What South Honshu city in Japan, associated with international climate change agreement, was its nation's capital 794-1192?

Exploring Chinese History :: East Asian Region :: Japan - Japan -   Japan, island nation in East Asia, located in the North Pacific Ocean off the coast of the Asian continent. Japan comprises the four main islands of Honshû, Hokkaidô, Kyûshû, and Shikoku, in addition to numerous smaller islands. The Japanese call their country Nihon or Nippon, which means "origin of the sun." The name arose from Japan's position east of the great Chinese empires that held sway over Asia throughout most of its history. Japan is sometimes referred to in English as the "land of the rising sun." Tokyo is the country's capital and largest city. Mountains dominate Japan's landscape, covering 75 to 80 percent of the country. Historically, the mountains were barriers to transportation, hindering national integration and limiting the economic development of isolated areas. However, with the development of tunnels, bridges, and air transportation in the modern era, the mountains are no longer formidable barriers. The Japanese have long celebrated the beauty of their mountains in art and literature, and today many mountain areas are preserved in national parks. Most of Japan's people live on plains and lowlands found mainly along the lower courses of the country's major rivers, on the lowest slopes of mountain ranges, and along the sea coast. This concentration of people makes Japan one of the world's most crowded countries. Densities are especially high in the urban corridor between Tokyo and Kôbe, where 45 percent of the country's population is packed into only 17 percent of its land area. An ethnically and culturally homogeneous nation, Japan has only a few small minority groups and just one major language–Japanese. The dominant religions are Buddhism and Shinto (a religion that originated in Japan). Japan is a major economic power, and average income levels and standards of living are among the highest in the world. The country's successful economy is based on the export of high-quality consumer goods developed with the latest technologies. Among the products Japan is known for are automobiles, cameras, and electronic goods such as computers, televisions, and sound systems. An emperor has ruled in Japan since about the 7th century. Military rulers, known as shoguns, arose in the 12th century, sharing power with the emperors for more than 600 years. Beginning in the 17th century, a powerful military government closed the country's borders to almost all foreigners. Japan entered the 19th century with a prosperous economy and a strong tradition of centralized rule, but it was isolated from the rest of the world and far behind Western nations in technology and military power. When Western nations, eager to trade with Japan, forced the country to open its borders in the mid-19th century, Japan's shogun was ousted in a coup that restored the emperor to power. Under the rule of the Meiji emperor (1868-1912), Japan began a crash program of modernization and industrialization, as well as colonial expansion into Korea, China, and other parts of Asia. By the early 20th century, Japan had won a place among the world's great powers. Japan fought on the side of the Axis powers in World War II (1939-1945). By the time the war ended with Japan's defeat, most of the country's industrial facilities, transportation networks, and urban infrastructure had been destroyed. Japan also lost its colonial holdings as a result of the war. From 1945 to 1952 the United States and its allies occupied Japan militarily and administered its government. Under a revised constitution, the emperor assumed a primarily symbolic role as the head of state in Japan's constitutional monarchy. During the postwar period, Japan rapidly rebuilt its economy and society. By the mid-1970s the country had established a lucrative trade with the United States and many other nations, and was well on its way to its present status as a top-ranking global economic power. The portion of the Asian mainland closest to Japan is the Korea Peninsula, which is 200 km (100 mi) away at its nearest point (in So


Kingda Ka, Takabisha, X2, Steel Dragon 2000, and Millennium Force are famous what?

The Biggest, Tallest, and Fastest Rollercoasters in the World | Digital Trends Related: The white-knuckled tale of Spirit of Australia: the fastest boat in the world Furthermore, Kingda Ka’s enormous top hat tower has created an interesting phenomenon knows as “rollbacks.” Once in a while, the coaster will fail to reach its top speed during launch, preventing it from reaching the top of the top hat. If this happens, gravity pulls the coaster back down the hill in reverse. The ride is specifically designed to account for this, and should it occur, riders will get another shot at experiencing the gut-churning drop. That said, having such a tall stretch of track opens the ride and its riders up to potential aireal hazards. Everything from bird collisions to lightning strikes have forced the Kingda Ka to close operation for a time, though, no major injuries have ever been reported. Six Flags even closes it during light drizzles to prevent any accidents. It looks like Kingda Ka may be dethroned as world’s tallest roller coaster in the near future, however. Six Flags has recently announced plans to best Kingda Ka at the Dubai Parks and Resorts megapark due to open in late 2016. The Longest: Steel Dragon 2000 While the previous two roller coasters offer thrills of height and speed, they’re relatively short experiences. That’s where Japan’s Steel Dragon 2000 comes in. The roller coaster currently holds the title for longest in the world, with a whopping 8,133 feet of real estate. The giant coaster opened in 2000 — which, appropriately, happened to be the year of the dragon in Asia — and at the time was heralded as one of the fastest and the tallest full-track coaster in the world, which is different from the height record held by Kingda Ka. While Steel Dragon 2000 may have lost one of its two records, it’s still nothing to balk at given it remains the second-tallest full-course coaster in the world and the sixth fastest in the world.Taking up a large section of Nagashima Spa Land, Steel Dragon 2000 features a 30-story rop, tunnels, figure-eights, massive camel backs, and numerous iconic roller coaster elements that make it a complete experience for coaster enthusiasts. It’s also one hell of a four-minute adrenaline rush. The Steepest: Takabisha One of the most exciting parts of a roller coaster are the steep drops. That feeling you get when your stomach seems to delightfully slam into your spine and your body releases of a heavy dose adrenaline is hard to beat, and the steeper the incline, the better. The World’s steepest incline is a part of the Takabisha roller coaster in Japan’s Fuji-Q Highland amusement park. The drop is angled at 121 degrees and serves as the climactic centerpiece for the entire ride. This style of coaster, known as a Gerstlaur Euro-Fighter, is famous for combining vertical lifts with steep drops. Thanks to its incline, Takabisha claimed the world record for Steepest Rollercoaster Made From Steel when it officially opened in July, 2011. It maintains that title today. The Tallest Loop: Full Throttle Steep inclines aren’t the only engineering feat to a unique roller coaster. Another record-holding coaster, known simply as Full Throttle, sits at Six Flags Magic Mountain  park in Valencia, Calif. The steel launch-style roller coaster holds the record for tallest vertical loop, which stands at 160-feet tall and has been an iconic part of the park’s skyline since the ride opened in 2013. Not surprisingly, yet another Six Flags coaster — aka Superman: Krypton Coaster at Six Flags Fiesta Texas — was the previous record holder, and endures as the coaster with the second-tallest loop of any roller coaster in the world. The Most Inversion: The Smiler While Full Throttle’s enormous inversion may be impressive, sometimes quantity trumps quality when it comes to roller coaster loops, flips, and corkscrews. That’s likely what the folks behind the Smiler had in mind. The Smiler holds the record for the largest number of included inversions — 14, to be exact. Such a large quantity of inversions requires a complex structure


The US city of Memphis, Tennessee, was named after the ancient (c.3000BC) Memphis city capital of which nation?

Memphis | ancient city, Egypt | Britannica.com ancient city, Egypt Alternative Titles: Hut-ka-Ptah, Manf, Manfish, Minf, White Walls Related Topics Africa Memphis, city and capital of ancient Egypt and an important centre during much of Egyptian history. Memphis is located south of the Nile River delta, on the west bank of the river, and about 15 miles (24 km) south of modern Cairo . Closely associated with the ancient city’s site are the cemeteries, or necropolises , of Memphis, where the famous pyramids of Egypt are located. From north to south the main pyramid fields are: Abū Ruwaysh , Giza , Zāwiyat al-ʿAryān, Abū Ṣīr , Ṣaqqārah , and Dahshūr . The Memphis archaeological zone was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979. Colossal statue of Ramses II, carved from limestone, that once adorned the great temple of Ptah in … boonsom—iStock/Thinkstock Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Foundation and Early Dynastic Period According to a commonly accepted tradition, Memphis was founded about 2925 bce by Menes , who supposedly united the two prehistoric kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt . The original name of the city was the White Walls, and the term may have referred originally to the king’s palace, which would have been built of whitewashed brick. The modern name of Memphis is a Greek version of the Egyptian Men-nefer, the name of the nearby pyramid of the 6th-dynasty (c. 2325–c. 2150 bce) king Pepi I . Another geographic term for Memphis, Hut-ka-Ptah (“mansion of the ka of Ptah”), rendered Aigyptos in Greek, was later applied to the country as a whole. Ptah , the local god of Memphis, was a patron of craftsmen and artisans and, in some contexts , a creator god as well. The great temple of Ptah was one of the city’s most prominent structures. According to an Egyptian document known as the “ Memphite Theology ,” Ptah created humans through the power of his heart and speech; the concept, having been shaped in the heart of the creator, was brought into existence through the divine utterance itself. In its freedom from the conventional physical analogies of the creative act and in its degree of abstraction, this text is virtually unique in Egypt, and it testifies to the philosophical sophistication of the priests of Memphis. Ptah, holding the emblems of life and power, bronze statuette, Memphis, c. 600–100 … Courtesy of the trustees of the British Museum Similar Topics Per Ramessu The prominence of Memphis during the earliest periods is indicated by the extensive cemeteries of the Early Dynastic period (c. 2925–c. 2575 bce) and Old Kingdom (c. 2575–c. 2130 bce) that cluster along the desert bluffs to the west. Large elaborately niched tombs of the 1st and 2nd dynasties (c. 2925–c. 2650 bce) found at Ṣaqqārah , once argued to be royal monuments, were later accepted as private tombs of powerful courtiers. The Old Kingdom Memphis reached preeminence by the 3rd dynasty . The 3rd-century-bce historian Manetho calls the 3rd and 4th dynasties (c. 2650–c. 2465 bce) Memphite, and the huge royal pyramid tombs of this period, in the necropolises of Memphis, confirm this. Djoser , the second king of the 3rd dynasty , was the builder of the Step Pyramid of Ṣaqqārah , the earliest royal foundation at Memphis and the first important stone building in Egypt. Imhotep , the king’s architect and adviser, is credited with this architectural feat; his reputation as a wise man and physician led in later times to his deification and his identification with the Greek god Asclepius . The Step Pyramid of Djoser at Ṣaqqārah, Egypt. © Photos.com/Jupiterimages The remains of several unfinished or badly ruined pyramids near Memphis have been attributed to other 3rd-dynasty kings. The first king of the 4th dynasty, Snefru , built two pyramid tombs at Dahshūr . The three great pyramids of Giza belong to Khufu , Khafre , and Menkaure , later 4th-dynasty monarchs. The Great Sphinx at Giza dates from the time of Khafre. The last known king of this dynasty, Shepseskaf , built his tomb at South Ṣaqqārah. It was not a pyramid but a distinctive oblong structure


What original 1960s surfer's slang expression of thrill or delight was popularized by the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles children's cartoon?

BBeM: Item List Item List                       1 member comment Trivia questions After the Lone Ranger saved the day and rode off into the sunset, the grateful citizens would ask, "Who was that masked man?" Invariably, someone would answer, "I don't know, but he left this behind." What did he leave behind? When The Beatles first came to the U.S. in early 1964, we all watched them on ... Get your kicks ... The story you are about to see is true. Only the names have been changed ... In the jungle, the mighty jungle ... Abbott told Costello that the St. Louis baseball team's lineup consisted of: "N-E-S-T-L-E-S, Nestle's makes the very best ... __." The great jazz trumpeter known as "Satchmo" was America's "Ambassador of Goodwill." His real name was ... What "takes a licking and keeps on ticking" ? Red Skelton's hobo character was named ... Some Americans who protested U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War did so by burning their __ The cute little car with the engine in the back and the trunk in the front was called the VW. What other name did it go by? In 1971, singer Don MacLean recorded a song about, "the day the music died." This was a tribute to ... In 1957, the Soviet Union took an early lead in the space race by placing the first man-made satellite into orbit. It was called ... One of the big fads of the late '50s and early '60s was a large plastic ring that we twirled around our waist. It was called the ... What "builds strong bodies 12 ways" ? Before he was Muhammad Ali, he was ... Pogo, the comic strip character, said, "We have met the enemy and ..." Good night, David ... Before portraying the Skipper's Little Buddy on Gilligan's Island, Bob Denver was Dobie Gillis' friend ... Liar, liar ... Meanwhile, back in Metropolis, Superman fights a never-ending battle for truth, justice, and ... Hey kids, what time is it? Lions and tigers and bears ... "Never trust anyone ... " The NFL quarterback who appeared in a television commercial wearing women's pantyhose was ... Brylcreem ... Before Cathy Rigby and Robin Williams, Peter Pan was played by ... Can you identify The Beatles and indicate which instrument each of them played? I wonder, wonder ... who, ... I'm strong to the finish ... When it's least expected, you're elected, you're the star today ... What do M&M's do? Hey there! Hi there! Ho there! ... Smokey Bear warned: Call Roto-Rooter, that's the name ... In the valley of the jolly ... Does she, or doesn't she? See the U.S.A ... What did L.S.M.F.T. mean on the side of a cigarette pack? Us Tareyton smokers would rather ... I'd __ for a Camel. Schaefer is the one beer to have ... Can you identify the person in this photo? You'll wonder where the yellow went ... Nothin' says lovin' like (what?) and (who?) says it best Silly rabbit ... Many people know this impossible object as a blivet. What did Mad magazine call it? Go Greyhound, and ... You're soaking in it. (What is "It"?) The following program is brought to you in living color ... Come to where the flavor is. Come to ... After the Twist, the Mashed Potato, and the Watusi, we "danced" under a stick that was lowered as low as we could go, in a dance called the ... There's always room for ... Many cars of the '50s sported protuberances on the front bumpers. These were known as ... Bill Dana often appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show as a character named ... Jim Nabors is best known for his character, Gomer Pyle. What other surprising talent does/did he have? (As the woman in the commercial opened a refrigerator): You can be sure ... Ford has ... Wouldn't you really rather have ... ? Bob Keeshan was TV's Captain Kangaroo. What other character did he portray? Oh, Magoo ... The Rocky and His Friends cartoons featured the WABAC machine, used to travel back in time. Who did this time traveling? It's not nice to fool ... Whose advertising slogan was: "Ask the man who owns one" ? Who claimed to be "the most trusted name in electronics" ? Burkina Faso ... At Zenith ... Texas used to be the biggest state in the U.S., and there were plenty of jokes based on that fact.


Atoms of the same elements with the same number of protons and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons, are called what?

Atoms and Elements Atoms and Elements Atomic Structure   Atoms are the basic building blocks of everything around us. They come in different kinds, called elements , but each atom shares certain characteristics in common. All atoms have a dense central core called the atomic nucleus . Forming the nucleus are two kinds of particles: protons , which have a positive electrical charge, and neutrons , which have no charge. All atoms have at least one proton in their core, and the number of protons determines which kind of element an atom is. For example, an oxygen atom has 8 protons. If you were somehow able to change the proton number of this atom to 7, even if everything else remained the same, it would no longer be an oxygen atom, it would be nitrogen. For this reason, we list the different elements by their proton, or atomic, number. The periodic table of elements is a chart of all of the elements that have been discovered so far, in order by their atomic number . In addition to protons and neutrons, all atoms have electrons , negatively charged particles that move around in the space surrounding the positively-charged nuclear core. Electrons are usually depicted in drawings as much smaller than protons or neutrons because their mass is so much smaller. In fact, electron mass is so small that it is not counted in an atom’s mass. However, the charge strength of a single electron is equal to that of a single proton, and despite their small mass, electrons are important for balancing the charge of an atom. Unless specifically stated otherwise, atoms always have the same number of electrons as protons; therefore, you can find the electron number by looking at the atomic number. But unlike protons, the number of electrons can and does change without affecting the kind of element an atom is! We now know how to find the number of protons and the number of electrons for a given atom, but what about neutrons? How many neutrons do atoms of a given element have? It is NOT always the same as the number of protons and electrons. For example, hydrogen has one proton and one electron, but it doesn’t have any neutrons at all! We determine this by looking at the atomic mass. Even though an atom is so small it would take almost a million for you to see even a tiny dot on your computer screen, each tiny atom definitely has mass and occupies space. This mass comes from the nucleus. Each proton and neutron has about the same amount of mass, measured in daltons , or atomic mass units (amus). Because the unit of measure is defined by one proton, 1 proton = 1 neutron = 1 dalton = 1 amu. Electrons do have some mass, but it is almost 2000 times less than the mass of a proton. There aren’t enough electrons in any of the atoms we know about to affect the total mass; therefore, the total mass is equal to the sum of the protons and the neutrons in an atom. Because we can find the number of protons and the atomic mass of an atom by looking at its element information in the periodic table, we can calculate the number of neutrons in that atom by subtracting the number of protons from the atomic mass. When the number of neutrons is different for individual atoms of the same element, each atom is called an isotope . When you read a periodic table, the atomic mass listed is the average atomic mass for all of the isotopes of that element found in nature. For example, carbon has an atomic mass of 12.01 in the periodic table. Carbon can’t have 6.01 neutrons because you can’t have part of a neutron. The value exceeds 6 because, while most carbon atoms have 6 neutrons, some carbon atoms are found with 7 neutrons and others with 8 neutrons. For our purposes, we round the atomic mass to the nearest whole number to calculate the number of neutrons.   Atomic Structure This video illustrates how atoms and their components work together. Please enable iFrames to view this content or visit  Atomic Structure Video .   Please enable iFrames to view this content or visit <a href="/html5/biology/lesson2/Bio


The Arab food falafal is commonly made from?

Falafel Recipe : Melissa d'Arabian : Food Network Kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper Directions Watch how to make this recipe. In a food processor, combine the chickpeas , scallions , garlic, cumin, coriander , cayenne, parsley, cilantro, egg, and lemon juice . Pulse to combine and season with salt. The mixture will not be smooth, but it should not have large chunks. Add in the baking powder and 1/3 cup of the flour and pulse to just combine. Remove to a bowl and chill in the refrigerator for 30 minutes. Remove the chickpea mixture from the refrigerator. Add enough oil to a large saute pan so it reaches 1/2-inch up the sides and heat it over medium-high heat until an inserted thermometer reads 360 degrees F. Meanwhile, drop spoonfuls of the chickpea mixture onto a plate with 1/4 cup flour. Roll into balls on the floured plate and press gently into patties. Fry in batches of hot oil for about 3 to 4 minutes each side and drain on paper towels. Serve the falafel on a bed of lettuce with chopped salted tomatoes, grated cucumber and White Bean Yogurt Sauce.


Which famous English brewer of ale, established in 1787 next to London's Tower Bridge, has a cockerel as its emblem?

Read Microsoft Word - ArchiveCatalogue_0809_copy1.doc BREWERY HISTORY SOCIETY COLLECTION 1 /1/ Correspondence /1/1/ Archive matters /1/2/ Other archives and collections /1/3/ BHS /1/3/1 Archivist queries /1/3/2 Meetings and Minutes /1/3/3 Newsletters and journals /1/3/4 Photographic archive /1/3/5 Financial Records /2/ Books Title Author Publisher Date ISBN /3/ Journals - Bound Title Dates Exceptions /4/ Magazines and Papers /5/ General Pamphlets/Booklets/Guides & Leaflets /5/1 Pamphlets /5/2 Booklets /5/3 Guides (including pub and beer) /5/4 Leaflets /5/5 Newspapers special sections/articles /5/6 Maps /5/7 Technical Papers /6/ Individual Business Items /6/1 Brewery Histories /6/2 Company Reports /6/3 Brewing & Related Books /6/4 Collected Papers and internal documents /6/5 Brochures /6/6 Letterheads and Invoices /6/7 Catalogues including suppliers /6/8 House Magazines /6/9 Articles of Association and legal documents /6/10 Advertisements/ directory entries /6/11 Plans and drawings /7/ General Ephemera & Advertising Material /7/1 National/ Brewers Society Campaign Material /7/2 Posters /7/3 Showcards /7/4 Calendars /7/5 Beer Festival Programmes /7/6 CAMRA Magazines and Trade papers /8/ Labels /8/1 Beer /8/2 Spirits /8/3 Other /9/ Photographs and Drawings /9/1 Photograph Albums Pub /9/1/E Exteriors /9/1/I Interiors /9/1/P Pictures/paintings /9/1/S Albums by subject /9/2 Specialised Subjects eg breweries /9/3 Individual drawings /1 Inn signs artists designs /2 Original artwork /3 Artwork photos /4 BS Advertising Artwork /9/4 Miscellaneous mainly publicity /9/4/1 Exhibitions/Fair etc /9/4/2 Careers and Training /9/4/3 Catering /9/4/4 Pub Games & Quizes /9/4/5 Buildings General /9/4/6 Railways /9/4/7 General Publicity /9/5 Inn Signs /9/6 BHS Collection Album 1 1-99 Album 2 100Album 3 Slides Album 4 Negatives Display large photos /10/ Video, Film and Tape /11/ Press Cuttings/ Releases /12/ Commemorative and other 3 Dimensional items /13/ Beer Mats Album /14/ Legal and Licensing papers/documents - General /15/ Miscellaneous (including computer related material) BAC Business Archive Council /16/ Business Cross-referenced Lists eg Allied Breweries: all items held MS1865 BREWERY HISTORY SOCIETY COLLECTION 2 1/2/1 Scottish Brewery Archive a Correspondence b Newsletters 1986-2001 not all 2001 Vol 3 39 2002 Vol 40, 41, 42 45 2003 Vol 5 2004 Vol 6 1/3/1 Archivist queries a (Norman Barber) Includes 1969 correspondence Sir SO Neville and Burden 1/3/2a Research Guide 2nd Draft Ken Smith BHS Company Questionnaire Committee Meeting Minutes 4 Jul 1987 11 Nov 1989 19 Jan 1991 8 Jun 1991 7 Sep 1991 26 Jan 1992 AGM Tetleys Leeds 27 Apr 1991 Rules & Constitution orig and Jan 1992 Leaflet on Society early 1980s Membership List 1995 2001 AGM inc accounts Oral History notes 1/3/3a BHS Old Newsletter/ became Journal Trial Issue 1 1972 Vol 1 No2 Aug No3 Nov 1973 Vol 1 No4 Feb V2 N1 May No2 Aug No3 Nov 1974 Vol 2 No3 Nov No4 Feb Vol 3 No1 May No2 Aug No3 Nov 1975 Vol 3 No4 Feb Vol 4 No1 May No2 Aug No3 Nov 1976 Vol 4 No4 Feb 1976 Vol 5 No1 May No2 Aug No3 Nov 1977 Vol 5 No4 Feb shown as Vol 4 No5 1977 Vol 6 No1 May No3 Dec 1978 Vol 6 No4 Mar 1978 Vol 7 No1 Jul No2 Dec 1979 Vol 7 No3 May No4 Oct 1980 Vol 8 No1 Apr No2 Oct 1981 Vol 9 No1 Apr No2 Dec 1982 Vol10 No1 Apr No2 Aug No3 Oct (6) 1983 Vol10 No4 Mar then relaunched under new numbers 1983 36 May 37 July 38 Nov 1984 39 Mar 40 Jun 41 Sep 42 Dec 1985 43 Mar 44 June 45 Sep 46 Dec 1986 47 Mar 48 July 49 Oct 50 Dec 1987 51 Nov 1988 52 Jan 53 June 54 Nov 1989 55 Feb 56 Apr 57 Sep 58 Dec 1990 59 Mar 61 Sep 62 Dec 1991 63 Mar 64 Jun 65 Sep 66 Dec 1992 67 Mar 68 Jun 69 Sep 70 Dec 1993 71 Mar 72 Jun 73 Sep 74 Dec 1994 75 Spr 77 Aut 78 Win 1995 79 Spr 81 Aut 82 Win 1996 83 Spr 84 Sum 85 Aut 86 Win 1997 87 Spr 88 Sum 89 Aut 90 Win 1998 92 Sum 93 Aut 94 Win 1999 95 Win 96 Sum 97 Aut 98 Mill 2000 99 Spr 100 Sum 101 Aut 102 Win 2001 103 Spr 104 Sum 105 Aut 106 Win 2002 107 Spr 108 Sum 109 Aut 110 Win 2003 111 Spr 112 Sum 113 Aut 114 Win 2004 115 Mar 1988 No4 (3) 1/3/3b New Newsletter 1991 No


Which children's TV animated character, named 'Pollux' in the original French version, is based on a 'drop-eared Skye terrier'?

The Magic Roundabout - iSnare Free Encyclopedia The Magic Roundabout This article is about the television series. For other uses, see Magic Roundabout (disambiguation) . The Magic Roundabout Nigel Planer (Channel 4 narrator) Country of origin 450 × 5 minutes (1965–2000) 104 × 11 minutes (2007–2010) Production company(s) Nick Jr. and Nick Jr. 2 (UK, 2007–) BBC Four (UK, 2007) Original release 1964 – 1971 The Magic Roundabout (known in the original French as Le Manège enchanté ) was a children's television programme created in 1963 by Serge Danot , with the help of Ivor Wood [1] and Wood's French wife, Josiane. The series was originally broadcast from 1964 to 1971 on ORTF (Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française). Having originally rejected the series as "charming... but difficult to dub into English", [1] the BBC later produced a version of the series using the original French- stop motion animation footage with new English-language scripts, written and narrated by Eric Thompson , which bore little relation to the original storylines. This version, broadcast in 441 five-minute-long episodes from 18 October 1965 to 25 January 1977, was a great success and attained cult status, [1] and when in 1967 it was moved from the slot just before the evening news to an earlier children's viewing time, adult viewers complained to the BBC. [1] Contents 13 External links Characters Although the characters are common to both versions, they were given different names and personalities depending on the language. The main character is Dougal (Pollux in the original French-language version) who was a drop-eared variety of the Skye Terrier . In the French version, Pollux is a British character who speaks somewhat broken French with an outrageous English accent as a result of Ivor Wood 's role as co-creator. His sweet tooth, shown through his fondness for sugar lumps, was based on a French belief that one of the traits of the English is a liking for sweets. Other characters include Zebedee (Zébulon), a jack-in-the-box ; Brian (Ambroise), a snail ; Ermintrude (Azalée), a cow, and Dylan (named after Bob Dylan The show has a distinctive visual style. The set is a brightly coloured and stylised park containing the eponymous roundabout (a fairground carousel ). The programmes were created by stop motion animation, which meant that Dougal was made without legs to make him easier to animate. Zebedee was created from a giant pea which was available in the animation studio and was re-painted. The look of these characters was the responsibility of British animator Ivor Wood, who was working at Danot's studio at the time (and who subsequently animated The Herbs , Paddington Bear and Postman Pat ). English-language version The British (BBC) version was especially distinct from the French version in that the narration was entirely new, created by Eric Thompson from just the visuals, and not based on the script by Serge Danot. A former BBC employee, interviewed on BBC Radio in 2008, maintained that the original contract with the French owners did not include the scripts that accompanied the original animations (contrary to BBC assumptions). The BBC, instead of making a further payment to acquire the scripts, which would have required translation, decided to commission its own version – without access to the original French, and the English-language version therefore bears no resemblance to it. The first British broadcasts were shown just before the 5.55 pm news every weekday on BBC 1, [1] This was the first time an entertainment programme had been transmitted in this way in the UK. The original series, which was a serial, was made in black-and-white. From the second series onwards it was made in colour, although the series was still broadcast in black-and-white by the BBC; the first colour episode of the show was transmitted on 5 October 1970. Fifty-two additional episodes, not previously broadcast, were shown in the United Kingdom during 1991 on Channel 4 's News Daily. Thompson had died by this time, and the job of narrating them in a pastiche of Th


Which word, broadly synonymous with 'typeface', derives from French 'to melt'?

Font : definition of Font and synonyms of Font (English)   "Fount" redirects here. For the original meaning, see fountain . This article is about the traditional meaning of "font". For the electronic data file, see Computer font . For other uses, see Font (disambiguation) . In typography , a font is traditionally defined as a quantity of sorts composing a complete character set of a single size and style of a particular typeface . For example, the complete set of all the characters for "9- point Bulmer " is called a font, and the "10-point Bulmer" would be another separate font, but part of the same font family , whereas "9-point Bulmer boldface" would be another font in a different font family of the same typeface. One individual font character might be referred to as a "sort," "piece of font," or "piece of type". Font nowadays is frequently used synonymously with the term typeface , although they had clearly understood different meanings before the advent of digital typography and desktop publishing . Beginning in the 1980s, with the introduction of computer fonts , a broader definition for the term "font" evolved. Different sizes of a single style—separate fonts in metal type—are now generated from a single computer font, because vector shapes can be scaled freely. "Bulmer", the typeface, may include the fonts "Bulmer roman", "Bulmer italic", "Bulmer bold" and "Bulmer extended", but there is no separate font for "9-point Bulmer italic" as opposed to "10-point Bulmer italic". 6 Sources   Etymology The term font, a doublet of the word fondue , derives from Middle French fonte, meaning "(something that has been) melt(ed)", referring to type produced by casting molten metal at a type foundry . English-speaking printers have used the term fount for centuries to refer to the multi-part metal type used to assemble and print in a particular size and typeface. [1]   Metal type In a traditional manual printing ( letterpress ) house the word font would refer to a complete set of metal type that would be used to typeset an entire page. Unlike a digital typeface it would not include a single definition of each character, but commonly used characters (such as vowels and periods) would have more physical type-pieces included. A font when bought new would often be sold as (for example in a Roman alphabet) 12pt 14A 34a, meaning that it would be a size 12-point font containing 14 uppercase 'A's, and 34 lowercase 'A's. The rest of the characters would be provided in quantities appropriate for the distribution of letters in that language. Some metal type characters required in typesetting, such as dashes , spaces and line-height spacers, were not part of a specific font, but were generic pieces which could be used with any font. [2] Line spacing is still often called " leading ", because the strips used for line spacing were made of lead (rather than the harder alloy used for other pieces). The reason for this spacing strip being made from "lead" was because lead was a softer metal than the traditional forged metal type pieces (which was part lead, antimony and tin) and would compress more easily when "locked-up" in the printing "chase" (i.e. a carrier for holding all the type together). In the 1880s–90s, "hot lead" typesetting was invented, in which type was cast as it was set, either piece by piece (as in the Monotype technology) or in entire lines of type at one time (as in the Linotype technology).   Font characteristics In addition to the character height, when using the mechanical sense of the term, there are several characteristics which may distinguish fonts, though they would also depend on the script (s) that the typeface supports. In European alphabetic scripts , i.e. Latin , Cyrillic and Greek , the main such properties are the stroke width, called weight , the style or angle and the character width . The regular or standard font is sometimes labeled roman, both to distinguish it from bold or thin and from italic or oblique. The keyword for the default, regular case is often omitted for variants and never repeated, otherwis


Radiation Therapy for Cancer - National Cancer Institute Radiation Therapy for Cancer What research is being done to improve radiation therapy? What is radiation therapy? Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to shrink tumors and kill cancer cells ( 1 ). X-rays , gamma rays , and charged particles are types of radiation used for cancer treatment. The radiation may be delivered by a machine outside the body ( external-beam radiation therapy ), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells ( internal radiation therapy , also called brachytherapy ). Systemic radiation therapy uses radioactive substances, such as radioactive iodine , that travel in the blood to kill cancer cells. About half of all cancer patients receive some type of radiation therapy sometime during the course of their treatment. How does radiation therapy kill cancer cells? Radiation therapy kills cancer cells by damaging their DNA (the molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the next) ( 1 ). Radiation therapy can either damage DNA directly or create charged particles ( free radicals ) within the cells that can in turn damage the DNA. Cancer cells whose DNA is damaged beyond repair stop dividing or die. When the damaged cells die, they are broken down and eliminated by the body’s natural processes. Does radiation therapy kill only cancer cells? No, radiation therapy can also damage normal cells, leading to side effects. Doctors take potential damage to normal cells into account when planning a course of radiation therapy. The amount of radiation that normal tissue can safely receive is known for all parts of the body. Doctors use this information to help them decide where to aim radiation during treatment. Why do patients receive radiation therapy? Radiation therapy is sometimes given with curative intent (that is, with the hope that the treatment will cure a cancer, either by eliminating a tumor, preventing cancer recurrence , or both) ( 1 ). In such cases, radiation therapy may be used alone or in combination with surgery, chemotherapy, or both. Radiation therapy may also be given with palliative intent. Palliative treatments are not intended to cure. Instead, they relieve symptoms and reduce the suffering caused by cancer. Some examples of palliative radiation therapy are: Radiation given to the brain to shrink tumors formed from cancer cells that have spread to the brain from another part of the body ( metastases ). Radiation given to shrink a tumor that is pressing on the spine or growing within a bone, which can cause pain. Radiation given to shrink a tumor near the esophagus , which can interfere with a patient’s ability to eat and drink. How is radiation therapy planned for an individual patient? A radiation oncologist develops a patient’s treatment plan through a process called treatment planning, which begins with simulation . During simulation, detailed imaging scans show the location of a patient’s tumor and the normal areas around it. These scans are usually computed tomography (CT) scans, but they can also include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and ultrasound scans. Computed Tomography Scanner. CT scans are often used in treatment planning for radiation therapy. During CT scanning, pictures of the inside of the body are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. CT scans are often used in treatment planning for radiation therapy. During CT scanning, pictures of the inside of the body are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. During simulation and daily treatments, it is necessary to ensure that the patient will be in exactly the same position every day relative to the machine delivering the treatment or doing the imaging. Body molds, head masks, or other devices may be constructed for an individual patient to make it easier for a patient to stay still. Temporary skin marks and even tattoos are used to help with precise patient positioning. Patients getting radiation to the head may need a mask. The


ASCII (referring to computer language) means what in full?

What does ASCII mean? definition, meaning and audio pronunciation (Free English Language Dictionary) ASCII character (any member of the standard code for representing characters by binary numbers) Domain category: computer science ; computing (the branch of engineering science that studies (with the aid of computers) computable processes and structures)  Learn English with... Proverbs of the week  "A good man in an evil society seems the greatest villain of all." (English proverb) "The seeker is a finder." (Afghanistan proverb) "Don't ask the singer to sing until he wishes to sing by himself." (Arabic proverb) "Gentle doctors cause smelly wounds." (Dutch proverb)  ASCII: related words searches


A traditional light-bulb containing a glowing filament is technically called what, from the Latin 'glow white'?

Incandescent lighting and powder metallurgical manufacturing of tungsten wire     | SpringerLink Incandescent lighting and powder metallurgical manufacturing of tungsten wire Authors Lunk, HJ. ChemTexts (2015) 1: 3. doi:10.1007/s40828-014-0003-8 1.6k Downloads Abstract This paper presents a historic overview, starting with a fireplace as source for illumination via the carbon filament lamp and ending with the IR-coated halogen lamp. The physico-chemical principles of the different periods of incandescent lighting are “illuminated.” The chemical and technological basics of powder metallurgical manufacturing of tungsten wire as well as the significance of this revolutionary technology for the mass production of incandescent lamps are demonstrated. In conclusion, a comparison of the modern incandescent lamp with alternative light sources is given. Keywords Historic overviewIncandescent lightingPowder metallurgyTungsten wire Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1007/s40828-014-0003-8 ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Illumination prior to the incandescent lamp Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s legendary last words “More light” were later also philosophically interpreted. But maybe he simply ordered his servant Friedrich Krause to open the shutters. It could also be just a Frankfurt’s jargon like “Mer liecht (I lie = ‘more light’) here so uncomfortable” or even just the call after the Botschanper (a malapropism of “pot de chambre”—pisspot). Unfortunately, it cannot be clarified anymore. But since the beginning of time the human race cannot do without artificial lighting. Table 1 shows a condensed time travel prior to the incandescent lamp. Table 1 Light sources prior to the incandescent lamp About 250,000 B.C.E. Bowl lamp (precursor of clay lamp) 700 B.C.E. Appearance of candles in the Roman Empire 1783 Argand’s oil lamp (François Pierre Ami Argand) 1798/1802 Gas light in English factories 1799 Gas light patent of Philippe Lebon in Paris 1800 Discovery of electric arc between carbon electrodes 1830 Heinrich Geißler invented the discharge tube 1862 Justus Liebig discovered acetylene gas for the carbide lamp Basic knowledge for generating light by an incandescent body The wavelength distribution of light generated by an incandescent body is described by Planck’s radiation law. Like the Sun’s spectrum, it is continuous. Compared to the Sun’s temperature, however, the temperature of an incandescent body is very low. Therefore, the light’s red portion predominates, while blue is only poorly represented. With increasing temperature, the radiation maximum shifts in accordance with Wien’s displacement law λmax = 2.8978 × 106 nm K T−1(λmax: wavelength maximum; T: absolute temperature of the radiation surface) to smaller wavelengths and thereby to the visible region (400–800 nm), but always remains in the IR region. The Stefan–Boltzmann law specifies which radiant flux P a Black body of the area A and the absolute temperature T emits. Using the Stefan–Boltzmann constantσ, it corresponds to P = σ A T4. Accordingly, a Black-body’s radiation is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. So, doubling the temperature causes an increase of the radiation by a factor of 16. This law is also called Boltzmann’s T-to-the-fourth law. For getting a high light output, the radiation maximum must be shifted by temperature increase from the long-wave infrared heat radiation as far as possible to the range of visible light, without getting too close to the melting temperature of the material used. Almost the entire input power is converted into radiation. The losses by conduction and convection are minimal. However, only the wavelength range of radiation 400–800 nm is visible to the human eye. The main portion is located in the invisible infrared region and cannot be used for lighting purposes. Brief history of the light bulb When people are asked, who invented the incandescent lamp (vernacular “incandescent pear”), most of them would mention the name of


What colour/color flag was historically first displayed to indicate sickness aboard a ship?

Ship Flags - what do they mean?: Cruisemates Cruise Feature Articles Flying the Flags by Arline Bleecker When you've been out on deck, you've probably seen them flapping in the ocean breeze, but how many of you have the faintest notion of what a ship's flags signify? Keep reading, and you can impress your shipmates next time with your knowledge of their arcane symbolism. Assorted maritime flags that flutter on every ship testify to centuries of seafaring heritage and tradition. According to Captain Tom Thomason, Carnival's director of corporate shipbuilding, a ship's flags are "almost ritual and prescribed." Even today--when sophisticated technologies have supplanted flags as primary communications tools--ships "still follow correct methods, manners and mores concerning them," he said. We're not only talking about so-called national "flags of convenience"--i.e., by registering ships in countries like Liberia, the Bahamas and Panama, cruise lines save a bundle in corporate taxes, and sometimes are even immunized from regulatory oversight. That's another story. Click to Enlarge We're talking about an array of colorful flags and pennants that fly forward, aft or topside on a ship. These actually speak an ancient and obscure tongue, but a curious or observant passenger can learn a lot by interpreting their iconic language. Thomason succinctly sums them up this way, from the ship's point of view: "A flag says who I am, what I am and what I'm doing." From antiquity, when nothing more than a pair of eyes or a set of spyglasses linked ships at sea, sailors used flags to communicate. Flags function the same way today, Thomason says: "Albeit often used differently than they originally were on medieval ships and warships, they serve the same purpose." The earliest flags were fairly basic: A ship flew its nation's flag to convey "I'm an English, American or Spanish ship," Thomason says. Eventually, specific flags were added for "courtesy," as when a ship is in foreign waters. A Spanish warship sailing into another country's harbor with peaceful intentions also flew that nation's flag "to send a clear sign its intent was innocent." This is not to say that pirates wouldn't occasionally fly a misleading flag as a tactical deception. One can easily imagine a ship flying one flag on approach, then suddenly switching to the Jolly Roger in a surprise attack. But even though they no longer constitute a ship's first line of communication, flags are not flown arbitrarily. A definite protocol prevails. The logic to flags and where on a ship they fly is almost defined by the wind, Thomason says. Years ago, a ship would fly its national registry flag aft and high, so it would be perfectly visible. Over the years, as the design of new ships moved the main masts forward, so goes that flag--though when a ship is at anchor or in port, it still flies at the stern. Flags of national registry are not same as flags of owners. The "house" or company flag usually flies on a short foremast at the ship's bow. This flag falls into Thomason's "who I am" category. Princess Cruises' house flag, for instance, depicts four colored triangles--blue and white from the Portuguese national flag and red and yellow from Spain's, colors that reflect the origins of Princess' British parent company, P&O, back in the days when it traded with Spain and Portugal. Other flags constitute the equivalent of a typesetter's arsenal. Forty colorful and geometric flags comprise a complete communications system: 26 flags denoting each letter of the alphabet, 10 denoting the numerals from 0 through 9, plus an "answering" pennant and three substitutes. The specific meanings of all these flags were defined by international agreement in 1902. In addition to representing a single letter of the alphabet, a given flag also stands for a short phrase, a shorthand code that describes something, Thomason says. For example, the square red flag--"B" or phonetic "bravo"--communicates caution. "It says 'I'm doing something a bit hazardous'," Thomason explains. This flag flies on the foremast during


Central to Norse mythology, Yggdrasil is a huge what, connected to the cosmos?

Norse Mythology, Part Two: The Norse Cosmos | The Uncommon Geek The Uncommon Geek All Your Blog Are Belong To Us Feeds: Norse Mythology, Part Two: The Norse Cosmos June 8, 2014 by theterranauthor In part two of my geeking out over Norse Mythology, I explore the Norse Cosmos, and where it diverges from what you see presented in mainstream motion pictures, such as Marvel’s Thor. As I touched on in Part One , the Scandinavian and Germanic peoples who espoused Norse Mythology were raised in a harsh and demanding geographical landscape. The ice, fjords, fog, imposing mountains, and dark, dense forests which dominated their environment, shaped their culture and their beliefs. As well, this brutal, survival of the fittest lifestyle contributed to the stark, matter-of-fact fatalism that permeates the Norse myths. There is a certain degree of parallel between the Norse views, and those of Judeo-Christianity, on life after death. Both have quite fatalistic viewpoints on mankind’s ultimate destiny, though the Norse were considerably more naturalistic and cyclical in their beliefs. Viking stories, such as their story of creation, also were influenced, no doubt, by environments like Iceland, where one can find fire and ice in equal measure. As described in Marvel’s Thor film, the Norse Cosmos did have Nine Realms, and in them, Earth is also referred to as Midgard. Midgard in Old Norse, does translate as “Middle World” or “Middle Earth,” which is a fun fact for fans of J.R.R. Tolkien. Midgard lay, naturally, in the middle of all the other realms: Asgard, Alfheim, and Vanaheim, Svartalfheim, Niflheim, Helheim, Jotunheim, and Muspelheim. These realms are connected by the great World Tree, Yggdrasil, also referred to as the Tree of Life, and the great bridge, Bifrost, which is known either as the Flaming Bridge or the Rainbow Bridge, connects the realm of Asgard to that of Midgard. The Marvel comics and movies do lift the correct names, but they depict Yggdrasil as some sort of cosmic string, and the Nine Realms as wholly separate planets, or planetoids in the case of Asgard. In Thor: The Dark World, Chris Hemsworth’s character mentions that the Nine Realms are connected within Yggdrasil, yet the Marvel Asgardians require their version of Bifrost to transport between worlds. It seems like the Marvel Yggdrasil is either a constellation, or a concentrated star cluster, that acts as some form of cosmic anchor which keeps the nine different worlds aligned with each other. How this works exactly is not explained, but it does seem that the construct of Bifrost itself is a necessary component to traversing this interplanetary connection. Without it, travel between realms is limited to wormholes like the one Loki exploits in The Dark World, or to concentrated distortions caused by dark matter, which is how Odin sent Thor to Earth in The Avengers. In the Norse myths, travel between realms was not a galactic affair, and indeed many of the gods are depicted as being able to travel to the realms on foot, or by horseback. One of the most enduring and classic of such tales is Hermod’s ride into Helheim, to beg the release of Balder’s soul. Balder, purest and most beloved of the Aesir (the gods of Asgard) was slain unintentionally by the blind god Hod, in a scheme developed by Loki. Marvel’s use of the Norse Cosmos, starting with Stan Lee’s original character, and continuing into today’s movies, is an interesting choice. It is true that many Greek and Roman heroes and ideas had already been tapped in stories and comics, so I appreciate that someone thought to take a look at the rich world of Norse Mythology. That said, I feel that modern perceptions of said mythos are a bit muddled, and the Thor comics and movies, while fun, only add to the confusion. They add a pseudo sci-fi element to the mix, but are not very good explaining the science aspect of the fiction. Especially in the movies, the plots don’t even seem to be entirely convinced of their own science, and they don’t stop to explain how things work. The chief protagonist may go out of his way to


The Indian currency the Rupee takes its name from Hindi and Sanskrit, 'wrought (what metal)'?

Project MUSE - A Vaishnava Theatrical Performance in Nepal: The Kāttī-pyākhã of Lalitpur City A Vaishnava Theatrical Performance in Nepal: The Kāttī-pyākhã of Lalitpur City Gérard Toffin (bio) Abstract Every year, during the lunar month of Kārtik (October–November), the Newars of Lalitpur city (Nepal) stage a theatrical play called kāttī-pyākhã. Despite changes over the ages, this performance, which dated back to the seventeenth century, is a relic of ancient medieval Newar theatre. It is mainly Vaishnava in character, though it includes also some Shaivite features and comic interludes. The present article is an ethnographic account of this enduring tradition. It also explores the religious and cultural contact of the play, as well as its aesthetics codes and languages. My first contact with Newar 1 traditional theatre in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, dates to August 1971. To grasp the inner social and religious realities of a Newar peasant community, I chose to settle in a village of rice cultivators named Pyangaon (New. Svangu) located twenty-five kilometers south of Kathmandu, a few days before the performance of a local play called kum-pyākhã, 2 which was acted out only twice a year during the main village festival, celebrated for eight days at the end of the lunar month of Bhādra (August-September) and the beginning of Āshvin (September-October). I attended the all-night performance and immediately fell under the charm of this type [End Page 126] of religious play staged some distance from the bustle of city life and hordes of tourists. As in other Asian societies in which old traditions are still alive, such folk theatre combines music, song, dance, and drama. Although kum-pyākhã is acted according to strict rules, watching such a play generates a lasting aesthetic shock to any spectator, whether a Nepalese or a foreigner. Pyangaon at that time still had no electricity, and the glow of Petromax lanterns and wheat straw torches added to the magic of the event. 3 Even if religiously based and strictly rule-bound, such dramas belong to the wider universe of play and theatre that blurs the boundaries between religion and performance. I gradually realized the central importance, profusion, and diversity of theatrical performances within Newar society and culture. Indeed, pyākhãs—the local Newari name for these dramas 4 —address some interesting theoretical questions related to the intimate links between rite and theatre. I spent several months investigating this meaningful tradition and collecting various types of material ( Toffin 1996 , 1999 ). 5 My main questions focused on the social foundations of these dramas, their religious significance, and the nature of the aesthetics at work. The spectators clearly share with the performers a repertoire of stories, a common frame of reference, a similar vision of religious beliefs and practices, and a cluster of meanings pertaining mainly to the Indian world. Yet, I rapidly reached the conclusion that the efficacy of these ceremonies, generally considered to be rituals, is found in their aesthetics and poetic strength. I recently published a book in French on the foremost festival of Nepal's capital, Kathmandu—the Jātrā, the festival of god Indra—and its often overlooked plays ( Toffin 2010 ). This work contains some theoretical considerations on what I call the spectacular dimension of religious practices and festivals in premodern cultures and the aesthetics encoded in Newar dramas. To sum up some of my findings, I maintain that theatre performances of the pyākhã type cannot be regarded simply as a series of ritual events performed for the pleasure of the gods, nor as mere spectacles acted out for the entertainment and merriment of the spectators. They play many other functions, both aesthetic and social, within local groups as well as within the larger ethnic community. These dramas strengthen a person's attachment to the local culture and to a large extent foster a global Newar ethnic identity. I argue that such plays do not only reflect society itself, its sustaining rul


The significant 18th century Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707-83) is noted for solving the 'Seven (What?) of Königsberg problem'?

number game | Britannica.com Number game Alternative Titles: mathematical game, mathematical puzzle, mathematical recreation Related Topics Fifteen Puzzle Number game, any of various puzzles and games that involve aspects of mathematics. Mathematical recreations comprise puzzles and games that vary from naive amusements to sophisticated problems, some of which have never been solved. They may involve arithmetic, algebra, geometry, theory of numbers, graph theory, topology, matrices, group theory, combinatorics (dealing with problems of arrangements or designs), set theory, symbolic logic, or probability theory. Any attempt to classify this colourful assortment of material is at best arbitrary. Included in this article are the history and the main types of number games and mathematical recreations and the principles on which they are based. Details, including descriptions of puzzles, games, and recreations mentioned in the article, will be found in the references listed in the bibliography. At times it becomes difficult to tell where pastime ends and serious mathematics begins. An innocent puzzle requiring the traverse of a path may lead to technicalities of graph theory; a simple problem of counting parts of a geometric figure may involve combinatorial theory; dissecting a polygon may involve transformation geometry and group theory; logical inference problems may involve matrices. A problem regarded in medieval times—or before electronic computers became commonplace—as very difficult may prove to be quite simple when attacked by the mathematical methods of today. Mathematical recreations have a universal appeal. The urge to solve a puzzle is manifested alike by young and old, by the unsophisticated as well as the sophisticated. An outstanding English mathematician, G.H. Hardy , observed that professional puzzle makers, aware of this propensity , exploit it diligently, knowing full well that the general public gets an intellectual kick out of such activities. The relevant literature has become extensive, particularly since the beginning of the 20th century. Some of it is repetitious, but surprisingly enough, successive generations have found the older chestnuts to be quite delightful, whether dressed in new clothes or not. Much newly created material is continually being added. History Eyjafjallajökull volcano In Germany, Hermann Schubert published Zwölf Geduldspiele in 1899 and the Mathematische Mussestunden (3rd ed., 3 vol.) in 1907–09. Between 1904 and 1920 Wilhelm Ahrens published several works, the most significant being his Mathematische Unterhaltungen und Spiele (2 vol., 1910) with an extensive bibliography. Among British contributors, Henry Dudeney, a contributor to the Strand Magazine, published several very popular collections of puzzles that have been reprinted from time to time (1917–67). The first edition of W.W. Rouse Ball’s Mathematical Recreations and Essays appeared in 1892; it soon became a classic, largely because of its scholarly approach. After passing through 10 editions it was revised by the British professor H.S.M. Coxeter in 1938; it is still a standard reference. Outstanding work was that of Maurice Kraitchik, editor of the periodical Sphinx and author of several well-known works published between 1900 and 1942. About the middle third of the 20th century, there was a gradual shift in emphasis on various topics. Up to that time interest had focussed largely on such amusements as numerical curiosities; simple geometric puzzles; arithmetical story problems; paper folding and string figures; geometric dissections; manipulative puzzles; tricks with numbers and with cards; magic squares; those venerable diversions concerning angle trisection, duplication of the cube, squaring the circle, as well as the elusive fourth dimension. By the middle of the century, interest began to swing toward more mathematically sophisticated topics: cryptograms; recreations involving modular arithmetic, numeration bases, and number theory; graphs and networks; lattices, group theory; topological curiosities; packing and c


What pluralized term refers to a building's roof edge adjoining its wall, usually designed to prevent rainwater ingress?

Glossary of terms | SAHITA Blog Glossary of terms This glossary is provided as a general reference tool for learners to consult as regards technical terminology referred to in the SAHITA modules and also to commonly used terms used in South African building. A A/C: An abbreviation for air conditioner or air conditioning. A/C Circuit: Alternating Current. The flow of current through a conductor first in one direction, then in reverse. It is used exclusively in residential and commercial wiring because it provides greater flexibility in voltage selection and simplicity of equipment design. A/C Condenser: The outside fan unit of the air conditioning system. It removes the heat from the Freon gas and turns the gas back into a liquid and pumps the liquid back to the coil in the furnace. A/C Disconnect: The main electrical ON-OFF switch near the A/C condenser. Above Grade Wall: A wall more that is mostly above ground and enclosing conditioned space. Acrylic: A glassy thermoplastic material that is vacuum-formed to cast and mould shapes that form the surface of fiberglass bathtubs, whirlpools, shower bases, and shower stalls. Adhesion: The property of a coating or sealant to bond to the surface to which it is applied. Aggregate: Crushed stone, slag or gravel that comes in a wide range of sizes which is used to mix with sand and cement to form concrete. Algae: Microorganisms that may grow to colonies in damp environments, including certain rooftops. They can discolor shingles. Often described as a “fungus.” Allowable Span: The distance between two supporting points for load bearing lumber such as joists, Amperage: The rate of flow of electricity through wire – measured in terms of amperes. Amps (AMPERES): The rate at which electricity flows through a conductor. Anchor Bolts: In residential construction, bolts used to secure a wooden sill plate to a concrete or masonry floor or wall. Angle Valve: A shutoff valve in which the inlet connects to the water supply pipe in the wall and the outlet angles 90 degrees upward toward the tap or toilet. Annealing: In the manufacturing of float glass, the process of controlled cooling done in a Lahr to prevent residual stresses in the glass. Apron: An impervious strip (concrete or paving) installed around the base of walls to prevent water seeping under the foundations. Apron flashing: A horizontal flashing installed where the top end of a roof slope meets a vertical projection, such as a chimney or parapet wall. Arbitration Service: A service to resolve complaints, as in NACHI’s Arbitration Service. Architrave:  Decorative moulding, beyond the reveal, of a door or window frame. Asbestos: A common form of magnesium silicate which was used in various construction products due to its stability and resistance to fire. Asbestos exposure (caused by inhaling loose asbestos fibers) is associated with various forms of lung disease. The name given to certain inorganic minerals when they occur in fibrous form. Though fire-resistant, it’s extremely fine fibres are easily inhaled, and exposure to them over a period of years has been linked to cancers of the lung or lung-cavity lining and to asbestosis a severe lung impairment. A naturally occurring mineral fibre sometimes found in older homes. It is hazardous to your health when a possibility exists of exposure to inhalable fibres. Homeowners should be alert for friable (readily crumbled, brittle) asbestos and always seek professional advice in dealing with it. Asphalt: A dark brown to black highly viscous hydrocarbon produced from the residue left after the distillation of petroleum. Asphalt is used on roofs and highways as a waterproofing agent.  Also know and bitumen or tarmac. Astragal: A moulding which is attached to one of a pair of swinging doors against which the other door strikes. Auger Underpinning: The underpinning of foundations by drilling a series of auger holes under the foundations. By part filling with concrete it is possible to lift the foundation with hydraulic jacks, before totally filling with concrete Awning Window: A window with hi


The green gemstone peridot is known in its mineral form by what edible coloured/colored name?

Guide to Common Green and Greenish Minerals • Actinolite A shiny medium-green mineral with many long, thin crystals is likely to be actinolite. Look for it exclusively in metamorphic rocks , where it forms crystals in marble or is disseminated in greenstone . Its color is from iron; the white variety without iron is tremolite. Luster glassy to pearly; hardness 5–6. More » continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge Chlorite specimen. Chlorite specimen  Andrew Alden photo • Chlorite It's the most widespread green mineral, but one you may never see by itself. In microscopic form, chlorite gives a dull olive-green color to a wide range of metamorphic rocks from slate and phyllite to schist . It is also found in small spots or masses in which it displays a flaky structure like that of a mica mineral , but it gleams rather than sparkles and doesn't split into flexible sheets. Luster pearly; hardness 2–2½. More » Typical epidote. Typical epidote  Andrew Alden photo • Epidote Epidote is common in medium-grade metamorphic rocks as well as late-stage igneous rocks such as pegmatites . It's typically a pistachio or avocado green when it occurs in the massive form—crystals have a wider color range. Luster dull to pearly; hardness 6–7. More » Glauconite in greensand. Glauconite in greensand  Ron Schott (Flickr CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) • Glauconite This is the usual green mineral found in greenish marine sandstones and the gardening amendment known as greensand. It's a mica mineral , but because it forms by alteration of other micas it never makes crystals. You'll generally see it in the form of a blue-green color rather than a separate mineral. Luster dull; hardness 2. More » • Jade (Jadeite/Nephrite) Few minerals excite the rockhound like jade, but it can be hard to distinguish. Two minerals , jadeite and nephrite, are recognized as true jade. Both occur where serpentinite is found but form at higher pressures and temperatures. Nephrite (a microcrystalline form of actinolite ) has a hardness of 5–6; jadeite (a sodium pyroxene mineral ) has a hardness of 6½–7. More » Olivine in Hawaiian basalt. Olivine in Hawaiian basalt  Andrew Alden photo • Olivine Dark primary igneous rocks ( basalt , gabbro and so on) are the exclusive home of olivine. It's usually found in small clear olive-green grains and stubby crystals. A rock made entirely of olivine is called dunite . Olivine breaks down at the Earth's surface by chemical weathering . It would rather live deep beneath the Earth's crust, where it is most stable. Olivine gives the rock peridotite its name, peridot being the gem variety of olivine. Luster glassy ; hardness 6½–7. More » Prehnite balls. Prehnite balls  fluor_doublet (Flickr CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) • Prehnite Rocks metamorphosed by hot-water solutions may have prehnite crusts and botryoidal clusters along with pockets of zeolite minerals . Prehnite has a light "bottle-green" color and is quite translucent. Any rock shop will have prehnite specimens you can learn this mineral from. Luster glassy; hardness 6–6½. More » High-grade serpentine. High-grade serpentine  Andrew Alden photo • Serpentine Serpentine is a metamorphic mineral that occurs in some marbles but more often keeps to itself in the distinctive rock serpentinite . It typically occurs in shiny, mottled, streamlined shapes and never in crystals (except sometimes as asbestos fibers). Its color ranges from white to black but is mostly dark olive-green. Serpentine is a sign of high-magnesium (typically deep-sea) lavas that have been thoroughly altered by hydrothermal activity . Luster greasy; hardness 2–5. More » Mariposite. Mariposite  Andrew Alden photo • Other Green Minerals Several other minerals are typically green, but they aren't widespread and are quite distinctive. These include chrysocolla , diopside , dioptase , fuchsite , several of the garnets , malachite , phengite , and variscite . You'll see them in rock shops and mineral shows more than in the field.


What term for a fungal mold derives from an old mistaken idea that it distilled from the air?

Gardening Terms GLP Blog ACCENT PLANT - This could be a focal point plant. A plant to catch attention. Could also be called an anchor plant. ACHEVE - A one seeded fruit which does not split open to release it's seed, ie. the "seeds" on a strawberry. ACID RAIN - Rainwater that contains sulfur dioxide and other pollutants from industrial plants. There has been considerable damage done to the forests of the US and Canada. ACID SOIL - Soil that is lower than 7.0 ph (higher would be alkaline). Acidity is measured by the amount of calcium in the soil, as is alkaline soil. ADVENTITIOUS - Having growth from places where normally growth does not occur (i.e. if a stem is buried and a plant will grow.) ADVENTITIOUS PLANT - A young plant that develops in an asexual manner on the leaves or stems of the mother plant. (Kolanchoe are good examples of this.) AERATION - The loosening of soil by digging or other mechanical means to allow air to pass freely, usually done on lawns. AERIAL ROOT - A root which grows out from the stem above ground level. Aerial roots are commonly seen on mature specimens of Monstera deliciosa. AEROBIC - Usually used for describing a characteristic of compost heaps. Describes organisms living or occurring only in the presence of oxygen. AGGREGATE CULTURE - The use of solid material to grow plants. Some examples are: gravel, rockwool, sand, all with the additional use of a nutrient water soluble solution. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE - A county agency that is supported and monitored by the land grant university for each individual state. Great place to seek out the horticultural agent, receive publications, and advice. This is your taxes in action. AIR LAYERING - A method of propagating single-stem plants, such as Ficus elastica decora, which have lost their lower leaves and become leggy. An incision is made to a portion of outer stem layer, damp sphagnum moss is wrapped in a bag around it until roots develop. Then it is cut and replanted with its shorter stem size. ALKALINE SOIL - Soil that has a pH level of about 7.0 or more. Sometimes referred to as "sweet" soil. ALL AMERICAN ROSE SELECTIONS, INC (ARRS) - This is made up of roses that have been on trial for two years in official test gardens throughout the US. The association is comprised of rose producers, growers, and people who introduce new hybrids. ALL AMERICA SELECTIONS (AAS) - This is a group of people in the horticultural business who test new cultivars of flowers and vegetables. All of these gold medal winners can be raised from seed. ALLEE - A very formal design of planting trees lining both sides of a path or drive. ALLELOPATHY - The release of chemicals by certain plants that will prevent the growing of other plants nearby. Walnut trees are very well known to do this. ALPINE - Plants from high mountain regions. Anything that is from above the tree line. They are able to overwinter beneath deep snow protected from extreme low temperature by their moisture. ALPINE HOUSE - A special greenhouse created to meet the requirements of alpines. It is usually kept cool in the summer by shading the glass. In the winter it is unheated unless it needs to provide protection from very severe cold. AMENDMENT - Usually referring to some form of organic material being added to the soil for the purpose of improvement. AMPHIBIOUS - The ability of plants to brow both in aquatic and in the exposed soil. Usually in a moist or boggy condition, when the winter recedes in the area. ANAEROBIC - Describes organisms living or occurring when oxygen is absent. Usually term used when talking about compost heaps. ANNUAL - A plant that will complete its life cycle in one growing season. APHIDS - Small sap sucking insects. They infect foliage and are easily recognized by the sugary "honey dew" that they secrete that often attracts ants. Can be controlled by application of soapy solution. (see Sooty Mold) AQUATIC - Plant which grows partially or completely in water. ARBOR - A free standing structure used in the garden to support vines or climbing plants of all sorts for shade, a wal


What word prefixes the words ball, board, code, core and hearted to make five new words/terms?

5000 FREE SAT Test Prep Words - 5000 Vocabulary Words FREE abase v. To lower in position, estimation, or the like; degrade. ← Many vocabulary words, such as degrade, are repeated in definitions for double learning. abbess n. The lady superior of a nunnery. abbey n. The group of buildings which collectively form the dwelling-place of a society of     monks or nuns.   Free SAT      prep math      notes below vocabulary ↓ abbot n. The superior of a community of monks. abdicate v. To give up (royal power or the like). abdomen n. In mammals, the visceral cavity between the diaphragm and the pelvic floor; the     belly. abdominal n. Of, pertaining to, or situated on the abdomen. abduction n. A carrying away of a person against his will, or illegally. abed adv. In bed; on a bed. aberration n. Deviation from a right, customary, or prescribed course. abet v. To aid, promote, or encourage the commission of (an offense). abeyance n. A state of suspension or temporary inaction. abhorrence n. The act of detesting extremely. abhorrent adj. Very repugnant; hateful. abidance n. An abiding. abject adj. Sunk to a low condition. abjure v. To recant, renounce, repudiate under oath. able-bodied adj. Competent for physical service. ablution n. A washing or cleansing, especially of the body. abnegate v. To renounce (a right or privilege). abnormal adj. Not conformed to the ordinary rule or standard. abominable adj. Very hateful. abominate v. To hate violently. abomination n. A very detestable act or practice. aboriginal adj. Primitive; unsophisticated. aborigines n. The original of earliest known inhabitants of a country. aboveboard adv. & adj. Without concealment, fraud, or trickery. abrade v. To wear away the surface or some part of by friction. abrasion n. That which is rubbed off. abridge v. To make shorter in words, keeping the essential features, leaning out minor      particles. abridgment n. A condensed form as of a book or play. abrogate v. To abolish, repeal. abrupt adj. Beginning, ending, or changing suddenly or with a break. abscess n. A Collection of pus in a cavity formed within some tissue of the body. abscission n. The act of cutting off, as in a surgical operation. abscond v. To depart suddenly and secretly, as for the purpose of escaping arrest. absence n. The fact of not being present or available. absent-minded adj. Lacking in attention to immediate surroundings or business. absolution n. Forgiveness, or passing over of offenses. absolve v. To free from sin or its penalties. absorb v. To drink in or suck up, as a sponge absorbs water. absorption n. The act or process of absorbing. abstain v. To keep oneself back (from doing or using something). abstemious adj. Characterized by self denial or abstinence, as in the use of drink, food. abstinence n. Self denial. abstruse adj. Dealing with matters difficult to be understood. absurd adj. Inconsistent with reason or common sense. abundant adj. Plentiful. abusive adj. Employing harsh words or ill treatment. abut v. To touch at the end or boundary line. abyss n. Bottomless gulf. academic adj. Of or pertaining to an academy, college, or university. academician n. A member of an academy of literature, art, or science. academy n. Any institution where the higher branches of learning are taught. accede v. To agree. accelerate v. To move faster. accept v. To take when offered. access n. A way of approach or entrance; passage. accessible adj. Approachable. accession n. Induction or elevation, as to dignity, office, or government. accessory n. A person or thing that aids the principal agent. acclaim v. To utter with a shout. accommodate v. To furnish something as a kindness or favor. accompaniment n. A subordinate part or parts, enriching or supporting the leading part. accompanist n. One who or that which accompanies. accompany v. To go with, or be associated with, as a companion. accomplice n. An associate in wrong-doing. accomplish v. To bring to pass. accordion n. A portable free-reed musical instrument. accost v. To speak to. account n. A record or statement o


Approximately how many gallons of blood is pumped by the average 'at rest' human heart per day?

Habits of the Heart: Lessons: Lesson 2: Keeps on Pumpin' (in your lifetime): How much blood does your heart pump in one minute? This is called cardiac     output. To     calculate cardiac output you need to know your body surface area in square     meters and your cardiac index (how     much blood is pumped per minute for every square meter of body surface     area). To     find your body's surface area, first use the scale and measuring tape     to determine your weight in kilograms and your height in centimeters. Weight =____ (kilos) Height = ____(cm) On a nomogram , find your weight in the     right column and your height in the left column. Place a straightedge     on the nomogram so the weight and height are connected. The point where     the straightedge crosses the center column denotes your body's surface     area in square meters. How much blood the heart pumps for every square meter of surface area     (cardiac index) varies with the age of the individual. For children ages     1013, the average cardiac index is 2.75 liters/m2/minute     at a resting state. Multiply your body surface area by the cardiac index (2.75 l/m2/minute)     to determine the liters of blood pumped by your heart in one minute (cardiac     output). 2/minute= ____liters per minute. How does your volume per minute compare to a 2 liter beverage bottle? .How much blood is pumped in an hour and in a day? How much blood does your heart pump in one beat? This volume is called stroke volume.How would you calculate stroke volume? (Answer:     liters pumped per minute divided by beats per minute). What is your stroke volume?____ Convert the stroke volume to milliliters. ____liters per minute x 1000 = ____ml per beat Use     a graduated cylinder to carefully measure this amount of water. Pour it     into a cup. This     is the volume of blood pumped by your heart in one beat. Compare this     to the volumes of other classmates. Extensions A mouse's heart beats about 700 times per minute and an elephant's about     30. A mouse lives less than three years, an elephant more than 60. What's     the connection? Compare the heart rates of various animals. Is there a relationship between     size of animal and heart rate? Research the longevity of various animals and compare this to their heart     rate. Is there a relationship between the average lifetime of an animal     and its heart rate? Notes to the teacher: Over 1,500 Gallons of Blood Pumped Daily The heart is a powerful muscle that beats without stopping throughout     a lifetime. It pumps about 55-80 ml (1/3 cup) of blood with each beat     for adults and around 25-85 ml per beat for children. An adult heart pumps     about 6,000-7,500 liters (1,500-2,000 gallons) of blood daily. The average     adult body contains about five quarts of blood which continually circulates     throughout the body. The shortest trip to the heart muscles takes only     a few seconds. The trip to the toes takes over a minute. WebLinks


In which decade was Mount Everest first climbed?

Mount Everest | mountain, Asia | Britannica.com Mount Everest Alternative Titles: Chomolungma, Chu-mu-lang-ma Feng, Peak XV, Qomolangma Feng, Sagarmatha, Zhumulangma Feng Related Topics Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner Mount Everest, Sanskrit and Nepali Sagarmatha, Tibetan Chomolungma, Chinese (Pinyin) Zhumulangma Feng or (Wade-Giles romanization) Chu-mu-lang-ma Feng, also spelled Qomolangma Feng, mountain on the crest of the Great Himalayas of southern Asia that lies on the border between Nepal and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China , at 27°59′ N 86°56′ E. Reaching an elevation of 29,035 feet (8,850 metres), Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world, the highest point on Earth. Like other high peaks in the region, Mount Everest has long been revered by local peoples. Its most common Tibetan name, Chomolungma, means “Goddess Mother of the World” or “Goddess of the Valley.” The Sanskrit name Sagarmatha means literally “Peak of Heaven.” Its identity as the highest point on the Earth’s surface was not recognized, however, until 1852, when the governmental Survey of India established that fact. In 1865 the mountain—previously referred to as Peak XV—was renamed for Sir George Everest , British surveyor general of India from 1830 to 1843. The North Face of Mount Everest, as seen from Tibet (China). Maria Stenzel—National Geographic/Getty Images Physical features Geology and relief The Himalayan ranges were thrust upward by tectonic action as the Indian-Australian Plate moved northward from the south and was subducted (forced downward) under the Eurasian Plate following the collision of the two plates between about 40 and 50 million years ago. The Himalayas themselves started rising about 25 to 30 million years ago, and the Great Himalayas began to take their present form during the Pleistocene Epoch (about 2,600,000 to 11,700 years ago). Everest and its surrounding peaks are part of a large mountain massif that forms a focal point, or knot, of this tectonic action in the Great Himalayas. Information from global positioning instruments in place on Everest since the late 1990s indicates that the mountain continues to move a few inches to the northeast and rise a fraction of an inch each year. The Mount Everest massif, Himalayas, Nepal. © Marta/Fotolia Mount Pinatubo Everest is composed of multiple layers of rock folded back on themselves (nappes). Rock on the lower elevations of the mountain consists of metamorphic schists and gneisses, topped by igneous granites. Higher up are found sedimentary rocks of marine origin (remnants of the ancient floor of the Tethys Sea that closed after the collision of the two plates). Notable is the Yellow Band, a limestone formation that is prominently visible just below the summit pyramid. The barren Southeast, Northeast, and West ridges culminate in the Everest summit; a short distance away is the South Summit, a minor bump on the Southeast Ridge with an elevation of 28,700 feet (8,748 metres). The mountain can be seen directly from its northeastern side, where it rises about 12,000 feet (3,600 metres) above the Plateau of Tibet . The peak of Changtse (24,803 feet [7,560 metres]) rises to the north. Khumbutse (21,867 feet [6,665 metres]), Nuptse (25,791 feet [7,861 metres]), and Lhotse (27,940 feet [8,516 metres]) surround Everest’s base to the west and south. Everest is shaped like a three-sided pyramid . The three generally flat planes constituting the sides are called faces, and the line by which two faces join is known as a ridge. The North Face rises above Tibet and is bounded by the North Ridge (which meets the Northeast Ridge) and the West Ridge; key features of this side of the mountain include the Great and Hornbein couloirs (steep gullies) and the North Col at the start of the North Ridge. The Southwest Face rises above Nepal and is bounded by the West Ridge and the Southeast Ridge; notable features on this side include the South Col (at the start of the Southeast Ridge) and the Khumbu Icefall, the latter a jumble of large blocks of ice that has long been a daunting challenge for cl


Erich Kästner's famous 1929 children's novel set in Berlin is called 'Emil and the (What?')?

Erich Kästner - Erich Kästner Biography - Poem Hunter Erich Kästner - Erich Kästner Biography - Poem Hunter Biography Biography of Erich Kästner Emil Erich Kästner was a German author, poet, screenwriter and satirist, known primarily for his humorous, socially astute poetry and for children's books including Emil and the Detectives. He received the international Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 1960 for his autobiography Als ich ein kleiner Junge war. Dresden 1899–1919 Kästner was born in Dresden, Saxony. He grew up in the Königsbrücker Straße of Dresden's Äußere Neustadt. Close by, the Erich Kästner Museum is located on the ground floor of Kästner's uncle Franz Augustin's former villa on Antonstraße next to the Albertplatz. Kästner's father Emil was a master saddlemaker. His mother Ida, née Augustin, was a maidservant and housewife, and in her thirties trained to be a hairstylist in order to supplement her husband's income. Kästner had a particularly close relationship with his mother. While he lived in Leipzig and Berlin, he wrote her fairly intimate daily letters and postcards. His novels, too, seem to be pervaded by overbearing mothers. It was rumored that Erich Kästner's natural father was not Emil Kästner, but rather the Jewish family doctor, Emil Zimmermann (1864–1953). These rumors never were substantiated. Kästner wrote about his childhood in his 1957 autobiography When I Was a Little Boy. According to Kästner, he did not suffer from being an only child, had many friends, and was not lonely or over-indulged. In 1913, Kästner entered a teacher training school in Dresden, but left the school in 1916 shortly before completing the courses that would have qualified him to teach at public schools. The German Empire was in turmoil. In 1914, when he was 15, World War I broke out. He later wrote about the event that it "brought an end to my childhood." Kästner was drafted in 1917 and became part of a heavy artillery company. The brutality of the training he underwent as a soldier impressed Kästner strongly; this and the slaughter of the war in general had a strong influence on his antimilitarist opinions. Moreover, the merciless drilling by Kästner's sergeant Waurich caused the author a lifelong heart affliction. Kästner critiques the sergeant's character in his poem Sergeant Waurich. At the end of the war, Kästner returned to school and achieved the Abitur with distinction, earning a scholarship (Stipendium) from the city of Dresden. Leipzig 1919–1927 In the autumn of 1919, Kästner enrolled at the University of Leipzig to study history, philosophy, German language and literature and theatre. His studies took Kästner to Rostock and Berlin, and in 1925 he received a doctorate for a thesis on Frederick the Great and German literature. Kästner paid for his studies by working as a journalist and drama critic for the prestigious Neue Leipziger Zeitung newspaper. Kästner's increasingly critical reviews and the "frivolous" publication of his erotic poem Abendlied des Kammervirtuosen (Evening Song of the Chamber Virtuoso) —with illustrations by Erich Ohser— got him fired in 1927. The same year, Kästner moved to Berlin. He did, however, continue to write for the Neue Leipziger Zeitung under the pseudonym "Berthold Bürger" ("Bert Citizen") as a freelance correspondent. Kästner would later use several other pseudonyms, for example "Melchior Kurtz," "Peter Flint," and "Robert Neuner". Berlin 1927–1933 Kästner's years in Berlin from 1927 until the end of the Weimar Republic and the rise of the Nazis in 1933 were his most productive. In just a few years, Kästner became one of the most important intellectual figures in the German capital. He published poems, newspaper columns, articles, and reviews in many of Berlin's important periodicals. Kästner was a regular contributor to different daily newspapers such as the Berliner Tageblatt and the Vossische Zeitung, as well as to the theater journal Die Weltbühne. In Kästner's Complete Works (published in German in 1998), editors Hans Sarkowicz and Franz Josef Görtz list over 350 articles fr


According to majority scholarly opinion, what was Jesus Christ's main spoken language?

Did Jesus Exist? Searching for Evidence Beyond the Bible - Biblical Archaeology Society Did Jesus Exist? Searching for Evidence Beyond the Bible Lawrence Mykytiuk’s feature article from the January/February 2015 issue of BAR with voluminous endnotes Lawrence Mykytiuk   •  12/03/2016 Read Lawrence Mykytiuk’s article “Did Jesus Exist? Searching for Evidence Beyond the Bible” as it originally appeared in Biblical Archaeology Review, January/February 2015. The article was first republished in Bible History Daily in 2014.—Ed.   THE MAN CHRIST JESUS. Did Jesus of Nazareth exist as a real human being? Outside of the New Testament, what is the evidence for his existence? In this article, author Lawrence Mykytiuk examines the extra-Biblical textual and archaeological evidence associated with the man who would become the central figure in Christianity. Here Jesus is depicted in a vibrant sixth-century C.E. mosaic from the Basilica of Sant’Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy. Photo: Sant’Apollinare Nuovo Ravenna, Italy/Bridgeman Images. After two decades toiling in the quiet groves of academe, I published an article in BAR titled “Archaeology Confirms 50 Real People in the Bible.” a The enormous interest this article generated was a complete surprise to me. Nearly 40 websites in six languages, reflecting a wide spectrum of secular and religious orientations, linked to BAR’s supplementary web page . b Some even posted translations. I thought about following up with a similar article on people in the New Testament, but I soon realized that this would be so dominated by the question of Jesus’ existence that I needed to consider this question separately. This is that article: 1 Did Jesus of Nazareth, who was called Christ, exist as a real human being, “the man Christ Jesus” according to 1 Timothy 2:5? The sources normally discussed fall into three main categories: (1) classical (that is, Greco-Roman), (2) Jewish and (3) Christian. But when people ask whether it is possible to prove that Jesus of Nazareth actually existed, as John P. Meier pointed out decades ago, “The implication is that the Biblical evidence for Jesus is biased because it is encased in a theological text written by committed believers. 2 What they really want to know is: Is there extra-Biblical evidence … for Jesus’ existence?” c Therefore, this article will cover classical and Jewish writings almost exclusively. 3 In the free ebook Who Was Jesus? Exploring the History of Jesus’ Life , examine fundamental questions about Jesus of Nazareth. Where was he really born—Bethlehem or Nazareth? Did he marry? Is there evidence outside of the Bible that proves he actually walked the earth? Tacitus—or more formally, Caius/Gaius (or Publius) Cornelius Tacitus (55/56–c. 118 C.E.)—was a Roman senator, orator and ethnographer, and arguably the best of Roman historians. His name is based on the Latin word tacitus, “silent,” from which we get the English word tacit. Interestingly, his compact prose uses silence and implications in a masterful way. One argument for the authenticity of the quotation below is that it is written in true Tacitean Latin. 4 But first a short introduction. Roman historian Tacitus. Photo: Bibliotheque nationale, Paris, France / Giraudon / Bridgeman Images. Tacitus’s last major work, titled Annals, written c. 116–117 C.E., includes a biography of Nero. In 64 C.E., during a fire in Rome, Nero was suspected of secretly ordering the burning of a part of town where he wanted to carry out a building project, so he tried to shift the blame to Christians . This was the occasion for Tacitus to mention Christians, whom he despised. This is what he wrote—the following excerpt is translated from Latin by Robert Van Voorst: TACIT CONFIRMATION. Roman historian Tacitus’s last major work, Annals, mentions a “Christus” who was executed by Pontius Pilate and from whom the Christians derived their name. Tacitus’s brief reference corroborates historical details of Jesus’ death from the New Testament. The pictured volume of Tacitus’s works is from the turn of the 17th century. The


Batwing, Corkscrew, Hammerhead turn, Heartline roll, Horseshoe and Immelmann are elements of what form of entertainment?

Roller Coaster History & Elements | Mrs. Erin Schumacher & Science Mrs. Erin Schumacher & Science Roller Coaster History & Elements Roller Coaster History Ever wonder where roller coasters were first created? Were they primarily used for entertainment or some other need? Use google or the following sites to learn more: Briefly list some of the history of roller coasters. Roller Coaster Records Curious what the tallest coaster in the world is? The fastest? The largest drop? Watch: Kingda Ka Roller Coaster at Six Flags in New Jersey. It’s being tested so there are no passengers. What happens? Why do you think this happens? Watch: Here it is again, working this time, with a front row view. Watch: Would you ride this coaster at Ferrari World? Check out these websites to find some coaster records:


What sugar substitute, also known as glucitol, is named after the sorb fruit of the sorbus tree?

New insights into the evolutionary history of plant sorbitol dehydrogenase "A previously identified SDH from apple fruit [9] was found to be the single Class II SDH (MDP0000305455) in M. domestica in the present study. This SDH has a much lower affinity for sorbitol (K m 247 mM [9] ) compared to other SDHs purified (K m 40.3 mM [76], 86.0 mM [7]) or cloned (K m 83.0 mM [10]; SDH Class I) from apple species. While the kinetic differences were suggested to be due to protein configuration changes between the fusion protein and native protein [9], the present analysis indicated that they might have been be due also to amino acid substitutions at the catalytic site. " [Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.1.1.14) is the key enzyme involved in sorbitol metabolism in higher plants. SDH genes in some Rosaceae species could be divided into two groups. L-idonate-5-dehydrogenase (LIDH, EC 1.1.1.264) is involved in tartaric acid (TA) synthesis in Vitis vinifera and is highly homologous to plant SDHs. Despite efforts to understand the biological functions of plant SDH, the evolutionary history of plant SDH genes and their phylogenetic relationship with the V. vinifera LIDH gene have not been characterized. A total of 92 SDH genes were identified from 42 angiosperm species. SDH genes have been highly duplicated within the Rosaceae family while monocot, Brassicaceae and most Asterid species exhibit singleton SDH genes. Core Eudicot SDHs have diverged into two phylogenetic lineages, now classified as SDH Class I and SDH Class II. V. vinifera LIDH was identified as a Class II SDH. Tandem duplication played a dominant role in the expansion of plant SDH family and Class II SDH genes were positioned in tandem with Class I SDH genes in several plant genomes. Protein modelling analyses of V. vinifera SDHs revealed 19 putative active site residues, three of which exhibited amino acid substitutions between Class I and Class II SDHs and were influenced by positive natural selection in the SDH Class II lineage. Gene expression analyses also demonstrated a clear transcriptional divergence between Class I and Class II SDH genes in V. vinifera and Citrus sinensis (orange). Phylogenetic, natural selection and synteny analyses provided strong support for the emergence of SDH Class II by positive natural selection after tandem duplication in the common ancestor of core Eudicot plants. The substitutions of three putative active site residues might be responsible for the unique enzyme activity of V. vinifera LIDH, which belongs to SDH Class II and represents a novel function of SDH in V. vinifera that may be true also of other Class II SDHs. Gene expression analyses also supported the divergence of SDH Class II at the expression level. This study will facilitate future research into understanding the biological functions of plant SDHs. Full-text · Article · Apr 2015 Polyol specificity of recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana sorbitol dehydrogenase studied by enzyme kinetics and in silico modeling "We believe that this can be attributed to the fact that the latter assays were performed at 2 mM NAD + and 50 mM xylitol, concentrations which produce substrate inhibition , as shown inFigure 2B. Nevertheless, the K m of recombinant AtSDH with xylitol (0.27 mM) is very similar to that of HsSDH (0.22 mM; Maret and Auld, 1988) and substantially lower than with the other substrates, as also found in purified apple SDH (37 mM; Negm and Loescher, 1979), translating into a higher specificity constant with this 5-carbon molecule than with either sorbitol or ribitol (Figure 2A;Table 1 ). At xylitol concentrations greater than 5 mM in the presence of 1.36 mM NAD + , the specific activity was significantly inhibited, a phenomenon not observed with the other two polyol substrates. " [Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Polyols are enzymatically-produced plant compounds which can act as compatible solutes during periods of abiotic stress. NAD+-dependent SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE (SDH, E.C. 1.1.1.14) from Arabidopsis thaliana L. (AtSDH) is