"What does the SI unit ""Pascal"" measure?"

Pascal | Units of Measurement Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia = 14.696  psi . This definition is used for pneumatic fluid power (ISO R554), and in the aerospace (ISO 2533) and petroleum (ISO 5024) industries. In 1985 the IUPAC recommended that the standard for atmospheric pressure should be harmonized to 100,000 Pa = 1  bar = 750  Torr . The same definition is used in the compressor and the pneumatic tool industries (ISO 2787). The Unicode computer character set has dedicated symbols ㎩ ( Template:U+ ) for Pa and ㎪ ( Template:U+ ) for kPa, but these exist merely for backward-compatibility with some older ideographic character-sets and are therefore deprecated . Uses The pascal (Pa) or kilopascal (kPa) as a unit of pressure measurement is widely used throughout the world and has largely replaced the pounds per square inch (psi) unit, except in some countries that still use the Imperial measurement system . Tectonophysicists use the gigapascal (GPa) in measuring or calculating tectonic forces within the earth. In materials science , megapascals (MPa = N /mm2) or gigapascals (GPa = kN/mm2) are commonly used to measure stiffness or tensile strength of materials. Examples of (approximate) tensile modulus for several common substances include nylon at 2-4; hemp (fibre) at 58, aluminium at 69; tooth enamel at 83, copper at 117, steel at approximately 200 GPa, silkworm silk at 500, and diamond at 1220. The pascal is also equivalent to the SI unit of energy density , J/m3. This applies not only to the thermodynamics of pressurized gasses, but also to the energy density of electric , magnetic , and gravitational fields. Other, older units of measure occasionally used for pressure are millimeters of mercury ( Torr ) and millimeters of water (1.0 mmH2O = 9.80665 Pa). In the cgs system , the unit of pressure is the barye (symbol ba), which is equal to one decipascal . The older kilogram-force per square centimeter corresponds to 98.0665 kPa, [5] but is it often rounded off to 100 kPa in practice. In the former mts system , the unit of pressure is the pièze (symbol pz), which is equal to one kilopascal. Airtightness testing of buildings is measured at 50 Pa or 0.2 inches of water. [6] Hectopascal and millibar units Main article: Bar Meteorologists worldwide have for a long time measured atmospheric pressure in bars , which was originally equivalent to the average air pressure on Earth; the bar was divided into a thousand millibars to provide the precision meteorologists require. After the introduction of SI units , many preferred to preserve the customary pressure figures. Consequently, the bar was redefined as 100,000 pascals, which is only slightly lower than standard air pressure on Earth. Today many meteorologists prefer hectopascals (hPa) for air pressure, which are equivalent to millibars, while similar pressures are given in kilopascals in practically all other fields, since the hecto prefix is rarely used. Since official metrication , meteorologists in Canada use kilopascals (kPa), [7] [8] although in some other countries hectopascals are still in use. [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] As of 17 November 2011 the hectopascal is used in aviation as the altimeter setting. 1  hectopascal (hPa) ≡ 100 Pa ≡ 1 mbar. 1  kilopascal (kPa) ≡ 1000 Pa ≡ 10 hPa ≡ 10 mbar.


The peacock is an important part of which faith?

Yazidi Religious Beliefs: History, Facts And Traditions Of Iraq's Persecuted Minority | The Huffington Post Yazidi Religious Beliefs: History, Facts And Traditions Of Iraq's Persecuted Minority 08/13/2014 07:55 pm ET | Updated Sep 06, 2016 1.3k Yasmine Hafiz Associate Editor, Huffington Post Religion Hunted by militants from the Islamic State, thousands of people from the Yazidi community have fled to the slopes of Iraq's Mount Sinjar , where they are caught between the prospect of death by dehydration and murder at the hands of the group formerly called ISIS. In the months since its rise, the Sunni-identified Islamic State has gone after many religious and ethnic minorities in Iraq and Syria, including Christians, Shiite Muslims, Shiite Turkmen, Shiite Shabaks, and of course the Yazidi. Also called Yezidi, Daasin, or Ezidi, the Yazidi are a Kurdish-speaking ethnoreligious community based in Northern Iraq who practice a syncretic religion influenced by pre-Islamic Assyrian traditions, Sufi and Shiite Islam, Nestorian Christianity, and Zoroastrianism. Their rich oral tradition is their primary way of passing on their beliefs, which makes it complicated for scholars and historians to pin down the nuances of their religion. Iraq-born Sabrin Kassem, a 23-year-old Yazidi activist based in Seattle, Washington, told The Huffington Post, "The Yezidis are commonly misunderstood by those who do not take the time to understand and research who we really are. We are looked upon by a lot of people as the devil worshippers and this is a big reason why we are hated and continue to be attacked by others who want to get rid of us." Kassem, the creator of the " Stop Yezidi Genocide " Facebook page, added, "That is not who we are. We are one of the oldest, most peaceful religions in Iraq and have never had any problems. We keep to ourselves and accept and appreciate every human being on Earth." Here's what you should know about the Yazidi's oft-misunderstood religious beliefs: Beliefs and Cosmology Yazidis believe that the world was created by God, who entrusted it to seven angels led by one known as the Peacock Angel, also called Melek Taus. Melek Taus is the primary figure in the Yazidi belief system , as he filled the earth with flora and fauna. Their religion is monotheistic and non-dualistic , and they do not believe in the concept of Hell. For them, all people have good and evil inside of them, and choices are made free of external temptation. They believe in internal purification through metempsychosis, a term referring to the transmigration of souls, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. They believe that the seven angels are occasionally reincarnated in human form. Yazidis believe that they are descended directly from Adam alone, while the rest of humanity comes from the lineage of both Adam and Eve. Though their belief system is rooted in the pre-Islamic tradition, the figure credited as the founder of the Yazidi faith is Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir, a Sufi preacher who died in 1162 . Considered to be an incarnation of Melek Taus, Sheikh Musafir's tomb near Mosul, Iraq, is the Yazidi's most important pilgrimage site. The Peacock Angel, Melek Taus The concept of Melek Taus is the most misunderstood part of the Yazidi religion, and is one of the reasons why their community has suffered such historical persecution. They believe that once God created Adam and Eve, he ordered the angels to bow to his creations. While the other angels did so, Melek Taus was the only one to refuse, because he believed that he should submit to no one but the Supreme God. He was then thrown into Hell, until his tears of remorse quenched the fires and he became reconciled to God. He now serves as an intermediary between God and humanity. This story bears similarities to the Muslim account of Satan, called Iblis or Shaytan. In the Islamic tradition, Satan is a fallen angel or jinn who refused to bow down to Adam out of pride. For this act, he was banished from heaven and now exists to tempt humanity into evil. Melek Taus is often confused with Satan for this re


A madeleine, originating in France, is a type of what?

Regions of France | Lorraine Region of France - Food & Gastronomy - Munster Cheese  Lorraine Madeleine The French small shell-shaped Madeleine is a traditional speciality from the town of Commercy, in the North of the Lorraine region of France. Famous for its funny shape and smooth texture, the Madeleine de Commercy cookie has become a classic of every snacking or afternoon goûter in France. With a cup of coffee or tea, the Madeleine is an excellent pastry to end off a typical French meal. In Lorraine, it is believed that the delightful Madeleine cookie came from a young maid named Madeleine who used to work for the Duke of Lorraine, Stanislas Leczinski in the late 1700s. According to the traditions of this Eastern region of France, the modest maid had to replace Stanislas' cook and prepare pastries for a royal banquet in the French town of Commercy. As the only treat she knew was her family's shell-shaped soft cookie, she baked loads of these small cakes - which were eventually highly appreciated by the Duke's guests! To thank her, Duke Stanislas decided to give these delicious pastries the name of his faithful maid, "Madeleine". Traditional Shell-shaped Madeleine The traditional French Madeleines are small shell-shaped cakes that have made the pride of Commercy's inhabitants. Simply made out with eggs, plain flour, butter and sugar, these Lorraine "Petite Madeleines" are especially famous for their smooth texture and funny shape. Those irresistible little cookies have been baked in scallop-shape moulds since their creation, giving the Madeleine a golden crisp exterior, with pale stipes on the one side and a typical "bump" on the other. Their moist interior is due to the egg whites largely whipped and delicately blended with the paste. The French Madeleine recipe can also include some drops of orange blossom or lemon juice for more aromas. Top Tip! With its delicate butter-and-citrus flavour, the "Madeleine de Commercy" has become a classic snack for kids in the Lorraine region of France. But parents and grandparents are also crazy about the Lorraine treat, especially at tea time, accompanied with a piece of chocolate - a real gem of patisserie!


Hippocrates who lived in the 5th century BCE is remembered for his work and knowledge in what area?

Judy Duchan's History of Speech - Language Pathology Ancient Greece — 500 BC to 100 AD Overview Ancient Greece was in its heyday from around 5th century BC to 2nd century AD. That period is commonly referred to as the classical period and events in it led to major and long-lasting advances in medicine and rhetoric. Medicine in ancient Greece The ancient Greeks had two main theories that they used to understand bodily functioning, to understand the source of disease, and to guide them in healing diseases. The first theory was that specific gods had the powers to create disease as well as to restore health. The second was a theory of humors, which originated in Greek notions that body was made of four basic elements black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood. When the humors were in balance the body was healthy. Diseases resulted from an excess or deficiency in one or more of the humors. Asclepios , (8th C BC) a man who was among the first known physicians in Greece, eventually came to be worshipped a Greek god of health and disease. As a god he was considered to have powers even to raise the dead. Asclepios’ human son, Machaon, was also worshipped as the god—the god of surgery, and another son, Podalirios, was worshipped as the god of medicine. Like their father and brothers, Asclepios’s daughters, Hygeia , Panacea, and Iaso were also associated with health. Hygeia was the goddess of public health, Panacea was the goddess of therapy and Iaso was the goddess of cures, remedies and modes of healing. The Asclepiades, an ancient guild of doctors from the 6th to the 2nd century Greece, was made up of devotees of Asclepios. By 200 BC every large town in Greece had a temple where people could go to cure their ailments and appeal for help from the god Asclepios and his devotees. Temples and centers associated with Asclepios, such as the one at Epidaurus on Greece's mainland, contained spas, overnight sleeping arrangements, and sites of entertainment, such as theatres. Pilgrims would stay over night at the temples. They would request a health cure from Asclepios and then sleep before an image of the god. The god would visit them in a dream, or his snake would come to them, and when the person awoke from their temple sleep they would either be cured or have their dream interpreted by Asclepean priest-doctors to identify a cure. The ancient Greek playwright Aristophanes in his play Plutos , describes how Asclepios cured a pilgrim/god of his blindness. One aspect of the cure was that a priest/doctor would represent Asclepios and interpret the pilgrim’s dream so as to identify a cure. One rendering of this is found in Foucault (1975): Every morning a certain Aesculapius has fifty or sixty patients in his waiting room; he listens to the complaints of each, arranges them into four lines, prescribes a bleeding for the first, a purge for the second a clyster for the third, and a change of air for the fourth (from Foucault, Birth of the clinic p. 15, quote from Zimmerman Traite de l’experience, Paris, 1800, vol 2, p. 122). Besides appealing to the god, ancient Greeks also designed cures derived from their theory of humors. Humors, the fluids in the body, were seen by the ancient Greeks as basic to health and illness. Hippocrates of Cos (460--360 B.C.) was a Greek physician who founded his practice on the theory of humors. He was very important in his time not only for his writings and theories, but for his school of medicine. The writings Hippocrates and his followers have been preserved to form what is today called the Hippocratic Corpus. In the corpus are depictions of histories and clinical observations. The primary treatments by those in the Hippocratic School included herbal medicines and blood letting. They focused on prevention and health prescribing healthy diets, baths, and applying hot and cold compresses. Hippocratic surgery involved suturing wounds, cutting to drain infections, and trephining (drilling a hole in the skull). Hippocrates forwarded the idea that brain was the seat of sensation, thought, and emotions. His cephalocen


Who first demonstrated his safety mechanism for elevator operation at the 1853 New York World's Fair?

Elevator History - Invention of the Elevator Invention: elevator,       safety brake in 1852 Function: noun /       elï¿½eï¿½vaï¿½tor Definition: A platform       or an enclosure raised and lowered in a vertical shaft to transport       people or freight. The shaft contains the operating equipment,       motor, cables, and accessories. Patent: 31,128 (US)       issued January 15, 1861 Inventor: Elisha Graves Otis Criteria; First to invent. First       to patent. First practical. Entrepreneur. Birth: August 3, 1811 in       Halifax, Vermont Death: April 8, 1861 in       Yonkers, New York Nationality: American Milestones: 1852 invents a safety latch for     hoisting equipment 1853 starts a company to manufacture safe elevators. Sells elevator to     hoist freight 1854 Otis demonstrates the elevator at the World's Fair, Crystal Palace     exposition in New York City 1857 Installs the first passenger safe elevator in a New York department     store 1861 receives patent for improvements to hoisting apparatus, safety     brake 1861 after his death his sons form Otis Brothers & Company 1873 over 2,000 Otis elevators were     in use in office buildings, hotels and department stores 1898 Otis Brothers merged with 14     other elevator entities to form the Otis Elevator Company 1903 introduced the gearless traction electric elevator 1931 first Otis double-deck elevator was installed elevator, safety elevator, safety brake for elevators, elisha graves     otis, otis elevatorm UTC, patent 31128, invention, history,      inventor of, history of, who invented, invention of, fascinating      facts. The Story: Imagine the skyline of a modern city if the elevator did not exist.   Buildings would be limited to five or six stories. Most of the architecture   of the 20th and 21st century would be impossible. Office towers, hotels and   high-rise apartments would hardly stand in their present form. The need for vertical transport is as old as   civilization. Over the centuries, mankind has employed ingenious forms of   lifting. The earliest lifts used man, animal and water power to raise the   load. Lifting devices relied on these basic forms of power from the early   agricultural societies until the dawn of the Industrial Revolution. From ancient times through the     Middle Ages, and into the 13th century, man or animal power was the driving force behind     hoisting devices. In ancient Greece, Archimedes developed an improved   lifting device operated by ropes and pulleys, in which the hoisting ropes   were coiled around a winding drum by a capstan and levers. By A.D. 80,   gladiators and wild animals rode crude elevators up to the arena level of the Roman Coliseum. Medieval records contain numerous drawings of hoists lifting men and   supplies to isolated locations. Among the most famous is the hoist at the   monastery of St. Barlaam in Greece. The monastery stood on a pinnacle   approximately (200 ft) above the ground. Its hoist, which employed a basket   or cargo net, was the only means up or down. The first elevator designed for a   passemger was built in 1743 for King Louis XV at his palace in     France. The one-person contraption went up only one floor, from the first to the second.     Known as the "Flying Chair," it was on the outside of the building, and was     entered by the king via his balcony. The mechanism consisted of a carefully balanced     arrangement of weights and pulleys hanging inside a chimney. Men stationed inside the     chimney then raised or lowered the Flying Chair at the king's command.  By 1850 steam and hydraulic elevators had been introduced,     but it was in 1852 that the landmark event in elevator history occurred: the invention of     the world's first safety elevator by Elisha Graves Otis. The first passenger elevator was installed     by Otis in New York in 1857. After Otis' death in 1861, his sons, Cha


"What was the name of the taxi company in the US TV series ""Taxi""?"

Taxi - Show News, Reviews, Recaps and Photos - TV.com EDIT Taxi's television history is filled with contradictions. Produced by some of television comedy's most well-regarded talent, the show was canceled by two different networks. Despite winning fourteen Emmy Awards in only five seasons, the program's ratings were rock-bottom for its final seasons. Although it thrives in syndication and is still well-loved by many viewers, Taxi will be best remembered as the ancestral bridge between two of the most successful sit-coms of all time: The Mary Tyler Moore Show and Cheers. In the mid-1970s, MTM Productions had achieved huge success with both popularity and critical appraisal. So it was an unexpected move when four of the company's finest writers and producers, James L. Brooks, Stan Daniels, David Davis, and Ed. Weinberger, jumped off the stable ship of MTM in 1978 to form their own production company, John Charles Walters Company. To launch their new venture, they looked back to an idea that Brooks and Davis had previously considered with MTM: the daily life of a New York City taxi company. From MTM head Grant Tinker they purchased the rights to the newspaper article that had initiated the concept and began producing this new show at Paramount for ABC. They brought a few other MTM veterans along for the ride, including director James Burrows and writer/producers Glen and Les Charles. Although Taxi certainly bore many of the trademark signs of "quality television" as exemplified by MTM, other changes in style and focus distinguished this from an MTM product. After working on the middle-class female-centered worlds of The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Rhoda, and Phyllis for years, the group at John Charles Walters wanted to create a program focusing on blue-collar male experience. MTM programs all had clearly defined settings, but Taxi's creators wanted a show that was firmly rooted in a city's identity--Taxi's situations and mood were distinctly New York. Despite MTM Productions innovations in creating ensemble character comedy, there was always one central star around which the ensemble revolved. In Taxi Judd Hirsch's Alex Reiger was a main character, but his importance seemed secondary to the centrality of the ensemble and the Sunshine Cab Company itself. While The Mary Tyler Moore Show proudly proclaimed that "you're going to make it on your own," the destitute drivers of Taxi were doomed to perpetual failure; the closest any of them came to happiness was Reiger's content acceptance of his lot in life--to be a cabby. Taxi debuted on 12 September 1978, amidst a strong ABC Tuesday night line-up. It followed Three's Company, a wildly-successful example of the type of show MTM "quality" sit-coms reacted against. Taxi used this strong position to end the season ninth in the ratings and garner its first of three straight Emmys for Outstanding Comedy Series. The show's success was due to its excellent writing, Burrows's award-winning directing using his innovative four-camera technique, and its largely unknown but talented cast. Danny DeVito's Louie DePalma soon became one of the most despised men on television--possibly the most unredeemable and worthless louse of a character ever to reside on the small screen. Andy Kaufman's foreign mechanic Latka Gravas provided over-the-top comedy within an ensemble emphasizing subtle character humor. But Kaufman sometimes also brought a demonic edge to the character, an echo of his infamous appearances on Saturday Night Live as a macho wrestler of women and Mighty Mouse lip-syncher. In the second season Christopher Lloyd's Reverend Jim Ignatowski was added to the group as television's first drugged-out '60s burn-out character. But Lloyd's Emmy-winning performance created in Jim more than just a storehouse of fried brain cells; he established a deep, complex humanity that moved far beyond mere caricature. The program launched successful movie careers for DeVito and Lloyd, as well as the fairly-notable television careers of Tony Danza and Marilu Henner; Kaufman's controversial career would certainly


Hertz is the standard SI unit for the measurement of what?

Hz (Hertz) Hz (Hertz) Hertz is the International System of Units (SI) base unit of measurement for frequency. Hz is the standard abbreviation for hertz. One hertz is defined as “one complete cycle per second,” and can be applied to any periodic event, but is usually applied to sound waves, electrical current, and radio waves. The hertz is the frequency of the cyclical waves in these phenomena. History of the Hertz In 1930, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) named the Hertz after Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist. In 1960, it was adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures as a replacement to the older “cycles per second.” It can be seen, therefore, that the Hertz is the same thing as its predecessor, only easier to deal with. Measuring Hertz Hertz can be measured using a frequency counter, multimeter, or oscilloscope. Some multimeters have basic frequency counters that only work for electrical signals. To measure radio frequency, a proper frequency counter or oscilloscope with RF inputs is required. Weak radio signals usually need some amplification and filtering to be measured. This requires the signal to be passed through additional devices before reaching the counter. To measure the frequency of mechanical vibrations, a transducer is required to convert them into electrical signals. Kilohertz, Megahertz, and Gigahertz A kilohertz (kHz) is one thousands hertz, a megahertz (MHz) is one million hertz, and a gigahertz is one billion hertz (GHz). Examples of Hz Measurements The ticking of a clock is a very simple example of a periodic event measured in hertz. A perfect clock should tick at 1 Hz: one tick per second. Normal residential power in the United States is supplied at 60 hertz, while the frequency of power supplied in Europe is commonly 50 hertz. Household cordless telephones operate in the megahertz and gigahertz frequencies. Older cordless telephones operated at 900 MHz and below, most using insecure analog signaling. More modern cordless telephones operate at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz. The higher frequencies allow the telephones to be more accurate, more secure, and communicate at further distances from their base units. Gigahertz is also commonly used to describe the speed of computers’ central processing units (CPU). As a general rule, the higher the CPU’s speed (GHz) the higher the performance of the computer. (In reality, however, the effective power of a computer relies on other measurements besides the speed of the CPU.) Angular Frequency To avoid confusion, the standard unit of angular frequency is not hertz but radians per second. A radian is a segment of a circle approximately equal to 57 degrees. Follow Us! A circuit simulator is a computer program that predicts how electronic circuits work. Circuit designs ... mlnarendea All your sites are educative for them who r seeking for knowledge. Search for:


Rachel Hunter Net Worth - Get Rachel Hunter Net Worth Rachel Hunter Net Worth Rachel Hunter Net Worth is$60 Million VN:F [1.9.22_1171] Rating: 2.7/5 (31 votes cast) VN:F [1.9.22_1171] Rating: 4.2/5 (36 votes cast) Profession: Model, Actor Date of Birth: Sep 9, 1969 Height: 1.8 m Weight: 67 kg Country: New Zealand, United States of America Rachel Hunter net worth: Rachel Hunter is an New Zealand born model and reality television star who has a net worth of $60 million. Rachel Hunter was married to singer Rod Stewart from 1990-2006 with who she shares two kids, a girl named Renee and a boy named Liam. Hunter reportedly received $50 million in her divorce settlement from Stewart. Rachel Hunter was signed to the Ford Modeling agency in 1986 at the age of 17. She subsequently became one of the most famous models in the world, posing for many magazine covers including Sports Illustrated and Cosmopolitan. Rachel met and married Rod Stewart at the age of 21 in 1990. Hunter posed nude for Playboy in 2004 and has kept busy with appearances on reality shows like Dancing with the Stars, Make me a Supermodel and New Zealand's Got Talent. Rachel Hunter (born 9 September 1969) is a New Zealand born model, actress and reality TV show host, who is a naturalised citizen of the United States. She is best known for her appearance in Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues and her marriage to singer Rod Stewart, which ended in 2006. She is currently a judge on New Zealand's Got Talent. Born in Glenfield, a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand, her parents divorced when she was still a child. Wanting to be a ballet dancer, she was diagnosed with a rare blood disease as a teenager, which curtailed her dancing ambitions. As a result, Hunter began modelling by age 17 in 1986, and the same year turned down an invitation to pose for Playboy magazine. Resultantly persuaded by her aunt to fly to the United States, she signed for the Ford Models agency of New York, landing the Cover Girl cosmetics contract and becoming the spokesperson for the company. But Hunter rose to global prominence after posing as a Sports Illustrated model in 1989. She subsequently appeared on magazine covers, including Cosmopolitan and on the 1994 "Dream Team" cover of Sports Illustrated's annual swimsuit issue. She posed naked for a cover-featured Playboy pictorial published in 2004. She also replaced Penny Lancaster, the wife of Hunter's ex-husband Rod Stewart, as the face and body of Ultimo, a Scottish lingerie house. In 2006, Hunter was replaced by Helena Christensen. Hunter is signed to Ford Models in New York, Select Model Management in London, and Chadwick Models in Sydney, Australia. Hunter guest starred in a 1997 episode of The Drew Carey Show as herself. Trying to develop a career in acting, she has taken a series of acting lessons and appeared in several independent film, including 1999's A Walk in the Park and 2000's Two Shades of Blue, an erotic thriller with Marlee Matlin. She stars as a lesbian cook doling out relationship advice in the award winning indie film La Cucina (film). She had a brief appearance as a sexy so Rachel Hunter Net Worth, 4.2 out of 5 based on 36 ratings Rachel Hunter Latest News


A disaster which killed six million people in China in 1333-37 AD was ...?

How Six Million Jews Died, compiled by Toshiro – Darkmoon umm, i wuz thinkin’ bout hollercaust as a suitable example Jon says: March 27, 2013 at 10:15 am Absolutely ridiculous. Warsaw itself had a total population of approx over 1,300,000; 30% of that alone was Jewish. Perhaps this was the figure you got rounding up from your source or collectively in a single province, BTW about 130,000 (Jews) served in the Polish armed forces at the time of the Nazi invasion. To address Toshiba or whatever his name is – 1) His argument is ad hominen and thus irrelevant. 2) Yad Vashem has collected approx. 2/3 of the names of the estimated 6 million 3) From Wiki: Since 1945, the most commonly cited figure for the total number of Jews killed has been six million. The Yad Vashem Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Remembrance Authority in Jerusalem, writes that there is no precise figure for the number of Jews killed. The figure most commonly used is the six million attributed to Adolf Eichmann, a senior SS official.[276] Early calculations range from about 4.2 to 4.5 million in The Final Solution (1953) by Gerald Reitlinger (arguing against higher Russian estimates),[277] and 5.1 million from Raul Hilberg, to 5.95 million from Jacob Lestschinsky. Yisrael Gutman and Robert Rozett in the Encyclopedia of the Holocaust estimate 5.59–5.86 million.[278] A study led by Wolfgang Benz of the Technical University of Berlin suggests 5.29–6.2 million.[279][280] Yad Vashem writes that the main sources for these statistics are comparisons of prewar and postwar censuses and population estimates, and Nazi documentation on deportations and murders.[279] Its Central Database of Shoah Victims’ Names currently holds close to 3 million names of Holocaust victims, all accessible online. Yad Vashem continues its project of collecting names of Jewish victims from historical documents and individual memories.[281] Entrance to Auschwitz-Birkenau, 1945 Hilberg’s estimate of 5.1 million, in the third edition of The Destruction of the European Jews, includes over 800,000 who died from “ghettoization and general privation”; 1,400,000 killed in open-air shootings; and up to 2,900,000 who perished in camps. Hilberg estimates the death toll of Jews in Poland as up to 3,000,000.[282] Hilberg’s numbers are generally considered to be a conservative estimate, as they typically include only those deaths for which records are available, avoiding statistical adjustment.[283] British historian Martin Gilbert arrived at a “minimum estimate” of over 5.75 million Jewish victims.[284] Lucy S. Dawidowicz used pre-war census figures to estimate that 5.934 million Jews died (see table below).[285] —- It is amazing to see that seemingly intelligent people succumb to their most ignorant impulses by conducting this misguided and libelous witch hunt, The expression by the way is Jewish (adj) Population and not Jew(noun) Population. Elementary English grammar might be a good place to start before tackling European history of the period 1938-1945 Ruth Bernstein says: Hmmm… an authoritative quote from Wikipedia… that should silence the deniers! lobro says: March 27, 2013 at 9:08 pm British historian Martin Gilbert The expression by the way is Jewish (adj) historian and not British historian. Elementary TRUTH might be a good place to start before tackling European history of the period 1938-1945. as for the rest of your “sources”, they go like this: jew 1 Yad Vashem jew 5 Yisrael Gutman jew 6 Robert Rozett jew 7 Wolfgang Benz (possibly a typically servile german shabbas goy, another example, richard warman in canada) jew 8 Not-British historian Martin Gilbert jew 9 Lucy S. Dawidowicz is there one among them who didn’t say kol nidre at every yom kippur? why use “Jew” instead of “Jews” or “Jewish”? to express the monolithic singularity of evil, as evident in kol nidre and all their (his) works, unencumbered by any strictures of ethics, decency or conscience, who run from truth in freaking panic like vampires from sunlight. besides, don’t the rabbis proclaim that g*d is in fact identical with jew


When was the spacecraft Rosetta launched to make contact with comet 67P/ChuryumovGerasimenko (67P)?

Rosetta Spacecraft: To Catch a Comet Rosetta Spacecraft: To Catch a Comet By Tim Sharp, Reference Editor | November 17, 2014 11:20am ET MORE An artist's impression of the Rosetta orbiter deploying the Philae lander to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in 2014. Credit: ESA–C. Carreau/ATG medialab Rosetta is a spacecraft on a 10-year mission to catch a comet and land a probe on it. Launched in 2004, the spacecraft arrived at its target, Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, on Aug. 6, 2014. The lander, named Philae, made contact on Nov. 12, 2014. Scientists at the European Space Agency said Philae unexpectedly bounced twice before landing on the comet when the probe's anchor-like harpoon system failed to fire. Philae ended up in shadow near a cliff face on the head of the 2.5-mile-wide (4 kilometers) comet, which scientists say is shaped like giant rubber duck. The probe fell silent on Nov. 14, possibly forever, as its solar batteries ran out of power. For complete coverage on the mission, read more here:  Rosetta Mission's Historic Comet Landing: Full Coverage . Rosetta  is the first spacecraft to accompany a comet as it enters the inner solar system. After meeting up with the comet, it began a two-year study of the comet's nucleus and environment, observing how a frozen comet changes as it approaches the heat of the sun.  [ Photos: Europe's Rosetta Comet Mission in Pictures ] Rosetta is named for the Rosetta Stone, a block of black basalt that was inscribed with a royal decree in three languages — Egyptian hieroglyphics, Egyptian Demotic and Greek. The spacecraft's robotic lander, Philae, is named after a similarly inscribed obelisk found on an island in the Nile River. Both the stone and the obelisk were key to deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. Scientists hope the mission will provide a key to many questions about the origins of the solar system and, perhaps, life on Earth. Rosetta is an aluminum box with two solar panels that extend out like wings. The box, which weighs about 6,600 lbs. (3,000 kilograms), measures about 9 by 6.8 by 6.5 feet (2.8 by 2.1 by 2 meters). The solar panels have a total span of about 105 feet (32 m). Rosetta is the first spacecraft to rely solely on solar cells to generate power. Rosetta's payload includes 11 instruments that will provide information about how the comet develops its coma and tails, and how its chemicals interact with one another and with radiation and the solar wind. Other instruments will analyze the comet's composition and atmosphere. Philae lander Philae, the 220-lb. (100 kg) lander, about the size of a washing machine, touched down at 1600 GMT (11 a.m. EST, Nov. 11). Philae carries 10 instruments, including a drill to take samples of subsurface material. The planned landing site, called Agilkia after an island in the Nile River in Egypt, is located on the "head" of the comet, the smaller of the two lobes that make up Comet 67P/C-G. Mission controllers at the European Space Agency also chose a secondary landing site for Philae. Site J is a sunny area, but it is also rocky, potentially making it a dangerous place to land. Side missions Rosetta was set to launch in 2003 to rendezvous with Comet 46P/Wirtanen. However, due to rocket failure, the mission was postponed, and the target was changed to Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. [ Best Close Encounters of the Comet Kind ] Rosetta launched on March 2, 2004, aboard an Ariane 5 rocket. It made four slingshot flybys to boost its speed — one around Mars and three around Earth. On its journey, it passed and photographed asteroids , studied other comets and provided information about the atmospheres of Venus and Mars. Scientists at the European Space Agency put Rosetta into hibernation mode in June 2011 for its 373-million-mile (600 million kilometers) journey. After awakening in January 2014, the spacecraft still had four more months to travel until it reaches its target just inside Jupiter's orbit. An artist's illustration of the European Space Agency's comet-chasing Rosetta spacecraft. Rosetta will explore Comet 67-P/Churyumov-Ge


"Who had a hit in 1967 with ""Silence is Golden""?"

The Tremeloes - Silence is Golden - YouTube The Tremeloes - Silence is Golden Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Oct 22, 2009 The Tremeloes are an English rock and roll band, founded in 1958 in Dagenham, Essex. The Tremeloes are one of the longest surviving, still playing regularly more than 50 years after the group's founding. They had fourteen UK and two U.S. Top 20 hit singles. They were the first south of England group to top the chart in the beat boom era. The band first got together in 1958, when the original members were all in their teens. They were closer in years and background to early British beat bands like The Shadows than to the British Invasion bands with which they subsequently became associated. The original line-up of Brian Poole (vocals, guitar), Alan Blakely (drums), Alan Howard (saxophone), and Graham Scott (guitar), had Buddy Holly's Crickets as their inspiration. This version of the band did not stay together long, however, and Blakley quickly switched to guitar (which Poole relinquished) after Dave Munden joined on the drums. Munden proved not only to be a very talented percussionist, but also a good singer. This gave the group a third vocalist, which would prove essential to their success further on in their history. Howard also switched to bass soon after Munden joined. The band then known as the Tremilos thanks to a misspelling, built up a following at local dances and clubs, and then broke into the U.S. Air Force base circuit. By 1961, they had turned professional, and the group's line-up changed again when Graham Scott left and was replaced by Rick West, who had previously played with Tony Rivers and the Castaways. West's arrival was key to the group's long-term success, providing the band with a classically trained guitarist. They also got a manager, Peter Walsh, who already represented such acts as The Brook Brothers, and the vocal group The Kestrels. The band's first break happened soon after when they were spotted by Jimmy Grant, the producer of the BBC's Saturday Club, who got them an audition for the BBC. This led to the group becoming regulars on radio. On New Years Day, 1962, Decca, looking for a beat group, auditioned two promising young bands: The Tremeloes and The Beatles. They chose the Tremeloes, based on the fact that they were based in London and, thus, would be more accessible than the Beatles. They recorded a series of records backing other artists, including The Vernons Girls and disc jockey, Jimmy Savile, on the latter's version of "Ahab the Arab". They appeared in the film, Just for Fun, but early singles of "Twist Little Sister" and "Keep on Dancing" failed to find an audience. The then line-up was lead vocalist Brian Poole, lead guitarist Ricky West, keyboardist Alan Blakely, bassist Alan Howard and drummer Dave Munden. The Tremeloes first charted with a version of "Twist and Shout" (1963. This was followed by a chart topping cover of The Contours' U.S. million-seller "Do You Love Me" in the same year. The Tremeloes version of "Do You Love Me" sold over 250,000 copies. When Poole and Howard left the band in 1966, Alan Blakely took over leadership of the group, and Len "Chip" Hawkes, father of 1990s hitmaker Chesney Hawkes, replaced Howard. Poole pursued a career as a solo artist, with little success, and soon left the music industry. After switching from Decca to CBS Records, the Tremeloes started an even more successful hit run from 1967 onwards with Cat Stevens' "Here Comes My Baby"; " Hello World " and two Italian hits translated into English, "Suddenly You Love Me" (which is Riccardo Del Turco's "Uno tranquillo" - "One Quiet Man") and "My Little Lady" (based on Orietta Berti's "Non illuderti mai" - "Never Deceive Yourself"), and their Number one recording of an old Four Seasons' B-side, "Silence is Golden". Both this last single and "He


"Who released the albums ""Hounds of Love"" and ""The Red Shoes""?"

Kate Bush – The Red Shoes - Blisspop Kate Bush – The Red Shoes May 1, 2016by Brian Miller From 1982-89, Kate Bush released an extraordinary run of albums – The Dreaming, Hounds of Love, and The Sensual World. 1993’s follow up, The Red Shoes, suffers by comparison but pretty much anything would suffer by comparison. It’s still a great album, and one I’ve been revisiting because of Prince’s work on “Why Should I Love You?” I think of this album as a set of companion pieces, and “Why Should I Love You?” and “You’re The One” make for an incredible close to the record, jumping from the haphazard nature of love to a towering breakup song. “Eat The Music” and “The Red Shoes” are musical twins, both moving swiftly in 6/8 time. While “Eat The Music” starts off as a song about male emotions that turns into an ode to tropical fruit, “The Red Shoes” takes a darker turn, recasting the Hans Christian Andersen tale via the Powell & Pressburger film. Out of any fairy tale, “The Red Shoes” has always been lodged most firmly in my memory, equal measures of mania and morality. It’s easy to imagine the story mapped on Bush’s career to that date, her videos depicting her as an avant-pop star subordinate to the feet of a ballerina. The thing is, Bush pitches the song seductively enough that dancing yourself to death sounds like a pretty fun option, whispering “yeahhhh…” as her backing vocals propel the song and story forward. She’s always been the voice in the listener’s ear pulling their conscience one way or the other, and I don’t know that she’s ever relished playing the role of the devil more than this.


Which Walt Disney animated feature film bombed when it was first released in 1940, only eventually reaching profit in 1945?

Nintendo Player – A Not-For-Profit Classic Gaming Fansite - Happily Ever After (Unreleased, Nintendo Entertainment System) Nintendo Player – A Not-For-Profit Classic Gaming Fansite Happily Ever After (Unreleased, Nintendo Entertainment System) Once upon a time, in 1985, Filmation Associates, the animation production company behind such Saturday morning cartoons as Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids and He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, announced that it was entering the movie market with features starring beloved storybook characters once believed to have lived happily ever after ( link ). The first two films in this “New Classics Collection” lineup would be The New Adventures of Pinocchio (later renamed Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night), which takes place when the former marionette celebrates his first birthday being human, and the tentatively-titled Snow White and the Seven Dwarfelles, a gender-role-reversal sequel in which the Seven Dwarfs’ female cousins join a teenage Snow White to rescue the Prince from the Evil Queen’s brother, Lord Maliss. While the original literary source works by Carlo Collodi and the Brothers Grimm, respectively, had long fallen into the public domain, The Walt Disney Company established them in the popular culture with its own distinctive adaptations. In fact, 1937’s Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was the first full-length animated film of its kind, which resulted in Walt Disney receiving an honorary Academy Award that year for not only this achievement, but for also captivating an audience of millions in the process. Despite the success of Snow White, Disney had no intention of returning to the tale, or to Pinocchio, whose fable followed in 1940, or to any others already put to celluloid by his company. “I’ve never believed in doing sequels,” he was quoted as saying. “I didn’t want to waste the time I have doing a sequel. I’d rather be using that time doing something new and different. It goes back to when they wanted me to do more pigs.” This no-sequel policy persisted at the time when Filmation started work on Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night, but The Walt Disney Company, which had re-issued its Pinocchio to theaters in 1984, was not about to let a competitor butt in on its business. A lawsuit was filed against Filmation in April 1985 in an attempt to once again tie strings around the onetime wooden boy. Jeffrey Katzenberg, Disney’s chairman at the time, flat-out referred to Filmation’s upcoming projects as “rip-offs” ( link ). In the trial, it came out that Filmation had used “a series of original designs and drawings” from Disney’s Pinocchio as a jumping-off point. The U.S. District Court ultimately found in February 1986 that Pinocchio, the character and the story, did not belong to Disney, allowing Filmation to proceed ahead, although measures would be taken to visually differentiate from Disney’s copyrighted take ( link ). Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night premiered on Christmas Day in 1987 after four years of development and $9.5 million spent ( link ). The high budget was the result of the production being entirely done in America. “It costs between $10 and $12 to do each cel in the United States,” Lou Scheimer, president of Filmation, told the Los Angeles Times. “In Korea, that cel costs about $1.25; in mainland China you can get it done for about 17 cents. Ink and paint [have] been costing us $30,000 to $40,000 per half hour” ( link ). The film bombed at the box office, grossing only $3.2 million, and received negative reviews across the board, with The New York Times calling it a bland “bait and switch” ( link , link ). As for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfelles, which went by several other working titles during its production, Disney forced Filmation to change the name to Happily Ever After in order to avoid any confusion. The second movie in the New Classics Collection was completed in 1988 ( link ). The North American distribution and licensing rights were being negotiated by 1st National Film Corp., a Colorado corporation whose principals operated out of A


"Who wrote the book ""Angela's Ashes""?"

Angela's Ashes (1999) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Based on the best selling autobiography by Irish expat Frank McCourt, Angela's Ashes follows the experiences of young Frankie and his family as they try against all odds to escape the ... See full summary  » Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 22 titles created 09 Oct 2011 a list of 30 titles created 15 Dec 2011 a list of 35 titles created 10 Dec 2012 a list of 21 titles created 01 Jan 2013 a list of 37 titles created 28 Mar 2014 Search for " Angela's Ashes " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for     1     Oscar. Another    5 wins & 11 nominations. See more awards  » Videos Edit Storyline Based on the best selling autobiography by Irish expat Frank McCourt, Angela's Ashes follows the experiences of young Frankie and his family as they try against all odds to escape the poverty endemic in the slums of pre-war Limerick. The film opens with the family in Brooklyn, but following the death of one of Frankie's siblings, they return home, only to find the situation there even worse. Prejudice against Frankie's Northern Irish father makes his search for employment in the Republic difficult despite his having fought for the IRA, and when he does find money, he spends the money on drink. Written by KB-26 The Hopes of a Mother. The Dreams of a Father. The Fate of a Child. Genres: Rated R for sexual content and some language | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 21 January 2000 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Las cenizas de Ángela See more  » Filming Locations: $54,628        (USA) (24 December 1999) Gross: Pierce Brosnan and Stephen Rea were considered for the role of Malachy. See more » Goofs When Frankie gets the beginnings of conjunctivitis, and he rolls his eyes back, the edges of his full-eye contacts are visible. See more » Quotes Narrator : [First lines] When I look back on my childhood, I wonder how my brothers and I managed to survive at all. It was, of course, a miserable childhood. The happy childhood is hardly worth telling. Worse than the ordinary miserable childhood is the miserable Irish childhood. And worse still is the miserable Irish Catholic childhood. A Mother's Love's a Blessing' Written by T.P. Keegan (United States) – See all my reviews In the very opening scene of Alan Parker's `Angela's Ashes,' we are informed by the narrator and main character, Frankie McCourt, in a phrase that turns out to be a masterpiece of understatement, that he had a `miserable childhood'  but just how miserable we may not be quite adequately prepared to see. Based on the author's Pulitzer Prize winning autobiographical memoir, this compelling film plunges us directly into the wretchedness and squalor of life in Depression-ridden Ireland, a setting overflowing with disease, starvation, joblessness and despair. Indeed, by the time the film has hit the 25-minute mark, we have already witnessed the deaths of no fewer than three of Frankie's little siblings. The film, like the novel on which it is based, never flinches from portraying the brutal reality of the life the people of this dreary town must endure. Yet, the film is also, at times, rich in humor and a sense of that unquenchable optimism that somehow exists in even the most hopeless of circumstances. Frankie, despite the harsh conditions of his life, remains a boy focused on the good things that come his way, enduring even a loving but utterly irresponsible ne'er-do-well father (beautifully played by `The Full Monty's Robert Carlyle) with an indulgence and tolerance borne of filial devotion. As Frankie grows from young boy, dutifully fulfilling the parental role for his younger brothers, to a man verging on the edge of adulthood, he feeds on


What was the title of John Denver's song about Jacques Cousteau's boat?

John Denver - CALYPSO - YouTube John Denver - CALYPSO Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Aug 22, 2012 "Calypso" is a song written by John Denver in 1975 as a tribute to Jacques-Yves Cousteau and his research ship, the Calypso. The song was featured on Denver's 1975 album Windsong. Released as the B-side of "I'm Sorry", "Calypso" received substantial airplay, enabling it to chart on the Billboard Hot 100. After "I'm Sorry" fell out of the #1 position, "Calypso" began receiving more airplay than "I'm Sorry," thus causing Billboard to list "Calypso" as the new A-side. Hence, "Calypso" is itself considered a #2 hit on the Hot 100. John Denver was a close friend of Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Calypso was the name of Jacques Cousteau's research boat that sailed around the world for oceanic conservation. LYRICS: To sail on a dream on a crystal clear ocean, to ride on the crest of a wild raging storm To work in the service of life and living, in search of the answers of questions unknown To be part of the movement and part of the growing, part of beginning to understand, Aye Calypso the places you've been to, the things that you've shown us, the stories you tell Aye Calypso, I sing to your spirit, the men who have served you so long and so well Hi dee ay-ee ooo doo-dle oh oo do do do do do doo-dle ay yee doo-dle ay ee Like the dolphin who guides you, you bring us beside you To light up the darkness and show us the way For though we are strangers in your silent world To live on the land we must learn from the sea To be true as the tide and free as a wind swell Joyful and loving in letting it be Aye Calypso the places you've been to, the things that you've shown us, the stories you tell Aye Calypso, I sing to your spirit, the men who have served you so long and so well Hi dee ay-ee ooo doo-dle oh oo do do do do do doo-dle ay yee doo-dle ay ee


In 1854, John Snow proved that what was transmitted by infected water?

John Snow and the Broad Street Pump: On the Trail of an Epidemic   By Kathleen Tuthill, Illustrated by Rupert   Van Wyk British doctor John Snow couldn’t convince other   doctors and scientists that cholera, a deadly disease, was spread when people   drank contaminated water until a mother washed her baby’s diaper in a town well   in 1854 and touched off an epidemic that killed 616 people. Dr. Snow, an obstetrician with an interest in   many aspects of medical science, had long believed that water contaminated by   sewage was the cause of cholera. Cholera is an intestinal disease than can cause   death within hours after the first symptoms of vomiting or diarrhea. Snow   published an article in 1849 outlining his theory, but doctors and scientists   thought he was on the wrong track and stuck with the popular belief of the time   that cholera was caused by breathing vapors or a “miasma in the atmosphere”. The first cases of cholera in England were reported in1831,   about the time Dr. Snow as finishing up his medical studies at the age of  eighteen. Between 1831 and 1854, tens of thousands of people in England died of   cholera.  Although Dr. Snow was deeply involved in experiments using a new   technique, known as anesthesia, to deliver babies, he was also fascinated with   researching his theory on how cholera spread. In the middle 1800s, people didn’t have running water or   modern toilets in their homes. They used town wells and communal pumps to get the   water they used for drinking, cooking and washing.  Septic systems were   primitive and most homes and businesses dumped untreated sewage and animal waste   directly into the Thames River or into open pits called “cesspools”.  Water   companies often bottled water from the Thames and delivered it to pubs,   breweries and other businesses. Dr. Snow believed sewage dumped into the river or   into cesspools near town wells could contaminate the water supply, leading to a rapid   spread of disease. In August of 1854 Soho, a suburb of London, was hit hard by a   terrible outbreak of cholera. Dr. Snows himself lived near Soho, and immediately   went to work to prove his theory that contaminated water was the cause of the   outbreak. “Within 250 yards of the spot where Cambridge Street joins   Broad Street there were upwards of 500 fatal attacks of cholera in 10 days,” Dr.   Snow wrote  “As soon as I became acquainted with the situation and extent of   this irruption (sic) of cholera, I suspected some contamination of the water of   the much-frequented street-pump in Broad Street.” Dr. Snow worked around the clock to track down information   from hospital and public records on when the outbreak began and whether the   victims drank water from the Broad Street pump. Snow suspected that those who   lived or worked near the pump were the most likely to use the pump and thus,   contract cholera.  His pioneering medical research paid off. By using a   geographical grid to chart deaths from the outbreak and investigating each case   to determine access to the pump water, Snow developed what he considered   positive proof the pump was the source of the epidemic. Click for more on John Snow Besides those who lived near the pump, Snow tracked hundreds   of cases of cholera to nearby schools, restaurants, businesses and pubs. According to Snow’s records, the keeper of one coffee shop in   the neighborhood who served glasses of water from the Broad Street pump along   with meals said she knew of nine of her customers who had contracted cholera. A popular bubbly drink of the time was called “sherbet”,   which was a spoonful of powder that fizzed when mixed with water. In the Broad   Street area of Soho, that water usually came from the Broad Street pump and was,   Snow believed, the source for many cases. Snow also investigated groups of people who did not get   cholera and tracked down whether they drank pump water. That information was   important beca


"Whose novel ""Wives and Daughters"", about Molly Gibson, the only daughter of a doctor in a provincial English town in the 1830s, was completed by Frederick Greenwood when the author died suddenly in 1865?"

47 Count of Monte Cristo
The Count of Monte Cristo (French: Le Comte de Monte-Cristo) is an adventure novel by Alexandre Dumas, père. It is often considered, along with The Three Musketeers, as Dumas's most popular work. The writing of the work was completed in 1844. Like many of his novels, it is expanded from the plot outlines suggested by his collaborating ghostwriter Auguste Maquet.

The story takes place in France, Italy, islands in the Mediterranean and the Levant during the historical events of 1815–1838 (from just before the Hundred Days through the reign of Louis-Philippe of France). The historical setting is a fundamental element of the book. It is primarily concerned with themes of justice, vengeance, mercy, and forgiveness, and is told in the style of an adventure story. (Summary from Wikipedia)

This book contains alternate versions of a number of chapters – indicated by an alt after the file number. The Zip files contain both versions of these chapters.

There are 2 versions of the M4Bs made , one containing the original files for these chapters (4 parts), the other containing the alternate files for the chapters (5 parts).
 http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1184 53 Bleak House
Bleak House is the ninth novel by Charles Dickens, published in 20 monthly parts between March 1852 and September 1853. It is widely held to be one of Dickens' finest and most complete novels, containing one of the most vast, complex and engaging arrays of minor characters and sub-plots in his entire canon. Dickens tells all of these both through the narrative of the novel's heroine, Esther Summerson, and as an omniscient narrator. Memorable characters include the menacing lawyer Tulkinghorn, the friendly but depressive John Jarndyce and the childish Harold Skimpole. The plot concerns a long-running legal dispute (Jarndyce and Jarndyce) which has far-reaching consequences for all involved. (Summary from Wikipedia)
 http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1023 59 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) by Mark Twain is one of the truly great American novels, beloved by children, adults, and literary critics alike. The book tells the story of “Huck” Finn (first introduced as Tom Sawyer’s sidekick in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer), his friend Jim, and their journey down the Mississippi River on a raft. Both are on the run, Huck from his drunk and abusive father, and Jim as a runaway slave.

As Huck and Jim drift down the river, they meet many colorful characters and have many great adventures. The true heart of the story, however, is the friendship between Huck and Jim. A constant theme throughout the book is Huck’s internal struggle between what he has been taught, that helping a runaway slave is a sin, and what he truly believes, that Jim is a good man and it couldn’t possibly be wrong to help him.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was unique at the time of its publication (1884) because it is narrated by Huck himself and is written in the numerous dialects common in the area and time in which the book is set. Although the book was originally intended as a sequel to the children’s book The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, as Twain wrote Adventures of Huckleberry Finn it progressed into a more serious work. Twain’s views on slavery and other social issues of the time become clear through the words, thoughts, and actions of Huck Finn. The book has always been the subject of great controversy, and according to The American Library Association it was fifth on the list of most frequently challenged books in the 1990s.
(Summary by Annie Coleman)
 http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/76 64 Heart of Darkness
 Set in a time of oppressive colonisation, when large areas of the world were still unknown to Europe, and Africa was literally on maps and minds as a mysterious shadow, Heart of Darkness famously explores the r


"Which 20th century musical is based on Shakespeare's ""Romeo and Juliet""?"

William Shakespeare's Works/Tragedies/Romeo and Juliet - Wikibooks, open books for an open world William Shakespeare's Works/Tragedies/Romeo and Juliet From Wikibooks, open books for an open world Jump to: navigation , search Romeo and Juliet in the famous balcony scene by Ford Madox Brown Romeo and Juliet is an early tragedy by William Shakespeare about two teenage star-crossed lovers. It ends with their suicides, uniting rival households of a long-running family feud. The play has been highly praised by literary critics for its language and dramatic effect. Along with Hamlet, it is one of Shakespeare's most frequently performed plays and is considered by many to be the world's most iconic love story. It was among Shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to Ancient Greece. Its plot is based on an Italian tale, translated into verse as Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 2016, and retold in prose in Palace of Pleasure by William Painter in 1582. Brooke and Painter are Shakespeare's chief sources for Romeo and Juliet. He borrowed heavily from both, but developed minor characters, particularly Macaroni and Count Paris, in order to expand the plot. The play was probably written around 1595-6, and first published as a first quarto in 1597. The text was of poor quality, and later editions corrected it, bringing it more in line with Shakespeare's original text. Shakespeare's use of dramatic structure, especially his expansion of minor characters, and the use of subplots to embellish the story, has been praised as an early sign of his dramatic skill. The play ascribes different poetic forms to different characters, sometimes changing the form as the character develops. Romeo, for example, grows more adept at the sonnet form as the play progresses. Characters frequently compare love and death and allude to the role of fate. Since its publication, Romeo and Juliet has been adapted numerous times in stage, film, musical and operatic forms. During the English restoration, it was revived and heavily revised by William Davenant. David Garrick's 18th century version, which continued to be performed into the Victorian period, also changed several scenes, removing material then considered indecent. Nineteenth century performers, including Charlotte Cushman, restored the original text, and focused on performing the story with greater realism. John Gielgud's 1935 version kept very close to Shakespeare's text, and used Elizabethan costumes and staging to enhance the drama. More recent versions, including those on film, have adapted the play for a modern audience, often placing the action in a familiar context. Contents Juliet by Philip H. Calderon Ruling house of Verona: Prince Escalus: Prince of Verona Count Paris: Kinsman of Prince Escalus; desires to marry Juliet. Mercutio: Another kinsman of Prince Escalus; a friend of Romeo. Capulets: Lord Capulet: Patriarch of the house of Capulet. Lady Capulet: Matriarch of the house of Capulet; wishes Juliet to marry Paris. Juliet Capulet: Daughter of the Capulets; the female protagonist. Tybalt: Cousin of Juliet, nephew of Lady Capulet. Capulet Servants: Nurse: Juliet's personal attendant and confidante. Peter: Capulet servant, assistant to the nurse. Sampson: Capulet servant. Lord Montague: Patriach of the house of Montague. Lady Montague: Matriarch of the house of Montague Romeo Montague: Son of the Montagues; the male protagonist. Benvolio: Cousin and friend of Romeo. Montague Servants: Others: Friar Lawrence: a Franciscan friar and Romeo's confidant. Chorus, who gives the opening prologue and one other speech, both in the form of a Shakespearean sonnet. Rosaline, an unseen character with whom Romeo briefly falls in love with before meeting Juliet. Friar John: Another friar who is sent to deliver Friar Lawrence's letter to Romeo. Apothecary: Druggist who reluctantly sells Romeo poison. "Two Households, both alike in dignity ..." —Chorus Romeo and Juliet by Francesco Hayez The play begins with a street-batt


What does the ancient name for Egypt mean in modern Greek?

What does Egypt mean? A civilization based around the river Nile, on its lower reaches nearer the Mediterranean. Freebase(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Egypt Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Most of its territory of 1,010,000 square kilometers lies within North Africa and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west. Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East, and the 15th most populated in the world. The great majority of its over 84 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometers, where the only arable land is found. The large regions of the Sahara Desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta. Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern state, having been continuously inhabited since the 10th millennium BC. Its monuments, such as the Giza pyramid complex and its Great Sphinx, were constructed by its ancient civilization, which was one of the most advanced of its time. Its ancient ruins, such as those of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings outside Luxor, are a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest. Egypt's rich cultural legacy, as well as the attraction of its Red Sea Riviera, has made tourism a vital part of the economy, employing about 12% of the country's workforce. The Nuttall Encyclopedia(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Egypt a country occupying the NE. corner of Africa, lies along the W. shore of the Red Sea, has a northern coast-line on the Mediterranean, and stretches S. as far as Wady Halfa; the area is nearly 400,000 sq. m.; its chief natural features are uninhabitable desert on the E. and W., and the populous and fertile valley of the Nile. Cereals, sugar, cotton, and tobacco are important products. Mohammedan Arabs constitute the bulk of the people, but there is also a remnant of the ancient Coptic race. The country is nominally a dependency of Turkey under a native government, but is in reality controlled by the British, who exercise a veto on its financial policy, and who, since 1882, have occupied the country with soldiers. The noble monuments and relics of her ancient civilisation, chief amongst which are the Pyramids, as well as the philosophies and religions she inherited, together with the arts she practised, and her close connection with Jewish history, give her a peculiar claim on the interested regard of mankind. Nothing, perhaps, has excited more wonder in connection with Egypt than the advanced state of her civilisation when she first comes to play a part in the history of the world. There is evidence that 4000 years before the Christian era the arts of building, pottery, sculpture, literature, even music and painting, were highly developed, her social institutions well organised, and that considerable advance had been made in astronomy, chemistry, medicine, and anatomy. Already the Egyptians had divided the year into 365 days and 12 months, and had invented an elaborate system of weights and measures, based on the decimal notation. U.S. National Library of Medicine(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Egypt A country in northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula Its capital is Cairo. British National Corpus Rank popularity for the word 'Egypt' in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #4114 Numerology The numerical value of Egypt in Chaldean Numerology is: 3 Pythagorean Numerology


Which team beat Australia 34 - 20 in the Rugby League World Cup final in 2008?

Rugby league World Cup final: New Zealand end Australia invincibility with 34-20 win | Sport | The Guardian Close This article is 8 years old It was on Monday 27 October, after Australia had brushed aside an insipid New Zealand 30-6 in their first game of the World Cup, that the following passage appeared in Sydney's Daily Telegraph: 'If the Kangaroos comfortably beat England, the only other competitive side in the series, this weekend in Melbourne [which they did, 52-4], the engraver can start writing Australia 2008 on the giant silver World Cup.' Yesterday morning's edition of the same newspaper had resorted to selecting a Rest of the World XIII in an effort to come up with some credible opposition for the mighty, and by implication unbeatable, Kangaroos. But a few hours later, on a steamy evening in Brisbane, those Kangaroos, the World Cup trophy engraver and the vast majority of a 50,000 crowd received the shock of their lives. The most significant upset in the history of international rugby league , given the stage and the stakes, came in the most dramatic final in the 54-year history of the code's World Cup, which included a crucial penalty-try decision by the video referee Steve Ganson - who, therefore, became, unarguably, the most influential Englishman in the competition. There was also an astonishing error by Billy Slater, the trackwork jockey turned livewire full-back, who had already been named player of the tournament and the international player of the year, only to gift a score to New Zealand's stand-off Benji Marshall with the sort of speculative pass that has been coming off for him in recent weeks. But Australia's coach, Ricky Stuart, refused to dwell on either of those pivotal incidents and instead found gracious praise for a New Zealand team whose depth had been severely tested by injuries to several senior players and the loss to rugby union of Sonny Bill Williams. 'Please don't make this too much about Australia. They were better than us tonight,' said Stuart. 'They've got their trophy in their shed. It's not in ours.' It was, however, a night of triumph for one Australian - Wayne Bennett, the Brisbane Broncos legend who was in charge of the Kangaroos team stunned 24-0 by the Kiwis in the 2005 Tri-Nations final, and who last year agreed to work with the New Zealand coach, Stephen Kearney, in an advisory role. This victory was down to a meticulous game plan constructed by Kearney and Bennett, and followed brilliantly by a Kiwi team for whom Nathan Fien showed remarkable composure for a makeshift scrum-half, combining with the more naturally gifted Marshall to bring the best out of some under-rated forwards. But would they have won without Ganson and his penalty-try decision? That question is as impossible to answer as it is now irrelevant. The Kiwis were leading 22-20 with 10 minutes remaining when Fien's high kick bounced unkindly for Australia's wing Joel Monaghan, who then coat-hangered Lance Hohaia to prevent him grounding the ball. Slater was also in the vicinity, but Ganson, called into action by his Super League colleague Ashley Klein, was happy that Hohaia would definitely have scored without Monaghan's intervention. Issac Luke kicked the conversion from in front of the posts that follows penalty tries and suddenly Australia had to score twice to save the game, a possibility that disappeared completely when the impressive prop Adam Blair claimed a scrappy score five minutes later. All this after Australia had taken a 10-0 lead inside 16 minutes, with Slater laying on tries for his captain Darren Lockyer and David Williams. New Zealand offered a first warning shot by hitting back to lead 12-10, with scores from the outstanding loose forward Jeremy Smith and Jerome Ropati, the latter after the first of several borderline decisions that went in their favour as Ganson ruled that the ball had been stolen from Marshall rather than pulling him up for a knock-on. But Australia still led 16-12 at half-time thanks to a stunning second try for Lockyer. He could even have had a hat-trick by half-time, bu


What country was the first country in Oceania, and fifteenth overall, to legalise same-sex marriage?

Effect on New Zealand Society and Significance to New Zealand - Homosexual Law Reform ProtestNew Zealand 1986 Effect on New Zealand Society and Significance to New Zealand EFFECTS OF THE HOMOSEXUAL LAW REFORM ON SOCIETY  AND  THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EVENT TO NEW ZEALAND The Homosexual Law Reform in 1986 had significant impacts on people during and after the campaign. Although the successful campaign was a significant positive effect and "as happy an ending as you get in real life," according to one person involved, for activists the campaign for law reform was "sixteen months of hard, intensely stimulating work, physical and nervous exhaustion, and a certain amount of pure terror... Which had its casualties along the way." (Moon, Paul, Turning Points, Events That Changed the Course of New Zealand History, 2013) Homosexuality was the subject on an intense debate and social polarisation, where injusticess were likely to become violent, with numerous peoples lives being destroyed by severe head injuries. Politicians also incurred minor impacts during the campaign as they were indirectly affected. Many did not want to appear too for or against the issue in fear of losing support, which would effect them in future years. A positive social impact of the decriminalisation of homosexuality was that it gave the younger generation a chance to embrace liberation through self discovery and freedom of expression. This resulted in many people fostering an open desire of acceptance for diversity in relation to how people lived their lives. Over time, this event has affected many people's lives. In they years prior to the law reform in 1986, homosexuals were persecuted and marginalised in communities when they were open about their sexuality. The law reform campaign gave homosexuals a voice, a universal aim in society that they ultimately achieved, even though two contrasting factions of law reform were evident. The advances in gaining full equality for homosexuals are evident in society through the subsequent changed in government policy, especially the most recent legalisation of gay marriage in New Zealand. These political advancements have encouraged a societal attitudinal change which has occurred in New Zealand as people are now more willing to accept the minorities in society as it is no longer common or acceptable to discriminate someone based on their sexuality. This is also aligned with the subsequent Human Rights Act of 1993, where a clause for homosexuality was added as a consolidation and amendment of the Human Rights Commission Act of 1977.  The Homosexual Law Reform Bill was a milestone for the gay rights campaign as it caused a significant cultural shift in New Zealand. In the short-term change was not accepted by everyone. On the 11th September 1986, just two months after the passing of the bill, the Wellington premises of the Lesbian and Gay Rights Resource Centre was destroyed in an arson attack. The attackers wrote the word 'FAG' on the wall to make it clear that it was a homophobic attack. This shows that many people in society still held a firm grip of their permissive attitudes towards sexuality. This made it clear that the divide in society caused by the opposing views on the Homosexual Law Reform were still apparent. This is evident in the surveys conducted in 1989, three years after the passage of the bill outlining the discrimination against homosexuals in society, which revealed that 77 per cent claimed that they had hidden their sexual orientation during their employment. The Homosexual Law Reform Act did not bring about an increase in the number of gay people in the country or lead to public acts of gay sex. This was because in the short term the majority of public opinion had not changed. This is reflected in one woman's story she revealed ten years after the passage of the Act, that said, "Like a lot of emancipatory legislation this act might have entrenched my legal rights but it didn't make it any easier for me in my community." (Moon, Paul, Turning Points, Events That Changed the Course of New Zealand


What was the name of spacecraft which created history on 12 November 2014 and landed a probe on a comet?

European Spacecraft to Make Historic Comet Landing on Nov. 12 European Spacecraft to Make Historic Comet Landing on Nov. 12 By Mike Wall, Senior Writer | September 29, 2014 03:00pm ET MORE This image from Europe's Rosetta spacecraft shows the mission's planned landing site on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Rosetta will attempt to drop a lander on the comet on Nov. 12, 2014. Credit: ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/UPD/LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA One of the boldest and most dramatic maneuvers in the history of spaceflight is just six weeks away. On Nov. 12, the European Space Agency's Rosetta probe will try to drop a robotic lander onto the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, which Rosetta has been orbiting since early August. No spacecraft has ever attempted a soft landing on a comet before. The current plan calls for the lander, named Philae, to come down at a location on Comet 67P that the mission team has dubbed Site J. [ Incredible Comet Photos by the Rosetta Mission ] "Site J was chosen unanimously over four other candidate sites as the primary landing site because the majority of terrain within a square kilometer [0.4 square miles] area has slopes of less than 30 degrees relative to the local vertical and because there are relatively few large boulders," European Space Agency (ESA) officials said in a statement . "The area also receives sufficient daily illumination to recharge Philae and continue surface science operations beyond the initial 64-hour battery-powered phase," they added. If all goes according to plan, Rosetta will deploy Philae at 4:35 a.m. EDT (0835 GMT) on Nov. 12, at a distance of 14 miles (22.5 km) from the comet. Philae will spiral down slowly toward 67P, eventually securing itself to the surface with harpoons at Site J around 11:30 a.m. EDT (1530 GMT) that same day. Confirmation of the historic maneuver's success or failure will come 28 minutes and 20 seconds later — the amount of time it takes for signals to travel from Rosetta to its controllers here on the ground. It's also possible that Philae could touch down at a backup location called Site C, ESA officials said. Final confirmation of the landing plan will come on Oct. 14, after a formal review of data gathered by the Rosetta mothership. ESA will also launch a public competition to name Philae's landing site on that date. The $1.7 billion (1.3 billion euros) Rosetta mission blasted off in March 2004 and finally arrived in orbit around Comet 67P on Aug. 6 of this year. The Rosetta orbiter is studying the 2.5-mile-wide (4 km) comet with 11 different science instruments, and Philae will contribute by photographing 67P's surface and collecting and analyzing samples. Comet 67P, which takes 6.5 years to complete one lap around the sun, is now getting closer and closer to our star. Rosetta and Philae will continue to observe the comet and study how it changes as it warms up on its trek through the inner solar system. The goal is to better understand the composition and behavior of comets, which are remnants from the solar system's formation 4.6 billion years ago, ESA officials have said. Rosetta is expected to continue gathering data through December 2015.


What is 0 degrees Celsius on the Fahrenheit scale?

The Straight Dope: On the Fahrenheit scale, do 0 and 100 have any special significance? INACTIVE A Straight Dope Classic from Cecil's Storehouse of Human Knowledge On the Fahrenheit scale, do 0 and 100 have any special significance? INACTIVE December 15, 1989 Dear Cecil: Everybody knows 0 degrees on the Celsius scale is the freezing point of water and 100 degrees is the boiling point. On the Fahrenheit scale, however, freezing is 32 degrees and boiling 212. How on earth were these numbers arrived at? Do 0 and 100 degrees Fahrenheit mean anything? — Leslie, Montreal, Quebec Cecil replies: Researchers have gone to their graves trying to figure out what old man Fahrenheit was up to, Leslie. Here's the story as well as I can piece it together: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) was a German instrument maker who invented the first practical mercury thermometer. Casting about for a suitable scale for his device, he visited the Danish astronomer Ole Romer, who had devised a system of his own. As it turned out, it was a case of the blind leading the blind. Romer had decided that the boiling point of water should be 60 degrees, which at least had the strength of numerological tradition behind it (60 minutes in an hour, right?). But zero was arbitrary, the main consideration apparently being that it should be colder than it ever got in Denmark. (Romer didn't like using negative numbers in his weather logbook.) In addition to the boiling point of water, the other landmarks on Romer's scale were the freezing point of water, 7.5 degrees, and body temperature, 22.5 degrees. D.G., simple soul that he was, thought this cockeyed system was the soul of elegance. He made one useful change--to get rid of the fractions, he multiplied Romer's degrees by 4, giving him 30 for the freezing point and 90 for body temperature. Then, for reasons nobody has ever been able to fathom, he multiplied all the numbers by 16/15, making 32 freezing and 96 body temperature. Boiling point for the time being he ignored altogether. By and by Fahrenheit got ready to present his scale to London's Royal Society, the scientific big leagues of the day. It dawned on him that it was going to look a little strange having the zero on his scale just hanging off the end, so to speak. So he cooked up the explanation that zero was the temperature of a mix of ice, water, and ammonium chloride. Later Fahrenheit established that the boiling point of water came in at 212 degrees. Over time this replaced body temperature as the upper landmark on his scale. Meanwhile, as more precise measurements were made, body temperature had to be adjusted to 98.6 degrees. In short, 100 means nothing on the Fahrenheit scale, 96 used to mean something but doesn't anymore, and 0 is colder than it ever gets in Denmark. Brilliant. Lest we get too down on Fahrenheit, though, consider Anders Celsius, who devised the centigrade scale (0 to 100). Everybody agrees Celsius's scale makes more sense than Fahrenheit's. Trouble is, the original Celsius scale had 100 for freezing, 0 for boiling. In other words, it was upside down. (The numbers were reversed after Celsius's death.) You have to wonder whether these guys breathed one lungful of mercury fumes too many. Now for a little bonus info. At what temperature do the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales read the same? Why, minus 40, of course. Cecil was stumped by that one once during a radio interview, and you can bet it won't happen twice. — Cecil Adams


The annual International Tree Climbing Championship is held under the auspices of which organisation?

European Tree Climbing Championship 2010 - LANEX a.s. About us European Tree Climbing Championship 2010 The brand of LANEX - TENDON is a sponsor of the THROWLINE discipline at the European Tree Climbing Championship – ETCC which will take place in the Czech Republic for the first time this year. The Czech Landscape and Garden Society, Civic Association (SZKT), and its Tree Care Section – ISA under the auspices of the Mayor of the Capital of Prague Mr. Pavel Bém, in cooperation with the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA), the Botanic Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, and the Municipality of Průhonice organize this unusual sport event in the Průhonice Park from 12 June to 13 June 2010. This year the 13th championship will be held and the Czech Republic succeeded in becoming the organizing country for the first time! >But tree climbing contests are not only a presentation for the public. The contests are important for the tree care itself. The championship was held in 1976 for the first time and the main reason was to reduce number of accidents and injuries during the tree care. This idea has been an intergral part of the contests the whole time and promotes safe working practices. Part of the European Championship is also nomination for the recognized European City of The Trees Award which is highly regarded all over Europe. In the past years the cities of Turin in Italy and Malmö in Sweden were awarded, this year Prague has been nominated! Tree climbing contests are very attractive for the audience and the Průhonice Park, where the main programme will be held, is a quite interesting and beautiful place. These international contests are visited by national and international guests, specialists as well as uninitiated visitors, every year. Families with children are welcome, too. For children there will be an entertaining programme prepared. We are inviting everybody to join us in watching an unusual and interesting show!  The TENDON Team is looking forward to the sport performances. We will be pleased to welcome you at our stand! Source: www.etcc-prague.cz


Where in the UK is the only remaining Hanseatic warehouse, built to house the trade which operated out of that harbour under the Hanseatic League?

Hanseatic League - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki       Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics Stralsund Did you know ... Encyclopedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the 13th to 17th century trading monopoly. For the modern business association, see Hanseatic Parliament . Northern Europe in 1400, showing the extent of the Hansa aerial photography of Lübeck ; the "Queen of the Hanse" The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hanse or Hansa) was an economic alliance of trading cities and their guilds that established and maintained a trade monopoly along the coast of Northern Europe . It stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland, during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period ( c. 13th–17th centuries). The Hanseatic cities had their own law system and furnished their own protection and mutual aid, thus having a sort of a political autonomy and in some cases creating political entities of their own. Contents 7 External links History Historians generally trace the origins of the League to the rebuilding of the North German town of Lübeck in 1159 by Duke Henry the Lion of Saxony , after Henry had captured the area from Count Adolf II of Holstein . Exploratory trading adventures, raids and piracy had happened earlier throughout the Baltic (see Vikings )—the sailors of Gotland sailed up rivers as far away as Novgorod , for example—but the scale of international trade economy in the Baltic area remained insignificant before the growth of the Hanseatic League. German cities achieved domination of trade in the Baltic with striking speed over the next (i.e. 13th) century, and Lübeck became a central node in all the seaborne trade that linked the areas around the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The 15th century saw the climax of Lübeck's hegemony . Advertisements Foundation and formation Hanseatic League's foundation in Hamburg, Germany (circa 1241) Lübeck became a base for merchants from Saxony and Westphalia to spread east and north. Well before the term Hanse appeared in a document (1267), merchants in a given city began to form guilds or Hansa with the intention of trading with towns overseas, especially in the less-developed eastern Baltic area, a source of timber , wax , amber , resins , furs , even rye and wheat brought down on barges from the hinterland to port markets. The towns furnished their own protection armies and each guild had to furnish a number of members into service, when needed. The trade ships often had to be used to carry soldiers and their arms. The Hanseatic cities came to each other's aid. Visby functioned as the leading centre in the Baltic before the Hansa. For 100 years the Germans sailed under the Gotlandic flag to Novgorod . Sailing east, Visby merchants established a branch at Novgorod. To begin with the Germans used the Gotlandic Gutagard. With the influx of too many merchants, the Gotlanders arranged their own trading stations for the German Peterhof further up from the river. [1] Before the foundation of the Hanseatic league in 1356 the word Hanse did not occur in the Baltic. The Gotlanders used the word varjag. Hansa societies worked to remove restrictions to trade for their members. For example, the merchants of the Cologne Hansa convinced Henry II of England to free them (1157) from all tolls in London and allow them to trade at fairs throughout England . The "Queen of the Hansa", Lübeck, where traders trans-shipped goods between the North Sea and the Baltic, gained the Imperial privilege of becoming a Free imperial city in 1227, the only such city east of the River Elbe . In 1241, Lübeck, which had access to the Baltic and North Sea fishing grounds, formed an alliance — a foundation of the League — with Hamburg , another trading city, which controlled access to salt-trade routes from Lüneburg . The allied cities gained control over most of the salt-fish trade, especially the S


Egg and spoon races were staged as part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations for Queen Elizabeth II in 2012. When was the earliest recorded reference in the Oxford English Dictionary to an egg and spoon race?

egg-and-spoon race - 必应 Egg-and-spoon race 鸡蛋和汤匙赛跑是一个体育事件，而终点线时，必须平衡鸡蛋或类似的物品与它的一个勺子和比赛。 在许多小学鸡蛋和汤匙赛跑上演年度运动会的一部分，与其他事件，如袋鼠和三足布袋赛跑游戏。 An egg-and- spoon race is a sporting event in which participants must balance an egg or similarly shaped item upon a spoon and race with it to the finishing line. At many primary schools an egg-and- spoon race is staged as part of the annual Sports Day, alongside other events such as the sack race and the three-legged race. Egg-and-spoon race History The earliest recorded usage in the Oxford English Dictionary is in an article of 8 September 1894 featured in The Daily News: "the gentlemen had a turn in the egg-and-spoon race, in which the competitors had to punt with one hand and balance an egg on a spoon with the other". An earlier origin in colonial USA has been claimed. Egg-and-spoon races formed part of village celebrations of the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1897, alongside the tug of war and blindfold wheelbarrow races. A set of turned and stained wooden eggs and spoons designed for racing and dating to the 1920s forms part of the Good Time Gallery of the Museum of Childhood in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. It reached Canada by at least 1922, the first time it was mentioned in The Globe. By the 1930s, the phenomenon of the parents' egg-and-spoon race was sufficiently well-established to be satirized in Punch. Races were held among the staff of Trinity College, Cambridge until the 1950s. Egg-and-spoon races were held as part of the celebrations for both the 1977 Silver Jubilee and 2012 Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. In 2012, the British Council promoted the egg-and-spoon race as a suitable event for "English days", alongside the celebration of Charles Dickens and of the Victorian era. Egg-and-spoon race Rules Competitors race either individually or in teams in the manner of a relay race. If the egg falls from the spoon then competitors may be required to stop, retrieve, and reposition their egg; or to start again; or may even be disqualified. Due to the lesser penalty imposed for dropping the egg, and consequent encouragement of greater risk-taking, the first penalty scenario may result in a race that is faster overall. Common methods of cheating include sticking the egg to the spoon, or holding onto the egg with one finger. For an extra challenge, contestants might carry the spoon with both hands, in their mouths, or have their hands tied behind their backs. Squabbles are to be avoided in the eventuality of fumbling one's egg. Egg-and-spoon race Prohibition In some schools the attendance of parents is prohibited or alternative non-competitive events staged, with the intention of sparing children the embarrassment and stigma of defeat. In others, the use of raw eggs is banned on the grounds of health and safety and fears of allergy or of competitors contracting salmonella through accidental ingestion of the contents of a broken egg. Hard-boiled, wooden, ceramic or synthetic eggs may be used in their stead, or alternative substitutes such as potatoes, small balls, or jelly. Punitive insurance premiums have also resulted in the cancellation of some events. The phrase "egg and spoon" features in The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English; its use, along with the idiom good egg with which it is sometimes confused, is frowned upon by the Metropolitan Police Service on the grounds of it being derogatory and rhyming slang for "coon". Egg-and-spoon race Records A number of world records in egg-and-spoon racing are held by New-Yorker and serial record-holder Ashrita Furman; these include, as published by Guinness World Records, fastest 100 m egg-and-spoon race (19.39 seconds); fastest 100 m egg-and-spoon race while holding the spoon in the mouth (25.13 seconds); fastest mile egg-and-spoon race (7 minutes, 8 seconds); fastest mile egg-and-spoon race holding the spoon with both hands (8 minutes, 5 seconds); and fastest mile egg-and-spoon race holding the spoon in the mouth (9 minutes, 29 seconds). In 1990 a runner completed the London Maratho


What term is used to describe the nesting place of colony forming seabirds, some seals and sea lions, and even some turtles?

Rookery R Rookery A rookery is a colony of breeding animals. The term Rookery (See disambiguation page) has also been used as a name for dense slum housing in nineteenth-century cities, and especially London . The term is applied to the nesting place of birds , such as crows and rooks, the source of the term. The breeding grounds of colony forming seabirds and marine mammals (true seals or sea lions ) and even some turtles are referred to as rookeries. Paleological evidence points to the existence of a pterodaustro rookery. (Wikipedia)


"""Everything's All Right"" and ""Heaven on Their Minds"" are songs from which musical?"

Jesus Christ Superstar Sheet Music pdf Files   BACK TO Robb's FULL JCS CHORDS AND LYRICS                 Jesus Christ Superstar Musical Score      These files were sent to me by a musician in England. THANKS PEDRO! He is working on JCS music and will perform in a production there soon. He has checked these files for accuracy. But since I have not checked them personally I cannot honestly say that they are 100% correct (or that they match my JCS Chords & Lyrics page).    I am making them available here for the many people (usually keyboardists) who write to me asking if I have a copy of the score.     If any of you find inaccuracies in the written music please let me know. Thanks!    Note: You will need Adobe Acrobat Reader to view these files.  JCS Score files in .pdf format   Robb says "THANKS to 'PEDRO' in the UK!" Note: To download   files right-click on link, choose "Save Target As..."  ACT ONE