In which of the arts has Richard Avedon distinguished himself?

Obituary: Richard Avedon | Art and design | The Guardian Share on Messenger Close The career of the photographer Richard Avedon, who has died aged 81, was called by Susan Sontag "one of the exemplary photographic careers of this century" - alongside Edward Steichen, Bill Brandt and Henri Cartier-Bresson. He himself had no dearth of famous names in the fields of both photography and literature to accompany his volumes of images: from Mark Haworth-Booth and Harold Rosenberg, James Baldwin and Truman Capote to Arthur Miller and George Wallace. Avedon was born in New York; his father owned a shop on Fifth Avenue. At 12 years old, he joined the YMHA camera club - an early photograph shows him with his Kodak Box Brownie in Central Park in 1935. He attended DeWitt Clinton high school in the Bronx, where he was co-editor, with James Baldwin, of the Magpie, the school's literary magazine, and became poet laureate of New York high schools. From the start - after war service in the photography section of the US merchant marines - Avedon was linked to fashion, fashion magazines and Irving Penn. Never more so than in Helmut Gernsheim's oft-reiterated comments of their "creation of a contemporary style", utilising "the same strength" of assigning "monumentality" to their subjects. But whereas Penn might go for the oddest juxtapositions - like turning South Sea islanders in warrior armour into fashion plates - Avedon eschewed anything that might intervene in the arresting clarity and deceptive simplicity of the early portraits. Attached, aged only 21, to Harper's Bazaar, he had established his own studio a year later. His studies at New York's New School for Social Research, under the legendary Alexei Brodovitch (where Diane Arbus and Eve Arnold, among others, also trained), led directly to his appointment as a staffer on Harper's, where Brodovitch and Carmel Snow were commissioning editors. He stayed from 1945 to 1965, before branching out into Vogue, working under Diana Vreeland and Alexander Liberman (from 1966), and at the New Yorker, where, in 1992, he became the magazine's first staff photographer. It was the glossy, east-coast magazines which provided the skeleton on which all the other myriad Avedon projects were fleshed. Partly, perhaps, a question of being in the right place at the right time: one could not invent a more appropriate outlet for the stark, but often naturally lit, portraits of models, artists, the famous and the infamous. Despite Avedon's protestations against daylight, he had an even greater resistance to shadows - including those backdrop rims thrown up by flash. Something of the extraordinary print quality of those large-format black-and-white investigations has to be due to Avedon's printers, especially Earl Steinbicken. Avedon's own interest was always in the people, never in the fashions. In fact, the models tended to add a layer of complication to what he fundamentally believed was the relationship between photographer and sitter. As he said: "A photographic portrait is a picture of someone who knows he (sic) is being photographed, and what he does with this knowledge is as much a part of the photograph as what he's wearing or how he looks." In the case of the model, of course, she was performing as a clothes horse, wearing the outfits and makeup assigned, and not necessarily presenting herself as she might choose. Yet it was Avedon's conviction that "We all perform" - with its necessary corollary that "I trust performances" - that allowed both for the model's interpretation, actor-like, of a given role, and his own refusal to distinguish between "the named and unnamed" (in New Yorker terms, the famous and the rest). Initially inspired by the 1930s imagery of the great Hungarian Martin Munkacsi, who photographed fashions as if they were battleships, Avedon democratised the image, at least partly by removing it from its setting. (Even the portrait of Red Owens, Oil Field Worker, Oklahoma, 1980 has the raggedy-overalled, bearded stevedore doused in black viscosity aqainst a bare white backcloth.) Many phot


Which religious grou0p migrated westward to the Great Salt Lake, Utah, in 1847?

Mormons settle Salt Lake Valley - Jul 24, 1847 - HISTORY.com Mormons settle Salt Lake Valley Share this: Mormons settle Salt Lake Valley Author Mormons settle Salt Lake Valley URL Publisher A+E Networks After 17 months and many miles of travel, Brigham Young leads 148 Mormon pioneers into Utah’s Valley of the Great Salt Lake. Gazing over the parched earth of the remote location, Young declared, “This is the place,” and the pioneers began preparations for the thousands of Mormon migrants who would follow. Seeking religious and political freedom, the Mormons began planning their great migration from the east after the murder of Joseph Smith, the Christian sect’s founder and first leader. Joseph Smith was born in Sharon, Vermont, in 1805. In 1827, he declared that he had been visited by a Christian angel named Moroni, who showed him an ancient Hebrew text that had been lost for 1,500 years. The holy text, supposedly engraved on gold plates by a Native American prophet named Mormon in the fifth century A.D., told the story of Israelite peoples who had lived in America in ancient times. During the next few years, Smith dictated an English translation of this text to his wife and other scribes, and in 1830 The Book of Mormon was published. In the same year, Smith founded the Church of Christ–later known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints–in Fayette, New York. The religion rapidly gained converts, and Smith set up Mormon communities in Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois. However, the Christian sect was also heavily criticized for its unorthodox practices, which included polygamy. In 1844, the threat of mob violence prompted Smith to call out a militia in the Mormon town of Nauvoo, Illinois. He was charged with treason by Illinois authorities and imprisoned with his brother Hyrum in the Carthage city jail. On June 27, 1844, an anti-Mormon mob with blackened faces stormed in and murdered the brothers. Two years later, Smith’s successor, Brigham Young, led an exodus of persecuted Mormons from Nauvoo along the western wagon trails in search of a sanctuary in “a place on this earth that nobody else wants.” The expedition, more than 10,000 pioneers strong, set up camp in present-day western Iowa while Young led a vanguard company across the Rocky Mountains to investigate Utah’s Great Salt Lake Valley, an arid and isolated spot devoid of human presence. On July 22, 1847, most of the party reached the Great Salt Lake, but Young, delayed by illness, did not arrive until July 24. Upon viewing the land, he immediately confirmed the valley to be the new homeland of the Latter-day Saints. Within days, Young and his companions began building the future Salt Lake City at the foot of the Wasatch Mountains. Later that year, Young rejoined the main body of pioneers in Iowa, who named him president and prophet of the church. Having formally inherited the authority of Joseph Smith, he led thousands of more Mormons to the Great Salt Lake in 1848. Other large waves of Mormon pioneers followed. By 1852, 16,000 Mormons had come to the valley, some in wagons and some dragging handcarts. After early difficulties, Salt Lake City began to flourish. By 1869, 80,000 Mormons had made the trek to their promised land. In 1850, President Millard Fillmore named Brigham Young the first governor of the U.S. territory of Utah, and the territory enjoyed relative autonomy for several years. Relations became strained, however, when reports reached Washington that Mormon leaders were disregarding federal law and had publicly sanctioned the practice of polygamy. In 1857, President James Buchanan removed Young, who had 20 wives, from his position as governor and sent U.S. Army troops to Utah to establish federal authority. Young died in Salt Lake City in 1877 and was succeeded by John Taylor as president of the church. Tensions between the territory of Utah and the federal government continued until Wilford Woodruff, the new president of the Mormon church, issued his Manifesto in 1890, renouncing the traditional practice of polygamy and reducing the domination


"Which 18th-century dictionary compiler defined himself as a ""harmless drudge""?"

Depatment Meeting Jeopardy Jeopardy Template What is the number of days of summer? 93 What is the year the school was establishe? 1926 What is an alternate Acronym? Shhh,Texas, Ain't, Assessing, Rigor Which 18th century dictionary compiler defined himself as a "harmless drudge"? Samuel Johnson What is the number of days in a row we will be away from Lanier for Winter Break? 16 What is the hottest month of summer? July What are jobs held by Sidney Lanier? Lawyer, Soldier, Poet, Musician What are the 2 types of writing? Personal and Expository What pen name was used by the Spanish orator Dolores Ibarruri, who said "It is better to die on your feet than to live on your knees"? La Pasionaria What is your favorite place you have been on Winter Break? ? What is the most popular vacation spot according to The Travel Channel? Paris What is the 3rd floor? Common place for the ghost What is the number of questions on the 6th grade reading test? 48 Which author had the real name Charles Dodgson? Lewis Carroll What is the duration between the Winter Olympics? 4 years What is the number of school days until summer? 104 What was the location of the cafeteria? Previously located in the library What is meeting the growth measure? Number of questions a student must get correct Elvis Presley, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mary Tyler Moore, Ernest Hemingway, Jackie Gleason and Jerry Garcia all suffered from this medical condition? Diabetes Who was the author of the quintessential winter song, Jingle Bells? James Lord Pierpont


Who was president of the USSR from 1985-91?

Gorbachev | Define Gorbachev at Dictionary.com Gorbachev [gawr-buh-chawf, -chof; Russian guh r-buh-chawf] /ˈgɔr bəˌtʃɔf, -ˌtʃɒf; Russian gər bʌˈtʃɔf/ Spell noun 1. Mikhail S(ergeyevich) [mi-kahyl sur-gey-uh-vich,, mi-keyl;; Russian myi-khuh-yeel syir-gye-yi-vyich] /mɪˈkaɪl sɜrˈgeɪ ə vɪtʃ,, mɪˈkeɪl;; Russian myɪ xʌˈyil syɪrˈgyɛ yɪ vyɪtʃ/ (Show IPA), born 1931, Soviet political leader: general secretary of the Communist Party 1985–91; president of the Soviet Union 1988–91; Nobel Peace Prize 1990. Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for Gorbachev Expand Contemporary Examples Of course, in Russia at that time you had just the beginning of Gorbachev, and glasnost and perestroika. British Dictionary definitions for Gorbachev Expand noun 1. Mikhail Sergeevich (mixaˈil sirˈɡjejivitʃ). born 1931, Soviet statesman; general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party (1985–91): president (1988–91). Nobel peace prize 1990. His reforms ended the Communist monopoly of power and led to the break-up of the Soviet Union Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012


What was the name of the Thracian slave who led an ultimately unsuccessful gladiator revolt against Rome in 73 BC?

Spartacus - definition of Spartacus by The Free Dictionary Spartacus - definition of Spartacus by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Spartacus Also found in: Acronyms , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . Spar·ta·cus  (spär′tə-kəs) Died 71 bc. Thracian gladiator who led a slave revolt in Italy (73-71). He defeated Roman armies in southern Italy, but his forces were crushed at Lucania (71), where Spartacus was killed and many of his troops were crucified. Spartacus (ˈspɑːtəkəs) n (Biography) died 71 bc, Thracian slave, who led an ultimately unsuccessful revolt of gladiators against Rome (73–71 bc) Spar•ta•cus died 71 B.C., Thracian slave, gladiator, and insurrectionist against Rome. Translations Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Spartacists References in periodicals archive ? One day in the spotlight wasn't nearly enough for Spartacus John Summers, the tot with Scotland's most heroic handle. dressed in thedark Speaking of when he first discovered that he was suffering from non-Hodgkin lymphoma in March 2010, Whitfield said: "I was very exhausted at the end of the first season of Spartacus, but I think anyone would have been. Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.


Which English king abdicated and became Duke of Windsor?

The Duke of Windsor Dies at 77 The Duke of Windsor Dies at 77 By Reuters LONDON, Sunday, May 28--The Duke of Windsor, who gave up the British throne in 1936 to marry an American divorcee, died in his home near Paris early today, a Buckingham Palace spokesman announced here. The Duke was 77 years old. A statement from Buckingham Place, the official residence of Queen Elizabeth, the Duke's niece said: "It is announced with deep regret that his Royal Highness, the Duke of Windsor, has died at his home in Paris at 2:25 A.M., Sunday, May 28, 1972. "A further announcement from the Palace will be made later about the funeral arrangements." The death announcement reached New York shortly after 1:10 A.M. Eastern daylight time. The Duke, who reigned for 10 months as King Edward VIII before abdicating, had been ill for some time. The Duke defied the British Establishment to marry Mrs. Bessie Wallis Warfield Simpson, a twice-divorced American. The couple lived in virtual self-exile from Britain since the abdication. Queen Elizabeth visited her ailing uncle at his Paris home during her state visit to France earlier this month. The Duke, who would have been 78 on June 23, was too ill to leave the first-floor sitting room of the house overlooking the Bois de Boulogne. The Duke underwent a hernia operation earlier this year. One of his personal physicians, Dr. Arthur Antenucci, of the Roosevelt Hospital in New York City, flew to Paris to see him two days ago. In Paris, a spokesman for the Duke said: "He died peacefully." Asked what had been the cause of death, the spokesman--the Duke's longtime secretary, John Utter--said: "Just natural causes." Two weeks before the Queen, Prince Phillip and the Prince of Wales made their teatime call on the Duke and Duchess at their home near Longchamp Racecourse during the royal visit to France this month, the Duke was reported to be "in need of a long rest." After the 40-minute royal visit, the Duke was said to be in good spirits. Later the Duke's secretary said he was being treated at home for an illness, but its nature and his treatment were not disclosed. Abdicated in 1936 "But you must believe me when I tell you that I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duties as King, as I would wish to do, without the help and support of the woman I love." With these words, delivered with sadness over the radio on Dec. 11, 1936, to his subjects in Britain, Edward VIII, later the Duke of Windsor, became the first monarch in British history to voluntarily abdicate his throne, which he did 11 months after assuming it. A popular king, Edward VIII touched off a sensation at home and abroad with the announcement that he intended to leave the throne to marry Mrs. Bessie Wallis Warfield Simpson, an American who had been twice divorced. 'I Lay Down My Burden' Edward had been determined to marry Mrs. Simpson, although Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin had tried to dissuade him, on the ground that the King, as head of the Church of England, would be violating the church's doctrines against divorce. In the absence of legislation that would permit the marriage, King Edward chose to abdicate. He was succeeded by his brother, the Duke of York, who became King George VI. The new King made his predecessor the Duke of Windsor. "I now quit altogether public affairs, and I lay down my burden," Edward said in his broadcast the day after the act of abdication had been signed. Then, on Dec. 12, at 2 A.M., he left England. He married Mrs. Simpson six months later in France. He remained in virtual exile from Britain ever since, estranged from the royal family until recently. It was not until 1965 that Queen Elizabeth II met the Duchess of Windsor at the bedside of the Duke while he was in London for eye operations. Two years later, the Duke and Duchess were formally received by the Queen at a memorial ceremony for Edward's mother, Queen Mary. Last May 18, Queen Elizabeth visited her ailing uncle at his Paris home. After the abdication, the Duke and Duchess


First man in space - Apr 12, 1961 - HISTORY.com First man in space Publisher A+E Networks On April 12, 1961, aboard the spacecraft Vostok 1, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin becomes the first human being to travel into space. During the flight, the 27-year-old test pilot and industrial technician also became the first man to orbit the planet, a feat accomplished by his space capsule in 89 minutes. Vostok 1 orbited Earth at a maximum altitude of 187 miles and was guided entirely by an automatic control system. The only statement attributed to Gagarin during his one hour and 48 minutes in space was, “Flight is proceeding normally; I am well.” After his historic feat was announced, the attractive and unassuming Gagarin became an instant worldwide celebrity. He was awarded the Order of Lenin and given the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Monuments were raised to him across the Soviet Union and streets renamed in his honor. The triumph of the Soviet space program in putting the first man into space was a great blow to the United States, which had scheduled its first space flight for May 1961. Moreover, Gagarin had orbited Earth, a feat that eluded the U.S. space program until February 1962, when astronaut John Glenn made three orbits in Friendship 7. By that time, the Soviet Union had already made another leap ahead in the “space race” with the August 1961 flight of cosmonaut Gherman Titov in Vostok 2. Titov made 17 orbits and spent more than 25 hours in space. To Soviet propagandists, the Soviet conquest of space was evidence of the supremacy of communism over capitalism. However, to those who worked on the Vostok program and earlier on Sputnik (which launched the first satellite into space in 1957), the successes were attributable chiefly to the brilliance of one man: Sergei Pavlovich Korolev. Because of his controversial past, Chief Designer Korolev was unknown in the West and to all but insiders in the USSR until his death in 1966. Born in the Ukraine in 1906, Korolev was part of a scientific team that launched the first Soviet liquid-fueled rocket in 1933. In 1938, his military sponsor fell prey to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin’s purges, and Korolev and his colleagues were also put on trial. Convicted of treason and sabotage, Korolev was sentenced to 10 years in a labor camp. The Soviet authorities came to fear German rocket advances, however, and after only a year Korolev was put in charge of a prison design bureau and ordered to continue his rocketry work. In 1945, Korolev was sent to Germany to learn about the V-2 rocket, which had been used to devastating effect by the Nazis against the British. The Americans had captured the rocket’s designer, Wernher von Braun, who later became head of the U.S. space program, but the Soviets acquired a fair amount of V-2 resources, including rockets, launch facilities, blueprints, and a few German V-2 technicians. By employing this technology and his own considerable engineering talents, by 1954 Korolev had built a rocket that could carry a five-ton nuclear warhead and in 1957 launched the first intercontinental ballistic missile. That year, Korolev’s plan to launch a satellite into space was approved, and on October 4, 1957, Sputnik 1 was fired into Earth’s orbit. It was the first Soviet victory of the space race, and Korolev, still technically a prisoner, was officially rehabilitated. The Soviet space program under Korolev would go on to numerous space firsts in the late 1950s and early ’60s: first animal in orbit, first large scientific satellite, first man, first woman, first three men, first space walk, first spacecraft to impact the moon, first to orbit the moon, first to impact Venus, and first craft to soft-land on the moon. Throughout this time, Korolev remained anonymous, known only as the “Chief Designer.” His dream of sending cosmonauts to the moon eventually ended in failure, primarily because the Soviet lunar program received just one-tenth the funding allocated to America’s successful Apollo lunar landing program. Korolev died in 1966. Upon his death, his i


What invention made the fortune of Alfred Noel, founder of the Nobel prize?

Alfred Nobel's Life and Work - for Grade schoolers Lists of Nobel Prizes and Laureates Lists of Nobel Prizes and Laureates Alfred Nobel's Life and Work Born in Stockholm On October 21, 1833 a baby boy was born to  a family in Stockholm, Sweden who was to become a famous  scientist, inventor , businessman and  founder of the Nobel Prizes. His father was Immanuel Nobel and  his mother was Andriette Ahlsell Nobel. They named their son  Alfred. Alfred's father was an engineer and   inventor. He built bridges and buildings and experimented with   different ways of blasting rocks. The same year that Alfred was born, his  father's business suffered losses and had to be closed. In 1837,  Immanuel Nobel decided to try his business somewhere else and  left for Finland and Russia. Alfred's mother was left in  Stockholm to take care of the family. At this time, Alfred had  two older brothers, Robert born in 1829, and Ludvig born in  1831. The house where Alfred Nobel was    born. Andriette Nobel, who came from a wealthy   family, started a grocery store. The store had a modest income   that helped in supporting the family. Immanuel Nobel Andriette Nobel The Family Moves to Russia After a time, Immanuel Nobel's business in  St. Petersburg, Russia started doing well. He had opened a  mechanical workshop that provided equipment for the Russian army.  He also made the Russian Tsar and his generals believe that  sea mines could be used to stop enemy ships from entering and  attacking St. Petersburg. The mines stopped the British Royal  Navy from moving into firing range of St. Petersburg during the Crimean War in 1853-1856. With his success in Russia, Immanuel was  now able to move his family to St. Petersburg in 1842. By 1843,  another boy was born into the family, Emil. The four Nobel  brothers were given first class education with the help of  private tutors. Their lessons included natural sciences,  languages and literature. At the age of 17, Alfred could speak  and write in Swedish, Russian, French, English and German. A painting of Immanuel Nobel    demonstrating his naval or sea mines to the Tsar of Russia. Alfred Travels Abroad Alfred was most interested in literature,  chemistry and physics. His father wanted his sons to follow in  his footsteps and was not pleased with Alfred's interest in  poetry. He decided to send the young man abroad to study and  become a chemical engineer. Young Alfred Nobel. In Paris, Alfred worked in the private   laboratory of Professor T. J. Pelouze, a famous chemist. There he   met a young Italian chemist, Ascanio Sobrero. Three years   earlier, Sobrero had invented nitroglycerine, a highly explosive   liquid. It was considered too dangerous to be of practical   use. Alfred became very interested in  nitroglycerine and how it could be used in construction work.  When he returned back to Russia after his studies, he worked  together with his father to develop nitroglycerine as a  commercially and technically useful explosive. Moving Back to Sweden After the Crimean War ended, the business  of Alfred's father went badly and he decided to move back to  Sweden. Alfred's elder brothers Robert and Ludvig stayed in  Russia to try and save what was left of the family business. They  became successful and went on to develop the oil industry in the  southern part of Russia. After the Nobel family's return to Sweden  in 1863, Alfred concentrated on developing nitroglycerine as an  explosive. Sadly, these experiments resulted in accidents that  killed several people, including Alfred's younger brother, Emil.  The government decided to ban these experiments within the  Stockholm city limits. Move mouse over the    illustration to see what happened during Alfred Nobel's    earlier experiments with nitroglycerine. Alfred did not give up and moved his experiments to a barge or   flat bottom boat on Lake Mälaren. In 1864, he was able to   start mass production of nitroglycerine but he did not stop   experimenting with different additives to


Whose circus did General Tom Thumb join at the age of five in 1843?

Tom Thumb Tom Thumb's wedding, 1863 Tom Thumb’s real name was Charles Stratton. He was born a dwarf, or person of short stature (defined medically as someone whose adult height will not exceed more than four feet ten inches tall). In fact Charles Stratton was under two feet tall when American impresario Phineas Taylor Barnum hired him to be an ‘exhibit’ at his American Museum on Broadway. Barnum exaggerated Charles’s age, saying that the four year old was eleven, and altered his identity to ‘General Tom Thumb’ from London. Despite Charles’s mother expressing concerns about this fabrication, Barnum insisted that it was a necessary marketing device and would ensure that his ‘exhibit’ was successful. Barnum moulded the young Stratton into the character of General Tom Thumb with excellent manners and a haughty air. He taught him various stage routines and dressed him in specially tailored character costumes as Napoleon Bonaparte and Cupid. His routine contained comic patter and songs, the most famous being the hornpipe dance and song ‘Yankee Doodle Dandee’. Tom Thumb first toured America in 1843 at the age of five and was a huge success. In February 1844 Tom Thumb made his debut on the London stage at the Princess’s Theatre. The Illustrated London News called him ‘a little monster’. However Barnum managed to secure Stratton an audience with Queen Victoria and his subsequent appearance at the Egyptian Hall later that year was a huge success with the public flooding to see ‘the wonderful little man’. Queen Victoria saw Tom Thumb three times and he met with other European Royalty. These royal meetings increased Stratton’s profile and he became a very wealthy man with a house in the fashionable part of New York, a steam yacht and a fine wardrobe. When Barnum got into financial difficulty it was Stratton who bailed him out and eventually Stratton became his business partner. In 1862 P.T.Barnum engaged Mercy Lavinia Warren Bump as an attraction at his American Museum. She was 21 years old and 32 inches (81 cm) tall. She first appeared in January 1863, advertised as 'the smallest woman alive' and 'the little Queen of Beauty'. Tom Thumb paid her a visit and just a few weeks later they were married, on 10 February, with her sister Minnie as a bridesmaid, and another of Barnum's attractions, 'Commodore' Nutt, as the 'best man'. The bride arrived at the church in a miniature wedding carriage, wearing a white satin dress and shoes, and a long lace train with a diamond necklace, a present from her husband. The reception at the Metropolitan Hotel displayed wedding gifts from the Astors, Vanderbilts, and President and Mrs Lincoln. The crowds outside were so big that the police had to cordon off the street. Barnum's involvement in the wedding was substantial and whilst he refrained from charging admission to the event, he drew up an impressive guest list of 2,000 guests to ensure maximum publicity. In August 1866 a star attraction from America appeared at the Corn Exchange in Peterborough, England, billed as 'General Tom Thumb and his celebrated little wife together with their infant daughter, the wonder of the age, and the equally renowned Commodore Nutt, and the infinitesimal Minnie Warren.' This was part of a tour during which they gave three performances daily, at 11am, 3pm and 8pm, with different songs, recitations and dances in each show. The second act of each performance began with Lavinia introducing her baby daughter on stage, and each show ended with Tom and his wife dancing a polka. Stratton, who was a good mimic, was taught a range of impersonations so that he could perform instead of being a curiosity just for his size. He and a 'straight man' would perform a series of comic scenes with Stratton disappearing off to change costume between each one. Among his characters were Villikins - a character from a popular song, a student at Oxford, a Scottish Highlander, an American Tar (sailor) and most popular of all, the Emperor Napoleon. Much of the banter between the two men centred on Stratton's fondness for attractive women, and h


Of which country was de Valera the prime minister, and later the president?

Eamon de Valera | president of Ireland | Britannica.com president of Ireland Alternative Title: Edward de Valera Eamon de Valera William Thomas Cosgrave Eamon de Valera, original name Edward de Valera (born Oct. 14, 1882, New York , N.Y., U.S.—died Aug. 29, 1975, Dublin , Ire.), Irish politician and patriot, who served as taoiseach (prime minister; 1932–48, 1951–54, 1957–59) and president (1959–73) of Ireland . An active revolutionary from 1913, he became president of Sinn Féin in 1917 and founded the Fianna Fáil party in 1926. In 1937 he made his country a “sovereign” state, renamed Ireland, or Éire. His academic attainments also inspired wide respect; he became chancellor of the National University of Ireland in 1921. Eamon de Valera, the leader of the republicans during the Irish civil war. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Early life De Valera’s father, who was Spanish, died when the boy was two. De Valera was then sent to his mother’s family in County Limerick, Ire., and studied at the local national school and at Blackrock College, Dublin; he graduated from the Royal University, Dublin, and became a teacher of mathematics and an ardent supporter of the Irish-language revival. In 1913 he joined the Irish Volunteers , which had been organized to resist opposition to Home Rule for Ireland. In the anti-British Easter Rising in Dublin (1916), de Valera commanded an occupied building and was the last commander to surrender. Because of his American birth, he escaped execution by the British but was sentenced to penal servitude. Released in 1917 but arrested again and deported in May 1918 to England, where he was imprisoned, de Valera was acclaimed by the Irish as the chief survivor of the uprising and in October 1917 was elected president of the revolutionist Sinn Féin (“We Ourselves” or “Ourselves Alone”) party, which won three-fourths of all the Irish constituencies in December 1918. After a dramatic escape from Lincoln Jail in February 1919, de Valera went in disguise to the United States , where he collected funds. He returned to Ireland before the Anglo-Irish War (Irish War of Independence) ended with the truce that took effect on July 11, 1921, and appointed plenipotentiaries to negotiate in London. He repudiated the treaty of Dec. 6, 1921, that they signed to form the Irish Free State, however, primarily because it imposed an oath of allegiance to the British crown. Rise to power After Dáil Éireann (Irish Assembly) ratified the treaty by a small majority (1922), de Valera supported the republican resistance in the ensuing civil war. William Thomas Cosgrave’s Irish Free State ministry imprisoned him, but he was released in 1924 and then organized a republican opposition party that would not sit in Dáil Éireann (now the lower house of the Oireachtas, the Irish parliament). In 1927, however, he persuaded his followers to sign the oath of allegiance as “an empty political formula,” and his new Fianna Fáil (“Soldiers of Destiny”) party then entered the Dáil, demanding abolition of the oath of allegiance, of the governor-general, of the Seanad (senate) as then constituted , and of land-purchase annuities payable to Great Britain. The Cosgrave ministry was defeated by Fianna Fáil in 1932, and de Valera, as head of the new ministry, embarked quickly on severing connections with Great Britain. He withheld payment of the land annuities, and an “economic war” resulted. Increasing retaliation by both sides enabled de Valera to develop his program of austere national self-sufficiency in an Irish-speaking Ireland while building up industries behind protective tariffs. In a new constitution ratified by referendum in 1937, the Irish Free State became Ireland (in Irish, Éire), a sovereign , independent democracy tenuously linked with the British Commonwealth (under the External Relations Act of 1936) only for purposes of diplomatic representation. Britannica Stories Methane Surge Worries Scientists De Valera’s prestige was enhanced by his success as president of the council of the League of Nations in 1932 and of its assembly in 1938.


"Which actress starred opposite Alan Ladd in the film ""The Blue Dahlia""?"

The Blue Dahlia (1946) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error An ex-bomber pilot is suspected of murdering his unfaithful wife. Director: a list of 35 titles created 24 Oct 2013 a list of 21 titles created 19 Mar 2014 a list of 29 titles created 13 Jun 2015 a list of 46 titles created 11 Dec 2015 a list of 30 titles created 1 month ago Title: The Blue Dahlia (1946) 7.2/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for     1     Oscar. See more awards  » Photos A crooked politician finds himself being accused of murder by a gangster from whom he refused help during a re-election campaign. Director: Stuart Heisler When assassin Philip Raven shoots a blackmailer and his beautiful female companion dead, he is paid off in marked bills by his treasonous employer who is working with foreign spies. Director: Frank Tuttle After being hired to find an ex-con's former girlfriend, Philip Marlowe is drawn into a deeply complex web of mystery and deceit. Director: Edward Dmytryk An armored truck driver and his lovely ex-wife conspire with a gang to have his own truck robbed on the route. Director: Robert Siodmak When powerful publishing tycoon Earl Janouth commits an act of murder at the height of passion, he cleverly begins to cover his tracks and frame an innocent man, whose identity he doesn't ... See full summary  » Director: John Farrow A man is murdered, apparently by one of a group of soldiers just out of the army. But which one? And why? Director: Edward Dmytryk Hit men kill an unresisting victim, and investigator Reardon uncovers his past involvement with beautiful, deadly Kitty Collins. Director: Robert Siodmak A beautiful secretary risks her life to try to find the elusive woman who may prove her boss didn't murder his selfish wife. Director: Robert Siodmak Frank Bigelow, told he's been poisoned and has only a few days to live, tries to find out who killed him and why. Director: Rudolph Maté With his law-breaking lifestyle in the past, an ex-con, along with his family, attempt to start a new life, knowing a betrayed someone from the past is bound to see otherwise. Director: Henry Hathaway A married woman and a drifter fall in love, then plot to murder her husband. Once the deed is done, they must live with the consequences of their actions. Director: Tay Garnett When Kirk Bennett is convicted of a singer's murder, his wife tries to prove him innocent...aided by the victim's ex-husband. Director: Roy William Neill Edit Storyline When Johnny comes home from the navy he finds his wife Helen kissing her substitute boyfriend Eddie, the owner of the Blue Dahlia nightclub. Helen admits her drunkenness caused their son's death. He pulls a gun on her but decides she's not worth it. Later, Helen is found dead and Johnny is the prime suspect. Written by Ed Stephan <stephan@cc.wwu.edu> Tamed by a brunette - framed by a blonde - blamed by the cops! See more  » Genres: 1 June 1946 (UK) See more  » Also Known As: La dalia azul See more  » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia Raymond Chandler almost walked off the film when George Marshall improvised dialogue. " . . . it is ludicrous to suggest that any writer in Hollywood, however obstreperous, has a 'free hand' with a script;" said Chandler, "He may have a free hand with the first draft, but after that they start moving in on him. Also what happens on the set is beyond the writer's control. In this case I threatened to walk off the picture, not yet finished, unless they stopped the director putting in fresh dialogue out of his own head." See more » Goofs During the scene in the Blue Dahlia manager's office between Leo and Eddie, moving shadow of boom mic is visible on wall above Eddie while he is seated in the armchair. See more » Quotes Joyce Harwood : [sitting with Johnny in a convertible in


"Which French fashion designer created the ""Little black dress""?"

Who Invented the Little Black Dress? | Mental Floss Who Invented the Little Black Dress? ThinkStock Like us on Facebook The “little black dress,” quintessential staple of any woman’s wardrobe, isn’t as timeless as most people think. An LBD is a classic in that it’s neither a trend nor is it ever out of fashion, but its history is a surprisingly short one, dating back only about a century to the early 1900s. While history tends to credit French designer Coco Chanel with popularizing the design, the question of who came up with the little black dress first is a little more complicated than that.  As hard as it is to believe today—when black clothing is the neutral, flattering norm, and the latest fashion is credited as “the new black”—dark-colored garments were hardly a stylish society woman’s first choice years ago. Through the 1800s, black clothing was associated with mourning dress; in previous centuries, it was a symbol of luxury, as only the wealthy could afford costly black dye for their garments. Public perception gradually changed as history’s fashionistas realized that black was not only a practical choice that did not show stains or spills, but also a stylish one that offset their expensive accessories to good advantage. By the time Coco Chanel came into the equation in the 1920s, black dresses of all shapes and sizes were already quite popular all on their own. The specific little black dress so famously associated with Chanel appeared in a 1926 issue of Vogue, a simple, calf-length design shown with a plain string of pearls that was distinct in its contrast to the heavily embellished flapper styles that were popular at the time. The magazine called it “Chanel’s Ford”—referring to Henry Ford’s Model T car, the standard for all automobiles to come—and predicted its role as “a sort of uniform for all women of taste.” A 1930 issue of Vogue later featured another black Chanel dress, made of sheer black lace with a matching capelet, which served to double down on the public perception of Coco Chanel having invented the fashion. However, designers like Edward Molyneux were simultaneously promoting their own, similar fashions, just without Vogue’s endorsement. Perhaps the most iconic little black dress of all is a work of the 1960s: Audrey Hepburn famously wore a little black Givenchy dress as Holly Golightly in the opening scene of Breakfast at Tiffany’s, the movie that spawned a million Halloween costumes. That level of exposure may have truly cemented the little black dress as a cultural touchstone, so much so that we’ve turned it into an acronym: LBD, which has been included in the official Oxford Dictionary of English since 2010.


What is the sticky wax obtained from sheep?

The Origin of  WAX |  WAX 's Story of Origin |  WAX 's History | The origin of Daily Use Products | TheOriginOf.com February 7, 2008 – 9:11 pm WAX Bees busily buzz around making fantastic honeycombs with their own wax. Later on Man copied them. The term ‘wax’ is a substance whose properties are akin to beeswax – plastic and malleable, with a melting point of 45 °C, having low viscosity when melted. It is not soluble in water. There are two types of waxes – natural and artificial.  The natural group can be segmented into animal wax, vegetable wax and mineral wax.  Humans too produce wax and that is the earwax which is a sticky substance found inside human ears. Artificial wax is a chemical substance which is a combination of ester and two acids (fatty) – a sort of lipid. Apart from these natural varieties there are many synthetic waxes – polythene waxes, chemically waxes etc. Thus wax is a very general term used to point to a long list of polar lipids. The wax is a protective covering on leaves of plants, fruits or animals. Some have mineral origins and can be found in lignite. Lignite is a stage in the transformation of vegetable matter into hydrocarbons. Waxes however cannot be bracketed into one chemical group that is homogenous. Beeswax is a secretion oozing from the abdomens of bees. The flowers from which it is gathered determine the vibrant range of subtle colour. It has been in use from ancient times as found in Egyptian historical remains. They used it in shipbuilding as an adhesive and coating agent. The Romans used its waterproof material to treat paint on walls. During the Middle Ages it was a valuable form of currency exchange. Today its use is multifarious and indispensable. About 7000 tons is produced in the world annually. 60% of this is gobbled up by the cosmetic and pharmaceutical world. Chinese wax is secreted from insects on branches. It requires 1500 insects to give 1g of insect wax. It is used in candle making and polishes. Shellac is also from another kind insect and used in varnish manufacturing. Wax is collected from the tissues and head cavity of the sperm whale. 3 tons is got from a 15 meter animal. From the 15th century it is being used as medicine and in the manufacture of cosmetics. But strong conservation action has put a stop to this form of animal torture. It has been replaced by synthetic wax. Lanolin or wool wax secretes from the glands of sheep. Crude wool is collected and diluted with alkali to obtain the wax. It has been in use since ancient times as a cure for skin diseases. Today it is in great demand in industries connected with fabrics, ink and lubricants. The ‘queen of waxes’ is carnauba – a kind of vegetable wax. Leaves of a plant found in Brazil secrete it – 100g coming from a single tree per year. It is the hardest in the wax family. Mixed with beeswax it is used for making polishes and cosmetics as well as in food production. It adds the glaze to candies, gums, fruits. It is also used for coating paper. Ouricouri wax used to be exported from Brazil since 1937 but recently it has been discontinued. It was squeezed out from a particular Brazilian plant. Jojoba oil made its entry as an alternative to the wax obtained from whales It is fluid and extracted by pressing the seeds of jojoba tree cultivated in Mexico, Arizona and California. Experiments are also going on in Israel, Africa, Australia and China. Small shrubs of Mexico produce candelilla wax. When the plant is boiled the wax floats on top and it is then skimmed  and processed. It is mixed with other waxes to harden them. It is a major ingredient as a fixing agent in chewing gum industry. Esparto wax comes from a type of reed or grass found in North Africa and Southern Spain. It is a by-product from the stuff left over after making paper. Japan wax is more akin to tallow and is found in kernels and outer skins of berries belonging to the rhus and toxicondendron group. It is largely used in the Japanese cosmetic industry and becomes rancid after some time. Wax is also extracted from rice bran and is used for coating li


What is the trade name for the non-stick material used for coating cooking pans?

Toxic Cookware, Whats Cooking America Article by Dr. Linda Posch MS SLP ND   Since its debut, Teflon coated cookware has increased in popularity in kitchens worldwide.  With good reason – this handy non-stick coating is simply a dream. Easy to cook on and easy to clean! Teflon has literally revolutionized the manufacture of cookware.  Even the worst of kitchen disasters cleans up in a jiffy when cooking on Teflon.  One would be hard pressed to find any kitchen that did not have at least one Teflon coated piece of cookware.  Teflon has become the way of the world. Like many scientific breakthroughs, Teflon was accidentally discovered over 70 years ago by a scientist employed by DuPont. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) asserts that DuPont has purposely withheld health hazardous information regarding Teflon since the early 1980’s.  Peflourooanoic acid (PFOA), a chemical used to produce Teflon, has been appearing in blood samples of people world wide.  DuPont, slapped with approximately 300 million dollars in fines, has agreed to pay a 108 million dollar lawsuit brought about by residents near one of its company plants as elevated levels of PFOA’s have been found in surrounding drinking water supplies. According to risk assessments by the EPA, PFOA’s present significant developmental and reproductive risks in humans with the use of Teflon: An increased rate of birth defects has been found in mothers working at DuPont.  The company’s response was to move female employees to other sections of the plant in an effort to reduce their exposure to PFOA’s. The chemical coating that we have all come to benignly cook on is also used in fire fighting foam and phone cables.  Variants of FPOA’s are used to make the coating on stain resistant carpets and flame retardants for clothing and computers. Teflon can also be found in nail polish removers, eyeglasses, and as lining in pizza boxes. PFOA’s do not break down in the environment anytime soon, causing forever pollution.  According to Tim Kropp, a toxicologist with the Environmental Working Group, if all future exposure is cut off, it would take the body at least 20 years to detoxify Teflon chemicals.  Finally, the EPA has recommended that PFOA be classified as a human carcinogen. Be advised that Teflon is the trade name for a line of cookware.  Other lines of non stick cookware that use the Teflon coating includes Greblon, Silverstone, Supra, and Excaliber.  This is not a comprehensive list.  Check before you buy. Careful as we try to be, it inevitable that our Teflon pots and pans will endure scratches at some point. In fact, many are certain to have an old, bruised, battered, and scratched Teflon pan that has been part of the kitchen arsenal for years and years. Hardly a utensil that should be used for cooking. A utensil that delivers a dangerous toxic load with each meal it helps prepare. Given the fact that Teflon is typically used to cover aluminum pots and pans, we are experiencing yet a double chemical assault as explained below. The bottom line – Teflon and its associated by-products are dangerous and pose a significant health hazard to all. Other Cookware: Aluminum Cookware – Aluminum cookware is not desirable due to the Alzheimer’s and aluminum toxicity connection.  If you will notice, your aluminum foil has a dull side and a shiny side.  The dull side is a protective coating that separates the aluminum foil from contact with your food.  The shiny side is unprotected. Thus, the dull side should always surround food items. On the toxic cookware page [1] you have a statement about aluminum foil that says the dull side of the foil contains a coating and that side should surround food items.  This is wrong.  The dull and shinny sides are due to the manufacturing process where in the last pass in making the foil thinner, where two sheets of foil are passed between 2 rollers to make them thinner.  The sides that touch the rollers become shinny and the sides in the middle of the 2 sheets become the dull side.  There is no protection coating. However, there are some aluminum


What name is given to the brittle kind of iron used for making engine blocks and manhole covers?

Ferrous & Non-Ferrous Metals and their Uses | Castle Metals Ferrous & Non-Ferrous Metals and their Uses Castle Metals Put in the simplest terms, ferrous metals are those which contain iron, whilst non ferrous metals don’t have any iron content. There are, however, other differences between the two types of metal which have a strong bearing upon the tasks which they are usually called upon to perform. Ferrous Metals The following are ferrous metals and the kind of uses to which they are usually put: Mild Steel – Carbon content of 0.1 to 0.3% and Iron content of 99.7 – 99.9%. Used for engineering purposes and in general, none specialised metal products. Carbon steel – Carbon content of 0.6 to 1.4% and Iron content of 98.6 to 99.4 %.  Used to make cutting tools such as drill bits. Stainless Steel – Made up of Iron, nickel and chromium. Resists staining and corrosion and is therefore used for the likes of cutlery and surgical instrumentation. See our infographic celebrating 100 years of stainless steel usage in buildings  or the different types of stainless steel . Cast Iron – carbon 2 – 6% and Iron at 94 to 98%. Very strong but brittle. Used to manufacture items such as engine blocks and manhole covers. Wrought Iron – Composed of almost 100% iron. Used to make items such as ornamental gates and fencing. Has fallen out of use somewhat. Non Ferrous Metals These are the non ferrous metals and their uses: Aluminium – An alloy of aluminium, copper and manganese. Very lightweight and easily worked. Used in aircraft manufacture, window frames and some kitchen ware. Copper – Copper is a natural occurring substance. The fact that it conducts heat and electricity means that it is used for wiring, tubing and pipe work. Brass – A combination of copper and zinc, usually in the proportions of 65% to 35% respectively. Is used for ornamental purposes and within electrical fittings. Silver – Mainly a natural substance, but mixing with copper creates sterling silver. Used for decorative impact in jewellery and ornaments, and also to solder different metals together. Lead – Lead is a naturally occurring substance. It is heavy and very soft and is often used in roofing, in batteries and to make pipes.


Which scientific unit gives a measure of loudness?

Measurement and Loudness of Sound Measurement and Loudness of Sound Add Remove Pick a specific sound , give the decibels of the sound, and explain what this measurement means? Example of the sound: Loud car horn on http://home.new.rr.com/trumpetb/audio/dBexamp.html Can you explain this to me? Solution Preview Please note the following quote from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/HBASE/sound/db.html#c1 "Decibels provide a relative measure of sound intensity. The unit is based on powers of 10 to give a manageable range of numbers to encompass the wide range of the human hearing response, ... Solution Summary Measurement and Loudness of Sound are investigated. $2.19 ... the other person walked away from it until he the loudness dropped to zero. This distance was measured using a tape measure. We found that the sound level was ... ... 2)The loudness of sound is based on intensity level measured in ... sound, give me the decibels of the sound, and please explain what this measurement means ... ... Why are they used? 7. Most environmental noise measurements are made using a Type II meter. ... 9. How is loudness related to sound energy? ... ... One way to study the relationship between sound frequency and ... were asked to perform such loudness judgments for ... The data give the sone measurements for each ... ... listening level (c) very soft (d) slightly loud (e) none ... 6. Two sound waves of angular frequencies 900.0 rad/s and ... the fall of each, will be a measure of speed ... ... fines to the perpetrators) is what the experiment wants to measure. ... if an experiment measures a reaction of subjects to the loudness of a sound, the levels ... ... sound heard by the piano tuner fluctuates in loudness with a ... the piano and the frequency of the sound heard by ... the same, up to the units of measurement, and as ... ... 7. At the Indianapolis 500, you can measure the speed of ... Suppose the sound of a certain car drops by a ... is tuned to the same note to provide extra loudness. ... ... as loud as the conversation they were having. What did Jacob say in response to Anderson's claim? The decibel measure of the intensity of the sound follows the ... ... intensity as differences in volume, scientists use the decibel (dB) to measure the intensity ... To your ears, it sounds twice as loud" (National Institute ... View More


The behavior of sound in rooms and concert halls is a separate science. what is its name?

Behavior of Sound Waves - Sound | HowStuffWorks Behavior of Sound Waves Like light waves and other waves, sound waves are reflected, refracted, and diffracted, and exhibit interference. Reflection Sound is constantly being reflected off many different surfaces. Most of the time the reflected sound is not noticed, because two identical sounds that reach the human ear less than 1/15 of a second apart cannot be distinguished as separate sounds. When the reflected sound is heard separately, it is called an echo. Sound is reflected from a surface at the same angle at which it strikes the surface. This fact makes it possible to focus sound by means of curved reflecting surfaces in the same way that curved mirrors can be used to focus light. It also accounts for the effects of so-called whispering galleries, rooms in which a word whispered at one point can be heard distinctly at some other point fairly far away, though it cannot be heard anywhere else in the room. (Statuary Hall of the United States Capitol is an example.) Reflection is also used to focus sound in a megaphone and when calling through cupped hands. The reflection of sound can pose a serious problem in concert halls and auditoriums. In a poorly designed hall, a speaker's first word may reverberate (echo repeatedly) for several seconds, so that the listeners may hear all the words of a sentence echoing at the same time. Music can be similarly distorted. Such problems can usually be corrected by covering reflecting surfaces with sound-absorbing materials such as draperies or acoustical tile. Clothing also absorbs sound; for this reason reverberation is greater in an empty hall than in one filled with people. All these sound-absorbing materials are porous; sound waves entering the tiny air-filled spaces bounce around in them until their energy is spent. They are, in effect, trapped. The reflection of sound is used by some animals, notably bats and toothed whales, for echolocation—locating, and in some cases identifying, objects through the sense of hearing rather than the sense of sight. Bats and toothed whales emit bursts of sound of frequencies far beyond the upper limits of human hearing, as high as 200,000 Hz in the case of whales. Sounds with short wavelengths are reflected even from very small objects. A bat can unerringly locate and catch even a mosquito in total darkness. Sonar is an artificial form of echolocation. Refraction When a wave passes from one material to another at an angle, it usually changes speed, causing the wave front to bend. The refraction of sound can be demonstrated in a physics laboratory by using a lens-shaped balloon filled with carbon dioxide to bring sound waves to a focus. Diffraction When sound waves pass around an obstacle or through an opening in an obstacle, the edge of the obstacle or the opening acts as a secondary sound source, sending out waves of the same frequency and wavelength (but of lower intensity) as the original source. The spreading out of sound waves from the secondary source is called diffraction. Because of this phenomenon, sound can be heard around corners despite the fact that sound waves generally travel in a straight line. Interference Whenever waves interact, interference occurs. For sound waves the phenomenon is perhaps best understood by thinking in terms of the compressions and rarefactions of the two waves as they arrive at some point. When the waves are in phase so that their compressions and rarefactions coincide, they reinforce each other (constructive interference). When they are out of phase, so that the compressions of one coincide with the rarefactions of the other, they tend to weaken or even cancel each other (destructive interference). The interaction between the two waves produces a resultant wave. In auditoriums, destructive interference between sound from the stage and sound reflected from other parts of the hall can create dead spots in which both volume and clarity of sound are poor. Such interference can be reduced by use of sound-absorbing materials on reflecting surfaces. On the other


Iguana (Iguana Iguana) - Animals - A-Z Animals Five groups that classify all living things Animalia A group of animals within the animal kingdom Chordata A group of animals within a pylum Reptilia A group of animals within a class Squamata A group of animals within an order Iguanidae A group of animals within a family Iguana Comprised of the genus followed by the species Iguana Iguana The animal group that the species belongs to Reptile What kind of foods the animal eats Omnivore How long (L) or tall (H) the animal is 0.91-1.83m (3-6ft) The measurement of how heavy the animal is 4-8kg (8.8-17.6lbs) The fastest recorded speed of the animal 35km/h (21mph) How long the animal lives for 15-20 years Whether the animal is solitary or sociable Solitary The likelihood of the animal becoming extinct Threatened The colour of the animal's coat or markings Green, Brown, Yellow The protective layer of the animal Scales The specific area where the animal lives Lowland tropical rainforest near water The average number of babies born at once 3 Other animals that hunt and eat the animal Hawk, Eagle, Snakes Long tongue and change skin colour with mood Iguana Location Map of South America Iguana Iguanas are native to the jungles of central and south America, and the Caribbean. The iguana is a large docile species of lizard , meaning that iguanas are often a popular choice when keeping exotic pets. Iguanas have excellent sight allowing the iguana to detect movement from incredibly long distances. The iguana can use this skill to seek out prey and be aware of approaching predators often before the predators has even noticed the iguana. It is said that the iguana uses visual signals to communicate with other iguanas . The iguanas do this through a series a rapid eye movements that other iguanas are able to pick up on easily due to the excellent sight of the iguana. Green Iguanas are forest dwelling lizards that live high in the tree canopy of the South American rainforest . Young iguanas get to grips with tree top living by staying in areas lower in the canopies while older mature adult iguanas reside higher up in the tree tops. This tree dwelling habit allows the iguana to bask in the sun, with little need to go down to the forest floor below. The only real exception to this is when the female iguanas must come down from their sky high home in order to dig burrows in which the female iguanas lay their eggs. Although iguanas tend to prefer the forest environment , iguanas can adjust well to a more open areas. However, wherever the iguanas inhabit, iguanas prefer to have water around them as iguanas are excellent swimmers and will often dive beneath the water to avoid oncoming predators. Although iguanas are classed as omnivores , most iguana individuals in the wild, tend to enjoy a very herbivorous diet , with ripened fruit being one of the iguanas favourite foods along with leafy green plants. Most mature adult iguanas weigh around 4 kg, but it is not uncommon for large, healthy iguanas where food is in good supply, to weigh up to 8 kg and grow to over 2 meters in length. Due to the natural green and brown colours of the scales of the iguana , iguanas are easily able to make themselves invisible to predators . Iguanas do this well as the iguana blends extremely effectively into the surrounding forest and the iguana will then remain extremely still until the predator has passed. Iguanas will often chose basking spots on those tree branches that hang over water so that if the iguana does feel threated, the iguana can leap from the tree into the water and therefore the iguana can quickly escape oncoming danger. Share This Article


What is the name given to the molten rock beneath the surface of the Earth?

What name is given to the molten rock below the Earth's surface? | Reference.com What name is given to the molten rock below the Earth's surface? A: Quick Answer The molten rock below the Earth’s surface is known as magma. Magma is a combination of a molten and semi-molten rock mixture that is extremely hot. Magma is between 1,292 and 2,372 degrees Fahrenheit, or 700 and 1,300 degrees Celsius. Full Answer Magma is a dynamic and fluid substance that is capable of creating new landforms. This molten rock starts in the upper part of the mantle and the lower portion of the crust. When magma erupts from a volcano or other vent, the molten rock is referred to as lava. When lava cools on the Earth’s surface and forms a solid structure, it is called igneous rock.


Which disease is spread in minute water drops?

Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Control of Infectious Diseases mmwrq@cdc.gov . Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail. Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Control of Infectious Diseases Deaths from infectious diseases have declined markedly in the United States during the 20th century ( Figure 1 ). This decline contributed to a sharp drop in infant and child mortality (1,2) and to the 29.2-year increase in life expectancy (2). In 1900, 30.4% of all deaths occurred among children aged less than 5 years; in 1997, that percentage was only 1.4%. In 1900, the three leading causes of death were pneumonia, tuberculosis (TB), and diarrhea and enteritis, which (together with diphtheria) caused one third of all deaths ( Figure 2 ). Of these deaths, 40% were among children aged less than 5 years (1). In 1997, heart disease and cancers accounted for 54.7% of all deaths, with 4.5% attributable to pneumonia, influenza, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (2). Despite this overall progress, one of the most devastating epidemics in human history occurred during the 20th century: the 1918 influenza pandemic that resulted in 20 million deaths, including 500,000 in the United States, in less than 1 year--more than have died in as short a time during any war or famine in the world (3). HIV infection, first recognized in 1981, has caused a pandemic that is still in progress, affecting 33 million people and causing an estimated 13.9 million deaths (4). These episodes illustrate the volatility of infectious disease death rates and the unpredictability of disease emergence. Public health action to control infectious diseases in the 20th century is based on the 19th century discovery of microorganisms as the cause of many serious diseases (e.g., cholera and TB). Disease control resulted from improvements in sanitation and hygiene, the discovery of antibiotics, and the implementation of universal childhood vaccination programs. Scientific and technologic advances played a major role in each of these areas and are the foundation for today's disease surveillance and control systems. Scientific findings also have contributed to a new understanding of the evolving relation between humans and microbes (5). CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Sanitation and Hygiene The 19th century shift in population from country to city that accompanied industrialization and immigration led to overcrowding in poor housing served by inadequate or nonexistent public water supplies and waste-disposal systems. These conditions resulted in repeated outbreaks of cholera, dysentery, TB, typhoid fever, influenza, yellow fever, and malaria. By 1900, however, the incidence of many of these diseases had begun to decline because of public health improvements, implementation of which continued into the 20th century. Local, state, and federal efforts to improve sanitation and hygiene reinforced the concept of collective "public health" action (e.g., to prevent infection by providing clean drinking water). By 1900, 40 of the 45 states had established health departments. The first county health departments were established in 1908 (6). From the 1930s through the 1950s, state and local health departments made substantial progress in disease prevention activities, including sewage disposal, water treatment, food safety, organized solid waste disposal, and public education about hygienic practices (e.g., foodhandling and handwashing). Chlorination and other treatments of drinking water began in the early 1900s and became widespread public health practices, further decreasing the incidence of waterborne diseases. The incidence of TB also declined as improvements in housing reduced crowding and TB-control programs were initiated. In 1900, 194 of every 100,000 U.S. residents died from TB; most were residents of urban areas. In 1940 (before the introduction of antibiotic therapy), TB remained a leading cause of death, but the crude death rate had decreased to 46 per 100,000 persons (7). Animal and pest control also contrib


What is the strong inelastic material found in a human tendon?

Tendon | Article about tendon by The Free Dictionary Tendon | Article about tendon by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/tendon Related to tendon: Achilles tendon tendon, tough cord composed of closely packed white fibers of connective tissue that serves to attach muscles to internal structures such as bones or other muscles. Sometimes when the muscle involved is thin and wide, the tendon is not a cord but a thin sheet known as an aponeurosis. The purpose of the tendon in attaching muscle to bone is to enable the power of the muscle to transfer over a distance. For example, when one wants to move a finger, specific muscles in the forearm contract and pull on ligaments that in turn pull the finger bones to produce the desired action. Tendon A cord connecting a muscle to another structure, often a bone. A tendon is a passive material, lengthening when the tension increases and shortening when it decreases. This characteristic contrasts with the active behavior of muscle. Away from its muscle, a tendon is a compact cord. At the muscle, it spreads into thin sheets called aponeuroses, which lie over and sometimes within the muscle belly. The large surface area of the aponeuroses allows the attachment of muscle fibers with a total cross-sectional area that is typically 50 times that of the tendon. See Muscle Tendons are living tissues that contain cells. In adult tendons, the cells occupy only a very small proportion of the volume and have a negligible effect on the mechanical properties. Like other connective tissues, tendon depends on the protein collagen for its strength and rigidity. The arrangement of the long, thin collagenous fibers is essentially longitudinal, but incorporates a characteristic waviness known as crimp. The fibers lie within a matrix of aqueous gel. Thus, tendon is a fiber-reinforced composite (like fiberglass), but its collagen is much less stiff than the glass and its matrix is very much less stiff than the resin. See Collagen The function of tendons is to transmit force. They allow the force from the muscle to be applied in a restricted region. For example, the main muscles of the fingers are in the forearm, with tendons to the fingertips. If the hand had to accommodate these muscles, it would be too plump to be functional. Tendon extension can also be significant in the movement of a joint. For example, the tendon which flexes a human thumb joint is about 7 in. (170 mm) long. The maximum force from its muscle stretches this tendon about 0.1 in. (2.9 mm), which corresponds to rotation of the joint through an angle of about 21°. See Joint (anatomy) Some tendons save energy by acting as springs. In humans, the Achilles tendon reduces the energy needed for running by about 35%. This tendon is stretched during the first half of each step, storing energy which is then returned during takeoff. This elastic energy transfer involves little energy loss, whereas the equivalent work done by muscles would require metabolic energy in both stages. See Connective tissue , Muscular system Tendon   a cord consisting of connective tissue; a tendon attaches a muscle to a bone and causes a contracting muscle to move. Tendons are composed of thick, strong, inelastic collagen fibers. The fibers are continuous with the muscle fibers at one end and are interwoven into the periosteum at the other end. Tendons vary in shape; those attached to long muscles are cylindrical, and those attached to transverse muscles are flattened and are termed aponeuroses. The centrum tendineum and galea aponeurotica are distinctive in shape. Some tendons, for example, those of the long flexor muscles of the fingers and toes, are surrounded by a synovial membrane that releases a fluid enabling the tendons to slide easily during motion. Tendon function may be impaired by inflammation or injury. Diseases of the tendons and synovial bursae are treated conservatively. Surgery is indicated when tendons are ruptured as a result of injury. tendon


What material forms the hard outermost layer of a human tooth?

Teeth - Anatomy Pictures and Information Home > Skeletal System > Bones of the Head and Neck > Teeth Teeth The teeth are a group of hard organs found in the oral cavity. We use teeth to masticate (or chew) food into tiny pieces. They also provide shape to the mouth and face and are important components in producing speech. A tooth can be divided into two main parts: the crown and root. Found above the gum line, the crown is the enlarged region of the tooth involved in chewing. Like an actual crown, the crown of a tooth has many ridges on its top surface to aid in the chewing of food. Below the gum line is the region of the tooth called the root, which anchors the tooth into a bony socket known as an alveolus.... Move up/down/left/right: Click compass arrows Rotate image: Click and drag in any direction, anywhere in the frame Identify objects: Click on them in the image 2D Interactive 3D Rotate & Zoom Change Anatomical System Teeth: Dental Plaque and Periodontal Disease Full Teeth Description [Continued from above] . . . Roots are tapered structures resembling the roots of plants, and each tooth may have between one to three roots. The exterior surface of the root is covered in a bone-like mixture of calcium and collagen fibers known as cementum. Cementum provides grip for the periodontal ligaments that anchor the root to the surrounding alveolus. Each tooth is an organ consisting of three layers: the pulp, dentin, and enamel. The pulp of the tooth is a vascular region of soft connective tissues in the middle of the tooth. Tiny blood vessels and nerve fibers enter the pulp through small holes in the tip of the roots to support the hard outer structures. Stem cells known as odontoblasts form the dentin of the tooth at the edge of the pulp. Surrounding the pulp is the dentin, a tough, mineralized layer of tissue. Dentin is much harder than the pulp due to the presence of collagen fibers and hydroxylapatite, a calcium phosphate mineral that is one of the strongest materials found in nature. The structure of the dentin layer is very porous, allowing nutrients and materials produced in the pulp to spread through the tooth. The enamel – the white, outer layer of the crown – forms an extremely hard, nonporous cap over the dentin. Enamel is the hardest substance in the body and is made almost exclusively of hydroxylapatite. Teeth are classified into four major groups: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. Incisors are chisel-shaped teeth found in the front of the mouth and have a flat apical surface for cutting food into smaller bits. Canine teeth, also known as cuspids, are sharply pointed, cone-shaped teeth that are used for ripping tough material like meat. They flank the incisors on both sides. Premolars (bicuspids) and molars are large, flat-surfaced teeth found in the back of the mouth. Peaks and valleys on the flat apical surface of premolars and molars are used for chewing and grinding food into tiny pieces. Babies are born without teeth, but grow a temporary set of twenty deciduous teeth (eight incisors, four canines, and eight molars) between the ages of six months and three years. Baby teeth fill the child’s tiny jaws and allow the child to chew food while larger, stronger adult teeth develop inside the mandible and maxilla bones. At about six years of age the deciduous teeth are slowly shed one at a time and replaced by permanent adult teeth. Adult teeth develop while hidden within the maxilla and mandible after the deciduous teeth have erupted. When an adult tooth erupts, it triggers the roots of the deciduous tooth above it to atrophy. This causes the baby tooth to become loose and eventually fall out. The new permanent tooth slowly pushes up through the gums to replace the baby tooth. Eventually, a total of thirty-two permanent adult teeth form and erupt. The adult teeth are arranged in both the upper and lower jaws from the midline of the mouth as follows: central incisor, lateral incisor, canine (cuspid), first premolar (bicuspid), second premolar, first molar, second molar, and third molar. The first twenty


Snowflakes are symmetrical. How many sides do they have?

Frequently Asked Questions about Snow Crystals    ... Things you always wanted to know about snow crystals ... Why do snow crystals form in     such complex and symmetrical shapes?    To see why snowflakes look like they do, consider the life history of a     single snow crystal, as shown in the diagram at right.  (Click on     the picture for a larger view.)    The story begins up in a cloud, when a minute cloud droplet first     freezes into a tiny particle of ice.  As water vapor starts     condensing on its surface, the ice particle quickly develops facets , thus becoming a small hexagonal prism .  For a while it keeps this simple faceted     shape as it grows.    As the crystal becomes larger, however, branches begin to sprout from the six corners of the hexagon (this     is the third stage in the diagram at right).  Since the atmospheric     conditions (e. g. temperature and humidity) are nearly constant across     the small crystal, the six budding arms all grow out at roughly the same     rate.    While it grows, the crystal is blown to and fro inside the clouds,     so the temperature it sees changes randomly with time.  But the     crystal growth depends strongly on temperature (as is seen in the morphology     diagram ).  Thus the six arms of the snow crystal each change their growth with     time.  And because all six arms     see the same conditions at the same times, they all grow about the same way.  The end result is a complex, branched structure that is also six-fold     symmetric.  And note also that since snow crystals all follow slightly     different paths through the clouds, individual crystals all tend to     look different.    The story is     pretty simple, really, nicely encapsulated in the diagram above.  And it's even a bit amazing, when you stop to ponder it -- the whole     complex, beautiful, symmetrical structure of a snow crystal simply     arises spontaneously, quite literally out of thin air, as it tumbles     through the clouds.  What synchronizes the growth     of the six arms?    Nothing.  The six arms of a snow crystal all grow independently, as     described in the previous section.  But since they grow under the     same randomly changing conditions, all six end up with similar shapes.    If you think this is hard to swallow, let me assure you that the vast majority of snow crystals are not very symmetrical.  Don't be fooled by the pictures -- irregular crystals (see the Guide to Snowflakes ) are by far the most common type.  If you     don't believe me, just take a look     for yourself next time it snows.  Near-perfect, symmetrical snow     crystals are fun to look at, but they are not common. Why do snow crystals have     six arms?    The six-fold symmetry     of a snow crystal ultimately derives from the hexagonal geometry of the ice crystal lattice .  But the lattice has molecular dimensions,     so it's not trivial how this nano-scale symmetry is transferred to the     structure of a large snow crystal.    The way it works is through faceting .  No long-range forces are necessary to form facets;     they appear simply because of how the molecules hook up locally in the     lattice (see Crystal Faceting for how this works).  From faceting we get hexagonal prisms , which are large structures with six-fold symmetry.  Eventually arms sprout from the corners of a prism, and six corners     means six arms.    Faceting is how the geometry of the water molecule is transferred     to the geometry of a large snow crystal. Why is snow white?    No, it's not a white dye.  Snow is made of ice crystals, and     up close the individual crystals look clear, like glass.  A large     pile of snow crystals looks white for the same reason a pile of crushed     glass looks white.  Incident light is partially reflected by an ice     surface, again just as it is from a glass surface.  When you have a lo


What name is given to an atomic particle carrying a negative charge?

Discovery of the Electron: J. J. Thomson Elements and Atoms: Chapter 16 Discovery of the Electron: J. J. Thomson Joseph John Thomson (J. J. Thomson, 1856-1940; see photo at the Science Museum, London) is widely recognized as the discoverer of the electron. Thomson was the Cavendish professor of Experimental Physics at Cambridge University and director of its Cavendish Laboratory from 1884 until 1919. For much of his career, Thomson worked on various aspects of the conduction of electricity through gases. In 1897 he reported that "cathode rays" were actually negatively charged particles in motion; he argued that the charged particles weighed much less than the lightest atom and were in fact constituents of atoms [Thomson 1897a, 1897b ]. In 1899, he measured the charge of the particles, and speculated on how they were assembled into atoms [ Thomson 1899 ]. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1906 for this work, and in 1908 he was knighted. His Nobel lecture is reproduced below. The case of the electron raises several interesting points about the discovery process. Clearly, the characterization of cathode rays was a process begun long before Thomson's work, and several scientists made important contributions. In what sense, then, can Thomson be said to have discovered the electron? After all, he did not invent the vacuum tube or discover cathode rays. Discovery is often a cumulative process. The credited discoverer makes crucial contributions to be sure, but often after fundamental observations have been made and tools invented by others. Thomson was not the only physicist to measure the charge-to-mass ratio of cathode rays in 1897, nor the first to announce his results. (See Pais 1986.) But Thomson did carry out this measurement and (later) the measurement of the particles's charge, and he recognized its importance as a constituent of ordinary matter. Carriers of negative electricity Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1906; in Nobel Lectures: Physics, 1901-1921 (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1967), pp. 145-153 Introductory In this lecture I wish to give an account of some investigations which have led to the conclusion that the carriers of negative electricity are bodies, which I have called corpuscles [1] , having a mass very much smaller than that of the atom of any known element, and are of the same character from whatever source the negative electricity may be derived. [2] The first place in which corpuscles were detected was a highly exhausted tube [3] through which an electric discharge was passing. When an electric discharge is sent through a highly exhausted tube, the sides of the tube glow with a vivid green phosphorescence. That this is due to something proceeding in straight lines from the cathode--the electrode where the negative electricity enters the tube--can be shown in the following way (the experiment is one made many years ago by Sir William Crookes [4] ): A Maltese cross made of thin mica is placed between the cathode and the walls of the tube. [5] When the discharge is past, the green phosphorescence no longer extends all over the end of the tube, as it did when the cross was absent. There is now a well-defined cross in the phosphorescence at the end of the tube; the mica cross has thrown a shadow and the shape of the shadow proves that the phosphorescence is due to something travelling from the cathode in straight lines, which is stopped by a thin plate of mica. The green phosphorescence is caused by cathode rays [6] and at one time there was a keen controversy as to the nature of these rays. Two views were prevalent: one, which was chiefly supported by English physicists, was that the rays are negatively electrified bodies shot off from the cathode with great velocity; the other view, which was held by the great majority of German physicists, was that the rays are some kind of ethereal vibration or waves. [7] The arguments in favour of the rays being negatively charged particles are primarily that they are deflected by a magnet in just the same way as moving, negatively electrifie


Where is DNA Found? Learn About DNA in Human Cells as well as in Plants, Animals, Bacteria & Outer Space! Human Cells Nucleus DNA can be found inside the nucleus of every cell, apart from red blood cells. It's tightly wound and spread throughout the 46 chromosomes. One set of 23 chromosomes is inherited from each parent. Inside the chromosomes the DNA exists as genes. A gene is a sequence of DNA, that by and large, though there are exceptions, codes for one protein. There is large volume of so-called 'junk DNA' that apparently serves no purpose, although there are bodies of work that are starting to show otherwise.   Mitochondria These are tiny organelles that are the energy factories of the cell. They contain a small amount of DNA that is distinct from nuclear DNA. For the most part mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother in sexually reproducing species. slide 2 of 6 Plants and Animals In plants and animals DNA is also found in the cell nucleus . The DNA of all animals is very similar. The major differences are in the number of chromosomes and genes, and the arrangement of base pairs within these genes. slide 3 of 6 Viral DNA A virus is essentially a very simple particle with nucleic acid at its core and a few essential proteins, such as its protein coat. The nucleic acid can be either DNA or RNA, depending on the kind of virus it is. The DNA can also be either single stranded or double stranded. Examples of viruses with a double stranded DNA molecule are; Herpes simplex virus and the small pox virus. Examples of viruses with a single stranded DNA molecule are; Adeno-associated virus and the M13 bacteriophage - it infects bacteria. Viruses do not possess nuclei. slide 4 of 6 Bacterial DNA The DNA is not enclosed inside a nucleus. It's free-floating as it is inside a virus. It's usually a single coil of DNA. In some bacteria there's additional DNA and this is located in structures known as plasmids. The DNA here is not essential to the survival of the bacterium. slide 5 of 6 DNA in Space Well .... every time an astronauts blasts off. Digitized versions of personal DNA sequences will soon be sent up as part of a publicity drive to promote the Archon X $10 million genome sequencing prize. Among those whose DNA will be digitized are physicist and best-selling author Prof Stephen Hawking and the comedian Stephen Colbert. slide 6 of 6


By which name is the drug acetylsalicylic acid better known?

Drug names and classes - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health Home > Drug names and classes Drug names and classes A drug can have several names. There is usually a generic name for a drug substance plus one or more brand names. You can search for drugs by either their generic or brand names on PubMed Health. You can also search for drug classes. Generic names for drugs are chosen by a variety of official bodies. That means that these names sometimes vary from country to country. For example, the generic name for one common pain medication is acetaminophen in the USA. However in many countries the same drug is called paracetamol. Drug manufacturers choose the brand names of their products. There can be many brands of a particular drug. A brand name is also sometimes called a “proprietary” name. The brand names are usually easier to say and easier to remember. They may be better known than the generic name. Acetaminophen is often called by one of its commonly used brands in the USA: Tylenol. Drug classes A drug also belongs to one or more drug classes. A drug class is a group of drugs that have something in common. They are similar in some way, but they are not identical. Drugs can be in a class with other drugs because: The drugs are related by their chemical structure. Example: Aspirin is a salicylate. Its full chemical name is “acetylsalicylic acid” or ASA. A salicylate is a chemical found in plants, for example, in willow tree bark and the meadowsweet plant. The drugs work in the same way. Example: Aspirin can prevent the formation of blood clots by stopping molecules in the blood called platelets from clumping or aggregating. So it belongs to a drug class called anti-platelets or platelet aggregation inhibitors. The drugs are used for the same purpose. Example: Aspirin is used to reduce fever. Drugs that treat fever are called anti-pyretic drugs or anti-pyretics. Sometimes, we will have a page on a drug class. The drugs listed on those pages are ones for which we have information (not necessarily all of the drugs included in that class).  You can find information about searching for drugs on PubMed Health here . By PubMed Health, 20 August 2015. Share on Facebook


How many legs does an insect have? | Reference.com How many legs does an insect have? A: Quick Answer An insect has six legs. Insects' legs are jointed, and the movement of these joints is controlled by a combination of partial musculature and passive biomechanical non-muscular structures. Some insects also have a clawlike structure on the last segments of their legs. Full Answer All insects also have three major body regions, which typically consist of a head, a thorax and an abdomen. All insects also have bilateral symmetry. Insects begin their lives as eggs and undergo a metamorphosis before becoming adults. Winged insects have either one pair of wings (such as a housefly or a mosquito) or two pairs of wings (such as a bee or a dragonfly).


Which flower has the same name as a diaphragm in the eye?

Comparing the Human Eye and a Camera The human eye is a wonderful instrument, relying on refraction and lenses to form images. There are many similarities between the human eye and a camera, including: a diaphragm to control the amount of light that gets through to the lens. This is the shutter in a camera, and the pupil, at the center of the iris, in the human eye. a lens to focus the light and create an image. The image is real and inverted. a method of sensing the image. In a camera, film is used to record the image; in the eye, the image is focused on the retina, and a system of rods and cones is the front end of an image-processing system that converts the image to electrical impulses and sends the information along the optic nerve to the brain. The way the eye focuses light is interesting, because most of the refraction that takes place is not done by the lens itself, but by the aqueous humor, a liquid on top of the lens. Light is refracted when it comes into the eye by this liquid, refracted a little more by the lens, and then a bit more by the vitreous humor, the jelly-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina. The lens is critical in forming a sharp image, however; this is one of the most amazing features of the human eye, that it can adjust so quickly when focusing objects at different distances. This process of adjustment is known as accommodation. Consider the lens equation: 1/f = 1/di + 1/do With a camera, the lens has a fixed focal length. If the object distance is changed, the image distance (the distance between the lens and the film) is adjusted by moving the lens. This can't be done with the human eye: the image distance, the distance between the lens and the retina, is fixed. If the object distance is changed (i.e., the eye is trying to focus objects that are at different distances), then the focal length of the eye is adjusted to create a sharp image. This is done by changing the shape of the lens; a muscle known as the ciliary muscle does this job. Correcting Nearsightedness: Correcting Farsightedness: Correcting Nearsightedness A person who is nearsighted can only create sharp images of close objects. Objects that are further away look fuzzy because the eye brings them in to focus at a point in front of the retina. To correct for this a lens can be placed in front of the eye. What kind of lens is necessary? A converging lens A diverging lens We need a diverging lens to diverge the light rays just enough so that when the rays are converged by the eye they converge on the retina, creating a focused image. Correcting Farsightedness A farsighted person can only create clear images of objects that are far away. Close objects are brought to a focus behind the retina, which is why they look fuzzy. What kind of lens is needed to correct this? A converging lens A diverging lens


Which animals are arthropods and have eight legs?

All About Arthropods All About Arthropods © Contributed by Leanne Guenther What is an arthropod?  You live with them almost everyday, even in the very cold winter months! They are everywhere and are the largest animal  phylum -- about 85% of all known animals in the world are part of this  class.   There are far more species of arthropods than there are  species in all the other phylums(phyla) combined. Mosquito Photo Source:  Corel Web Gallery Grasshopper Photo Source:  Corel Web Gallery They are spiders, insects, centipedes, mites, ticks,  lobsters, crabs, shrimp, crayfish, krill, barnacles, scorpions and many, many others.   Can you see two segments? Photo Source:  Corel Web Gallery Can you see three segments? Photo Source:  Corel Web Gallery The easiest way to tell an arthropod from any other animal is to see if they have: 1) A segmented body. This means that they will have a body made up  of more than one part.  Spiders have two segments and flies have three segments. centipede 2) Many jointed legs or limbs. Spiders have 8 legs, millipedes can  have...  Hundreds!    Photo Source:  Corel Web Gallery 3)  An exoskeleton. This is an external skeleton. Like armor, it protects the arthropods body.  When arthropods are born the exoskeleton is soft but hardens quickly and it can be shed as the creature grows.  Arthropods are invertebrates; which means that they do not have a backbone. Photo Source:  Corel Web Gallery 4)  Cold blooded Arthropods are cold blooded -- which means,  their body temperature depends on the temperature of the environment  surrounding them. Photo Source:  Corel Web Gallery Arthropods are some of the most interesting animals in  the world! They fly, they creep, and they crawl.  They live on land, in ponds and in the ocean.  From ants to bumblebees, crabs  to crayfish, spiders to  centipedes -- which are your favorites!?   Scientific stuff:  Arthropods include eleven animal classes Subphylum Chelicerata Class Merostomata (horseshoe crabs, eurypterids)  Class Pycnogonida (sea spiders)  Class Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites)  Subphylum Crustacea Class Branchiopoda (fairy shrimp, water fleas)  Class Maxillopoda (ostracods, copepods, barnacles)  Class Malacostraca (isopods, amphipods, krill, crabs,  shrimp)  Subphylum Uniramia


Which is the modern scientific unit of work and energy?

BBC Bitesize - KS3 Physics - Energy in the home - Revision 1 Energy Energy in the home Energy is measured in J and kJ. Power is the rate of using energy, and is measured in W and kW. Fuel bills show energy used in kWh, and the cost of this can be calculated if the cost per kWh is known. Revise 1 of 3 Energy in food Energy stored in food can be released by combustion (burning) or by respiration in our cells. The labels on packets of food show how much energy is available from the food. A food label on a packet of naan bread. 215 calories is the same as 900 kJ. The amount of energy available may be shown in a unit called the calorie, as in the photograph. However, the scientific unit for energy is the joule , which has the symbol J. A lot of energy is available from most foods, so food labels usually show kJ (kilojoules) instead of J: 1 kJ = 1000 J For example, 2000 J = 2000 ÷ 1000 = 2 kJ. To give you an idea of what 2 kJ can do, it is the energy needed to lift a 100 kg mass by 2 m, or to keep a 20 W electric lamp alight for 100 seconds. The table shows the typical amount of energy available from 100 g of several different foods. The larger the number, the more energy is available. Food


Chlorine, fluorine and bromine belong to which family of elements?

Bromine, Chemical Element - reaction, water, uses, elements, metal, gas, number, name PRONUNCIATION BRO-meen Nearly 90 percent of all bromine produced comes from the United States,    Israel, or the United Kingdom. In 1996, about 450,000,000 kilograms (one    billion pounds) of the element were produced worldwide. The largest single    use of the element is in the manufacture of flame retardants. Flame    retardants are chemicals added to materials to prevent burning or to keep    them from burning out of control. Other major uses are in the manufacture    of drilling fluids, pesticides, chemicals for the     purification of water, photographic chemicals, and as an additive to    rubber. Discovery and naming Compounds of bromine had been known for hundreds of years before the    element was discovered. One of the most famous of these compounds was    Tyrian purple, also called royal purple. (Tyrian comes from the word Tyre,    an ancient Phoenician city.) Only very rich people or royalty could afford    to buy fabric dyed with Tyrian purple. It was obtained from a mollusk    (shell fish) found on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea (a large body of    water bordered by Europe, Asia, and Africa). In 1825, Löwig enrolled at the University of Heidelberg in Germany to    study chemistry. He continued an experiment he had begun at home in which    he added chlorine to spring water. The addition of ether to that mixture    produced a beautiful red color. Löwig suspected he had discovered a    new kind substance. A professor encouraged him by suggesting he study the    substance in more detail. As these studies progressed, Balard published a report in a chemical    journal that announced the discovery of the new element bromine. The    element had all the properties of Löwig's new substance. The    two chemists had made the discovery at nearly the same time! Balard,    however, is credited as the discoverer of bromine, because scientists    acknowledge the first person to publish his or her findings. In Greek, the word bromos means "stench" (strong, offensive odor). Bromine lives up    to the description. The odor is intense and highly irritating to the eyes    and lungs. Chemists found that bromine belonged in the halogen family. They knew that    it had properties similar to other halogens and placed it below fluorine    and chlorine in the periodic table. Physical properties Only two liquid elements exist—bromine and mercury. At room    temperature, bromine is a deep reddish-brown liquid. It evaporates easily,    giving off strong fumes that irritate the throat and lungs. Bromine boils    at 58.8°C (137.8°F), and its density is 3.1023 grams per cubic    centimeter. Bromine freezes at -7.3°C (18.9°F). A laboratory vessel holds the solid, liquid, and gas states of       bromine. Bromine dissolves well in organic liquids—such as ether, alcohol,    and carbon tetrachloride—but only slightly in water. Organic    compounds contain the element carbon. Chemical properties Bromine is a very reactive element. While it is less reactive than    fluorine or chlorine, it is more reactive than iodine. It reacts with many    metals, sometimes very vigorously. For instance, with potassium, it reacts explosively. Bromine even combines with relatively unreactive    metals, such as platinum and palladium. Occurrence in nature Bromine is too reactive to exist as a free element in nature. Instead, it    occurs in compounds, the most common of which are sodium bromide (NaBr) and potassium bromide (KBr). These compounds are found in    seawater and underground salt beds. These salt beds were formed in regions    where oceans once covered the land. When the oceans evaporated (dried up),    salts were left behind—primarily sodium chloride (NaCl),     potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium and potassium bromide. Later,    movements of the Earth's crust buried the salt deposits. Now they    are buried miles undergro