What was the name for a form of stencil duplicator used for making numerous copies of a document?

Copies #0087 Copies I'd like to pass on a bit of technological history to my descendents: in my youth (back when dinosaurs roamed the earth) we had no easy way to make copies of a document.  Note 1   I'm talking about making a copy of an already existing document. There were many ways of making multiple copies of a document when it was first generated - after all, the printing press goes back to Gutenberg. On a smaller scale, carbon paper allowed us to create three or four copies of a document at a time.  Note 2   To generate a larger number of copies of a document, one could cut a mimeograph stencil, or a spirit duplicator stencil. But given a single copy of a document produced earlier, we had no easy way to reproduce it.  Note 3   This was just the continuation of a problem that had existed since the start of human history. All physical media, such as paper, eventually decay. If the information written on the medium is to be preserved, it must be copied before the medium crumbles. This was even worse before the days of media such as "acid-free paper", which can last 100 years. Older media lasted for much less time. So in order to preserve them, documents that were considered important had to be copied and recopied and recopied. We have no original copies of any of the books of the Bible, for example (by "original", I mean written down by the original authors). All we have are copies. And they are not even first-generation copies, so they are copies of copies of copies. Anytime something is copied in this way, errors are bound to be introduced. In the early days of Christianity, errors in the New Testament books were introduced at a very rapid rate, because the books were copied by amateur copyists. Later, when the copying was taken over by the church, the copyists got more professional, and the error rate dropped. But the fact is, we can't know precisely what the original authors wrote.  Note 4   Although the process of xerography was first developed in 1937, it was many years before a truly practical office copier was produced and sold. By the time I went off to college in 1959, these were beginning to appear, but they were very large and expensive machines. Hence they were generally leased, rather than purchased, by their users. Where copiers were available, they tended to be tightly controlled by their owners, so that the per copy expense didn't get out of hand. At that early stage, the idea that we might one day have home copiers seemed inconceivable. But over the following decades, the price of copiers declined, until even small home machines became quite cheap. Along the way, the quality of the copies improved as well, although until recently, copiers still used analog technology.  Note 5   Since as you probably know, I'm interested in languages, let me briefly mention a change that copiers brought to English. It's common in English to convert nouns into verbs whenever it's helpful. For example, we can say things like "The team was bused to the game", instead of the more awkward "The team was taken to the game by bus." But I was startled one day (many years ago) to hear someone, looking at a memo in a coworker's hand, utter the words "Copy me on that". What he meant was, "Send me a copy of that memo." The reason I was surprised to hear "copy me" used in that way was because the words "copy me" already had a different meaning: they meant "Do as I do." Nevertheless, the use of the verb "copy" to mean "send a copy to" has become quite commonplace, and its meaning is generally obvious in context. I'd now like to talk about another form of copying: digital copying. I've already alluded to this in my introductory entry, " Why write using the HTML and JPG file formats? ". In that entry, I said,   But digital technology does make it possible to keep things forever, essentially because digital technology allows the creation of copies that are exact replicas of the original. Not 99% accurate replicas, not 99.99% accurate replicas, but in fact exact replicas, as good as the original, with nothing lost. Because exac


Which inert gas with a density 2.8 that of air was discovered by Ramsay and Travers in 1895?

Famous Scientists - Sir William Ramsay Sir William Ramsay Sir William Ramsay was the Scottish scientist who discovered the noble gases. These gases are argon, neon, krypton and xenon. These gases along with helium and radon formed a new set of elements. For this discovery, Ramsay was awarded the Noble Prize in 1904. Early years Born in Glasgow in October 1852, Ramsay was the only son of an engineer and businessman. He began his education in Glasgow Academy, which was followed by studies at the University of Glasgow. His initial interest in chemistry began when he first read about gunpowder in a book. He started attending lectures in the subject and even worked as an apprentice in the laboratory of the city analyst Robert Tatlock. Early research Ramsay went on to become a student of Rudolf Fittig, an organic chemist in the University of Tubingen in Germany. Here he received his doctorate for his thesis on investigations on the toluic and nitrotoluic acids. Following this, Ramsay returned to his hometown to become an assistant of Thomas Anderson at Anderson College. Ramsay went on to become the principal at the University College of Bristol, where he conducted research in the field of organic chemistry and gases. Contributions to chemistry Ramsay has made many contributions to the field of chemistry. His contributions touch the fields of organic chemistry and physical chemistry including stoichiometry, thermodynamics, molecular weights, density, surface tension and the critical states of liquids & vapours. Lord Rayleigh, while conducting experiments discovered that when you got nitrogen from ammonia it was less than the nitrogen in air. And when Ramsay heard this he thought that there may be another gas involved. By with further experimentation he discovered a denser, inert gas which he called argon. In 1895, Ramsay along with fellow scientist Morris W Travers, discovered the gases Krypton, Neon and Xenon. Ramsay won the Noble Prize in 1904 for the discoveries of these invert gases.


What building, built between 1754 and 1790 as a church to St Genevieve, was set aside as a mausoleum for famous Frenchmen in 1792?

Full text of "A guide to great cities for young travellers and others: western Europe" See other formats A GUIDE TO GREAT CITIES   RIIEIMS: THE CATHEDRAL    A GUIDE TO GREAT CITIES  FOR YOUN". TRAi'ELERS  AND «,■■  ESTHEU ;   A CirrrriH' Tn i.u f   ^ — *■  New York THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY  1911   wvoa   A GUIDE TO GREAT CITIES  FOR YOUNG TRAVELERS AND OTHERS  WESTERN EUROPE   BY   ESTHER SINGLETON  AUTHOR OF  'a guide to great cities: N o.HTHAVESTKRN EUROPE,"  "BOME," "FLORENCE," ETC.   New York THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY  1911   Copyright, 1911, by THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY   Published, March, 1911   THE TEOW PRESS, NEW YORK   CONTENTS  PAQB  Rouen 11  Amiens 33  Rheims 41  Paris 49  Blois 80  Tours 94  Bordeaux 108  Lyons 120  Marseilles 132  Madrid 143  Toledo 169  Seville 189  Cordova 210  Granada 223  Barcelona 248  Lisbon 263   LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS   Rheims: The Cathedral — Frontispiece Rouen prom Bonsecours .... Amiens: The Cathedral and Town  Paris: The Pantheon  Blois: Staircase of Francis I . . . Tours: Ruins of Plessis-les-Tours Bordeaux: Clocher-Peyberland and Cathedral Lyons: Palais de la Bourse .... Marseilles: Notre Dame de la Garde  Madrid: Royal Palace  Toledo: Alcazar and San Servando Seville: Alcazar and Giralda Tower .  Cordova: The Mosque  Granada: Court op Lions, Alhambra . . Barcelona: Harbor and Montjuich Lisbon from the Tagus   FACING PAGE   30  38  78  84  106  116  126  138  162  174  200  218  234  252  270   A GUIDE TO GREAT CITIES  WESTERN EUROPE   A GUIDE TO CITIES   EOUEN  ROTJEK, the ancient capital of Normandy, is a big manufacturing centre, full of life and bus- tle, as well as a most picturesque city with splendid Gothic and Renaissance buildings. It lies princi- pally on the right bank of the Seine with hills rising behind it. It is connected with the faubourg of St. Sever by a stone and a suspension bridge, and a rail- way viaduct. The river has been deepened, and docks and quays built to make a large and flourish- ing port. The old walls and moats have been de- stroyed to give place to fine boulevards, which, as well as the handsome quays, are full of life and movement. This combination, or rather contrast, of mediaeval and modern life is full of charm and never fails to fascinate the traveller from the New World. Among the old houses and fine specimens of architecture mod- ern shops display articles that tempt the tourist. Here is a jeweller's shop; here, an antique shop; here old silver is offered; here, china; and here the fine cotton goods, rouenneries, for which Rouen is so famous. The stroller will also notice the many attractive bakeries and confectionery shops; for  11   A Guide to Cities  Rouen's great specialty is sugar, and innumerable are the choice and delicious articles that the fancy cooks produce. Another famous production of Eouen is apple-jelly; one would never think of leaving Rouen without forming its acquaintance.  Rouen was the capital of the Vexin country when the Romans conquered Gaul. During the Dark Ages, the bishops of Rouen played an important part in the politics of the day, and several of them were canon- ized. The apostle and first bishop was St. Mellon, who was Metropolitan of the province in the second half of the Third Century. The fourth archbishop, St. Victrice (about 406), was the friend of St. Mar- tin of Tours. Among their successors, the most cele- brated were St. Gildard, St. Pretextat, St. Romain and St. Ouen. St. Pretextat incurred the hatred of Fredegonde for sealing the union of her rival, Brune- haut, with the son of Chilperic, and was assassinated on the steps of the altar by Fredegonde's orders in 585.  St. Romain, the twentieth bishop (d. 639), was very active in the suppression of paganism. His memory was long preserved in the Procession of the Gargouille. The Gargouille was a hideous monster that devastated the land, and was overcome by the Saint and cast into the Seine.


Who was shot at with poisoned bullets by Fanny Kepler in August 1918?

The Death of Vladimir Lenin - History in an HourHistory in an Hour The Death of Vladimir Lenin Posted on On 21 January 1924, Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the Russian Bolshevik Revolution, died aged only 53, having suffered three severe strokes. ‘Today I shot at Lenin’ On 30 August 1918, Vladimir Lenin survived an assassination attempt. His would-be killer, 28-year-old  Fanny Kaplan , a Socialist Revolutionary, shot at him three times, hitting Lenin twice – in the jaw and the neck. Interrogated by the Cheka, the state’s secret police, Kaplan said, ‘Today I shot at Lenin. I did it on my own. I will not say from whom I obtained my revolver. I will give no details.’ She was executed on 3 September. Lenin survived but was weakened by his injuries which, less than six years later, contributed to his early death. One of the bullets fired into Lenin by Kaplan was only removed in April 1922. The effect of his wounds, together with the strains of revolution , civil war, uprisings and forging a new country, took its toll on Lenin. His workload as head of state was enormous and in latter years he suffered increasingly from fatigue and headaches. He suffered his first stroke in May 1922 which deprived him of speech and impeded his movement. Six months later he returned to work, albeit on a lighter schedule. Lenin’s Testament In December 1922, while recuperating, Lenin wrote his ‘ Testament ’, in which he proposed changes to the structure of the party’s Central Committee and commented on its individual members, including Leon Trotsky and Nikolai Bukharin . His most severe criticism was reserved for Joseph Stalin whom he had in April 1922 appointed the party’s General Secretary. Lenin was regretting his haste, questioning the amount of authority placed in Stalin’s hands. A second stroke followed in December 1922, obliging Lenin to retire from politics to his dacha in the village of Gorki, six miles south of Moscow, and where Stalin became a frequent visitor (pictured). Recuperating, Lenin had to learn to speak again and write with his left hand. Poison A third stroke in March 1923 left him bedridden and took away his ability to speak. Such was the pain experienced by Lenin during his final months, that he begged Stalin to obtain a dose of potassium cyanide to put him out of his misery. He specifically asked Stalin, probably because he knew that only Stalin, a man so devoid of any humanity, would be strong enough to do it. But even Stalin baulked at the thought of it and couldn’t bring himself to administer the fatal dose: ‘I do not have the strength to carry out Ilyich’s (Lenin) request and I have to decline this mission, however humane and necessary it might be.’ But, despite his apparent squeamishness, it was not beyond Stalin’s reach to have poisoned his former mentor, especially as his own position was at risk following Lenin’s damning indictment of him. Poisoning was one of Stalin’s favourite methods of dealing with his opponents and the suspicion has always remained. As Bukharin once described Stalin, ‘Koba (Stalin’s revolutionary nickname) is capable of anything.’ Vladimir Lenin died on 21 January 1924. Lenin’s Funeral Stalin led the funeral arrangements, ensuring he maintained a high profile, acting as the lead pallbearer and chief mourner. Lenin lay in state for four days in Moscow’s House of Unions, during which time almost a million mourners paid their respects. Trotsky, Stalin’s rival for power, who was recovering from illness near the Black Sea, missed the funeral – having been told the wrong date by the scheming Stalin. The Cult of Lenin Lenin’s brain was removed and kept in formaldehyde for two years before being sliced into 30,963 wafer-thin slices to be studied and examined in minute detail to work out how the brain of a genius worked. Lenin’s corpse was embalmed and placed in a wooden mausoleum in Moscow’s Red Square. In October 1930, he was placed in the marble and granite mausoleum that for 60 years became the ‘mecca’ of communism and where it still remains to this day. Stalin instigated an era of deferential relig


"The last words of which book of the Bible are ""all is vanity""?"

Ecclesiastes 1 ESV - All Is Vanity - The words of the - Bible Gateway Ecclesiastes 1English Standard Version (ESV) All Is Vanity 1 The words of the Preacher,[ a ] the son of David, king in Jerusalem. 2 Vanity[ b ] of vanities, says the Preacher,     vanity of vanities! All is vanity. 3 What does man gain by all the toil     at which he toils under the sun? 4 A generation goes, and a generation comes,     but the earth remains forever. 5 The sun rises, and the sun goes down,     and hastens[ c ] to the place where it rises. 6 The wind blows to the south     and goes around to the north; around and around goes the wind,     and on its circuits the wind returns. 7 All streams run to the sea,     but the sea is not full; to the place where the streams flow,     there they flow again.     in the ages before us. 11 There is no remembrance of former things,[ d ]     nor will there be any remembrance of later things[ e ] yet to be     among those who come after. The Vanity of Wisdom 12 I the Preacher have been king over Israel in Jerusalem. 13 And I applied my heart[ f ] to seek and to search out by wisdom all that is done under heaven. It is an unhappy business that God has given to the children of man to be busy with. 14 I have seen everything that is done under the sun, and behold, all is vanity[ g ] and a striving after wind.[ h ] 15 What is crooked cannot be made straight,     and what is lacking cannot be counted. 16 I said in my heart, “I have acquired great wisdom, surpassing all who were over Jerusalem before me, and my heart has had great experience of wisdom and knowledge.” 17 And I applied my heart to know wisdom and to know madness and folly. I perceived that this also is but a striving after wind. 18 For in much wisdom is much vexation,     and he who increases knowledge increases sorrow. Footnotes: Ecclesiastes 1:1 Or Convener, or Collector; Hebrew Qoheleth (so throughout Ecclesiastes) Ecclesiastes 1:2 The Hebrew term hebel, translated vanity or vain, refers concretely to a “mist,” “vapor,” or “mere breath,” and metaphorically to something that is fleeting or elusive (with different nuances depending on the context). It appears five times in this verse and in 29 other verses in Ecclesiastes


"""Scandal"" was a film centring on the activities of which British prostitute?"

The call girls who sank a government | Far Flungers | Roger Ebert The call girls who sank a government by Omar Moore Tweet Michael Caton-Jones' 1989 film " Scandal " begins amidst an atmosphere of gaiety and innocence at the start of the 1960s. Bright, resplendent, sparkling visions burst before our eyes. Soon the tones will become darker. "Scandal" chronicles the multi-faceted sex scandal that erupted in the "you've never had it so good" British Tory prime minister Harold Macmillan's conservative government in 1963. On one side, John Profumo, Minister for War. On another, Russian spy and naval attaché Yevgeny "Eugene" Ivanov. On yet other sides, hustlers Lucky Gordon and Johnny Edgecombe. In the center circle: 18-year-old Christine Keeler and to a lesser extent 16-year-old Mandy Rice-Davies. The facilitator of this assortment of divergent figures was one Stephen Ward, an osteopath whose own notoriety steered them all toward an inescapable vortex. The charismatic Mr. Ward entered this populated stage as a grand, tragic, chain-smoking puppet master of sexual openness. "Scandal" takes its cue from Ward, the film's moral epicenter.         Smoking is continuous throughout the film, and not just for show. The smoke could be a metaphor marking the steamy, smoldering flame of sex and its burning embers, and the slowly-expiring pulse of an enormous political scandal that claimed one character and threatened to suffocate many others who desperately needed to escape for air. The film wears a duplicitous cloak: one sunny, the other brooding, reflecting the tensions between the buttoned-down aristocrats supposedly engaging in secret orgies and the volatile working-classes of 1960s London, just a decade before greater civil and racial unrest that was to come in the capital city. Indeed, "Scandal" more than hints at the racial animosity in England at that time, as more than a few whites, especially those from the working classes, strongly objected to the arrival of blacks in England from the Caribbean in the 1950s and '60s. Caton-Jones frames the times of this bawdy, sexy mix of politics and vice with newsreel-type film footage from England's early 1960s. The director shows the Swinging Sixties sweeping into the mansions and flats of high society members in England, a self-mocking country often considered a frigid landscape for sexual endeavors. The film's most telling piece of dialogue comes from Stephen Ward, portrayed by John Hurt : "The trouble with this world is that everybody's afraid to enjoy themselves or they're too ashamed to admit it." As if to underscore that sentiment, a character in deep denial declares that he "never laid a finger" on one of the key figures in "Scandal". An unmistakable scarlet-colored seven-letter title introduces the film. Then blue-tinted black and white slow-motion archival film of ordinary, conformist life in England unspools, not so much as cool nostalgia as memories before the undressing of innocence. Keeler says, "I'm 18. I want to go out dancing . . . I want to have some fun for a change." The Sixties around the globe would inevitably catch up with England, symbolized by the squeaky-clean quartet of mop-haired men from Liverpool who would slowly but surely give way to London's rambunctious rude boys of rock, the Rolling Stones. On the political front, the national security of the UK was potentially in danger of being compromised by the intimacies Keeler enjoyed with Profumo and Ivanov, whose Soviet Union just a year prior had been engaged in a blink-first-and-you'll-lose contest with the United States during the Cuban Missile Crisis. No evidence however, existed to show that any secrets were passed from Keeler to Ivanov. Interestingly enough, in 1963 as the Profumo scandal exploded the conservative British government, cinemas in England were showing the James Bond film "From Russia, With Love." And there are references to James Bond by Hurt's character Stephen Ward, who in fact had a friendship with several officials from the secret British intelligence agency MI5.     Overall, "Scandal" is a


"Whose life was the 1980 film ""Raging Bull"" about?"

Raging Bull (1980) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC An emotionally self-destructive boxer's journey through life, as the violence and temper that leads him to the top in the ring destroys his life outside it. Director: Jake LaMotta (based on the book by) (as Jake La Motta), Joseph Carter (with) | 3 more credits  » Stars: a list of 46 titles created 18 Oct 2011 a list of 33 titles created 04 Apr 2013 a list of 25 titles created 09 Nov 2013 a list of 45 titles created 11 Jun 2014 a list of 26 titles created 06 Sep 2014 Search for " Raging Bull " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won     2     Oscars. Another    22 wins & 24 nominations. See more awards  » Videos A mentally unstable Vietnam War veteran works as a night-time taxi driver in New York City where the perceived decadence and sleaze feeds his urge for violent action, attempting to save a preadolescent prostitute in the process. Director: Martin Scorsese Greed, deception, money, power, and murder occur between two best friends, a mafia underboss and a casino owner, for a trophy wife over a gambling empire. Director: Martin Scorsese Henry Hill and his friends work their way up through the mob hierarchy. Director: Martin Scorsese An in-depth examination of the ways in which the U.S. Vietnam War impacts and disrupts the lives of people in a small industrial town in Pennsylvania. Director: Michael Cimino A group of professional bank robbers start to feel the heat from police when they unknowingly leave a clue at their latest heist. Director: Michael Mann A former Prohibition-era Jewish gangster returns to the Lower East Side of Manhattan over thirty years later, where he once again must confront the ghosts and regrets of his old life. Director: Sergio Leone During the Vietnam War, Captain Willard is sent on a dangerous mission into Cambodia to assassinate a renegade colonel who has set himself up as a god among a local tribe. Director: Francis Ford Coppola In Miami in 1980, a determined Cuban immigrant takes over a drug cartel and succumbs to greed. Director: Brian De Palma A small-time hood struggles with a moral crisis regarding his friends, family, business, and his conflicting religious beliefs. Director: Martin Scorsese A criminal pleads insanity after getting into trouble again and once in the mental institution rebels against the oppressive nurse and rallies up the scared patients. Director: Milos Forman A pragmatic U.S. Marine observes the dehumanizing effects the Vietnam War has on his fellow recruits from their brutal boot camp training to the bloody street fighting in Hue. Director: Stanley Kubrick Rocky Balboa, a small-time boxer, gets a supremely rare chance to fight heavy-weight champion Apollo Creed in a bout in which he strives to go the distance for his self-respect. Director: John G. Avildsen Edit Storyline When Jake LaMotta steps into a boxing ring and obliterates his opponent, he's a prizefighter. But when he treats his family and friends the same way, he's a ticking time bomb, ready to go off at any moment. Though LaMotta wants his family's love, something always seems to come between them. Perhaps it's his violent bouts of paranoia and jealousy. This kind of rage helped make him a champ, but in real life, he winds up in the ring alone. Written by alfiehitchie 19 December 1980 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: The Raging Bull See more  » Filming Locations: $13,568        (USA) (28 January 2005) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia The cross that once hung over Martin Scorsese 's parents' bed can be seen hanging over Jake LaMotta and Vicki LaMotta 's bed. See more » Goofs Early on in the movie, Jake tells Joey to punch him. Joey does so, repeatedly, and leaves his ring on thereby c


In baseball, what is the name of the player who throws the ball to a batter of the opposing team?

Baseball Rules: 6.00 The Batter Support Baseball Rules: 6.00 The Batter All portions of this particular page and the pages of the Official Major League Rules Book are sole property of Major League Baseball and have been reproduced - without any alteration - by Baseball Almanac who first obtained the written permission of the Office of the Commissioner. IMPORTANT NOTES: Like our Knickerback Rules (1845) & Town Ball Rules (1858), this set of rules is an older historical version (1999). Please click the link in the header to download a current year baseball rule book courtesy of MLB.com. "The striker or batter stands in a four-foot-square space situated between the first and fourth stakes." - The Rules of the Massachusetts Game (Town Ball) from Dedham, May 13, 1858 Baseball Rules Baseball Rule Book | © 1999 MLB | MLB.com Downloadable 2012 Rule Book Baseball Rule Book: 6.00 The Batter 6.01 (a) Each player of the offensive team shall bat in the order that his name appears in his team's batting order. (b) The first batter in each inning after the first inning shall be the player whose name follows that of the last player who legally completed his time at bat in the preceding inning. 6.02 (a) The batter shall take his position in the batter's box promptly when it is his time at bat. (b) The batter shall not leave his position in the batter's box after the pitcher comes to Set Position, or starts his windup. PENALTY: If the pitcher pitches, the umpire shall call "Ball" or "Strike," as the case may be. The batter leaves the batter's box at the risk of having a strike delivered and called, unless he requests the umpire to call "Time." The batter is not at liberty to step in and out of the batter's box at will. Once a batter has taken his position in the batter's box, he shall not be permitted to step out of the batter's box in order to use the resin or the pine tar rag, unless there is a delay in the game action or, in the judgment of the umpires, weather conditions warrant an exception. Umpires will not call "Time" at the request of the batter or any member of his team once the pitcher has started his windup or has come to a set position even though the batter claims "dust in his eyes," "steamed glasses," "didn't get the sign" or for any other cause. Umpires may grant a hitter's request for "Time" once he is in the batter's box, but the umpire should eliminate hitters walking out of the batter's box without reason. If umpires are not lenient, batters will understand that they are in the batter's box and they must remain there until the ball is pitched. If pitcher delays once the batter is in his box and the umpire feels that the delay is not justified he may allow the batter to step out of the box momentarily. If after the pitcher starts his windup or comes to a "set position" with a runner on, he does not go through with his pitch because the batter has stepped out of the box, it shall not be called a balk. Both the pitcher and batter have violated a rule and the umpire shall call time and both the batter and pitcher start over from "scratch." (c) If the batter refuses to take his position in the batter's box during his time at bat, the umpire shall order the pitcher to pitch, and shall call "Strike" on each such pitch. The batter may take his proper position after any such pitch, and the regular ball and strike count shall continue, but if he does not take his proper position before three strikes are called, he shall be declared out. 6.03 The batter's legal position shall be with both feet within the batter's box. APPROVED RULING: The lines defining the box are within the batter's box. 6.04 A batter has legally completed his time at bat when he is put out or becomes a runner. 6.05 A batter is out when- (a) His fair or foul fly ball (other than a foul tip) is legally caught by a fielder; (b) A third strike is legally caught by the catcher; "Legally caught" means in the catcher's glove before the ball touches the ground. It is not legal if the ball lodges in his clothing or paraphernalia; or if it touches the umpire and is caught


Which country has the International Dialling prefix 44?

United Kingdom Country Code 44 Country Code GB About United Kingdom Hide CountryCode.org is your complete guide to make a call from anywhere in the world, to anywhere in the world. This page details United Kingdom phone code. The United Kingdom country code 44 will allow you to call United Kingdom from another country. United Kingdom telephone code 44 is dialed after the IDD. United Kingdom international dialing 44 is followed by an area code. The United Kingdom area code table below shows the various city codes for United Kingdom. United Kingdom country codes are followed by these area codes. With the complete United Kingdom dialing code, you can make your international call.


What was the name of the group formed in London in February 1944 to plan the invasion of Europe under General Dwight D Eisenhower?

Normandy Invasion | World War II | Britannica.com World War II Alternative Titles: COSSAC, D-Day, Operation Overlord Related Topics Anglo-American Chain of Command in Western Europe, June 1944 Normandy Invasion, also called Operation Overlord, during World War II , the Allied invasion of western Europe , which was launched on June 6, 1944 (the most celebrated D-Day of the war), with the simultaneous landing of U.S. , British, and Canadian forces on five separate beachheads in Normandy , France . By the end of August 1944 all of northern France was liberated, and the invading forces reorganized for the drive into Germany , where they would eventually meet with Soviet forces advancing from the east to bring an end to the Nazi Reich. On D-Day, June 6, 1944, an Allied force led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower launched the greatest … Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Overview of the Normandy Invasion. Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz Planning, 1941–43 Hitler’s Reich, east and west In midsummer 1943, a year before the Anglo-American invasion of Normandy that would lead to the liberation of western Europe, Adolf Hitler ’s Wehrmacht (“Armed Forces”) still occupied all the territory it had gained in the blitzkrieg campaigns of 1939–41 and most of its Russian conquests of 1941–42. It also retained its foothold on the coast of North Africa , acquired when it had gone to the aid of its Italian ally in 1941. The Russian counteroffensives at the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Kursk had pushed back the perimeter of Hitler’s Europe in the east. Yet he or his allies still controlled the whole of mainland Europe, except for neutral Spain , Portugal , Switzerland , and Sweden . The Nazi war economy, though overshadowed by the growing power of America’s, outmatched both that of Britain and that of the Soviet Union except in the key areas of tank and aircraft production. Without direct intervention by the western Allies on the Continent—an intervention that would centre on the commitment of a large American army—Hitler could count on prolonging his military dominance for years to come. Adolf Hitler reviewing troops on the Eastern Front, 1939. Heinrich Hoffmann, Munich D-Day, June 6, 1944 The decision to go May 1944 had been chosen at the conference in Washington in May 1943 as the time for the invasion. Difficulties in assembling landing craft forced a postponement until June, but June 5 was fixed as the unalterable date by Eisenhower on May 17. As the day approached and troops began to embark for the crossing, bad weather set in, threatening dangerous landing conditions. After tense debate, Eisenhower and his subordinates decided on a 24-hour delay, requiring the recall of some ships already at sea. Eventually, on the morning of June 5, Eisenhower, assured by chief meteorologist James Martin Stagg of a break in the weather, announced, “O.K. We’ll go.” Within hours an armada of 3,000 landing craft, 2,500 other ships, and 500 naval vessels—escorts and bombardment ships—began to leave English ports. That night 822 aircraft, carrying parachutists or towing gliders, roared overhead to the Normandy landing zones. They were a fraction of the air armada of 13,000 aircraft that would support D-Day. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The landings The airborne troops were the vanguard, and their landings were a heartening success. The American 82nd and 101st airborne divisions, dropping into a deliberately inundated zone at the base of the Cotentin Peninsula, suffered many casualties by drowning but nevertheless secured their objective. The British 6th Airborne Division seized its unflooded objectives at the eastern end more easily, and its special task force also captured key bridges over the Caen Canal and Orne River. When the seaborne units began to land about 6:30 am on June 6, the British and Canadians on Gold , Juno , and Sword beaches overcame light opposition. So did the Americans at Utah . The U.S. 1st Division at Omaha Beach , however, confronted the best of the German coast divisions, the 352nd, and was roughly handled by machine gun


The lesser rosary, a string of beads used by Roman Catholics as an aid to memory during devotional exercises, has 55 beads. How many beads are there in the greater rosary?

Official Church Writings on the Rosary - Our Lady's Rosary Makers International Official Church Writings on the Rosary Home / Learning / Official Church Writings on the Rosary Official Church Writings on the Rosary Below are official writings of The Church on the Holy Rosary and Our Lady. The full text of the these writings is supplied in English. Writings of The Popes are copyrighted by Libreria Editrice Vaticana . Encyclicals on the Rosary Supremi Apostolatus Officio – Sep 1883 Encyclical available from the Vatican website here . SUPREMI APOSTOLATUS OFFICIO ENCYCLICAL OF POPE LEO XIII ON DEVOTION OF THE ROSARY To all the Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops and Bishops of the Catholic World in the Grace and Communion of the Apostolic See. Venerable Brethren, Health and the Apostolic Benediction. The supreme Apostolic office which we discharge and the exceedingly difficult condition of these times, daily warn and almost compel Us to watch carefully over the integrity of the Church, the more that the calamities from which she suffers are greater. While, therefore, we endeavour in every way to preserve the rights of the Church and to obviate or repel present or contingent dangers, We constantly seek for help from Heaven – the sole means of effecting anything – that our labours and our care may obtain their wished for object. We deem that there could be no surer and more efficacious means to this end than by religion and piety to obtain the favour of the great Virgin Mary, the Mother of God, the guardian of our peace and the minister to us of heavenly grace, who is placed on the highest summit of power and glory in Heaven, in order that she may bestow the help of her patronage on men who through so many labours and dangers are striving to reach that eternal city. Now that the anniversary, therefore, of manifold and exceedingly great favours obtained by a Christian people through the devotion of the Rosary is at hand, We desire that that same devotion should be offered by the whole Catholic world with the greatest earnestness to the Blessed Virgin, that by her intercession her Divine Son may be appeased and softened in the evils which afflict us. And therefore We determined, Venerable Brethren, to despatch to you these letters in order that, informed of Our designs, your authority and zeal might excite the piety of your people to conform themselves to them. 2. It has always been the habit of Catholics in danger and in troublous times to fly for refuge to Mary, and to seek for peace in her maternal goodness; showing that the Catholic Church has always, and with justice, put all her hope and trust in the Mother of God. And truly the Immaculate Virgin, chosen to be the Mother of God and thereby associated with Him in the work of man’s salvation, has a favour and power with her Son greater than any human or angelic creature has ever obtained, or ever can gain. And, as it is her greatest pleasure to grant her help and comfort to those who seek her, it cannot be doubted that she would deign, and even be anxious, to receive the aspirations of the universal Church 3. This devotion, so great and so confident, to the august Queen of Heaven, has never shone forth with such brilliancy as when the militant Church of God has seemed to be endangered by the violence of heresy spread abroad, or by an intolerable moral corruption, or by the attacks of powerful enemies. Ancient and modern history and the more sacred annals of the Church bear witness to public and private supplications addressed to the Mother of God, to the help she has granted in return, and to the peace and tranquillity which she had obtained from God. Hence her illustrious titles of helper, consoler, mighty in war, victorious, and peace-giver. And amongst these is specially to be commemorated that familiar title derived from the Rosary by which the signal benefits she has gained for the whole of Christendom have been solemnly perpetuated. There is none among you, venerable brethren, who will not remember how great trouble and grief God’s Holy Church suffered from the Albigensi


What is the popular name for Sirius, which is 9 light years from Earth?

Sirius: Brightest Star in Earth's Night Sky Sirius: Brightest Star in Earth's Night Sky By Elizabeth Howell, Space.com Contributor | June 24, 2013 06:07pm ET MORE Follow the belt of Orion to find Sirius. Credit: Starry Night Software Sirius, also known as the Dog Star or Sirius A, is the brightest star in Earth's night sky. The name means "glowing" in Greek. With a visual magnitude of -1.46, the star is outshone only by several planets as well as the International Space Station. Because Sirius is so bright, it was well-known to the ancients. What came as a surprise to astronomers was the discovery of a companion star, Sirius B, in 1862. The companion is so much dimmer than Sirius — 10,000 times, in fact — that it wasn't until 2005 that astronomers were able to estimate its mass. Locating Sirius Sirius is highly visible in the Northern Hemisphere winter night sky because it has a high relative luminosity to other stars, and it's relatively close to Earth (8.6 light-years). If the star were placed next to Earth's sun, Sirius would outshine it more than 20 times over. To find Sirius, use the belt of Orion as a pointer. The three stars point downward toward Sirius to the left. To be more precise, the position of Sirius is:   Right Ascension: 06h 45m 08.9s Declination: -16 degrees 42 minutes 58 seconds Though they look serene and silent from our vantage on Earth, stars are actually roiling balls of violent plasma. Test your stellar smarts with this quiz. Photograph of Sirius A, the brightest star in our nighttime sky, along with its faint, tiny stellar companion, Sirius B. Credit: NASA, ESA, H. Bond (STScI), and M. Barstow (University of Leicester) Sirius in history Today, Sirius is nicknamed the "Dog Star" because it is part of the constellation Canis Major — Latin for "the greater dog." The expression "dog days" refers to the period from July 3 through Aug. 11 when Sirius rises in conjunction with the sun. The ancients felt that the combination of the sun during the day and the star at night was responsible for the extreme heat that is experienced during mid-summer. The star is present in ancient astronomical records of the Greeks, Polynesians and several other cultures. Perhaps most notably, the Egyptians based their calendar on when Sirius was first visible in the eastern sky, shortly before sunrise. They called it the "Nile Star" because it always returned just before the river rose, and so announced the coming of floodwaters, which would renourish their lands. In 1718, Edmond Halley — when studying Sirius and other stars — discovered that stars have "proper motion" relative to one another . Then in 1862, Alvan Graham Clark discovered Sirius had a faint companion, now known as Sirius B . Recent observations In 2005, astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope precisely measured the mass of Sirius B for the first time — a mass that is 98 percent that of the sun , NASA stated. The scientists used a spectrometer aboard the orbiting telescope to measure how its light is affected by gravity on the star. Previous attempts with ground-based observatories were foiled because Sirius itself is so bright, and along with the Earth's atmosphere spreading its light, it washed out its fainter companion (which is a white dwarf ). Astronomers have struggled to confirm a few older measurements of Sirius' system. One 1994 paper in Astronomy and Astrophysics suggested the binary system could actually have a third, tiny companion that rotates around Sirius every six years. Observations in 2008 with a European Southern Observatory 3.6 meter telescope, however, revealed nothing . Some have suggested that Sirius was much redder in the past, based on ancient accounts that described the star as red. Among them was Greek astronomy Claudius Ptolemy in A.D. 150. "There is no doubt about what Ptolemy means. He bluntly says "reddish, and other ancient sources corroborate him," wrote the University of Houston's R.C. Ceragioli in 1995. However, since the matter first received serious attention at the Royal Society in 1760, astronomers have been unable


Who is the New Zealand-born physicist whose discoveries include most of the great advances in physics between 1899 and 1930?

Physics - Cosmeo Physics Grades: K-12 Overall Rating: Physics, branch of natural science dealing with the fundamental constituents of the universe, the forces they exert on one another, and the results produced by these forces. Sometimes in modern physics a more sophisticated approach is taken that incorporates elements of the three areas listed above; it relates to the laws of symmetry and conservation, such as those pertaining to energy, momentum, charge, and parity. SCOPE OF PHYSICS Physics is closely related to the other natural sciences and, in a sense, encompasses them. Chemistry, for example, deals with the interaction of atoms to form molecules; much of modern geology is largely a study of the physics of the earth and is known as geophysics; and astronomy deals with the physics of the stars and outer space. Even living systems are made up of fundamental particles and, as studied in biophysics and biochemistry, they follow the same types of laws as the simpler particles traditionally studied by a physicist.   The emphasis on the interaction between particles in modern physics, known as the microscopic approach, must often be supplemented by a macroscopic approach that deals with larger elements or systems of particles. This macroscopic approach is indispensable to the application of physics to much of modern technology. Thermodynamics, for example, a branch of physics developed during the 19th century, deals with the elucidation and measurement of properties of a system as a whole and remains useful in other fields of physics; it also forms the basis of much of chemical and mechanical engineering. Such properties as the temperature, pressure, and volume of a gas have no meaning for an individual atom or molecule; these thermodynamic concepts can only be applied directly to a very large system of such particles. A bridge exists, however, between the microscopic and macroscopic approach; another branch of physics, known as statistical mechanics, indicates how pressure and temperature can be related to the motion of atoms and molecules on a statistical basis. Physics emerged as a separate science only in the early 19th century; until that time a physicist was often also a mathematician, philosopher, chemist, biologist, engineer, or even primarily a political leader or artist. Today the field has grown to such an extent that with few exceptions modern physicists have to limit their attention to one or two branches of the science. Once the fundamental aspects of a new field are discovered and understood, they become the domain of engineers and applied scientists and contribute to other basic sciences. The 19th-century discoveries in electricity and magnetism, for example, are now the province of electrical and communication engineers; the properties of matter discovered at the beginning of the 20th century have been applied in electronics; and the discoveries of nuclear physics have passed into the hands of nuclear engineers for applications to peaceful or military uses. EARLY HISTORY OF PHYSICS Although ideas about the physical world date from antiquity, physics did not emerge as a well-defined field of study until early in the 19th century. Antiquity The Babylonians, Egyptians, and early Mesoamericans observed the motions of the planets and succeeded in predicting eclipses, but they failed to find an underlying system governing planetary motion. Little was added by the Greek civilization, partly because the uncritical acceptance of the ideas of the major philosophers Plato and Aristotle discouraged experimentation. Some progress was made, however, notably in Alexandria, the scientific center of Greek civilization. There, the Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes designed various practical mechanical devices, such as levers and screws, and measured the density of solid bodies by submerging them in a liquid. Other important Greek scientists were the astronomer Aristarchus of Sámos, who measured the ratio of the distances from the earth to the sun and the moon; the mathematician, astronomer, and geographer Eratost


What is the name of the Temple built to Pallas Athene around 480 BC, from which marble friezes and statues were removed by Lord Elgin in 1812?

1000+ images about pallas on Pinterest | Athena goddess, Wisdom and Owl Forward Acropolis, Athens Annual Visitors: 2 million The Acropolis refers to the cliff-like hill used as a citadel above Athens, and its most powerful monument is the hilltop Parthenon, a seemingly intact temple to the goddess Athena that’s the symbol of both Classical Greece and the origins of democracy. Built in the fifth century B.C., the Parthenon has lost many of its friezes and marble sculptures to plundering for European museums—with sporadic negotiations to try to get them back. Source… See More


"Which 17th century philosopher, mathematician, scientist, and writer has been called the ""Father of Modern Philosophy,"" through his books ""Passions of the Soul"", ""Principles of Philosophy"", ""Discourse on the Method"", and ""Meditations on First Philosophy""?"

René Descartes (Author of Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy) Philosophy , Science Influences edit data René Descartes, also known as Renatus Cartesius (Latinized form), was a highly influential French philosopher, mathematician, scientist, and writer. He has been dubbed the "Father of Modern Philosophy," and much of subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which continue to be studied closely. His influence in mathematics is also apparent, the Cartesian coordinate system that is used in plane geometry and algebra being named for him, and he was one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution. Descartes frequently sets his views apart from those of his predecessors. In the opening section of the Passions of the Soul, a treatise on the Early Modern version of what are now commonly called emotions, he goes so far as to as René Descartes, also known as Renatus Cartesius (Latinized form), was a highly influential French philosopher, mathematician, scientist, and writer. He has been dubbed the "Father of Modern Philosophy," and much of subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which continue to be studied closely. His influence in mathematics is also apparent, the Cartesian coordinate system that is used in plane geometry and algebra being named for him, and he was one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution. Descartes frequently sets his views apart from those of his predecessors. In the opening section of the Passions of the Soul, a treatise on the Early Modern version of what are now commonly called emotions, he goes so far as to assert that he will write on his topic "as if no one had written on these matters before". Many elements of his philosophy have precedents in late Aristotelianism, the revived Stoicism of the 16th century, or in earlier philosophers like St. Augustine. In his natural philosophy, he differs from the Schools on two major points: First, he rejects the analysis of corporeal substance into matter and form; second, he rejects any appeal to ends — divine or natural — in explaining natural phenomena. In his theology, he insists on the absolute freedom of God’s act of creation. Descartes was a major figure in 17th century continental rationalism, later advocated by Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Leibniz, and opposed by the empiricist school of thought consisting of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. Leibniz, Spinoza and Descartes were all versed in mathematics as well as philosophy, and Descartes and Leibniz contributed greatly to science as well. As the inventor of the Cartesian coordinate system, Descartes founded analytic geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry, crucial to the invention of calculus and analysis. Descartes' reflections on mind and mechanism began the strain of Western thought that much later, impelled by the invention of the electronic computer and by the possibility of machine intelligence, blossomed into the Turing test and related thought. His most famous statement is: Cogito ergo sum (French: Je pense, donc je suis; English: I think, therefore I am), found in §7 of part I of Principles of Philosophy (Latin) and in part IV of Discourse on the Method (French). ...more


Who beat Roger Federer in the men's Wimbledon final in 2008?

2008 Wimbledon Men's Singles Final: Rafael Nadal vs Roger Federer - YouTube 2008 Wimbledon Men's Singles Final: Rafael Nadal vs Roger Federer Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jun 7, 2013 Do you think this is the best Wimbledon match of all time? To win the elusive Wimbledon title he craved, Rafael Nadal would need to beat five-time Wimbledon champion, Roger Federer, who had defeated the Spaniard in the previous two finals at The Championships. Described by many pundits, media and fans alike as the greatest match ever, the historic final ended in near darkness at 9.15pm, following rain delays. Visit Wimbledon on YouTube every Friday to watch more action from a classic match in our new YouTube series 'Wimbledon's Rolex Golden Moments'. SUBSCRIBE to The Wimbledon YouTube Channel: http://www.youtube.com/wimbledon LIKE Wimbledon on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Wimbledon FOLLOW Wimbledon on Twitter: https://twitter.com/Wimbledon


"Who had a hit in 2009 singing ""Womanizer woman-womanizer youre a womanizer oh womanizer oh youre a womanizer baby you you you are you you you are womanizer womanizer womanizer""?"

Me singing WomaniZer - SpanGlish verSion - YouTube Me singing WomaniZer - SpanGlish verSion Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on May 13, 2009 Me Singing my own verSion of the Britney's Hit Womanizer... i record that in my home's studio. i've made the backgroud volCals and All..I Hope that it like U, if u don't like u can commenT but, please don't insult, i wiil upload more videos soon but i'm recording my own cD in Los Angeles with ReD oNe... whish will publiched on 2010 in USA Latin America and Spain. Comment and Subscribe! Yo cantando mi verSion del super-eXito de Brieny - WomaniZer, espero que les guste, si nos les gusTa no imporTa comenten igual, siempre que respeTen, se aceptan Criticas (constructivas). Espero subir pronto mas canciones y puede que alGuna propia, pero estoy algo ocupado con la grabacion de mi cD, producido por ReD oNe que sale el año entrante Para esTados unidoS America laTina y España espero que les gusTe... Comenten y suscribanse Superstar


The theatres for which war included Odessa, Yevpatoriya, Sevastopol, Balaklava, Inkerman, and Kinburn?

Crimean War - Encyclopedia Britannica CRIMEAN WAR Eleventh Edition, Vol VII, 1910 by Charles Francis Atkinson (See also our entries on the Battles of Alama , Inkerman and Balaklava and on Sevastopol. ) The war of 1853-56, usually known by this name, arose from causes the discussion of which will be found under - the heading Turkey: History. When Turkey, after a period of irregular fighting, declared war on Russia in October 1854, Great Britain and France (subsequently assisted by Sardinia) intervened in the quarrel. At first this intervention was represented merely by the presence of an allied squadron in the Bosporus, but the storm of indignation aroused in Great Britain and France by the destruction of the Turkish fleet at Sinope (30th November) soon impelled these powers to more active measures. On the 27th of January 1854 they declared war on the tsar, and prepared to carry their armaments to the Danube. In this, the main, theatre of war, the Turks had hitherto proved quite capable of holding their own. The Russian commander, Prince Michael Gorchakov, had crossed the Pruth with two corps early in July 1853, and had overrun Moldavia and Wallachia without difficulty. Omar Pasha, however, disposing of superior forces, was able to cheek any further advance. During October, November and December the Turks won a succession of actions, of which that at Oltenitza Nov. 4th) may be particularly mentioned, and a little later Gorchakov found himself compelled to fight at Cetatea (Tchetati) before reinforcements could come up. The defeat he sustained was for the time being decisive (6th Jan. 1854). Three months later, the Russians, now under command of the veteran Prince Paskievich, took the offensive in great force. Crossing the Danube near its mouth at Galatz and Braila, they advanced through the Dobrudja and closed upon the fortress of Silistria, which offered a strong and steady resistance, with an effect all the greater as the Turks from the side of Shumla, now supported by the leading British and French brigades at Varna, prevented a close investment. The Turks, however, avoided a decisive encounter, and the stormers stood ready in the trenches before Silistria, when the siege was suddenly raised. The decision had passed into other hands. The tsar had learned that the Austrian army of observation in Transylvania, 50,000 strong under Feldzeugmeister Hess, was about to enforce the wishes of the "Four Powers." The Russian offensive was at an end, the army hastily fell back, and on the 2nd of August 1854 the last man recrossed the Pruth. The principalities were at once occupied by Hess. The Invasion of the Crimea. The primary object of the war had thus easily been obtained. But Great Britain and France were by no means content with a triumph that left untouched the vast resources of an enemy who was certain to employ them at the next opportunity. The two nations felt that Sevastopol, the home of the Black Sea fleet, the port whence Admiral Nachimov had sailed for Sinope, must be crippled for some years at least, and as early as June 29th Lord Raglan and Marshal Saint Arnaud, the allied commanders of England and France had received instructions to "concert measures for the siege of Sevastopol." Dynastic considerations reinforced the arguments of policy and popular opinion in the case of, France, in Great Britain soldier and civilian alike saw the menace of a Russian Mediterranean fleet in the unfinished forts and busy dockyards. The popular strategy for once coincided with the views of the responsible leaders. Yet there is no sign that either the commanders on the spot or their governments realized the magnitude of the undertaking. Few but the most urgently necessary preparations were made, and cholera, breaking out virulently amongst the French at this time, reduced the army at Varna, and even the fleet at sea, to impotence. The troops were so weakened that, even in September, the five-mile march from camp to transport exhausted most of the men. Heavy weather still further delayed the start, and it was not until the 7th of Sept


Daniel Radcliffe is best known for playing which film role?

Daniel Radcliffe Movies List: Best to Worst The Best Daniel Radcliffe Movies 4k votes 714 voters 42k views 17 items tags f t p @ List Criteria: Vote for your favorite movies, regardless of critic reviews or how big the role was. List of the best Daniel Radcliffe movies, ranked best to worst with movie trailers when available. Daniel Radcliffe may be best known for playing Harry Potter , but his filmography is full of dark and interesting movies. Daniel Radcliffe's highest grossing movies have received a lot of accolades over the years, earning millions upon millions around the world. The order of these top Daniel Radcliffe movies is decided by how many votes they receive, so only highly rated Daniel Radcliffe movies will be at the top of the list. Daniel Radcliffe has been in a lot of films, so people often debate each other over what the greatest Daniel Radcliffe movie of all time is. If you and a friend are arguing about this then use this list of the most entertaining Daniel Radcliffe films to end the squabble once and for all. If you think the best Daniel Radcliffe role isn't at the top, then upvote it so it has the chance to become number one. The greatest Daniel Radcliffe performances didn't necessarily come from the best movies, but in most cases they go hand in hand. List ranges from Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban to The Woman in Black, plus much more. "This list answers the questions, "What are the best Daniel Radcliffe movies?" and "What are the greatest Daniel Radcliffe roles of all time?" If you are a fan of Radcliffe's wizardly ways, you might also enjoy our list of best Emma Watson movies and best Robert Pattinson movies. Movie fans who love Daniel Radcliffe have also been known to enjoy films starring Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Ryan Gosling . 2 See list ranked by Z G Options B Comments & Embed 2rerank list 1


Under what name did Helen Porter Mitchell perform opera?

This Week in History: Nellie Melba, the renowned Australian opera singer, was born in 1861 – World Book INK worldbookblog Leave a comment Credit: Library of Congress Young Nellie Mitchell was a prankster. When a Scottish minister visited her home in Australia, her parents asked her to play a hymn for him on the piano. Instead, Nellie played a sea shanty (sailors’ song) called “Can’t You Dance the Polka?” Helen Porter Mitchell, nicknamed “Nellie” by her family, often got into trouble during her childhood, avoiding the cold showers at her boarding school by standing under an umbrella and waking her family with a nighttime rendition of Beethoven’s “Moonlight Sonata” on the piano. She was not just a frivolous girl, however, but a natural musician who learned to sing and to play musical instruments with ease. One day her talent, study, and hard work would make her one of the most famous Australians of the early 1900’s—a great operatic soprano who performed on stages throughout the world. Nellie was born on May 19, 1861, in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond. She was performing in local concerts by the age of 6, singing or playing the piano, or sometimes both. She hoped to have a musical career, expecting to play the piano professionally. Gradually she came to realize that her best chance for success lay in her voice. In December 1882, Nellie married an Australian man from a prominent Irish family, Charles Armstrong. His skill at boxing had earned him the nickname Kangaroo Charlie. Charlie and Nellie quarreled often during their marriage, and she stated later that he had physically abused her. Nellie gave birth to a son late in 1883, but she was determined to have a career rather than to be simply a housewife and mother. When her father traveled to London in 1886, Nellie, her husband, and their son accompanied him. She took this opportunity to travel to Paris as well, hoping to study singing there with a famous French teacher. The teacher immediately recognized her talent and accepted her as a student. She and her teacher chose “Nellie Melba” as her stage name, taking the name “Melba” from the city of Melbourne. They thought such a name would be easy for European audiences to remember. Though Melba had been singing professionally since 1884 in Australia, giving recitals and concerts, she made her operatic debut in Europe in 1887. Her first operatic performance took place in Brussels, Belgium, where she sang the leading soprano role of Gilda in Giuseppe Verdi’s opera Rigoletto. Her performance was a great success. Melba’s voice throughout her career was noted for its even quality over a range of almost three octaves and for its pure, crystal-like sound. Melba performed at the famous opera houses of Covent Garden in London and La Scala in Milan. She sang in Paris; Stockholm; St. Petersburg, Russia; and Vienna, becoming acquainted with aristocrats, royalty, and such famous composers as Charles Gounod. Though Melba sometimes suffered from stage fright, she reveled in her acclaimed performances, stating, “It is applause I live for. Despite Melba’s professional success and friendships with the powerful, her marriage was unhappy, and she and her husband spent much of their time living apart. In 1891 she began a romantic relationship with Philippe, Duke of Orléans. Upon hearing of the affair, Melba’s husband petitioned for divorce, and he later took their son with him to the United States. Melba did not see her son again for 11 years. Melba made her operatic debut in the United States in 1893. In 1902 she returned to Australia to perform throughout that nation and in New Zealand. Melba was interested enough in the new technologies of the day to record her voice for the gramophone in the early 1900’s. Although she said the recordings sounded like “scratching and screeching” and supposedly wanted them destroyed, at least some of her recordings survived and are available today. During World War I (1914-1918), Melba toured the United States and helped raise funds for war charities. King George V made her a Dame Commander of the Order of the


What is the name for the inherent property of matter to retain its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by external forces?

Inertia | Define Inertia at Dictionary.com inertia [in-ur-shuh, ih-nur-] /ɪnˈɜr ʃə, ɪˈnɜr-/ Spell inertness, especially with regard to effort, motion, action, and the like; inactivity; sluggishness. 2. Physics. the property of matter by which it retains its state of rest or its velocity along a straight line so long as it is not acted upon by an external force. an analogous property of a force: electric inertia. 3. Medicine/Medical. lack of activity, especially as applied to a uterus during childbirth when its contractions have decreased or stopped. Origin of inertia 1705-15; < Latin: lack of skill, slothfulness. See inert , -ia Related forms Examples from the Web for inertia Expand Contemporary Examples “inertia sometimes keeps us from breaking free and what we know in our minds that we should do,” Gilligan said. Child and Country Will Levington Comfort Bismarck himself was then struggling to begin a career against the inertia of the German system. British Dictionary definitions for inertia Expand the state of being inert; disinclination to move or act 2. (physics) the tendency of a body to preserve its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force an analogous property of other physical quantities that resist change: thermal inertia Derived Forms Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for inertia Expand n. 1713, introduced as a term in physics 17c. by German astronomer and physician Johann Kepler (1571-1630), from Latin inertia "unskillfulness, idleness," from iners (genitive inertis) "unskilled, inactive;" see inert . Used in Modern Latin by Newton (1687). Sense of "apathy" first recorded 1822. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper


In 2005, which championship had rounds in England, USA, France, Belgium, Turkey, Monaco, Germany, Bahrain, Australia, Malaysia, Italy, Spain, Canada, Hungary, Brazil, Japan and China?

Formula one: British grand prix moved by World Cup | Sport | The Guardian British grand prix moved by World Cup Thursday 27 October 2005 07.03 EDT First published on Thursday 27 October 2005 07.03 EDT Share on Messenger Close The British grand prix next season has been brought forward a month and will be staged on June 11, the opening Sunday of the 2006 World Cup in Germany. It was decided to move the event at Silverstone to avoid a clash with television coverage of the tournament. Richard Phillips, the managing director of Silverstone Circuits Limited, and his team had already anticipated a possible move and had started preparing for the 2006 British race accordingly. "Next year's football World Cup in Germany has always been at the back of our minds during the planning process for the 2006 British grand prix," he said. "We were hoping to keep our traditional date in July, but we are also realistic. Time differences and TV schedules around the World Cup were always going to be taken into consideration, so we're not entirely surprised that a number of circuits have had to change dates." In shifting the Silverstone fixture, the FIA has had to move other races, with the Canadian and US grands prix now taking place on June 25 and July 2 instead of running on consecutive weekends at the beginning of June Phillips added: "We are coming off the back of an extremely exciting formula one season and tickets for next year's British grand prix have been selling extremely well. We are confident that, even with the date moving forward to June 11, the event will sell out for a third successive year." The first race of the season will take place in Bahrain on March 12 followed a week later by the Malaysian grand prix. The Australian grand prix, the season opener since it moved to Melbourne in 1996, becomes the third round of the world championship chase in order to accommodate the Commonwealth Games in that city. Martin Whitaker, general manager of the circuit in Bahrain, says it is an honour for them to host the curtain-raiser. "This is a fantastic opportunity for us to demonstrate quite how far the circuit has progressed and developed since our first grand prix back in 2004. We are confident the buzz that is already growing for the race will make this the most successful to date." The 2006 championship will again include 19 rounds, matching this year's campaign as the longest since the inception of the official world championship in 1950, and will include no fewer than six pairs of back-to-back fixtures on consecutive weekends. 2006 race calendar March 12 Bahrain; March 19 Malaysia; April 2 Australia; April 23 San Marino; May 7 European; May 14 Spain; May 28 Monaco; June 11 Britain; June 25 Canada; July 2 USA; July 16 France; July 30 Germany; August 6 Hungary; August 27 Turkey; September 10 Italy; September 17 Belgium; October 1 Japan; October 8 China; October 22 Brazil.


Who was the Teutonic legendary hero who slew Fafnir the dragon?

Fafnir | Norse mythology | Britannica.com Norse mythology Re Fafnir, in Nordic mythology, name of the great dragon slain by Sigurd, the Norse version of the German hero Siegfried . As told in the Völsunga saga (“Saga of the Volsungs”), Fafnir slew his father, Hreithmar, to obtain the vast amount of gold which Hreithmar had demanded of Odin as a compensation for the loss of one of his sons. Odin gave the gold but put a curse on it. Full of greed, Fafnir changed into a dragon to guard his treasure and was later slain by the young hero Sigurd. Sigurd was spurred on by another brother of Fafnir, the blacksmith Regin. Once Sigurd, under the advice of Odin, had killed Fafnir, Regin asked him to cook the dragon’s heart for him. Sigurd touched the heart as it was cooking to test if it was done and burned his thumb. He put his thumb into his mouth and was then able to understand the language of birds. (In this tale, knowledge is given to one who eats the heart of a dragon.) The birds told Sigurd that it was Regin’s intention to kill him, so instead Sigurd killed Regin and left with Fafnir’s treasure. Learn More in these related articles:


In Great Britain, painted strips on the road to show where pedestrians should cross is named after which animal?

bikeped Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety in England, Germany, and The Netherlands October 1994 Notice The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Department of Transportation. The metric units reported are those used in common practice by the persons interviewed. They have not been converted to pure SI units since, in some cases, the level of precision implied would have been changed. The United States equivalents to the foreign currency amounts appearing in this report are based on the rates of exchange in effect during the time of the study tour. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers' names appear herein only because they are considered essential to the objective of this document. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. FHWA International Technology Scanning Program Study Tour Summary Report on FHWA Study Tour for Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety in England, Germany, and The Netherlands Prepared by the study tour team Charles V. Zegeer 1. Zebra crossing with belisha beacons in London . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 2. Pedestrian pushbutton hardware in Great Britain gives feedback regarding when to cross . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3. Pedestrian green man (WALK) and red man (DON'T WALK) signal displays . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4. Toucan crossings in Great Britain provide separate pedestrian and bicyclist signals where trails cross roadways . . . . . . . . . . . 28 5. Pedestrian pavement messages and refuge islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 6. Pedestrian barriers (separators) are used extensively in London to channel pedestrians to preferred crossing locations . . . . . . . . . . . 31 7. Pedestrian crossing prohibition at midblock crossing in London . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 8. This new pedestrian and bicycle bridge spans railway lines in Cambridge, England . . . . . . . . . . . 32 9. Tactile warning strips on sidewalk curb ramps guide visually impaired pedestrians to a formal street crossing . . . . . . . . . . . 33 10. Pedestrian work zone barricades on sidewalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 11. Pedestrian mall in York, England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 12. Time-restricted pedestrian mall in Cambridge, England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 13. Narrow bicycle lane in Cambridge, England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 14. Contraflow bicycle lane in Cambridge, England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 15. Bicycle trail on an abandoned railroad right-of-way south of York, England . . . . . . . . . . . 37 16. Entrance to bicycle trail is designed to restrict entry by motor vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 17. Networks of 20-mph zones in British neighborhoods often include signs, street narrowing, speed humps, or other measures. The combination of multiple measures on a neighborhoodwide basis is most effective. . . . . . . . . . . . 39 18. Speed humps slow traffic speeds on residential street in York, England . . . . . . . . . . . 39 19. Diagonal motor vehicle diverter at a residential intersection in York, England . . . . . . . . . . . 40 20. Temporary barriers used to block a street to motorized vehicles in London . . . . . . . . . . . 40 21. "Speed cushions" in use in a residential street in the English city of York . . . . . . . . . . . 41 22. This pedestrian crossing at the Amsterdam airport includes zebra pavement stripes and pedestrian signing . . . . . . . . . . . 44 23. Pushbutton at Amsterdam pedestrian crossing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 24. Most Dutch bicycles are not fancy, but they provide basic transportation for thei


"Who was the proprietor of ""New York World"" who made a bequest to award 12 prizes annually to American authors and composers?"

The Arts and Culture | Major Achievements of American Philanthropy | The Philanthropy Roundtable Major Achievements of American Philanthropy (1805 to present) Arts & Culture Despite its comparatively short history, the United States has become one of the most artistically and culturally rich societies in the world. It is largely private philanthropy that has done this. And unlike in some other nations, it continues to be philanthropy and audience support (rather than state funding) that creates and sustains most artistic activity today. Consider symphony orchestras. Fully half of their income today comes from donations (33 percent from annual gifts, 16 percent from revenue off of endowments given previously). Paid concert revenue comes to 42 percent of their total income. Only 6 percent of symphony funds come from local, state, or federal governments. The story is about the same for other creative fields. Nonprofit arts institutions in the U.S. as a whole currently get 45 percent of their budgets from donors. Eliminate philanthropy and our lives immediately become duller, flatter, darker, more silent. Arrayed by year below you will find examples of some of philanthropy’s significant contributions to our national artistic life, museums, musical performance and creation, architecture, historical preservation, arts education, the book arts and libraries, living history, poetry, TV and film, dance and theater, and more. — Section research provided by Karl Zinsmeister, Brian Brown, and Jarom McDonald 2015 Art of Native America to Indiana The Eiteljorg Museum was founded in 1989 by Indianapolis philanthropist and businessman Harrison Eiteljorg, and has quickly grown into one of the country’s top repositories of high-quality Native American art and artifacts and Western paintings and sculpture. A 2002 gift by the family of George Gund added a new gallery stocked with 57 pieces of traditional Western art including paintings and bronzes by Frederic Remington and Charles Russell. In 2015, the museum received as a bequest from Bud Adams—former NFL team owner and one of the country’s highest profile businessmen of Native American heritage—a collection of more than 300 Indian cultural artifacts like beadwork, weavings, and pottery, plus almost 100 prominent paintings of the West by Remington, Thomas Moran, Albert Bierstadt, Charles Russell, N. C. Wyeth, and others. The gift solidified the museum’s position as one of the great collections of art from and about the early American West. Indianapolis Star reporting, indystar.com/story/life/2015/09/17/tennesee-titans-owner-donated-historic-art-collection-eiteljorg-museum/72360178 Printable or e-mailable page 2015 A Nonpareil Book Collection William Scheide made a gusher of money in Western Pennsylvania’s early oil industry. After he retired he pursued a passionate interest in book collecting. At his death, his son continued to build the collection, as did his grandson. The family eye was good, and the library came to include copies of each of the first six printed editions of the Bible (starting with the 1455 Gutenberg); many early Shakespeare folios; autographed scores and musical sketchbooks by Beethoven, Mozart, Schubert, and Wagner; original letters and speeches from Lincoln, Grant, and others during the Civil War; a manuscript of the Magna Carta; even Emily Dickinson’s recipe for chocolate pudding (and you thought she was an ascetic!). With the passing of the third generation of bookish Scheides, the library became the property of Princeton University, on whose campus the family even replicated the original Titusville room where the books were housed. Princeton president Christopher Eisgruber described the gift as “one of the greatest collections of rare books and manuscripts in the world today.” The monetary value of the donation was placed at $300 million, the largest gift in Princeton’s history. Philadelphia Inquirer report, articles.philly.com/2015-02-18/news/59236788_1_collection-firestone-library-princeton-university Printable or e-mailable page 2015 Stringing Houston’s Art Pea


"What 1966 Broadway musical was based on Fellini's film ""Nights of Cabiria""?"

Nights of Cabiria | The Loft Cinema Nights of Cabiria Showtimes Nights of Cabiria, referred to by Pauline Kael as “perhaps Fellini’s finest film,” tells the haunting tale of a naïve prostitute named Cabiria who endures life’s tragedies with a heartbreaking, almost Chaplin-esque innocence and resilience. Following her triumphant turn in La Strada, Giulietta Masina once again brought a magical Fellini creation to thrilling life as the downtrodden, but ever optimistic, streetwalker Maria ‘Cabiria’ Ceccarelli, searching for love in the seediest sections of Rome, but finding only heartache, courtesy of a succession of selfish men. A transitional film in the Fellini canon, bridging the neorealist grit of his earliest films with the visual abandon of his La Dolce Vita-era films, Nights of Cabiria also amply displayed the director’s fascination with the seamier side of Roman nightlife, as he based the character of Cabiria in part on a real prostitute whom he had met while filming Il Bido. Later to serve as inspiration for the hit 1966 Broadway musical Sweet Charity and the 1969 film version starring Shirley MacLaine, Nights of Cabiria not only scored Giulietta Masina a Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival, it also won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. (Dir. Federico Fellini, 1957, Italy, in Italian with subtitles, 110 mins., Not Rated) Digital Share


What Indian word was used by the Portuguese for army servants and became applied by British to Asiatic seamen?

P&O Indian and Pakistani Crews The Purser's department, ss Iberia 1963. Photo: Diana Borcherds (nee French) Kalasi securing the port gangway, ss Arcadia. Photo: Michael Ian Byard First Class Seaman reporting for duty - ss Surat 1968 Forecastle stations: Second Officer, 6 Kalasis, Serang, Bosun and Carpenter on the windlass. P&O first positioned a ship east of Suez in 1842 and established a base in Calcutta. From there a service was started to take passengers and freight to Suez, and then overland to Alexandria and on to UK. The shipï¿½s British Officers and Crew were required to be relieved every two years and it was quickly realised that although the cost of sending out Officers from UK could not be avoided, it made sense to replace the outgoing British ratings with locally engaged, far less expensive, Indian crews. Various manning arrangements were tried, but it was not until after 1853 when a P&O office was established in Bombay, that a manning structure emerged which was to remain in place for more than a hundred years. Asian Crew and European Officers of a late nineteenth century P&O vessel. Memorial University Maritime History Archive [MHA] Lascar crew members, ss Ballarat, 1890. Image reproduced by courtesy of State Library of South Australia. Lascars, splicing and seizing mooring ropes, Royal Albert Docks, London 1950s Note: The term ï¿½Lascarï¿½ is not in use today, but as a period term it identified men who were engaged at ports in India under the special terms of a running Agreement. The Lascar Agreement replaced the standard British Board of Trade foreign-going Agreement for seafarers of Indian, African and Middle-Eastern origin. The Indian ï¿½Lascar Actï¿½ of 1832 was repealed only in 1963, having outlasted the time that Lascar was used as a term in British labour legislation. In 1940, in the period of decolonization, Labour minister Ernest Bevin protested the term with passion and ï¿½would not allow them to be called Lascars any more. They are Indian seamen, and when you get rid of the term Lascar, you will rid of the conception that they are cheap human fodder.ï¿½ It was 1953, however, before sensitivities to the differentiation of ï¿½Indian seamenï¿½ by race prevailed and they became ï¿½Seaman Class I and Class IIï¿½. Today India is second only to the Philippines in the numbers of seafarers it supplies to the worldï¿½s merchant shipping. A trade union organization, the International Transport Workersï¿½ Federation, is perhaps the most effective institution operating globally in an industry which still exploits racial difference. Deck and Engine Room Ratings Serang and Khallasis ss Viceroy Of India, 1929 The Deck Ratings were Hindu or Moslem and were recruited from the various fishing communities in India. They were always referred to as the Khallasis, a colloquial term which is still used in India today to describe unskilled labour.The Engine Ratings were Pathan Hill Farmers from the north of what is today Pakistan, mainly from Swat. This is an immense distance from Bombay and quite why they were first employed is not known, but it is assumed that it was because of their physical toughness and ability to work in the harsh environment of the Engine Room. They were colloquially referred to as the Agwallahs, or Firemen. ss Himalaya's Deck Department Serang - 1968 Both the Deck and Engine Crews were headed by a Serang, who was charged with recruiting his own crew usually from his own village, and at the end of his time on board he received a bonus depending on how many of his crew had not deserted in the interim.  This arrangement only came to an end in 1958. The Boiler Room & Stokehold , c1890 Painting the ship's side ss Himalaya 1968 The last traditional Indian Deck and Pakistani Engine Crews were discharged from Canberra in 1986, when they were replaced by a Pakistani General Purpose Crew. Today, the P&O Cruise Ships still have Pakistani Crew, who are the descendents of the Agwallahs, but are employed as Deck Seamen. Catering Ratings For the Catering Rat


The revolver, with a single barrel and a number of chambers for cartridges fired by a one-lock mechanism, was patented in 1835 by whom?

Gun History - American Firearms Institute Gun History Important Dates in the History of Firearms   Important Dates in Gun History Compiled and Researched by the American Firearms Institute Event Year During the Han Dynasty, a man named Wei Boyang was the first to write anything about gunpowder. He wrote about a mixture of three powders that would “fly and dance” violently. 142 Chin dynasty scientist named Ge Hong wrote down the ingredients of gunpowder and described the explosion. 300 The first reference to gunpowder is probably a passage in the Zhenyuan miaodao yaolüe, a Taoist text tentatively dated to the mid-800s 850 The prevailing academic consensus is that gunpowder was discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality even though the Chinese were manufacturing firearms using bamboo tubes and stones as projectiles in 904 900 Earliest known representation of a gun (a fire lance), Dunhuang 1000 Earliest known written formula for gunpowder from the Chinese Wujing Zongyao 1044 As early as the 11th century, the government of the Song Dynasty was concerned that foreign enemies might break its monopoly on gunpowder technology. 1100 Gunpowder goes west with Chinese traveling in Mongol Empire 1200 The first record of the use of gunpowder in Europe is a statement by Bishop Albertus Magnus in 1280 that it was used at the Siege of Seville. 1247 Roger Bacon gives an account of gunpowder in his Opus Majus. [Between 1257 and 1265, Bacon wrote a book of chemistry called Opus Majus which contained a recipe for gunpowder] 1267 The invention of cannon preceded by a century that of small-arms, and it was by a gradual reduction in the size of the former that the latter were produced. There is speculation about earlier use of cannon but there is evidence of their use at the battle of Cressey, in 1346 1346 Traditional date for the German monk Berthold Schwartz to “invent” gunpowder. 1354 The earliest picture of a gun is in a manuscript dated showing a pear-shaped cannon firing an arrow. “De Nobilitatibus Sapientii Et Prudentiis Regum” Walter de Milemete, 1326. 1326 When were the first guns made? References to gunnis cum telar (guns with handles) were recorded in 1350 First recorded use of a firearm. 1364 Hand guns were known in Italy in 1397, and in England they were used 1375 Gunpowder arrived in India by the mid-1300s 1350 Hand Gonne – firearm [The earliest ‘hand gonne’ was developed in the fifteenth century, but was not a great influence in battle. It was a small cannon with a touch-hole for ignition. It was unsteady, required that the user prop it on a stand, brace it with one hand against his chest and use his other hand to touch a lighted match to the touch-hole. It had an effective range of only about thirty to forty yards.] 1400 The first mechanical device for firing the handgun made its appearance Records show armor being penetrated by bullets and the handgun becoming a weapon capable of rudimentary precision 1424 Matchlock (“arquebus”) introduced. Uses a “serpentine” to arc taper into the flash pan loaded with a finer grade of gun powder. Guns were fired by holding a burning wick to a “touch hole” in the barrel igniting the powder inside. [The Matchlock was a welcome improvement in the mid-fifteenth century and remained in use even into the early 1700s, when it was much cheaper to mass produce than the better classes of firearms with more sophisticated ignition systems. The Matchlock secured a lighted wick in a moveable arm which, when the trigger was depressed, was brought down against the flash pan to ignite the powder] 1425 Invention of the arquebus or bow-gun. A spring let loose by a trigger threw the match, which was fastened to it, forward into the pan which contained the priming powder. It was from this spring that the gun took its name. [The arquebus (sometimes spelled harquebus, harkbus or hackbut; from Dutch haakbus, meaning “hook gun”) was a primitive firearm used in the 15th to 17th centuries. Like its successor, the musket, it was a smoothbore firearm, although somewhat smal


A cornea is found in what part of the body?

New Body Part! Layer in Human Eye Discovered New Body Part! Layer in Human Eye Discovered By Live Science Staff | June 11, 2013 02:42pm ET MORE Credit: Eye image via Shutterstock Scientists have discovered a previously unknown layer lurking in the human eye. The newfound body part, dubbed Dua's layer, is a skinny but tough structure measuring just 15 microns thick, where one micron is one-millionth of a meter and more than 25,000 microns equal an inch. It sits at the back of the cornea, the sensitive, transparent tissue at the very front of the human eye that helps to focus incoming light, researchers say. The feature is named for its discoverer, Harminder Dua, a professor of ophthalmology and visual sciences at the University of Nottingham. Dua said in a statement that the finding will not only change what ophthalmologists know about human eye anatomy, but it will also make operations safer and simpler for patients with an injury in this layer. "From a clinical perspective, there are many diseases that affect the back of the cornea, which clinicians across the world are already beginning to relate to the presence, absence or tear in this layer," Dua said in a statement. Dua and colleagues, for example, believe that a tear in the Dua layer is what causes corneal hydrops, which occurs when water from inside the eye rushes in and leads to a fluid buildup in the cornea. This phenomenon is seen in patients with keratoconus, a degenerative eye disorder that causes the cornea to take on a cone shape. Dua's layer adds to the five previously known layers of the cornea : the corneal epithelium at the very front, followed by Bowman's layer, the corneal stroma, Descemet's membrane and the corneal endothelium at the very back. Dua and colleagues found the new layer between the corneal stroma and Descemet's membrane through corneal transplants and grafts on eyes donated for research. They injected tiny air bubbles to separate the different layers of the cornea and scanned each using an electron microscope.   The research was detailed in the journal Ophthalmology. Follow us @livescience , Facebook & Google+ . Original article on LiveScience.com . Editor's Recommendations


Who, according to the Sumerian king list, was the fifth king of Uruk around 2700 BC, and became the central character in one of the best known works of early literature, where he was described as two-thirds god?

1000+ images about Gilgamesh on Pinterest | Statue of, Language and Ancient mesopotamia Forward Ancient Syrian Relief with Two Heroes, 10th century BC (Neo-Hittite/Hurritic), made of basalt. This relief decorated the lower course of the exterior wall of the temple palace of King Kapara. Two heroes pin down a bearded foe, while grabbing at his pronged headdress. The context may be related to the Gilgamesh epic, and display Gilgamesh and Enkidu in their fight with Humbaba. See More


Most of Georgette Heyer's romance novels were set in which period?

Georgette Heyer Book List - FictionDB Historical Romance 1975 John, Duke of Bedford--very human, very powerful, intensely virile--he is an unforgettable figure in England's most turbulent and bawdy era. Master of court intrigue, perilously close to the awesome responsibilities of the Crown, he remained a full-b... Traditional Regency 1972 Annis Wychwood was in her late twenties, a beautiful heiress, and hopelessly single. When she sponsored young Lucilla Carleton's "coming out," the town's social elite were shocked. After all, how could Annis find Lucilla a husband when she could not ... Traditional Regency 1970 The first time the young Viscount saw the girl, he thought she was a child. A child in trouble, running away. But she was nearly seventeen and when Desford rescued her, everyone assumed that he had run off with her. Now in disgrace, Desford had to... Traditional Regency 1968 THE SECRET OF STAPLEWOOD The night was airless, with an oppressive calm that presaged a storm. It seemed to Kate she had been lying awake for hours, repeating questions that plagued her. Faintly, she heard footsteps. Tiptoeing across the galler... Traditional Regency 1966 With her high-spirited intelligence and good looks, Abigail Wendover was a most sought-after young woman. But of all her high-placed suitors, there was none Abigail could love. Miles Calverleigh had no regard for the polite conventions of Regency ... Traditional Regency 1965 LONDON IN "THE SEASON" Frederica Merrivale has come to London for the glittering social season, in order to give her beautiful younger sister Charis a chance to make a good marriage. The Merrivales, a family of solid social standing, have fallen i... Traditional Regency 1963 A STICKY SITUATION The young Earl of Denville was missing. Handsome and eligible as the titled elder of the renowned Fancot twins was, no one would forgive him if he failed to appear before his fiancee's family. For even though they did not love e... Traditional Regency 1962 STARTLING NEWS When they learned that Sir Waldo Hawkridge was coming, the village gentry were thrown into a flurry. The famed sportsman himself! Heir to an uncounted fortune, and a leader of London society! The local youths idolized "the Nonesuch"... Traditional Regency 1961 Although Jenny Chawleigh was bright, well-mannered, and an heiress, she was no match for Julia Oversley, the love of handsome Adam Deveril's life. But Adam desperately needed money to keep his fatherless family together, and a marriage to Jenny would... Traditional Regency 1960 THE GALLANT GAME OF LOVE The meeting of eyes at a ball--the touch of hands in an open carriage--one breathless, moonlit kiss--This is the stuff of which stories like these are made. Here is the vanished world of great country houses and London in ... Traditional Regency 1959 Making the best of a bad situation, Anthea Darricot was civil to her newly-met cousin Hugh--but barely. For Anthea, reduced to accepting the charity of irascible Lord Darricot, had been ordered to marry Hugh, recent heir to the Darricot fortune. G... Traditional Regency 1958 SCANDAL OF THE SEASON At five-and-twenty, Venetia Lanyon despairs of ever meeting the handsome hero of her romantic dreams. Then her long-absent neighbor, Lord Damerel, returns home to Yorkshire. An infamous rake, he is the most scandalous man in ... Traditional Regency 1957 Young, beautiful, impetuous, Lady Helen Cardross had collected quite a basket of little white lies in her efforts to help those less fortunate than herself. There were, for example; her own dashing, debt-ridden brother, and her husband's love-sick, y... Traditional Regency 1957 Nothing could have induced impulsive outspoken Phoebe Marlow to marry handsome, elegant Svlvester Rayne, Duke of Salford, the one man she thoroughly detested. But Sylvester had other ideas; this beautiful young rebel had caught his fancy, and if Pet... Traditional Regency 1956 Young, beautiful and headstrong--but old enough to know her own romantic mind--Amanda ran away from her doting grandfather, who objected to her propo