What Is Killing Off Kazakhstan's Rare Antelope? What Is Killing Off Kazakhstan's Rare Antelope? May 20, 2015 PHOTO GALLERY: The Sad Story of the Saiga (click on arrows bottom right to enlarge) Share Email to a Friend Print Herds of one of Central Asia's most iconic animals, Kazakhstan's saiga antelope, are dwindling rapidly and no one seems to know why. The Kazakh Department for Emergency Situations says more than 19,000 saiga carcasses have now been buried in the country's Qostanai region, though unofficial reports on May 20 suggested the number of dead animals may already exceed 30,000. "It's shaping up to be a complete catastrophe," says E.J. Milner-Gulland, a U.K.-based academic who heads the Saiga Conservation Alliance, a network of conservationists working to study and protect the antelope. "I'm afraid the animals are still dying and we are not actually getting a final number yet," she adds. "I'm expecting that number to go up quite substantially in the coming days." The saiga, with its distinctive bulging eyes, tubular snout, and spiraled horn, is as distinctive as it is endangered. The Saiga Conservation Alliance puts the total number of individual animals in Central Asia at around 260,000, including 200,000 in west-central Kazakhstan, the largest population. The 30,000 figure already represents the biggest die-off of the species in recent memory. Senior officials with Kazakhstan's Agriculture Ministry and the regional governor visited the area this week to coordinate a response. So far, they're baffled by what's causing the deaths. Officials say the carcasses bear no wounds or other signs of trauma that would indicate mass poaching -- a problem in past efforts to maintain healthy saiga populations. Instead, they say the culprit is likely the Pasteurella bacteria -- a naturally occurring bacteria that is carried in animals' mouths and nasal passages. It's the most amazing and beautiful creature. When you see it kind of flying across the steppes in huge herds, it's just the most beautiful thing." -- E.J. Milner-Gulland of the Saiga Conservation Alliance Milner-Gulland says that while the proximate cause of death may indeed be Pasteurella, that's probably not the whole story. Pasteurella normally kills only weaker animals that have already been stressed or sickened by something else. "The fact that you are getting positive reports of Pasteurella doesn't mean the bacterium is the underlying reason the animals are dying," she says. "[The bacteria] is there naturally and it's a kind of opportunistic." Milner-Gulland is reluctant to speculate on the cause of death but says current evidence points to a highly infectious disease of some kind. That explanation is not likely to satisfy activists like Musaghali Duambekov of the Kazakh-based environmental movement Anti-Heptyl, a reference to compounds used in rocket fuel. His group traces many of the country's environmental problems to the highly toxic fuels used by Russian rockets launched from Kazakhstan's Baikonur Cosmodrome. "I think the authorities [in Kazakhstan] are hiding the real causes of the loss of the large numbers of saiga antelope every year," he says. "As an active member of the Anti-Heptyl movement, which has been against the [Russian] Proton rocket launches, I think the situation, among other things, is connected to the rockets, as large parts of Kazakhstan are being affected by poisonous elements on a regular basis," Duambekov says. Several Russian Proton-M rockets in recent years have exploded over Kazakhstan after lifting off from Baikonur, sparking concerns among local residents and environmental activists. While it's unclear to what extent environmental poisons like heptyl compounds might be harming animal populations, international experts say that's probably not what's killing off the saiga. "I think there is no evidence to that at all," says Milner-Gulland. "We'll get toxicology reports from the environmental sampling that's being taken, and that will help us to understand one way or the other." She points out that if antelope mortality continues to


Which great river flows though China, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam to the South China Sea?

The Mekong River - WorldAtlas.com The Mekong River 2,705 miles in length, the Mekong snakes through Myanmar, China, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam. Southeast Asian hill country along the Mekong. 5. Description The longest river in Southeast Asia, the Mekong arises in the Qinghai province of China before going about traversing 5 more countries. Namely, these are Burma (Myanmar), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos), Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. After the long journey, the river finally drains into the South China Sea. The river covers a course of around 4,350 kilometers and drains an area of approximately 810,000 square kilometers. The flow of the river is divided into two regions based on the geographical differences of the river system. The Upper Mekong basin includes the river from its point of origin from the Za Qu in the Tibetan Plateau until it reaches the Yunnan highlands of China. The rest of the river basin, all the way to the Mekong's drainage into the South China Sea in Vietnam, is designated as the Lower Mekong basin. The Mekong River is also a global biodiversity hotspot, next only to the South American Amazon in terms of the species diversity found in its basin. It also supports the largest inland fishery in the world. Millions of people inhabit the region around the Mekong basin, most of whom are dependent on the river for their respective livelihoods and lifestyles. 4. Historical Role For centuries, the Mekong River has played a significant role in the lives of the people living in and around its river basin. The river is thus endowed with a long and rich history of its own. It is possible that human settlements in the Mekong River region existed as early as 210 BC, as evidenced by the unravelling of the archaeological details of the Ban Chiang archaeological site in Thailand. The most prominent example of early architecture built along the banks of the river is the Angkor Wat of Cambodia, built in the 12th Century by a ruler of the Khmer Empire. Between the 16th and 19th Centuries, several European expeditions were directed into the Mekong, with the first systematic one being the French Mekong Expedition. Lasting between 1866 and 1868, the French Mekong Expedition was led by Francis Garnier and Ernest Doudart de Lagrée. In more recent years, the Mekong River Delta also played a strategic role in the regional wars of the area, as well as the Vietnam War of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s in the tumultuous period following the end of French Indochina. 3. Modern Significance As per estimates, around 2 million tons of fish are caught annually in the Mekong River, with these landed fish being meant both for domestic consumption and export. The annual export value of the Mekong’s fisheries is estimated to be $3.9 to $7 billion USD. The Mekong River Delta is responsible for generating over 50% of Vietnam’s staple food crops, especially rice in the paddies flooded along it. More than 80% of the 40 million strong population living along the lower Mekong River basin depend on the river for their food and income. The construction of hydroelectric dams on the river system also generates electric power that supplies electricity to millions of homes based on the banks of the river and well beyond. Even though the upper reaches of the river system provide considerable challenges for navigation, the river is still an important trade route connecting the six countries through which it flows, not only with each other, but as well as with the rest of the world. Important cities and towns, like Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia and Vientiane, the capital of Laos, are located on the banks of the Mekong River. 2. Habitat The Mekong River supports an incredible variety of flora and fauna throughout the entire course from its source to its mouth. As per WWF reports, in 2014 alone 139 new species were identified in the Greater Mekong Region. The river is inhabited by at least 1,100 freshwater fish species, including the critically endangered Mekong giant catfish and the Irrawaddy dolphins. Besides the fish in the


Which British composer wrote 'The Midsummer Marriage' and `The Knot Garden'?

Sir Michael Tippett | British composer | Britannica.com Sir Michael Tippett Alternative Title: Michael Kemp Tippett Sir Michael Tippett Gunther Schuller Sir Michael Tippett, in full Michael Kemp Tippett (born Jan. 2, 1905, London , Eng.—died Jan. 8, 1998, London), one of the leading English composers of the 20th century. Tippett studied composition (1923–28) at the Royal College of Music and privately (1930–32) with R.O. Morris. After serving as music director (1940–51) at Morley College, London, he became a radio and television speaker for the BBC and active as an orchestral conductor. He was knighted in 1966, and he served as director of the Bath (music) Festival from 1969 to 1974. Tippett developed slowly as a composer. His early music was conservative , but in the late 1930s he developed a personal, modernistic idiom that was marked by rhapsodic lyricism, intricate counterpoint , and polyphonic rhythms that have a lilting, bounding quality. His first significant composition, an oratorio on his own libretto, A Child of Our Time (composed 1939–41), made him famous upon its performance by the London Philharmonic Orchestra in 1944. Tippett’s most successful works were on a large scale, in particular the operas The Midsummer Marriage (performed 1955), King Priam (1962), The Knot Garden (1970), and The Ice Break (1977), for which he wrote his own librettos. His instrumental works include four symphonies, concertos, string quartets, and piano sonatas. Beginning with King Priam, his surging rhythms and lush harmonies give way to a starker, more taut style featuring abrupt juxtapositions of sharply contrasting musical subsections. Tippett’s works were not frequently performed in Great Britain until the 1960s. Similarly, it was not until the following decade that his works were regularly scheduled in the United States . Learn More in these related articles:


Which ball game of North American Indian origin is 10 a side for men and 12 a side for women?

Lacrosse | Define Lacrosse at Dictionary.com lacrosse noun 1. a game, originated by Indians of North America, in which two 10-member teams attempt to send a small ball into each other's netted goal, each player being equipped with a crosse or stick at the end of which is a netted pocket for catching, carrying, or throwing the ball. Origin of lacrosse 1710-20, Americanism; < Canadian French: literally, the crook (stick used in the game). See crosse Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for lacrosse Expand Rutgers Athletes Stay Silent on Mike Rice Lizzie Crocker April 3, 2013 It's not lacrosse, it's not soccer, and we need to win here. ‘When the Garden Was Eden’: Why New York City Needs the Knicks Now More Than Ever Robert Silverman April 18, 2014 His argument stems from the ability of the lacrosse players to pay steep legal fees “in the range of $3 to $4 million total.” Speed Read: The Juiciest Bits From a New Book on the Duke Lacrosse Scandal William O’Connor April 7, 2014 They convey life forces of trees from which their lacrosse sticks were made. A Millennium After Inventing the Game, the Iroquois Are Lacrosse’s New Superpower Evin Demirel July 20, 2014 If for nothing else, lacrosse matters because it reminds us the Iroquois still exist.


"Who wrote the semi-biographical book 'Stalin Ate my Homework""?"

Esil (Toronto, ON, Canada)’s review of Stalin Ate My Homework bookshelves: audiobook Read from May 17 to June 01, 2016 3 1/2 stars. Fabulous title, great narrator, mixed reading experience. I listened to this one on audio and very much listened to it like I listen to the radio -- paying attention to some parts, thoughts drifting elsewhere, and focusing back to some interesting tidbit. Alexei Sayle grew up as an only child in Liverpool in the late 1950s and 1960s. His parents were communists, and remained loyal to the party well after Stalin's atrocities began to become known. Stalin Ate my Homework is Sayle's memoir of his childhood and adolescence. Much of his memoir is light hearted and humorous -- focusing on the effect of the disconnect between his parents' world view and the world he lived in. There is no trauma here nor is there earth shattering insight. Growing up as the son of communists in the UK in the 1950s and 1960s was clearly not what it was in the US -- there were many fellow travellers, and Sayle and his family had quite a social life amongst various groups and organizations. Sayle made the best of his quirky childhood and adolescence, and speaks of his parents with real fondness. I found some of it funny and entertaining, and some of it felt like a bit more of the same. Sayle narrates the book himself and I must confess that my very favourite part was Sayle's Liverpool accent -- he could have read a shopping list for eight hours, and I still probably would have listened to it to the end.


To which animal does the adjective ovine refer?

animal adjectives [was: ratto, Ratte, raton] - Google Groups animal adjectives [was: ratto, Ratte, raton] Showing 1-9 of 9 messages While trying find the pronunciation of the word "munger", I encountered the nearby word    murine [MYOO-ryn] = relating to mice or rats    [from Latin _murinus_, which derives from _mus_,    mouse, whose genetive form is _muris_] So if you need an adjective to refer to lab rodents like _ratto_ or _mausu_, "murine" it is. (I would never have discovered this except in an alphabetically arranged dictionary.) There are a lot of animal adjectives of this type, such as ovine (sheep), equine (horse), bovine (bull, cow, calf), aquiline (eagle), murine (rats and mice).   But what is needed is a way to lookup an animal and find what the proper adjective is.  For example, is there an adjective form for "goat"? for "seal"? for "elephant"? for "whale"? for "walrus"? By the way, I never did find out how "munger" is pronounced; the answer is not found in


Which semi-aquatic carnivorous mammals belong to the genus `Lutra'?

Aquatic and semiaquatic mammals   Aquatic and semiaquatic mammals I've mentioned elsewhere that AAT/H proponents are typically extremely coy about what aquatic animals we're supposed to resemble; they're also somewhat idiosyncratic about what they say constitutes an "aquatic" or "semiaquatic" mammal. Marc Verhaegen has often claimed that non-aquatic mammals such as rhinoceros and mountain beavers are aquatic, which is nonsense. Others claim pigs are; again nonsense. Many times they don't really like to say at all, although they don't spend much time looking at actual aquatic and semiaquatic mammals, preferring vagueness, merely claiming that humans share hair and fat characteristics with "aquatics" or that such characteristics are found in "an aquatic environment". But if you take the step of looking at what animals they have to be talking about they get very defensive, because if you do you end up thinking "how much like a seal am I really?". The general AAT/H vagueness about degree of water use has followed this general arc: a fairly vague statement by Hardy (less aquatic than otters for maybe 10 million years); virtually nothing beyond "as aquatic as an otter" or "less aquatic than an otter" for the next forty years (except for Hardy in 1978 making his earlier statement far more explicit (now 5-6 hours in water every day for 20 or so million years); okay, it's completely impossible -- longer than hominids of any kind have existed -- but at least he said what he was thinking); Algis Kuliukas' formulation of the "more aquatic than apes" phrase (sometimes specifically chimps); his definition is "...that water has acted as an agent of selection in the evolution of humans more than it has in the evolution of our ape cousins..." (the full definition is on the page about him on this site). This is so vague that's it's meaningless. I mean really, water has acted as an "agent of selection" in the evolution of wolves and black bears more than it has in the evolution of our ape cousins, and wolves and black bears aren't semiaquatic nor were their ancestors. That can be contrasted with typical scales of aquaticness used by actual zoologists. For instance, when I was recently making a list of semiaquatic and aquatic mammals one source I used had this as a note for a table of aquatic and semiaquatic mammals: NOTE: Habitat: M, marine; C, coastal; F, freshwater. Degree to which aquatic: 1, obligately aquatic; 2, mostly aquatic, return to land for reproduction and resting; 3, moderately aquatic, fully capable of terrestrial locomotion, may forage on land From Table 1.4 by Henry Pihlstr�m, "Introduction: On Becoming Aquatic" in Sensory Evolution on the Threshold: Adaptations in Secondarily Aquatic Vertebrates edited by J. G. M. Thewissen and Sirpa Nummela Publisher: University of California Press Or consider the explanation set forth in the "Methods" section of a 2001 paper by Bininda-Emonds et al. ("Flippers versus feet: comparative trends in aquatic and non-aquatic carnivores", Journal of Animal Ecology, 2001, 70:386-400): "We consider aquatic carnivores to be those species in which the aquatic habitat inevitably plays a key role in the life-cycle of an individual..." Because the AAT/H claims that aquatic and semiaquatic living creates selection for hairlessness and fatness, I thought it would be useful to have a list of all the aquatic and semiaquatic mammals, and I'm also going to look at how many times aquaticism has evolved in aquatic and semiaquatic mammals and how many are hairless and/or fatty. The list totals 203 species; for my purposes it's broken down as follows: 112 hairy; 75 not including seals and walrus 91 hairless (84 cetaceans, 5 sirenia, 2 hippos) 125 "fatties" (84 cetaceans, 5 sirenia, 36 seals and walrus) 35 of the hairy ones tropical (or in the case of 2 or 3 species ranging into the tropics or subtropical areas) 4 of the species listed are now (relatively recently) extinct The reason I've broken it down that way is the claims I've seen used over the years by AAT/H proponents and what they've said when their c


In which war did the Battle of Sedan take place?

Battle of Sedan of the Franco-Prussian War 120,000 men Battle of Sedan - Background: Beginning in July 1870, the early actions of the Franco-Prussian War saw the French routinely bested by their better-equipped and trained neighbors to the east. Defeated at Gravelotte on August 18, Marshal François Achille Bazaine's Army of the Rhine fell back to Metz where it was quickly besieged by elements of the Prussian First and Second Armies. Responding to the crisis, Emperor Napoleon III moved north with Marshal Patrice de MacMahon's Army of Châlons. It was their intention to move northeast towards Belgium before turning south to link up with Bazaine. Plagued by poor weather and roads, the Army of Châlons exhausted itself during the march. Alerted to the French advance, the Prussian commander, Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke, began directing troops to intercept Napoleon and McMahon. On August 30, troops under Prince George of Saxony attacked and defeated the French at the Battle of Beaumont. Hoping to re-form after this setback, MacMahon fell back to the fortress town of Sedan. Surrounded by high ground and hemmed in by the Meuse River, Sedan was a poor choice from a defensive standpoint. The Prussians Advance: Seeing an opportunity to inflict a crippling blow on the French, Moltke exclaimed, "Now we have them in the mousetrap!" Advancing on Sedan, he ordered forces to engage the French to pin them in place while additional troops moved west and north to encircle the town. Early on September 1, Bavarian troops under General Ludwig von der Tann began crossing the Meuse and probed towards the village of Bazeilles. Entering the town, they met French troops from General Barthelemy Lebrun's XII Corps. As fighting began, the Bavarians battled the elite Infanterie de Marine which had barricaded several streets and buildings ( Map ). Joined by VII Saxon Corps which pressed towards the village of La Moncelle to the north along Givonne creek, the Bavarians fought through the early morning hours. Around 6:00 AM, the morning mist began to lift allowing Bavarian batteries to open fire on the villages. Using new breech-loading guns, they began a devastating barrage which forced the French to abandon La Moncelle. Despite this success, von der Tann continued to struggle at Bazeilles and committed additional reserves. The French situation quickly worsened when their command structure was shattered. French Confusion: When MacMahon was wounded early in the fighting, command of the army fell to General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot who initiated orders for a retreat from Sedan. Though a retreat earlier in the morning may have been successful, the Prussian flanking march was well underway by this point. Ducrot's command was cut short by the arrival of General Emmanuel Félix de Wimpffen. Arriving at headquarters, Wimpffen possessed a special commission to take over the Army of Châlons in the event of MacMahon's incapacitation. Relieving Ducrot, he immediately cancelled the retreat order and prepared to continue the fight. Completing the Trap: These command changes and the series of countermanded orders worked to weaken the French defense along the Givonne. By 9:00 AM, fighting was raging all along the Givonne from Bazeilles north. With the Prussians advancing, Ducrot's I Corps and Lebrun's XII Corps mounted a massive counterattack. Pushing forward, they regained lost ground until the Saxons were reinforced. Backed by nearly 100 guns, Saxon, Bavarian, and Prussian troops shattered the French advance with a massive bombardment and heavy rifle fire. At Bazeilles, the French were finally overcome and forced to cede the village. This, along with the loss of the other villages along the Givonne, compelled the French to establish a new line west of the stream. During the morning, as the French focused on the battle along the Givonne, Prussian troops under Crown Prince Frederick moved to encircle Sedan. Crossing the Meuse around 7:30 AM, they pushed north. Receiving orders from Moltke, he pushed V and XI Corps into St. Menges to completely surround the enemy. Ent


Which sailing ship, named after the witch in Burns' poem 'Tam O'Shanter', is preserved in dry dock at Greenwich?

"Fastest Ship in the Tea Trade, Named after a F Leet-Footed Witch" - The Evening Standard (London, England), May 21, 2007 | Online Research Library: Questia Read preview Article excerpt THE Cutty Sark is thoughtof as one of Britain's best-loved maritime landmarks, the world's sole surviving tea clipper and a monument to the age of sail. But in her day she had another reputation as one of the fastest vessels around. In the tea trade, speed was all. Getting the first of the new season's tea back from China to London was worth great profits for a clipper's owner and the Cutty Sark was built to win that race. Designed by Hercules Linton, the Cutty Sark was built in 1869 in Dumbarton, Scotland, by the firm Scott & Linton for a captain by the name of Jock "White Hat" Willis and launched in November of that year. She was named after a fleet-footed witch in the old Scottish legend of Tam O'Shanter, which was later turned into a poem by Robert Burns: no-one ever knew the precise reason why. Three years after she was launched she got her chance to prove her speed in 1872 when she was was pitted against the Thermopylae in the annual race back from China. She left Woosung on 17 June and by 7 August she was a good 400 miles ahead of her rival. But bad luck befell her when her rudder broke, and after twice being repaired in heavy seas, she finally limped home on 19 October, 122 days after leaving China and a week behind the Thermopylae. Her captain, George Moodie, retired from his command due to stress, and the Cutty Sark would never come that close to winning the race again. Indeed, she spent more of her life in dry dock than she did as a tea clipper. In all, she made eight voyages to China to bring back tea, but in the end clippers had to give way to steamships, which were narrower and could pass through the newlybuilt Suez Canal. They might not have been quite so fast as the clippers, but they were more reliable, and that was what mattered. The Cutty Sark's speed was still invaluable, however, and after taking various cargoes round the world coal from Japan to China, jute from Manila to New York she entered her most successful phase, working for the Australian wool trade. Despite being halfway through her working life of30 years, she turned in some impressive voyage times: she sailed between London and Sydney in as little as 67 days. Known as the fastest vessel in the business, in 1889 the Cutty Sark was involved in a famous incident involving the crack P&O steamship, the Britannia. The Britannia was doing between 14.5 and 16 knots when the Second Officer, Robert Olivey, noticed a sailing ship passing at 17 knots. He could scarcely contain his astonishment in the log which said: "Sailing ship overhauled and passed us!" But with steamships making inroads into the wool trade, "White Hat" Willis sold the Cutty Sark in 1895 to the Portuguese firm of Ferreira, and she was renamed after the firm. The Ferreira was a regular sight in Rio, New Orleans, Mozambique, Angola and Britain. Still capable of 16 knots, she survived until 1916 when she was dismasted in bad weather off Cape Town. Converted into a barquentine with a fore and aft rig she lasted as a working ship until 1922 when she was badly damaged in a Channel gale. A retired skipper, Wilfred Dowman, saw her when she was being repaired in Falmouth, and decided she should be preserved. He bought her and she became a cadet training ship. The last time she went to sea was in 1936. In 1938, Dowman's widow presented the ship to the Thames Nautical Training School at Greenhithe. … Subscribe to Questia and enjoy: Full access to this article and over 10 million more from academic journals, magazines, and newspapers Over 83,000 books Access to powerful writing and research tools Article details Subscribe to Questia and enjoy: Full access to this article and over 10 million more from academic journals, magazines, and newspapers Over 83,000 books Access to powerful writing and research tools Article details


By what name is the medicine consisting of a suspension of magnesium hydroxide in water called?

Aluminum Hydroxide and Magnesium Hydroxide: MedlinePlus Drug Information Aluminum Hydroxide and Magnesium Hydroxide URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601013.html Aluminum Hydroxide and Magnesium Hydroxide pronounced as (a loo' mi num) (hye drox' ide) (mag nee' zhum) (hye drox' ide) Brand names of combination products Why is this medication prescribed? Aluminum Hydroxide, Magnesium Hydroxide are antacids used together to relieve heartburn, acid indigestion, and upset stomach. They may be used to treat these symptoms in patients with peptic ulcer, gastritis, esophagitis, hiatal hernia, or too much acid in the stomach (gastric hyperacidity). They combine with stomach acid and neutralize it. Aluminum Hydroxide, Magnesium Hydroxide are available without a prescription. This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information. How should this medicine be used? This medication comes as a chewable tablet and liquid to take by mouth. Chew tablets thoroughly; do not swallow them whole. Drink a full glass of water after taking the tablets. Shake the oral liquid well before each use to mix the medicine evenly. The liquid may be mixed with water or milk. Follow the directions on the package label or on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take Aluminum Hydroxide, Magnesium Hydroxide antacids exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor. Do not take antacids for more than 1 to 2 weeks unless prescribed by your doctor. What special precautions should I follow? Before taking Aluminum Hydroxide, Magnesium Hydroxide antacids, tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to Aluminum Hydroxide, Magnesium Hydroxide antacids or any other drugs. tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications you are taking, especially aspirin, cinoxacin (Cinobac), ciprofloxacin (Cipro), digoxin (Lanoxin), diazepam (Valium), enoxacin (Penetrex), ferrous sulfate (iron), fluconazole (Diflucan), indomethacin, isoniazid (INH), itraconazole (Sporanox), ketoconazole (Nizoral), levofloxacin (Levaquin), lomefloxacin (Maxaquin), nalidixic acid (NegGram), norfloxacin (Noroxin), ofloxacin (Floxin), sparfloxacin (Zagam), tetracycline (Achromycin, Sumycin), and vitamins. If your doctor tells you to take antacids while taking these medications, do not take them within 2 hours of taking an antacid. tell your doctor if you have or have ever had kidney disease. tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding. If you become pregnant while taking Aluminum Hydroxide, Magnesium Hydroxide antacids, call your doctor. What special dietary instructions should I follow? If you are taking this medication for an ulcer, follow the diet prescribed by your doctor carefully. What should I do if I forget a dose? If you are taking scheduled doses of Aluminum Hydroxide, Magnesium Hydroxide, take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one. What side effects can this medication cause? Side effects from Aluminum Hydroxide, Magnesium Hydroxide are not common. To avoid the chalky taste, take with water or milk. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away: diarrhea


What was the profession of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe?

Michigan Modern Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 1886 - 1969 Building Types: Commercial, Educational, Residential One of the world's most respected Modern architects, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was born Ludwig Mies in the ancient city of Aachen, Germany, in 1886. (He added van der Rohe, his mother's maiden name, in 1921.) As a child attending Catholic school, Mies was taught the writings of St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas, which became a source of inspiration for his architectural philosophy later in life. The son of a master mason who owned a stone cutting shop, Mies was introduced to masonry at an early age and gained a strong knowledge of materials and their capabilities. After attending two years of trade school, he left at the age of fifteen to work as an apprentice to local architects in Aachen. With no formal architectural training, Mies moved to Berlin in 1905 and began working for architect Peter Behrens in 1908, during a period when industrial architecture flourished. Behrens became Mies' mentor and teacher, sharing with him a respect for detail and an appreciation for classical order. During his time with Behrens' firm, the Dutch de Stijl (DaDa) art movement gained momentum and began to influence Mies' work. It wasn't until after World War I, when Mies started his own firm, that his design innovations received recognition. His work on the Weissenhofsiedlung housing project for the 1927 Werkbund exhibition in Stuttgart was one of the first examples of his "less is more" philosophy. This project symbolized Mies' design aesthetic-steel beams and glass walls with no adornment- which became known as the "International style." It also introduced him to the international architectural community. Mies gained additional recognition for his design of the German Pavilion at the Barcelona International Exhibition in 1929, which featured his iconic chrome and leather Barcelona chairs and glass and chrome tables, designed specifically for the space. Mies was appointed the director of the Bauhaus in 1930 and served as such until it closed in 1933. In order to escape the growing hostility of the Nazi regime, Mies moved to the United States in 1937 and settled in Chicago. There he was asked to become director of architecture at the Armour Institute, which became the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in 1940. Mies designed many buildings for the IIT campus including his masterwork, Crown Hall, which introduced the glass curtain wall to the American architectural vocabulary. In 1951 Mies completed one of his best known buildings, the glass Farnsworth House in Plano, Illinois. While at IIT, Mies partnered with landscape architect Alfred Caldwell and planner Ludwig Hilberseimer on an urban renewal redevelopment project in Detroit, Michigan, called Lafayette Park. Today it is considered one of the few successful urban renewal projects of the twentieth century. Built between 1956 and 1963, and based on the "superblock" planning concept, the 193-acre residential complex contains the largest concentration of residential buildings designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in the world.


Which area of the USA is generally accepted to be north of the Ohio River, west of Lake Eyre and east of the Great Plains?

United States | history - geography | Britannica.com United States Written By: Alternative Titles: America, U.S., U.S.A., United States of America United States federal republic with two legislative houses (Senate [100]; House of Representatives [4351]) Head of state and government (2010) 308,745,538; (2016 est.) 323,349,0002 Total area (sq mi) Literacy: percentage of population age 15 and over literate Male: (2000–2004) 95.7% GNI per capita (U.S.$) (2014) 55,200 1Excludes 5 nonvoting delegates from the District of Columbia, the U.S. Virgin Islands , American Samoa , the Northern Mariana Islands , and Guam and a nonvoting resident commissioner from Puerto Rico . 2Includes military personnel overseas. 3Total area (excluding 42,334 sq mi [109,645 sq km] of coastal water and 76,804 sq mi [198,921 sq km] of territorial water) equals 3,677,649 sq mi (9,525,067 sq km), of which land area equals 3,531,925 sq mi (9,147,643 sq km), inland water area equals 85,631 sq mi (221,783 sq km), and Great Lakes water area equals 60,093 sq mi (155,641 sq km). list of cities and towns in the United States United States, officially United States of America, abbreviated U.S. or U.S.A., byname America, country in North America , a federal republic of 50 states. Besides the 48 conterminous states that occupy the middle latitudes of the continent, the United States includes the state of Alaska , at the northwestern extreme of North America, and the island state of Hawaii , in the mid-Pacific Ocean . The conterminous states are bounded on the north by Canada , on the east by the Atlantic Ocean , on the south by the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico , and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. The United States is the fourth largest country in the world in area (after Russia , Canada, and China ). The national capital is Washington , which is coextensive with the District of Columbia, the federal capital region created in 1790. United States of America Fishing boat at the harbour at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Craig Blouin/New England Stock Photo The major characteristic of the United States is probably its great variety. Its physical environment ranges from the Arctic to the subtropical, from the moist rain forest to the arid desert, from the rugged mountain peak to the flat prairie. Although the total population of the United States is large by world standards, its overall population density is relatively low. The country embraces some of the world’s largest urban concentrations as well as some of the most extensive areas that are almost devoid of habitation. The United States. Roger B. Taney The United States contains a highly diverse population. Unlike a country such as China that largely incorporated indigenous peoples, the United States has a diversity that to a great degree has come from an immense and sustained global immigration. Probably no other country has a wider range of racial, ethnic, and cultural types than does the United States. In addition to the presence of surviving Native Americans (including American Indians, Aleuts , and Eskimos ) and the descendants of Africans taken as slaves to the New World, the national character has been enriched, tested, and constantly redefined by the tens of millions of immigrants who by and large have come to America hoping for greater social, political, and economic opportunities than they had in the places they left. (It should be noted that although the terms “America” and “Americans” are often used as synonyms for the United States and its citizens, respectively, they are also used in a broader sense for North, South, and Central America collectively and their citizens.) USA Facts The United States is the world’s greatest economic power, measured in terms of gross domestic product (GDP). The nation’s wealth is partly a reflection of its rich natural resources and its enormous agricultural output, but it owes more to the country’s highly developed industry. Despite its relative economic self-sufficiency in many areas, the United States is the most important single factor in world trade by virtue of the shee


Which dynasty has ruled the Netherlands since 1815?

House of Orange | European dynasty | Britannica.com European dynasty list of cities and towns in the Netherlands House of Orange, princely dynasty that derived its name from the medieval principality of Orange, in old Provence in southern France. The dynasty was important in the history of the Netherlands and is that nation’s royal family . The counts of Orange became independent upon the disintegration of the feudal kingdom of Arles. They were vassals of the Holy Roman emperors from the 12th century, and they early began to style themselves princes. When Philibert de Chalon, prince of Orange, died in 1530, he was succeeded by his sister Claudia’s son René of Nassau, who in 1538 succeeded his father, Henry III of Nassau-Dillenburg-Breda, not only in his German patrimony but also in scattered possessions in the Netherlands. Dying in 1544, René bequeathed his titles to his young cousin, William I of Nassau-Orange. Known as William I the Silent, the prince of Orange led the Netherlands’ revolt against Spain from 1568 to his death in 1584 and held the office of stadtholder in four of the rebelling provinces. This was the start of a tradition in the Dutch Republic whereby the stadtholderships were for long periods monopolized by the princes of Orange and counts of Nassau, supported by an enduring Orange “party” composed of nobles, orthodox Calvinist leaders, artisans, and peasants against the rivalry of the patriciate of Holland. The gifted 16th- and 17th-century stadtholders were followed by less effective Orange leaders in the 18th century. The last stadtholder fled to England in 1795 as the republic collapsed.


"Which genus of plants includes ""busy lizzie"" and ""touch-me- not""?"

Impatiens Plant | How to Grow Busy Lizzie and Snapweed How to Grow Impatiens Plants Guide to Growing Busy Lizzie, Snapweed, Jewelweed, Touch-me-not Impatiens are a large genus of half hardy annuals or perennials that are normally grown as half hardy annuals in the garden. Impatiens range in height from 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2 feet) and carry flat open flowers of vibrant pink, orange, red, white or purple. They bloom from the end of spring until the first frost of the winter. Some of the common names for Impatiens include Busy Lizzie, Touch me not, Balsam, Patient Lucy, Snapweed, and Lady's slipper. Latin names include Impatiens parviflora, Impatiens balfouri, Impatiens auricoma and Impatiens walleriana. Impatiens glandulifera – Himalayan Balsam, Kiss me on the mountain by Blumenbiene . Impatiens walleriana Busy Lizzie by Wm Jas . Quick Impatiens Growing Guide and Facts Common Names: Impatiens, Busy Lizzie, Jewelweed, Balsam, Snapweed, Touch-me-not. Life Cycle: Half hardy annual. Half hardy perennial commonly grown as a half hardy annual by gardeners. Height: 20 to 78 inches (50 to 200 cm). Native: Northern Hemisphere and tropical regions. Growing Region: Zones 3 to 10. As a perennial in zone 10. Flowers: Spring until first frost. Flower Details: Most colours: common ones include pink, red, orange, white and purple. Shoe shaped spur. Some species have flattened flowers similar to violets. Foliage: Shiny leaves. Greasy feel on the adaxial side of the leaf. Variegated. Sow Outside: Surface. Following last frost. Spacing 8 to 16 inches (20 to 40 cm). Sow Inside: Use vermiculite. Water from below. Keep humid. Germination time: one week to one month. Temperature 75°F (24°C). Two to three months before expected last frost. Transplant outdoors three or four weeks after the last frost; minimum temperature should not drop below 50°F (10°C). Requirements: Shade for best results; partial shade is fine in cool areas. Prepare soil first by mixing in manure. Soil pH 6 to 7. Rich soil. Moist soil. Supply a couple of feeds. Regular watering. Pinch tips of young plants. Propagate: spring or autumn cuttings. Miscellaneous: Impatiens means impatient. The genus gets this name for the way that it disperses their seeds explosively if they are touched. How to Grow Impatiens When planting Busy Lizzie and other Impatiens members in the garden the seed should be sown on the surface following the last frost of spring. Busy Lizzies like to grow in a shaded area of the garden, though is tolerant of sun. Impatiens plants prefer a rich, well manured soil of pH 6 to 7. If you first plan to grow Busy Lizzie and other Impatiens species indoors then the process should be started about 9 or 10 weeks before transplanting out a few weeks after the last frost of spring. Sow the seeds in vermiculite and supply high humidity and a temperature of 21 to 24 degrees (about 50°F). As plants are partial to leaf rot it is important only to water the seedlings from below. The germination time is from one to four weeks. Caring for Busy Lizzie - Impatiens Care Once growing Impatiens should be pinched back to encourage branching. They should be fed a couple of times, and be well watered. If you would like more plants then cuttings can be took in spring or autumn. Alternatively let the plants set seed in situ. If you enjoy the information on this site, then you'll love my book: The GardenersHQ Plant Growing Guide, just $9.99 on Amazon


Which bird is also called the peewit or green plover?

British Garden Birds - Lapwing Lapwing Black, green and white plumage with wispy crest. Vanellus vanellus Length: 28-31 cm (11-12½") Wing Span: 70-76 cm (28-30") Weight: 150-300 g (5½-11 oz) Breeding Pairs: 100 000 Description The Lapwing is one of our largest waders, about pigeon-sized, and is also known as the Peewit or Green Plover. From a distance the Lapwing appears black above and white below, but closer observation will reveal the upperparts as a beautiful iridescent dark green and purple. The breast and cheeks are white and under-tail coverts are orange-brown. The legs are pink. The throat is black in the summer and white in winter. Also in the winter,  the back feathers have buff edges giving them a scaly appearance. Males and females are similar, except the male's crest is longer and they have blacker breasts and whiter faces. Juveniles have a shorter crest and a very scaly back. They have a slow wing beat that doesn't appear enough to keep them aloft.  In the spring, amazing aerobatic displays comprising zigzagging flight,  rolls and dives. Quicktime mp3 The "pee-wit" call of the Lapwing leads to its alternative name of Peewit. Its song is an enchanting extension of its call: "pee-wit, wit, wit-eeze,   wit", and accompanies its relaxed, tumbling aerobatic displays. They feed on invertebrates, such as earthworms, beetles, flies and caterpillars that are on or close to the surface. Starlings often associate themselves with Lapwings. Nesting The nest is a shallow hollow, usually in an open area, for example: meadow,   marshland, farmland, and industrial sites, indeed, anywhere there is bare   ground and damp areas for the chicks to feed.  In 2000, I spotted a Lapwing nesting in the central reservation of the M180   motorway. The oval eggs, which are about 47 mm by 33 mm, are smooth and non-glossy, and   creamy-buff to stone coloured with black blotches. Both parents incubate the   eggs. The precocial nestlings are able to feed themselves, but both parents   care for them. Breeding Data


Who was Hitler's personal secretary who was sentenced to death in absentia at Nuremberg?

1946: Cruel Execution of Nazi Leaders in Nuremberg | History.info 1946: Cruel Execution of Nazi Leaders in Nuremberg Photo Credit To https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Dead_wilhelmkeitel.jpg Story Highlights historical event: The executioner was John C. Woods, a sergeant in the U.S. Army, who is sometimes accused of having done a poor job. The rope was allegedly too short and the trapdoors too narrow, so that some of the hanged men suffered bloody wounds when they were dropped. Keitel's death was allegedly the longest – it supposedly took as long as 28 minutes. On this day the Nazi leaders were sentenced to death at the famous Nuremberg Trials. Of the 22 defendants, 12 were sentenced to death. However, Martin Bormann (Hitler’s personal secretary) was tried in absentia, while Luftwaffe commander  Reichsmarschall Hermann Goering committed suicide before he was executed. Those sentenced to death included: Wilhelm Keitel – Field marshal and chief of the Wehrmacht Supreme Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht) Ernst Kaltenbrunner – SS-Obergruppenführer and chief of the Reich Main Security Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt) Joachim von Ribbentrop – Hitler’s Foreign Minister Alfred Jodl – Chief of the Operations Staff of the Armed Forces High Command Arthur Seyss-Inquart – Imperial Commissioner for the occupied Netherlands (Reichskommissar) Hans Frank – Governor-General of a part of occupied Poland Wilhelm Frick – Hitler’s Minister of Interior Alfred Rosenberg – Minister for the occupied territories in the East Fritz Sauckel – Organizer of forced labor Julius Streicher – Publisher of the Nazi paper “Der Stürmer” The execution of the aforementioned 10 was performed in the Nuremberg Prison. The method was hanging. It is interesting that the “long drop” method wasn’t used, even though it is less painful (it snaps the person’s neck almost instantly thus causing instant death). Instead, the “standard drop” method was used, where the condemned drops only 1.2 to 1.8 meters. The hanged Nazi leaders allegedly took a long time to die, some of them more than 25 minutes. Ribbentrop and Sauckel supposedly died after 14 minutes of agony, while Keitel’s death was the most painful – he took as long as 28 minutes to die. The executioner was John C. Woods, a sergeant in the U.S. Army, who is sometimes accused of having done a poor job. The rope was allegedly too short and the trapdoors too narrow, so that some of the hanged men suffered bloody wounds when they were dropped. However, Woods allegedly bragged about how he had done a good job, having executed all ten of them in 103 minutes.   Facebook Comments


Which river passes through Tonbridge, Maidstone, Rochester, Chatham and Gillingham?

River Medway - iSnare Free Encyclopedia River Medway For similarly named rivers, see Medway River (disambiguation) . River Medway Medway at Gun Wharf, Chatham Country Garrison Point, Sheerness , Kent  - coordinates 930 sq mi (2,409 km2) Discharge 11.08 m3/s (391 cu ft/s)  - max 358.6 m3/s (12,664 cu ft/s) 16 September 1968  - min 0.43 m3/s (15 cu ft/s) 24 August 1978 Designation 00.0 Yalding to Allington Lock Site of Stoneham Lock 00.0 Allington Lock to Rochester Allington Lock Thames Estuary   TQ 903 758 The River Medway is a river in South East England . It rises in the High Weald , Sussex , and flows through Tonbridge , Maidstone and the Medway conurbation in Kent before emptying into the Thames Estuary near Sheerness , a total distance of 70 miles (113 km). About 13 miles (21 km) of the river lies in Sussex, with the remainder being in Kent. [2] It has a catchment area of 930 square miles (2,409 km2), the largest in southern England after the Thames . The map opposite shows only the major tributaries : a more detailed map [3] shows the extensive network of smaller streams feeding into the main river. Those tributaries rise from points along the North Downs , the Weald and Ashdown Forest . Contents River Grom Former minor tributaries include the Old Bourne River, which flowed through the Brook, Chatham (not to be confused with the main tributary River Bourne). [4] The river and its tributaries flow through largely rural areas, Tonbridge , Maidstone and Medway being the exceptions. The Medway itself initially flows in a west-east direction south of the North Downs ; at the confluence of the River Beult, however, it turns north and breaks through the North Downs at the Medway Gap , a steep and narrow valley near Rochester , before its final section to the sea. Until 1746 the river was not navigable above Maidstone. Up to that point each village on the river had its wharf or wharves: at Halling , Snodland , New Hythe and Aylesford . Cargoes included corn, fodder, fruit, stone and timber. In 1746 improvements to the channel meant that barges of 40 long tons (41 t) could reach East Farleigh , Yalding and even Tonbridge. In 1828, the channel was further improved up to Leigh . There are eleven locks on the river. The lowest, opened in 1792, is at Allington , and is the tidal limit . The others are at East Farleigh , Teston , Hampstead Lane , Stoneham Old Lock (disused), Sluice Weir Lock , Oak Weir Lock , East Lock, Porter's, Eldridge's and Town Lock in Tonbridge . The locks will take craft up to 80 feet (24 m) by 18 feet (5.5 m), and vessels with a draft of 4 feet (1.2 m) can navigate the river. The shallowest point is just below Sluice Weir Lock, which is prone to silting after heavy rain. [5] Small craft such as canoes can sometimes travel as far as Penshurst . The stretch from Leigh to Allington is known as the Medway Navigation, and is 19 miles (31 km) in length. The Environment Agency is the navigation authority . River crossings Until recently the lowest crossing of the Medway was at Rochester , where there has been a bridge since Roman times. In the 14th century the Wardens and Commonalty of Rochester Bridge were instituted by Sir John de Cobham to pay for the rebuilding and upkeep of the bridge. Until 1963 the nearest crossing to Rochester Bridge was the 14th-century bridge at Aylesford, 12 miles (19 km) upstream. Since then the following additional crossings have come into use: 1963: A viaduct over the river was built south of Rochester to carry the first section of the M2 motorway. In 2003 this was widened to two separate spans. Between 1963 and 1996 the M20 was built, with a bridge over the Medway south of Aylesford. 1996: The Medway Tunnel became the river's lowest crossing, connecting Gillingham to Strood . The four-lane tunnel was constructed using the immersed tube method, and was partially paid for by Rochester Bridge Trust, the successor to the Wardens and Commonalty. 2003: A railway bridge 0.8 miles (1.3 km) long, with a central span of 498 feet (152 m), was constructed for High Speed 1 . The railway bridge


Which American actor starred in the films Bullitt, Papillon and The Great Escape?

Steve McQueen - Biography - IMDb Steve McQueen Biography Showing all 183 items Jump to: Overview  (5) | Mini Bio  (2) | Spouse  (3) | Trade Mark  (6) | Trivia  (112) | Personal Quotes  (31) | Salary  (24) Overview (5) 7 November 1980 ,  Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico  (heart attack following surgery for metastasized cancer stemming from mesothelioma) Birth Name 5' 9½" (1.77 m) Mini Bio (2) He was the ultra-cool male film star of the 1960s, and rose from a troubled youth spent in reform schools to being the world's most popular actor. Over 25 years after his untimely death from mesothelioma in 1980, Steve McQueen is still considered hip and cool, and he endures as an icon of popular culture. McQueen was born in Beech Grove, Indiana, to Julia Ann (Crawford) and William Terence McQueen, a stunt pilot. His first lead role was in the low-budget sci-fi film The Blob (1958), quickly followed by roles in The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery (1959) and Never So Few (1959). The young McQueen appeared as Vin, alongside Yul Brynner , in the star-laden The Magnificent Seven (1960) and effectively hijacked the lead from the bigger star by ensuring he was nearly always doing something in every shot he and Brynner were in together, such as adjusting his hat or gun belt. He next scored with audiences with two interesting performances, first in the World War II drama Hell Is for Heroes (1962) and then in The War Lover (1962). Riding a wave of popularity, McQueen delivered another crowd pleaser as Hilts, the Cooler King, in the knockout World War II P.O.W. film The Great Escape (1963), featuring his famous leap over the barbed wire on a motorcycle while being pursued by Nazi troops (in fact, however, the stunt was actually performed by his good friend, stunt rider Bud Ekins ). McQueen next appeared in several films of mixed quality, including Soldier in the Rain (1963); Love with the Proper Stranger (1963) and Baby the Rain Must Fall (1965). However, they failed to really grab audience attention, but his role as Eric Stoner in The Cincinnati Kid (1965), alongside screen legend Edward G. Robinson and Karl Malden , had movie fans filling theaters again to see the ice-cool McQueen they loved. He was back in another western, Nevada Smith (1966), again with Malden, and then he gave what many consider to be his finest dramatic performance as loner US Navy sailor Jake Holman in the superb The Sand Pebbles (1966). McQueen was genuine hot property and next appeared with Faye Dunaway in the provocative crime drama The Thomas Crown Affair (1968), next in what many consider his signature role, that of a maverick, taciturn detective in the mega-hit Bullitt (1968), renowned for its famous chase sequence through San Francisco between McQueen's Ford Mustang and the killer's black Dodge Charger. Interestingly, McQueen's next role was a total departure from the action genre, as he played Southerner Boon Hogganbeck in the family-oriented The Reivers (1969), based on the popular William Faulkner novel. Not surprisingly, the film didn't go over particularly well with audiences, even though it was an entertaining and well made production, and McQueen showed an interesting comedic side of his acting talents. He returned to more familiar territory in 1971, with the race film Le Mans (1971), a rather self-indulgent exercise, and its slow plot line contributed to its rather poor performance in theaters. It wasn't until many years later that it became something of a cult film, primarily because of the footage of Porsche 917s roaring around race tracks in France. McQueen then teamed up with maverick Hollywood director Sam Peckinpah to star in the modern western Junior Bonner (1972), about a family of rodeo riders, and again with Peckinpah as bank robber Doc McCoy in the violent The Getaway (1972). Both did good business at the box office. McQueen's next role was a refreshing surprise and Papillon (1973), based on the Henri Charrière novel of the same name, was well received by fans and critics alike. He plays a convict on a French penal colony in South America who pers


From which plant is linseed oil derived?

flax | plant | Britannica.com plant Alternative Titles: common flax, Linum usitatissimum Related Topics flaxseed Flax (Linum usitatissimum), plant of the family Linaceae , cultivated both for its fibre , from which linen yarn and fabric are made, and for its nutritious seeds, called flaxseed or linseed, from which linseed oil is obtained. Though flax has lost some of its value as a commercial fibre crop owing to the availability of synthetic fibres, it has grown in popularity as a health food and remains economically significant in a number of countries around the world, including China , Russia , and Canada . (For additional information on the nutrition and uses of the seeds, see flaxseed ). Harvesting flax near Hrodna, in western Belarus. A. Perekhod/Tass from Sovfoto Flaxseed, or linseed, harvested from flax (Linum usitatissimum). AdstockRF Flax is an herbaceous annual . When densely planted for fibre, plants average 0.9 to 1.2 metres (3 to 4 feet) in height, with slender stalks 2.5 to 4 mm (about 0.10 to 0.15 inch) in diameter and with branches concentrated at the top. Plants cultivated for seed are shorter and many-branched. The leaves , alternating on the stalk, are small and lance-shaped. The flowers , borne on stems growing from the branch tips, have five petals, usually blue in colour but sometimes white or pink. The fruits are small dry capsules composed of five lobes. Flax (Linum usitatissimum) in bloom. The plant is grown for its useful fibres as well as for … © Mykola Ivashchenko/Shutterstock.com A bast fibre , flax is one of the oldest textile fibres. Evidence of its use has been found in the prehistoric lake dwellings of Switzerland . Fine linen fabrics, indicating a high degree of skill, have been discovered in ancient Egyptian tombs. Phoenician traders apparently brought linen from the Mediterranean area to Gaul and Britain , and the Romans introduced linen manufacture throughout their empire. In the 17th century the German states and Russia were major sources of raw material, and the linen industry was established in the Netherlands, Ireland, England , and Scotland. In North America the expansion of the cotton industry reduced the importance of linen. Similar Topics


In Greek mythology, who was the goddess of the moon, sometimes identified as Artemis?

Artemis Artemis by Ron Leadbetter The daughter of Leto and Zeus , and the twin of Apollo . Artemis is the goddess of the wilderness, the hunt and wild animals, and fertility (she became a goddess of fertility and childbirth mainly in cities). She was often depicted with the crescent of the moon above her forehead and was sometimes identified with Selene (goddess of the moon). Artemis was one of the Olympians and a virgin goddess. Her main vocation was to roam mountain forests and uncultivated land with her nymphs in attendance hunting for lions, panthers, hinds and stags. Contradictory to the later, she helped in protecting and seeing to their well-being, also their safety and reproduction. She was armed with a bow and arrows which were made by Hephaestus and the Cyclopes . In one legend, Artemis was born one day before her brother Apollo. Her mother gave birth to her on the island of Ortygia, then, almost immediately after her birth, she helped her mother to cross the straits over to Delos, where she then delivered Apollo. This was the beginning of her role as guardian of young children and patron of women in childbirth. Being a goddess of contradictions, she was the protectress of women in labor, but it was said that the arrows of Artemis brought them sudden death while giving birth. As was her brother, Apollo, Artemis was a divinity of healing, but also brought and spread diseases such as leprosy, rabies and even gout. Being associated with chastity, Artemis at an early age (in one legend she was three years old) asked her father, the great god Zeus, to grant her eternal virginity. Also, all her companions were virgins. Artemis was very protective of her purity, and gave grave punishment to any man who attempted to dishonor her in any form. Actaeon , while out hunting, accidentally came upon Artemis and her nymphs, who bathing naked in a secluded pool. Seeing them in all their naked beauty, the stunned Actaeon stopped and gazed at them, but when Artemis saw him ogling them, she transformed him into a stag. Then, incensed with disgust, she set his own hounds upon him. They chased and killed what they thought was another stag, but it was their master. As with Orion , a giant and a great hunter, there are several legends which tell of his death, one involving Artemis. It is said that he tried to rape the virgin goddess, so killed him with her bow and arrows. Another says she conjured up a scorpion which killed Orion and his dog. Orion became a constellation in the night sky, and his dog became Sirius, the dog star. Yet another version says it was the scorpion which stung him and was transformed into the constellation with Orion, the later being Scorpio. Artemis was enraged when one of her nymphs, Callisto , allowed Zeus to seduce her, but the great god approached her in one of his guises; he came in the form of Artemis. The young nymph was unwittingly tricked, and she gave birth to Arcas , the ancestor of the Arcadians, but Artemis showed no mercy and changed her into a bear. She then shot and killed her. As Orion, she was sent up to the heavens, and became the constellation of the Great Bear (which is also known as the Plough). Artemis was very possessive. She would show her wrath on anyone who disobeyed her wishes, especially against her sacred animals. Even the great hero Agamemnon came upon the wrath of Artemis, when he killed a stag in her sacred grove. His punishment came when his ships were becalmed, while he made his way to besiege Troy. With no winds to sail his ships he was told by the seer Calchas that the only way Artemis would bring back the winds was for him to sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia . Some versions say he did sacrifice Iphigenia, others that Artemis exchanged a deer in her place, and took Iphigenia to the land of the Tauri (the Crimea) as a priestess, to prepare strangers for sacrifice to Artemis. Artemis with her twin brother, Apollo, put to death the children of Niobe . The reason being that Niobe, a mere mortal, had boasted to Leto, the mother of the divine twins, that she had bore more chil


Which Italian form of improvised comic drama was popular in the 16th and 17th centuries?

Italian Drama. Modern Greek Drama. (Part 10) Italian Drama The priority in this as in most of the other aspects of the Renaissance belongs to ITALY. In ultimate achievement, the Italian fell short of the fullness of the results obtained elsewherea surprising fact when it is considered, not only that the Italian language had the vantage-ground of closest relationship to the Latin, but that the genius of the Italian people has at all times inspired it with a predilection for the drama. The cause is doubtless to be sought in the absence from Italian national life during a long period, and more especially during the contemporary with the rise earlier most of Italian dramatic literature, of those loftiest and most potent impulses of popular feeling to which a national drama owes so much of its strength. This absence was due partly to the peculiarities of the Italian character, partly to the political and ecclesiastical experience Italy was fated to undergo. The Italians were strangers to the enthusiasm of patriotism, which was as the breath in the nostrils of our Elizabethan age, as well as to the single minded religiosity which identified Spain with the spirit of the Catholic Revival. The clear-sightedness of the Italians had something to do with thisfor they were too free from illusions to deliver up their minds to their priests. The chilling and enervating effects of a pressure of foreign domination, such as no Western people with a history and a civilization like those of Italy has ever experienced, did the rest, and for many generations rendered impotent the higher efforts of the dramatic art. No basis was permanently found for a really national tragedy ; while literary comedy, after turning from the direct imitation of Latin models to a more popular form, lost itself in an abandoned immorality of tone and in reckless insolence of invective against particular classes of society. Though its productivity long continued, the poetic drama more and more concentrated its efforts upon subordinate or subsidiary species, artificial in origin and decorative in purpose, and surrendered its substance to the overpowering aids of music, dancing, and spectacles. Only a single form of the Italian drama, the improvised comedy, remained truly national ; and this was of its nature dissociated from higher literary effort. The revival of Italian tragedy in later times is due partly to the imitation of French models, partly to the endeavour of a brilliant genius to infuse into his art the historical and political spirit. Comedy likewise attained to new growths of considerable significance, when it was sought to accommodate its popular forms to the representation of real life in a wider range, and again to render it more poetical in accordance with the tendencies of modern romanticism. The regular Italian drama n both its tragic its comic branches, began with a reproduction, in the Latin language, of classical models ; but tragedy in its beginnings showed a tendency which it was before long to treat themes of national historical interest. Two earliest tragedies of which we hear, written by the Paduan historian Mussato about 1300, were both copies of Seneca ; but while one (Achilleis) treated a classical theme, the other dealt with the history of a famous tyrant of the authors native city (Eccerinis). In the next century events of recent or contemporary history were similarly dealt with ;1 but the majority of its Latin dramas were doubtless written to suit the tastes of the friends and patrons of the Italian Renaissance, who, like Lorenzo the Magnificent, wished to domesticate the heathen gods and goddesses on a stage hitherto occupied by the sacred figures of Christian belief. Such were the Latin imitations and translations of Greek and Latin tragedies and comedies by Bishop Martirano, the friend of Lorenzos son Pope Leo X., on the adventure of Danaë2 and other subjects ; the famous Progne of G. Corraro (d. 1464), the nephew of an earlier Pope ; and the efforts of Pomponius Laetus, who, with the aid of Cardinal Riaro, sought to revive the


In the celestial hierarchy, what is the highest order of angels?

Celestial Hierarchy Contact Celestial    Hierarchy Celestial Hierarchy : to understand about the    celestial hierarchy it is important to know exactly what an angel is.  Briefly it can be described as: a spiritual being that is    believed to be much more powerful than a human.  In Christian,    Muslim, Jewish and other theologies an angel can be one who acts as a    messenger, attendant or agent of God.   Regarding the celestial hierarchy, the majority of scholars believe that    angels are divided into clearly defined ranks.  Depending on the rank    of the angel it will have separate honors and duties. One of the most well known listings of the celestial hierarchy, or ranking    of angels, is the one produced by the scholar Dionysius the Areopagite .  This    listing has a total of nine distinct orders of angels which in turn fall    under three major headings known as choirs.  Although it is common to    find variations within all aspects of angology most listings contain the    same ranks and the only difference is in the order that they are    presented. First Choir 9). Angels The Celestial Hierarchy Explained: Seraphim: these are the    angels that come first and are closest to the throne of God.  They exist in the uppermost part of the    hierarchy and their very name means ardor. They are said to encircle the throne,    existing off the love emanated by God and unceasingly chant the    Trisagion, "Holy, holy, holy...". This burning love keeps them ever close to God's Throne    and they bear love and light to the lesser choirs of angels.  It is    also this fiery love which gives    them the term 'fiery serpents'.  "In this form of fiery serpents, it is said    that the light they give off is so intense, that not even other divine    beings may look upon them. There is said to be four of these angelic    beings. They are listed as the four holy beasts in the book of Revelation    and are also described as angels with four faces and six wings."  Quote from Dionysius the Areopagite text: "The name Seraphim clearly indicates their ceaseless and eternal revolution about    Divine Principles, their heat and keenness, the exuberance of their intense, perpetual, tireless activity,    and their elevative and energetic assimilation of those below, kindling them and firing them to their own heat, and wholly    purifying them by a burning and all- consuming flame; and by the unhidden,    unquenchable, changeless, radiant and enlightening power, dispelling and destroying the shadows of darkness." Cherubim: are    second to only the seraphim and their name signifies "fullness of    knowledge". Characterised by a deep insight into God's secrets, the cherubim hold the    knowledge of God and they truly possess the fullness of the divine science of    heaven. "It is also they who are often sent to earth with the    greatest of tasks; the expulsion of Man from the Garden of Eden and the    Annunciation of Christ were both performed by cherubim". They enlighten the lesser choirs of angels    and are to them the Voice of Divine Wisdom.  "They are    described as the charioteers of God, steering the Ophanim. Contrary to    paintings on greeting cards and new age book covers, the cherubim are not    depicted as fat, winged babies. Instead they are described as sphinx like    creatures in Assyrian lore, or the angels gracing the Ark of the Covenant    and Solomon's temple in biblical terms." Quote from Dionysius the Areopagite text: "The name Cherubim denotes their power of knowing and beholding God,    their receptivity to the highest Gift of Light, their contemplation of the    Beauty of the Godhead in Its First Manifestation, and that they are filled by participation in Divine Wisdom, and bounteously outpour to    those below them from their own fount of wisdom." Thrones: form the last choir of the first' hierarchy which    is the closest to the Divine Majesty. They are also known as the Ophanim.


Which French writer published the collection of fairy tales `Contes de ma mere l'Oye', better known as Mother Goose?

JoMA Archives: Nonfiction : Les Contes des Fées: The Literary Fairy Tales of Franceby Terri Windling Les Contes des Fées: The Literary Fairy Tales of France by Terri Windling   The term fairy tale, now used as a generic label for magical stories for children, comes from the French term conte de fées, coined for a group of 17th-century tales written for adults. These stories have come down through the years in simplified forms adapted for children: Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, Queen Cat, The White Deer, and Donkeyskin, among others. They have their roots deep in the oral folk tradition, but they are not anonymous folk tales themselves . . . they are literary works by a group of Parisian authors, enormously popular in their day, who can, in some respects, be compared with modern writers of fantasy fiction. In this article, we’re going to go back to the later days of the reign of Louis XIV and take a closer look at the fairy tales of 17th- and 18th-century France. First, we need to distinguish between the oral folk tales and the literary fairy tales of Europe. Magical folk tales, of course, have been part of the storytelling tradition since the dawn of time . . . including stories of fairies, sorcerers, witches, and human folk under enchantment. Folk tales are humbler stories than the great cosmological myth cycles or long heroic Romances, and as such have been passed through the generations largely by the lower caste portions of society: women, peasants, slaves, and outcast groups such as the gypsies. The literary fairy tale, by contrast, began as an art form of the upper classes -- made possible by advances in printing methods and rising literacy. Literary fairy tales borrow heavily from the oral folk tales of the peasant tradition (as well from myth, Romance, and literary sources like Apuleius’s Golden Ass and Boccaccio’s Decameron ), but these motifs are crafted and reworked through a single author’s imagination. The earliest literary fairy tales we know of come from 16th-century Italy: Giovan Francesco Straparola’s Le piacevoli (published in 1550-53) and Giambattista Basile’s Il Pentamerone (published posthumously in 1634-36). Basile’s work in particular was an influence on the French fairy tale enthusiasts one hundred years later; and his book contains the earliest known written versions of such classic tales as Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, Snow White, Puss in Boots, and many others. Creators of literary fairy tales from the 17th-century onward include writers whose works are still widely read today: Charles Perrault (17th-century France), Hans Christian Andersen (19th-century Denmark), George Macdonald and Oscar Wilde (19th-century England). The Brothers Grimm (19th-century Germany) blurred the line between oral and literary tales by presenting their German "household tales" as though they came straight from the mouths of peasants, though in fact they revised these stories to better reflect their own Protestant ethics. It is interesting to note that these canonized writers are all men, since this is a reversal from the oral storytelling tradition, historically dominated by women. Indeed, Straparola, Basile, Perrault, and even the Brothers Grimm made no secret of the fact that their source material came largely or entirely from women storytellers. Yet we are left with the impression that women dropped out of the history of fairy tales once they became a literary form, existing only in the background as an anonymous old peasant called Mother Goose.  In my usually-reliable favorite reference volume, Maria Leach’s Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Myth, and Legend (in the French Folklore section signed by Marius Barbeau), we find this snide but common reference to the women writers of 17th-century Paris, in the heyday of the French fairy tale: "Folktales once more found their way among the literati when Charles Perrault published Les Contes de ma Mère l’Oyle, in 1697. Imitators, mostly among women, followed his example, the best among them the baronne d’Aulnoy (1698). In all this derivative literature, the traditional sto


In which sea can the island group known as the Sporades be found?

Sporades islands travel guide, Holiday planner - Greeka.com Secured server by: Holidays in Sporades Islands The Sporades islands are geographically located between the Greek mainland and the greek islands of North Eastern Aegean, almost in the center of the Aegean Sea. These four small islands have a special character each and amazing nature. The most popular island of Sporades Greece for your holidays and much frequented by the youth is Skiathos, while Skopelos and Alonissos have more family atmosphere but still gorgeous beaches. The least known but equally beautiful island of Sporades is Skyros, with a picturesque capital town, secluded beaches and interesting sightseeing. This Sporades islands travel guide will give you all the necessary information to organize your holiday in Greece. Share it!     Sporades hotels Villages The villages of Sporades islands have many characteristics in common. Not only they are all surrounded by lush greenery, but their architecture is purely traditional. This means stone houses with one or two storeys, red-tiled roofs, narrow paved paths and stone churches with tall bell towers. Among the most impressive villages are Skiathos Town, Skopelos Town, Chora in Alonissos and Chora in Skyros. As many villages are built on the slopes of hills, they provide breathtaking view to the sea. View our travel guide of Sporades villages and find information about some of the most beautiful villages of Greece.   Sporades Villages Beaches The island group of Sporades, in Greece, is famous for their relaxing atmosphere and beautiful beaches. Small or large bays, sandy or pebbled, organized or secluded, the beaches of Sporades are unique. The most popular beaches are found in Skiathos and include Koukounaries, Banana, Agia Paraskevi and Vromolimnos. An amazing beach in Skiathos is also Lalaria, with pure exotic water, but it can be accessed only by boat. The beaches in the rest of the islands are more secluded and offer privacy and calmness. View our travel guide of Sporades beaches and find information about some of the best beaches in Greece.


What was the artistic profession of Emily Dickinson?

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"To which genus of plants do ""Sweet William"" and ""Carnations"" belong?"

Carnations And Pinks AMINO ACIDS VITAMINS MINERALS BACH FLOWER REMEDIES BEE PRODUCTS AROMATHERAPY HOMEOPATHY Carnations And Pinks Plants need names that identify them and link them to others in the same family. The Greeks and Romans originated the system of naming plants by including descriptive details in their title, but it was Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist in the 18th century, who devised the less cumbersome classification system still used today. Instead of the descriptive phrases used by herbalists and botanists of his day, Linnaeus gave each plant two names in Latin form. The first is the word for the genus-equivalent to our surname-and the second is a specific description, such as our given name. Together they provide a name by which this particular plant species is universally known. The entire plant kingdom is divided and subdivided into a multibranched "family tree," according to each plant's characteristics. As new discoveries are made, or more precise analyses become possible, botanists sometimes rename plants or reclassify their family connections. The broadest grouping to which a plant belongs is the family, similar to a human clan, and this is determined by the structure of the flowers, the fruits and other parts of the plant. So the genus Dianthus belongs to the larger family of Caryophyllaceae and includes the tall-stemmed, highly bred, many-petaled carnations, as well as the sweet-smelling pinks. Within any plant family there may be one genus or many, and Lychnis, Silene and Gypsophila are genera, related to Dianthus, also belonging to Caryophyllaceae. Within each genus there may be one or many species. Carnation or pink, all those we know today have been bred from various species of Dianthus that originated in central and southern Europe and Asia. Carnations, it is thought, are descended from the species Dianthus caryophyllus and have 30 chromosomes; pinks are derived from the species D. plumarius and, curiously, though they appear less complicated, have 90 chromosomes. An individual plant may be a variety, which, strictly speaking, occurs naturally and is defined by botanists as a taxon below species level. Alternatively, it may be a cultivar, which is a variant resulting from human activity. Species will come true to type from seed ; cultivars must be propagated by cuttings or other vegetative means to retain their genetic structure. Dianthus caryophyllus carries the genes for the characteristic clove scent of the traditional carnation. It also brings to the genus tall, upright growth; thick, strong flower stems with long spaces between the joints or nodes; and often double flowers, usually bigger than those of pinks and in almost every color except blue. These are the attributes that have been so important for the carnation as a cut flower. Among the genus Dianthus are five main types: Border carnations have a long ancestry in Europe. They are hardy (though short-lived) perennials that will survive where temperatures sometimes plummet to -40ï¿½F. Annual carnations are popular throughout North America. They flower prolifically right through summer, with blooms generally smaller than those of the border carnations, and although they will overwinter in mild climates, they are usually treated as annuals and planted from seed each year. Perpetual-flowering carnations, those we buy from florists, made their appearance more recently. They first came on the market around 1850 and were bred to produce blooms for the cut-flower trade. These carnations are raised mainly by commercial growers and, in greenhouses where they usually grow, they will continue flowering all winter provided the temperature falls no lower than 50ï¿½F. Pinks are well-loved garden plants, widely grown and cherished for their dainty flowers, often delicious perfume and their attractive blue-gray foliage that usually forms a low-growing, neat clump. The stems of pinks are thinner and shorter than those of carnations; the flowers may be single or double, fringed or rounded and they come in every color except blue and yellow. Sweet


Which American author wrote the Pulitzer Prize-winner 'A Death in the Family?

James Agee (Author of A Death in the Family) An American author, journalist, poet, screenwriter and film critic. In the 1940s, he was one of the most influential film critics in the U.S. His autobiographical novel, A Death in the Family (1957), won the author a posthumous Pulitzer Prize. Life Agee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, at Highland Avenue and 15th Street (renamed James Agee Street in 1999) to Hugh James Agee and Laura Whitman Tyler. When Agee was six, his father died in an automobile accident. From the age of seven, he and his younger sister, Emma, were educated in boarding schools. The most influential of these was located near his mother's summer cottage two miles from Sewanee, Tennessee. Saint Andrews School for Mountain Boys was run by Episcopal monks affiliated with the An American author, journalist, poet, screenwriter and film critic. In the 1940s, he was one of the most influential film critics in the U.S. His autobiographical novel, A Death in the Family (1957), won the author a posthumous Pulitzer Prize. Life Agee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, at Highland Avenue and 15th Street (renamed James Agee Street in 1999) to Hugh James Agee and Laura Whitman Tyler. When Agee was six, his father died in an automobile accident. From the age of seven, he and his younger sister, Emma, were educated in boarding schools. The most influential of these was located near his mother's summer cottage two miles from Sewanee, Tennessee. Saint Andrews School for Mountain Boys was run by Episcopal monks affiliated with the Order of the Holy Cross, and it was there that Agee's lifelong friendship with an Episcopal priest, Father James Harold Flye, began in 1919. As Agee's close friend and spiritual confidant, Flye was the recipient of many of Agee's most revealing letters. Agee went to Knoxville High School for the 1924–1925 school year, then travelled with Father Flye to Europe. On their return, Agee moved to boarding school in New Hampshire, entering the class of 1928 at Phillips Exeter Academy. There, he was president of The Lantern Club and editor of the Monthly where his first short stories, plays, poetry and articles were published. Agee was admitted to Harvard University's class of 1932. He was editor-in-chief of the Harvard Advocate. In 1951 in Santa Barbara, Agee, a hard drinker and chain-smoker, suffered the first two in a series of heart attacks, which ultimately claimed his life four years later at the age of 45. He was buried on a farm he owned at Hillsdale, New York. Career After graduation, he wrote for Fortune and Time magazines, although he is better known for his later film criticism in The Nation. In 1934, he published his only volume of poetry, Permit Me Voyage. In the summer of 1936, Agee spent eight weeks on assignment for Fortune with photographer Walker Evans living among sharecroppers in Alabama. Agee turned the material into a book entitled, Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (1941). It sold only 600 copies before being remaindered. In 1942, Agee became the film critic for Time and, at one point, reviewed up to six books per week. Together, he and friend Whittaker Chambers ran "the back of the book" for Time. He left to become film critic for The Nation. In 1948, however, he quit both magazines to become a freelance writer. One of his assignments was a well-received article for Life Magazine about the great silent movie comedians, Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton, Harold Lloyd and Harry Langdon, which has been credited for reviving Keaton's career. As a freelance in the 1950s, he continued to write magazine articles while working on movie scripts, often with photographer Helen Levitt. Agee was an ardent champion of Charlie Chaplin's then extremely unpopular film Monsieur Verdoux (1947), which has since become a film classic. He was also a great admirer of Laurence Olivier's Henry V and Hamlet, especially Henry V, for which he actually published three separate reviews, all of which have been printed in the collection Agee on Film. Legacy Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, ignored on its original publication in


Which of the Gospels records the Sermon on the Mount including the Beatitudes and the Lords' Prayer?

THE BEATITUDES - The Two Beatitude Sermons THE BEATITUDES Comparing the Two Beatitude Sermons, The Significance of the Holy Mountains of God and the Prophet Greater Than Moses   Previous   Beatitudes Study     Next Beloved Lord, You call us up to the heights of Your glory, to bask in the goodness of Your mercy and to receive the blessings of a holy Father who wants what is best for His beloved children. Give us the strength, dear Father, to follow in the paths of righteousness, even when the path seems rocky and uncertain. And when we stumble into those dark valleys of human failure, give us the humility to reach out to You, knowing that by the power of Your mercy we can be restored to the heights of spiritual grace, when we live in imitation of Your blessed Son and our Savior, Jesus Christ. We pray in the Name of God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, amen. + + +   In summarizing God's plan for humanity the Vatican II document Dei Verbum records that after the Fall of our original parents: his promise of redemption aroused in them the hope of being saved (cf. Gn 3:15 ) and from that time on he ceaselessly kept the human race in his care, to give eternal life to those who perseveringly do good in search of salvation (cf. Rm 2:6-7 ). Then, at the time he had appointed, he called Abraham in order to make of him a great nation (cf. Gn 12:12 ). Through the patriarchs and after them through Moses and the prophets, he taught this people to acknowledge himself the one living and true God, provident Father and just judge, and to wait for the Savior promised by him, and in this manner prepared the way for the Gospel down through the centuries (The Sixteen Documents of Vatican II, Dei Verbum, 1.3). Please turn to Matthew chapter 5 in your Bible. In Matthew's Gospel the Apostle builds his account of the mission of the Messiah through 5 "books" centered on Jesus' 5 major discourses. The Sermon on the Mount is the first of the five major homilies by the Master which appear in Matthew's Gospel: HOMILY Matthew 7:1-29 Michal Hunt, Copyright © 2005 Agape Bible Study. Permissions All Rights Reserved. St. Luke's Gospel also records a Beatitude teaching. Please read Matthew 4:18-5:1-12 and compare the Matthew discourse to Luke 6:12-23:6 . There are three major theories that Bible scholars have developed to account for the differences between Matthew's Sermon on the Mount and Luke's Sermon on the Plain: Both Gospels give accounts of the same discourse. The Gospels reflect two different homilies spoken at different times during Jesus' teaching ministry. The Gospels present two homilies delivered in close succession: one on the summit of the mountain to the disciples and then a second homily on the plain to the multitude. Question: What differences do you notice between the events concerning Jesus' teaching in Matthew and His teaching in Luke? Hint: Notice location, audience, and content of the teaching. Answer: The teaching in Matthew's Gospel takes place on a mountain side ( Matthew 5:1 ) while the teaching in Luke takes place on a plain after descending from a height: Now it happened in those days that he went onto the mountain to pray;..[ ]. He then came down with them and stopped at a piece of level ground where there was a large gathering of his disciples, with a great crowd of people from all parts of Judea and Jerusalem ( Luke 6:12 , 17 ). In Matthew's Gospel the Beatitudes teaching is directed to His disciples ( Matthew 5:1-2 ), some of whom will be chosen as His Apostles: Now it happened in those days that he went onto the mountain to pray; and he spent the whole night in prayer to God. When day came he summoned his disciples and picked out twelve of them; he called them apostles ( Luke 6:12-13 ). In Luke's Gospel Jesus descends the mountain with His disciples after a night of teaching and prayer and then He seems to be teaching to the crowds of people as well as a larger group of disciples who have come to hear Him preach: He then came down with them and stopped at a piece of level ground where there was a large g


Which country did England fight against in the Hundred Years' War?

BBC - History -   British History in depth: The Hundred Years War Roots of war Historical tradition dates the Hundred Years War between England and France as running from 1337 to 1453. In 1337, Edward III had responded to the confiscation of his duchy of Aquitaine by King Philip VI of France by challenging Philip’s right to the French throne, while in 1453 the English had lost the last of their once wide territories in France, after the defeat of John Talbot’s Anglo-Gascon army at Castillon, near Bordeaux. Edward III formally assumed the title 'King of France and the French Royal Arms'. The overseas possessions of the English kings were the root cause of the tensions with the kings of France, and the tensions reached right back to 1066. William the Conqueror was already duke of Normandy when he became king of England. His great-grandson Henry II, at his accession in 1154, was already count of Anjou by inheritance from his father and duke of Aquitaine (Gascony and Poitou) in right of his wife Eleanor. These trans-Channel possessions made the kings of England easily the mightiest of the king of France’s vassals, and the inevitable friction between them repeatedly escalated into open hostilities. The Hundred Years War grew out of these earlier clashes and their consequences. England's King John lost Normandy and Anjou to France in 1204. His son, Henry III, renounced his claim to those lands in the Treaty of Paris in 1259, but it left him with Gascony as a duchy held under the French crown. The English kings’ ducal rights there continued to be a source of disquiet, and wars broke out in 1294 and 1324. The 1294 outbreak coincided with Edward l’s first clash with the Scots, and thenceforward the French and Scots were allied in all subsequent confrontations with England. It was indeed French support for David Bruce of Scotland, in the face of Edward III’s intervention there, that triggered the breakdown between England and France and culminated in Philip VI’s confiscation of Aquitaine in 1337 - the event that precipitated the Hundred Years War. Edward’s 1337 riposte - challenging Philip's right to the French throne - introduced a new issue that distinguished this war from previous confrontations. In 1328, Charles IV of France had died without a male heir. A claim for the succession had been made for Edward, then 15 years old, through the right of his mother Isabella, daughter of Philip IV and Charles IV’s sister. But he was passed over in favour of Philip, the son of Philip IV’s younger brother, Charles of Valois. Edward now revived his claim, and in 1340 formally assumed the title 'King of France and the French Royal Arms'. Historians argue about whether Edward really believed he might actually attain the French throne. Irrespective, his claim gave him very important leverage in his dealings with Philip. He could use it to stir up trouble by encouraging French malcontents to recognise him as king instead of Philip. He could also use it as a powerful weapon in negotiation, by offering to renounce his claim against very large territorial concessions, for instance the independence of Aquitaine from France - possibly even the cession of Normandy and Anjou on the same terms. Top Edward III and the Black Prince Detail of the Battle at Crecy from 'Chroniqueurs de l'Histoire de France'    © Edward skilfully played on his claim to the French throne during the 1340s and 1350s to lure discontented French princes and provinces into alliance with him. Among these were the Flemings, always open to English pressure on account of their commercial links with England; the Montfort claimants to the duchy of Brittany in the succession war that broke out there in 1342; and Charles of Navarre, of the French blood royal and a great Norman vassal and landowner, in the 1350s. These alliances enabled Edward to render substantial regions of France virtually ungovernable from Paris, and to keep the fighting on French soil going in between occasional English expeditions. The conquest of territory was not an object, but Edward was quite ready to engage


Of which African country is Gaberone the capital?

Gaberone | Article about Gaberone by The Free Dictionary Gaberone | Article about Gaberone by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Gaberone Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Wikipedia . Gaborone (gäbərō`nē), city (1992 est. pop. 140,000), capital of Botswana. It is located on the country's major railroad line and has a small international airport. The city is the country's administrative center. Nearby manganese and asbestos mines have led to increased industrial expansion, and diamonds are processed, sorted, and traded. The city was founded c.1890 by Gaborone Matlapin, an African chief, and was known as Gaberones. In 1965 it replaced what is now Mahikeng Mahikeng, formerly Mafikeng or Mafeking , city (2011 pop. 290,269), capital of North West prov., N central South Africa, near the border of Botswana. It is the market for the surrounding cattle-raising and dairy-farming area and is an important railroad depot. ..... Click the link for more information. , South Africa, as capital of the Bechuanaland Protectorate; it remained the capital when Bechuanaland became independent as Botswana in 1966, and received its present name in 1969. The South African Development Community (SADC) makes its headquarters in Gaborone; the organization was formed in 1980 in order to increase economic cooperation among its members and reduce dependence on South Africa. Gaborone is the seat of the Univ. of Botswana (1971). Gaborone the capital of Botswana (since 1964), in the extreme southeast. Pop.: 186 007 (2001)