What preparation, consisting mainly of citron, orange, bergamot, neroli and rosemary, was first prepared by Johann Maria Farina soon after 1700?

Perfumery : Wikis (The Full Wiki) The Full Wiki Advertisements    Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . For other uses, see Perfume (disambiguation) . Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds , fixatives , and solvents used to give the human body, animals, objects, and living spaces a pleasant scent . Contents Egyptian scene depicting the preparation of Lily perfume Etruscan perfume vase shaped like a female head The word perfume used today derives from the Latin "per fumus", meaning through smoke. Perfumery, or the art of making perfumes, began in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt and was further refined by the Romans and Persians . Although perfume and perfumery also existed in India , much of its fragrances are incense based. The earliest distillation of Attar was mentioned in the Hindu Ayurvedic text Charaka Samhita. The Harshacharita , written in 7th century A.D. in Northern India mentions use of fragrant agarwood oil. The world's first recorded chemist is considered to be a woman named Tapputi , a perfume maker who was mentioned in a cuneiform tablet from the second millennium BC in Mesopotamia. [1] She distilled flowers, oil, and calamus with other aromatics then filtered and put them back in the still several times. [2] Recently, archaeologists have uncovered what are believed to be the world's oldest perfumes in Pyrgos , Cyprus . The perfumes date back more than 4,000 years. The perfumes were discovered in an ancient perfumery. At least 60 stills, mixing bowls, funnels and perfume bottles were found in the 43,000-square-foot (4,000 m2) factory. [3] In ancient times people used herbs and spices , like almond , coriander , myrtle , conifer resin , bergamot , as well as flowers . [4] The Arabian chemist , Al-Kindi (Alkindus), wrote in the 9th century a book on perfumes which he named Book of the Chemistry of Perfume and Distillations. It contained more than a hundred recipes for fragrant oils, salves, aromatic waters and substitutes or imitations of costly drugs. The book also described 107 methods and recipes for perfume-making and perfume making equipment, such as the alembic (which still bears its Arabic name). [5] The Persian Muslim doctor and chemist Avicenna (also known as Ibn Sina) introduced the process of extracting oils from flowers by means of distillation , the procedure most commonly used today. He first experimented with the rose . Until his discovery, liquid perfumes were mixtures of oil and crushed herbs or petals, which made a strong blend. Rose water was more delicate, and immediately became popular. Both of the raw ingredients and distillation technology significantly influenced western perfumery and scientific developments, particularly chemistry . The art of perfumery was known in western Europe ever since the 1221 if we consider the monks'recipes of Santa Maria delle Vigne or Santa Maria Novella of Florence , Italy . In the east, the Hungarians produced in 1370 a perfume made of scented oils blended in an alcohol solution at the command of Queen Elizabeth of Hungary best known as Hungary Water . The art of perfumery prospered in Renaissance Italy , and in the 16th century, Italian refinements were taken to France by Catherine de' Medici 's personal perfumer, Rene the Florentine (Renato il fiorentino). His laboratory was connected with her apartments by a secret passageway, so that no formulas could be stolen en route. Thanks to Rene, France quickly became one of the European centers of perfume and cosmetic manufacture. Cultivation of flowers for their perfume essence, which had begun in the 14th century, grew into a major industry in the south of France. Between the 16th and 17th century, perfumes were used primarily by the wealthy to mask body odors resulting from infrequent bathing. Partly due to this patronage, the perfumery industry was created. In Germany, Italian barber Giovanni Paolo Feminis created a p


Which city was founded by Sir Stamford Raffles as a trading settlement in 1819?

Stamford Raffles's career and contributions to Singapore | Infopedia Stamford Raffles's career and contributions to Singapore ~ Recommendations ~ Gambling activities in colonial Singapore attracted different opinions from the colonial administrators; Raffles abhorred ... ~ Related Pictures ~ Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles (b. 6 July 1781, off Port Morant, Jamaica–d. 5 July 1826, Middlesex, England)1 is famously known as the founder of modern Singapore. Besides signing the treaty with Sultan Hussein Shah of Johor on 6 February 1819 that gave the British East India Company the right to set up a trading post in Singapore, Raffles made several other contributions that helped establish Singapore as a thriving settlement. Contributions Founding of Singapore In December 1818, Raffles left Calcutta in search of a new British settlement to replace Malacca. Malacca was one of the many British territories returned to the Dutch under the Treaty of Vienna. Raffles had foreseen that without a strategic British trading post located within the Straits , the Dutch could gain control of Straits trade.2 Raffles arrived in Singapore on board the Indiana on 29 January 1819. Accompanied by William Farquhar and a sepoy , he met Temenggong Abdul Rahman to negotiate for a British trading post to be established on the island. On 6 February 1819, Raffles signed an official treaty with Sultan Hussein and the temenggong and on this day, the Union Jack was officially hoisted in Singapore.3 Raffles Town Plan (Jackson Plan) Raffles conceived a town plan to remodel Singapore into a modern city. The plan comprised the formation of separate clusters to house the different ethnic groups, and the provision of facilities such as roads, schools and land for government buildings.4 In October 1822, a Town Committee was formed by Raffles to oversee the project. This committee comprised Captain Charles Edward Davis of the Bengal Native Infantry as president, civil servant George Bonham and merchant A. L. Johnston.5 Lieutenant Philip Jackson was tasked to draw up the plan according to Raffles’s instructions, and the resultant plan was published in 1828.6 Free port Raffles devised a set of policies and regulations that outlined the objectives of Singapore’s harbour, helping to establish the settlement as a free port. Singapore was chosen, by virtue of its strategic geographical location, to compete with other ports under the control of the Dutch.7  Law and order Raffles instituted the administration of justice to ensure peace and order in the thriving settlement. He founded the Resident Court, appointed magistrates, and implemented trial by jury. In addition, he instituted the abolishment of activities such as public gambling, slavery and cock-fighting.8 Singapore Institution Shortly after the establishment of a British settlement in Singapore, one of Raffles’s immediate concerns was the formation of an institution of higher learning to educate the sons of the Malay chiefs; to teach the native languages to officers of the East India Company; and to collect the literature on the traditions, and laws and customs of the country.9 A site along a stretch of road, now known as Bras Basah Road , was chosen for this purpose.10 Raffles laid the foundation stone of this institution on 5 June 1823. The building was completed only in 1837, and was occupied by the Singapore Free School which operated as the Singapore Institution Free School.11 In 1856, the Singapore Institution Free School was renamed Singapore Institution.12 In the school’s annual report for 1868, the school was referred to as Raffles Institution .13 The Singapore Library (now known as the National Library ) was established within the Singapore Institution building on 22 January 1845.14  The first bridge In 1822, Raffles assigned Lieutenant Philip Jackson  to build a bridge across the Singapore River . The bridge, called Presentment Bridge, was also known as Jackson’s bridge, and extended across the Singapore River until 1842. Jackson’s bridge was eventually demolished and replaced in 1844 with another bridge cal


The Greek tragedians Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides wrote dramas dealing with which legendary woman?

207 Classical Greek Tragedy: Aeschylus, Classical Drama and Theatre SECTION 2: CLASSICAL GREEK TRAGEDY AND THEATRE Chapter 7: Classical Greek Tragedy, Part 1 I. Introduction: The Data, or the Depressing Lack Thereof Although Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides emerge from history as the great  names associated with Greek tragedy, there were scores of other dramatists who  achieved renown over the course of classical antiquity. The triumphs of many  playwrights at the Dionysia are recorded on inscriptions and in other sources.  In the end, it isn't clear why the works of only three tragedians have come  down to us—or why these three, in particular—except that  subsequent generations put this trio in a class above their peers. Despite so narrow a slice of history, occasionally a  glimpse of the larger pool of writing talent at work in the day drifts into  view, for instance, the late fifth-century tragedian Agathon.  While no play of his survives entire, several other Greek authors mention him,  including the philosophers Aristotle and Plato and the comic poet Aristophanes.  According to Aristotle (Poetics 9), for instance, Agathon "invented  plots," by which Aristotle must mean that he devised the first dramas based  on original storylines, i.e. build around characters not taken from older myths  or tales. If so, Agathon's contribution to drama is hard to disparage, inasmuch  as the creation of new and innovative plots is still held in high esteem today.  Moreover, we learn from Plato's Symposium, a philosophical  treatise which is set in Agathon's house at a party celebrating his first place  award for playwriting at the Dionysia of 416 BCE. From Socrates' praise of the  beauty and subtlety of Agathon's drama there, it is impossible not to regret  its loss. Worse  yet, even the dramatic output of the surviving trio is not particularly well  accounted for. From the hundreds of plays Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides  composed, a mere thirty-three have been preserved whole, and of those only one  is a satyr play, Euripides' Cyclops, the sole representative of its  genre to have been transmitted in manuscript form to the modern age (see below, Chapter 8 ). It is rather ironic to  note, then, that in antiquity Aeschylus was almost as well known for his satyr  plays as his tragedies, a reputation that endured for centuries. To wit, a Roman  mosaic created half a millennium after the Classical Age depicts Aeschylus directing  not a tragedy but a satyr play. Likewise, the Roman poet Horace mentions Eupolis and Cratinus, two famous playwrights  of Old Comedy, in the same breath with their contemporary and rival Aristophanes,  which suggests Horace held all three in relatively equal esteem. Today, however,  only Aristophanes' works survive whole. This litany of loss serves as a serious  reminder that our picture of classical drama is far from complete, making reconstruction  a difficult but inevitable aspect of dealing with theatre in this age. II. Early (Pre-Aeschylean) Tragedy Little is known about specific Greek tragedies  prior to Aeschylus. While fragments of text and the occasional anecdote may  shed a ray of light here and there, all but nothing can be confirmed from credible  historical sources. Our best information about early drama comes, in fact, not  from plays as such but from inscriptions, the official notices  of the Athenian state. This type of evidence is called epigraphical ("written on") because the records were carved onto stone plaques,  usually marble, and posted in public places. For  drama, the most informative of the inscriptions are the Athenian victory  lists, a catalogue of playwrights and producers—and later, performers—who  won first prize at the City Dionysia annually. From these lists not only emerge  many names of Greek playwrights and choregoi who would otherwise have  passed from memory entirely, but these inscriptions also shed light on the evolution  of theatre and drama in ancient Athens. For instanc


What continent is the Danube River on? - Quora Quora Written Mar 10, 2016 The Danube is in Europe or Eurasia, depending on who you ask. It starts in Souther Germany,  crosses northern Austria through Vienna, crosses into Slovakia and through Bratislavia, follows the Slovak-Hungary border to turn south to cut across Budapest, splits Hungary, crosses down the Croat-Serb border and makes a turn East to pass through Belgrade, where it joins up with the Sava, continues to follow the Serb-Romanian and then the Romanian-Bulgarian border until it cuts across the tail of Romania North, and then flows into the Black Sea. 50 Views


"For what is ""Halliwell's"" is a reference book?"

Halliwell's The Movies that Matter: Amazon.co.uk: David Gritten: 9780007271061: Books Halliwell's The Movies that Matter Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 This shopping feature will continue to load items. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. Enter your mobile number or email address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Apple To get the free app, enter your mobile phone number. or Don't have a Kindle? Get your Kindle here , or download a FREE Kindle Reading App . Product details Publisher: Harper (20 Oct. 2008) Language: English Product Dimensions: 4.4 x 19 x 24.1 cm Average Customer Review: Product Description Review 'I just wish I could be as concise, accurate, well balanced and full of love for the movies as Halliwell’s manages to be year after year.' Simon Bates, Classic FM, Christmas 2005 ‘At the end of the day, Halliwell’s is top of the pile.’ Film Review ‘The King Kong of movie reference works.’ Mail on Sunday ‘The indispensable reference guide for the avid moviegoer’s bookshelf.’ Empire ‘Often imitated, never bettered.’ Guardian From the Author The 2009 edition of Halliwell's represents a significant change of emphasis from previous guides in this series. This is a smaller-format volume, containing some 2,800 carefully selected films; as such, it is a response not only to feedback from readers but also to the future of film guide publishing in the early 21st century. The accumulation of new film entries over the years has led to Halliwell's guides becoming bulky; last year's edition, containing more than 24,000 entries, ran to almost 1,400 pages and weighed around 5 lb and many regular buyers have voiced concerns about this. Then there's the question of how people now access information about films. Most of those who came of age before the internet arrived still find automatic comfort in the printed page, while for lots of younger readers it is easier simply to click on a screen than to wade through the pages of a dense, formidable-looking tome. We believe this edition represents a way of sustaining Halliwell's through a transition period; a volume that is more accessible and reader-friendly for first-time buyers but an invaluable companion work to those who peruse the guide each year. The edition lists all films in alphabetical order, but consists of three elements. Firstly, it includes new UK releases, some 350 for the year ending June 2008. These exclude only Bollywood movies, re-releases of classics and a handful of films that received a tiny release (sometimes on one screen), were barely seen in cinemas and are primarily intended for the DVD market. But all this last year's major titles are in the 350. Secondly, the bulk of this volume comprises 2,000 titles from the past 20 years, each one with a brand new review; for good or bad, most films seen today, whether on television, or bought or rented on DVD, come from this period. We believe almost all the significant films of these last two decades are here. Many others are underrated or simply neglected. Inclusion in the 2,000 does not necessarily imply a hearty endorsement: titles such as Showgirls and Striptease confirm as much. Some films make the list only because they were a talking point at the time, even if it involved hand-wringing at the state of the film business. Box-office success does not confer automatic selection: you will look in vain here for the two most recent Star Wars films, and for a few Harry Potters. We also judge each film on individual merit, rather than as part of a series: clearly, Lord of the Rings enthusiasts will have seen the entire trilogy, but we feel if you're neutral about the first, you could skip the second and head straight for the last one. The third and final category is a group of 500 earlier films selected by myself. They range from early silents to the l


What is the name of the classic English horse race run at Epsom, two days after the Derby?

The English Classic Races | UK Flat Horse Racing Guide | HorseRacing.co.uk Want your site listed here? Contact Us . Classic Races British flat racing - meaning the races are run on 'the flat', without jumps - are the most traditional form of horse racing. The Classics, or Classic Races, are a series of five flat races, held annually and restricted to horses which are three years of age. The five races, which are subdivided into two separate competitions, the Triple Crown and the Fillies' Triple crown, are held at three different race courses; Newmarket , Epsom Downs and Doncaster . The Classic Races are so popular that bookmakers all across the UK offer year-round antepost betting on the events; allowing punting professionals to benefit from excellent early odds. The five Classic Races in the United Kingdom are: 2,000 Guineas Stakes This race is held at the famous Newmarket Racecourse , on the Rowley Mile, in late April or early May, and is run over a distance of one mile. The 2,000 Guineas Stakes was first held on 18th April 1809. It is open to fillies and colts, female and male three-year-olds, and is the first race of the Classics season. The 2,000 Guineas Stakes is also part of the Triple Crown, a separate cup comprised of the three classic races which allow horses of either sex to enter. 1,000 Guineas Stakes The second race of the Classics also takes place at Newmarket 's Rowley Mile at the same time as the 2,000 Guineas Stakes (late April or early March). The 1,000 Guineas Stakes was first introduced on 28th April 1814, five years after the 2,000 Guineas Stakes was established. It is open to fillies only, female horses of three years, which makes it part of the Fillies' Triple Crown, the fillies-only version of the Triple Crown mentioned above. As the 2,000 Guineas Stakes, it is run over the course of one mile. Epsom Oaks The race, conducted at Epsom Downs racecourse in Surrey, is the third of the Classics races, as well as the second event in the Fillies' Triple Crown. Like the 1,000 Guineas Stakes it is a contest for female three-year-olds only. The Epsom Oaks race was established in 1779, one year before the Derby Stakes premiered. It takes its name from 'The Oaks' a home rented by the 12th Earl of Derby in the Epsom area. The race takes place over a distance of one mile, four furlongs and ten yards. Epsom Derby Also known as simply The Derby to locals and as the Epsom Derby to the international audience, is the fourth race of the Classics series. It is run at Epsom Downs over a distance of one mile, four furlongs and ten yards - as the Epsom Oaks -; a meeting taking place annually in early June. As it is open to colts and fillies, it is also the second leg of the Triple Crown. The very first Epsom Derby was held on 4th May 1780, with Diomed, a colt from the stables of Lord Bunbury taking first place. St. Leger Stakes The last race of the Classics, the Triple Crown and- strangely - the Fillies' Triple Crown is hosted at Doncaster , and run over a distance of one mile, six furlongs and 132 yards every September. The St Leger Stakes is the longest of the Classic races and was introduced in 1777, named in honour of local army officer and politician Anthony St. Leger.


In March 2009, 53rd Street in New York city was renamed what?

U2 Have A Street In New York Named After Them - MTV mtv archive-Melanie-Wolfson 03/03/2009 NEW YORK — In observation of a [url id="http://newsroom.mtv.com/2009/03/03/will-u2s-new-album-live-up-to-bonos-promise/"]monumentally busy week for U2[/url], in which the group released a new album and will play five consecutive nights on David Letterman's show, New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg has (briefly) renamed a section of the city's West 53rd Street after the veteran Irish quartet. On a cold Tuesday afternoon (March 3), the band and Bloomberg spoke at a ceremony celebrating the event. The mayor playfully opened by saying, "It's a beautiful day in New York" (referring to the weather and the band's song, "Beautiful Day") before turning the microphone over to Bono, who thanked Bloomberg and the city of New York for the honor. "New York is a place that people come to [and] feel at home. And we truly do feel at home here in New York," the frontman said. Each member of the band received his own version of the street sign "U2 Way," which Bono jokingly said marked the first time guitarist the Edge was able to hold a street sign without being arrested for it. The band kicked off its week on Letterman Monday with a performance of their new song "Breathe" and a comedy skit that found them shoveling snow in front of the city's legendary Roseland Ballroom after a blizzard hit the area on Sunday and Monday. U2's 11th full studio album, No Line on the Horizon, was released Tuesday and is expected to top album charts in many countries throughout the world. In January, the band performed at [article id="1602995"]President Obama's "We Are One" inaugural concert.[/article]


With what do artists working in oils wash their brushes?

How to Clean your Paint Brushes after Oil Painting: Brush Cleaning 101 We are an online artist community sharing ways to create and sell art. Join us to save big on art supplies or try our easy websites for artists . How to Clean your Paint Brushes after Oil Painting: Brush Cleaning 101 ‹ Previous article by date An artist’s most valuable tools are his or her brushes, and to keep a paintbrush lasting as long as possible it’s important to get all the paint out of the bristles after painting. (It also helps to buy good artist paintbrushes to begin with.) Here’s the process I use when cleaning my paint brushes. First get some paint thinner, turpentine, or mineral spirits—ideally you should already have some on hand to mix with linseed stand oil for painter’s medium . Pour a little bit of the thinner into a small container which you can seal up afterward; you’ll be able to use the same amount of thinner for a long time. You’re also going to need some liquid soap—I use regular hand soap most of the time, but I’ve also used Mona Lisa Pink Soap in the past and they both work well. The Pink Soap has some bristle conditioner mixed in, so it may prolong the life of your brushes better than regular hand soap. Of course, you won’t need the thinner or soap until you get all the excess paint out of your brushes. Here’s where a little finger strength comes in handy. Take your brush with one hand and a piece of newspaper with the other, wrapping the newspaper around the metal part of the brush. Then, just squeeze as tightly as possible, starting right at the base of the bristles, while pulling the brush back through your fingers. Get as much paint as you can out of the brush. Go ahead and do it a few times, and especially try to remove all the paint that’s stuck close to the ferrule (the metal part of the brush.) You should end up with splotches of paint all over your newspaper and a lot less of the paint left in your brush. Next, take your brush over to the small container of paint thinner and dip it in, scrubbing across the bottom of the container to loosen more paint. Repeat the squeezing technique with more newspaper, but be warned that it can get a little messier this time around since your brush will have picked up a lot of the liquid thinner. You should see a quite a bit more color flowing out of the bristles however. Once you’ve squeezed out the thinner a few times your paintbrush will probably have a little more of its original color back, but there’ll still be a paint stain left from the oils. To finish cleaning the brush, pump some liquid soap into the palm of one hand and hold the paintbrush with your other. Scrub the brush back and forth across your palm, letting the soap penetrate the bristles to pull out more oil pigment. When the soap gets too contaminated by the paint, rinse both your hand and the brush with water, then get more soap and begin scrubbing again. Repeat the process until the soap doesn’t change color in your palm, proving that there’s no more oil paint stuck in the brush. (NOTE: If you’re concerned about possible absorption of Cadmium into your skin during this stage, feel free to use disposable gloves.) Rinse out all the soap and use your newspaper one last time to get most of the water out of the bristles. It’s important to clean your brushes immediately after you finish painting, even when you’re tempted to let them sit for a day or two. Letting them soak in paint thinner isn’t a good alternative either; it will just weaken the glue holding the bristles in place. Although it may seem like a lot of effort, good care and cleaning of your brushes will help them last longer and stay functional throughout their lifespan—keeping you from the frustration of using worn out tools, and ultimately saving you money. (PS, if you’ve just finished a painting and you want to get it online in front of potential buyers, check out Hands Free Artist Websites , EmptyEasel’s new website service for artists that does all the work for you, and lets YOU get back in the studio.) ★Help share this post


What is the name for the centre of an atom?

The Nucleus: The Center of an Atom - dummies The Nucleus: The Center of an Atom The Nucleus: The Center of an Atom The Nucleus: The Center of an Atom The nucleus, that dense central core of the atom, contains both protons and neutrons. Electrons are outside the nucleus in energy levels. Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge. A neutral atom contains equal numbers of protons and electrons. But the number of neutrons within an atom of a particular element can vary. Atoms of the same element that have differing numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. The following diagram shows the symbolization chemists use to represent a specific isotope of an element. In this diagram: X represents the chemical symbol of the element found on the periodic table. Z represents the atomic number. A represents the mass number (also called the atomic weight). Suppose you want to represent uranium. You can refer to a periodic table or a list of elements, and find that the symbol for uranium is U, its atomic number is 92, and its mass number is 238. So, you can represent uranium as shown here: You know that uranium has an atomic number of 92 (number of protons) and mass number of 238 (protons plus neutrons). So if you want to know the number of neutrons in uranium, all you have to do is subtract the atomic number (92 protons) from the mass number (238 protons plus neutrons). The resulting number shows that uranium has 146 neutrons. But how many electrons does uranium have? Because the atom is neutral (it has no electrical charge), there must be equal numbers of positive and negative charges inside it, or equal numbers of protons and electrons. So there are 92 electrons in each uranium atom. The nucleus is very, very small and very, very dense when compared to the rest of the atom. Not only is the nucleus very small, but it also contains most of the mass of the atom. In fact, for all practical purposes, the mass of the atom is the sum of the masses of the protons and neutrons. The protons of an atom are all crammed together inside the nucleus. Each proton carries a positive charge, and like charges repel each other. However, forces in the nucleus counteract this repulsion and hold the nucleus together. (Physicists call these forces nuclear glue. But sometimes this “glue” isn’t strong enough, and the nucleus does break apart. This process is called radioactivity.)


In 1978, after escaping from Iran, where was the Ayatollah Khomeini granted political asylum?

Why France is tough on Iran Why France is tough on Iran No French diplomat or politician has since forgotten about this bloody history Now that a framework deal has been agreed between Iran and the P5+1, one can only imagine how bad it would have been if it were not for the French. No one should be surprised that France is tough on Iran when it comes to nuclear negotiations. Indeed, when asked after the, 9/11 attacks by President George W Bush what he thought about a rapprochement with Iran, French President Jacques Chirac replied: “Don’t even think about it. These people are lunatics! Don’t think there are moderates with whom you can negotiate.” This statement was not made in a vacuum but pretty much sums up France’s view of the mullahs regime since 1979.     There is bad blood between Paris and Tehran to this day— of all the French citizens killed in terrorist attacks, the Islamic Republic and its proxies have killed the most.   But relations between the two countries were on good footing in October 1978 when France welcomed Ayatollah Khomeini to a Paris suburb, giving him access to the world media to relay his calls for revolution in Iran.  On 31 January 1979 Khomeini left France on an Air France flight specially chartered for him to seize power in Tehran. The Shiite leader thanked the French government “who ensured [his] safety and freedom of expression, along with the French people whose hospitality and sense of freedom [he] won’t forget.”   But this was the end of the honeymoon. Indeed, four days after Khomeini’s departure France granted political asylum to the Shah’s last prime minister, Chapur Bakhtiar. From that moment, France became a haven for opponents to the regime: about 40,000 of them moved to France from 1978 to 1983. On 18 July 1980, a commando of five men headed by Anis Naccache attempted unsuccessfully to assassinate Bakhtiar in Neuilly, but instead killed a policeman and a pedestrian. They were arrested and four of them were sentenced to life while another got a 25-year sentence. Tehran immediately tried to have them freed, even offering monetary compensation to the family of the victims. Paris refused.   Another source of anger for the mullahs was France supplying most of Iraq’s weaponry in the middle of the bloody war between Iran and Iraq. It is not surprising, then, that the General Directorate for External Security (DGSE)—France’s equivalent to the CIA—noted a meeting on 9 July 1983 between Ali Khamenei, Mir-Hossein Mousavi and Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani planning attacks against France. And indeed, on 23 October 1983 Iranian proxy Hezbollah pulled off a double attack on the US and French barracks in Beirut killing 241 US Marines and 58 French soldiers, respectively. On 6 November, the DGSE learned that the Iranian Embassy in Beirut had ordered the murder of Gilles Vidal, second in command at the French Embassy in Beirut. In retaliation, the DGSE launched an attack against the Iranian Embassy, packing 500 kilos of explosives into a French military jeep bearing the Red Cross emblem and parking it next to the compound. The trigger did not function, so the French agents tried to blow it up with a bazooka but this also failed. The jeep was discovered by the Iranians and as the agents didn’t really cover their tracks, France’s responsibility was evident. The next day, Tehran officially accused France of the foiled attack.   Iran’s revenge did not come long after. It decided to actively use Hezbollah to attack French interests: first in Kuwait against its embassy on 12 December 1983, then in successive attacks against French soldiers in Lebanon, which killed 10.   On 21 December, after a bloody truck bombing against a French regimental headquarters, the Islamic Jihad Organization (aka Hezbollah) claiming responsibility for the attack, then gave France a 10-day ultimatum to leave Lebanon. On the 23rd, Paris expelled six Iranian “diplomats” suspected of having ties to terrorists. And on 31 December, Islamic Jihad kept its promise by simultaneously bombing the Marseille train station and the high-speed Paris


What is the name of the obelisk brought from Heliopolis, Egypt, that now stands in London?

obelisk Copyright © The  Master's Table What is an Obelisk and where did  they come from? After studying this paper a Christian   might ask should we accept the obelisks   such as these in Rome, London, New York, and Washington? You will find they   did not come from Christianity. You might want to read the   statement at the end of this study. Author/Webmaster of   the Master's table. An obelisk  is a monolithic stone monument whose four sides, which generally carry inscriptions,  gently taper into a pyramidion at the top. The ancient Egyptians usually erected  them in pairs and associated them with the rays of the Sun, which increase in  width as they reach the Earth. The earliest known examples, excavated at Abu  Sir, Egypt, date from the Old Kingdom during the reign of Neuserre (2449-2417  BC). The unfinished obelisk in the quarry at Aswan shows how these monuments,  some more than 32 m (105 ft) long, were cut as single pieces of red granite.  Their transport on barges down the Nile is depicted on relief sculptures. So  popular were these monuments among the Roman emperors that 13 of them were taken  to Rome. Today, in addition to CLEOPATRA's NEEDLES in London and New York, historic  Egyptian examples stand in Paris, Florence, and Rome. Cleopatra's Needles, named  for the famous Egyptian queen, are two ancient OBELISKS presented by the khedive  of Egypt to Great Britain (1878) and the United States (1880). The British monument,  20.9 m (68.5 ft) high, is located on the Thames Embankment in London. The American  one, 21.2 m (69.5 ft) high, stands in New York City's Central Park. They were  originally erected c.1500 BC in the city of HELIOPOLIS by THUTMOSE III. In 14  BC, Augustus ordered their removal to Alexandria to grace the grounds of the  Caesareum. The British installed their obelisk at its present location in 1878;  the Americans did so in 1881. Carved from rose-colored Syrene granite and inscribed  with HIEROGLYPHICS, each weighs approximately 200 tons. In recent years, the  surfaces of the obelisks have eroded because of moist air and urban pollution. The Obelisk you see below was brought from Egypt and erected  at the Vatican. The Italian architect Domenico Fontana, 1543-1607, traveled to  Rome from his native Lugano in 1563, accompanied by his older brother Giovanni,  who later became a celebrated engineer. Fontana was commissioned in 1585 by  Cardinal Felice Peretti to design a chapel in the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore,  and when the cardinal was elected Pope Sixtus V in the same year, Fontana became  the architect to the papacy. During the 5-year reign of Sixtus, the city of  Rome was extensively rebuilt under Fontana's direction; it took on the baroque  form that survives to this day. Fontana's part in this large project included  the designs of the Vatican, Lateran, and Quirinal palaces (see VATICAN PALACE),  the Vatican Library, and completion of the dome of SAINT PETER'S BASILICA, all  of which were executed between 1585 and 1590. In 1586, Fontana removed an ancient  Egyptian obelisk from the side of the Vatican to its present position in front  of Saint Peter's, where it distracts from the effect of Giovanni Lorenzo BERNINI's  colonnades. For this, as for almost all his other work, Fontana has been denigrated  by modern architectural historians, who have characterized his talent as uninspired  and mediocre. Fontana was deprived of his post by Pope Clement VIII in 1592.  He was obliged to move to Naples, were he built the Palazzo Reale (1600-02).  Howard Batchelor - Bibliography: Giedion, S., Space, Time, and Architecture  (1954); Heydenreich, Ludwig, and Lotz, Wolfgang, Architecture in Italy: 1400-1600  (1967) ............. Obelisk of Ramses II on the left and a 3/4  view on the right. The obelisk in front of the Pylon, left side in the picture on the right is  the "Ramses II Obelisk" which is shown on your left. Also you will  notice the foundation stone at right side in front of the Pylon


What is the symbol for a 13th wedding anniversary?

What is the 13th wedding anniversary called? | Reference.com What is the 13th wedding anniversary called? A: Quick Answer The 13th wedding anniversary is the lace anniversary. For this reason, the traditional gifts for this occasion include homeware or apparel featuring made from lace or featuring lace inserts. Full Answer The celebration of wedding anniversaries goes back to ancient Roman times, when couples used to celebrate their 25th and 50th marriage anniversaries. Husbands used to offer their wives a silver wreath for the 25th anniversary and a golden wreath for the 50th anniversary. The tradition of having a name for each year of marriage dates from the beginning of the 20th century. This is when various gemstone became associated with wedding anniversaries. The gemstones for the 13th wedding anniversary are malachite, citrine and moonstone.


How many sides does a dodecahedron have?

Spinning Dodecahedron It has 20 Vertices (corner points) and at each vertex 3 edges meet It is one of the Platonic Solids Volume and Surface Area Volume = (15+7×√5)/4 × (Edge Length)3 Surface Area = 3×√(25+10×√5) × (Edge Length)2 It is called a dodecahedron because it is a polyhedron that has 12 faces (from Greek dodeca- meaning 12). When we have more than one dodecahedron they are called dodecahedra   When we say "dodecahedron" we often mean "regular dodecahedron" (in other words all faces are the same size and shape), but it doesn't have to be - this is also a dodecahedron, even though all faces are not the same.   12-Sided Dice? Yes! A dodecahedron which has 12 equal faces has an equal chance of landing on any face. In fact, you can make fair dice out of all of the Platonic Solids.   cut out the shape and glue it together.


The first Winter Olympic Games were held in what year?

First Winter Olympics - Jan 25, 1924 - HISTORY.com First Winter Olympics Publisher A+E Networks On January 25, 1924, the first Winter Olympics take off in style at Chamonix in the French Alps. Spectators were thrilled by the ski jump and bobsled as well as 12 other events involving a total of six sports. The “International Winter Sports Week,” as it was known, was a great success, and in 1928 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) officially designated the Winter Games, staged in St. Moritz, Switzerland, as the second Winter Olympics. Five years after the birth of the modern Olympics in 1896, the first organized international competition involving winter sports was staged in Sweden. Called the Nordic Games, only Scandinavian countries competed. Like the Olympics, it was staged thereon every four years but always in Sweden. In 1908, figure skating made its way into the Summer Olympics in London, though it was not actually held until October, some three months after the other events were over. In 1911, the IOC proposed the staging of a separate winter competition for the 1912 Stockholm Games, but Sweden, wanting to protect the popularity of the Nordic Games, declined. Germany planned a Winter Olympics to precede the 1916 Berlin Summer Games, but World War I forced the cancellation of both. At the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, ice hockey joined figure skating as an official Olympic event, and Canada took home the first of many hockey gold medals. Soon after, an agreement was reached with Scandinavians to stage the IOC-sanctioned International Winter Sports Week. It was so popular among the 16 participating nations that, in 1925, the IOC formally created the Winter Olympics, retroactively making Chamonix the first. In Chamonix, Scandinavians dominated the speed rinks and slopes, and Norway won the unofficial team competition with 17 medals. The United States came in third, winning its only gold medal with Charles Jewtraw’s victory in the 500-meter speed-skating event. Canada won another hockey gold, scoring 110 goals and allowing just three goals in five games. Of the nearly 300 athletes, only 13 were women, and they only competed in the figure-skating events. Austrian Helene Engelmann won the pairs competition with Alfred Berger, and Austrian Herma Planck Szabo won the women’s singles. The Olympics offered a particular boost to skiing, a sport that would make enormous strides within the next decade. At Chamonix, Norway won all but one of the nine skiing medals. Related Videos


In tennis, the annual Grand Slam season consists of the French Open, the U.S. Open, the Wimbledon Championship and which other?

U.S. Open | tennis | Britannica.com U.S. Open Alternative Title: United States Open Tennis Championships Related Topics Rafael Nadal U.S. Open, formally the United States Open Tennis Championships, international tennis tournament, the fourth and final of the major events that make up the annual Grand Slam of tennis (the other tournaments are the Australian Open , the French Open , and the Wimbledon Championships ). Arthur Ashe Stadium at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, Queens, N.Y. © Ffooter/Shutterstock.com The U.S. Open is held each year over a two-week period in late August and early September. Since 1978 all the U.S. Open championships have been played on the acrylic hard courts of the U.S. Tennis Association (USTA) National Tennis Center (renamed the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in 2006) in Flushing Meadows, Queens , N.Y. The U.S. Open consists of championships in five main categories: men’s singles and doubles, women’s singles and doubles, and mixed doubles. The tournament is unique among the Grand Slam events in that tiebreakers are played in the deciding sets (the fifth set for men and the third set for women), instead of continuing play in the final set until a player has won by two games. Mariya Sharapova serving during the 2006 U.S. Open women’s final; she defeated Justine … Stan Honda—AFP/Getty Images The U.S. Open developed from one of the oldest tennis championships in the world: the U.S. National Championship, which was established in 1881 as a national men’s singles and doubles competition. The tournament was open only to clubs that were members of the U.S. National Lawn Tennis Association (USLTA; now the USTA). The event expanded to include women’s singles in 1887, women’s doubles in 1889, and mixed doubles in 1892. The five championships were contested at different locales until 1968, when all five tournaments were finally hosted at a common site (the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills , Queens, N.Y.), whereupon the championships became known as the U.S. Open. The tournament moved to Flushing Meadows in 1978. As a unique result of this decentralized history, the tournament has been played on a variety of surfaces: from 1881 to 1974, it was played on grass; from 1975 to 1977, on clay; and since 1978, on DecoTurf, a fast hard-court surface comprising an acrylic layer over an asphalt or concrete base. Andre Agassi returning the ball during a match at the 1999 U.S. Open. Clive Brunskill—Allsport/Getty Images platform tennis The main court at the U.S. Open (and the National Tennis Center’s largest venue) is the 22,000-seat Arthur Ashe Stadium, which is followed in capacity by the 10,000-seat Louis Armstrong Stadium, the 6,000-seat Grandstand Stadium, and smaller side courts. All courts are lit and therefore conducive to night play, and the inner courts are painted blue to facilitate the tracking of the ball. Like most major championships tied to professional sports , the U.S. Open is as much a media extravaganza and tourist attraction as a sporting event, with special musical acts and family activities scheduled throughout the two-week period. Justine Henin returning a shot during the 2007 U.S. Open. Xinhua/Landov One of the most notable moments in U.S. Open history took place in the 1992 semifinal match between American Michael Chang and Stefan Edberg of Sweden. Edberg emerged victorious, but only after a grueling five hours and 26 minutes, defeating Chang 6–7, 7–5, 7–6, 5–7, 6–4. That is believed to be the longest match in U.S. Open history. The longest women’s match in the competition’s history—in terms of number of games—occurred in 1898 (before the institution of tiebreakers), when the five-set match between Juliette Atkinson (the winner) and Marion Jones extended to 51 games. Arthur Ashe won the U.S. Open in 1968, but because of his amateur status (he was a lieutenant in the U.S. Army at the time) he was unable to accept the prize money. Another interesting side note in U.S. Open history is that Jimmy Connors is the only male to have won Open singles titles on all


Introduction to the Ichthyosauria Introduction to the Ichthyosauria A specimen of the Jurassic icthyosaur Ichthyosaurus intermedius, found in Somerset County, England. Photo by Sara Rieboldt, © UC Museum of Paleontology. Some really cool information on ichthyosaurs has been put together by Ryosuke Motani , a former post-doc in Kevin Padian's lab . While dinosaurs ruled the land, the ichthyosaurs, classified variously in the Ichthyosauria or in the Ichthyopterygia, shared the seas of the world with the other great groups of large marine reptiles, the plesiosaurs and mosasaurs. "Ichthyosaur" means "fish lizard," while "Ichthyopterygia" means "fish paddle." Both names are apt. The earliest ichthyosaurs had long, flexible bodies and probably swam by undulating, like living eels. More advanced ichthyosaurs  like the one shown above, on display at the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt, Germany  had compact, very fishlike bodies with crescent-shaped tails. The shape of these ichthyosaurs is like that of living tunas and mackerels, which are the fastest fish in the ocean; like them, the later ichthyosaurs were built for speed. Note the paddles with which ichthyosaurs swam; they have the same basic plan as your hand and arm, but the arm bones are very short, while the fingers have lengthened by developing many more bones than the three that make up each of your fingers. Reconstruction of Ichthyosaurus.   Rare fossils have been found that show ichthyosaurs actually giving birth to live, well-developed young; ichthyosaurs never had to leave the water to lay eggs. In fact, from their streamlined, fishlike bodies, it seems almost certain that ichthyosaurs could not leave the water. Yet they still breathed air and lacked gills, like modern whales . Ichthyosaurs were not dinosaurs, but represent a separate group of marine vertebrates. Because ichthyosaurs were so specialized and modified for life in the ocean, we don't really know which group of vertebrates were their closest relatives. They might have been an offshoot of the diapsids  the great vertebrate group that includes the dinosaurs and birds , the pterosaurs , the lizards and snakes, and many other vertebrates. On the other hand, some have suggested that the ichthyosaurs were descended from a distant relative of the turtles. The first ichthyosaurs appeared in the Triassic. In the Jurassic , ichthyosaurs reached their highest diversity, and then began to decline. The last ichthyosaurs disappeared in the Cretaceous  several million years before the last dinosaurs died out. Whatever caused the extinction of the dinosaurs did not cause the ichthyosaurs to die out. An on-line article by paleontologist Richard Cowen, "Locomotion and respiration in marine air-breathing vertebrates," describes how ichthyosaurs  and many other marine vertebrates  lived and breathed. Berlin-Ichthyosaur State Park , near Gabbs, Nevada, includes a partial excavation of some of the largest and best-preserved ichthyosaurs anywhere in the world. Read about the Saurian Expedition of 1905 on which UCMP benefactress Annie Alexander collected many ichthyosaurs.


Who has been Prime Minister of France twice and President of France once?

French Prime Minister Denounces Anti-Zionism As Anti-Semitism – Tablet Magazine French Prime Minister Denounces Anti-Zionism as Anti-Semitism Manuel Valls shows political courage, becomes a hero to Jews worldwide July 23, 2014 • 9:45 AM French Prime Minister Manuel Valls delivers a speech on June 27, 2014. (DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) Against the backdrop of large anti-Semitic riots in Paris, and the murder of four people at the Jewish Museum in Brussels by a French Muslim killer, Mehdi Nemmouche , French Prime Minister Manuel Valls made a resoundingly firm connection between anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism that other world leaders—and many Jews—are afraid to make. As is his style, he went straight to the point: “Anti-semitism, this old European disease,” he said in a speech, has taken “a new form. It spreads on the Internet, in our popular neighborhoods, with a youth that has lost its points of reference, has no conscience of history, and who hides itself behind a fake anti-Zionism.” The occasion was the 72th anniversary of the Vel’ d’Hiv Roundup —the arrest of 13.000 Jews in Paris, by the French police under German authorities during World War II on the 16th and 17th of July, 1942. Valls’ strong, clear words are a breakthrough that separates him from the general complacency on the subject among most European politicians—and separates France from its growing reputation as a beacon of hate. The Prime Minister justified his decision to forbid last Saturday’s “anti-israeli” demonstration by stating that the recent acts of violence against Jews “justify the choice to forbid,” and not the other way around, as so many critics had claimed. And without naming Dieudonné , the minister attacked the rancid French performer when he pleaded that “the historical reality of the Shoah should not be denied, or diminished.(…) To laugh at the Shoah is to insult the dead.” Before those words, Valls reminded his countrymen of the responsibility of the French state, under Pétain’s government, for the fate of France’s Jews during the fatal years of the Occupation. “The honor of a Nation is to recognize what once was his disgrace.” he said hinting at France’s long-time denial of its responsibility during the Holocaust. “The disgrace of France is to have been a accomplice of the occupier when it sent to a sure death women, men and children, because they were Jews.” He also praised the (right wing) ex-president Jacques Chirac for being the first to officially recognize France’s responsibility in his address at the 1995 commemoration. That day, said Valls, Chirac “had the courage to free us from ourselves.” It was a strong speech and, given the context, it took real courage for Valls to stand up and say words that other European politicians have been too cowardly to speak. Friends of France who have been nauseated by the growing wave of violence against Jews, and appalled by the even more common mainstreaming of anti-Zionism as the socially and intellectually acceptable mask for the crude anti-Semitism of the streets, can take heart from Valls’ words. Whether Valls’ speech was politically wise or skillful is a different question. Alluding to Dieudonné during such a solemn anniversary may be seen as questionable. And drawing an explicit link between the political anti-Semitism of the Vichy regime 70 years ago and the popular anti-Jewish hatred of Arab youth in France today, deserves at best an explanation that Valls didn’t give. Yes, anti-Semitism is always the sign of a deep crisis affecting a country. But the fact of the matter is that the government has been at pains so far to explain away the crisis, and to avoid dealing with it. And if Chirac was indeed the first president to officially recognize France’s responsibility toward the Jews, he’s also the most popular of the French presidents in the Arab world because of his crude courting of Arab tyrants like Saddam Hussein. It is also fact that the first anti-Semitic incidents in today’s France started during his presidency. It didn’t take long for the National Front to take advantage of th


If a steam locomotive is described as a 2-4-0, how many driving wheels does it have?

Locomotives - The Transcontinental Railroad    Locomotives Visit Linda Hall Library It's All About Steam. For centuries, man had attempted to harness the mechanical power of heat and water.  As early as 200 BC, in his Pneumatica, Hero of Alexandria described a device called an Aeolipile, considered to be the first recorded steam engine .  A ball containing water was mounted over a cauldron and, as it heated, two protruding bent tubes shot out jets of steam, causing the ball to spin.  Many such devices were conceived in the following centuries as scientists studied the principles of hydraulics , pneumatics , and the properties of gasses, but these devices did not perform real work.  It was not until the 18th century in Britain that the steam engine began to change not only the face of industry, but humanity's relationship to work and society.  How a Newcomen Engine Works Water is boiled to create steam that pushes upward on a piston in a cylinder . The piston rod is attached to a crossbeam and as the piston rises, the weight of a pump rod hung on the opposite end of the beam pulls downward.  When the piston reaches the top of the cylinder, a jet of water is injected into the piston cylinder causing the steam to condense, sucking the piston back down. The cooling water drains out and the cycle repeats indefinitely. In 1712 , Thomas Newcomen and his assistant John Cally unveiled the first commercially viable steam engine.  The Newcomen atmospheric engine used steam to power a pump.  Though it was not very efficient, hundreds of these engines were used for pumping water from British coal mines and flooded areas. In the late 18th century, James Watt, the man who would eventually be called the father of the steam engine, greatly improved the efficiency of the stationary engine when he patented a "double acting" engine that used high pressure steam on both sides of the piston to double the output.  His patents also included such ancillary devices as pressure gauges , throttle valves , and steam regulators . In partnership with manufacturer Matthew Boulton, Watt's improvements and inventions powered the industrial revolution. Following Watt's improvements, many inventors attempted to adapt the steam engine to modes of transport on both land and water. To achieve motive steam power would, for the first time in history, allow man to travel on land at a speed faster than that of the domesticated horse. Trevithick's Tramroad Locomotive In 1802, Richard Trevithick patented a "high pressure engine" and created the first steam-powered locomotive engine on rails.  Trevithick wrote on February 21, 1804, after the trial of his High Pressure Tram-Engine, that he "carry'd ten tons of Iron, five wagons, and 70 Men...above 9 miles...in 4 hours and 5 Mints."  Though a ponderous-sounding journey, it was the first step toward an invention that would utterly change man's relationship to time and space.  George Stephenson and his son, Robert, built the first practical steam locomotive.  Stephenson built his "travelling engine" in 1814, which was used to haul coal at the Killingworth mine.  In 1829, the Stephensons built the famous locomotive Rocket, which used a multi-tube boiler , a practice that continued in successive generations of steam engines.  The Rocket won the competition at the Rainhill Trials held to settle the question of whether it was best to move wagons along rails by fixed steam engines using a pulley system or by using locomotive steam engines. The Rocket won the £500 prize with its average speed of 13 miles per hour (without pulling a load, the Rocket attained speeds up to 29 miles per hour), beating out Braithwaite and Erickson's Novelty and Timothy Hackworth's Sans Pareil.  The Stephensons incorporated elements into their engines that were used in succeeding generations of steam engines. Stephenson's Patent Locomotive Engine Though the first locomotive to operate on an American railroad was the Stourbridge Lion, built in 1828 and imported from England by Horatio Allen of New York, the British locomotives did not come to do


Which islands mostly belong to the USA, since they were purchased from Denmark in 1917?

Purchase of the United States Virgin Islands, 1917 Other State Department Archive Sites Purchase of the United States Virgin Islands, 1917 Beginning in 1867, the United States made several attempts to expand its influence into the Caribbean by acquiring the Danish West Indies. However, due to a number of political difficulties in concluding and ratifying a treaty to govern this exchange, this collection of islands did not become a part of the United States until their formal transfer from Denmark on March 31, 1917. After the transfer, the United States Government changed the name of the islands to the Virgin Islands of the United States. The Danish West Indies were controlled by several European powers before coming under Danish control in the late 1600s. The Danish West Indies were further enlarged by the 1733 purchase of the island of St. Croix from France, and an 1848 revolt led to the abolition of slavery in the colony. However, after the 1830s, the islands entered into a period of economic decline, and the Danish government found that the West Indies colony was becoming increasingly expensive to administrate. In 1867, Secretary of State William Henry Seward attempted to acquire the Danish West Indies as part of his plan for peaceful territorial expansion. Seward successfully negotiated a treaty that was ratified by the Danish parliament and approved by a local, limited-suffrage plebiscite. The treaty also allowed islanders the choice to remain Danish subjects or become U.S. citizens. However, the U.S. Senate, angered over Seward's support of President Andrew Johnson during his impeachment trial, rejected the treaty. John Hay, U.S. Secretary of State from 1898 to 1905, was also interested in acquiring the Danish West Indies, as part of his broader plans for American expansion and securing the route of the future Panama Canal . In 1900, the U.S. and Danish governments again entered into a treaty, which the Senate ratified in 1902. However, the upper house of the Danish parliament did not ratify this treaty, deadlocking in a tied vote. The 1902 treaty did not contain a plebiscite provision, nor did it accord U.S. citizenship to the islanders. The U.S. purchase of the Danish West Indies was thus delayed again. In 1915, especially after the sinking of the Lusitania , the issue of the U.S. purchase of the Danish West Indies again became an important issue in U.S. foreign policy. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and Secretary of State Robert Lansing feared that the German government might annex Denmark, in which case the Germans might also secure the Danish West Indies as a naval or submarine base from where they could launch additional attacks on shipping in the Caribbean and the Atlantic. Lansing thus approached Constantin Brun, the Danish Minister to the United States, about the possible purchase of the Danish West Indies in October of 1915, but Brun rejected the proposal. Many Danes resisted U.S. acquisition of these islands as they expected that the unfortunate civil rights record of the U.S. in the early twentieth century would have disastrous consequences for the predominantly black population of the Danish West Indies. The Danish government thus required that any treaty transferring ownership of the islands to the United States would make provisions for a local plebiscite, U.S. citizenship for the islanders, and free trade. Lansing rejected these provisions claiming that these issues fell under the jurisdiction of Congress and thus could not be extended by treaty. Lansing also objected to a treaty provision that Danish citizens be guaranteed the legal rights that they currently enjoyed on the islands. Concerned about recent events and Danish recalcitrance, Lansing implied that if Denmark was unwilling to sell, the United States might occupy the islands to prevent their seizure by Germany. Preferring peaceful transfer to occupation, the Danish government agreed to Lansing's demands, and Brun and Lansing signed a treaty in New York on August 4, 1916. The treaty was approved by the Danish Lower House on August 14, and su


Nathan, Caleb, Matthew and Jared Followill are better known as which pop group?

Kings Of Leon | Biography, News, Photos and Videos | Contactmusic.com News Pictures Video Music Press Festival Quotes RSS Biography Kings of Leon (formed 2000) are an American rock band, consisting of three brothers (Caleb, Nathan and Jared) and their cousin (Matthew), all of whom have the last name Followill, best known for their single 'Sex on Fire'. Formation: Kings of Leon chose to name themselves after Caleb, Nathan and Jared's father and grandfather who were both named Leon. The brothers had spent their childhood traveling around the Southern states of the US because their father was a United Pentecostal Church preacher. The brothers moved to Nashville in 1998, before forming the band with their cousin in 2000.  Career: Kings of Leon signed to RCA Records, who put them under the guidance of Angelo Petraglia. The band had a grounded history in Country Music up until this point, and Petraglia began indroducing them to more rock 'n' roll oriented material. Kings of Leon released their 'Holy Roller Novocaine' EP on 18th February 2003. This was followed almost immediately by the 'What I Saw' EP, which was released on 26th May 2003.  Kings of Leon released their debut studio album, 'Youth & Young Manhood', on 7th July 2003, receiving rather high praise from critics. The album shot to the number three spot in the UK charts, although it failed to perform as well in the US. 'Aha Shake Heartbreak', Kings of Leon's second studio album, was released on 1st November 2004. The album received more consistent praise, yet failed to be recognised as much as their previous effort.  In June 2006, Kings of Leon released a limited edition EP entitled 'Day Old Belgian Blues', which was soon followed by their third studio album. 'Because of the Times' was released on 30th March 2007 in Australia (as the country had proved to provide the best sales for the band), before opening in the US and UK in early April. The album received glowing reviews from critics, and topped the charts in the UK, New Zealand and Ireland. Within a matter of days from releasing the album, the band were already working on their fourth studio album.  Kings of Leon released 'Only By the Night' on 19th September 2008. The album saw moderate success with mixed reviews from critics. The band's fifth studio album, 'Come Around Sundown', was released on 15th October 2010. The album debuted at the number one spot in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Switzerland and the United Kingdom's charts. It became the band's highest charting album in the US, with it reaching the number two spot on Billboard's 200 list. Despite this, the album received very mixed and moderate results, receiving an average score of around 3/5.  The band bounced back on 20th September 2013, with the release of 'Mechanical Bull'. The album received far more praise from critics, yet fared worse on the albums charts. It still topped the UK charts and came second on Billboard's 200, yet the number one spot was only reached in four countries, as opposed to eight with the previous album. Biography by Contactmusic.com


The last time that anyone spoke to Adolf Hitler, he was in what city?

Former Nurse Tells of Hitler′s Last Days | Germany | DW.COM | 03.05.2005 Germany Former Nurse Tells of Hitler's Last Days A 93 year-old woman claiming to have been Adolf Hitler's nurse in the final days of the Third Reich has spoken of her experiences in the Berlin bunker for the first time in 60 years. Paranoia paralyzed Hitler in the end Many people have tried and failed to accurately portray or document the final hours of Adolf Hitler. Acclaimed attempts such as the recent successful German film "Der Untergang" (The Downfall) have made the most of the knowledge which is available and have mixed established facts and speculation to great effect. But there have been very few corroborative first hand accounts that have revealed the true inner workings of the Führer's bunker and his mindset as his master plan came crashing down around him.  Until now, possibly. According to the Berlin-based daily Berliner Zeitung, a survivor from Hitler's Berlin stronghold has decided to break her silence over what she saw and heard in the final days of the Third Reich. Erna Flegel, a 93-year-old, claims to have been the Nazi leader's nurse at the end of World War II and to have been in his bunker when Hitler took his own life. Under the headline "I was Hitler's nurse", Flegel tells a fascinating and tragic story of how she provided medical treatment to Hitler and his inner circle from 1943 until the Nazi leadership gave up their dogged resistance and hope in the face of the advancing Red Army and Allied forces two years later. Flegel's insight into the last days reveals that contemporary accounts have been more or less accurate concerning the mental state of the Führer. Hitler paralyzed by paranoia in last days Adolf Hitler didn't even trust his own cyanide capsules at the end The former nurse revealed in the interview that Hitler was almost paralyzed with paranoia as the end neared, even fearing that the cyanide capsules with which he was planning to take his own life had been switched and filled with fake poison. "By the end, he didn't trust anyone any more - not even the cyanide capsule he swallowed," she is quoted as saying in the paper.  Conflicting reports suggest that only Hitler's wife Eva took cyanide while the Nazi leader himself died from a self-inflicted gunshot to the head. Both bodies were allegedly burned by aides shortly after being discovered. After Hitler committed suicide, Flegel stayed in the bunker as the Nazi regime crumbled around her. Flegel said that after Hitler's suicide, Josef Goebbels, the Nazi propaganda chief, took over as leader, but by then there was little sense of command and Goebbels was ignored. A witness to the desperate end of the Third Reich She also revealed her desperate attempts to save Goebbels' six children from Magda, their "merciless" mother, but was ultimately powerless as she poisoned them. It was then that the Nazi hierarchy within the bunker began to implode. "(Hitler's) last subordinates shot themselves in succession," she said. "And those who didn't shoot themselves tried to flee." Still Flegel remained underground. "I had to look after the wounded," she added. Red Army approach heralded the final collapse The Soviet Army stormed Berlin from the east In the interview, she remembers the approach of the Soviet Army and the realization that Hitler's brutal regime and his plans for world domination were ending in the dust and rubble of Berlin above. "You could feel that the Third Reich was coming to an end," she said. "The radios stopped working and it was impossible to get information." She recalled that the Russians treated her well and advised her to remain where she was and to keep the door closed and locked. Flegel stayed for several more days in the bunker and was one of the last to leave. She was then interviewed by US secret service agents, the last time that she spoke about her life as Hitler's nurse until now. "I don't want to take my secret with me to the grave," she said. DW recommends


"The lines ""You are the reason that I breathe, you are the reason that I still believe, you are my destiny"" is from the theme song to which film?"

Jai Ho - English Song - A R Rahman & Pussy Cat Dolls - YouTube Jai Ho - English Song - A R Rahman & Pussy Cat Dolls Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Feb 27, 2009 This is the English Version of the Oscar Winning Slum Dog Millionaire "Jai Ho" Song. Jai Ho Means : "May victory be yours" OR "Victory to thee" Smooth song. Pussy Cat Dolls blended it well in English, never lost the original charm of the song. Artists : A R Rahman and Pussy Cat Dolls Lyrics: I got (I got) shivers (shivers), When you touch ????, I'll make you wanna say (Jai Ho) I got (I got) fever (fever), Running like a fire, For you I will go all the way, I wanna take you higher (Jai Ho) I keep it steady uh-steady, That's how I do it. This beat is heavy, so heavy, You gonna feel it. You are the reason that I breathe, You are the reason that I still believe, You are my destiny, No there is nothing that can stop us, Nothing can ever come between us, So come and dance with me, Jai Ho! (oohh) Catch me, catch me, catch me, c'mon, catch me, I want you now, I know you can save me, you can save me, I need you now. I am yours forever, yes, forever, I will follow, I'll take you to a place, This fantasy of you and me, I'll never lose my chance. (Jai Ho) Yeaahhhh I can (I can) feel you (feel you), Rushing through my veins, There's an ocean in my heart, I will never be the same. (Jai Ho) Just keep it burnin', yeah baby, Just keep it comin', You're gonna find out baby, I'm one in a million. You are the reason that I breathe, You are the reason that I still believe, You are my destiny, No there is nothing that can stop us, Nothing can ever come between us, So come and dance with me, Jai Ho! (oohh) Catch me, catch me, catch me, c'mon, catch me, I want you now, I know you can save me, you can save me, I need you now. I am yours forever, yes, forever, I will follow,


Where is the headquarters of the Surrey County Cricket Club?

Kia Oval - The Home of Surrey County Cricket Club Friday 7 April, 11:00AM Specsavers County Championship One The Kia Oval Thursday 1 June, 11:00am ICC Champions Trophy Six fixtures, including the Final The Kia Oval Thursday 27 July, 11:00am Investec Test Match The Kia Oval


"For which novel, a study of provincial life published in 1856, was the author, Gustave Flaubert, and his publisher prosecuted for ""an offence against morals""?"

Full text of "Madame Bovary : a tale of provincial life" See other formats RICKS COLLEGE LRC   3 1404 00 114 680 9   ^    r-    ^   N.   MADAME BOVARY   e/f TALE OF PROI^INCIAL LIFE   BY  GUSTAVE FLAUBERT   INCLUDING A  COMPLETE REPORT OF I  THE TRIAL \  OF THE AUTHOR AND HIS I  COMPLETE EXONERATION '   VOLUME //.   SIMON P. MAGEE  PUBLISHER _ CHICAGO, ILL.   Copyright, 1904, bt M. WALTER DUNNE   Entered at Stationers' Hall, London   CONTENTS   PART III.  PAGE  I. **SHE WOULD AND SHE WOULD NOT" ... I  II. A POWER OF ATTORNEY 20  III. ANOTHER HONEYMOON 33  IV. LOVE WILL FIND A V/AY ^6  V. THE PURSUIT OF ART 4 1  VI. A lovers" quarrel 62  VIl. THE BLOW FALLS 84  VIII. DESPERATION AND DEATH lOI  IX. WOUNDED LOVE 12}  X. THE END OF ALL 1 34  XI. SOUVENIRS OF SORROW I42   APPENDIX  The Public vs. M. Gustave Flaubert .... 3 Speech of the Prosecuting Attorney, M. Ernest  Pinard 3  Plea for the Defense, by M. Senard .... 37 The Decision 120   ABOARD THE ''CANGE" 1-12  NOVEMBRE i-^  (vii)   Digitized by the Internet Archive  in 2012 with funding from Brigham Young University-Idaho   http://www.archive.org/details/madamebovarytale01flau   ILLUSTRATIONS   PACING PAGE   SHE WENT ON TIPTOE, BAREFOOTED, TO SEC ONCE MORE THAT THE DOOR WAS CLOSED. (See page 67) Frontispiece   SHE UNDRESSED HASTILY, TEARING OFF THE THIN LACES  OF HER CORSET 58  HE CRIED IN A LOW VOICE, "EMMA, EMMA I" • . IJJ9   PART III.  I.  "She Would and She Would Not."  ONSIEUR LfiON, while studying law, had gone pretty often to the dancing- rooms, where he was even a great success amongst the grisettes, who thought he had a distinguished air. He was the best-mannered of the students; he wore his hair neither too long nor too short, didn't spend all his quarter's money on the first day of the month, and kept on good terms with his professors. As for excesses, he had always ab- stained from them, as much from cowardice as from refinement.  Often when he stayed in his room to read, or else when sitting of an evening under the lime-trees of the Luxembourg, he let his Code fall to the ground, and the memory of Emma came back to him. But gradually this feeling grew weaker, and other desires gathered over it, although it still persisted through them all. For Leon did not lose all hope; there was foi him, as it were, a vague promise floating in the  (i)   1 GUSTAVE FLAUBERT  future, like a golden fruit suspended from some fantas- tic tree.  Then, seeing her again after three years of absence, his passion reawakened. He must, he thought, at last make up his mind to possess her. Moreover, his timidity had worn off by contact with his gay companions, and he returned to the provmces despis-. ing every one who had not with varnished shoes trodden the asphalt of the boulevards. By the side of a Parisienne in her laces, in the drawing-room of some illustrious physician, a person driving his car- riage and wearing many orders, the poor clerk would no doubt have trembled like a child ; but here, at Rouen, on the harbour, with the wife of this small doctor he felt at his ease, sure beforehand he would shine. Self-possession depends on its environment. We don't speak on the first floor as on the fourth ; and the wealthy woman seems to have about her, to guard her virtue, all her bank-notes, like a cuirass, in the lining of her corset.  On leaving the Bovarys the night before, Leon had followed them through the streets at a distance ; then having seen them stop at the *' Croix-Rouge," he turned on his heel, and spent the night meditating a plan.  So the next day about five o'clock he walked into the kitchen of the inn, with a choking sensation in his throat, pale cheeks, and that resolution of cowards that stops at nothing.  *'The gentleman isn't in," answered a servant.  This seemed to him a good omen. He went up- stairs.  She was not disturbed at his approach ; on the contrary, she apologised for having neglected to teli him where they wer


Which harbour, a US naval base, was attacked by Japanese aeroplanes on 7 December 1941?

Attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941 Share Search The USS Shaw explodes after being hit by bombs during the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in this Dec. 7, 1941 photo. (AP Photo, U.S. Navy, File) Black smoke pours from the U.S. Destroyer USS Shaw after a direct hit by bombs during the surprise aerial attack by the Japanese on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on Dec. 7, 1941. Defenders on the pier at left throw water into the blazing wreckage. (AP Photo/U.S. Navy) This picture, taken by a Japanese photographer, shows how American ships are clustered together before the surprise Japanese aerial attack on Pear Harbor, HI., on Sunday morning, Dec. 8, 1941. Minutes later the full impact of the assault was felt and Pearl Harbor became a flaming target. (AP Photo) Hawaii residents comb thru wreckage on Dec. 17, 1941 after Japanese bombing raids on December 7. (AP Photo) This is one of the first pictures of the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, 1941. A P-40 plane which was machine-gunned while on the ground. (AP Photo) "Japanese cabinet meets in emergency session," is the bulletin shown in Times Square's news zipper in lights on the New York Times building, New York, Dec. 7, 1941. (AP Photo/Robert Kradin) Unidentified attaches of the Japanese consulate began burning papers, ledgers and other records shortly after Japan went to war against the U.S., Dec. 7, 1941, in New Orleans. Police later stopped the fire after most of the papers had been destroyed. (AP Photo/Horace Cort) Rescue workers help evacuate the Lunalilo High School in Honolulu after the roof of the main building was hit by a bomb during the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in this Dec. 7, 1941 file photo. (AP Photo/File) Anti-aircraft gunners of the United States Army who fired on the Japanese planes during the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, in Wheeler Field, Hawaii. (AP Photo) American ships burn during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on Dec. 7, 1941. (AP Photo) Troops man a machine gun nest at Wheeler Field, which adjoins Schofield Barracks in Honolulu, after the Japanese attack on the island of Oahu, Dec. 7, 1941. (AP Photo) Believed to be the first bomb dropped on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in the sneak-attack on Dec. 7, 1941, this picture was found torn to pieces at Yokusuka Base by photographer's mate 2/C Martin J. Shemanski of Plymouth, Pa. One Japanese plane is shown pulling out of a dive near bomb eruption (center) and another the air at upper right. (AP Photo) The wreckage of a drug store smolders at Waikiki after attack by Japanese planes, Dec. 7 1941. (AP Photo) Black smoke rises from the burning wrecks of several U.S. Navy battleships after they had been bombed during the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. (AP Photo) A Japanese plane, braving American anti-aircraft fire, proceeds toward “battleship row,” Pearl Harbor, after other bombers had hit USS. Arizona, from which smoke billows, Dec. 7, 1941. (AP Photo) Battleship Arizona at Pearl Harbor, December 1941. The photo was taken shortly after the battleship was bombed and destroyed during the surprise attack by Japanese forces, December 7, 1941. The vessel at right is a rescue tug. Flag still flying the ship is resting on the bottom of the ocean with decks flooded. (AP Photo) Officers' wives, investigating explosion and seeing smoke pall in distance on Dec. 7, 1941, heard neighbor Mary Naiden, then an Army hostess who took this picture, exclaim "There are red circles on those planes overhead. They are Japanese!" Realizing war had come, the two women, stunned, start toward quarters. (AP Photo/Mary Naiden) Three U.S. battleships are hit from the air during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941. Japan's bombing of U.S. military bases at Pearl Harbor brings the U.S. into World War II. From left are: USS West Virginia, severely damaged; USS Tennessee, damaged; and USS Arizona, sunk. (AP Photo) FILE - In this Dec. 7, 1941 file photo, people buy newspapers reporting the Japanese attack on U.S. bases in the


Bayonet and screw are types of fitting for what?

Light Bulb Fittings (Caps and Bases) | Light bulbs Direct Light Bulb Fittings (Caps and Bases) Light Bulb Fittings (Caps and Bases) Bulb Guides WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIGHT BULB?   Light Bulb Fittings: Caps & Bases   The part of the lamp or light bulb that connects into the light fitting is generally known either as the “cap” or “base”. This provides the electrical contact and also often the physical location of the lamp. A vast variety of caps and bases exist in order to help make sure that only the correct type of lamp is used in any given fitting. This section shows many of the most popular fittings. Bayonet cap vs edison screw, what's the difference? Bayonet Cap With its familiar “push and twist” action, “bayonet cap” (also known as BC or B22d) is used on most regular light bulbs. It is 22mm diameter and with two locating lugs. The “small bayonet cap” (SBC or B15d) is very similar but only 15mm across. Although generally used for mains voltage lamps, the SBC fitting can also be found in a very small number of specialist low voltage halogen lamps. There are also many other “BC” variants including the 3-pin BC, B22d-3 sometimes used on Fireglow lamps but perhaps more commonly on High pressure mercury lamps for industrial applications. The BY22d is used on some low-pressure sodium (SOX) lamps.   Edison Screw Cap What is a E27 light bulb ? Named after the pioneering inventor Thomas Edison, the Edison Screw or “ES” lamp fitting is used worldwide in a vast range of applications. The most popular ES or E27 fitting is 27mm diameter and is widely used in both the US and Europe. The SES is often used for smaller decorative fittings, chandeliers, and appliance bulbs - predominantly in the UK and Europe. CES is most frequently used in the US and Canada, especially for candle bulbs. The MES fitting is sometimes used in large chandeliers containing perhaps dozens of small lamps. The GES is rarely used in domestic applications and is typically for lamps over 500W. This must not be confused with the extremely similar US standard 39mm diameter E39 or Mogul Screw fitting The most commonly used screw fittings are shown in the table below. Other, less frequently used, sizes include E11, E17 and E26. Designation   Halogen capsules Miniature halogen capsule lamps are generally designated by the measure in mm between the pins (for example the G4 has pins 4mm apart). The G4 and GY6.35 are always used in low voltage applications whereas the G9 is for 240v mains use.   Linear Halogen capsules Linear Halogen capsules for floodlights and up-lighters have a 7mm R7s cap at each end of a long quartz capsule. Find a suitable R7 Linear light bulb here   Halogen and LED Spotlights The most common halogen spots are either push fit (GU4/MR11 or GU5.3/MR16), low voltage type or twist and lock (GU10 or GZ10) mains versions. PLEASE NOTE the subtle difference between GU10 and GZ10. The GU10 has a bevel around the base but the GZ10 has a square corner. This stops the GZ10 being used in a fitting designed for a GU10 but allows the GU10 to be used in either. Find a GU10 spotlight Find a MR16 12v (low voltage) spotlight   Fluorescent tubes and LED tubes Fluorescent and led strips generally have a two-pin fitting at both ends of the tube. Standard size T8 (25mm) and the larger T12 (38mm) tubes both use the G13 fitting. The smaller T5 (16mm) tubes use the G5 fitting with 5mm between the two pins. Find a suitable R7 Linear light bulb here   Architectural strip lights Architectural strip lamps are available with two different fittings. One type has two S14s connectors one near either end of the lamp. The so-called centre-peg version has a single central S14d connector with two contacts. Conventional strip lights (also known as picture lamps) generally use a 15mm diameter S15s fitting at each end of the lamp. Find a suitable Architectural strip lamp here Find a lamp with a S15s fitting here   Push fit light bulbs - Compact Fluorescent Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) without integrated control gear generally use push-fit square or rectangular fittings. Tho


What card game, also known as Trente-et-Quarante, is played with 6 packs of cards, some of which are dealt in two rows?

Twenty Questions TRENTE ET QUARANTE Also known as Rouge et Noir (red and black), this game is a standard european poker casino banking card game and is most popular in French and Italian casinos including the world famous Monte Carlo Casino.  Actually, its popularity is only surpassed by the Baccarat and Roulette.  The name Trente et Quarante (thirty and forty) is derived from the fact that the winning point always lies between  these two numbers.             Requirements A regulation Trente et Quarante table with a double layout.  See the illustration showing one-half of the Trente et Quarante. Any number of on person can play against the bank, as many as can be accommodated at the gaming table. Five croupiers Four serve as banker and one as dealer (tailleur) and count caller. A supervisor sits on a stand overlooking the Trente et Quarante table to see that no errors are committed. Six standard packs of 52-cards each, shuffled together and used as one, a total of 312 cards dealt as a single deck. Value of Cards.The ace is the lowest-ranking card and has a point value of 1. Kings, queens, and jacks have a value of 10 each. All other cards have their numerical face value. Deuce is counted 2, three is counted 3, etc. Suits have no value. Only colors count; hearts and diamonds are called red; spades and clubs are called black. The Shuffle and Cut. At the start of each round of play, the dealer (croupier) spreads the six packs of cards on the table and all players and croupiers are permitted to take a group of cards and shuffle them. On later deals, when the discard receivers are emptied onto the layout and some cards are face up and some are face down, the croupiers and players turn the face-up cards down and shuffle them. After the players have shuffled groups of cards, the croupier then gathers all the cards and shuffles them together, usually shuffling about two packs at a time. Finally, the croupier assembles all six packs together and then hands a player an indicator card and says “Cut, please.” The player inserts the indicator card into the packet to show where he wants the cards cut. The dealer cuts the cards at this position, putting the indicator and all the cards above it on the bottom. Diagram showing half of Trente-et-quarnate table layout. N=Noire; C=Couler; R=Rouge; I=Inverse; D=Dealer; CR=Cropier; and P=Prison. Object of the Game. To bet that a specific color (black or red) will produce a count of 31 or a total nearer to 31 than the opposite color. The player may also place his bet on rouge (red), noir (black), couleur, or in. verse. The Play. All betting is done against the casino or bank. Before the deal begins, the players place their bets. The dealer takes about 50 cards off the top of the pack and deals out the first card face upward onto the noir (black). He then deals a second, a third, etc., which he places in the same row, right and left, announcing the cumulative total of the spots with each card dealt. The dealing stops with the card which causes the total to reach or exceed 31. The second row, rouge (red) is dealt below the first and in the same manner. The row with the total nearer to 31 is the winning row. For example, a bet on noir wins if the count of the first or noir row is 34 while the rouge row totals 36. A bet on couleur wins if the very first card dealt is the same color as that designating the winning row. If this card is of the opposite color, a bet on inverse wins. The dealer traditionally  announces the result for red and color only, calling “rouge gagne” (wins) or “rouge perd” (loses) or “couleur perd.” All bets are paid  off at even money (1 to 1). If both rows total the same count (tie), it is called a retail and all bets are called off. If there is a refait at 31- refait de trente et un the bank takes half of all bets. In such cases, however, the player has the option of leaving his bet in prison, where it remains for the next game or coup. If he wins on this coup, he withdraws his bet; but if he loses, he loses the whole. As bets


How long is a year on the planet Mercury?

How Long is a Year on Mercury? - Universe Today   Universe Today How Long is a Year on Mercury? Article Updated: 24 Dec , 2015 by Fraser Cain Mercury takes 88 days to completely orbit the Sun. So a year on Mercury is 88 Earth days, or nearly 25% of an Earth year. The orbit of Mercury is highly eccentric, so the planet ranges in distance from the Sun between 46 million and 70 million kilometers. The planet moves its fastest when it’s at its closest point to the Sun (which astronomers call perihelion). And then moves the slowest when it’s at its most distant point of orbit, called aphelion. Astronomers used to think that Mercury was tidally locked to the Sun, where its rotational period (or day) matched its orbital period (its year). This would make it always face the same side towards the Sun. But now they know that a day on Mercury lasts 58.7 days.


"What is another name for the second magnitude star ""Alpha"" in the Little Bear Constellation which is the nearest conspicuous star to the north celestial pole?"

Polaris Magnitude:  2.1 The history of the star: Polaris Alpha (α) Ursa Minor , Polaris, is a star in the tip of the tail of the Little Bear. Its name comes to us from Latin Stella Polaris, meaning "Pole Star". Polaris is our Pole star, situated at the north pole it never sets and as Wikipedia explains Polaris stands almost motionless on the sky, and all the stars of the Northern sky appear to rotate around it. Therefore, it makes an excellent fixed point from which to draw measurements for celestial navigation and for astrometry. Other stars along this circle were the pole star in the past and will be again in the future, including Thuban and Vega. Polaris has been close to the actual position of the north pole for over 1000 years. Polaris has long been an important star to sailors, caravans of old winding their way over the desert by night and others who navigated their way by the stars. Located almost directly overhead as seen from the North Pole, it is situated at the tip of the tail of the Little Bear, Ursa Minor and the brightest star of that constellation. Perhaps more than any star other than the Sun; Polaris has been regarded as the most important star in the heavens. It has been known by many names in the past; "the Pathway" "the Pointer" - indicating the way; "Navel of the World", "Gate of Heaven", "Hub of the Cosmos", "the Highest Peak of the World Mountain", "Lodestar" "the Steering Star" "the Ship Star" and Stella Maris "Star of the Sea". Greek navigators of old called Polaris; Kynosoura, which means "the Dog's Tail". The name came into our English language as Cynosure, which means "an object that serves as a focal point of attention and admiration" or "Something that serves to guide". The proximity of the stars of the two bears ( Ursa Major and Ursa Minor ) to the North Celestial Pole gave the impression that they were wheeling around this point, pulling perhaps a plough behind them, tilling the heavenly fields and driven on by Bootes the Bear Driver who chases or herds the Bears around Polaris. Another version of this story has it that the oxen were tied to the polar axis and were driven on by Bootes, assisted by his two dogs Canes Venatici , "in order that the rotations of the heavens should never cease." In past ages, whichever star held the position of Pole Star was worshipped as the star of that age and temples were built to them in ancient Egypt. Polaris is now the star of our own age. The planet, Uranus, was discovered one degree longitude away from this star. A good essay on Polaris by Lance Carlyle Carter can be read on this website: http://www.aquarian-age.net/goddess.html   from p.453 of Star Names , Richard Hinckley Allen, 1889. Phoenice was the early Greek name, borrowed from its constellation, for this "lovely northern light" and the "most practically useful star in the heavens"; but for many centuries it has been Stella Polaris, the Pole-star, or simply Polaris,— The Italian astronomer Riccioli's (1598–1671) Pollaris; this position seeming to be first recognized in literature by Dante when he wrote in the Paradiso: The mouth imagine of the horn That in the point beginneth of the axis Round about which the primal wheel revolves. Euclid (circa 300 B.C.) said in his Phainomena: A star is visible between the Bears ( Ursa Major and Ursa Minor ), not changing its place, but always revolving upon itself; Hipparchos (circa 160-120 B.C.), that the pole was "in a vacant spot forming a quadrangle with three other stars," both of these calling this (Greek) Polos, the (Latin) Polus of Lucan (39-65A.D.), Ovid (43 B.C.-18?A.D.), and other classical Latins; and Euphratean observers had called their pole-star Pul, or Bil. But, although other astronomical writers used these words for some individual star, there is no certainty as to which was intended, for it should be remembered that during many millenniums the polar point has gradually been approaching our pole-star, which 2000 years ago was far removed from it,— in Hipparchos' (circa 160-120 B.C.) time 12°24' aw


What is the capital of the province of Quebec, Canada?

Province of Quebec Canadian Provinces and Territories Province of Quebec Find basic facts on the province of Quebec, Canada, including government, parks, a map, and information for visitors to Quebec. Sign Up for Our Free Newsletters Thanks, You're in!


"Which Ohio-born woman joined Buffalo Bill's Wild West show and was known as ""the greatest woman marksman of all time""?"

1000+ images about ANNIE OAKLEY on Pinterest | Wild west show, Oakley sunglasses and On august Famous+Wild+West+Women | Annie Oakley Meets Lillian Smith / America's Best Female Sharpshooters See More


Which golfer was named as Sports Illustrated's Sportsman of the Year in 1996?

Rory McIlroy Is My Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year | Golf.com Rory McIlroy Is My Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year Rory McIlroy celebrates his win at 2014 PGA Championship at Valhalla. by Alan Shipnuck Posted: Tue Dec. 2, 2014 Updated: Mon Dec. 8, 2014 Install App San Francisco Giants pitcher Madison Bumgarner was named  Sports Illustrated's 2014 Sportsman of the Year  on Monday. SI senior writer Alan Shipnuck respectfully disagrees. On the occasion of Tiger Woods being named SI's Sportsman of the Year in 1996, the great Gary Smith posed this incisive question: "Who will win? The machine or the youth who has just entered its maw?" It took a while, but we all learned the answer to that one. Now along comes another once-in-a-generation golf talent trying to navigate the crushing machinery of superstardom while maintaining the inner peace that his cerebral sport demands. Rory McIlroy deserves plenty of accolades merely for his Tigeresque on-course accomplishments this year: two major championship victories (the British Open at Royal Liverpool and the PGA Championship at Valhalla), a World Golf Championship win (Bridgestone), a W at the European tour's flagship event at Wentworth (BMW PGA) and a starring role in Europe's Ryder Cup victory at Gleneagles. But he is my choice for Sportsman because he did all of this while battling the machine with uncommon grace. No brand-name athlete in any sport is as honest and unguarded as the 25-year-old McIlroy. He has grown up in the public eye yet retains the small-town decency that he absorbed in the hamlet of Holywood, Northern Ireland. This year many of the most memorable things McIlroy did occurred off the course. At the Honda Classic in February he offered a heartfelt apology for his rash decision to walk off in the middle of the second round a year earlier, noting the enlarged perspective that had followed. At Augusta, McIlroy was the first out on Saturday morning and was paired with club member Jeff Knox so he wouldn't have to go as a single; when this unknown amateur outplayed him, McIlroy somehow laughed off the embarrassment. Then, in all seriousness, he said he would consult with Knox on how to putt the treacherous greens, a rare act of humility for a famous jock. After breaking off his engagement to tennis star Caroline Wozniacki on May 21, McIlroy could have hidden behind an impersonal statement on his website -- Woods's preferred method for interacting with the world—but instead he showed up at a press conference and offered a raw, emotional appraisal of the split. When he has discussed a simmering lawsuit with his former agent, he has been defiant and angry. In all places, and seemingly at all times, McIlroy is never anything other than himself. Forced to choose sides for the sake of the Olympics, this proud Ulsterman didn't hide the anguish of having to play politics, and he opted to represent Ireland largely as a thank you to the golf union that supported him as an amateur. After winning at Royal Liverpool, McIlroy couldn't help but take a Manchester United fan's swipe at the local football club during the trophy ceremony. In the final round of the PGA Championship he smoothly navigated an awkward moment when the final two groups played together up the 18th hole to beat the dying light; McIlroy won the trophy and then let Phil Mickelson spout off about how the situation should have been handled differently. McIlroy talks trash on Twitter to his fellow competitors but is unfailingly kind and accommodating to his legion of fans and the people who toil in the shadows at the grand golf courses he visits. His voice catches when he talks about the dead-end jobs his parents worked to support his boyhood golf dreams. He not only doesn't run from his feelings -- he shares them. He is imperfect and real and willing to let us see it. We once celebrated Woods's virtues too, and who knows what the future will reveal. But for now we are blessed to witness McIlroy's artistry and passion and the sheer joy he exudes in having very nearly mastered his craft. Beyond the vi


"What is another name for ""laughing gas""?"

Laughing gas | Define Laughing gas at Dictionary.com laughing gas Examples from the Web for laughing gas Expand Gina Gershon’s Trip to Heaven in the Dentist’s Chair Gina Gershon October 22, 2012 Historical Examples He experimented with nitrous oxide (laughing gas) for ten months until he had thoroughly learned its intoxicating effects. Historic Inventions Rupert S. Holland On one occasion a company of young men went to Dr. Long's office and asked him to make them a supply of "laughing gas." Stories Of Georgia Joel Chandler Harris The oxide of nitrogen so formed is called nitrous oxide or laughing gas. The most familiar example of this occurs at the beginning of the inhalation of laughing gas. Psychotherapy James J. Walsh He is always as bad as you and I were for a short time, M'Nicholl, under the laughing gas!