Who wrote the narrative poem The Rape of the Lock between 1712 1717?

The Rape Of The Lock English Literature Essay The Rape Of The Lock English Literature Essay Published: Last Edited: 23rd March, 2015 This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. CAROL ELIZABETH A/P A G LEON The Rape of the Lock is a mock epic poem written by Alexander Pope who was one of the most influential writers of the eighteenth century. Alexander Pope was one of the best satirist of the Augustan age who also aims to educate and entertain readers at the same time. The Rape of the Lock was first published in the year 1712 with only two cantos. In the year 1717 however the final form of this poem was published and it had five cantos and in heroic couplet too. The poem is based on a true story about two feuding aristocratic families, the Petres and the Fermors. “The young lord Petre had cut a lock of hair from the head of Arabella Fermor, a fashionable young society lady, and both she and her family had taken offence. Pope had been told of the incident by his catholic friend John Caryll who asked if he could write a poem to make a jest of the division between the two families and laugh them together again” (scribd). The epic poem also known as the heroic poem tells a story of a hero whose actions are of great importance and have a national significance too. It is usually a long narrative poem written in a grand style to suit its important subject matter. Some of the examples of the heroic poems are Homer's Iliad, John Milton's Paradise Lost, King Arthur by Richard Blackmore, Joan of Arc by Robert Southey and Hyperion by Keats. Mock epic poem on the other hand is the parody of the serious epic poems. It uses the structure of an epic poem where the language is grand but on miniature scale and the meaning of the subject is trivial. Mock-heroic poetry combines the characteristics of various discourses such as epic, comedy, parody and satire. Alexander pope uses the mock heroic style in The Rape of the Lock is not to ridicule the heroic genre but to mock and satirize the fashionable society of his time. In the beginning of an epic poem, the writer usually invokes and prayers the muse to afford him with divine encouragement to tell the tale of a great hero. Usually the writer calls upon one of the “nine daughters of Zeus[1]” (homepage) to sanctify his poetry. The hero of an epic poem is always a grand figure of national importance or even cosmic significance. “He often has superhuman or divine traits. He has an imposing physical stature and is greater in all ways than the common man” (homepage). However in The Rape of the Lock, Alexander Pope invokes his catholic friend John Caryll instead, as a muse to provide him with blessings to narrate a story of not a great hero but a rich, vain woman called Belinda. Alexander Pope uses Belinda and the Baron as his main characters in his poem to poke fun at the men and women of the aristocratic families. Belinda is not a powerful hero but a beautiful young woman from a fashionable society who has no other responsibilities but looking presentable in front the society every day. For instance Belinda only wakes up around twelve o'clock, has a lapdog and servants to dress her for every occasion. “Sol thro' white Curtains shot a tim'rous Ray, And op'd those Eyes that must eclipse the Day; Now Lapdogs give themselves the rowzing Shake, And sleepless Lovers, just at Twelve, awake: Thrice rung the Bell, the Slipper knock'd the Ground, And the press'd Watch return'd a silver Sound. Belinda still her downy Pillow prest” (Pope). Hence it is clear that Pope is satirizing the fashionable society for not being responsible and doing things as they please. They waste money for they were rich and even needed maids to look after them as though they were infants. Next, in an epic poem a hero will get well prepared for a great battle by armoring himself with chain mail, shield, sword, axes, daggers, bow and arrows. These weapons and armor will not only protect a hero but also make his enemy


The city of Durham: Rivers, bridges and mills | British History Online The city of Durham: Rivers, bridges and mills The city of Durham: Rivers, bridges and mills Pages 62-64 This free content was digitised by double rekeying . All rights reserved. Citation: Footnotes RIVER, BRIDGES AND MILLS The River Wear, one of the most important physical features that influenced the development of Durham, did not always follow its present course. Formerly after flowing from Shincliffe Bridge north-westward to Maiden Castle Wood, instead of taking a turn to the north-east, as it now does, it skirted the northern slope of Maiden Castle and took a U-shaped curve back to its present course. At the end of the curve lay Scaltok Mill (fn. 1) belonging to the convent, to which the inhabitants of the borough and barony of Elvet owed suit. (fn. 2) The alteration in the course of the river possibly made this mill useless, as the leases of it cease after about 1559. (fn. 3) The progress of the river northward of the curve is barred by the Gilesgate ridge; it therefore flows westward for half a mile and then, instead of following the route of the preglacial river, through the sand filled hollow connecting the castle plateau with Gilesgate, it cut its way southward through the rocky ridge on which the higher part of Elvet and Crossgate stand. (fn. 4) Just before the turn in the river here there is a modern iron bridge erected in 1889, which replaced a wooden bridge built in the middle of the 19th century. Further southward was the old ford connecting the borough with Elvet, which was replaced by Elvet Bridge. The approach to the ford on its borough side is by Paradise Lane, but on the opposite side it has recently been blocked by the sewerage works. Elvet Bridge, Durham Elvet Bridge was built by Bishop Pudsey (fn. 5) (1153–95), and with the exception of the two centre arches, which have been rebuilt, the old bridge is intact. It was guarded by a gate and towers and had a chapel at each end; that on the east side still remains. (fn. 6) At about 300 yards south of Elvet Bridge stood Bow Bridge in the 15th century, (fn. 7) which has now completely disappeared. The approach to it on the Bailey side was by Bow Lane, and on the Elvet side by Water Lane. Below the site of Bow Bridge the river, after a semicircular turn, takes a northward direction. Just past the turn here is the Prebends' Bridge built in 1777 from designs by Richard Nicholson. This bridge is a fine stone structure of three semicircular arches with voussoirs springing from piers with triangular starlings surmounted by semi-hexagonal projections, upon which the recesses of the footways are carried. The spandrels are filled by plain recessed panels, and the whole is crowned by a shallow cornice and plain parapet, the latter having panels of balustrading over the centres of the side arches. There was in early times a ferry boat here maintained by the convent, which gave access to their mill, fishponds and orchards at Crossgate. (fn. 8) This ferry was replaced by a footbridge in 1574, which was swept away by the great flood of 1771, and a temporary bridge was erected that remained until the present bridge was built. Passing the Prebends' Bridge, we reach the first of the weirs, which seems to have been maintained at the common charge of the bishop and convent. (fn. 9) At the western end of the weir were the sites of a corn mill and a fulling mill, both belonging to the convent, (fn. 10) and at the eastern end were two corn mills belonging to the bishop and known as the Jesus Mill and Lead Mill. These latter mills provided for the castle area and were bought by the prior from the bishop in the 15th century. (fn. 11) In 1792 one of these mills on the eastern side was leased for carding of wool and cleaning of cloth. A further lease dated 1813 contains covenants to raise the water in the river 12 in. by planks and not to grind corn at the mill at the western end of the weir between midnight and 6 a.m. from 1 May to 11 November. These mills appear to have fallen into disuse shortly after this da


What colour is the 'artist's colour' called cerulean?

handprint : an artist's color wheel   an artist's color wheel An earlier page described several modern color models , including the latest CIE color difference and color appearance models, and a later page explained how the hue circle from any color model can be used to create an artist's color wheel . This page presents my own color wheels, the result of considerable study. My understanding of the problems involved has changed over the past several years, so I present both the wheel originally published in 1999, and the version I developed in 2006. Both wheels show the color appearance locations of all major watercolor pigments in use today. Both wheels are based on visual complementary colors. The wheels differ in their chroma scaling of all colors, and in the spacing and visual complements assigned to blue and violet colors. Some artists, from force of habit, may prefer a color wheel based on mixing complements. I try to dissuade you from that route, but if you choose it, I provide the information on mixing complements you'll need to get started. Because the visual and mixing location of pigments sometimes differ by a large amount, this page tries to explain why those differences occur . It turns out they are caused by the green reflectance in many paints, and can be summed up in three simple rules. visual vs. mixing complements To make a color wheel, we have to tackle the problem first encountered with the secondary color wheel : how do we define complementary colors ? To recap, complementary colors are two hues with balanced or opposing color characteristics; that's why they're opposite each other on the color wheel. But the way we define that opposition gives us different results. In subtractive color mixing , complementary colors are two dyes, paints or inks that can be mixed in some proportion to create a gray color. This usually means their reflectance curves combine to make a metameric color or visual equivalent of gray, not the flat reflectance curve of a true neutral. This approach closely ties complementary colors to the problem of mixing paints. In additive color mixing , complementary colors are the two monochromatic (single wavelength) lights that can be mixed to produce the perception of white light, or the two surface colors whose reflectance curves can be combined (with a color top ) to produce the same result. This method closely ties complementary colors to a specific chromaticity diagram and the problem of mixing lights. Finally, in color appearance models based on surface colors (painted color samples, rather than colored lights), complementary colors are any two colors at opposite ends of a straight line through the achromatic center of the color model's hue plane , or colors on opposite sides of a perceptually defined hue circle. This approach closely ties complementary colors to the actual visual impact of colors, and to our color psychology. If we compare the results of subtractive paint mixing, additive light mixing and perceptually defined color models, we find that visual and mixing complements are almost never the same. The visual complement of ultramarine blue is a yellowish green, but the mixing complement of ultramarine blue is a dull deep yellow; mixing ultramarine blue and greenish yellow paints produces a dark bluish green. The visual complement of phthalo green is close to quinacridone rose, but the mixing complement of phthalo green is a middle red; mixing phthalo green and quinacridone rose paints gives a muted dark violet, not a neutral tone. And so on. (These color circle comparisons clarify the different hue relationships that appear in visual and mixing color circles.) So we have to choose from among competing approaches when we build a color wheel. The easiest way to review these choices is to compare visual and mixing complements side by side, using the major "cool" pigments as the basis for comparison. (More extensive information is provided in the section on mixing complementary paints .) This table is worth careful study! color theory [M. Graham] [none] Note: Mixing comple


Which country's flag is a horizontal bicolour of red over green in a 2:1 ratio with a red ornamental pattern on a white vertical stripe at the hoist?

Flags of Every Country Follow us... Flags of Every Country Tweet This map shows Flags of every country in the world. Flag description produced from actual flags or the best information available at the time the entry was written. The flags of independent states are used by their dependencies unless there is an officially recognized local flag. Some disputed and other areas do not have flags. Note: Flag description from CIA Factbook and Flag image from Wikipedia. Last updated: Abkhazia Afghanistan three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), red, and green, with the national emblem in white centered on the red band and slightly overlapping the other two bands; the center of the emblem features a mosque with pulpit and flags on either side, below the mosque are numerals for the solar year 1298 (1919 in the Gregorian calendar, the year of Afghan independence from the UK); this central image is circled by a border consisting of sheaves of wheat on the left and right, in the upper-center is an Arabic inscription of the Shahada (Muslim creed) below which are rays of the rising sun over the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning "God is great"), and at bottom center is a scroll bearing the name Afghanistan; black signifies the past, red is for the blood shed for independence, and green can represent either hope for the future, agricultural prosperity, or Islam note: Afghanistan had more changes to its national flag in the 20th century than any other country; the colors black, red, and green appeared on most of them Akrotiri the flag of the UK is used Albania red with a black two-headed eagle in the center; the design is claimed to be that of 15th-century hero George Castriota SKANDERBERG, who led a successful uprising against the Turks that resulted in a short-lived independence for some Albanian regions (1443-1478); an unsubstantiated explanation for the eagle symbol is the tradition that Albanians see themselves as descendants of the eagle; they refer to themselves as "Shkypetars," which translates as "sons of the eagle" Algeria two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a red, five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the two-color boundary; the colors represent Islam (green), purity and peace (white), and liberty (red); the crescent and star are also Islamic symbols, but the crescent is more closed than those of other Muslim countries because the Algerians believe the long crescent horns bring happiness American Samoa blue, with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of authority, a war club known as a "Fa'alaufa'i" (upper; left talon), and a coconut fiber fly whisk known as a "Fue" (lower; right talon); the combination of symbols broadly mimics that seen on the US Great Seal and reflects the relationship between the United States and American Samoa Andorra three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red, with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the latter band is slightly wider than the other two so that the ratio of band widths is 8:9:8; the coat of arms features a quartered shield with the emblems of (starting in the upper left and proceeding clockwise): Urgell, Foix, Bearn, and Catalonia; the motto reads VIRTUS UNITA FORTIOR (Strength United is Stronger); the flag combines the blue and red French colors with the red and yellow of Spain to show Franco-Spanish protection note: similar to the flags of Chad and Romania, which do not have a national coat of arms in the center, and the flag of Moldova, which does bear a national emblem Angola two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle); red represents liberty, black the African continent, the symbols characterize workers and peasants Anguilla blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the


Who wrote the best selling novels Labyrinth and Sepulchre?

Interview with Kate Mosse, author of Labyrinth and Sepulchre - This French Life This French Life Interview with Kate Mosse, author of Labyrinth and Sepulchre THE bloody history of medieval Carcassone was brought to life in the international best-selling book Labyrinth. And now its author Kate Mosse takes us back to the south west with her latest book Sepulchre, a tale from the dark woods of the Corbières involving ghosts, murder and tarot cards. Here I chat with Kate about the mystery of the region and her writing life - also find out how to win a copy of Sepulchre - and so my first question was what frights can people expect from the new book? Sepulchre is part ghost story and part tarot tale, set in two different time periods, the 1890s in Paris and the south west of France and modern day Paris as well as the area around Rennes les Bains. It is about a young girl and her brother in the 1890s who are sent to stay with their aunt in this creepy house in the woods and when they get there they discover a strange Sepulchre hidden in the ground and within there is hidden a pack of tarot cards. Then 110 years later an American researcher who is down in the area comes across the ruined Sepulchre and realises the story of the tarot cards is all still going and that there are many secrets that have not yet been uncovered. So it’s very much a page turning, read it with the door shut and the lights turned on type of book. How frightening was it for you to work on the new book after the success of Labyrinth? It was a bit intimidating, because it is a wonderful thing to have millions of readers of Labyrinth with many people kind enough to write, email or come to events to tell you how it is one of their favourite books, so you do feel this great sense of not letting people down and you want the next book to be as successful. You want people to really enjoy it so that they won’t feel disappointed. So before I got down to writing I felt I very much had the shadow of Labyrinth over me, but once you start it’s the same as any piece of writing really, what you are thinking about is ‘does this chapter work, are these characters doing what I want them to do, is the story unravelling as I thought it would’. So once you actually get going you forget about everything except writing one sentence after another. It’s clear from both books that you love the history of the south west of France, so where did your research take you? I haven’t visited anywhere because we’ve had a house in Carcassone for 18 years so that’s where we go, the problem with having a house is that you tend to only go there rather than travel around the place. For some years I wanted to write about Rennes les Bains, not its famous neighbour Rennes les Chateau, out of which so many of the Holy Grail stories have come, but more because Rennes les Bains in the Pyrenees was this incredibly chic and thriving spa town in the 1890s and now it is this tiny, quiet, little village, that’s a very nice place. But it was just so interesting to compare it to the pictures and reports of the place in the 1890s to the present day, so I had it in the back of my mind that I would like to write about there. So Rennes les Bains, Couiza, Esperaza and Limoux are places we visit a lot when we are home in Carcassone, as it is a very different sort of atmosphere to the medieval past of the city, it is much more domestic, if you like, and it is more about the greenness of the mountains. And I very much like the woods around Rennes les Bains, I find it a very inspiring atmosphere to write about. What do you “see” when you walk around Carcassone and the region, as I suppose the history must almost ooze out of the walls? One of the things I was looking forward to writing about in this new book was to write about Carcassone in the 1890s when the town hall made a decision to be a tourist destination. Because people most probably know about the present day and the medieval past, but it was a quite conscious decision, on the part of the town, to invent itself as a place for tourists and so the city was re


What was the last film in the western genre to win a best picture Oscar?

Every Best Picture Oscar Winner, Ranked From Worst to Best | Moviefone Every Best Picture Oscar Winner, Ranked From Worst to Best by Gary Susman This week marks the 10th anniversary of the release of " Crash " (on May 6, 2005), an all-star movie whose controversy came not from its provocative treatment of racial issues but from its Best Picture Oscar victory a few months later, against what many critics felt was a much more deserving movie, " Brokeback Mountain ." The "Crash" vs. "Brokeback" battle is one of those lingering disputes that makes the Academy Awards so fascinating, year after year. Moviegoers and critics who revisit older movies are constantly judging the Academy's judgment. Even decades of hindsight may not always be enough to tell whether the Oscar voters of a particular year got it right or wrong. Whether it's " Birdman " vs. " Boyhood ," " The King's Speech " vs. " The Social Network ," " Saving Private Ryan " vs. " Shakespeare in Love " or even " An American in Paris " vs. " A Streetcar Named Desire ," we're still confirming the Academy's taste or dismissing it as hopelessly off-base years later. And that's good; it means that the movies in question still remain alive and vital for us after all this time. So, let's be foolish and dive deeply into the history of the Best Picture Oscar. Here's a list ranking every film ever to win the Academy's top prize. Feel as free to argue with our picks as we did with the Academy's; that's what movie lovers do. 87. " Crash " (2005) Paul Haggis's all-star drama, with its web of unbelievable coincidences and incidents of vehicular mayhem, seems to think it has something deep to say about race in America, though its message boils down to the satirical "Avenue Q" song "Everyone's a Little Bit Racist." (Or, conversely, that Racists Are People Too.) How did this intellectual copout beat "Brokeback Mountain"? Maybe because the Academy is based in Los Angeles, and its members found something profound in a movie about Angelenos who spend too much time in their cars to forge connections with others. 86. " A Beautiful Mind " (2001) Biopics don't come much more spurious than this one of schizophrenic math genius John Nash, which distorts and falsifies much of his life story, ignores the less savory elements, and deliberately deceives the audience in order to convey a sense of what Nash's mental illness must have felt like to him. That tearjerking business with the pen at the end doesn't redeem the rest of the movie. 85. " Around the World in 80 Days " (1956) Producer Mike Todd's smirky, overstuffed version of Jules Verne's travelogue plays like a big in-joke; it's so full of well-known stars popping up for a moment (just long enough to wink at the audience and be recognized) that it's the movie for which the term "cameo" was invented. True, David Niven is perfectly cast as unflappable Phileas Fogg, and the movie does have the virtue of introducing American audiences to Mexican comic Cantinflas, as Fogg's sidekick, Passepartout. 84. " The Greatest Show on Earth " (1952) They could have given the award that year to enduring classics like "Singin' in the Rain" or "High Noon," but they gave it to Cecil B. DeMille's sprawling circus melodrama. There's not much of interest here, save for Jimmy Stewart as a doctor on the lam who's disguised as a clown (he's unrecognizable in whiteface for the entire movie) and the spectacular train wreck that Steven Spielberg says inspired him to become a filmmaker. Otherwise, it's not even the greatest show of 1952. 83. " Forrest Gump " (1994) A tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. Tom Hanks does give a sweet, funny performance, but it's not enough to mask the movie's sour politics. (Submit unquestioningly to authority and you'll sail through life, but if you emulate Jenny and fight for justice and explore your sexuality, you'll be exploited by men, get AIDS, and die.) How did this movie beat "Pulp Fiction"? 82. " Driving Miss Daisy " (1989) It's outrageous that the Academy honored this bland, mildly patronizing comedy ab


In an Italian restaurant what are lamponi?

Veal Lamponi Veal Lamponi Sweet Veal Veal Lamponi is a delicious Italian dish that is rarely made anymore. There are not a lot of Italian recipes that use fruit, besides lemon, but the raspberry sauce in this recipes makes it very unique. This recipe is a simple to make. Also, as with any veal dish you can use chicken. INGREDIENTS 1/2 cup of flour, for dredging 1/4 tsp of salt 1/8 tsp of fresh ground black pepper 2 Tbls of butter 1 bunch of long green onions, finely chopped 1/2 cup of Sweet Marsala wine 1/2 pound of fresh raspberries 1/4 cup of raspberry jam 1/2 cup of heavy whipping cream 1/4 tsp of dried tarragon PREPARATION Pound the veal cutlets thin with a meat mallet between two sheets of wax paper. Season the flour with the salt and pepper. Dredge the veal in the flour. In a large frying pan, saute the veal for 2 minutes on each side in the butter. Add the onions and saute for 2 minutes until tender. De-glaze the pan with the Marsala while stirring the brown bits off the bottom of the pan with a wooden spoon. Add the raspberries, jam, cream and tarragon. Heat through for 2 to 3 minutes. Plate the veal and spoon the raspberry sauce over the top. Don't forget to click on the logo below and subscribe to my NEW NEWSLETTER That's a discovery! That's Italian! That's Great Chicago Italian Recipes.com


Which is the easternmost capital city in the European Union?

Capitals of Europe Map Quiz Enter the capital of Albania Enter the capital of Andorra Enter the capital of Austria Enter the capital of Belarus Enter the capital of Belgium Enter the capital of Bosnia Herzegovina Enter the capital of Bulgaria Enter the capital of Croatia Enter the capital of Cyprus Enter the capital of Czechia Enter the capital of Denmark Enter the capital of Estonia Enter the capital of Finland Enter the capital of France Enter the capital of Germany Enter the capital of Greece Enter the capital of Hungary Enter the capital of Ireland Enter the capital of Iceland Enter the capital of Italy Enter the capital of Latvia Enter the capital of Liechtenstein Enter the capital of Lithuania Enter the capital of Luxembourg Enter the capital of Macedonia Enter the capital of Malta Enter the capital of Moldova Enter the capital of Monaco Enter the capital of Montenegro Enter the capital of Netherlands Enter the capital of Norway Enter the capital of Poland Enter the capital of Portugal Enter the capital of Romania Enter the capital of Russia Enter the capital of San Marino Enter the capital of Serbia Enter the capital of Slovakia Enter the capital of Slovenia Enter the capital of Spain Enter the capital of Sweden Enter the capital of Switzerland Enter the capital of Turkey Enter the capital of Ukraine Enter the capital of United Kingdom Enter the capital of Vatican City Enter the capital of Kosovo report this ad


Which philosopher is famous for his wager that states though the existence of God cannot be determined through reason, a person should 'wager' as though God exists, because so living has everything to gain, and nothing to lose?

Pascal's wager and a counter wager. - Philosophy, Sociology & Psychology - Shroomery Message Board Last seen: 2 years, 10 months Pascal's wager and a counter wager.     #13102378 - 08/25/10 07:30 PM (6 years, 4 months ago) Edit  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Blaise PascalPascal's Wager (or Pascal's Gambit) is a suggestion posed by the French philosopher, mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal that, even though the existence of God cannot be determined through reason, a person should wager as though God exists, because living life accordingly has everything to gain, and nothing to lose. Pascal states, however, that some do not have the ability to believe. In this case, he directs them to live as though they had faith, which may lead them to belief. The Wager was set out in note 233 of his Pensées, a posthumously published collection of notes made by Pascal in his last years as he worked on a treatise on Christian apologetics. In Pascal's words and order, from note 233, this philosophy uses the following logic: 1. "God is, or He is not" 2. A game is being played... where heads or tails will turn up. 3. According to reason, you can defend neither of the propositions. 4. You must wager. It is not optional. Your reason is no more shocked in choosing one rather than the other, since you must of necessity choose. Let us weigh the gain and the loss in wagering that God is. Let us estimate these two chances. If you gain, you gain all; if you lose, you lose nothing. 5. Wager, then, without hesitation that He is. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Blaise PascalPascal's Wager (or Pascal's Gambit) is a suggestion posed by the French philosopher, mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal that, even though the existence of God cannot be determined through reason, a person should wager as though God exists, because living life accordingly has everything to gain, and nothing to lose. Pascal states, however, that some do not have the ability to believe. In this case, he directs them to live as though they had faith, which may lead them to belief. The Wager was set out in note 233 of his Pensées, a posthumously published collection of notes made by Pascal in his last years as he worked on a treatise on Christian apologetics. In Pascal's words and order, from note 233, this philosophy uses the following logic: 1. "God is, or He is not" 2. A game is being played... where heads or tails will turn up. 3. According to reason, you can defend neither of the propositions. 4. You must wager. It is not optional. Your reason is no more shocked in choosing one rather than the other, since you must of necessity choose. Let us weigh the gain and the loss in wagering that God is. Let us estimate these two chances. If you gain, you gain all; if you lose, you lose nothing. 5. Wager, then, without hesitation that He is. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Blaise PascalPascal's Wager (or Pascal's Gambit) is a suggestion posed by the French philosopher, mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal that, even though the existence of God cannot be determined through reason, a person should wager as though God exists, because living life accordingly has everything to gain, and nothing to lose. Pascal states, however, that some do not have the ability to believe. In this case, he directs them to live as though they had faith, which may lead them to belief. The Wager was set out in note 233 of his Pensées, a posthumously published collection of notes made by Pascal in his last years as he worked on a treatise on Christian apologetics. In Pascal's words and order, from note 233, this philosophy uses the following logic: 1. "God is, or He is not" 2. A game is being played... where heads or tails will turn up. 3. According to reason, you can defend neither of the propositions. 4. You must wager. It is not optional. Your reason is no more shocked in choosing one rather than the other, since you must of necessity choose. Let us weigh the gain and the loss in wagering that G


Sifakas, Sifaka Pictures, Sifaka Facts - National Geographic Size relative to a 6-ft (2-m) man Please add a "relative" entry to your dictionary. Sifakas are lemurs. Local Malagasy people named them for the unique call they send echoing through Madagascar's forests, which sounds like shif-auk. These primates spend most of their time in the trees, but don't get around in the same way that other lemurs do. Sifakas remain upright, and they leap quickly from tree to tree by jumping with their powerful hind legs. In this way, they clear distances of over 30 feet (9 meters). They can also move quickly on the ground, which they do using a two-legged sideways hop. Sifakas are beautifully colored. They may have different colored limbs and bodies, and often their heads are multicolored with patches of black, white, gray, or golden-colored fur. These vegetarian primates eat leaves, flowers, fruit, buds, and tree bark—sifakas have been known to eat about a hundred different plants. They forage during daylight hours and go to sleep aloft before sunset. Sifakas live in small family groups of three to ten animals. It is believed that only one female from each group breeds, while males may move from group to group. There are three species of sifaka: Coquerel's sifaka, the diademed sifaka, and the golden-crowned sifaka. The golden-crowned sifaka wasn't photographed until 1982 and wasn't known to be a separate species until 1988. They are the smallest of the sifakas and among the most endangered. There may be fewer than 10,000 living in the wild. All sifakas are threatened by the destruction of their forest habitats. Some species are hunted for meat, though others are protected by Malagasy tradition that forbids eating their flesh.


Which British monarch is the only one to have been born at Buckingham Palace?

Facts about Buckingham Palace that you should know | History Extra BBC History Magazine - 5 issues for £5 Buckingham Palace on VE Day in 1945 (Credit: Harry Todd/Fox Photos/Getty Images) 1) The palace first originated as Buckingham House, which was built by John Sheffield, 3rd Earl of Mulgrave and Marquess of Normandy, as his London residence in 1703. In the same year, Sheffield was made the Duke of Buckingham and he consequently named the house after his title. 2) George III decided to purchase Buckingham House for his wife, Queen Charlotte, in 1761 so to create a comfortable family home near to St James’s Palace. As a result, 14 of George and Charlotte’s 15 children were born at the house. 3) Buckingham Palace was built on a site where James I planted a mulberry garden in order to cultivate silkworms. However, it seems the king used the wrong type of mulberry bush and was unable to successfully produce any silk. 4) Buckingham House was renovated into a palace in the 1820s after George IV commissioned architect John Nash. However, it was Queen Victoria who was the first British monarch to use the palace as their official residence when she moved there in 1837. Since then the palace has served as the official London residence of Britain's sovereigns, and today it is the administrative headquarters of the monarch. Buckingham Palace was referred to as The Queen's Palace during George III's reign. (Credit: Guildhall Library & Art Gallery/Heritage images/Getty Images) 5) We are today familiar with members of the royal family waving to crowds from the balcony of Buckingham Palace. However, it was only in 1851, during the opening of the Great Exhibition – an international exhibition organised by Prince Albert - that Queen Victoria made the first ever public appearance on the balcony. It was in the 20th century that George VI brought in the tradition of commemorating the end of the Trooping the Colour celebrations, which marks the monarch’s annual birthday parade, with a RAF fly-past. 6) Holding an impressive 775 rooms, Buckingam Palace boasts 52 royal and guest bedrooms, 19 state rooms and 78 bathrooms. There are also 760 windows and 1,514 doors. 7) Edward VII (1841–1910) is the only monarch in the palace’s history to have both been born and died there. William IV was also born there, and our current queen, Elizabeth II, gave birth to the Prince of Wales and Prince Andrew at the palace. 8) Buckingham Palace was at the centre of the suffragette campaign in 1914 when a group of women attempted to breach the palace’s gates in order to present their ‘Votes for Women’ petition. Two suffragettes also chained themselves to the railings of the palace. 9) Buckingham Palace’s music room has, over the years, been used for royal christenings. The Prince of Wales, Princess Anne, the Duke of York and Prince William have all been christened there by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Facts sourced from www.royal.gov.uk


Who built the first cotton spinning factory in Derbyshire in 1771?

Derbyshire | county, England, United Kingdom | Britannica.com county, England, United Kingdom Long John Baldry Derbyshire, administrative, geographic, and historic county in the East Midlands of England . The landscape varies from the bleak moorlands of the northern Peak District to the Trent lowlands in the south, and industry ranges from tourism in the Peak District to mining and engineering in the eastern and southern coalfields. Thorpe Cloud hill, near Thorpe, Derbyshire, Eng. Paul Albertella The administrative, geographic, and historic counties cover slightly different areas. The administrative county comprises eight districts: Amber Valley , Bolsover , Derbyshire Dales , North East Derbyshire , South Derbyshire , and the boroughs of Chesterfield , Erewash , and High Peak . Matlock is the administrative centre of the county. The geographic county includes the entire administrative county, as well as the city of Derby , which forms an independent unitary authority. The district of High Peak includes the north Langdendale area, extending east from Tintwhistle, which belongs to the historic county of Cheshire . Apart from this area, the historic county of Derbyshire includes the entire geographic county, together with the area around Beighton and Mosborough, administratively part of the metropolitan borough of Sheffield , and the areas around Rocester east of the River Dove and Burton-upon-Trent east of the River Trent , both in the East Staffordshire district of the administrative county of Staffordshire . Topographically the county may be divided into two sections: a northern upland region, culminating in the Peak District, and a smaller southern lowland area around Derby. A large part of the county’s northwestern portion lies within Peak District National Park. The Pennine uplands reach their southern end in the Derbyshire Dome of northern Derbyshire. The dome is a plateau area of limestone flanked by gritstones. In the north the dome forms the heather- and peat-covered plateaus of Kinder Scout and Bleaklow. Coal measures outcrop on the dome’s eastern portion with economically important coal seams. In the southern part of the county, marls and pebble beds, sometimes overlain with boulder clay, form rolling countryside. The River Derwent , its drainage basin lying almost entirely within Derbyshire, joins the River Trent southeast of Derby. Similar Topics Devon There are many prehistoric remains in the county, including the important Paleolithic site at Creswell Crags and the early Bronze Age site Arbor Low, near Youlgreave, which consists of a large circle of almost flat stones. The Romans established a military network of roads and forts in Derbyshire; their only clearly nonmilitary site is at Buxton , the Roman spa town Aquae Arnemetiae. The Romans also exploited the lead deposits found in the area. With the coming of the Anglo-Saxons, Derbyshire formed part of the kingdom of Mercia . In 873 the Danes captured Repton , a Mercian religious centre, and later settled in the area and founded the borough of Derby. Derbyshire remained a largely pastoral county, with some mining and quarrying , until the 18th century. Lead from the Peak area was in great demand during the Middle Ages. The iron ores of eastern Derbyshire began to be exploited on a considerable scale in the 17th century, and the county’s industries developed further in the 18th century. The first modern factory in England, a silk mill in Derby, was built in 1717, and in 1771 Sir Richard Arkwright opened the first water-powered cotton-spinning mill at Cromford. The valleys of Derbyshire became important sites for textile mills in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and in the east of the county iron and coal working developed importance. The eastern and southern coalfields were intensively exploited in the 19th century, and towns such as Chesterfield, Bolsover, Alfreton, and Ilkeston became centres of Derbyshire industry. Derby became an engineering centre, and in 1908 Rolls-Royce Ltd. (founded 1906) established its first factory there. British Culture and Po


Although a term coined many centuries after his death, which philosopher is famous for his 'razor'?

TimelineOfPhilosophy.com Anaximander Anaximander Anaximander (c. 610 - c. 546 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus, a city of Ionia; Milet in modern Turkey. He belonged to the Milesian school and learned the teachings of his master Thales. He succeeded Thales and became the second master of that school where he counted Anaximenes and arguably, Pythagoras amongst his pupils. Little of his life and work is known today. According to available historical documents, he is the first philosopher known to have written down his studies, although only one fragment of his work remains. Fragmentary testimonies found in documents after his death provide a portrait of the man. Anaximenes Anaximenes Anaximenes of Miletus (b. 585 BC - d. 528 BC) was an Archaic Greek Pre-Socratic philosopher active in the latter half of the 6th century BC.One of the three Milesian philosophers, he is identified as a younger friend or student of Anaximander.Anaximenes, like others in his school of thought, practiced material monism.This tendency to identify one specific underlying reality made up of a material thing constitutes the bulk of the contributions for which Anaximenes is most famed. Pythagoras Pythagoras Pythagoras of Samos (b. about 570 - d. about 495 BC) was an Ionian Greek philosopher, mathematician, and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. Most of the information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, so very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the island of Samos, and might have travelled widely in his youth, visiting Egypt and other places seeking knowledge. Around 530 BC, he moved to Croton, a Greek colony in southern Italy, and there set up a religious sect. His followers pursued the religious rites and practices developed by Pythagoras, and studied his philosophical theories. The society took an active role in the politics of Croton, but this eventually led to their downfall. The Pythagorean meeting-places were burned, and Pythagoras was forced to flee the city. He is said to have ended his days in Metapontum. Pythagoras made influential contributions to philosophy and religious teaching in the late 6th century BC. He is often revered as a great mathematician, mystic and scientist, but he is best known for the Pythagorean theorem which bears his name. However, because legend and obfuscation cloud his work even more than that of the other pre-Socratic philosophers, one can give only a tentative account of his teachings, and some have questioned whether he contributed much to mathematics and natural philosophy. Many of the accomplishments credited to Pythagoras may actually have been accomplishments of his colleagues and successors. Whether or not his disciples believed that everything was related to mathematics and that numbers were the ultimate reality is unknown. It was said that he was the first man to call himself a philosopher, or lover of wisdom, and Pythagorean ideas exercised a marked influence on Plato, and through him, all of Western philosophy. Xenophanes Xenophanes Xenophanes of Colophon (c.570 - c.475 BC) was a Greek philosopher, theologian, poet, and social and religious critic. Xenophanes lived a life of travel, having left Ionia at the age of 25 and continuing to travel throughout the Greek world for another 67 years. Some scholars say he lived in exile in Siciliy. Knowledge of his views comes from fragments of his poetry, surviving as quotations by later Greek writers. To judge from these, his elegiac and iambic poetry criticized and satirized a wide range of ideas, including Homer and Hesiod, the belief in the pantheon of anthropomorphic gods and the Greeks' veneration of athleticism. He is the earliest Greek poet who claims explicitly to be writing for future generations, creating "fame that will reach all of Greece, and never die while the Greek kind of songs survives." Heraclitus Heraclitus Heraclitus of Ephesus (c. 535 - c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast


Gd is the chemical symbol for which element?

Chemical Elements.com - Gadolinium (Gd) Bentor, Yinon. Chemical Element.com - Gadolinium. <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/gd.html>. For more information about citing online sources, please visit the MLA's Website . This page was created by Yinon Bentor. Use of this web site is restricted by this site's license  agreement . Copyright © 1996-2012 Yinon Bentor. All Rights Reserved.


Who was the 14th President of the United States from 1853-1857?

Franklin Pierce | whitehouse.gov Air Force One Franklin Pierce Franklin Pierce became 14th President of the United States at a time of apparent tranquility (1853-1857). By pursuing the recommendations of southern advisers, Pierce -- a New Englander -- hoped to ease the divisions that led eventually to Civil War. Franklin Pierce became President at a time of apparent tranquility. The United States, by virtue of the Compromise of 1850, seemed to have weathered its sectional storm. By pursuing the recommendations of southern advisers, Pierce--a New Englander--hoped to prevent still another outbreak of that storm. But his policies, far from preserving calm, hastened the disruption of the Union. Born in Hillsborough, New Hampshire, in 1804, Pierce attended Bowdoin College. After graduation he studied law, then entered politics. At 24 he was elected to the New Hampshire legislature; two years later he became its Speaker. During the 1830's he went to Washington, first as a Representative, then as a Senator. Pierce, after serving in the Mexican War, was proposed by New Hampshire friends for the Presidential nomination in 1852. At the Democratic Convention, the delegates agreed easily enough upon a platform pledging undeviating support of the Compromise of 1850 and hostility to any efforts to agitate the slavery question. But they balloted 48 times and eliminated all the well-known candidates before nominating Pierce, a true "dark horse." Probably because the Democrats stood more firmly for the Compromise than the Whigs, and because Whig candidate Gen. Winfield Scott was suspect in the South, Pierce won with a narrow margin of popular votes. Two months before he took office, he and his wife saw their eleven-year-old son killed when their train was wrecked. Grief-stricken, Pierce entered the Presidency nervously exhausted. In his Inaugural he proclaimed an era of peace and prosperity at home, and vigor in relations with other nations. The United States might have to acquire additional possessions for the sake of its own security, he pointed out, and would not be deterred by "any timid forebodings of evil." Pierce had only to make gestures toward expansion to excite the wrath of northerners, who accused him of acting as a cat's-paw of Southerners eager to extend slavery into other areas. Therefore he aroused apprehension when he pressured Great Britain to relinquish its special interests along part of the Central American coast, and even more when he tried to persuade Spain to sell Cuba. But the most violent renewal of the storm stemmed from the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and reopened the question of slavery in the West. This measure, the handiwork of Senator Stephen A. Douglas, grew in part out of his desire to promote a railroad from Chicago to California through Nebraska. Already Secretary of War Jefferson Davis, advocate of a southern transcontinental route, had persuaded Pierce to send James Gadsden to Mexico to buy land for a southern railroad. He purchased the area now comprising southern Arizona and part of southern New Mexico for $10,000,000. Douglas's proposal, to organize western territories through which a railroad might run, caused extreme trouble. Douglas provided in his bills that the residents of the new territories could decide the slavery question for themselves. The result was a rush into Kansas, as southerners and northerners vied for control of the territory. Shooting broke out, and "bleeding Kansas" became a prelude to the Civil War. By the end of his administration, Pierce could claim "a peaceful condition of things in Kansas." But, to his disappointment, the Democrats refused to renominate him, turning to the less controversial Buchanan. Pierce returned to New Hampshire, leaving his successor to face the rising fury of the sectional whirlwind. He died in 1869. The Presidential biographies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The Presidents of the United States of America,” by Frank Freidel  and Hugh Sidey. Copyright 2006 by the White House Historical Association.


To do with medicine what was extracted from a terebinth tree?

Terebinth. - Homeopathy Homeopathy Turpentine Terebinthinae oleum The homeopathic remedy terebinth is prepared using the oil filtered from oleoresin (turpentine) and is primarily used to treat problems of the kidney as well as the urethra. This homeopathic remedy was proved way back in the 19th century. It may be noted that turpentine, which is also known as the oil of turpentine, spirit of turpentine and wood turpentine, is a liquid that is acquired by distilling resin collected from the trees, especially the pine trees . Turpentine is made up of terpenes (any group of unsaturated hydrocarbons), especially the mono-terpenes, beta-pinene and alpha-pinene and, hence, is occasionally called turps. A tree related to pistachio and found in the Mediterranean region was one of the earliest sources of turpentine. The pine trees that are vital for the production of turpentine include Aleppo Pine (botanical name Pinus halepensis), Maritime Pine (botanical name Pinus pinaster), Sumatran Pine (botanical name Pinus merkusii), Masson's Pine (botanical name Pinus massoniana), Loblolly Pine (botanical name Pinus taeda), Longleaf Pine (botanical name Pinus palustris) and the Ponderosa Pine (botanical name Pinus ponderosa). In effect, turpentine or the oil of turpentine that is extracted from the pine trees growing in California (California pines) like Gray Pine (botanical name Pinus sabiniana) and Ponderosa Pine (botanical name Pinus ponderosa) provide a variety of turpentine that is more or less wholesome heptane. Turpentine is obtained as a byproduct when the Kraft process is used to chemically produce wood pulp from the timber of the pine or other coniferous trees. Very frequently turpentine is set ablaze in the mills to obtain energy. In fact, turpentine has two major industrial uses - it is used as a source of substances for organic amalgamation and also as a solvent. As turpentine is a valuable solvent, it has several industrial uses. As a thinner, this substance is used for diluting paints that are oil based, for varnish production and in the chemical industry, it is also used as a raw material. Nevertheless, in most industrialized nations, the use of turpentine as a solvent has now been replaced to a great extent by much inexpensive substitutes of turpentine that are extracted/ distilled from crude oil. Since turpentine possesses antiseptic attributes and is also a ï¿½clean fragrance', it is often added to several cleaning as well as sanitary products. In addition, turpentine has a long history of being used as a solvent, blended either with beeswax or with carnauba wax, with a view to produce superior quality furniture wax that was used as a protective covering over oiled wood finishes (for instance, lemon oil). It may be noted here that Canada balsam or Canada turpentine, which is also known as balsam of fir, is also turpentine that is produced from the resin collected from the balsam fir . Similarly, the Western Larch Larix occidentalis yields Venice turpentine. As mentioned earlier, the use of turpentine is widespread as raw material resource in the amalgamation of aromatic chemical compounds. For instance, each and every one of the commercially used linalool , camphor , geraniol and alpha-terpineol are generally made from two major chemical constituents of turpentine - alpha-pinene and beta-pinene. These pinenes are distilled to detach as well as cleanse them. The brittle yellowish to amber hued residue, a mixture of diterpenes and triterpenes left behind following the distillation of turpentine, is sold in the market as rosin, also called colophony. During the initial days of the 19th century, people in America occasionally burned turpentine in lamps since it was an inexpensive option to whale oil. Owing to its potent smell (a combination of turpentine and ethanol added with an illuminant known as burning fluid) turpentine was extensively used for outdoor lighting. This practice by the Americans continued for a number of decades. Since the ancient times, people have been using distillates of turpentine as well as petroleum


Which country was actor Leslie Howard travelling from when his plane was shot down?

The Shootdown of Leslie Howard | Defense Media Network The Shootdown of Leslie Howard The death of a "Gone with the Wind" star By Dwight Jon Zimmerman - June 20, 2013 Actor, director, producer Leslie Howard, circa 1938. Howard was one of 17 passengers aboard DC-3 BOAC Flight 777-A when it was shot down by Luftwaffe Junkers Ju 88 maritime fighter aircraft. Two books focusing on the final flight, “Flight 777” (Ian Colvin, 1957), and “In Search of My Father: A Portrait of Leslie Howard” (Ronald Howard, the actor’s son, 1984), concluded that the Germans deliberately shot down Howard’s plane to assassinate him, and demoralize Britain. Still photo for the film “Pygmalion” via Wikipedia Sharing Options: Labels: Aircraft , Bomber Aircraft , Conflicts & Operations , International Militaries , World War II In May 1943, the famous British actor, producer, and director Leslie Howard conducted a monthlong “entertainer goodwill” tour ostensibly promoting in Spain and Portugal a movie he had produced, The Lamp Still Burns . Upon completing the tour, Howard and his friend and business manager Alfred T. Chenhalls, now in Lisbon, Portugal, were anxious to return to England. Utilizing their VIP status, they were able to bump two passengers from the next outgoing flight. At 7:35 a.m. on June 1, 1943, British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) Flight 777-A containing Howard, Chenhalls, and 11 other passengers took off from Portela Airport in Lisbon for Whitchurch Airport near Bristol, England. At 10:54 a.m., the airliner’s radio operator sent the message, “I am followed by unidentified aircraft … I am attacked by enemy aircraft.” Initially Howard refused to go, citing security concerns. It took the intervention of Foreign Minister Anthony Eden to convince Howard to make what would turn out to be a fatal trip. The following day, BOAC issued the following statement that was published in The Times : “The British Overseas Airways Corporation regrets to announce that a civil aircraft on passage between Lisbon and the United Kingdom is overdue and presumed lost. The last message received from the aircraft stated that it was being attacked by an enemy aircraft. The aircraft carried 13 passengers and crew of four. Next of kin have been informed.” Elsewhere in the issue of London’s most respected newspaper appeared an article reporting the death of Major William Martin –  Operation Mincemeat’s “the Man Who Never Was.” Leslie Howard Steiner debuted on the London stage in 1917. By 1930, the now-famous actor had moved to Hollywood. Though he appeared in a variety of major productions, receiving an Academy Award®  nomination for his role as Peter Standish in Berkley Square (1933), he is most famous for his portrayal of Ashley Wilkes in Gone with the Wind that debuted on Dec. 15, 1939. Howard was the only major star from that movie not to attend its premier in Atlanta, Ga. He had good reason: the war. An unknown artist’s impression of G-AGBB, the registratoin number of British Overseas Airways Corporation Flight 177-A. The Douglas DC-3-194 aircraft went down with 17 aboard, including actor Leslie Howard, when it was attacked by German Junkers Ju 88s. Wikipedia image Never entirely comfortable with Hollywood life, when war broke out, Howard, a Jew, decided to return to England and apply his fame and talent to a higher calling – helping his country fight the Axis. Howard starred, directed, and produced anti-German war films and radio broadcasts, and conducted lecture tours. His success enraged Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, who called Howard “Britain’s most dangerous propagandist.” What the public didn’t know, though the Nazis did, was that Howard also worked for British Intelligence. In fact, Howard’s tour to promote The Lamp Still Burns in neutral Spain and Portugal was a cover for his participation in the Foreign Office ’s effort to keep Spain and Portugal neutral, guarantee the uninterrupted flow of the strategic metal wolfram (at the time the Iberian peninsula produced 90 percent of the world’s supply), and obtain military base rights to Po


In which year was the Palestine Liberation Organisation formed?

History & Overview: PLO | Jewish Virtual Library Tweet The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is            undoubtedly one of the most infamous terrorist organizations around the            world. Created in 1964 during the Arab League Summit in Cairo, the PLO's originally-stated goal was the "liberation of Palestine" through armed struggle while seeking to destroy the existence of Zionism in the Middle East. It                   was not long before that the group splintered into various factions,                   all of whom believed they knew the best way to achieve liberation for the Palestinians. The most notable of these groups were the Popular                    Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), Popular                     Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), Popular                      Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command (PFLP-GC),                   and the Fatah . While each                   of these factions were independetly controlled, they all remained more-or-less under the umbrella of the PLO . By 1967, the PLO had decided that their primary goal                   was the destruction of the State of Israel . Over the next ten years,                   this goal was the primary focus of the massive terrorist campaign by                   which their reputation was formed. This terror war caused hundreds of                   casualties, on both sides, with very little to show in return for the Palestinian cause.                   Therefore, in PLO the PLO made a conscious decision to alter its                   focus from based purely on terrorism to one that would include the diplomatic and political                   elements necessary for meaningful dialogue. The PLO's partial-reversal in ideology created                   unhappiness among many of its followers who felt that the organization was not finding its mark. This led to the                   creation of yet another splinter group called the Rejectionist Front.                   It was at this time that Yasser                    Arafat and his group, Fatah , took                   over the leadership of the PLO. Things began to change quickly when the PLO gained international recognition from the United                   Nations as the primary representative of the Palestinian people. Arafat                   deftly manipulated the organization from one perceived by the West as barbaric into one  considered a                   freedom movement with legitimate claims. Israel, perhaps sensing the growing                   sympathy, redoubled its efforts to eliminate the Palestinian threat. In 1982, the Israel Defense Forces launched the First Lebanon War , sweeping into Beirut and forcing the PLO to flee from its bastion. In a                   decision that radical Palestinians resented, Arafat agreed to come to                   the bargaining table to discuss peace with Israeli leaders. Little came of these talks, and soon after dissension within the ranks of the                   PLO became more pronounced and some of the moderate leaders were                   assassinated. Perhaps in an attempt to reconcile with these                   dissenters, Arafat decided to provide support for the hijacking                   of a major cruise ship. The ship that was select was the Achille Lauro                   and what would happen next would do more damage to the reputation of                   the PLO


In nautical terms what is a donkey's breakfast?

What is a Donkey's Breakfast? What is a Donkey's Breakfast? On This Page Last Modified Date: 19 November 2016 Copyright Protected: 10 hilariously insightful foreign words In nautical slang, a “ donkey 's breakfast” was the slang term used to describe the straw-stuffed mattresses used on board ship well into the 20th century. As one might imagine, straw-stuffed mattresses were not terribly comfortable, especially by the end of a long trip; it is doubtful that any donkey would have wanted to sample the innards of a sailor 's mattress after an ocean crossing. These uncomfortable and unsanitary mattresses were used up through the Second World War on some parts of ships. The concept of a straw-stuffed mattress is quite old. Early humans undoubtedly used straw in their bedding, along with furs and skins for additional padding. Straw stuffed mattresses known as straw ticks were used everywhere from the chambers of queens to the cottages of shepherds until someone got the bright idea of stuffing a mattress with feathers. Other mattress stuffers included horsehair and wool, until synthetics and springs were developed and the modern mattress was born. Incidentally, the “ticking” in straw ticking is not a reference to parasites, although straw ticking undoubtedly housed a wide assortment of parasites, dust mites , and other small visitors. It is derived from the Middle Dutch tike, which means “a cloth covering for mattresses.” Like other straw ticking mattresses, a donkey's breakfast was made by sewing a sturdy canvas cover and then stuffing it with straw. Periodically the straw would be discarded and the mattress would be refilled; sailors usually emptied their donkey's breakfasts at the end of a journey. Ad For most of sailing history, the uncomfortable donkey's breakfast would have been the least of a sailor's problems. Sailors contended with extremely dangerous and sometimes brutal conditions on board ship. They also often shared their coarse straw ticks with other men; many ships used a hot-bunking system, in which men who were not on duty would sleep in the beds left vacant by men on duty. As one might imagine, this contributed to the spread of parasites such as body lice, and a donkey's breakfast probably would have been itchy in a number of ways by the end of the trip. In addition to providing fodder for parasites, straw ticking also flattens out as it is used. A donkey's breakfast would have resembled a straw pancake at the end of a journey, with a thin layer of hard, scratchy straw sandwiched between the ticking of the mattress. On journeys with more concern for comfort and hygiene, the mattresses might be periodically aired and beaten on deck to freshen them up. Ad SarahSon Post 4 I have used straw in my dog house in the winter as an insulator from the cold. I thought I was doing a good thing by helping keep my dog warm, but after reading this article, think I will find something else that would work better. That probably explains why she does a lot of scratching after she has spent much time in her dog house. If straw is a magnet for fleas and ticks, that is the last thing I want to have for my dog to sleep on. Not only is she miserable, but she would also bring those parasites in the house. Does anyone have any good alternatives to use in place of straw for something like this? Mykol Post 3 About the closest thing I have come to knowing what a donkey's breakfast would be like is in the fall. Every year our family goes on a hay rack ride and we sit on bales of straw that are placed on a wagon. Even for the short amount of time we are sitting on this straw, it gets very itchy and uncomfortable. I can't imagine what it would be like to have this as a bed every night. allenJo Post 2 @everetra - The worst part is providing a feeding ground for parasites. I sometimes go camping and one of the most important things for me is to make sure that the tents or the sleeping bags are free from pests, or they can at least successfully repel them through the use of sprays. Nothing spoils a camping trip like little critters scurryin


The term 'Hard Edge Painting' was coined in 1958 by which Los Angeles art critic?

* Hard-edge painting (Fine arts) - Definition,meaning - Online Encyclopedia    Hard-Edge Painting ard-edge painting consists of rough, straight edges that are geometrically consistent. It encompasses rich solid colors, neatness of surface, and arranged forms all over the canvas. Hard-Edge Painting -A recent innovation that originated in New York and was adopted by certain contemporary painters. Forms are depicted with precise, geometric lines and edges. Harmony - The unity of all the visual elements of a composition achieved by repetition of the same characteristics. Hard-edge painting. A term coined in 1958 by the Los Angeles art critic Jules Lansner to describe the work of local artists using cleanly defined forms and flat colour. By extension, any modern abstract painting with these characteristics. HARD-EDGE PAINTING - A style adopted by recent contemporary artist s where the forms are shown with precise, geometric lines and edges HERRINGBONE PERSPECTIVE - is where lines of projection converge not on a vanishing point but on a vertical axis at the centre of the painting or drawing. Hard-edge Painting A term first used in the 1950s to distinguish styles of painting in which shapes are precisely defined by sharp edges, in contrast to the usually blurred or soft edges in Abstract Expressionist painting s. Hard-edge painting, geometric abstraction , appropriation , hyperrealism , photorealism , expressionism , minimalism , lyrical abstraction , pop art , op art, abstract expressionism , color field painting , monochrome painting , neo-expressionism , collage , intermedia painting , assemblage painting , ... The term ‘hard-edge painting’ was coined by Californian critic Jules Langster in 1959. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, younger artists like Ellsworth Kelly, Kenneth Noland, and Frank Stella developed Hard-Edge Painting, whose sharp contour s contrasted with the softer focus of Albers' Homage to the Square series and other similar forms. The Hard-edge painting style can be considered a subdivision of Post-Painterly Abstraction , which in turn emerged from Color Field painting . ... Color Field is an art movement characterized by canvases being covered entirely by large fields of solid color. ... Reinhardt was a pioneer of Hard-edge painting at this time. In the 1950s, he began to limit his palette to a single colour, moving from red to blue and then to his final stage of black painting s. Such strategies are evident in Hard-edge paintings by Ellsworth Kelly and mon ochrome works by Robert Ryman. Hard-Edge Painting was popular through the 1950s, and was practiced by such painters as Kenneth Noland, Ellsworth Kelly, and Karl Benjamin, Ad Reinhardt, Leon Polk Smith, Barnett Newman, Mark Rothco and Alexander Liberman.


The village of Castle Combe used in the filming of Dr Doolittle is in which English county?

Pictures of Castle Combe Pictures of Castle Combe Pictures Accommodation Towns Attractions Reviews Facts Map Upload Once called the prettiest village in England, which along with a starring role in the 1966 film Dr Doolittle where the town was dressed up as a seaport, Castle Combe is still one of the prettiest villages to visit in England. As recently as 2001 it was awarded the title of 'Most Picturesque Village' by British Heritage Magazine's 2001 Traveller's Choice Awards. Situated on the southern edge of the Cotswolds in a valley, Castle Combe found its wealth in the wool trade with the villages picturesque river 'ByBrook' powering the mills. Visitors to the village can park at the top of the hill and wonder down into the village where they can enjoy walking round this lovely setting. Most buildings are made of the typical Cotswold limestone with its manor being built of the stone from the Norman castle that sat above the village. In its center is the 14th century Market Cross with old water pump beside it. The best view is said to be from by the old weavers cottage across the bridge. The village has its own small museum containing local artifacts, old photos and maps and a look at the history of the village and surrounding area. Well worth a visit. Planning a visit to Castle Combe? Please support the Pictures of England website by booking your Castle Combe hotels & accommodation through this site. a Picturesque Village in the county of Wiltshire (7.3 miles, 11.8 km, direction SE of Castle Combe) Gatherings of graceful medieval houses line the streets of Lacock.. a Historic Market Town in the county of Wiltshire (8.2 miles, 13.2 km, direction NE of Castle Combe) The town stakes its claim to be the oldest borough in England on the fact that it was granted a charter in the year 924 by King Edward.. a Historic City in the county of Somerset (10.1 miles, 16.3 km, direction SW of Castle Combe) Bath is an elegant city famous for its fascinating history, its beautiful Georgian architecture and its Roman remains... a Historic Market Town in the county of Wiltshire (12.2 miles, 19.6 km, direction S of Castle Combe) Trowbridge is a historic town crammed with attractive stone buildings. It originated as a settlement along the Biss and flourished from the wool and weaving trades and from these periods there remain many magnificent merchant houses... a Historic City in the county of Somerset (15.0 miles, 24.1 km, direction W of Castle Combe) Bristol Zoo is not this great city's only claim to fame.. Dyrham Park (7 Pictures) (6.5 miles, 10.4 km, direction W) This engaging house sits serenely in a beautiful wooded Gloucestershire valley, surrounded by an old deer park. It is built of..... Lacock Abbey (93 Pictures) (7.2 miles, 11.6 km, direction SE) Lacock is one of the most beautiful villages in England, with houses dating from the 15th-century to the 18th-century. At the..... Westonbirt Arboretum (75 Pictures) (7.8 miles, 12.5 km, direction N) A magnificent arboretum which is a joy to visit at any time of year. It is run by the Forestry Commission and has a dazzling..... Malmesbury Abbey (9 Pictures) (8.1 miles, 13.1 km, direction NE) Malmesbury Abbey is built on the site of a former Saxon monastery of AD700, by the 12th-century it was an important Benedictine..... Abbey House Gardens (26 Pictures) (8.2 miles, 13.2 km, direction NE) William Stumpe, the wealthy merchant responsible for giving Malmesbury Abbey back to the town following the Dissolution was also..... Beckford's Tower & Museum (3 Pictures) (9.0 miles, 14.5 km, direction SW) Designed by Henry Edmund Goodridge in 1825 for William Beckford, one of the nation's most accomplished and interesting characters..... (9.3 miles, 14.9 km, direction SE) .. Well Cottage Castle Combe, Wiltshire, England (0.5 miles, 0.7 km) Set in Castle Combe, this holiday home features a garden with a barbecue. The cottage is 6 km from badminton horse trials. A dishwasher and an oven can be found in the kitchen and there is a private ... The White Hart Castle Combe, Wiltshire, England (1.6 mil


"""The Sin of Harold Diddleback"", 1947 was the last film of which silent film star?"

View All Critic Reviews (9) Audience Reviews for Sin of Harold Diddlebock Another hilarious film from my favorite silent film clown, Harold Lloyd. And this time, it's with sound. Harold plays the title character, who gets fired from his job after 22 years, is talked into his first alcoholic drink, which turns into lots of them, wins a bunch of money on the horses after betting his severance pay, ane then buys a cash-poor circus with his winnings. The rest of the film details his efforts to get rid of the circus.  This has all the stuff you expect from Lloyd -- Mr. Everyman in trouble, unrequited love, and crazy stunts. Especially fun was getting to hear his comic timing with dialogue after years of his silent antics. Best scene: the "morning after", when Harold wakes up on his sister Flora's (played by damn-near twin Margaret Hamilton) sofa, and tries to explain to her the previous day's events that he doesn't entirely recall himself.  There have been lots of comedy films about guys recovering from benders and trying recall their actions, but this is the the best I've seen. One downside -- the copy I saw (on TCM of all places) was terrible. Looked like it was filmed with a camera from a gumball machine and a Vaseline-covered lens. Someone really needs to look into restoring this wonderful film. TCM, are you listening? Cindy I


Which American playwright 1897-1975 said 'The best part of married life is the fights, the rest is merely so-so'?

History of Western Theatre: 17th Century to Now/American Pre-WWII - Wikibooks, open books for an open world History of Western Theatre: 17th Century to Now/American Pre-WWII From Wikibooks, open books for an open world Eugene O'Neill[ edit ] Eugene O'Neill was the dominant playwright of early 20th century American drama, 1936 Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953) is the dominant figure of early to middle 20th century American drama for such plays as "Desire under the elms" (1924), "Ah, wilderness!" (1933), "The iceman cometh" (1940), and "A long day's journey into night" (1941). Of "Desire under the elms", Krutch (1967) says: "The struggle of the son against the father, the son's resentment of the intruding woman, canonical incest itself, are part of the story whose interest is deeper than any local creed or any temporary society, whether of our own time or of another. It is one of the great achieve- ments of the play that it makes us feel them not merely as violent events but as mysteriously funda- mental in the human story and hence raises the ac- tors in them somehow above the level of mere characters in a single play, giving them something which suggests the kind of undefined meaning which we feel in an Oedipus or a Hamlet." "The iceman cometh" contains parallels with Ibsen’s “The wild duck” (1884). Brustein (1964) enumerates the men’s illusions: political: Hugo’s love of the proletariat, racial: Joe’s demands of equality, domestic: Chuck and Cora’s fantasy of farm life, status-related: the whores’ difference between whores and tarts, psychological: Parrot’s false motives in betraying his mother, intellectual: Willie Oban’s excuse for abandoning law school, philosophical: Larry’s pretense of disillusionment and detachment, religious: Hickey’s false motives in betraying his wife. In “A long day’s journey into night”, Brustein (1964) points out that “here is a family living in close symbiotic relationship, a single organism with four branches, where a twitch in one creates a spasm in another.” For example, Tyrone”s miserliness and acting career contributed to his wife’s drug addiction, causing respectively access to a quack doctor and her sense of being abandoned at home. His miserliness is also the source of Edmund’s resentment at being sent into a second-class sanatarium for the treatment of tuberculosis. "A long day's journey into night"[ edit ] James Tyrone played by Paul Hartmann, Mary by Elisabeth Bergner, Jamie by Heinz Drache, and Edmund by Martin Benrath, 1957 German production Time: 1910s. Place: New England, USA. Text at ? In their summer house, James Tyrone is glad that his wife, Mary, has been looking better lately. Nevertheless, their son, Edmund, sometimes hears her moving about at night, especially on entering the spare bedroom. She reassures him by saying she goes there only to get away from her husband's snoring. The family is worried about Edmund's coughing, perhaps a sign of consumption, though he seems more worried about his mother than about himself. Edmund and hiq brother, Jamie, taunt each other about taking some of their father's alcoholic beverage and watering it down to avoid detection. More seriously, Jamie accuses Edmund of leaving their mother unsupervised. Though worried, Edmund considers his brother overly suspicious. When Mary appears after lying down for a long time, Jamie becomes suspicious again and she irritated at his cynicism. She is also frustrated on the shabbiness of the house, blaming it on her husband's reluctance to spend money, a bitter joke in the family. When Jamie stares at her and she asks why, he angrily replies she should look at her glazed eyes in the mirror. The following day, Mary and their servant, Cathleen, have returned from the drugstore. Mary expresses more feelings of frustration at her present condition, how once she had shown promise as a pianist but abandoned it for the sake of her husband's career as an actor. She says it is because of her arthritic hands that she needs to take her medication, purchased through Cathleen. She is about to go upstairs for more as James


Squids, cuttlefish and octopus belong to which class of marine mollusc?

Man and Mollusc - Cephalopoda (Squid and octopi) - Phylum Mollusca. Cuttlefish Nautilus All   my cousins and I have large heads and very complex brains. We also have two   eyes and use them to see almost as you humans do (Our optical nerve is of   particular interest, being amazingly large. It has been used to study how   optical nerves work). We can think through fairly complex puzzles (like where   you hid some food in a maze) and remember how to solve them faster the next   time. The      only cephalopod with a true shell is the chambered nautilus. The      argonaut has a shellac-like structure but this not a true shell.  It is but a brood case (sort of cradle) to hold the eggs until the young      hatch. This case is not attached to the animal and is held in place      with one pair of her tentacles.  After the Agonauta (the argonaut genus) mother is through with this egg case, it is left      to float on the ocean, and is often picked up by men, who call it a "paper nautilus". Argonaut egg case Picture courtesy of Guido Poppe We   have cells in our skin, called chromataphores, which enable us to rapidly   change our skin color and pattern whenever we want to. Example: if we get   mad, we go a blotchy red color; if afraid we go a very pale almost white color.   We can change our skin color and pattern to match our surroundings as well;   this is called being able to camouflage ourselves. If   an enemy threatens us, we squirt out a cloud of purple-black ink, which confuses   them and we jet away. This ink is also toxic or poisonous to our enemies such   as sharks. We   all have arms modified with sucker discs with which we capture, hold and pull   our food to our hard parrot-like-beak of a mouth. Octopus have eight of these   tentacles. Squid have ten (called decapods) tentacles. The cuttlefish and   nautilus have many. If we ever lose one of these tentacles in a fight or due   to an injury, we just grow a new one!  The tips of these tentacles are   so sensitive that we can tell the difference in size, shape and texture of   objects. I   and all my cousins breath through gills, and have three hearts. We are all   carnivorous predators (we catch live food) eating such things as other molluscs, fish and other marine invertebrates. We crush our food in our hard bill then   rasp off bits with the radula (like a fingernail file) located in our mouths. Most   cephalopods have separate sexes and fertilization is internal. The males produce   a "sperm packet" which he places inside the female s body   using one of his tentacles. Sometime later, the female then lays eggs. Many   cephalopods are good mothers and stay with their eggs until they hatch. They   keep clean, fresh water flowing over the eggs and caress them to keep them   clean of derbies. The young hatch out as perfect small copies of their parents. (See Avril meets Charlie face   to face) Here       are some interesting Cephalopod facts: Cephalopods         first appeared about 500 million years ago. Some cephalopod         cans swim faster than fish. The         giant squid living deep in our oceans do battle with largest whales         and may eat large sharks. These giants can reach a striking 1,600         kilograms (nearly a ton!) and be 18 meters (60 feet) long - but         many suspect the biggest ones haven't been found yet!!!  Sperm whales battle and eat these monsters of the deep at depths         up to a km (over half a mile) below the surface - but there is         evidence that sometimes the Giant Squid win the battle... Octopus         can squeeze their bodies through remarkably small openings. A         large octopus could easily crawl through a pop can that had been         opened at both ends. The         internal structure (long oval chalky "bone") of the         cuttlefish is used in birdcages as a die


What is the Greek name for Bacchus the god of wine and revelry?

Dionysus or Bacchus: The Greek God of Revelry and Wine Dionysus or Bacchus: God of Revelry and Wine Dionysus was the Greek god of wine, agriculture, and the theater. He was also the protector of vines, and trees. He was mainly associated with the intoxicating effects of wine . His Roman names are Bacchus and Liber. His followers were known as Bacchants, and his female followers were known as Maenads. He hated owls, which, incidentally, were the symbol of his sister Athena (the goddess of wisdom). His symbols were the wine cup, the thyrsus (a staff with pine cones on top), the vine, and the dolphin. Dionysus was the son of Zeus (the ruler of the gods and the god of storms and the sky) and Semele (a mortal woman). Hera (the wife of Zeus and the goddess of marriage) found out about Zeus and Semele before Dionysus was born. She was furious! In disguise, she went to Semele and said that Hera got to see Zeus in all of his splendor, so why shouldn't Semele get to see him also? Seeing a god or goddess in his/her true form was deadly to mortals, but Semele did not know that. The next time Semele met Zeus she told him that if he truly loved her, he would swear on the river Styx (the most serious oath a deity can make) that he would do any favor that she asked. Zeus gladly obliged, but once he heard her request he was very dismayed, for she had asked to see him as he truly was. He had to do it, because he swore on the river Styx, but in doing so he killed her. However, Zeus took Dionysus, unborn, out of her womb while she was dying and put him in his thigh until he was ready to be born. This time spent in Zeus made Dionysus immortal. Another version of the story is that Dionysus was born before Zeus killed Semele and that Hera fed Dionysus to the titans, who ate everything but his heart. When Zeus found out, he recreated Dionysus around his heart. From this myth comes Dionysian epithet "twice-born". When Dionysus was born, Zeus hid him from Hera by dressing him like a girl and bringing him to Ino, Semeleï¿½s sister. Ino raised Dionysus until Hera found out and tried to kill him. Zeus saved him by turning him into a ram. Then he took him to the nymphs of Mount Nysa. Dionysus once fell in love with a mortal man named Ampellos. However Ampellos was gored by a wild boar. As he died, Dionysus turned him into a grape vine. A bit after this, Hera found Dionysus and drove him mad. He wandered over the deserts of Egypt, looking for water. Then a ram sprung up beside him, took one look, and ran away. Dionysus chased the ram, and, in doing so, found water. Dionysus later built a temple to Zeus where he found water and made the ram a constellation. However, at the moment he was still insane. As Dionysus wandered, he met Rhea (mother of Zeus and goddess of agriculture). She cured his madness and taught him her rites. He then went to India and erected pillars to hold up the sky. Then Dionysus went to Western Asia, where Eros (Cupid) shot both he and Poseidon with an arrow that carried love for Beroe, who was a mortal daughter of Aphrodite (the goddess of love). They both declared that she would be their bride. Aphrodite , dismayed by this state of affairs, said that they would battle each other for Beroe, but after the battle they had to be nice to each other and Beroeï¿½s village. They agreed, and Poseidon won. A Thracian king named Lycurgus once drove Dionysus and his followers into the sea, saying that Dionysus was not truly a god. In revenge, Dionysus drove Lycurgus mad and made all the vine plants in the area stop growing. He then had his oracle say that if Lycurgus was killed, the vine plants would grow again. Meanwhile, Lycurgus was killing his own son with an ax, because in his madness he thought his son was a vine plant. These two events conspired to make the subjects of Lycurgus kill him. True to his word, Dionysus let the vine plants grow again once they killed their king. Dionysus then went to Thebes to punish a woman named Agave for spreading rumors that Zeus really was not his father. Her son, Penethus imprisoned Dionysus, but Di


Which singer/songwriter released the 1972 album 'One Man Dog'?

One Man Dog | HDtracks - The World's Greatest-Sounding Music Downloads ℗ © 1972 Warner Bros. Records Inc. THIS ALBUM DOWNLOAD FEATURES HIGH RESOLUTION COVER ART ONLY. LINER NOTES ARE NOT AVAILABLE. One Man Dog is the fourth album by the legendary singer-songwriter James Taylor. Released in 1972, it made it all the way to #4 on the US Billboard Pop Albums charts. It was a concept album comprised of 18 short pieces strung together was primarily recorded in Taylor's home studio. One Man Dog features the hit "Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight", which peaked at #14 on the Billboard charts on January 13, 1973. Which Format Should I Download? Which Format Should I Download? First time on HDTracks.com? Not sure about what formats to pick? No problem! We offer "high definition"audio in FLAC format, which means you're going to hear everything you've been missing with MP3 and other "lossy audio formats." We also offer AIFF formats and only the highest quality MP3 formats at 320k for some of the albums in our catalog. If getting the very best sound is important to you, you'll want to choose FLAC audio files for your purchase.


The book 'The one that got away' is a book about which WWII pilot?

The One That Got Away The One That Got Away (1957) Directed by Roy Ward Baker Plot Summary: This is the true story of Oberleutnant   Franz Von Werra, the only German prisoner of war during the Second World War   who escaped from numerous British & Canadian POW camps and got back to   Germany. The One That Got Away is one of the better of the second wave of WWII films from the German perspective. The fact that it's a true story gives it that special fascination that makes it particularly entertaining. The true, dramatic story of Oberleutnant Franz von Werra (Hardy Krüger), the only German prisoner of war taken in Britain during the Second World War to escape from numerous British & Canadian POW camps and return to his homeland. The ï¿½Battle of Britainï¿½ is at its height. Out of the vapour-traced sky a Bf-109 Messerschmitt is shot down near Winchet Hill, Kent in south eastern England on 5th September 1940. Even though the pilot is captured, he is extremely confident & an official interrogation does not deter him from his one objectiveï¿½to escape & return home against all odds. In the course of his stay in allied P.O.W camps, he repeatedly tries to escape, but to no avail. He is transferred to a P.O.W. camp in Canada where after several escape attempts he finally succeeds & escapes into the still neutral United States ï¿½before making his way back to Germany . Swiss-born and German- raised Franz von Werra (1914-1941), lived   a very exciting life in his twenty-seven years. A Luftwaffe pilot of a Messerschmitt   Bf-109 in JG3 (No.3 Combat Wing) during the Battle of Britain early in the   war, a prisoner-of-war who achieved legendary status, and the subject of a   book and a movie several years after his death, the pivotal event in his life   began in Smiths Falls Ontario, Canada at 5:30am on Friday, 24th January 1941.   Oberleutenant Franz von Werra was shot down over the county of Kent in South-East   England on 5th September 1940. Following interrogation in Kensington Palace   Gardens in London he was shipped north to a prison camp near Grizedale Hall   in the Lake District, which at the time was the only camp in Britain for captured   officers. Grizedale Hall was also known as "U-Boat Hotel", due   to the large number of prisoners from that branch of the service. A former stately home, it lay in isolated countryside between Windemere   and Coniston Water. It was the site of von Werra's first escape attempt.   On an escorted exercise march on 7th October with several other prisoners,   he dove over a low stone wall. He remained at large until he was spotted by   a shepherd on 12th October and was recaptured. Following a punishment of solitary   confinement, von Werra was shipped to another camp, Swanwick, near Nottingham. On 20th December 1940, he made his second escape. He and four   others crawled through a shallow tunnel. None of the Germans got completely   away, but von Werra came very close. Using his natural charm and command of   English, and posing as a Dutch pilot whose plane had crash landed, he walked   into the RAF base at Hucknall. At his first opportunity he climbed into the   cockpit of a parked Hurricane fighter plane which he planned to steal and   fly to France. He was apprehended as he sat in the plane, trying to start   the engine. In January 1941 von Werra was shipped to Canada for internment   in a prisoner-of -war camp on the north shore of Lake Superior. He was one   of 33,800 German prisoners sent to Canada during World War II. The ship docked   at Halifax, "an unnamed East Coat port", in the news reports of   the day. On Wednesday 22nd January a train full of German prisoners left   the Nova Scotia port for a lengthy trip to Neys, Ontario. The journey took   the train across through New Brunswick, Quebec City, Montreal and on to Smiths   Falls. For von Werra and another prisoner, Otto Hollman, this was their last   stop. They both jumped from a window of the train into a snow bank as it moved


Which American politician said 'Marriage is neither Heaven nor Hell? It is simply Purgatory'?

Marriage is neither heaven nor hell, it is simply purgatory. - Abraham Lincoln - BrainyQuote Marriage is neither heaven nor hell, it is simply purgatory. Find on Amazon: Abraham Lincoln Cite this Page: Citation


In the traditional list of wedding anniversaries the 1st is paper, what is it in the modern list?

Modern and Traditional Anniversary Gift List Contact Us Modern & Traditional Anniversary Gift List The vexing question of whether to use the traditional anniversary gift list or go modern comes around as regular as clockwork, or to be more precise once a calender year. Traditional anniversary presents by their very nature harken back to our rural past when most of our ancestors eked out a living on the land. As you cast your eye down the wedding anniversary symbols calendar  the anniversary year list of gifts , you could be excused in thinking that people in the nineteenth century had a wry sense of humour. You could just imagine some guy giving his wife a lump of aluminium or tin for their tenth anniversary - and then running for his life, but the truth is aluminium was a precious metal back then because of the difficulty and expense of extracting it from it's raw state. A set of aluminium cutlery in Napoleon's day would have been a gift to boast about in the village. Wedding anniversary traditions have certainly changed a bit since the Industrial Revolution and that change is an ongoing process. To some degree, a glance down any list of wedding anniversaries is looking through a time capsule. Would you rather look down a traditional anniversary gift list and look at where we came from, or do you find your choice from a contemporary anniversary list of years gifts and build your own time capsule? Anniversary Symbols Guide - Anniversary Gifts By Year List Lists of wedding anniversary gifts  wedding anniversary gemstones and flowers may vary by country. Meanwhile, let the wedding anniversary gifts by year list below be a guide. YEARS Happily married couple exchanging gifts on their wedding anniversary. The Origin of Anniversary Gifts The origin of giving gifts for specially prescribed wedding aniversaries dates back to the middle ages, though the concept of giving gifts dates back to biblical times when the Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar tried to placate a sulky concubine by giving her the population of Israel as an anniversary gift. Too much? Who's to say? There's no doubt having a list of wedding anniversaries and anniversary gift list makes a husband's life easier. At least he doesn't have to make the grievous error of asking the wife. Just think, the Napoleonic Wars could have been avoided if only the little Corsican hadn't asked Josephine if she'd like something practical for their anniversary. `Tuscany would be nice!' she replied. Certainly, the traditional meanings to wedding anniversaries are eventually lost in time, but the anniversary year list does speak of a time when lifespans were much shorter and few husbands lived long enough to spring for the diamond anniversary. Isn't modern medicine a wonderful thing? Spare a thought for our descendants though, a twenty second century anniversary gift list might include trilithium crystals from the moons of Vulcan - for their 150th anniversary. Where will it end? One can but ponder... Of course, you can always get some wedding anniversary flowers. I suspect that even in the twenty second century, a gift of flowers will be a precious thing. They are for me.


In what year did Finland become a member of the EU?

Finland and the euro - European Commission European Commission Communicating on the euro Finland and the euro Finland joined the European Union in 1995 and was one of the first-wave countries to adopt the euro on 1 January 1999. Finland at a glance Surface area: 338 140 km2 Population: 5 325 115 (Eurostat 2009) Joined the European Union: 1 January 1995 Currency: Euro since 1 January 1999 (formerly Finnish markka, FIM) Euro information Status: Euro-area member since 1 January 1999. Fixed conversion rate: €1 = 5.94573 FIM Adoption of the euro: The euro banknotes and coins were introduced in Finland on 1 January 2002, after a transitional period of three years when the euro was the official currency but only existed as 'book money'. The dual circulation period – when both the Finnish markka and the euro had legal tender status – ended on 28 February 2002. Exchange of former national currency: The Suomen Pankki (National Bank of Finland) will continue to exchange markka banknotes and coins until 29 February 2012, although some exceptions apply to old markka coins annulled before the euro changeover. Markka banknotes are also redeemed by commercial banks (Nordea and Sampo), co-operative banks, saving banks, and Forex Oy. Documents and publications Cash changeover plan (National Bank of Finland, October 2001, also in English and Swedish ) Opinion polls and surveys


Brendan and Nathan McCullum play international cricket for which country?

Nathan McCullum Latest News, Photos, Biography, Stats, Batting averages, bowling averages, test & one day records, videos and wallpapers at CricketCountry.com ICC World T20 2016: 10 most spectacular catches from the grandest stage of T20 cricket Quinton de Kock shows his flying skills to send back Nathan McCullum Franklin, de Grandhomme relay catch to dismiss McCullum New Zealand announce squad for India series Nathan McCullum Biography Nathan McCullum is a all-rounder who can be explosive down the order and send down accurate off-breaks. He made his debut for Otago in 1999-2000, but took some time to reach the big stage. Though selected among the 30-man probables for the squad for 2006 Champions Trophy, McCullum failed to make it. His long-awaited debut came in World T20 2007, but his career did not take off. A specialist in the limited-over formats, Nathan played a crucial role in leading the team to the semi-finals of World Cup 2011. A recognised T20 player, he has turned up for Lancashire, Glamorgan, Pune Warriors India and Sydney Sixers. He also played a good role in the ICC World T20 at Bangladesh in 2014. Though his performances have generally been overshadowed by younger brother (and captain) Brendon, Nathan’s late arrival in the squad has not been too late. Despite his growing age, he keeps on improving with every game. Ayush Gupta