What ancient Sumerian city stood on the banks of the Euphrates River between 3200 and 2300 BC?

Sumer - Ancient History Encyclopedia Sumer by Joshua J. Mark published on 28 April 2011 Sumer was the southernmost region of ancient Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq and Kuwait) which is generally considered the cradle of civilization . The name comes from Akkadian, the language of the north of Mesopotamia, and means “land of the civilized kings”. The Sumerians called themselves “the black headed people” and their land, in cuneiform script , was simply “the land” or “the land of the black headed people”. In the biblical Book of Genesis Sumer is known as Shinar. According to the Sumerian King List, when the gods first gave human beings the gifts necessary for cultivating society, they did so by establishing the city of Eridu in the region of Sumer. While the Sumerian city of Uruk is held to be the oldest city in the world, the ancient Mesopotamians believed that it was Eridu and that it was here that order was established and civilization began. The Ubaid Period The region of Sumer was long thought to have been first inhabited around 4500 BCE. This date has been contested in recent years, however, and it now thought that human activity in the area began much earlier. The first settlers were not Sumerians but a people of unknown origin whom archaeologists have termed the Ubaid people (from the excavated mound of al-Ubaid where the artifacts were uncovered which first attested to their existence) or the Proto-Euphrateans (which designates them as earlier inhabitants of the region of the Euphrates River). Remove Ads Advertisement Mesopotamians generally, and the Sumerians specifically, believed that civilization was the result of the gods’ triumph of order over chaos. Whoever these people were, they had already moved from a hunter-gatherer society to an agrarian one prior to 5000 BCE. Excavations from al-Ubaid and other sites throughout southern Iraq have uncovered stone tools from the Ubaid people such as hoes, knives, and adzes and clay artifacts which included sickles, bricks, painted pottery , and figurines. These people were the first agents of civilization in the region. At what point the people who came to be known as Sumerians entered the area is not known. The Sumerian King List According to the Sumerian scholar Samuel Noah Kramer, “The first ruler of Sumer, whose deeds are recorded, if only in the briefest kind of statement, is a king by the name of Etana of Kish, who may have come to the throne quite early in the third millennium B.C. In the King List he is described as `he who stabilized all the lands’.” The Sumerian King List is a cuneiform document, written by a scribe of the city of Lagash, sometime around 2100 BCE which lists all of the kings of the region, and their accomplishments, in an attempt to show continuity of order in society dating back to the beginning of civilization. As the Mesopotamians generally, and the Sumerians specifically, believed that civilization was the result of the gods’ triumph of order over chaos, the King List is thought to have been created to legitimize the reign of a king named Utu-Hegal of Uruk (who ruled c. 2100 BCE) by showing him as the most recent in a long line of rulers of the region. Etana is famous from the myth of the man who ascends to heaven on the back of an eagle and, like other kings mentioned in the list (Dumuzi and Gilgamesh among them) was known for superhuman feats and heroism. Utu-Hegal, it is thought, was trying to link himself to such earlier hero-kings through the creation of the King List. Since the Mesopotamians believed that the gods had set everything in motion, and that human beings were created as co-laborers with the gods to maintain order and hold back chaos, the early writers of history in the region concentrated more on the links between the rulers and their gods. Writing down the history of human accomplishments seems to have been considered a matter of little importance for these writers and, as a result, the early history of Sumer has been deduced from the archaeological and geological record more than a written tradition and much information is


On 4 June 2008 the International Olympic Committee announced that the finalists to host the 2016 Olympics were Chicago, Tokyo, Madrid and which other venue?

Media - Press Release Archive Detail > Tokyo is a Finalist to Host 2016 Olympics Media Home > Media > Press Releases > Press Release Archive Detail Media Tokyo is a Finalist to Host 2016 Olympics 11/07/2008 16:57:00 On 4 June the International Olympic Committee announced Tokyo has been selected as one of the four finalists in the running to host the 2016 Olympics and Paralympics Games. As the start date for the Beijing Olympics rapidly approaches the bidding process for the 2016 Olympics is already in full swing. On 4 June the International Olympic Committee announced that Tokyo has been selected as one of the four finalists in the running to host the 2016 Olympics and Paralympics Games.   The final four cities competing for the 2016 Olympics are Chicago, Madrid, Rio de Janeiro and Tokyo. The decision of the IOC was evaluated on 11 categories including infrastructure, safety and security, environmental conditions and impact. Tokyo gained the most points in applicant city score cards. The other applicant cities that did not make the final selection were Doha, Prague and Baku.   Two of Tokyo's most popular observation towers - Tokyo Tower and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building - have been lighting up Tokyo skies to promote its bid for the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. Tokyo Tower, 333 meters tall, is displaying "Tokyo" and "2016" in Olympic colours on each of its faces. The Tokyo metropolitan government building is now adorned in Olympic colours to "spur more momentum" for the bid, according to Tokyo 2016. The building is 243 meters tall and is where the Tokyo 2016 Olympic Games bid committee offices are located.   Tokyo's 2016 bid proposes using the same facilities as used in the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. All thecompetition venues, with the exception of shooting and football, are located within a five mile radius of the Olympic stadium. With no need to acquire land or construction the planning will reduce cost and limit the environmental impact.   Tokyo's Olympic “park” will organize venues into two operational groupings – the Heritage Zone and the Tokyo Bay Zone. The Heritage Zone will comprise of venues used in the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. The Tokyo Bay Zone will be built entirely on land reclaimed from the ocean, reconnecting Tokyo’s waterfront area with central Tokyo. Venues here will include a newly built Olympic Stadium. Also on the waterfront will be the Sea Forest Precinct. This carefully landscaped new green island is currently being created on a landfill site within the bay. It will host rowing, canoe-kayak and aquatics (marathon swimming) events. Outside the Tokyo Olympic “park”, the Sapporo Dome, Saitama Stadium, International Stadium Yokohama and Osaka Nagai Stadium — stadia used in staging the 2002 FIFA World Cup™ — and Tokyo Stadium (Chofu) are competition venues that will host Football competition. All Tokyo 2016 Olympic venues will underpin the sustainable legacies of “Tokyo’s Big Change - The10-Year Plan” and demonstrate a new model for the world’s largest event to be staged in the heart of a mature urban metropolis.   With Tokyo already having a smooth and reliable transport infrastructure, efforts will be put in place to provide effective traffic information to help maintain a balance between Olympic related traffic and regular traffic. Travel time between the Olympic village and the competition venues will be maintained to 20 minutes.   Dr Ichiro Kono, Chairman and CEO of Tokyo 2016 said, "Now it is full steam ahead for my team and the Japanese people. We have no time to lose in preparing the best possible Candidature File for the IOC, and have some big surprises and exciting concepts to come."   The ‘Musubi Promise’, which is the cornerstone of TOKYO 2016’s Olympic concept, symbolises the Bid’s commitment to deliver an environmentally-friendly Games that will reunite youth with sport, old and new Japan, heritage and innovation, the Games with city life and create a greener city in 2016 for the benefit of Japan and the whole Olympic Movement.   The IOC will name the winning city at a general assembly meet


"The opening sequence of the film ""Airplane"" (also entitled ""Flying High"") is a parody of which film?"

Best Opening Scenes in Movies - MTV mtv Film.com Staff 10/02/2013 Creating the right opening scene may not always be the most difficult part of making a movie, but it's invariably the most perverse.  Every film ever made begins with the same sense of endless possibility, the infinite canvas of the universe at its disposal, and then -- in a flash -- limits it all to just. One. Thing. In our current cinematic climate, opening scenes are more important than ever before. The theatrical experience has remained largely unchanged over the years, but since the advent of home video -- be it Betamax or Blu-ray -- most movies come with a built-in escape route. Whereas the dark confines of a theater inherently provides an immersive experience by blocking out the rest of the world, nowadays, most people have to actively deny the intrusions of the outside world in order to really get into a film -- the onus is no longer on us to surrender ourselves to a movie so much as it is on the movie to actively keep everything else in our lives at bay. Be that as it may, the mark of a great opening sequence is the same as it ever was: It has to grab you by the throat and insist that you don't look away. So far as great beginnings are concerned, even the most seemingly benign examples are imbued with a certain violence, stealing you away down the rabbit hole with such force that you're powerless to resist. The best opening scenes will seduce you into the world you see on screen, regardless of its kind or size. And so, inspired by the tone-setting orgy of adolescent hedonism with which  "Spring Breakers" explodes into life, Film.com presents our list of the 50 Best Opening Scenes ever made. 50.) “Snake Eyes” (Brian De Palma) 1998 Lest we kick things off on the wrong foot, let’s be clear that this isn’t a list of the greatest opening shots of all time (and if it were, “Snake Eyes” would sure rank a hell of a lot higher). Be that as it may, for Brian De Palma there may not be much of a difference. “Snake Eyes” isn’t a great movie. If you want to be a stickler for details, “Snake Eyes” isn’t really even a good movie, but I’ll be damned if it doesn’t know how to get your attention. Kicking off with an absurdly complex 12.5-minute tracking shot that combines De Palma’s dual loves of seediness and nested images as it follows Nicolas Cage (at his sleaziest) as he works all the angles in the lead up to a title fight in Atlantic City. Leisure suits, lizard-men (Gary Sinise), snipers and intrigue ... it’s such a delicious set-up, you’ll never believe the taste the film eventually leaves in your mouth. - David Ehrlich 49.) "The Lion King" (Rob Minkoff) 1994 The opening scene of "The Lion King" offers up the only African chant that's immediately recognizable to most Americans this side of Paul Simon's "Graceland" album. The sun rises, the song continues, and all the animals herald a new dawn. This was the last golden era of Disney animation, and this opening scene goes a long way toward explaining why they held the pole position for decades, mixing beautiful animation with a profoundly positive worldview. - Laremy Legel 48.) "2001: A Space Odyssey" (Stanley Kubrick) 1968 The opening scene to "2001: A Space Odyssey" is probably the most recognizable movie music in the world. Stanley Kubrick clues you in to the type of film experience you're about to have, full of weighty themes and incredible visuals. The amount of confidence in this type of opening is also incredible, you don't tell an audience "Hey, watch this scene without any dialogue for two minutes" if you don't have the utmost confidence that you're going to deliver throughout. - LL 47. "Scream" (Wes Craven) 1996 “What’s your favorite scary movie?” Ok, so in some ways this has been parodied and mocked to death, including (and especially) in its own sequels. Yet it’s persistent for a reason. Wes Craven’s self-aware sense of pitch-black humor is complimented only by his ability to engineer a freaky horror set piece, in this case one of the best of all time. – Daniel Walber 46.) “Reservoir Dogs” (Quentin T


What name was given to a group of painters who first exhibited in Paris in 1906, including Matisse, Bracque, Derain, van Dongen and Dufy, who presented bold forms, brilliant colours and clearly defined patterns?

History of Art: Art of the 20th Century Art of the 20th Century A Revolution in the Arts   (Encyclopaedia Britannica) Modern The term modern art has come to denote the innovating and even    revolutionary developments in Western painting and the other visual arts    since the second half of the 19th century. It embraces a wide variety of    movements, styles, theories, and attitudes, the modernity of which resides    in a common tendency to repudiate past conventions and precedents in    subject matter, mode of depiction, and painting technique alike. Not all    the painting of this period has made such a departure; representational    work, for example, has continued to appear, particularly in connection with    official exhibiting societies. Nevertheless, the idea that some current    types of painting are more properly of their time than are others, and for    that reason are more interesting or important, applies with particular    force to the painting of the last 150 years. By the mid-19th century, painting was no longer basically in service to    either the church or the court but rather was patronized by the upper and    middle classes of an increasingly materialistic and secularized Western    society. This society was undergoing rapid change because of the growth of    science and technology, industrialization, urbanization, and the    fundamental questioning of received religious dogmas. Painters were thus    confronted with the need to reject traditional, historical, or academic    forms and conventions in an effort to create an art that would better    reflect the changed social, material, and intellectual conditions of    emerging modern life. Another important, if indirect, stimulus to change    was the development from the early 19th century on of photography and    other photomechanical techniques, which freed (or deprived) painting and    drawing of their hitherto cardinal roles as the only available means of    accurately depicting the visual world. These manually executed arts were    thus no longer obliged to serve as the means of recording and    disseminating information as they once had been and were eventually freed    to explore aesthetically the basic visual elements of line, colour, tone,    and composition in a nonrepresentational context. Indeed, an important    trend in modern painting has been that of abstractionï¿½i.e., painting in    which little or no attempt is made to accurately depict the appearance or    form of objects in the realm of nature or the existing physical world. The    door of the objective world was thus closed, but the inner world of the    imagination offered seemingly infinite possibilities for exploration, as    did the manipulation of pigments on a flat surface for their purely    intrinsic visual or aesthetic appeal. The beginnings of modern painting cannot be clearly demarcated, but it is    generally agreed that it started in mid-19th-century France. The paintings    of Gustav Courbet, Edouard Manet, and the Impressionists represent a    deepening rejection of the prevailing academic traditions of Neoclassicism    and Romanticism and a quest for a more truthful naturalistic    representation of the visual world. The sepainters' Postimpressionist    successorsï¿½notably Paul Cï¿½zanne, Vincent van Gogh, Edgar Degas, and Paul    Gauguinï¿½can be viewed as more clearly modern in their repudiation of    traditional subject matter and techniques and in their assumption of a    more subjective and personal vision.From about the 1890s a succession of    varied styles and movements arose that are the core of modern painting and    are also one of the high points of the history of the Western visual arts    in general. These modern movements include Neo-Impressionism, Symbolism,    the Nabis, Fauvism, Cubism, Expressionism, Futurism, the Ashcan School, Suprematism, Constructivism, O


Who was the first English actor to be knighted?

Who was the first English Actor to be knighted?????????????? View the step-by-step solution to: Who was the first English Actor to be knighted?????????????? This question was answered on Jun 03, 2016. View the Answer Who was the first English Actor to be knighted?????????????? AveryYocom                                                   posted a question · Jun 03, 2016 at 12:57pm Top Answer Let me explain the... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29903636) ]} Prof.Rancho answered the question · Jun 03, 2016 at 12:58pm Other Answers Attached is a detailed explanation... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29903643) ]} millie8 answered the question · Jun 03, 2016 at 12:58pm John Henry Brodribb Explanation Sir Henry Irving, original name John Henry Brodribb (born... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29903659) ]} {[ getNetScore(29903689) ]} Keniaviconda answered the question · Jun 03, 2016 at 1:01pm The correct answer is Sir Henry Irving. Sir Henry was first knighted to the stage on... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29903795) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions During which decade did all women first get the vote in the UK ? Recently Asked Questions Need an European History tutor? Jordan-M 2 European History experts found online! Average reply time is                       87 mins Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. 890,990,898 Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! 890,990,898 Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!


How high, including about 20 cm landing mat, should a pommel horse be?

Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Gymnastics pommel horse Encyclopedia > Gymnastics pommel horse Redirected from Gymnastics pommel horse The pommel horse is a Artistic_Gymnastics apparatus. It is only used by male gymnasts . It is made of a iron or metal or steel frame with wooden body and a leather cover. The pommels are formerly made of wood and now made of plastic . Height 115 cm (including about 20 cm landing mats) Length 160 cm Height ot the pommels 12 cm Distance between the pommels 40 cm to 45 cm (adjustable)


In what year did the airship Graf Zeppelin complete the first round-the-world flight in September, and inaugurate the first commercial transatlantic service in October?

Airshipsonline: Airships: LZ127 Graf Zeppelin Great         Britain trips flight log *NEW* The        Graf Zeppelin was the designated registration of D-LZ127 (Deutsche        Luftschiff Zeppelin number 127) the 127th designed Zeppelin, was        originally planned to exploit the latest technology in airships,        building on the advances of the earlier commercial operational ships.        After the First World War, Germany was limited by the treaty of        Versailles to the size and capacity of ships which they could build.        The Zeppelin Company had created two ships within this limited size        parameter, the Bodensee and Nordstern, for small inter city passenger        services. It was with a contract with the United States Government        that enabled the company to exceed the regulation laid down on the        size limitation, and thus designated and constructed the D-LZ126,        later re-christened on delivery as the "Los Angeles".        Much of the lessons learnt in the design of this ship, was carried        forward and improved in to the design of the LZ-127 "Graf Zeppelin". Dr.         Hugo Eckener, whose experience and work with Count Zeppelin had         lead the company for the years following the death of the Count,         had to campaign to the German Government for its construction         and assisting funding, and only after two years of lobbying did         that proceed at the Zeppelin works, Luftschiffbau Zeppelin, at         Friedrichshafen in Germany. Construction         of the ship began on the enhanced design of the LZ126, and when         finally complete, the ship flew for the first time on 18 September         1928. With a total length of 236.6 metres (776 ft) and volume         of 105,000 cubic metres (3,700,000 cu ft), was the largest airship         up to that time. The         D-LZ127 was powered by five Maybach 550 horsepower (410 kW) engines         that could burn either Blau gas or gasoline. The ship achieved         a maximum speed of 128 kilometres per hour (80 mph, 70 knots)         operating at total maximum thrust of 2,650 horsepower which reduced         to the normal cruising speed of 117 km/h (73 mph). The         D-LZ127 had a usable payload capacity of 15,000 kilograms for         a 10,000 kilometres cruise. Initially         it was to be used for experimental and demonstration purposes         to prepare the way for regular airship travelling, but also carried         passengers and mail to cover the costs. Cabin         and general passenger gondola layout Behind         the front command cabin through a door lay the map room, with         two large open access hatches to allow the command crew to communicate         with the navigators. From the map room ascending a ladder allowed         access to a keel corridor inside the hull. The map room had two         large windows, one on each side. A rear door led from the map         room to a central corridor with the three-man radio room to the         left and the electric kitchen to the right, and a short passage         to the main entrance-exit door on the right. The         corridor ended at a door that opened into the main dining and         sitting room, with four large windows. At the rear of this room         a door opened into the long corridor to access the passenger's         cabins and washrooms and toilet facilities. Each passenger cabin         was designed in the "Pullman" style as enjoyed on luxury         train travel. By day was set with a sofa which by night the crew         would convert to two beds, one above the other. The crew's quarters


The Rock of Gibraltar and Mt Abyla on the African coast were known as what?

Pages - The People of Gibraltar The People of Gibraltar BC - The Pillars of Hercules The northern Pillar of Hercules ( 1910s - Allan Stewart)  If a Gibraltarian were asked by a visiting friend about the Pillars of Hercules his probable response would be - "You are standing on one of them, mate". If they happened to be somewhere on the eastern side of the Rock, a vaguely familiar looking mountain on the other side of the strait would be pointed out and identified as perhaps being the second one.  This would probably be followed by a short explanation as to how a mythical Hercules had ripped the place apart sometime in the very distant past thereby creating the Strait of Gibraltar. We are not just proud of being British - sometimes we are proud of our classical heritage as well. The Pillars of Hercules - the classical view  (1450s - Nicolas Germanus - Detail ) The truth is that until I started my research for this essay the above was about the sum total of my own knowledge about the famous Pillars - including the fact that I was not entirely sure as to the actual location of the far less important Pillar - from a Gibraltarians' point of view of course - on the other side of the Strait. I have since realised that I am not alone. It seems that the person responsible for the myths about Hercules was Peisander of Rhodes, a 7th century BC Greek epic poet who apparently got the story from an unknown Pisinus of Lindus who almost certainly plagiarised it from somebody else. In other words it's a pretty old story. According to Peisander's version Heracles - the name was later Romanised to Hercules - was advised by the Oracle at Delphi to submit to his cousin King Eurystheus and perform whatever labours he might set him. Of the twelve which he eventually carried out it is the tenth that concerns us here. It involved the capture of the cattle of the monster Geryon which meant that Heracles had to get himself to the island of Gades - today's Cadiz - where apparently Geryon had his cattle ranch. When Hercules found his passage from the Mediterranean into the Atlantic Ocean obstructed by mountains he simply rent them apart with his sword forming the Straits of Gibraltar. The two bits of mountain that were left over on either side were Gibraltar - Mons Calpe - to the north and Mount Abyla to the south - the Pillars of Hercules.  But let me nitpick. First of all it is worth noting that the creation of the Pillars of Hercules was not one of his labours. Rather than take the obvious and easier overland route to Cadiz Heracles inexplicably opted to go by sea and created a massive bit of extra work for himself. Another oddity is that although Peisander always went out of his way to depict Heracles wielding an enormous club he had him use a sword for this one.  Another interpretation - Heracles using neither sword nor club - but simply brute force - to create the two "Pillars"   ( 1634 - Francisco de Zubarán ) This illustration on a recent Gibraltar stamp issue also suggests a hands-on approach But perhaps the most awkward bit is the use of the words "Pillars" to describe Gibraltar and Abyla - the name of the unimportant one on the other side.  And whichever mountain one chooses to call Mount Abyla on the African coast - and there is a choice of two - they do not look like pillars at all - particularly not el Hacho which is a rather insignificant hill being less than half the height of the Rock of Gibraltar. Mount Hacho - not the most imposing of hills  - also known by some as Mount Abyla   (old postcard ) Looking up this quirk in various encyclopaedias and elsewhere I have found out that many people consider that the not so nearby but far more imposing Jebel Musa or Apes Hill is a much more likely candidate. The fact that there are ruins on its summit that are thought to be the remains of a temple to Heracles - makes it an interesting alternative.   Looking south from Gibraltar with Jebal Musa in the distance - Is this the real Mount Abyla?  (1883 - General John Miller Adye)  ( See LINK ) The problem is that our ancient classical scholars wer


"What is the meaning of the word ""micturition""?"

Micturition | definition of micturition by Medical dictionary Micturition | definition of micturition by Medical dictionary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/micturition urination  [u″rĭ-na´shun] the discharge of urine from the bladder; urine from the kidneys is passed in spurts every few seconds along the ureters to the bladder, where it collects and later is passed to the outside via the urethra. Called also micturition and voiding . The Urinary Process. Urination is a complex process controlled by muscles of the bladder and sphincter mechanism and by modulatory centers in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The detrusor muscle is a complex meshwork of interlaced smooth muscle bundles that contract in a way that squeezes urine from the bladder vesicle. The sphincter mechanism consists of smooth muscle in the bladder neck and proximal urethra, a striated muscle sphincter consisting of slow twitch muscle fibers in the urethral wall, and periurethral muscles that are a component of the pelvic floor muscles. The detrusor relaxes during bladder filling to accommodate increasing volumes at a low pressure, and the sphincter remains tightly closed. During urination, the detrusor contracts and the sphincter mechanism relaxes, allowing smooth outflow of urine. As the bladder fills, modulatory centers in the brain prevent the occurrence of contractions. Meanwhile, the sphincter mechanism remains closed under autonomic and somatic nervous system control. During urination, the inhibition of contractions is removed and a reflex originates in the pontine micturition center. That causes the detrusor muscle to contract and the sphincter mechanism to relax. The location of the final output of central nervous system impulses to and from the bladder and sphincter is the sacral micturition center, located in spinal segments 2, 3, and 4, which must be intact for contraction to occur. Injury to the pontine micturition center will compromise the smooth coordination between sphincter mechanism and detrusor muscle, and injury to the brain will affect the volitional control of urine (bladder stability). See also urinary incontinence . mic·tu·ri·tion


Which British music chart television programme was originally broadcast weekly from 1 January 1964 to 30 July 2006?

Top of the Pops (1/2) - YouTube Top of the Pops (1/2) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Aug 1, 2011 Top of the Pops, also known as TOTP, was a British music chart television programme, made by the BBC and originally broadcast weekly from 1 January 1964 to 30 July 2006. It was traditionally shown every Thursday evening on BBC 1, before being moved to Fridays in 1996, and then moved to Sundays on BBC Two in 2005. Each weekly programme consisted of performances from some of that week's best-selling popular music artists, with a rundown of that week's singles chart. Additionally, every year there was a special edition of the programme on Christmas Day featuring some of the best-selling singles of the year. Although the weekly show was cancelled,the Christmas special has continued. It was also survived by Top of the Pops 2, which began in 1994 and featured vintage performances from the Top of the Pops archives. In the 1990s, the show's format was sold to several foreign broadcasters in the form of a franchise package, and at one point various versions of the show were shown in nearly 100 countries. At the moment, a local version of TOTP is still regularly running in Italy on Rai 2. (extract from Wikipedia 2011)


Which two American track and field athletes, who finished first and third in the 200 metres, were sent home from the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City after they performed the Black Power salute on the victory stand?

Ranking the 100 Greatest US Olympians in Summer Games History | Bleacher Report Ranking the 100 Greatest US Olympians in Summer Games History Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse the slideshow Mike Hewitt/Getty Images 81 Comments It isn't brash, jingoistic or even really subjective to say that America has the greatest sporting legacy in Summer Olympic history. Since the modern Games began in 1896,  3,095 American athletes  have won medals in 35 distinct disciplines—dominating everything from BMX to jeu de paume  and earning more than twice as many medals as the next most decorated country. From that legion we've gathered the 100 very best—those choice athletes who have risen to a plane well above the high standards of Olympic champion. Enjoy the resulting pageant of sporting greatness—and of course, comment below. A Note on the Selections Stephen Chernin/Getty Images Greatness can be a slippery concept, but we want to give you an idea of the criteria we weighed in constructing this list of the 100 best U.S. summer Olympians: — Unique feats (world records, medal counts, etc.) or distinct contributions by way of innovation. — Sustained excellence over multiple Olympic cycles. — Cultural impact. What we didn't take into account: —Success outside the Olympics , in World Championships, national championships or other sports. — Singular moments of greatness, such as Kerri Strug's vault or Rulon Gardner's Greco-Roman wrestling upset. (If those moments were accompanied by great careers, then fine. But we weren't after one-hit wonders.) — Your opinion, which we hope you will add to the comments! A few notable names that finished just outside our top 100: Tony Azevedo (Water Polo) Bob Garrett (Track and Field) Rowdy Gaines (Swimming) Bud Houser (Track and Field) Kristine Lilly (Soccer) Ralph Rose (Track and Field) Mel Sheppard (Track) Martin Sheridan (Track and Field) Frank Shorter (Marathon) Olympics: 1984 Medals: 1 (gold) Beginning with early claims that an 800-meter run was hazardous to women's health, the IOC has a long history of excluding female endurance events from the Olympic program.* Officials began to change their tune over the back half of the 20th century—a slow erosion of prejudices that culminated in the addition of a women's marathon at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. In this milestone moment for women athletes and the Olympic movement, American Joan Benoit became the first female runner to win marathon gold. No American runner has won the women's Olympic marathon over the 28 years since, and only one has even medaled. *Information via The Complete Book of the Olympics. Olympics: 1968, 1972 Medals: None What Cathy Rigby's résumé lacks in Olympic medals, it more than makes up in pioneering significance. America's first female gymnastics star was the top performer on Team USA's earliest competitive squads , and her sprightly demeanor would set the mold for future media sensations like Mary Lou Retton and Dominique Moceanu. After retiring from gymnastics, Rigby would go on to a successful theater career that included multiple stints playing Peter Pan on Broadway. Olympics: 1984 Medals: 1 (silver) Standing 6'5", with hair that made her look taller still, Flo Hyman was the smiling superstar behind America's popular 1984 women's volleyball team—a group that broke ground by taking home Team USA's first women's volleyball medal. Less than two years later, Hyman would die unexpectedly from an undiagnosed case of Marfan syndrome. Olympics: 1984 Medals: 1 (gold) Twelve years after she competed as a long-distance speed skater at the 1972 Winter Olympics, Connie Carpenter-Phinney, then age 27, won the first-ever women's road race—edging fellow American Rebecca Twigg by less than a tire length. Carpenter-Phinney's son, Taylor Phinney, is now among America's best young Olympic cyclists and is slated to compete in London. Olympics: 1984, 1988, 1992 Medals: 3 (2 gold, 1 bronze) A mainstay of the most successful era in U.S. men's volleyball history, Steve Timmons had two calling cards: his potent back-line offense and his red-haired


Who first stated the three laws of planetary motion?

Kepler's Three Laws Circular Motion and Satellite Motion - Lesson 4 - Planetary and Satellite Motion Kepler's Three Laws Energy Relationships for Satellites In the early 1600s, Johannes Kepler proposed three laws of planetary motion. Kepler was able to summarize the carefully collected data of his mentor - Tycho Brahe - with three statements that described the motion of planets in a sun-centered solar system. Kepler's efforts to explain the underlying reasons for such motions are no longer accepted; nonetheless, the actual laws themselves are still considered an accurate description of the motion of any planet and any satellite. Kepler's three laws of planetary motion can be described as follows: The path of the planets about the sun is elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus. (The Law of Ellipses) An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time. (The Law of Equal Areas) The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the sun. (The Law of Harmonies)   The Law of Ellipses Kepler's first law - sometimes referred to as the law of ellipses - explains that planets are orbiting the sun in a path described as an ellipse. An ellipse can easily be constructed using a pencil, two tacks, a string, a sheet of paper and a piece of cardboard. Tack the sheet of paper to the cardboard using the two tacks. Then tie the string into a loop and wrap the loop around the two tacks. Take your pencil and pull the string until the pencil and two tacks make a triangle (see diagram at the right). Then begin to trace out a path with the pencil, keeping the string wrapped tightly around the tacks. The resulting shape will be an ellipse. An ellipse is a special curve in which the sum of the distances from every point on the curve to two other points is a constant. The two other points (represented here by the tack locations) are known as the foci of the ellipse. The closer together that these points are, the more closely that the ellipse resembles the shape of a circle. In fact, a circle is the special case of an ellipse in which the two foci are at the same location. Kepler's first law is rather simple - all planets orbit the sun in a path that resembles an ellipse, with the sun being located at one of the foci of that ellipse.   The Law of Equal Areas Kepler's second law - sometimes referred to as the law of equal areas - describes the speed at which any given planet will move while orbiting the sun. The speed at which any planet moves through space is constantly changing. A planet moves fastest when it is closest to the sun and slowest when it is furthest from the sun. Yet, if an imaginary line were drawn from the center of the planet to the center of the sun, that line would sweep out the same area in equal periods of time. For instance, if an imaginary line were drawn from the earth to the sun, then the area swept out by the line in every 31-day month would be the same. This is depicted in the diagram below. As can be observed in the diagram, the areas formed when the earth is closest to the sun can be approximated as a wide but short triangle; whereas the areas formed when the earth is farthest from the sun can be approximated as a narrow but long triangle. These areas are the same size. Since the base of these triangles are shortest when the earth is farthest from the sun, the earth would have to be moving more slowly in order for this imaginary area to be the same size as when the earth is closest to the sun.   The Law of Harmonies Kepler's third law - sometimes referred to as the law of harmonies - compares the orbital period and radius of orbit of a planet to those of other planets. Unlike Kepler's first and second laws that describe the motion characteristics of a single planet, the third law makes a comparison between the motion characteristics of different planets. The comparison being made is that the ratio of the squares of the periods to th


Which military academy was established in 1802 on the Hudson River, USA?

U.S. Military Academy established - Mar 16, 1802 - HISTORY.com U.S. Military Academy established Publisher A+E Networks The United States Military Academy–the first military school in the United States–is founded by Congress for the purpose of educating and training young men in the theory and practice of military science. Located at West Point, New York, the U.S. Military Academy is often simply known as West Point. Located on the high west bank of New York’s Hudson River, West Point was the site of a Revolutionary-era fort built to protect the Hudson River Valley from British attack. In 1780, Patriot General Benedict Arnold, the commander of the fort, agreed to surrender West Point to the British in exchange for 6,000 pounds. However, the plot was uncovered before it fell into British hands, and Arnold fled to the British for protection. Ten years after the establishment of the U.S. Military Academy in 1802, the growing threat of another war with Great Britain resulted in congressional action to expand the academy’s facilities and increase the West Point corps. Beginning in 1817, the U.S. Military Academy was reorganized by superintendent Sylvanus Thayer–later known as the “father of West Point”–and the school became one of the nation’s finest sources of civil engineers. During the Mexican-American War, West Point graduates filled the leading ranks of the victorious U.S. forces, and with the outbreak of the Civil War former West Point classmates regretfully lined up against one another in the defense of their native states. In 1870, the first African-American cadet was admitted into the U.S. Military Academy, and in 1976, the first female cadets. The academy is now under the general direction and supervision of the department of the U.S. Army and has an enrollment of more than 4,000 students. More on This Topic


In 1946, what did the USA offer to buy for $100,000,000?

The Time the United States Tried to Buy Greenland | Mental Floss The Time the United States Tried to Buy Greenland istock Like us on Facebook Had a Cold War sales pitch worked out differently, Greenland just might have become an American territory.     In 1946, this Arctic island looked like red-hot real estate to Pentagon strategists. From her shores, spies could safely monitor Atlantic-bound Soviet vessels. Plus, stationed troops would likely spot any incoming missiles and warn the mainland from afar. Clearly, America needed to set up a few bases there. But one minor problem presented itself: At the time, Greenland was a colony of Denmark and home to roughly 600 Danish citizens. Would the Danes mind parting with it? Not if the price was right—or so thought the U.S. State Department.  “[There] are few people in Denmark who have any real interest in Greenland,” wrote European affairs official William C. Trimble. Future diplomat John Hickerson  reported that “practically every single [department chief] … said that our real objective as regards to Greenland should be to acquire it by purchase from Denmark." Shortly thereafter, an offer was made. At a U.N. meeting, Danish Foreign Minister Gustav Rasmussen met with James F. Byrnes—Truman’s Secretary of State—and discussed the subject. What happened next is unclear. Denmark’s government either formally rejected this bid or ignored it altogether. In any event, this effort failed , and the U.S. made no further attempts to acquire Greenland. However, thanks to a 1951 NATO treaty, American bases wound up getting built on the island anyway, one of which remains the nation’s northernmost: But what if Byrnes’ offer had been accepted? Assuming Greenland ever became a proper state, it’d currently be both America’s largest (at 1.26 times the size of Alaska) and her least-populous (with a scant 56,370 residents). Nickname-wise, maybe we could go with “ The Leif Erickson State .” Just a thought.  This post originally appeared in 2014.


Which composer of musicals was knighted in 1992 and made a life peer in 1997?

BBC NEWS | Entertainment | Lloyd Webber leads theatre list Lloyd Webber leads theatre list Andrew Lloyd Webber now runs 13 London theatres Composer Andrew Lloyd Webber has been named the most influential man in UK theatre for the fourth year in a row by industry newspaper The Stage. The 55-year-old has recently enjoyed success with Tell Me On A Sunday, with Denise Van Outen, as well as the lavish musical Bombay Dreams. "Lloyd Webber's reputation, fame, and composing talent gives him the edge," The Stage said. He is now working on a musical based on the novel The Woman in White. Lord Lloyd-Webber is also the biggest theatre owner in London's West End thanks to his Really Useful Group, which owns and manages 13 venues. He built up his empire in the 1970s and 1980s thanks to musicals such as Cats, Evita, and Starlight Express. Lord Lloyd-Webber was knighted in 1992 and made a life peer in 1997. Recently, he has used his weight to campaign for more help for West End theatres, complaining they cannot compete with the kind of grants being given to subsidised venues. He has also teamed up with fellow impresario Sir Cameron Mackintosh to campaign for better transport and policing in the West End.


What is the name for the unit of work done by a force of 1 dyne moving through a distance of 1 centimetre?

Erg | Define Erg at Dictionary.com ERG variant of ergo- 1. before a vowel: ergodic. Examples from the Web for erg Expand Historical Examples And it has great energy, and will expend every erg of that energy of existence to continue existence. A beam behind which was every erg of energy that the gigantic mechanisms of the planetoid could yield. Triplanetary Edward Elmer Smith Ef I ax fer er million er money, hit 'u'd be 'cause I'd natch'ly want ter quit work, an' dat's erg'in' his law. British Dictionary definitions for erg Expand the cgs unit of work or energy. 1 erg is equivalent to 10–7 joule Word Origin C19: from Greek ergon work erg2 an area of shifting sand dunes in a desert, esp the Sahara Word Origin (informal) short for ergometer (sense 2) Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for erg Expand n. unit of energy in the C.G.S. system, coined 1873 by the British Association for the Advancement of Science from Greek ergon "work" (see urge (v.)). "region of drifting sand dunes," 1875, from French erg (1854), from North African Arabic 'irj, from a Berber word. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper


Which British organisation, started in 1939 under Basil Dean and disbanded in 1946, represented the mobilisation of the entertainment industry?

Militaria Mart is an online shopping centre and resource for all  types of Militaria with 100,000+ items of militaria for sale The   following items can be found on the Mons Military Antiques website , with   full descriptions, photographs and prices. 'ACTION' NEWSPAPER No:- 139 OCTOBER 15th 1938 British Union of Fascists ï¿½Action, Britain Firstï¿½ news paper. One of the news papers issued by the British Union of Fascists (Action had the highest readership of all the British Fascist papers). Issue No 139 October 15th, 1938. Headline:- ï¿½Air Defence Scandalï¿½. Issue dealing with BU attitudes towards Britainï¿½s air defence policies, with sub headings still covering the Munich Peace Agreement and its repercussions for Britain.  Twenty page news paper in good condition, with slight age foxing only, and fragility to front few pages where folded. 'ACTION' NEWSPAPER No:- 180 AUGUST 5th 1939 British Union of Fascists ï¿½Action, Britain Firstï¿½ news paper. One of the news papers issued by the British Union of Fascists (Action had the highest readership of all the British Fascist papers). Issue No. 180 August 5th, 1939. Headline:- ï¿½T.U.C. Aids Refugees ï¿½. Issue dealing with Trade Union issues, ï¿½requestingï¿½ skilled refugees and B.U. opposition on the grounds that it would be taking a British workers job. Twenty page news paper in good condition, with age foxing and slight fragility to the papers edge. 'ACTION' NEWSPAPER No:- 181 AUGUST 12TH 1939 British Union of Fascists ï¿½Action, Britain Firstï¿½ news paper. One of the news papers issued by the British Union of Fascists (Action had the highest readership of all the British Fascist papers). Issue No. 181 August 12th, 1939. Headline:- ï¿½Poles Before Britonsï¿½. Again the B.U. opposition to the favouring of immigrants and refugees. Twenty page news paper in good condition, with age foxing and slight fragility to the papers edge and front cover scuffing. 'ACTION' NEWSPAPER No:- 194 November 16th 1939 British Union of Fascists ï¿½Action, Britain Firstï¿½ news paper. One of the news papers issued by the British Union of Fascists (Action had the highest readership of all the British Fascist papers). Issue No. 194 November 16th, 1939. Headline:- ï¿½Press Wrecks Peaceï¿½. B.U. speaks out against peace overtones and the British pressï¿½s stance to press on with the war. Eight page news paper in good condition, with age foxing and slight fragility to the papers edge. 'ACTION' NEWSPAPER No:- 195 November 23rd 1939 British Union of Fascists ï¿½Action, Britain Firstï¿½ news paper. One of the news papers issued by the British Union of Fascists (Action had the highest readership of all the British Fascist papers). Issue No. 195 November 23rd, 1939. Headline:- ï¿½Peace With Honourï¿½. B.U. Stance on peace and an appeal for support so that their ï¿½voice' can be heard. Eight page news paper in good condition, with age foxing and slight fragility to the papers edge. 'CUNLIFFE - OWEN AIRCRAFT Ltd' LAPEL BADGE  On National Service Factory lapel badge for Cunliffe - Owen Aircraft Ltd. Excellent condition badge, in blue and white enamel on brass. Button hole fitting to reverse. Maker details ï¿½Fattorini & Sons Ltd. Bradford Works Birminghamï¿½. Issue numbered 420. 'OLD BILL' BAIRNSFATHER WARE BUTTER-DISH & COVER Bairnsfather Ware ï¿½Grimwadeï¿½sï¿½ ï¿½Old Billï¿½ butter dish & cover. An excellent overall condition, piece of ï¿½Old Billï¿½ ware. Transfer images are the same all round and are entitled ï¿½Well if you knows of a better 'ole go to it'. Subject transfers are in excellent damage free condition (see images). Underside of dish cover with Grimwade maker details. Very slight age crazing to the surfaces as is common now with this low grade manufactured pottery, making this piece in well above average condition for its age A reasonably rare piece of ï¿½Old Billï¿½ china, that is now little encountered. 'OLD BILL' BAIRNSFATHER WARE WATER JUG Bairnsfather Ware ï¿½Grimwadeï¿½sï¿½ ï¿½Old Billï¿½ small water jug. A very good condition, piece of ï¿½O


What is the acronym developed by the European Union as the geocode standard for referencing the administrative divisions of countries for statistical purposes?

Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics - Example Problems Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics From Example Problems Jump to: navigation , search The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) is a geocode standard for referencing the administrative division of countries for statistical purposes. The standard was developed by the European Union , and thus only covers the member states of the EU in detail; Eurostat also devised a hierarchy for the 10 countries which joined the EU in 2004 , but these are subject to minor changes. The NUTS divisions do not necessarily correspond to administrative divisions within the country. The acronym is derived from the French name for the scheme, nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques. A NUTS code begins with a two letter code referencing the country, which are identical with the ISO 3166-1 codes (except UK instead of GB for the United Kingdom ). The subdivision of countries is then referred with one number, covering the same entities as the ISO 3166-2 standard. A second or third subdivision level is referred with another number each. Each numbering starts with 1 as 0 is used for the upper level. In case it has more than 9 entities capital letters are used to continue the numbering. Additionally to the full three levels for the European Union countries all countries have a NUTS code with a two letter code for a continent and two numbers for the country, and for the USA, Canada and Australia the states are numbered separately. There are some anomalies: for example, Gibraltar is listed as being outside the EU with the code EO21; while French Guiana is listed twice, once in France as FR930 and once in South America as AS13. NUTS is thus in some extent similar to the ISO 3166 standard, as well as the FIPS standard of the United States. Levels There are three levels of NUTS defined, with two levels of local administrative units (LAUs) below that, historically called NUTS levels 4 and 5 and sometimes still described as such. Note that not all countries have every level of division. Luxembourg, for example, has only LAUs; the three NUTS divisions each correspond to the entire country itself. Countries


The Gta Canal connects Gteborg, Sweden, with which body of water?

West Sweden's Islands, Beaches, and Seals: Sea Kayaking and Camping in Bohuslän – Wild Junket Adventure Travel Blog West Sweden’s Islands, Beaches, and Seals: Sea Kayaking and Camping in Bohuslän Posted on September 10, 2013 by Nellie Huang ‹ We can’t quite believe our luck. It’s sunny and warm, and there’s not a single cloud above our heads. Summer in Sweden isn’t usually this glorious but we’ve clearly hit the jackpot with the weather. Here on our own deserted island, we’re basking under the sun, enjoying some packed Swedish meatballs and salad that we’ve packed – along with several other basic camping essentials – into our trusty kayaks. In the horizon stands the silhouette of a rocky island rising from the glassy water surface but beyond that, there’s no sign of human activity. The water is calm and still and there’s a soothing silence except for the sounds of the wind whipping against my face. It’s hard to believe we are just a few miles from the coast — in this calm and quiet spot, we feel as though we’ve left civilization behind us. This is the Gåsö archipelago, a cluster of islets off Skaftö in the Bohuslän region of West Sweden . Facing the Baltic Sea, the Bohuslän coastline stretches all the way to the border with Norway and is peppered with some 8,000 islands and islets. With its deserted beaches, isolated islands, and seals that inhabit the area, it’s no wonder CNN has named this one of the world’s last greatest wildernesses . Thanks to the absence of strong currents or tidal waters, kayaking is the best way to access and explore the region. Paddling Haven That morning, we started our paddling trip from Grundsund , a small coastal town just south of Lysekil. Christina Ingemarsdotter, the owner of Kayak i Grundsund , warmly greeted us at the dock and gave us brief instructions and suggestions on where to paddle. With a detailed navigation map in hand, she drew out the route she suggested and advised us on what to look out, sheltered bays that are ideal for camping, and spots where seals like to hang out. Spotting a tan and an athletic body, Christina clearly has a strong passion for what she does and enjoys the great outdoors.  “I’ve been kayaking in the area for over 35 years and I know it inside out. I love my hometown and I want to show people how beautiful this area is.” Since starting the kayak rental company almost nine years ago, she has been conducting kayaking courses and leading camping trips around the archipelago. During our visit, she was just preparing for a five-day camping trip with a group of German travelers. Every July to August, Grundsund’s population grows from the usual 500 to 2,500 with both Swedes and foreign tourists flooding in. Once September arrives though, the area gets calm and peaceful again – just the way we like it. Even though we were visiting only a handful of the 8,000 islands of the region, Bohuslän’s beauty was apparent to us as soon as we left the coast.   Empty Islands and Deserted Beaches Even though we were visiting only a handful of the 8,000 islands of the region, Bohuslän’s beauty was apparent to us as soon as we left the coast. The sun’s rays were bouncing off the water surface, against a backdrop of rose-red rocky islands and clear, cloudless skies. Dozens of white jellyfish were dancing beneath our kayak, jiggling their long tentacles in the dark blue water, amidst green seaweeds that swayed along the same rhythm. With Grundsund behind us, we headed straight for the nearest island, which was dominated by a shiny white lighthouse and a traditional Nordic wooden hut. Skirting its shoreline, we got our first close look at the island terrain: giant granite boulders were piled up one on top of another, with small pools of rainwater formed around their contours and patches of green grass growing in certain spots. Heading in a northwesterly direction, we continued to make our way towards Grötö, a sizable islet in comparison to the small rocky outcrops that surrounded us. As we inched close to the island, we found ourselves weaving our way past several small boats and ya


"Who started ""Poor Richard's Almanac"" in 1732, helped draw up the US Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution and invented the lightning conductor?"

Benjamin Franklin - American Revolution - HISTORY.com Google Benjamin Franklin’s Early Years Benjamin Franklin was born on January 17, 1706, in colonial Boston. His father, Josiah Franklin (1657-1745), a native of England, was a candle and soap maker who married twice and had 17 children. Franklin’s mother was Abiah Folger (1667-1752) of Nantucket, Massachusetts , Josiah’s second wife. Franklin was the eighth of Abiah and Josiah’s 10 offspring. Did You Know? Benjamin Franklin is the only founding father to have signed all four of the key documents establishing the U.S.: the Declaration of Independence (1776), the Treaty of Alliance with France (1778), the Treaty of Paris establishing peace with Great Britain (1783) and the U.S. Constitution (1787). Franklin’s formal education was limited and ended when he was 10; however, he was an avid reader and taught himself to become a skilled writer. In 1718, at age 12, he was apprenticed to his older brother James, a Boston printer. By age 16, Franklin was contributing essays (under the pseudonym Silence Dogood) to a newspaper published by his brother. At age 17, Franklin ran away from his apprenticeship to Philadelphia, where he found work as a printer. In late 1724, he traveled to London, England, and again found employment in the printing business. Franklin as Printer and Publisher Benjamin Franklin returned to Philadelphia in 1726, and two years later opened a printing shop. The business became highly successful producing a range of materials, including government pamphlets, books and currency. In 1729, Franklin became the owner and publisher of a colonial newspaper, the Pennsylvania Gazette, which proved popular–and to which he contributed much of the content, often using pseudonyms. Franklin achieved fame and further financial success with “Poor Richard’s Almanack,” which he published every year from 1733 to 1758. The almanac became known for its witty sayings, which often had to do with the importance of diligence and frugality,” such as “Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.” In 1730, Franklin began living with Deborah Read (c. 1705-74), the daughter of his former Philadelphia landlady, as his common-law wife. Read’s first husband had abandoned her; however, due to bigamy laws, she and Franklin could not have an official wedding ceremony. Franklin and Read had a son, Francis (1732-36), who died of smallpox at age 4, and a daughter, Sarah (1743-1808). Franklin had another son, William (c. 1730-1813), who was born out of wedlock. William Franklin served as the last colonial governor of New Jersey , from 1763 to 1776, and remained loyal to the British during the American Revolution . He died in exile in England. Franklin and Philadelphia As Franklin’s printing business prospered, he became increasingly involved in civic affairs. Starting in the 1730s, he helped establish a number of community organizations in Philadelphia, including a lending library (it was founded in 1731, a time when books weren’t widely available in the colonies, and remained the largest U.S. public library until the 1850s), the city’s first fire company, a police patrol and the American Philosophical Society, a group devoted to the sciences and other scholarly pursuits. Franklin also organized the Pennsylvania militia, raised funds to build a city hospital and spearheaded a program to pave and light city streets. Additionally, Franklin was instrumental in the creation of the Academy of Philadelphia, a college which opened in 1751 and became known as the University of Pennsylvania in 1791. Franklin also was a key figure in the colonial postal system. In 1737, the British appointed him postmaster of Philadelphia, and he went on to become, in 1753, joint postmaster general for all the American colonies. In this role he instituted various measures to improve mail service; however, the British dismissed him from the job in 1774 because he was deemed too sympathetic to colonial interests. In July 1775, the Continental Congress appointed Franklin the first postmaster general of


What fictional Cincinnati radio station was the setting for a US TV sitcom starring Gary Sandy, Howard Hesseman, Gordon Jump, Loni Anderson, Tim Reid, Jan Smithers, Richard Sanders and Frank Bonner in 19781982?

WKRP in Cincinnati - TV Series (1978-1982) WKRP in Cincinnati WKRP in Cincinnati Sitcom | TV-G | CBS 5.0 Created By: Hugh Wilson Awards: Nominated for 11 awards; won none of them When a Cincinnati radio station switches from sedate music to top-40 rock 'n' roll, its staff of oddball characters has to switch gears quickly. New program director Andy Travis brings in a DJ named Venus Flytrap to work with the station's burned-out veteran, Dr. Johnny Fever. Neurotic newsman Les Nessman, eager beaver Bailey Quarters, sleazy salesman Herb Tarlek, blond bombshell Jennifer Marlowe – who serves as the station's ultracapable receptionist – and station manager Arthur Carlson, whose domineering mother owns WKRP, round out the eccentric bunch. See All TV Shows


"Who emerged as the top Chinese Communist leader during the ""Long March"" in 1934?"

The Long March of the Communist Party of China 1934-35 The Long March of the Communist Party of China 1934-35 This is the story of the Long March of the Communist Party leadership and the Red Army from South China to Northwest China. The source is mainly Harrison Salisbury's book The Long March. Salisbury's book is a very good book that well conveys the drama of the Long March and its three struggles: 1. the Red Army with the Nationalist Army of Chiang Kai-shek 2. the Red Army with the elements and terrain of western China 3. the factions within the Red Army with each other. The latter struggle was primarily between the Mao Zedong faction and the Communist International (Comintern) faction led by the man Joseph Stalin imposed as a condition for aiding the communists, Otto Braun.  There was also a power struggles between the First Army led by Mao Zedong and the Fourth Army led by Zhang Guotao. Salisbury is sympathetic to Mao but his book is objective and well worth reading. There is however another book, Mao: The Unknown Story by Jung Chang and her husband Jon Halliday that tells the story behind the story of the Long March. Background Both the Communist Party and the Guomindang (Nationalist) Party were created around 1920 and had a socialist orientation. The Guomindang although it had a socialist orientation was primarily concerned with establishing a nation state. This meant suppressing the numerous warlords and uniting China. The Guomindang needed financial aid to achieve this and it was not going to get such aid from the imperialist powers. The founder and leader of the Guomindang, Sun Yatsen, sought and received aid from the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union not only sent material aid, it also sent advisors, Michael Borodin and Otto Braun. The latter was a German Communist representing the Communist International, the Comintern. The Soviet Union also required that the Guomindang admit to its membership the members of the Communist Party of China. The Communists worked within the Guomindang during the early and middle 1920's. The arrangement appeared to work well. Chiang Kai-shek directed the Whampoa Military Academy and Zhou Enlai served as the political officer for that academy. Chiang Kai-shek went to Moscow for training and later  his son, Chiang Ching-guo, went to Moscow. The trouble came when Sun Yat-sen died of cancer in 1925. It was uncertain who would succeed him as leader of the Guomindang. After a short period of political maneuvering Chiang Kai-shek emerged as the leader. The Guomindang actually split at this time into two factions, a left faction headed by Chiang Kai-shek who accepted continued cooperation with the Communists and a right faction which opposed such cooperation. After consolidating his hold on the Guomindang Chiang Kai-shek organized a northern expedition to defeat the many warlords who controlled local areas of northern China. Chiang's Northern Expedition of 1926-27 was a great success. Thirty nine war lords were defeated. The Northern Expedition then moved to Shanghai. The Communist-dominated labor unions staged an uprising prior to the entry of Chiang's army into the city. This uprising established a city government without Chiang's approval. This and other actions by the Communists within the Guomindang led Chiang to fear the Communists were following their own agenda and were striving for control. Chiang's followers turned upon the Communists in Shanghai and massacred them. A similar slaughter and purge of the Communists within the Guomindang throughout other parts of China took place shortly afterwards. Those that could escaped and joined the rural communist centers in South China. The major rural Communist strongholds were in the rural areas of Jiangxi and Hunan Provinces. There were also strongholds in the more remote provinces of Sichuan and Shaanxi. In the Jiangxi Soviet, as it was called, Mao Zedong was a major leader. Mao Zedong Mao Zedong came from the clan village of Shaoshan in Hunan Province. He was born at the


Who was the English prison reformer from 1817 to 1840 whose husband was a big name in the cocoa business?

Noble Women: Six Noble Women. Research. (Alice Lenkiewicz) Six Noble Women. Research. (Alice Lenkiewicz) Noble Women: Liverpool Cathedral. Lady Chapel. Elizabeth Fry   Title of Painting: The Patchwork Quilt Elizabeth Fry (née Gurney) (21 May 1780 – 12 October 1845) was an English prison reformer, social reformer and, as a Quaker, a Christian philanthropist. Fry was a major driving force behind new legislation to make the treatment of prisoners more humane, and she was supported in her efforts by the reigning monarch. Since 2002, she has been depicted on the Bank of England £5 note. Liz Fry 1817 aged 37 years old, Newgate Prison. In this painting I wanted to depict Elizabeth Fry helping the women inside the prison with her friend Anne Baxton.  I read Liz Fry was described as being very fashionable when she was younger with long blonde hair, wearing the empire fashion style of the time and a black turban. She was also described at one point as wearing purple boots and red laces. At first, I wanted to bring this younger more colourful side of Liz Fry into my painting and create a young portrait of her but after considering this and reading about Newgate and the great things she did, I felt it was more imporatnnt to create an image of Liz Fry and the women inside of the prison.  It became important to try and convey my own image of the inside of the prison while she was reforming it. I tried to imagine how it would be at first when she began with the chaos and the lack of spirit in the women. I read that she cleaned it up and bagan to help them to sew. Liz Fry would encourage them to make parchwork quilts. Quilts have been for may years a symbol of collaboration and protest. So, I pulled this into the painting imagining the cleaning, the washing, cooking, reading, teaching going on within this hopeless environment. For some reason as I was painting this, the artist Dufy came to mind and I found myself becoming involved with a Fauvist style of work because I enjoy this style of painting. Les Fauves (French for The Wild Beasts) were a short-lived and loose grouping of early 20th century Modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong colour over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism. While Fauvism as a style began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910, the movement as such lasted only three years, 1905–1907, and had three exhibitions.[1] The leaders of the movement were Henri Matisse and André Derain.[1]   Elizabeth Fry was an amazing woman and pioneered the changes of the conditions for women in prisons. Without her help and influence, life in prison was next near to death. She campaigned and changed the environemt, introdiced, cleanliness, clothing, food and activities into the daily lives of these women, whereas before there was nothing, absolutely nothing except straw and a piece of bread. Children and babies died in the cells. Elizabeth Fry gave hope to the female prisoners and offered a new way of rahabilitating and treating prisoners. When she began helping the prisoners there is an incident where she and her female friends gatheerd together scraps of material and encouraged the female priosners to make patchwork quilts that not only acted as blankets bu also brightened up the awful grim environment.  At the age of 37 she helped found the Association for the Reformation of the Female Prisoners in Newgate. This led to the eventual creation of the British Ladies' Society for Promoting the Reformation of Female Prisoners, widely described by biographers and historians as constituting the first "nationwide" women's organization in Britain. http://www.vam.ac.uk/res_cons/research/online_journal/journal_1_index/doing_time/index.html Patchwork Therapy There are numerous objects in public collections that testify to the therapeutic value attached to the needle, but less research has been carried out on the particular choice of patchwork as a tool of reform. (16) Fry herself was keen to highlight patchwork as an excellent choice fo


Henry Ford II's grandfather was Henry Ford. Who was Henry Ford II's father?

Ford Performance’s Henry Ford III knows importance of Le Mans for Ford and new GT supercar | Autoweek Ford is expected to announce a 2016 return to Le Mans. Photo by LAT PHOTOGRAPHIC Ford Performance’s Henry Ford III knows importance of Le Mans for Ford and new GT supercar Iconic brand to return to legendary 24-hour race January 29, 2015 Henry Ford III.   Perhaps no man on earth has had his destiny thrust upon him so thoroughly, the moment his name was placed on his birth certificate 33 years ago. Henry III’s great-great-grandfather founded the famed Ford Motor Co. His great-grandfather Edsel Ford was company president from 1919 until his death in 1943. Henry Ford II, Henry III’s grandfather, ran the company from 1945 to 1979 and was for much of that time one of the world’s most revered -- and feared -- chief executives. Henry III’s cousin, Bill Ford Jr., is executive chairman, and Henry III’s father, Edsel II, serves on the board of directors.    Growing up, however, Ford III downplayed his identity.   “To be honest, for a while when I was younger, I sort of tried to avoid it,” he told Autoweek. “You know, when you’re a young kid -- especially fifth grade, sixth grade -- you don’t want to stick out.”    When Henry II was in school, friends called him T, after the Model T.    Ford III joined the family business in 2006. People around the offices said he looked like Henry I’s reincarnation. The new Henry -- whom many call “Sonny” -- has already done everything from selling cars at Galpin Ford in Los Angeles to working in the company’s labor-relations department. Until recently, he worked in Ford’s offices in Irvine, Calif., marketing Lincoln; in July; he transferred back to World Headquarters in Dearborn, Mich. It could turn out to be an historic move: He now runs Ford Performance’s marketing side.   The company on Dec. 11 announced Ford Performance’s restructuring in anticipation of several new performance cars and trucks and a boost in the company’s racing investment. Most notably, sources recently confirmed to Autoweek -- though the company has yet to make an official announcement—that in 2016 the Blue Oval will return to the 24 Hours of Le Mans, the world’s most famous sports-car race. The car it will campaign, of course, is the new mid-engined GT unveiled at Detroit’s North American International Auto Show.   “I think racing is something that has always been a part of our DNA,” Ford III said. “One of the things we’re trying to do with Ford Performance is really use racing as kind of a laboratory and a test bed for innovation.” Ford racing in Le Mans in 1966. Photo by LAT PHOTOGRAPHIC Indeed, two racing wins stand out in Ford’s past -- without which the company would be a different animal, if indeed have ever existed at all.    1.) In 1901, an unknown tinkerer named Henry Ford (the first) entered a sweepstakes race at a horse track in Grosse Pointe, Mich., with a car he built. “If an automobile was going to be known for speed,” Ford famously said, “then I was going to make an automobile that would be known wherever speed is known.” He won the race, leveraging the victory to found Ford Motor Co. in 1903.   2.) In 1966, Henry Ford II engineered a factory team to become the first, and to this day only, American manufacturer to win the 24 Hours of Le Mans overall, ending Ferrari’s reign at the classic European endurance race. The win changed Ford forever, a year later helping Ford II launch the first pan-European auto company: Ford of Europe. Many today look back on the  period of rivalry between Ford II and Enzo Ferrari as racing’s golden age.   As Ford Racing goes big in the 21st century, with a Le Mans return in 2016 (the 50th anniversary of the 1966 Le Mans win), a third Henry Ford is helping shape the program. If Shakespeare were writing this epic, he wouldn’t have it any other way.    Ford III’s presense at Ford World Headquarters, the so-called Glass House, represents a unique phenomenon in American industry.    “If you look at American business, so many of the great industrial families are no longer part of the co


What was created by the Lateran Treaty signed by Italy in 1929?

Lateran Treaty | Italy [1929] | Britannica.com Lateran Treaty Alternative Titles: Concordat of 1929, Lateran Pact of 1929 Related Topics list of cities and towns in Italy Lateran Treaty, also called Lateran Pact of 1929, treaty (effective June 7, 1929, to June 3, 1985) between Italy and the Vatican. It was signed by Benito Mussolini for the Italian government and by cardinal secretary of state Pietro Gasparri for the papacy and confirmed by the Italian constitution of 1948. Upon ratification of the Lateran Treaty, the papacy recognized the state of Italy, with Rome as its capital. Italy in return recognized papal sovereignty over the Vatican City , a minute territory of 44 hectares (109 acres), and secured full independence for the pope . A number of additional measures were agreed upon. Article 1, for example, gave the city of Rome a special character as the “centre of the Catholic world and place of pilgrimage.” Article 20 stated that all bishops were to take an oath of loyalty to the state and had to be Italian subjects speaking the Italian language . By article 34 the state recognized the validity of Catholic marriage and its subjection to the provisions of canon law; nullity cases were therefore reserved to the ecclesiastical courts, and there could be no divorce. The state agreed by article 36 of the concordat to permit religious instruction in the public primary and secondary schools and conceded to the bishops the right to appoint or dismiss those who imparted such instruction and to approve the textbooks that they used. With the signing of the concordat of 1985 , Roman Catholicism was no longer the state religion of Italy. This change in status brought about a number of alterations in Italian society. Perhaps the most significant of these was the end to compulsory religious education in public schools. The new concordat also affected such diverse areas as tax exemptions for religious institutions and ownership of the Jewish catacombs. Learn More in these related articles: in Italy


Which boxer was filmed striking a gong, that was used as an introduction to films from the J Arthur Rank studios?

Who was the man who struck the gong for J Arthur Rank? | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk STAGE AND SCREEN Who was the man who struck the gong for J Arthur Rank? I HAVE never had it verified but, as a young lad, I always understood from an elderly relative that J Arthur's gong bonger was Jerome K Jerome, the author of Three Men in a Boat. I have a sneaking feeling that this may not be true; perhaps someone can put my mind at rest. Michael Manning, Chessington, Surrey. THE trademark of a musclebound man banging a gong at the beginning of every Rank film was dreamed up in the 1930s by the publicity manageress of General Film Distributors, which then distributed J Arthur's films. The lady had in mind Bombadier Billy Wells, "Beautiful Billy"to his fans, who had been British heavyweight boxing champion from 1911-19. He was filmed at Walton Hall Studios, Isleworth, in 1935. After the war, it was deemed that Wells should be replaced and his successor was hunky Phil Nieman, who was immortalised at Gainsborough Studios, Shepherd's Bush. Nieman's replacement, in 1955, was yet another athlete, Ken Richmond, who won a wrestling bronze in the 1952 Helsinki Olympics. Richmond, filmed at Pinewood, remains to this day. Incidentally, the gong is actually made of plaster and paper and the noise we hear, the reverberations of a Chinese tam-tam (three feet diameter), is recorded by percussionist James Blades. Quentin Falk, Little Marlow, Bucks. Bombardier Billy Wells. Brian Mc Caul, Belfast UK A gentleman called Carl Dane was the first man to be the Rank gong man. Billy Wells was the second. Mel, UK I believe the first man to bang the gong was strongman Carl Dane, he was employed by Rank before Billy Wells, he is buried in Crick, Northamptonshire. Peter Moore, Rugby United Kingdom Carl Dane struck the gong 3 times. Later gong men struck it twice. Stephen Reed, Christchurch New Zealand


In 2009, Heath Ledger was the second person to win an Oscar posthumously. Who was the first?

Heath Ledger favored to become second actor to win Oscar posthumously | Tampa Bay Times Heath Ledger favored to become second actor to win Oscar posthumously I want to see more articles tagged I'm already following articles tagged 2 Weeks Ago Times Film Critic Peter Finch awoke on Jan. 14, 1977, dressed, kissed his wife and began a familiar stroll to the nearby Beverly Hills Hotel. The 64-year-old British actor often visited the hotel's bar, but this occasion was different. Finch was to appear on Good Morning America with director Sidney Lumet, promoting their new movie, Network. Finch would later earn his second best actor nod (after Sunday Bloody Sunday), playing the mad prophet newsman Howard Beale, urging viewers to get mad as hell at life's injustice and not take it anymore. But he wouldn't be alive to relish the honor. Inside the hotel lobby, Finch felt tightness in his chest. He collapsed into a plush chair, felled by a massive heart attack. An hour later, Finch was pronounced dead at a hospital. Ten weeks after, he became the only actor ever to receive a posthumous Oscar. Sunday night, Finch will likely gain company in that distinction. Heath Ledger never had a chance to enjoy his best supporting actor nomination for The Dark Knight. The Australian-born actor died at age 28 of an accidental prescription drug overdose in a New York apartment, exactly one year before his nomination was announced on Jan. 22. After winning every major award in his category before the Oscars — the result of fond remembrance and a stunning portrayal of Batman's archenemy, the Joker — Ledger is expected to complete the sweep at the Kodak Theatre. It should be the kind of dramatic, spontaneous theater that makes the Oscars intriguing every year. Ledger's surviving family is rumored to be attending to accept the Oscar, as Finch's widow, Eletha, did in 1977. Posthumous Oscar nominations aren't uncommon; Ledger is the 70th person to receive one in the academy's 81-year history. Fourteen deceased nominees — Walt Disney among them — have won the Oscar, mostly artists behind the camera, anonymous to moviegoers. Actors are who we see when we watch movies, so we care a bit more about them. Ledger's nomination is only the eighth bestowed upon an actor who didn't live to enjoy the ceremony. The first went to Jeanne Eagles in 1930, for best actress in The Letter. The most recent was Massimo Troisi, for best actor in 1996 for The Postman (Il Postino). James Dean is the king of after-death honors, with two posthumous nominations in the mid 1950s: best actor for Giant and supporting actor for East of Eden. Sir Ralph Richardson (Greystroke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes) was a supporting actor finalist in 1985. Spencer Tracy was a sentimental best actor nominee in 1968 for Guess Who's Coming to Dinner. None of those actors had Ledger's year-end awards momentum, or the Internet-era buzz that practically fills out academy voters' ballots. Sunday night, an envelope will open in the Kodak Theatre, and so will tear ducts. And somewhere in the hereafter, Finch will welcome Ledger into the Academy Awards' saddest, most exclusive club. Information from the Associated Press, Internet Movie Database, Los Angeles Times and Elaine Dundy's book "Finch, Bloody Finch" was used in this report. . FAST FACTS


Americans call it a trunk. What do the British call it?

How to Understand British Terms: 8 Steps (with Pictures) - wikiHow Be aware that certain food items are called by different names: Chips are thick fries, and french fries are the thin fries. Crisps are potato chips . A biscuit is a cookie. A British person would only call chocolate-chip biscuits a 'cookie'. Scones are a baked item made of firm dough. They are neither soft like bread or crisp like a cookie or a biscuit but are somewhere in between. They can be sweet or savoury and are eaten topped or filled as appropriate. Jelly is a gelatin dessert (Jello), the type given with ice cream in hospital; fruit preserves are jam. 2 Learn the different terms for parts of a building: The ground floor is the same as the American first floor. The first floor is the one above this, and other numbers follow as normal. A lift is an elevator. A flat is the general term for an apartment. A bedsit is a one-room flat (efficiency apartment) that serves as a bedroom and a living area. 3 Study these terms for when you are on the move: The boot is the trunk of the car. A trunk in Britain is a kind of old-fashioned large suitcase. The wing is the fender of the car. The bonnet is the hood of the car. The "windscreen" is the windshield as goes for the wipers. However, a trunk call, is a long-distance (on a trunk-line) phone call but the term is not associated with automobiles at all as one might be lead to believe. Trunk call is not used in modern British English. A roundabout is a traffic circle. The colours of traffic lights are called red, amber (not yellow) and green. A lorry is a truck (not necessarily a "pick-up truck"). They are, more often than not, the type that carry goods. The sidewalk is called the pavement or the footpath (unpaved walkway). Petrol is gasoline (e.g., "Can we stop at the petrol station?"). 4 Avoid embarrassment of not understanding these differences: A bum is a derrière/posterior, not a homeless person. Spell and pronounce ass as "arse", bearing in mind that an "ass" may also be four-legged or even a more derogatory synonym for a two-legged "twit". Do not call your "bum" your fanny. In the U.K., a "fanny" is a word meaning the female, external genitalia (vulva)! A "fag" is a cigarette. (The British are well aware of the American meaning.) While thanks to American culture, "faggot" is sometimes used as the derogatory name for homosexuals (avoid in polite company), in UK "fagot/faggot" can be used to mean "a cigarette, bundle of firewood, a chopped meatball," or "a bundle of anything", though this is an obscure usage. [1] The "loo", "bog", "WC/water closet", or just "toilet" is the American English "bathroom" (e.g. "Where's the loo?"), though if you say you're going to the bathroom, people will get the idea. A rubber is a pencil eraser, as well as meaning a condom. "I'm stuffed" means "I'm full". The word stuffed can also be interpreted in a negative or insulting manner depending on context (e.g. "Go get stuffed." is a bit more polite than "F**k off.", having roughly the same meaning). 5 Remember when throwing something away that: Rubbish is garbage or trash and goes in the rubbish bin if it is inside, or a dustbin if you mean the large outside receptacle. A trash bag is called a bin liner or bin bag. 6 Use these terms when talking about clothing: Trainers are sneakers, Wellingtons (Wellington boots, wellies, boots) are calf-length rubber (or plastic) waterproof boots and have nothing to do with beef. They are named after the Duke of Wellington. Pants in England are worn underneath your trousers or jeans, just like American panties. While the British may understand what you mean, due to the invasion of American culture, they will likely find the mental image this conjures amusing and may call you out on it, also called "knickers". Tights, are pantyhose with two legs, "stockings" is the term used for pantyhose that have two separate garments, just like socks. 7 Finally, study these terms which may cause confusion: The phrases "taking the mickey", "taking the Michael" and "taking the piss" mean making fun of or teasing.


"In which computer game is the player in the role of ""The Stranger"", who uses a special book to travel to an island and thence to several worlds known as ""Ages""?"

Myst (1993) PC game trailer and behind the scenes - YouTube Myst (1993) PC game trailer and behind the scenes Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Aug 25, 2011 Myst is a 1993 graphic adventure video game designed and directed by the brothers Robyn and Rand Miller. It has since became a cult hit and sold millions of copies worldwide. Myst puts the player in the role of the Stranger, who uses a special book to travel to the island of Myst. There, the player uses other special books written by an artisan and explorer named Atrus to travel to several worlds known as "Ages". Clues found in each of these Ages help to reveal the back-story of the game's characters. Game


Which Formula One team, founded in 1963 by a New Zealander, were the first to design a car using a carbon fibre monocoque?

FORMULA - ONE - Teams f1 | FORMULA - 1 - Teams | MotoSport | F1 Teams | Rally Raid | MotoGP | Sperbike Teams Martin Whitmarsh 2009 Formula One Season by Robin Heard and built in 1966. In the North American CanAm sports cars  series, the McLaren's of Bruce and Danny were a formidable force, but sadly in  June of 1970, Bruce McLaren was killed while testing a CanAm at Goodwood.  McLaren's first Constructors Crown came in 1974 after Race Drivers


"What is the common term for ""pre-patellar bursitis""?"

Housemaids Knee the common name for Prepatellar Bursitis - YouTube Housemaids Knee the common name for Prepatellar Bursitis Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Aug 4, 2016 Housemaids Knee the common name for Prepatellar Bursitis VISIT: http://www.skincare.technicians.co.uk... Housemaid's knee is the common name given to the medical condition Prepatellar Bursitis. It was once predominant as an occupational hazzard amongst women who knelt a lot during their working life, hence the term housemaid's knee. Strangely enough in today's modern society with the advent of modern gadgets and vacuum cleaners housemaid's knee is no longer the complaint it once was amongst women. Now it is men who are more prone to suffer with the condition due to trades such as carpet fitting or roofing. The actual condition involves the inflammation of the small fluid-filled cavity covering the kneecap, most often caused by prolonged or excessive spells of kneeling. Kneeling is not the sole cause of housemaid's knee, an injury or infection can also see inflammation occur, as can gout. Generally the best form of treatment is to leave well alone especially as the main symptom is one of unsightliness rather than pain or discomfort. Some doctors will seek to treat with a course of antibiotics if the condition has been caused by an infection or injury. Sometimes draining the fluid with a syringe will improve the appearance of the affected knee but more often than not is is a futile method as fluid will only re-appear. In some rare cases a surgical procedure is warranted which entails a minor operation usually carried out whilst the patient is awake. The knee or knees are given an injection to numb the area and then using keyhole surgery the fluid filled sac is drained and removed completely. Probably the best cure for housemaid's knee is that of prevention through the use of thick foam cushions or knee pads or ideally a change of career or hobby, although that is most likely not possible. housemaid's knee Prepatellar is the correct term for the kneecap. Bursa are small fluid filled sacs which protect the kneecap. When the knees become inflamed or injured the bursa can over-produce fluid which make the knees swell, this is what is known as prepatellar bursitis. If you experience pain or swelling in your knees after kneeling down for any length of time it could be that you are suffering from a condition known as Prepatellar Bursitis or housemaid's knee to you and me. The visual signs of housemaid's knee are generally extreme swelling of the knees, to the touch they will be soft and spongy but not always painful. Doctors will not always offer treatment at first but will wait to see if the swelling will subside on it's own as is often the case. If the sufferer is able to refrain from kneeling, the affected area will return to its normal size and feeling, unfortunately housemaid's knee is often a work related complaint and so is not easily avoided if your job requires you to kneel for long periods.


Who had a morning show from June to October 1980 and a late night show from 1982 to 1993 weeknights at 12:30 a.m. at NBC in New York, then moved to CBS where the show screens at 11:30 p.m.?

David Letterman Biography - CNN iReport David Letterman Biography By AmericaLive  |  Posted       November 11, 2010  |  New York, New York   CNN PRODUCER NOTE     David Letterman (born April 12, 1947) is an American television host and comedian.[1] He hosts the late night television talk show, Late Show with David Letterman broadcast on CBS. Letterman has been a fixture on late night television since the 1982 debut of Late Night with David Letterman on NBC. Only Letterman's friend and mentor Johnny Carson has had a longer late-night hosting career.[2] Letterman is also a television and film producer. His company Worldwide Pants produces his show as well as its network followup The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson. Worldwide Pants has also produced several prime-time comedies, the most successful of which was Everybody Loves Raymond, currently in syndication. • Early life and career Letterman was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. His father, Harry Joseph Letterman (April 1915 – February 1973),[3] was a florist; his mother Dorothy Letterman (née Hofert, now Dorothy Mengering), a Presbyterian church secretary of German descent, is an occasional figure on the show, usually at holidays and birthdays. He has an older sister Janice and a younger sister Gretchen. Letterman lived on the north side of Indianapolis (Broad Ripple area), not far from Speedway, IN, and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, and he enjoyed collecting model cars, including racers.[4] In 2000, he told an interviewer for Esquire that, while growing up, he admired his father's ability to tell jokes and be the life of the party. Harry Joseph Letterman survived a heart attack at age 36, when David was a young boy. The fear of losing his father was constantly with Letterman as he grew up.[5] The elder Letterman died of a second heart attack at age 57. Letterman attended his hometown's Broad Ripple High School at the same time as Marilyn Tucker Quayle (wife of the former Vice President) who lived nearby, and worked as a stock boy at the local Atlas supermarket.[6] According to the Ball State Daily News, he originally had wanted to attend Indiana University, but his grades weren't good enough, so he decided to attend Ball State University, in Muncie, Indiana.[7] He is a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity, and he graduated from what was then the Department of Radio and Television, in 1969. A self-described average student, Letterman endowed a scholarship for what he called "C students" at Ball State.[8] Letterman began his broadcasting career as an announcer and newscaster at the college's student-run radio station—WBST—a 10-watt campus station which now is part of Indiana public radio.[9] He was fired for treating classical music with irreverence.[9] Letterman then became involved with the founding of another campus station—WAGO-AM 570 (now WCRD, 91.3).[10] Letterman credits Paul Dixon—host of the Paul Dixon Show, a Cincinnati-based talk show also shown in Indianapolis while Letterman was growing up—for inspiring his choice of career:[11] "I was just out of college [in 1969], and I really didn't know what I wanted to do. And then all the sudden I saw him doing it [on TV]. And I thought: That's really what I want to do!" Weatherman Letterman began his career as a radio talk show host on WNTS (AM), and on Indianapolis television station WLWI (now called WTHR) as a local anchor and weatherman. He received some recognition for his unpredictable on-air behavior, which included congratulating a tropical storm for being upgraded to a hurricane and predicting hail stones "the size of canned hams."[12] (To this day he occasionally gives out canned hams on his show). He would also occasionally report the weather and the day's very high and low temps for fictitious cities ("Eight inches of snow in Bingree and surrounding areas."). He also starred in a local kiddie show, made wisecracks as host of a late night TV show called "Freeze-Dried Movies" (he once acted out a scene from "Godzilla" using plastic dinosaurs),[13] and hosted a talk show that aired early on Saturday morn