What was salvaged from HMS Lutine after it sank in 1799 and is still used on the main underwriting floor at Lloyd's of London? Compass; Captain's desk; Bell; or Globe?

bYTEBoss maritimequest_shipwreck_database_copyright_michael_w_pocock_2005 Open document  |  View with Google Docs  |  Download document  |  Copyright abuse Content preview Abbreviations. Shipyards. Locations. Database. Perim Island, Yemen. Fire brokout five hours after battle with RIN Torricelli.. A malfunftion in a torpedo caused the fire, she was grounded to . avoid sinking but was a total looss. 28 mi NE of. Bougie (Bejaia), Algeria. Depth Charges. Gunfire. Was on maiden voyage. Commissioned Oct.10, 1942. Survivors PU by HMS Antelope. Uarsciek. Petard G-56 (HMS DD). Vasilissa Olga D-15. (Greek DD). South of Malta. 22 mi W of. Castellabate, Italy. 6mi of the NE coast of . San Salvador Island. Bahamas. 144mi E of. Great Abaco Island. Bahamas. Elmiranda. UC-30. UB-71. SC-632. E-9 (HMS Sub). Yolo, California. Wescott D-47 / I47 (HMS). Acteon. France. (Vichy). Wescott D-47 / I-47 (HMS). Attacked the U-boat with depth charges but the boat got away. Greer was the first US warship to engage an enemy vessel . in WW2. . Sirehei. Sunk as blockship, location unknown. Sisapon. Sjo. Skipjack J-38. Skudd III. Legion (HMS). Maori (HMS). Sikh (HMS). Isaac Sweers (HNLMS). Slavol. 243mi ENE of. Alexandria, Egypt. Slemdal. HG-84. Sailed from London, stopped at Portsmouth on 17th missing after. Route UK - Melbourne. Empire Sun. Logician. Arduity. Eleonora Maersk. Statesman. Peisander. San Victorio. Fort Qu' Appelle. Barrdale. Damaged by Catalina and could not submerge, Lamerton was . dispatched from convoy HG-75 and sunk sub by gunfire. Depth Charge /. Gunfire. Hyacinth K-84. (HMS Corvette). Off Jaffa, Palestine. Thought to have been sunk by a mine.. Fratelli Bandiera. Surrendered to the Allies. Galilei. 314mi NE of . Jan Mayen Island. Lamerton L-88. (HMS DD). and RAF Catalina. E of the Azores. Al Dana. Orion. Lee S Overman. Jeremiah M Daily. Morrison R Waite. Utmost N-19. (HMS Sub). Utmost N-19. Groppo. (RIN Torpedo Boat). Traveller N-48. P-222. Damaged by U-703 on Sept. 20 at 74.11N - 02.00W 314mi NE of . Jan Mayen Island taken in tow by HMS Ashanti G-51 . but a snow storm caused her back to break amidships and she . sank quickly. 35 crewmen were rescued unknown number killed. in total 82 crewmen were killed but it is not clear how many died. from the torpedo attack and how many were killed when she sank. Sona. Poole, England. Sunk during air raid. Southampton (83). 225mi ESE of. Malta. Fires in the engine room caused the ship to be abandoned and . scuttled by HMS Orion (85) and HMS Gloucester (62). Southern Floe. Southern Flower. Kolombangara . (Battle of). St Louis CL-49. San Francisco CA-38. Salt Lake City CA-25. Helena CL-50. Boise CL-47. Sail from Malta for Gibraltar. Last contact was with HMS P-34 on Oct. 27. Thought to have been mined on or about Oct. 27. Perseus N-36. Moonstone T-90. (HMS Trawler). World war 2. 10mi E of. Aden, Yemen. Jarnes Stove. Galilei. (RIN Sub). 14mi S of. Aden, Yemen. Falmouth L-34. (HMS Sloop). Gulf of Oman. Friendly. Fire (Torpedo). 123mi SE of. Crete. U-1022. 40mi E of. Reykjavik, Iceland. Southern Pride. off Sierra Leone. Southsea. Southwold L-10. 3mi E of. Valletta, Malta. Spartan (95). 3mi ESE of. Anzio, Italy. Hit by a HS-293A glider bomb. 151mi NE of. Aberdeen, Scotland. Spercheios. Ex-Noble Nora, on loan to Greece from Royal Navy at time of loss. Sphinx J-69. 17mi N of. Kinnairds Head, Scotland. Wreck washed up on shore and was sold for scrap. Spider Boy. Spikenhead K-198. 552mi S of. Reykjavik, Iceland. 3mi S of . Isle of Capri, Italy. off Sword Beach. Normandy, France. off . Dunkirk, France. 40 mi E of Cape Tereberski. Thames Ironworks & Shipbuilding Co. Ltd.. Blackwall, London, England. Blackwall, London, England. Built as Mooltan in 1860 for P & O. Sailed from Newcastle-on-Tyne for Valparaiso, Chile. Sailed from Gibraltar for Naples, last message sent Dec. 7. Possibly sunk by Fortunale (RIN Torpedo Boat) on Dec. 12 in . Bay of Naples. P-48. Ardito. Ardenta. Audace. (RIN Torpdeo Boats). Gulf of Tunis. NW of Zembra Island. P-311. Sailed from Malta for Operation Principle, last message sent Dec


The French-English word billet-doux refers to a?

billet-doux - English-Spanish Dictionary - WordReference.com plural: billets-doux nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. dated, French (love letter) carta de amor grupo nomgrupo nominal: Expresión que combina un sustantivo con sus modificadores y complementos, que forman una expresión compuesta usual, sin llegar a ser una locución nominal fija ("adjudicación de herencia", "despedida de soltero").   Carlos le mandó una carta de amor perfumada a su enamorada.


What interesting old English word refers typically to a person's pale complexion but in origin and other contexts may also mean dark?

word choice - The etymology of "redhead" vs. "ginger haired" - English Language & Usage Stack Exchange 3 All my life I have known people with reddish, orangey hair, to be termed ginger haired. Just as you don't call a blonde a 'yellow head' red head just wasn't a word that was said (wouldn't orange head be more accurate for most anyway?). However these days I increasingly find people using the term 'red head'. At first it seems to have been a term restricted to magazines with attractive ginger models, as if the media couldn't admit that attractive gingers exist, but it has slowly spread to the general population and these days I often hear it. My guess is that that redhead is an old term that then fell out of use with the (then) more exotic ginger taking its place, and that in modern times with ginger no longer being an exotic food and anti-ginger stuff in culture redhead has somehow re-emerged. Is there any truth to my guess? What is the actual history of the terms redhead/ginger? When did ginger come into use? Why did redhead fall so out of use in favour of ginger? Has redhead always been used in a fashion context or is its re-emergence totally out of the blue? up vote 17 down vote The hair-color called red, ginger, orange, etc. According to the citations provided by the OED for the hair-color sense of ginger, it first came into use during the 19th century. Using red for a hair-color is many centuries older, almost six of them in fact depending on how you count things. That makes ginger a newcomer compared with calling a person with “red” hair a red-head, a red head, or a redhead (which are all the same word: spelling doesn’t count). There were also adjectives red-headed and red-haired of similarly ancient pedigree. Those all date from centuries before ginger was ever used as a hair-color — and indeed, from centuries before orange was used as a color for anything at all, as explained in the second section below. Using ginger for a hair-color is comparatively recent; it was (initially) consigned to dialectal use according to the OED2: B. adj. dial. Of hair: Having the colour of ginger. Of a person: Sandy-haired. Of a cock: Having red plumage. A. 1825 Forby Voc. E. Anglia, ― Ginger, of a pale red colour, particularly applied to hair. 1834 T. Medwin Angler in Wales I. 35, ― I perceive a fine red or ginger game-cock in the yard. 1886 Chesh. Gloss., ― Ginger, sandy-haired. ‘He’s a bit ginger.’ 1897 Daily News 10 Sept. 2/6 ― Complexion and hair brown, moustache ginger. I take that to indicate that it first appeared in dialects spoken in East Anglia and Cheshire. It is not clear when it invaded the rest of the Isle of Britain. However, Google N-Grams provides some hints regarding the timing of that invasion. Ginger hair versus redhead in American English As you see, ginger hair is surpassingly rare in America. And there is a good reason for that. Because the dialect dictionaries cited by the OED all take place in the 19th century, this all happened after the war between Britain and its American colonies. This explains why ginger never caught on as something to call redheads in America; we simply kept the original term and didn’t follow British fashion-color trending. Moreover, it doesn’t seem to have escaped from mere dialectal use until the 20th century, which is at even further remove from that separation. Here’s a graph for British English charting all three of red hair, redhead, and ginger hair : That shows that hair has always been red in British English, and that as a hair color, ginger is quite new. It also shows red hair being much more common than ginger hair. The problem with that comparison is that it is not really possible to get uses of ginger to mean red hair or a redhead when used as a metonym for a person with red hair without that use also mentioning hair. You get all kinds of false positives like from a ginger curry or a ginger cookie. Ginger hair vs. redhead vs red-head vs red-headed in British English To included hyphenation in the results, here is a Google N-gram of ginger hair, redhead, red-head, red


What time-related term was given to the American Patriot 'rapid response' militia forces assembled before and active during the American Revolutionary War of 1775-83?

American Revolution facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about American Revolution The Oxford Companion to American Military History © The Oxford Companion to American Military History 2000, originally published by Oxford University Press 2000. Revolutionary War (1775–83) CausesMilitary and Diplomatic CourseDomestic CoursePostwar ImpactChanging Interpretations Revolutionary War (1775–83): Causes The roots of the Revolutionary War ran deep in the structure of the British empire, an entity transformed, like the British state itself, by the Anglo‐French wars of the eighteenth century. After the fourth of these conflicts, the Seven Years' (or French and Indian) War , the British government tried to reform the now greatly expanded empire. The American colonists resisted, creating a series of crises that culminated in the armed rebellion of 1775. The Imperial Background. With the Glorious Revolution (1688), England 's foreign policy took the anti‐French path it followed until 1815—a path that led to four wars before 1775. These conflicts spawned a British nationalism with powerfully anti‐Catholic overtones. They also transformed the British state into the most powerful fiscal‐military agency in Europe . Britain 's greatest weapon was its funded national debt, which harnessed private savings to military ends. British financiers, managing the joint stock corporations—the Bank of England, the South Seas Company, the East India Company—loaned the government money in wartime; the government used postwar tax revenues to pay interest on what became a perpetual debt. The demand for revenues stimulated the growth of another fiscal engine, the Treasury. A “Real Whig” (or “Country”) political ideology emerged, which denounced this powerful state as the enemy of liberty, stressed the dangers of standing armies, and insisted that consent to taxation was the property holder's sole bulwark against “enslavement” by would‐be tyrants in the government. “Country” ideology dominated the language of political opposition, but barely slowed the growth of the state. Each war's demands—and the stability of a securities market underwritten by tax monies—overrode the objections of those who feared expansion of state power. The third Anglo‐French War (1739–48) brought America back in to British strategic calculations for the first time. New England colonists attacked Canada , conquering Louisbourg, the naval base that controlled access to the St. Lawrence. This prevented French reinforcement and resupply, and would have led to the conquest of Canada, had not merchants in Albany traded overland with Québec and kept New York neutral in the fighting. This independent foreign policy outraged British administrators, especially Lord Halifax. Between 1748 and 1754, Halifax and his associates at the Board of Trade planned reforms to ensure that in future wars the empire would function as a unit. The Seven Years' War (1754–63) Destabilizes Imperial Relations. The French and Indian War, which became the Seven Years' War in Europe, created unprecedented problems of finance and control for Britain. In the war's early years, before 1758, the colonists traded with the enemy and refused to pay for British military operations. The ministry of William Pitt (1757–61) solved the first problem by offering to reimburse the colonies for part of their war expenses; the second solved itself as Britain conquered French colonies in Canada and the Caribbean. Pitt's victories and policies, however, doubled the national debt and made his successor determined to contain costs and reform the empire. Beginning with George Grenville in 1763, a series of British ministers tightened the bonds of empire while trying to spread some of the costs of imperial defense to the colonies. They revived Halifax's plans to increase metropolitan supervision over imperial trade and the internal polities of the colonies, but also responded to the urgent legacies of war. As early as 1762, Whitehall planned to station fifteen regular army battalions permanently in America, with th


Bob, bowl, bun, chignon, and tonsure are types of what?

Chignon (hairstyle) - Wikipedia, Photos and Videos Chignon (hairstyle) NEXT GO TO RESULTS [51 .. 100] WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE A chignon ( /ʃɪnˈjɒn/ ; French pronunciation:  [ʃiɲɔ̃] ) is a popular type of hairstyle. The word "chignon" comes from the French phrase "chignon du cou", which means nape of the neck. Chignons are generally achieved by pinning the hair into a knot at the nape of the neck or at the back of the head, but there are many different variations of the style. They are usually secured with accessories such as barrettes and/or hairpins . Chignons are frequently worn for special occasions, like weddings and formal dances, but the basic chignon is also worn for everyday casual wear. [1] Contents History[ edit ] The chignon can be traced back to ancient Greece , where Athenian women commonly wore the style with gold or ivory handcrafted hairpins. Athenian men wore the style as well, but they fastened their chignons with a clasp of "golden grasshoppers", according to The History of the Peloponnesian War , by Thucydides . [2] The chignon was specific to Athens , as other city states, such as Sparta and Cyprus , had their own style of hairdressing. The chignon was also popular in ancient China , where married women wore the low, knotted hairstyle. Male writers of the Victorian era, like Anthony Trollope , were fond of poking fun [1] at the absurdity of the fashion, which was much in vogue in England in the 1860s.


What word appears before tilt, flood, face, house, and length, to produce five different terms?

The Flood of Noah   FROM ADAM TO NOAH The biblical record of life on earth before the flood, from Adam to Noah, is only briefly sketched in Genesis Chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7. The years before the Flood and the flood itself occupy Chapters 8 and 9, and Chapters 10 and 11 ("The Table of Nations") show the early repopulating of the earth by the three sons of Noah and their descendants from the Fertile Crescent area to the four corners of the earth. Adam and Eve left the garden before bearing children. Their third son, Seth, was born when Adam was 130 years old (5:3). The available evidence suggests that Adam and Eve were not in the garden long before the fall occurred, perhaps it was only months or a few years, but possibly could have been as long as a hundred years. It is interesting that after the fall quite a few of the Antediluvians bore their first children around the age of 100 according to the Genesis record. The bearing of children would have been a normal part of Adam and Eve's relationship before the fall since they were commanded to be fruitful and to multiply, however the fact is they had no children before the fall while they were still in the Garden located "to the East, in Eden." The fall of man and its consequences occupy the pivotal and packed Third Chapter of Genesis and these matters are discussed in separate articles. See: The Relationship between Sin and  Death in Genesis, by James Stambaugh Eve (called in Chapter 3 "the mother of all living") expected that her first-born son would be the promised messiah, hence her remark when Cain was born---the name Cain means "gotten." Abel, her second son, was given a name which means "breath" or "vanity." Perhaps Abel was weak and sickly, or perhaps she foresaw that his life would some how be in vain and wasted. Early man not only engaged in farming but also in animal husbandry. Cain and Abel each had lines of work that were legitimate enterprises, and the sacrifices of either son (whether farm produce or animals) would have been acceptable to God had their individual motives been right. Abel had a heart open to the Lord and understood that true worship is based on gratitude to God rather than attempted merit by human efforts or works. Cain's problem was a wrong motive rather than the wrong type of offering. The first murder gives us further evidence that the fall of Adam and Eve ("original sin")---from the innocence of the garden---was a fall into total depravity and lostness. Cain did not have to be taught how to sin. Evil sprang from the well-springs of his heart spontaneously. Several thousand years later Jesus Christ taught, "What comes out of a man is what defiles a man. For from  within, out of the heart of man, come evil thoughts, fornication,  theft, murder, adultery, coveting, wickedness, deceit, licentiousness,  envy, slander, pride, foolishness. All these evil things come  from within, and they defile a man." (Mark 7:20-23) When the murder of Abel came to light, Cain despaired his chances of surviving the vengeance of other family members who would surely seek his life when his murder of his brother became public knowledge. Rather than bringing immediate justice to Cain, judgment upon him was delayed by God's longsuffering mercy. Cain was given a pledge by God, a guarantee of God's protection. God encouraged Cain to seek the Lord and thus learn to overcome the evil which controlled him. Sadly, there is no record of Cain (or any of his family or any of descendants) availing themselves of God's grace and mercy. None of these descendants accepted God's offer of regeneration and restoration over the next 1600 years until the Flood of Noah, as far as we know. The New Testament says this about Cain and Abel: "By faith Abel offered to God a more acceptable sacrifice  than Cain, through which he received approval as righteous, God  bearing witness by accepting his gifts; he died, but through  his faith he is still speaking." (Heb. 11:4 ); "...[be] not like Cain who was of the evil one and murdered  his brother. And why did he murder him? Because his own


Clio, typically holding a scroll, is the ancient Greek muse of?

CLIO (Kleio) - Greek Goddess Muse of History Make Famous (kleô) Muse Clio, Greco-Roman marble statue C2nd A.D., State Hermitage Museum KLEIO (Clio) was one of the nine Mousai (Muses), the goddesses of music, song and dance. In the Classical era, when the Mousai were assigned specific literary and artistic spheres, Kleio was named Muse of history. In this guise she was represented holding an open scroll or seated beside a chest of books. Her name was derived from the Greek verb kleô, "to make famous" or "celebrate." FAMILY OF CLIO [1] ZEUS & MNEMOSYNE (Hesiod Theogony 75, Apollodorus 1.13, Diodorus Siculus 4.7.1, Orphic Hymn 76) OFFSPRING [1] HYMENAIOS (Greek Lyric V Licymnius) [2] HYAKINTHOS (by Pieros) (Apollodorus 1.16) CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES PARENTAGE & CHILDREN OF CLIO Hesiod, Theogony 75 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) : "The Mousai (Muses) sang who dwell on Olympos, nine daughters begotten by great Zeus, Kleio (Clio) and Euterpe, Thaleia (Thalia), Melpomene and Terpsikhore (Terpsichore), and Erato and Polymnia (Polyhymnia) and Ourania (Urania) and Kalliope (Calliope)." Licymnius, Fragment 768A (from Philodemus, On Piety) (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric V) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) : "Moreover Kleio (Clio) the Mousa (Muse) fell in love with a man, according to Likymnios (Licymnius), and some think Hymenaios (Hymenaeus) was her son." Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 13 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "Mnemosyne [bore to Zeus] the Mousai (Muses), the eldest of whom was Kalliope (Calliope), followed by Kleio (Clio), Melpomene, Euterpe, Erato, Terpsikhore (Terpsichore), Ourania (Urania), Thaleia (Thalia), and Polymnia." Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 16 : "Aphrodite, furious with Kleio (Clio) (who had chided her for loving Adonis), caused her to fall in love with Magnes' son Pieros (Pierus). As a result of their union she bore him a son Hyakinthos (Hyacinthus)." Orphic Hymn 76 to the Muses (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. to 2nd A.D.) : "Daughters of Mnemosyne and Zeus . . . Kleio (Clio), and Erato who charms the sight, with thee, Euterpe, ministering delight : Thalia flourishing, Polymnia famed, Melpomene from skill in music named : Terpsikhore (Terpsichore), Ourania (Urania) heavenly bright." CLIO GODDESS OF POETRY Virgil and the Muses Clio and Melpomene, Greco-Roman mosaic A.D., Bardo National Museum Pindar, Nemean Ode 3. 10 & 82 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) : "Of song grant, of my skill, full measure. Strike, O daughter of the lord of cloud-capped heaven,,chords to his honour; mine to wed them with the youthful voices and with the lyre . . . In your honour then, if high-throned Kleio (Clio) wills, for your proud spirit of conquest." Simonides, Fragment 577 (from Plutarch) (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric III) (Greek lyric C6th to 5th B.C.) : "For there was a shrine of the Mousai (Muses) here [south of Apollon's temple at Delphoi (Delphi)] where the spring wells up, and that is why they used this water for libation and lustrations, as Simonides says : ‘where the holy water of the lovely-haired Moisai (Muses) is drawn from below for lustration. Overseer of the holy lustration-water, golden Kleio (Clio), who give the water-drawers from the ambosial cave the fragrant lovely water sought with many prayers.’" Bacchylides, Fragment 3 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric IV) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) : "Sing, Kleio (Clio), giver of sweetness." Bacchylides, Fragment 12 : "Like a skilled helmsman, Kleio (Clio), queen of song, steer my thoughts straight now, if ever before." Bacchylides, Fragment 13 : "Trusting in it and in the Mousai (Muses) of the crimson headdress I for my part display this gift of songs If it was indeed flowering Kleio (Clio) who made it [the song] drip into my heart, there will be delight in the words of the songs that proclaim him to the people." Callimachus, Aetia Fragment 43 (trans. Trypanis) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) : "And Kleio (Clio) went on to speak yet again, resting her arm upon her sister's shoulder." Diodorus Siculus, Libr


What, resembling a tomato and pepper hybrid, is the edible fruit produced by Diospyros trees, source of ebony wood?

Unusual and Exotic Fruit and Nut Plant Seeds From Around  the World Check out our Papaya Seed Page for   Papaya ( carica ) varieties from around the world D8509 Kiwi Fruit ( Actindia chinensis ) Cold hardy to zone 4. Kiwis are vigorous vines. They cannot   support their own weight and will spread up to 30 feet. They   require strong support such as trellis, arbor, or fence. In   nature, they grow up into trees. Training to the south side of   a building is excellent for the small planting. Kiwi vines are   heavy feeders and like their roots to be in warm soil. A mature   kiwi vine can produce 200 pounds of fruit. Kiwis require special training and pruning to produce good   crops. When planted, the vines should be pruned back to 4 or 5   buds. From these a main stem should be selected and staked to   grow to the top of the arbor or trellis, usually 6-7’ high. The trellis should be strong to support the heavy future   fruit loads. Kiwis are beautiful vines. Their vigorous spring growth is a   spectacular sight. Excellent for a privacy screen, they will   rapidly cover a fence and with support will cover a wall or   steep slope. Kiwis grow in a manner similar to grapes but more   rapidly. They are very high in Vitamin C. (Ten times as much as   lemons.) They are excellent for eating fresh and are a tasty   addition to salads and desserts. Ice cream, pies, jam and wine   are other ways to use kiwis.   Package of 10 seeds $1.95 IP073 Artic Kiwi, Siberian Gooseberry ( Actinidia   arguta ) A strong-growing vine with dense, dark green foliage. The   fragrant but inconspicuous white flowers appear in early   spring. The fruit, which ripens in late summer or fall, is   about 3/4"-11/4" long. It tastes much like the commercial kiwi   fruit, to which it is closely related, but is somewhat sweeter   and has smooth skin. The seeds are very small and not   noticeable, so eating the fruits is somewhat like eating large   seedless grapes. Most selections should be hardy to around   -30° F. In the native Asian habitat of this species the   vines typically grow wild in trees, where they are known to   climb as high as 100'.   15mg pack ( about 10 seeds ) $2.95 D8581 Issai Kiwi ( Actinidia sp. issai ) Small 1" fruits with a very sweet taste. The vines will grow vigorously and bears loads of small fruit that is great for salads, desert or jelly. A vigorous, fast-growing, deciduous,   woody vine that grows 25-30' but can fill a 200 sq. ft. trellis in time. Grown for its foliage and edible fruit. Foliage is a lustrous dark green throughout the growing season. Flowers appear in May-June and are slightly fragrant and greenish white, but are not particularly showy since they are largely hidden by the foliage. This cultivar does not require a separate male pollinator plant. Smooth-skinned kiwi fruits ripen in early fall and are the size of a large grape. It tastes similar to, though slightly sweeter than, its   larger-fruited relative, the true kiwi, Actinidia deliciosa, which can not be grown north of Zone 8.   Package of 6 seeds $1.95 1A440 Bael Fruit Tree ( Aegle marmelos ) Tropical plant for zone 10b and higher outside, also can be grown in tubs in warm greenhouses. The bael fruit, is also called Bengal quince, Indian quince, golden apple, holy fruit, stone apple. The bael fruit tree is slow-growing, of medium size, up to 40 or 50 ft (12-15 m) tall with short trunk, thick, soft, flaking bark, and spreading, sometimes spiny branches, the lower ones drooping. New foliage is glossy and pinkish-maroon. Fragrant flowers, in clusters of 4 to 7 along the young branchlets, have 4 recurved, fleshy petals, green outside, yellowish inside, and 50 or more greenish-yellow stamens. The fruit, round, pyriform, oval, or oblong, 2 to 8 in (5-20 cm) in diameter, may have a thin, hard, woody shell or a more or less soft rind, gray-green until the fruit is fully ripe, when it turns yellowish. The tree grows wild in dry forests on hills and plains of central and southern India and Burma, Pakistan


What physics term, a metaphor for meaningfulness, is the tendency of something to oscillate (with greater amplitude at some frequencies than at others)?

Psychology GRE at South Suburban College - StudyBlue StudyBlue Forms the connection between perception and memory. Initial, momentary (only a few seconds) storage of raw sensory information receives and holds perceptions for a brief period of time before sending them to short-term memory. Memory for every sense. Iconic Memory the sensory memory for visual information studied by George Sperling, found that people can see more than they can remember. PTs able to write down some random letters but not all that see. "Partial report". Advertisement ) Icon Brief visual memory; term coined by Ulric Neisser, lasts for 1 sec When exposed to bright light or pattern before iconic image fades, first image is erased --> BACKWARD MASKING. Works for auditory stimuli also. Most successful when mask is similar to original stimulus. Echoic Memory sensory memory for auditory sensations not as much capacity as iconic memory, but doesn't decay as quickly (longer duration) Short Term Memory Temporary; lasts for seconds or minutes. Capacity of 7 items (+/- 2); discovered by George Miller. Thought to be largely auditory, items coded phonetically. Chunking (grouping items) can increase STM. Rehearsal (primary & secondary) to help transfer info to LTM. STM susceptible to interference Working Memory Type of temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at the moment. Type of short term memory Rehearsal (primary/maintenance & secondary/elaborative) Rehearsal to transfer info from STM to LTM Primary/maintenance: repeating material to hold in STM Secondary/elaborative: organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM Interference (proactive & retroactive) Other information & distraction can interfere with STM. Proactive: Learned A first, now trying to learn B; harder to learn/remember B (old memory impairs new info). Retroactive: learned A first, now trying to learn B; harder to learn/remember A. (New info impairs old memory.) Long-Term Memory Capable of permanent retention; most items learned semantically. Measured by recognition, recall and savings. Subject to the encoding specificity principle Not subject to primacy & recency effects, but subject to same interference effects as STM 3 measurements of LTM Recognition: measuring if subject can recognize info (e.g., multiple choice tests) Recall: subjects generating information on own. (Cued & uncued recall) Savings: how much info remains in LTM by assessing how long takes to learn something a second time (compared to first time). Encoding Specificity Principle Memory is encoded and stored with specific cues related to context in which it was formed. Retrieval of information is improved if it is retrieved in the same context in which it was stored. Episodic vs Semantic Memory Episodic: consists of details, events, discrete knowledge Semantic: general knowledge of the world Procedural vs. Declarative Memory Procedural: knowing how to do something Declarative: knowing a fact. Explicit: knowing something and being consciously aware of it (knowing a fact). Implicit: knowing something without being aware of knowing it. (Amnesia, subliminal processing, etc) Herman Ebbinghaus First to study memory systematically. Gave subjects lists of random letters to test STM Proposed "forgetting curve"- depicts sharp drop in savings immediately after learning and levels off. Some not sure that the random syllables generalizable to other memory though. Advertisement Frederick Bartlett Found that memory is *reconstructive*, not rote. People more likely to remember ideas/semantics of a story rather than details/grammar Dual Code Hypothesis (def & person) Suggested by Allan Paivio Items will be better remembered if they are encoded both visually (with icons) and semantically (with understanding). Depth of Processing (def & people) Fergus Craik & Robert Lockhart suggested that learning and recall depend on the depth of processing. Most superficial processing=phonological/pronounciation; most deep= semantic. The more deeply the item is processed, easier it is to recall. Paired-Associate Learni


The moral code, 'Treat others as you like to be treated', is known as the 'Ethic of (What)' - a principle of exchange for mutual effect/benefit, and word used variously in science and mathematics?

morality : definition of morality and synonyms of morality (English) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (December 2011)   Morality and ethics Ethics (also known as moral philosophy) is that branch of philosophy which addresses questions about morality. The word 'ethics' is "commonly used interchangeably with 'morality' ... and sometimes it is used more narrowly to mean the moral principles of a particular tradition, group, or individual." [6] Likewise, certain types of ethical theories, especially deontological ethics , sometimes distinguish between 'ethics' and 'morals': "Although the morality of people and their ethics amounts to the same thing, there is a usage that restricts morality to systems such as that of Kant, based on notions such as duty, obligation, and principles of conduct, reserving ethics for the more Aristotelian approach to practical reasoning, based on the notion of a virtue, and generally avoiding the separation of 'moral' considerations from other practical considerations." [7]   Descriptive and normative In its descriptive sense, "morality" refers to personal or cultural values , codes of conduct or social mores . It does not connote objective claims of right or wrong, but only refers to that which is considered right or wrong. Descriptive ethics is the branch of philosophy which studies morality in this sense. In its normative sense, "morality" refers to whatever (if anything) is actually right or wrong, which may be independent of the values or mores held by any particular peoples or cultures. Normative ethics is the branch of philosophy which studies morality in this sense.   Realism and anti-realism Philosophical theories on the nature and origins of morality (that is, theories of meta-ethics ) are broadly divided into two classes: Moral realism is the class of theories which hold that there are true moral statements that report objective moral facts. For example, while they might concede that forces of social conformity significantly shape individuals' "moral" decisions, they deny that those cultural norms and customs define morally right behavior. This may be the philosophical view propounded by ethical naturalists , however not all moral realists accept that position (e.g. ethical non-naturalists ). [8] Moral anti-realism , on the other hand, holds that moral statements either fail or do not even attempt to report objective moral facts. Instead, they hold that moral claims are derived either from an unsupported belief that there are objective moral facts ( error theory , a form of moral nihilism ); the speakers' sentiments ( emotivism , a form of moral relativism ); or any one of the norms prevalent in society ( ethical subjectivism , another form of moral relativism). Theories which claim that morality is derived from reasoning about implied imperatives ( universal prescriptivism ), the edicts of a god ( divine command theory ), or the hypothetical decrees of a perfectly rational being ( ideal observer theory ), are considered anti-realist in the robust sense used here, but are considered realist in the sense synonymous with moral universalism .   Anthropology   Tribal and territorial Celia Green made a distinction between tribal and territorial morality. [9] She characterizes the latter as predominantly negative and proscriptive: it defines a person’s territory, including his or her property and dependents, which is not to be damaged or interfered with. Apart from these proscriptions, territorial morality is permissive, allowing the individual whatever behaviour does not interfere with the territory of another. By contrast, tribal morality is prescriptive, imposing the norms of the collective on the individual. These norms will be arbitrary, culturally dependent and ‘flexible’, whereas territorial morality aims at rules which are universal and absolute, such as Kant ’s ‘ categorical imperative ’ and Geisler 's graded absolutism . Green relate


The pseudo-Latin expression 'hax pax max Deus adimax' used in conjuring from the 1600s developed into what modern term referring to 'kidology' or nonsensical explanation?

hocus-pocus - definition of hocus-pocus in English | Oxford Dictionaries Definition of hocus-pocus in English: hocus-pocus noun 1Meaningless talk or activity, often designed to draw attention away from and disguise what is actually happening. ‘some people still view psychology as a lot of hocus-pocus’ More example sentences ‘His bill not only includes some $400 million a year in direct subsidies, but it also attempts to bamboozle us with linguistic hocus-pocus, simply defining away the industry's environmental ugliness.’ ‘Yet while most mind-reading acts wrap their shows up in a cloak of hocus-pocus, Salem portrays his mind games as science.’ ‘Without these other figures, the rest is hocus-pocus.’ ‘And if the virtual world is broad, it obviously isn't broad enough to enable one to escape from this kind of corporate hocus-pocus.’ ‘In the healing story that Mark tells, things are even more ordinary: a simple question, a brief response, no hocus-pocus.’ ‘By the dawn of the Scientific Revolution, researchers equipped with microscopes founded modern chemistry - and dismissed alchemy as hocus-pocus.’ ‘Of course, after all the reports of financial hocus-pocus, investors are understandably wary of earnings figures being put out by corporations.’ ‘I like the simple, durable types that have manual controls - no electronic hocus-pocuses.’ ‘He never offers specifics; it's all hocus-pocus.’ ‘The operation behind the printing of those statements is a show of such technological hocus-pocus that it is distracting.’ ‘No statistical hocus-pocus can hide this real-life, greed-induced assault on our country's middle class.’ ‘But everything else in this ‘investigation’ is not much more than editorial hocus-pocus.’ ‘As he puts it, ‘There is always a conundrum, a mystery and hocus-pocus in an established religion.’’ ‘More evidence of religious hocus-pocus over substance?’ ‘He recalled that his father suffered greatly because people misunderstood what he did for black magic or some other hocus-pocus.’ ‘And no amount of organic industry hocus-pocus can make that truth disappear.’ ‘For secrets on the technical hocus-pocus, go with the two production commentaries.’ Synonyms


Who famously became leader of the vast and powerful US Teamsters trade union in 1957, imprisoned in 1967, missing in 1975, and declared dead in 1982?

Full text of "Conspiracy Theories  2015 UK" See other formats fT...   Nothing is more entertaining than a conspiracy theory. They have become an integral part of our culture and the age of global communication has seen them spread and multiply like never before.  Is everything we're being told the truth? How do we know there aren't powerful forces stopping us from uncovering evidence of something that would change everything we believed to be true?  Did really kill  you know that aliens were found at  From the mysteries surrounding groups such as the Freemasons, Illuminati and  Templars, to the questions surrounding the death of Princess Diana, the assassination of JFK, the disappearance of and the  cover-up at Roswell, nothing divides opinion like a conspiracy theory. But while many people will just accept the truth, believing everything they're told by should we really be  digging a little deeper and looking a bit harder?  And if you do, who knows what you may find...   Imagine Publishing Ltd Richmond House 33 Richmond Hill Bournemouth Dorset BH2 6EZ ■B +44 (0) 1202 586200 Website: www.imagine-publishing.co.uk Twitter: @Books_lmagine Facebook: www.facebook.com/lmagineBookazines   Publishing Director  Aaron Asadi  Head of Design  Ross Andrews   Head of Theories   Editor  Jon White  Written by  David Southwell & Sean Twist  Senior Art Editor  Greg Whitaker  Designer  Abbi Denney  Printed by  William Gibbons,HHHH| 26 Planetary Road, Willenhall, West Midlands, WV13 3XT  Distributed in the UK, Eire & the Rest of the World by  Marketforce, 5 Churchill Place, Canary Wharf, London, E14 5HU Tel 0203 787 9060 www.marketforce.co.uk  Distributed in Australia by  Network Services (a division of Bauer Media Group), Level 21 Civic Tower, 66-68 Goulburn Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia Tel -i-61 2 8667 5288  Disclaimer  The publisher cannot accept responsibility for any unsolicited material lost or damaged in the post. All text and layout is the copyright of Ima gine Publishing Ltd. N othing in this bookazine may be reproduced in whole or part without theHH|^HB|^| written permission of the publisher. are recognised and used specifically for the purpose  of criticism and review. Although the bookazine has endeavoured to ensure all information is correct at time of print, prices and availability may^^^Bchange. This bookazine is fully independent and not affiliated in any way with the companies mentioned herein.  This bookazine is published under licence from Carlton Publishing Group Limited.  All rights in the licensed material belong to Carlton Publishing Limited and it may not be reproduced, whether in whole or in part, without the prior written consent of Carlton Publishing Limited. © 2015 Carlton Publishing Limited.  Text copyright: David Southwell & Sean Twist  The content in this book has appeared previously in the Carlton book Conspiracy Files   Conspiracy Theories © 2015 Imagine Publishing Ltd  ISBN 978-1785-461224     murdered  O' R   i  MiISSIMO?   050 JFK  052 LEE HARVEY OSWALD 054 ROBERT KENNEDY 056 DOROTHY KILGALLEN 058 LORD LUCAN  060 AMELIA EARHART 062 JIMMY HOFFA  064 MARTIN LUTHER KING  066 MALCOLM X  068 CHANDRA LEVY   extraterrestrials   030 ALIEN ABDUCTIONS 032 ROSWELL  034 THE RENDLESHAM LANDINGS  036 UFOS OVER IRAQ  038 MEN IN BLACK  040 SECRET BASES ON THE MOON  042 CATTLE MUTILATIONS  044 SPACE SABOTAGE  046 REVERSE ENGINEERING   OU tke   010 PRINCESS DIANA 012 ELVIS PRESLEY  014 JOHN LENNON  016 PAUL MCCARTNEY  018 KURT COBAIN  020 JIM MORRISON  022 SID VICIOUS  024 BRUCE LEE 026 MARILYN MONROE   070 SHARON TATE   “HOW WILL ANYONE REALLY KNOW WHAT THE TRUTH IS?”    historical   074 THE HOLY GRAIL  076 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT  078 STONEHENGE  080 CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE  082 MOZART  084 RASPUTIN  086 JACK THE RIPPER  088 HITLER  090 RUDOLF HESS   w/mt AaA' Hutier   POLITICS   094 THE PENTAGON  096 THE TRILATERAL COMMISSION  098 THE WATERGATE SCANDAL  100 PEA


What river in SW Europe rises in the Swiss Alps and flows over 500 miles through Lake Geneva, Lyons, to the Mediterranean west of Marseilles?

National Post Cryptic Crossword Forum: Thursday, April 14, 2016 — DT 27969 National Post Cryptic Crossword Forum A forum for solvers of cryptic crossword puzzles published in the National Post Thursday, April 14, 2016 Thursday, April 14, 2016 — DT 27969 Puzzle at a Glance Puzzle Number in The Daily Telegraph DT 27969 Publication Date in The Daily Telegraph Thursday, November 26, 2015 Big Dave's Crossword Blog Review Written By pommers █ - incorrect prior to use of puzzle solving tools █ - solved with assistance from puzzle solving tools █ - solved with aid of checking letters provided by puzzle solving tools █ - solved but without fully parsing the clue █ - unsolved or incorrect prior to visiting Big Dave's Crossword Blog █ - solved with aid of checking letters provided by solutions from Big Dave's Crossword Blog █ - reviewed by Falcon for Big Dave's Crossword Blog █ - yet to be solved Introduction I would have finished today's puzzle much sooner had I not spent so much time cruising the wrong European river. I invite you to leave a comment to let us know how you fared with the puzzle. Notes on Today's Puzzle This commentary is intended to serve as a supplement to the review of this puzzle found at Big Dave's Crossword Blog, to which a link is provided in the table above. Primary indications (definitions) are marked with a solid underline in the clue; subsidiary indications (be they wordplay or other) are marked with a dashed underline in all-in-one (&lit.) clues, semi-all-in-one (semi-&lit.) clues and cryptic definitions. Explicit link words and phrases are enclosed in forward slashes (/link/) and implicit links are shown as double forward slashes (//). Definitions presented in blue text are for terms that appear frequently. Across 1a   Discharge // exploding so deep (6) 4a   Grand // Canyon, American, split by Colorado's right bank (8) More Than Just Scratching the Surface The Grand Canyon [5] is a deep gorge in Arizona, formed by the Colorado River. It is about 440 km (277 miles) long, 8 to 24 km (5 to 15 miles) wide, and, in places, 1,800 m (6,000 ft) deep. The area was designated a national park in 1919. 9a   That man is after the old lady's // pounds (6) Mash [3] means to convert into a soft pulpy mass by pounding or crushing. 10a   Perchance story will include // old relative (8) 12a   European capital housing churchman's backed // eternally (8) 13a   Issued digital record, keeping single // off (6) What did he say? In his review on Big Dave's Crossword Blog, pommers comments I think this is a case of Thesuritis. In my thesaurus the word you need is not a synonym of issue nor vice versa but they do have synonyms in common . Maple sap collection bucket and tap. I had no difficulty accepting "ran" as a synonym of "issued". Among its many meanings, run [10] can mean (of liquids) to flow, especially in a manner specified ⇒ (i) water ran from the broken pipe ; (ii) the well has run dry ; or apropos to the season here in Canada (iii) the sap is running . However, Patski in the thread at Comment #37 on Big Dave's Crossword Blog thinks they are synonyms in a publishing context. 15a   Choking /from/ lungs' atria not working (13) Scratching the Surface The surface reading is a bit of an anatomical absurdity in the real world but fair game in Crosswordland. Atrium [5] (plural atria) is the name given to each of the two upper cavities of the heart from which blood is passed to the ventricles. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the veins of the body, the left atrium oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein. Also called auricle. 18a   Inanely grinned at nudes losing sweetheart/'s/ sympathy (13) hide explanation 22a   Frank // Capra did this (6) Frank Capra [5] (1897–1991) was an Italian-born American film director. He is known for comedies such as It Happened One Night (1934), Arsenic and Old Lace (1944), and It’s a Wonderful Life (1946). He won six Oscars. 24a   Charge // headed over English wicket (8) A wicket [5] (also wicket door or wicket gate) is a small door or gate, especially one beside or in a


The main purpose of a bowline knot is to produce a?

Bowline - How to tie a Bowline Home Rope Knots Bowline Bowline One of the most useful knots you can know. The Bowline forms a secure loop that will not jam and is easy to tie and untie. The Bowline is most commonly used for forming a fixed loop, large or small at the end of a line. Tried and tested over centuries, this knot is reliable, strong and stable. Even after severe tension is applied it is easy to untie. However, because it does untie so easily it should not be trusted in a life or death situation such as mountain climbing. It is said to retain 60% of the strength of the line in which it is tied. Bowline Knot Tying Instructions Lay the rope across your left hand with the free end hanging down. Form a small loop in the line in your hand. Bring the free end up to and pass through the eye from the under side (the rabbit comes out of the hole). Wrap the line around the standing line and back down through the loop (around the tree and back down the hole). Tighten the knot by pulling on free end while holding standing line Swiffy Output


Who, founder of the Mongol Empire, was the grandfather of the Mongol leader Kublai Khan (1215-94)?

Biography for Kids: Kublai Khan Best known for: Founder of the Yuan Dynasty of China Biography: Early Life Kublai was the grandson of the first great Mongol emperor Genghis Khan . His father was Tolui, the youngest of Genghis Khan's favorite four sons. Growing up, Kublai traveled with his family while his grandfather Genghis conquered China and the Muslim nations to the west. He learned to ride horses and shoot a bow and arrow. He lived in a round tent called a yurt. A Young Leader As the grandson of Genghis Khan, Kublai was given a small area of northern China to rule. Kublai was very interested in the culture of the Chinese. He studied the philosophies of Ancient China such as Confucianism and Buddhism. When Kublai was in his thirties his older brother Mongke became Khan of the Mongol Empire. Mongke promoted Kublai to the ruler of Northern China. Kublai did a good job managing the large territory and a few years later his brother asked him to attack and conquer southern China and the Song Dynasty. While leading his army against the Song, Kublai found out that his brother Mongke had died. Kublai agreed to a peace treaty with the Song where the Song would pay him tribute each year and then returned back north. Becoming the Great Khan Both Kublai and his brother Ariq wanted to become the Great Khan. When Kublai returned to the north he found out that his brother had already laid claim to the title. Kublai didn't agree and a civil war broke out between the two brothers. They fought for nearly four years before Kublai's army finally won and he was crowned the Great Khan. Conquering China After gaining the crown, Kublai wanted to complete his conquest of southern China. He laid siege to the great cities of the Song dynasty using a type of catapult called a trebuchet. The Mongols had learned about these catapults while at war with the Persians . With these catapults, the Mongol army threw huge rocks and thundercrash bombs onto the cities of the Song. The walls crumbled and soon the Song Dynasty was defeated. Yuan Dynasty In 1271 Kublai declared the start of the Yuan Dynasty of China, crowning himself as the first Yuan emperor. It still took five more years to completely conquer the Song Dynasty of the south, but by 1276 Kublai had united all of China under one rule. In order to run the large empire, Kublai combined many aspects of Mongol and Chinese administration. He also incorporated Chinese leaders into the government. The Mongols were good at fighting wars, but he knew they could learn a lot about running a large government from the Chinese. The capital city of the Yuan Dynasty was Dadu or Khanbaliq, which is now known as Beijing. Kublai Khan had a huge walled palace built in the center of the city. He also built a southern palace in the city of Xanadu which is where he met the Italian explorer Marco Polo . Kublai also built up the infrastructure of China building roads, canals, establishing trade routes, and bringing in new ideas from foreign countries. Social Classes In order to make sure that the Mongols remained in power, Kublai established a social hierarchy based on race. At the top of the hierarchy were the Mongols. They were followed by the Central Asians (non-Chinese), the northern Chinese, and (at the bottom) the southern Chinese. The laws were different for the different classes with the laws for the Mongols being the most lenient and the laws for the Chinese being very harsh. Death Kublai died in 1294. He had become overweight and was sickly for years. His grandson Temur succeeded him as the Mongol Great Khan and Yuan emperor. Interesting Facts about Kublai Khan Kublai was tolerant of foreign religions such as Islam and Buddhism. Trade along the Silk Road reached its peak during the Yuan Dynasty as Kublai encouraged foreign trade and the Mongols protected merchants along the trade route. Kublai was not satisfied with just ruling China, he also captured some of Viet Nam and Burma and even launched attacks on Japan. His daughter became the Queen of Korea through marriage. Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote a famous p


Which people originated the game lacrosse? Dutch; Scottish; Native Americans; or Chinese?

Origin & History of Lacrosse | FIL Origin & History of Lacrosse Home Origin of Men’s Lacrosse What began as stickball, a native American Indian contest played by tribal warriors for training, recreation and religious reasons, has developed over the years into the interscholastic, professional and international sport of lacrosse —Edited by Jane Claydon “Indian Ball Game” by George Catlin (courtesy Smithsonian American Art Museum) Lacrosse was started by the Native American Indians and was originally known as stickball. The game was initially played in the St. Lawrence Valley area by the Algonquian tribe and they were followed by other tribes in the eastern half of North America, and around the western Great Lakes. The Native American games were seen as major events, which took place over several days.They were played over huge open areas between villages and the goals, which might be trees or other natural features, were anything from 500 yards to several miles apart. Any number of players were involved. Some estimates have mentioned between 100 and 100,000 players participating in a game at any one time. The rules were very simple, the ball was not to be touched by a player’s hand and there were no boundaries. The ball was tossed into the air to indicate the start of the game and players raced to be the first to catch it. Early Lacrosse Balls (courtesy Smithsonian) The original wooden balls were later replaced by deerskin balls filled with fur and the sticks developed over time to become more sophisticated implements, the netting made from deer sinews. In preparation for a game players used paint and charcoal to decorate their faces and bodies. “Indian Lacrosse” (courtesy Smithsonian) Games of lacrosse were played for a number of reasons. It was considered a sport that toughened up young warriors for war but it was also a game played for recreation and for religious reasons. It was not unusual for bets to be placed on the outcome of games. Jean de Brébeuf French Jesuit missionaries working in the St. Lawrence Valley in the 1630s were the first Europeans to see lacrosse being played by the Native American Indians. One of them, Jean de Brébeuf, wrote about the game being played by the Huron Indians in 1636 and it was he who the named the game “lacrosse”. A demonstration of lacrosse was given by the Caughnawaga Indians in Montreal in 1834. 19th Century Canadian Lacrosse (courtesy Smithsonian) As a result, interest in the game of lacrosse began to develop in Canada. A Canadian dentist, Dr William George Beers, was responsible for founding the Montreal Lacrosse Club in 1856 and a decade later he drew up rules which included reducing the number of players, introducing a rubber ball and a redesigned stick. By 1860 lacrosse had become Canada’s national game and in 1867 exhibition games were played in England. In 1876 Queen Victoria watched a game being played and remarked that “The game is very pretty to watch.” In 1883 a touring team from Canada and and a team made up of Iroquois natives visited Scotland. 1904 Winnipeg Shamrocks Olympic gold medal-winning lacrosse team During this tour promotional literature was distributed to the spectators pointing out the benefits of emigration to Canada. By the turn of the century lacrosse was becoming more popular in several countries and in 1904 and 1908 lacrosse was played in the Summer Olympics. Origin of Women’s Lacrosse The first-ever recorded women’s lacrosse contest was played in Scotland —By Jane Claydon 1890 St. Leonards Women’s Lacrosse Team (courtesy St. Leonards Historical Archives) St. Leonards School, in St Andrews, Scotland claims to be the first girls’ school to have played lacrosse in 1890. The first Headmistress, Miss Lumsden, watched a game played in Canada, in 1884, between the Canghuwaya Indians and the Montreal Club, in Montreal and thought it “beautiful and graceful.” As a result the game was introduced at the school. A girl, writing in student magazine, reported details of the very first lacrosse match at St. Leonards on March 27th 1890: “After our crosses having un


Previously called Ezo/Yezo/Yeso/Yesso, what is Japan's north and second-largest island?

Japan U.S. Department of State Background Note Japan Japan GEOGRAPHY Japan, a country of islands, extends along the eastern or Pacific coast of Asia. The four main islands, running from north to south, are Hokkaido, Honshu (or the mainland), Shikoku, and Kyushu. Okinawa Island is about 380 miles southwest of Kyushu. About 3,000 smaller islands are included in the archipelago. In total land area, Japan is slightly smaller than California. About 73% of the country is mountainous, with a chain running through each of the main islands. Japan's highest mountain is the world famous Mt. Fuji (12,385 feet). Since so little flat area exists, many hills and mountainsides are cultivated all the way to the summits. As Japan is situated in a volcanic zone along the Pacific depth, frequent low intensity earth tremors and occasional volcanic activity are felt throughout the islands. Destructive earthquakes occur several times a century. Hot springs are numerous and have been developed as resorts. Temperature extremes are less pronounced than in the United States, but the climate varies considerably. Sapporo, on the northernmost main island, has warm summers and long, cold winters with heavy snowfall. Tokyo, Nagoya, Kyoto, Osaka, and Kobe, in central and western parts of the largest island of Honshu, experience relatively mild winters with little or no snowfall and hot, humid summers. Fukuoka, on the island of Kyushu, has a climate similar to that of Washington, DC, with mild winters and short summers. Okinawa is subtropical. PEOPLE Japanese legend maintains that Japan was founded in 600 BC by the Emperor Jimmu, a direct descendant of the sun goddess and ancestor of the present ruling imperial family. About AD 405, the Japanese court officially adopted the Chinese writing system. Together with the introduction of Buddhism in the sixth century, these two events revolutionized Japanese culture and marked the beginning of a long period of Chinese cultural influence. From the establishment of the first fixed capital at Nara in 710 until 1867, the emperors of the Yamato dynasty were the nominal rulers, but actual power was usually held by powerful court nobles, regents, or "shoguns" (military governors). Contact With the West The first recorded contact with the West occurred about 1542, when a Portuguese ship, blown off its course to China, landed in Japan. During the next century, traders from Portugal, the Netherlands, England, and Spain arrived, as did Jesuit, Dominican, and Franciscan missionaries. During the early part of the 17th century, Japan's shogunate suspected that the traders and missionaries were actually forerunners of a military conquest by European powers. This caused the shogunate to place foreigners under progressively tighter restrictions. Ultimately, Japan forced all foreigners to leave and barred all relations with the outside world except for severely restricted commercial contacts with Dutch and Chinese merchants at Nagasaki. This isolation lasted for 200 years, until Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy negotiated the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. Within several years, renewed contact with the West profoundly altered Japanese society. The shogunate resigned, and the emperor was restored to power. The "Meiji restoration" of 1868 initiated many reforms. The feudal system was abolished, and numerous Western institutions were adopted, including a Western legal and educational system and constitutional government along parliamentary lines. In 1898, the last of the "unequal treaties" with Western powers was removed, signaling Japan's new status among the nations of the world. In a few decades, by creating modern social, educational, economic, military, and industrial systems, the Emperor Meiji's "controlled revolution" had transformed a feudal and isolated state into a world power. Wars With China and Russia Japanese leaders of the late 19th century regarded the Korean Peninsula as a potential threat to Japan. It was over Korea that Japan became involved in war with the Chinese E


What name for a type of railings/fence originally referred to a defensive line of wooden stakes sharpened and angled into the ground?

Battlefields in Motion - Fort Moultrie Glossary - Military Terms & Expressions Military Terms & Expressions A abatis an expression taken directly from the French word abattis, simply meaning the “felling or clearing of trees,” but which in military parlance was applied to a crude type of defense, usually extemporized in the field by cutting trees down parallel to one another, then dragging and arranging them with their interwoven branches pointing outward from a defensive position, in the direction of an enemy’s projected line-of-attack or -approach. Around established forts or major field-entrenchments protected by an encircling glacis, an abatis could also be laid down in concealment beyond the defense’s outer fringe so as to surprise and entangle an assault-column of besiegers, as well as be affixed against the counterscarp of the ditch itself as a further hidden obstruction, as shown in the attached view. For a glimpse of an actual abatis guarding a Civil War fortification, please click on the accompanying video-link adjutant a staff officer selected by a Colonel from among his regimental subordinates, to manage the communication of his orders and instructions to all companies, receive correspondence and reports, prepare tables of strength, etc. Adjutant-General an administrative position in any large military organization, whose principal duty is to effectively communicate orders. According to 19th-Century regulations, the U.S. Army’s Adjutant-General had to be a Colonel in rank and was appointed “chief of a bureau of the War Department,” seconded by a Lieutenant-Colonel who acted as Assistant Adjutant-General. Their office was furthermore charged with the recruiting service, in addition to other customary bureaucratic obligations such as: publishing orders in writing; drawing up written instructions and transmitting them; receiving and filing reports and returns; forming tables to show the state and position of all units; regulating details of service; corresponding with the appropriate departments relative to the wants of troops in the field; methodical arrangement and preservation of records. There were a further dozen assistants drawn from the ranks of Majors or Captains, to supervise the more active responsibilities of the Adjutant-General’s office in far-flung regions, such as: the establishing of camps; visiting guards and outposts while on duty; mustering and inspecting troop detachments; directing the conduct and control of prisoners and deserters; forming parades and lines of battle; etc. advanced ditch name given to a second ditch sometimes excavated beyond a fort’s encircling glacis, its inner scarp deliberately removed so “that an enemy might find no shelter” once they jumped into this advanced ditch, but rather would remain exposed to the defenders’ gunfire being directed unimpeded down the slope of the glacis; and as shown in this Glossary’s first entry above, an advanced ditch might also contain a concealed abatis advanced work a general term in military engineering for any defensive structure located beyond the protective glacis immediately encircling a fort, yet still within range of the garrison’s covering-fire advancement a figure-of-speech expression used by 19th-Century U.S. Army officers and soldiers, whenever referring to promotions aide-de-camp title for an extra staff-member allowed to senior commanders in the U.S. Army, defined by the 1864 Military Dictionary as “confidential officers selected by general officers to assist them in their military duties.” Such aides were most often young relatives or personal friends of the commander, who were to act as his representative and only receive orders directly from their General, and be largely employed in conveying special instructions — either verbally or in written form — to subordinate commanders in person. In times of war, American Lieutenant-Generals were permitted four such additional aides-de-camp on their staff; Major-Generals were allowed two; and Brigadier Generals, one. See als


The North Atlantic Drift ocean current over NW Europe starts as what at the US Florida Strait?

The North Atlantic Drift Current The North Atlantic drift as represented by the Mariano Global Surface Velocity Analysis (MGSVA). The N. Atlantic drift is the broad, northward flow of surface waters that replaces the sinking waters in the N. Atlantic polar seas. Click here for example plots of seasonal averages . Aptly named, the North Atlantic Drift Current (NADC) is a slow-moving body of water located between about 50°-64°N and 10°-30°W. NADC is also considered to be an extension of the North Atlantic Current. It is recognized as a shallow, widespread and variable wind-driven surface movement of warm water that covers a large part of the eastern subpolar North Atlantic and slowly spills into the Nordic Seas. It is also sometimes included as the Subarctic or Subpolar Front as it is thought of as the boundary between the cold, subpolar region and the warm, subtropical gyre of the Northeastern Atlantic. Generally, the NADC originates from the Gulf Stream-North Atlantic Current system and from the northern Sargasso Sea. These waters then slowly flow northward into the Labrador and European basins (Veron, et.al, 1999), eventually becoming the NADC as it enters the Iceland Basin. The current is unique in that it transports warm waters to latitudes higher than in any other ocean, thereby producing the moderate climate of Europe and western Scandinavia. Because of the rapid advection of the North Atlantic gyre, the temperature of the surface waters of the NADC almost always exceeds that of both surrounding waters and the overlying atmosphere (Rossby, 1996). Water temperatures in March are at around 8degC in the NADC while ranging from 2°C to 6°C in surrounding waters (Rossby, et. al., 1998). Several authors define the region that is occupied by the lethargic NADC as bounded by the cool Irminger current to its west, while its southern and eastern border is weakly constrained by the extension of the North Atlantic Current that bends northeastward, flanking the western edge of the Rockall Plateau. Eventually, the NADC feeds into the Norwegian Current to the north, past Iceland. The loop of the East Iceland Current acts as a boundary along the northern extent of the NADC (Rossby, 1996). Mostly warm surface water trapped between cooler, faster flowing subpolar currents to its east, and the Rockall Plateau to its west, the NADC in the Iceland Basin can extend to a depth of about 1000 meters (Bower et. al., 2002). The NADC is generally a slow-moving body of water that transports between 2 - 5 Sv (Krauss, 1986) Although other authors have estimated volumes of 16 Sv (Bacon, 1997), the exact values remain unknown. Unlike the currents that surround it, the flow of the NADC current is obscure, evident mainly through decadal-scale observations of drifter data. Its northward speed averages about 3 cm s-1 (Otto & van Aken, 1996) along the western edge of the Rockall Plateau. According to Krauss and Käse (1984), the North Atlantic Current, and not interference with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is the main source of eddy energy in the North Atlantic. In the upper ocean, eddy kinetic energy decreases from about 1000 cm2s-2 (near Newfoundland) to about 300 cm2s-2 in the NAD near western Scotland. East of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, kinetic energy tapers off to less than 100 cm2s-2 in the form of a homogenous pool of low-kinetic energy (Krauss and Käse, 1984). As far as it is known, the NADC exists as a "swath" or region, rather than an actual stream-like current, where the main thermocline shoals to the surface along which a stronger baroclinic transport is sustained than either the north or the south. A quiet, warm pool of water at the surface, its salinity can range between 35.2 and 35.7 ppt (Rossby et. al., 1998). The NADC feeds two well-defined currents, transporting warm, saline water to both the northward-flowing Norwegian Current and to the southward-flowing Canary Current (Rossby, 1996). The southern-most extent of the NADC is marked by the northernmost boundary of the subtropical circulation system, i.e. the eastward flowing NAC


Cassia refers to variants of which spice?

cassia | spice | Britannica.com Cassia sesame Cassia, also called Chinese cinnamon , spice consisting of the aromatic bark of the Cinnamomum cassia plant of the family Lauraceae. Similar to true cinnamon, cassia bark has a more pungent, less delicate flavour and is thicker than cinnamon bark. It contains from 1 to 2 percent oil of cassia, a volatile oil, the principal component of which is cinnamic aldehyde. Cassia bark is used as a flavouring in cooking and particularly in liqueurs and chocolate. Southern Europeans prefer it to cinnamon, but, in North America , ground cinnamon is sold without distinction as to the species from which the bark is obtained. Bark of the Cinnamomum cassia plant. MPF Cassia bark is peeled from stems and branches and set aside to dry. Some varieties are scraped. While drying, the bark curls into quills. The colour varies from light reddish brown for the thin, scraped bark to gray for the thick, unscraped bark. Ground cassia is reddish brown in colour. Cassia from China is less aromatic than that from Vietnam and Indonesia . Cassia from all three countries has a sweet, aromatic, and pungent flavour. Vietnamese, or Saigon, cassia is particularly highly esteemed. Cassia buds, the dried, unripe fruits of Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum loureirii, have a cinnamon-like aroma and a warm, sweet, pungent taste akin to that of cassia bark. The whole buds are added to foods for flavouring. The brown, immature fruit is snugly held in a cuplike, hard, wrinkled, grayish-brown calyx (the whole commonly called a bud) varying in size but ordinarily 0.4 inch (11 millimetres) long, including the calyx tube; the upper part of the bud may be about 0.25 in. in diameter. Confusion sometimes arises with another group of plants because Cassia is the generic name of an extensive genus of leguminous plants, which, in addition to various other medicinal products, is the source of senna leaves. Learn More in these related articles:


Chordata, Echinodermata, Anthropoda, and Anelida are four phyla (subgroups) of?

Animals IV - Arthropods, Echinoderms - Biology 110 Master - Confluence Biology 110 Master You should have a working knowledge of the following terms: arachnid water vascular system Introduction and Goals The previous tutorial concentrated on coelomates collectively known as the protostomes. This tutorial will complete our analysis of the protostome coelomates by examining the most diverse branch of animals, the arthropods. The second half of this tutorial will introduce the last major lineage, the deuterostomes. Figure. 1 (Click image to enlarge) As you progress through this tutorial, try to distinguish between the arthropods and other animals classified under the bilateria. How are these groups of animals similar? What morphological and developmental patterns do they have in common? How do they differ? Once you complete this tutorial you should be able to: Explain why the animals in Phylum Arthropoda are thought to be so successful Name and discuss the major classes and subgroups of Phylum Arthropoda Describe the embryonic characteristics of deuterostomes Describe the major characteristics of Phylum Echinodermata Arthropod Diversity In terms of numbers and the diversity of species, Phylum Arthropoda is the most successful group in Kingdom Animalia. Whether one looks on the land, in the air, or under the sea, they will find representatives from this phylum. Approximately one million arthropod species have been described to date. (Some estimate that the number of uncharacterized species may exceed 10 million.) Figure. 2 (Click image to enlarge) Characteristics of Arthropods The extreme diversity observed in Phylum Arthropoda can be attributed to three main arthropod characteristics that have evolved into various forms to allow for adaptation to different environments: a hard chitinous exoskeleton, body segmentation, and jointed appendages. Figure. 3 (Click image to enlarge) The arthropod body is covered by a cuticle (structurally different from the cuticle of plants, which was described in tutorial 31, but there are some functional similarities), composed primarily of the polysaccharide chitin (the same type of polymer used by fungi as described here ), but with a harder character; chitin is also described in the carbon and life tutorial. This exoskeleton endows arthropods with several adaptive features to the terrestrial environment. Its physical durability protects the animals from physical injury. It also provides structural support to the muscles that move their appendages. Lastly, the cuticle is waterproof and helps prevent desiccation in a dry terrestrial environment. The only cumbersome feature of the exoskeleton is that it confines growth, but arthropods deal with this problem by periodically shedding their exoskeletons in a process known as molting. Arthropods are segmented, and generally there are distinct boundaries between the segments. For example, animals belonging to Class Insecta have three distinct segments: the head, the thorax (often grouped together with the head as the cephalothorax), and the abdomen. The rhinoceros beetle in the adjacent image has a head and thorax that are fused (a cephalothorax) and a large abdomen. Typically, these different body regions have distinct functions and often contain various types of jointed appendages. Jointed appendages afford the animal with a greater degree of movement. In addition to locomotion, the appendages may be adapted for other functions (e.g., feeding, sensory perception, copulation, and defense). Figure. 4 (Click image to enlarge) Some jointed appendages, such as the swimming appendages of this candy cane shrimp (a crustacean), are specialized to enable different species to adapt to their diverse environments. Figure. 5 (Click image to enlarge) This figure illustrates the body segmentation (cephalothorax and abdomen) and specialized appendages of a representative arthropod, a lobster (a crustacea). In addition to segmentation, arthropods have an open circulatory system. Figure. 6 (Click image to enlarge) Phylum Arthropoda: Classification The arthropods ar


Serpula lacrymans is the technical name for what affliction of wood, notably in buildings?

Indoor wood-decay basidiomycetes: damage, causal fungi, physiology, identification and characterization, prevention and control     | SpringerLink Indoor wood-decay basidiomycetes: damage, causal fungi, physiology, identification and characterization, prevention and control Authors 576 Downloads Abstract Indoor wood-decay fungi cause considerable economical damage. Most of the structural damage to the indoors of buildings in Europe and North America is caused by brown-rot fungi that degrade conifer wood; white-rot fungi, which preferentially attack hardwoods, are less common. This review covers the approximately 80 basidiomycetes that commonly occur in buildings. Emphasis was placed on Serpula lacrymans, which is the most common indoor basidiomycete in central Europe. Meruliporia incrassata, the North American pendant to S. lacrymans, has also received considerable attention. In terms of indoor wood decay, moisture and temperature are the most important influences. Wood samples with a low moisture content can be degraded. High temperatures as an alternative control measure do not kill mycelia, with some species surviving in wood samples in the form of heat-resistant arthrospores at temperatures as high 95°C. For refurbishment and scientific purposes, the identity of the causal species should be known. More recently, several molecular techniques have been used to identify fungi; these results are often conflicting with those obtained by other, earlier applied methods. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the rDNA is currently the best molecular tool. Among the other methods available, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS) has also been shown to be able to distinguish closely related sister taxa. For further characterization of indoor basidiomycetes, the complete sequences of the 18S, 28S rDNA and the intergenic spacers with the included 5S rDNA have been acquired for some species. If current projects involving whole funal genome sequencing are not taken into account, Antrodia vaillantii is the first basidiomycete for which the complete rDNA sequence has been deposited. The review closes with fundamentals on the prevention and control of indoor wood decay. An erratum to this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-007-0545-x References Adair S, Kim SH, Breuil C (2002) A molecular approach for early monitoring of decay basidiomycetes in wood chips. FEMS Microbiol Lett 211:117–122 PubMed Google Scholar Agerer R, Iosifidou P (2004) Rhizomorph structures of Hymenomycetes: a possibility to test DNA-based phylogenetic hypotheses? In: Agerer R, Piepenbring M, Blanz P (eds) Frontiers in basidiomycote mycology. IHW, Eching, pp 249–302 Google Scholar Alfredsen G, Solheim H, Jenssen KM (2005) Evaluation of decay fungi in Norwegian buildings. In: Int Res Group Wood Protection 36th Ann Conf. IRG/WP/10562:1–12 Anagnost SE (1998) Light microscopic diagnosis of wood decay. IAWA J 19:141–167 Google Scholar Bao D, Ishihara H, Mori N, Kitamoto Y (2004) Phylogenetic analysis of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.) based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the 5′ portion of 26S rDNA. J Wood Sci 50:169–176 Google Scholar Bavendamm W (1952) Lentinus lepideus (Buxb.) Fr. Holz Roh-Werkstoff 10:337–338 Google Scholar Bavendamm W (1953) Paxillus panuoides Fr. Holz Roh-Werkstoff 11:331–332 Google Scholar Bech-Andersen J (1985) Alkaline building materials and controlled moisture conditions as causes for dry rot Serpula lacrymans growing only in houses. International Research Group on Wood Preservation Document, Secretariat, Stockholm, IRG/WP/1272:1–5 Bech-Andersen J (1995) The dry rot fungus and other fungi in houses. Hussvamp Laboratoriet Forlag, Gl. Holte, Denmark Bech-Andersen J, Andersen C (1992) Theoretical and practical experiments with eradication of the dry rot fungus by means of microwaves. International Research Group on Wood Preservation Document, Secretariat, Stockholm, IRG/WP/1577:1–4 Benko R, Highley TL (1990) Selection of media for scr


Someone whose occupation is a gillie (or ghillie) works where?

ghillie - Memidex dictionary/thesaurus ghillie (shoe)   a shoe without a tongue and with decorative lacing up the instep Synonyms: gillie. Type of: shoe (attendant)   a young male attendant on a Scottish Highlander chief Synonyms: gillie [masculine], gilly [masculine]. Type of: attendant Etymology summary from Scottish Gaelic gille boy | from Scottish Gaelic gille boy, servant (Source: Collins Dictionary)  [more] [plural] | gillie | gilly a type of tongueless shoe with lacing up the instep, originally worn by the Scots | a variant spelling of "gillie" | an attendant or guide for hunting ... (26 of 417 words, 4 definitions, 5 usage examples, pronunciations) Wikipedia: Gillie | Ghillie a Scots term that refers to a man or a boy who acts as an attendant on a fishing, fly fishing, hunting, or deer stalking expedition, primarily in the Highlands or on a river such as the River Spey. In origin it referred especially to someone who... (47 of 253 words) Oxford Dictionary: gillie | ghillie [Scottish] a man or boy who attends someone on a hunting or fishing expedition. | [historical] : a Highland chief's attendant. | (usually "ghillie") : ... (23 of 109 words, 3 definitions, pronunciation)


What two-faced Roman god of beginnings and transitions is a name for a word which has two opposite meanings, and the derivation of the first month of the year?

Janus (Roman Deity) - Credo Reference Cite Image Janus was an important Roman god who protected doorways and gateways. He had two faces, one looking forward, the other backward, just as a door faces two ways. He was also the god of beginnings and endings: January, the first month of the modern calendar year, was named for him. Janus was one of the oldest of the ancient Italian gods. He was the guardian of all entrances, thresholds, beginnings, and endings. For most Romans, Janus's crucial role was to keep evil from crossing the threshold of the home. As the divine gatekeeper, he was depicted holding a porter's staff in one hand and a set of keys in the other. According to Roman poet Ovid (43 BCE–17 CE), these were the keys to the gates of heaven, which Janus opened whenever Jupiter wanted to pass through them himself or allow others to do so. It was also Janus's responsibility to close them afterward. The first hour of every day belonged to Janus, as did the first day of every month, and the first month of every year. Without Janus's blessing, new undertakings were doomed—thus, when Romans prayed, Janus was usually invoked first, even before Jupiter, the ruler of the gods. The Two-Faced Dog of Greek Mythology The two-faced Roman god Janus had no true equivalent in Greek mythology. The closest likeness to him was Orthus or Orthrus, the two-headed hound that guarded the beautiful red cattle belonging to Geryon, the mighty three-bodied, three-headed, six-handed grandson of Medusa. For many years, Geryon lived peacefully on the remote island of Erytheia with his watchdog, his herds, and a herdsman. Then, Heracles came to steal the cattle as one of his labors. Orthus tried to stop the hero, rushing toward him and barking fiercely, but Heracles killed him with a single blow of his club. After slaying the herdsman and then Geryon, Heracles rounded up the cattle and took them in tribute to his cousin Eurystheus, king of Argos. As Geryon's blood spilled out, a tree sprang up that would later bear red, cherry-like fruits when the constellation of the Pleiades rose in the night sky. Orthus was the brother of two of Heracles' other adversaries—Cerberus, the canine guardian of the underworld, and the many-headed serpent the Hydra—and he was the father of a third, the Nemean lion. Some sources say the dog's other offspring was the Theban Sphinx, a monster with a woman's head, a lion's body, and the wings of a bird. The Sphinx waylaid travelers and asked them a famous riddle—"What has four legs in the morning, two legs in the afternoon, and three legs in the evening?" She killed those who failed to answer it correctly. The riddle was finally solved by Oedipus, who gave the answer, "Man." Like his master, Orthus also became connected with the heavens—with Sirius, the Dog Star. The first rising of Sirius occurs in July, after it has been obscured by the sun. The event marked the start of the New Year in Athens. Like Janus, Orthus was depicted with one head looking backward at the old year and one looking ahead to the new year. However, Orthus and the summer New Year never had the same significance in Greece as Janus had in Rome. Guardian of the threshold However, Janus's month was not the first month of the year until the Julian calendar was introduced in 45 BCE, and the start of the Roman year was moved from March to January. After this, Janus's role was extended to protect the threshold of the New Year. In his honor, people celebrated the first of January with gift-giving—coins with the faces of Janus were especially popular. For many centuries Janus had been portrayed with two faces as a sign of his watchfulness over a house's doorway. Now, with the calendar change, his two faces took on a new significance: one face looked back at the year just ended, the other looked forward to the year ahead. No other Roman deity had a double aspect of this nature. Some early statues of Janus from the second century BCE depict him with four faces, but later representations show him with just two, one bearded and the other clean-shaven, possibly symb


What is the common name for the northern hemisphere tree genus Betula, having catkins, winged nuts, and bark that peels in strips?

Betula species | Article about Betula species by The Free Dictionary Betula species | Article about Betula species by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Betula+species Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Medical , Legal , Wikipedia . birch, common name for some members of the Betulaceae, a family of deciduous trees or shrubs bearing male and female flowers on separate plants, widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. They are valued for their hardwood lumber and edible fruits and as ornamental trees. The species of Betulaceae native to the United States represent five genera—Alnus ( alder alder , name for deciduous trees and shrubs of the genus Alnus of the family Betulaceae (birch family), widely distributed, especially in mountainous and moist areas of the north temperate zone and in the Andes. The black alder (A. ..... Click the link for more information. ), Betula (the birches), Corylus ( hazel hazel, any plant of the genus Corylus of the family Betulaceae (birch family), shrubs or small trees with foliage similar to the related alders. They are often cultivated for ornament and for the edible nuts. ..... Click the link for more information. ), and Carpinus ( hornbeam hornbeam or ironwood, name in North America for two groups of trees of the family Betulaceae (birch family), native to the eastern half of the continent. Carpinus caroliniana, also called blue beech and water beech, has smooth gray bark. ..... Click the link for more information. ) and Ostrya (hop hornbeam), both also called ironwood. The sixth genus, Ostryopsis, is restricted to Mongolia. The birches, beautiful bushes or trees of temperate and arctic regions, are often found mingled with evergreens in northern coniferous forests. Most American species are trees of the Northeast; a few smaller and scrub species grow in the West. The close-grained hardwood of several of the trees is valued for furniture, flooring, and similar uses (in America, particularly that of the yellow birch, B. lutea); stained birch provides much of the so-called mahogany of lower-priced furniture. White-barked birches are often used as ornamental trees, e.g., the famous paper, or canoe, birch (B. papyrifera) of the N United States and Canada. Its bark, which separates in layers, was used by the Native Americans for canoes and baskets. Various birches have yielded sugar, vinegar, a tea from the leaves, and a birch beer from the sap. The sweet, or black, birch (B. lenta) is now the chief source of oil of wintergreen wintergreen or checkerberry, low evergreen plant (Gaultheria procumbens) of the family Ericaceae (heath family), native to sandy and acid woods (usually of evergreens) of E North America and frequently cultivated. ..... Click the link for more information. . The Betulaceae is classified in the division Magnoliophyta Magnoliophyta , division of the plant kingdom consisting of those organisms commonly called the flowering plants, or angiosperms. The angiosperms have leaves, stems, and roots, and vascular, or conducting, tissue (xylem and phloem). ..... Click the link for more information. , class Magnoliopsida, order Fagales. birch A moderately strong, high-density wood, yellowish to brown in color; its uniform texture is well suited for veneer, flooring, and turned wood products. See also: Wood Birch   (genus Betula), deciduous monoecious trees and shrubs of the Betulaceae family. The bark of the trunk ranges in color from white to black. The leaves are sequential, simple, and petiolate. The staminate flowers, with two bifurcated stamens, are gathered in hanging catkins, which in summer are formed at the ends of annual shoots. Pistillate flowers without perianths, usually in threes (in dichasia) in axils of bracteal husks, are gathered in single catkins, which are displayed in the spring of the year, when they blossom in axils of young leaflets. The birch tree blooms in early spring, almost simultaneously with the opening of the leaves. The fruit is one-seeded, nutlike, flat, and two-winged. Seeds ripen in the summer or fall. The birc


What capital city lies at the coordinates 53 20N 6 15W?

Latitude and Longitude look up, Latitude and Longitude Definition, Latitude of locations around the world   Country/City:   Latitude:  Longitude: AFGHANISTAN Latitude Longitude Kabul        34� 35' N   69� 12' E ALGERIA Algiers       36� 46' N   30� 3' E ARGENTINA Buenos Aires    34� 35' S   58� 29' W     Cordoba       31� 22' S   64� 15' W     Tucuman       26� 50' S   65� 10' W AUSTRALIA Adelaide      34� 56' S  138� 35' E     Alice Springs    23� 48' S  133� 53' E     Brisbane      27� 28' S  153� 2' E     Darwin       12� 28' S  130� 51' E     Melbourne      37� 49' S  144� 58' E     Perth        31� 57' S  115� 51' E     Sydney       33� 52' S  151� 12' E For other locations in Australia Click her e AUSTRIA Vienna       48� 15' N   16� 22' E AZORES Lajes (Terceira)  38� 45' N   27� 5' W BAHAMAS Nassau       25� 5' N   77� 21' W BANGLADESH Chittagong     22� 21' N   91� 50' E BELGIUM Brussels      50� 48' N   4� 21' E BERMUDA Kindley AFB     33� 22' N   64� 41' W BOLIVIA La Paz       16� 30' S   68� 9' W BRAZIL Belem        1� 27' S   48� 29' W     Belo Horizonte   19� 56' S   43� 57' W     Brasilia      15� 52' S   47� 55' W     Curitiba      25� 25' S   49� 17' W     Fortaleza      3� 46' S   38� 33' W     Porto Alegre    30� 2' S   51� 13' W     Recife        8� 4' S   34� 53' W     Rio De Janeiro   22� 55' S   43� 12' W     Salvador      13� 0' S   38� 30' W     Sao Paulo      23� 33' S   46� 38' W BELIZE Belize       17� 31' N   88� 11' W BULGARIA Sofia        42� 42' N   23� 20' E BURMA Mandalay      21� 59' N   96� 6' E     Rangoon       16� 47' N   96� 9' E CAMBODIA Phnom Penh     11� 33' N  104� 51' E CANADA Cities  Latitude  Longitude ------------------ ALBERTA Calgary AP  51� 6' N 114� 1' W Edmonton AP  53� 34' N 113� 31' W Grande Prairie AP 55� 11' N 118� 53' W Jasper  52� 53' N 118� 4' W Lethbridge AP (S) 49� 38' N 112� 48' W McMurray AP  56� 39' N 111� 13' W Medicine Hat AP  50� 1' N 110� 43' W Red Deer AP  52� 11' N 113� 54' W BRITISH COLUMBIA Dawson Creek  55� 44' N 120� 11' W Fort Nelson AP (S) 58� 50' N 122� 35' W Kamloops Co  50� 43' N 120� 25' W Nanaimo (S)  49� 11' N 123� 58' W New Westminster 49� 13' N 122� 54' W Penticton AP  49� 28' N 119� 36' W Prince George AP (S) 53� 53' N 122� 41' W Prince Rupert Co 54� 17' N 130� 23' W Trail  49� 8' N 117� 44' W Vancouver AP (S) 49� 11' N 123� 10' W Victoria Co  48� 25' N 123� 19' W MANITOBA Brandon  49� 52' N 99� 59' W Churchill AP (S) 58� 45' N 94� 4' W Dauphin AP  51� 6' N 100� 3' W Flin Flon  54� 46' N 101� 51' W Portage La Prairie AP 49� 54' N 98� 16' W The Pas AP (S)  53� 58' N 101� 6' W Winnipeg AP (S) 49� 54' N 97� 14' W NEW BRUNSWICK Campbellton Co  48� 0' N 66� 40' W Chatham AP  47� 1' N 65� 27' W Edmundston Co 47� 22' N 68� 20' W Fredericton AP (S) 45� 52' N 66� 32' W Moncton AP (S)  46� 7' N 64� 41' W Saint John AP  45� 19' N 65� 53' W NEWFOUNDLAND Corner Brook  48� 58' N 57� 57' W Gander AP  48� 57' N 54� 34' W Goose Bay AP (S) 53� 19' N 60� 25' W St John's AP (S) 47� 37' N 52� 45' W Stephenville AP  48� 32' N 58� 33' W NORTHWEST TERRITORIES Fort Smith AP(S) 60� 1' N 111� 58' W Frobisher AP (S) 63� 45' N 68� 33' W Inuvik (S)  68� 18' N 133� 29' W Resolute AP (S) 74� 43' N 94� 59' W Yellowknife AP  62� 28' N 114� 27' W NOVA SCOTIA Amherst  45� 49' N 64� 13' W Halifax AP (S)  44� 39' N 63� 34' W Kentville (S)  45� 3' N 64� 36' W New Glasgow  45� 37' N 62� 37' W Sydney AP  46� 10' N 60� 3' W Truro Co  45� 22' N 63� 16' W Yarmouth AP  43� 50' N 66� 5' W ONTARIO Belleville  44� 9' N 77� 24' W Chatham  42� 24' N 82� 12' W Cornwall  45� 1' N 74� 45' W Hamilton  43� 16' N 79� 54' W Kapuskasing AP (S) 49� 25' N


Name the prehistoric 'humanoid species' found near Lewes UK 1912 and shown to be a hoax in 1953?

Chapter1 Chapter1 1. Review of the evolution of humans:  How science and reason need to work together 2. Slide 2 Extract from Wikipedia ~ http://en.wikipedia.org The story of human evolution began in an African landscape at least 8 million years ago. At least a dozen (hominids) have evolved and as we discover more fossil sites and explore more deeply new surprises continually occur such as the discovery of Homo floresiensis which is remarkable for its small body, small brain, and survival until relatively recent times and yet hunted large animals and used fire. Several of these hominids leave simultaneously and there is little doubt that they did interact with each other. To our knowledge the last hominid to co-exist with human died out as recently as 12 000 years Debate still reigns as to the existence of ape-like men such as the Yeti of the Himalayas, the Sasquatch of North America and the Yowie of Australia. 3. Slide 3 Extract from Wikipedia ~ http://en.wikipedia.org Human evolution is the process of change and development, or evolution, by which human beings emerged as a distinct species. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this change and development occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably physical anthropology and genetics. The term 'human', in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of human evolution usually include other hominids, such as the australopithecines 4. Slide 4 Extract from Wikipedia ~ http://en.wikipedia.org The modern field of paleoanthropology began with the discovery of 'Neanderthal man'; and evidence of other 'cave men' in the 19th century. The idea that humans are similar to certain great apes had been obvious to people for some time, but the idea of the biological evolution of species in general was not legitimized until after Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859. Though Darwin's first book on evolution did not address the specific question of human evolution- "light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history," was all Darwin wrote on the subject- the implications of evolutionary theory were clear to contemporary readers. Debates between Thomas Huxley and Richard Owen focused on the idea of human evolution, and by the time Darwin published his own book on the subject, Descent of Man, it was already a well-known interpretation of his theory- and the interpretation which made the theory highly controversial. Even many of Darwin's original supporters (such as Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Lyell) balked at the idea that human beings could have evolved their apparently boundless mental capacities and moral sensibilities through natural selection. 5. Slide 5 Extract from Wikipedia ~ http://en.wikipedia.org Ardipithecus is a very early hominin genus (subfamily Homininae). Because it shares several traits with the African great apes (genus Pan and genus Gorilla), it is considered by some to be on the chimpanzee rather than human branch, but most consider it a proto-human because of a likeness in teeth with Australopithecus. A. ramidus lived about 5.4 and 4.2 million years ago during the early Pliocene. Two species have been described, Ardipithecus ramidus and Ardipithecus kadabba. The latter was initially described as a subspecies of A. ramidus, but on the basis of teeth recently discovered in Ethiopia has been raised to species rank. A. kadabba is dated to have lived between 5.8 million to 5.2 million years ago. The canine teeth show primitive features that distinguish them from those of more recent hominines. A. kadabba is believed to be the earliest organism yet identified that lies in the human line following its split from the lineage that gave rise to the two modern chimpanzee species. On the basis of bone sizes, Ardipithecus species are believed to have been about the size of a modern chimpanzee. The toe structure of A. ramidus suggests that the creature walked upright, and this poses problems for current theories of the o