What was the nickname of Manfred von Richthofen, the top fighter ace in World War One?

Manfred, baron von Richthofen - World War I - HISTORY.com Manfred, baron von Richthofen A+E Networks Introduction Manfred von Richthofen (1892-1918) earned widespread fame as a World War I ace fighter pilot. After starting the war as a German cavalry officer on the Eastern Front, Richthofen served in the infantry before seeking his pilot’s license. He transferred to the Imperial Air Service in 1915, and the following year began to distinguish himself in battle. The leader of a squadron known as the Flying Circus, Richthofen developed a formidable reputation in his bright red Fokker triplane. He was credited with 80 kills before being shot down, his legend as the fearsome Red Baron enduring well after his death. Google Manfred von Richthofen began his career in World War I as a cavalry officer on the Eastern Front, but in 1915, when detailed for quartermaster duty, he rebelled: “I have not gone to war to collect cheese and eggs, but for another purpose.” After initially failing his pilot’s license, the future “ace of aces” saw action above Verdun and Kovel. In August 1916, Baron von Richthofen joined a new fighter squadron at the Somme and recorded his first “kill” on September 17; his eightieth and last came in April 1918; on April 21 he was shot down, probably by ground fire over the Somme. Richthofen’s bright red Fokker aircraft earned him the nicknames “red knight,” “red baron,” and “diable rouge,” and his habit of moving the squadron, tents, and equipment from base to base gave rise to the sobriquet “flying circus.” The war in the air became Richthofen’s blood sport. He possessed the courage to kill or be killed, flaunting his daring with reckless abandon and dispatching his victims in a brutal, pitiless manner. Preferring not to fight alone, he remained above his squadron in a dogfight until he spied his chance to swoop down, hawklike, upon unfortunate stragglers. “Everything in the air,” he once boasted, “belongs to me.” Many of his “kills” were, in fact, joint efforts, but were credited to Richthofen to enhance his stature as a national hero. The Reader’s Companion to American History. Eric Foner and John A. Garraty, Editors. Copyright © 1991 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Tags


What disease killed approximately 40% of Europe's population in 1346-1353?

The Black Death: The Greatest Catastrophe Ever | History Today The Black Death: The Greatest Catastrophe Ever Email Ole J. Benedictow describes how he calculated that the Black Death killed 50 million people in the 14th century, or 60 per cent of Europe’s entire population. The disastrous mortal disease known as the Black Death spread across Europe in the years 1346-53. The frightening name, however, only came several centuries after its visitation (and was probably a mistranslation of the Latin word ‘atra’ meaning both ‘terrible’ and ‘black)’. Chronicles and letters from the time describe the terror wrought by the illness. In Florence, the great Renaissance poet Petrarch was sure that they would not be believed: ‘O happy posterity, who will not experience such abysmal woe and will look upon our testimony as a fable.’ A Florentine chronicler relates that, All the citizens did little else except to carry dead bodies to be buried [...] At every church they dug deep pits down to the water-table; and thus those who were poor who died during the night were bundled up quickly and thrown into the pit. In the morning when a large number of bodies were found in the pit, they took some earth and shovelled it down on top of them; and later others were placed on top of them and then another layer of earth, just as one makes lasagne with layers of pasta and cheese. The accounts are remarkably similar. The chronicler Agnolo di Tura ‘the Fat’ relates from his Tuscan home town that ... in many places in Siena great pits were dug and piled deep with the multitude of dead [...] And there were also those who were so sparsely covered with earth that the dogs dragged them forth and devoured many bodies throughout the city. The tragedy was extraordinary. In the course of just a few months, 60 per cent of Florence’s population died from the plague, and probably the same proportion in Siena. In addition to the bald statistics, we come across profound personal tragedies: Petrarch lost to the Black Death his beloved Laura to whom he wrote his famous love poems; Di Tura tells us that ‘I [...] buried my five children with my own hands’. The Black Death was an epidemic of bubonic plague, a disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis that circulates among wild rodents where they live in great numbers and density. Such an area is called a ‘plague focus’ or a ‘plague reservoir’. Plague among humans  arises when rodents in human habitation, normally black rats, become infected. The black rat, also called the ‘house rat’ and the ‘ship rat’, likes to live close to people, the very quality that makes it dangerous (in contrast, the brown or grey rat prefers to keep its distance in sewers and cellars). Normally, it takes ten to fourteen days before plague has killed off most of a contaminated rat colony, making it difficult for great numbers of fleas gathered on the remaining, but soon- dying, rats to find new hosts. After three days of fasting, hungry rat fleas turn on humans. From the bite site, the contagion drains to a lymph node that consequently swells to form a painful bubo, most often in the groin, on the thigh, in an armpit or on the neck. Hence the name bubonic plague. The infection takes three–five days to incubate in people before they fall ill, and another three–five days before, in 80 per cent of the cases, the victims die. Thus, from the introduction of plague contagion among rats in a human community it takes, on average, twenty-three days before the first person dies. When, for instance, a stranger called Andrew Hogson died from plague on his arrival in Penrith in 1597, and the next plague case followed twenty-two days later, this corresponded to the first phase of the development of an epidemic of bubonic plague. And Hobson was, of course, not the only fugitive from a plague-stricken town or area arriving in various communities in the region with infective rat fleas in their clothing or luggage. This pattern of spread is called ‘spread by leaps’ or ‘metastatic spread’. Thus, plague soon broke out in other urban and rural centres, from w


What weapon was used in the Medieval joust?

Medieval and Renaissance Jousts   Medieval and Renaissance Jousts Jousts and tournaments took the     form of individual combat between armored knights,     mounted or on foot, using lances, swords, axes and     maces. Jousting was first practiced in the early     Middle Ages. During these colorful public events,     two knights fought to enhance their martial     reputation. The melee, a tournament (or tourney),     provided the audience with the spectacle of many     knights involved in mass trials by combat. Compared     with warfare proper, this form of organized     ï¿½entertainmentï¿½ was only one step away from the real     thing.   Origins of the     Tournament The     first written record of a formulated set of     tournament rules is usually credited to a Frenchman,     Geoffroi de Purelli, in 1066. Unfortunately, his     guidelines were of limited use to him as he was     killed at the very tournament for which he had     composed the rules. Despite this early setback, the     popularity of jousting was firmly established in     western Europe by the 13th century and it continued     as a public sport well into the 1600s. RIGHT: A     knight with jousting lance, c.1500. His plate     armor includes an extra protective layer near his     vulnerable left side.   Military Service in the Medieval Period Medieval knights     were obliged to provide military service to their     king, lord or liege on a regular basis. Warfare     during this period, although perhaps exciting to a     young knight on his first campaign, was, for most of     those involved, extremely unpleasant. Living     conditions were usually poor and, if the knight was     not killed or badly wounded in battle, the     combination of disease or hunger would normally     carry him away. But there could be an opportunity     for redemption amidst this state of wretchedness. By     showing valor and courage on the battlefield, he had     the opportunity to establish a martial reputation     with the consequent possibility of great financial     and social rewards from his master, or even the     king. On     the other hand, equivalent fame and fortune,     combined with regular practice in the use of     weapons, could also be gained in peacetime and     without embarking on a long and possibly fatal     campaign of war. This alternative avenue was to be     found in the joust and tournament.   The Individual     Joust A joust was a     horseback encounter between two knights with lances.     The object was to unhorse the opponent. If a     combatant struck either rider or horse with his     lance, he was automatically disqualified. This was     known as ï¿½tiltingï¿½ If the opponent was not unhorsed     but a clean hit was made to the centre or ï¿½bossï¿½ of     his shield, points would be awarded. ABOVE: A     knight is unhorsed with a jousting lance. The     illustration is taken from the Codex Manesse by Waither von Klingen, Zurich, c.1310ï¿½40.   The     Melee or Tourney Taking     the form of massed trials by arms in a public arena,     the melee or tourney was a popular part of the     tournament in the 12th and 13th centuries (jousting     became popular later on). It was a savage and brutal     fixture, with many lives lost and serious injuries     sustained. Upon hearing the call to charge, rival     knights rode or ran onto the tournament field and     proceeded to unhorse or attack their designated     opponents with a selection of weapons, including     broadsword, war axe, club or mace. RIGHT: In     this French 14th-century illumination the knight     Lancelot is depicted in single combat, watched by     King Arthur and Guinevere. In some competitions, the melee was more organized,     with combat restricted to a series of three strokes     per weapon: for


What island was home to the Minoan Civilization?

Minoan Civilization - Ancient History Encyclopedia Minoan Civilization by Mark Cartwright published on 02 September 2009 The Minoan civilization flourished in the middle Bronze Age on the Mediterranean island of Crete from ca. 2000 BCE until ca. 1500 BCE and, with their unique art and architecture, the Minoans made a significant contribution to the development of Western European civilization as it is known today. The archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans was first alerted to the possible presence of an ancient civilization on Crete by surviving carved seal stones worn as charms by native Cretans in the early 20th century CE. Excavating at Knossos from 1900 to 1905 CE, Evans discovered extensive ruins which confirmed the ancient accounts, both literary and mythological, of a sophisticated Cretan culture and possible site of the legendary labyrinth and palace of King Minos. It was Evans who coined the term Minoan in reference to this legendary Bronze Age King. Advertisement The four principAl Minoan palace sites were at Knossos, Phaistos , Malia and Zakros .  Minoan settlements, tombs and cemeteries have been found all over Crete but the four principal palace sites (in order of size) were at Knossos, Phaistos, Malia and Zakros. At each of these sites, large, complex palace structures of two or three stories and covering several thousand square metres seem to have acted as local administrative, trade, religious and possibly political centres. The relationship between the palaces and the power structure within them or over the island as a whole is not clear due to a lack of archaeological and literary evidence. It is clear, however, that the palaces exerted some kind of localised control, in particular, in the gathering and storage of materials - wine, oil, grain, precious metals and ceramics. The absence of fortifications in the settlements suggests a relatively peaceful co-existence between the different communities. However, the presence of weapons such as swords, daggers and arrow-heads and defensive equipment such as armour and helmets would also suggest that peace may not always have been enjoyed. The palaces themselves covered two periods: The first were constructed around 2000 BC and following destructive earthquakes and fires, re-built again ca. 1700 BCE. These second palaces survived until their final destruction between 1500 BCE and 1450 BCE, once again by either earthquake, fire,  or possibly  invasion (or a combination of all three). The palaces were well-appointed, monumental structures with large courts, colonnades, staircases, religious crypts, light-wells, drainage systems, extensive storage magazines and even ‘theatre’ areas for public spectacles. The complexity of these palaces, the sport of bull-leaping, the worship of bulls as indicated by the presence throughout of sacred bulls’ horns and depictions of double axes (or labrys) in stone and fresco may all have combined to give birth to the legend of Theseus and the labyrinth-dwelling Minotaur so popular in classical Greek mythology . The sophistication of the Minoan culture and its trading capacity is evidenced by the presence of writing - firstly hieroglyphic and then Linear A scripts (both, as yet, undeciphered), predominantly found on various types of administrative clay tablets. A further example of the culture’s high degree of development is the variety and quality of the art forms practised by the Minoans. Pottery finds reveal a wide range of vessels from wafer-thin cups to large storage jars (pithoi). Ceramics were initially hand-turned but then increasingly made on the potter’s wheel. In decoration, there was a progression from flowing geometric designs in Kamares ware to vibrant naturalistic depictions of flowers, plants and sea life in the later Floral and Marine styles. Magnificent frescoes from the walls and floors of the palaces also reveal the Minoans’ love of the sea and nature and give insights into religious, communal and funeral practices. Metal, stone, ivory and faience work also reveal a high degree of craftsmanship, examples range from fine


Lorenzo the Magnificent was the ruler of what city-state?

Lorenzo de' Medici | Italian statesman | Britannica.com Alternative Titles: Lorenzo il Magnifico, Lorenzo the Magnificent Lorenzo de' Medici Niccolò Machiavelli Lorenzo de’ Medici, byname Lorenzo the Magnificent, Italian Lorenzo il Magnifico (born January 1, 1449, Florence [Italy]—died April 9, 1492, Careggi, near Florence), Florentine statesman, ruler, and patron of arts and letters, the most brilliant of the Medici . He ruled Florence with his younger brother, Giuliano (1453–78), from 1469 to 1478 and, after the latter’s assassination, was sole ruler from 1478 to 1492. Lorenzo de’ Medici, painted terra-cotta bust, probably after a model by Andrea del Verrocchio and … Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., Samuel H. Kress Collection, 1943.4.92 Accession to power Upon the death of his father, Piero de’ Medici , and his own accession to power, Lorenzo immediately let it be known that he intended to follow his father’s and grandfather ’s example and “use constitutional methods as much as possible.” In saying this, he was, however, keeping up appearances. In 1471 the popular assemblies lost their financial powers. According to the historian Francesco Guicciardini ’s apt definition, Lorenzo’s regime was “that of a benevolent tyrant in a constitutional republic.” It was, moreover, a tyranny tempered by the festivals that Florentines always loved passionately: carnivals, balls, tournaments, weddings, and princely receptions. The Pazzi conspiracy The Pazzi conspiracy in 1478 came as a rude shock to a carefree city. The Pazzi bank, in the course of a treacherous war in which the adversaries did not scruple to use the most devious methods, had taken the business affairs of the papacy away from the Medici. Sixtus IV , his nephew Riario, and Francesco Salviati, the archbishop of Pisa , supported the Pazzi and in the end formed a conspiracy with them. They decided to assassinate Lorenzo and Giuliano in the cathedral during Easter mass on April 26, while the archbishop was to take over the signoria (the council of government). Giuliano was indeed killed in front of the altar, but Lorenzo succeeded in taking refuge in a sacristy . The archbishop clumsily accosted the Medici gonfalonier , a harsh and suspicious man who immediately had him hanged from a window of the Palazzo Vecchio wearing his episcopal robes. The crowd stood by the Medici, seized the conspirators, and tore them limb from limb. Sixtus IV, forgetting the murder in the cathedral—in which two priests had taken part—refused to consider anything else than the hanging of a prelate and threatened Florence with interdiction unless it handed over Lorenzo to him. The city and its clergy rejected the proposal. The situation was all the more critical because Ferdinand I , king of Naples, was supporting the papacy. Florence’s ruler could count on nothing more than very limited aid from Milan and the encouragement of the king of France. Lorenzo thereupon went, alone, to Naples. In his situation it required unusual audacity to present himself before one of the cruelest rulers of the century. But Lorenzo’s boldness was crowned with success. Ferdinand, disconcerted, perhaps intimidated, yielded and concluded a peace; and Sixtus IV, now isolated, could only comply with it. “Magnificent” ruler and patron of the arts Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent Lorenzo emerged from the conflict with greatly increased prestige . From then on he was considered the Wise, “the needle on the Italian scales.” He did not take advantage of his position by imitating the Sforza and making himself a duke. He contented himself with creating a Council of Seventy that he hoped would be even more manageable than the old Cento (Hundred). This amazed Europe, for he had all the attributes of a true sovereign . His new villa , at Poggio a Caiano, had all the majesty of a royal residence. Thus, step by step, the Medici were approaching the status that they continued to refuse. Lorenzo married an Orsini , of the high Roman nobility. His daughter Maddalena was married to a son of Pope Innocent


What was the nickname of Queen Mary I of England?

QUEEN "BLOODY" MARY I Queen "Bloody" Mary I     Tudor of England Queen Mary I of England reigned as Queen of England for a short five years (r.1553-1558), the first reigning queen since the disputed Mathilda in the 12th Century. Most historians consider her reign to be unfruitful in that she never was able to fulfill her dream of returning England to the Roman Catholic Church. She also never had any children of her own to continue her dynasty in England. Her foreign policies met with failure as well. Born in 1516 to England's King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon , Mary lived quiet life as a royal princess until about 1527 when the king began to seek annulment of his marriage to her mother.   Since Catherine had not produced a male heir, Henry feared that if Mary inherited the throne civil war might result.  Since the pope refused to grant an annulment, in 1533 Henry's bishops dissolved the marriage and allowed Henry to marry Anne Boleyn , who soon gave birth to Mary's half-sister, Elizabeth .  In all, England thus broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and began to follow Anglicanism.  After Catherine's death, Henry in turn executed Anne Boleyn on a trumped-up charges of adultery conspiracy.  His next wife, Jane Seymour, gave birth to his long-desired heir, Edward, so both Mary and Elizabeth were treated as royal bastards.   Edward VI followed his father as king in 1547, but died already in 1553.  Mary became queen only after a faction of Protestant nobles tried to put Lady Jane Grey, or the "nine day queen," on the throne.  Mary's overwhelming support by the powerful averted a serious civil war.  Only a handful of executions followed, including Lady Jane.   Mary immediately went to work bringing the Roman Catholic faith back to England. She initially did this by rescinding the religious proclamations of Edward VI, and replacing them with old English laws enforcing heresy against the Church. In carrying out the last action, Mary earned her nickname, "Bloody Mary," because during her reign, she had more than 300 persons burned at the stake for heresy. Among them was the Archbishop of Canterbury,  Thomas Cranmer.  Chiefly because of her support of the papacy and the Roman Catholic Church, she was never really able to gain the support of nobles and most of her countrymen. In her drive to find an heir to the English throne, at the age of 37 Mary wed prince Philip II of Spain. This made her subjects even more apprehensive about her, because many viewed Spain as an archenemy of England. Twice during her reign she believed that she was with child, and even showed the symptoms of pregnancy. It seems that she had a "hysterical pregnancy" -- she had convinced herself so that her body responded as if she were pregnant. It has also been supposed that she might have had an ovarian cyst that not only prevented her from conceiving a child, but could have contributed to her early death in 1558. Mary's foreign affairs had also met failure as well. Encouraged to ally with Spain by Philip in a war against France, Mary lost Calais, the only English held possession in France. Sadly, in 1558, deserted by her husband who went back to Spain to claim the Spanish throne, Mary realized that she would not be able to provide an heir, and was forced to recognize her sister, Elizabeth, an Anglican Protestant, as the next ruler of England.  Although at several points Mary threatened and put pressure on on her sister to convert to Roman Catholicism, she successfully resisted, survived, and became Queen Elizabeth I .  Special superstitious note:  The game of seeing a ghost or a witch by looking in a mirror in the dark and chanting the name "Bloody Mary" has nothing whatsoever to do with this queen, except the coincidence of the same name.  When I was a kid, to try the trick we said "Mary Worth" (perhaps connected to a comic strip running at the time). For more information, see the article Barbara Mikkelson, "Bloody Mary," Snopes.com, 27 April 2001, < http://www.snopes.com/horrors/ghosts/bloody.htm > (2 June 2005), which also has a brief descrip


The prefix gastro refers to what part of the human body?

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What is the largest type of venomous snake?

World’s Largest Venomous Snake - Outback Wrangler Video - Nat Geo WILD 0 World’s Largest Venomous Snake Matt spots a king cobra and has his work cut out for him as he tries to capture it. Video Clips


In the equation E = mc what does c represent?

What is the significance of E = mc2? And what does it mean? - Scientific American Scientific American Advertisement | Report Ad Ronald C. Lasky, director of the Cook Engineering Design Center at Dartmouth College, explains the significance behind this hallowed equation: It is the most famous equation in the world. Many can recite it—and attribute it to Albert Einstein—but few know its significance. It tells us that mass and energy are related, and, in those rare instances where mass is converted totally into energy, how much energy that will be. The elegance with which it ties together three disparate parts of nature—energy, the speed of light and mass—is profound. Here is where the equation of all equations comes from: It was known for some time before Einstein's insights that electromagnetic radiation (light, for example) possessed momentum. This quality of radiation is small in magnitude—after all, you needn't worry about being knocked over by sunlight—but easily measurable. Applying an understanding of light's momentum within a little thought experiment, it is possible to see how E = mc2 comes about. Consider a cubic hollow box at rest in space with sides of length D and a mass of M. This box is also symmetrical in its mass distribution. One of the faces inside the box is coated with a fluorescing material, and, at a given moment, a photon (i.e., a particle of light) is emitted from that material, perpendicular to its surface. The momentum of this photon causes the box to move in the opposite direction as the photon, and it continues to move until the photon hits the opposite wall. During this time the box moves a very small distance, Δx. Image: RONALD LASKY Newton's laws of mechanics tell us that the center of mass cannot move, because the box has not been acted upon by an outside force. However, in order to keep the center of mass constant, since the box has moved, some mass must have been transferred from the fluorescing side of the box to the absorbing side in the process of generating the photon and its striking the opposite side. Therefore the photon must have a mass, m. So the photon, which also possesses energy E, is emitted from the fluorescing side of the box. Its momentum, Pphoton, is equal to its energy divided by the speed of light: Pphoton = E / c. The photon will impart this momentum to the box, causing the box to move a small distance, Δx, during the time, t, in which the photon travels to the opposite side of the box. The momentum of the box, Pbox, is also equal to its mass, M, times the velocity, vbox, at which it moves before the photon strikes its target. (Note: The box loses the photon's mass, m, during this process, but this slight loss can be neglected here.) Hence: Pphoton = Pbox = E / c = Mvbox Then vbox = E / cM (1) We can also determine the time it takes for the photon to travel across the box: it is equal to the length, between parallel faces, of the box (which is D), minus the amount the box moved in the opposite direction (Δx), divided by the speed of light, c. (The target will essentially have moved a slight distance closer, meaning the photon did not have to travel the full distance D.): t = (D - Δx) / c


What bridge connects San Francisco and Marin County?

Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco Golden Gate Bridge 5 667 votes The Golden Gate Bridge is a technical masterpiece that can only be described in superlative terms. When the bridge was completed in 1937 it was the world's longest and tallest suspension bridge. Golden Gate Bridge But above all this masterly example of engineering is a magnificent monument set against a beautiful backdrop. Construction of the Golden Gate Bridge started in 1933. The bridge, which was designed by engineer Joseph Strauss was built to connect San Francisco with Marin County across the 1600 meter (+5000ft) wide strait known as the Golden Gate which links the San Francisco Bay with the Pacific Ocean. Building the bridge The construction of what was to become the world's largest suspension bridge was a colossal task. At the time many people did not believe it was technically possible to span the Golden Gate. View from Marina district But despite the disbelief, opposition and the Great Depression, Joseph Strauss was able to find sufficient support and financial backing to go ahead with the project. It would take thousands of workers, four years and 35 million dollars to complete the structure. On May 27, 1937 the Golden Gate Bridge was inaugurated by 18.000 people who walked across the bridge. The next day the bridge officially opened to motorized traffic. Today more than 120,000 cars cross the bridge each day. Facts and figures The dimensions of the bridge defied all imagination. The total length of the bridge is 8,981ft or 2,737 m. The main span between the two enormous towers is 4,200 ft or 1,280 meters long, making the Golden Gate Bridge the world's largest suspension bridge, View from Baker Beach a record that would stand until 1964 when the Verrazano-Narrows bridge in New York was completed. The two beautiful Art Deco towers are almost 820ft or 250 meters tall, of which more than 20 meters is below the sea level. The road, six lanes and 90 ft / 27m wide is an amazing 220 ft or 67 meters above the water level. It is supported by enormous cables, anchored in hundreds of bars locked into concrete blocks with a pulling power of 25 million kg. The two cables have a total length of 2,332 meters and a diameter of 90 centimeters. They are woven from 27,572 threads of steel with a total length that equals three times the earth's circumference. A world famous landmark View from Lincoln Park Soon after its completion the Golden Gate Bridge already enjoyed worldwide fame, not only because the bridge was breaking records, but also thanks to the elegant Art Deco design of the two huge towers and the magnificent surroundings near the Pacific Ocean. The eye catching orange-red color of the bridge also helped its popularity. The color was suggested by engineer Irving Morrow, who thought the traditional gray color was too boring. The Golden Gate Bridge has now long lost its record of the longest bridge, but it is still one of the world's most famous structures. Crossing the bridge Even though there is a sidewalk on the Golden Gate Bridge, it's quite a challenge to cross the bridge. Not only is it almost 3km long, but it is a breathtaking 67 meter (220ft) above sea level. In extreme circumstances the bridge can sway almost 28ft (8 meter). This makes the bridge less sensible to external forces such as strong winds and earthquakes but it can make the crossing rather unpleasant. The views however are amazing. An alternative to Bridge Tower crossing the bridge on foot is driving by car - but don't forget you'll have to pay toll - or you can take one of the busses that connect San Francisco with Marin County. There is a bus stop right at the start of the bridge. Getting to the bridge The Golden Gate Bridge is located at the Presidio Park and can easily be reached by bus or car. The most pleasant way to reach the bridge however is by walking either from the Marina District to the east or from Baker Beach to the west of the bridge. Both routes will lead you through a park, and especially the route along the east is very popular. The best views The Golden Gate Bridge i


Guns N' Roses | Genius Guns N' Roses About Guns N' Roses One of the last great rock n'roll bands, Guns N' Roses was the most dangerous band in the world in the late 80s and early 90s. Led by troublemaking singer Axl Rose and stylish guitarist Slash , they mixed the passion of blues, the heaviness of rock, and the attitude of punk, bringing forth of breath of fresh air to a music scene dominated by cheesy hair metal bands. Their debut album, Appetite for Destruction, is the best selling debut of all-time. They outsold a headlining Aerosmith on their first major tour, released two double albums (Use Your Illusion I & II) simultaneously, and soon would play to audiences in excesses of 20,000 people. Yet, the band were crumbling internally, as addiction and ego led to leaving of all but Axl off the original members by 1998. And the singer didn’t make things easier by taking nearly a decade to release album Chinese Democracy . Slash and bassist Duff McKagan rejoined the band for a series of 2016 concerts starting in Coachella, marking the first time those three played together since 1994. Popular Guns N' Roses songs


For what disease did Jonas Salk invent a vaccine?

8 Things You May Not Know About Jonas Salk and the Polio Vaccine - History in the Headlines 8 Things You May Not Know About Jonas Salk and the Polio Vaccine October 28, 2014 By Christopher Klein Jonas Salk in his lab, Share this: 8 Things You May Not Know About Jonas Salk and the Polio Vaccine Author 8 Things You May Not Know About Jonas Salk and the Polio Vaccine URL Google For six decades after the first major American polio epidemic occurred near Rutland, Vermont, in the summer of 1894, the highly contagious disease terrorized the United States. Polio, which struck children disproportionately, could attack the central nervous system and cause muscle deterioration, paralysis and even death. In 1953, American virologist Jonas Salk announced the development of the world’s first safe and effective polio vaccine. Explore eight surprising facts about the vaccine that has nearly eradicated the most dreaded disease of the 20th century. Although polio was the most feared disease of the 20th century, it was hardly the deadliest. “Polio was never the raging epidemic portrayed in the media, not even at its height in the 1940s and 1950s,” writes David M. Oshinsky in his Pulitzer Prize winning book “Polio: An American Story.” During those decades, 10 times as many children died in accidents and three times as many succumbed to cancer. Oshinsky notes that polio inspired such fear because it struck without warning and researchers were unsure of how it spread from person to person. In the years following World War II, polls found the only thing Americans feared more than polio was nuclear war. Franklin D. Roosevelt proved instrumental in the vaccine’s development. A year after his nomination as a Democratic vice presidential candidate, rising political star Franklin D. Roosevelt contracted polio while vacationing at his summer home on Campobello Island in 1921. The disease left the legs of the 39-year-old future president permanently paralyzed. In 1938, five years after entering the White House, Roosevelt helped to create the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, later renamed the March of Dimes Foundation, which became the primary funding source for Salk’s vaccine trials. Employing “poster children” and enlisting the star power of celebrities from Mickey Rooney to Mickey Mouse, the grassroots organization run by Roosevelt’s former Wall Street law partner Basil O’Connor was raising more than $20 million per year by the late 1940s. Salk challenged prevailing scientific orthodoxy in his vaccine development. Elvis Presley makes an appearance in support of the March of Dimes, 1950s. While most scientists believed that effective vaccines could only be developed with live viruses, Salk developed a “killed-virus” vaccine by growing samples of the virus and then deactivating them by adding formaldehyde so that they could no longer reproduce. By injecting the benign strains into the bloodstream, the vaccine tricked the immune system into manufacturing protective antibodies without the need to introduce a weakened form of the virus into healthy patients. Many researchers such as Polish-born virologist Albert Sabin, who was developing an oral “live-virus” polio vaccine, called Salk’s approach dangerous. Sabin even belittled Salk as “a mere kitchen chemist.” The hard-charging O’Connor, however, had grown impatient at the time-consuming process of developing a live-virus vaccine and put the resources of the March of Dimes behind Salk. Salk tested the vaccine on himself and his family. After successfully inoculating thousands of monkeys, Salk began the risky step of testing the vaccine on humans in 1952. In addition to administering the vaccine to children at two Pittsburgh-area institutions, Salk injected himself, his wife and his three sons in his kitchen after boiling the needles and syringes on his stovetop. Salk announced the success of the initial human tests to a national radio audience on March 26, 1953. The clinical trial was the biggest public health experiment in American history. Salk inoculating a patient (Credit: Al Fenn/The LI


The human body is approximately 60% what?

Water properties: The water in you (Water Science School)   Back to previous page The water in you Think of what you need to survive, really just survive. Food? Water? Air? Facebook? Naturally, I'm going to concentrate on water here. Water is of major importance to all living things; in some organisms, up to 90% of their body weight comes from water. Up to 60% of the human adult body is water. According to H.H. Mitchell, Journal of Biological Chemistry 158, the brain and heart are composed of 73% water, and the lungs are about 83% water. The skin contains 64% water, muscles and kidneys are 79%, and even the bones are watery: 31%. Each day humans must consume a certain amount of water to survive. Of course, this varies according to age and gender, and also by where someone lives. Generally, an adult male needs about 3 liters per day while an adult female needs about 2.2 liters per day. Some of this water is gotten in food. Water serves a number of essential functions to keep us all going: A vital nutrient to the life of every cell, acts first as a building material. It regulates our internal body temperature by sweating and respiration The carbohydrates and proteins that our bodies use as food are metabolized and transported by water in the bloodstream; It assists in flushing waste mainly through urination acts as a shock absorber for brain, spinal cord, and fetus forms saliva lubricates joints According to Dr. Jeffrey Utz, Neuroscience, pediatrics, Allegheny University, different people have different percentages of their bodies made up of water. Babies have the most, being born at about 78%. By one year of age, that amount drops to about 65%. In adult men, about 60% of their bodies are water. However, fat tissue does not have as much water as lean tissue. In adult women, fat makes up more of the body than men, so they have about 55% of their bodies made of water. Thus: Babies and kids have more water (as a percentage) than adults. Women have less water than men (as a percentage). People with more fatty tissue have less water than people with less fatty tissue (as a percentage). There just wouldn't be any you, me, or Fido the dog without the existence of an ample liquid water supply on Earth. The unique qualities and properties of water are what make it so important and basic to life. The cells in our bodies are full of water. The excellent ability of water to dissolve so many substances allows our cells to use valuable nutrients, minerals, and chemicals in biological processes. Water's "stickiness" (from surface tension ) plays a part in our body's ability to transport these materials all through ourselves. The carbohydrates and proteins that our bodies use as food are metabolized and transported by water in the bloodstream. No less important is the ability of water to transport waste material out of our bodies. Sources and more information


What was the Artful Dodger's profession?

SparkNotes: Oliver Twist: Character List Character List Plot Overview Analysis of Major Characters Oliver Twist -  The novel’s protagonist. Oliver is an orphan born in a workhouse, and Dickens uses his situation to criticize public policy toward the poor in 1830s England. Oliver is between nine and twelve years old when the main action of the novel occurs. Though treated with cruelty and surrounded by coarseness for most of his life, he is a pious, innocent child, and his charms draw the attention of several wealthy benefactors. His true identity is the central mystery of the novel. Read an in-depth analysis of Oliver Twist. Fagin -  A conniving career criminal. Fagin takes in homeless children and trains them to pick pockets for him. He is also a buyer of other people’s stolen goods. He rarely commits crimes himself, preferring to employ others to commit them—and often suffer legal retribution—in his place. Dickens’s portrait of Fagin displays the influence of anti-Semitic stereotypes. Read an in-depth analysis of Fagin. Nancy -  A young prostitute and one of Fagin’s former child pickpockets. Nancy is also Bill Sikes’s lover. Her love for Sikes and her sense of moral decency come into conflict when Sikes abuses Oliver. Despite her criminal lifestyle, she is among the noblest characters in the novel. In effect, she gives her life for Oliver when Sikes murders her for revealing Monks’s plots. Read an in-depth analysis of Nancy. Rose Maylie -  Agnes Fleming’s sister, raised by Mrs. Maylie after the death of Rose’s father. A beautiful, compassionate, and forgiving young woman, Rose is the novel’s model of female virtue. She establishes a loving relationship with Oliver even before it is revealed that the two are related. Mr. Brownlow -  A well-off, erudite gentleman who serves as Oliver’s first benefactor. Mr. Brownlow owns a portrait of Agnes Fleming and was engaged to Mr. Leeford’s sister when she died. Throughout the novel, he behaves with compassion and common sense and emerges as a natural leader. Monks -  A sickly, vicious young man, prone to violent fits and teeming with inexplicable hatred. With Fagin, he schemes to give Oliver a bad reputation. Bill Sikes  -  A brutal professional burglar brought up in Fagin’s gang. Sikes is Nancy's pimp and lover, and he treats both her and his dog Bull’s-eye with an odd combination of cruelty and grudging affection. His murder of Nancy is the most heinous of the many crimes that occur in the novel. Mr. Bumble  -  The pompous, self-important beadle—a minor church official—for the workhouse where Oliver is born. Though Mr. Bumble preaches Christian morality, he behaves without compassion toward the paupers under his care. Dickens mercilessly satirizes his self-righteousness, greed, hypocrisy, and folly, of which his name is an obvious symbol. Agnes Fleming -  Oliver’s mother. After falling in love with and becoming pregnant by Mr. Leeford, she chooses to die anonymously in a workhouse rather than stain her family’s reputation. A retired naval officer’s daughter, she was a beautiful, loving woman. Oliver’s face closely resembles hers. Mr. Leeford -  Oliver and Monks’s father, who dies long before the events of the novel. He was an intelligent, high-minded man whose family forced him into an unhappy marriage with a wealthy woman. He eventually separated from his wife and had an illicit love affair with Agnes Fleming. He intended to flee the country with Agnes but died before he could do so. Mr. Losberne -  Mrs. Maylie’s family physician. A hot-tempered but good-hearted old bachelor, Mr. Losberne is fiercely loyal to the Maylies and, eventually, to Oliver. Mrs. Maylie -  A kind, wealthy older woman, the mother of Harry Maylie and adoptive “aunt” of Rose. Harry Maylie -  Mrs. Maylie’s son. Harry is a dashing young man with grand political ambitions and career prospects, which he eventually gives up to marry Rose. The Artful Dodger -  The cleverest of Fagin’s pickpockets. The Dodger’s real name is Jack Dawkins. Though no older than Oliver, the Dodger talks and dresses like a grown man.


What was the name of the Hunchback of Notre Dame?

SparkNotes: Hunchback of Notre Dame: Characters Hunchback of Notre Dame Summary Book 1 Quasimodo -  The hunchback of Notre Dame. Quasimodo is an abandoned child left at Notre Dame and adopted by Archdeacon Claude Frollo. Hideously deformed, he has a giant humpback, a protrusion coming out of his chest, and a giant wart that covers one of his eyes. He is also deaf. His heart is pure, and this purity is linked to the cathedral itself. Indeed, his love for Notre Dame's bells and for the beautiful sound of their ringing represents his only form of communication. The whole of Paris ironically enjoys Quasimodo's singing while at the same time detesting him for his ugliness. His name literally means "half-made." Archdeacon Claude Frollo  -  A priest at Notre Dame, Frollo is also the novel's antagonist. However, he is not a typical evil character bent on causing pain and suffering; instead, he is very bright and compassionate. He dearly loves his brother, Jehan and does everything in his power to make Jehan happy after their parents die. He extends the same compassion to Quasimodo, who he tries to mold into a scholar just like his brother by teaching him how to read and write. Hugo explains Frollo's descent into black magic and madness through his failure to bring up both Jehan and Quasimodo. Jehan drinks and gambles all his money away, completely neglecting his studies, while Quasimodo's deafness makes it virtually impossible to teach him anything. The hunchback thus becomes both a symbol of failure for Frollo as well as a powerful tool of vengeance to wreak his frustrations out on the world. His obsessive lust for La Esmerelda causes her to be executed and Quasimodo to be tortured. No matter how hard he tries to make her love him, he only ends up causing her pain. La Esmerelda -  The lost daughter of Sister Gudule, La Esmerelda is a beautiful gypsy street dancer. Along with her goat, Djali, she charms everyone she meets with her stunning looks and magic tricks. She keeps an amulet and other trinkets around her neck to help her find her parents. Pierre Gringoire -  A struggling playwright and philosopher. La Esmerelda saves him from being hanged by a group of vagabonds and agrees to "marry" him for four years. He later joins the vagabonds and unwittingly helps Frollo hand La Esmerelda over to the authorities. Phoebus de Chateaupers -  The captain of the King's Archers, he saves La Esmerelda from Quasimodo. He does not love her, but tries to seduce her and a number of other women as well. Frollo stabs him and everyone leaves him for dead. He recovers but fails to speak up when La Esmerelda is sentenced to death for his murder. He ends up marrying Fleur-de-Lys de Gondelaurier. His first name is Greek for "the sun." Sister Gudule  -  La Esmerelda's long lost mother. She is a miserable recluse living in the Tour Roland, who hates to hear the sound of children playing. She is convinced that gypsies ate her adoptive daughter, Agnes, fifteen years earlier. She hates La Esmerelda and is convinced that she is a child thief, but when she learns that she is actually her daughter, Gudule gives her life to save her. Jehan Frollo -  Claude Frollo's brother. Jehan is a horrible student who gambles and drinks all his money away. He decides to join the vagabonds and Quasimodo kills him as he attacks Notre Dame. Clopin Trouillefou -  Clopin disrupts Gringoire's play and later turns out to be not just a simple beggar, but "King" of the vagabonds. He tries to save La Esmerelda from being hanged but Quasimodo thinks that Clopin is trying to kill her. Louis XI -  The King of France in 1482. Louis XI is a heartless monarch who lives in the Bastille instead of the Louvre. He pardons Gringoire for attacking Notre Dame but orders La Esmerelda's execution. Djali -  La Esmerelda's goat. Djali can perform magic tricks and spell the name Phoebus out of a group of letters. At La Esmerelda's trial Djali is accused of being possessed by the devil. Fleur-de-Lys de Gondelaurier -  One of Phoebus's admirers, she later becomes his wife. She also humiliates La Esme


What sea lies between Italy and the Balkans?

Map of Adriatic Sea - World Seas, Adriatic Sea Map Location Facts - World Atlas Map of Adriatic Sea - World Seas, Adriatic Sea Map Location Facts Adriatic Sea The Adriatic Sea is a part of the Mediterranean Sea positioned between the eastern coastline of Italy, and countries of the Balkan Peninsula, from Slovenia, south through Croatia. Montenegro, and to Albania. The southern boundary of the sea ends in the Strait of Otranto between Albania and Italy's Salento Peninsula. Immediately south of that strait the Ionian Sea begins. The distance from Brindisi to Venice is 685 km (426 mi), and from Ancona to Split is 228 km (142 mi). The sea is about 805 km (500 mi) in length, with an estimated area of 135,250 sq km (52,220 sq mi). Ancona, Bari, Brindisi, Dubrovnik, Rijeka, Split and Venice are its chief ports and the sea is well served by regional ferries.


"In what U.S. state would you be most likely to find ""Shave Ice""?"

Why chewing ice is bad for you! Why chewing ice is bad for you! Why Chewing Ice Is Bad For You (And why it’s so hard to stop the habit) Chances are that you’ve crunched your way happily through an ice cube or two on occasion. Those little melted chips of frozen delight that lurk at the bottom of a tall glass of your favorite beverage can be hard to resist. And for some of us, eating ice covered with a flavored syrup (Shave Ice in Hawaii, Italian Ice in New York City, Water Ice in Philly, Raspa in Texas, Granita to the Sicilians among us, Slushies, Snow Cones and Snowballs to everyone else), is an unmissable summer tradition. Summer without a damp white paper cup of lemon ice is just a lost season of sweaty sadness. But if you were addicted to ice, you’d be chomping your way through a few bags of ice daily, year round. Addicted to chewing ice? Dedicated ice chewers crave ice like a smoker needs a cigarette. They have favorite places to buy ice (Sonic ice seems to be the Internet’s ice-chewing population’s #1 choice). They have websites devoted to documenting their frosty obsession. The truly hardcore may even purchase snow-cone machines for home use, or find themselves “scraping buildup off freezer walls for a fix.” But, OK, to each their own, right? And chewing ice seems like it would be a pretty harmless activity, apart from annoying others with the incessant crunching. But the sad truth is that gnawing on cubes can be an indicator of serious health condition, and can ruin your teeth and hurt your gums. Read on to find out how you can break the habit and save your smile from the frigid embrace of your icy little overlords. Why Chew Ice? “Pica" is the medical term for craving and chewing on items that have little or no nutritional value - such as ice, dirt, clay, chalk, paper, paint, sand and rocks. Medical experts have documented the condition over thousands of years. Ancient Greek physician Hippocrates of Kos wrote about pregnant women’s “desire to eat earth or charcoal” back in the 5th century B.C. A 6th century A.D. medical textbook describes patients craving overly spicy or salty foods, as well as dirt, eggshells and ashes. Chewing on ice is the most common form of pica and is called pagophagia. Compulsive ice chewing is increasingly considered to be a symptom of anemia, particularly iron deficiency anemia (there are more than 400 types of anemia). Medical science has not yet 100% sure why people with anemia seem compelled to chew ice but suspect the coolness of the crunchy cubes may soothe the oral inflammations often caused by iron deficiencies. A recent study indicates that, for those with insufficient iron, eating ice acts like a cup of strong coffee. Anemics often report feeling fatigued and foggy-brained due to their bodies inability to produce enough oxygen-carrying hemoglobin. Our bodies have a hardwired response to being submerged in cold water. Our heart rates slow, the blood vessels in our legs and arms constrict. The idea is to keep the brain fed with oxygen, along with protecting the body’s other core functions. Researchers think that the cold jolt provided by chewing ide might push better-oxygenated blood to the brain, which would help people with anemia feel awake and focused. Sipping on ice water does not produce the exact same perky feeling. Other reasons to chew ice include relief for a dry mouth, quitting cigarettes, stress relief, boredom or an attempt to cut back on food consumption in order to lose weight. Dangers of Chewing Ice Ice munching won’t destroy your health like other addictions will. But the dental damage that comes from chewing on ice often include cracked and chipped teeth, damage to tooth enamel, problems with existing dental work such as fillings and crowns, and sore jaw muscles. You may also find your teeth become extremely sensitive to hot and cold drinks and foods, and are more prone to cavities. Quitting The Ice Chewing Habit Get a physical check up to see if you have anemia or another issue that is causing you to crave ice. Virtually every ice-addicted anemic reports that th


According to Biblical legend, what landed on Mt. Ararat?

Where Noah Landed? - Biblical Archaeology Society Where Noah Landed? Biblical Archaeology Society Staff   •  11/26/2014 Still another group is looking for Mt. Ararat, where the Bible says Noah landed after the flood. This group is looking to confirm the tradition that nearby Mt. Cudi (Judi Dagh) is really Mt. Ararat, as recorded in the Quran, Sura 11.44. They have not uncovered much scientific evidence to date, but they do have an intriguing Assyrian relief, which may explain why a local tradition regards Mt. Cudi as Mt. Ararat. Assyrian relief on the slopes of Mt. Cudi near the Turkish village of Sah. Photo: Courtesy Professor Ibrahim Baz of the University of Sirnak, Turkey. This photo was taken some months ago on the slopes of Mt. Cudi near the Turkish village of Sah. The figure, who has not yet been identified, dates to a period earlier than Sennacherib (who ruled 705–681 B.C.); there is no accompanying inscription. He has his right hand raised in a gesture of reverence and holds a staff of office in his left hand. Alan Millard, Emeritus Rankin Professor of Hebrew and Ancient Semitic Languages at the University of Liverpool, offers a possible identification for the figure: Shamshi-ilu. Millard explains that since the figure is not wearing any headdress, as might be expected of an Assyrian king, it is more likely that he represents a powerful prefect, such as Shamshi-ilu, who held sway over much of Northern Syria from c. 780 to 745 B.C. Shamshi-ilu left inscriptions in his own name at Til Barsip (modern Tell Akhmar) on the Euphrates, in which he tells of his victorious campaign against places in southeastern Turkey and the kingdom of Urartu, which would have taken him into the vicinity of Judi Dagh. Reliefs of Sennacherib were also found on Mt. Cudi and documented by L.W. King, an English archaeologist who taught Assyriology at King’s College in Cambridge and later worked at the British Museum.     In the free eBook Exploring Genesis: The Bible’s Ancient Traditions in Context , discover the cultural contexts for many of Israel’s earliest traditions. Explore Mesopotamian creation myths, Joseph’s relationship with Egyptian temple practices and three different takes on the location of Ur of the Chaldees, the birthplace of Abraham.     Is there any connection between Mt. Cudi and the Genesis flood account—a complex narrative in the Hebrew Bible? 1 Genesis 8:4 says that after the flood waters subsided, “the ark came to rest on the mountains of Ararat.” While the Biblical text says “mountains” (plural), therefore referencing a range rather than an individual mountain, many have tried to identify the specific mountain on which Noah’s ark came to rest. In his new book The Ark before Noah: Decoding the Story of the Flood, Irving Finkel of the British Museum discusses three mountains that have flood stories affiliated with them. The first (and most famous) bears the name Mt. Ararat (Agri Dagh). The highest peak in its region, Mt. Ararat is a dormant volcano located in eastern Turkey near the border with Iran and Armenia. The second is Mt. Cudi, and the third is Mt. Nisir (Pir Omar Gudrun), where the ark rested according to the Gilgamesh Epic. A map of the three “Ark Mountains.” Photo: From Irving Finkel, The Ark before Noah: Decoding the Story of the Flood (New York: Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, 2014). Many expeditions have been launched to hunt for Noah’s ark over the years. While the ark itself remains elusive, we can only hope that more finds like this interesting Assyrian relief continue to surface. ——————


Satan gets stoned @ Hajj - YouTube Satan gets stoned @ Hajj Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Dec 11, 2008 Throwing stones at Shaytan When autoplay is enabled, a suggested video will automatically play next. Up next World's Largest Pilgrimage - Hajj Documentary - Duration: 14:20. VICE 997,174 views 14:20 Stoning the Devil, Jamarat, Pillars, Obelisks, not a Wall الكثير يعبدون الدجال وهم لايعلمون - Duration: 6:25. Dave Abdellah 38,979 views 6:25


"In the ""Peanuts"" comic strip, who is Linus's sister?"

Lucy and Linus' relationship | Peanuts Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Lucy and Linus' relationship Share Linus and Lucy boxing, an example of how bad their relationship can be. Lucy and Linus van Pelt are brother and sister. Like many siblings, they fight a lot. Lucy normally bosses Linus around, or yells at him, and Linus normally annoys Lucy with his habits. However, every once in a while, they get along. Lucy's opinion of Linus Lucy is frequently annoyed by her younger brother, Linus. When Linus was first introduced, they did not seem to get off on the right foot. The first time Linus was mentioned, Lucy tries to trade him to Charlie Brown, and says he is of no use to her. Later in the strip, Lucy becomes more annoyed at Linus. She always bosses him around, and calls him a blockhead. In the earlier years of the strip, whenever Linus was playing with something that belonged to Lucy, she would tattle on Linus to their mother, who would usually direct Linus to give them back to Lucy, who would smile smugly after getting her own way. Sometimes, she would rub it in after she got her things back. This would annoy Linus to no end. Lucy is often very annoyed by Linus, and his habits. In particular, she wants Linus to end his attachment to his security blanket . She has tried everything to get him to stop using it, such as hiding it, bribing him, and has even gone so far as to cut it up (to make shapes for a " flannelgraph " and later to make squares for Linus to clean his glasses with). She once makes a kite out of it and "accidentally" lets go of it. The blanket flies around the country and people write to Linus to let him know they saw it. It is eventually rescued by the Air Force when it flew out over the Pacific Ocean . Another time Lucy buries the blanket, causing a frantic Linus to dig up almost the entire neighborhood before Snoopy finds it. Aside from Linus's security blanket, Lucy does not like a lot of Linus's habits. For example, she doesn't like how he waits in the pumpkin patch for the Great Pumpkin every year during Halloween. Another habit of Linus that drives Lucy crazy is his patting Woodstock and his bird friends on the head. This seems to be a form of emotional therapy for both Linus and the birds, but Lucy is vehemently against it, mainly because she fears that she and her family will be ridiculed if word gets out that Linus pats birds on the head. In a Sunday strip in 1999 she is even more mortified to discover that her youngest brother, Rerun , has also picked up this habit. Lucy is also notorious for destroying any aspect of Linus' creativity. Whether it be his elaborate and detailed sand castles, which she destroys by kicking them or running them over with her tricycle; a house of cards, which she blows over (in one strip in which Lucy does this to Linus, who is still a baby, he picks up the card deck and throws it at her); a pile of blocks, which she kicks over; or his drawings, which she crumples up, tears up, and/or throws in the trash burner, she never passes up a chance of stifling his creativity out of sheer meanness or jealousy. She also likes to boss Linus around. She forces him to watch the TV stations she wants to watch, and get her ice cream or anything else she demands. She thinks of herself as much more important as Linus. She one time makes Linus salute her every time he sees her. Lucy forces him to do many things to show that she's more important than him. For instance, once when she makes him toast, she makes him say, "Thank you, dear sister, greatest of all sisters, without whom I'd never survive!" However, every now and then she shows love for Linus. For instance, on one occasion, when Lucy demands to know what she has to feel grateful for, Linus replies, "Well, for one thing, you have a brother who loves you..." Lucy immediately bursts into tears and hugs Linus. Another time Lucy showed care for Linus is in It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown . When Linus does not come home from the pumpkin patch by 4AM, Lucy gets out of bed, goes to the pumpkin patch, leads her cold, shivering an


What holiday is celebrated on July 14th in France?

Bastille Day, 14 July, French National Day, Public Holidays Metric Unit Conversion Bastille Day in France Celebrated on July, 14, Bastille Day is the French national day and the most important bank holiday in France! Setting the storming of the Bastille in 1789 as an essential part of the French History. The 14th July has become a major public holiday, traditionally considered as the symbol of the French Revolution. The French Bastille Day is definitely a joyous national day that causes popular celebrations in the streets as well as political events. The best way to experience the 14 July bank holiday - widely known as Le 14 Juillet - is to go to Paris , more precisely on the Champs Elysees. Expect military parades, public speeches and fireworks, but also convivial gatherings in all cafés and restaurants! Every single town in France actually commemorates the Bastille Day with excitement and pride as this national day represents the first step to the French Revolution which eventually led France to Republic. On July, 14, patriotic feelings break out throughout the country, French people wear blue, white and red, "tricolore" clothes or make-up and sing the typical Marseillaise (the French anthem) after one - or more! - glasses of Champagne! Bastille Day in Paris... Beginning in the morning of the 14th July, on the Champs Elysées in Paris, Bastille Day is the opportunity to admire the French military. Saint Cyr and Polytechnique cadets parade, along with official troops, whilst the French Air Force, Patrouille de France, carry out flying in the sky. A popular custom on Basttille day in Paris is going for a friendly picnic in a public park, socialising, enjoying French food and wine, before watching the fireworks from the Place de la Concorde for example. In many French villages, people traditionally get together on July, 13 to enjoy a typical Barbecue and sing and dance all night long - taking the advantage of the relaxing public holiday the day after! The President of the Republic normally attends all the Parisian festivities and ends the 14th July ceremonies with a public interview from the Elysée (Predisent's official residence). French National Day The well-known storming of the Bastille has become a benchmark in terms of Revolt and Liberty all over the world! Referring to July 14 1789, when a massive crowd of Frenchmen rose up and invaded the prison, Bastille Day is considered the beginning of the French Revolution. Capturing this prison, a symbol of the Ancient Regime, indeed marked the end of Louis XVI's absolute and arbitrary power and led France to the three ideals of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. Bastille Day has been known and celebrated as the creation of the Sovereign Nation and what would be the "First" Republic of France (in 1792). Bastille Day became the National Holiday in 1790, originally called Fête de la Fédération ("federation feast"), to celebrate the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille and the end of the French Revolution.


If something is soporific, what would it make you want to do?

Soporific | Define Soporific at Dictionary.com soporific [sop-uh-rif-ik, soh-puh-] /ˌsɒp əˈrɪf ɪk, ˌsoʊ pə-/ Spell causing or tending to cause sleep. 2. pertaining to or characterized by sleep or sleepiness; sleepy; drowsy. noun something that causes sleep, as a medicine or drug. Origin of soporific 1655-65; < Latin sopor sopor + -i- + -fic ; compare French soporifique Related forms Examples from the Web for soporific Expand Rick Santorum’s Beltway Curse Is Hurting His 2012 Campaign Howard Kurtz February 23, 2012 Innocuous, soporific white guys like Rob Portman and T-Paw became the horses to bet on. Weed Reads: The 10 Best Books on Pot Roger Roffman April 26, 2014 The premise is this: turkey is chock-full of a soporific essential amino acid, tryptophan, one of the 22 essential amino acids. Eat Turkey All You Want! It’s Not Going to Put You to Sleep Kent Sepkowitz November 21, 2012 Historical Examples But it is inebriant, and not soporific; and its secondary sedative action on the heart is more powerful than that of Opium. In Apple-Blossom Time Clara Louise Burnham From which it appears evident that the actual words used as a soporific allow considerable latitude of choice. Spirit and Music H. Ernest Hunt The soporific, thwarted in its effect for a moment, redoubled its power over him. British Dictionary definitions for soporific Expand a drug or other agent that induces sleep Derived Forms Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for soporific Expand adj. "tending to produce sleep," 1680s, from French soporifique (17c.), formed in French from Latin sopor (genitive soporis) "deep sleep" (see sopor ). As a noun from 1722. Earlier as an adjective was soporiferous (1580s as "characterized by excessive sleep," c.1600 as "soporific"). Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper


Frodo Baggins - Tolkien Gateway Frodo Baggins Frodo Baggins "I shan't call it the end, till we've cleared up the mess." — Sam This article or section needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of article quality . This article is about the Ring-bearer. For the the son of Samwise Gamgee , see Frodo Gardner . Frodo Baggins "Frodo Baggins" by Jenny Dolfen Biographical Information Taller than most Hobbits [1] Hair color "And though all the mighty elf-friends of old, Hador , and Húrin , and Túrin , and Beren himself were assembled together, your seat should be among them." ― Elrond to Frodo Baggins [2] Frodo Baggins was a hobbit of the Third Age , the most famous of all Hobbits in the histories for his leading role in the Quest of the Ring . During this epic quest, he bore the One Ring to Mount Doom and there destroyed it, giving him renown like no other Halfling throughout Middle-earth . He is also peculiar for being, as a Ring-bearer , one of the three Hobbits who sailed from Middle-earth to Aman , there to die in peace. Contents [ edit ] History [ edit ] Childhood and youth Frodo, the child of the respectable Drogo Baggins and Primula Brandybuck , was born on 22 September of S.R. 1368 . After his parents died in a boating accident, Frodo went to live in Brandy Hall with his mother’s relatives, the Brandybucks . He grew up under the guardianship of the Master of Buckland Rorimac "Goldfather" Brandybuck , who was his uncle. Frodo was a bit of a troublesome lad;[ source? ] he was once caught stealing mushrooms from Farmer Maggot , who in return thrashed Frodo and set his three dogs to chase Frodo from Bamfurlong to Bucklebury Ferry . Frodo stayed in Buckland until his uncle Bilbo adopted him and took him in to live at Bag End , Bilbo's estate in Hobbiton . He enjoyed life with his "queer" Uncle Bilbo, with whom he shared the same birthday; Bilbo taught him to read, and told him stories of the past, even giving him some instruction in the elvish tongue. It is possible Bilbo even took his young cousin to see the Elves that wandered about outside the Shire . Bilbo made Frodo his heir, frustrating the attempts of the disagreeable Sackville-Bagginses , who coveted the estate of Bag End. Frodo and Bilbo were comfortable and well off until T.A. 3001 . At this time, Bilbo threw an enormous party to celebrate his 111th birthday, and Frodo's 33rd, the date of Frodo's coming of age. At this party Bilbo gave his farewell speech, and made his long planned "disappearance" and withdrawal from the Shire. Frodo, who had been informed beforehand of the "joke", as Bilbo called it, was spared the shock that afflicted the other assembled Hobbits. Frodo returned home as the new Master of Bag End, per Bilbo's will . He was greeted there by Gandalf, who informed him that, among other things, Frodo had inherited Bilbo's magic ring . [ edit ] Master of Bag End Eric Faure-Brac - Bag End Frodo took charge of distributing the presents Bilbo had left for the other hobbits, a long and tiring task. The Baggins' old friend Gandalf the Wizard , who had come for the festivities, warned Frodo not to use the magic ring, and to keep it secret and safe. He then left back into the wide world, curiosity nagging his mind about the ring. Frodo, meanwhile, was quite well off. He lived in peace and respectability for seventeen years, when Gandalf returned with the dreadful revelation that the "magic ring" was really the One Ring of Sauron , a thing of evil power thousands of years old. Furthermore, the Dark Lord was now aware of its survival, and would be searching for it, as Gollum had now revealed under torture that it was to be found in the Shire. After a long discussion and a test by fire, the two agreed that Frodo would have to leave the Shire for his own safety and Samwise Gamgee the gardener would go with him. Gandalf recommended Rivendell as a destination, as the road was likely safe and the haven good. He told Frodo to take the alias Underhill abroad. Frodo was reluctant, but bought a house in Crickhollow as an excuse to head east. Gandalf stayed f


"What is the English translation of the Yiddish word ""nosh""?"

nosh - definition of nosh in English | Oxford Dictionaries Definition of nosh in English: nosh ‘filling the freezer with all kinds of nosh’ More example sentences ‘No, what used to be reasonably priced restaurant food is now expensive nosh.’ ‘I'd just finished loading the weekend posh nosh into the boot.’ ‘Start-of-season trout fishermen cast their flies across the crystal water as I strode past, hungry for the good nosh at the Abbey Tearooms.’ ‘It's not posh nosh, just slightly more upmarket pub grub, so anyone after a real culinary experience should perhaps steer clear.’ ‘There were hundreds of them, scoffing the free nosh and hoovering down the drink and wittering on as if they were the saviours of the world.’ ‘This week, we have teamed up with the John Barras pub group to give away £140 of top notch nosh at the excellent Ainsty.’ ‘If you really want to, as it were, push the boat out, you can hire a private room on this boat, which means you get some nosh as well.’ ‘It's a Mexican themed night with lots of moustaches, tequila, comedians, spicy nosh, raffles, dancing and DJs.’ ‘Driving out to Thorganby, in York's satellite belt of wealthy commuter villages, I'd vaguely expected a fairly traditional country pub, hopefully with a nice line in posh nosh.’ ‘For more than 20 years she has been a volunteer on the special White Rose Pullman, where diners pay as much as £60 for top nosh.’ ‘It is No 26 on the ‘Inn Way’ and was chock-a-block with walkers shovelling down the all day nosh.’ ‘If you're like me and will be dining in glorious isolation on St Valentine's Day, your best option might be to order in some posh nosh - double helpings, of course.’ ‘There will be hot roasted chestnuts and other nosh from Christmas past, as well as traditional ornament-making.’ ‘And as a result, the village has been jam-packed all week by people in posh cars coming to sample the local nosh.’ ‘Lovely parents came back and fitted my car battery for me which has fixed the problem, so we decided to drag ourselves out and eat at Dukes which was painful but worth it to get some decent nosh in our tummies.’ ‘I felt the need of posh nosh today so I fired up the little blue Ford and motored down to Taunton, intent on spending an obscene amount of my weekly housekeeping on goodies from Marks & Spencer.’ ‘You'd not go there for posh nosh but if all you're after is a reasonable cup of coffee and an honest-to-goodness everyday nibble then it does very nicely.’ ‘Of course, I've had to ignore the fact that I don't see the point in posh nosh when a mixed grill or fry-up tastes better and costs less.’ ‘Owner Kenny is planning a monster bash with heaps of free nosh (pork pies, pasta and chicken) to make his wife Star's 23rd and his daughter Nadine's 21st birthdays a time to remember.’ ‘They grab some nosh at the food court and then undertake a thorough examination of the software departments of stores all in and around the mall.’ Synonyms 1.1North American [count noun] A snack or small item of food: ‘have plenty of noshes and nibbles conveniently placed’ More example sentences ‘Even if they were semicircle instead of full-circle, my pancakes managed to survive as a decent nosh.’ ‘And they are typically sad and relatively reserved events, and then afterwards you have a nosh and people tell some funny stories.’ ‘After a quick nosh at Balans with Tom and Nick, the three of us set off for the Retro Bar for the quiz.’ ‘Nothing sours a social function like some people getting all the nosh.’ Synonyms 1 Eat food enthusiastically or greedily: ‘you can nosh to your heart's content’ [with object] ‘there I sat, noshing my favourite food’ More example sentences ‘After a lifetime of noshing on rashers of bacon and fried eggs and homemade caramel doughnuts, Grandma was fortified with a stomach, and subsequent arteries, of pure titanium.’ ‘Insects are not interested in noshing it, and the material will not rot, no matter how damp the climate.’ ‘This had quite a lot to do with the excesses of Friday night's office party - which had me out boozing, noshing and bopping (1980s re


What is the tallest building in England?

Britain's tallest buildings   Feasibility By rights 2004 should      have been the year of the crane. You'd have expected St Georges Wharf      tower to start but for the dogmatic anti-skyscraper attitude of Lambeth      council, and for 110 Bishopsgate to also commence although the refusal      of Norton Rose to move seemed far out given the enthusiam of Ronson to build his skyscraper at the public inquiry. It now seems only two will actually start in London this year - Columbus      Tower and Crossharbour. Both sites require demolition but groundwork      for them should be underway before the year is out. London Bridge Tower      will also see work but the demolition length will mean this project      will not be starting ground and foundation work before 2005. It seems      unlikely we will see any major cores go up on the skyline this year      as a result but 2005 will certainly be the year of the crane. London's      top 500 skyscrapers - all active proposals over 500ft qualify. Europes Top Skyscraper Cities We get a lot of emails asking us just where London ranks     in comparison to other cities in Europe so what we have done is come up     with a formula that will hopefully show the impressiveness of a skyline     by simply adding together the heights of the top 30 buildings. This doesn't     take into account ALL high-rise buildings in the city for the very good     reason that you can really only judge the quality of a skyline not on     the total number of buildings but on the combined effect of height of     the tallest buildings in each city or in otherwords 10 150m + skyscrapers     is more impressive than a hundred 50m concrete blocks built in the 60s     even though the combined bulk of the later is more than the former hence     the weakness in other sites rankings. Observation and telecom towers are     not counted in this total so no London Eye or Eiffel Tower. The results     are rather surprising showing Paris NOT Frankfurt to be the king however     with a glut of construction expected to start in London next year this     will no doubt change. Frankfurt


Leader Of The Lost Boys, an avatar: last airbender fanfic | FanFiction Leader Of The Lost Boys By: Raggazzed12 He was the leader of the Lost Boys. Yet he hasn't been around for 100 years. Little did Aang know what had happened, or that he was going to be soon talking to someone about where or who he was. It started when he walked in through the door. *Peter Pan crossover for the Probender Circuit Season 2 round 5* Rated: Fiction K+ - English - Humor/Hurt/Comfort - Words: 2,509 - Reviews: 1 - Favs: 1 - Follows: 2 - Published: 9/4/2015 - Status: Complete - id: 11488481 +  -     Full 3/4 1/2    Expand Tighten   A/N: After missing the last round I turn this one in on an extension… good grief! Well, here we go, with my story for the Round 5 of Season 2 for the Probender Circuit. Task/Story: Peter Pan Prompts: (word) Magic, (dialogue) "If you believe in yourself, anything is possible." Word Count: 2,403 Here we go! (Hehehe if you get the reference I just made there, you win a cookie and a trip to Neverland.) The father took one last long look at the two teens in their beds, hoping they would be safe from any danger while he was gone. He was off to the war, and while his oldest wished to join him, they both knew that he couldn't. Slipping out of the igloo, Hakoda tried to relax and walked slowly towards the edge of town. Normally, they would never leave in the dead of night, but they had to due to problems with the Fire Nation having nearly reached their shores. Now he and his fellow captains had created a plan to attack any oncoming Fire Nation ships before they reached the village. He hated leaving his children behind. Even if they didn't want to be called children anymore, that's how he thought of them. His beloved Kya would have done the same, and he knew it as well as his kids did. So as he walked out of the village towards the harbor, his thoughts lingered on their sleeping faces. He truly hoped that they would be safe from the mysterious being who was said to be wandering around the village at night for the past few days. With that last caring thought, Hakoda boarded the ship and left the village, without looking back. Katara and Sokka were lying asleep in their beds, aware that their father was gone, but unaware of there being any reason to worry that night. They were fast asleep with few dreams and if there were any, these were good dreams, and good thoughts. Both were unaware of what was to come. % The being slipped through the houses in silence, occasionally lifting up in the air to look around. He was looking for something in particular, or more, someone, but what he wanted, he hadn't been able to find yet. Aang huffed to himself quietly, tired of searching through what felt like every part of the village. It was then that he saw it. The house near the edge of the village. He walked quickly towards it, certain that this was the one he was looking for. Once he arrived, Aang gave no thought to who would be in the igloo and marched straight in, then noticing the two teens on furs in a start. He backed out slowly, making no noise at all. As soon as he was out, he slowly poked his head back in. They were both soundly asleep so Aang decided he could go in and find it. He could almost sense his staff - for that was what he was looking for - even if that wasn't possible in the least, he knew it was here. Carefully, he crept in. Suddenly, he felt something land on his head and made a mad grab at it, to find in his hands a lemur looking at him curiously. "Momo! What did I tell you about not bothering me?" Aang hissed as quietly as he could, and the lemur made a strange noise before climbing onto his shoulder. "Seriously, shh, Momo, I don't want to be caught!" If only he had known it was too late for that, because he suddenly heard an inquiring voice behind him. It was that of a girl's and sounded sleepy. "Hello? Who's there?" said the girl, and Aang froze, "I know I heard something. If you are the Fire Nation, you'd better think twice before coming in and invading our village." What was it about the Fire Nation invading thi


What did Steve Fossett use to travel around the world in 2002?

Steve Fossett | The Man. The Legend. The Man. The Legend. / stevefo / Uncategorized Steve Fossett was an American entrepreneur and traveler best understood for circumnavigating the world in a hot air balloon in 2002. Steve Fossett was an American entrepreneur and traveler born on April 22, 1944, in Jackson, Tennessee. Fossett is a record holder for the very first solo air travel throughout the Pacific Ocean in a hot-air balloon (1995), very first solo journey around the world in a hot-air balloon (2002), fastest travel around the world in a sailboat (2004), very first solo continuously trip around the world in an aircraft (2005) and greatest altitude took a trip in a sailplane (2006). In September 2007, Fossett vanished while flying an airplane over the Sierra Nevada. A Successful Businessman and Adventurer Traveler James Stephen Fossett, much better referred to as Steve Fossett, was born upon April 22, 1944, in Jackson, Tennessee however matured in Garden Grove, California. Fossett finished from Stanford University and got a master’s degree from Washington University in St. Louis. He made his fortune trading futures and alternatives on Chicago markets with his brokerage business Lakota Trading, Inc. and Marathon Securities, Inc. He ended up being well-known for putting his wonderful wealth into even more than 100 efforts and successes in setting records in sailing, ballooning, gliders, jets, watercrafts and other daredevil ventures. He climbed up a few of the world’s tallest peaks, consisting of the Matterhorn in Switzerland and Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. He likewise swam the English Channel in 1985. He likewise put 47th in the Iditarod canine sled race in 1992 and took part in the 24 Hours of Le Mans vehicle race in 1996. Record-Breaking Feats His round-the-world balloon efforts in August 1998 and August 2001 were the lengthiest solo air travels in a balloon for range and period, and, in truth, by any sort of plane. He made the very first balloon crossings of Asia, Africa, Europe and South America, along with the South Atlantic, South Pacific and Indian Oceans. He likewise made the very first solo air travel throughout the Pacific Ocean. In July 2002, Fossett was the very first individual to circumnavigate the world alone in an unmotorized balloon. The Spirit of Freedom balloon introduced from Northam, Australia, and the trip lasted 13Â 1/2 days. It was Fossett’s sixth effort. In 2005, he ended up being the very first individual to fly an aircraft solo around the globe without refueling in 67 hours. He and a co-pilot likewise assert to have actually set a world glider altitude record of 50,671 feet throughout an air travel in August 2006 over the Andes Mountains. He likewise set round-the-world records for medium weight planes, in addition to U.S. trans-continental records for non-military plane. In addition, Fossett is the world’s most achieved speed sailor, setting 23 main world records and 9 range race records. He was invested into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in July 2007, informing a crowd collected at the Dayton Convention Center in Ohio that he would continue flying.”I’m wishing you didn’t provide me this honor due to the fact that you assume my occupation is total, due to the fact that I’m not done,” Fossett stated. Disappearance and Death In September of 2007, Fossett vanished throughout a satisfaction air travel over the Sierra Nevadas. He did not have a parachute, nor did he take a watch that had a transponder and might have sent a warning signal. There was a transponder aboard however no signal was gotten. Fossett’s disappearance triggered a search that eventually consisted of countless volunteers, hundreds of officials and lots of airplane poring over a location more than two times the size of New Jersey. The search was ultimately cancelled. On November 26, 2007, Fossett’s partner asked a court to state her other half legitimately dead. Her legal representative stated while the demand was unpleasant for Peggy Fossett, it was required to start to fix her other half’s large estate, which exceeds “8


The Great Barrier Reef lies off the shores of what country?

Untitled The Great Barrier Reef Overview: Off of the coast of Queensland in Northeastern Australia, lies the Great Barrier Reef, one of the great natural wonders of the world. Stretching some 1250 miles from the northern tip to the southern tip, the Great Barrier Reef is home to nearly 500 different types of reef building corals. The Concise Oxford Dictionary defines a reef as a ridge of rock, shingle, or sand at or just above or below the surface of the water. This definition includes the two major features of coral reef, the first is that they are composed of rock in the form of limestone, and the second feature is that they never extend very far above sea level. The tops of coral reefs are exposed to air but only in very short intervals which occur during times of low tides ("Coral"). Coral reefs, as the name implies, have corals living on their surface, but these are not the only living organisms growing on coral reefs. The major part of a coral reef is nonliving limestone. The living plants and animals associated with coral reefs constitute only a thin layer on the surface. Coral reefs vary greatly in shape and size. Some stretch only a few meters across, in lagoon reefs, to over ten kilometers long in some wall or platform reefs. Coral reefs consist of consolidated limestone debris, and, once established, tend to grow both outwards and upwards when the plants and animals living on their surface are able to flourish. The life and death processes of these organisms result in a steady contribution of their skeletal remains to the structure of the reef This is especially significant in the tropic seas where plants and animals tend to grow rapidly (Buddemeier, 1976). Also, tropic seas contain large amounts of limestone which is used by reef-forming organisms to construct their shells and skeletons which upon death accumulate to form reefs. Corals constitute the major building blocks in reefs. It is the coral-zooxanthellae association which enables corals to produce limestone in a very efficient manner. However, it is important to realize that corals are not always necessarily going to be the dominant organism on reefs. Upon close investigation of reef rock, it is found that coral skeletons are not the only component. The corals, along with larger mollusks, provide the bulk of a structure that includes sand-sized fragments of calcareous plants, Foraminifera, and other organisms. Coral reefs may also possess large areas that are completely void of living coral, which is usually the result of unfavorable living conditions (Patton, 1976). Nevertheless, on most reefs of the Great Barrier Reef, the living corals are the most abundant animal, with the genus Acropora being the most dominant. Coral skeletons make up varying percentages of reef rock. These skeletons range from the fast growing Acropora whose branches average I centimeter to massive Porites, where a single colony may be several meters across. All Scleractinia and the limestone secreting species of hydrozoans contribute to the formation of reefs. The skeletons of dead corals are transported and accumulated by water movement to be cemented into the structure of the reef by calcareous plants. Algae are marine plants whose role in the formation and maintenance of coral reefs is almost as important as the corals themselves. In some places the role of plants may even be greater than that of the corals. There are many types of algae found on coral reefs, but the most important in reef formation are the calcareous algae. Calcareous secreting algae have the ability to produce limestone in the form of an encrustation over the reef, which acts as a cement, binding together loose fragments of debris to form a hard tough surface. This surface is especially characteristic of the windward areas of a reef where wave action is most violent; here the algae give the reef surface a smooth pavement-like texture of a pink, purple, or light brown color. If coral skeletons could be considered the bricks that make up a reef, the calcareous algae could be looked at a


Among scuba divers, what is decompression sickness commonly known as?

Decompression Illness: What Is It and What Is The Treatment? — DAN | Divers Alert Network — Medical Dive Article Decompression Illness: What Is It and What Is The Treatment? By Dr. E.D. Thalmann, DAN Assistant Medical Director With reports by Renée Duncan, editor, and Joel Dovenbarger, vice president, DAN Medical Services NOTE: This article was published in March/April 2004. Decompression illness, or DCI, is a term used to describe illness that results from a reduction in the ambient pressure surrounding a body. A good example is what happens to your body when you&#39re surfacing after a dive. DCI encompasses two diseases, decompression sickness (DCS) and arterial gas embolism (AGE). DCS is thought to result from bubbles growing in tissue and causing local damage, while AGE results from bubbles entering the lung circulation, traveling through the arteries and causing tissue damage at a distance by blocking blood flow at the small vessel level. Who Gets DCI? Decompression illness affects scuba divers, aviators, astronauts and compressed-air workers. It occurs in approximately 1,000 U.S. scuba divers each year. Moreover, DCI hits randomly. The main risk factor for DCI is a reduction in ambient pressure, but there are other risk factors that will increase the chance of DCI occurring. These known risk factors are deep / long dives, cold water, hard exercise at depth, and rapid ascents. Rapid ascents are closely linked to the risk of AGE. Other factors thought to increase the risk of DCI but for which evidence is not conclusive are obesity, dehydration, hard exercise immediately after surfacing, and pulmonary disease. In addition, there seem to be individual risk factors that have not yet been identified. This is why some divers seem to get DCI more frequently than others although they are following the same dive profile. Since DCI is a random event, almost any dive profile can result in DCI, no matter how safe it seems. The reason is that the risk factors, both known and unknown, can influence the probability of DCI in myriad ways. Because of this, evaluation of a diver for possible decompression illness must be made on a case-by-case basis by evaluating the diver&#39s signs and symptoms and not just based on the dive profile. Decompression Sickness Decompression sickness (DCS, also called the bends or caisson disease) is the result of inadequate decompression following exposure to increased pressure. In some cases, the disease is mild and not an immediate threat. In other cases, serious injury does occur; when this happens, the quicker treatment begins, the better the chance for a full recovery. During a dive, the body tissues absorb nitrogen from the breathing gas in proportion to the surrounding pressure. As long as the diver remains at pressure, the gas presents no problem. If the pressure is reduced too quickly, however, the nitrogen comes out of solution and forms bubbles in the tissues and bloodstream. This commonly occurs as a result of violating or approaching too closely the diving table limits, but it can also occur even when accepted guidelines have been followed. Bubbles forming in or near joints are the presumed cause of the joint pain of a classical "bend." When high levels of bubbles occur, complex reactions can take place in the body, usually in the spinal cord or brain. Numbness, paralysis and disorders of higher cerebral function may result. If great amounts of decompression are missed and large numbers of bubbles enter the venous bloodstream, congestive symptoms in the lung and circulatory shock can then occur. Symptoms of DCS - Skin may show a blotchy rash - Paralysis, muscle weakness - Confusion, personality changes, bizarre behavior - Amnesia, tremors - Coughing up bloody, frothy sputum - Collapse or unconsciousness Note: Symptoms and signs usually appear within 15 minutes to 12 hours after surfacing; but in severe cases, symptoms may appear before surfacing or immediately afterwards. Delayed occurrence of symptoms is rare, but it does occur, especially if air travel follows diving. Denial and Recognit


The Reformation - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google Dating the Reformation Historians usually date the start of the Protestant Reformation to the 1517 publication of Martin Luther’s “95 Theses.” Its ending can be placed anywhere from the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, which allowed for the coexistence of Catholicism and Lutheranism in Germany, to the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years’ War. The key ideas of the Reformation—a call to purify the church and a belief that the Bible, not tradition, should be the sole source of spiritual authority—were not themselves novel. However, Luther and the other reformers became the first to skillfully use the power of the printing press to give their ideas a wide audience. Did You Know? No reformer was more adept than Martin Luther at using the power of the press to spread his ideas. Between 1518 and 1525, Luther published more works than the next 17 most prolific reformers combined. The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism Martin Luther (1483-1546) was an Augustinian monk and university lecturer in Wittenberg when he composed his “95 Theses,” which protested the pope’s sale of reprieves from penance, or indulgences. Although he had hoped to spur renewal from within the church, in 1521 he was summoned before the Diet of Worms and excommunicated. Sheltered by Friedrich, elector of Saxony, Luther translated the Bible into German and continued his output of vernacular pamphlets. When German peasants, inspired in part by Luther’s empowering “priesthood of all believers,” revolted in 1524, Luther sided with Germany’s princes. By the Reformation’s end, Lutheranism had become the state religion throughout much of Germany, Scandinavia and the Baltics. The Reformation: Switzerland and Calvinism The Swiss Reformation began in 1519 with the sermons of Ulrich Zwingli, whose teachings largely paralleled Luther’s. In 1541 John Calvin, a French Protestant who had spent the previous decade in exile writing his “Institutes of the Christian Religion,” was invited to settle in Geneva and put his Reformed doctrine—which stressed God’s power and humanity’s predestined fate—into practice. The result was a theocratic regime of enforced, austere morality. Calvin’s Geneva became a hotbed for Protestant exiles, and his doctrines quickly spread to Scotland, France, Transylvania and the Low Countries, where Dutch Calvinism became a religious and economic force for the next 400 years. The Reformation: England and the “Middle Way” In England, the Reformation began with Henry VIII’s quest for a male heir. When Pope Clement VII refused to annul Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could remarry, the English king declared in 1534 that he alone should be the final authority in matters relating to the English church. Henry dissolved England’s monasteries to confiscate their wealth and worked to place the Bible in the hands of the people. Beginning in 1536, every parish was required to have a copy. After Henry’s death, England tilted toward Calvinist-infused Protestantism during Edward VI’s six-year reign and then endured five years of reactionary Catholicism under Mary I . In 1559 Elizabeth I took the throne and, during her 44-year reign, cast the Church of England as a “middle way” between Calvinism and Catholicism, with vernacular worship and a revised Book of Common Prayer. The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Church was slow to respond systematically to the theological and publicity innovations of Luther and the other reformers. The Council of Trent, which met off and on from 1545 through 1563, articulated the Church’s answer to the problems that triggered the Reformation and to the reformers themselves. The Catholic Church of the Counter-Reformation era grew more spiritual, more literate and more educated. New religious orders, notably the Jesuits, combined rigorous spirituality with a globally minded intellectualism, while mystics such as Teresa of Avila injected new passion into the older orders. Inquisitions, both in Spain and in Rome, were reorganized to fight the threat of Protestant