Who is the only Nobel laureate to have an entry in Wisden Cricketers' Almanac?

James Joyce | Dublin’s Wordy Men Dublin is famous for many things and over its thousand-year history it saw the building of the first two-chamber parliament (Houses of Commons & Lords) – now the Bank of Ireland, College green – in the 1730s; the construction of the Rotunda by Benjamin Mosse in 1745, which is now the oldest continuously operating maternity hospital in the world, and the production of Guinness, one of the best-known drinks in the world. However, its contribution to the written word is legendary with its three native-born Nobel Laureates for Literature giving it a unique place in history. WBY – home on Sandymount Avenue William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) was born in Sandymount and is considered one of the foremost of 20th century literature. He studied in London and spent summer holidays with his maternal grandparents in Sligo, a place that he often wrote about. With Lady Augusta Gregory he established the Abbey Theatre, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1923 that cited his ‘inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation.’ Voted as Ireland’s favourite poet his poem Easter 1916, written in the months after the event, capture the mood of the nation at that very tense moment. On the other hand one of his earliest works, Lake Isle of Innisfree (from 1888), a twelve-line written in style of the Celtic Revival that was then becoming popular is still the poem that most people are familiar with: WBY  I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree, And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made; Nine bean rows will I have there, a hive for the honey bee, And live alone in the bee loud glade. GB Shaw George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) was born in 33 Synge Street, but went to London where he worked as a theatre critic before starting to  write. He is best known as a playwright (he wrote more than 60 plays) with Man and Superman, Saint Joan and Pygmalion being the most famous. In 1938 a film version of Pygmalion was produced in Hollywood and it won an Oscar for Best Screenplay. He is the first person to have won both a Nobel Prize for Literature (1925) and an Oscar. In 1906 he moved to a house in Ayot St Lawrence, north of London, that late became known as Shaw’ Corner. He spent the rest of his life here and loved nothing more than tending the garden with his wife Charlotte. In 1950 he fell while pruning a tree, and he died shortly afterwards from complications associated with the fall. He was ninety-four! His and Charlotte’s ashes were scattered along the paths and throughout the garden they loved. Samuel Beckett Samuel Beckett (1913-1989) was born in Foxrock and went to Trinity College. A keen sportsman he is the only Nobel Laureate to have played first class cricket having featured in two matches against Northamptonshire. He was in France when WWII began and fought with the French Resistance and was awarded both the Croix de Guerre and the Medaille de la Resistance. He described his efforts during the war, rather humbly, as ‘boy scout stuff’. He had met James Joyce in Paris in the 1930s and had begun writing before the war began. In 1949, his bleak absurdist play Waiting for Godot was well-received in Paris. When the play was first performed in London in 1955 it was voted ‘the most significant English language play of the 20th century’.  His works consider the tragicomic conditions of life, that often combine a bleakness and minimalism which he captured so well. Beckett was at the forefront of ‘modernist’ writing style and a leading light in the ‘Theatre of the Absurd’. He lived and worked in Paris until he died on 22 December 1989 and he is buried in Montparnasse Cemetery. And on 10th December 2009 the new bridge across the Liffey was named in his honour. Samuel Beckett Bridge Pigeon House – Refuge from the storm Pigeon House By the mid-1750s entry to and from Dublin Bay was a hazardous operation and the city governors decided something drastic needed to be done to improve the situation. So a plan was drawn up to construct a wall into the bay that would stop the


On which planet did Davros create the Daleks ?

Davros - Doctor Who Wiki Guide - IGN Edit Edit Davros, Creator Of The Daleks Davros is the brilliant Kaled scientist, who is the creator of the Daleks. First encountered by the fourth doctor on the planet Skaro, in the story Genesis of the Daleks. The Kaled race were in a 1000 year war with the Thal race, as a result of nuclear warfare, Davros knew that each race were slowly mutating, so he sped up the rate of mutation in a sample of the kaleds, and reached what he saw as their final mutation stage. Calling them his travel machines, he encased each mutation within a 'metal cage'. styled on his mobile life-support machine. These mutations were devoid of any sort of emotion, believing that anything unlike themselves must be exterminated, which lead them to overthrow and apparently destroy their creator, Davros. Davros did appear in other classic stories, such as Rememberance of the Daleks, and Revelation of the Daleks. The Daleks consistently went back to their creator to learn more and advance the Dalek race further, this ultimately lead to Davros leading them into the Last Great Time War, in which he was lost in the first year of the war as his command ship flew into the Jaws of the Nightmare Child. In the revived series however, Dalek Caan, of The Cult of Skaro, flew into the Time-locked time war and rescued Davros from the command ship. Davros then went on to create a new race of Daleks produced from cells of his own body, whilst taken planets from the sky and creating the reality bomb, to destroy all life in the cosmos.


At which fast food chain did British teenagers first start to go out for a hamburger and a coffee in 1955 ?

Food in Britain in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s By  Ellen Castelow , Contributing Writer  |   Comments Ask any American in their 50s or 60s who is the best cook he or she knows, and they will almost certainly reply, “My mom”. Ask any English person of a similar age and they will almost certainly name anyone BUT their mother. You could be kind and blame this lack of British culinary skill on rationing. Rationing continued even after the end of World War II ; indeed, when the Queen came to the throne in 1952, sugar, butter, cheese, margarine, cooking fat, bacon, meat and tea were all still rationed. Rationing did not actually finish until 1954, with sugar rationing ending in 1953 and meat rationing in 1954. Rationing and the meagre choice of ingredients and flavourings, whilst concentrating the cook’s mind on creating filling and satisfying meals, would preclude even the best of cooks from creating cordon bleu dishes. Food was seasonal (no tomatoes in winter for example); there were no supermarkets, no frozen food or freezers to store it in and the only takeaway was from the fish and chip shop. The 1950s were the age of spam fritters (now making a comeback!), salmon sandwiches, tinned fruit with evaporated milk, fish on Fridays and ham salad for high tea every Sunday. The only way to add flavour to this bland plain cooking was with tomato ketchup or brown sauce. There were no salad dressings as we know them today. Olive oil was only sold in very small bottles from the chemist, to be warmed and placed in the ear to loosen ear wax! Salad in the summer consisted of round lettuce, cucumber and tomatoes, and the only dressing available was Heinz Salad Cream. In the winter, salad was often thinly sliced white cabbage, onions and carrots, again served with Salad Cream. Heinz also did a range of tinned salads: Potato Salad, Vegetable Salad and Coleslaw. Sample menu for a week's meals from a 1951 cookery book 'Meat and two veg’ was the staple diet for most families in the 1950s and 1960s. The average family rarely if ever ate out. The closest most people came to eating out was in the pub. There you could get potato crisps (three flavours only - potato, plain or salted - until Golden Wonder launched ‘cheese and onion’ in 1962), a pickled egg to go on top, and perhaps a pasty or some cockles, winkles and whelks from the seafood man on a Friday, Saturday or Sunday evening. Things started to change when the UK’s answer to the burger bars in America arrived in the 1950s to cater for that new group of consumers, the ‘teenagers’. The first Wimpy Bars opened in 1954 selling hamburgers and milkshakes and proved extremely popular. The late 1950s and 1960s saw a rise in immigration from the former British colonies. And with them came at last…flavour!! Although the first Chinese restaurant in London was opened in 1908, the real spread of Chinese restaurants began in the late 1950s and 1960s with the influx of migrants from Hong Kong. These proved very popular; indeed in 1958 Billy Butlin introduced chop suey and chips into his holiday camps! The 1960s also saw a dramatic rise in the number and spread of Indian restaurants in Britain, especially in London and the South East. During rationing it had been very difficult if not near impossible, to obtain the spices required for Indian cooking but with the rise in immigration from the Indian subcontinent and the end of rationing, this was no longer a problem and the restaurants flourished. So much so that in the late 1960s, the first Indian and Chinese ‘convenience foods’ became available: the famous Vesta curries and Vesta Chow Mein, the first taste for many Britons of ‘foreign food’. Also about this time a new drink in town appeared - lager. This light cold beer was the perfect partner for the new spicy food. The late 1960s saw a boom in the British economy and a dramatic rise in the standard of living. The first package holidays to Europe started in the late 60s and made overseas travel affordable to all. This too played its part in tempting the British palate with tasty new foods and ingredients.


For which government department did Anthony Trollope work before he became a full-time writer ?

Anthony Trollope - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on Anthony Trollope   Wikis       Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics Top rankings for Anthony Trollope 171st From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Anthony Trollope novelist Anthony Trollope (24 April 1815 – 6 December 1882) was one of the most successful, prolific and respected English novelists of the Victorian era . Some of his best-loved works — known as the Chronicles of Barsetshire (e.g., Barchester Towers [1857], Framley Parsonage [1861]) — revolve around the imaginary county of Barsetshire . He also wrote penetrating novels on political , social, and gender issues, and on other topical conflicts of his day. Trollope has always been a popular novelist. Noted fans have included Sir Alec Guinness (who never travelled without a Trollope novel), former British Prime Ministers Harold Macmillan and Sir John Major , economist John Kenneth Galbraith , American novelists Sue Grafton and Dominick Dunne and soap opera writer Harding Lemay . Trollope's literary reputation dipped somewhat during the last years of his life, but he regained the esteem of critics by the mid-twentieth century. "Of all novelists in any country, Trollope best understands the role of money. Compared with him even Balzac is a romantic." — W. H. Auden Contents 7 External links Biography Anthony Trollope's father, Thomas Anthony Trollope, worked as a barrister . Thomas Trollope, though a clever and well-educated man and a Fellow of New College, Oxford , failed at the bar due to his bad temper. In addition, his ventures into farming proved unprofitable and he lost an expected inheritance when an elderly uncle [1] married and had children. Nonetheless, he came from a genteel background, with connections to the landed gentry , and so wished to educate his sons as gentlemen and for them to attend Oxford or Cambridge . The disparity between his family's social background and its poverty would be the cause of much misery to Anthony Trollope during his boyhood. Born in London, Anthony attended Harrow School as a day-boy for three years from the age of seven, as his father's farm lay in that neighbourhood. After a spell at a private school, he followed his father and two older brothers to Winchester College , where he remained for three years. He returned to Harrow as a day-boy to reduce the cost of his education. Trollope had some very miserable experiences at these two public schools . They ranked as two of the most élite schools in England, but Trollope had no money and no friends, and was bullied a great deal. At the age of twelve, he fantasized about suicide. However, he also daydreamed, constructing elaborate imaginary worlds. In 1827, his mother Frances Trollope moved to America with Trollope's three younger siblings, where she opened a bazaar in Cincinnati , which proved unsuccessful. Thomas Trollope joined them for a short time before returning to the farm at Harrow, but Anthony stayed in England throughout. His mother returned in 1831 and rapidly made a name for herself as a writer, soon earning a good income. His father's affairs, however, went from bad to worse. He gave up his legal practice entirely and failed to make enough income from farming to pay rents to his landlord Lord Northwick . In 1834 he fled to Belgium to avoid arrest for debt. The whole family moved to a house near Bruges , where they lived entirely on Frances's earnings. In 1835, Thomas Trollope died. While living in Belgium, Anthony worked as a Classics usher (a junior or assistant teacher) in a school with a view to learning French and German , so that he could take up a promised commission in an Austrian cavalry regiment, which had to be cut short at six weeks. He then obtained a position as a civil servant in the General Post Office through one of his mother's family connections, and returned to London on his own. This provided a respectable


In which year did rank outsider Foinavon unexpectedly win the Grand National?

The five 100-1 outsiders who won the Grand National : Features : Grand National The five 100-1 outsiders who won the Grand National Free Bet Mon Mome was the last 100-1 Grand National winner. Dan Fitch takes a look back at the five 100-1 outsiders, who defied the odds to win the Grand National. The Grand National course at Aintree has a reputation of being the toughest event in racing. Run over a distance of four miles and 876 yards and punctuated by 30 challenging fences, it's little wonder that sometimes the form book can go out of the window and a rank outsider can win the race. Since the race was first ran in 1839, there have been a handful of occasions when a real no-hoper shocked the nation by winning at Aintree. Here are the five 100-1 outsiders to have won the Grand National. 1928 - Tipperary Tim The first 100-1 horse to win the Grand National was Tipperary Tim. As the race was about to start, Tipperary Tim's jockey William Dutton heard a friend call out "Billy boy, you'll only win if all the others fall down." As fate would have it, 41 of the 42 riders did fall down, leaving Tipperary Tim to win the race ahead of the re-mounted Billy Barton. The two horses were the only finishers, after a melee at the Canal Turn in treacherous weather conditions. 1929 - Gregalach One year after Tipperary Tim made history, Gregalach became the second successive 100-1 shot to win the Grand National. The horse was given such lengthy odds having fallen at Sandown, just eight days prior to the race at Aintree. Gregalach's jockey Robert Everett rode a clever race in which he gradually gained ground on the leaders and overtook the legendary Easter Hero on the second to last fence, before winning the race by six lengths. 1947 - Caughoo As if the fact that the 100-1 outsider Caughoo won the 1947 Grand National isn't exciting enough, legend has it that his victory wasn't exactly legit. With the Aintree course covered in a thick fog, it has long been rumoured that Caughoo hid behind a fence in the early stages of the race, only to emerge towards the end of the race and win by 20 lengths. Caughoo's jockey Eddie Dempsey was beaten up by another rider after the race, but it seems that this was unwarranted, as photographic evidence emerged years later, clearly showing Caughoo jumping Becher's Brook on two separate occasions. 1967 - Foinavon The most famous 100-1 winner of them all was Foinavon, who entered into Grand National folklore by winning the race amidst a mass pile-up and ended up having a fence named after him. Foinavon was lagging behind the other 27 remaining runners, as they approached the 23rd fence. Popham Down veered wildly to the right as it came to the fence, which resulted in a melee. The only horse to jump the fence first time was Foinavon, who was lagging so far behind that his jockey John Buckingham could steer away from trouble. Although 17 re-mounted horses gave chase, no one could catch Foinavon. 2009 - Mon Mome A total of 42 years passed after Foinavon's victory, before Mon Mome became the next 100-1 winner of the Grand National. Venitia Williams became only the second woman to train a Grand National winner, while Mon Mome's jockey Liam Treadwell rode the horse to victory on his Grand National debut.


What was the German codename for the proposed invasion of Great Britain in 1940 ?

Operation Sealion - The German Invasion of Britain Pillboxes - Images of An Unfought Battle Operation Sealion, the German Invasion of Britain 1940. "The German Paratroops jumped at dawn, as they had done in Holland, in Belgium, in Norway. But this time there were more of them. Nearly 8000 Fallschirmjager of the 7th Fliegerdivision, carried by a stream of 600 Junkers 52 transports. The time was 6 o'clock on the morning of September 22nd 1940, just a few minutes after the official sunrise on a grey cloudy, windless day. Below the long lines of aircraft the unwontedly calm sea was dark with the countless barges and motorboats of the invasion fleet. By breakfastime close on 90,000 troops were successfully ashore on the beaches between Folkestone and Seaford. Operation Sealion had begun." Excerpt from Sealion by Richard Cox. By June 1940, less than a year after the start of the war, the German Army had overrun France, Poland, Holland, Belgium, Denmark and Norway. The beaten British Army had withdrawn from Dunkirk without its heavy weapons and equipment. Britain now stood alone against a German dominated Europe, with only 25 miles of the English Channel separating it from the victorious German armies. Britain was very weak, but still had a strong airforce and navy. Germany expected Britain to surrender, but although isolated it did not surrender. On June 4th the new Prime Minister Winston Churchill made his now famous "... we shall fight them on the beaches..." speech. Germany had two options, to besiege to Britain or to invade it. On 16th July 1940 Hitler issued his Directive 16 "...I have decided to begin to prepare for, and if necessary to carry out an invasion of England.." The operation was given the codeword Sealion. The German Navy was reluctant to attempt an invasion. It was inexperienced in amphibious warfare, its navy was weak and it knew full well how powerful the Royal Navy was. However, the Army was keener and plans were hastily drawn up. It was possible that Hitler was bluffing, but realised that full scale preparations were needed to convince the British to either come to terms or surrender.     The German Invasion Plans. The Army wanted to land on a 200 mile wide front stretching from Lyme Regis in the west to Ramsgate in the east, however the Navy was constantly worried about the threat from the Royal Navy insisted on a narrower landing. A compromise was arrived at where the landings would be from Brighton in the west to Folkestone in the east. The first wave of about 60,000 men was to secure the beaches while the second wave comprised of the tank divisions that were to break out of the beachheads and capture the secondary objectives. The landings were to be assisted by airborne troops landing on the Downs above Brighton and north-west of Folkestone to help with the capture of crossings over the Royal Military Canal. The British Defences. In Britain defences were hastily erected. On 14th May 1940 the Local Defence Volunteers were formed. It was made up of men too old, or too infirm to join the regular army. The LDV later became known as the Home Guard after Churchill used the phrase in a radio broadcast. General Sir Edmund Ironside was put in charge of Britain's defence. With the lack of equipment he decided to build a static system of defences which could delay the Germans long enough for more mobile forces to counter attack. The defences were made up of concrete pillboxes , anti-tank obstacles, trenches and minefields which took advantage of natural and man made features. The main line of these defences was known as the GHQ Stop Line. In July 1940 General Ironside was replaced as commander of the Home Forces by General Alan Brooke. General Brooke changed the defence strategy away from static defence lines to mobile formations, although defence lines continued to be built. The Germans Attack. For the invasion to succeed the Germans had to defeat the Royal Air Force. The air offensive began on 12th August. At first the Germans concentrated on the radar stations and airfields of the RAF. Unknown to the Germans


If the race goes to plan, how many obstacles do the runners in the Grand National have to jump ?

Course and Fences It is illegal for anyone aged under 18 to gamble Grand National Course and Fences The Grand National is the ultimate test of horse and jockey. The race comprises two full circuits of a unique 2ï¿½ mile (3,600 metres) course, where challengers will face 30 of the most testing fences in the world of jump racing. It was originally designed as a cross-country steeplechase when it was first officially run in 1839. The runners started at a lane on the edge of the racecourse and raced away from the course out over open countryside towards the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. The gates, hedges and ditches that they met along the way were flagged to provide them with the obstacles to be jumped along the way with posts and rails erected at the two points where the runners jumped a brook. The runners returned towards the racecourse by running along the edge of the canal before re-entering the course at the opposite end. The runners then ran the length of the racecourse before embarking on a second circuit before finishing in front of the stands. The majority of the race therefore took place not on the actual Aintree Racecourse but instead in the adjoining countryside. That countryside was incorporated into the modern course but commentators still often refer to it as "the country", much to the confusion of millions of once-a-year racing viewers. Nowadays, around 150 tonnes of spruce branches, sourced and transported from forests in the Lake District, are used to dress the Liverpool course's jump fences. Each fence used to be made from a wooden frame and covered with the distinctive green spruce. However, a radical change for the 2013 renewal saw that frame replaced by a softer, more forgiving material known as "plastic birch", for safety reasons. Each of the 16 fences on the course are jumped twice, with the exception of The Chair and the Water Jump, which are jumped on the first circuit only. You can take a jockey's eye view of the Grand National course via the video below: Safety Changes Following safety reviews after both the 2011 and 2012 renewals, a number of changes were made to the course with some reductions in fences or the drop after fences, plus the levelling of landing zones. Since 2013, the start of the race is now 90 yards closer to the first fence, reducing the race to four miles and three-and-a-half furlongs, from four-and-a-half miles, while measures were introduced to stop horses getting caught up in the starting tape. In particular, the start now includes the 'no-go' zone, which is defined by a line on the track, being extended from 15 yards to around 30 yards from the starting tape. The starter's rostrum has been moved to a position between the starting tape and the 'no-go' zone to reduce the potential for horses to go through the starting tape prematurely. The tapes themselves are also more user-friendly, with increased visibility, while there is now a specific briefing between the starters' team and the jockeys on Grand National day. The changes to the start are aimed at slowing the speed the first fence is approached at, while moving the start further away from the crowd reduces noise that can distract the horses. The makeup of all of the fences changed significantly in 2013. The new fences are still covered in spruce, but wooden posts have been replaced by a softer material known as "plastic birch", and on top of that birch there's a minimum of fourteen to sixteen inches of spruce that the horses can knock off. The outward appearance of the fences remains the same. Other measures included ï¿½100,000 being invested in irrigation to produce the safest jumping ground possible and a new bypass and pen around fence four to catch riderless horses. The Start There is a hazard to overcome even before the race starts - the build up, parade and re-girthing prior to the off lasts for around 25 minutes, over double the time it takes for any other race. With 40 starters, riders naturally want a good sight of the first fence and after the long build-up their nerves are stretched to breaking point, which means


In the Hans Christian Andersen tale, of what were the Emperor's new clothes made ?

Hans Christian Andersen : The Emperor's New Clothes The Emperor's New Clothes A translation of Hans Christian Andersen's "Keiserens nye Klï¿½der" by Jean Hersholt . Info & links Many years ago there was an Emperor so exceedingly fond of new clothes that he spent all his money on being well dressed. He cared nothing about reviewing his soldiers, going to the theatre, or going for a ride in his carriage, except to show off his new clothes. He had a coat for every hour of the day, and instead of saying, as one might, about any other ruler, "The King's in council," here they always said. "The Emperor's in his dressing room." In the great city where he lived, life was always gay. Every day many strangers came to town, and among them one day came two swindlers. They let it be known they were weavers, and they said they could weave the most magnificent fabrics imaginable. Not only were their colors and patterns uncommonly fine, but clothes made of this cloth had a wonderful way of becoming invisible to anyone who was unfit for his office, or who was unusually stupid. "Those would be just the clothes for me," thought the Emperor. "If I wore them I would be able to discover which men in my empire are unfit for their posts. And I could tell the wise men from the fools. Yes, I certainly must get some of the stuff woven for me right away." He paid the two swindlers a large sum of money to start work at once. They set up two looms and pretended to weave, though there was nothing on the looms. All the finest silk and the purest old thread which they demanded went into their traveling bags, while they worked the empty looms far into the night. "I'd like to know how those weavers are getting on with the cloth," the Emperor thought, but he felt slightly uncomfortable when he remembered that those who were unfit for their position would not be able to see the fabric. It couldn't have been that he doubted himself, yet he thought he'd rather send someone else to see how things were going. The whole town knew about the cloth's peculiar power, and all were impatient to find out how stupid their neighbors were. "I'll send my honest old minister to the weavers," the Emperor decided. "He'll be the best one to tell me how the material looks, for he's a sensible man and no one does his duty better." So the honest old minister went to the room where the two swindlers sat working away at their empty looms. "Heaven help me," he thought as his eyes flew wide open, "I can't see anything at all". But he did not say so. Both the swindlers begged him to be so kind as to come near to approve the excellent pattern, the beautiful colors. They pointed to the empty looms, and the poor old minister stared as hard as he dared. He couldn't see anything, because there was nothing to see. "Heaven have mercy," he thought. "Can it be that I'm a fool? I'd have never guessed it, and not a soul must know. Am I unfit to be the minister? It would never do to let on that I can't see the cloth." "Don't hesitate to tell us what you think of it," said one of the weavers. "Oh, it's beautiful -it's enchanting." The old minister peered through his spectacles. "Such a pattern, what colors!" I'll be sure to tell the Emperor how delighted I am with it." "We're pleased to hear that," the swindlers said. They proceeded to name all the colors and to explain the intricate pattern. The old minister paid the closest attention, so that he could tell it all to the Emperor. And so he did. The swindlers at once asked for more money, more silk and gold thread, to get on with the weaving. But it all went into their pockets. Not a thread went into the looms, though they worked at their weaving as hard as ever. The Emperor presently sent another trustworthy official to see how the work progressed and how soon it would be ready. The same thing happened to him that had happened to the minister. He looked and he looked, but as there was nothing to see in the looms he couldn't see anything. "Isn't it a beautiful piece of goods?" the swindlers asked him, as they displayed and described their imaginar


What is the more familiar name for vitamin B2 ?

RIBOFLAVIN: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions and Warnings - WebMD View clinical references for this vitamin or supplement References: Turkki, P. R., Ingerman, L., Schroeder, L. A., Chung, R. S., Chen, M., Russo-McGraw, M. A., and Dearlove, J. Riboflavin intakes and status of morbidly obese females during the first postoperative year following gastroplasty. J Am Coll Nutr 1990;9(6):588-599. View abstract. van der Beek, E. J., van, Dokkum W., Schrijver, J., Wedel, M., Gaillard, A. W., Wesstra, A., van de Weerd, H., and Hermus, R. J. Thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamins B-6 and C: impact of combined restricted intake on functional performance in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48(6):1451-1462. View abstract. van der Beek, E. J., van, Dokkum W., Wedel, M., Schrijver, J., and Van den Berg, H. Thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin B6: impact of restricted intake on physical performance in man. J Am Coll Nutr 1994;13(6):629-640. View abstract. Varma, S. D., Chand, D., Sharma, Y. R., Kuck, J. F., Jr., and Richards, R. D. Oxidative stress on lens and cataract formation: role of light and oxygen. Curr Eye Res 1984;3(1):35-57. View abstract. Wadhwa, A., Sabharwal, M., and Sharma, S. Nutritional status of the elderly. Indian J Med Res 1997;106:340-348. View abstract. Wahrendorf, J., Munoz, N., Lu, J. B., Thurnham, D. I., Crespi, M., and Bosch, F. X. Blood, retinol and zinc riboflavin status in relation to precancerous lesions of the esophagus: findings from a vitamin intervention trial in the People's Republic of China. Cancer Res 4-15-1988;48(8):2280-2283. View abstract. Wang, Z. Y. [Chemoprevention in the high incidence area of lung cancer]. Zhonghua Zhong.Liu Za Zhi 1989;11(3):207-210. View abstract. Weber, F., Glatzle, D., and Wiss, O. The assessment of riboflavin status. Proc.Nutr Soc 1973;32(3):237-241. View abstract. Williams, P. G. Vitamin retention in cook/chill and cook/hot-hold hospital food-services. J Am Diet.Assoc. 1996;96(5):490-498. View abstract. Wittig-Silva, C., Whiting, M., Lamoureux, E., Lindsay, R. G., Sullivan, L. J., and Snibson, G. R. A randomized controlled trial of corneal collagen cross-linking in progressive keratoconus: preliminary results. J Refract.Surg. 2008;24(7):S720-S725. View abstract. Wollensak, G. Crosslinking treatment of progressive keratoconus: new hope. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2006;17(4):356-360. View abstract. Wollensak, G., Spoerl, E., and Seiler, T. Riboflavin/ultraviolet-a-induced collagen crosslinking for the treatment of keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135(5):620-627. View abstract. Wollensak, G., Sporl, E., and Seiler, T. [Treatment of keratoconus by collagen cross linking]. Ophthalmologe 2003;100(1):44-49. View abstract. Woolhouse, M. Migraine and tension headache--a complementary and alternative medicine approach. Aust Fam.Physician 2005;34(8):647-651. View abstract. Wynn, M. and Wynn, A. Can improved diet contribute to the prevention of cataract? Nutr Health 1996;11(2):87-104. View abstract. Yoon, H. R., Hahn, S. H., Ahn, Y. M., Jang, S. H., Shin, Y. J., Lee, E. H., Ryu, K. H., Eun, B. L., Rinaldo, P., and Yamaguchi, S. Therapeutic trial in the first three Asian cases of ethylmalonic encephalopathy: response to riboflavin. J Inherit.Metab Dis 2001;24(8):870-873. View abstract. Zaridze, D. G., Kuvshinov, J. P., Matiakin, E., Polakov, B. I., Boyle, P., and Blettner, M. Chemoprevention of oral and esophageal cancer in Uzbekistan, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Natl.Cancer Inst.Monogr 1985;69:259-262. View abstract. Zaridze, D., Evstifeeva, T., and Boyle, P. Chemoprevention of oral leukoplakia and chronic esophagitis in an area of high incidence of oral and esophageal cancer. Ann.Epidemiol 1993;3(3):225-234. View abstract. Zempleni, J., Galloway, J. R., and McCormick, D. B. Pharmacokinetics of orally and intravenously administered riboflavin in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63(1):54-66. View abstract. Zempleni, J., Galloway, J. R., and McCormick, D. B. The identification and kinetics of 7 alpha-hydroxyriboflavin (7-hydroxymethylriboflavin) in blood plasma from humans following oral admin


Where in Germany is the Glyptothek museum ?

Glyptothek | museum, Munich, Germany | Britannica.com Glyptothek American Museum of Natural History Glyptothek, museum in Munich that houses a collection of Greek and Roman sculpture owned by the Bavarian state. The building, commissioned by King Louis I of Bavaria and designed in the Neoclassical style by Leo von Klenze , was erected 1816–30. Glyptothek, Munich. © SFC/Shutterstock.com It is a subsidiary of the nearby Staatliche Antikensammlungen (“State Collection of Antiquities”), which specializes in Greek and Etruscan bronzes and vases and Greek and Roman glass, jewelry, and terra-cottas. Learn More in these related articles: in Western architecture: Germany More eclectic than Schinkel, Klenze created a living museum of styles in Munich, including his noble Sculpture Gallery (Glyptothek, 1816–30), with its Greek Ionic portico; his Leuchtenberg Palace (1816), modeled on the Palazzo Farnese in Rome; and his Königsbau (1826–35) at the Residenz, which was an echo of the Pitti Palace in Florence. Klenze’s Sculpture Gallery, commissioned... in Munich (Bavaria, Germany): The contemporary city ...monumental Ludwigstrasse built, along which he constructed the state library, the Ludwigskirche, and the University of Munich. Other projects commissioned by Louis were the Königsplatz with the Glyptothek (“Sculpture Gallery”), a museum that houses a collection of ancient and modern sculpture; the Propyläen, a magnificent gateway in the style of the Propylaea at Athens; and... 2 References found in Britannica Articles Assorted References Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: September 07, 2010 URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Glyptothek Access Date: January 19, 2017 Share


Prime Minister David Cameron is an alumnus of which Oxford college ?

Oxford Alumni - Oxford University - The Untold Story Oxford University - The Untold Story References David Cameron - Brasenose College  David Cameron (born 1966) is the current Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service and Leader of the Conservative Party. In the 2010 general election held on 6 May, the Conservatives won 307 seats in a hung parliament and Cameron was appointed Prime Minister on 11 May 2010, at the head of a coalition between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats. He therefore leads the first coalition government of the United Kingdom since the Second World War. Cameron studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Oxford, gaining a first class honours degree.  Margaret Thatcher - Somerville College Margaret Thatcher (born 1925) was elected Leader of the Conservative Party in 1975, the first woman to head a major UK political party, and became the UK's first female Prime Minister in 1979. Her political philosophy and economic policies emphasised deregulation, particularly of the financial sector, flexible labour markets, the sale or closure of state-owned companies, and the withdrawal of subsidies to others. Her hard line against trade unions and tough rhetoric in opposition to the Soviet Union earned her the nickname of the "Iron Lady". She resigned as Prime Minister and party leader in November 1990 and holds a life peerage as Baroness Thatcher, of Kesteven in the County of Lincolnshire, which entitles her to sit in the House of Lords. She studied Chemistry at Oxford, graduating with a second class honours degree. While at university, she focused on politics rather than her studies and became President of the Oxford University Conservative Association. Information derived from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher Thatcher 1995 , p. 150  Manmohan Singh - Nuffield College Manmohan Singh (born 1932) is the 13th and current Prime Minister of India. He is the only Prime Minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to return to power after completing a full five-year term.   In 1962, Singh completed his studies from the University of Oxford. The title of his doctoral thesis was "India’s export performance, 1951–1960, export prospects and policy implications. This thesis later grew into the book "India’s Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth" The University of Oxford awarded him an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree in July 2005. Singh previously carried out economic reforms in India in 1991, during his tenure as the Finance Minister. These reforms resulted in the end of the Licence Raj system, helping to open the Indian economy to greater international trade and investment Rowan Atkinson - The Queen's College Rowan Atkinson (born 1955) is an English actor, comedian, and screenwriter. He is most famous for his work on the satirical sketch comedy show Not The Nine O'Clock News, and the sitcoms Blackadder and Mr. Bean. He has been listed in The Observer as one of the 50 funniest actors in British comedy. In 1975, he studied for the degree of MSc in Electrical Engineering at The Queen's College, the same college his father matriculated at in 1935,and which made Atkinson an Honorary Fellow in 2006.While at Oxford, he also acted and performed early sketches for the Oxford University Dramatic Society (OUDS), the Oxford Revue and the Experimental Theatre Club (ETC), meeting writer Richard Curtis and composer Howard Goodall, with whom he would continue to collaborate during his career. Benazir Bhutto (Lady Margaret College, St Catherine’s College alumnus) Benazir Bhutto (1953-2007) was a Pakistan-born politician who chaired the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), a centre-left and the largest political party in Pakistan. Bhutto was the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state, having twice been Prime Minister of Pakistan, and was Pakistan's first and to date only female prime minister. Bhutto was sworn in as Prime Minister for the first time in 1988 at the age of 35, but was removed from office 20 months later on grounds of alleged corruption. In 1993 she


Which restaurant chain employed waitresses known as 'Nippies' ?

J. Lyons and Co - Graces Guide Grace's Guide British Industrial History Grace's Guide is the leading source of historical information on industry and     manufacturing in Britain. This web publication contains 121,941 pages of     information and 183,433 images on early companies, their products and the     people who designed and built them. J. Lyons and Co Advertising sign for Lyons Cakes. Advertising sign. Advertising sign for Lyons Cakes. Advertising sign. November 1922. December 1954. Lyons Ready-Mix Pudding. Joseph Lyons and Co was a British company which controlled the largest food empire in the 1930s. of Cadby Hall, Hammersmith, London 1894 a public company, J. Lyons and Co was formed; the first teashop was opened in Piccadilly, London, and others followed. The company was founded by Isidore and Samuel Montague Gluckstein , Barnett Salmon (formerly Solomons) and Joseph Lyons . The niece and nephew of the Gluckstein brothers were Hannah Gluckstein, a painter; and Louis Gluckstein, a Conservative politician. Joseph Lyons and Co were best known for their chain of tea shops and for the Lyons Corner Houses in the West End of London. The tea shops were slightly more up-market than their ABC ( Aerated Bread Co ) counterparts. They were notable for their interior design, from the 1920s Oliver P. Bernard being consultant artistic director. Until the 1940s they had a certain working-class chic, but by the 1950s and 60s they were quick stops for busy shoppers where one could get a cup of tea and a snack or a cheap and filling meal. The tea shops always had a bakery counter at the front, and their signs, art nouveau gold lettering on white, were a familiar landmark. Before the Second World War service was to the table by uniformed waitresses, known as 'Nippies', but after the War the tea shops converted to cafeteria service. It had a large central Checking Department at its headquarters in Cadby Hall, Hammersmith, London with hundreds of clerks and mechanical Burroughs adding machines to run this empire. 1909 The first of the Corner Houses appeared in 1909; these restaurants were noted for their art deco style. Situated on or near the corner of Coventry Street, the Strand and Tottenham Court Road, they and the Maison Lyons at Marble Arch and in Shaftesbury Avenue were large buildings on four or five floors, the ground floor of which was a food hall with counters for delicatessen, sweets and chocolates, cakes, fruit, flowers and more. As well as this they had hairdressing salons, telephone booths, theatre booking agencies and at one period a twice-a-day food delivery service. On the other floors were several restaurants, each with a different theme and all with their own musicians. For a time the Corner Houses were open 24 hours a day, and in their heyday each one employed in the region of 400 staff. They were colourful and bustling, with bright lights and ingenious window displays. In the post-war gloom, the Corner Houses, smarter and grander than the local tea shops, provided a degree of escapist relaxation. Between 1896 and 1965 Lyons also owned the Trocadero, which was similar in size and style to the Corner Houses. As well as the tea shops and Corner Houses, Lyons ran other large restaurants such as the Throgmorton in Throgmorton Street. Their chains have included Steak Houses (1961-1988), Wimpy Bars (1953-1976) and Dunkin' Donuts (1989-). The Regent Palace Hotel , Glasshouse Street, London was operated by Strand Hotels Limited, a subsidiary of J. Lyons and Company and opened on 16th May, 1915. 1938 Lyons purchased the Bee Bee Biscuit Co , which manufactured biscuits at its factories in Blackpool. Six years later, Lyons changed Bee Bee Biscuit's name to Symbol Biscuits and began selling biscuits under the Symbol and Lyons brand names. They introduced Maryland Cookies in 1956. The rearmament period just before World War II saw a big expansion in the number of Royal Ordnance Factories , (ROFs), which were UK government-owned. However, due to shortages of management resources some ROFs were run as Agency Factori


Which metal , with the atomic number 30, is used to coat iron or steel in the galvanizing process ?

Zinc - Production, Application, Price Factors - Metal Alloy Price Factors Zinc Pennies Zinc The elemental metal named zinc is listed on the Periodic Table as “Zn”, has atomic number 30 and melts at 420 degrees Celsius (788 degrees Fahrenheit). Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in the crust of the Earth. Its color is grey metallic and can be polished to a silver shine. In nature, zinc is not found as a pure deposit, but as a chemical compound. The most commonly exploited zinc ore is a sulfide named sphalerite, with a zinc concentration of around 61% percent. The largest deposits of zinc are found in North America, Australia and Asia. Currently identified zinc resources total about 1.9 billion tonnes, which are estimated to be depleted between 2027 and 2055 at the current rate of consumption.   History Statuettes and other ornaments made of a zinc alloy and some ancient writings, such as Greek, Roman and Indian recordings, mention the use of zinc as early as the 5th century BC. Brass, an alloy made of copper and zinc, was already used in the 14th century BC in Palestine, containing 23% zinc in some specific cases. The isolation of pure zinc was achieved, probably independently by several people, at the end of the 17th century to as late as the mid 18th century. The German chemist Andreas Marggraf normally gets credit for the discovery of pure zinc in 1746, even though others before him have claimed discovery. Marggraf is therefore credited more with carefully describing the process and its basic theory, than the actual discovery.   The making of zinc involves a number of steps which are described below.   Mining Around 70% of the world’s zinc comes from mining, the remaining 30% originates from recycling zinc. Around 95% of the zinc is mined from sulfidic ore deposits and these mines are spread throughout the world. China is the largest producer of zinc, with around 29% of the global zinc output in 2010.     Zinc metal is mined by using conventional blasting, drilling and hauling techniques. Froth flotation is used to separate zinc from other minerals after grinding the ore. The final concentration of zinc is about 50% using this method, the remainder being sulfur and iron.   Froth Flotation By a process known as froth flotation, zinc can be produced. Froth flotation is also used in the reduction of copper and lead ores. The process starts with grinding the zinc ore to fine material and subsequently mixing it with water, pine oil and flotation chemicals. The flotation chemicals attach themselves to any zinc particles present when the mixture is agitated with injected air. Bubbles rise up with zinc particles adhered to it, which are scooped up by scrapers, thus collecting zinc-laden froth. To remove water and oils, the froth is filtered. The remainder is roasted at 1371 degrees Celsius (2500 degrees Fahrenheit) into solid blocks called sinter. All the material has been completely converted to zinc oxide.   There are two methods for refining zinc, which are listed below.   Pyrometallurgy In order to refine the zinc to a higher grade ore it is processed in a blast furnace fueled by electricity , coke or natural gas . As the furnace reaches temperatures of up to 1204 degrees Celsius (2200 degrees Fahrenheit) the zinc ore is melted. This process also generates carbon dioxide, which will reattach to the zinc as it cools to, once again, form zinc oxide. To prevent, or at least reduce, this reattachment, molten lead is sprayed on the zinc while it is still hot. The lead, because of its higher melting temperature of 550 degrees Celsius (1022 degrees Fahrenheit), dissolves the zinc. This mostly lead and zinc mixture is then carried to another chamber, where it will be cooled to 440 degrees Celsius (824 degrees Fahrenheit). Around this temperature, the zinc, because it is lighter, separates from the lead and is drained from the top. Subsequently it is cast into ingots. The lead is returned to the blast furnace to use again. To reach an even higher grade zinc ore, the zinc is kept molten and undisturbed for hours. Iron and other


What sort of new town, the first in the UK being Letchworth, was proposed in a book of 1898 by Ebenezer Howard ?

Garden Cities in England Garden Cities in England International Precursors: Garden Cities In 1898, a self-educated Englishman named Ebenezer Howard, who had been influenced by the writings of Edward Bellamy and Henry George, published Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.  Revised and re-issued in 1902 under a new title, Garden Cities of To-Morrow, Howard’s book became a seminal text in the emerging field of city planning.  The sweeping solution that Howard proposed for the crowding, crime, grit, and chaos of England’s urban areas was the creation of planned communities of 32,000 people, ringing major cities and combining the best features of town and country. Howard proposed that these new towns, which he called Garden Cities, would be developed on land that was permanently owned by a municipal corporation, for which “men of probity” would serve as “trustees.”  Like Henry George, he wanted to capture the social increment for public improvement, not private enrichment.  Unlike George, Howard’s mechanism was not the single tax but municipal ownership. Over 30 Garden Cities were eventually developed in England, starting with Letchworth in 1903 and Welwyn in 1920.  It is important to note that the Garden Cities were complete urban economies on municipally owned land.  They were never about housing alone.  The Lands of the Garden Cities were leased out for industry, orchards, offices, and shops, in addition to being used for owner-occupied cottages, limited equity housing cooperatives, and rentals. Howard’s book, the only one he ever wrote, the Garden Cities Association which he founded in 1899, and the examples of the Garden Cities themselves proved to be enormously influential in city planning circles throughout the world.  In the United States, in particular, Garden City principles influenced writers and planners like Lewis Mumford, Clarence Stein, Henry Wright, Clarence Perry, Rexford Tugwell, and Arthur Morgan.  While serving as one of three co-chairmen of the Tennessee Valley Authority, Morgan oversaw the planning and development of Norris, Tennessee, a new town that was built from scratch on leased land, designed according to principles borrowed from Ebenezer Howard and the Garden Cities in England. KEY DATES Ebenezer Howard is born in London. 1871 At the age of 21, Howard emigrates with two friends to America, trying his hand at farming in Nebraska. 1876 Howard returns to England and joins a firm producing parliamentary reports. 1898 Howard publishes Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform. 1899 Howard founds the Garden Cities Association, today known as the Town and Country Planning Association. 1902 Howard’s 1898 book is revised and reissued under a new title, Garden Cities of To-Morrow. 1903 Letchworth Garden City is founded, located 35 miles north of London. 1904 In March, Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin are appointed consulting architects to oversee the design and development of Letchworth. 1905 Howard moves into a limited equity housing cooperative in Letchworth, known as  Homesgarth. 1920 Welwyn Garden City is founded. 1924 Sunnyside Gardens is developed as a planned community on Garden City principles in Queens, New York. 1925 The National Biscuit Company begins production of shredded wheat at its new factory in Welwyn Garden City, employing 100 workers. 1928 Ebenezer Howard dies at the age of 78. 1929 The new town of Radburn, New Jersey is founded.  Its planners – Clarence Stein, Henry Wright, and Marjorie Sewell Cautley – incorporate Garden City principles into Radburn’s design. 1933 Norris, Tennessee is developed by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) to house workers building Norris Dam on the Clinch River. The city’s design – and its leasehold form of landownership – is based on Howard’s Garden Cities. 1935 Planning and development begins for three new towns under the direction of Rexford Guy Tugwell, head of the U.S. Resettlement Administration.  Three of these “greenbelt towns” are eventually built along lines similar to the Garden Cities in England: Greendale, Wisconsin; Greenbelt, Maryland; and


Thomas Hardy trained for which profession before he took up writing ?

Thomas Hardy - Thomas Hardy Biography - Poem Hunter Thomas Hardy - Thomas Hardy Biography - Poem Hunter Biography Biography of Thomas Hardy Thomas Hardy was born June 2, 1840, in the village of Upper Bockhampton, located in Southwestern England. His father was a stone mason and a violinist. His mother enjoyed reading and relating all the folk songs and legends of the region. Between his parents, Hardy gained all the interests that would appear in his novels and his own life: his love for architecture and music, his interest in the lifestyles of the country folk, and his passion for all sorts of literature. At the age of eight, Hardy began to attend Julia Martin's school in Bockhampton. However, most of his education came from the books he found in Dorchester, the nearby town. He learned French, German, and Latin by teaching himself through these books. At sixteen, Hardy's father apprenticed his son to a local architect, John Hicks. Under Hicks' tutelage, Hardy learned much about architectural drawing and restoring old houses and churches. Hardy loved the apprenticeship because it allowed him to learn the histories of the houses and the families that lived there. Despite his work, Hardy did not forget his academics: in the evenings, Hardy would study with the Greek scholar Horace Moule. In 1862, Hardy was sent to London to work with the architect Arthur Blomfield. During his five years in London, Hardy immersed himself in the cultural scene by visiting the museums and theaters and studying classic literature. He even began to write his own poetry. Although he did not stay in London, choosing to return to Dorchester as a church restorer, he took his newfound talent for writing to Dorchester as well. From 1867, Hardy wrote poetry and novels, though the first part of his career was devoted to the novel. At first he published anonymously, but when people became interested in his works, he began to use his own name. Like Dickens, Hardy's novels were published in serial forms in magazines that were popular in both England and America. His first popular novel was Under the Greenwood Tree, published in 1872. The next great novel, Far from the Madding Crowd (1874) was so popular that with the profits, Hardy was able to give up architecture and marry Emma Gifford. Other popular novels followed in quick succession: The Return of the Native (1878), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), The Woodlanders (1887), Tess of the D'Urbervilles (1891), and Jude the Obscure (1895). In addition to these larger works, Hardy published three collections of short stories and five smaller novels, all moderately successful. However, despite the praise Hardy's fiction received, many critics also found his works to be too shocking, especially Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure. The outcry against Jude was so great that Hardy decided to stop writing novels and return to his first great love, poetry. Over the years, Hardy had divided his time between his home, Max Gate, in Dorchester and his lodgings in London. In his later years, he remained in Dorchester to focus completely on his poetry. In 1898, he saw his dream of becoming a poet realized with the publication of Wessex Poems. He then turned his attentions to an epic drama in verse, The Dynasts; it was finally completed in 1908. Before his death, he had written over 800 poems, many of them published while he was in his eighties. By the last two decades of Hardy's life, he had achieved fame as great as Dickens' fame. In 1910, he was awarded the Order of Merit. New readers had also discovered his novels by the publication of the Wessex Editions, the definitive versions of all Hardy's early works. As a result, Max Gate became a literary shrine. Hardy also found happiness in his personal life. His first wife, Emma, died in 1912. Although their marriage had not been happy, Hardy grieved at her sudden death. In 1914, he married Florence Dugale, and she was extremely devoted to him. After his death, Florence published Hardy's autobiography in two parts under her own name. After a long and highly succ


Which London satirical venue was co-founded by Peter Cook and Nicholas Luard ?

Peter Cook’s The Establishment Club | Darkest London Peter Cook’s The Establishment Club March 11, 2013 Between 1961 and 1964, 18 Greek Street, Soho was the home of the Establishment Club. The club was open for a little over three years, and for nearly half that time, the man most associated with it, Peter Cook, wasn’t even in the country. Very few photographs of its interior exist and not many recordings were made of the acts who took to its stage. And yet, nearly fifty years after it shut, it remains one of the most iconic comedy venues in the world. Opening a satirical nightclub had been a dream of Cook’s ever since he started performing at university. With the satire boom catapulting him into sudden stardom (he was starring nightly in Beyond The Fringe at the Fortune Theatre from May 1961), he wasted no time in setting up a joint venture with Cambridge colleague Nick Luard. His plan was to open a theatre/dinner club with a jazz club in the basement, which would feature a nightly satirical show on stage. “I didn’t think it was a risk at all,’ he later told Clive James. “My dread in my last year in Cambridge was that somebody else would have this very obvious idea to do political cabaret uncensored by the Lord Chamberlain. I thought it was a certainty.” The flagrantly ironic name (‘the only good title that I ever thought of’, Cook famously said) came first; locating the premises second. Cook himself wanted the seediness of Soho. At the time, Soho was the only place in England where sex was visibly on sale – in blue cinemas, strip joints, peep shows and stag clubs. An ongoing gangland turf war had been inflamed by the results of the Wolfenden Report, which had forced prostitutes off the streets and into the network of tiny rooms in the surrounding buildings. On their first viewing of 18 Greek Street (then Club Tropicana, a club boasting an “all girl strip revue”), Cook’s wife Wendy recalled it was “the seediest of beer-sodden atmospheres. The windows were swagged in oceans of red velvet curtains…there were discarded G-strings, used condoms, plastic chandeliers – all the tawdry remnants of a former strip club.” It was perfect. Cook and Luard at their new premises in Soho, 1961 The Establishment Club opened in October 1961. The décor was chosen by Sean Kenny, who had designed the sets for Lionel Bart’s Oliver and Roger Law (who, as one half of Fluck and Law, would go on to create the long running ITV satire puppet show Spitting Image) had a space for a nightly cartoon on one of the walls near the entrance. The size of the place – “it was a tiny little room” recalled resident singer Jean Hart – meant it always seemed busy and intimate. Manager Bruce Copp recalled the layout: “There was a long approach as you went into the club; it was a long building, in fact, as most are on Greek Street. A good half of it was given over to the theatre and restaurant and the stage was at the far end of that. The first half was a long bar. As you came in the door, the bar used to be very crowded and yet you would recognise every face.” Advance subscriptions had ensured there was a profit before the doors ever opened, and within weeks, membership applications quickly rose to 7000. Lifetime members received a portrait of Harold Macmillan. Early visitors included EM Forster, the writer James Baldwin, Robert Mitchum, Jack Lemmon, Paul McCartney (on the cusp of fame) and George Melly, who visited almost nightly and had his own table kept permanently aside for him and wife Diana. The Club’s success in attracting members quickly became a double-edged sword:  it was full most nights, but that meant many members couldn’t get in. Cook on stage at the club, 1961 Some less welcome visitors also came through the doors early on – a group of local thugs turned up to innocently ask if the club had “fire insurance.” “Once, Peter brought them all in and threatened to put them all on stage. I thought that was absolutely brilliant,” recalled Christopher Logue, whose lyrics were sung at the club by Jean Hart. “Of course, they became terribly embarrassed and lef


"Which British king was described by Henry James as ""Edward the Caresser"" ?"

'Edward The Caresser' by Stanley Weintraub 'Edward The Caresser' by Stanley Weintraub Edward VII: dissipated prince, disappointing king Sunday, June 17, 2001 By Len Barcousky, Post-Gazette Staff Writer       Charles, the present Prince of Wales, was in the news recently in a parental dispute that would have seemed all too familiar to his great-great-grandfather, Edward VII. In a British newspaper article appearing just before his 80th birthday, Prince Philip was described by close friends as believing his eldest son was too weak to be an effective king. A rival newspaper then reported that Charles was so angered by the media reports of the strained relationship with his father that Charles had dropped plans to write a birthday tribute. The heir to the British throne might take some comfort from Stanley Weintraub�s biography of Edward VII. Weintraub�s book is a reminder that friction between heirs to the British throne and critical parents is more the rule than the exception. Weintraub is a Penn State University professor emeritus who has written biographies of many eminent Victorians, including Edward�s parents, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. His latest work describes Edward�s pampered but frustrating 59-year existence as the longest-serving Prince of Wales in British history. Heir to the throne at birth, Albert Edward didn�t become king until 1901. He had a reputation as a mental lightweight, a gambler, and glutton for both food and female flesh. But he also had a skill for making nontraditional friendships and an interest in contact with people outside his mother�s tiny circle. Weintraub shows Edward -- he disliked the name Albert -- at his best on long journeys. The future king made the first-ever official visits to Canada, the United States and India. On all his journeys, he met and charmed local politicians and their wives. As he passed through places like Pittsburgh, he would, on occasion, make efforts to meet ordinary people. Edward was at his worst when he was bored -- as he was for much of his life. A slow learner in a family not known for its intellect, Edward was too often given little to do by his disapproving mother. Unfortunately, the less Queen Victoria gave him to do, the more chance he found for trouble. Although he was raised in palaces and surrounded by wealth, the future King Edward VII had a childhood that seems downright Dickensian in the depth of its emotional misery. In page after page of Weintraub�s biography, his parents, tutors, court diarists and journalists use depressingly similar words to describe the young Prince of Wales: unhappy, ill-at-ease, anxious, puny, listless, idle and weak. The most common adjective is �disappointing.� Then as Edward matured, other words attached themselves: self-indulgent, willful and reckless. But with all his multiple flaws, the public, contemporary newspapers and Weintraub all seem to find something engaging about Edward. The book�s title -- �Edward the Caresser� -- comes from the letter written by Henry James to a friend shortly after Edward became king. While newspapers and magazines were discreet, it was common knowledge that long-married Edward had a procession of mistresses. �Professional beauty� Lillie Langtry and actress Sarah Bernhardt were two of his better-known loves. Despite what seems to have been periodic bad judgment in pledging his affections in writing, Edward tried to keep up appearances. Langtry, for example, learned her time as a royal favorite had passed in an incident that might have come from a novel by Henry James. Weintraub writes that Langtry made a fatal social error at a charity bazaar, taking a sip from a teacup before handing it to her prince. �[T]he gesture was too presumptuous before [Edward�s wife and daughters] and [His Royal Highness] reacted accordingly. He set the cup down untasted. �I should like a clean one, please,� he said.� Raised in a house of humorless literalists, Edward, despite his slowness in his studies, shows signs of wit. When Queen Victoria was in her last illness, a courtier asked how Edward thought his


In Greek mythology, which Titan supported the sky on his shoulders ?

ATLAS - Greek Titan God, Bearer of the Heavens Atlas Endures, Dares (atlaô) Titan Atlas bearing the sky, Laconian black-figure amphoriskos C6th B.C., Vatican City Museums ATLAS was the Titan god who bore the sky aloft. He personified the quality of endurance (atlaô). Atlas was a leader of the Titanes (Titans) in their war against Zeus and after their defeat he was condemned to carry the heavens upon his shoulders. According to others he was instead (or later) appointed guardian of the pillars which held the earth and sky asunder. Atlas was also the god who instructed mankind in the art of astronomy, a tool which was used by sailors in navigation and farmers in measuring the seasons. These roles were often combined and Atlas becomes the god who turns the heaven on their axis, causing the stars to revolve. Herakles (Heracles) encountered the Titan during his quest for the Golden Apples of the Hesperides . He agreed to take the heavens upon his shoulders while Atlas fetched the apples. The hero also slew the Hesperian Drakon (Hesperian Dragon), which in vase painting appears as the Titan's tormentor, and built two great pillars at the ends of the earth, perhaps to relieve the Titan of his labour. In a late myth, Atlas was transformed into the stony Atlas mountain by Perseus using the Gorgon 's head. The Titan was also the constellation Kneeler. FAMILY OF ATLAS [5.2] THE HESPERIDES (Hyginus Astronomica 2.3) ENCYCLOPEDIA ATLAS (Atlas), according to Hesiod (Theog. 507, &c.), a son of Japetus and Clymene, and a brother of Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus; according to Apollodorus (i. 2. § 3), his mother's name was Asia; and, according to Hyginus (Fab. Praef.), he was a son of Aether and Gaea. For other accounts see Diod. iii. 60, iv. 27; Plat. Critias, p. 114; Serv. ad Aen. iv. 247. According to the description of the Homeric poems, Atlas knows the depth of all the sea, and bears the long columns which keep asunder, or carry all around (amphis echousi), earth and heaven. (Od. i. 52.) Hesiod only says, that he bore heaven with his head and hands. (Comp. Aeschyl. Prom. 347, &c.; Paus. v. 18. § 1, 11. § 2.) In these passages Atlas is described either as bearing heaven alone, or as bearing both heaven and earth; and several modern scholars have been engaged in investigating which of the two notions was the original one. Much depends upon the meaning of the Homeric expression amphis echousi; if the signification is "the columns which keep asunder heaven and earth," the columns (mountains) must be conceived as being somewhere in the middle of the earth's surface; but if they mean "bear or support all around," they must be regarded as forming the circumference of the earth, upon which the vault of heaven rests apparently. In either case, the meaning of keeping asunder is implied. In the Homeric description of Atlas, the idea of his being a superhuman or divine being, with a personal existence, seems to be blended with the idea of a mountain. The idea of heaven-bearing Atlas is, according to Letronne, a mere personification of a cosmographic notion, which arose from the views entertained by the ancients respecting the nature of heaven and its relation to the earth; and such a personification, when once established, was further developed and easily connected with other myths, such as that of the Titans. Thus Atlas is described as the leader of the Titans in their contest with Zeus, and, being conquered, he was condemned to the labour of bearing heaven on his head and hands. (Hesiod, l c.; Hygin. Fab. 150.) Still later traditions distort the original idea still more, by putting rationalistic interpretations upon it, and make Atlas a man who was metamorphosed into a mountain. Thus Ovid (Met. iv. 630,&c., comp. ii. 296) relates, that Perseus came to him and asked for shelter, which he was refused, whereupon Perseus, by means of the head of Medusa, changed him into mount Atlas, on which rested heaven with all its stars. Others go still further, and represent Atlas as a powerful king, who possessed great knowledge of the courses of the


By what name is the explosion that occurred in Siberia on 30th June 1908, possibly caused by a comet or asteroid, generally known ?

1908 SIBERIA EXPLOSION: Reconstructing an Asteroid Impact from Eywitness Accounts | Planetary Science Institute 1908 SIBERIA EXPLOSION: Reconstructing an Asteroid Impact from Eywitness Accounts A Project in Astronomical Art, Science, and History (In Progress) by William K. Hartmann Text and pictures © William K. Hartmann In Brief: At 7:17 AM on the morning of June 30, 1908, a mysterious explosion occurred in the skies over Siberia. It was caused by the impact and breakup of a large meteorite, at an altitude roughly six kilometers in the atmosphere. Realistic pictures of the event are unavailable. However, Russian scientists collected eyewitness accounts of the event. I believe that we now know enough about large impacts to "decode" the subjective descriptions of the witnesses and create realistic views of this historic asteroid impact as seen from different distances. What do we know about the explosion? You can get a sense of the magnitude of this event by comparing observations made at different distances. Seismic vibrations were recorded by sensitive instruments as much as 1000 km (600 mi) away. At 500 km (300 mi), observers reported "deafening bangs" and a fiery cloud on the horizon. About 170 km (110 mi) from the explosion, the object was seen in the cloudless, daytime sky as a brilliant, sunlike fireball; thunderous noises were heard. At distances around 60 km, people were thrown to the ground or even knocked unconscious; windows were broken and crockery knocked off shelves. Probably the closest observers were some reindeer herders asleep in their tents in several camps about 30 km (20 mi) from the site. They were blown into the air and knocked unconscious; one man was blown into a tree and later died. "Everything around was shrouded in smoke and fog from the burning fallen trees." My Paintings of the Event A few years ago, I decided to use eyewitness reports such as the following ones, collected by Russian scientists decades ago, to reconstruct the appearance of the event from various locations, and at various moments. Here are descriptions of my work so far. 400 KM Southeast of Ground Zero View from Kirensk, two seconds before the explosion. Painting © William K. Hartmann Witnesses in the town of Kirensk and nearby towns at the same distance recollected the fireball flashing across the sky in the following terms: "A ball of fire...coming down obliquely. A few minutes later [we heard] separate deafening crash like peals of thunder...followed by eight loud bangs like gunshots." "A ball of fire appeared in the sky... As it approached the ground, it took on a flattened shape..." "A flying star with a fiery tail; its tail disappeared into the air." After this object passed across the sky, it approached the horizon where it was consistently described from this distance of 400 km, as appearing like a "pillar of fire," then replaced by "a cloud of smoke rising from the ground," or "a cloud of ash...on the horizon," or "a huge cloud of black smoke. "From a closer distance of around 200 km, several witnesses gave a better description of the object itself. It was called diffuse bright ball two or three times larger than the sun but not as bright; the trail was a "fiery-white band." Inconsistent colors were mentioned: white, red, flame-like, bluish-white. Perhaps it had a flame-like iridescence. I used these descriptions in this painting, but I compensated for the twice-greater distance. I used a visit to Washington state as an opportunity to find a landscape that generally matched the photos from Siberia, and then I painted this piney-woodland scene from life, adding the fireball from the above descriptions. 60 KM South of Ground Zero View from Vanavara trading post, at the moment of the explosion. Painting © William K. Hartmann The Russians collected a number of accounts from eyewitnesses at the trading station, which was probably the closest permanent habitation. These included: "I was sitting on the porch of the house at the trading station, looking north. Suddenly in the north...the sky was split in two, and high above


Of which artistic movement was Aubrey Beardsley a leading member ?

Summary/Reviews: Aubrey Beardsley : Staff View SUMMARY Like Oscar Wilde, Beardsley was a leading member of the Decadent movement in England during the 1890s. Together they shocked the press and the establishment by cultivating the pose of dandies, coolly removed from prevailing social mores, and took aim at the dominant figures of the late 19th-century art world: moralizing critic John Ruskin and the sentimental pre-Raphaelite painters. That Beardsley met an early death at the age of 25 after a lifelong battle with tuberculosis was especially ironic, as the cult of the doomed youth was central to the Decadent movement. Throughout, Sturgis is in full command of the cultural conditions that led to Beardsley's emergence as an enfant terrible, such as the newly available illustrated picture press that made the artist's deliberately shocking drawings easily available to the masses and turned him into a media-art star avant la lettre. Sturgis never resorts to flimsy psychological conjecture (although his circumspection may in part be due to Beardsley's own efforts to fashion an elaborate mask for public consumption), and the biographer's prose is unexpectedly affecting when the end comes for his subject, as Beardsley rushes from spa to sanitarium, searching for a cure, frantically taking up and abandoning projects all the while. Arriving as it does in the midst of our own surface-obsessed fin de siecle, Sturgis's biography is not only a faithful record of Beardsley and of his world but also a useful study of the birth pangs of modernity. 26 b&w photographs and Beardsley's line drawings throughout. Review by  Choice Review Over the past year a number of books have appeared on Beardsley, the witty and provocative illustrator whose ink drawings have come to epitomize the 1890s in Britain. Freelance writer and critic Sturgis weighs in with this elegant and authoritative life, conspicuous as much for its biographic detail as for its analysis of the distinctive bite of Beardsley's art. Sturgis, author of Passionate Attitudes: The English Decadence of the Eighteen Nineties (1995), is an excellent guide to the nuances of the fin de si`ecle world of which Beardsley was such a conspicuous figure. The text is interspersed with black-and-white illustrations and includes a short bibliographic essay. The extensive endnotes gives it an important advantage over Stephen Calloway's recent Aubrey Beardsley (CH, Jun'98), which offers only a select bibliography. Yet Calloway provides an equally compelling narrative accompanied by a wealth of illustrations (many of which are in color)--an essential ingredient for a full appreciation of Beardsley's art. Calloway, therefore, remains a first choice, but libraries choosing Sturgis will have few regrets. General readers; undergraduates through faculty. W. S. Rodner; Tidewater Community College Copyright American Library Association, used with permission. Review by  Booklist Review The nineteenth century is bracketed by the careers of two great English artists cut down prematurely by tuberculosis--John Keats (1795^-1821) and Aubrey Beardsley (1872^-98). The poet is memorialized in Andrew Motion's superb Keats (1998). Now Sturgis thoroughly recounts the draftsman-illustrator's life in a book more tightly focused than Motion's because Beardsley is better documented than Keats and because Beardsley was not as politically involved as Keats. Sturgis highlights Beardsley's engagement with the two principle artistic currents of his time and place, Pre-Raphaelitism and the art-for-art's-sake aesthetics of Whistler, which together accounted for the poses, attitudes, and decorative backdrops--or lack of them--in Beardsley's drawings. Beardsley grew up in no greater security than had Keats, and he was even more sickly, but he found greater success in his lifetime, despite an association with Oscar Wilde, which he repudiated. Subsequent fashion art is almost unthinkable without the example of the androgynous, aloofly sexy figures in Beardsley's work, and the disease-constricted life out of which they were produc


The Minoan civilization was based on which island ?

History of Minoan Crete History of Minoan Crete   Geography and Economy of Crete The island of Crete is located in the center of the eastern Mediterranean at the crossroads of Africa, Asia, and Europe. It measures about 200 Km from east to west, and between 12 to 58 Km from north to south at its narrowest and widest distances, making it one of the largest islands in the Mediterranean sea. Crete's largest modern town is Heraklion (35° 20' latitude, 25° 08' longitude) and its landscape oscillates between tall, rugged mountains, gentle slopes, and plateaus, which are framed by the Aegean coast line to the North, and the Lybian Sea to the south. The temperate climate of Crete with its  short, mild winters and its dry, warm summers, along with the fertility of the Cretan plains produces sufficient food supplies to support an affluent local population, and for exports. The inhabitants of ancient Crete --whom we call Minoans-- produced a decentralized culture based on the abundance of the land's natural resources, and on intense commercial activity. While the island appears today completely deforested, in ancient times timber was one of the natural resources that was commercially exploited and exported to nearby Egypt, Syria, Cyprus, the Aegean Islands and the Greek mainland. Besides timber Crete exported food, cypress wood, wine, currants, olive oil, wool, cloth, herbs, and purple dye. Its imports consisted of precious stones, copper (most likely from Cyprus), ivory, silver, gold, and other raw material. They also imported tin that was used in the production of bronze alloys. Interestingly, the nearest known tin mines appear as far as Spain, Britain, central Europe, and Iran. Besides raw materials, the Minoans also adopted from the surrounding cultures artistic ideas and techniques as evident in Egypt's influence on the Minoan wall frescoes, and on goldsmithing production knowledge imported by Syria. The Minoans had developed significant naval power and for many centuries lived in contact with all the major civilizations of the time without being significantly threatened by external forces. Their commercial contact with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia undeniably influenced their own culture, and the Minoan civilization in turn appeared as the forerunner of the Greek civilization. The Minoans are credited as the first European civilization.   Habitation and Chronology of Crete Archaeological evidence testifies to the island's habitation since the 7th millennium BC After the 5th millennium BC we find the first evidence of hand-made ceramic pottery which marks the beginning of the civilization Evans, the famed archaeologist who excavated Knossos, named "Minoan" after the legendary king Minos. Evans divided the Minoan civilization into three eras on the basis of the stylistic changes of the pottery. His comparative chronology included an Early (3000-2100 BC), a Middle (2100-1500 BC), and a Late Minoan period (1500-1100 BC). Since this chronology posed several problems in studying the culture, professor N. Platon has developed a chronology based on the palaces' destruction and reconstruction. He divided Minoan Crete into Prepalatial (2600-1900 BC), Protopalatial (1900-1700 BC), Neopalatial (1700-1400 BC), and Postpalatial (1400-1150 BC). We do not have much information about the very early Minoans before 2600 BC. We have seen the development of several minor settlements near the coast, and the beginning of burials in tholos tombs, as well as in caves around the island.   Prepalatial Minoan Crete (2600-1900 BC) Neolithic life in ancient Crete consisted of major settlements at Myrtos and Mochlos. During this period the Minoans had contact with Egypt, Asia Minor, and Syria with whom they traded for copper, tin, ivory, and gold. The archaeological evidence reveals a decentralized culture with no powerful landlords and no centralized authority. The palaces of this period are focused around communities, and circular tholos tombs were the major architectural structures of the time. The manner by which the dead were buried in these t


What nationality is the armaments firm Bofors ?

Sonia Gandhi under pressure over Bofors scandal relationship - Telegraph India Sonia Gandhi under pressure over Bofors scandal relationship Sonia Gandhi, president of India's Congress party, has come under pressure to clarify her relationship with an Italian businessman at the centre of the Bofors corruption scandal. Sonia Gandhi  Photo: REUTERS By Dean Nelson , New Delhi 1:18AM GMT 14 Jan 2011 Follow The Gandhi family has been tainted by the Bofors kickback scandal since it emerged that their close family friend Ottavio Quattrocchi received around £5 million in commissions for his role in landing a $15 billion contract for the Swedish arms firm to supply howitzer field guns to the Indian Army in 1987. Although the criminal cases against Quattrochi were dropped by the Congress-led government in 2009, the controversy resurfaced earlier this month when an income tax tribunal ruled that the commission had cost Indian taxpayers more than £5 million. Nitin Gadkari, leader of the opposition BJP, sought to exploit the disarray following a series of recent corruption allegations. "I want to ask Sonia Gandhi what is the relation between the Gandhi family and Quattrochi who got the Bofors commission. Quattrochi's driver in his statement to the Central Bureau of Investigation has said Quattrochi had direct access at Rajiv and Sonia Gandhi's house," he said. "If Congress leaders have the guts, let them clarify the relation they cannot answer because there is something wrong," he added. Related Articles


Who was the only U.S. President to serve two non-consecutive terms ?

Grover Cleveland - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com Grover Cleveland A+E Networks Introduction Grover Cleveland (1837-1908), who served as the 22nd and 24th U.S. president, was known as a political reformer. He is the only president to date who served two nonconsecutive terms, and also the only Democratic president to win election during the period of Republican domination of the White House that stretched from Abraham Lincoln’s (1809-65) election in 1860 to the end of William Howard Taft’s (1857-1930) term in 1913. Cleveland worked as a lawyer and then served as mayor of Buffalo, New York, and governor of New York state before assuming the presidency in 1885. His record in the Oval Office was mixed. Not regarded as an original thinker, Cleveland considered himself a watchdog over Congress rather than an initiator. In his second term, he angered many of his original supporters and seemed overwhelmed by the Panic of 1893 and the depression that followed. He declined to run for a third term. Google Early Career Stephen Grover Cleveland was born in Caldwell, New Jersey , on March 18, 1837. He was the fifth of nine children of Richard Falley Cleveland (1804-53), a Presbyterian minister, and Anne Neal Cleveland (1806-82). In 1841, the family moved to upstate New York , where Cleveland’s father served several congregations before his death in 1853. Did You Know? Grover Cleveland vetoed twice as many congressional bills as all 21 of the presidents who preceded him combined--414 vetoes in his first term. Cleveland left school following his father’s death and started working in order to help support his family. Unable to afford a college education, he worked as a teacher in a school for the blind in New York City and then as a clerk in a law firm in Buffalo, New York. After clerking for several years, Cleveland passed the state bar examination in 1859. He started his own law firm in 1862. Cleveland did not fight in the American Civil War (1861-65); when the Conscription Act was passed in 1863, he paid a Polish immigrant to serve in his place. Sheriff, Mayor and Governor Cleveland’s first political office was sheriff of Erie County, New York, a position he assumed in 1871. During his two-year term, he carried out the death sentence (by hanging) of three convicted murderers. In 1873, he returned to his law practice. He was persuaded to run for mayor of Buffalo in 1881 as a reformer of a corrupt city government. He won the election and took office in 1882. His reputation as an opponent of machine politics grew so rapidly that he was asked to run as the Democratic candidate for governor of New York. Cleveland became governor in January 1883. He was so opposed to unnecessary government spending that he vetoed eight bills sent up by the legislature in his first two months in office. But while Cleveland was popular with the voters, he made enemies within his own party, particularly the powerful Tammany Hall political machine in New York City. However, he won the respect of New York state assemblyman and future U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) and other reform-minded Republicans. Cleveland was soon regarded as presidential material. First Term in the White House: 1885-89 Cleveland won the Democratic presidential nomination in 1884 in spite of the opposition of Tammany Hall. The 1884 presidential campaign was ugly: Cleveland’s Republican opponent, U.S. Senator James G. Blaine (1830-93) of Maine , was implicated in several financial scandals, while Cleveland was involved in a paternity case in which admitted that he had paid child support in 1874 to a woman who claimed he was the father of her child. In spite of the scandal, Cleveland won the election with the support of the Mugwumps, Republicans who considered Blaine corrupt. Once in office, Cleveland continued the policy of his predecessor, Chester Arthur (1830-86), in basing political appointments on merit rather than party affiliation. He tried to reduce government spending, using the veto more often than any other president up to that point. Cleveland was a noninterventionis


What was the name of 'The Little Mermaid' in the Disney film of the same name?

Ariel | Disney Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia “A girl rescued me. She was singing. She had the most beautiful voice.” ―Prince Eric talking about Ariel Princess Ariel is the protagonist of Disney 's classic 1989 animated feature film, The Little Mermaid . She is the seventh daughter of King Triton , ruler of the undersea kingdom of Atlantica . She lived through much of her young life with a longstanding, yet forbidden, admiration of the human world, and longed to someday experience life upon the surface. Ariel is based on the nameless protagonist of Hans Christian Andersen 's Danish fairy tale "The Little Mermaid" yet she does not have a melancholy ending as in Andersen's tale. Ariel is the fourth official member of the Disney Princess line-up. Contents Background Official Description Ariel is an independent, headstrong and determined young mermaid. She is the youngest and prettiest princess of the sea but spends most of her time outside the palace walls of Atlantica singing, daydreaming, and adventuring with her best friend Flounder the guppy fish, and sometimes Sebastian the crab who is also the royal advisor to Ariel's father. At the age of 16, she unexpectedly becomes deeply infatuated with a young and handsome human prince named Eric and sacrifices all things dear to her for the chance of being with her one true love. Development Design Walt Disney himself and artist Kay Nielsen began work on the story of The Little Mermaid in the 1930's and early 40's. The feature was to be a very faithful adaption to Hans Christian Andersen's tale with the Mermaid dying and turning into sea foam in the end. However, after writing the script and illustrating the storyboard the project was shelved to focus on other projects also in the works such as Dumbo , Bambi and Fantasia . There have been alternate statements, however, that indicated that Disney may have intended to go for the happy ending route. In the mid-1980's the project was finally reopened, yet Disney decided to disregard the dark and grimy aspects of Andersen's story and make the film a more child-friendly version with a much happier ending which worked better for the company's brand. During development, the studio officially gave their Little Mermaid the aquatic-like name of "Ariel". The development team, however, indicated that the changes given for the film coincidentally matched up with the changes Walt Disney made during his attempted take on the film. Ariel's original design was developed by animator Glen Keane , who had reportedly said in an animation lecture that she was based on his own wife. Her appearance was also based on model Sherri Stoner , who provided live-action references for the animators during the development of the film and also inspired the look for Belle . A challenge in animating her for the film was the color required to show her in the changing environments, both under the sea and on land, for which the animators required 32-color models, not including costume changes. The sea-green color of her fin was a hue specially mixed by the Disney paint lab; the color was named "Ariel" after the character. She has been compared to past Disney Heroines, but is more physically similar to Alice from Alice in Wonderland , and Belle from Beauty and the Beast , as they all have big eyes, a broad forehead and a small mouth and chin. Voice Jodi Benson , who was predominantly a stage actress when she was cast, was chosen to voice Ariel because the directors felt "it was really important to have the same person doing the singing and speaking voice." Co-director Ron Clements remarked that her voice had "sweetness" and "youthfulness" that was unique. When recording the vocals for Ariel's theme song " Part of Your World ", she consented to Howard Ashman 's suggestion that the lights in the studio be dimmed, so as to "feel a little bit more enclosed" and create the feeling of being deep under the sea. She was also encouraged to soften her singing voice almost to the point of speaking so that the song would feel more intimate. Voice actress Melissa Fahn auditioned fo


Which of the 'chasers' on the ITV quiz show The Chase is nicknamed 'The Governess' ?

Chaser Anne Hegarty has the perfect comeback for fans who ask: 'Why are all the Chasers fat?' Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window) Comments FANS of The Chase can be a cruel bunch, particularly when contestants opt for minus offers or fluff supposedly easy questions. But it’s not just those brave enough to go on the show who get a rough deal. ITV The Chasers are often criticised by viewers – and sometimes it gets very personal The Chasers are often criticised by viewers – and sometimes it gets very personal. Anne Hegarty, aka The Governess, may be an ice maiden on screen, but she has admitted she does read some of the unpleasant messages targeted at her and her colleagues on social media. But she also revealed she has the perfect comeback for when fans have a go at their appearance – in particular, their weight. The 57-year-old told The Express : “I’m more defensive on behalf of the other Chasers than I am on my own behalf. ITV 5 Viewers can be very cruel – and personal “You need to grow a thick skin. If someone asks, ‘Why are all the Chasers fat?’ you can say, ‘Body-shaming’s really hurtful and offensive!’ “Or you can say, ‘Because every time we get an answer right, we get a biscuit’.” “Which is more likely to get you a new follower and a reputation for being a good sport?” One of the Chasers who has come in for some hurtful criticism of late is newcomer Jenny Ryan, nicknamed The Vixen, who arrived in September last year. Last month we reported how Jenny responded to nasty online trolls , tweeting: “I really don’t give a monkey’s if you don’t like me.” Jenny, 34, also admitted to finding the social media backlash “hurtful”, but she can rest assured fellow quiz master Anne has her back. Related Stories Hollyoaks beauty Jennifer Metcalfe branded 'thick' after embarrassing appearance on The Chase JEREMY KYLE 'Don't come near me with that thong': Host chased around with hairy underwear as 'naughty nurse' returns Anne explained: “Some people subscribe to the ‘Smurfette’ principle that there can only be one female character. “Some people simply don’t like change; some people claim she lacks charisma, which is hilarious for anyone who knows her. ITV 5 One of the Chasers who has come in for some hurtful criticism of late is newcomer Jenny Ryan “She plays the ukulele with a group called Nanukes of the North, and she’s writing a book! “The Vixen’s perhaps a more subtle character than the Governess, and some people were expecting something a little more cartoony.” Thankfully for fans of The Governess, she has no plans to depart the show any time soon – partly down to her affection for host Bradley Walsh. ITV 5 Thankfully for fans of The Governess, she has no plans to depart the show any time soon Anne confessed: “I tell him that my great fear is that he’s going to have a heart attack from overwork, and he just says, ‘Oh, but I love it.’ “I hate the thought of having to, but I can’t think of any circumstances in which I’d choose to leave. This is the best job I’ve ever had!” The Chase airs weekdays at 5pm on ITV.


Name the venue for the first Winter Olympic Games, held in 1924 ?

First Winter Olympics - Jan 25, 1924 - HISTORY.com First Winter Olympics Publisher A+E Networks On January 25, 1924, the first Winter Olympics take off in style at Chamonix in the French Alps. Spectators were thrilled by the ski jump and bobsled as well as 12 other events involving a total of six sports. The “International Winter Sports Week,” as it was known, was a great success, and in 1928 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) officially designated the Winter Games, staged in St. Moritz, Switzerland, as the second Winter Olympics. Five years after the birth of the modern Olympics in 1896, the first organized international competition involving winter sports was staged in Sweden. Called the Nordic Games, only Scandinavian countries competed. Like the Olympics, it was staged thereon every four years but always in Sweden. In 1908, figure skating made its way into the Summer Olympics in London, though it was not actually held until October, some three months after the other events were over. In 1911, the IOC proposed the staging of a separate winter competition for the 1912 Stockholm Games, but Sweden, wanting to protect the popularity of the Nordic Games, declined. Germany planned a Winter Olympics to precede the 1916 Berlin Summer Games, but World War I forced the cancellation of both. At the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, ice hockey joined figure skating as an official Olympic event, and Canada took home the first of many hockey gold medals. Soon after, an agreement was reached with Scandinavians to stage the IOC-sanctioned International Winter Sports Week. It was so popular among the 16 participating nations that, in 1925, the IOC formally created the Winter Olympics, retroactively making Chamonix the first. In Chamonix, Scandinavians dominated the speed rinks and slopes, and Norway won the unofficial team competition with 17 medals. The United States came in third, winning its only gold medal with Charles Jewtraw’s victory in the 500-meter speed-skating event. Canada won another hockey gold, scoring 110 goals and allowing just three goals in five games. Of the nearly 300 athletes, only 13 were women, and they only competed in the figure-skating events. Austrian Helene Engelmann won the pairs competition with Alfred Berger, and Austrian Herma Planck Szabo won the women’s singles. The Olympics offered a particular boost to skiing, a sport that would make enormous strides within the next decade. At Chamonix, Norway won all but one of the nine skiing medals. Related Videos