What name is given to a straight line joining any two points on a curve')

Geometry Glossary Math Help > Geometry > Geometry Glossary Glossary of Geometrical Terms Have you ever imagined a geometrical shape, and then had trouble describing it?  Many shapes have names, but they're fairly obscure, so a glossary might help. General notes: planes, lines, cones, and cylinders extend infinitely in both (or all) directions.  A cone, in particular, is not shaped like an "ice cream cone" but rather like two such objects, attached at their pointy ends, and extending infinitely in both directions.  Shapes that are bounded are called "line segments", "frustums", "solid cones", "prisms", etc.  So read the definitions carefully.  (See also thesaurus and mathworld ) acute angle - an angle whose measure is greater than 0 but less than 90 degrees adjacent angles - 2 nonstraight and nonzero angles that have a common side in the interior of the angle formed by the noncommon sides alternate exterior angles - exterior angles on alternate sides of the transversal (not on the same parallel line) alternate interior angles - interior angles on alternate sides of the transversal (not on the same parallel line) angle - the union of 2 rays that have the same endpoint; measured in degrees or radians; the five types of angles are zero, acute, right, obtuse, and straight angle bisector - a ray that is in the interior of an angle and forms two equal angles with the sides of that angle annulus - a ring; the area bounded by two concentric circles apothem - in a regular polygon, the perpendicular distance from the center to a side; in a circle with a chord, the distance from the midpoint of a chord to the circle's center arbelos arbelos - a plane region bounded by three mutually tangent semicircles whose diameters are collinear. arc - a continuous portion (as of a circle or ellipse) of a curved line arc length - the distance between an arc's endpoints along the path of the circle area - the surface enclosed within a closed plane figure; the measure of the surface, expressed in equivalent square units, such as square inches. axis - a straight line about which a body or a geometric figure rotates or may be supposed to rotate; a straight line with respect to which a body or figure is symmetrical -- called also axis of symmetry; one of the reference lines of a coordinate system ball - a "solid sphere"; the interior of a sphere (open ball); a sphere and its interior (closed ball);   Borromean rings Borromean rings Borromean rings - A set of three rings joined in such a way that no pair is interlinked, but the three cannot be separated.  bundle - the set of planes through a point, in projective geometry . cage - regular graph that has as few vertices as possible for its girth.  Formally, an (r,g)-graph is defined to be a graph in which each vertex has exactly r neighbors, and in which the shortest cycle has length exactly g.  The (r,3)-cage is a complete graph Kr+1 on r+1 vertices, and the (r,4)-cage is a complete bipartite graph Kr,r on 2r vertices.   Other cages listed in Wikipedia include the Moore graphs: (3,5)-cage: Petersen graph, (3,6)-cage: Heawood graph, (3,8)-cage: Tutte�Coxeter graph, (7,5)-cage: Hoffman�Singleton graph. Cartesian plane - a coordinate plane central angle of a circle - an angle whose vertex is the center of the circle cevian - a line segment connecting a vetex of a triangle with a point on the opposite side of the triangle.  The condition for three general Cevians from the three vertices of a triangle to concur (at a cevian point) is known as Ceva's theorem . cevian point - the point of concurrence of three cevians cevian triangle - Given a point P and a triangle ABC, the Cevian triangle A'B'C' is defined as the triangle composed of the endpoints of the cevians through the Cevian point P. chord - In general, a straight line joining two points on a curve; often, chord is used to mean a straight line segment joining and included between two points on a circle;  chord of a circle - a segment whose endpoints are on a circle circle - a closed plane curve every point of which is


Which large bird of prey, fairly common in Wales, and now becoming more widespread elsewhere, has the Latin name 'milvus milvus?

Full text of "Scottish birds" See other formats Scottish Birds 4   published by the  SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGISTS' CLUB   Volume 30(1) March 2010   Scottish  Established in 1958.   Published quarterly by:  The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Waterston House, Aberlady, East Lothian EH32 0PY.  Email: maiI@the-soc.org.uk Phone: 01875 871330 www.the-soc.org.uk   Editors:  Co-ordinating editor Ian Andrews  Peer-reviewed papers Dr Stan da Prato Assisted by: Dr I. Bainbridge Professor D. Jenkins Dr M. Marquiss DrJ.B. Nelson R. Swann  Scottish Bird News Jimmy Maxwell Ian Francis  Birding in Scotland Harry Scott Dr Stuart L Rivers  Editorial correspondence:  c/o SOC, Waterston House, Aberlady, East Lothian EH32 OPY. Email: mail@the-soc.org.uk   Designed and typeset by:  Pica Design, 51 Charlton Crescent, Aboyne, Aberdeenshire AB34 5GN.  Email: picades@ifb.co.uk Printed by:  Crowes, 50 Hurricane Way, Norwich, Norfolk NR6 6JB  Front Cover:  Common Snipe, Dumfries, January 2010 © Edmund Fellowes   The Scottish Ornithologists' Club (SOC) was formed in 1936 to encourage all aspects of ornithology in Scotland. It has local branches which meet in Aberdeen, Ayr, the Borders, Dumfries, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Inverness, New Galloway, Orkney, St Andrews, Stirling, Stranraer and Thurso, each with its own programme of field meetings and winter lectures. The George Waterston Library at the Club's headquarters is the most comprehensive ornithological library in Scotland and is available for reference seven days a week. A selection of Scottish local bird reports is held at headquarters and may be purchased by mail order. The Donald Watson Gallery holds exhibitions of artwork for sale. Check out our website for more information about the SOC: www.the-soc.org.uk  Scottish Birds, the official publication of the SOC, contains original papers relating to ornithology in Scotland, short notes on bird observations, topical articles and Club-related news, reports of rare and scarce bird sightings and information on birding sites.  Four issues of Scottish Birds are published each year, in March, June, September and December. The SOC also publishes an annual Scottish Raptor Monitoring Scheme Report, which is produced on behalf of the Scottish Raptor Monitoring Group with grant aid from Scottish Natural Heritage. It is sent to all members.  Copies of these reports may be purchased by non-members on application to the SOC. Membership details as well as news and information can be found on the Club's website www.the-soc.org.uk.   SOC annual membership subscription rates  Adult £ 28.00 Family (2 adults and any juniors living at the same address) £ 39.00  Junior (aged 17 or under) £ 12.00  Student (aged 18 to 24 and in full-time education) £ 12.00  Concession (pensioner) £ 21.00  Concession (unwaged/unemployed) £ 12.00  Joint Concession £ 27.00  Life £ 600.00  Life Family £900.00  Overseas supplement £ 10.00   All subscriptions may be paid by Direct Debit and Gift Aided. Subscriptions paid by Direct Debit greatly assist the Club. Please ask for an application form by telephoning 01875 871330 or visiting the Club's website at: www.the-soc.org.uk   ISSN 0036-9144   Scottish Charity Reg. No. SC 009859   Contents   Scottish Birds 30:1 (201C^,„3„„„^  PAPERS I JUL 2^^2010 ]  2 Prey items of Merlins in the Lewis Peatlands S. Rae V 7 Density and productivity of ground-nesting Merlins S. Rae LlBRAR'^: ^ 14 Breeding study of Grey Herons on Colonsay and Oronsay D.C. Jardine, J. Clarke & P.M. Clarke 21 Scottish Birds Records Committee criteria for identification of Caspian Gull Larus cachinnans  C.J. Mclnerny (on behalf of the Scottish Birds Records Committee)  SHORT NOTES  26 Predation of Northern Gannet and Great Northern Diver by White-tailed Eagle L. Macdonald  27 Reports of rare birds in the Aberdeen area during the mid-1 9th century C.J. Mclnerny  30 A breeding by European Nightjars on the Isle of Bute in 2009 W. Shields & B. Zonfrillo  31 Breeding attemp


A hectare is 10,000 square metres; approximately how many acres does it represent (to the nearest half acre)?

Guide to Map Scale (note: This is a series of exerts from various sites)    10 in = 395 mi                                              7.5 in = 340 mi    10 in = 395 mi x 63360 in/mi                       7.5 in = 340 mi x 63360 in/mi    10 in [d] 10 = 25027200 in [d] 10               7.5 in [d] 7.5 = 21542400 in [d] 7.5     1 in = 2502720 in                                        1 in = 2872320 in         1:2,502,720                                             1:2,872,320      [Note:  [d] = divided by] We therefore need a map of Arizona at a scale of 1:2,872,320 or less to place it on an 8 1/2 x 11 inch sheet of paper. VI. HOW TO FIND MAPS AT A PARTICULAR SCALE IN THE MAP COLLECTION. Maps cannot be located in the online catalog directly by scale. You need to look under the geographic area or under a thematic subject heading to see what maps are available. Map scales are given in the catalog in the RF form. A map series for a larger area may include the area you are interested in; so be sure to check for maps of larger areas such as countries or continents. For example, the entry for the 1:100,000 series topographic maps for Arizona may be found only under the heading "United States-maps, topographic". If you need assistance in locating a map at a particular scale please ask a staff member at the reference desk. VII. TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS FOR ARIZONA. Here is a list, from the largest scale to the smallest, of the various series of topographic maps available for Arizona. *1:24,000. 7.5-Minute Series (Topographic). Reston, VA: U. S. Geological Survey, 1945 to present, app. 1971 sheets when complete. G4331s.C2 1882.U6 *1:50,000. Arizona 1:50,000 [15 Minute Series (Topographic)]. Washington, DC: Army Map Service and Defense Mapping Agency, 1947 to present, currently 92 sheets, coverage incomplete. G4330s.50.U5 *1:62,500. 15-Minute Series (Topographic). Reston: USGS, 1910 to 1968, 306 sheets, coverage incomplete. G4331s.C2 1882.U6 *1:100,000. 30 x 60 Minute Series (Topographic). Reston: USGS, 1980 to present, 68 sheets when complete. G3700s.100.U5 *1:125,000. 30-Minute Series (Topographic). Reston: USGS, 1901 to 1939, 23 sheets, only partial coverage. G4331s.C2 1882.U6 *1:250,000. 1 x 2 Degree Series (Topographic). Reston: USGS, 1953 to present, 22 sheets, periodically revised. G4050s.250.U5 *1:500,000. State of Arizona. Reston: USGS, 1981, 1 sheet. G4330. 1981.G4 *1:1,000,000. World (North America) 1:1,000,000. Reston: USGS, 1952, 4 sheets, coverage incomplete. G3200s.1, 000.U51 What is Map Scale? Map scale is the relationship between a unit of length on a map and the corresponding length on the ground. It's also an expression of how much the area represented has been reduced on the map. Map scale is important for understanding maps both in paper and computer form, so it will pay you to understand the types and uses of scales. Types of Map Scales We can relate map and ground with three different types of scale. Verbal scale expresses in words a relationship between a map distance and a ground distance. Usually it is along the lines of: One inch represents 16 miles. Here it is implied that the one-inch is on the map, and that one-inch represents 16 miles on the ground. Verbal scales are commonly found on popular atlases and maps. The second type of scale is a graphic scale, or bar scale. This shows directly on the map the corresponding ground distance. For example: Bar scales is probably the most common kind of scale found on maps, perhaps because their graphical nature makes them easily understood? Another great thing about bar scales is that they remain correct if the map is reduced or enlarged photographically. This is not true of the other two types of scales. The third type of scale is a representative fraction, or ratio scale. Compared to the first two, it is the most abstract, but also the most versatile. A representative fraction, or RF, shows the relationship between one of any unit on the map and one of the same units on the ground. RFs may be shown as an actual fraction, for example 1/24,000, but are usually written w


In which small Middle Eastern Country were women only granted the right to vote in 2006?

Politics, Elections and the “Reality” of Women’s Rights in Kuwait - Diplomatic Courier Diplomatic Courier April 8, 2013 Written by Richard Rousseau, Contributor Political authoritarianism has been constant feature in the Arab political systems, and despite the ongoing “Arab Spring,” there is a continuing tendency to prevent women from freely participating in political processes. Recently, a handful of Arab countries have consented to slightly alter their political systems so as to allow women and opposition groups to have a greater say on political issues. Nevertheless, the Arab Middle East as a whole is still a long way from being a region where women are engaged in political life. Politics in the Gulf monarchies or states making up the Fertile Crescent still remains a male-dominated profession. The ratio of female to male politicians is significantly small in comparison to other regions of the world. Some positive changes have been made in Bahrain (women have the right to vote since 2002, but none have ever been elected to parliament so far) and Morocco where more women are now included in politics and government. In 2003 Egypt appointed the first women judge, and Qatar saw the appointment of the first woman to the cabinet of ministers. Kuwait, however, is a ‘special case’ in the Arab Middle East. Until 2005, the all-male Kuwaiti parliament excluded women from all political processes. In fact, only about 15 percent of Kuwaiti citizens had the right to vote. However, on May 16, 1999 the first steps towards electoral change were taken. Emir Jaber, who reigned from 1977 to 2006, unpredictably issued a decree allowing women the right to vote and hold public office; however, the Kuwaiti parliament rejected the decree on the ground that it was legislated by decree. Then, on May 16, 2004 the Cabinet of Ministers approved a new women’s suffrage bill, but a year later, on May 3, 2005, the Islamist and conservative elements in parliament abstained from voting on the bill, and therefore the parliament postponed the vote on women’s suffrage bill. It was not until May 17th of the same year that the parliament finally passed the law, giving women the right to vote and hold public office. Between the establishment of the parliament in 1963 as part of the country’s first post-independence constitution and the passage of the women’s suffrage bill, Kuwait’s parliament had been the sole preserve of men. Among the most activist groups for the recognition of fundamental political and social rights to women are the Kuwait Federation of Women’s Association and the Women’s Cultural and Social Society, both accredited by the government as representatives of Kuwaiti women. They are also authorized by the central government to hold meetings and organize events against the exclusion of women from the political scene. Kuwaiti politics has featured constant clashes between the government and the elected MPs during the past decade. On March 19, 2008, Emir Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah dissolved the National Assembly and announced that a parliamentary election would be held on May 17, 2008. A total of 361,685 Kuwaitis turned out to vote, 57 percent of them women. While 27 of the 275 election candidates were women, none of the female candidates won. Kuwait’s voters handed a slight victory to reformists who formed a loose alliance with Islamists in order to control two thirds of the seats. Emir al-Sabah once again dissolved the parliament on March 18 2009, due to an unresolved conflict between some members of the government and the Assembly, and called for another poll two months later. The May 16-17, 2009 parliamentary election marked a breakthrough in Kuwaiti politics. More than 195,000 women voted, and of the twenty-eight who ran for seats in the parliament four emerged winners. Massouma al-Mubarak, a cabinet minister in 2005, Salwa al-Jassar and Aseel al-Awadhi, both U.S.-educated professors, and Rola Dashti, an economist, were the first women to obtain seats in the Kuwaiti parliament or anywhere in the Gulf. Their victories were an achievement


The artist Matisse was a member of which school of painting?

Henri Matisse Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works | The Art Story Web Services & Hosting by The Computer Studio | Designed by DesArtLab Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso Picasso dominated European painting in the first half of the last century, and remains perhaps the century's most important, prolifically inventive, and versatile artist. Alongside Georges Braque, he pioneered Cubism. He also made significant contributions to Surrealist painting and media such as collage, welded sculpture, and ceramics. Post-Impressionism Post-Impressionism Post-Impressionism refers to a number of styles that emerged in reaction to Impressionism in the 1880s. The movement encompassed Symbolism and Neo-Impressionism before ceding to Fauvism around 1905. Its artists turned away from effects of light and atmosphere to explore new avenues such as color theory and personal feeling, often using colors and forms in intense and expressive ways. Fauvism Fauvism Fauvism was an early twentieth-century art movement founded by Henri Matisse and André Derain. Labeled as "wild beasts", Fauve artists favored vibrant colors and winding gestural strokes across the canvas. Cubism Cubism Cubism was developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque between 1907-1911, and it continued to be highly influential long after its decline. This classic phase has two stages: 'Analytic', in which forms seem to be 'analyzed' and fragmented; and 'Synthetic', in which pre-existing materials such as newspaper and wood veneer are collaged to the surface of the canvas. Clement Greenberg Clement Greenberg Clement Greenberg was one the leading American art critics during the twentieth century. Best known as the ideological counterpart to Harold Rosenberg, Greenberg was a formalist who coined the terms "American-type painting" and 'Post-painterly abstraction.' He was a staunch champion of pure abstraction, including the work of Jackson Pollock, Clyfford Still and Hans Hofmann. Impressionism Impressionism A movement in painting that first surfaced in France in the 1860s, it sought new ways to describe effects of light and movement, often using rich colors. The Impressionists were drawn to modern life and often painted the city, but they also captured landscapes and scenes of middle-class leisure-taking in the suburbs. Gustave Moreau Gustave Moreau Gustave Moreau was a French Symbolist painter who depicted narrative moments and figures from classical mythology and biblical history. Jean-Baptiste Simeon Chardin Jean-Baptiste Simeon Chardin Chardin is a lauded eighteenth-century French painter of still life, and is regarded as a master of portraiture and impasto brushwork, influencing a great number of early European modern painters. Chardin's work is remembered above all for his subjects, which include kitchen maids, children and other domestic scenes. Paul Cézanne Paul Cézanne Paul Cézanne was an influential French Post-Impressionist painter whose depictions of the natural world, based on internal geometric planes, paved the way for Cubism and later modern art movements. Ambroise Vollard Ambroise Vollard Ambroise Vollard was an important dealer, collector, and arts patron in late nineteenth-centry and early twentieth-century Paris. His interests were diverse, spanning Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Expressionism, and modernism, and included such artists as Renoir, Cézanne, Gaugin, Matisse, and Picasso. Paul Signac Paul Signac Paul Signac was a French painter and significant Post-Impressionist in the late nineteenth century. Along with Georges Seurat he developed the painting style known as Pointillism, in which small and precise dots of color were used to compose a larger, Impressionistic picture. André Derain André Derain André Derain, the co-founder of Fauvism, was a French artist whose paintings exhibit the writhing energetic lines and bright colors characteristic of the movement. He strove to keep art modern and current throughout his career. Gertrude Stein Gertrude Stein Gertrude Stein was an American writer and supporter of the arts whose Paris salons were key sites for avant-


What series of children's books is written by Eoin Colfer?

Plugged (Daniel McEvoy, #1) by Eoin Colfer — Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists Shelves: crime-and-mystery , 2011 , bouchercon Bouncer Daniel McEvoy's life spins out of control when the girl he loves winds up dead, his friend turns up missing, thugs all over town are gunning for him, and his crazy neighbor may be in love with him. Worse yet, he's going bald... I heard Eoin Colfer speak at BoucherCon 2011 and he was so hilarious I had to immediately snap this one up. I was not disappointed. Plugged is a damn fine adult novel from Colfer, much better than the Hitchhiker's Guide sequel he wrote a couple years ago. Daniel McE Bouncer Daniel McEvoy's life spins out of control when the girl he loves winds up dead, his friend turns up missing, thugs all over town are gunning for him, and his crazy neighbor may be in love with him. Worse yet, he's going bald... I heard Eoin Colfer speak at BoucherCon 2011 and he was so hilarious I had to immediately snap this one up. I was not disappointed. Plugged is a damn fine adult novel from Colfer, much better than the Hitchhiker's Guide sequel he wrote a couple years ago. Daniel McEvoy is a great lead character; funny without being a smart ass, not particularly handsome or bright, and more than a little worried about going bald, hence his hair transplant. See, the title has more than one meaning. Plugged as in shot or as in hair transplant. Get it? Nevermind. The characters other than McEvoy aren't as well developed but are still an interesting bunch. There's Zeb, the unlicensed doctor, Mrs. Delano, Daniel's crazy neighbor, Detective Deacon, Vic, Irish Mike, the list goes on and on. For most of the book, the reader is as much in the dark as Daniel. While Plugged is a good mystery with plenty of twists and turns, the humor is by far the draw. It's chock full of dark Irish wit and self-deprecating humor. I could easily see it being optioned for a movie starring Simon Pegg. Plugged is an easy four star book. However, it wasn't without some rocky patches. The who killed Connie subplot seemed forgotten and the bit with Irish Mike wasn't quite firing on all cylinders. (view spoiler) [I also have an issue with a floppy disk being able to hold an entire video of a hair transplant operation. It seems like Colfer should have used a thumb drive or similar device to serve as the McGuffin. (hide spoiler) ] Like I said, Plugged is an easy four. I'll be watching for more novels by Colfer in the future. ...more Shelves: crime-fiction Daniel McEvoy is an Irish ex-soldier now living in New Jersey and working as a doorman at a seedy, low-rent casino. His only real friend is the off-beat doctor who's doing Daniel's hair transplant. Then one night Daniel has to throw an egomaniacal lawyer out of the casino and things take a serious turn for the worse. Daniel soon finds himself in the middle of a series of murders and criminal schemes, none of which he understands and all of which pose a serious threat to his life and liberty. For Daniel McEvoy is an Irish ex-soldier now living in New Jersey and working as a doorman at a seedy, low-rent casino. His only real friend is the off-beat doctor who's doing Daniel's hair transplant. Then one night Daniel has to throw an egomaniacal lawyer out of the casino and things take a serious turn for the worse. Daniel soon finds himself in the middle of a series of murders and criminal schemes, none of which he understands and all of which pose a serious threat to his life and liberty. Fortunately, Daniel still has serious skills left over from his army days in Lebanon. He also has a gift for improvisation that keeps him alive and one step ahead of the bad guys, at least for a while. Colfer is a talented writer, and I'd happily read another of his books. My only complaint about this one is that it started to wear a bit thin at the end. Colfer appears torn between wanting to write a serious crime novel or something fairly humorous along the lines of Carl Hiassen. But he doesn't quite succeed in pulling it off. There's enough fairly serious violence in the book as to make the


Which British women achieved gold in the 400 metres at the 2007 World Athletics Championships?

World Indoor Athletics Championships: Christine Ohuruogu inspires 4x400m relay team to gold in Istanbul - Telegraph Athletics World Indoor Athletics Championships: Christine Ohuruogu inspires 4x400m relay team to gold in Istanbul Christine Ohuruogu, the Olympic 400 metres champion whose injury woes have  turned her into the forgotten woman of British athletics, gave the first  sign that she is back to her best on Sunday. Winners' enclosure: Christine Ohuruogu, right, with from left Perri Shakes-Drayton, Shana Cox and Nicola Sanders Photo: GETTY IMAGES By Simon Hart , in Istanbul 7:54PM GMT 11 Mar 2012 Follow Ohuruogu ran a storming 4x400 metres relay leg to fire Britain to gold at the World Indoor Championships in Istanbul. The victory by the GB quartet of Shana Cox, Nicola Sanders, Ohuruogu and Perri Shakes-Drayton crowned a superb weekend for Britain, who achieved their best-ever haul at a World Indoors of nine medals - two golds, three silvers and four bronzes. The previous record was the seven medals won in 2003, when Britain had home advantage in Birmingham. At one point on Sunday, Britain’s medal tally could even have been higher when, briefly, Mo Farah was awarded the 3,000m bronze after the referee judged that Kenya’s Edwin Cheruiyot Soi, who had crossed the line ahead of Farah in third place, had impeded him. The decision was later reversed on appeal, however, and Farah went away empty-handed — one of the few disappointments of a championship that ended with Britain occupying second place behind the United States in the medals table. Related Articles BOA 'life ban' tested in London 12 Mar 2012 It was not the only decision by officialdom that went against Britain as an American disqualification in the men’s 4x400m final, which would have given the GB team the gold, was later reversed by a jury of appeal, leaving Britain with the silver. The other GB medals arrived courtesy of Shara Proctor in the long jump, Holly Bleasdale in the pole vault and Andrew Osagie in the 800m. The timing of Britain’s success could not be better with just four months until the start of the Olympics, and the return to form of the woman who was born and raised just a short walk from the Olympic Stadium in Stratford is welcome news for UK head coach Charles van Commenee, who has made the women’s 4x400m relay one of his key medal targets this summer. Ohuruogu, 27, whose last appearance at a World Championship in Daegu last summer will be remembered for her tears at false-starting in her individual 400m race, has long been a shadow of the athlete who won the world title in 2007 and the Olympic crown a year later, but the blessing of an injury-free winter has clearly brought about a rejuvenation. Running the penultimate leg for Britain, Ohuruogu was in third place and about 10 metres down on American race leader Jernail Hayes when she received the baton from Sanders, but by the end of her two laps she had given anchor runner Perri Shakes-Drayton a three-metre lead. Shakes-Drayton, the 400m hurdles specialist who trains at the same east London stadium as Ohuruogu, made the most of her advantage with a courageous final leg, holding off a fierce fight-back in the final straight by American world indoor champion Sanya Richards-Ross to take the gold. After their lap of honour, one of the first people to congratulate Ohuruogu was Yamile Aldama, the Cuban-born triple jumper who, at the age of 39, had won Britain’s first gold of the championships with her brilliant leap of 14.82 metres on Saturday. “I’m so proud of you. It was for you I did it,” said Ohuruogu as they shared a victory embrace. She later described Aldama’s triumph as an inspiration. But Ohuruogu has never been the kind of person to get carried away by one performance, and she was at pains to play down the significance of her first global title in four years. “It’s good but I have to keep it in perspective because it’s only part of the bigger picture,” she said. “I’ve had five or six months of training and so I’m happy that I can finish my winter portion of the training in one piece


In which British cathedral is the feature known as the 'Angels Choir'?

BBC - History -   British History in depth: The Cathedrals of Britain On This Day The Cathedrals of Britain The history of Britain and the aspirations of her Christian communities can be traced in the glorious excesses of the cathedrals. From Norman grandeur to the modern interpretations found in Liverpool and Coventry, explore the changing styles of the cathedrals in our midst. On this page Print this page Centuries of style The cathedrals of Britain span the millennium - from the cathedrals dating from the 1100s to the modern cathedrals found in Liverpool and Coventry. They display a wide array of architectural styles from Early English Gothic, to the majesty of the Renaissance at St Paul's and the sixties modernism of Liverpool's Roman Catholic Cathedral. In the Middle Ages and up to the Reformation in the 1500s, the Church enjoyed enormous power and wealth, and cathedrals are eloquent symbols of its dominant place in British society. Cathedrals in the Middle Ages weren't the quiet, reverential places of worship we know today. Cathedrals in the Middle Ages weren't the quiet, reverential places of worship we know today. In Lincoln, for example, the central nave or aisle was where pilgrims chatted and shared news; there would have been an elaborately carved stone screen to separate the ordinary people in the nave from the priests and monks worshipping and singing in the choir. Cathedrals were elaborate and brightly coloured before much of the interior decoration and original medieval art was destroyed during the Reformation and the Civil War. During the Civil War, cathedrals were used as garrisons, prisons and even stables. Now only traces remain of the vibrant colours that were often whitewashed out of existence. Top Cathedral floorplan Many of the cathedrals in Britain are orientated east to west. The nave is situated in the west end of the cathedral where people would come to pray. For that reason, it is the long hall of the cathedral. (The nave is 5 on the diagram below.)       The choir (11) is at the east end of the cathedral. It is here that the high altar (13) is generally found. The clergy traditionally prayed here and an elaborately carved screen was often built to separate them from the general public in the nave. This part of the cathedral is often called the 'quire' - the 19th century spelling of 'choir'. St Paul's in London still uses this spelling. The north and south transepts (7, 9) separate the choir from the nave. This means that the layout of cathedrals usually forms the shape of a cross. Side altars are found in the transepts as well as the tombs of important people. The central tower or dome (8) of the cathedral is found at the centre of this 'cross'. These high towers are supported by piers or pillars. At Salisbury Cathedral, it is possible to see that the piers have been slightly bent out of shape by the weight of the tower. The tombs of past bishops and famous saints are often found in side chapels (2, 3). In the later Middle Ages, the wealthy would pay for private chapels to be built where their families could say mass in private. Top Salisbury Cathedral Salisbury Cathedral is one of twenty cathedrals that were built after the Battle of Hastings in 1066 when William the Conqueror seized control of England and Wales. It is built in the Early English Gothic style and has a simple layout in the shape of a cross. This cathedral is built of 70 thousand tons of stone with over three thousand tons of timber for the roof which was covered with 450 tons of lead. Much of the stone came from nearby quarries. At this time, cathedral construction was at the cutting edge of building technology, and errors of judgement led to the collapse of the central towers at both Winchester and Lincoln. With foundations only four feet deep, Salisbury was lucky to escape this when the imposing spire was added. However, the columns of the central crossing are now bowed by around ten inches. St Paul's Cathedral St Paul's was the first British cathedral to be built for the Anglican faith at the end of the 1600s. It is the


Mendelssohn's 'Wedding March' was. originally written as incidental music for which Shakespeare play in 1842?

Mendelssohn's 'Wedding March' at 150 : NPR Mendelssohn's 'Wedding March' at 150 Embed Embed Mendelssohn's 'Wedding March' at 150 Mendelssohn's 'Wedding March' at 150 Embed Embed Mendelssohn: A Midsummer Night's Dream; Symphony No. 4 "Italian" Toggle more options Embed Embed <iframe src="https://www.npr.org/player/embed/18822541/18821397" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" title="NPR embedded audio player"> Mendelssohn: A Midsummer Night's Dream; Symphony No. 4 "Italian" Toggle more options Embed Embed <iframe src="https://www.npr.org/player/embed/18822541/18821222" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" title="NPR embedded audio player"> Mendelssohn: Octet; Quartet No. 2 Toggle more options Embed Embed <iframe src="https://www.npr.org/player/embed/18822541/18821427" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" title="NPR embedded audio player"> More Mendelssohn Robert Greenhouse discusses Mendelssohn's 4th Symphony Toggle more options Embed Embed <iframe src="https://www.npr.org/player/embed/18822541/18821528" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" title="NPR embedded audio player"> Felix Mendelssohn's famous "Wedding March" was first used for wedding music at the nuptials of princess Victoria Adelaide Mary Louise 150 years ago. Getty Images hide caption toggle caption Getty Images It's hard to imagine wedding music without the familiar strains of Mendelssohn's famous "Wedding March." The tune is so famous — opening with its regal blast of brass — that it seems like it's been around forever. But it was 150 years ago that the Wedding March was popularized for the first time. The March was first performed in Potsdam in 1842, as a part of Mendelssohn's incidental music for the Shakespeare play A Midsummer Night's Dream. It wasn't until Jan. 25, 1858, that the march first appeared in a royal wedding — as a recessional used by princess Victoria Adelaide Mary Louise, the oldest child of Queen Victoria, when she married Frederick William IV of Prussia. Classical-music historian Robert Greenberg says that the event was enough to set a standard for ages to come. "When a royal person does something royal-sounding, everyone wants a piece of the action. And from that moment on, Mendelssohn's "Wedding March" from A Midsummer Night's Dream has become a staple in weddings in the German- and English-speaking worlds." But Greenberg says that Mendelssohn had Shakespeare in mind long before he penned the famous march. "At the age of 17, he got it in his head to write an orchestral work that would illustrate the characters of his favorite play," Greenberg says. This is the piece that's called the "Overture" to A Midsummer Night's Dream, and it's one of the masterworks of 19th-century orchestral literature. Article continues after sponsorship Going back even further, between the ages of 12 and 14, Mendelssohn composed 12 string symphonies, four operas, and many other works. Greenberg says that Mendelssohn's precociousness was due in large part to his privileged lifestyle. "He came from a wealthy banking family in Berlin, and his parents wanted only the best for their children," Greenberg says. "They were over-educated by any standards. Mendelssohn could speak multiple languages as a child, reading Homer in the original by the time he was 10. He was also an excellent water-colorist. Music was just another one of those things he mastered as a young man." It also didn't hurt that the young composer's father hired private orchestras so Mendelssohn could learn on the job, hearing his own music as he composed it. Mendelssohn wrote his first symphony for full orchestra at age 15. His first acknowledged masterwork came one year later, in the form of an octet for strings. Greenberg says much of its genius is to be found in the way the piece is built. "The themes and how he manipulates them are brilliant," he says, "especially in the third movement 'scherzo,' which has a lightness, an effervescence that we now refer to as 'Mendelssonian.' It's a kind of music that no one had writte


a What is the English name for the constellation Sagittarius?

Sagittarius Constellation: Facts About the Archer Sagittarius Constellation: Facts About the Archer By Kim Ann Zimmermann | June 20, 2013 02:59pm ET MORE ((ImgTag|http://www.space.com/images/i/000/005/446/i02/cosmic-teapot-milky-way-skywatching-100707-02.jpg?1292270846|null|Riding low in the summer sky is the constellation Sagittarius, looking like a teapot and containing some of the finest deep sky objects. Full Story .|Starry Night® Software|null|false)) Occupying 867 square degrees and containing the most stars with known planets (16), Sagittarius is the largest constellation in the Southern Hemisphere and the 15th largest constellation overall. The constellation has many bright stars and is very visible with the naked eye. As is the case with all of the Zodiac constellations, Sagittarius was recorded in the 2nd century by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy, and it is Latin for archer. Locating Sagittarius Sagittarius is at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, and the galaxy is at its densest point as it makes its way through Sagittarius. In addition to Capricornus and Scorpius, the constellation borders Aquila, Scutum, Serpens Cauda, Ophiuchus, Corona Australis, Telescopium, Indus and Microscopium. Right ascension: 19.11 hours Start Over | More Quizzes Notable stars and objects The constellation’s brightest stars — delta, epsilon, zeta, phi, lambda, gamma-2, sigma and tau Sagittarii — form a star pattern, or asterism, called the Teapot. Also referred to as Kaus Media (middle bow), Kaus Australis (southern bow) and Kaus Borealis (northern bow). delta, epsilon and lambda Sagittarii come together to form the archer’s bow. The brightest star in Sagittarius and the 36th brightest star in the sky, epsilon Sagittarii is 125 light-years distant and 375 times brighter than the sun. While typical naming conventions have the alpha star as the brightest star in a constellation, German celestial cartographer Johann Bayer did not follow his own naming rule when he got to Sagittarius in 1602, therefore naming the brightest star epsilon Sagittarii. Forming the top of the Teapot, lambda Sagittarii is 77 light-years from the sun and an orange giant. The arrowhead is marked at the tip by gamma Sagittarii, an orange giant that is about 95 light-years from Earth. With a magnitude of 2.1, Sigma Sagittarii this is the second brightest star in Sagittarius. Making up the armpit, zeta Sagittarii, also known as Ascella, is the third brightest star in the constellation. It is a double star about 90 light-years distant. This still from a computer animation shows a simulation of a giant space cloud falling into Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of our own Milky Way galaxy, in mid-2013. Image added on July 2, 2012. Credit: European Research Media Center Sagittarius is home to the bright blue hypergiant Pistol Star, one of the brightest stars discovered in the Milky Way. While it is bright, it is barely visible to the naked eye due to a great deal of interstellar dust that surrounds it. It is part of a dense region full of massive young stars known as Quintuplet Cluster near the center of the galaxy. Sagittarius is also home to some interesting objects. Most notable is a bright radio source called Sagittarius A* (pronounced "Sagittarius A-star). Scientists think that area of space may hold a black hole. That region of space also contains several nebulae, including the Lagoon Nebula (M8 or NGC 6523), a large interstellar cloud about 50 by 110 light-years in dimension. The Omega Nebula (M17 or NGC 6618) and the Trifid Nebula (M20 or NGC 6514) are star nurseries birthing dozens of new stars. The Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy was the first globular cluster ever discovered outside the Milky Way. [ Related: Hubble Photographs Dozens of Colliding Galaxies ]    Myth of Sagittarius The Greeks identify Sagittarius as a centaur, horse-human hybrid with the body of a man atop the four legs of a horse. The creature is aiming an arrow toward its neighbor Scorpio. The lore has Sagittarius the Archer shooting Scorpio the Scorpion, which had


Who composed the title music for Dr Who?

Doctor Who theme | Tardis | Fandom powered by Wikia Doctor Who Theme - Doctor Who Prom - BBC Proms 2013 - Radio 3 The Doctor Who theme as performed at the 2013 BBC Proms . The Doctor Who theme was composed by Ron Grainer and made its debut with the first episode of the Doctor Who series in 1963. Although it has undergone many rearrangements, this piece of music has remained the sole theme for the series throughout its history, making it one of the most recognisable themes in television. It is also one of the longest continually-used pieces of theme music in Western entertainment history, surpassed only by the theme from Coronation Street (in use since 1960), and the " James Bond Theme" (in use since 1962). It has also been used for most licensed works featuring the central Doctor Who characters, with the exception of the two Peter Cushing films of the mid-1960s, spin-off programmes, and the occasional audio production that has not featured any theme music. The original version of the theme (heard from 1963-1967, and in a modified arrangement from 1967-1980) is considered a milestone in electronic music and a predecessor of the electronica genre of music. [ source needed ] Although Grainer has always been credited as the theme's sole composer, several histories of the series indicate that, due to Delia Derbyshire 's involvement in creating the theme's iconic initial arrangement, Grainer attempted, without success, to have her credited as co-composer. Contents Edit The Doctor Who theme consists of several sections which appear variously in the different arrangements, sometimes in different order, and sometimes omitted or modified: Introduction section: This consists of the iconic "unnh-ba da-bum, unnh-ba da-bum, unnh-ba-da-da-bum, unnh-ba daa-unh da-danh-ba-da-da-dum..." bassline melody that begins most versions of the theme and carries on underneath... Main melody: This is the main tune (ooo-weee-ooooooooo eee-yoo-ooooooooo...) which dominates most arrangements of the theme. Middle eight: This is a sweeping phrase of melody that is used to separate repetitions of the main melody. This section of the theme has often been omitted on TV broadcasts, particularly the opening credits, although it became a major part of the opening themes used during the Sylvester McCoy era and the 1996 TV movie. Bridge: a brief, percussive phrase that occurs midway through the theme. The bridge is heard on the full-length versions of the Derbyshire, Howell, and Glynn arrangements but has generally been omitted in all other TV versions of the opening theme. However, it's heard in one of the 1970s Derbyshire closing arrangements, as well as both the Howell and Glynn closing arrangement, both the McCulloch opening and closing arrangement, the second 2005 Gold closing arrangement, the 2007 Gold closing arrangement and one of the 2010 Gold closing arrangements. Original series The Iconic Theme Tune - Me, You and Doctor Who - BBC The original theme Although Ron Grainer has always received sole credit for the theme music, Delia Derbyshire with the BBC Radiophonic Workshop was responsible for all the arrangements for Seasons 1 through 17 . She was given the composition by Grainer and asked to create the music. The method she chose was to create each sound from scratch using a variety of methods from pure tones to piano strings . Each sound was then changed in pitch and duration using purely analogue equipment. The final arrangement of the theme was made by making a recording of each section ( bass line , melody , etc.) and putting them together to form the final mono track. Her first arrangement was released as a single, but never used as the opening title music. It consists of the main theme and the " middle eight " in an ABABA pattern. Two versions of this arrangement exist, one with the TARDIS ' dematerialisation sound and one without. In addition, a variant version was used for the unbroadcast pilot episode version , which incorporates the sound of a thunderclap at the beginning. Seasons 1-4 Edit The studio requested some changes and the second arr


In music what name is given to a note which is half the length of a crochet?

Note lengths Note lengths Each note has a duration which is   specified by its appearance when it is written down (see below) This duration is not an absolute one (it does not define how many   seconds it should last), but is relative to the speed of the beats The duration will always be closely related to the speed of      the beats such as: a whole number of beats a simple fraction like a half or a quarter of a beat an additive combination of the above two You do not get a note which lasts for 7/16 of a beat       or 1.46 of a beat As will be seen below, the notation tends to limit the       possible durations that can be written, but in traditional       music, this is not a problem The most basic note is a circular shape   which sits on a five-line stave :   In printed music, it is sometimes more of an oval than a circle It is of a size so that when it sits between two lines of a stave , it just touches both lines This is usually called the head of the note The pitch of a note is given by its vertical position on the stave The duration of a note is given by its   appearance: whether the circle is hollow or filled in whether the circle has a stem or not whether the stem has a curly tail       or a straight beam how many tails or beams the stem has (rarely) whether the circle has one or two lines each side Whether it is followed by one or more dots . Whether it is tied to the next note (of the same      pitch). Although the horizontal dimension of a stave represents the passing of   time, this representation is not meant to be accurate or to scale,   so the horizontal distance between different notes on a stave should not   be used to judge the length of a note . It can sometimes be a useful guide, but it is not to       be relied upon There are eight different durations of basic note which have a specific name The relative durations are all powers of two,       i.e. the length is doubled or halved to get the next durations The names of the different lengths of notes are listed here with at least two examples on a stave : Semibreve or Whole note - Hollow circle Minim or Half note - Semibreve with a stem Crotchet or Quarter note - Minim with filled circle Quaver or Eighth note - Crotchet with one beam or tail Semiquaver or Sixteenth note - Crotchet with two beams or tails Demisemiquaver or Thirty-second note - Crotchet with three beams or tails Hemidemisemiquaver or Sixty-fourth note - Crotchet with four beams or tails Breve or Double whole note - Semibreve with one or two vertical lines each side The following table also gives a duration which is the number of seconds that one note would last relative to a semibreve of 64 time units (e.g. seconds). English note name Double whole note 128 In a normal piece of music, the basic time unit is the beat , as specified by the time signature . The beat is normally a reasonable counting speed, somewhere between 40 and 200 per minute (in other words, from less than one per second to more than 2 per second) - see metronome markings . The time signature also specifies what length of note the beat is (usually crotchet or quaver, but sometimes minim) so this then governs the relative lengths of all other notes in the piece. In the example below, the metronome marking says that there 120 beats per minute (two per second). The time signature says there are three beats per bar, and that those beats are crotchets. So each crotchet should last (sound) for half a second, and each quaver should last (sound) for a quarter of a second. In practise, a musician does not work out the length of each notes in seconds. He/she would establish the speed of the beats and the numbers of beats in a bar in their head (by counting "1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3 ..." evenly, with a slight emphasise on each "1") at approximately the correct speed, each count taking about half a second in this case. He/she would then look at the music, and judge where each beat occurs, by looking at the length of each note in turn from left to right, and then fit


"Who was known as ""The Father of Geometry""?"

Why is Euclid the Father of Geometry? | Why You are here: Home Why is Euclid the Father of Geometry? Why is Euclid the Father of Geometry? Posted on July 9, 2011 by shiela | 2 Comments Why is Euclid the Father of Geometry? This name is probably one of the famous in the field of mathematics because of his contribution in Geometry that’s why he was called as the father of Geometry. Euclid is known as the Father of Geometry because of the knowledge he shared and the books he authored. He was responsible of getting the people understand how flat surface and 3D geometry works. He was known to have studied Mathematics in Athens together with the students of Plato. He was able to arrange geometry such as spheres, cones, and other geometric figures. Euclid is indeed one of the greatest mathematicians because of his Euclidean geometry. He founded the set of principles using set of axioms that until now is being taught in school. His Euclidean geometry explained 2-D plane and 3-D figures. He popularized the principle that things are flat and can be measured. With the ideas he shared in a series 13 elementsÃ¢â‚¬Â people long time ago appreciated the importance of geometry and found ways on how to interpret important measurement principles on earth. What made Euclid’s works so famous is his effort in making things simpler to understand through the books he wrote. He presented geometry in a logical framework making it easier to use. His books were also an easy reference that’s why his learning are still passed on to the next generations. Aside from his famous Euclidean geometry, he was also responsible for Data which deals with how the given information can be used to answer geometrical problems. His ideas he imparted in Conics also gave enlightenment to conic sections which gives more perspective on curves and cones, also a part of geometry. Euclid may be a simple man but the great effort he put on his works had changed the viewpoint of people towards mathematics and of the world. Related Posts Please help us improve. Please rate this article: (1 votes, average: 5.00 out of 5) 2 Responses to "Why is Euclid the Father of Geometry?" · Edit Euclid [325-2650], known as the father of geometry, is responsible for assembling almost all the worldâ€™s knowledge of flat-plane (Flat surface geometry) and 3D geometry in one book. His work, together with the work of Pythagoras, forms the basis of all sacred geometry. It is only in the last few centuries that any significant geometry has been added to what Euclid laid down 2,300 years ago. Euclid probably first studied mathematics in Athens with some of Platoâ€™s students. He also wrote close to a dozen of other books on topics, such as music, mechanics and optics, but only four actually survive. Optics, contains some of the earliest studies of perspective. The ancient Greeks using geometry have built the calculations of harmony that go to make up sacred-geometry and itâ€™s step-by-step logic is the basis of modern scientific reasoning. The Greeks created ideals of classical beauty, stunning architecture and the logical scientific approach to solving problems. These ideals and knowledge of form and proportion are the foundation of sacred geometry as we know it today. At the heart of Western science, Greek geometers helped to build strong foundations of architecture, astronomy, mechanics, and optics. Euclid â€œarrangedâ€ geometry; and Pythagoras explained the inherent sacredness of numbers. Euclidean geometry needs only a compass and straightedge. In the 13 books of Elements, it gives most of the geometric knowledge of Euclidâ€™s time, containing all we know about plane geometry (Flat surface geometry) and much that we know about spheres, cones, and other 3-d figures. In [624-546 BC] Thales of Miletus sometimes referred to as the â€œfather of deductive reasoningâ€™ was one of the first to bring the science of geometry from Egypt to Greece three centuries before Euclid. Plato [427-347 BC] founded the Academy in 387 BC that flourished until 529 AD. Platoâ€™s book Phaedo supported Pythago


To which family of birds does the jay belong?

Crows, Ravens and Jays - Corvidae - The Animal Encyclopedia Crows, Ravens and Jays Animals & Wildlife Expert By Laura Klappenbach Crows, ravens and jays (Corvidae) are a group of perching birds that also includes jackdaws, rooks, magpies, nutcrackers, choughs and treepies. In total, there are more than 120 species that belong to the crow family. Crows, ravens and jays are medium to large birds. The group includes the largest members of the perching birds. Many crows, ravens and jays have large wingspans. They have a robust body, strong feet and sturdy bills. Their nares (nasal openings) are fringed by bristle-like feathers known as rictal bristles. In temperate areas, most members of the group are partly or entirely black, blue, iridescent blue or iridescent purple. Some species, such as the magpies and jays, are more varied in color. They might have plumage with a mixture of black, white, grey and blue markings. Members of this group of birds are thought to be highly intelligent, not just among birds but among all animals. Crows and rooks have demonstrated tool making abilities while European magpies have exhibited self-awareness in mirror tests. continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge Many members of the crow family establish and protect territories either during the breeding season or throughout the year. When threatened, some corvids can defend their offspring or territories aggressively and are known to attack large animals such as other birds, dogs or cats. Many species of corvids form social groups and hierarchies for foraging and breeding. Many species of corvids have flourished in human environments. But while such species have enjoyed healthy populations, a few corvids have experienced declines. Examples of threatened members of the crow family include the Florida scrub jay, the Mariana crow and the New Zealand raven. Crows and their relatives form strong pair bonds and in some species this association is life-long. In most species, nests are constructed in trees or on rock ledges. Nests are built using twigs, grass and other plant materials. Females lay between 3 and 10 eggs and young fledge after about 10 days. The largest member of the crow family is the common raven which grows to more than 26 inches in length and weighs 3 pounds. The smallest member of the crow family is the dwarf jay which grows to about 8 inches and weighs little more than an ounce. Crows, ravens and jays have a nearly-worldwide distribution. They are absent from only the southern tip of South America and the polar regions. The group is most diverse in tropical regions of Central America, South America, Asia and Europe. Most members of the crow family do not migrate although when food shortages occur, populations do relocate. Classification Animals > Chordates > Birds > Perching Birds > Crows, Ravens and Jays The crows, ravens and jays are divided into about a dozen subgroups, some of which include New World jays, grey jays, azure-winged magpies, Holarctic magpies, Stresemann's bushcrow, piapiac, true crows, nutcrackers, Old World jays, Oriental magpies, treepies and choughs. The crow family is thought to have originated in Australia and spread throughout the world. The closest relatives of the crows, ravens and jays are thought to be the birds of paradise and shrikes. There remains considerable ambiguity regarding the exact lineages and their relationships within the crow family. The earliest members of the crow family date back about 17 million years ago to the middle Miocene. Known fossils include Miocorvus, Miocitta, Miopica and Henocitta. Crows, ravens and jays feed a variety of foods including small mammals, birds, invertebrates as well as fruits, seeds and berries. Some members of the crow family feed on insects such as grasshoppers while others feed on carrion.


The people of which English county are known as Moonrakers?

The Moonrakers and Gin Smugglers of Wiltshire By  Ellen Castelow , Contributing Writer  |   Comments Between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries the wool produced from the English County of Wiltshire was known and prized all over Europe because of its superb quality. Dutch and Flemish merchants had permanent headquarters in the Wiltshire town of Swindon, attracted there by the high profit obtained from the wool trade . But there was a problem! The merchant's favourite tipple was Hollands Gin , but that carried a heavy import duty. The solution for the Wiltshiremen seemed obvious, they would have to smuggle in the barrels of spirit and so avoid the import duty. By the mid-sixteenth century they had established a smuggling operation that would run for more than 200 years. The barrels of spirit were landed in quiet coves on the Hampshire coast and brought up to Swindon by night. The barrels were hidden during the day in church crypts or in village ponds. The green weed in the ponds concealed the barrels beautifully. Problem solved!! But one night it all went wrong. The story is, that in either Bishop Cannings, or All Cannings (two villages reputed to be heavily involved in smuggling), the villagers were raking their kegs out of the village pond when they were surprised by a patrol of Excisemen. The Wiltshire smugglers, with a flash of inspiration, pretended to be idiots, gibbering and grimacing at the Excisemen. They pointed to the moon's reflection in the pond and told the officials that they were trying to rake out a piece of the moon that had fallen from the sky. They were so persuasive and acted their parts as 'mental defectives' so well that the Excisemen just laughed at this example of rustic simplicity and rode on. Success!! But Wiltshiremen are called 'Moonrakers' to this day! © E.P.C.


Which American State is known as the 'Garden State'?

American State Nicknames     Every US state has a nickname (or two, or more),      but not all American states have official nicknames. By "official" I mean a nickname that has been formally adopted as a "state symbol" by the state's legislature, rather than one that is just in common use.      However, a number of states have officially added a nickname to their      licence plates (either as an option, or as an obligation under the legislation)      even though the nickname is not recognised separately as a "state      symbol". The table shows all those that I've been able to research. I haven't      included slogans or state mottos (which sometimes get mixed up with      nicknames), and it's important to note that some nicknames were never      widely adopted, having sometimes only appeared in one or two places. I have used numerous reference sources for this research, although      I don't include them individually here as this page is already rather      long. Apart from various Almanacs, directories, dictionaries and official      Web sites, my main reference source has been H.L. Mencken's The American      Language. Not surprisingly there are often conflicts between sources      when it comes to details, and I've tried to express this in the text. Where possible I've tried to specifically identify whether a state      has a nickname which is officially recognised as such by the state's      legislature. When I've been able to do so, the details appear alongside      the state's name (with the date it was adopted). No nickname alongside      the state's name, means that so far I've been unable to find any formal      confirmation either way. Alabama (no official        nickname)   Alabama has a central position within the cotton-growing        area east of the Mississippi, which has led it to be known as the Cotton State (1844) or the Cotton Plantation        State. However, this term was also applied to all the states        of the area as a group. There were also many variations quoted,        such as Cottondom (first seen in 1856), Cotton        Belt (1871), Cotton Country (1871), and even Cottonia (1862). The first Alabamians were sometimes        known as "lizards", which gave the state its earlier nickname        of Lizard State back in 1845. In more recent times        the state has been known as the Yellowhammer State,        from Civil War days, and many people believe that it derives from        the species of woodpecker - in reality, it arose from the yellow        colour of the home-dyed uniforms that the Alabama troops wore during        the Civil War. Occasionally, Alabama also gets the Camelia        State. While there is no official nickname for the state, The Heart of Dixie is the most commonly used. It        was introduced by the state's Chamber of Commerce in the 1940s for        publicity purposes, and in 1951 was approved by the legislature        for inclusion on licence plates, although the first of these did        not appear until four years later. Alaska (no official        nickname)   Alaska has no official nickname although, when it        joined the union in 1959 a number of suggestions were made. The        49th State is the most obvious, and Great Land was also suggested. It was also suggested that it be known as the Sourdough State, as well as the North Star State (this name also being claimed by Minnesota). It was even at one        time referred to as Up Over (in comic opposition to        New Zealand and Australia, which are "Down Under"). Various        facetious nicknames were also applied, including Seward's        Ice Box and Seward's Folly, after William        Henry Seward who bought Alaska from the Russians in 1867. However, Alaska is more commonly (but unofficia


Which rank in the Army equates to a Vice-Admiral in the Royal Navy?

Rank Equivalents - Pastebin.com Rank Equivalents * Royal Army and Royal Navy Rank Equivalents for Warrant Officer and higher: (scroll down for RMC and Royal Navy equivalents)   The following are the rank equivalents between the Royal Army and Royal Navy while at official group servers (ports, forts, etc.) Please note, while on a ship, the Captain of the ship has the highest authority, and cannot be ordered by any rank on-board it as a crew member. As well, men below the ranks of Midshipman or Ensign are not to be ordering each other, or the men below them in rank. However, even if a superior rank in an equivalent, an Army officer cannot take command over the Navy officer in command of a port, and vice versa as they can only be replaced by a superior officer in their branch. Likewise, an Army General has no authority over an Admiral (regardless of in command of a server) at a port, and vice versa for the army. The only exclusion to these rules are if the Articles of War are being broken, in which case any officer must enforce them.   Please note, regardless of rank, said branches/regiments must work together with full cooperation. On a final note, these rank equivalents only apply when on the applicable teams, for example, a Navy LR may not use his Army rank while on the Royal Navy team to avoid calling his naval superiors Sir or Ma'am.   The Great Army of Britannia     The Great Navy of Britannia ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ Field Marshal                   Admiral of the Fleet            ------------------------------------------------------------------- Head of Army                    First Naval Lord                ------------------------------------------------------------------- * Royal Marines and Royal Navy Rank Equivalents for Warrant Officer and higher:   The following are the rank equivalents between the Royal Marines and Royal Navy while at official group servers (ports, forts, etc.) Please note, while on a ship, the Captain of the ship has the highest authority, and cannot be ordered by any rank on-board it as a crew member. As well, men below the ranks of Midshipman or Ensign are not to be ordering each other, or the men below them in rank. As the RMC is a regiment of the Navy and not a branch, an RMC officer cannot take command of a port unless granted so by a flag officer. Likewise, an RMC officer cannot command any navy vessel at sea, wether from port or on the vessel.   Please note, regardless of rank, said branches/regiments must work together with full cooperation. On a final note, these rank equivalents only apply when on the applicable teams, for example, a Navy LR may not use his RMC rank while on the Royal Navy team to avoid calling his naval superiors Sir or Ma'am.   The Great Navy of Britannia     The Royal Marine Corps ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ RAW Paste Data * Royal Army and Royal Navy Rank Equivalents for Warrant Officer and higher: (scroll down for RMC and Royal Navy equivalents)  The following are the rank equivalents between the Royal Army and Royal Navy while at official group servers (ports, forts, etc.) Please note, while on a ship, the Captain of the ship has the highest authority, and cannot be ordered by any rank on-board it as a crew member. As well, men below the ranks of Midshipman or Ensign are not to be ordering each other, or the men below them in rank. However, even if a superior rank in an equivalent, an Army officer cannot take command over the Navy officer in command of a port, and vice versa as they can only be replaced by a superior officer in their branch. Likewise, an Army General has no authority over an Admiral (regardless of in command of a server) at a port, and vice versa for the army. The only exclusion to these rules are if the Articles of War are being broken, in which case any officer must enforce them. Please note, regardless of rank, said branches/regiments must work together with full cooperation. On a final note, these rank


Who is the patron saint of authors, journalists and deafness?

St. Francis de Sales - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online St. Francis de Sales Author and Publisher - Catholic Online Facts Patron Saint of Journalists, Writers Birth: 1567 Take the Saints Trivia Quiz now! Born in France in 1567, Francis was a patient man. He knew for thirteen years that he had a vocation to the priesthood before he mentioned it to his family. When his father said that he wanted Francis to be a soldier and sent him to Paris to study, Francis said nothing. Then when he went to Padua to get a doctorate in law, he still kept quiet, but he studied theology and practiced mental prayer while getting into swordfights and going to parties. Even when his bishop told him if he wanted to be a priest that he thought that he would have a miter waiting for him someday, Francis uttered not a word. Why did Francis wait so long? Throughout his life he waited for God's will to be clear. He never wanted to push his wishes on God, to the point where most of us would have been afraid that God would give up! God finally made God's will clear to Francis while he was riding. Francis fell from his horse three times. Every time he fell the sword came out of the scabbard. Every time it came out the sword and scabbard came to rest on the ground in the shape of the cross. And then, Francis, without knowing about it, was appointed provost of his diocese, second in rank to the bishop. Perhaps he was wise to wait, for he wasn't a natural pastor. His biggest concern on being ordained that he had to have his lovely curly gold hair cut off. And his preaching left the listeners thinking he was making fun of him. Others reported to the bishop that this noble-turned- priest was conceited and controlling. Then Francis had a bad idea -- at least that's what everyone else thought. This was during the time of the Protestant reformation and just over the mountains from where Francis lived was Switzerland -- Calvinist territory. Francis decided that he should lead an expedition to convert the 60,000 Calvinists back to Catholicism. But by the time he left his expedition consisted of himself and his cousin. His father refused to give him any aid for this crazy plan and the diocese was too poor to support him. For three years, he trudged through the countryside, had doors slammed in his face and rocks thrown at him. In the bitter winters, his feet froze so badly they bled as he tramped through the snow. He slept in haylofts if he could, but once he slept in a tree to avoid wolves. He tied himself to a branch to keep from falling out and was so frozen the next morning he had to be cut down. And after three years, his cousin had left him alone and he had not made one convert. Francis' unusual patience kept him working. No one would listen to him, no one would even open their door. So Francis found a way to get under the door. He wrote out his sermons, copied them by hand, and slipped them under the doors. This is the first record we have of religious tracts being used to communicate with people. The parents wouldn't come to him out of fear. So Francis went to the children. When the parents saw how kind he was as he played with the children, they began to talk to him. By the time, Francis left to go home he is said to have converted 40,000 people back to Catholicism. In 1602 he was made bishop of the diocese of Geneva, in Calvinist territory. He only set foot in the city of Geneva twice -- once when the Pope sent him to try to convert Calvin's successor, Beza, and another when he traveled through it. It was in 1604 that Francis took one of the most important steps in his life, the step toward holiness and mystical union with God. In Dijon that year Francis saw a widow listening closely to his sermon -- a woman he had seen already in a dream. Jane de Chantal was a person on her own, as Francis was, but it was only when they became friends that they began to become saints. Jane wanted him to take over her spiritual direction, but, not surprisingly, Francis wanted to wait. "I had to know fully what God himself wanted. I had to be sure that everything in thi


Gilian Anderson starred as Lady Dedlock in the 2005 BBC adaptation of which story by Charles Dickens?

Bleak House (TV Mini-Series 2005) - IMDb Bleak House  A suspenseful tale about the injustices of the 19th Century English legal system. Stars: Visit our Awards Central section Related News a list of 37 titles created 05 Aug 2013 a list of 37 titles created 26 Jan 2014 a list of 39 titles created 12 Sep 2014 a list of 22 titles created 2 months ago a list of 27 titles created 1 week ago Search for " Bleak House " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for     2     Golden Globes. Another    24 wins & 40 nominations. See more awards  » Videos Little Dorrit (TV Mini-Series 2008) Drama | Mystery | Romance The series tells the story of Amy Dorrit, who spends her days earning money for the family and looking after her proud father, who is a long term inmate of Marshalsea debtors' prison in ... See full summary  » Stars: Claire Foy, Matthew Macfadyen, Tom Courtenay In the 1840s, Cranford is ruled by the ladies. They adore good gossip; and romance and change is in the air, as the unwelcome grasp of the Industrial Revolution rapidly approaches their beloved rural market-town. Stars: Judi Dench, Julia McKenzie, Imelda Staunton Wives and Daughters (TV Mini-Series 1999) Drama The daughter of a country doctor copes with an unwanted stepmother, an impetuous stepsister, burdensome secrets, the town gossips, and the tug on her own heartstrings for a man who thinks of her only as a friend. Stars: Francesca Annis, Justine Waddell, Bill Paterson Daniel Deronda (TV Mini-Series 2002) Drama | History | Romance Set in Victorian London, Gwendolen Harleth is drawn to Daniel Deronda, a selfless and intelligent gentleman of unknown parentage, but her own desperate need for financial security may destroy her chance at happiness. Stars: Jodhi May, Edward Fox, Amanda Root North & South (TV Mini-Series 2004) Drama | Romance North and South is a four part adaptation of Elizabeth Gaskell's love story of Margaret Hale, a middle class southerner who is forced to move to the northern town of Milton. Stars: Daniela Denby-Ashe, Richard Armitage, Tim Pigott-Smith Our Mutual Friend (TV Mini-Series 1998) Drama Intertwining tales of love, greed, and secret identities in Charles Dickens's 1860s London. Stars: Paul McGann, Keeley Hawes, Dominic Mafham


The Kiwi fruit is native to which Asian country?

Chinese gooseberry becomes kiwifruit | NZHistory, New Zealand history online Chinese gooseberry becomes kiwifruit 15 June 1959 Kiwifruit promotional card, 1980s (Tauranga City Libraries) The prominent produce company Turners and Growers announced that it would from now on export Chinese gooseberries as ‘kiwifruit’. Introduced to this country in 1904, kiwifruit are now cultivated worldwide, with New Zealand-grown fruit marketed as ‘Zespri’. Despite the name, kiwifruit are not native to New Zealand. Seeds were brought to New Zealand in 1904 by Mary Isabel Fraser, the principal of Wanganui Girls’ College, who had been visiting mission schools in China. They were planted in 1906 by a Whanganui nurseryman, Alexander Allison, and the vines first fruited in 1910. People thought the fruit had a gooseberry flavour and began to call it the Chinese gooseberry. It is not related to the Grossulariaceae family to which gooseberries belong. New Zealand began exporting the fruit to the US in the 1950s. This was the height of the Cold War and the term Chinese gooseberry was a marketing nightmare for Turners and Growers. Their first idea, ‘melonettes’, was equally unpopular with US importers because melons and berries were subject to high import tariffs. In June 1959, Jack Turner suggested the name kiwifruit during a Turners and Growers management meeting in Auckland. His idea was adopted and this later became the industry-wide name. The Bay of Plenty town of Te Puke, where New Zealand’s kiwifruit industry began, markets itself as the ‘Kiwifruit Capital of the World’. In 2011 Italy was the world’s leading producer of kiwifruit, followed by New Zealand, Chile, Greece, France, the USA and Iran. Most New Zealand kiwifruit is now marketed under the brand-name Zespri, partly as a way to distinguish ‘Kiwi’ kiwifruit from the produce of other countries. Read more on NZHistory


Who writes the books featuring detectives Dalziel and Pascoe?

Novelist and creator of Dalziel and Pascoe left his wife £2.6m in his will | Daily Mail Online Novelist and creator of Dalziel and Pascoe left his wife £2.6m in his will Crime novelist wrote 24 bestsellers featuring the popular Yorkshire detectives Characters inspire long-running BBC crime drama Famed author died aged 75 after long battle with cancer By ANDREW YOUNG comments Crime novelist Reginald Hill, who created the detective characters Dalziel and Pascoe, left £2.6 million in his will. Hill, who died aged 75 in January, wrote 24 bestselling novels featuring Yorkshire detectives Superintendent Andrew Dalziel and Inspector Peter Pascoe. His characters inspired the BBC TV drama Dalziel And Pascoe, which ran for 12 series between 1996 and 2007 and regularly had audiences of more than eight million.  Detective work: Warren Clarke and Colin Buchanan starred in the BBC adaptation of Dalziel and Pascoe. The show featured Warren Clarke as the politically incorrect Dalziel, while Colin Buchanan played Pascoe, a sociology graduate. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share Probate records released last  week disclose that Hill left his entire net estate of £2,628,728 to Patricia, his wife of 51 years. The couple had no children. The author, who was born in Hartlepool, County Durham, in 1936, died at his home near Ravenglass, Cumbria, after a year-long battle with cancer. Crime novelist Reginald Hill died in January, aged 75. The son of a professional footballer, he was brought up in Carlisle. At Stanwix primary school, he recalled: "I was always scribbling." Hill once said that he wrote "for fun" from an early age and ended up with "a bottom drawer of first chapters". He passed the 11-plus and at Carlisle Grammar School excelled at English. After National Service between 1955 and 1957, he went up on a scholarship to St Catherine’s College, Oxford, where he played rugby. Graduating in English Literature in 1960, Hill became a schoolmaster and later lectured at Doncaster College of Education before deciding to become a full-time writer in 1980. By the age of 30, he began looking to writing as a career and the first Dalziel and Pascoe novel was published four years later. Fuelled by the success of the BBC television adaptations, Hill went on to find a worldwide audience. A series of five books set in Luton featuring a black private investigator called Joe Sixsmith followed, with a host of other novels published under other names, including a series of thrillers as Patrick Ruell. Hill won the Crime Writers’ Association Cartier Diamond Dagger for Lifetime Achievement in 1995. Crime fighters: The popular BBC drama Dalziel and Pascoe ran for 12 series between 1996 and 2007


Who is the oldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II?

Grandchildren and Great-Grandchildren of Queen Elizabeth II Grandchildren and Great-Grandchildren of Queen Elizabeth II The Royal Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton Top Surnames history This project identifies the grandchildren and great-grandchildren of Queen Elizabeth II, Elizabeth By the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith. Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, born 21 April 1926 is the reigning queen and head of state of 16 independent sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. In addition, as Head of the Commonwealth, she is the figurehead of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations and, as the British monarch, she is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. She and her consort Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh have four children, Princess Anne, Prince Charles, Prince Andrew, and, Prince Edward. Queen Elizabeth has eight grandchildren and is expecting her first great-grandchild in late 2010. Elizabeth elebrated her Diamond Jubilee in 2012, marking 60 years as Queen. Becoming the longest-lived British head of state (surpassing Richard Cromwell) on 29 January 2012 at age 85, and the longest-reigning monarch in the history of any of her realms as well as the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history (surpassing Queen Victoria, who celebrated her Diamond Jubilee in 1897) on 10 September 2015 at age 89. Grandchildren Children of Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise Windsor, Princess Royal Peter Mark Andrew Phillips Children of Charles Phillip Arthur George Windsor, Prince of Wales Prince William, Duke of Cambridge Prince Henry of Wales Children of Prince Andrew, Duke of York Princess Beatrice of York Children of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor Children of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge Prince George of Cambridge Children of Peter Phillips and Autumn Phillips Savannah Ann Kathleen Phillips Isla Elizabeth Phillips Suggested Reading Diana's Boys: William and Harry and the Mother They Loved by Christopher Andersen. Interesting account of the princes' lives and their close relationship with their mother (and father). The author portrays William as very kind and caring. Includes an excellent selection of black-and-white photographs. Out of print. William: HRH Prince William of Wales by Peter Archer, photographs by Tim Graham. A biography illustrated with hundreds of color photographs of Prince William at work and play, some of which have never been published. Prince William: Born to Be King by Richard Buskin. Includes 50 color photos. William: The Inside Story of the Man Who Will Be King by Nicholas Davies. A biography that examines every side of William's character. (Another version of this book is titled "William: The Rebel Prince.") Out of print. Prince William by Brian Hoey. Biography. Among the topics discussed are William's gap year abroad; his time at the University of St Andrews; his girlfriends; and his relationships with his father, brother, and Camilla Parker Bowles. William and Harry: Behind the Palace Walls by Katie Nicholl. Tells the story of the princes' romances, their complex relationship with their father and stepmother, and their military careers. Published in 2010. William & Harry: The People's Princes by Ingrid Seward. Published in 2009, this joint biography of the royal brothers presents them as "a new breed of royal, as much at home organising a pop concert as they are in full regimental dress uniform." (This appears to be an updated version of the author's 2003 book about the princes.) Prince William, the Internet and the Tabloids by John A. Taylor. Contemporary celebrity and the monarchy. Add profiles to this project Add collab


Who wrote the novels 'Resurrection Men' and 'Fleshmarket Close'?

Ian Rankin: Three Great Novels Abandoned : Resurrection Men, A Question of Blood, Fleshmarket Close: Amazon.it: Ian Rankin: Libri in altre lingue Descrizione prodotto L'autore Born in the Kingdom of Fife in 1960, Ian Rankin graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1982. His first Rebus novel was published in 1987, and the Rebus books are now translated into twenty-two languages and are bestsellers on several continents. He recently received the OBE for services to literature, opting to receive the prize in his home city of Edinburgh, where he lives with his partner and two sons. Non Ã¨ necessario possedere un dispositivo Kindle. Scarica una delle app Kindle gratuite per iniziare a leggere i libri Kindle sul tuo smartphone, tablet e computer. Apple


What was the surname of the poet Dante, author of the Divine Comedy?

Dante Alighieri - Poet | Academy of American Poets Academy of American Poets The Academy of American Poets is the largest membership-based nonprofit organization fostering an appreciation for contemporary poetry and supporting American poets. For over three generations, the Academy has connected millions of people to great poetry through programs such as National Poetry Month, the largest literary celebration in the world; Poets.org, the Academy’s popular website; American Poets, a biannual literary journal; and an annual series of poetry readings and special events. Since its founding, the Academy has awarded more money to poets than any other organization. browse poems & poets poet Dante Alighieri The author of La Commedia (The Divine Comedy), considered a masterwork of world literature, Dante Alighieri was born Durante Alighieri in Florence, Italy, in 1265, to a notable family of modest means. His mother died when he was seven years old, and his father remarried, having two more children. At twelve years old, Dante was betrothed to Gemma di Manetto Donati, though he had already fallen in love with another girl, Beatrice Portinari, who he continued to write about throughout his life, though his interaction with her was limited. The love poems to Beatrice are collected in Dante's La Vita Nuova, or The New Life. In his youth, Dante studied many subjects, including Tuscan poetry, painting, and music. He encountered both the Occitan poetry of the troubadours and the Latin poetry of classical antiquity, including Homer and Virgil . He read Boethius's De consolatione philosophiae and Cicero's De amicitia. By the age of eighteen, Dante had met the poets Guido Cavalcanti, Lapo Gianni, Cino da Pistoia, and others. Along with Brunetto Latini, these poets became the leaders of Dolce Stil Novo ("The Sweet New Style"), in which personal and political passions were the purpose of poetry. He later turned his attention to philosophy, which the character of Beatrice criticizes in Purgatorio. He also became a pharmacist, and in his twenties and thirties took an active part in local public affairs. Like most Florentines during his lifetime, Dante was affected by the Guelph-Ghibelline conflict, a political division of loyalty between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Papacy. On June 11, 1289, he fought in the ranks at the battle of Campaldino on the side of the Guelphs, helping to bring forth a reformation of the Florentine constitution. After defeating the Ghibellines, the Guelphs themselves divided into two factions: the White Guelphs, Dante's party, who were wary of the Pope's political influence; and the Black Guelphs, who remained loyal to Rome. Initially the Whites were in power and kicked the Blacks out of Florence, but Pope Boniface VIII planned a military occupation of the city. A delegation of Florentines, with Dante among them, was sent to Rome to ascertain the Pope's intentions. While he was in Rome, the Black Guelphs destroyed much of the city, and established a new government. Dante received word that his assets had been seized and that he was considered an absconder, having left the city. Condemned to perpetual exile, Dante never returned to his beloved Florence. An outcast, Dante wandered Italy for several years, beginning to outline La Commedia, his great work. In 1315, the military officer controlling Florence granted an amnesty to Florentines in exile, but the government of the city insisted that returning expatriots were required to pay a large fine and do public penance. Dante refused, preferring to remain in exile. Six years later, Dante died on September 13, 1321 in Ravenna, Italy, most likely of malarial fever. Unlike the epic poems of Homer and Virgil, which told the great stories of their people's history, Dante's The Divine Comedy is a somewhat autobiographical work, set at the time in which he lived and peopled with contemporary figures. It follow's Dante's own allegorical journey through Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Paradise (Paradiso). Guided at first by the character of Virgil, and later by his b


Which Football League team is nicknamed 'The Hornets'?

Premier League clubs | VisitBritain Middle East - العربية | English Premier League clubs The Premier League is the world’s number one football league, with amazing teams, stunning stadiums and passionate fans. Broadcast to 4.8 billion people worldwide every football club has an army of loyal followers cheering them on throughout the season from all parts of the world. Arsenal F.C In 1886, workers at the Woolwich Arsenal Armament factory started a team called Dial Square. They turned professional in 1891 and became known as Arsenal F.C in 1913. Find out more Leicester City Football Club Also known as ‘the Foxes’, Leicester City Football Club was formed in 1884. They play at the King Power Stadium, commonly known as Filbert Way, in Leicester in the East Midlands. Find out more Manchester City F.C Formed in 1880 by St Mark’s Church, Manchester City took its current name in 1894. The club’s home ground is now the magnificent Etihad Stadium, having previously played at Maine Road since 1923. Find out more Tottenham Hotspur F.C Boys from Tottenham Hotspur Cricket Club formed Hotspur FC in 1882. In 1901 it became the only non-league club to win the FA Cup since the formation of the football league. Find out more Manchester United F.C Formed as Newton Heath LYR in 1878, the club became Manchester United in 1902 and moved to Old Trafford in 1910. One of the most successful clubs in the history of English football, it boasts a record 20 English League titles.  Find out more West Ham United F.C Originally named the Thames Ironworks & Shipbuilding football team (hence its nickname, ‘the Hammers’) the club reformed as West Ham United in 1900. In 1904 it relocated to its current Boleyn Ground stadium, and to date its honours include 3 FA Cup wins. Find out more Liverpool Football Club Liverpool Football Club was formed in 1892 and has to date won more European trophies than any other English team, in addition to 7 FA Cup wins and numerous other honours. Find out more Southampton FC Southampton FC has been known as ‘the Saints’ since its formation in 1885 due to its history as a church football team. Its honours include 1 FA Cup win. Find out more Stoke City F.C Stoke became a professional team in 1885 – and it's been wearing its distinctive red and white striped kit continuously for over 100 years. Find out more Watford Football Club Watford Football Club was founded in 1881. The long established Hertfordshire team has a number of nicknames including ‘the Hornets’, ‘the Golden Boys’ and ‘the ‘Orns’. They were once owned by legendary British music star Sir Elton John, who oversaw several successful seasons under manager Graham Taylor. Both men are now Honorary Life Presidents of the club. Find out more Crystal Palace F.C Founded in 1905, Crystal Palace FC was originally nicknamed ‘the Glaziers’, after the mass of glass panes used in Crystal Palace itself. It was promoted to the Barclays Premier League during the 2012-13 Football League season. Find out more Everton F.C Originally called St Domingo FC – for the people of St Domingo’s Church parish – the club was renamed Everton when people from outside the parish wanted to play too. The club’s honours include 5 FA Cup wins. Find out more Chelsea F.C Nicknamed ‘the Blues’ for the colour of its strip. Chelsea FC was formed in 1905 and has won a long list of honours including 4 Barclays Premier League titles and 7 FA Cups. Its home ground is Stamford Bridge. Find out more West Bromwich Albion F.C The club was formed in 1878 by workers in West Bromwich, and took the name West Bromwich Albion in 1880. Its honours include 5 FA Cup wins, and its home ground is The Hawthorns.  Find out more Swansea City A.F.C Formed in 1912, Swansea City AFC became the first Welsh club to be promoted to the Premier League in 2010-11. Since 2005, Liberty Stadium has been the club’s home turf.  Find out more A.F.C Bournemouth A.F.C Bournemouth, or ‘the Cherries’ due to the bright red kit they wear when they play at home, was founded in 1890. In 2015, the Dorset team entered the top flight for the first time in th


What did the British Museum purchase for £35,000 in 1816 from the aristocrat Thomas Bruce?

TED Case Study Template -- Elgin Marbles The British Museum, located in London, England ,   purchased the Parthenon Marbles, also known as the Elgin Marbles, from Lord   Elgin on July 11, 1816 through an Act of Parliament (1). The Parthenon marbles   consist of 115 panels of frieze and 92 mesotopes of which the British Museum   owns 56 panels of the frieze and 15 mesotopes. The museum also owns 17 pedimental   figures, and thus houses about half of surviving sculptures of the Parthenon   while the other half is in Athens (2). The legal circumstances surrounding   Lord Elginï¿½s removal of the marbles is questionable as he never obtained permission   from Greece , but rather the temporary   occupational government at the time- the Ottoman Empire (3). Therefore, the   Greek government would like the British Museum to return the marbles so they   can be placed in the new Acropolis Museum near the Parthenon, a vital part   of Greek heritage. The British Museum does not want to comply as the marbles   have now become a key component of their collection, and they believe themselves   to be rightful and legal owner of the marbles. Furthermore, the marblesï¿½ removal   would cause the questioning of museums worldwide, and their ownership of foreign   antiquities. 2. Description The Parthenon was built after the Athenian government voted to use its surplus   revenue to rebuild the temple of the warrior goddess Athena on highest point   in the city, the Acropolis. It took fifteen years to build, from 447 B.C.   to 432 B.C. Athens was at the height of its political power and having an   artistic and intellectual renaissance, thus it is understandable that a structure   like the Parthenon would have been created as a testament to the accomplishments   of the Greeks. Not much is known about the arrangements for the construction,   but the principle architect was a man named Iktinos, who had also designed   the temple of Apollo at Bassae in Arcadia (4). ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ The temple has a row of Doric columns on each side and a double   row of porches at each end. It was made out of white Pentelic marble from   Attica. There were sculptures in the triangular pediments at either end, with   the statues representing the birth of Athena and her conquest of Poseidon   for Attica. The 92 metopes (32 on each side and 14 at each end) are in high   relief and show scenes from Greek mythology, while a 160 meter frieze in low   relief show a procession to the temple at a Panathenaic festival (5). This   monument was the culmination of Greek sculpture, and far surpasses the quality   and quantity in decoration of any other building in the classical age. ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ The Parthenon, while preserved by the arid climate of Athens,   has had a series of damaging occupations. Beginning in the fifth century AD,   the Parthenon was closed and turned into a Christian church by order of the   government in Constantinople. It later passed into the hands of the French   (1204AD) and the Ottoman Turks (1458AD). When the Venetians tried to overtake   Athens from the Turks in 1687, a mortar bomb penetrated the roof of the Parthenon   and hit the Turkï¿½s storage of gunpowder inside (6). Extensive damage was done   to the temple. ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ In 1799 Thomas Bruce, the seventh Earl of Elgin, was appointed   British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. It is unclear as to his intentions   regarding the Parthenon when he first went to Athens. Since the Sultan was   looking for Britain to protect the   Ottoman Empire against the French, Elgin was able to obtain a ï¿½firmanï¿½ or   authorization to make casts and drawings, excavate around the building, and   remove some pieces of the Parthenon (7). It is because of this vague document   that Elgin removed 50 slabs, two half slabs of the frieze and 15 metopes,   and sent them back to England , causing   extensive damage in