world in geographical terms. The first known geographer to mention Ireland is the Greek Pytheas of Massilia, who, according to a later historian Polybius, made a journey in which he at least visited Britain. Whether he landed in Ireland we do not know, but we can be confident that he learned of its existence. It is possible that later authors, principally Strabo and Diodorus Siculus, used the work of Pytheas as a source for their writings. Diodorus Siculus, a first-century author writing in Greek, mentions an island in the north on which there was a magnificent spherical shrine to the god Apollo, adorned with many votive offerings. It has been suggested that this may have been Navan, which had been visited in the second century BC by a Greek or Phoenician traveller. This individual brought a gift of a barbary ape, the remains of which have been found at the site. It is not until the works of Latin authors mention Ireland that we receive a clearer picture. There is no doubt that the Romans knew of the existence of ‘Hibernia’, long before any direct contact, as the Greeks did of ‘Ierne’, their name for Ireland. Better knowledge was prompted by better communication, mainly as a result of trade. The later, and probably most famous of early geographers, Claudius Ptolemy, also notes that the ports and coasts of Ireland were well-known by traders. Fig 1. Strabo’s view of Western Europe – claimed that Ireland was ‘barely habitable on account of the cold’ Caesar The first Roman writer to refer to Ireland is Julius Caesar, in his account of his campaigns in Gaul, which was probably published around 50 BC. Caesar considered Ireland to be two-thirds the size of Britain, from which it was separated by a strait of equal width to that between Britain and Gaul. Pliny the Elder merely tells us that it was the same breadth as Britain, but two hundred miles shorter, adding that the shortest route by sea to Ireland was thirty miles. In the period between these two authors, Strabo wrote a vast work of geography on more ethnographical lines concerning the ‘inhabited world’. He placed Ireland north of Britain, on the limits of the known world, and claimed that it was ‘barely habitable on account of the cold’. (See fig.1) He generously considered the inhabitants more savage than the Britons, since they are man-eaters as well as heavy-eaters, and since they count it an honourable thing when their fathers die to devour them, and openly to have intercourse not only with other women, but with their mothers and sisters as well; but I say this only with the understanding that I have no trustworthy witnesses for it. Another author, Pomponius Mela, echoed the theme that the Irish were more savage than any other race. He also notes that Ireland was unsuitable for growing wheat, but was so rich in grass that cattle would burst from eating too much if unrestrained. The lack of arable farming seems to be borne out by pollen records which suggest a decrease in agricultural activity between 100 BC and AD 200. Solinus, who wrote in the third century AD and who may have depended on the work of Pliny and Mela, claimed that the Irish were an inhospitable race, but incidentally is the first to refer to the lack of snakes before the arrival of Patrick. The fifth century writer Orosius describes Ireland as being inhabited by the Scoti, and indeed surpassing Britain in clim


With what sport is Frank Bruno associated?

Bruno and me | Sport | The Guardian The Observer Bruno and me Kevin Mitchell spent months with Frank Bruno as they worked on his powerful autobiography. Here he reveals how the fighter was changed by his struggles with mental illness - and how candid he was about the torments of his life Sunday 6 November 2005 07.13 EST First published on Sunday 6 November 2005 07.13 EST Share on Messenger Close Frank Bruno smiled and laughter filled the room. 'I'm all talk sometimes,' he said. 'Not always, Frank,' I said. 'Sometimes I can't get a word out of you.' What are you like, I thought. What is it like to be Frank Bruno. He smiled and laughed some more, his head dropping to his knees as that boom-box basso-profundo bounced off the walls. Frank loves to laugh. We were sitting in a quiet corner of a health farm in Hertfordshire on the most pleasant of late summer afternoons. The sun leaked near-horizontally through the French doors, spilling across the fine old snooker table and over the rich carpet that snaked through the Edwardian pile owned by Frank's friend and host these past few months, Stephen Purdew. Tea cups tinkled in the drawing room next door and pink-faced women trying to wish their fat away padded through the hallways swathed in white towelling, on their way to the supple fingers of the waiting masseurs. We seemed a long way from trouble and pain. The smile slipped from Frank's face and he turned, professionally, towards the tape recorder again to get down the details of his life, from grim to hilarious. It was one of our final sessions. We had met first at his house in Stondon Massey, Essex, the previous Christmas and, in helping him with his autobiography, I came to know a good deal better a very public figure I had only ever known superficially. The Bruno other journalists and I used to know was a packaged commodity, a product of the boxing business. From 1982 until 1996, he had performed for us, quipping his way from the Albert Hall to the MGM Grand. We recycled his jokes, he made his millions and we were all happy. Except, as the world would learn, Frank wasn't as happy as he or we thought. The pressures of the fight game are not dissimilar to those that actors experience. Boxers are often shy and insecure - like many actors - and they learn how to pretend in public. They have to conquer their own doubts before they can beat an opponent, or please an audience. And they have to banish all thoughts of inadequacy. Frank had to be kidded he was a world-beater. Those guiding him in the early days - his manager Terry Lawless and Mickey Duff, the promoter - told him to trust nobody outside the team. They knew best. They told him what to say, how to dress - and how to fight. He was a quick learner. Even in defeat, Frank continued to believe. And he improved. He grew more cynical, too. But only rarely did the mask slip. He became a consummate actor. Frank, by nature a loner, earned his living in the most exposed and unforgiving environment. He had to shake off his fear and put his self-esteem on the line in a 20ft by 20ft harshly lit ring, watched by thousands of strangers. He did not just have to fight for his life and his living; the commercial imperatives of his business dictated that he had to be a gregarious and lovable ticket-seller; a character, a personality. After a while, this he did with alacrity and a certain charming gaucheness. So, that was the Bruno of the public imagination. From the outside looking in, his life seemed perfect. In 1995, at the fourth time of asking, he won the world heavyweight title. Loved for losing, he was now being rousingly cheered as a winner, the very acme of male triumph and physical perfection. He was the most cherished athlete in the country. He had money, an adoring wife who had known him when he had nothing and three adorable children. They lived in a mansion in the Essex countryside. And Frank was heavyweight champion of the world, joining a distinguished lineage that stretched back over a century and more. This is what he had striven for since he left the building sites of so


The engines used in Formula One between 1960 and 1990 by Motor Racing Developments Ltd (known as Brabham) were Coventry-Climax, Cosworth DFV, Alfa Romeo, BMW, Yamaha, Judd and which other?

Brabham Brabham 4 ( 1966, 1967, 1981, 1983) Race victories 1992 Hungarian Grand Prix Formula One portal Motor Racing Developments Ltd., more usually known as Brabham, was a racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team founded in 1960 by two Australians: driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac. The team won four drivers' and two constructors' world championships in its 30 year history. As of 2006, Jack Brabham's 1966 drivers' championship remains the only one won by a driver in a car bearing his own name. In 1966 and 1967 Brabham won the drivers' and constructors' championships using Australian-built engines from Repco. During the 1960s Brabham was also the largest manufacturer of customer open wheel racing cars in the world, and had built more than 500 cars by 1970. Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three, and competed in the Indianapolis 500. During the 1970s and 1980s, under the ownership of the British businessman Bernie Ecclestone — who later become responsible for administrating the commercial aspects of Formula One — the team introduced many innovations to Formula One, such as carbon brakes, the controversial but successful 'fan car', in-race refuelling, and hydropneumatic suspension. In the 1980s the team won two more drivers' championships with Brazilian Nelson Piquet, and became the first team to win a drivers' championship with a turbocharged car. After Ecclestone sold the team in 1987, ownership passed eventually to the Middlebridge Group, a Japanese engineering firm. Midway through the 1992 season the team collapsed after Middlebridge was unable to continue making repayments against loans provided by Landhurst Leasing. The case was investigated by the UK Serious Fraud Office. Origins Jack Brabham was 40 when he won the F1 drivers' title in a 'Brabham' car. Jack Brabham and Ron Tauranac met in 1951 when both were successfully building and racing their own cars in Australia . Brabham went to the United Kingdom in 1955 to further his racing career. Driving for the Cooper Car Company works team, he became Formula One world champion in 1959 and 1960. In addition to driving, he had significant technical involvement at Cooper, particularly in developing the 1960 T53 ‘lowline’ car. Brabham consulted Tauranac by letter on technical matters and fed the results back into the Cooper designs. Although Cooper had revolutionised Formula One by introducing the mid-engined layout, their approach to car design was less than scientific and Brabham felt sure that he could improve on it. In 1959 Brabham invited his friend Tauranac to come to the UK and work with him. Brabham described Tauranac as "absolutely the only bloke I'd have gone into partnership with". Initially this was at his car dealership, Jack Brabham Motors, producing upgrade kits for Sunbeam Rapier and Triumph Herald road cars, but with the long-term aim to design racing cars. Brabham and Tauranac set up a company called Motor Racing Developments Ltd. (see below), deliberately avoiding the use of either man’s name, and produced their first car for the entry level Formula Junior class in the summer of 1961. Initially known as an MRD, the car's name was soon changed. Motoring journalist Jabby Crombac pointed out that "[the] way a Frenchman pronounces those initials — written phonetically, 'em air day' — sounded perilously like the French word... merde." The cars were subsequently known as Brabhams, with type numbers starting with BT for 'Brabham Tauranac'. By the 1961 Formula One season, the first run under a new 1.5 litre engine capacity limit, the Lotus and Ferrari teams had developed the mid-engined approach further than Cooper. Having run his own private Coopers in non-championship events during 1961, Brabham left the company in 1962 to drive for his own team: the Brabham Racing Organisation, using cars built by Motor Racing Developments. MRD initially concentrated on making money by selling cars to customers, so the first Brabham Formula One car, the BT3, was only delivered partway through the 1962 Formula One season. Racing