Who wrote the novel ‘The Fourth Protocol’?

BOOKS OF THE TIMES - NYTimes.com BOOKS OF THE TIMES THE FOURTH PROTOCOL. By Frederick Forsyth. 389 pages. Viking Press. $17.95. FIRST AMONG EQUALS. By Jeffrey Archer. 415 pages. Linden Press/ Simon & Schuster. $16.95. ''THEY would not really try it, would they?'' thinks a senior British Intelligence officer. ''Not breach the Fourth Protocol? Or would they? Desperate men sometimes take desperate measures.'' Well, of course they'd try - this is a Frederick Forsyth novel, after all. And besides, who cares about probability, anyway? In ''The Day of the Jackal,'' Mr. Forsyth wrote about a plot to assassinate Charles de Gaulle - even though de Gaulle had died peacefully a year before the book was published. And in ''The Odessa File,'' he wrote about a Nazi plan to liquidate Israel by using rockets filled with bubonic plague. What, though, is the ''Fourth Protocol,'' and why do the Russians want to breach it? To begin with, the year is 1987, and technology has progressed to the point at which it's possible to build a tiny atomic bomb - ''small enough to go in a suitcase and simple enough to be assembled from a dozen prefabricated, milled and threaded components, like a child's construction kit.'' Apparently these things are just as bad as big atomic bombs, and in a way more dangerous, because you can destroy your enemy by planting one of them in a locker or an abandoned house - no need to use missiles that might trigger radar or a counterstrike. Mr. Forsyth's Russians, however, don't simply want to bomb Britain. They are far more subtle than that: their plan is to set off a small nuclear explosion that will give credibility to the British antinuclear movement; that, in turn, will bring the Labor Party to power; that, in turn, will enable hard-core leftists to seize power; that, in turn, will make Britain a Marxist state. Sound complicated? Most of ''The Fourth Protocol'' is pure unadulterated plot - unsullied by well-developed characters, moral insights or interesting prose. When the main story bogs down, Mr. Forsyth simply throws in a subplot about office politics inside British Intelligence, or summons an allusion to a real-life event such as the Falkland crisis, or a previous spy scandal. He even gives the traitor Kim Philby a supporting role in the novel - though his role, like that of many others, ends up being little more than a red herring. The problem with ''The Fourth Protocol'' is not that its premise seems silly: Mr. Forsyth has such a knack for describing technical matters like cracking safes and building bombs, and such a deft ability to juggle the sort of little details spies specialize in, that his novel has a strong documentary sense. The problem with ''The Fourth Protocol'' is that - unlike some of the author's earlier books - it becomes predictable, and so lacking in suspense. Halfway through, the reader knows exactly where it's headed. In the end, in fact, the novel resembles one of Mr. Forsyth's little atomic bombs - a kit ''assembled from a dozen prefabricated, milled and threaded components.'' Britain in the near future is also the backdrop for Jeffrey Archer's latest novel, ''First Among Equals.'' As in ''The Fourth Protocol,'' there are ample references to real events and real people - among them, Margaret Thatcher, Harold Wilson and even Prince Charles (who, in the course of the novel, becomes King Charles) - and as in ''The Fourth Protocol,'' there are few attempts by the author to indulge in thoughtful characterization or literary prose. If ''The Fourth Protocol'' suffers from a surfeit of plot, however, ''First Among Equals'' suffers from having almost none. The book is propelled by a single question - which of three men will become Prime Minister - and its 400-odd pages are mainly concerned with giving us random anecdotes and details about its heroes and their women. Whatever amusing tidbits the book contains about British parliamentary politics will doubtless be lost on the majority of American readers. Described in only the most cliched of terms, the three heroes of ''First Among Equals'' come acr


Rare & Extinct Creatures: Quagga THE QUAGGA The Quagga was a close relative of horses and zebras. It was a yellowish-brown zebra with stripes only on its head, neck and shoulders and with pale legs. The quagga was native to desert areas of the African continent until it was exterminated in the wild in the 1870s. The last captive quaggas died in Europe in the 1880's. Zoos sent the request "send more quaggas", but there were no more quaggas left alive. It had been ruthlessly hunted for meat and leather by South African farmers and settlers. When first discovered, the Quagga was simply regarded as one zebra among many and was originally considered to be the female of the Burchell Zebra as the ranges of the species overlapped and there may have been interbreeding. The Hottentots used the same name for both animals. Because the term "quagga" was used indiscriminately to mean any zebra (although "Bontequagga" was sometimes used for the Plains zebra), the true quagga was hunted to extinction without this being realised until too late.   The Quagga was basically a brown zebra with white legs and tail. It had no distinct markings on its hind quarters and only vague mottled markings on its back. In conformation it was more horse-like than any of the other zebras which, except for the Burchells, are generally large-headed and donkey-like. Its mane was distinctive, being described by an early observer as "curious, appearing as if trimmed by art". In the wild, quaggas grazed in mixed herds with wildebeest or hartebeest and ostriches. The colonizing Boers found it the most obvious source of food for their native servants and a source of hides for domestic use and export. Quaggas hides were sturdy and lightweight and many were still in everyday use long after the animal itself was extinct. Quagga were plentiful in the 1840s, but the eradication of the quagga only took around 30 years. From Rev JG Woodï¿½s ï¿½Illustrated Natural Historyï¿½ (1853, 1874): The QUAGGA looks at first sight like a cross between the common wild ass and the zebra, as it only partially possesses the characteristic zebra-stripes, and is decorated merely upon the hind and fore-parts of the body. The streaks are not so deep as they are in the zebra, and the remainder of the body is brown, with the exception of the abdomen, legs, and part of the tail, which are whitish-grey. The Quagga lives in large herds, and is much persecuted by the natives of Southern Africa, who pursue it for the sake of its skin and its flesh, both of which are in high estimation. The quagga is considered to be a southern subspecies of the plain zebra found in the drier parts of South Africa, on grassy plains. Its northern limit was the Orange River in the west and the Vaal River in the east; its south-eastern border appears to have been the Great Kei River. The last free quaggas were probably those caught in 1870 although a small population may have survived south of the Vaal river until the severe drought of 1878. The last captive quagga was a mare; she died on 12 August 1883 in Amsterdam Zoo, having been exhibited there since 9 May 1867. It was not realised that this quagga mare was the very last of her kind. It could, even then, have been saved by breeding it to the white-legged, white-tailed Burchell's zebra, itself destined for extinction a few decades later. The quagga's name comes from the Hottentot term for the creature, being an imitation of the zebra's"kwa-ha-ha" call. Tame quagga were used by the Hottentot as equine watchdogs. Although tamed by Hottentots, the quagga was an immensely energetic and highly-strung creature and the stallions were noted to be prone to fits of rage. London Zooï¿½s one chance of breeding quaggas in the 1860s ended when the stallion beat itself to death against the wall of its enclosure. In England in the 1830s, quaggas (probably gelded to make them tractable) were used as exotic harness animals. Sheriff Parkins drove around London seated behind a pair of harnessed quaggas. Burchell's zebras were also popular between the shafts, but quaggas were said to


In Greek mythology, what is the name of the mortal woman who challenged the goddess Athena to a weaving contest and was turned into a spider by Athena?

Myth of Arachne, the spider woman - Greeka.com Discover the myth of Arachne, the spider woman The offence to the gods Arachne in Greek mythology, was a Lydian woman, thought by some to be a princess, who was highly gifted in the art of weaving. Born to Idmon, a famous dyer in Lydia, Arachne was no ordinary weaver and the very act of her weaving was sheer magic and a sight to behold. Soon news of Arachne's artistry spread far and wide and it is said that nymphs from the forests left their frolicking and gathered around Arachne to watch her weave. So moved were they by her skills that they remarked that she surely must have been trained by none other than Goddess Athena, the goddess of weaving. The weaving contest All this adulation was more than Arachne could handle and being an ordinary mortal who was quite vulnerable to human failings, she became quite arrogant about her superior skills. She was annoyed at being regarded as a pupil of Athena and began bragging about her skills, proclaiming herself to be far more superior to even Athena. Now, when the goddess of weaving heard of Arachne's bold claims, she was upset, but nonetheless decided to give the young woman a chance to regret her folly. Disguised as an old woman, Athena appeared before Arachne and warned her of the consequences of provoking the wrath of the gods, but Arachne was not a bit remorseful and challenged Athena to a contest, declaring that if she lost, she would accept any punishment that Athena would decide for her. That time Athena revealed her true form and accepted the challenge. The stage was set for a battle in which a god and a mortal pitted their artistic skills to decide who the better artist was. The nymphs who had come to watch Arachne weave shrank back, horrified at Arachne's audacity, but Arachne was unshakable and stood her ground. And so the contest began, Athena at her loom and Arachne at hers, each working with threads of gold and a splendid array of colors to decide who would outdo the other in this ultimate trial. What unfolded next was a feast for the eye. Athena created a tapestry replete with scenes from the history of the gods. She portrayed Zeus at the center of the Olympic pantheon as well as her own contest with Poseidon and her victory, which ultimately made the people of Athens name their city after her. At the corner of her tapestry, she artfully depicted humans who had dared to defy the gods and who had been punished without a trace of mercy. As for Arachne, she deliberately chose scenes that depicted the infidelities and amours of the gods. She vividly portrayed Zeus and his string of indiscretions. She showed how Zeus had turned into a swan to rape the Spartan queen Leda; a bull to entice Europa; an eagle to abduct Aegina; as a shower of gold to seduce Danae; and as a satyr to seduce Antiope. Arachne's work of art, according to the Latin narrative, featured twenty-one scenes of the various misdemeanors of the mighty gods, including Poseidon, Apollo, Dionysus and others. The transformation into a spider Although Arachne had shown little respect for the gods by choosing a subject that made a mockery of the supreme deities of the Olympus, even Athena had to admit that her work was brilliant and flawless. That, however, was not enough to calm down Athena who was incensed by Arachne's humiliating portrayal of the gods. At last, Athena destroyed in anger Arachne's tapestry and loom. Arachne, like many other foolish mortals, had dared to question the supremacy of the gods. She had, in her arrogance over her art, been blind to the consequences of challenging the gods. Still in anger, Athens transformed Arachne into a disgusting insect. She turned her into a spider ("arachni" in Greek), proclaiming that Arachne and all her descendants would henceforth hang forever from threads and be skillful weavers. An interesting fact that relates myth to history is that the art of weaving is said to have originated in Anatolia, a part of modern Turkey and spiders have been a constant source of inspiration for man to perfect his weaving skill. Th


Aladar, Yar, Zini and Baylene are all characters in which 2000 Disney film?

Aladar | Disney Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Aladar is an Iguanodon , and the protagonist of Disney 's 2000 CG film, Dinosaur . Contents [ show ] Personality Aladar is compassionate and merciful. He is against Kron 's ways of "only the strongest survive." Therefore, he does everything he can to help weaker dinosaurs such as Eema and Baylene . He loves his lemur family, referring to Yar as his grandfather, despite their species differences. He also acts like a big brother to Suri and Zini . Aladar falls in love with Neera , Kron's younger sister, who is considerably more compassionate than her brother. Despite his dislike of Kron, Aladar displayed sorrow when Kron was killed by a Carnotaur . Aladar also seems to be a natural leader, which fueled his rivalry with Kron who feared he was trying to take his place as leader of the herd. When the herd was attacked by a Carnotaur, Aladar encouraged them to "stand together." Aladar can also fight when the situation demands it, being able to hold his own against the larger and more powerful Kron by using his superior speed. He is also strong enough to push a Carnotaur over the edge of a cliff. Appearances Dinosaur In Dinosaur, Aladar is first shown as an egg. A few moments later, a Carnotaur attacks the herd and Aladar's egg is abandoned. Just then, an Oviraptor steals the egg and hurries off into the jungle. It attempts to eat the egg, but then another Oviraptor swipes it, and the two brawl over the egg. As they brawl, they drop Aladar's egg into a river. As it is swept away by the current, it was swallowed, then spat out, by a Koolasuchus; floated up between a pair of quarreling Talarurus ; moved towards the river's center by a herd of drinking Pachyrhinosaurus ; and finally picked up by a Pteranodon that carries it far away to an island . Two Ichthyornis pester the Pteranodon and it drops the egg. The lemur inhabitants find the egg and it soon hatches. The lemurs name the baby Aladar and he grows up. One evening, just after the lemur's mating ritual, Aladar and the lemurs notice comets falling from the sky when suddenly, a large asteroid crashes down. Aladar and four other lemurs ( Yar , Plio , Zini , and Suri ) escape the debris. Aladar utters a mournful roar for all the deceased lemurs. They soon wander through a barren wasteland when they are distracted by a passing Velociraptor . As they inspect it, other Raptors appear and start to chase them, but they manage to escape. Soon after, they encounter a herd of various dinosaurs ( Iguanodons , Parasaurolophus , Styracosaurus , Pachyrhinosaurus , Microceratus , Ornithomimus , and Stygimolochs ) led by Kron and his assistant Bruton . Aladar also encounters Neera , his love interest and Kron's sister, and three other dinosaurs at the back of the herd named Eema ( Styracosaurus ), Baylene ( Brachiosaurus ), and Url ( Ankylosaurus ). Later in the film, the herd migrates to a far-off lake but when they get there, the lake is dried up. Kron musters the herd while Eema wanders to the barren lake and collapses. As Aladar comes to help, he hears rumbling under Baylene's footsteps. He and Zini dig a hole and ask Baylene to press hard on it, and sure enough, water comes out. Although Aladar stated there was enough water for everyone, all the dinosaurs in the herd push and shove each other for a drink, but were soon backed off by Kron who claimed the water for himself, and didn't allow any of the herd to have it. Early one morning while the other dinosaurs are asleep, Aladar gets some water for some young orphan Iguanodons which attracts Neera. As they get some water, Kron wakes up the rest of the herd as Bruton reported Carnotaurs nearby. The herd moves so quickly that they leave Aladar, his family, Baylene, Eema, and Earl behind. While walking that night, they encounter a wounded Bruton. They leave him be (as requested by Bruton) and then discover a cave as a thunderstorm starts. Later, Bruton joins them and two Carnotaurs attack the cave. Bruton sacrifices himself as the others escape deeper into the cave. This also kills one of the Ca


Which British title did Frederick and William Temple hold on separate occasions?

Archbishop of Canterbury - meherbabatravels jimdo page! Archbishop of Canterbury Archbishop of Canterbury  ( mid 1930s )   Born : 31st October, 1864 - Fyvie manse, Aberdeenshire, Scotland Died : 5th December, 1945 - near Kew Gardens, London, England Buried : Canterbury Cathedral Nationality : English English religious leader DURING 1936, the King of England, Edward   VIII , had abdicated the throne to marry Wallis Warfield Simpson, an American suing her husband for divorce.  His younger   brother, George VI , was being crowned king   in Westminster Abbey on Wednesday, May 12th,   1937, and the Westerners listened to the coronation ceremony on B.B.C. radio. Baba also listened for some time and remarked, "It's all illusion – bound by time and space." However, at the same time he expressed that he   appreciated the king giving up his crown for the sake of love. They asked   if Edward was listening to the broadcast of the coronation and Baba said, "Yes, but he does not feel regret about   it." During the   Archbishop of Canterbury's address, Baba commented, "Those in the church all speak of Christ our Lord, but do not follow   him." After the   ceremony he explained to the group, "Edward is free now to follow love and to draw toward me. To follow divine love,   impersonal or personal, is to come to me." Remarking   on the new King George and his wife, Queen Elizabeth, Baba stated, "At least it is some solace to the people that they both   have good hearts."   From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cosmo Gordon Lang, Baron Lang of Lambeth Archbishop of Canterbury Buried Chapel of St Stephen Martyr, Canterbury Cathedral William Cosmo Gordon Lang, 1st Baron Lang of Lambeth GCVO , PC (31 October 1864 – 5 December 1945) was an Anglican prelate who served as Archbishop of York (1908–1928) and Archbishop of Canterbury (1928–1942). His rapid elevation to Archbishop of York, within 18 years of his ordination , is unprecedented in modern Church of England history. As Archbishop of Canterbury during the abdication crisis of 1936 he took a strong moral     stance and comments he made in a subsequent broadcast were widely condemned as uncharitable towards the departed king. The son of a Scots Presbyterian minister, Lang abandoned the prospect of a legal and political career to train for the Anglican priesthood . Beginning in 1890, his early     ministry was served in slum parishes in Leeds and Portsmouth , except for brief service as an Oxford college     chaplain. In 1901 he was appointed suffragan Bishop of Stepney in London, where he continued his work among the poor. He also served as a canon of St Paul's Cathedral , London. In 1908 Lang was nominated Archbishop of York, despite his relatively junior status as a suffragan rather than a diocesan bishop. His religious stance was broadly Anglo-Catholic , tempered by the liberal     Anglo-Catholicism advocated in the Lux     Mundi essays. He entered the House of Lords as a Lord Spiritual and caused consternation in traditionalist circles by speaking and voting against the Lords' proposal to reject David Lloyd George 's 1909     " People's Budget ". This     apparent radicalism was not, however, maintained in later years. At the start of the First World War , Lang was heavily criticised for a speech in which he spoke     sympathetically of the German Emperor . This troubled him greatly and may have contributed to the rapid ageing which affected his appearance during the     war years. After the war he began to promote church unity and at the 1920 Lambeth Conference was responsible for the Church's Appeal to All     Christian People. As Archbishop of York he supported controversial proposals for the revision of the Book of Common Prayer , but after acceding to Canterbury he took no     practical steps to resolve this issue. Lang became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1928. He presided over the 1930 Lambeth Conference , which gave limited church approval to the use of contraception . After denouncing the Italian invasion of A


In the US ‘The Great Fire of ….’where’ occured 8th to 10th October 1871?

October 8, 1871: The Night America Burned October 8, 1871: The Night America Burned Go to permalink The Great Chicago Fire is the most famous inferno in American history. But it wasn't even the worst fire that night. This is the story of America's most fiery night, and the crackpot theory about a lost comet that's meant to explain what really happened. The Reasonably Great Chicago Fire Citywide fires are now largely a relic of an earlier time, a product of slipshod urban firing and too many flammable building materials. A few of these fires have gained lasting infamy - there's the Great Fire of Rome in 64 CE, in which Emperor Nero supposedly got in some fiddle practice, and the Great Fire of London in 1666, which everyone knows was started when the Doctor fought a rogue Terileptil . But the Great Chicago Fire probably has the greatest grip on the popular imagination, in part because it's one of the most recent and in part because of all the ridiculous (and flagrantly anti-Irish) myths that have popped up around it. The legend — or perhaps more accurately, the lie, since Chicago Republican reporter Michael Ahern admitted in 1893 that he had made the whole thing up — was that a cow kicked over a lantern while a woman was milking it in a barn at 137 DeKoven Street. While the barn was indeed the first building consumed by the blaze, the whole thing about the cow was a fabrication, and soon the story got attached to the barn's owners, Irish immigrants Patrick and Catherine O'Leary. In particular, Mrs. O'Leary became a popular scapegoat as the real cause of the blaze, as it was alleged she had actually been with the cow when the first started, and probably drunk to boot. A popular song captured the general sentiment about Mrs. O'Leary's culpability: Advertisement Late one night, when we were all in bed, Old Mother Leary left a lantern in the shed, And when the cow kicked it over, she winked her eye and said, "There'll be a HOT time on the old town tonight." FIRE, FIRE, FIRE! The first official report investigating the cause of the fire was more sober, concluding that it wasn't possibly to say whether the cause was human — or bovine, I suppose — agency or some natural cause, possibly a spark blown down from the chimney. Whatever the initial cause, the fire raged from October 8 to the morning of October 10, killing about 300 and destroying over three square miles worth of property, totaling 17,500 buildings and $400 million in damages. While a great human tragedy, the fire (much like the one that consumed London in 1666) had some distinct benefits, as it directly led to a rebuilding effort that helped transform Chicago from a relative backwater to one of the country's great economic powers. It also remains the only thing I really remember about Illinois history from my days in the state's public school system. (Well, that and Casimir Pulaski , but that goes without saying.) And yet, for all its infamy and historical import, the Great Chicago Fire still wasn't the worst fire on the night of October 8. It wasn't even the worst in a 300-mile radius. The Peshtigo Inferno The Peshtigo Fire was the most deadly fire in American history, killing anywhere between 1,200 and 2,500 people. Unlike the Great Chicago Fire, which did its damage over a relatively small but densely packed area of a major city, the Peshtigo Fire burned throughout the wild forest of rural Wisconsin. October 8 was an unusually hot and dry day during an already unusually hot and dry spell in the Midwest. Sponsored The local lumber industry didn't always bother to safely burn away the brush they cleared. Sparks from passing trains ignited small fires, and the drought-ravaged wood meant wildfires had become just a part of life in the region. A sudden cold front with strong winds served to fan the flames and connect all these little wildfires into a single blaze, large enough to sustain its own wind system and even generate tornadoes. This was a firestorm. The entire fire covered an area about twice the size of Rhode Island, and it claimed twelve rural communities befor


Felidae is the scientific name for which animals?

Cats - Felidae Cats Cats Scientific name: Felidae This caracal is one of about 41 species of cats alive today.  Photo © Martin Harvey / Getty Images. By Laura Klappenbach Updated February 24, 2016. Cats (Felidae) are a diverse group of carnivores that includes domestic cats, lions , tigers , ocelots, jaguars, caracals, leopards , mountain lions , lynx and many other groups of cats. Cats are graceful, agile predators that have acute eyesight, muscular bodies and a sharp set of teeth. Cats are superb hunters. Some felids can take down prey that are much larger than themselves, providing evidence of their well-honed skills as predators. Cats hunt using several methods. Some species lie in wait until an unfortunate animal crosses the cat's path and then pounce upon it for the kill. Other cats actively stalk their prey, take up position for attack, and charge in for the capture. Most cats are well camouflaged, with stripes or spots that let them blend into the surrounding vegetation and shadows. The majority of cat species are solitary animals outside of the breeding season. Lions are an exception to this rule though, they form long-term social groups called prides . continue reading below our video 4 Tips for Improving Test Performance Prides are usually made up of 4-6 related adult lions and their cubs. Most cats have retractable claws. They extend their claws only when needed for capturing prey or for traction when running or climbing. When claws are not needed, the cats keep them hidden away, sharp and ready for use. Cheetahs are unable to retract their claws, and experts believe this is an adaptation to fast running. Vision is cats' best developed sense. Felids have sharp eyesight and their eyes are positioned on the front of their head so they both facing forward to produce the optimal focusing ability and acute depth perception. Cats have extremely flexible spines, enabling them to use more muscles when running and achieve faster speeds than other mammals. Since they use more muscles when running, cats burn more energy and therefore cannot maintain speed for extended periods of time without experiencing fatigue. Cats inhabit a wide variety of habitats including coasts, deserts, forests, grasslands, and mountains. They have colonized almost every corner of the globe with the exceptions of Australia, Greenland, Iceland, New Zealand, Antarctica, Madagascar, and remote oceanic islands. Note that domestic cats have been introduced into many regions once void of cats. During the Palaeocene, carnivores diverged into two separate linages, a feliform or cat-like lineage and a caniform or dog-like lineage. Modern cats first appeared about 10.8 million years ago. Species Diversity


What is the most common boy’s name in children’s nursery rhymes?

Top 10 Most Famous Nursery Rhymes - List Dose Top 10 Most Famous Nursery Rhymes Article by Rachita Sharma , April 1, 2014 Some of my earliest childhood memories include learning nursery rhymes in the play school and then reciting them reluctantly in front of my parents, neighbors, uncles, aunts, brothers, sisters, other uncles, other aunts. Yeah, I had a huge fan following then. Good old times. But to recite a long four line English poem every time you met someone was not an easy task, I tell you. That too, poems as difficult as Twinkle Twinkle Little Star and Johnny Johnny Yes Papa, can you imagine? In the evenings, all my friends and I would go running around the streets yelling at the top of voice our Hindi favorites  poshampa bhai poshampa, Lakdi ki kathi, chanda maama door ke, Machchli jal ki raani hai, Akkad bakkad bambey bo..hmm, the list is endless. Even now, as an adult, I remember each and every line of them and it always gives me delightful pleasure to watch little kids reciting their favorite nursery rhymes in their cute singsong voice. Even more cute is to watch them make those beautiful hand gestures trying to explain the meaning of their difficult poems to us dumb adults. It is interesting that nursery rhymes other than being fun and engaging are in fact a great way of teaching the little ones to read and to help them learn what the discreet – separate parts of sound are, by developing their phonetic awareness skills! Here I have compiled a list of the top 10 most famous nursery rhymes worldwide. Pick out your favorite. 10. LONDON BRIDGE IS FALLING DOWN “London Bridge is falling down, falling Down, falling down. London Bridge is falling down, my fair lady.” This is a popular traditional English rhyme that probably depicts the difficulties experienced while construction of London Bridge over river Thames. However, there are several other theories depicting its origin. To me, it brings back a sweet childhood memory. When I was a kid, I used to dismantle the “palace” that my brother made from the playing cards and to tease him, I used to sing aloud “London bridge is falling down, falling down, falling down”. ha. nostalgic ! 9. ONE TWO BUCKLE MY SHOE “One, Two, Buckle my shoe, Three, Four, Open the door, Five, Six, Pick up sticks, Seven, Eight, Lay them straight, Nine, Ten, A big, fat hen” …. and so on. A very popular English rhyme and indeed a very clever way to teach counting to the otherwise reluctant children. This poem dates back to the 18th century and has been used in quite lot of movies (like A nightmare on Elm Street) and cartoon serials (like Loony Tunes). This famous poem was also used by Agatha Christie in the title and story structure of her novel “One, Two, Buckle My Shoe”. 8. RAIN RAIN GO AWAY “Rain rain go away, Come again another day, Little Johnny wants to play.” Personally, I love playing while it is raining. It is like a harbinger of excitement. But Little Johnny seems to hate getting drenched in the rain. There are many versions of this popular English rhyme in which Little Johnny asks rain to come on Saturday, on April day, on Christmas day and so on. The oldest version goes back to the 17th century! 7. JOHNNY JOHNNY YES PAPA “Johnny Johnny, Yes Papa. Telling lies? No Papa. Open your mouth, ha ha ha” This is probably the cutest English rhyme ever, depicting a little kid caught in the act of stealing the sugar and eating it. Sounds familiar? Well a lot of us have been there, done that. Anyways, what makes this poem even more funny is the way kids do “hahaha” in the end while reciting it. Strangely not much is known about the origin of this poem. 6. THE ITSY BITSY SPIDER “The Itsy Bitsy Spider crawled up the waterspout. Down came the rain, and washed the spider out. Out came the sun, and dried up all the rain, And the Itsy Bitsy Spider went up the spout again.” This rhyme describes the adventures of a spider when it gets washed out of a gutter system! I find it really cute when kids recite it mainly because it is accompanied by a sequence of gestures that mimic the words of the song. For th


How many times can an A4 piece of paper be folded in half?

Folding Paper in Half Twelve Times BRITNEY�S FOLDING RECORD  STILL HOLDS   The long standing  challenge was that a single piece of paper, no matter the size,  cannot be folded in half more than 7 or 8 times.  Recently, reports have been made that Britney�s paper folding record of folding a piece of paper in half 12 times has been  broken. These current attempts, though laudable and will eventually be  successful, are not satisfactory due to strict  rules she followed to also preclude criticism from modifying the problem. Challengers have used  methods including stacking separate pieces on top of one another, taping  pieces together, cutting paper, tearing paper, and pleated (fan) folding  instead of folding in half. These methods circumvent the  principles of the simply defined paper folding problem and demonstrate a misunderstanding of why the challenge was  thought to be impossible.  Recent reference.   The most significant part of  Britney's work is actually not the geometric progression of a folding  sequence but rather the detailed analysis to find why geometric sequences  have practical limits that prevent them from expanding.     Her book provides the size of paper needed to fold paper and gold 16 times using  different folding techniques. Her equations  have been confirmed  by scholars at Cal Tech and Harvey Mudd and are posted on Wolfram MathWorld.   Britney Gallivan has solved the Paper Folding Problem. This well known challenge was to fold paper in half more than seven or eight times, using a single piece of paper of any size or shape. In April of 2005 Britney's accomplishment was mentioned on the prime time CBS television show Numb3rs. The task was commonly known to be impossible. Over the years the problem has been discussed by many people, including mathematicians and has been demonstrated to be impossible on TV. For extra credit in a math class Britney was given the challenge to fold anything in half 12 times. After extensive experimentation, she folded a sheet of gold foil 12 times, breaking the record. This was using alternate directions of folding. But, the challenge was then redefined to fold a piece of paper. She studied the problem and was the first person to realize the basic cause for the limits. She then derived the folding limit equation for any given dimension. Limiting equations were derived for the case of folding in alternate directions and for the case of folding in a single direction using a long strip of paper. The merits of both folding approaches are discussed, but for high numbers of folds, single direction folding requires less paper. The exact limit for single direction folding case was derived, based on the accumulative limiting effects induced by every layer of paper in the folding process. For the single direction folding case the exact limiting equation is: where L is the minimum possible length of the material, t is material thickness, and n is the number of folds possible in one direction. L and t need to be expressed using the same units. Stringent rules and definitions were defined by Britney for the folding process. One rule is: For a sheet to be considered folded n times it must be convincingly documented and independently verified that (2n) unique layers are in a straight line. Sections that do not meet these criteria are not counted as a part of the folded section.  Her equation sums losses inclured with each individual fold. Diagram showing part of a rotational sliding folding sequence In some web pages the limits found by Britney are described as being due to thickness to width ratios of the final folds or attributed to the folder not being strong enough to fold any more times. Both explanations for the limits are incorrect and miss the actual reason for the physical mathematical limit. The actual understanding of the problem involves understanding the simple dynamics of the folding model and the resulting algebra. One interesting discovery was to fold paper an additional time about 4 times as much paper is needed, contrary to the intuition of many that


Which facial features remain the same size from birth to adulthood?

Human Physiology/Development: birth through death - Wikibooks, open books for an open world Human Physiology/Development: birth through death From Wikibooks, open books for an open world Overview[ edit ] We are born, we grow up, we age, and then we die. Unless disease or trauma occurs, most humans go through the various stages of the life described above. Human Development is the process of growing to maturity and mental ability. Traditionally, theories that explain senescence have generally been divided between the programmed and stochastic theories of aging. Programmed theories imply that aging is regulated by biological clocks operating throughout the life span. This regulation would depend on changes in gene expression that affect the systems responsible for maintenance, repair and defense responses. Stochastic theories blame environmental impacts on living organisms that induce cumulative damage at various levels as the cause of aging. Examples of environmental impacts range from damage to DNA, damage to tissues and cells by oxygen radicals (widely known as free radicals countered by the even more well known antioxidants), and cross-linking. However, aging is now seen as a combination of genetic and environmental processes; a progressive failure of homeostatic mechanisms involving maintenance and repair genes, stochastic events leading to molecular damage and molecular heterogeneity, and chance events determining the probability of death. Homeostasis, as we have seen throughout this book, is maintained through complex and interacting systems, and aging is considered to be a progressive shrinkage of homeostatic capabilities, mainly due to increased molecular heterogeneity. In this chapter we explore the physiology of all stages of human development, with a particular emphasis on the aging process. Apoptosis[ edit ] A cell undergoing apoptosis. In just one of many scenarios of apoptosis, the process is triggered by another neighboring cell; the dying cell eventually transmits signals that tell the phagocytes, which are a part of the immune system, to engulf it. Apoptosis is the process of regulated cell death and removal. In some cases cell damage can trigger apoptosis, but it is usually a normal function of the cell. Apoptosis results in controlled auto digestion of the cells content. The cell membrane stays in place and the cells contents are not dispersed. When this process is near completion, "eat me" signals, like phosphatidylserine, appear on the surface of the cell membrane. This in turn attracts phagocytic scavengers that complete the process of removing the dead cell without eliciting an inflammatory response. Unlike necrosis, which is a form of cell death that results from acute cellular injury, apoptosis is carried out in an ordered process that generally confers advantages during an organism's life cycle. Apoptosis Rates The rate at which cells of the body die varies widely between different cell types. Some cells, such as white blood cells, live for only a matter of hours while other cells can live throughout the duration of the lifespan of the individual. Homeostasis Apoptosis is a regulated function that results in a relatively consistent number of cells in the body. This balancing act is part of homeostasis (see chapter 1) that is required by living organisms. An example for this is that blood cells are constantly being produced and apoptosis takes place to eliminate a similar number of older cells. Homeostasis was discovered by Claude Bernard around the year 1851. Development Apoptosis also plays a key role in growth and development. An example of how apoptosis enables development is the differentiation of human fingers in a developing embryo. Apoptosis is the function that enables the embryos fingers to separate. Disorders Too much apoptosis causes cell loss disorders such as osteoporosis, whereas too little apoptosis results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, namely cancer. Growth and development[ edit ] Growth and development is an ongoing process that begins at conception and continues through th


Which is the largest continent on Earth?

Largest Continent: Ranking of Continents by Area, Size By Matt Rosenberg Updated January 16, 2016. The seven continents can be ranked in order of both size or area as well as population. The seven continents include Africa, Antarctica, Australia, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. Largest Continents in Area 1. Asia - 17,139,445 square miles (44,391,162 square km) 2. Africa - 11,677,239 square miles (30,244,049 square km) 3. North America - 9,361,791 square miles (24,247,039 square km) 4. South America - 6,880,706 square miles (17,821,029 square km) 5. Antarctica - About 5,500,000 square miles (14,245,000 square km) 6. Europe - 3,997,929 square miles (10,354,636 square km) 7. Australia - 2,967,909 square miles (7,686,884 square km) Largest Continents in Population 1. Asia - 4,055,000,000 (Over 4 billion) 2. Africa - 1,108,500,000 (Over 1 billion) 3. Europe - 729,871,042 (including all of Russia) 4. North America - 522,807,432 5. South America - 379,919,602 6. Australia - 20,434,176 7. Antarctica - No permanent residents but up to 4000 researchers and personnel in the summer and 1000 in the winter. continue reading below our video World Continents Plus, there are more than 15 million people who don't live on a continent. Almost all of these people live in the island countries of Oceania, a world region but not a continent . If you count six continents, with Eurasia as a single continent then it remains number one in area and number one in population.


John Hanson, First President John Hanson, American Patriot and First President of the United    States (1715-1783) He was the heir of one of the greatest family traditions in the    colonies and became the patriarch of a long line of American patriots ï¿½ his great-grandfather    died at Lutzen beside the great King Gustavus Aldophus of Sweden; his grandfather    was one of the founders of New Sweden along the Delaware River in Maryland; one of    his nephews was the military secretary to George Washington; another was a signer    of the Declaration; still another was a signer of the Constitution; yet another was    Governor of Maryland during the Revolution; and still another was a member of the    first Congress; two sons were killed in action with the Continental Army; a grandson    served as a member of Congress under the new Constitution; and another grandson was    a Maryland Senator. Thus, even if Hanson had not served as President himself, he    would have greatly contributed to the life of the nation through his ancestry and    progeny. As a youngster he began a self-guided reading of classics and rather quickly became    an acknowledged expert in the juridicalism of Anselm and the practical philosophy of Seneca ï¿½ both of which were influential in the development of the political philosophy    of the great leaders of the Reformation. It was based upon these legal and theological    studies that the young planter ï¿½ his farm, Mulberry Grove was just across the Potomac    from Mount Vernon ï¿½ began to espouse the cause of the patriots. In 1775 he was elected to the Provincial Legislature of Maryland. Then in 1777, he    became a member of Congress where he distinguished himself as a brilliant administrator.    Thus, he was elected President in 1781. Was John Hanson the first President of the    United States?  The new country was actually formed on March 1, 1781 with the adoption    of The Articles of Confederation. This document was actually proposed on June    11, 1776, but not agreed upon by Congress until November 15, 1777. Maryland    refused to sign this document until Virginia and New York ceded their western lands    (Maryland was afraid that these states would gain too much power in the new government    from such large amounts of land). Once the signing took place in 1781, a President    was needed to run the country. John Hanson was chosen unanimously by Congress    (which included George Washington). In fact, all the other potential candidates refused    to run against him, as he was a major player in the Revolution and an extremely influential    member of Congress.  As the first President, Hanson had quite the shoes to fill. No    one had ever been President and the role was poorly defined. His actions in office    would set precedent for all future Presidents. He took office just as the Revolutionary    War ended. Almost immediately, the troops demanded to be paid. As would be expected    after any long war, there were no funds to meet the salaries. As a result, the soldiers    threatened to overthrow the new government and put Washington on the throne as a    monarch. All the members of Congress ran for their lives, leaving Hanson running    the government. He somehow managed to calm the troops and hold the country together.    If he had failed, the government would have fallen almost immediately and everyone    would have been bowing to King Washington.  Hanson, as President, ordered all foreign troops off American soil,    as well as the removal of all foreign flags. This was quite a feat, considering the    fact that so many European countries had a stake in the United States since the days    following Columbus. Hanson established the Great Seal of the United States,    which all Presidents have since been required to use on all official documents. President    Hanson also established the first Treasury Department, the first Secretary of War,    and the first Fore


Planet Closest to the Sun - Universe Today   Universe Today Planet Closest to the Sun Article Updated: 24 Dec , 2015 by Jerry Coffey [/caption]Mercury, the planet closest to the Sun, is a study in extremes and offers many surprises. The extremes of the planet have made it an understudied body in our Solar System, though the MESSENGER mission is trying to change that as you are reading this article. In addition to being the planet closest to the Sun, Mercury is also the smallest by mass. If you ignore the former planet Pluto, it is also the smallest by surface area, as well. The planet has the most eccentric orbit: at perihelion it is 46,001,200 km from the Sun and at aphelion it is 69,816,900 km. The planet’s short orbital period(87.969 Earth days) and slight axial tilt combine to make the day on Mercury(116 Earth days) longer than the year. The average temperature on the planet is 442.5°K. Because of the planet’s thin atmosphere there is a wide temperature range, 100°K to 700°K. The temperature at the equator can be as much as 300°K more than the temperature at the poles. Despite its proximity to our central star, the poles of the planet are thought to have water ice hidden within impact craters. Claims for water ice are substantiated by observations by the 70 m Goldstone telescope and the Very Large Array. There are areas of very high radar reflection at the pole areas so, since water is highly reflective of radar, astronomers believe that water ice is the most likely cause of this reflection. Due to its size and average temperatures, the planet’s gravity can not retain a significant atmosphere over a long period. It does have a negligible surface-bounded exosphere that is dominated by hydrogen, helium, oxygen, sodium, calcium, and potassium. Atoms are continuously being lost and replenished from this exosphere. Hydrogen and helium atoms are thought to derive from the solar wind that buffets the planet. These elements diffuse into Mercury’s magnetosphere before escaping back into space. Radioactive decay within the crust is a source of helium, sodium, and potassium. Mercury has been explored by two mission: Mariner 10 and MESSENGER. Mariner 10 was able to map 40-45% of Mercury’s surface through more than 2,800 photos. It revealed a more or less moon-like surface, a slight atmosphere, a magnetic field, and a large iron rich core. MESSENGER was launched in August of 2004. After a 31/2 year flight, it made its first flyby in January 2008 and arrived in orbit on March 18, 2011. So far, the probe has discovered large amounts of water in the exosphere, evidence of past volcanic activity, and evidence of a liquid planetary core. As the MESSENGER mission continues, the closest planet to the Sun should continue to reveal more surprises for the scientists at NASA. It appears a new age of discovery has begun for Mercury. We have an extensive section just on Mercury on Universe Today. And did you know there’s a spacecraft visiting Mercury called MESSENGER? You can read news about this mission here . Here’s a link to NASA’s Solar System Exploration Guide on Mercury. We have recorded an episode of Astronomy Cast just about the Sun called The Sun, Spots and All . References:


Author Frances Hodgson Burnett wrote the children’s novel ‘The Secret….’what’?

Frances Hodgson Burnett | Penguin Books Australia Frances Hodgson Burnett books Frances Hodgson Burnett was born in Manchester in 1849. After living in poverty, she emigrated to the US in 1865. She wrote over forty books; the best-known today are The Secret Garden, A Little Princess and Little Lord Fauntleroy. She died in 1924.


Squares and Square Roots Squares and Square Roots First learn about Squares, then Square Roots are easy. How to Square A Number To square a number, just multiply it by itself    ... Example: What is 3 squared? 3 Squared "Squared" is often written as a little 2 like this: This says "4 Squared equals 16" (the little 2 says   the number appears twice in multiplying) Squares From 12 to 62 1 Squared We can also square negative numbers. Example: What happens when we square (−5) ? Answer: When we square a negative number we get a positive result. Just the same as squaring a positive number: A square root goes the other way: 3 squared is 9, so a square root   of 9 is 3   A square root of a number is ... ... a value that can be multiplied by itself to give the original number. A square root of 9 is ... ... 3, because when 3 is multiplied by itself we get 9. It is like asking: What can we multiply by itself to get this? To help you remember think of the root of a tree: "I know the tree, but what is the root that made it?" In this case the tree is "9", and the root is "3". Here are some more squares and square roots: 4 It also works for decimal numbers. Try the sliders below. Note: the numbers here are only shown to 2 decimal places. Using the sliders (remembering it is only accurate to 2 decimal places): What is the square root of 8? What is the square root of 9? What is the square root of 10? What is 1 squared? We found out before that we can square negative numbers: Example: (−3) squared And of course 3 × 3 = 9 also. So the square root of 9 could be −3 or +3 Example: What are the square roots of 25? (−5) × (−5) = 25 So the square roots of 25 are −5 and +5 The Square Root Symbol   This is the special symbol that means "square root",        it is sort of like a tick, and actually started hundreds of years    ago as a dot with a flick upwards. It is called the radical, and always makes mathematics look important! We use it like this: and we say "square root of 9 equals 3" Example: What is √25? Well, we just happen to know that 25 = 5 × 5, so when we multiply    5 by itself (5 × 5) we will get 25. So the answer is: √25 = 5 But wait a minute! Can't the square root also be −5? Because (−5) × (−5) = 25 too. Well the square root of 25 could be −5 or +5. But when we use the radical symbol √ we only give the positive (or zero) result. Example: What is √36 ? Answer: 6 × 6 = 36, so √36 = 6 Perfect Squares The Perfect Squares (also called "Square Numbers") are the squares of the whole numbers :   And also use your common sense to make sure you have the right answer. A Fun Way to Calculate a Square Root There is a fun method for calculating a square root that gets  more and more accurate each time around:   a) start with a guess (let's guess 4 is the square root of 10) b) divide by the guess (10/4 = 2.5) c) add that to the guess (4 + 2.5 = 6.5) d) then divide that result by 2, in other words halve it. (6.5/2 = 3.25) e) now, set that as the new guess, and start at b) again   Our first attempt got us from 4 to 3.25 Going again (b to e) gets us: 3.163 Going again (b to e) gets us: 3.1623 And so, after 3 times around the answer is 3.1623, which is pretty good, because: 3.1623 x 3.1623 = 10.00014 Now ... why don't you try calculating the square root of 2 this way? How to Guess What if we have to guess the square root for a difficult number such as "82,163" ... ? In that case we could think "82,163" has 5 digits, so the square root might have 3 digits (100x100=10,000), and the square root of 8 (the first digit) is about 3 (3x3=9), so 300 is a good start. Square Root Day The 4th of April 2016 is a Square Root Day, because the date looks like 4/4/16 The next after that is the 5th of May 2025 (5/5/25)


Which reptiles camouflage themselves by changing colour?

7 Color-Changing Wonders of the Animal Kingdom - WebEcoist 7 Color-Changing Wonders of the Animal Kingdom by Ecoist Can you spot the animals in the images above? The lizard blends so perfectly it is hard to see even when pointed out. The ability to change color seems like an animal superpower at times – some of them can alter their appearance to blend with the colors, materials and textures of virtually any surroundings. For some this ‘costume change’ happens quickly, for others it is seasonal – for many it helps them avoid predators, for a few it enables them to sneak up on prey. Culled from around the animal kingdom, here are seven of most impressive color-changing species in the world. (Images via: Cornell , FlounderGigging , PracticalFishKeeping and Wikimedia ) The flounder at first appeas as rather ungainly-looking bottom-feeding flat fish, but has the amazing ability to adapt their appearance to their environment in search of prey along the ocean floor. To further aid their stealth,  their second eye actually migrates to one side of their body (left or right depending on the species) as they get older. This enables them to cruise along parallel to the ground below them (essentially on their side) and still look up and forward. Further, these industrious creatures have even (surprisingly) been found at the bottom of deepest location on the Earth’s crust – the Mariana Trench – at depths of 35,000 feet. (Images via Eobasileus , WaterWorxBali and Spluch ) More than mere color-changers, Mimic Octopi are also shape-shifters that can adapt their movements and the arrangement of their parts to appear as up to 15 different oceanic species “including sea snakes, lionfish, flatfish, brittle stars, giant crabs, sea shells, stingrays, flounders, jellyfish, sea anemones, and mantis shrimp.” This remarkable octopus species determines threats and reacts by appearing as a predator to their own predators. “For example, when the octopus was being attacked by damselfishes, it was observed that the octopus appeared as a banded sea snake, a damselfish predator. The octopus impersonates the snake by turning black and yellow, burying six of its arms, and waving its other two arms in opposite directions” as shown in the above video. (Images via HowStuffWorks , MongaBay and NatureProducts ) Chameleons are the classic color-changers: all species of chameleons can shift their appearance to different degrees, collectively able to turn pink, blue, red, orange, yellow, green, black and brown and combinations thereof. Unlike many color-changing creatures, chameleons are thought to mainly change in order to communicate with others of their species and to make themselves more attractive to mates – as opposed to using their ability for offense or defense. (Images via Wikipedia , FloridaNaturePhotography and Picasaweb ) The Goldenrod Crab Spider only has two colors it can change into – white and yellow – but fortunately for it, this species hunts mainly on flowers of those colors: daisies and sunflowers most notably. Triggered by their visual input, the spiders secrete a pigment to switch between white and yellow over a period of days – thus adapting to the plants in their area. This color change both helps them sneak up on flower-sitting prey and to avoid aerial predators such as birds. (Images via Flickr , OctopusHome , PCUG and ScribblyGumWiki ) The Peron’s Tree Frog – also known as the Laughing Tree Frog and Maniacal Cackle Frog – is notable for the high-pitched sound it generates but also for its amazing ability to change color in less than an hour. It shifts between gray, brown and white with typically yellow and black legs and emerald spots. They are not afraid of people and can be found in all kinds of environments around Australia, many close to civilization, where they thrive in part due to their color-changing camouflage. (Images via: RichardSeaman , BugGuide and ScienceNewsforKids ) You may have already seen a Golden Tortoise Beetle but not have realized it, since these remarkable creatures can change from a shiny gold color to a dull red


What type of angle is less than 90 degrees?

Types of Angles - Free Math Help All About Angles Types of Angles You've certainly used the word "angle" in common life, but it also has an important meaning in mathematics. One subject you'll want to be familiar with is the different types, or classifications, of angles, determined by the measure of the angle. This page is a simple, easy-to-follow beginner's guide to the different types of angles. Three Main Types of Angles Acute - any angle which measures less than 90 degrees. These angles appear "sharp," like the blade on a knife. Example: The angle ABC measures 40 degrees. Angle ABC is acute. Right - any angle which measures exactly 90 degrees. These are like the edges of a wooden block. Sample: The angle CAT measures 90 degrees. The angle CAT is a right angle. Obtuse - any angle which measures more than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees. These are "fat" angles that are very wide. Sample: angle DEF measures 125 degrees. Then angle DEF is obtuse. Special Case Straight - any angle which measures exactly 180 degrees. This isn't even really an angle... it's just a straight line! Sample: Points ABC lie on line L forming a STRAIGHT LINE. Then line L is a straight line. Relationships between several angles Vertical Angles - Two angles formed by intersecting lines. They can not be adjacent but are always equal in measure. They are across from one another in the corners of the "X" formed by the lines. In the above picture, angles 1 and 3 and angles 2 and 4 are vertical because they are across from each other. Now, angles 1 and 2 and angles 3 and 4 are NOT vertical angles. Complementary Angles - Two angles whose measures add up to 90 degrees. Sample: angle A = 30 degrees and and angle B = 60 degrees. Then angle A + angle B = 90 degrees. We can say angles A and B are complementary. Supplementary Angles - Two angles whose measures add up to 180 degrees. Supplementary angles can be placed so that they form a straight line. Sample: angle A = 80 degrees and angle B = 100 degrees. Then angle A + angle B = 180 degrees.      We can say that angles A and B are supplementary. © 2016 Free Math Help. All rights reserved.


In the human body, the patella is commonly known as what?

Patella Bone Anatomy, Definition & Function | Body Maps Your message has been sent. OK We're sorry, an error occurred. We are unable to collect your feedback at this time. However, your feedback is important to us. Please try again later. Close Patella The patella is commonly referred to as the kneecap. It is a small, freestanding, bone that rests between the femur (thighbone) and tibia (shinbone). The femur has a dedicated groove along which the kneecap slides. As a form of protection, both bones also contain cartilage — strong, flexible tissue — in the areas near the patella. The kneecap plays a vital role in how the knee bends, in addition to most motions that require movement of the leg. If the patella or the tendon associated with it becomes injured, a person will experience difficulty walking, running, standing, or engaging in athletic activity. If dislocated, the kneecap can no longer slide along the thighbone's grooves, which can aggravate and damage cartilage on both the femur and the tibia. Dislocation and other traumatic injuries are common among athletes and other people who are extremely physically active. Injuries tend to be more pronounced in high impact sports. For example, patella-related injuries are common in sports like football, mixed martial arts, and wrestling.


What is the Capital of Norway? - Capital-of.com Dates of religious and Civil holidays around the world. www.when-is.com Capital of Norway The Capital City of Norway (officially named Kingdom of Norway) is the city of Oslo. The population of Oslo was . Norway is a norwegian speaking constitutional monarchy on the coasts of the North sea, North Atlantic Ocean and the Barent Sea. Additional Information


How Much Do Oboes Cost? | HowMuchIsIt.org > How Much Do Oboes Cost? How Much Do Oboes Cost? An oboe is a double reed musical instrument that belongs to the woodwind family.  The term oboe means “high wood” in French.  This instrument is commonly found in music genres such as traditional folk, jazz and even in some rock and pop songs.  To control the pitch of an oboe, a reed is made to affect the pitch.  The cost of an oboe will depend on the brand, quality, age and where you purchase it from. How much is it? On average, a brand new oboe can cost anywhere from $900 for a basic oboe to as much as $11,000 for a professional oboe.  Most purchases are going to fall between the $1,500 and $4,000 price tag. Beginner oboes are going to fall into the lower range around $900 to $2,000, while an intermediate oboe can cost $2,000 to $4,500. A higher end oboe that has silver plated keys and is made of a higher quality wood can cost as much as $5,500 to $7,500. For example, the Vento 800 Series Model 8906 retails for $995 to $2,000.  Another oboe such as the Buffet Crampon Model 4052 retails for $3,000 to $4,000. According to ASU.edu , an oboe can cost anywhere from $2,000 to as much as $10,000 depending on the type of material that it is made of as well as the user level it’s intended for.  For example, a basic oboe will be near the lower end while a higher end, professional oboe can cost upwards of $10,000. What are the extra costs? A quality based oboe that is customized can cost more if it is going to be outside of what the manufacture would normally create. You will have to pay for lessons from a professional if you want to learn how to play the instrument. Accessories such as a case and polish will be necessary to ensure that the oboe is maintained properly. Maintenance or repair in the future may be necessary if something does happen to it. What is going to be included? Depending on the type of oboe, it will either made from wood or plastic.  Lower quality oboes are going to have missing keys such as the B Flat.  Because of this, the quality may not be as high. Tips to know: There really isn’t a great difference between a plastic and wood oboe.  With a wood oboe, it’s going to be cheaper because of this material, but most will find that a plastic one will last longer.  While a wood oboe may sound a little better, it can have many disadvantages such as cracking, it wear out faster and many of them have bad reviews. How can I save money? A used oboe can cost about 30% less than a brand new one.  Check out various sites such as eBay and Craigslist to find a gently used oboe that fits your needs.  If purchasing used, be sure to ask about the history of the instrument and try to arrange a time to see it and try it before purchasing. It is best to look for quality rather than a cheap deal because you may get what you pay for. If you want to try out an oboe before you purchase it, consider renting one to get a feel for it. Average Reported Cost: $11000


Which author wrote the 1991 book ‘The story of Tracy Beaker’?

Jacqueline Wilson (Author of The Story of Tracy Beaker) edit data Jacqueline Wilson was born in Bath in 1945, but spent most of her childhood in Kingston-on-Thames. She always wanted to be a writer and wrote her first ‘novel’ when she was nine, filling in countless Woolworths’ exercise books as she grew up. As a teenager she started work for a magazine publishing company and then went on to work as a journalist on Jackie magazine (which she was told was named after her!) before turning to writing novels full-time. One of Jacqueline’s most successful and enduring creations has been the famous Tracy Beaker, who first appeared in 1991 in The Story of Tracy Beaker. This was also the first of her books to be illustrated by Nick Sharratt. Since then Jacqueline has been on countless awards shortlists and has gone Jacqueline Wilson was born in Bath in 1945, but spent most of her childhood in Kingston-on-Thames. She always wanted to be a writer and wrote her first ‘novel’ when she was nine, filling in countless Woolworths’ exercise books as she grew up. As a teenager she started work for a magazine publishing company and then went on to work as a journalist on Jackie magazine (which she was told was named after her!) before turning to writing novels full-time. One of Jacqueline’s most successful and enduring creations has been the famous Tracy Beaker, who first appeared in 1991 in The Story of Tracy Beaker. This was also the first of her books to be illustrated by Nick Sharratt. Since then Jacqueline has been on countless awards shortlists and has gone on to win many awards. The Illustrated Mum won the Guardian Children’s Fiction Award, the 1999 Children’s Book of the Year at the British Book Awards and was also shortlisted for the 1999 Whitbread Children’s Book Award. Double Act won the prestigious Smarties Medal and the Children’s Book Award as well as being highly commended for the Carnegie Medal. The Story of Tracy Beaker won the 2002 Blue Peter People’s Choice Award. Jacqueline is one of the nation’s favourite authors, and her books are loved and cherished by young readers not only in the UK but all over the world. She has sold millions of books and in the UK alone the total now stands at over 35 million! In 2002 Jacqueline was awarded the OBE for services to literacy in schools and from 2005 to 2007 she was the Children’s Laureate. In 2008 she became Dame Jacqueline Wilson. ...more


Singer Justin Bieber was born in which country?

Justin Bieber - Biography - IMDb Justin Bieber Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Trade Mark  (1) | Trivia  (44) | Personal Quotes  (12) Overview (4) 5' 9" (1.75 m) Mini Bio (1) Canadian Justin Drew Bieber was born in London, Ontario, the son of Pattie Mallette and Jeremy Bieber . Pattie became pregnant when she was 18 years old, and raised him as a single mother. Justin is of French-Canadian (mother) and German, Irish, Scottish, and English (father) descent. As a child, Bieber showed a strong interest in music, teaching himself to play many instruments. When he was 12, he entered a local talent competition, and placed second. His mother posted his performance on YouTube, and continued to post other clips of Bieber singing. The videos soon built up a fan following, and caught the attention of talent agent Scooter Braun . Braun was able to secure an impromptu audition with Usher Raymond , who was impressed and helped Bieber to sign a record deal. His first single, "One Time", was a worldwide hit and was certified Platinum in Canada and the United States. This was followed by Bieber's debut album, "My World", which was an international smash. He also released a successful concert film, Justin Bieber: Never Say Never (2011). Bieber continues with a hugely successful music career and has tried his hand at acting, including guest starring in an episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2000). He has a large and loyal fan-base, who are said to have "Bieber Fever" and are nicknamed "Beliebers". - IMDb Mini Biography By: Anonymous Trade Mark (1) Trivia (44) Discovered by Scooter Braun , who is also his manager. Usher Raymond signed him to Island Def Jam Records, and beat out Justin Timberlake 's hopes of signing the young singer. Taught himself four instruments including the piano, guitar, drums. He hopes to learn the violin. Can moonwalk. The Dream produced and wrote his songs Baby and One Time. His single "Baby" debuted at number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Moved to Atlanta, Georgia to pursue his music career. Now lives in Hollywood California. Born in St. Joseph's Hospital in London, Ontario, Canada, the very same hospital Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling were born in, however Justin was raised in Stratford, Ontario, Canada . He lived in the same area as Brendan Meyer , Seth Sieunarine , Kolton Stewart and Shawn Roberts . The craziest gift from a fan that he received was a rubber golf club. Bought a Macbook Pro with his own money - one of his biggest purchases. Likes the TV show Smallville (2001). Started out by posting youtube videos in 2007. His debut album was "My World". His mom, Pattie Mallette , traveled with him all the time. His first time in an airplane was flying to Atlanta to meet his future manager Scott 'Scooter' Braun. Met Céline Dion at a New York Knicks basketball game. She approached him and said my son loves your songs. Plays guitar at many of his concerts. Has performed with Rihanna at the Super Bowl Weekend concert in Miami. Likes to play hockey and basketball. Recorded a few songs with fellow singer Sean Kingston . Recorded "We Are The World" for Haiti. He got the opening verse, which was previously sung by Lionel Richie . Dad, Jeremy Bieber , still lives in Canada. Wrote the song "Down To Earth" about his parents' seperation. The executive producer of his first record, "My World", was L.A. L.A. Reid . Is good friends with Taylor Swift , Selena Gomez , and Chris Brown . His father's name is Jeremy Bieber , and his mother's name is Pattie Mallette . Plays the left-handed guitar. Has a younger half-sister, Jazmyn (born 2008) and a younger half-brother, Jaxon (born 2009). When he was child his church held a benefit to buy him a drum kit and 6 months of lessons. Performed with Chris Brown at a concert in Sydney, while the two were separately touring Australia. They performed Brown's song "Look At Me Now" together (2011). Featured in the song "Next 2 You" with Chris Brown , a song on Chris Brown's 2011 album F.A.M.E. Has performed for President Barack Obama twice. Likes to give back and help charit


The Eiffel Tower is in which European city?

Eiffel Tower, France | Building the World Eiffel Tower, France Eiffel Tower at the 1889 Exposition, from Library of Congress, at loc.gov. WHY FRANCE? Known for great art, France’s Eiffel Tower brings technical and aesthetic genius into form in one of the world’s most iconic monuments. It was France that coined the phrase les grands travaux (large-scale engineering works). Eiffel’s tower has become synonymous with Paris and has appeared in over 200 films. PUBLIC ART OR PUBLIC OUTRAGE? We the writers, painters, sculptors, architects and lovers of the beauty of Paris, do protest with all our vigor and all our indignation, in the name of French taste and endangered French art and history, against the useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower. Thus read the protest signed by Guy de Maupassant, Alexander Dumas, Emile Zola, Charles Gounod, and Paul Verlaine among others. While some well-known Parisians voiced disapproval, the tower became an instant hit, fascinating the public and inspiring feats of bravado. In 1923, the man who would become mayor of the district of Montmartre bicycled down the tower using one of its legs as a sloping ramp. In 1954, a mountain climber scaled its height, and thirty years later two Englishmen parachuted from the top Originally built for the International Exposition of 1889 to commemorate the centennial of the French Revolution, the tower was the unanimous choice of the committee who chose Eiffel’s proposal over more than 700 entries. GUSTAVE EIFFEL Eiffel, from Library of Congress at loc.gov. It is a little known fact that Gustave Eiffel helped build the Statue of Liberty. In 1885, he collaborated with Frederic Bartholdi to create the wrought-iron pylon inside the statue. But Eiffel was already very well known in France when he proposed the tower.  He was revered for his work on the arched Gallery of Machines for the Paris Exposition of 1867, and the dome for the Nice Observatory. Eiffel wrote the book that was to change the landscape of many of the world’s great cities: The Resistance of the Air, published in 1913, reveals the mathematical formula to determine the exact curve of the tower’s base that could withstand the force of wind against it, and transform that force into added structural support. Many skyscrapers followed, using these formulae. As a result of Eiffel’s calculations, the tower sways only 4.5 inches at the top. An artist who is among the most famous in France, and the world, Gustave Eiffel also wrote a book entitled L’Architecture Métalique. While standing at the top of his completed monument, Gustave Eiffel received the Legion of Honor, inducting him into that society that has been given special distinction and national renown in France. Generous in his collaborative approach, Eiffel inscribed the names of 72 of France’s greatest technical minds – 18 luminaries on each side of the base. Eiffel was later honored with his portrait on the 200-franc banknote (the currency of France before adoption of the euro in 2002); the reverse side of the bill depicted the tower. COOL GENIUS The Eiffel Tower was perhaps the most meticulously planned project in history – all the planning done by Eiffel himself. In fact, the planning took longer than the building. There were more than 5,300 specification drawings, and 18,000 components made by 100 ironworkers offsite to be assembled by 130 workers on the scene. Constructed of iron and held together by 2.5 million rivets, the tower consisted of two platforms and a laboratory at 273 meters for Eiffel’s personal use. All the preparation was done in Eiffel’s factory outside of Paris in the town of Levallois-Perret. Planning was so detailed that individual elements were tooled to an accuracy of 1/10th of a millimeter. But it was on-site that Eiffel’s organizational genius was revealed. The secret to success was team-based training. Teams of four workers were needed to install each rivet: one held the rivet in place, one heated it red-hot, a third made sure the head of the rivet was positioned exactly, the fourth hammered it in. According to Eiffel’s plan, t


Welsh rarebit is another name for ‘what’ on toast?

Welsh Rarebit for All Cheese on Toast Addicts | The Worktop April 27, 2015 Welsh Rarebit For All Cheese On Toast Addicts Cheese on toast is always a brunch favorite. It’s quick and easy to make, and so delicious. This Welsh Rarebit uses stout, mustard seeds and Worcestershire sauce to give the cheese a malty savory edge.  We invited another couple over for brunch recently and when I asked them what we should have, one of them said, “How about Welsh Rarebit?” I actually thought he was saying a “Welsh rabbit” with a strange British accent! After some clarification and research, it turns out Welsh Rarebit is a specialty recipe for cheese and toast (originally named  Welsh rabbit , but probably had a name change to make it a bit more fitting since there’s no rabbit in it!). Who doesn’t love cheese and toast for brunch? It is always a favorite among vegetarians and carnivores alike, and it has become my latest way of having it. Welsh Rarebit is super easy and is a real crowd favorite. Even among the Welsh, there are a variations on how to make it. Some mix the cheese with butter or mustard, some use beer or wine, and some pour a melty cheese mixture over the toast instead of grilling it. I haven’t tried every combination because I love this simple recipe so much. Soon though, I’ll make some new variations and share them with you! Although it is still cheese on toast at the heart of this dish, the stout, Worcestershire sauce, and mustard seeds add a fuller and more savory flavor. Just a warning, if you weren’t addicted to cheese on toast already, you will be after having this Welsh Rarebit! Welsh Rarebit


‘The Abduction from the Seraglio’ (Il Seraglio) is an opera by which composer?

Mozart: The Abduction from the Seraglio - Charles Mackerras | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic Mozart: The Abduction from the Seraglio AllMusic Rating ©2017 AllMusic, member of the RhythmOne group  |   All Rights Reserved


The former African nation of Nyasaland is now known by what name?

Historical Country Names - Nations Online Project Historical Country Names keywords: geography, historical country names, former country names, history, place name changes, historical maps List of formerly used country names and names of countries which have ceased to exist. Name changes of countries, dependencies, geographical and other regions of particular geopolitical interest.   Today Abyssinia The Ethiopian Empire spans a geographical area of today Ethiopia, Eritrea , and Djibouti ,and included parts of Northern Somalia , Southern Egypt , Eastern Sudan , Yemen and Western Saudi Arabia . Abyssinia was an empire that existed for more than 800 years, from circa 1137 (beginning of Zagwe Dynasty) until 1974 when the Ethiopian monarchy was overthrown in a coup d'etat.     Afars and Issas Territory formerly known as French Somaliland, the French colony was renamed to the French Territory of Afars and Issas (1967 - 1977),the territory became independent in 1977, known today as Djibouti. formerly a British protectorate became independent in 1966 as the Kingdom of Lesotho.   formerly a British protectorate became independent in 1966 as Republic of Botswana.   Democratic Republic of the Congo Benadir a coastal region of Somalia; covering most of the Indian Ocean coast of the country, from the Gulf of Aden to the Juba River, formerly part of Italian Somaliland.   Biafra, Republic of (named after the Bight of Biafra) today part of   Bophuthatswana - nominal republic and homeland for Tswana-speaking people, 1949 reincorporated into   British Bechuanaland (region) incorporated into the Cape Colony (1895)   British East Africa or East Africa Protectorate British protectorate from 1890 until 1920   Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , and parts of Somalia (Jubaland) Cape Colony, 1795-1797 British colony, 1803-1806 colony of the Batavian Republic (Netherlands), since 1910 part of   Central African Republic Kenya Colony The Colony and Protectorate of Kenya was part of the British Empire in Africa. It was established when the former East Africa Protectorate was transformed into a British crown colony in 1920.   Ciskei (Republic of Ciskei)- homeland for Xhosa-speaking people, 1994 reincorporated into   Dahomey ; (the Republic of Dahomey; in French: République du Dahomey), was a former French colony andpart of French West Africa until independence in 1960, in 1975 the Republic of Dahomeychanged its name in Benin. Dan Ho Me was an ancient Kingdom located in the south of today Benin.   French Guinea was a French protectorate in West Africa, after independence from France in 1958 it became today   Mali French West Africa was a federation of eight French colonial territories in Africa: Mauritania, Senegambia and Niger, French Sudan , French Guinea , Côte d'Ivoire, Upper Volta and Dahomey .   Mauritania , The Gambia , Senegal , Niger , Mali , Guinea , Côte d'Ivoire , Burkina Faso and Benin. German East Africa (German: Deutsch-Ostafrika) a German colony from 1885 until 1919 which included Burundi, Rwanda and Tanganyika (the mainland part of present Tanzania), an area almost three times the size of Germany today. German East Africa colony ended with the defeat of Imperial Germany in World War I. With the Treaty of Versailles the territory was divided between Britain (Tanganyika.), Belgium (Ruanda-Urundi), and Portugal (to become part of Mozambique).   Hausaland, consisted of seven independent city-states: Biram, Daura, Gobir, Kano, Katsina, Rano, and Zaria.   Italian East Africa (former name for Italian possessions in eastern Africa)   Kaffraria, former name for Transkei   Katanga - 1960, Belgium granted independence to the Congolese province of the   Mali Federation, was a country in West Africa 1959-1960, formed by a union between   Malawi Portuguese East Africa (Província Ultramarina de Moçambique) Mozambique or Portuguese East Africa (officially the State of East Africa) for almost 500 years a Portuguese Colony, 1498–1975. See also: Portugal   Sahara Occidental, Spanish name for   Senegambia (region; former name of the confederation of Senegal and


Albert Finney played ‘Sir’ in which 1983 film?

Albert Finney - Biography - IMDb Albert Finney Biography Showing all 53 items Jump to: Overview  (3) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (3) | Trade Mark  (1) | Trivia  (33) | Personal Quotes  (10) | Salary  (2) Overview (3) 5' 9" (1.75 m) Mini Bio (1) Albert Finney came from the theatre, where he was especially successful in plays of William Shakespeare , to the movies. There he became a leading figure of the young Free Cinema. His debut in cinema was in 1960 with The Entertainer (1960) of Tony Richardson who had directed him also in theatre plays various times before. His typical role were young prolets like, e.g. Arthur Seaton in Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1960). - IMDb Mini Biography By: Volker Boehm Spouse (3) Rich smooth voice Trivia (33) Became a father for the 1st time at age 22 when his now 1st ex-wife Jane Wenham gave birth to their son Simon Finney on September 16, 1958. He was the only actor to call Audrey Hepburn a bitch on screen, which he did in Two for the Road (1967). He allegedly declined a CBE (Commander of the Order of the British Empire) in 1980 and Knighthood in 2000 for his services to drama. He was awarded the Laurence Olivier Theatre Award in 1987 (1986 season) for Best Actor in a New Play for "Orphans". He was awarded the 1986 London Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actor for his performance in "Orphans". Graduated from Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA). An Associate Member of Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA). A member of the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) in Stratford-Upon-Avon, England, where he performed for three seasons in the early 1980s. In the late 1950s, he appeared at the RSC's earlier incarnation, the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, where he was mentored by Charles Laughton . He does not have an agent or a manager. Felt the lead role in Tom Jones (1963) wasn't serious enough, and agreed to star only if he got a producing credit; he later traded the credit for profit participation. He later earned an Oscar nomination for this role. As an aspiring actor in the mid-1950s, he made the rounds with Michael Polley , the father of Sarah Polley . Michael Polley says that Finney compared actors to bricklayers, in terms of craft. Was the first choice of Laurence Olivier to take over his post as the head of Britain's National Theatre. Finney had played a season shortly after the National Theatre's inaugural season in 1963-1964. Finney declined the offer. Was twice nominated for Broadway's Tony Award as Best Actor (Dramatic): in 1964 for playing the title character of Martin Luther in John Osborne 's "Luther," and in 1968 for Peter Nichols ' "A Day in the Death of Joe Egg." Played Michael Medwin 's uncle in Scrooge (1970) even though he is actually more than twelve years younger than him. Originally chosen for the title role in Lawrence of Arabia (1962) after a screen test shot over four days at a cost of £100,000. He later baulked at the film's monumental shooting schedule, and did not want to commit to such a long term contract and opted to play the title role in Tom Jones (1963), which gave him his first Oscar nomination. Was initially asked to reprise his role as Hercule Poirot in Death on the Nile (1978). However, he had found the make-up he had to wear for the first movie Murder on the Orient Express (1974) very uncomfortable in the hot interior of the train, and on realizing that he would have to undergo the same experience, this time in temperatures exceeding 100 degrees Fahrenheit, he declined the role. The third choice for Hercule Poirot in Murder on the Orient Express (1974). Before him were Alec Guinness and Paul Scofield . Ironically, Agatha Christie felt Finney's performance came closest to her idea of Poirot. In 1965, he formed Memorial Films in association with Michael Medwin to produce theatrical features, which included Charlie Bubbles (1967), If.... (1968), Gumshoe (1971), Bleak Moments (1971), O Lucky Man! (1973) and Law and Disorder (1974). Appears, uncredited, in drag as The Matron in the ladies' bathroom scene in Miller's Crossing (1990). Although he was born work


French Animal Vocabulary Animals French Animal Vocabulary Here you will a list of words for over 40 kinds of animals in French. You’ll notice that most of the animals use the masculine gender. However, there are a few exceptions such as the word for cow (la vache). Also, a lot of the words are very similar to English so they’re pretty easy to learn. Finally, watch out for the pronunciation of l’écureuil, which means squirrel, as it’s a bit tricky. Click on any of the French words, listen, repeat and practice your pronunciation. At the bottom of the page you will find resources for games and flashcards, a quiz and worksheet. Sign Up For A FREE Trial French Lesson On Skype And Get Instant Access To My French Pronunciation Crash Course. Get the French Pronunciation Crash Course! Bonjour! My name is David Issokson. I'm an online French teacher. My mission is to help as many people as possible to learn how to speak this beautiful language that's brought me so much happiness in my life. Sign Up For A FREE Trial French Lesson On Skype! You'll Also Get a Headstart With My FREE French Essentials Ebook This book covers all of the most important elements of french pronunciation for the new speaker. It's FREE and yours if you sign up below. Fill in the info below and sign up for a FREE French lesson on Skype. Click to see some student reviews. Members - Crash Course - You Are Logged Out You are not currently logged in. Username: » Lost your Password? Private Lessons Testimonials "David is clearly a very experienced and knowledgeable teacher. He places emphasis on pronunciation and encourages me to recall my vocabulary in a way that is useful for speaking French day-to-day. His French lessons via Skype are both fun and interesting, and he adapts on-the-fly, so that he can always challenge me at the appropriate level." Maria, Cambridge, UK" Maria, Cambridge, UK "David is a great teacher who cares about his students and makes every effort for them to learn French on Skype where he types lessons notes. David has a proactive approach to learning and offers speaking conversation, grammar and reading classes. Check it out :)" Lachlan M., Sydney, Australia "David Issokson is a wonderful French teacher. I've had a number, and he is the best by far. He makes learning the language enjoyable, fun even, while covering the essentials." —Sandra Gulland, Ontario Canada "It is said that 'The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires.' David is a great teacher who inspires. He has great patient and explains french pronunciation very nicely. He is very friendly with pleasant personality. I am sure anyone will love to learn french from David." – Dibakar Datta, Brown University, USA


Edward Seymour, Ist Duke of Somerset, was executed for treason during the reign of which English monarch?

Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset   Wikis Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset: Wikis Advertisements       Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset Anne Seymour, Duchess of Somerset Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, 1st Earl of Hertford, 1st Viscount Beauchamp, 1st Baron Seymour [1] (c. 1506 – 22 January 1552) was Lord Protector of England in the period between the death of Henry VIII in 1547 and his own indictment in 1549. Contents 6 External links Background Seymour was born in about 1506, to Sir John Seymour and Margery Wentworth , a celebrated beauty, immortalised in the works of John Skelton . Edward's first marriage, before 1519, to Catherine Fillol , was annulled when it was discovered she was having an affair with his father. His second marriage was before 9 March 1534 to Anne Stanhope . Edward was the eldest brother of Jane Seymour , who would become Henry VIII's third queen consort . When Jane married the King in 1536, Seymour was created Viscount Beauchamp on 5 June, and on 15 October 1537 Earl of Hertford . He became Warden of the Scottish Marches and continued in favour after his sister's death in 1537. Their brother, Thomas , also gained power through their sister's advancement and married Henry VIII's sixth wife, Dowager Queen Catherine Parr , shortly after the death of the King. Seymour's nephew became Edward VI on the death of Henry VIII. Edward Seymour retained great influence over the boy king, Edward VI , in whose name he ruled the country, and was created Duke of Somerset on 15 February 1547, early in King Edward's reign. Following his victory over the Scots at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh , his position appeared unassailable. However, the Seymour brothers had accumulated enemies and grudges during their time in royal favour, and, shortly after his brother Thomas 's downfall in 1548, Edward, too, fell from power. His position, although not his office of Protector, was taken by John Dudley, 1st Earl of Warwick , later 1st Duke of Northumberland; his properties (such as Somerset House , Sleaford Castle and Berry Pomeroy Castle ) were confiscated by the crown; and he was executed for treason at Tower Hill on 22 January 1552. Somerset's Protectorate Advertisements Council of Regency Henry VIII's will named sixteen executors , who were to act as Edward's Council until he reached the age of 18. These executors were supplemented by twelve men "of counsail" who would assist the executors when called on. [2] The final state of Henry VIII's will has been the subject of controversy. Some historians suggest that those close to the king manipulated either him or the will itself to ensure a shareout of power to their benefit, both material and religious. In this reading, the composition of the Privy Chamber shifted towards the end of 1546 in favour of the reforming faction . [3] In addition, two leading conservative Privy Councillors were removed from the centre of power. Stephen Gardiner was refused access to Henry during his last months. Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk , found himself accused of treason ; the day before the king's death his vast estates were seized, making them available for redistribution, and he spent the whole of Edward's reign in the Tower of London . [4] Other historians have argued that Gardiner's exclusion was based on non-religious matters, that Norfolk was not noticeably conservative in religion, that conservatives remained on the Council, and that the radicalism of men such as Sir Anthony Denny , who controlled the dry stamp that replicated the king's signature, is debatable. [5] Whatever the case, Henry's death was followed by a lavish hand-out of lands and honours to the new power group. [6] The will contained an "unfulfilled gifts" clause, added


Bibliophobia is the irrational fear of what?

Bibliophobia | The Fear of Books and Associated Phobias Bibliophobia | The Fear of Books and Associated Phobias Search the site Bibliophobia | The Fear of Books and Associated Phobias Where the phobia of books originates and how to overcome it By Lisa Fritscher Updated September 09, 2016 Bibliophobia is a reasonably unusual phobia of books. It can be broadly defined as the fear of books, but is also associated with a fear of reading or reading out loud or in public. Many people suffer only a subset of this phobia, fearing textbooks or historical novels or children’s stories, rather than a fear of all books. Mythophobia, or the fear of legends, can be considered a subtype of bibliophobia if the fear is of those legends that are written down. Metrophobia , or fear of poetry, is another subtype of bibliophobia. Although this phobia is rather unusual, it makes an excellent backdrop for certain Halloween events, such as Universal Orlando’s Halloween Horror Nights. In Universal’s scenario, for example, a female drama voice coach develops both bibliophobia and metrophobia, making it difficult or impossible to do her job. The treatment, in horror movie style, is to force the woman to face horrific images contained in a series of twisted fairy tales. This may be a comic way for people who are afraid of scary stories, but the fear should be taken seriously because of the consequences of this particular fear. The Phobia of Books If you suffer from bibliophobia, you may have difficulty when forced or encouraged to read. You may fear the stories themselves, or even the simple act of reading, holding a book or being in a library may cause anxious behavior associated with your phobia. If you suffer from learning disabilities or difficulty with reading, then it is natural to be nervous, particularly when reading out loud. It is, therefore, important to determine and treat the root cause of the phobia. You may have been ostracized in childhood for not reading adequately or forced to read before you were proficient, so the fear is associated with a lack of control over reading material which has created your aversion and resulted in anxiety surrounding books. If you have bibliophobia, you may shake, sweat or cry when having to read. You might go out of your way to avoid reading out loud, sitting in the back of a classroom or even skipping classes altogether. You may try to convince others to read important information to you instead of having to read it yourself. Or you may heavily control your interaction with books or reading environments such as libraries, museums and other places where reading is an important aspect of the experience. The Treatment of Bibliophobia Because bibliophobia can be extremely life-limiting, causing problems at work and school as well as in personal life, it's important that you seek proper treatment. Your doctor or mental health professional will work with you to develop a treatment plan that fits your needs. You will likely be taught new ways of thinking about books, and encouraged to read a few pages at a time within the safety of your therapist’s office. At no time will you be forced to progress at a faster pace than you feel comfortable with. Remember treatment is not a cure, so your best course of action is to continue to expose yourself to books to lessen your anxiety surrounding your fear of books. This continual exposure will help you better overcome your phobia in the long run. Source


Which English football club is nicknamed ‘The Addicks’?

English Football Team Nicknames - Silkysteps early years forum - planning ideas for play English Football Team Nicknames Here they all are again with their nicknames..... Accrington Stanley - Stanley Birmingham City â Blues/ Brummagem Blackburn Rovers - Rovers Brighton and Hove Albion - Seagulls Bristol City - Robins Bristol Rovers â Rovers/ Gas (unofficial)/ Pirates Burnley - Clarets Cambridge United â Uâs/ Yellows (unofficial) Cardiff City - Bluebirds Carlisle United â The Cumbrians/ Blue Army/ The Blues Charlton Athletic - Addicks Chelsea â The Blues/ Pensioners Cheltenham Town - Robins


What is lowered through a hawse hole on a ship?

* Hawse hole (Boating) - Definition,meaning - Online Encyclopedia    hawse hole - A hole in the hull for mooring line s to run through. hawsepipes - Pipes to guide lines through the hawse hole. On large vessel s anchor s are store d with their shank s in the hawsepipes . hawser - A rope that is very large in diameter, usually used when docking large vessel s. Hawse hole A hole in the Hull through which the Anchor Cable or mooring Line s are run . Find Terms ... hawse hole - A hull opening through which mooring line s are run . hawsepipes - Hawse hole fittings; fitting used to stow and protect the upper portion of the anchor rode (in large r vessel s). HAWSE HOLE : A hole in the bow through which a cable or chain passes. HAWSER : A large rope or a cable used in warping, towing , and mooring . Hawse Hole: Hawser : A rope used for towing or, mooring . Hawser -laid: Left-handed rope of nine strand s, in the form of three three- strand ed, right -handed ropes. Pipes to guide lines through the hawse hole. On large vessel s anchor s are store d with their shank s in the hawsepipes . Hawser A rope that is very large in diameter, usually used when docking large vessel s. KECKLING or KACKLING. Serving with old rope a cable in the eye or in the wake of a hawse hole, or anywhere, to save it from being chafe d. KEEL HAUL . To haul a man under a ship 's bottom with ropes made fast to opposite yardarm s; formerly a punishment in a ship of war, more especially in the Dutch Navy. Clap a service in the hawse , put somewhat round the cable in the hawse hole to prevent its chafing . To clear hawse , is to un twist the cable s where the ship is moored, and has got a foul hawse . Athwart hawse is to be across or before another ship 's head . eye of a stay F: that part of a stay which is formed into a sort of collar to go round a masthead . eyes of a ship F: a name frequently given to those parts which lie near the hawse holes, particularly in the lower apartments within the vessel .


Which is the longest line on the London Underground Railway system?

On the North Curve between Rickmansworth and     Croxley Green, Metropolitan Line Longest tunnel 17.3 miles from Morden to East Finchley via Bank     (Northern Line) Longest distance between 2 stations 6.26 kms Chalfont & Latimer to Chesham (Metropolitan)     - 3.89 miles Shortest distance between 2 stations 0.25 km Leicester Square to Covent Garden (Piccadilly) -     0.16 miles Longest single journey on 1 train 54.5 kms 34.1 miles between West Ruislip and Epping,     Central Line. Average depth of tube lines 24 metres