Who were the Celtic-speaking peoples living in France and Belgium during Roman times?

Gaul - Ancient History Encyclopedia Gaul by bisdent published on 28 April 2011 Gaul (Latin Gallia , French Gaule) is the name given by the Romans to the territories where the Celtic Gauls (Latin Galli, French Gaulois) lived, including present France, Belgium, Luxemburg and parts of the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany on the west bank of the Rhine, and the Po Valley, in present Italy . The ancient limits of Gaul were the Rhine River and the Alps on the east, the Mare Nostrum (Mediterranean Sea), the Po Valley and the Pyrenees on the south, and the Atlantic Ocean on the west and North. Before the Roman conquest by Julius Caesar (58-51 BC), the name “Gaul” corresponded to a cultural and military area founded on a common religion and federations of peoples who though that they had a common origin. This common origin probably dates back to 8th century, when migrants groups of the Bronze Age Urnfield culture spread slowly across the area of the future territory of Gaul. About 390 BC, the Gauls invaded and sacked Rome . In 222 BC, Cisalpine Gaul (the region between the Alps and the Po Valley) was conquered by the Romans. The best description we know about the pre-Roman Gaul is in the first chapter of the Commentarii de Bello Gallico, of Caius Julius Caesar . It is clearly a Roman point of view of the Gallic realities: All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in their own language are called Celts , in ours Gauls, the third. All these differ from each other in language, customs and laws. The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the Aquitani; the Marne and the Seine separate them from the Belgae. Of all these, the Belgae are the bravest, because they are farthest from the civilisation and refinement of [our] Province, and merchants least frequently resort to them and import those things which tend to effeminate the mind; and they are the nearest to the Germans, who dwell beyond the Rhine, with whom they are continually waging war ; for which reason the Helvetii also surpass the rest of the Gauls in valour, as they contend with the Germans in almost daily battles, when they either repel them from their own territories, or themselves wage war on their frontiers. One part of these, which it has been said that the Gauls occupy, takes its beginning at the river Rhone: it is bounded by the river Garonne, the ocean, and the territories of the Belgae: it borders, too, on the side of the Sequani and the Helvetii, upon the river Rhine, and stretches towards the north. The Belgae rise from the extreme frontier of Gaul, extend to the lower part of the river Rhine; and look towards the north and the rising sun. Aquitania extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenaean mountains and to that part of the ocean which is near Spain: it looks between the setting of the sun and the north star. After Julius Caesar had conquered Gaul, the territorial organization of Gaul as part of the Roman Empire was concluded by Emperor Augustus from 27 to 12 BC: Respecting the ancient organization described by Julius Caesar, Augustus created three Roman Provinces: Gallia Belgica, Gallia Lugdunensis and Aquitania. In the south, the old Roman Provincia, to which Massilia was added, was renamed Gallia Narbonensis. The territories bordering the Rhine River were combined into two military areas, which under Domitian became the provinces of Upper and Lower Germania. For about 200 years the Roman peace ( Pax romana ) was maintained, with the exception of some local revolts and civil troubles. The Germanic incursions of the 3rd century AD marked the end of this epoch. Help us write more We're a small non-profit organisation run by a handful of volunteers. Each article costs us about $50 in history books as source material, plus editing and server costs. You can help us create even more free articles for as little as $5 per month , and we'll give you an ad-free experience to thank you! Become a Member


Which king of England had a mother and a son who were both beheaded? View the step-by-step solution to: Which king of England had a mother and a son who were both beheaded? This question was answered on Jun 08, 2016. View the Answer Which king of England had a mother and a son who were both beheaded? EvaPierce                                                   posted a question · Jun 08, 2016 at 5:29am Top Answer lewismrk557 answered the question · Jun 08, 2016 at 5:29am Other Answers The way to approach this... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29993848) ]} {[ getNetScore(29993853) ]} kandagorJacque answered the question · Jun 08, 2016 at 5:30am James I of England also called James VI of Scots.His mother, Mary... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(30015731) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions Most of our answers should be coming from the short stories we read in class. things such as The Illiad, Apology, and Funeral Orientation of Pericles. I need Recently Asked Questions Need an European History tutor? mathtutor1983 3 European History experts found online! Average reply time is                       less than an hour Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!


Which battle of 1746 ended the Jacobite revolution?

The Jacobite Revolts - a chronology of the events leading up to the battle of Culloden 1701 12 June Act of Settlement passed by Parliament, ensured that if William III and Princess Anne (later Queen Anne) should die without heirs, the succession to the throne should pass to Sophia of Hanover, granddaughter of James I, and to her heirs, if they were Protestants. The house of Hanover, which ruled Great Britain from 1714, owes its claim to this act.   6 Sept Death of the deposed James II. Louis XIV of France recognises his son as James III, later known as the 'Old Pretender' . 1708 23 March A French naval squadron attempted unsuccessfully to land the Old Pretender on the Firth of Forth near Edinburgh . 1715 6 Sept Start of 'the Fifteen'. Following the accession of King George I, a Jacobite rebellion started in Braemar in Scotland.   The Scottish Jacobites were defeated at the Battle of Sheriffmuir .   A Scottish and English Jacobite force was defeated near Preston in northwest England.   22 Dec The Old Pretender lands at Peterhead in northeast Scotland, joining Jacobites at Perth before returning to France on 4 Feb 1716. 1722 24 Sept The Atterbury Plot. The Bishop of Rochester, Francis Atterbury, a Jacobite leader was arrested and later exiled. 1745 23 July Start of the 'Forty-Five'. Prince Charles Edward, son of James and also known as the 'Young Pretender'  (pictured below), landed on Eriskay Island off the west coast of Scotland.   19 Aug With support from some of the Catholic MacDonalds, Charles 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' was able to gather his men at Glenfinnan. There the standard was raised and his father was proclaimed King James III and VIII.     4 Dec Jacobites reach Derby, just 150 miles from London. Due to lack of support Lord George Murray and the other chiefs advise Charles to return to Scotland and wait for French help.   18 Dec Arguably the last 'battle' to take place on English soil, the Clifton Moor Skirmish saw the retreating Jacobites meet the Duke of Cumberland's forces at Clifton in Penrith.  Twelve Jacobites and fourteen of the Duke's men were killed, with the English being buried in the Clifton churchyard and the Scots under an oak tree (known locally as the Rebel Tree), where a plaque still remains. 1746 17 Jan Back in Scotland the Jacobites fail to capture Stirling Castle, but then defeat General Henry Hawley's army at the Battle of Falkirk Muir .   18 Feb Withdrawing ever further north, the Jacobites capture Inverness. They stay there for 2 months. Meanwhile a government army, led by the king's younger son, Prince William Duke of Cumberland, was catching them up.   16 April Against the advice of his chiefs, Charles lined up the Jacobite army - hungry and tired - on the flat moor of Culloden . It was to be the last major battle fought on British soil. In less than an hour Cumberland's cannon destroyed the military threat of Jacobitism.   20 Sept Charles fled Culloden Moor with a reward of £30,000 on his head and after many adventures, he eventually escaped on a ship to France. 1766 Death of the Old Pretender. 1788


"What Soviet ""man of steel"" was educated for the priesthood but was expelled from the seminary?"

Joseph Stalin - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google Joseph Stalin’s Early Years and Family Joseph Stalin was born Josef Vissarionovich Djugashvili on December 18, 1878, or December 6, 1878, according to the Old Style Julian calendar (although he later invented a new birth date for himself: December 21, 1879), in the small town of Gori, Georgia , then part of the Russian empire. When he was in his 30s, he took the name Stalin, from the Russian for “man of steel.” Did You Know? In 1925, the Russian city of Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad. In 1961, as part of the de-Stalinization process, the city, located along Europe's longest river, the Volga, became known as Volgograd. Today, it is one of Russia's largest cities and a key industrial center. Stalin grew up poor and an only child. His father was a shoemaker and alcoholic who beat his son, and his mother was a laundress. As a boy, Stalin contracted smallpox, which left him with lifelong facial scars. As a teen, he earned a scholarship to attend a seminary in the nearby city of Tblisi and study for the priesthood in the Georgian Orthodox Church. While there he began secretly reading the work of German social philosopher and “Communist Manifesto” author Karl Marx , becoming interested in the revolutionary movement against the Russian monarchy. In 1899, Stalin was expelled from the seminary for missing exams, although he claimed it was for Marxist propaganda. After leaving school, Stalin became an underground political agitator, taking part in labor demonstrations and strikes. He adopted the name Koba, after a fictional Georgian outlaw-hero, and joined the more militant wing of the Marxist Social Democratic movement, the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin . Stalin also became involved in various criminal activities, including bank heists, the proceeds from which were used to help fund the Bolshevik Party. He was arrested multiple times between 1902 and 1913, and subjected to imprisonment and exile in Siberia. In 1906, Stalin married Ekaterina “Kato” Svanidze (1885-1907), a seamstress. The couple had one son, Yakov (1907-1943), who died as a prisoner in Germany during World War II . Ekaterina perished from typhus when her son was an infant. In 1918 (some sources cite 1919), Stalin married his second wife, Nadezhda “Nadya” Alliluyeva (1901-1932), the daughter of a Russian revolutionary. They had two children, a boy and a girl. Nadezhda committed suicide in her early 30s. Stalin also fathered several children out of wedlock. Joseph Stalin’s Rise to Power In 1912, Lenin, then in exile in Switzerland, appointed Joseph Stalin to serve on the first Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party. Three years later, in November 1917, the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia. The Soviet Union was founded in 1922, with Lenin as its first leader. During these years, Stalin had continued to move up the party ladder, and in 1922 he became secretary general of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, a role that enabled him to appoint his allies to government jobs and grow a base of political support. After Lenin died in 1924, Stalin eventually outmaneuvered his rivals and won the power struggle for control of the Communist Party. By the late 1920s, he had become dictator of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union Under Joseph Stalin Starting in the late 1920s, Joseph Stalin launched a series of five-year plans intended to transform the Soviet Union from a peasant society into an industrial superpower. His development plan was centered on government control of the economy and included the forced collectivization of Soviet agriculture, in which the government took control of farms. Millions of farmers refused to cooperate with Stalin’s orders and were shot or exiled as punishment. The forced collectivization also led to widespread famine across the Soviet Union that killed millions. Stalin ruled by terror and with a totalitarian grip in order to eliminate anyone who might oppose him. He expanded the powers of the secret police, encouraged citizens to spy on one another and had millions of people kil


What country sold land including the present-day states of Louisiana, Arkansas, and Oklahoma to the USA in 1803?

What country sold land including the present-day states of Louisiana,Arkansas, and Oklahoma to the USA in 1803? View the step-by-step solution to: What country sold land including the present-day states of Louisiana,Arkansas, and Oklahoma to the USA in 1803? This question was answered on Jun 08, 2016. View the Answer What country sold land including the present-day states of Louisiana,Arkansas, and Oklahoma to the USA in 1803? TomRamirez                                                   posted a question · Jun 08, 2016 at 5:14am Top Answer lewismrk557 answered the question · Jun 08, 2016 at 5:14am Other Answers The best way to approach your question... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29993647) ]} Let me explain the... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29993652) ]} steveaustine answered the question · Jun 08, 2016 at 5:16am France Explanation On April 30, 1803, representatives of the United States and Napoleonic France conclude negotiations for... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29993667) ]} Let me explain the... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29993684) ]} During this second great era of empire-building (the first taking place in the Western Hemisphere between 1500 and 1700), how were the Europeans able to Recently Asked Questions Need a World History tutor? anthonymbugua100 3 World History experts found online! Average reply time is                       less than an hour Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!


Which British monarch married Anne of Denmark?

Anne of Denmark (1574 - 1619) - Find A Grave Memorial London Borough of Richmond upon Thames Greater London, England British, Scottish Monarch. The daughter of Frederick II of Denmark and Sophia of Mecklenburg, she married King James VI of Scotland by proxy in August of 1589 and in person on November 23 of that year. She was unpopular with the people of Scotland, and when James ascended the throne of England as James I in 1603, she caused great embarrassment when she refused to take Anglican communion during their coronation. She had 8 children, only 3 survived infancy. As her husband had definite homosexual preferences, they lived largely separate lives. Anne occupied herself with entertainments at court, having a penchant for staging and acting in elaborate masques. This coupled with her Catholic faith, taste for expensive clothes and costly building projects made her as unpopular with her English subjects as she had been with the Scottish, and added to the great financial difficulties of James' reign. (bio by: Kristen Conrad)


Which US president was shot five days after the end of the American Civil War?

Abraham Lincoln’s Assassination - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Abraham Lincoln’s Assassination A+E Networks Introduction On April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth, a famous actor and Confederate sympathizer, fatally shot President Abraham Lincoln at a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. The attack came only five days after Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his massive army at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, effectively ending the American Civil War. Google Abraham Lincoln’s killer, John Wilkes Booth , was a Maryland native born in 1838 who remained in the North during the Civil War despite his Confederate sympathies. As the conflict entered its final stages, he and several associates hatched a plot to kidnap the president and take him to Richmond, the Confederate capital. However, on March 20, 1865, the day of the planned kidnapping, Lincoln failed to appear at the spot where Booth and his six fellow conspirators lay in wait. Two weeks later, Richmond fell to Union forces. In April, with Confederate armies near collapse across the South, Booth came up with a desperate plan to save the Confederacy. Did You Know? The search for John Wilkes Booth was one of the largest manhunts in history, with 10,000 federal troops, detectives and police tracking down the assassin. Learning that Lincoln was to attend Laura Keene’s acclaimed performance of “Our American Cousin” at Ford’s Theatre in Washington , D.C., on April 14, Booth—himself a well-known actor at the time—masterminded the simultaneous assassination of Lincoln, Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William H. Seward. By murdering the president and two of his possible successors, Booth and his co-conspirators hoped to throw the U.S. government into disarray. Lincoln occupied a private box above the stage with his wife Mary, a young army officer named Henry Rathbone and Rathbone’s fiancé, Clara Harris, the daughter of New York Senator Ira Harris. The Lincolns arrived late for the comedy, but the president was reportedly in a fine mood and laughed heartily during the production. History Channel Online Course – Lincoln Assassination At 10:15, Booth slipped into the box and fired his .44-caliber single-shot derringer into the back of Lincoln’s head. After stabbing Rathbone, who immediately rushed at him, in the shoulder, Booth leapt onto the stage and shouted, “Sic semper tyrannis!” (“Thus ever to tyrants!”–the Virginia state motto). At first, the crowd interpreted the unfolding drama as part of the production, but a scream from the first lady told them otherwise. Although Booth broke his leg in the fall, he managed to leave the theater and escape from Washington on horseback. A 23-year-old doctor named Charles Leale was in the audience and hastened to the presidential box immediately upon hearing the shot and Mary Lincoln’s scream. He found the president slumped in his chair, paralyzed and struggling to breathe. Several soldiers carried Lincoln to a house across the street and placed him on a bed. When the surgeon general arrived at the house, he concluded that Lincoln could not be saved and would die during the night. Vice President Andrew Johnson, members of Lincoln’s cabinet and several of the president’s closest friends stood vigil by Lincoln’s bedside until he was officially pronounced dead at 7:22 a.m. The first lady lay on a bed in an adjoining room with her eldest son Robert at her side, overwhelmed with shock and grief. The president’s body was placed in a temporary coffin, draped with a flag and escorted by armed cavalry to the White House , where surgeons conducted a thorough autopsy. Edward Curtis, an Army surgeon in attendance, later described the scene, recounting that a bullet clattered into a waiting basin during the doctors’ removal of Lincoln’s brain. He wrote that the team stopped to stare at the offending weapon, “the cause of such mighty changes in the world’s history as we may perhaps never realize.” During the autopsy, Mary Lincoln sent the surgeons a note requesting that they clip a lock of Lincoln’s hair for her. News of


"""What was the name of the Austrian-born dictator who succeeded Hindenburg as Germany's head of state?"

How Hitler Consolidated Power in Germany How Hitler Consolidated Power in Germany and Launched A Social Revolution The First Years of the Third Reich By Leon Degrelle I. Who Would End the Bankruptcy? "We have the power. Now our gigantic work begins." Those were Hitler's words on the night of January 30, 1933, as cheering crowds surged past him, for five long hours, beneath the windows of the Chancellery in Berlin. His political struggle had lasted 14 years. He himself was 43, that is, physically and intellectually at the peak of his powers. He had won over millions of Germans and organized them into Germany's largest and most dynamic political party, a party girded by a human rampart of hundreds of thousands of storm troopers, three fourths of them members of the working class. He had been extremely shrewd. All but toying with his adversaries, Hitler had, one after another, vanquished them all. Standing there at the window, his arm raised to the delirious throng, he must have known a feeling of triumph. But he seemed almost torpid, absorbed, as if lost in another world. It was a world far removed from the delirium in the street, a world of 65 million citizens who loved him or hated him, but all of whom, from that night on, had become his responsibility. And as he knew -- as almost all Germans knew at the end of January 1933 -- that this was a crushing, an almost desperate responsibility. Half a century later, few people understand the crisis Germany faced at that time. Today, it's easy to assume that Germans have always been well-fed and even plump. But the Germans Hitler inherited were virtual skeletons. During the preceding years, a score of "democratic" governments had come and gone, often in utter confusion. Instead of alleviating the people's misery, they had increased it, due to their own instability: it was impossible for them to pursue any given plan for more than a year or two. Germany had arrived at a dead end. In just a few years there had been 224,000 suicides - a horrifying figure, bespeaking a state of misery even more horrifying. By the beginning of 1933, the misery of the German people was virtually universal. At least six million unemployed and hungry workers roamed aimlessly through the streets, receiving a pitiful unemployment benefit of less than 42 marks per month. Many of those out of work had families to feed, so that altogether some 20 million Germans, a third of the country's population, were reduced to trying to survive on about 40 pfennigs per person per day. Unemployment benefits, moreover, were limited to a period of six months. After that came only the meager misery allowance dispensed by the welfare offices. Notwithstanding the gross inadequacy of this assistance, by trying to save the six million unemployed from total destruction, even for just six months, both the state and local branches of the German government saw themselves brought to ruin: in 1932 alone such aid had swallowed up four billion marks, 57 percent of the total tax revenues of the federal government and the regional states. A good many German municipalities were bankrupt. Those still lucky enough to have some kind of job were not much better off. Workers and employees had taken a cut of 25 percent in their wages and salaries. Twenty-one percent of them were earning between 100 and 250 marks per month; 69.2 percent of them, in January of 1933, were being paid less than 1,200 marks annually. No more than about 100,000 Germans, it was estimated, were able to live without financial worries. During the three years before Hitler came to power, total earnings had fallen by more than half, from 23 billion marks to 11 billion. The average per capita income had dropped from 1,187 marks in 1929 to 627 marks, a scarcely tolerable level, in 1932. By January 1933, when Hitler took office, 90 percent of the German people were destitute. No one escaped the strangling effects of the unemployment. The intellectuals were hit as hard as the working class. Of the 135,000 university graduates, 60 percent were without jobs. Only a tiny minority


Who was the black educationist who was born a slave but became a leader in the search for civil rights in the early 1900s? Sign up View the step-by-step solution to: Who was the black educationist who was born a slave but became a leader in the search for civil rights in the early 1900s? This question was answered on May 30, 2016. View the Answer Who was the black educationist who was born a slave but became a leader in the search for civil rights in the early 1900s? morrison1                                                   posted a question · May 30, 2016 at 7:15pm Top Answer Booker Washington Washington was from the last generation of black American leaders born into slavery... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29829748) ]}


"Which French revolutionary was nicknamed ""the Incorruptible""?"

Marie Antoinette and the French Revolution    .   Famous Faces    .   Mad Max: Maximilien Robespierre   |   PBS Extended Interviews > Resources > For Educators > Mad Max: Maximilien Robespierre Maximilien Robespierre was born May 6, 1758 in Arras, France. Educated at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris as a lawyer, Robespierre became a disciple of philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau and a passionate advocate for the poor. Called "the Incorruptible" because of his unwavering dedication to the Revolution, Robespierre joined the Jacobin Club and earned a loyal following. In contrast to the more republican Girondins and Marie Antoinette, Robespierre fiercely opposed declaring war on Austria, feeling it would distract from revolutionary progress in France. Robespierre's exemplary oratory skills influenced the National Convention in 1792 to avoid seeking public opinion about the Convention’s decision to execute King Louis XVI.  In 1793, the Convention elected Robespierre to the Committee of Public Defense. He was a highly controversial member, developing radical policies, warning of conspiracies, and suggesting restructuring the Convention. This behavior eventually led to his downfall, and he was guillotined without trial on 10th Thermidor An II (July 28, 1794), marking the end of the Reign of Terror. Famous Faces


Where did Florence Nightingale establish a hospital to treat casualties of the Crimean War?

Florence Nightingale > Statistics and the Crimean War Florence Nightingale, statistics and the Crimean War in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (2014) 177, Part 3, pp. 569–586 by Lynn McDonald, University of Guelph, Canada Summary: The paper presents Florence Nightingale’s statistical work on the Crimean War, beginning with her iconic polar area charts. These are then adapted to give a more accurate portrayal of the relative causes of war hospital deaths. French statistical reports comparing British and French Army deaths are reported. The contention in the secondary literature that Nightingale was responsible for the high death rates in the war hospitals is rebutted, with comparative death rate data from the different hospitals. Keywords: British Army; Crimean War; Florence Nightingale; French Army; Hospital deaths; Statistics 1. Introduction The Crimean War (1854–1856) was a terrible war by any reasonable criteria. Florence Nightingale’s work in it is reported in detail in McDonald (2010). The death rates were appalling: for the British Army 22.7% of troops sent, an even higher 30.9% for the French Army and an unknown (high) number for the Russians, compared with 2.3% of American troops during the Vietnam War. The vast majority of Crimean War deaths were due to preventable diseases. The gains made by the war were negligible, such as free access to trade on the Danube. Moreover, Russia soon began to make belligerent moves in the Balkans. The UK stayed out of the next ‘Balkan wars’. The Crimean War was formative for Nightingale, both for the lessons that she learned from it and the status that she acquired from her work. She never glorified war but came to understand that good could come out of evil: in the case of Crimea the end of serfdom in Russia, the creation of a new profession of nursing in Britain and major reforms in healthcare and nutrition for ordinary soldiers in the British Army, The methodology that she acquired post war in analysing what went wrong would ground her decades-long campaigns for social and healthcare reform. On her statistical work see McDonald (2003) and Stone (1997). Nightingale started to work on ascertaining the causes of the high death rates immediately on her return to London. Her major collaborator was William Farr, Superintendent of Statistics at the General Register Office, and the most noted medical statistician of the time. He had already published charts on cholera, but the polar area charts he did with Nightingale went far beyond his earlier work. These charts were not included in the official Royal Commission report (UK, 1858a) or the shorter version based on it (UK, 1858b). They appeared first in Nightingale’s privately circulated Notes on Matters affecting the Health, Efficiency and Hospital Administration of the British Army (Nightingale, 1858a). That report includes an enormous number of tables, with detailed discussion. The landmark charts, however, appear with scarcely a comment. In January of 1859 Nightingale published a short paper which focused on those charts, ‘A contribution to the sanitary history of the British Army during the late war with Russia’ (Nightingale,1859a). She gave them next to Harriet Martineau for inclusion in her popular book, England and Her Soldiers (Martineau, 1859), where again they were not discussed. Since the (one) coloured chart is well known and readily available online, it is not reproduced here. Instead several adaptations are presented and the two less known, but most useful, black-and-white charts are. Next, material is reported comparing British Army death rates with those of the French Army. The French statistical analysis post dates that by Nightingale and the Royal Commission, so the devastating contrasts they revealed could not be discussed in their reports. Oddly, the material has been neglected by later commentators on the war. Finally comes a historiographical discussion of the secondary authors who attacked Nightingale’s Crimean War work, evidently without consulting the relevant statistics, British or French. Th


Which rebellion was effectively ended by the Battle of Culloden?

BBC - History -   British History in depth: The Jacobite Cause Print this page The Glorious Revolution To modern eyes the complex web of religious and political loyalties which underpinned Jacobitism can seem alien and unsympathetic. The whole movement might be said to span the century from the deposition of James II in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the lonely alcohol-sodden death of Bonnie Prince Charlie in 1788. A Catholic himself, James decided that by promoting edicts of religious tolerance, he would be able to surreptitiously re-establish Catholicism as the official faith of the British Isles. This notion produced near-hysteria in James's Protestant subjects - who had been taught to abhor this faith. When a son was born to the King and Queen, British Protestants were faced with the prospect of never waking up from their worst nightmare: a Catholic dynasty. They turned to James's Protestant son-in-law William of Orange. In 1688 he led a successful invasion of England. James panicked and fled. As Scotland wavered, James wrote an utterly tactless letter to the Scottish National Convention in Edinburgh. They declared for William. James's most zealous Scottish supporter, Viscount Dundee, turned to a military solution. The first Jacobite rising broke out. But it was not very popular at all. Most Scottish nobles took the attitude of wait and see. Dundee's forces destroyed William's with a devastating highland charge at the battle of Killiecrankie in 1689, but their leader died in his hour of glory. This left the movement headless. The wait and see-ers kept waiting, and the rising petered out. So how did Jacobitism come back from the political grave in Scotland? In a few words: William and The Union. So how did Jacobitism come back from the political grave in Scotland? In a few words: William and The Union. The new King's Scottish reign was characterised by government tactlessness and economic disasters. The most important of the latter was the Darien Scheme. William refused all English assistance to this Scottish venture to found a colony in Panama. When the scheme failed, leaving most of the would-be colonists dead, the King was widely blamed. Thus to the die-hard believers in the hereditary right of James were added the dissatisfied. Jacobitism became a magnet for almost anyone with a grudge against the government. The Union of 1707 then produced what was for many Scots the grudge to end all grudges. The ink was hardly dry on the treaty before it was being widely denounced, and Scotland was ripe for sedition. The French, who were at war with Britain, suddenly saw an advantage to be gained here. They would land the new Jacobite heir, James III 'The Old Pretender' in his ancestral kingdom and start a rebellion. It was an excellent opportunity to unite much of the nation, even many Presbyterians, on the Jacobite side against the Union. The abortive 1708 rising was dogged with bad luck, however, and possible sabotage. The invasion fleet arrived tardily in the Firth of Forth to find the Royal Navy waiting for them. The French commander refused to put the furious James ashore. The invasion that might have united Scotland against the Union was a damp squib. Top The '15 Rebellion Contemporary newspaper account of the Battle of Glen Sheil in 1719    © However Jacobitism was still very dangerous. The promised benefits of the Union had failed to arrive for many people. Instead, heavy excise duty and increased tax caused much ill feeling. Added to these were humiliations at the hands of the English-dominated Westminster parliament. Yet rebellion when it came, sprang from a most unexpected quarter. When George I of Hanover succeeded to the throne in 1715, he sacked one of Scotland's most influential politicians: John Erskine, Earl of Mar. Mar decided to retaliate by raising the standard for the house of Stuart. On one side of his banner he put the arms of Scotland and on the other 'No Union'. Thousands flocked to it. Soon almost the entire north of Scotland was in his hands. He did this without even bothering to warn the Jac


What was the first permanent English settlement in the New World, now in ruins?

Jamestown, Virginia - First Permanent English Settlement in America Jamestown, Virginia - Historic Sites & Points of Interest Jamestown, Virginia The first permanent English settlement in the New World was established here on the banks of Virginia's James River in 1607. Jamestown, Virginia One of the most historic sites in North America, this point on the James River was the site of the first English settlement. Jamestown Memorial ChurchThe brick tower at the front of the church was built in 1690 and is the only standing 17th century structure at the site. visitors see the fort as it appeared in 1607. Site of Old Jamestowne, Virginia Ruins on the James River Ruins from Jamestown's later years can be seen on the banks of the James. Copyright 2010 & 2014 by Dale Cox All rights reserved. On May 14, 1607, a small company of settlers landed at a point on the James River in Virginia and established the settlement of Jamestown. It was the first permanent English settlement in the New World. The Spanish were already well-established in Florida by this time, having founded the city of St. Augustine in 1565. While that city holds the true title of "first permanent settlement" in the United States, the planting of Jamestown by the English established King James' claim to North America and set the stage for years of war and dispute between the powers of Europe for control of the new lands across the ocean. The first settlers of Jamestown, led by the famed Captain John Smith, built a fort, church, storehouse and other structures in their first three months at the settlement, even as sickness and starvation stalked the new colony. By 1609, ships had brought 214 English settlers to Jamestown. By the summer of that year, only 60 remained alive. These survivors decided to give up and go home, but after burying their cannon and preparing to leave, they were stunned by the site of sailing ships entering the James River. The vessels turned out to be the relief flotilla of Lord De La Ware, who brought food, supplies and new colonists. The crisis passed and Jamestown survived. During these first months of the English presence in Virginia, an incident took place that captured the imagination of writers and romantics for generations to come. While on an expedition from the new fort into the interior, Captain John Smith was captured by the warriors of Powhatan, the powerful chief of the Algonquin Indians who lived in this area of coastal Virginia. Carried to Powhatan's village, Smith said that he was first welcomed with a feast, but suddenly was grabbed and stretched out on rocks to be executed with clubs. At this point, according to his account, a young daughter of the chief suddenly covered his body with her own and saved his life. Her name, of course, was Pocahontas. Anthropologists believe the incident may have been part of a traditional ceremony and that Powhatan meant Smith no harm. The legend has survived, however, as has the name of Pocahontas, who eventually married another settler and returned with him to England. She died there of tuberculosis at the age of 22. Jamestown slowly took root and prospered in Virginia. Relations with the Algonquin soured and in 1622 they attempted to drive the English into the sea. Some 300 colonists were killed and many homes and farms burned, but the Indians were unable to capture the fort itself. Jamestown is remembered in American history for a number of reasons. Not only was it the first permanent English settlement, it was the place where the tobacco industry was developed, leading eventually to the worldwide use of the product. Jamestown was also the place where African-American servants were introduced into the South. A Dutch captain traded his cargo of Africans for provisions and other supplies at Jamestown in 1619. These people became indentured servants, with slavery as we know it today not being introduced in Virginia until another 60 or so years later. Jamestown thrived over the next century and grew into a prosperous community. Ruins that dot the landscape today come mostly from the post-1622


Who was the first president of independent Kenya?|

Jomo Kenyatta: First President of Independent Kenya - General Knowledge Facts General Knowledge Facts Select a Page Searching... Home » facts » Famous Personalities » featured » first president of Kenya » general knowledge facts » History » internet » Jomo Kenyatta » Kenya » Who is Who » world » World history » Jomo Kenyatta: First President of Independent Kenya Sunday, 8 September 2013 02:17 Jomo Kenyatta was the first president of independent  Kenya.He is considered as the founding father of Kenyan nation.He was the leader of the Kenyan independence movement.He has also authored many books.His is the father of the current president of Kenya ,Uhuru Kenyatta. He was born in 18th August 1893.After completing his education he joinded the movement for Independence.At that time Kenya was under British Colonial Rule.He was elected as the president of Kenyan African Union (KAU) in 1947.He was arrested and  sentenced to 7 years imprisonment in 1953.He was released in 1961 following public demand,after that he was admitted to the legislative council. He became the prime minister of Kenya after Independence was declared on  12 December 1963.When the constitution was amended to make Kenya  a republic  he was elected the first president of Kenya on June 1964.He was the president of Kenya  till his death on 1978. He died on 22nd August 1978 in Mombasa .


Which country was ruled by the Romanov dynasty 1613-1917?

Which country was ruled by the Romanov dynasty from 1613 to 1917? View the step-by-step solution to: Which country was ruled by the Romanov dynasty from 1613 to 1917? This question was answered on May 10, 2016. View the Answer Which country was ruled by the Romanov dynasty from 1613 to 1917? KareenMccarty                                                   posted a question · May 10, 2016 at 8:04am Top Answer ProfWasylyna answered the question · May 10, 2016 at 8:04am Other Answers Here is the solution... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29451125) ]} Here is the answer... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29451126) ]} RUSSIA Romanov dynasty, rulers of... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29451150) ]} Kevincole answered the question · May 10, 2016 at 8:06am The country that was ruled by the Romanov dynasty from... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29456622) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions What valid reasons exist to oppose the continuation of the European Union both within and without Europe? Recently Asked Questions Need an European History tutor? jood.amc 3 European History experts found online! Average reply time is                       less than an hour Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!


Which country's liberalization program was halted by the invasion of 600,000 Soviet troops in 1968?

United States Relations with Russia: The Cold War United States Relations with Russia: The Cold War 1945-1949 1945-1946: Creation of Eastern European People's Republics Between November 1945 and December 1946, a number of the coalition governments established in the Eastern European countries occupied by Soviet troops during the war transformed into Communist "People's Republics" with strong ties to the Soviet Union. These included Yugoslavia (November 1945); Albania (January 1946); and Bulgaria (December 1946). The United States and Britain considered this an abrogation of agreements made at the Yalta Conference. February 1946: George Kennan's Long Telegram and the Policy of Containment On February 22, 1946, George F. Kennan, the Charg� d'Affaires at the Moscow Embassy, sent a long telegram to the Department of State detailing his concerns about Soviet expansionism. Kennan argued that the United States would never be able to cooperate successfully with the Soviets, because they saw the West as an enemy and would engage in a protracted battle to limit Western power and increase Soviet domination. Kennan argued that the United States should lead the West in "containing" the Soviets by exerting counterforce at various geographical and political points of conflict. Kennan published a public version of this argument in the July 1947 issue of the journal Foreign Affairs. Kennan's articulations of the policy of containment had a major influence on American foreign policy toward the Soviet Union. March 1946: Churchill's Iron Curtain Speech During a speech at Fulton, Missouri, on March 5, 1946, visiting British Prime Minister Winston Churchill proclaimed that Europe was divided by an "Iron Curtain" as the nations of Eastern Europe fell increasingly under Soviet control. Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia all fell under Communist control by early 1948. Spring 1946: Soviet Troops in Iran Responding to Iranian requests to the United Nations, on March 5, 1946, the United States sent a note to Moscow protesting the retention of Soviet troops in Iran, where Stalin wanted to establish Soviet influence. On April 3, the Soviet Union announced that its troops would leave by May 6. March 1947: Truman Doctrine The Soviets aimed also to establish influence over Turkey and Greece in an effort to seek access to the Mediterranean. President Truman delivered a speech before Congress on March 12, 1947, asking for $400 million to provide assistance for Greece and Turkey in the hopes of bolstering pro-Western governments there. In this speech, he enunciated the Truman Doctrine that would serve to justify the U.S. Cold War policy of containment. This doctrine described the U.S. policy of supporting free peoples who resisted subjugation from armed minorities or outside pressures. June 1947: U.S. Efforts to Control Atomic Energy In June 1947, the United States submitted proposals, know as the Baruch Plan, for the creation of an International Atomic Energy Development Authority to control all phases of the development and use of atomic energy. The United States offered to destroy its atomic weapons after international control and inspection became effective. The Soviet Union rejected the proposal. June 5, 1947: Marshall's Offer of Economic Assistance In a speech given at Harvard University on June 5, 1947, Secretary of State George C. Marshall offered U.S. assistance for the postwar economic rehabilitation of all European nations, including those that had adopted Communist governments. The Soviet Union denounced the Marshall Plan, saying it would infringe upon European sovereignty. Western European nations accepted Marshall's offer, while the Eastern European states followed Moscow's lead. 1948-1949: Berlin Airlift In the summer of 1948, the Soviet Union cut off access to the Western sectors of Berlin, situated in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany. The Western powers organized a massive airlift to supply West Berlin, and organized a counter-blockade of the Soviet zone. On May 12, 1949, the Soviets lifted their blocka


Which Axis Power changed sides during World War II, declaring war on Germany in October 1943? View the step-by-step solution to: Which Axis Power changed sides during World War II, declaring war on Germany in October 1943? This question was answered on Jun 08, 2016. View the Answer Which Axis Power changed sides during World War II, declaring war on Germany in October 1943? SheliaBaldwin                                                   posted a question · Jun 08, 2016 at 4:07am Top Answer francisgakunyi answered the question · Jun 08, 2016 at 4:07am Other Answers The best way to approach your question... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29992735) ]} Here is the answer... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29996326) ]} Dr.Mutuma321 answered the question · Jun 08, 2016 at 8:19am In 1936, Italy was led into war by fascist Prime minister Benito Mussolini who... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(30014422) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions Need a World History tutor? mathtutor1983 7 World History experts found online! Average reply time is                       less than an hour Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!


Who was the first democratically elected Marxist head of state?

BBC ON THIS DAY | 11 | 1973: President overthrown in Chile coup About This Site | Text Only 1973: President overthrown in Chile coup President Salvador Allende of Chile, the world's first democratically-elected Marxist head of state, has died in a revolt led by army leaders. One report says the 64-year-old leader committed suicide rather than surrender to the commanders of the armed forces and the paramilitary police. Air Force planes attacked the presidential palace with rockets and bombs and tanks opened fire after President Allende rejected an initial demand for his resignation. According to military sources, Dr Allende asked for a five-minute ceasefire in order to resign. But the armed forces said that was impossible because snipers loyal to the president were operating from buildings near the presidential palace. Economic crisis At least 17 bombs were dropped in an attack on the palace, one of which scored a direct hit. Martial law has been declared throughout the country, a curfew has been imposed and the carrying of guns has been banned. Although Dr Allende called on his followers to support him, there appeared to be little organised resistance. Troops blasted buildings in the city centre around the presidential palace in an attempt to dislodge pro-Allende snipers. Helicopters repeatedly machine-gunned the top floors of buildings near the British Embassy. Bullets ripped through the windows of the embassy - but no-one was reported hurt. Thousands of workers are said to be marching on Santiago from the north, despite a warning any resistance would be met with air and ground fire. Opposition to President Allende has been growing for months. He was elected to power in 1970 with only 36% of the vote. He has not held a majority in Congress and gradually his authority has been eroded. His attempts to re-structure the nation's economy have led to soaring inflation and food shortages. A prolonged strike by lorry drivers who opposed his plans for nationalisation has recently been joined by shopkeepers angry they have nothing to sell. President Allende brought senior army officers into his government last month in an attempt to head off a revolt. But the final crunch came three days ago when the two major opposition parties called for the President's resignation.


What was the name of the basalt slab that became the key for deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics?

The Rosetta Stone - Deciphering Hieroglyphs of Ancient Egypt (Bible History Online) The Rosetta Stone       Deciphering Ancient  Egyptian Hieroglyphics The key to deciphering the  ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs was found in the discovery of the  Rosetta Stone in 1798. What were the     Hieroglyphs? For centuries scholars have wondered about the ancient Egyptian     hieroglyphs that would hopefully reveal answers about the first major     civilization and world power on Earth. For about 3000 years the     Egyptians used these peculiar pictures inscribed on their temples,     statues, and monuments. Yet the knowledge of their meaning had died out     long before Christ. What scholars had to do to discover their meaning was     to hunt out ancient writings of the Greeks and Romans to learn what     their theories were and if anyone actually had the key. Yet no no Greek     or Roman understood the nature of the hieroglyphs. The Greek tradition     taught that hieroglyphs were symbolic signs or allegories and not     phonetic signs. Click Example1 and Example2 to see some hieroglyphs The Middle Ages had no knowledge of hieroglyphic     writing nor did they take any interest in it. But a manuscript of     Horapollon brought to Florence in 1422 stirred great interest but they     were still interpreted as hidden symbols for centuries to come. How Scholars Decipher a     (dead) Language If no ancient documents were available to provide a key, typically the     thing to do was to look for a bilingual example, where the unknown     language is written alongside the exact same text that is already known     and interpreted and begin various deciphering methods. Another way to     narrow down the method was to look for the name of a person such as a     king or a certain god that was believed in during that time period. But     there were no helps for deciphering the hieroglyphs. The Discovery of the Rosetta Stone Then one day in 1798, while General Napoleon Bonaparte     was leading his French Republican army into Egypt to occupy it, on     accident a lieutenant named Bouchard was supervising fortifications at     Rashid (Rosetta), on the west bank of the Nile Delta, about 35 N.E. of     Alexandria, and noticed a black basalt stone that had been built right     into the wall. He reported the stone to the archaeologists that had     accompanied Napoleon's army and low and behold, it became one of the     greatest discoveries in the 18th century. The stone was 3 ft 9 in. (114 cm) long and 2 ft 4 1/2     in. (72 cm) wide, and partly broken. It had three horizontal bands with     inscriptions carved in 2 languages, Egyptian and Greek, with 3 different     scripts on each band: hieroglyphics, demotic script, and koine Greek.     The Greek section, which was already known, indicated that all 3 texts     contained the same message. The inscriptions, apparently written by the     priests of Memphis, summarize benefactions given to Ptolemy V Epiphanes     (205-180 BC) and were written in the ninth year of his reign in     commemoration of his accession to the throne. When the French     surrendered to Britain in 1801 the stone was brought to Britain and it     now remains at the British Museum in London. This was definitely a monumental discovery and     scholars in Europe were very excited. They began by working on the     demotic section and locating certain names alongside the Greek text. But     they made little headway until in 1816 when an English physicist named     Thomas Young realized that the hieroglyphs had a sound value rather than     being just symbols. note:     I actually have a picture of the Rosetta Stone that a friend of mine     took for me while visiting the British Museum in London. You can take a     look at it larger by clicking here .     If you think you might be interested check out this Hieroglyphic     Name Translator


What title did Charlemagne, already king of the Franks, acquire in 800?

Charlemagne - King of the Franks and Lombards Charlemagne Charlemagne King of the Franks and Lombards Depiction of Charlemagne in Stained Glass at the cathedral in Moulins, France.  Photo by Wikimedia user Vassil, who has kindly released it into the Public Domain This profile of Charlemagne is part of Who's Who in Medieval History   Charlemagne was also known as: Charles I, Charles the Great (in French, Charlemagne; in German, Karl der Grosse; in Latin, Carolus Magnus) Charlemagne's titles included: King of the Franks, King of the Lombards; also generally considered the first Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne was noted for: Consolidating a large portion of Europe under his rule, promoting learning, and instituting innovative administrative concepts. Occupations: More quotes attributed to Charlemagne About Charlemagne: Charlemagne was the grandson of Charles Martel and the son of Pippin III . When Pippin died, the kingdom was divided between Charlemagne and his brother Carloman. continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge King Charlemagne proved himself a capable leader from early on, but his brother was less so, and there was some friction between them until Carloman's death in 771. Once King, Charlemagne had sole rule of the government of Francia, he expanded his territory through conquest. He conquered the Lombards in northern Italy, acquired Bavaria, and campaigned in Spain and Hungary. Charlemagne used harsh measures in subduing the Saxons and virtually exterminating the Avars. Though he had essentially amassed an empire, he did not style himself "emperor," but called himself the King of the Franks and Lombards. King Charlemagne was an able administrator, and he delegated authority over his conquered provinces to Frankish nobles. At the same time, he recognized the diverse ethnic groups he had brought together under his dominion, and allowed each to retain its own local laws. To ensure justice, Charlemagne had these laws set down in writing and strictly enforced. He also issued capitularies that applied to all citizens. Charlemagne kept an eye on events in his empire through the use of missi dominici, representatives who acted with his authority. Though never able to master reading and writing himself, Charlemagne was an enthusiastic patron of learning. He attracted noted scholars to his court, including Alcuin , who became his private tutor, and Einhard , who would be his biographer. Charlemagne reformed the palace school and set up monastic schools throughout the empire. The monasteries he sponsored preserved and copied ancient books. The flowering of learning under Charlemagne's patronage has come to be known as the "Carolingian Renaissance." In 800, Charlemagne came to the aid of Pope Leo III , who had been attacked in the streets of Rome. He went to Rome to restore order and, after Leo purged himself of the charges against him, he was unexpectedly crowned emperor. Charlemagne wasn't pleased with this development, because it established the precedent of papal ascendancy over secular leadership, but though he still often referred to himself as a king he now also styled himself "Emperor," as well. There is some disagreement as to whether or not Charlemagne was really the first Holy Roman Emperor. Although he did not use any title that directly translates as such, he did use the title imperator Romanum ("emperor of Rome") and in some correspondence styled himself deo coronatus ("Crowned by God"), as per his coronation by the pope. This appears to be enough for most scholars to allow Charlemagne's hold on the title to stand, especially since Otto I , whose reign is generally considered to be the true beginning of the Holy Roman Empire, never used the title either. The territory Charlemagne governed is not considered the Holy Roman Empire but is instead named the Carolingian Empire after him. It would later form the basis of the territory scholars would call the Holy Roman Empire , although that term (in Latin, sacrum Romanum imperium) was also seldom in use during the Middle Ages, and never used


What is the name of the British political regime 1649-60 established by Oliver Cromwell?

What is the name of the British political regime of 1649-60 established by Cromwell? View the step-by-step solution to: What is the name of the British political regime of 1649-60 established by Cromwell? This question was answered on May 10, 2016. View the Answer What is the name of the British political regime of 1649-60 established by Cromwell? JulieannSutter                                                   posted a question · May 10, 2016 at 8:01am Top Answer ProfWasylyna answered the question · May 10, 2016 at 8:02am Other Answers The Commonwealth The next eleven years saw the rule of the... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29451112) ]} Kevincole answered the question · May 10, 2016 at 8:03am Commonwealth- After meticulous preparations, Cromwell then took the army to Ireland (1649-50) where Royalist... View the full answer May 10, 2016 at 8:14am {[ getNetScore(29451218) ]} Prof-Magudha answered the question · May 10, 2016 at 8:13am Hello, Cromwell held power throughout the 1650's by retaining the loyalty of the army. He also granted important positions... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29455408) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions answer to number 38, which of the following was not a difficulty facing postwar middle east? Recently Asked Questions Need a World History tutor? mathtutor1983 2 World History experts found online! Average reply time is                       less than an hour Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!


Who was the prime minister of South Africa who was assassinated in 1966?

BBC - Archive - Apartheid in South Africa - 24 Hours Special | Verwoerd Assassination Apartheid in South Africa | Living under racial segregation and discrimination 24 Hours Special | Verwoerd Assassination Special programme on the assassination of the prime minister of South Africa. FIRST BROADCAST | 06 September 1966 DURATION | 53 minutes 3 seconds FIRSTBROADCAST 1966 Synopsis The shock assassination of Hendrik Verwoerd in the Cape Town Parliament causes questions to be raised about the future of South Africa. Verwoerd was killed by a white man who thought that poor white people needed more help. Individuals from all sides of the political spectrum give their views on his assassination and the future of South Africa. Did you know? Hendrik Verwoerd was the architect behind apartheid, which built upon earlier colonial legislation to keep the different racial groups apart. Verwoerd believed in the 'separate development' of the different racial groups as an ideology as much as a political system. He was born in the Netherlands but moved to South Africa due to his sympathy with the Afrikaner people after the Boer War. He was native affairs minister before becoming prime minister in 1958 Contributors


"Which 17th-century king of Sweden was known as the ""Lion of the North""?"

Which 17th-century king of Sweden was known as the "Lion of theNorth"? View the step-by-step solution to: Which 17th-century king of Sweden was known as the "Lion of theNorth"? This question was answered on Jun 08, 2016. View the Answer Which 17th-century king of Sweden was known as the "Lion of theNorth"? KimberlyPerry                                                   posted a question · Jun 08, 2016 at 3:43am Top Answer francisgakunyi answered the question · Jun 08, 2016 at 3:44am Other Answers 1 comment Gustav II Adolf (9 December 1594 – 6 November 1632, O.S.); widely known in English by his Latinised name Gustavus Adolphus or as Gustav II Adolph, or as Gustavus Adolphus the Great (Swedish: Gustav Adolf den store, Latin: Gustavus Adolphus Magnus, a formal posthumous distinction passed by the Riksdag of the Estates in ... ryati1984 Jun 08, 2016 at 3:45am {[ getNetScore(29992444) ]} Here's the explanation you needed for... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29992460) ]} ivydmwangi answered the question · Jun 08, 2016 at 3:46am Gustav II Adolf was the King of Sweden who was known as 'Lion of the North'. His leadership took place between... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(30014262) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions Answer these art history questions via. the Word Document attached. This is based on the Mid - to Late Nineteenth Century Art in Europe and the United States. Recently Asked Questions Need a World History tutor? brightkesenwa 3 World History experts found online! Average reply time is                       7 mins Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!


What year saw the nationalization of British Railways?

Why not... nationalise the railways? - BBC News BBC News Why not... nationalise the railways? 11 July 2013 From the section UK Politics comments Read more about sharing. Close share panel A look at eye-catching policy ideas that are often talked about but never seem to feature in UK general election campaigns. The background Britain's railways were nationalised by Labour in 1948 and returned to private hands by John Major's Conservative government in 1993. Labour was initially committed to renationalisation but the policy was dropped when Tony Blair came to power in 1997. Track, signalling and stations were taken out of private hands, and put into a not-for-profit company, Network Rail, after the collapse of Railtrack in 2002. Labour has yet to reveal its transport policies for the next general election, but they are not thought likely to feature rail nationalisation. Green Party MP Caroline Lucas has launched a private members' bill to allow the train companies to "fall back" into public ownership, which is supported by a number of Labour backbenchers and Plaid Cymru MPs. The train companies insist the debate about nationalisation is solely driven by the unions. Ian Taylor: The case for nationalisation In 1993, Britain's railway was broken into pieces and handed, mostly as local monopolies, to profit-taking companies. The cost of the railway to the taxpayer has subsequently more than doubled in real terms, a rise out of all proportion to the 33% increase in train services over the same period. The cost rises stem from wastage as shareholder dividend pay-outs, other inefficient private sector financing and inefficiencies created by fragmentation of the railway. Ian Taylor, co-founder of Transport for Quality of Life think tank Formerly manager of environmental consultancy services for the Centre for Alternative Technology Has also worked for Greenpeace and Oxfam Transport for Quality of Life's clients include the Department of Transport, local authorities and the rail unions The wastage amounts to over £1bn per year, enough to cut fares by 20% if the railway were reunified as a public company. Instead, fare increases on the privatised railway threaten to turn it into a "rich-man's toy", as this government's first Secretary of State for Transport put it. Unbeknown to most passengers, one portion of our railway, the East Coast mainline, is still run by a publicly-owned company, Directly Operated Railways, which picked up the pieces after its two private sector predecessors walked off the job. Recent calculations by the Office of Rail Regulation revealed how the public money that helps maintain the rail tracks or directly supports rail services splits between the train companies and showed that DOR receives less subsidy than any other rail franchise operator. DOR's success is a glaring embarrassment for the Government, who now intend to privatise it post-haste, even though that will increase costs to the taxpayer. Most other rail franchises in the UK are, ironically, also run by companies that are wholly or partly publicly owned, but by other countries. Deutsche Bahn is foremost - they even run the Royal Train - and the German Government have said "We're skimming profit from the entire Deutsche Bahn...it is invested in the rail network here in Germany". So, if you are reading this on an overcrowded train with a ticket that made a painful hole in your wallet, take heart from your generous contribution to improvement of Germany's fine publicly-owned railway. Ben Southwood: The case against nationalisation The UK's railway network was built privately and competitively and by some way its most successful years were the private eras between 1830 and 1922 and 1994 to the present. Returning it to centralised state control would be a step backwards and a mistake. Instead we should end the practice of franchising, which creates private monopolies, and allow real competition and diversity. Ben Southwood is a researcher at the Adam Smith Institute Previously economics correspondent for City AM newspaper He has a degree in Philosop


Who are the only two English sovereigns from whom Prince Charles is not descended?

British Royal Family Genealogy - Page 5 - The Royal Forums British Royal Family Genealogy Quote: Originally Posted by Wisteria The Queen IS descended from Charlemagne. Also for your information so was the Queen mother, the former Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon. That is interesting as all my research has indicated that Philip brought that line into the BRF as it wasn't there before. Could you provide the lineage please as I have never seen one with Elizabeth coming from Charlemagne, only Philip. __________________ Posts: 4,071 Oh! Oh! I can! I can! Of course I asked Wisteria for her link and she gave it to me. It's this one. However! One has to register to get the full geneology and as Russo hasn't registered, Russo doesn't have it. Although! The Legend says those dots at the top are all those that the person is decended from and there are 5 Kings up there along with Charlemagne. Of course Wisteria will set things right once she comes one, however! I was SO excited about this new toy I had to jump in. Wisteria, I hope you forgive me! Quote: Originally Posted by Iluvbertie That is interesting as all my research has indicated that Philip brought that line into the BRF as it wasn't there before. Could you provide the lineage please as I have never seen one with Elizabeth coming from Charlemagne, only Philip. Of course, I have much better sources than this, but on the spur of the moment I found this as I am not that keen on publishing my family tree on the forum but for starters you can look at this.  Google has many references to the royal descendants (and others who are descended from Charlemagne).  Not long ago there was a site asking for all persons who could prove (prove is the key word) that they were descended from Charlemagne to add their names to it. Descendants of Charlemagne - Familypedia To make it easier for you to search even though there are more links to Charlemagne, both Prince Albert and Queen Victoria were descended from Charlemagne. As far as the Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (the Queen Mother) the connection (among others) is through Joan Stuart, Princess of Scotland who married John Lyon, Master of Glamis. These are the most simple to find but HM is not descended just through one line but many leading to Charlemagne and many other great Kings. Quote: Originally Posted by Lumutqueen There are two George Bushs' on the list, one at the bottom, and one just above Barack Obama at the top of what I presume is the next list. You are right Lumut, when I posted they were in another column. Kotroman, as to why Charlemagne was introduced to the thread, I was asked by Iluvbertie to give a link to prove that the Queen was descended from Charlemagne.  I think that HMï¿½s family tree has been sufficiently recorded to give her the benefit of the doubt, but as to Mr Jones of the local bakery, well if he has proof! Now letï¿½s forget Charlemagne, I did ask for the link to the Presidents to be moved if thought necessary,but I thought it wass rather interesting for our US members and some of the names are quite surprising. The Monarchist League of Canada: Our Multicultural Monarchy - OUR MULTI-CULTURAL MONARCHY www.monarchist.ca/redbox/ourmulticulturalmonarchy.doc As well as being the great family tree of Canadian history, the Royal Family also connects us directly with the wider panorama of recorded human history, embracing the four corners of the world and many of its races. ARAB Queen Elizabeth II descends from the Muslims who created the Arab Andalusian civilization of Spain. Since some of those people sprang from the family of the Prophet, the Queen herself is a descendant of Mohammed. When Her Majesty visited Morocco in 1980, the Moroccan media pointed out this Islamuc ancestry of Canada’s Queen. ARMENIAN The Prince of Wales (Charles) descends from both the medieval Armenian Kings and from the earlier rulers of ancient Armenia. AUSTRIAN (and SWISS) All the immediate Royal Family have Habsburg ancestors who came originally from Switzerland, and who created the state of Austria. BOSNIAN Stephen Tvrtko, who his made his K


Who succeeded the Roman emperor, Trajan?

Trajan | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Selinus , Cilicia Trajan (English pronunciation: / ˈ t r eɪ dʒ ən / ; Latin language: Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Divi Nervae filius Augustus [1] 18 September 53 – 9 August 117 AD) was Roman Emperor from 98 AD until his death. Officially declared by the senate as optimus princeps ("the best ruler"), Trajan is remembered as a successful soldier-emperor who presided over the greatest military expansion in Roman history , leading the empire to attain its maximum territorial extent by the time of his death. He is also known for his philanthropic rule, overseeing extensive public building programs and implementing social welfare policies , which earned him his enduring reputation as the second of the Five Good Emperors who presided over an era of peace and prosperity in the Mediterranean world . Born into a non-patrician family of Italian origin in the city of Italica in the province of Hispania Baetica , [2] Trajan rose to prominence during the reign of emperor Domitian . Serving as a legatus legionis in Hispania Tarraconensis , in 89 Trajan supported Domitian against a revolt on the Rhine led by Antonius Saturninus . [3] In September 96, Domitian was succeeded by Marcus Cocceius Nerva , an old and childless senator who proved to be unpopular with the army. After a brief and tumultuous year in power, a revolt by members of the Praetorian Guard compelled him to adopt the more popular Trajan as his heir and successor. Nerva died on 27 January 98, and was succeeded by his adopted son without incident. As a civilian administrator, Trajan is best known for his extensive public building program which reshaped the city of Rome and left multiple enduring landmarks such as Trajan's Forum , Trajan's Market and Trajan's Column . Early in his reign, he annexed the Nabataean kingdom , creating the province of Arabia Petraea . His conquest of Dacia enriched the empire greatly — the new province possessed many valuable gold mines. However, the new province's exposed position to the north of the Danube made it susceptible to attack on three sides, and it was later abandoned by Emperor Aurelian . His war against the Parthian Empire ended with the sack of the capital Ctesiphon and the annexation of Armenia and Mesopotamia . His campaigns expanded the Roman Empire to its greatest territorial extent. In late 117, while sailing back to Rome, Trajan fell ill and died of a stroke in the city of Selinus . He was deified by the Senate and his ashes were laid to rest under Trajan's Column . He was succeeded by his adopted son Hadrian. As an emperor, Trajan's reputation has endured — he is one of the few rulers whose reputation has survived nineteen centuries. Every new emperor after him was honored by the Senate with the wish felicior Augusto, melior Traiano ("[be] luckier than Augustus and better than Trajan"). Among medieval Christian theologians, Trajan was considered a virtuous pagan , while the 18th-century historian Edward Gibbon popularized the notion of the Five Good Emperors , of which Trajan was the second. [4] Contents File:027 Traianus.jpg Marcus Ulpius Traianus was born on 18 September 53 in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica [5] (in what is now Andalusia in modern Spain), a province that was thoroughly Romanized and called southern Hispania, in the city of Italica (now in municipal area of Santiponce, in the outskirts of Seville), where the Italian families were paramount. Of Italian stock himself, Trajan is frequently but misleadingly designated the first provincial emperor. [6] Trajan was the son of Marcia and Marcus Ulpius Traianus , a prominent senator and general from the gens Ulpia . Trajan himself was just one of many well-known Ulpii in a line that continued long after his own death. His elder sister was Ulpia Marciana and his niece was Salonina Matidia . The patria of the Ulpii was Italica , in Spanish Baetica, [5] where their ancestors had settled late in the 3rd century BC. As a young man, he rose through the ranks of the Roman army , serving in some of the most conte


Who was the admiral of the French fleet defeated by Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar?

Trafalgar : Battle of Trafalgar : Horatio Nelson : Royal Navy : French : Villeneuve : Spain Trafalgar            200 website By            Richard Moore This            great deciding naval battle of the Napoleonic Wars took            place between 27 British ships under Admiral            Nelson and 33 French and Spanish vessels under Admiral            Villeneuve . Needing            to clear the British from the English Channel to allow an            invasion of his implaccable national enemy, Napoleon            Bonaparte wanted his navy to escape the British blockade,            draw it away from Europe to the West Indies and then, after            joining up with the Spanish, returning to hold the narrow            stretch of water long enough to allow the crossing of his            army. Surprisingly,            Villeneuve did manage to slip through the blockade and a            rare error by Nelson gave the French more than a week's            head start. By the time he reached the West Indies the combined enemy fleet had begun returning towards Europe and safe            harbour in Cadiz. Determined            to bottle up and destroy his foe, Nelson and his fleet prowled            waiting for an opportunity and that came faster than expected. Bonaparte,            believing there was only a small blockading force outside            Cadiz, ordered Villeneuve from port and into the Mediterranean. To            his horror, the French admiral found himself caught between            Nelson's fleet and cut off from safety by the blockading            squadron. On            21 October, Nelson sighted his prey and gave the order " England            expects that every man will do his duty ." After            outlining a radical plan of            attack to his captains, Nelson ordered the British fleet to head in two lines towards the in-line French and Spanish. This            would open up his vessels to enemy broadsides, but would            split their formidable line, reduce the odds and then allow            the better-trained British sailors to use their superior            gunnery and sailing skills to destroy at close range. The plan worked brilliantly and with the French vanguard            cut out of the battle by the British slicing through the            fleet, Nelson's men proceeded to take the enemy fleet apart. Britain            did not lose a ship, while 18 enemy vessels were destroyed.            Some 14,000 French and Spanish sailors were lost, ten times            the British casualties. However,            the most notable death at Trafalgar was Nelson            who was shot by a sharpshooter as the Victory passed            by the Redoubtable. Mortally wounded , he            died several hours later, but was safe in the knowledge            he had won a massive victory. Some            thought must be given to his captured opponent Villeneuve            who had been driven into Nelson's sights by Bonaparte's            orders. On            his return to France, the humiliated Villeneuve killed himself            with a dagger, unable to put up with the shame of defeat. Trafalgar            ended any chance France had of invading Britain and, from            1805 onwards, Bonaparte largely kept his military operations            to terra firma.


During which war was the Battle of Blenheim?

Battle of Blenheim in the War of Spanish Succession 56,000 men, 90 guns Battle of Blenheim - Background: In 1704, King Louis XIV of France sought to knock the Holy Roman Empire out of the War of Spanish Succession by capturing its capital, Vienna . Eager to keep the Empire in the Grand Alliance (England, Habsburg Empire, Dutch Republic, Portugal, Spain, & the Duchy of Savoy), the Duke of Marlborough made plans to intercept the French and Bavarian forces before they could reach Vienna. Executing a brilliant campaign of disinformation and movement, Marlborough was able to shift his army from the Low Countries to the Danube in only five weeks, placing himself between the enemy and the Imperial capital. Reinforced by Prince Eugène of Savoy, Marlborough encountered the combined French and Bavarian army of Marshall Tallard along the banks of the Danube near the village of Blenheim. Separated from the Allies by a small stream and marsh known as the Nebel, Tallard arrayed his forces in a four mile-long line from the Danube north towards the hills and woods of the Swabian Jura. Anchoring the line were the villages of Lutzingen (left), Oberglau (center), and Blenheim (right). On the Allied side, Marlborough and Eugène had decided to attack Tallard on August 13. Battle of Blenheim - Marlborough Attacks: Assigning Prince Eugène to take Lutzingen, Marlborough ordered Lord John Cutts to attack Blenheim at 1:00 PM. Cutts repeatedly assaulted the village, but was unable to secure it. Though the attacks were not successful, they caused the French commander, Clérambault, to panic and order the reserves into the village. This mistake robbed Tallard of his reserve force and negated the slight numerical advantage he possessed over Marlborough. Seeing this error, Marlborough altered his orders to Cutts, instructing him to simply contain the French in the village. At the opposite end of the line, Prince Eugène was having little success against the Bavarian forces defending Lutzingen, despite having launched multiple assaults. With Tallard's forces pinned down on the flanks, Marlborough pushed forward an attack on the French center. After heavy initial fighting, Marlborough was able to defeat Tallard's cavalry and routed the remaining French infantry. With no reserves, Tallard's line broke and his troops began fleeing towards Höchstädt. They were joined in their flight by the Bavarians from Lutzingen. Trapped in Blenheim, Clérambault's men continued the fight until 9:00 PM when over 10,000 of them surrendered. As the French fled southwest, a group of Hessian troops managed to capture Marshall Tallard, who was to spend the next seven years in captivity in England. Battle of Blenheim - Aftermath & Impact: In the fighting at Blenheim, the Allies lost 4,542 killed and 7,942 wounded, while the French and Bavarians suffered approximately 20,000 killed and wounded as well as 14,190 captured. The Duke of Marlborough's victory at Blenheim ended the French threat to Vienna and removed the aura of invincibility that surrounded the armies of Louis XIV. The battle was a turning point in the War of Spanish Succession, ultimately leading to the Grand Alliance's victory and an end of French hegemony over Europe.


Which royal house consisted of Henry IV, Henry V and Henry VI?

Lancaster - definition of Lancaster by The Free Dictionary Lancaster - definition of Lancaster by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Lancaster Lan·cas·ter 1  (lăng′kə-stər, lăn′-) English royal house that from 1399 to 1461 produced three kings of England—Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI. During the Wars of the Roses its symbol was a red rose. Lan·cas′tri·an (lăng-kăs′trē-ən) adj. & n. Lan·cas·ter 2  (lăng′kə-stər, -kăs′tər, lăn′-) 1. A city of northwest England north of Liverpool. Chartered in 1193, it was built on the site of a Roman frontier station. 2. A city of southeast Pennsylvania west of Philadelphia. A trade center in a rich farming region, it was settled by German Mennonites c. 1709 and was the meeting place of the Continental Congress in 1777. Lancaster (ˈlæŋkəstə) n (Placename) a city in NW England, former county town of Lancashire, on the River Lune: castle (built on the site of a Roman camp); university (1964). Pop: 45 952 (2001) Lancaster royal family , royal house , royal line , royalty - royal persons collectively; "the wedding was attended by royalty" Lancastrian - a member (or supporter) of the house of Lancaster Bolingbroke , Henry Bolingbroke , Henry IV - the first Lancastrian king of England from 1399 to 1413; deposed Richard II and suppressed rebellions (1367-1413) Henry V - son of Henry IV and King of England from 1413 to 1422; reopened the Hundred Years' War and defeated the French at Agincourt (1387-1422) Henry VI - son of Henry V who as an infant succeeded his father and was King of England from 1422 to 1461; he was taken prisoner in 1460 and Edward IV was proclaimed king; he was rescued and regained the throne in 1470 but was recaptured and murdered in the Tower of London (1421-1471) Translations


In which Indian city did British troops open fire without warning on a crowd of 10,000 in 1919?

Massacre of Amritsar | India [1919] | Britannica.com Massacre of Amritsar Alternative Titles: Jallianwala Bagh massacre, Jallianwalla Bagh massacre Related Topics list of cities and towns in India Massacre of Amritsar, also called Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre, Jallianwalla also spelled Jallianwala, incident on April 13, 1919, in which British troops fired on a large crowd of unarmed Indians in Amritsar in the Punjab region (now in Punjab state) of India , killing several hundred people and wounding many hundreds more. It marked a turning point in India’s modern history, in that it left a permanent scar on Indo-British relations and was the prelude to Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi ’s full commitment to the cause of Indian nationalism and independence from Britain. Massacre of Amritsar memorial, Amritsar, Punjab, India. Joanjoc During World War I (1914–18) the British government of India enacted a series of repressive emergency powers that were intended to combat subversive activities. By the war’s end, expectations were high among the Indian populace that those measures would be eased and that India would be given more political autonomy . The Montagu-Chelmsford Report , presented to the British Parliament in 1918, did in fact recommend limited local self-government. Instead, however, the government of India passed what became known as the Rowlatt Acts in early 1919, which essentially extended the repressive wartime measures. The acts were met by widespread anger and discontent among Indians, notably in the Punjab region. Gandhi in early April called for a one-day general strike throughout the country. In Amritsar the news that prominent Indian leaders had been arrested and banished from that city sparked violent protests on April 10, in which soldiers fired upon civilians, buildings were looted and burned, and angry mobs killed several foreign nationals and severely beat a Christian missionary. A force of several dozen troops commanded by Brigadier General Reginald Edward Harry Dyer was given the task of restoring order. Among the measures taken was a ban on public gatherings. Similar Topics Srebrenica massacre On the afternoon of April 13, a crowd of at least 10,000 men, women, and children gathered in an open space known as the Jallianwalla Bagh , which was nearly completely enclosed by walls and had only one exit. It is not clear how many people there were protesters who were defying the ban on public meetings and how many had come to the city from the surrounding region to celebrate Baisakhi, a spring festival. Dyer and his soldiers arrived and sealed off the exit. Without warning, the troops opened fire on the crowd, reportedly shooting hundreds of rounds until they ran out of ammunition. It is not certain how many died in the bloodbath, but, according to one official report, an estimated 379 people were killed, and about 1,200 more were wounded. After they ceased firing, the troops immediately withdrew from the place, leaving behind the dead and wounded. Portion of a wall in Jallianwalla Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab, India, with bullet marks from the … Vinoo202 The shooting was followed by the proclamation of martial law in the Punjab that included public floggings and other humiliations. Indian outrage grew as news of the shooting and subsequent British actions spread throughout the subcontinent. The Bengali poet and Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore renounced the knighthood that he had received in 1915. Gandhi was initially hesitant to act, but he soon began organizing his first large-scale and sustained nonviolent protest ( satyagraha ) campaign, the noncooperation movement (1920–22), which thrust him to prominence in the Indian nationalist struggle. The government of India ordered an investigation of the incident (the Hunter Commission), which in 1920 censured Dyer for his actions and ordered him to resign from the military. Reaction in Britain to the massacre was mixed, however. Many condemned Dyer’s actions—including Sir Winston Churchill , then secretary of war, in a speech to the House of Commons in 1920—but the Hous


In which war was the Battle of Ramillies?

Battle of Ramillies | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia 3rd Barcelona The Battle of Ramillies / ˈ r æ m ɪ l iː z / , fought on 23 May 1706, was a major engagement of the War of the Spanish Succession . For the Grand Alliance – Austria, England, and the Dutch Republic – the battle had followed an indecisive campaign against the Bourbon armies of King Louis XIV of France in 1705. Although the Allies had captured Barcelona that year, they had been forced to abandon their campaign on the Moselle, had stalled in the Spanish Netherlands , and suffered defeat in northern Italy. Yet despite his opponents' setbacks Louis XIV was desirous of peace – but he wanted it on reasonable terms. For this end, and in order to maintain their momentum, the French and their allies would swing over to the offensive in 1706. The campaign began well for Louis XIV's generals: in Italy Marshal Vendôme had defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Calcinato in April, while in Alsace Marshal Villars had forced the Margrave of Baden back across the Rhine. Encouraged by these early gains Louis XIV urged Marshal Villeroi to go over to the offensive in the Spanish Netherlands and, with victory, gain a 'fair' peace. Accordingly, the French Marshal set off from Leuven (Louvain) at the head of 60,000 men and marched towards Tirlemont , as if to threaten Zoutleeuw (Léau). Also determined to fight a major engagement, the Duke of Marlborough , commander-in-chief of Anglo-Dutch forces, assembled his army – some 62,000 men – near Maastricht, and marched past Zoutleeuw. With both sides seeking battle, they soon stumbled upon one other on the dry ground between the Mehaigne and Petite Gheete rivers, close to the small village of Ramillies . In less than four hours Marlborough's Dutch , English, and Danish forces [4] overwhelmed Villeroi's and Max Emanuel 's Franco-Spanish-Bavarian army. The Duke's subtle moves and changes in emphasis during the battle – something his opponents failed to realise until it was too late – caught the French in a tactical vice. The battle proved decisive. With their foe broken and routed, the Allies were able to fully exploit their victory. Town after town subsequently fell, including Brussels, Bruges, Antwerp; by the end of the campaign Villeroi's army had been driven from most of the Spanish Netherlands. With Prince Eugene 's subsequent success at the Battle of Turin in northern Italy, the Allies had imposed the greatest loss of territory and resources that Louis XIV would suffer during the war. The year 1706 had indeed proved to be the Allies' annus mirabilis . Contents Edit After their disastrous defeat at Blenheim in 1704, the next year brought France some respite. The Duke of Marlborough had intended the 1705 campaign – an invasion of France through the Moselle valley – to complete the work of Blenheim and persuade King Louis XIV to make peace, but the plan had been thwarted by both friend and foe alike. [5] The reluctance of his Dutch allies to see their frontiers denuded of troops for another gamble in Germany had denied Marlborough the initiative, [5] but of far greater importance was the Margrave of Baden ’s pronouncement that he could not join the Duke in strength for the coming offensive. This was in part due to the sudden switching of troops from the Rhine to reinforce Prince Eugene in Italy, and part due to the deterioration of Baden’s health brought on by the re-opening of a severe foot wound he had received at the storming of the Schellenberg the previous year. [6] Moreover, Marlborough had to cope with the death of Emperor Leopold I in May and the accession of Joseph I , which unavoidably complicated matters for the Grand Alliance. [6] The resilience of the French King, and the efforts of his generals, also added to Marlborough’s problems. [7] Marshal Villeroi , exerting considerable pressure on the Dutch commander, Count Overkirk , along the Meuse, took Huy on 10 June before pressing on towards Liège. With Marshal Villars sitting strong on the Moselle, the Allied commander – whose supplies had by now become critic


Which sultan of Egypt, who precipitated the third Crusade, subsequently made peace with Richard I?

Third Crusade | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia

 Strength

 English: 8,000 men [1] French: 2,000 men [2] Germans: 100,000 men [2] 	Unknown

 The Third Crusade (1189–1192), also known as the Kings' Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin (Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb). It was largely successful, capturing Acre, Jaffa, and reversing most of Saladin's conquests, but failed to capture Jerusalem, which was the emotional and spiritual fixation of the Crusade. After the failure of the Second Crusade , the Zengid dynasty controlled a unified Syria and engaged in a conflict with the Fatimid rulers of Egypt , which ultimately resulted in the unification of Egyptian and Syrian forces under the command of Saladin, who employed them to reduce the Christian states and to recapture Jerusalem in 1187. Spurred by religious zeal, Henry II of England and Philip II of France ended their conflict with each other to lead a new crusade. Henry's death in 1189, however, meant that the English contingent came under the command of his successor Richard I of England (known as Richard the Lionheart, in French Cœur de Lion). The elderly Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa responded to the call to arms, and led a massive army across Anatolia, but drowned in a river in Asia Minor on 10 June 1190, before reaching the Holy Land. His death caused the greatest grief among the German Crusaders. Most of his discouraged troops left to go home. After driving the Muslims from Acre, Frederick's successor Leopold V of Austria and Philip left the Holy Land in August 1191. Saladin failed to defeat Richard in any military engagements, and Richard secured several more key coastal cities. Nevertheless, on 2 September 1192, Richard finalized a treaty with Saladin by which Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, but which also allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims and merchants to visit the city. Richard departed the Holy Land on 2 October. The successes of the Third Crusade would allow the Crusaders to maintain a considerable kingdom based in Cyprus and the Syrian coast. However, its failure to recapture Jerusalem would lead to the call for a Fourth Crusade six years later. Contents Edit After the failure of the Second Crusade , Nur ad-Din Zangi had control of Damascus and a unified Syria. Eager to expand his power, Nur ad-Din set his sights on the Fatimid dynasty of Egypt . In 1163, Nur ad-Din's most trusted general, Shirkuh set out on a military expedition to the Nile. Accompanying the general was his young nephew, Saladin . With Shirkuh's troops camped outside of Cairo, Egypt's sultan, Shawar called on King Amalric I of Jerusalem for assistance. In response, Amalric sent an army into Egypt and attacked Shirkuh's troops at Bilbeis in 1164. In an attempt to divert Crusader attention from Egypt, Nur ad-Din attacked Antioch , resulting in a massacre of Christian soldiers and the capture of several Crusader leaders, including Bohemond III , Prince of Antioch. Nur ad-Din sent the scalps of the Christian defenders to Egypt for Shirkuh to proudly display at Bilbeis for Amalric's soldiers to see. This action prompted both Amalric and Shirkuh to lead their armies out of Egypt. In 1167, Nur ad-Din once again sent Shirkuh to conquer the Fatimids in Egypt. Shawar also opted to once again call upon Amalric for the defence of his territory. The combined Egyptian-Christian forces pursued Shirkuh until he retreated to Alexandria. Amalric then breached his alliance with Shawar by turning his forces on Egypt and besieging the city of Bilbeis. Shawar pleaded with his former enemy, Nur ad-Din to save him from Amalric's treachery. Lacking the resources to maintain a prolonged siege of Cairo against the combined forces of Nur ad-Din and Shawar, Amalric retreated. This new alliance gave Nur ad-Di