Whose book Inside NO 10 described Harold Wilson's Downing Street years?

The truth about Harold Wilson - after 30 years of scandalous rumours | Daily Mail Online The truth about Harold Wilson - after 30 years of scandalous rumours By ROY HATTERSLEY Last updated at 10:12 24 June 2007 The real Mary Wilson is dramatically different from the dull suburban housewife who was caricatured so ruthlessly during her husband Harold's years of power. Her reputation for doing little more than "standing by her man" was acquired in an era before Prime Ministers' wives became personalities in their own right. It was exacerbated by Mrs Wilson's Diary - a long-running spoof in the satirical magazine Private Eye that mocked her apparent meekness and fondness for composing verse. Mary never complained, and finally faded from public view during the many years she devotedly nursed her husband as he was gradually consumed by Alzheimer's. Scroll down for more...Today, the "little woman" calumny is regurgitated whenever so-called new "revelations" about Wilson's premiership - which ended prematurely in 1976 after he resigned under rather mysterious circumstances - are spewed out by one of his "loyal" lieutenants. But his widow must also take some responsibility for all the nonsense that is so often written, because she adamantly refuses to take on her husband's detractors. An intensely private woman, she despises the cult of personality that has infested modern politics. And she emphatically does not believe in letting her emotions show. Now aged 90, she lives alone in a Westminster flat and observes the world through eyes that have lost none of their sharpness. Despite all her years as a political wife (Harold became an MP in 1945), she has rarely talked to the media and has never given a full-blown newspaper interview. That she is giving one at all now - coincidentally, as yet another Prime Minister prepares to step down before the end of his term - is because we have known each other for more than 40 years. Time after time, she prefaces her words by saying: "I have never told this to anyone before." But equally, time after time, she stops me from delving any further. It is a matter of principle that she will never retaliate against those who tell lies about her husband by telling the discreditable truth about them. Of course, the story that has resurfaced the most persistently pivots on the role of Marcia Williams - now Lady Falkender - who served as Harold Wilson's political secretary for nearly 30 years, including his eight years as Prime Minister. In 2003, Joe Haines, Wilson's former Press secretary, published a book which claimed that Marcia had had an affair with the Prime Minister and that she had treated him with derision. One of his tallest tales - repeated in a BBC drama last year - had Marcia once telling Mary: "I've slept with your husband six times and it wasn't very satisfactory." (Subsequently, the BBC was forced to issue an apology.) Mary Wilson, who combines moral certainty with the no-nonsense approach of a Northerner, says such allegations are beneath contempt and unworthy of comment. When I ask if her disdain for scandal-mongering is built on her knowledge that none of the stories are true, she allows herself a contented smile. To understand Mary Wilson's character, it is necessary to know something of her upbringing as "a daughter of the manse". Her father, a Congregationalist minister, encouraged plain living and high thinking. ("Church twice on Sundays and no novels to be read on the day of prayer," recalls Mary.) Little wonder, then, that the family watchwords were "pride" and "propriety". Her background also goes some way to explaining why she has never complained about the Cabinet Office's decision, regarded by some as a disgrace, to halve her pension - to £15,000 - when her husband died in 1995. All she will say is: "I have a small annuity." Mary Wilson is part of a disappearing generation that is determined to go through life without whining, blaming and emoting. There is not a trace of self-pity when she describes her husband's final, terrible illness, which became evident after he resig


What is the Swedish name of the official who acts for the private citizen in complaints against the government?

The Swedish system of government Home / Society / The Swedish system of government The Swedish system of government All public power proceeds from the people. This is the foundation of parliamentary democracy in Sweden. Everyone has the same rights and is free to scrutinise how politicians and public agencies exercise their power. Photo: Johnér/Plattform The Swedish system of government All public power proceeds from the people. This is the foundation of parliamentary democracy in Sweden. Everyone has the same rights and is free to scrutinise how politicians and public agencies exercise their power. A parliamentary democracy In Sweden, general elections are held every four years, with the last one held in September 2014. Around 7 million people are entitled to vote and thereby influence which political party will represent them in the Riksdag (the Swedish Parliament), county councils and municipalities. People can also influence Swedish politics in other ways – by taking part in referendums, joining a political party or commenting on reports presented by the Government. The Swedish Constitution The Swedish Constitution defines how Sweden is governed. It regulates the relationships between decision-making and executive power, and the basic rights and freedoms of citizens. Four fundamental laws make up the Constitution: the Instrument of Governmen t, the Act of Succession , the Freedom of the Press Act and the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression . Among other things, the Instrument of Government guarantees citizens the right to obtain information freely, hold demonstrations, form political parties and practise their religion. The Act of Succession regulates the right of members of the House of Bernadotte to accede to the Swedish throne. The Freedom of the Press Act sets out the principle of public access to official documents in order to guarantee an open society with access to information about the work of the Riksdag, the Government and public agencies. This law allows people to study official documents whenever they wish. Another principle in the Freedom of the Press Act is the freedom to communicate information. Under this principle, everyone in Sweden is entitled to give information to the media that they consider important and that they feel should be made public. The publisher of the material is not entitled to reveal the source if the individual in question wishes to remain anonymous. The Law on Freedom of Expression, which came into force in 1992, largely mirrors the Freedom of the Press Act, in regards to the prohibition of censorship, the freedom to communicate information and the right to anonymity. Fundamental rights To amend a fundamental law, the Riksdag must pass the amendment on two separate occasions, separated by a parliamentary election. The fundamental laws take precedence over all other statutes and no law may contravene the Constitution. DID YOU KNOW… National referendums A total of six national referendums have been held in Sweden. These polls are consultative in character and the Riksdag may reach decisions that run counter to their outcome. This has only happened on one occasion, in 1955, when a referendum was held on the introduction of right-hand traffic. The Swedish people voted against it but the Government chose to introduce it nonetheless. Sweden’s last two referendums: 1994: Membership of the EU Result: Yes 2003: Introduction of the euro Result: No The Riksdag has 349 members who are chosen by Sweden’s citizens every four years in general elections. Photo: Frank Chmura/Nordic Photos The Riksdag – representing the people The Riksdag makes the decisions and the Government implements them. The Government also submits proposals for new laws or law amendments to the Riksdag. The 349-member Riksdag is Sweden’s primary representative forum. The entire Riksdag is chosen by direct elections based on suffrage for all Swedish citizens aged 18 or over who are, or previously have been, residents of Sweden. Since 1971, Sweden has had a unicameral (one-chamber) Riksdag. General elections to the Riksd


Which US president introduced the New Deal in 1933 to counter the depression?

The Great Depression and the New Deal The Great Depression and the New Deal John Hardman Poverty & Prejudice: Social Security at the Crossroads In his first inaugural address, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, made some attempt to assess the enormous damage: "The withered leaves of industrial enterprise lie on every side; farmers find no markets for their produce; the savings of many years in thousands of families are gone. More important, a host of unemployed citizens face the grim problem of existence, and an equally great number toil with little return." He was speaking of the Great Depression of 1929 to 1940, which began and centered in the United States but spread quickly throughout the industrial world. Despite describing the Great Depression with grim words, this economic catastrophe and its impact defied description. The United States had never felt such a severe blow to its economy. President Roosevelt's New Deal reshaped the economy and structure of the United States, however, in order to end the poverty during the crisis. The New Deal programs would employ and give financial security to millions of Americans. These programs would prove to be effective and extremely beneficial to the American society as some still provide the economic security and benefits today. The Great Depression The Great Depression began by the complete collapse of the stock market on October 24th, 1929 when about 13 million shares of stock were sold. The damage was extended on Tuesday, October 29 when more than 16 million shares were sold making the day forever known as Black Tuesday. The value of most shares fell sharply, leaving financial ruin and panic in its wake. There has never been a collapse in the market that has had such a devastating and long-term effect on the economy. Businesses closed and banks failed by the hundreds due to the collapse, putting millions out of work. Wages for those still fortunate enough to have work fell sharply. The value of money decreased as the demand for goods declined. In Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal by William E. Leuchtenburg, the economic plight of the Depression is seen. "In the three years of Herbert Hoover's Presidency, the bottom had dropped out of the stock market and industrial production had been cut more than half.. By 1932, the unemployed numbered upward of thirteen million. Many lived in the primitive conditions of a preindustrial society stricken by famine."1 1 Leuchtenburg, pg. 1 Most of the agricultural segment of the economy had been in serious trouble for years. The arrival of the depression nearly eliminated it altogether, and the drought that created the 1930s Great Plains Dust Bowl greatened the damage. The government itself was sorely pressed for income at all levels as tax revenues fell; and the government during this period was more limited in its ability to respond to economic crises than it is today. The international structure of world trade also collapsed, and each nation sought to protect its own industrial base by imposing high tariffs on imported goods. This only made matters worse. Social Impact of the Great Depression By 1932 United States industrial output had been cut in half. One fourth of the labor force--about 15 million people--was out of work, and there was no such thing as unemployment insurance. Hourly wages had dropped by about 50 percent. Hundreds of banks had failed. Prices for agricultural products dropped to their lowest level since the Civil War. There were more than 90,000 businesses that failed completely. Statistics, however, can only partially give an account of the extraordinary hardships that millions of United States citizens endured For nearly every unemployed person, there were dependents who needed to be fed and housed Such massive poverty and hunger had never been known in the United States before. Former millionaires stood on street corners trying to sell apples at 5 cents apiece. Hundreds of pitiful shantytowns--called Hoovervilles in honor of the unfortunate Republican president who presided over the disaster--spran


Mario Soares became the first socialist president of which country in 1986?

Mario Soares | president of Portugal | Britannica.com president of Portugal Alternative Title: Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares Mario Soares Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares born Manuel I Mário Soares, in full Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares (born December 7, 1924, Lisbon , Portugal—died January 7, 2017, Lisbon), Socialist politician and lawyer, who became president of Portugal in 1986 as the country’s first elected civilian head of state in 60 years, holding the post until 1996. His father, João Lopes Soares (d. 1970), had been a liberal republican, often jailed or exiled during the dictatorship of António Oliveira Salazar. The young Soares studied at the University of Lisbon and at the Faculty of Law, Sorbonne, Paris, becoming a student activist and thereafter taking up a law practice defending political dissidents. By the time that the army-imposed right-wing dictatorship fell in 1974, Soares had been jailed 12 times and twice experienced exile, in São Tomé (1968) and Paris (1970–74). In 1964 he and others founded a clandestine society, the Portuguese Socialist Action, which by 1974 had transformed into the Portuguese Socialist Party (Partido Socialista Portuguesa). From 1974 to 1975 Soares was foreign minister in the new but still military-controlled government and oversaw the negotiations for freeing Portugal’s overseas colonies. In 1976 he became the first constitutionally elected prime minister since the 1974 revolution (serving 1976, 1976–78, and 1983–85) and in 1986 became the first civilian head of state (president) since 1926, ending 60 years of army overlordship. Reelected in 1991, Soares was constitutionally barred from seeking a third consecutive term, and he left office in 1996. He ran again for president in 2006 but finished third. Soares wrote a number of books on philosophy and politics, including a partly autobiographical work, first published in Paris, Le Portugal baillonné: un témoignage (1972; “Portugal Muzzled: A Testament”). He also authored Portugal’s Struggle for Liberty (1975). Learn More in these related articles: in Portugal


Who was the first president of France's Fifth Republic?

Fifth Republic | French history | Britannica.com Fifth Republic See Article History Fifth Republic, system of government in France from 1958. Under the constitution crafted by Charles de Gaulle with the help of Michel Debré , executive power was increased at the expense of the National Assembly . In 1959 de Gaulle was inaugurated as the first president of the Fifth Republic, with Debré as his prime minister. In 1962 de Gaulle pushed through a constitutional amendment that provided for direct popular election of the president, and in 1965 he became the first French president elected by popular vote since 1848. He was succeeded by Georges Pompidou (1969–74), Valéry Giscard d’Estaing (1974–81), François Mitterrand (1981–95), Jacques Chirac (1995–2007), Nicolas Sarkozy (2007–12), and François Hollande (2012– ). Learn More in these related articles: France: The Fifth Republic country of northwestern Europe. Historically and culturally among the most important nations in the Western world, France has also played a highly significant role in international affairs, with former colonies in every corner of the globe. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea,... Michel Debré Jan. 15, 1912 Paris, France Aug. 2, 1996 Montlouis-sur-Loire French political leader, a close aide of President Charles de Gaulle; after playing a prominent part in the writing of the constitution of the Fifth Republic, he served as its first premier. 10 References found in Britannica Articles Assorted References creation of French Community  (in French Community ) role of Socialist Party  (in Socialist Party (PS) ) External Links Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: June 21, 2012 URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fifth-Republic-French-history Access Date: December 17, 2016 Share


Who was dismissed from office as Australian prime minister in 1975 after refusing to call a general election?

The Dismissal of the Whitlam Government - November 11th, 1975 November 11th, 1975 LinkedIn1 The Dismissal of the Whitlam Government on November 11, 1975 was the most dramatic political event in the history of Australia’s Federation. Edward Gough Whitlam’s government was elected on December 2, 1972 and was the first Labor administration in 23 years. Elected in a national mood of hope and anticipation, the government was steeped in controversy from the outset. Re-elected eighteen months later, it was gone in just under three years. It was a government that initiated unparalleled reform but was frustrated by the Senate, dismissed by the Governor-General, and then massively repudiated by the electorate. The story of the Whitlam years is the story of a political system tested to its limits. It remains a story of relevance to contemporary politics. CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS: OCTOBER-NOVEMBER 1975 The years 1972-1975 were a whirlwind of activity, controversy and change, culminating in the dramatic events of October 1975 when the coalition parties in the Senate used their numbers to delay passage of the government’s Supply Bills. A three-week constitutional impasse followed, culminating in Whitlam’s dismissal by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr, on November 11. BACKGROUND TO 1972 The Whitlam Government was the first Labor government for 23 years, since the defeat of Ben Chifley in 1949. It was elected at a time of growing disillusionment with the Vietnam War, a concern about Australia’s place in the world and great social change. GOUGH WHITLAM Whitlam was born in Melbourne in 1916. He grew up in Canberra and entered Parliament in 1952, becoming deputy leader of the ALP in 1961 and leader in 1967. He won a 7% swing to his party in the 1969 election, rescuing it from the electoral disaster of 1966. Whitlam won office in 1972, was re-elected in 1974, dismissed and defeated in 1975, and rejected by the electorate again in 1977. He resigned the ALP leadership after the 1977 election and left parliament in 1978. In retirement, his energy and commitment to causes continued unabated. SIR JOHN KERR The man appointed by Whitlam to the position of Governor-General in 1974 is variously portrayed as a man of principle, a deceiver, an insecure man desperate to make his mark on history, the person who resolved a difficult situation not of his making by remitting it to the people, and a drunk. SIR GARFIELD BARWICK Barwick was Chief Justice of the High Court during the Whitlam years. He provided formal advice to the Governor-General on November 10, supporting Kerr’s decision to dismiss Whitlam. Forty years later, it was revealed that High Court Justice Sir Anthony Mason played an even more significant role than Barwick did. CONSTITUTIONAL & POLITICAL ISSUES: THE KEY QUESTIONS The Dismissal raised a number of important constitutional, parliamentary and political issues, most of which remain unresolved to this day. Should the Senate have the right to block money bills? How should a government respond when this happens? Should the Governor-General intervene in conflicts between the houses? When should the Governor-General intervene? THE WHITLAM GOVERNMENTS Whitlam’s 1972 election was the result of a program of party reform, policy development and political salesmanship. The ‘Program’ he presented to the people in 1972 still stands as the most definitive statement of policies ever proposed at an election. This section also contains information on the Whitlam ministers. THE LOANS AFFAIR The Loans Affair saga caused enormous damage to the credibility and reputation of the Whitlam government in 1975. It led to the dismissal of Dr. Jim Cairns and Rex Connor, and was pivotal to the decision of the Opposition to block the Budget in October 1975. WHITLAM SPEECHES Gough Whitlam died on October 21, 2014, at the age of 98. Even into his 90s, he was an active contributor to the political debates in Australia. Alone among all of the nation’s former leaders, he inspires a full measure of devotion from his supporters.


What collective name is given to the first ten amendments to the US constitution?

First Ten Amendments - constitution | Laws.com Share Share 0  Tweet 0  +1 0  Share 0  The first ten Amendments to the U.S. Constitution are more commonly referred to as the Bill of Rights. These ten Amendments were introduced to the American Congress in 1789. The purpose of these 10 Amendments is to protect the individuals of the United States–protect their rights to property, their natural rights as individuals, and limit the Government’s power over the citizens.  The ten Amendments that were originally placed into the Constitution were ratified in 1791 through the process of state voting and ratifying them one by one using a three-fourths majority vote of all the states. This was an important movement because it illustrated the way in which the founders had structured the Constitution, making them amendable while still requiring that sufficient time be given to the process in order to make the right choices regarding citizenship.  The first ten Amendments of the U.S. Constitution are ones many individuals are taught when they are kids, but forget as they grow older. Simply stated, these 10 Amendments are:  1. Freedom of speech, religion, press, etc.  2. Right to keep and bear arms.  3. The conditions for quartering soldiers.  4. Right of search and seizure.  5. Provisions regarding the prosecution of an individual.  6. Right to a speedy trial.  7. Right to trial by jury.  8. Provision against excessive bail and cruel punishment before trial.  9. Rule of construction regarding the constitution; and  10. The rights of the states under the Constitution.


In which year did Mikhail Gorbachev resign as Soviet president?

Gorbachev resigns as president of the USSR - Dec 25, 1991 - HISTORY.com Gorbachev resigns as president of the USSR Share this: Gorbachev resigns as president of the USSR Author Gorbachev resigns as president of the USSR URL Publisher A+E Networks Mikhail Gorbachev announces that he is resigning as president of the Soviet Union. In truth, there was not much of a Soviet Union from which to resign—just four days earlier, 11 of the former Soviet republics had established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), effectively dismembering the USSR. The Soviet Union, for all intents and purposes, had already ceased to exist. In his farewell speech to the nation, Gorbachev indicated that the recent establishment of the CIS was the primary motive for his resignation, claiming he was “concerned about the fact that the people in this country are ceasing to become citizens of a great power and the consequences may be very difficult for all of us to deal with.” In words that were sometimes prideful, sometimes resentful, Gorbachev stated that he stood on his record of achievement. He had, he claimed, overseen the Soviet Union’s trip down the “road of democracy.” His reforms “steered” the communist economy “toward the market economy.” He declared that the Russian people were “living in a new world” in which an “end has been put to the Cold War and to the arms race.” Admitting “there were mistakes made,” Gorbachev remained adamant that he “never had any regrets” about the policies he pursued. In reality, Gorbachev had lost much of his power and prestige in the Soviet Union even before the establishment of the CIS. The economy was unstable. No one seemed pleased by Gorbachev-some opponents demanded even more political freedom while hard-liners in his government opposed any movement toward reform. In August 1991, he survived a coup attempt only through the assistance of Russian Federation president Boris Yeltsin. Following the failed attempt, Yeltsin became a vocal critic of the slow pace of economic and political reforms in the country. As Gorbachev’s power slipped away, Yeltsin took over the Kremlin and other Soviet government facilities and replaced the Soviet flag with the flag of Russia. After over 70 years of existence, the Soviet Union-America’s archenemy in the Cold War-was gone. Related Videos


How many countries are there in the British Commonwealth?

Member countries | The Commonwealth Member countries Home >Member countries Member countries Fifty two countries are members of the Commonwealth. Our countries span Africa, Asia, the Americas, Europe and the Pacific and are diverse – they are amongst the world’s largest, smallest, richest and poorest countries. Thirty-one of our members are classified as small states – countries with a population size of 1.5 million people or less and larger member states that share similar characteristics with them. All members subscribe to the Commonwealth’s values and principles outlined in The Commonwealth Charter . Leaders of member countries shape Commonwealth policies and priorities. Every two years, they meet to discuss issues affecting the Commonwealth and the wider world at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) . All members have an equal say – regardless of size or economic stature. This ensures even the smallest member countries have a voice in shaping the Commonwealth.


What is the Irish house of representatives called?

Election Resources on the Internet: Parliamentary Elections in Ireland  - Elections to Dáil Éireann (House of Representatives) The Electoral System The Parliament of Ireland, the Oireachtas consists of a lower chamber, Dáil Éireann (the House of Representatives), whose members are directly    elected by universal adult suffrage, and an upper chamber, Seanad Éireann    (the Senate), whose members are appointed by the prime minister, or indirectly    elected by panels representing vocational interests or by graduates of the    National University of Ireland and the University of Dublin (Trinity College).    Dáil Éireann has greater legislative power than Seanad Éireann, which can neither initiate financial legislation nor delay    indefinitely legislation already passed by Dáil Éireann. Dáil Éireann is composed of 158 members (previously 166) elected    for a five-year term of office. Dáil elections are carried out in    three- to five-member constituencies by the Single Transferable Vote (STV)    system, which combines proportional representation (PR) with preferential    voting. Under this system, voters indicate a first preference for one candidate,    and may rank the remaining candidates in successive order of preferences    on the ballot paper. In each constituency, Dáil seats are awarded to candidates who attain    the constituency quota, calculated by dividing the number of valid first    preference votes cast in the constituency by one more than the number of    seats to be filled, and then adding one to the result. A candidate whose    first preference vote total equals or exceeds the quota is immediately elected;    if the candidate obtained more first preference votes than the quota, the    surplus is distributed among the remaining candidates, in proportion to the    second preferences of all votes cast for the successful candidate. The surplus    transfer may result in the election of one or more candidates, in whose case    the described procedure is repeated. However, if there are unallocated seats    after transferring surplus votes from elected candidates, the candidate with    the lowest number of votes is eliminated, and the preferences of the eliminated    candidate are transferred to the remaining candidates. These two processes    are repeated until all seats are filled. In referendums held in 1959 and 1968, the Irish electorate rejected proposed    constitutional amendments to replace STV with plurality or first-past-the-post    (FPTP) voting in single-member constituencies, the first time by a narrow    margin and subsequently by a large majority. The Political Parties Ireland's present-day party system traces its origins to the civil war of    1922-23 between supporters and opponents of the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921.    The treaty brought an end to the armed uprising against British rule in the    island - which had been an integral part of the United    Kingdom since 1800 - and granted dominion status to twenty-six of Ireland's    thirty-two counties, which in 1922 became the Irish Free State. Northern Ireland, comprised by six of the nine counties forming the historic    province of Ulster, was allowed to opt out of the treaty, and the province,    ruled by a majority Protestant population that wished to remain part of the    U.K., promptly exercised that option, retaining its own devolved government    as provided by the Government of Ireland Act 1920; a similar arrangement    established by the act over the rest of Ireland - "Southern Ireland" - was    never fully implemented because of the armed conflict, and ultimately it    was superseded by the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Interestingly, the partition of Ireland was barely touched upon during the    debates leading to approval of the treaty, which provided for the establishment    of a Boundary Commission that would review the border between Northern Ireland    and the Irish Free State "in accordance with the wishes of


"Pope Was Poisoned After 33 Days" | Christian Assemblies International "Pope Was Poisoned After 33 Days" Printable PDF Version Book reveals background to death of John Paul I London (ap/dpa) Pope John Paul I, who was head of the Catholic Church for only 33 days in 1978, was murdered, claims the British author David Yallop in his book "In God's Name", which was published in 1984. After 3 years of investigation he has come to this conclusion, having found out that members of the forbidden Italian secret lodge "P2" allowed the pope to be poisoned. Mysterious death 33 days after election: John Paul I John Paul I was found dead in his bed by his private secretary on the morning of 29th September 1978. The official cause of death: heart attack. Yallop, however, says it was murder. He is relying on interviews with "highly positioned sources within the Vatican" and states as evidence a series of inexplicable occurrences which accompanied the pope's death. There was no post-mortem, according to Yallop, although the 65-year-old church leader had never had any heart problems before his death. All his personal belongings, including his last will, were removed from his room and were never seen again. There are conflicting opinions about the exact time of his death, and it was officially stated that the deceased was holding a book in his hand, although it was actually documents, said Yallop. He sees the motive of the murder as being due to the intention of John Paul I to bring an end to the ecclesiastical prohibition of artificial birth control. But most of all he wanted to relieve a few high dignitaries of their offices and to substantiate the finances of the Vatican. Yallop also names suspicious members of the secret union "P2". For instance, the founder of the fascist-orientated Free Mason Lodge, Licio Gelli; or Jean Villot (at that time cardinal-state secretary); or bishop Paul Marcinkus who, as governing head of the Vatican Bank, did fraudulent business with the "Ambrosia" (private bank); or their director Roberto Calvi, who himself lost his life in mysterious circumstances. Translated from the German: "Papst wurde nach 33 Tagen vergiftet" Source: Newspaper article - Munich TZ (12.06.84)


Who was lead singer with the group Queen?

Freddie Mercury, 45, Lead Singer Of the Rock Band Queen, Is Dead - NYTimes.com Freddie Mercury, 45, Lead Singer Of the Rock Band Queen, Is Dead Published: November 25, 1991 LONDON, Nov. 24— Freddie Mercury, the lead singer of the hard-rock group Queen, died today at his home in Kensington here. He was 45 years old. He died of bronchopneumonia resulting from AIDS, his publicity agent said. Mr. Mercury announced on Saturday that he had AIDS. As the lead singer and lyricist for Queen, Mr. Mercury helped to forge a hugely popular hybrid of hard-rock, pop, heavy-metal, cabaret and a hint of opera. In its mid-1970's heyday, the group created an image of playful decadence while fabricating elaborate studio productions on its albums, overdubbing multiple guitar and vocal lines. Mr. Mercury strutted and preened, by turns campy and almost militaristic, at the center of Queen's stage shows. A Group's Glory Days In one of Queen's definitive hits, "Bohemian Rhapsody," Mr. Mercury overdubbed his voice until it became a choir, with words like "Mama mia," "Galileo" and "Figaro" bouncing up and down the octaves. But he also sang dramatic solo vocals in hits like the ballad "We Are the Champions" and the mock-rockabilly song "Crazy Little Thing Called Love." Queen thrived commercially from 1975, when "Killer Queen" appeared, to 1980, when the disco-style "Another One Bites the Dust" reached No. 1 on the pop-singles chart. Although Queen's commercial success waned in the 1980's, it was partly vindicated when the hook from "Under Pressure," its collaboration with David Bowie in 1982, was borrowed by the rapper Vanilla Ice for his hit single "Ice, Ice Baby." From Zanzibar to the World Stage He was one of a number of celebrities who had announced that they suffered from AIDS to try to increase the public's awareness of the disease. In a statement on the eve of his death, Mr. Mercury called on his fans around the world to join the fight against AIDS. Mr. Mercury, whose name was originally Frederick Bulsara, was born in Zanzibar, the son of a Government accountant. He rose to fame as the bravura singer for Queen, whose elaborate and occasionally bombastic songs made the group one of the most popular in the 1970's. In addition to recording with Queen, Mr. Mercury later released solo albums, including "The Great Pretender." In recent years, he lived a secluded life and resisted responding to persistent rumors that he had AIDS. "I felt it correct to keep this information private to date in order to protect the privacy of those around me," Mr. Mercury said in a statement on Saturday. "However, the time has now come for my friends and fans around the world to know the truth, and I hope that everyone will join with me, my doctors and all those worldwide in the fight against this terrible disease." A private cremation is to be held this week. Photo: Freddie Mercury (Agence France-Presse)


Which author had the real name Charles Dodgson?

Lewis Carroll - Alice-in-Wonderland.net Alice-in-wonderland.net About Lewis Carroll Pseudonym The author of “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland” and “Through the Looking Glass” is Lewis Carroll. This is an pseudonym; his real name was Charles Lutwidge Dodgson. (His last name is pronounced with a silent ‘g’.) Dodgson first used ‘B.B.’ to sign his non-professional writings, but in March 1856, when he wanted to publish his poem ‘Solitude’ in the magazine “The Train”, Edmund Yates, a magazine editor, thought that this one was not appropriate. Then Dodgson came up with ‘Dares’ (from Daresbury in Cheshire, his birthplace), but that one was also rejected. Finally he invented Edgar Cuthwellis (composed from the letters of his name), Edgar U.C. Westhill (idem), Louis Carroll (he translated his name to Latin, and back: Lutwidge = Ludovic = Louis, Charles = Carolus) and Lewis Carroll (idem). Yates chose the last one. For his learned mathematic books Dodgson used his own name. Throughout this website I will use both names; when I’m talking about Carroll I am referring to his Alice books and when I call him Dodgson I’m talking about his private life. The life of Dodgson Dodgson was born on 27 January 1832 in the old parsonage at Daresbury, Cheshire. He was the 3rd child and eldest son of Reverend Charles Dodgson and Frances Jane Lutwidge (who were first cousins) and had 3 brothers and 7 sisters. He was very close and protective of them, especially the girls. Even as a child his talent was evident as he clearly enjoyed entertaining his brothers and sisters with stories and games. At the time of his birth, his father, Dr. Dodgson, was the vicar of Daresbury, Cheshire (he later was presented with the Crown living of Croft, Yorkshire, and subsequently became Archdeacon of Richmond and one of the Canons of Ripon Cathedral), and was a distinguished scholar whose favorite study was mathematics. In 1843 they moved to Croft, Yorkshire. At first, Charles was educated by his father. When he was twelve, he was sent to Mr. Tate’s School at Richmond. In 1846 Dodgson was enrolled at a boarding-school in Rugby where he had a miserable time because of his shyness and several illnesses. In May 1850 he matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he studied mathematics and took up residence as an undergraduate in January 1851. In 1854 Dodgson gained a 1st class degree in mathematics and one year later he was appointed lecturer in mathematics and Sub-Librarian at Christ Church. Dodgson was not a very inspiring teacher; it is said that his mathematical lessons were quite boring. He taught until 1881. Dodgson was ordained a deacon in the Church of England on December 22, 1861. In 1898 he went to his sisters in Guildford, where he died of pneumonia on 14 January. Religion It is often said that Dodgson was a sincere Christian, although there is reason to believe that he had religious doubts. He was ordained a deacon in 1861. It was the rule on Christ Church that deacons should enter the priesthood (or else they’d loose their job), but Dodgson never did. It might have been because of his stammer, but we do not know for certain why the Dean let him get away with it. Dodgson never got married. Physique Dodgson stuttered and was asymmetric; his blue eyes were not at the same level and one shoulder was higher than the other. His smile was also slightly askew. He was deaf on one ear because of an illness when he was at Rugby School, suffered from insomnia and was very thin because he ate only one meal a day (he was a little obsessed with eating). According to most accounts he was six foot tall. Personality Dodgson was a very precise and punctual man who liked order (he made lists of all kinds of things and even kept track of menus in his diary, so that “people would not have the same dishes too frequently.”). If something was not to his liking, Dodgson was likely to write a letter to the concerning person. He also satirized the academic politics of Oxford in articles, booklets, and leaflets. He felt that by printing his arguments, rather than debating, he could log


Who was the Lord Chancellor beheaded for refusing to recognize Henry VIII as head of the church?

King Henry VIII | Britroyals Children: Three legitimate who survived infancy; Mary, Elizabeth and Edward, and at least one illegitimate child Henry Fitzroy. Died: January 28, 1547 at Whitehall Palace, London, aged 55 years, 7 months, Buried at: Windsor Reigned for: 37 years, 9 months, and 7 days Succeeded by: his son Edward VI King of England from 1509, when he succeeded his father Henry VII and married Catherine of Aragon, the widow of his elder brother Arthur. During the period 1513�29 Henry pursued an active foreign policy, largely under the guidance of his Lord Chancellor, Cardinal Wolsey, who shared Henry's desire to make England stronger. Wolsey was replaced by Thomas More in 1529 for failing to persuade the Pope to grant Henry a divorce. By this time Henry's policy had become dominated by his desire to divorce Catherine because she was too old to give him an heir and he was determined to marry Anne Boleyn. At first there seemed a possibility that the divorce might be granted. The papal legate journeyed to England to hear the case, but Catherine appealed direct to the pope and the court was adjourned. The position was complicated by the fact that Charles V, Catherine's nephew, controlled Rome. Henry then proceeded to act through Parliament, and had the entire body of the clergy in England declared guilty of treason in 1531. The clergy were suitably cowed and agreed to repudiate papal supremacy and recognize Henry as supreme head of the church in England. The English ecclesiastical courts then pronounced his marriage to Catherine null and void and he married Anne Boleyn in 1533 Henry through Thomas Cromwell continued his attack on the church with the suppression of the monasteries (1536�39); their lands were confiscated and granted to his supporters. However, although he laid the ground for the English Reformation by the separation from Rome, he had little sympathy with Protestant dogmas. As early as 1521 a pamphlet which he had written against Lutheranism had won him the title of Fidei Defensor from the Pope, and Henry's own religious views are quite clearly expressed in the Statute of Six Articles in 1539 which instituted the orthodox Catholic tenets as necessary conditions for Christian belief. As a result Protestants were being burnt for heresy even while Catholics were being executed for refusing to take the oath of supremacy. Anne Boleyn was beheaded in 1536, ostensibly for adultery. Henry's third wife, Jane Seymour, died in 1537. He married Anne of Cleves in 1540 in pursuance of Thomas Cromwell's policy of allying with the German Protestants, but rapidly abandoned this policy, divorced Anne, and beheaded Cromwell. His fifth wife, Catherine Howard, was beheaded in 1542, and the following year he married Catherine Parr, who survived him. Henry ended his reign with the reputation of a tyrant, despite the promise of his earlier years � in 1536 the rebellion known as the Pilgrimage of Grace was viciously suppressed, and advisers of the calibre of More and Bishop John Fisher had died rather than sacrifice their own principles to Henry's will. But the power of the crown had been considerably strengthened by Henry's ecclesiastical policy, and the monastic confiscations gave impetus to the rise of a new nobility which was to become influential in succeeding reigns. King Henry VIII's Signature Quotes: �We are, by the sufferance of God, King of England; and the Kings of England in times past never had any superior but God� � Henry VIII 'If a man shall take his brother's wife it is an unclean thing... they shall be childless' � King Henry VIII (quoting The Bible, Leviticus, XX,21, as justification for seeking divorce from Catherine of Aragon who had previously been married to his brother Prince Arthur) �...to wish myself (specially an evening) in my sweetheart's arms, whose pretty ducks [breasts] I trust shortly to kiss�� - King Henry VIII (love letter to Ann Boleyn) �You have sent me a Flanders mare!� - King Henry VIII (on first meeting Anne of Cleves who was about to become his 4th wife) Timeline for King Henry VIII


Who led the Free French forces during World War II?

France during World War II France History - France during World War II   France surrendered to Nazi Germany early in World War II (June 24, 1940). Nazi Germany occupied three fifths of France's territory (Northern France and the entire French Atlantic Coast) and on July 10, 1940 established a new French government based at the town of Vichy.  This government, was commonly referred to as Vichy France and was headed by Henri Philippe PÃ©tain, a General during World War One. Its senior leaders acquiesced in the plunder of French resources, as well as the sending of French forced labor to Nazi Germany; in doing so, they claimed they hoped to preserve at least some small amount of French sovereignty.  In the meantime, civilian anti-semites and Vichy officials aided in the concentration and persecution of Jews, in particular those of foreign citizenship. The Nazi German occupation proved costly, however, as Nazi Germany appropriated a full one-half of France's public sector revenue. On the other hand, those who refused defeat and collaboration with Nazi Germany, the Free French, organised resistance movements in occupied and Vichy France and the Free French Forces. The Free French Forces started in exile in and with the support of the UK.  They were led by Charles de Gaulle, under-secretary of state for war and national          defence, whose role in the resistance was to pave the way for his immense impact on the future of France, as leader of its provisional government and first President of the French Fifth Republic. After the Allied landings in North Africa (Operation Torch) the German Army occupied southern France as well, leading to the scuttling of the French Fleet at Toulon. After four years of occupation and strife, Allied forces, including Free French Forces, liberated France in 1944.


Which battle of 1876 was Custer's last stand?

Custer's Last Stand Custer's Last Stand June 25, 1876 What do you know about the Battle of Little Big Horn? You might know the story better as Custer's Last Stand. On the morning of June 25, 1876, Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer and the 7th Cavalry charged into battle against Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne Indians. Custer's orders were to wait for reinforcements at the mouth of the Little Big Horn River before attacking the Indians, but Chief Sitting Bull had been spotted nearby, and Custer was impatient to attack. A treaty had given the Sioux exclusive rights to the Black Hills, but when gold was later discovered in the area, white miners flocked to the territory. Despite the treaty, the U.S. government ordered the Indians away from the invading settlers and back to their reservations. page 1 of 3


Which actor, comedian and singer was born David Daniel Kaminski?

Danny Kaye - Film Actor, Theater Actor, Television Actor, Comedian, Dancer, Singer, Philanthropist, Television Personality - Biography.com “Life is a big canvas; throw all the paint you want at it.” “I became an entertainer not because I wanted to but because I was meant to.” Danny Kaye Synopsis Danny Kaye was born on January 18, 1911 in Brooklyn, New York. He made his Broadway debut in The Straw Hat Review in 1939. In the 1940s and '50s, he appeared in musicals and other films. During the 1960s, he had his own TV show. Throughout the 1970s, Kaye focused mainly on charity work. He took a few TV roles in the 1980s, before dying of a heart attack on March 3, 1987 in Los Angeles, California. Early Life Entertainer Danny Kaye was born as David Daniel Kaminsky in Brooklyn, New York on January 18, 1911. According to his web site , Kaye's "actual year of birth was 1911, but the birthday he celebrated was 1913." Kaye was his parents' youngest child; he had two older brothers. His father, Jacob Kaminski, and his mother, Clara Nemerovky, were Ukrainian Jewish immigrants. Jacob, a former horse trainer, worked as a tailor while Kaye and his brothers were growing up. When Kaye was 13 years old, he dropped out of high school to take a stab at show biz stardom. Partnered up with a guitarist friend, Kaye hit the road, but before long he abandoned the unsuccessful tour and went home to Brooklyn. There he worked a string of odd jobs–ranging from soda jerk to office clerk, failing miserably in most positions. After he made a costly error as an insurance appraiser and was fired on the spot, Kaye reconsidered forging a career in show business. "I became an entertainer not because I wanted to but because I was meant to," Kaye would later say of his seemingly inevitable career path. Career in Entertainment While still a teen, Kaye found employment as a comedian and general entertainer in the Catskill Mountains. Working his way through the "Borscht Belt" of Jewish resort venues, Kaye left his audiences roaring with laughter. In 1933, Kaye was invited to join a vaudeville act called the "Three Terpsichoreans." He switched from his given name, David Daniel Kaminsky, to his stage name, Danny Kaye, around the time that the group toured Asia. Throughout the 1930s, Kaye persistently worked to make a name for himself in show business, while collaborating with song writer-composer Sylvia Fine. In 1939, he got his big break with a Broadway debut in The Straw Hat Review. Later that year, he achieved his goal of stardom with a crowd-pleasing performance of the silly, nonsensical song "Tchaikovsky" in Lady in the Dark. It was a time of great milestones for Kaye; in 1940, he married Sylvia Fine and she became his manager. During WWII, Kaye supported the troops by performing overseas, in New York nightclubs and on Broadway. In 1944, he accepted a movie contract with Samuel Goldwyn and subsequently appeared in a string of popular Technicolor musicals, including the hit film The Secret Life of Walter Mitty. He is also starred on his own wildly popular variety show on CBS Radio from 1945 to 1946. Kaye made more movies in the 1950s, including the seasonal classic White Christmas (1954) with Bing Crosby and Rosemary Clooney, but his popularity as a film star gradually began to taper off as the decade wound down. In the 1960s, he transitioned to the small screen with TV specials and, eventually, his own series, The Danny Kaye Show, which ran from 1963 to 1967. Always a social activist, Kaye served as ambassador at large for the United Nations Children's Fund in the 1950s. During the 1970s, as his show biz career was lagging, he devoted most of his time to charitable causes. In the early 1980s, Kaye made occasional TV appearances, including on sitcoms like The Cosby Show, and a dramatic made-for-TV movie about a holocaust survivor, Skokie (1981). Skokie marked one of only a few dramatic roles that the comedic performer played during his lifetime. Death and Legacy Kaye died of heart failure in Los Angeles, California on March 3, 1987. Through his lively singing, da


Mata Hari - Biography of the Exotic World War I Spy Mata Hari Mata Hari Biography of the Exotic World War I Spy The infamous Dutch spy Mata Hari, real name Margarete Geertruida Zelle, who was born in Leeuwarden and became a dancer in France is performing the Dance of the Seven Veils. (1906).  (Photo by Walery/Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Updated June 28, 2016. Who Was Mata Hari? Mata Hari was an exotic dancer and courtesan who was arrested by the French and executed for espionage during World War I . After her death, her stage name, "Mata Hari," became synonymous with spying and espionage. Dates: August 7, 1876 -- October 15, 1917 Also Known As: Margaretha Geertruida Zelle; Lady MacLeod Mata Hari's Childhood Mata Hari was born Margaretha Geertruida Zelle in Leeuwarden, the Netherlands as the first of four children. Margaretha's father was a hat maker by trade, but having invested well in oil, he had enough money to spoil his only daughter. At only six years old, Margaretha became the talk of the town when she traveled in a goat-drawn carriage that her father had given her. In school, Margaretha was known to be flamboyant, often appearing in new, flashy dresses. However, Margaretha's world changed drastically when her family went bankrupt in 1889 and her mother died two years later. Her Family Broke Up After her mother's death, the Zelle family was split up and Margaretha, now age 15, was sent to Sneek to live with her godfather, Mr. Visser. continue reading below our video 10 Best Universities in the United States Visser decided to send Margaretha to a school that trained kindergarten teachers so that she'd have a career. At the school, the headmaster, Wybrandus Haanstra, became enchanted by Margaretha and pursued her. When a scandal broke out, Margaretha was asked to leave the school, so she went to live with her uncle, Mr. Taconis, in The Hague . She Gets Married In March 1895, while still staying with her uncle, 18-year old Margaretha became engaged to Rudolph ("John") MacLeod, after answering a personal ad in the newspaper (the ad had been placed as a joke by MacLeod's friend). MacLeod was a 38-year-old officer on home leave from the Dutch East Indies , where he had been stationed for 16 years. On July 11, 1895, the two were married. They spent much of their married life living in the tropics of Indonesia where money was tight, isolation was difficult, and John's rudeness and Margaretha's youth caused serious friction in their marriage. Margaretha and John had two children together, but their son died at age two and a half after being poisoned. In 1902, they moved back to Holland and were soon separated. Off to Paris Margaretha decided to go to Paris for a new start. Without a husband, not trained in any career, and without any money, Margaretha used her experiences in Indonesia to create a new persona, one that donned jewels, smelled of perfume, spoke occasionally in Malay , danced seductively, and often wore very little clothes. She made her dancing debut in a salon and instantaneously became a success. When reporters and others interviewed her, Margaretha continually added to the mystique that surrounded her by spinning fantastic, fictionalized stories about her background, including being a Javanese princess and daughter of a baron. To sound more exotic, she took the stage name "Mata Hari," Malayan for "eye of the day" (the sun). A Famous Dancer and Courtesan Mata Hari became famous. She danced at both private salons and later at large theaters. She danced at ballets and operas. She was invited to the big parties and traveled extensively. She also had a large number of lovers (often military men from a number of countries) who were willing to provide her financial support in exchange for her company. A Spy? During World War I, her frequent traveling across international borders and her varied companions caused several countries to wonder if she was a spy or even a double-agent. Many people who met her say that she was sociable, but just not smart enough to pull off such a feat. However, the French were confident


"Who said: ""The customer is always right""?"

'The customer is always right' - the meaning and origin of this phrase Search | Phrase Dictionary | The customer is always right The customer is always right Famous Last Words Browse phrases beginning with: The customer is always right Meaning The trading policy that states a company's keenness to be seen to put the customer first. Origin Several retail concern used this as a slogan from the early 20th century onward. In the USA it is particularly associated with Marshall Field's department store, Chicago (established in the late 19th century). The store is an icon of the city, although it is set to lose its name in 2006 when, following a takeover, it becomes renamed as Macy's. In the UK, Harry Gordon Selfridge (1857-1947) the founder of London's Selfridges store (opened in 1909), is credited with championing its use. The Wisconsin born Selfridge worked for Field from 1879 to 1901. Both men were dynamic and creative businessmen and it's highly likely that one of them coined the phrase, although we don't know which. Of course, these entrepreneurs didn't intend to be taken literally. What they were attempting to do was to make the customer feel special by inculcating into their staff the disposition to behave as if the customer was right, even when they weren't. The trading policy and the phrase were well-known by the early 20th century. From the Kansas City Star, January 1911 we have a piece about a local country store that was modelled on Field's/Selfridges: [George E.] "Scott has done in the country what Marshall Field did in Chicago, Wannamaker did in New York and Selfridge in London. In his store he follows the Field rule and assumes that the customer is always right." Whether the phrase was coined by Field or Selfridge it is fair to call it American. What we can't do is credit them with the idea behind it. In 1908 César Ritz (1850-1918), the celebrated French hotelier is credited with saying 'Le client n'a jamais tort' - 'The customer is never wrong'. That's not the phrase that people now remember, but it can hardly be said to be any different in meaning to 'the customer is always right'.


"What pen name was used by the Spanish orator Dolores Ibarruri, who said ""It is better to die on your feet than to live on your knees""?"

Dolores Ibárruri | Wiki & Bio | 👤 Everipedia Everipedia Isidora Dolores Ibárruri Gómez (9 December 1895 – 12 November 1989) – known as "La Pasionaria" ( Spanish , "the Passionflower ") – was a Spanish Republican heroine of the Spanish Civil War and communist politician of Basque origin, known for her famous slogan ¡No Pasarán! (" They shall not pass ") during the Battle for Madrid in November 1936. She joined the Spanish Communist Party (PCE) when it was founded in 1921. In the 1930s, she became a writer for the PCE publication Mundo Obrero and in February 1936 was elected to the Cortes Generales as a PCE deputy for Asturias . After her exile from Spain at the end of the Civil War, she was appointed General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Spain , a position she held from 1942 to 1960. She was then named honorary president of the PCE, a post she held for the rest of her life. Upon her return to Spain in 1977, she was re-elected as a deputy to the Cortes for the same region she had represented under the Second Republic . Biography Dolores Ibárruri was born to a Basque miner and a Castillian mother. She grew up in Gallarta, but later moved to Somorrosto ( Biscay ). Gallarta was next to a large siderite mine which became the second-most important in Europe in the 1970s and which shut down permanently in 1993. [2] She attended the municipal school as soon as she could talk. The curriculum was basic and mainly religious; discipline was harsh. Outside she and the other children sang revolutionary ditties, played pranks and took part in rival gang fights. A willful child, she was taken at the age of ten by her mother to the Church of San Felicisimo in Deusto to be exorcized. Sometimes my small brothers and I engaged my mother in enlightening dialogue. One of us would ask the mother: "Is it true that we are all sons of God?" "It's true." "Are we all brothers?" "All!" "Then if we are the brothers of so and so—mentioning the well-off people in town—why does Dad have to go to work everyday, even when it rains, while the slickers do not work and are better off than we are?" Here the theological reach of my mother eluded her grasp and she would retort full of anger, "Keep quiet! Children musn't ask such things!" Ibárruri left school at fifteen after spending two years preparing for teacher's college at the encouragement of the schoolmistress. Her parents could not afford further education, so she went to work as a seamstress and later as a housemaid. She became a waitress in the town of Arboleda, the most important urban nucleus in the region of Somorrostro. [3] There she met Julián Ruiz Gabiña, union activist and founder of Socialist Youth of Somorrostro. They married in late 1915, two years after the birth of their first child. [4] The young couple participated in the general strike of 1917 and Ruiz returned to jail. During this time, Ibárruri spent nights reading the works of Karl Marx and others found in the library of the Socialist Workers' Centre in Somorrostro. [5] Ibárruri wrote her first article in 1918 for the miners' newspaper, El Minero Vizcaíno. The article came out during Holy Week and focused on religious hypocrisy, at odds with the Passion of Christ . Because of the article's theme and its timing, she signed it with the alias "Pasionaria." [6] [7] In 1920 Ibárruri and the Workers' Centre joined the budding Communist Party of Spain (PCE) and she was named a member of the Provincial Committee of the Basque Communist Party. After ten years of grassroots militancy, she was appointed to the Central Committee of the PCE in 1930. [8] During this time, Ibárruri had six children. Of her five girls, four died very young. She "used to relate how her husband made a small coffin out of a crate of fruit." [9] Her son, Rubén , died at twenty-two in the Battle of Stalingrad . The remaining child, Amaya, outlived her mother. In 2008 Amaya resided in the working-class neighbourhood of Ciudad Lineal in Madrid. [2] [2] In Madrid (1931–36) With the advent of the Second Republic in 1931, Ibárruri moved to Madrid


For what purpose did Melvil Dewey devise his decimal system in 1876?

Full text of "Major classification systems : the Dewey Centennial" See other formats 020.715 A434  no. 21   Major Classification Systems: The Dewey Centennial   LIBRARY OF THE  UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS  AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN   020/715 A434 no. 21   Lib. Scl   The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below.  Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN   SCfcHCEUBew   A'JG 21 1978   OCU   978    w 3   WAR   JUL   ooD  N5V   JUN   JUN V <8 JAJ^D82007   985   1986   1998   L161 O-1096   ALLERTON PARK INSTITUTE  Number 21   Papers Presented at the Allerton Park Institute  Sponsored by  Forest Press, Inc.  and  University of Illinois Graduate School of Library Science  and  University of Illinois Office of Continuing Education and Public Service  held November 9-12, 1975  Allerton Park Monticello, Illinois   Major Classification Systems: The Dewey Centennial   edited by Kathryn Luther Henderson   University of Illinois  Graduate School of Library Science  Urbana-Champaign, Illinois   Copyright 1976 by  The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois  LC Card Number: 76-026331  ISBN: 0-87845-044-0   * r r   CONTENTS   Foreword vii  RICHARD B. SEALOCK  Introduction ix  KATHRYN LUTHER HENDERSON  Library Classification: One Hundred Years After Dewey 1  DAVID BATTY  The Historical Development of The Dewey Decimal  Classification System , 17  JOHN P. COMAROMI  Dewey Today: An Analysis of Recent Editions 32  MARGARET E. COCKSHUTT  Summary of a Survey of the Use of the Dewey Decimal  Classification in the United States and Canada 47  MARY ELLEN MICHAEL   Dewey Today: The British and European Scene 59  JOEL C. DOWNING  The Library of Congress Classification Scheme and its  Relationship to Dewey 78  GORDON STEVENSON  Factors in the Selection of a Classification Scheme for a  Large General Library 99  PETER LEWIS  Dewey Decimal Classification, Universal Decimal Classification, and the Broad System of Ordering: The Evolution of Universal Ordering Systems 113  HANS H. WELLISCH  The Role of Indexing in Subject Retrieval 124  DEREK AUSTIN  The Role of Classification in Subject Retrieval in the Future. ... 157 PAULE ROLLAND-THOMAS  Contributors 175  Index . .179   VI   Foreword   One hundred years ago, in 1876, Melvil Dewey anonymously published the first edition of his classification system. Forest Press, publisher of the Dewey Decimal Classification since 1931, could think of no more suitable way to honor the DDC and its author during this centennial year than to bring together librarians interested in classification. It was with great pleasure, therefore, that Forest Press welcomed the opportunity to cosponsor with the University of Illinois Graduate School of Library Science the twenty-first annual Allerton Park Institute. Held on November 9-12, 1975, the topic of the institute was, most appropriately, "Major Classification Systems: the Dewey Centennial."  The goal of the Allerton conference was to provide a forum for an in-depth discussion of classification systems in general and of the DDC in particular. Experts in the field from the United States, Canada, and England presented papers on a variety of topics ranging from a look at recent editions of the DDC and a comparison between Dewey and the Library of Congress Classification, to an examination of the role of classification in subject retrieval. The first report on the survey of DDC use in the United States and Canada was also given at the conference. These papers, all original contributions to the classification field, have been collected in the present volume.  Forest Press wishes to thank in particular the two people whose diligence and care made the conference possible: Kathryn Luther Henderso


Elvis Elvis: Truly the King of Rock and Roll   Although other entertainers, such as Bill Haley, Chuck Berry, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Carl Perkins, all had important pioneering influences on early rock music, it was Elvis who had the ability, magnetism, popularity, and lasting power to ensure that rock & roll would always be an important part of the pop music landscape. As all true Elvis fans know, however, Elvis Presley was not just a rock singer. In fact, much of his appeal and impact was due to his amazing versatility. During his childhood, Elvis was greatly influenced by gospel music and by rhythm & blues. He combined aspects of gospel, R& B, and country to develop a style all his own. Few other artists, if any, can perform all these varieties of music: spunky rock songs like "Heard Headed Woman" and "Jailhouse Rock," lighter pop songs like "Return to Sender" and "Good Luck Charm," country classics like "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry" and "Help Me Make It Through the Night," blues songs like "Blue Christmas" and "A Mess of Blues," middle-of-the-road standards like "My Way" and "What Now My Love," sensitive ballads like "Can't Help Falling in Love" and "It's Now or Never," and religious songs like "How Great Thou Art" and "Crying in the Chapel." Actually, Elvis is more than the King of Rock & Roll; he is a cultural phenomenon who has affected our entire society. It has been more than twenty years since Elvis died; yet his popularity is still very much alive. Each year millions of dollars' of Elvis products continue to sell and hundreds of thousands of his fans visit his former home Graceland. Clearly, interest in his music and life is still strong.   So, let's see how much you know about The King of Rock & Roll! Name one of his four songs that was number one on the pop, country, and R&B charts. What was Elvis' biggest selling single? What was Elvis' biggest selling movie album? Name the leading lady in three Elvis movies. What was Elvis' last Top 10 pop hit? What was Elvis' closing song for most of his '70s concerts? What was the month and year of Elvis' comeback special? What western city gave Elvis a lukewarm reception in 1956? What Elvis Christmas single went gold? What Elvis song was a Top 40 pop hit more than three years after his death? For a great book on The King of Rock & Roll, take a look at: The Ultimate Elvis Quiz Book: What Do You Know About the King of Rock & Roll? By W. Kent Moore and David L. Scott Order The Ultimate Elvis Quiz Book Today! The Ultimate Elvis Quiz Book has crossword puzzles, matching, fill-in the blanks, picture puzzles, and some of the greatest and unusual Elvis photos you have ever seen! Test your skill against the knowlege of two college professors who have put together a challenging book for even the most devoted fans of Elvis. Published by Rutledge Hill Press, the 144-page paperback retails for $9.95. A perfect gift for a baby boomer friend or a great conversation piece for your living room table. What do you know about the King of Rock & Roll?


Sherlock Holmes (2009) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC Detective Sherlock Holmes and his stalwart partner Watson engage in a battle of wits and brawn with a nemesis whose plot is a threat to all of England. Director: a list of 28 titles created 08 Mar 2013 a list of 37 titles created 23 Oct 2013 a list of 47 titles created 13 Jul 2014 a list of 37 titles created 21 Jan 2015 a list of 34 titles created 01 Jan 2016 Search for " Sherlock Holmes " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for     2     Oscars. Another    10 wins & 25 nominations. See more awards  » Videos Sherlock Holmes and his sidekick Dr. Watson join forces to outwit and bring down their fiercest adversary, Professor Moriarty. Director: Guy Ritchie King Leonidas of Sparta and a force of 300 men fight the Persians at Thermopylae in 480 B.C. Director: Zack Snyder An adaptation of Homer's great epic, the film follows the assault on Troy by the united Greek forces and chronicles the fates of the men involved. Director: Wolfgang Petersen A bored married couple is surprised to learn that they are both assassins hired by competing agencies to kill each other. Director: Doug Liman Danny Ocean and his eleven accomplices plan to rob three Las Vegas casinos simultaneously. Director: Steven Soderbergh After being held captive in an Afghan cave, billionaire engineer Tony Stark creates a unique weaponized suit of armor to fight evil. Director: Jon Favreau Jack Sparrow races to recover the heart of Davy Jones to avoid enslaving his soul to Jones' service, as other friends and foes seek the heart for their own agenda as well. Director: Gore Verbinski A police officer joins a secret organization that polices and monitors extraterrestrial interactions on Earth. Director: Barry Sonnenfeld Hancock is a superhero whose ill considered behavior regularly causes damage in the millions. He changes when one person he saves helps him improve his public image. Director: Peter Berg Danny Ocean rounds up the boys for a third heist, after casino owner Willy Bank double-crosses one of the original eleven, Reuben Tishkoff. Director: Steven Soderbergh Daniel Ocean recruits one more team member so he can pull off three major European heists in this sequel to Ocean's 11. Director: Steven Soderbergh A paraplegic marine dispatched to the moon Pandora on a unique mission becomes torn between following his orders and protecting the world he feels is his home. Director: James Cameron Edit Storyline After finally catching serial killer and occult "sorcerer" Lord Blackwood, legendary sleuth Sherlock Holmes and his assistant Dr. Watson can close yet another successful case. But when Blackwood mysteriously returns from the grave and resumes his killing spree, Holmes must take up the hunt once again. Contending with his partner's new fiancée and the dimwitted head of Scotland Yard, the dauntless detective must unravel the clues that will lead him into a twisted web of murder, deceit, and black magic - and the deadly embrace of temptress Irene Adler. Written by The Massie Twins Crime Will Pay See more  » Genres: Action  | Adventure  | Crime  | Mystery  | Thriller Motion Picture Rating           ( MPAA ) Rated PG-13 for intense sequences of violence and action, some startling images and a scene of suggestive material | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 25 December 2009 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: £3,081,072        (UK) (25 December 2009) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia The outfits worn by the navvies are the same ones worn by the railway workers in Cranford: Return to Cranford: Part One - August 1844 (2009). See more » Goofs A scratch appears on Sherlock's right cheek, then disappears by the next scene.


What are the indigenous people of new Zealand called?

The indigenous people of New Zealand are called _____. Aborigines Malayans Maori Zeelanders The indigenous people of New Zealand are called _____. Aborigines Malayans Maori Zeelanders The indigenous people of New Zealand are called MAORI. Get an answer The indigenous people of New Zealand are called _____. Aborigines Malayans Maori Zeelanders Original conversation This answer has been added to the Weegy Knowledgebase Comments Log in or sign up first. Questions asked by the same visitor Alex works as a customer service representative at an insurance company. Before starting his shift, Alex reviews issues from his last shift to make sure they have been resolved. What workplace habit does Alex show by doing this? efficiency initiative interpersonal skills problem solving Weegy: The answer is: initiative User: Jorja always arrives at work when she is scheduled. She doesn't call in at the last minute to say that she can't work. If she needs time off, she plans in advance and makes arrangements to have a coworker cover for her. Which workplace habit does Jorja demonstrate by these behaviors? dependability punctuality self-confidence honesty Weegy: The answer is punctuality. User: What of the following is not a benefit of active listening? Restating what you heard in your own words leads to fewer misunderstandings. The person you are listening to feels confident that you have understood the message. You have an opportunity to tell the other person how you feel about what they have said. Responding with active listening can calm someone down who is angry or upset Weegy: Restating what you heard in your own words leads to fewer misunderstandings. User: What component of effective feedback is demonstrated by giving examples of how someone can improve their performance instead of saying the person has done it all wrong? objective specific timely sincere Weegy: It's objective User: While reviewing a Web site that seems to have lots of great information about the topic you are researching, you decide to check on the author of the site. You cannot find any information about the author and you cannot find any information about her credentials. What characteristic of an effective Web site is a concern? reputable author relevant verified unbiased Weegy: relevant User: Which of the following is a goal of paraphrasing and summarizing? to quote the main idea of what you have read, giving credit to the original source to restate what you have read, using your own words to review the most important supporting points from the original information to change the words and order of the sentences of what you have read Weegy: Which of the following is a goal of paraphrasing and summarizing? using your own words to review the most ... (More) Question


Who was the film star who married Prince Rainier III of Monaco?

Grace Kelly & Prince Rainier III of Monaco are married by Monaco's Bishop Gilles Barthe | Grace Kelly: her amazing life in pictures - Photography Photography Previous slide Next slide 18 of 42 View All Skip Ad Grace Kelly, the Fifties film star who became a princess, was born in 1929. After making her name in films such as High Noon, Rear Window and To Catch a Thief, she married Prince Rainier III of Monaco on April 19 1956 and retired from acting. She died in a car crash in 1982 after suffering a stroke while driving. 1948:  American actress Grace Kelly and her sister Elizabeth wish their  brother, Olympic medal-winning rower John B Kelly Jnr, good luck at Henley Royal Regatta, Henley-on-Thames Credit: Evening Standard/Getty Images A 1950s portrait of US actress Grace Kelly. Between 1950 and 1953, the young actress appeared on stage and in live TV productions. Credit: Rex Grace Kelly (1929-1982), is shown in this portrait from the early 1950s. In 1951 she made her little-noticed film debut in the film 'Fourteen Hours', but stardom would have to wait another two years. Credit: Getty Images 1953: Ava Gardner, Clark Gable and Grace Kelly in 'Mogambo'. This film won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress and an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. Credit: Everett Collection / Rex Features/Everett Collection / Rex Features 1954: James Stewart and Grace Kelly in 'Rear Window' Credit: Moviestore Collection / Rex Features Grace Kelly on the set of 'To Catch A Thief', some of which was filmed on the riviera, where she met Prince Rainier of Monaco Credit: Keystone/Getty Images Grace Kelly on the set of To Catch A Thief Credit: Rex 30 March 1955: Presenter Bette Davis poses with Marlon Brando, winner of the Best Actor Academy Award for On the Waterfront,  and Grace Kelly, who won Best Actress for The Country Girl  Credit: Everett Collection / Rex Features 5 January 1956: Prince Rainier III of Monaco and his fiancee Grace Kelly show her mother her engagement ring  at the Philadelphia county club where the Kellys announced the engagement of their daughter and the prince Credit: AFP/Getty 23 February 1956: US actor Gregory Peck is flanked  by Grace Kelly (R), awarded Favourite Actress for "Henrietta" and Jean Simmons, named Best Actress in a Musical Comedy during the 10th Annual Golden Globe Awards in Hollywood Credit: AFP/Getty Grace Kelly in her final film High Society (1956) 27 February 1956: A dummy of the stamp to be issued by Monaco Stamp Office for the wedding of Prince Rainier with US actress Grace Kelly, to be held 19 April 1956 Credit: AFP/Getty/AFP/Getty Grace Kelly and Prince Rainier III of Monaco, pictured in the 1950s Credit: REx 12 April 1956: Prince Rainier III of Monaco and his fiancee US actress Grace Kelly are all smiles aboard his yacht Deo Juvante II in Monte Carlo's harbour, as Grace Kelly arrives from the USA for their wedding ceremony Credit: AFP/Getty/AFP/Getty 19 April 1956: A close-up of Grace Kelly during her wedding ceremony with Prince Rainier of Monaco Credit: AFP/Getty 19 April 1956: Grace Kelly on her wedding day  Credit: Rex/Rex 19 April 1956: Grace Kelly and Prince Rainier III of Monaco are married by Monaco's Bishop Gilles Barthe Credit: AFP/Getty 19 April 1956: Prince Rainier III of Monaco and US actress and Princess of Monaco Grace Kelly are seen during their wedding lunch  Credit: AFP/Getty Prince Rainier placing the wedding ring of Princess Grace's finger during the marriage service in Monaco Cathedral. Credit: AP Grace Kelly and Prince Rainier of Monaco during their wedding ceremony in Monaco on April 19, 1956 Credit: AFP/Getty Prince Rainier and Grace Kelly, pictured during their wedding service at Monaco Cathedral Credit: AP Prince Rainier III of Monaco and US actress and princess of Monaco Grace Kelly salute the crowd as they leave Monaco's Saint Nicholas Cathedral after their wedding ceremony  Credit: AFP/Getty Prince Rainier III of Monaco and US actress and princess of Monaco Grace Kelly after their wedding ceremony Credit: AP Prince Rainier and Princess Gra


What was the first name of the politician Gladstone, the composer Walton, and the reformer Wilberforce?

Politicians, etc Politicians, etc Ministers of Transport, Prime Ministers and major landowners sometimes have had a major effect on railway development. This page mainly reflects their malign interference (Dalhousie and Huskisson are honourable exceptions) and will be be mainly activated by publications in journals like Backtrack rather than by biographies official or otherwise. Barnes, Alfred John Born on 17 July 1887 in Plaistow, London, the youngest of seven children of William Barnes, a docker and coffee-house keeper, and his wife, Lucinda Margaret Smith. At the age of eight he lost a leg in a fairground accident. He was educated at the Star Road Boys' School, at the Northampton Institute from 1905, and at the London County Council School of Arts and Crafts. After serving his apprenticeship he became a skilled designer and worker in precious metals. He established his own silversmith's business, which he relinquished in 1922 on his election to parliament. From an early age he sought to improve the living conditions of the people of east London through co-operation and political action. In 1908 he joined the Stratford Co-operative Society and the Independent Labour Party (ILP). Barnes was an industrious and reliable person who gained widespread respect for his integrity which ensured his quick promotion; by 1910 he was secretary of the East London Federation of the ILP. He was elected to the management committee of the Stratford Co-operative Society in 1914 and became its president in 1915. In 1920 he played a major part in the founding of the London Co-operative Society, and served as its first president from 1920 to 1923. On 5 March 1921 Barnes married Leila Phoebe Real (b. 1900/01): there were three daughters of the marriage. World War I gave Barnes the opportunity to achieve one of his aimsthe establishment of a Co-operative [political] Party with representatives at Westminster and on local councils. By 1917 co-operators were in revolt from one end of the country to another (A.J. Barnes, The Political Aspects of Co-Operation, 1922, 14) because of the unfair treatment received from the coalition government regarding taxation (of dividends); allocation of supplies; representation on wartime fuel and food committees; and unjust decisions from military tribunals which exempted many owners and managers of small businesses from military service but denied similar concessions to managers of co-operatives. At the 1918 general election the party fielded ten candidates, but only one was elected. He was elected to the Co-operative Party's national committee in 1920, and was its chairman from 1924 to 1945. At the general election of November 1922 Barnes was elected as MP for East Ham South, one of four Co-operative Labour candidates to be returned to parliament. On the opposition benches at Westminster they were swamped by 138 MPs who were elected on the straight Labour Party ticket. Barnes, the realist, recognized that the situation had changed. Barnes won increasing recognition from his colleagues in the Parliamentary Labour Party because of his pleasant manner and transparent sincerity. Between his election to the Commons in 1922 and the loss of his seat at East Ham South in the general election of 27 October 1931, he was appointed parliamentary private secretary to William Graham at the exchequer (19224), Labour whip (192530), and junior lord of the Treasury from 11 June 1929 to 23 October 1930. In the general election of November 1935 Barnes regained his old seat and retained it until his voluntary retirement in 1955. Although he followed the Labour Party line in domestic politics, in the late 1930s co-operative society and party members, led by Barnes and Sydney Elliott, editor of the Co-operative Press Sunday newspaper, Reynolds News, took an independent position. They favoured the creation of an anti-aggression peace pact of all peace-loving members of the League of Nations to resist fascist states that violated the sovereignty of other countries. Barnes held no ministerial office during the Second World War, b


Of which tribe was Goliath the champion?

David and Goliath David and Goliath Add this:  David and Goliath (1 Sam 17) by Keith Bodner Some of the most popular and enduring stories involve an underdog who overcomes great obstacles and secures victory against the odds. Arguably the most famous of such stories is the unlikely triumph of David—the young Israelite shepherd—against the battle-hardened Philistine war machine, the nine-foot-nine Goliath of Gath. Even though many people have heard about “David versus Goliath” in the media, the actual details of the story in 1Sam 17 are less widely known. According to the biblical story, the Philistines and Israelites were locked in a heated struggle over a limited amount of land. The Philistines enjoyed a technological advantage (see 1Sam 13:16-22 ) and usually held the upper hand, but in this case the tables were turned. How is Goliath characterized in this episode? Most English translations call Goliath a “champion” in 1Sam 17:4 , a paraphrase of a Hebrew expression that can more literally be rendered “a man of the place between.” If a combatant remains standing in the space between two armies at the end of the battle, such a person is a champion, and the implication is that Goliath has been effective in many such conflicts. Goliath’s immense stature must be a reason for such success, but he is also heavily armored as he approaches the Israelite troops. Such a long description of a warrior’s accoutrements—beginning with Goliath’s helmet, then moving down to the coat of mail and bronze greaves on his legs—is uncommon in the Hebrew Bible . In fact, this portrait is much closer to depictions of warrior-heroes in Greek literature and in this case points to the Hellenistic roots of the Philistines. But Goliath is also from the city of Gath, and according to Josh 11:22 , Gath is home to the “Anakites,” an ancient race of fearsome giants. Consequently, Goliath is pictured as the ultimate hybrid figure: a Greek warrior not unlike Achilles and a member of an ancient race of giants who struck terror into the Israelites moving toward the land of their inheritance (see Deut 1:28 ). Whoever takes on Goliath faces a formidable foe indeed. As if the description of Goliath’s ancestry and weaponry were not enough, he is also presented as an intimidating speaker who verbally assaults the army of Israel and David himself, before any actual fighting: “Come to me, and I will give your flesh to the birds of the air and to the wild animals of the field” ( 1Sam 17:44 ). What happens to the head of Goliath? Goliath challenges the Israelites to choose a fighter to face him one on one, with the losing nation to become slaves of the other. Even for an experienced fighter this represents a daunting task, and David has to first convince Saul that he is equal to the task. Testifying about his prowess against lions and bears, David’s speech is impressive, and Saul agrees to allow him to enter the ring. Even more impressive are David’s words to Goliath, asserting that the battle belongs to God and that he intends to use the giant’s own sword to decapitate him ( 1Sam 17:45-47 ). It should be noted that David rejects the offer of Saul’s armor, but he does have a slingshot in his hand, a weapon customarily identified with Benjamin, Saul’s own tribe (see Judg 20:15-16 ). David also takes a shepherd’s staff in his other hand, an implement that in 1Sam 17:43 provides Goliath with a canine insult: “Am I a dog, that you come to me with sticks?” But it seems that David is merely using the staff as a distraction, and evidently Goliath takes the bait and does not see the well-aimed rock that hits his forehead, causing him to fall face-first to the ground. Like an athlete who guarantees victory before the game, true to his word, David cuts off the head of the Philistine with the giant’s own sword. But Goliath’s head is subject to an interesting postmortem journey, for according to 1Sam 17:54 David carries the head to Jerusalem. At this point in the larger story, Jerusalem is a non-Israelite city, and even though it is in the heart of the promised land , no Israel


What nickname was given to General Thomas Jackson because of his stern defense at the battle of Bull Run?

Stonewall Jackson at Battle of Bull Run Stonewall Jackson at Battle of Bull Run   Battle of Chancellorsville Conclusion July 19   At the first streak of dawn, Jackson aroused his   men and resumed the march. Before the column gained the plain,   Stuartï¿½s cavalry clattered past, leaving Patterson at   Charlestown, in ignorance of his adversaryï¿½s escape, and   congratulating himself on the success of his cautious strategy. At   Piedmont, a station at the foot of the Blue Ridge, trains were   waiting for the conveyance of the troops; and at four oï¿½clock in the   afternoon Jackson and his brigade had reached Manassas Junction. The   cavalry, artillery, and waggons moved by road; and the remainder of   Johnstonï¿½s infantry was expected to follow the First Brigade without   delay. But in war, unless there has been ample time for preparation,   railways are not always an expeditious means of travel. The line was   single; so short notice had been given that it was impossible to   collect enough rolling-stock; the officials were inexperienced;   there was much mismanagement; and on the morning of Sunday, July 21,   only three brigades of the Army of the Shenandoahï¿½Jacksonï¿½s, Beeï¿½s,   and Bartowï¿½sï¿½together with the cavalry and artillery, had joined Beauregard . Kirby   Smithï¿½s brigade, about 1,900 strong, was still upon the railway. The delay might easily have been disastrous. Happily, the Federal   movements were even more tardy. Had the invading army been well   organised, Beauregard would probably have been defeated before   Johnston could have reached him. McDowell had advanced from Washington on the afternoon of the   16th with 35,000 men. On the morning of the 18th, the greater part   of his force was concentrated McDOWELLï¿½S ARMY   136 at Centreville ,   twenty-two miles from Washington, and five and a half north-east of   Manassas Junction. Beauregardï¿½s outposts had already fallen back to   the banks of Bull Run, a stream made difficult by wooded and   precipitous banks, from two to three miles south, and of much the   same width as the Thames at Oxford. It would have been possible to have attacked on the morning of the   19th, but the Federal commander was confronted by many obstacles. He   knew little of the country. Although it was almost within sight of   the capital, the maps were indifferent. Guides who could describe   roads and positions from a military point of view were not   forthcoming. All information had to be procured by personal   reconnaissance, and few of his officers had been trained to such   work. Moreover, the army was most unwieldy. 35,000 men, together   with ten batteries, and the requisite train of waggons, was a force   far larger than any American officer had yet set eyes upon; and the   movement of such a mass demanded precise arrangement on the part of   the staff, and on the part of the troops most careful attention to   order and punctuality; but of these both staff and troops were   incapable. The invading force might have done well in a defensive   position, which it would have had time to occupy, and where the   supply of food and forage, carried on from stationary magazines,   would have been comparatively easy; but directly it was put in   motion, inexperience and indiscipline stood like giants in the path.   The Federal troops were utterly unfitted for offensive movement, and   both Scott and McDowell had   protested against an immediate advance. The regiments had only been   organised in brigades a week previously. They had never been   exercised in mass. Deployment for battle had not yet been practised,   and to deploy 10,000 or 20,000 men for attack is a difficult   operation, even with well-drilled troops and an experienced staff.   Nor were the supply arrangements yet completed. The full complement   of waggons had not arrived, and the drivers on the spot were as   ignorant as they were insubordinate. The troops had received no   instruction in muske


Which Christian martyr was first bishop of Rome?

Linus Lleyn "The Martyr" ap Caradoc, Pope, 1st Bishop of Rome (45 - d.) - Genealogy Linus Lleyn "The Martyr" ap Caradoc, Pope, 1st Bishop of Rome Is your surname ap Caradoc? Research the ap Caradoc family Share your family tree and photos with the people you know and love Build your family tree online Share photos and videos Linus Lleyn "The Martyr" ap Caradoc, Pope, 1st Bishop of Rome Also Known As: Died                               in Alia, Palermo, Sicilia, Italy Immediate Family: brother About Linus Lleyn "The Martyr" ap Caradoc, Pope, 1st Bishop of Rome Linus the Martyr, his sister Claudia and her husband Rufus Pudens aided the Apostle Paul in the Christian Church in Rome, as recorded in II Timothy 4:21 and Romans 16:13 (Rufus Pudens and St. Paul are shown to be half-brothers, with the same mother but different fathers. "His mother and mine." She thus appears to have been the mother of an elder son, Paul, by a Hebrew husband, and a younger son, Rufus, by a second marriage with a Roman Christian.) notes or source: ancestry.com & HBJ 2 Timothy 4:21 Paul is writing to Linus in Rome. Linus was active as a Bishop in Rome (on Pauls instructions) before Peter arrived at Rome, and was undoubtably one of the Christians in Rome both Peter and Paul desired to see. It is only Roman Catholic tradition that teaches otherwise. This is understandable of course, because who wants to belong to the Church Linus built. Unfortunately tradition is not factually correct. The Church made the switch in the order of Popes to ensure Peter was the first Bishop of Rome, and I've heard some Roman Catholics concede as much. Further corroboration of Linus' appointment as the First Bishop of Rome can be found in the writings of St. Peter himself. His words, preserved in the "Apostolic Constitutions" (Bk. I, Chap. 46) read: ' 'Concerning those Bishops who have been ordained in our lifetime, we make known to you that they are these; of Antioch Eudius, ordained by me, Peter; of the Church of Rome, Linus, brother of Claudia, was first ordained by Paul, and after Linus' death, Clemens, the second ordained by me, Peter. In another statement Peter affirms that Linus was a Briton, son of a royal king. Irenaeus, a disciple of Polycarp (Born cir. A.D. 130) and later Bishop of Smyrna, also confirms Linus' appointment. He wrote: "The apostles, having founded and built up the Church at Rome, committed the ministry of its supervision to Linus. This is the Linus mentioned by Paul in his Epistle to Timothy." (Irenaei Opera Lib. III. C.I.). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3APope_Linus Pope Saint Linus (d. ca. 76) was, according to several early sources, Bishop of the diocese of Rome after Saint Peter. This makes Linus the second Pope (or the first, if Peter is not considered to have been Pope). According to other early sources Pope Clement I was the Pope after Peter. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Linus Linus Lleyn "The Martyr" ap Caradoc, Pope, 1st Bishop of Rome's Timeline 45


Who was the most famous of English lexicographers?

What Samuel Johnson Really Did | Humanities What Samuel Johnson Really Did He Made Dictionaries Matter + Click on image to enlarge. Plagued by financial problems for much of his life, Johnson, who, in fact, had to drop our of Pembroke College in Cambridge, before earning his degree, would fully appreciate the irony that a first edition of his 1755 Dictionary, above, can now go for as much as $25,000, the equivalent of some college tuitions. Courtesy Manhattan Rare Book Company + Click on image to enlarge. Chris Porter, Special Collections, Vassar College Libraries Samuel Johnson, poet, satirist, critic, lexicographer, and dyed-in-the-wool conservative was born in Lichfield, Staffordshire, England, on September 18, 1709. We are quickly approaching the tercentenary of Johnson’s birth; scholars worldwide have been celebrating throughout the year. If someone’s birthday is worth celebrating three hundred years after the fact, inevitably partygoers will spread their praise pretty thick, as praise for Johnson has been spread since James Boswell’s Life of Samuel Johnson was published in 1791. As a result, legend has sometimes obscured the truth. Among other aspects of his career, Johnson’s contributions to English lexicography are often misunderstood. It serves both Johnson’s legacy and the history of lexicography to revalue his influence on the modern dictionary. Though he disparaged Johnson’s style, as well as his literary and political judgment, Thomas Babington Macaulay, in the Edinburgh Review in 1831, admitted that, due to Boswell, Johnson would be “more intimately known to posterity than other men are known to their contemporaries.” We tend to presume on that acquaintance. Johnson scholar Jack Lynch anticipated the tercentenary spirit by asserting (in the title of his recent selection) that Johnson’s A Dictionary of the English Language is the “work that defined the English language.” The English language was doing pretty well before Johnson got involved; nevertheless, he has been taken for the Jupiter of lexicography since before his dictionary appeared in print in 1755. For all the mythology, you’d think English vocabulary had sprung fully formed and irreproachable from his prominent, Augustan forehead. Johnson may well be the most celebrated lexicographer of English, yet many claims about his lexicography are exaggerated. Conventional wisdom holds that Johnson single-handedly conceived and produced A Dictionary of the English Language. Though he gave up several years of full-time work to the Dictionary, Johnson wasn’t the first professional lexicographer: John Kersey, author of A New English Dictionary, published in 1702, probably owns that distinction. And Johnson did not write his dictionary alone: He had half a dozen assistants, and the history of lexicography tells us that assistants influence dictionary-making more than either eighteenth-century social hierarchies or the Great Author theory behind Johnson’s reputation admits. Nor was Johnson’s the first dictionary to employ literary quotations to illustrate meaning or usage. Putting aside major early modern dictionaries produced in France, Italy, and Portugal, John Florio’s Italian-English dictionary, A Worlde of Wordes was, in 1598, the first at least partially English dictionary to use quotations, and by no means the last preceding Johnson. Johnson is also often credited with introducing sense divisions into dictionary entries, but Benjamin Martin had used them in Lingua Britannica Reformata, published in 1749. Martin may have got the idea from Johnson’s Plan of a Dictionary in 1747, for Johnson proposed to “sort the several senses of each word, and to exhibit first its natural and primitive significance,” followed by “its consequential meaning,” and then “the remoter or metaphorical signification.” Whoever came up with it, no one doubts, in retrospect, that it was a good plan. Johnson is admired for his witty definitions. No horticultural definition of oats for Johnson, but rather the infamous “a grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotl