What city was divided by a wall until 1989?

Berlin Wall - Cold War - HISTORY.com Berlin Wall A+E Networks Introduction On August 13, 1961, the Communist government of the German Democratic Republic (GDR, or East Germany) began to build a barbed wire and concrete “Antifascistischer Schutzwall,” or “antifascist bulwark,” between East and West Berlin. The official purpose of this Berlin Wall was to keep Western “fascists” from entering East Germany and undermining the socialist state, but it primarily served the objective of stemming mass defections from East to West. The Berlin Wall stood until November 9, 1989, when the head of the East German Communist Party announced that citizens of the GDR could cross the border whenever they pleased. That night, ecstatic crowds swarmed the wall. Some crossed freely into West Berlin, while others brought hammers and picks and began to chip away at the wall itself. To this day, the Berlin Wall remains one of the most powerful and enduring symbols of the Cold War. Google The Berlin Wall: The Partitioning of Berlin As World War II came to an end in 1945, a pair of Allied peace conferences at Yalta and Potsdam determined the fate of Germany’s territories. They split the defeated nation into four “allied occupation zones”: The eastern part of the country went to the Soviet Union, while the western part went to the United States, Great Britain and (eventually) France. Did You Know? On October 22, 1961, a quarrel between an East German border guard and an American official on his way to the opera in East Berlin very nearly led to what one observer called "a nuclear-age equivalent of the Wild West Showdown at the O.K. Corral." That day, American and Soviet tanks faced off at Checkpoint Charlie for 16 hours. Photographs of the confrontation are some of the most familiar and memorable images of the Cold War. Even though Berlin was located entirely within the Soviet part of the country (it sat about 100 miles from the border between the eastern and western occupation zones), the Yalta and Potsdam agreements split the city into similar sectors. The Soviets took the eastern half, while the other Allies took the western. This four-way occupation of Berlin began in June 1945. The Berlin Wall: Blockade and Crisis The existence of West Berlin, a conspicuously capitalist city deep within communist East Germany, “stuck like a bone in the Soviet throat,” as Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev put it. The Russians began maneuvering to drive the United States, Britain and France out of the city for good. In 1948, a Soviet blockade of West Berlin aimed to starve the western Allies out of the city. Instead of retreating, however, the United States and its allies supplied their sectors of the city from the air. This effort, known as the Berlin Airlift , lasted for more than a year and delivered more than 2.3 million tons of food, fuel and other goods to West Berlin. The Soviets called off the blockade in 1949. After a decade of relative calm, tensions flared again in 1958. For the next three years, the Soviets–emboldened by the successful launch of the Sputnik satellite the year before and embarrassed by the seemingly endless flow of refugees from east to west (nearly 3 million since the end of the blockade, many of them young skilled workers such as doctors, teachers and engineers)–blustered and made threats, while the Allies resisted. Summits, conferences and other negotiations came and went without resolution. Meanwhile, the flood of refugees continued. In June 1961, some 19,000 people left the GDR through Berlin. The following month, 30,000 fled. In the first 11 days of August, 16,000 East Germans crossed the border into West Berlin, and on August 12 some 2,400 followed—the largest number of defectors ever to leave East Germany in a single day. The Berlin Wall: Building the Wall That night, Premier Khrushchev gave the East German government permission to stop the flow of emigrants by closing its border for good. In just two weeks, the East German army, police force and volunteer construction workers had completed a makeshift barbed wire and concrete bl


What type of girl, like, totally talked like this?

Valley Girl - TV Tropes Valley Girl You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share Except you. Put some pants on , already! Gross! Like , anyway, I'm what some of you, like , call a " Stalk Parody Character", and yes, there are some totally creepy guys who— Oh, "Stock Parody Character"! I am SOOOOOO completely embarrassed! I gotta watch out for homophobes . Wait, that's, like, something else. So if you want to, like, put someone like me in a story, you need these four totally important traits. Leave one out, and you just have some cheap knockoff of me, and that would just be, like, so tacky. Oh my God. The way I talk is, like, way important. Aside from my fabulous clothes, it's the easiest way to tell it's my hot self. You can do, like, degrees of it, but if I don't hear a hint of it, you're not truly from The Valley. Go, like, screw yourself, impostor! I am so fashion conscious , everybody. See what I'm wearing? Does any of it, like, clash? I don't think so! Unlike those skanky bitches on Sex and the City , I don't throw on just anything I feel like. A dress isn't like a car. You can't just, like, turn the key and drive off. It's like the space shuttle, or something. Everything has to be, you know, totally perfect before takeoff. Some people say I'm dumb , and I say those people are fat. But I just, like, don't have room in my head for too much. I mean, The American Revolution was what, like, a hundred years ago? All the available Revlon lipstick colors are around right now. I think we all know which is more important. ...right? Yeah, 4. Being rich, is like, totally awesome, but you just need a good credit card. And if there isn't a mall or shopping district to hang out, or something, there should be some good stores around to shop in. If there isn't either, you totally have my sympathies. Heck, give my friends and me a call, and we'll help you move . I am so, like, dead serious. Towns like that are for, like, no one. Okay, even though I'm best known for being from California , I can be, like, global, or something. The Valley isn't like, just in the Valley. Oh my God, was that like, totally deep or something? Oh, and I totally know that I'm, like, not a real person in real life, or anything. I'm some kind of stereotype, you know, like parroting teens in The '80s and The '90s , or some junk. Even nowadays, though nobody seriously talks like this anymore, I've become, like, the default "vapid white girl" dialect. And I'm also, like, intertwined with the Dumb Blonde troop now, I mean trope. And I don't care what what Mitzy Connor said, this is NOT a dye job! Puhleez! Anyway, compare Totally Radical , The Ditz , Surfer Dude (who's, like, totally hot, couldn't you just die?), Brainless Beauty , Rich in Dollars, Poor in Sense , Socialite , and some junk. Also, totally not related to that Uncanny Valley Girl . She's, like, soooooo weird. For sure!


What world leader had a prominent birthmark on his head?

Whatever Mikhail Gorbachev's Other Worries, the Birthmark on His Head Isn't One of Them Whatever Mikhail Gorbachev's Other Worries, the Birthmark on His Head Isn't One of Them Email Batteries of cameras will be pointed at him at the Geneva Summit next week. And Communist Party General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, 54, is perhaps the most image conscious Soviet leader to emerge from the Kremlin in years. One image he has never shown much concern about is that of a man with a physical blemish: a prominent wine-colored birthmark on his right forehead. His underlings, however, seem much more cautious. Official Soviet portraits of Gorbachev tend to favor his left side. Or if it is a frontal or right-profile view, his mark is air-brushed out before distribution. Are birthmarks in any way harmful? Can they be removed? Should they? Correspondent Eleanor Hoover talked with a leading Los Angeles plastic surgeon, Dr. George Semel, 47, on the causes and types of birthmarks. What are birthmarks? They are an excess of tissue—of the blood vessels, epidermis or lymphatic system—which is visible on the skin. They are present at birth or develop soon after, and they come in many sizes, shapes and forms. Hemangiomas, a very common form of birthmark or benign tumor, are caused by a collection or concentration of capillaries beneath the skin. Nevi, another category, are caused by a collection of pigment cells. What type does Gorbachev have? It appears to be the hemangioma, often called a port-wine stain, found on the face or neck. Usually permanent, it can be purple, red or pink in color. Other common hemangiomas are strawberry marks, which often go away of their own accord, and cavernous hemangiomas, which can be more serious. How common are birthmarks? I suppose if you look, everyone could find a large freckle somewhere that could be called a birthmark. Statistics are not reliable in this area. It’s said about 10 percent of all infants have hemangiomas, and it may run as high as 25 percent in premature births. What causes birthmarks? They’re the result of what are called embryonal rests. Little cells somehow are left over in the developmental process, and they develop differently from the rest of the cells, or they are dormant and begin to develop after the child is born. Most are not the result of accident or heredity. How do the various kinds differ? Strawberry marks—we call them that because they resemble the color and texture of a strawberry—are the commonest of all these benign vascular tumors. There was a time when radiation was used to treat them, but the practice now is just to leave most alone. They usually go away by the time the child is 5, often sooner. And cavernous hemangiomas? These involve larger blood vessels and, like port-wine stains, are permanent. Cavernous hemangiomas are raised and discolored. They may continue spreading, sometimes developing grotesque, wartlike growths. These often break down and bleed. In children, where enlarged veins and lymphatic tumors involve the mouth and the large masses of the neck, you may have a life-threatening situation because they can impinge on eating and breathing. Only surgery can remove them and then not all of them. Can birthmarks become cancerous? It’s extremely rare that any kind of birthmark will lead to cancer. As for port-wine stains, I’ve never heard of a malignant case. They rarely ever pose a health problem. In your opinion, should port-wine marks be removed? There’s usually no medical need to do so. Removal by radiation is no longer used because the possibility of complications seems too great. Grafts leave the wrong color and often give a masklike look. But a technique called tissue expansion shows promise. A flap of unblemished skin is stretched to replace the excised birthmark in areas where the anatomy permits. Some doctors report success with lasers. Would you use laser surgery? Until laser techniques are 100 percent perfected, I prefer not to use them. The true port-wine stain is better off untreated. For one such as Gorbachev’s, many people, certainly most women, w


In what city were democracy protestors massacred?

Tiananmen Square massacre commemorated in Hong Kong - CNN.com 1 of 19 Photos: 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown Nil by mouth – May 13, 1989, student demonstrations at Tiananmen Square escalate into a hunger strike with thousands taking part and calling for democratic reforms. Hide Caption 2 of 19 Photos: 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown Tiananmen sit in – Student hunger strikers camp out on top of buses parked at Tiananmen Square. Hide Caption 3 of 19 Photos: 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown Gorbachev visits – May 16, 1989, then Chinese President Deng Xiaoping (center) takes then Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and his wife Raisa by the hand at the Great Hall of the People. Gorbachev's visit coincided with the student hunger strikes, forcing the official reception to be moved from Tiananmen Square to the airport -- embarrassing for the Chinese leadership. Hide Caption 4 of 19 Photos: 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown Price of protest – May 17, 1989: Five days in and the hunger strike begins to take its toll on students. Paramedics evacuate ailing protestors from the square. Hide Caption 5 of 19 Photos: 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown Witness to discontent – May 18, 1989 and Gorbachev has been in China for three days, witnessing street protests for each of those days. At the height of demonstrations, a million people were marching through Beijing. Hide Caption 6 of 19 Photos: 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown Biker backing – May 18, 1989, Chinese workers parade on motorbikes in support of student hunger strikers. Hide Caption 7 of 19 Photos: 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown Martial law – May 19, 1989, the sixth day of hunger strikes. Communist Party General Secretary Zhao Ziyang arrives at Tiananmen Square to address the students. He begins his now-famous speech by saying: "Students, we came too late. We are sorry." The next day, Premiere Li Peng declares martial law in parts of Beijing. Hide Caption 8 of 19 Photos: 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown Student-teacher relations – May 20, 1989, teachers from Beijing Normal University arrive at Tiananmen Square by the truckload to support their students after martial law was declared. Hide Caption 9 of 19 Photos: 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown Victory sign – May 20, 1989, pro-democracy demonstrators raise their fists and flash the victory sign while stopping a military truck filled with soldiers on its way to Tiananmen Square. Hide Caption 10 of 19 Photos: 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown Monument to Heroes – May 30, 1989, students from the Central Academy of Fine Arts create a 10-meter-tall statue of the Goddess of Democracy to boost morale amongst student protestors in Tiananmen Square. Erected in just four days, the statue was unveiled in front of the Monument to the People's Heroes. Hide Caption 11 of 19 Photos: 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown Mass protest – This photo was taken on June 2, 1989, showing hundreds of thousands gathered around the Goddess of Democracy. Hide Caption Photos: 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown Troop movements – Countdown to the crackdown: Unarmed troops first approached Tiananmen Square on June 2. Hide Caption 13 of 19 Photos: 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown Crackdown – On the night of June 3 and into the early hours of June 4, armed troops and tanks moved in on students and other civilians in the areas around Tiananmen Square, opening fire on the crowds. Hide Caption 14 of 19 Photos: 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown Caught in the middle – June 4, 1989, journalists covering the crackdown were caught in the line of fire. Hide Caption 15 of 19 Photos: 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown Students fight back – June 4, 1989, students set fire to tanks. An official death toll has not been released but witnesses and human rights groups say hundreds were killed in the clash. Hide Caption 16 of 19 Photos: 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown Punishment – In the weeks following June 4, activists who were directly or indirectly involved in the pro-democracy demonstrations were arrested. Hide Caption 17 of 19 Photos: 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown Hong Kong vigil – Today, Hong


"Who scored ""The Goal of the Century"" in the 1986 World Cup?"

Diego Maradona goal voted the FIFA World Cup™ Goal of the Century - FIFA.com Fédération Internationale de Football Association FIFA-Strasse 20 - P.O. Box - 8044 Zurich - Switzerland Tel: +41-(0)43-222 7777 - Fax: +41-(0)43.222 7878 Diego Maradona goal voted the FIFA World Cup Goal of the Century (FIFA.com) 30 May 2002 Diego Maradona's (ARG) second goal against England at the 1986 FIFA World Cup has been voted the FIFA World Cup Goal of the Century in a recent poll hosted on FIFAworldcup.com, the Official Website of the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Over the past six weeks, FIFAworldcup.com, in conjunction with Budweiser, has given fans the chance to vote online for the greatest goal ever scored in FIFA World Cup history. Using exclusive video footage from the FIFA archives, football fans from around the globe have selected weekly winners from the past five weeks. Maradona's unforgettable strike came top of the league winning the final knockout stage this week with 18062 votes. England's Michael OWEN (ENG) followed closely in second with his effort in 1998 finals, edging the legendary PELE (BRA) into third place. The top ten goals of the FIFA World Cup Goal of the Century, as voted for by fans from around the world, reads as follows: FIFAworldcup.com Goal of the Century - FINAL Top Ten Table Over the 6 weeks of the Goal of the Century competition, a truly amazing 341,460 votes have been cast from over 150 countries worldwide. Making this the first truly global vote where genuine football fans decide who has scored the greatest goal in FIFA World Cup history rather than the 'experts' and 'pundits'. Maradona (1986 vs ENG): 18,062 Votes Michael OWEN (1998 vs ARG): 10,631 Votes PELE (1958 vs SWE): 9,880 Votes Maradona (1986 vs BEL): 9,642 Votes Gheorghe HAGI (1994 vs COL): 9,297 Votes Saeed OWAIRAN (1994 vs BEL): 6,756 Votes Roberto BAGGIO (1990 vs CZH): 6,694 Votes Carlos ALBERTO (1970 vs ITA): 5,388 Votes Lothar MATTHAEUS (1990 vs YUG): 4,191 Votes Vincenzo SCIFO (1990 vs URG): 2,935 Votes "FIFA is proud to be able to offer the fans of the world online access to its vintage film and TV archives through innovative programs such as the FIFA World Cup Goal of the Century," said Charles-Henry CONTAMINE, FIFA's Head of Internet. "It's truly great to see so many fans across the world making their voices heard by voting Maradona's goal 'The FIFA World Cup Goal of the Century'" he added. Now that the voting has finished, the fans can still see the top 3 FIFA World Cup Goals of the Century, as presented by Budweiser, on the pure football section of FIFAworldcup.com. Budweiser, Official FIFA Partner and Official Sponsor of FIFAworldcup.com, was the sponsor of the Goal of the Century, further underscoring the company's active and extensive commitment to football. In addition to the Goal of the Century, Budweiser is also exclusive sponsor of "The Budweiser Challenge-The Official FIFA World Cup Pick and Win Game," a free multi-language game on FIFAworldcup.com, where people can predict the finish of all eight groups and the points each team will earn during the first round of competition. The Budweiser Challenge currently has more than 250,000 players, including more than 12,000 fans in both the "Fans of Argentina" and "Fans of England" groups. "Fans of United States" ranks third with nearly 9,800 group members. For further information, please visit: http://fifaworldcup.yahoo.com/en/pf/h/gotc/launch.html


What humorously cheap Eastern European car was sold in the United States?

Cheapest cities in Europe in 2017 - 56 major European cities by price May 21, 2014 at 10:23 am This list is not very accurate, Bucharest is cheap and a good place to visit but it’s definitely not the cheapest city in Europe; other cities in the Balkans like Sofia, Skopjie, Tirana and Sarejovo are all cheaper. Your ranking of Dubrovnik is very misleading too, although it’s more expensive than many Balkan cities it’s still cheap, and certainly much cheaper then cities like Moscow, Munich and Milan. In Dubrovnik you can get private apartments for $15 a night. Moscow is one of the most expensive cities in the world, how on earth have you ranked it among the cheapest 15 in Europe? The same goes for St Petersburg, to rank these cities as much cheaper than places like Talin and Dubrovnick makes this list very inaccurate. January 17, 2013 at 11:13 am yhy, I agree that there are many cheaper cities in Europe than the ones listed. In fact, the cities I list here are almost all the most expensive in each country, but it’s hard to come up with a title that describes that well. There are a few more to add, like Vilnius for example, which I hope to get to soon. As I think I said before, if this list were truly about the cheapest cities in all of Europe, it would be nothing more than a list of villages in Romania and Bulgaria, which isn’t too useful for most people. Still, I appreciate your input and I’ll think about those other cities you mentioned. -Roger May 3, 2013 at 1:07 pm Brian, thanks for this comment. I wasn’t aware of that Sweden Card program that includes hotel discounts and I’ll add that info into my coverage because it looks like a great deal. And I agree that Moscow is a tricky one for lists like this because low-standard hotels are quite expensive while dorm beds in actual high-rated hostels in Moscow are quite cheap (£13 per night in May). So that, combined with cheap public transportation and beers means Moscow looks relatively cheap for backpackers even though it’s a rip-off for most others. -Roger January 8, 2014 at 4:33 pm LuX, Interestingly, Sofia was the cheapest city on the Europe list for the first two years. But the Index is about traveling as a backpacker rather than living there, and Bucharest now has cheaper hostel beds and a few other things. They are still very close to each other in price and on the Index. Also, I think when we live in a city we find all the cheaper and better places to eat and drink and such, while when we visit a city we often wind up in expensive places in the tourist zone. I lived for many years in New York City and I could get by on half of what a tourist does while doing the same things. Thanks for the comment. -Roger January 13, 2014 at 5:13 pm Nico, Moscow is a large city in Europe, so it’s on the above list of 51 of them ranked by price for backpackers. Zurich, Stockholm, and Oslo also made the list even though they are literally the most expensive cities in Europe. The reason Moscow is in the middle rather than near the bottom of the list is that this is about expenses for backpackers and other budget travelers. While many things in Moscow are outrageously expensive, the city actually has cheap hostels, public transportation, and attractions, at least compared to the others. On the 3-Star Traveler Index (updated later this week) Moscow is much farther down the list. -Roger February 8, 2014 at 5:26 pm Amit, I’m hoping that your budget does not have to include the flights from Mumbai. My recommendation for the 5 cities in Europe that everyone should try to see are London, Paris, Amsterdam, Rome, and Venice. Unfortunately, all of them are quite expensive. Also, staying in just one city tends to be cheaper than going to several cities due to the obvious transportation costs. My recommendation for a group of cities that are very interesting, great value, and have noteworthy architecture are Berlin, Prague, Budapest, and Krakow. Berlin isn’t really known for architecture (because it was mostly flattened in WWII), but it’s still very worthwhile and it has a fairly cheap airport. If y


What drug caused a crime wave in American inner cities?

How the Plummeting Price of Cocaine Fueled the Nationwide Drop in Violent Crime - CityLab CityLab Please follow the steps below How the Plummeting Price of Cocaine Fueled the Nationwide Drop in Violent Crime Competition in the illicit drug trade and reduced incentives for small-time dealers all coincided with this dramatic shift in U.S. cities Tweet Reuters Starting in the mid-1990s, major American cities began a radical transformation. Years of high violent crime rates, thefts, robberies, and inner-city decay suddenly started to turn around. Crime rates didn't just hold steady, they began falling faster than they went up. This trend appeared in practically every post-industrial American city, simultaneously. "The drop of crime in the 1990s affected all geographic areas and demographic groups," Steven D. Levitt wrote in his landmark paper on the subject, Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s , and elucidated further in the best-selling book Freakonomics. "It was so unanticipated that it was widely dismissed as temporary or illusory long after it had begun.” He went on to tie the drop to the legalization of abortion 20 years earlier, dismissing police tactics as a cause because they failed to explain the universality and unexpectedness of the change. Alfred Blumstein's The Crime Drop in America  pinned the cause of crime solely on the crack epidemic but gave the credit for its disappearance to those self-same policing strategies.  Plenty of other theories have been offered to account for the double-digit decrease in violence, from the advent of "broken windows" policies, three strikes laws, changing demographics, gun control laws, and the increasing prevalence of cellphones to an upturn in the economy and cultural shifts in American society. Some of these theories have been disproven outright while others require a healthy dose of assumption to turn correlation into causation. But much less attention has been paid to another likely culprit: the collapse of the U.S. cocaine market. •       •       •       •       • Cocaine was the driving force behind the majority of drug-related violence throughout the 1980s and into the early 1990s. It was the main target of the federal War on Drugs and was the highest profit drug trade overall. In 1988, the American cocaine market was valued at almost $140 billion dollars, over 2 percent of U.S. GDP. The violence that surrounded its distribution and sale pushed the murder rate to its highest point in America's history (between 8-10 per 100,000 residents from 1981-1991), turned economically impoverished cities like Baltimore, Detroit, Trenton and Gary, Indiana, into international murder capitals, and made America the most violent industrialized nation in the world. Then in 1994, the crime rate dropped off a cliff. The number of homicides would plummet drastically, dropping almost 50 percent in less than ten years. The same would go for every garden variety of violent crime on down to petty theft. The same year as the sharp decline in crime, cocaine prices hit an all-time low. According to the DEA's System to Retrieve Information on Drug Evidence (STRIDE) data , the price per gram of cocaine bottomed out in 1994 at around $147 (calculated in 2003 dollars), the lowest it had been since statistics became available. Something was wrong. If anything, cocaine prices should have been skyrocketing. One of the DEA's stated objectives for the War on Drugs was to make drugs more expensive and therefore harder to access for the individual user. To get there, the DEA pursued a number of strategies: large drug busts, heavier penalties on importers and producers, and limiting access to the materials used in drug production. Even while many of those tactics produced big successes, cocaine prices still went down, not up, and crime plummeted right alongside. In 1993, the DEA worked with the Colombian government to finally take down the Medellín drug cartel operating out of Bogota, which, at one point, was bringing in $60 million a day in drug profits. In 1994, DEA seizures brought in over 75,000 kgs o


What was Sony's portable tape player called?

History of Sony Walkman: When Was the Walkman First Invented? Sony Walkman History written by: Kristina Dems•edited by: Amy Carson•updated: 5/20/2011 The Sony Walkman history tells us how one deviation from an established idea could spawn a revolution. Based on Sony’s tape recorders, the Walkman only featured tape playback, giving birth to portable music. slide 1 of 6   Long before the history of the Sony Walkman started, portable devices that made use of tapes already existed. However, those devices were tape recorders and they were mainly used by professional journalists in recording conversations for interviews and research. The Sony Walkman was introduced with the general public in mind and instead of being a tape recorder, they were primarily music players. It was a revolution step in the recording industry and the way people listened to music. Instead of being required to stay in one place to listen to music, people started to have the ability to listen to music wherever they go. slide 2 of 6 The Predecessor The Walkman, first invented in 1979, was not the first attempt by Sony in portable tape players. In 1978, Sony released a personal tape player called the TC-D5. It was available for the general public but it was not received well by the public because of its bulky design and its expensive price tag of about $1,000. Sony still wanted a personal tape player and they found a way to make it more affordable and more portable by making use of the Pressman, which is their existing tape recorder product. slide 3 of 6 The Birth of the Walkman Using a Pressman as their base, Sony’s tape recorder division devised a way to remove the recorder function of the Pressman. They then added stereophonic sound. With a few adjustments made to the materials used in the portable device, Sony’s tape recorder division finally found a way to make the device more affordable. They then used a stylish design for its exterior and the device was finished. All it needed was a name. Since the device was based on the Pressman, Sony eventually settled on the name Walkman. In June 21, 1979, the world was finally introduced to the public as the first tape-based portable device without a recorder function. slide 4 of 6 Rocky Start The history of the Sony Walkman is not all about success stories. Although the device was met with great anticipation by the public, the press had a more critical perspective. The device was predicted to fail due to its lack of recording function. Even its name was put in the spotlight, under scrutiny by naysayers. The marketing team of Sony was taken aback by this feedback which caused them to change the device’s name when it was released in the United Kingdom, the United States and Sweden. However, the Sony Walkman proved to be a resounding success as the public completely ate it up. Even the original name was preferred by the public so the new names of the Walkman like Freestyle and Soundabout were ditched in favor of the first name. slide 5 of 6 Popularity The Walkman, first invented in 1979, enjoyed two decades of being a very popular music-related device. People started to walk around more for exercise because they finally had a way to entertain themselves while doing so. A lot of knockoffs and similar portable devices were produced by other companies, leading to more advanced portable musical devices like CD players and MP3 players . The Walkman has become so popular that it became a part of our regular vocabulary. slide 6 of 6


What video game simulated a pioneer wagon journey to the west coast of the U.S.?

A thousand pioneers head West on the Oregon Trail - May 22, 1843 - HISTORY.com A thousand pioneers head West on the Oregon Trail Share this: A thousand pioneers head West on the Oregon Trail Author A thousand pioneers head West on the Oregon Trail URL Publisher A+E Networks The first major wagon train to the northwest departs from Elm Grove, Missouri, on the Oregon Trail. Although U.S. sovereignty over the Oregon Territory was not clearly established until 1846, American fur trappers and missionary groups had been living in the region for decades. Dozens of books and lectures proclaimed Oregon’s agricultural potential, tweaking the interest of American farmers. The first overland immigrants to Oregon, intending primarily to farm, came in 1841 when a small band of 70 pioneers left Independence, Missouri. They followed a route blazed by fur traders, which took them west along the Platte River through the Rocky Mountains via the easy South Pass in Wyoming and then northwest to the Columbia River. In the years to come, pioneers came to call the route the Oregon Trail. In 1842, a slightly larger group of 100 pioneers made the 2,000-mile journey to Oregon. The next year, however, the number of emigrants skyrocketed to 1,000. The sudden increase was a product of a severe depression in the Midwest combined with a flood of propaganda from fur traders, missionaries, and government officials extolling the virtues of the land. Farmers dissatisfied with their prospects in Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee, hoped to find better lives in the supposed paradise of Oregon. On this day in 1843, some 1,000 men, women, and children climbed aboard their wagons and steered their horses west out of the small town of Elm Grove, Missouri. The train comprised more than 100 wagons with a herd of 5,000 oxen and cattle trailing behind. Dr. Elijah White, a Presbyterian missionary who had made the trip the year before, served as guide. The first section of the Oregon Trail ran through the relatively flat country of the Great Plains. Obstacles were few, though the river crossings could be dangerous for wagons. The danger of Indian attacks was a small but genuine risk. To be on the safe side, the pioneers drew their wagons into a circle at night to create a makeshift stockade. If they feared Indians might raid their livestock—the Plains tribes valued the horses, though generally ignored the oxen—they would drive the animals into the enclosure. Although many neophyte pioneers believed Indians were their greatest threat, they quickly learned that they were more likely to be injured or killed by a host of more mundane causes. Obstacles included accidental discharge of firearms, falling off mules or horses, drowning in river crossings, and disease. After entering the mountains, the trail also became much more difficult, with steep ascents and descents over rocky terrain. The pioneers risked injury from overturned and runaway wagons. Yet, as with the 1,000-person party that made the journey in 1843, the vast majority of pioneers on the trail survived to reach their destination in the fertile, well-watered land of western Oregon. The migration of 1844 was smaller than that of the previous season, but in 1845 it jumped to nearly 3,000. Thereafter, migration on the Oregon Trail was an annual event, although the practice of traveling in giant convoys of wagons gave way to many smaller bands of one or two-dozen wagons. The trail was heavily traveled until 1884, when the Union Pacific constructed a railway along the route. Related Videos


What was the name of the Soviet space station?

Space Station | The Station | Russian Space History russian     space history Prelude     to Space Stations (1903-1964) Soviet engineers     began work on large rockets in the 1930s. In May 1955, work began on the     Baikonur launch site in central Asia. In August-1957, the world's first     intercontinental ballistic missile lifted off from Baikonur on a test     flight, followed by the launch of Sputnik I, the world's first artificial     satellite, on October 4, 1957. On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin lifted     off from Baikonur in the Vostok I capsule, becoming the first human in     space. A year later,     Soviet engineers described a space station comprised of modules launched     separately and brought together in orbit. A quarter-century later, in     1987, this concept became reality when the Kvant module was added to the     Mir core station. - back to the top - First-Generation     Stations (1964-1977) First-generation     space stations had one docking port and could not be resupplied or refueled.     The stations were launched unmanned and later occupied by crews. There     were two types: Almaz military stations and Salyut civilian stations.     To confuse Western observers the Soviets called both kinds Salyut. The Almaz     military station program was the first approved. When proposed in 1964,     it had three parts: the Almaz military surveillance space station, Transport     Logistics Spacecraft for delivering soldier-cosmonauts and cargo, and     Proton rockets for launching both. All of these spacecraft were built,     but none was used as originally planned. Soviet     engineers completed several Almaz station hulls by 1970. The Soviet leadership     ordered Almaz hulls transferred to a crash program to launch a civilian     space station. Work on the Transport Logistics Spacecraft was deferred,     and the Soyuz spacecraft originally built for the Soviet manned Moon program     was reapplied to ferry crews to space stations. Salyut 1, the first space     station in history, reached orbit unmanned atop a Proton rocket on April     19, 1971. The early     first-generation stations were plagued by failures. The crew of Soyuz     10, the first spacecraft sent to Salyut 1, was unable to enter the station     because of a docking mechanism problem. The Soyuz 11 crew lived aboard     Salyut I for three weeks, but died during return to the Earth because     the air escaped from their Soyuz spacecraft. Then, three first-generation     stations failed to reach orbit or broke up in orbit before crews could     reach them. The second failed station was Salyut 2, the first Almaz military     station to fly. The Soviets     recovered rapidly from these failures. Salyut 3, Salyut 4, and Salyut     5 supported a total of five crews. In addition to military surveillance     and scientific and industrial experiments, the cosmonauts performed engineering     tests to help develop the second-generation space stations. - back to the top - Second     Generation Stations (1977-1985) With the     second-generation stations, the Soviet space station program evolved from     short-duration to long-duration stays. Like the first-generation stations,     they were launched unmanned and their crews arrived later in Soyuz spacecraft.     Second-generation stations had two docking ports. This permitted refueling     and resupply by automated Progress freighters derived from Soyuz. Progress     docked automatically at the aft port, and was then opened and unloaded     by cosmonauts on the station. Transfer of fuel to the station took place     automatically under supervision from the ground. A     second docking port also meant long-duration resident crews could receive     visitors. Visiting crews often included cosmonaut-researchers from Soviet     bloc countries


Whose rookie card was the first baseball card printed by Upper Deck in 1989?

May 29 2008 6:58 AM Junior Mint By Darren Rovell   The most famous card in the history of pictures on cardboard is the T206 Honus Wagner , so rare that one of them sold for more than $2 million last year. The most well-known card of the modern era is the 1989 Upper Deck Ken Griffey Jr., the No. 1 card in the company's inaugural set. As Griffey nears the 600-home-run landmark, sales of the Upper Deck No. 1 are as brisk as always, with buyers snapping up a couple of dozen every day on eBay at prices ranging from $15 to $300. These two cards, the bookends of the collecting phenomenon, are exact opposites. The Wagner is the white whale of the card trade : elusive, highly coveted, and known to drive men to madness. The Griffey is the childhood lust object that everyone's mother saved, arguably the most popular, most widely held baseball card of all time. When Griffey welcomed collectors to the very first Upper Deck set, investment was just about to trump fun in the card world. Kids had started putting their collections in plastic sheets and hard cases rather than bicycle spokes and shoe boxes, and investors would cross-check every card picked from a pack against the latest issue of Beckett's price guide. It was in this environment that Upper Deck launched in 1989 as the first premium baseball card, protected from the threat of counterfeiting with a hologram on each card, protected from the stain of the wax pack thanks to its unprecedented foil wrappers. There was no gum included, and packs cost an industry-high $1. Baseball cards were serious business. Advertisement The Griffey card was the perfect piece of memorabilia at the perfect time. The number the card was given only furthered the prospect of his cardboard IPO. Junior was chosen to be card No. 1 by an Upper Deck employee named Tom Geideman, a college student known for his keen eye for talent. Geideman earned his rep by consistently clueing in the founders of The Upper Deck, the card shop where the business was hatched, on which players would be future stars. Geideman took the task of naming the player for the first card very seriously. Using an issue of Baseball America as his guide, Geideman knew that card No. 1 would belong to Gregg Jefferies, Sandy Alomar Jr., Gary Sheffield, or a long-shot candidate, the phenom they called "The Kid." It's probably the most thinking Geideman ever did compiling a checklist, save for the 1992 Upper Deck set when he assigned numbers that ended in 69 to players with porn-star-sounding names. (Dick Schofield at No. 269, Heathcliff Slocumb at No. 569, and Dickie Thon at No. 769.) Despite the fact that Griffey had yet to crack the majors, Geideman had the confidence that the top pick in the 1987 draft would live up to his pedigree. It goes without saying that this was a genius selection. You could imagine how the people at Topps felt when Junior became an instant superstar—and they hadn't even included him in their 792-card set. Get Slate in your inbox. From the very beginning, card buffs saw the Upper Deck No. 1 as not just a collectible, but as an investment. Baseball card fans, who had once traded away duplicate cards in a quest to compile a complete set, started hoarding as many Griffeys as they could. Collectors' hands would shake when they saw Griffey's face in their pack, confident that this card would be the key to financing a college education. But the truth was that even though Upper Deck printed fewer cards than its contemporaries—Donruss, Fleer, Topps, and Score—in this case, supply came close to meeting demand. Today, many people face the reality of unloading their Griffeys at a heavy discount on eBay. On May 4, for example, you could find two people selling two separate lots of 11 Upper Deck card No. 1s. One guy was selling a lot of 26, which eventually went for $760. Advertisement It comes as no surprise that the Griffey card is the most-graded piece of cardboard in the history of the hobby. ( Card grading , if you're unaware, is done by services that slap a card in between plastic and evaluate exactly how pristine it really


What did Pac-Man eat to make the ghosts turn blue?

Ghosts | Pac-Man Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Several varieties of Ghosts as seen in Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures . Ghosts are spectral ectoplasmic entities with the common ghostly traits of being semi-intangible, being able to levitate and can leave trails of ectoplasm on living beings. They mainly attack Pac-People by biting them despite many having no visible teeth, and they also do not appear to have a very good diet, with much of their "food" appearing to be made up mostly of inedible and gross muck like garbage, worms, body parts and other unidentifiable substances and slimy goo, however due to being spiritual entities without organs, these substances do no permanent harm to them. The fact that they have sewers and sewage implies they still need to expel bodily waste products like Pac-People. Blinky has even admitted to passing gas on one occasion, which, sad to say, dramatically improved the smell of their food. With proper seasoning, their food can be made edible to Pac-People. It appears that the majority of ghosts are former Pac-People, but usually bare no resemblance to their living selves, and apparently they come in a wide variety of colors and types apart from the usual standard ghostly appearance, with some appearing gigantic, cycloptic, octopus-like or etc, and it appears that they may be able to freely change between these forms depending on their moods and personalities, a likely benefit of no longer being restricted by physical forms. However, ghostly animals appear to still somewhat resemble their living animal forms unlike Ghostly Pac-People. Weakness In the original games and cartoon, their main weakness are the Power Pellets , which can be eaten by almost any type of Pac-Being, such as Pac-Man, Ms. Pac-Man, Jr. Pac, other Pac-People and Pac-Animals. When eaten, Pac-People posses the ability to eat them and it causes them to turn blue with fear. Once eaten, their empty bodies will return to a chamber in the center of a maze where Pac-Man has no access and return to their original forms to continue chasing him. In the newer games and animated series, Pac-Man is the only one capable of eating them due to his status as a "Yellow One" and can do so even without berries in certain games while in others it is required. Power Pellets have also been replaced with Power Berries which simply act as empowering items that can give Pac-Man unique abilities that can defeat Ghosts more easily, but are still not required for eating Ghosts. Varieties Ghosts (especially the Ghosts of Pac-People ) come in a wide variety of shapes and forms but the majority usually appear to resemble the most common appearance of ghosts with round heads and ghostly tails but with a wide assortment of colors. Ghost Gang The Ghost Gang: Inky, Clyde, Blinky and Pinky. The Ghost Gang ghosts are the original antagonists of the first Pac-Man game and in most of the other games in the Pac-Man series they are portrayed as either villainous or friendly. They are a group of four ghosts named Blinky , Inky , Pinky and Clyde whose roles in the series has been mostly varied, going from either villainous ghosts that like to torment Pac-Man for fun to allies that help Pac-Man during serious situations, however most of their solo villainous efforts usually consist of them just teasing him or chasing him, while in others they take on a more antagonistic role due to being ordered to do so by their superiors. Nonetheless it appears they usually antagonize others simply for the fun and joy of scaring and pranking them rather than genuine hate or malicious intent. Throughout the series, the roles and names of Blinky and Clyde are often mixed up and this has been commonly referred to by fans as the Clyde and Blinky error . Blinky Color: Red (Sometimes mistakenly swapped with Clyde , so sometimes orange.) Character: Bad-tempered, crude, bossy, bully, fast, bratty, grouchy, dangerous, mean, sarcastic, greedy, and the leader of the four.


What punk hairstyle was named after a Native American tribe?

What's in a Name? Can Native Americans Control Outsiders' Use of their Tribal Names? | Cultural Survival Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine What's in a Name? Can Native Americans Control Outsiders' Use of their Tribal Names? In the United States, Native American names and symbols appear on many company products. Jeep Cherokee, Pontiac cars, Shawmut Bank, Mohawk Paper Company, Crazy Horse Malt Liquor and Sioux Industries are just a few examples. Indigenous names seem to be showing up more frequently, maybe a case of commercial markets following the renewed interest in Native peoples in the United States. Urban Outfitters, a national clothing and housewares chain selling to the youth market, recently named a marketing division the "Department of Anthropologie" and sells a line of housewares under the name, "Zuni," the name of a Pueblo Indian Nation. These practices are prevalent in particular industries. Many natural foods companies sell traditional indigenous foods (such as wild rice, blue corn and potatoes), using tribal names, pictures of Native peoples and symbols on product labels. Several cosmetics containing traditional Native plants and these products display similar advertising practices. The Self-Help and New Age spiritual movements freely pick and choose among the great diversity of sacred Native beliefs, religions and ways of life, using indigenous names and symbols with their seminars, books and programs. Indigenous beliefs, names, symbols and practices clearly are worth money in the American marketplace. The market is so lucrative that companies frequently blur the line between authentic indigenous products and non-indigenous products. Hopi Blue Popcorn is a prime example of a company that has wrapped itself in Native American-ness. The Hopi Blue Popcorn label has a picture of Hopi women wearing traditional clothing and hair styles, working in a field with corn plants sowed several feet apart, a traditional Pueblo desert planting technique. The label copy tells a story that blue corn was grown by the Hopi and was an integral part of their religious life. Despite all these strong suggestions, there is no connection between the Hopi People and this product. The corn is not Hopi blue corn-it is not even blue corn. Instead, it is a hybrid of yellow and blue corn. The product is not sold by any Hopi and the popcorn probably isn't farmed in the way shown on the label. Finally, the Hopi and the other Pueblos do grow blue corn and blue corn is sacred and part of their spiritual life. However, consumers reading this label could easily believe that this product contains Hopi blue corn, that the corn was grown by the Hopis, grown in the traditional way or that Hopis themselves sell this product. The names and symbols of indigenous groups may be among the few remaining resources or cultural properties of many indigenous societies. Can the unauthorized use of Native names and symbols be stopped? This article introduces some U.S. laws that Native American Nations, groups, companies and individuals may be able to use to stop outsiders from using tribal names and symbols on non-Native commercial products or from falsely claiming to sell a Native American product. This article focuses on trademark law, the federal Indian Arts & Crafts Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Food & Drug Act, and other state laws regulating trademarks, unfair competition, and consumer fraud and protection. TRADEMARK LAW The federal and state systems of trademark registration can be a powerful way for Native American Nations to register and protect their names - and to stop companies from using their names on products, such as the Jeep Cherokee. trademark law regulates and protects the names and slogans that companies use to sell their products. A trademark is a name, a brandname, a group of words or symbols that companies use to identify their products and services. A trademark is like a brand on cattle; it identifies where a product is front and the company that sells it. Coca Cola is a trademark and property, as is the name Cultural Surv


What did power-dressing women wear to get broader-looking shoulders?

Power Dressing Tips for Women | The Huffington Post Power Dressing Tips for Women 07/07/2010 02:47 pm ET | Updated May 25, 2011 Charlotte Safavi Anglo-Iranian-American Journalist When it comes to power dressing, I always think of the late 1980's in Los Angeles, where I had moved from London to become a film agent, before throwing it in for a freelance writing career. For me, power dressing is frozen in time. The women wore big shoulder pads and carried fat Filofaxes; the men sported dark Armani suits. Both sexes shopped and cut movie deals while dining at the Palm, the original Spago's or the Polo Lounge in the Beverly Hills Hotel. Of course, my male friends in England at that time, many of whom worked in finance, wouldn't be caught dead in Armani. Power dressing for them was about Savile Row suits and Hilditch and Key shirts, maybe a Harrods tie. When I picture their female counterparts, I think tights and court shoes (panty hose and pumps). My point is -- power dressing is culturally relative, even job specific. But there are certain universal principles that apply. The key for women is to look professional, yet retain their femininity. When power dressing, I propose the latter be achieved through subtleties, the faint scent of perfume, a waist cinched with a crocodile belt, a slight ruffle peeking out of a suit jacket's neck or cuff. The good news is that women no longer have to look like quarterbacks. The shoulders came back, but thankfully, not with a vengeance. So let's play ball with some basic power dressing rules. 10 Tips for Dressing with Power and Style 1. Suit Up: I don't care what business you're in. When you have the right occasion for power dressing, you wear a suit, or perhaps a tailored shift and matching jacket. Think iconic designers, Yves Saint Laurent, Calvin Klein, dare I say it, Giorgio Armani. When suit shopping, pick a classic cut, a lightweight fabric that's not seasonal (no crumply linen, no chunky tweed), and a neutral color that suits you well. I favor darker colors for suits and minimal patterns. Trousers or skirts, mox nix. 2. Tinker Tailor: Go to a tailor in your chosen suit. Nothing looks worse than an ill-fitting suit, so make sure it fits perfectly. Especially have any hems adjusted to work with the shoes you're most likely to wear with it. If in doubt, keep the skirt length just above the knee and the pant length below the ankle. 3. Slinky Shirt: You want a great shirt that fits snuggly under the suit, but not so snug that buttons pop. Don't go too low cut, though a little plunge is chic, especially under a jacket with lapels. Get an ivory or white shirt -- most skin tones work better with one or the other. No black bras! I'm partial to Anne Fontaine shirts, my splurge. A creamy silk is also a winner. The other Anne (Taylor) always has solid silk top selections. 4. Neat Feet: Shoes must be comfortable yet have a bit of height. Toes are a no-no. If you can pull off red-soled Christian Louboutin pumps with a pantsuit, I'd be in awe. 5. Read my Lips: Now I LOVE color, so you're thinking why such a stick in the mud with all the neutrals. Sorry, it's power dressing: fuchsia, orange and turquoise are luscious but they just don't say take me seriously. BUT I will do red. Red is a power color to me. A red bag, if feeling sassy. Red lips, if nothing else... and only with minimal makeup. 6. Strategic Jewels: A pearl necklace, a brooch (think Madeline Albright kicked down a notch or two) or a simple sculptural gold cuff work. Do not wear too much bling. 7. Time Keeper: A fine watch says something about your orderliness, not to mention style. Wear one. If you don't have a Cartier, no worries, a vintage watch will be less expensive and just as striking, pun intended. 8. Legwear: In the winter, I would do opaque tights or trouser socks. In the summer, I would do bare legs. Pasty white legs, no, but a little self-tanner and you're good to go. Peds with pumps are a given. 9. Bag Lady: A good-looking bag that goes with your suit is a plus. I'd stay away from too bold


What video tape technology was defeated by VHS?

Why VHS was better than Betamax | Technology | The Guardian Why VHS was better than Betamax In the first of his weekly columns for Guardian Unlimited, Jack Schofield debunks an urban myth Friday 24 January 2003 19.35 EST Share on Messenger Close Read this, and the next time someone tells you that, of course, Betamax was superior to VHS, you can tell them that they are wrong. It's an urban myth. This is not news: the information has always been available to anyone who could be bothered to look. However, it seems to me that the survival of this and many similar notions is not just a matter of techno-arrogance: it shows a failure to understand how technology markets work. Soon after I joined the Guardian in 1985, to launch Computer Guardian, another journalist showed me an article he had written about the IBM PC. I went through the introductory paragraphs step by step and explained that, as a matter of fact, every single point was wrong. "Oh well," he said, "that doesn't matter. That's what everybody thinks". That and similar experiences as an ordinary reader led me, eventually, to two conclusions. The first is that a lot of comment is based on a sort of received wisdom, a common currency, that appears to be picked up from the atmosphere. It certainly isn't based on reality. The second is that almost no journalists, and no geeks, have ever come across the concept of "the whole product", though it is well known to marketing people. Real people may not be aware of it, but the "whole product" model is an accurate description of the way they buy things. Let's take a simple example: digital audio tape (Dat). Get someone to compare Dat with a humble C90 compact cassette and they will find Dat to be technologically superior, especially for recording music. However, if you consider "the whole product", Dat is vastly inferior for most people most of the time. This is why people still buy millions of cassettes, while Dat has virtually disappeared from consumer use. The point is that when someone buys and uses a product, the technological aspects are a small and often uninteresting part of the decision. When you choose compact cassette, you are also buying into a vast infrastructure of capabilities, services and support. These include the availability of cheap cassettes on every high street, cheap personal stereos, and the ability to use the same format for a wide range of applications (personal stereo, portable radio/cassette players, in the car, in your hi-fi stack). You are buying the ability to stick a cassette in the post to your relatives in Australia with 100% certainty that they will be able to play it - and what's more, you won't care about never getting that tape back. Similarly, when someone buys a Wintel PC, they are buying the ability to choose from dozens of models from hundreds of hardware suppliers, or have one built to order, or build one themselves. They are buying the ability to access hundreds of peripherals, hundreds of thousands of applications, and millions of websites that work best with their system. They are buying the choice of hundreds of magazines, thousands of books, and all the supporting services from educational courses to repair shops. They are also buying the confidence that their system will keep progressing even if individual manufacturers fail. In marketing terms, "the core product" - such as a car, a computer, or a video recorder - is just the start. You have to add on all the things like reliability, service and support (the expected product), its expansion capabilities (the augmented product), and its potential for future development (the potential product) to get "the whole product". Since real people make real buying decisions based on "the whole product" (and if they didn't, we'd change the model), simpleminded comparisons of products by technological feature are very likely to get it wrong. I've been operating with the concept of "the whole product" for about a decade. It's much older than that, of course, but I first discovered it in Geoffrey Moore's book, Crossing the Chasm: Marketing and


What movie star released a famous aerobics video?

Jane Fonda’s first Workout video released - Apr 24, 1982 - HISTORY.com Jane Fonda’s first Workout video released Share this: Jane Fonda’s first Workout video released Author Jane Fonda’s first Workout video released URL Publisher A+E Networks Hollywood royalty, fashion model, Oscar-winning actress, controversial anti-war activist. Jane Fonda fit all of these descriptions by the late 1970s and 1980s, when she emerged in her latest incarnation–exercise guru. On April 24, 1982, Fonda extended her reach into the home-video market with the release of Workout, the first of her many bestselling aerobics tapes. Daughter of the celebrated actor Henry Fonda (star of 1940’s The Grapes of Wrath), Jane worked as a model before joining Lee Strasberg’s famed Actors Studio. She broke out in 1960 with a Tony-nominated performance in Broadway’s There Was a Little Girl and a starring role in the big-screen comedy Tall Story. She soon established a reputation as both sexpot (1968’s Barbarella) and serious actress, earning her first Oscar nomination for 1969’s They Shoot Horses, Don’t They? and taking home the Best Actress statuette two years later for Klute. As an outspoken member of the opposition to the U.S. war in Vietnam, Fonda was famously photographed behind enemy lines next to an anti-aircraft gun during a visit to North Vietnam in 1972. Dubbed “Hanoi Jane,” she earned the lasting scorn of many Vietnam veterans and has since expressed deep regret about posing for the photograph. Fonda won her second Best Actress Oscar in 1979 for Coming Home. That same year, she opened her first workout studio, breaking into a gym industry previously dominated by male boxers and bodybuilders. A former ballet enthusiast, Fonda had begun practicing aerobics with her future business partner, Leni Cazden, to keep fit. In 1981, Fonda published Jane Fonda’s Workout Book, which remained at No. 1 on the nonfiction bestseller’s list for more than six months and in the top five for more than 16 months. The cover showed a grinning Fonda striking a pose in black tights and legwarmers. With the phenomenal success of her exercise studios, books and videos, Fonda not only sparked the aerobics trend of the late 1970s and 1980s–she also popularized the concept of working out for women in general. Other instructors soon capitalized on the workout movement, including Richard Simmons and Judi Missett, creator of the aerobics spin-off known as Jazzercise. For the first time, millions of women (and a few men) were exercising together in groups, doing leg lifts, side bends and lifting dumbbells to the beat of peppy music. Aerobics also launched a fashion craze, with neon spandex, legwarmers and leotards becoming ubiquitous among health-conscious women. Fonda’s videos remained top sellers into the latter half of the 1980s, including Jane Fonda’s New Workout (1986) and Jane Fonda’s Low-Impact Aerobic Workout (1987). The revenues from Fonda’s exercise empire financed the Campaign for Economic Democracy, a leftist political organization founded by her then-husband, the leading 1960s radical Tom Hayden. After divorcing Hayden in 1989, Fonda largely withdrew from the spotlight. She announced her retirement from acting in 1992, explaining her desire to spend more time with her third husband, the media mogul Ted Turner. The couple divorced in 2001. Fonda has recently returned to the big screen in several movies, including Monster-In-Law (2005) and Georgia Rule (2007). Related Videos


Hollywood icon Rock Hudson dies of AIDS - Oct 02, 1985 - HISTORY.com This Day in History: 10/02/1985 - Rock Hudson Dies of AIDS On this day in 1985, actor Rock Hudson, 59, becomes the first major U.S. celebrity to die of complications from AIDS. Hudson's death raised public awareness of the epidemic, which until that time had been ignored by many in the mainstream as a "gay plague." Hudson, born Leroy Harold Scherer Jr., on November 17, 1925, in Winnetka, Illinois, was a Hollywood heartthrob whose career in movies and TV spanned nearly three decades. With leading-man good looks, Hudson starred in numerous dramas and romantic comedies in the 1950s and 60s, including Magnificent Obsession, Giant and Pillow Talk. In the 1970s, he found success on the small screen with such series as McMillan and Wife. To protect his macho image, Hudson's off-screen life as a gay man was kept secret from the public. Lead Story Hollywood icon Rock Hudson dies of AIDS Share this: Hollywood icon Rock Hudson dies of AIDS Author Hollywood icon Rock Hudson dies of AIDS URL Publisher A+E Networks On this day in 1985, actor Rock Hudson, 59, becomes the first major U.S. celebrity to die of complications from AIDS. Hudson’s death raised public awareness of the epidemic, which until that time had been ignored by many in the mainstream as a “gay plague.” Hudson, born Leroy Harold Scherer Jr., on November 17, 1925, in Winnetka, Illinois, was a Hollywood heartthrob whose career in movies and TV spanned nearly three decades. With leading-man good looks, Hudson starred in numerous dramas and romantic comedies in the 1950s and 60s, including Magnificent Obsession, Giant and Pillow Talk. In the 1970s, he found success on the small screen with such series as McMillan and Wife. To protect his macho image, Hudson’s off-screen life as a gay man was kept secret from the public. In 1984, while working on the TV show Dynasty, Hudson was diagnosed with AIDS. On July 25, 1985, he publicly acknowledged he had the disease at a hospital in Paris, where he had gone to seek treatment. The news that Hudson, an international icon, had AIDS focused worldwide attention on the disease and helped change public perceptions of it. The first cases of AIDS were reported in 1981 and the earliest victims were gay men who often faced public hostility and discrimination. As scientists and health care officials called for funding to combat the disease, they were largely ignored by President Ronald Reagan and his administration. Rock Hudson was a friend of Reagan’s and his death was said to have changed the president’s view of the disease. However, Reagan was criticized for not addressing the issue of AIDS in a major public speech until 1987; by that time, more than 20,000 Americans had already died of the disease and it had spread to over 100 countries. By 2006, the AIDS virus had killed 25 million people worldwide and infected 40 million others. Related Videos


"What brand of sunglasses were worn by Tom Cruise in ""Risky Business"" and Don Johnson in ""Miami Vice""?"

Ray-Ban Wayfarers | Miami Vice Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Edit Ray-Ban Wayfarers were first manufactured in 1952, by Ray-Ban, a marque of Bausch and Lomb. This revolutionary design marked a great departure from Ray-Ban's metal styles, such as the Aviator and Shooter. The classic trapezoidal design has been credited to early 50s trends such as Cadillac fins and angular Art Deco designs. Initial popularity was not as well as expected, but soon thereafter sales took off in the mid-50s to late-60s. In the 70s, sales waned, most likely due to the great number of knockoffs and other repopluarized styles, such as the Aviator and mirrored aviator styles. Sales remained low until 1982, when key product placement deal gave Ray-Ban Wayfarers a new life. Tom Cruise popularized them in the 1983 movie Risky Business, and sales soon tripled. The trend continued to rise, given further popularity by Michael Mann's seminal cop show Miami Vice. Miami Vice Connection Edit The Ray-Ban Wayfarer became Det. Sonny Crockett's sunglasses of choice in the second episode of Miami Vice, " Heart of Darkness ." In the first episode of the show, he is seen wearing Carrera 5512s in brown with pink lenses. Crockett would later relegate these lenses to Tubbs, as he would begin wearing the Wayfarers. He is first seen wearing these while riding in a limousine with Artie Rollins, Det. Rico Tubbs, and a porn director named Jimmy. In the first two seasons, Sonny would wear Mock Tortoise framed Wayfarers with G-15 lenses. The season 3 episode " When Irish Eyes Are Crying " would show Sonny wearing Persol 69218s in black. Sonny would return to the Wayfarers in Seasons 4 and 5, this time wearing black framed Wayfarers with G-15 lenses.


Who was the Princess of Monaco that died in a car crash?

Princess Grace`s Fatal Crash: Her Daughter`s Account - tribunedigital-chicagotribune Princess Grace`s Fatal Crash: Her Daughter`s Account October 23, 1989|By From ``Rainier and Grace: An Intimate Portrait`` ($18.95); (copyright) 1989 by Jeffrey Robinson. On Sept. 13, 1982, Princess Grace of Monaco was killed when the car she was driving somersaulted over a cliff. Her daughter, Princess Stephanie, who was with her, had not spoken on the record about the crash until an interview with author Jeffrey Robinson for his book, ``Rainier and Grace: An Intimate Portrait.`` She recounts the accident in this excerpt from the book. At about 9 a.m., on Monday, Sept. 13, 1982, Princess Grace of Monaco woke her daughter, Stephanie. They had tickets for a train to Paris, where Stephanie, 17, would start school on Wednesday. While Grace was getting ready to leave for the palace, her chauffeur brought the 11-year-old metallic green Rover 3500 out of the garage and parked it in front of the house at Roc Agel, the royal family`s farm, in the hills above Monaco. When Grace came out of the house, her arms were full of dresses which she spread flat across the rear seat of the car. A maid followed with other dresses and large hat boxes, and together they filled the rear seat. Then she called for Stephanie. Grace`s chauffeur was standing by the car, ready to drive the two of them to the palace. Grace didn`t much like driving and didn`t do a lot of it, although she liked the Rover. There wasn`t a lot of mileage on it because she didn`t use it much. Still, she always insisted it be well maintained. It hardly, if ever, went any farther from the palace garage than Roc Agel. And even then it usually was driven by a chauffeur. Now, however, with the back seat covered, there wasn`t room enough for Grace and Stephanie and a chauffeur. Grace told her chauffeur that it would be easier if she drove. He said that there was no need for that. If she left the dresses there, he would drive her down and then come back for the clothes. She said, no, please don`t bother, she would drive. He kept trying to persuade her, but Grace insisted. So Grace got behind the wheel, and Stephanie climbed into the passenger seat. At about 10 a.m. they pulled away from Roc Agel. The road from the farm winds down the hill and into La Turbie. The road from there down to the Moyenne Corniche, which takes you into Monaco, is called the D37. Approximately 2 miles from La Turbie, there is an especially steep bend where you have to brake very hard and steer carefully to follow the road 150 degrees to the right. Grace missed that turn. The Rover slammed into the small retaining wall and went through it. The car somersaulted as it crashed 120 feet through branches of trees, careening off the slope, tossing Grace and Stephanie around inside. The accident that claimed the life of the former Grace Kelly captured the attention of the world. Nearly 100 million people watched the funeral of the former American movie star on Saturday, Sept. 18: Her husband, Prince Rainier, in his uniform, shattered with grief, his oldest child, Caroline, veiled in black, reaching out to touch him. His son, Albert, walked at his side, holding his father`s arm. Stephanie, the youngest of Grace and Rainier`s three children, was not present at the funeral. Still hospitalized for minor injuries from the accident, she wasn`t told of her mother`s death until two days after the crash. Caroline is the only member of the family to have discussed with Stephanie what happened in the car that morning. ``Stephanie told me, `Mommy kept saying, I can`t stop. The brakes don`t work. I can`t stop.` She said that Mommy was in a complete panic. Stephanie grabbed the hand brake. She told me right after the accident, `I pulled on the hand brake but it wouldn`t stop. I tried but I just couldn`t stop the car.` `` Stephanie, now 24, says she has never discussed the accident with her father or brother. Some people close to the family say they think that Stephanie has since blocked the accident out of her mind, that she remembers nothing of


"What cola was advertised as ""all the sugar and twice the caffeine""?"

Jolt Cola Caffeinated Bottles (24 Pack) Product Description Shipping Rates & Info Jolt Cola is one of those classic sodas that has withstood time. Jolt Cola was launched in 1985 with their memorable tagline "all the sugar and twice the caffeine." Jolt Cola set itself apart from the standard colas of that time as it was marketed towards the same consumers that now make up the energy drink market. Although Jolt Cola has gone through many highs and lows in their corporate history what has remained is the well known cola and high caffeine formulation. Enjoy a Jolt Cola today in hard-to-find glass bottles! Jolt Cola Ingredients Ingredients: carbonated water, sugar and/or high fructose corn syrup, caramel color, phosphoric acid, caffeine, citric acid and natural flavor. Nutrition Facts: serving size: 12fl oz; calories 150; total fat 0g; sodium 15mg; sugars 41g; protein 0g; total carbohydrates 41 PRODUCT DETAILS


"What blundering politician was ""no Jack Kennedy"" according to Lloyd Bentsen?"

Former Sen. Lloyd Bentsen Dies at 85 | Fox News Former Sen. Lloyd Bentsen Dies at 85 Published        May 23, 2006 Facebook 0 Twitter 0 Email Print HOUSTON –  Former Sen. and Treasury Secretary Lloyd Bentsen , a courtly Texan who as the Democrats' vice presidential nominee in 1988 famously told rival Dan Quayle he was "no Jack Kennedy," died Tuesday. He was 85. Bentsen, who represented the state in Congress for 28 years, died at his Houston home, his family said. He had been under a doctor's care since a stroke several years ago, according to longtime aide Bill Maddox. Bentsen's distinguished political career took him from the humble beginnings of a county office in the Rio Grande Valley in the 1940s to six years in the U.S. House, 22 in the Senate and two as President Clinton's first treasury secretary, when he was instrumental in directing the administration's economic policy. National ambitions led him to seek the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination, a race he quickly abandoned after gaining little support. Returning his attention to the Senate, Bentsen cemented his expertise in tax, trade and economic issues as well as foreign affairs. By 1988, Bentsen was one of the Senate's most respected voices. That year, Democratic presidential nominee Michael Dukakis tapped the elder statesman as his running mate. As the GOP nominee, Vice President George W. Bush chose Quayle, a second-term Indiana senator and former congressman, as his running-mate. In the Oct. 5, 1988, vice presidential debate, Quayle said: "I have as much experience in the Congress as Jack Kennedy did when he sought the presidency." Bentsen's retort in the televised event caused a sensation. "Senator, I served with Jack Kennedy," he said. "I knew Jack Kennedy. Jack Kennedy was a friend of mine. Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy." But the Dukakis-Bentsen ticket went down hard, losing 40 states — including Texas — to the Bush-Quayle team. A shrewd legislative operator, the silver-haired politician maneuvered with ease in Democratic and Republican circles alike on Capitol Hill, crafting deals behind the scenes in a dispassionate, reserved fashion. Chairman of the tax-writing Senate Finance Committee for six years, Bentsen was a solidly pro-business Democrat who compiled a record as a staunch advocate of international trade and protector of the oil and gas industry. Former Rep. Ken Bentsen described his uncle's life as incredible. "He not only achieved a lot but took advantage to make his state, his nation and the world better," the younger Bentsen said in a December 2003 interview. The scion of a wealthy Rio Grande Valley family, Bentsen first distinguished himself in World War II, where he flew 50 bomber missions over Europe. Returning home as a decorated veteran, the 25-year-old was elected Hidalgo County judge in 1946. Two years later, he moved to the House. In his first House term, Bentsen was one of a handful of Southern congressmen voting against the poll tax, which was used to keep blacks from voting. Despite the prediction of one of his mentors, legendary House Speaker Sam Rayburn, that he, too, could one day become speaker, Bentsen decided not to seek re-election in 1954. Instead, he opted to return to private life in Houston and build his own fortune, using several million dollars in seed money from his family. Flush with corporate success, the millionaire felt the call of politics anew and decided in 1970 to challenge liberal Democratic Sen. Ralph Yarborough. After winning a bitter primary, Bentsen went on to defeat his Republican rival, Congressman George Bush, for the first of four Senate terms. The moderate-to-conservative Democrat, who preferred to work away from the limelight, quickly built a reputation as a bipartisan coalition builder. In a career of many successes, the cautious Bentsen had few missteps. The most prominent was in 1987 when it became known that the newly installed chairman of the Senate Finance Committee had solicited $10,000 campaign contributions from lobbyists in exchange for once-a-month breakfasts with him. He qui


In what country did the Solidarity movement happen?

Solidarity Gdansk Poland 57 The Story of the Solidarity Movement Established in September of 1980 at the Gdansk shipyards , Solidarity was an independent labour union instrumental in the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union, and the primary catalyst that would transform Poland from a repressive communist satellite to the EU member democracy it is today. The Solidarity movement received international attention, spreading anti-communist ideas and inspiring political action throughout the rest of the Communist Bloc, and its influence in the eventual fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe cannot be understated or dismissed. Solidarity's cohesion and initial success, like that of other dissident movements, was not created overnight, nor the result of any specific event or grievance. Rather, the emergence of Solidarity as a political force in Poland was spurred by governmental and economic difficulties that had continued to deepen over the course of an entire decade. Poland's 'shortage economy' put stress on the lives of everyday people who were unable to purchase daily necessities, such as bread or toilet paper, and faced endless queues for which there was rarely a reward. In July of 1980, the Polish government - facing economic crisis - was again forced to raise the price of goods while curbing the growth of wages. This was essentially the "last straw" for much of Poland's labour force, with strikes spreading almost at once across the country, in spite of the absence of any organized network. In Gdansk, at the then 'Lenin Shipyards', the shipyard workers were unified by the additional outrage of Anna Walentynowicz's firing. The dismissal of Walentynowicz - a popular crane-operator and activist, combined with the previous firing of Lech Walesa - an outspoken electrician, galvanised the workers into taking action. A strike began on August 14th, led by Walesa, who gave voice to the workers' demands for the legalisation of independent labour unions, the raising of a monument to the 80 workers brutally murdered in a 1970 labour dispute in Gdansk, and the rehiring of both Walesa and Walentynowicz. Despite nation-wide censorship and the severance of all phone connections between Gdansk and the rest of the country, several underground presses succeeded in covering the story and spreading the shipyard workers' message throughout Poland and the Eastern Bloc. On August 16th, several other strike committees joined the Gdansk shipyard workers and the following day 21 demands of the unified strike committee were put forward. These demands went far beyond the scope of local concern, calling for the legal formation of independent trade unions, an end to media censorship, the right to strike, new rights for the Church, the freeing of political prisoners, and improvements in the national health system. The movement's news-sheet, Solidarnosc, began being printed on the shipyard printing press at a run of 30,000 copies. On August 18th, the Szczecin shipyard joined the Gdansk shipyard in protest, igniting a wave of strikes along the Polish coast. Within days, most of Poland was affected by factory shutdowns, with more and more unions forming and joining the Gdansk-based federation on a daily basis. With the situation in Gdansk gaining international support and media coverage, the Gdansk shipyard workers were able to hold out longer than many of their compatriots. Poland's Soviet government capitulated, sending a Governmental Commission to Gdansk, which on September 3rd signed an agreement ratifying many of the workers' demands. This agreement, known as the Gdansk Agreement, became recognised as the first step in dismantling Soviet power. Achieving the right to form labour unions independent of Communist Party control, and the right to strike, workers' concerns would now receive representation; common people were now able to introduce democratic changes into the communist political structure. With an upsurge of momentum in the wake of their success, workers' representatives - with Walesa on the pulpit - formed a national labour union on


What brand of over-the-counter medication was tampered with, killing seven?

How the Tylenol murders of 1982 changed the way we consume medication | PBS NewsHour How the Tylenol murders of 1982 changed the way we consume medication EMAIL BY Dr. Howard Markel   September 29, 2014 at 11:39 AM EST A drugstore clerk removes Tylenol capsules from the shelves of a pharmacy Sept. 30, 1982, in New York City after reports of tampering. Seven people in the Chicago area were killed that year by Tylenol that had been poisoned with potassium cyanide. Photo by Yvonne Hemsey/Getty Images Early on the morning of Sept. 29, 1982, a tragic, medical mystery began with a sore throat and a runny nose. It was then that Mary Kellerman, a 12-year-old girl from Elk Grove Village, a suburb of Chicago, told her mother and father about her symptoms. They gave her one extra-strength Tylenol capsule that, unbeknownst to them, was laced with the highly poisonous potassium cyanide. Mary was dead by 7 a.m. Within a week, her death would panic the entire nation. And only months later, it changed the way we purchase and consume over-the-counter medications. That same day, a 27-year-old postal worker named Adam Janus of Arlington Heights, Illinois, died of what was initially thought to be a massive heart attack but turned out to be cyanide poisoning as well. His brother and sister-in-law, Stanley, 25, and Theresa, 19, of Lisle, Illinois, rushed to his home to console their loved ones. Both experienced throbbing headaches, a not uncommon response to a death in the family and each took a Tylenol extra-strength capsule or two from the same bottle Adam had used earlier in the day. Stanley died that very day and Theresa died two days later. As a result of the crime, makers of Tylenol developed new product protection methods. Photo by Daniel Acker/Bloomberg via Getty Images Over the next few days, three more strange deaths occurred: 35-year-old Mary McFarland of Elmhurst, Illinois, 35-year-old Paula Prince of Chicago, and 27-year-old Mary Weiner of Winfield, Illinois. All of them, it turned out, took Tylenol shortly before they died. It was at this point, early October of 1982, that investigators made the connection between the poisoning deaths and Tylenol, the best-selling, non-prescription pain reliever sold in the United States at that time. The gelatin-based capsules were especially popular because they were slick and easy to swallow. Unfortunately, each victim swallowed a Tylenol capsule laced with A lethal dose of cyanide. McNeil Consumer Products, a subsidiary of the health care giant, Johnson & Johnson, manufactured Tylenol. To its credit, the company took an active role with the media in issuing mass warning communications and immediately called for a massive recall of the more than 31 million bottles of Tylenol in circulation. Tainted capsules were discovered in early October in a few other grocery stores and drug stores in the Chicago area, but, fortunately, they had not yet been sold or consumed. McNeill and Johnson & Johnson offered replacement capsules to those who turned in pills already purchased and a reward for anyone with information leading to the apprehension of the individual or people involved in these random murders. RELATED CONTENT How Elizabeth Blackwell became the first female doctor in the U.S. The case continued to be confusing to the police, the drug maker and the public at large. For example, Johnson & Johnson quickly established that the cyanide lacing occurred after cases of Tylenol left the factory. Someone, police hypothesized, must have taken bottles off the shelves of local grocers and drug stores in the Chicago area, laced the capsules with poison, and then returned the restored packages to the shelves to be purchased by the unknowing victims. To this day, however, the perpetrators of these murders have never been found. One man, James Lewis, claiming to be the Tylenol killer wrote a “ransom” letter to Johnson & Johnson demanding $1 million in exchange for stopping the poisonings. After a lengthy cat and mouse game, police and federal investigators determined that Lewis lived in New York and had no de


What was the nickname of Reagan's proposed missile shield?

Reagan's Missile Shield in Space, 'Star Wars,' Is Pronounced Dead - NYTimes.com Reagan's Missile Shield in Space, 'Star Wars,' Is Pronounced Dead Published: May 14, 1993 WASHINGTON, May 13— In a pronouncement that reflected the power of a name, Defense Secretary Les Aspin said today that the Strategic Defense Initiative was dead, but the Ballistic Missile Defense lived on. In other words, Mr. Aspin said, "Stars Wars" is no more. Aides to Mr. Aspin acknowledged that the Pentagon had been moving away from President Ronald Reagan's vision of an umbrella of space-based missile-killing missiles and satellites for several years. In that sense, they said, the name change was merely a recognition of the new, more modest approach of developing ground-based anti-missile systems. But the symbolism is also important, they said, for convincing Congress that the new work is distinct from the research that consumed nearly $30 billion over the last 10 years and that anti-missile defenses are still needed in the post-cold war era. "Today we are here to observe another point of passage, which is the end of the 'Star Wars' era," Mr. Aspin said at a news conference at the Pentagon. "The fate of 'Star Wars' was sealed by the collapse of the Soviet Union." At least one critic of the space shield on Capitol Hill, however, was not buying it. Representative John Conyers Jr., Democrat of Michigan, said Mr. Aspin should simply disband the program instead of renaming it. "This is the largest and least justified program in the defense budget," Mr. Conyers said. "They hope to camouflage this mismanaged mishmash with a new name." The new organization will report to an undersecretary of defense instead of the defense secretary. The Defense Secretary said the Administration would still ask Congress to approve $3.8 billion for anti-missile programs in the 1994 budget -- $2.5 billion less than President George Bush had proposed -- but he declined to discuss 1995 and beyond. The original program explored a dazzling array of exotic possibilities for destroying long-range missiles in flight, including X-ray lasers. The program was quickly nicknamed "Star Wars" after the movie. All of the most exotic approaches have been abandoned in recent years, either because it became clear they would not work or were not needed, or both. As of early 1992, more than $8 billion had been spent on dead-end projects. Senator Malcolm Wallop, Republican of Wyoming, one of the program's major proponents in Congress, said Mr. Aspin's decision to reorganize the program "seems to be a good idea." "I hope this means that we will finally transition the program from one of research and development only to a serious acquisition effort," Mr. Wallop said.


Terrorists from what country blew up Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland?

Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 Over Lockerbie Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 Over Lockerbie 20th Century History Expert By Jennifer Rosenberg On December 21, 1988, Pan Am Flight 103 exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing all 259 people on board as well as 11 on the ground. Though it was almost immediately evident that a bomb had caused the disaster, it took more than eleven years to bring anyone to trial. What happened to the plane? Why would someone plant a bomb on Flight 103? Why did it take eleven years to have a trial? The Explosion Pan Am Flight 103 taxied out of the gate at Heathrow Airport in London at 6:04 p.m. on December 21, 1988 - four days before Christmas. The 243 passengers and 16 crew members were preparing themselves for a relatively long flight to New York . After taxying for a few minutes, Flight 103, on a Boeing 747, took off at 6:25 p.m. They had no idea that they only had 38 more minutes to live. By 6:56 p.m., the plane had reached 31,000 feet. At 7:03 p.m., the plane exploded. Control had just been issuing Flight 103's clearance to start its oceanic segment of their journey to New York, when Flight 103's blip went off their radar. continue reading below our video 10 Facts About the Titanic That You Don't Know Seconds later the one large blip was replaced with multiple blips traveling downwind. For the residents of Lockerbie, Scotland, their nightmare was just about to begin. "It was like meteors falling from the sky," described resident Ann McPhail (Newsweek, Jan. 2, 1989, pg. 17). Flight 103 was over Lockerbie when it exploded. Many residents described the sky lighting up and a large, deafening roar. They soon saw pieces of the plane as well as pieces of bodies landing in fields, in backyards, on fences, and on rooftops. Fuel from the plane was already on fire before it hit the ground; some of it landed on houses, making the houses explode. One of the plane's wings hit the ground in the southern area of Lockerbie. It hit the ground with such impact that it created a crater 155 feet long, displacing approximately 1500 tons of dirt. The nose of the airplane landed mostly intact in a field about four miles from the town of Lockerbie. Many said the nose reminded them of a fish's head cut off from its body. Wreckage was strewn over 50 square miles. Twenty-one of Lockerbie's houses were completely destroyed and eleven of its residents were dead. Thus, the total death toll was 270 (the 259 aboard the plane plus the 11 on the ground). Why Was Flight 103 Bombed? Though the flight held passengers from 21 countries, the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 hit the United States especially hard. Not only because 179 of the 259 people on board were Americans, but because the bombing shattered America's sense of safety and security. Americans in general felt trodden upon by the unknown danger of terrorism. Though there is no doubt of the horror of this crash, this bomb and its aftermath was just the most recent in a string of similar events. As revenge for the bombing of a Berlin nightclub where two U.S. personnel were killed, President Ronald Reagan ordered the bombing of Libya's capital Tripoli and the Libyan city of Benghazi in 1986. Some people think that bombing Pan Am Flight 103 was in retaliation for these bombings. In 1988, the USS Vincennes (a U.S. guided missile cruiser ) shot down an Iranian passenger jet, killing all 290 people on board. There is little doubt that this caused as much horror and sorrow as the explosion on Flight 103. The U.S. government claims that the USS Vincennes mistakenly identified the passenger plane as an F-14 fighter jet. Other people believe that the bombing over Lockerbie was in retaliation for this disaster. Right after the crash, an article in Newsweek stated, "It would be up to George Bush to decide whether, and how, to retaliate" (Jan. 2, 1989, pg. 14). Does the United States have any more right to "retaliate" than do the Arab countries ? The Bomb After investigators had interviewed over 15,000 people, examined 180,000 pieces of evidence, and researched in more than 40 countrie


What sprinter shattered the women's record in the 100 meter dash?

Women's 100-Meter World Records Women's 100-Meter World Records World Record Progressions Women's 100-Meter World Records Florence Griffith-Joyner celebrates after winning the 1988 Olympic 100-meter final. She set the 100-meter world record earlier that year, at the U.S. Olympic Trials.  Mike Powell/Allsport/Getty Images By Mike Rosenbaum Updated April 24, 2016. The 100-meter run is as much a glamour event for women as for men. It’s also the only women’s individual running event that’s been included in every Olympics since women’s Olympic track and field debuted in 1928. As a result, the women's 100-meter world record is one of the sport's most iconic standards Early Sprinters Marie Majzlikova of Czechoslovakia was the first official women’s 100-meter world record holder. Her time of 13.6 seconds – slower than the modern women’s 100-meter hurdles record – was recognized by the governing body of women's athletics, the Federation Sportive Feminine Internationale, in 1922. The initial mark lasted only 15 days, until Great Britain’s Mary Lines ran 12.8 on Aug. 20, 1922. Betty Robinson of the United States ran the first known 12-flat 100 meters, in 1928, but her time wasn’t ratified for world record purposes. One month later, Myrtle Cook’s 12.0 time was ratified, giving the Canadian the official world mark. continue reading below our video Profile of Florence Griffith-Joyner But Robinson wouldn't be denied her moment in the sun, as she won the first Olympic women’s 100-meter gold medal later that year, in 12.2 seconds. Tollien Schuuman of the Netherlands ran the first sub-12-second 100 meters, finishing in 11.9 in 1932. In 1935, Helen Stephens became the first American to hold the internationally recognized 100-meter record after posting a time of 11.6 seconds. Several runners later ran unratified 11.5-second times – including Stephens, who won the 1936 Olympic gold medal with a wind-aided 11.5 – but Fanny Blankers-Koen of the Netherlands ran the first recognized 11.5-second 100 meters in 1948, by which time the FSFI had been absorbed into the IAAF. Approaching 11 Seconds The world record dropped to 11.3 in the 1950s, and then Americans Wilma Rudolph and Wyomia Tyus both ran 11.2, in 1961 and 1964, respectively. Poland’s Irena Kirszenstein ran the first 11.1-second 100 meters, in 1965, which Tyus equaled shortly thereafter. Tyus then won the 1968 Olympic 100 meters in 11.08 seconds, which was recorded as 11.0 for world record purposes. East Germany’s Renate Stecher breached the 11-second barrier in 1973, recording a time of 10.9 seconds. Electronic Era Beginning in 1977, the IAAF only recognized times recorded electronically, to the hundredth of a second, for world record purposes. East Germany’s Marlies Gohr ran the first sub-11-second 100 meters recorded under the new standard when she was clocked in 10.88 seconds in 1977. Gohr lowered her mark twice, reaching 10.81 in 1983. American Evelyn Ashford recorded a time of 10.79 seconds later that year. She improved her mark to 10.76 in 1984. Flo-Jo Florence Griffith-Joyner is unquestionably the fastest women’s sprinter of all time. There is some question, however, about exactly how fast she was. The woman known as Flo-Jo was a successful runner in the early to mid-1980s, winning 200-meter silver medals at the 1984 Olympics and the 1987 World Championships. In 1988, however, she became a record-breaker. Griffith-Joyner opened the 1988 U.S. Olympic Trials with a wind-aided 10.60 clocking in the first heat. She then topped that performance in the quarterfinal, finishing in 10.49 seconds. The wind was gusting on the track that day, but at the end of the quarterfinal race the wind gauge displayed only zeroes, leading some to believe that the gauge was malfunctioning. Nevertheless, Griffith-Joyner’s time was ratified as the new world record . The IAAF’s official record book later added a note, stating that Flo-Jo’s time was “probably” wind-aided. But the record still stands. Griffith-Joyner ran two more unquestionably legal times at the Trials, both of which were under Ashford’s forme


"What service coined the phrase ""You've Got Mail""?"

Meet the Voice Behind AOL's 'You've Got Mail' Meet the Voice Behind AOL's 'You've Got Mail' Go to permalink Some of the most memorable voices are those of people we’ve never met. I’ve never met Susan Bennett, but I talk to her everyday with Siri. Charlie Pellett’s voice will always rattle around the cobwebs of my brain as the voice behind New York’s subway system. Then there’s Elwood Edwards, the voice behind the most iconic phrase of the early internet—AOL’s “You’ve Got Mail.” Advertisement Great Big Story sits down with Edwards as he relays the tale of how his voice ended up wired into the brains of anyone on the internet in the 1990s: In 1989, my wife was a customer service rep for the company that was about to come America Online. She heard Steve Case talking to some of the programmers how fun it would be to add a voice to the software. I’ve been an announcer throughout my entire broadcasting career, and she volunteered me. Edwards says his vocal contributions were originally designed as a test to see if the idea would catch on. It definitely did. Advertisement