Kilimanjaro: Facts about Africa's Highest Peak Kilimanjaro: Facts About Africa's Highest Peak By Kim Ann Zimmermann, Live Science Contributor | September 24, 2012 05:14pm ET MORE Kilimanjaro is the highest mountain in Africa at 19,341 feet (5,895 meters), but it isn't a mountain in a traditional sense. It is a giant stratovolcano that began forming about a million years ago and is composed of many layers of hardened volcanic ash, lava, pumice and tephra — fragmental material that is the fallout from a volcanic eruption. One of the Seven Summits (the highest peaks on the seven continents), Kilimanjaro is in Tanzania in east Africa. Credit: Graeme Shannon shutterstock A number of theories exist about the meaning and origin of the name. One theory is that the name is a mix of the Swahili word Kilima, meaning "mountain," and the KiChagga word Njaro, loosely translated as "whiteness." Another is that Kilimanjaro is the European pronunciation of a KiChagga phrase meaning "we failed to climb it." One of the Seven Summits (the highest peaks on the seven continents), Kilimanjaro is in Tanzania in east Africa. Kilimanjaro lies within the 292-square-mile (756 square kilometers) Kilimanjaro National Park. Kilimanjaro rises from its base approximately 16,732 feet (5,100 meters) from the plains near the Tanzanian municipality of Moshi, making it the tallest free-standing mountain in the world. There are three volcanic cones that make up Kilimanjaro: Kibo is the summit; Mawenzi at 16,893 feet (5,149 meters); and Shira at 13,000 feet (3,962 meters). Uhuru Peak is the highest summit on Kibo's crater rim. Uhuru, Swahili for "Freedom," was named in 1961 when Tanganyika gained its independence . Tanganyika later joined with the islands of Zanzibar to form Tanzania. While the other two volcanic formations are extinct — meaning that they are highly unlikely to erupt again — Kibo (the highest peak) is merely dormant, so there is the possibility that it could erupt. Estimates have the last major eruption dated to 360,000 years ago, but volcanic activity was recorded just 200 years ago. While Kibo is dormant, gas is emitted into the crater, causing several collapses and landslides, with the most extensive ones creating the area known as the Western Breach. While the name Kilimanjaro has its origins in the KiChagga word for "white," it is becoming increasingly less so. While it still covered with ice caps and glaciers at higher levels, global warming is quickly changing the climate and scientists expect the famed snows of Kilimanjaro to disappear sometime between 2022 and 2033. Climbing Kilimanjaro About 30,000 people climb Kilimanjaro each year and about three-quarters of those reach the summit. It is a relatively safe climb, and most climbers who fail to summit experience altitude-related issues or harsh weather near the peak. Temperatures at the peak can be 0 degrees F (minus 18 C), and if the winds are blowing, the wind chills reach dangerous levels. The climb can be done any time of year but the rainy winter season make the summer and early fall a popular time to climb. Kilimanjaro has five climbing routes to the summit: Marangu Route; Machame Route; Rongai Route; Lemosho Route; and Mweka Route. The popular Machame and Lemosho routes are scenic, while the busy Marangu is the easiest until the difficult final ascent to the rim of the crater. In 1861, the German officer Baron Carl Claus von der Decken and British geologist Richard Thornton  made a first attempt to climb Kibo, but had to turn back at 8,200 feet (2,500 meters). Von der Decken tried a second time the following year, and with Otto Kersten got as far as 14,000 feet (4,280 meters). In 1887, during his first attempt to climb Kilimanjaro, German geology professor Hans Meyer reached the base of Kibo, but was not properly equipped to handle the deep snow and ice and retreated. On Oct. 5, 1889,  Meyer, Marangu scout Yoanas Kinyala Lauwo and Austrian Ludwig Purtscheller were the first team to reach the summit. They were the first to confirm that Kibo has a crater, which was filled with ic


Chemical Elements.com - Tin (Sn) Bentor, Yinon. Chemical Element.com - Tin. <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/sn.html>. For more information about citing online sources, please visit the MLA's Website . This page was created by Yinon Bentor. Use of this web site is restricted by this site's license  agreement . Copyright © 1996-2012 Yinon Bentor. All Rights Reserved.


What is the heaviest internal human organ?

What Is The Largest Organ In The Human Body? | Curiosity Aroused Home   >   Health   >   What Is The Largest Organ In The Human Body? What Is The Largest Organ In The Human Body? Tweet What is the largest organ in the human body? That’s easy to answer—the skin, also known as the epidermis — your body’s hairy, breathing, secreting, self-generating, shedding, swelling, permeable and adaptive outer envelope. Just a single square inch of skin contains 3 primary layers, 11 miles of blood vessels, 650 sweat glands, 60,000 melanin-maker cells, and over 1,000 nerve endings. Photo credit: Kerela Tourism The skin is the major organ in the integumentary system, one of eleven major human organ systems comprising 78 distinct organs. Our flesh represents some seriously sophisticated, all-natural biotechnology for advanced animals. It has to be able to keep the good stuff coming in and the bad stuff out, which is no easy task. Pound of FleshThe soft outer envelope of the skin evolved to cover vertebrates; it’s what we have instead of a stony exoskeleton. As the biggest organ for mammals in general, our skin is the heaviest organ and has the largest surface area. Epidermal layers (Photo credit: Mikael Häggström) In general, adults have a total surface area of 1.5 to 2 square-meters of skin, or about 22 square-feet. Most skin is an average of 2 to 3mm thick, about as thick as a piece of craft felt fabric. That’s just an average, though — across the body, skin thickness varies quite a bit depending on location. On areas like the upper back, coverage can be as thick as 5mm, while the thinnest eyelid flesh is around 0.05mm. An adult’s dermal layers collectively weigh from six to eight pounds—about twice as hefty as either the brain or the liver. The liver weighs in at between three and four pounds, making it the second largest and heaviest organ in the human body. Keep in mind that your skin is an external organ, giving the liver the number one spot as far as internal organs are concerned. More Than One Way To Skin a CatOne of the skin’s most crucial jobs is protection of all that goes on underneath it. It must preserve moisture, regulate internal temperature, defend against harmful chemicals and bacteria, and act as the primary sensory interface between you and the environment. You excite your lover with it, and offend still others with its pungent smell. You bemoan its wrinkles, pimples and stretch marks, and delight in damaging the surface with a nice suntan. The skin makes us moist when we are dry, cool when we are hot, and gives us cancer when we are negligent. Skin makes the rest of our body work right, yet we hardly notice its importance. Bonus Facts To Arouse Your CuriosityThe Skinny on Skin CancerSkin is not meant to tan. A suntan is a symptom of damaged skin. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the U.S. Over 2 million Americans have to deal with this epidemic disease every year, and the rates are still growing, despite the fact that skin cancer is overwhelmingly preventable. The two best ways to ward off skin cancer are by not smoking and by vigilantly wearing sunscreen that contains the ingredient zinc. Zinc is the magic bullet that protects against every kind of solar radiation, including UV rays. Stretch Marks Fact and FictionPeople who lose weight or go through pregnancy, with few exceptions, cannot simply diet away the extra skin that stretched to accommodate the former load. Many weight loss promoters try to convince consumers stretch marks can be reversed or avoided if a certain product or weight loss regime is followed, but this is misleading and usually false advertising. Why, you might ask? It has to do with elasticity, the only variable you can really impact is how slowly you lose or gain weight. A slower pace of is generally better. Past a certain point of expansion, however, elastic fibers inside the skin break under pressure, and the damage is usually permanent. It’s better to save your money and learn to love those stretch marks. Winning the LottoStrangely, the largest organ in the body is also one of t


What is the United States' top agricultural product?

United States Product Map Above: A field of ripe sugarcane in Hawaii. IDAHO - potatoes, wheat INDIANA - corn, soybeans, tomatoes, peppermint IOWA - corn, soybeans KANSAS - corn, soybeans, wheat, alfalfa, sunflowers KENTUCKY - tobacco, corn, soybeans MAINE - blueberries, maple syrup, potatoes MARYLAND - greenhouse/nursery products (turf) MICHIGAN - cherries, corn, soybeans, apples Below: A cherry tree blooms in Michigan. MINNESOTA - corn, soybeans, wild rice, sugar beets MISSISSIPPI - cotton, soybeans MISSOURI - corn, soybeans, rice, hay MONTANA - wheat, barley, sugar beets NEBRASKA - corn, soybeans NEVADA - alfalfa hay, potatoes, barley, wheat, rye NEW HAMPSHIRE - greenhouse/nursery products, apples NEW JERSEY - apples, blueberries, cranberries, peaches NEW MEXICO - chile peppers, peanuts NEW YORK - apples, grapes, cabbage, corn, onions NORTH CAROLINA - tobacco, sweet potatoes, cucumbers, lima beans NORTH DAKOTA - wheat, barley, sunflowers, canola OHIO - corn, soybeans OKLAHOMA - wheat, hay, corn, peanuts, pecans OREGON - hay, grass seed, wheat, onions PENNSYLVANIA - mushrooms, wheat Above: Edible mushrooms add a wild splash of color to a lush forest in western Pennsylvania. Any United States Highway map will take you there. RHODE ISLAND - potatoes SOUTH CAROLINA - tobacco, peaches, collard greens SOUTH DAKOTA - wheat, corn, soybeans, sunflowers TENNESSEE - tobacco, soybeans, cotton TEXAS-  cotton, corn, grain, wheat UTAH - barley, wheat, potatoes, onions, corn VERMONT - apples, honey, corn, maple syrup Below: An inviting grove of maple trees in Vermont. VIRGINIA - tobacco, soybeans


"Which TV network airs ""The Colbert Report""?"

The Colbert Report TV Listings | SideReel The Colbert Report TV Listings Review 30 minutes The Colbert Report is an American satirical television program on Comedy Central that stars comedian Stephen Colbert, who previously became well known as a senior correspondent for The Daily Show. The Colbert Report is a spinoff and counterpart of The Daily Show that parodies personality-driven political pundit programs, particularly Fox News' The O'Reilly Factor.


Pillbox, Panama and Fez are types of what?

Hats By Style - Village Hat Shop VILLAGE HAT SHOP Speak with a Hat Expert 1-888-847-4287 65 cm This is a General Hat Sizing Chart: Please read each hat product page for further sizing information. INT'L: +1 619-906-4440 Se habla español Email Newsletter Copyright © 1999-2017 Village Hat Shop: The #1 Source for Hats Online * FREE SHIPPING offer valid for USA Ground service only. Excludes wholesale/B2B and special orders.


In what year was the Battle of Hastings?

The Battle of Hastings - Oct 14, 1066 - HISTORY.com The Battle of Hastings Publisher A+E Networks King Harold II of England is defeated by the Norman forces of William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings, fought on Senlac Hill, seven miles from Hastings, England. At the end of the bloody, all-day battle, Harold was killed–shot in the eye with an arrow, according to legend–and his forces were destroyed. He was the last Anglo-Saxon king of England. Just over two weeks before, William, the duke of Normandy, had invaded England, claiming his right to the English throne. In 1051, William is believed to have visited England and met with his cousin Edward the Confessor, the childless English king. According to Norman historians, Edward promised to make William his heir. On his deathbed, however, Edward granted the kingdom to Harold Godwine, head of the leading noble family in England and more powerful than the king himself. In January 1066, King Edward died, and Harold Godwine was proclaimed King Harold II. William immediately disputed his claim. On September 28, 1066, William landed in England at Pevensey, on Britain’s southeast coast, with approximately 7,000 troops and cavalry. Seizing Pevensey, he then marched to Hastings, where he paused to organize his forces. On October 13, Harold arrived near Hastings with his army, and the next day William led his forces out to give battle. After his victory at the Battle of Hastings, William marched on London and received the city’s submission. On Christmas Day, 1066, he was crowned the first Norman king of England, in Westminster Abbey, and the Anglo-Saxon phase of English history came to an end. French became the language of the king’s court and gradually blended with the Anglo-Saxon tongue to give birth to modern English. William I proved an effective king of England, and the “Domesday Book,” a great census of the lands and people of England, was among his notable achievements. Upon the death of William I in 1087, his son, William Rufus, became William II, the second Norman king of England. Related Videos


Which Country Does Nokia Belong to | Nokia Country Of Origin | WhichCountry.co Which Country Does Nokia Belong to 50 SHARES Nokia is a Multinational Communication and IT Company and and the fastest growing and much popular organization. From its official logo it is clearly observed that it is connecting people, means it is paying a major role in the communication sector and people prefer to use the products made by this company. From the start of 1998 till the end of 2012, Nokia was the Largest Mobile Phone supplier all over the world. Principal Products: Networks Internet Services It is also providing applications such as games, music, messaging and media. The most important thing which provided by Nokia is the provision of digital maps and navigation devices through its purely owned subsidiary Navteq. Totally free of cost. Nokia is the biggest cellular company having more than 101,982 Employees around the 120 different countries. At present it is the 2nd largest mobile phone company after Samsung by unit sales in 2012, Q: From Which Country Nokia Belongs and what is nokia country of origin? Ans:  Basically Nokia corporation belongs  to  FINLAND.  From the Sale in more than 150 countries it earned the revenue of €30 billion. The general information relating to Finland is as follows: Official Name :   Republic Of Finland Capital :   Helsinki Official Languages :   Finnish and Swedish Total Area :   338,424 square Kilo Meters Official Currency :   Euro


Ulan Bator is the capital of which country?

Mongolia's booming Ulan Bator, world's coldest capital, is choking on smoke - LA Times Mongolia's booming Ulan Bator, world's coldest capital, is choking on smoke Smog and ash fill the sky of Mongolia's capital Coal-fired power plants, motor vehicles and coal-heated yurts contribute to Ulan Bator's air pollution. Coal-fired power plants, motor vehicles and coal-heated yurts contribute to Ulan Bator's air pollution. Terrence Edwards Coal-fired power plants and thousands of coal-heated yurts contribute to Mongolian capital's pollution Thirteenth century Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan worshiped the sky as a god and declared it the source of power as his hordes built the world's most expansive empire. In the last few years, however, smog and ash have increasingly blotted out the sky here in modern Mongolia's capital. Coal-fired power plants and the exhaust from the growing number of motor vehicles on Ulan Bator's roads are viewed as the chief culprits, as they are from Beijing to New Delhi. But Ulan Bator's woes are exacerbated by a uniquely Mongolian factor: the tens of thousands of gers, or yurts, clustered around the city's edges. For centuries, Mongolia's nomads have dwelt in these tent-like structures made of felt. But the promise of a better education and jobs has lured hundreds of thousands to the big city. Ulan Bator has 1.3 million residents — almost half the country's population — and gers have proliferated as a cheap and familiar form of housing. With no access to the city's central heating grid, though, ger dwellers must burn coal to stay warm. And burn they do. Ulan Bator is the world's coldest capital; in January, the average low temperature was 41.3 degrees below zero, with the mercury once sinking to minus 86.8. Winter weather lingers through April, so clouds of smoke choke the skies for months on end. Ulan Bator means "red hero" in Mongolian, but the pollution is so bad that cynical locals have taken to calling their city Smoky Hero. "It's really difficult to breathe and the smoke sticks to my clothes," says Tsetsegmaa Tsoggerel, a 23-year-old shop clerk. "Everything smells and I hate it." Tsoggerel saves money by living in a ger. She bought the structure for $1,500 and pays $25 a month to lease the spot it sits on; a typical one-bedroom apartment rents for about $350 a month. But she worries about the long-term cost to her health and that of her husky puppy, Hero. Ulan Bator, Mongolila Johannes Eisele / AFP/Getty Images The air is thick with smoke in Ulan Bator, Mongolia. Coal is the chief source of heat in the world's coldest national capital.   The air is thick with smoke in Ulan Bator, Mongolia. Coal is the chief source of heat in the world's coldest national capital.   (Johannes Eisele / AFP/Getty Images) "When people sneeze or get rashes, they say they have allergies, but I don't think that's it. I think it's the pollution," she said. Mongolia, landlocked between Russia and China, became a democracy about 25 years ago after decades as a Soviet satellite. In recent years, its economy has soared as foreign mining companies have been invited to tap the nation's rich deposits of valuable minerals, helping gross domestic product to grow nearly tenfold from 2000 to 2012. Though the economy has slowed, growth continued at a robust 7.8% last year. The capital, which sits in a valley with mountains on the outskirts, was prone to bad air seasonally even before the economy started booming. Spring dust storms are common, whipping particles into the air and contributing to health problems such as eye infections. Ulan Bator, Mongolia, world's coldest national capital Johannes Eisele / AFP/Getty Images A ger, or yurt, in Ulan Bator, Mongolia’s capital. Such homes are not connected to the city’s central heating grid, and their residents burn coal for heat. A ger, or yurt, in Ulan Bator, Mongolia’s capital. Such homes are not connected to the city’s central heating grid, and their residents burn coal for heat. (Johannes Eisele / AFP/Getty Images) The booming economy has brought thousands of foreigners to Mongolia, inclu


6 Choices of July Birthstone | Kamayo Jewelry 6 Choices of July Birthstone by Deomar Pandan What is the birthstone for July? As a matter of fact, the question is more correctly asked, what are the birthstones for July? There are in total six birthstones of July, the seventh month of the year. What are the different July birthstones? Here in this article we go over the 6 types of July birthstone. Ruby the red precious stone Source: Humanfeather via Wikimedia Commons July Birthstones Ancient: Ruby, Onyx, Sardonyx & Carnelian Tibetan: Ruby The glowing ruby shall adorn, Those who in July are born; Then they’ll be exempt and free From love’s doubts and anxiety. — Gregorian birthstone poem Ruby is the modern birthstone for July, both in the United States and Britain. Ruby was likewise a traditional birthstone of July, as well as the July birthstone from as far as back as the ancient Polish, Russian, Tibetan and old Hindu (Ayurvedic) calendar. This gemstone for July is the red variety of corundum, which in a different color would be otherwise called sapphire. Ruby is a highly valuable gemstone, which is the reason the why this July gemstone remains among the 4 precious stones of the modern day. The July stone is traditionally believed to boost mental strength and reinforce courage. Carnelian Necklace Carnelian Carnelian has been designated as modern birthstone for July in Britain alongside ruby. Carnelian was also the July birthstone in the old Arabic calendar. Before the gemstone appeared in these calendars as the stone for July, carnelian was a zodiac stone for Leo, which falls partly on the month of July. This birthstone of July is the red variety of chalcedony. The July gemstone is believed to fuel passion and desire. See also Carnelian: Stone of Passion . Black Onyx Necklace Onyx Onyx is a traditional birthstone for July, and is the ancient July birthstone going back to the old Roman, Italian and Hebrew calendar. Before the gemstone materialized in these ancient calendars as the birthstone of July, onyx was the main zodiac stone for Leo, which falls partly on the month of July. This July gemstone is banded agate of black and white, but is most popularly known as the black variety of chalcedony. The July stone is a grounding stone believed to absorb negative energy. See also The Black Onyx: Stone of Power . Sardonyx Necklace Sardonyx Sardonyx is a birthstone for July in the old Russian calendar. Before the gemstone became the July birthstone in the ancient Russian calendar, sardonyx was a zodiac stone for Leo, which falls partly on the month of July. This gemstone for July is the variety of onyx occurring in bands of white and red. These bands are composed of white chalcedony and sard respectively, sard being the darker shade of carnelian. The July stone is believed to keep a person brave. See also Sardonyx: Stone of Valor . A magnificent blue sapphire ring Source: Stanislav Doronenko via Wikimedia Commons Sapphire Sapphire is the birthstone for July in the Hindu calendar. This July birthstone is precious corundum occurring in a variety of colors except red, which be otherwise called ruby. Sapphire is a highly valuable gemstone. This consistently high value keeps this July gemstone among the 4 precious stones of the modern age. The July stone is believed to bring inner peace and counteract depression. Turquoise Necklace Turquoise Turquoise is also known as a traditional birthstone for July, though most popular as the December birthstone. Turquoise is a valuable, rare opaque stone ranging in color from green to blue. This July birthstone is believed to bring clarity of mind and spiritual discernment. July Birthstone Color What color is July birthstone? The choices of modern birthstones for July in Britain are indicative of the July stone color. The most popular modern, traditional, as well as ancient birthstone of July, ruby, is red in color. Carnelian, the alternate birthstone for July in Britain and the July gemstone in the ancient Arabic calendar, is also red. Therefore, it is apparent that the July birthstone color is re


Big Boi and Andre 3000 are members of what rap group?

Home - Outkast GRAMMY-WINNING DUO TO PERFORM AT ATLANTA’S CENTENNIAL OLYMPIC PARK ON SEPTEMBER 27 Public on-sale begins Wednesday, June 18 (10am EST) June 13, 2014 – The ingenious and iconic duo, Outkast (Antwan “Big Boi” Patton and André “3000” Benjamin) will forever be associated with the city of Atlanta and now, they’re coming home #ATLast. The revered group has confirmed that they will curate and headline a homecoming show in Atlanta’s Centennial Olympic Park on Saturday, September 27. Additional artists will be announced in coming weeks. The show’s supporting partners are Atlanta’s own V103 (WVEE FM), Creative Loafing, Rival Entertainment and Bowery Presents. Public on-sale begins Wednesday, June 18 at 10am EST via Ticketmaster. Additionally, a dedicated website has been launched to provide the most current show information as additional announcements are made: www.outkastatlast.com “It’s only right that we give the hometown what we’ve been giving the rest of the world, Atliens in ATL, homecoming! Festival Killers!,” said Big Boi. “Coming from Atlanta gave us the freedom to be whatever we ever wanted to be because no one was paying attention. Now that everyone is, we want to say thank you,” said André 3000. Currently headlining festivals around the world, Outkast is celebrating their 20th anniversary. Since the announcement of their return to the prod, much speculation has been made about whether the duo would eventually reveal plans to appropriately pay homage to their hometown. Now, the official confirmation has been made #ATLast. It is impossible to quantify the creative impact and influence of Grammy-Award winning rap duo, Outkast, or the work of its members, André “3000” Benjamin and Antwan “Big Boi” Patton. Together and individually, they have set the bar for originality, blasting genre boundaries and combining mediums since their debut album Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik was released in 1994. The seismic effects of their originality continued to be felt with each subsequent release and, globally, Outkast has sold more than 25 million albums. Their critically lauded, Platinum-Certified sophomore album ATLiens (1996) was one of the rare works of art to be appreciated for being ahead of its time, in its own time. The double-Platinum Aquemini (1998) and quadruple-Platinum Stankonia (2000) received the highest praises from the loftiest critics to the most dedicated of Hip Hop fans. Both albums were ultimately enshrined in Rolling Stone Magazine’s definitive list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time in 2012. The Diamond-certified Speakerboxxx/The Love Below (2003) was not only a massive commercial success, it also earned six Grammys, including Album of the Year, making Outkast the first rap group ever to win the award in that coveted category. In 2006, the duo again pulled off the unexpected with Idlewild, a film that both members starred in and the accompanying soundtrack, which debuted at #1 on Billboard’s Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Big Boi and André 3000 are also frequent collaborators with a multitude of artists. In recent years, Big Boi has released two critically acclaimed solo albums, Luscious Leftfoot: The Son of Chico Dusty (2010) and Vicious Lies and Dangerous Rumors (2013). He has also appeared in feature films Who’s Your Caddy and ATL. In addition to a long and eclectic range of guest performances, André 3000 appeared in Be Cool, Semi-Pro, Four Brothers, and the upcoming Jimi Hendrix biopic, JIMI: All Is By My Side. Benjamin’s own high-end clothing line, Benjamin Bixby, debuted in 2010, at which time GQ Magazine named him “Best New Designer of the Year.” In January 2014, to celebrate Outkast’s 20th anniversary, the duo confirmed plans for a headlining festival tour that began at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival and continues with dates throughout the summer. #     #     #


Whose wife was turned into a pillar of salt?

Why was Lot's wife turned into a pillar of salt? Why was Lot's wife turned into a pillar of salt?   Subscribe to our Question of the Week : Question: "Why was Lot's wife turned into a pillar of salt?" Answer: Genesis 19 tells the story of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. Lot, Abraham’s nephew, lived in Sodom with his family. His daughters were engaged to local men. Lot was sitting at the gate of Sodom, the area where financial and judicial transactions took place, when two angels came into town. Lot invited them to stay with his family. After a rather exciting evening, the angels made sure Lot, his wife, and his two daughters left before God destroyed the city (Genesis 19:13). As they fled, the angels warned them, “Escape for your life! Do not look behind you, and do not stay anywhere in the valley; escape to the mountains, or you will be swept away” (Genesis 19:17). Lot ran, his daughters close behind. “But his wife, from behind him, looked back, and she became a pillar of salt” (Genesis 19:26). She lagged behind. She turned and watched the flaming sulfur fall from the sky, consuming everything she valued. Then it consumed her. The Hebrew for “looked back” means more than to glance over one’s shoulder. It means “to regard, to consider, to pay attention to.” The Scriptures don’t say whether her death was a punishment for valuing her old life so much that she hesitated in obeying, or if it was a simple consequence of her reluctance to leave her life quickly. Either she identified too much with the city—and joined it—or she neglected to fully obey God’s warning, and she died. We’re fortunate to receive similar warnings. Ephesians 4:22-24 tells us to take off the old self that is ruled by sin and be renewed, putting on the new self that is in the likeness of God. Similarly, 1 John 5:16 says that willful, deliberate sin can lead to death. Lot’s wife wasn’t able to accept that. What she chose to value in her heart led her to sin, which led to her death. The Bible isn’t clear whether Lot’s wife was covered in the salt that rained down with the brimstone or if her remains were dusted with a coating of salt later. But it is interesting that she is described as a “pillar.” The Hebrew for “pillar” refers to a garrison or a deputy, that is, something set to watch over something else. The image of Lot’s wife standing watch over the Dead Sea area—where to this day no life can exist—is a poignant reminder to us not to look back or turn back from the profession of faith we have made, but to follow Christ without hesitation and abide in His love (Luke 17:32).


The History of Espresso The History of Espresso History in a cup – the story of espresso by Andreanne Hamel   Did Espresso come from Seattle? Starbucks may have made it famous, but espresso got its start a long way from Seattle. Read on to learn how this quintessential Italian beverage got its start. How did we ever get along without espresso? In the last ten years, it’s become easy to find a coffee shop on nearly every corner where you can find many of the countless combinations like cappuccinos and lattes that use espresso as their base. But long before Starbucks conquered mom-and-pop coffee shops the world over, this humble yet exquisite beverage got its start in a kitchen in Italy. Like many great inventions, espresso was born out of necessity, Its inventor simply wanted to have his coffee faster and went about finding a way to quicken the brewing process. Before we get to that story, let’s take a look at what espresso is and how it’s made today. Strength under pressure Espresso is essentially a strong black coffee that’s been brewed under intense pressure. Hot water is forced through very finely ground beans until a concentrated coffee with a delicate, chocolate-colored foam on top, called a crema,is produced. It can then be sipped as is or mixed with milk to create a latte. Arabica Coffee Tree The majority of espresso served in North America and Europe is made from Arabica beans, the same type used in regular drip coffee. Robusta beans, a close cousin of the Arabica varietals, are sometimes used to give coffee a higher caffeine content, but generally contain less flavor. It’s also worth noting that, per serving, espresso contains less caffeine than regular coffee. While there are a wide variety of espresso machines available in today’s market, from industrial machines seen in high-end espresso bars to tiny, hand-operated devices meant to be carried on camping trips, they all operate on the same principle. Coffee grounds are packed firmly, or tamped, into a small basket where steaming hot water from inside the machine is forced through the filter’s openings and into a cup below or receptacle above. If you’re in the market for an espresso machine, you might hear quite a few references to the number of “bars” a machine will produce. A “bar” is a scientific measurement commonly used in Europe to define the intensity of atmospheric pressure at sea level. A good espresso machine should be able to produce between 9 and 18 bars of pressure, meaning it takes pressure more than nine times what you find at sea level to produce one shot of espresso. And it all happens in 25 seconds or less. An invention, pronto! Ok, so now that we’ve learned just what espresso is, and how pressure sets it apart from ordinary coffee, it’s time to find out how that pressure gave espresso its start. Espresso first appeared in Italy in the early 20th century. Coffee had already become a necessity to Italian daily life thanks to North African Muslims who brought it through Venice’s ports during the Renaissance. We owe much of the mystique coffee to Venetian merchants who charged wealthy patrons hefty sums to try out this new fangled drink when the first coffeehouses opened in the 1640’s. Fast forward about 200 years and we find business man Luigi Bezzera tinkering away with this coffee pot to find a way to make coffee faster. In 1903, Bezzera owned a manufacturing business and was frustrated by the time-consuming process of brewing his own coffee at home each morning. He soon found that adding steam pressure to the machine not only cut down on the brewing process but also produced a stronger, more robust cup of coffee. This new quick-brew process drew out the coffee bean’s best qualities but somehow avoided over extraction. Bezzera immediately named his invention the “Fast Coffee Machine”. Since the word ‘espresso’ means fast in Italian, the name of the beverage the machine produced was quickly shortened to what we know today. Unfortunately, Bezzera wasn’t as talented at marketing and sales as he was at engineering. In 1905, another businessman na


"In what city does the movie ""Robocop"" take place?"

RoboCop | Official Movie Site | Sony Pictures Story In RoboCop, the year is 2028 and multinational conglomerate OmniCorp is at the center of robot technology. Overseas, their drones have been used by the military for years, but have been forbidden for law enforcement in America. Now OmniCorp wants to bring their controversial technology to the home front, and they see a golden opportunity to do it. When Alex Murphy (Joel Kinnaman) – a loving husband, father and good cop doing his best to stem the tide of crime and corruption in Detroit – is critically injured, OmniCorp sees their chance to build a part-man, part-robot police officer. OmniCorp envisions a RoboCop in every city and even more billions for their shareholders, but they never counted on one thing: there is still a man inside the machine.


Whose embalmed body has been on display near Red Square since 1924?

Other world leaders whose bodies are on display Other world leaders whose bodies are on display The Associated Press Share View photos FILE - In this Dec. 20, 2011 file photo released by the Korean Central News Agency and distributed in Tokyo by the Korea News Service, the body of North Korean leader Kim Jong Il is laid in the Kumsusan Memorial Palace in Pyongyang, North Korea. Kim died on Saturday, Dec. 17, 2011. Kim Jong Il is one of several world leaders whose bodies have been preserved and put on perpetual display, as Venezuela's government plans to do with Hugo Chavez. (AP Photo/Korean Central News Agency via Korea News Service) More World leaders whose bodies have been preserved and put on perpetual display, as Venezuela's government plans to do with Hugo Chavez: ___ VLADIMIR LENIN: Body of Soviet Union's founder has been displayed since January 1924 in a mausoleum at Red Square. His tomb is one of Moscow's most famous symbols and Communists consider it almost a shrine. The embalmment for display is considered the model for subsequent Communist world leaders put on exhibit. ___ JOSEF STALIN: Soviet dictator's embalmed body was put on display next to Lenin on March 9, 1953. Soviet authorities ordered it removed from the tomb Oct. 31, 1961, and had it buried during a period of de-Stalinization. ___ HO CHI MINH: Corpse of the Vietnamese revolutionary leader was put on display on Aug. 29, 1975. It rests in a glass sarcophagus in the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum in Hanoi and is a popular destination for tourists. ___ MAO ZEDONG: Embalmed body of the founding father of the People's Republic of China was unveiled on Sept. 9, 1977. It rests in the Chairman Mao Memorial Hall in the center of Tiananmen Square in Beijing. Long lines of people form daily to view the man commonly known as Chairman Mao. ___ KIM IL SUNG: Preserved body of the man considered the founding father of North Korea was unveiled on July 8, 1995. It lies under glass for viewing purposes in the Kumsusan mausoleum, a cavernous former presidential palace. ___ KIM JONG IL: The leader's body, still in his trademark khaki jumpsuit, was unveiled on Dec. 17, 2012, the anniversary of his death. It rests a few floors below the body of his father, Kim Il Sung, in the Kumsusan mausoleum. Reblog


"On what planet did the movie ""Planet of the Apes"" take place?"

Planet of the Apes (1968) - FAQ The content of this page was created directly by users and has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff. Visit our FAQ Help to learn more FAQ How much sex, violence, and profanity are in this movie? For detailed information about the amounts and types of (a) sex and nudity, (b) violence and gore, (c) profanity, (d) alcohol, drugs, and smoking, and (e) frightening and intense scenes in this movie, consult the IMDb Parents Guide for this movie. The Parents Guide for Planet of the Apes can be found here . What is 'Planet of the Apes' about? Three U.S. astronauts -- Taylor ( Charlton Heston ), Landon ( Robert Gunner ), and Dodge ( Jeff Burton ) -- awaken from hypersleep to find that their spaceship has crash landed on an unknown planet where apes are the intelligent species and humans are prelingual and uncivilized. Taylor is captured and held in a cage with human female Nova ( Linda Harrison ) and befriended by chimpanzee scientists Zira ( Kim Hunter ) and Cornelius ( Roddy McDowall ), who are surprised when they learn that Taylor can read, write, and speak. Cornelius believes that Taylor may be a survivor of an ancient human race of which he has found evidence in his archeological digs, but orangutan Minister of Science, Doctor Zaius ( Maurice Evans ), considers this idea to be heresy and orders Taylor be turned over for brain research. Is "Planet of the Apes" based on a book? Planet of the Apes is based on the 1963 novel La Planï¿½te des Singes by French writer Pierre Boulle. It was translated into English by British writer and translator Xan Fielding and published as Monkey Planet (1963). The novel was adapted for the screen by American screenwriter Rod Serling, then rewritten by Michael Wilson. It was followed by four sequels: Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970), Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971), Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972), and Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973). In what year does the story take place? The spaceship's calendar says that it is Earth year 3978, just over 2000 years after Taylor and his crew took off from Cape Canaveral in 1972. Because they have been traveling at close to the speed of light, they have not aged significantly. To them, it's only been 18 months. What was the ape hierarchy in the film? It's unclear as to whether there was an actual hierarchy. Some viewers saw the orangutans on top, the gorillas at the bottom, and the chimps in between. Others felt it was more of a demarcation in preference of professions. The gorillas, with their strength and apparent appreciation for authority, tended to join the military and law enforcement; the orangutans tended to prefer political and religious professions; and the chimpanzees, with their curiosity, seemed to prefer scientific (and probably adventuresome) professions. Given the fact that the apes' philosophy seems fundamentally based on religious doctrines of ape dominance, it is implied that this gives the orangutans, the defendors of the faith, a significant basis of influence (comparable to clerical leaders in deeply religious areas). However you look at the ape hierarchy, one thing was perfectly clear...humans were beneath them all. Why did the apes immediately lobotomize Landon but not Taylor? Landon was hit in the head with a club during the round-up and, according to Dr Zaius, suffered a skull fracture. Taylor was shot in the neck and was unable to speak for several days (possibly weeks?) afterward. Consequently, many viewers have surmised that Landon may have been screaming and cursing after he was captured and that Dr Zaius had him immediately lobotomized to hide the fact that he was a human with the ability to speak -- people who suffer severe brain injuries often become "altered", that is, their brain starts acting abnormally and they can become belligerent or even violent, which could have been the case with Landon. Although there is no onscreen evidence to prove that's how it happened, it can be noted that Zaius must have known that Landon also had the ability to speak. In the


"What is the English name for the group ""Médecins Sans Frontières""?"

About Us | MSF USA About Us About Us James Keogh/Wostok Press We are Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF). We help people worldwide where the need is greatest, delivering emergency medical aid to people affected by conflict, epidemics, disasters, or exclusion from health care.


Croissants are usually associated with France. But which country are they from originally?

The Best Croissant in Paris - David Lebovitz The Best Croissant in Paris 36 comments - 02.05.2007 Truth is, I don’t eat croissants very often for the simple reason that I don’t like to get dressed until I’ve had my morning coffee & toast. So having one is a relatively big deal for me, since croissants are only good early in the day: I refuse to eat one after 11am if I can help it. Like anything made with copious amounts of butter, they don’t get better the longer they’ve been out of a hot oven. Although stories abound, no one quite knows who invented le croissant. It’s believe to be in an invention of the Austrians, who created a crescent-shaped pastry to oppose the Ottomans, who had invaded their country. They symbol of Turkey is a crescent, and granted, who doesn’t like to eat Turkey? Except maybe vegetarians. So maybe croissants were invented by and/or for vegetarians? Aha…a new theory emerges…this is how rumors get started on the internet, folks, and perhaps people will be quoting me decades later: “David Lebovitz says croissants were invented for Austrian vegetarians!” But today, I think few would argue that the croissant is most closely associated with France and in fact, one rarely comes across a bakery in Paris that doesn’t offer their own version. If you need further proof of their proprietary alliance with French gastronomy, ask yourself when was the last time you heard the words das croissant? A recent listing in Le Figaro to discover the ‘best’ croissant in Paris gave top nod to the buttery crescent at Pierre Hermé . Sorry Petey, but I ain’t schlepping across Paris to the rue Bonaparte to get there before 11am. And, more importantly, my local bakery has extraordinary croissants, which I would put up against any other croissant in Paris’ top honors category. Whatever pâtisserie you visit, be sure to only ingest a true croissant au beurre, which has that unmistakable smell of deeply-toasted, caramelized-crunchy French beurre. Stay away from croissants ordinaires, which are made with margarine and are, oddly enough, usually crescent-shaped, but to the extreme. Anyhow, I’ve been craving a croissant au beurre for a few weeks now and been vowing to myself to go out and get one in the morning. But when I wake up, with the gray winter haze peeking through the curtains, the idea of going out and facing the public has lost its appeal (no matter how much I convince myself the night before that tomorrow’s gonna be ‘the day’, which I’ve been doing for a few weeks now.) But this weekend, I woke up determined. And it was bright and sunny, which gave me a little motivation for getting out. Before doing anything else, I slipped on my Levis , put on a decent shirt, and made my way over to Au Levain du Marais. The woman behind the counter slipped two buttery beauties in a little waxy paper sack for me, snapped the ends closed with a deft couple of twists, and handed ’em over. I took a deep whiff in the bag while riding up my little elevator, and when I got back inside my apartment, I changed back into my pj’s, fired up a steamy café au lait, and enjoyed each flaky, buttery bite with a creamy-yellow dab of salty French butter dotted with crunchy nuggets of fleur de sel. Ah, the sweet life indeed… Au Levain du Marais Tél: 01 48 05 17 14 (Closed Tuesday and Wednesday) Métro: Bastille or Chemin Vert UPDATE: As of June 2011, Au Levain du Marais is under new ownership. The croissants have changed and are not the same as they were in the past but the one I had in October 2011 was still very good. Related Posts and Links


What 13th century conqueror is thought to have more than 350 million direct descendents?

Top 10 People With The Most Descendants Ever - Toptenz.net Toptenz.net Posted by Guest Author on September 6, 2012 in History , People | 26,267 Views | 35 Responses Parents with multiple kids have come under fire recently due to reality stars such as Nadya “Octomom” Suleyman and Michelle and Jim Bob Duggar. Critics say their kids lack the proper support for a healthy upbringing. However, these two look downright infertile compared to the great reproducers of history. Here are 10 people who have the most living offspring and descendants on the planet. 10.  Yitta Schwarz A survivor of the Holocaust, Yitta Schwarz spent her life thumbing her nose at Hitler by replacing many of the Jews that he exterminated. Although she doesn’t have as many progeny as those further down the list, Schwarz deserve honorable mention for directly (and indirectly) producing over 2,000 descendants in her lifetime, a task she considered a tribute to God. She was a member of the conservative Satmar Hasidic sect, whose members often average nine children. Schwarz went above and beyond, having 15 children who, in turn, each averaged more than 10 children of their own. In order to deal with such a massive extended family, she purchased industrial baking equipment to make enough challah for the Sabbath . By the time of Schwarz’s 2010 death, she had over 1,800 great-grandchildren and great-great-grandchildren – more than a large city high school. Source 9.  Giocangga Giocangga, who died in 1582, was the forefather of the Qing dynasty and has 1.5 million descendants living today, mostly in northeastern China and Mongolia. Like many of the other rulers on this list, his line expanded rapidly due to its power and all the coupling partners that came with it. The Qing dynasty was established by his grandson and completely ruled China by 1664. “[They] were a highly privileged elite class, and they had several wives and concubines,” said Chris Tyler-Smith, who worked on the genetic study. A normal Chinese person living in Giocangga’s time only has 20 living descendants today, meaning that he spread his DNA 800,000 times better than the next guy. Source 8.  Niall of the Nine Hostages If you are Irish, then lift up your pint of stout to Niall of the Nine Hostages. There’s more than a 10 percent chance he’s your forefather, as he is for 3 million men, and approximately one in 12 Irishmen. Niall was a warlord in 5th century Ireland, a chaotic time when Roman rule collapsed in the West and chieftains such as himself took control. He and his descendants filled in the power vacuum, and Niall established a dynasty of rulers that controlled much of Ireland for six hundred years. His line was also prolific with the ladies. A member of his dynasty, who died in 1423, had 18 sons. Thanks to nineteenth-century Irish immigration to the U.S., many Americans also carry his blood, such as 2% of all New Yorkers. Source 7.  Genghis Khan The 13th-century Mongolian ruler ravaged China, Russia, Samarkand, and the rest of the Silk Road territories, conquering an area three times the size of Rome . As a result, he obtained all the women that come with such medieval victories. Genghis had six Mongolian wives, many foreign wives who were daughters of conquered kings, and concubines obtained by plundering enemy territory. His soldiers explicitly handed over the most beautiful women to him. But the main reason Genghis’ descendants are so numerous is that, for centuries after his death, a Central Asian ruler needed to be his descendant to claim legitimacy. As a result, a true descendant of his had no shortage of coupling partners. Genghis’ oldest son had 40 legitimate sons; his grandson Kublai Khan had 22. Today, nearly 16 million men, or one in every 200 men on earth, are directly descended from Genghis Khan. In the domains of the former Mongolian Empire, that number rises to one-in-eight. You could say there’s a little bit of Genghis in all of us. Source 6.  William the Conqueror William led the 1066 Norman invasion of England, forever changing the island’s language and genetic makeup. H


Bibliophile | Define Bibliophile at Dictionary.com bibliophile [bib-lee-uh-fahyl, -fil] /ˈbɪb li əˌfaɪl, -fɪl/ Spell noun 1. a person who loves or collects books, especially as examples of fine or unusual printing, binding, or the like. Expand [bib-lee-of-uh-list] /ˌbɪb liˈɒf ə lɪst/ (Show IPA). Origin of bibliophile [bib-lee-oh-fil-ik] /ˌbɪb li oʊˈfɪl ɪk/ (Show IPA), adjective Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for bibliophile Expand Contemporary Examples What did he, a classically trained actor and bibliophile, really see in her? Waiting for Daylight Henry Major Tomlinson Diane de Poitiers, a true chasseresse des bouquins, was herself the daughter of a bibliophile. The Great Book-Collectors Charles Isaac Elton and Mary Augusta Elton What bibliophile does not prefer the companionship of his books to that of all other friends? The Book-Hunter at Home P. B. M. Allan Charles was more of a bibliophile than might be guessed from his orthography. The Book-Hunter at Home P. B. M. Allan He had been the underbidder, but what chance had a poor devil of a bibliophile against the wealthy captains of industry? The Unpublishable Memoirs A. S. W. Rosenbach Bibliography is perhaps the subject nearest to the heart of every bibliophile. The Book-Hunter at Home P. B. M. Allan It may be readily surmised that he had not many of the tastes of a bibliophile, nor time in which to indulge them.


What is the most popular spectator sport in Japan?

Sports - Explore Japan - Kids Web Japan - Web Japan Kids Web Japan A girl practicing karate-do, a martial art that hones both physical and spiritual strength (JKF) Children practicing kendo, Japanese fencing using bamboo swords (Tokyo Metropolitan Government) Many different sports are played in Japan. Traditional martial arts like judo and kendo are popular, as are sports imported from overseas, such as baseball and soccer (football). Many Japanese go to the sea for surfing and scuba diving in the summer, while skiing and snowboarding are popular winter pursuits. Major Sports Baseball is one of the most popular spectator sports in Japan. There are 12 professional baseball teams, six in the Central League and six in the Pacific League. The teams in each league play about 140 games each during the season, at the end of which the two league winners meet in the Japan Series. Amateur baseball is also popular, and many schoolchildren play the game through local Little Leagues or school baseball clubs. The National High-School Baseball Championship, which is held twice a year, is fought out among schools that have survived tough qualifying rounds to represent their prefectures. Since Japan's own professional soccer league, J. League, was founded in 1993, soccer has won more and more fans in Japan. The 2002 FIFA World Cup was cohosted by Japan and the Republic of Korea, and this has greatly increased the popularity of soccer. In the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, Japan made it to the Round of 16. Many Japanese players have joined overseas teams and play in the top European leagues. Japan also has women's soccer leagues, in which most of the players are amateurs. In 2011, the Japanese women's national team won the FIFA Women's World Cup held in Germany and in the 2012 London Olympics, the team won the silver medal. This has helped raise the profile of women's soccer in Japan and increased the player population. Children practicing judo, which has been an Olympic sport since the 1964 Tokyo Games (Kodokan) Martial Arts Traditional martial arts, such as judo, kendo, karate-do, and aikido, thrive in modern Japan thanks to the devotion of those who practice them. In judo, which literally means "the gentle way," the key to overcoming an opponent lies in taking advantage of their strength. Now popular all over the world, judo has firmly established itself as an official Olympic event since its first inclusion in the Games in 1964. Following in the footsteps of judo, kendo (Japanese fencing) has also succeeded in attracting a loyal overseas following in recent years. Kendo competitors wear armor-like protective gear and use bamboo swords to attack and defend. Karate-do came to Japan from China through the Ryukyu Kingdom (present-day Okinawa). Karate-do competitors do not wear any kind of protection and fight using only their hands and feet. Sumo Sumo, Japan's national sport, has a history spanning more than 1,000 years. As it used to be held as a way of giving thanks for harvests, sumo still involves many rituals. Rikishi (sumo wrestlers), whose hair is styled like that of ancient warriors, wear only a special silk belt and fight using only their bare hands. Most weigh between 100 and 200 kilograms. They fight in the 4.5-meter wide dohyo (ring) until one either leaves the ring or touches the ground with any part of his body other than the soles of his feet. While the rules are simple, the techniques are not, and there are more than 80 ways to win. Professional sumo tournaments take place six times a year and last 15 days each. Sumo has attracted attention outside Japan through exhibition tours to various countries and the success of wrestlers from overseas. Olympic Games Amateur sport also thrives in Japan, which always sends strong teams to the Olympic Games. A team of 339 Japanese athletes competed in the 2008 Beijing Olympics, and 94 took part in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. The Olympics have been held in Japan three times: Tokyo hosted the Summer Games in 1964 - the first Olympics ever


What type of animal was commonly used to deliver messages during WWI?

Pigeons of War - America in WWII magazine   Pigeons of War In fierce fighting and deep in enemy territory, American pigeons carried life-or-death messages that radio and field phones could not. By Joe Razes The company of Nepali Gurkhas and the British troops with them were trapped on Hangman’s Hill. They had fought their way onto the huge outcropping on Monte Cassino, southeast of Rome, during the fierce battle there in early 1944, only to be pinned down by withering German fire. Stuck for nine days, they had no means of communication with their lines below. American bombers dropped food and water to them, but much of it fell into German hands. Finally, three British volunteers set out toward the trapped men by three different routes. Each carried a haversack with an American homing pigeon inside. One man got pinned down by machine gun spray, but the other two penetrated German lines and reached their destination. All three men scribbled short messages about the routes they had taken and sent them off to headquarters by pigeon. That night, Allied guns opened fire to clear an escape route along the safe paths the scouts had identified, and the trapped soldiers slipped away to safety. The pigeons, meanwhile, rested safely in their loft. Sending messages with homing pigeons is one of the oldest methods of long-distance communication. The earliest documented use of pigeons by an army was by the Romans more than 2,000 years ago. During World War I, both sides routinely used homing pigeons as couriers. At the urging of General of the Armies John Pershing, the US Army Signal Corps established a pigeon service in 1917. Communications improved considerably between World Wars I and II, but pigeons were still used throughout World War II as supplemental and emergency means of communication. Their duties varied depending on the branch of service. But wherever the army, navy, coast guard, or marines went, pigeons likely went, too—some bearing colorful names such as Lady Astor, Pepperhead, or Holy Ghost, and others known only by a number. Taken across enemy lines by patrols in pursuit of valuable information, they returned with news on the location and strength of enemy troops, gun positions, pending attacks, traffic conditions, and other vital data. Pigeons were the only means of communication for some advanced observation posts where terrain or proximity to enemy lines made it impossible to string wire or use a radio. Carried in baskets, in a sling under the arm, or in a patrol member’s shirtfront, the birds were released under fire, and most succeeded in getting through. A pigeon toted its message in a tiny capsule fastened to one leg until handlers started attaching a larger capsule, the size of a cigar tube, to the pigeon’s back; this could carry a bigger load, perhaps including maps, photos, and detailed reports. Very few messages—less than one percent—were coded, because pigeons were so dependable at reaching their destinations. By the time the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the US Army had already expanded its communications operation. The Signal Corps recruited experienced wire specialists from the telephone industry, cameramen from the motion picture industry—and pigeon handlers from pigeon fanciers’ associations nationwide. By February 1941, incoming GIs could report any experience they had handling pigeons and possibly get an assignment in that field. Meanwhile, the military conducted a census of racing pigeon lofts and asked owners to register their lofts for possible military use. Congress debated a law prohibiting hunters from shooting pigeons. On January 9, 1942, the Signal Corps issued a call to civilian pigeon fanciers for young, healthy birds of both genders. The army offered to purchase birds for five dollars each—half the average market price—but hoped to receive them as gifts or on loan. The American Racing Pigeon Union and the International Federation of American Homing Pigeon Fanciers lent their aid to the drive. The press devoted countless column inches to the effort. The article “Cheer U


"What legendary ""steel-driving man"" died after defeating a steam-powered hammer?"

John Henry Biography at Black History Now - Black Heritage Commemorative Society Jun 9th, 2011 | By BHS | Category: Activism , Social Sciences Mid-Late 19th Century  John Henry, about whom little is known, is a subject of legend and song, and may well have been a real person living in the late 19th century in West Virginia or Alabama. The legend is the best-known black “tall tale,” honoring the achievements of an individual under difficult circumstances. In the case of John Henry, a “steel driving man,” he is memorialized for defeating a steam-powered machine in a test of strength and fortitude. As such, he continues to serve a vital mythic purpose in dramatizing the power of African Americans, and workers of all races. The Facts There is some evidence that John Henry was a historical man, probably an emancipated slave born in either North Carolina or Virginia in the decade of the 1840s or 1850s. He apparently grew to great size, perhaps over six feet tall and weighing over 200 pounds, matched by big appetites for food and hard work. Like many recently freed African Americans, he went to work for the railroads during the post-Civil War Reconstruction period. At the time, many rail lines were pushing west through the Appalachian Mountains, part of the drive to expand the still-young nation to the western frontier. The challenge of penetrating those mountains was formidable. Tunnels had to be blasted through the rock using manual labor. The technique was to drive a deep hole into the rock with a steel shaft called a drill, in which explosives would be placed and ignited to blast incrementally into the mountain. The drill was pounded in by a “steel driver” wielding a sledgehammer of considerable weight. Each driver had an assistant, called a “turner,” who held the drill and rotated it between hammer blows. Both were hazardous, sweaty, exhausting jobs, but it was some of the only work available at that time. Newly designed mechanical drivers, powered by steam engines, were beginning to be tested and used to improve efficiency and reduce costs. The historical John Henry is widely believed to have worked as a steel-driver for the Chesapeake & Ohio, or C&O Railway. Recent academic research suggests that the actual location may have been in Alabama in the year 1887. In any event, the C&O was at that time extending its line west into the Ohio Valley. Progress was halted at one point by Big Bend Mountain in Talcott, West Virginia, a one-and-a-half mile obstruction that could not be circumvented. Beginning in 1870, a tunnel was blasted through the mountain over a three-year period. A roadside sign near the tunnel entrance reads as follows: “Tradition makes this the scene of the steel drivers’ ballad, ‘John Henry’.” Hundreds of African American and white laborers died blasting this tunnel, and others like it, due to unsafe conditions and brutal 12-hour days. In such difficult and close quarters, songs and stories provided both entertainment and inspiration for the men. The Legend The legend itself bears the hallmarks of mythic archetypal power. Usually told in the form of a ballad, it is one of the best-known and most recorded American songs. According to its narrative, the white railroad owners and their field bosses, or “Captains,” allowed the salesman for a steam engine driver to bring his machine to Big Bend Tunnel. John Henry, who in some versions of the tall tale was born eight feet tall and went to work at three weeks of age, realized this was an assault on his and his coworkers’ effectiveness and their livelihood. He, therefore, challenged the salesman to a contest between him and the machine. At the end of the day-long competition, John Henry had driven more steel with his 14-pound hammer than the mechanical contraption, but he died a martyr on the spot, exhausted by his Herculean efforts or perhaps from heartbreak on realizing what inevitably lay in store. Beyond its powerful core of racial pride, the legend has migrated to more universal themes of workers and owners, underdogs and oppressors, the individual and society, a


gorilla, guerilla at Homophone.com gorilla :: noun The largest of the anthropoid apes (Gorilla gorilla) native to the forests of equatorial Africa, having a stocky body and coarse, dark brown or black hair. :: noun Definitions    from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition and Wordnik. Share gorilla, guerilla Facebook Twitter Email About Homophones Homophones (literally "same sound") are usually defined as words that     share the same pronunciation, regardless of how they are spelled. If they are spelled the same then they are also homographs (and homonyms);     if they are spelled differently then they are also heterographs (literally "different writing"). Random homophones Get in touch! We're always discovering and adding new homophones to Homophone.com...      In fact, we just added these homophones      about 2 years ago: moo, moue . Many new additions are thanks to contributions from users like you. If you think we're missing any homophones, let us know by emailing me at al@homophone.com You can also visit my main business at aafinancial.com


What is the name for the art of preparing and stuffing animal skins?

taxidermy | Definition, meaning & more | Collins Dictionary taxidermy for learners of EnglishPowered by COBUILD (tæksidɜːʳmi ) Definitions uncountable noun Taxidermy is the craft of preparing the skins of dead animals and birds and filling them with a special material to make them look as if they are alive . COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary. Copyright © HarperCollins Publishers taxidermy (ˈtæksɪˌdɜːmɪ ) Definitions noun the art or process of preparing , stuffing , and mounting animal skins so that they have a lifelike appearance Collins English Dictionary. Copyright © HarperCollins Publishers Derived forms taxidermal (ˌtaxiˈdermal) or taxidermic (ˌtaxiˈdermic) adjective


What empire was ruled by Nebuchadnezzar?

The Chaldean Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II The Chaldean Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II N Page for the Ancient / Classical History Glossary The Chaldean Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II Nebuchadnezzar Cylinder Seal declaring his restoration of a temple: "Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, the restorer of the temples: Esogil and Ezida, the first-born son of Nabopolossar, King of Babylon, am I.".  CC Tiffany Silva at Flickr.com Name: Nabû-kudurri-uşur in Akkadian (means 'Nabû protect my child') or Nebuchadnezzar Important Dates: r. 605-562 B.C. Occupation: Monarch Claim to Fame: Destroyed the temple of Solomon and started the Babylonian Captivity of the Hebrews. King Nebuchadnezzar II was the son of Nabopolassar (Belesys, to Hellenistic writers), who came from the Marduk-worshiping Kaldu tribes living in the extreme southern part of Babylonia. Nabopolassar started the Chaldean period (626-539 B.C.) by restoring Babylonian independence, following the fall of the Assyrian Empire in 605. Nebuchadnezzar was the most famous and important king of the Second Babylonian (or Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean) Empire, which fell to the Persian great king Cyrus the Great in 539 B.C. Accomplishments of Nebuchadnezzar II Nebuchadnezzar restored old religious monuments and improved canals, as other Babylonian kings had done. He was the first Babylonian king to rule Egypt, and controlled an empire that extended to Lydia, but his best-known accomplishment was his palace --- a place used for administrative, religious, ceremonial, as well as residential purposes -- especially the legendary Hanging Gardens of Babylon , one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world . continue reading below our video 10 Facts About the Titanic That You Don't Know "Babylon, too, lies in a plain; and the circuit of its wall is three hundred and eighty-five stadia. The thickness of its wall is thirty-two feet; the height thereof between the towers is fifty cubits;9 that of the towers is sixty  cubits ; and the passage on top of the wall is such that four-horse chariots can easily pass one another; and it is on this account that this and the hanging garden are called one of the Seven Wonders of the World. " Josephus In Answer to Appion Book II Building Projects The Hanging Gardens were on a terrace supported by brick arches. Nebuchadnezzar's building projects included surrounding his capital city with a double wall 10-miles long with an elaborate entry called the Ishtar Gate . "3] On the top, along the edges of the wall, they built houses of a single room, facing each other, with space enough between to drive a four-horse chariot. There are a hundred gates in the circuit of the wall, all of bronze, with posts and lintels of the same." Herodotus The Histories Book I .179.3 "These walls are the city's outer armor; within them there is another encircling wall, nearly as strong as the other, but narrower." Herodotus The Histories Book I.181.1 He also built a port on the Persian Gulf . Conquests Nebuchadnezzar defeated the Egyptian Pharaoh Necho at Carchemish in 605. In 597, he captured Jerusalem, deposed King Jehoiakim, and put Zedekiah on the throne, instead. Many leading Hebrew families were exiled at this time. Nebuchadnezzar defeated the Cimmerians and Scythians [see Tribes of the Steppes ] and then turned west, again, conquering Western Syria and destroying Jerusalem, including the Temple of Solomon, in 586. He put down a rebellion under Zedekiah, whom he had installed, and exiled more Hebrew families. He took the inhabitants of Jerusalem prisoner and brought them to Babylon, for which reason this period in Biblical history is referred to as the Babylonian captivity. Also Known As: Nebuchadnezzar the Great Alternate Spellings: Nabu-kudurri-usur, Nebuchadrezzar, Nabuchodonosor Examples: Sources for Nebuchadnezzar include various books of the Bible (e.g., Ezekial and Daniel ) and Berosus (Hellenistic Babylonian writer). His many building projects provide archaeological record, including written accounts of his accomplishments in the area of honoring the gods with temple


What country became independent from Pakistan in 1971?

INDEPENDENT PAKISTAN INDEPENDENT PAKISTAN Pakistan Table of Contents Problems at Independence In August 1947, Pakistan was faced with a number of problems, some     immediate but others long term. The most important of these concerns was     the role played by Islam. Was Pakistan to be a secular state serving as     a homeland for Muslims of the subcontinent, or was it to be an Islamic     state governed by the sharia, in which non-Muslims would be second-class     citizens? The second question concerned the distribution of power     between the center and the provincial governments, a question that     eventually led to the dissolution of the country with the painful loss     of the East Wing (East Bengal, later East Pakistan, now Bangladesh) in     1971, an issue that remained unresolved in the mid-1990s. The territory of Pakistan was divided into two parts at independence,     separated by about 1,600 kilometers of Indian territory. The 1940 Lahore     Resolution had called for independent "states" in the     northwest and the northeast. This objective was changed, by a 1946     meeting of Muslim League legislators to a call for a single state (the     acronym Pakistan had no letter for Bengal). Pakistan lacked the     machinery, personnel, and equipment for a new government. Even its     capital, Karachi, was a second choice--Lahore was rejected because it     was too close to the Indian border. Pakistan's economy seemed enviable     after severing ties with India, the major market for its commodities.     And much of Punjab's electricity was imported from Indian power     stations. Above all other concerns were the violence and the refugee problem:     Muslims were fleeing India; Hindus and Sikhs were fleeing Pakistan.     Jinnah's plea to regard religion as a personal matter, not a state     matter, was ignored. No one was prepared for the communal rioting and     the mass movements of population that followed the June 3, 1947, London     announcement of imminent independence and partition. The most     conservative estimates of the casualties were 250,000 dead and 12     million to 24 million refugees. The actual boundaries of the two new     states were not even known until August 17, when they were announced by     a commission headed by a British judge. The boundaries-- unacceptable to     both India and Pakistan--have remained. West Pakistan lost Hindus and Sikhs. These communities had managed     much of the commercial activity of West Pakistan. The Sikhs were     especially prominent in agricultural colonies. They were replaced     largely by Muslims from India, mostly Urdu speakers from the United     Provinces. Although some people, especially Muslims from eastern Punjab     (in India), settled in western Punjab (in Pakistan), many headed for     Karachi and other cities in Sindh, where they took the jobs vacated by     departing Hindus. In 1951 close to half of the population of Pakistan's     major cities were immigrants (muhajirs--refugees from India and     their descendants). The aspirations for Pakistan that had been so important to Muslims in     Muslim-minority provinces and the goals for the new state these urban     refugees had fled to were not always compatible with those of the     traditional rural people already inhabiting Pakistan, whose support for     the concept of Pakistan came much later. Pakistani society was polarized     from its inception. The land and people west of the Indus River continued to pose     problems. The most immediate problem was the continued presence of a     Congress government in the North-West Frontier Province, a government     effective at the grassroots level and popular despite the loss of the     plebiscite. Led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and his Khudai-i-Khitmagar     (Servants of God, a Congress faction), this group was often referred to     as the Red Shirts


Caribou - definition of caribou by The Free Dictionary Caribou - definition of caribou by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/caribou  (kăr′ə-bo͞o′) n. pl. caribou or car·i·bous A large deer (Rangifer tarandus) of the Arctic tundra and northern boreal forests, having large hooves and long branched antlers in both sexes. Subspecies native to Eurasia are usually called reindeer. [From Mi'kmaq qalipu (partly via Canadian French caribou), from Proto-Algonquian *mekālixpowa : *mekāl-, to scrape + *-ixpo-, snow (because caribou use their hooves to dig through snow to reach the lichens on which they feed in winter).] caribou (ˈkærɪˌbuː) n, pl -bou or -bous (Animals) a large deer, Rangifer tarandus, of Arctic regions of North America, having large branched antlers in the male and female: also occurs in Europe and Asia, where it is called a reindeer. Also called (Canadian): tuktu [C18: from Canadian French, of Algonquian origin; compare Micmac khalibu literally: scratcher] Caribou (Brewing) Canadian a mixed drink containing wine and grain alcohol car•i•bou n., pl. -bous, (esp. collectively) -bou. the reindeer of North America. [1665–75, Amer.; < Canadian French caribou < Micmac γalipu] ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun 1. caribou - Arctic deer with large antlers in both sexes; called `reindeer' in Eurasia and `caribou' in North America genus Rangifer , Rangifer - reindeer or caribou Rangifer caribou , woodland caribou - any of several large caribou living in coniferous forests of southern Canada; in some classifications included in the species Rangifer tarandus barren ground caribou , Rangifer arcticus - of tundra of northern Canada; in some classifications included in the species Rangifer tarandus Translations [ˈkærɪbuː] N (caribous or caribou (pl)) → caribú m caribou n → Karibu m Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: people References in classic literature ? As he rolled over on his elbow he was startled by a loud snort, and saw a bull caribou regarding him with alert curiosity. A band of caribou passed by, twenty and odd animals, tantalizingly within rifle range. He was in a strange country, too, and the caribou were growing more plentiful, also the wolves. They were not in sufficient numbers, and besides they were hunting the caribou, which did not battle, while this strange creature that walked erect might scratch and bite. The debris had been a caribou calf an hour before, squawking and running and very much alive. But ever he sucked and chewed on the crushed bones of the caribou calf, the least remnants of which he had gathered up and carried with him. Throughout the night he heard the cough of the sick wolf, and now and then the squawking of the caribou calves.


In what city would you find the Bolshoi Theatre?

Bolshoi Theatre Online booking service to the Bolshoi Theatre Important! This website can not be considered as an official website of the Bolshoi Theatre. Our agency is not and has never been an official representative of the Bolshoi Theatre and we offer tickets with extra service charges. Boxoffice.bolshoi.org is an independent, privately-owned company engaged in the service of finding and providing tickets for admission to all concerts, sporting, and theatre events in Moscow. It was established in 1998. Now we are one of the leading ticket agents in Moscow. We are specializing in providing tickets to the Bolshoi including hard-to-find tickets or sold-out events. Tickets are sold at market prices, which usually exceed the face value of the tickets. These prices reflect the cost of obtaining premium and the degree of difficulty to find hard-to-get tickets, sometimes on the secondary market. Latest news


What African country is projected to pass the United States in population by the year 2055?

10 projections for the global population in 2050 | Pew Research Center 10 projections for the global population in 2050 By Rakesh Kochhar 58 comments A new Pew Research Center report  examines global public opinion on the challenges posed by aging populations and analyzes projections for the populations in the U.S. and in 22 other countries. Here are 10 major findings regarding the demographic future of the world’s population in 2050. 1 The global population is getting older: The number of people 65 and older is projected to triple by mid-century, from 531 million in 2010 to 1.5 billion in 2050. In the U.S., the population of seniors is expected to slightly more than double, from 41 to 86 million. 2 The world is graying faster than the U.S.: The global median age, eight years less than in the U.S. in 2010, is projected to be only five years less by 2050.   3 Who will be among the oldest? By 2050, the majority of people in Japan, South Korea and Germany are expected to be older than 50. Some Latin American countries, which are now younger than the U.S., will likely be older than the U.S. by 2050.   4 Trading young for old: Most countries, including the U.S., are projected to see the share of their population that is 65 and older surpass the share that is younger than 15 by mid-century.   5 Pressure on workers: As populations age, working-age people in the developed world may have to support more dependents, while workers in India and several major African nations will likely have to support fewer dependents.   6 Population 2050: The global population is expected to increase by 38%, from 6.9 billion in 2010 to 9.6 billion in 2050. The population of children younger than 15 is projected to increase by only 10%, a consequence of falling birth rates.   7 How big will the U.S. be? The U.S. population is projected to grow by 89 million residents from 2010 to 2050. The U.S. is likely to grow faster than European and East Asian countries, but slower than Nigeria, which is expected to replace the U.S. as the world’s third most populous country.   8 A population shift to Africa: Africa’s population is projected to increase the most and make up a greater share of the global population by 2050. The shares of Europe and Asia in the global population are expected to decrease, while the Americas will hold steady.   9 India replaces China as the world’s most populous country: India’s population is expected to increase by 400 million by 2050. Its projected population of 1.6 billion will be almost equal to the populations of the U.S. and China combined. China is projected to add only 25 million residents.   10 Population losers: The populations of Japan, Russia and Germany are expected to decrease by more than 10% by 2050. For Japan, this means a loss of 19 million residents; for Russia, 23 million; and for Germany, 10 million.


What is the official name of the city of Derry, in Northern Ireland?

Discover Northern Ireland | Walled City of Derry Experience what the city has to offer beyond the city walls . Take a guided tour around the only remaining completely Walled City in Ireland, or take time out yourself to explore the famous murals located all over the city. Discover iconic buildings such as The Playhouse Theatre , St. Columb’s Cathedral , First Derry Presbyterian Church   and The Guildhall , all of which are important in the history of the city. Check out the unique independent shops located along Shipquay Street and within the Craft Village .


"What ""supercontinent"" contained nearly all the world's land during the age of the dinosaurs?"

Dinosaurs: Facts and Fiction Glossary Are all fossil animals dinosaurs? No. Dinosaurs are a group of ancient reptiles that had a set of particular skeletal features. The hips, hind legs, and ankles were specialized and allowed the legs to move directly under the body, rather than extending out from the side of the body as in modern lizards. This arrangement enabled dinosaurs to bring their knees and ankles directly below their hips and provided the necessary attachments for very strong leg muscles. Dinosaur skeletons were well designed for supporting a large body, for standing erect (upright), and for running. The front legs were adapted for grasping prey, for supporting weight, or for walking and running. The skulls of dinosaurs were designed for maximum strength, for minimum weight, and (in some cases) for grasping, holding, or tearing at prey. These skeletal features separated dinosaurs from other ancient reptiles such as Dimetrodon, the plesiosaurs, and pterosaurs. Fossil mammals, like mammoths and "saber-toothed tigers" (e.g., Smilodon), are also often incorrectly called dinosaurs. These ancient animals are NOT dinosaurs! Did people and dinosaurs live at the same time? No! After the dinosaurs died out, nearly 65 million years passed before people appeared on Earth. However, small mammals (including shrew-sized primates) were alive at the time of the dinosaurs. Many scientists who study dinosaurs (vertebrate paleontologists) now think that birds are direct descendants of one line of carnivorous dinosaurs, and some consider that they in fact represent modern living dinosaurs. This theory remains under discussion and shows that there is still much we don't know about dinosaurs. Where did dinosaurs live? Paleontologists now have evidence that dinosaurs lived on all of the continents. At the beginning of the age of dinosaurs (during the Triassic Period , about 230 million years ago) the continents we now know were arranged together as a single supercontinent called Pangea . During the 165 million years of dinosaur existence this supercontinent slowly broke apart. Its pieces then spread across the globe into a nearly modern arrangement by a process called plate tectonics. Volcanoes, earthquakes, mountain building, and sea-floor spreading are all part of plate tectonics, and this process is still changing our modern Earth. Relative positions of continents during the age of dinosaurs Did all the dinosaurs live together, and at the same time? Dinosaur communities were separated by both time and geography. The "age of dinosaurs" (the Mesozoic Era) included three consecutive geologic time periods (the Triassic , Jurassic , and Cretaceous Periods). Different dinosaur species lived during each of these three periods. For example, the Jurassic dinosaur Stegosaurus already had been extinct for approximately 80 million years before the appearance of the Cretaceous dinosaur Tyrannosaurus . In fact, the time separating Stegosaurus and Tyrannosaurus is greater than the time separating Tyrannosaurus and you. At the beginning of dinosaur history (the Triassic Period), there was one supercontinent on Earth (Pangea). Many dinosaur types were widespread across it. However, as Pangea broke apart, dinosaurs became scattered across the globe on separate continents, and new types of dinosaurs evolved separately in each geographic area. How are dinosaurs named? Dinosaurs generally are named after a characteristic body feature, after the place where they were found, or after a person involved in the discovery. Usually the name consists of two Greek or Latin words (or combinations); in order, these are the genus (plural, genera) and the species name. For example, the Greek and Latin combination (binomen) Tyrannosaurus rex means "king of the tyrant lizards." Biologists name modern animals exactly the same way. Some examples include humans (Homo sapiens), domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), box turtles (Terrapene carolina), and rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus). What was the biggest dinosaur? What was th


"What is the literally translation of ""Kindergarten""?"

kindergarten | Definition, meaning & more | Collins Dictionary noun or ˈkinderˌgartener (ˈkɪndərˌgɑrtnər ; kinˈdərgärtˌnər) Word origin of 'kindergarten' Ger, lit., children's garden, coined (1840) by Froebel < kinder, gen. pl. of kind, child (see kind ) + garten, garden Example sentences containing 'kindergarten' Jane Carew will be an actress and Gabrielle Thome says she would like to take up kindergarten work. Brent-Dyer, Elinor ADRIENNE AND THE CHALET SCHOOL He said , `We've got the photo from the kindergarten files . Ruell, Patrick THE ONLY GAME Rose felt like a kindergarten school teacher bringing a stream of three-year-olds for a walk : she simply didn't have enough hands . Cathy Kelly JUST BETWEEN US Having a lake at the edge of the front yard beat walking across a freeway bridge to get to kindergarten. Pearl Cleage WHAT LOOKS LIKE CRAZY ON AN ORDINARY DAY Trends of 'kindergarten' Translations for 'kindergarten' British English: kindergarten NOUN A kindergarten is an informal kind of school for very young children, where they learn things by playing.She's in kindergarten now. Brazilian Portuguese: jardim de infância Chinese: 幼儿园


UCSB Science Line UCSB Science Line What elements are in diamonds, gold, and rust? What is the scientific name for rust? Answer 1: Diamond is 100 % Carbon, atomic number 6 on the periodic table.Gold, symbol Au is atomic number 79 and is like diamond, a pure substance.Rust on the other hand is ferric oxide or Fe2O3. The mineral is called Hematite. It has a blood red streak. That is if you think you have some hematite, rub the mineral on an unglazed ceramic tile (called a streak plate) and the streak is blood red. Answer 2: The element in diamond is carbon (symbol C). Try and find C in the periodic table. Diamonds, particularly high quality ones, are very pure carbon. Sometimes however, small amounts of carbons neighbors in the periodic table, such as boron (symbol B), and Nitrogen (symbol N) are also found in diamond. These tend to give diamonds different colors. Gold is an element (symbol Au). The element symbol Au comes from the Latin word for gold which is aurum. Pure gold is usually only used to store money in banks. In jewelry (which is the biggest use of gold) the gold is usually mixed with some copper (symbol Cu) to give it more strength. Rust is usually a mixture of iron (symbol Fe) oxygen (symbol O) and some hydrogen (symbol H). Most rust has the chemical formula FeO2H, also written as FeO (OH), and mineral name of this material is lepidocrocite (pronounced lay-pedo-kro-kite) Answer 3: First, gold is an element. It is very malleable and ductile. Since pure gold is fairly soft, it is often combined with other metals to make alloys to make it a little stronger. The alloys are what you typically find in jewelry, etc. Diamonds are made up of the element carbon. Also, graphite is also made up of carbon. The only difference between the two is the way that the atoms are bonded together. Interestingly, graphite is the more stable form of carbon, so diamonds will eventually turn into graphite (diamonds aren't really forever!). However, this process takes thousands of years. Rust is the common name for iron oxide, which as the name implies, is made up of the elements iron and oxygen. The compound is Fe2O3. Iron combines quickly with oxygen, and the process of turning iron to iron oxide is an example of corrosion. You can see things like steel rust because steel contains iron. Answer 4: The quick answer is: Diamond is a pure element, carbon; gold is a pure element, gold; and rust is a compound, Iron Oxide, of iron and Oxygen. Diamond is pure elemental carbon, compressed to its crystal form, under extreme heat and pressure deep within the Earth. The symbol for carbon is C. Gold is also an element, in and of itself. Its symbol is Au. It does not easily form compounds so it is found by itself, in stream beds (placer deposits) or in veins in rocks. Rust is a compound: Iron Oxide. It is found all over; everywhere iron and oxygen come in contact! Both iron and oxygen form compounds quite easily, so they are not readily found alone. (The oxygen you breathe is O2, not elemental oxygen.) Rust can come in different forms, because iron (symbol Fe) normally gives up 2 or 3 electrons when it forms compounds. We call these "oxidation states." When iron gives up 2 electrons, it gets a +2 charge, and when it gives up 3 electrons, it gets a +3 charge. To make a neutral compound it must then bond with some element in the proper ratio so as to remove its"excess" positive charge (or, replace its deficit negative charge). Oxygen (symbol O) normally takes 2 electrons when bonding with metals (including hydrogen). So, for a balanced compound of iron oxide, you have either FeO or Fe2O3. Here's what I mean: For FeO, you have one Fe(+2) and one O(-2) = FeO. This compound is also called Iron(II)Oxide. It is one form of rust. The charges balance like this:(+2) + (-2) = 2-2=0. The other form of rust, Fe2O3, is two Fe(+3) and three O(-2), written Fe2O3, and also called Iron(III)Oxide. The charges balance like this:2(+3) + 3(-2) = 6 - 6 = 0. I hope this helps.Best wishes. Answer 5: Diamond is a polymorph of the element carbon (C). To give you


"On what river do Oxford and Cambridge compete in a ""Boat Race""?"

Oxford beat Cambridge to win the Boat Race | Daily Mail Online comments Oxford dominated Cambridge in a historic Boat Race as both men and women competed on the same course for the first time.    Female crews representing Oxford and Cambridge universities rowed the same stretch of the River Thames in London as the men for the first time in the 87 years they have competed. Oxford claimed their fourth win in five years in a supreme show of strength in the 161st men's boat race. President Constantine Louloudis claimed a fourth and final boat race victory for the Dark Blues, completing a clean sweep only interrupted by claiming bronze with Team GB's men's eight at London 2012. Scroll down for video  Oxford dominated Cambridge in the men's Boat Race today, claiming a third consecutive victory in a row Oxford's men (from left) cox Will Hakim, Constantine Louloudis, Sam O'Connor, Michael Disanto, Jamie Cook, Tom Swartz, Henry Goodier , James O'Connor and stroke Will Geffen celebrate victory The Oxford men's crew celebrate after winning the boat race between Oxford and Cambridge today Oxford claimed their fourth win in five years in a supreme show of strength in the 161st men's boat race Cambridge's Henry Hoffstot  (centre) reacts after losing the boat race between Oxford and Cambridge today The Oxford men's team triumphed over Cambridge to win the Boat Race on a historic day for the event After Oxford's women breezed past Cambridge on their historic first battle on The Tideway course, their male counterparts made it a Dark Blue double with victory by six-and-a-half lengths. Louloudis hailed the victory, admitting he felt far more pressure than ever before, despite boasting three previous wins. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share 'I felt much more pressure this year, especially as I was leaving the guys,' he told BBC Sport. 'There were some pretty dark moments going in but I'm so pleased for the guys. 'We just stuck to our plan and executed a really good race.' Oxford University's men's team celebrate their third consecutive Boat Race victory this afternoon Oxford University president Constantine Louloudis now has four Boat Race victories under his belt Oxford University's female rowing team made history by winning the race and competing on the same day as the men for the first time The Oxford Women's Boat Race crew pose on the tideway ahead of the historic Newton Women's Boat Race Kiwi brothers Sam and James O'Connor shared a fine family moment, pairing up for the comfortable victory. Sam O'Connor admitted claiming his second boat race victory was as pleasing as the first. 'It's great, you never get sick of this, it's such a good feeling,' he told BBC Sport. 'And to do it with James, it's such a special moment.'  The Oxford women's team also dominated their race, leading from the early stages, along the 6,800-metre route and finished 19 seconds ahead of their rivals.  After the race, Anastasia Chitty, president of the Oxford University Women's Boat Club, told the BBC: 'It's a really special moment. 'To race on the same stage as the men, when so many women haven't had this opportunity, is really humbling.' Hundreds of spectators gathered to see Oxford University's womens team celebrate their victory today History in the making: Oxford's women's crew set off prior to the start of the boat race between Oxford and Cambridge Hundreds of thousands of spectators gathered in London this afternoon for one of Britain's oldest sporting events.  Spectators lined the banks of the River Thames between Putney Bridge and Chiswick Bridge for the 161st Oxford Cambridge Boat Race.  Races between the men's crews have typically attracted 270,000 spectators along the 4.2-mile (6.8-kilometer) stretch in southwest London - and worldwide television audiences in more than 200 countries. Until now, the women have competed away from the limelight - on a different day and on a different, less challenging course. But the women finally got a chance to test out just what it's like to compete on centre stage.  Anastasia Chitty, president of the Oxford Un


What is the most widely-produced assault rifle of all time?

Modern Firearms - Assault Rifles Modern Firearms Is there a thing such as an Assault or Battle rifle?   Text by Maxim Popenker, © 2014   The term “Assault rifle”, despite its widespread use, is controversial, mostly because there’s no single agreed definition for it. It first became well-known during and shortly after WW2 as a political/propaganda measure on the part of Adolph Hitler, although both the basic concept and the term itself have a noticeably longer history. The earliest use of a similar term, known to this author, is dated back to the 1918-1920 timeframe, when noted US small arms designer Isaac Lewis designed a series of experimental automatic rifles which he called “Assault phase rifles”. These rifles fired standard US Army issue rifle ammunition of the period, the .30 M1906 (.30-06, 7.62x63mm), and were in direct competition with John Browning’s M1918 BAR automatic rifle . Both Lewis and Browning automatic rifles were designed to same concept of “Walking fire”, originated by the French in around 1915, and first implemented in the ill-fated CSRG M1915 “Chauchat” machine rifle . This concept called for a man-portable automatic weapon with its primary use being to provide suppressive supporting fire for infantry during assaults on entrenched enemy positions. In fact, this concept called for THE “Assault” rifle, but its early implementations, such as CSRG M1915 and BAR M1918 mentioned before, or the Russian Fedorov M1916 , had some inherent flaws.   Browning BAR 1918 automatic rifle in its original assault / walking fire role   Experimental "assault phase rifle" by Isaac Lewis, developed circa 1918 to compete with BAR M1918. It fired same powerful .30 M1906 (.30-06) rifle ammunition   The major source of problems with these “first generation” “assault” rifles was its rifle ammunition. Designed during the late 19th and early 20th century, it was quite powerful, with a long range, necessary for suppressive long range volley fire; a standard and widespread infantry practice until the mass adoption of machine guns during WW1. This “extra power” resulted in significant recoil, as well as a noticeable weight of the ammunition and of the rifles that fired it, increasing manufacturing and logistic costs and making such automatic rifles harder to use in combat.   The most logical solution to this problem was to reduce the power of rifle ammunition to the level necessary for most (but not all) typical combat scenarios. Traditional rifle cartridges of the era had a “lethal range” well in excess of two kilometers; however, under combat conditions no one (well, almost no one, but more on this later)  can expect an average soldier to be able to hit a man-sized target at ranges longer than 300-500 meters. Furthermore, decreasing the power of rifle ammunition has several benefits. These include: savings on raw materials, powder, logistic costs per round; increased combat load (in number of rounds carried) per soldier; decreased weight, size and cost of rifles; decreased recoil, which is conductive to increased accuracy; and a few others. This concept was supported by practical experience gained during the Great War with the French-issued US-made Winchester M1907 self-loading rifles. These handy carbines were initially bought from the USA by the French army to arm aircraft observers, but machine guns soon replaced rifles in this role. On the other hand, compact and handy carbines that fired a good “stopper” cartridge (.351 WSL, also known as 9x35SR, with round-nosed bullets) were excellent weapons for close combat on battlefield. Fitted with extended magazines (15- or 20-round capacity), bayonet mount, and, in some cases, converted to fire in full-auto, these little rifles became progenitors of the modern “assault rifle” concept, which is, in basic terms, an automatic carbine firing reduced-power ammunition. This reduced-power ammunition is also known as intermediate power ammunition (or simply “intermediate cartridges”), as it is less powerful than standard military rifle ammo but more powerful than typical handgun ammo. Winch