How many points are awarded for a touchdown in American football?

BBC Sport - American Football - NFL in a nutshell NFL in a nutshell Guide to the basics of American football BASICS 11 players from each team on field Four 15min quarters Three time-outs per half for each team 12min half-time 15min sudden-death overtime if scores are tied The purpose of the game is to move the ball towards, and ultimately into, the opposition's end zone. This is achieved by either running with the ball until tackled, or throwing the ball downfield to a team-mate. DOWNS Downs are the most fundamental, and confusing, part of the NFL rulebook. The attacking team, or offence, needs to move the ball forward in chunks of at least 10 yards, which is why the pitch has yardage markings. They have four chances, or downs, to gain those 10 yards. When the ball has advanced that far anotherfirst down is earned, with four more chances to go a further 10 yards. If the offensive team fails to move 10 yards within four downs, possession is surrendered, although the ball is usually kicked, or punted, to the defending team on fourth down. While most scoring comes from near the defending team's end zone, a touchdown can be scored from anywhere on the field, and on any down. PLAYS These are the complicated movements involving all 11 players teams use to move the ball downfield. Plays are called by the head coach or quarterback, who is the attacking lynchpin of any team. While the term usually refers to attacking teams, defending teams also use set plays to stop their opponents' forward movement. The offensive team has 30 seconds to get the ball in play or kick a field goal. SCORING Touchdown (six points) A touchdown is scored when a team crosses the opposition's goal line with the ball, or catches or collects the ball in the end zone. Field goal (three points) These are usually attempted on fourth down if the kicker is close enough to the end zone to kick the ball through the posts, or uprights. Extra point (one or two points) A point is earned by kicking the ball through the uprights after a touchdown (similar to a rugby conversion). Two points are earned by taking the ball into the end zone again. Safety (two points) Awarded to the defensive team when a member of the offensive team is tackled with the ball in his own end zone. POSITIONS Although there are only 11 players from each side on the field at any one time, an American football team is made up of 45 players, ranging in size, speed and their roles within the team. The offence A team's attacking players who attempt to move the ball forward and score touchdowns. The key man is the quarterback. On the quarterback's signal, the centre snaps the ball back between his legs to the QB (similar to rugby league's play-the-ball). A typical offensive line-up The quarterback can then either run with the ball, hand it to a running back, or pass it downfield to one of his receivers. 1 & 11 Wide receivers 9 Fullback 10 Running back The plays used by the quarterback can either be pre-arranged or improvised to take advantage of the game's changing shape. The defence The role of the defence is to stop the other team from scoring by tackling the ball-carrier, intercepting passes or causing fumbles. A '3-4' defensive set-up The defence is made up of big, powerful players trying to stop the other team from running the ball, and fast, athletic players trying to prevent the quarterback's passes from reaching his receivers. The defence's power players also attempt to tackle, or sack, the quarterback before he has thrown the ball, while any defender can cause a fumble by knocking the ball from a ball-carrier's grasp. 1 & 3 - Cornerbacks 4, 5, 6, 7 - Linebackers 8 - Strong safety 10 - Nose, or defensive, tackle Special teams Responsible for all plays involving kicks or punts. Special teams play a small but vital role. They come onto the field to execute field goal or extra point attempts, and when the team wants to punt the ball downfield on fourth down. They are also responsible for trying to block the opposition's kicks and punts, as well as attempting to return them as far as possible in t


Which British writer also wrote under the name of Jack Harvey?

Jack Harvey Novels: Ian Rankin: 9780752837888: Books - Amazon.ca By RachelWalker on Dec 22 2002 Format: Paperback This is a must for any fan of Ian Rankin. Each story is an ideal showcase of his talent when writing outside the restrictions set when he is writing his brilliant Inspector Rebus novels, and it is great to know that Rankin is no one-trick pony. Here are presented three early novels written under the name "Jack Harvey". "Witch Hunt" is the first, and is a complex tale about the hunt by a varied group of British Agents to find "The Witch", an audacious and sucessful female terrorist. It's a while since i read this one, but i rememeber enjoying it a lot. The plot is complex, enjoyable, and the characters, a varied bunch, are all fascinating and good to read about. "Bleeding Hearts", is probably the best of the three. It's a brilliantly tense story about a hitman. He carries out a job, but he's suspicious when the police arrive much sooner than expected, as if someone's tipped them off...Who's tried to set him up? Why? He has to find out. This is a well written book, and an excellent thriller. It's pace is great, it solution is unexpected and shocking. It is quite a feat that Rankin makes us like the lead character (the hit-man) who is actually a very likeable man, miles more than the Investigator who is after him, who is highly dislikeable. I enjoyed this one a great deal. "Blood Hunt", the final story, i also enjoyed a great deal. I sped through it and, as i say, enjoyed it immensely, but writing now, i can remember very little of it. It's basically about an ex-SAS man who'se journalist brother is murdered, so he sets out on a quest to discover why. Cue all sorts of mysterious characters, conspiracies, and plot twists, up until an exciting showdown on what i recall as a forested island. Read more › 2 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Sending feedback... Thank you for your feedback. Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try again. By RachelWalker on Dec 22 2002 Format: Paperback This is a must for any fan of Ian Rankin. Each story is an ideal showcase of his talent when writing outside the restrictions set when he is writing his brilliant Inspector Rebus novels, and it is great to know that Rankin is no one-trick pony. Here are presented three early novels written under the name "Jack Harvey". "Witch Hunt" is the first, and is a complex tale about the hunt by a varied group of British Agents to find "The Witch", an audacious and sucessful female terrorist. It's a while since i read this one, but i rememeber enjoying it a lot. The plot is complex, enjoyable, and the characters, a varied bunch, are all fascinating and good to read about. "Bleeding Hearts", is probably the best of the three. It's a brilliantly tense story about a hitman. He carries out a job, but he's suspicious when the police arrive much sooner than expected, as if someone's tipped them off...Who's tried to set him up? Why? He has to find out. This is a well written book, and an excellent thriller. It's pace is great, it solution is unexpected and shocking. It is quite a feat that Rankin makes us like the lead character (the hit-man) who is actually a very likeable man, miles more than the Investigator who is after him, who is highly dislikeable. I enjoyed this one a great deal. "Blood Hunt", the final story, i also enjoyed a great deal. I sped through it and, as i say, enjoyed it immensely, but writing now, i can remember very little of it. It's basically about an ex-SAS man who'se journalist brother is murdered, so he sets out on a quest to discover why. Cue all sorts of mysterious characters, conspiracies, and plot twists, up until an exciting showdown on what i recall as a forested island. Read more › Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Sending feedback... Thank you for your feedback. Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try again.


What - Kumquat Growers - Fresh Florida Kumquats The word KUMQUAT is Chinese for "Gold Orange" because of the color of the fruit.   Not just one Kumquats have been called "the little gold gems of the citrus family". They are believed to be native to China and were included in the genus Citrus until about 1915 when Dr. Walter T. Swingle set them apart in the genus Fortunella. (in honor of the British horticulturist, Robert Fortune who introduced the kumquat to Europe in 1846). "Cumquat" is the common British spelling of the name for the fruit. There are four types (species) of kumquats. They are the Hong Kong Wild (Fortunella hindsii), Marumi (Fortunella japonica), Meiwa (Fortunella crassifolia), and Nagami (Fortunella margarita). The two most common species of kumquats grown in the United States are the 'Nagami' and the 'Meiwa'. Kumquats have a very distinctive taste. It is the only citrus fruit that can be eaten "skin and all." The peel is the sweetest part and can be eaten separately. The pulp contains the seeds and juice, which is sour. When eaten together, you get a sweet and sour taste which is unlike anything else. The seeds, however, should not be eaten. They are similar to the seed of the orange and have a distinctive green color. The seeds also contain pectin, which can be removed by boiling for use in making jams and jellies. Nagami The Nagami or Oval Kumquat (Fortunella.margarita) is the most common variety in the United States. It was introduced into Florida from Japan in 1885 and has been grown commercially in the "Kumquat Capitol," Saint Joseph, Florida since 1895. The Nagami Kumquat is oval in shape, 3/4" to 1" in diameter and between 1" to 2" long. The tartness of the fruit makes them great for use in cooking and/or for marmalades and jellies. The tree is shrub like and is similar to an orange tree in appearance. It is a prolific bearer and very decorative because of the dark green leaves and brilliant orange fruit. The fruit lasts for several months on the tree in warm winter climates. The trees do very well when planted in the yard or in larger pots. They can withstand temperatures as low as 28 degrees and require about the same care as other citrus. They can be grown throughout Florida, but produce larger and juicier fruit when grown in the sandy soils on the hills of eastern Pasco County in central Florida. The kumquat tree is highly resistant and possibly immune to citrus canker. Meiwa The Meiwa or Large Round Kumquat (Fortunella.crassifolia) is grown extensively in China. In Japan, it is also called the ninpo or neiha kinkan. It was introduced into the United States from Japan in 1910, but is still somewhat rare here. Meiwa kumquats are more round in shape and are often referred to as "sweet kumquats". They have few seeds and are best eaten whole. While they are very good to eat, it is not recommended that you use them for cooking or for marmalade as they lack the tartness of the Nagami kumquats. The Meiwa kumquats are not normally available commercially. However, we have had some requests for them in the last few years. Nutritional Informaton


In the TV sitcom 'Friends' what is the name of Phoebe's twin sister?

Ursula Buffay | Friends Central | Fandom powered by Wikia Lisa Kudrow Ursula Pamela Buffay is a fictional character appearing on the two sitcoms Mad About You and Friends. She is portrayed by Lisa Kudrow , who also portrayed her identical twin sister and one of the six main characters on Friends, Phoebe . Ursula originally appeared as a ditzy waitress on Mad About You, working at Paul and Jamie's favorite New York City restaurant, Riff's. When Lisa Kudrow was cast as Phoebe, who also lives in New York City, producers decided to have the character cross over into Friends. Contents [ show ] History Ursula and her twin sister Phoebe were the result of a sexual relationship between Phoebe Abbott , Frank Buffay and Lily Buffay . A scared Phoebe Abbott wasn't ready to be a mother, so she gave them to Lily after giving birth. Lily adopted both twins and she and Frank raised them together. Later Frank abandoned Lily and the twins and Lily married another man. Then Lily's husband went to prison, and Lily committed suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning. Ursula went into care while Phoebe ended up on the streets. Ursula also broke many things of Phoebe's which is mentioned in " The One With Two Parts, Part 1 ". On Mad About You In Mad About You, Ursula was a particularly inept waitress, often forgetting orders entirely. Her character was more fully developed in Friends "as something of an antagonist or evil twin". On the last episode of Mad About You, it was revealed that Ursula would become the Governor of New York in the future. On Friends Ursula often appeared cruel and hostile to twin Phoebe , who was still upset by the things Ursula did to her when they were young, for example, throwing her Judy Jetson thermos under a bus, accidentally breaking her collarbone and stealing her first boyfriend back in junior high. This drove a wedge between the sisters, and the estrangement continued into adulthood. Although Phoebe ended up homeless by her mid-teens, following the various deaths/abandonments/imprisonments of their parents, Ursula apparently did not. How the sisters came to be separated as minors was never revealed. Ursula dated Joey in " The One With Two Parts ". Naturally, Phoebe became worried. Ursula dumped Joey shortly after by not talking to him and avoiding meeting him. Phoebe pretended to be Ursula to break up with Joey gently, but was found out nonetheless. In " The One With The Jam ", Ursula's stalker Malcolm followed Phoebe by mistake. It was revealed in " The One With The Jellyfish " that Ursula had always known the truth about her and Phoebe's parentage. She told Phoebe she had read their adoptive mother's suicide note which revealed the identity of their birth mother, Phoebe Abbott . When Phoebe asked to see the note, she showed Phoebe one that she had hastily written up. In Ursula's word, her version "got the gist" of the original suicide note, which she had apparently lost in the interim. Ursula also sold Phoebe's birth certificate to a Swedish runaway, as revealed in " The One Where They All Turn Thirty "; as a result, Phoebe did not know what her middle name was while Ursula's was "Pamela". In " The One With Joey's Bag ", Phoebe told Ursula their grandma had just died, but Ursula thought she died 5 years ago and had already made peace with it, so wouldn't go to her memorial service, plus Ursula had a concert to go. In " The One Where Chandler Can't Cry ", it was revealed that Ursula works in the pornography industry, using her sister's first name so she was credited as Phoebe Buffay. She appeared in such films as "Buffay the Vampire Layer", "Sex Toy Story 2", "Lawrence of a Labia" (an actual adult film title), and "Inspect Her Gadget". Phoebe paid her back by taking all her checks from the porno film company, as the checks were addressed to "Phoebe Buffay". In " The One With The Halloween Party " Ursula and her fiancé, Eric (played by Sean Penn ) attended a Halloween party thrown by Monica and Chandler. Phoebe discovered that Ursula had been lying to her fiancé claiming that she was a teacher at the Top Secret Sc


The son of Hannah, his name meaning 'Name of God' who was the last of the Old Testament Hebrew judges?

2. The Son and the Psalm of Hannah (1 Samuel 1:1-2:10) | Bible.org 2. The Son and the Psalm of Hannah (1 Samuel 1:1-2:10) Introduction When the Olympic Games were in Atlanta, Georgia, the whole world knew the name and fame of young Kerri Strug. Kerri became the key to the American women’s gymnastic team receiving the gold medal. If she could ace her turn to perform the vault, her team would win the gold medal; if not, they would have to settle for something less. Her first vault was not good, and it resulted in a sprained ankle. Only an excellent second vault could win the gold. As Kerri limped back to the starting line, the world wondered if she would even try, and if so, could she do it? We all know that Kerri did try, and that she performed an excellent vault at the expense of further injury to herself. The result was a gold medal, and much, much more. Kerri’s picture adorned the front page of nearly every newspaper in the world. She was an instant heroine, not only because her vault won her team the gold medal, but because she performed in the midst of great adversity. Had it not been for her previous injury, her performance would already have been forgotten. Because of it, Kerri Strug will long be remembered for her courage and skill at a crucial and difficult time. Hannah’s story is very much like Kerri Strug’s. Hannah was a great woman, the mother of Samuel, one of Israel’s outstanding prophets. Had it not been for her agony and the adversity in her life, the birth of her first child would soon have been forgotten. But her years of agony and her tears of distress make the birth of her son Samuel an incident to be remembered. They form the backdrop for her psalm of praise, which has become a comfort and inspiration to saints down through the ages. Mary, the mother of our Lord, was especially mindful of it, as we see in her own psalm in Luke 1:46-55. Let us look to the birth of Hannah’s son and her psalm, for there is much to learn to apply to our lives today. The Setting In our English Bibles, the Book of 1 Samuel follows the Book of Ruth. In the Hebrew Old Testament manuscripts, 1 Samuel immediately follows the Book of Judges. And so it is in the Hebrew Bible that the last words to be written before our text in 1 Samuel are these: 25 In those days there was no king in Israel; everyone did what was right in his own eyes (Judges 21:25). “Those days” were far from the high water mark of Israel’s spiritual life as a nation. The Book of Judges describes chaotic days in which the Israelites were often oppressed by the surrounding nations. God would send a judge to deliver them, but their freedom lasted only as long as the judge lived. Even their judges were less than model saints. Samson, for example, was a man whose life was dominated by the flesh, rather than the Spirit. The writer of Judges links Israel’s spiritual decay and political chaos to the absence of a king. The book of 1 Samuel records the process by which God provided His people with a king. Like Elizabeth in the New Testament, Hannah is the mother of the prophet who will designate God’s chosen king. Saul will be anointed as Israel’s first king. Then after his rejection by God, David will be anointed as the head of an eternal dynasty. In the midst of spiritual anemia, Hannah and her husband, Elkanah, stand head and shoulders above their peers. Let us listen to this story and the psalm of praise that serves as its climax. The Story Retold Elkanah is a godly descendant of Levi, who lives in the hill country of Ephraim. Because of his place of residence, he is known as an Ephraimite, although he is really of the tribe of Levi (see 1 Chronicles 6:33-38). Elkanah has two wives, Hannah and Peninnah. Peninnah bears children to Elkanah, but Hannah does not (1:2), because God has closed her womb (1:6). Every year, Elkanah, Peninnah and her children, and barren Hannah go up to Shiloh, some 20 miles or so north of Jerusalem where the tabernacle is stationed. They go there to observe one of three annual feasts (1:3; see Exodus 23:14-17; Deuteronomy 16:16). This very


In the Old Testament who led the Israelites into the Promised Land?

SparkNotes: Bible: The Old Testament: Joshua page 1 of 2 Summary After the death of Moses, God calls on Joshua to lead the Israelites across the Jordan River and take possession of the promised land. God guarantees victory in the military campaign and vows never to leave the Israelites so long as they obey his laws. The people swear their allegiance to Joshua, and he sends two spies across the river to investigate the territory. The men enter Jericho, where a prostitute named Rahab hides them in her home and lies to the city officials regarding the spies’ presence. Rahab tells the spies that the Canaanites are afraid of Israel and its miraculous successes. Professing belief in the God of the Israelites, she asks for protection for her family when the Israelites destroy Jericho. The spies pledge to preserve Rahab and return to Joshua, telling him of the weakened condition of Israel’s enemies. The Israelites cross the Jordan River, led by a team of priests carrying the Ark of the Covenant. As the priests enter the water, the flow of the river stops and the Israelites cross the river on dry land. Arriving on the other side, the Israelites commemorate the miracle with an altar of twelve stones from the river bed (representing the twelve tribes of Israel). The people begin to eat the produce of the new land—thus halting the daily supply of manna—and the Israelite men perform the ritual of circumcision in preparation for battle. Approaching Jericho, Joshua encounters a mysterious man who explains that he is the commander of God’s army but that he is neither for nor against Israel. Joshua pays homage to the man and passes on. Following divine instructions, Joshua leads the Israelites in carrying the Ark around Jericho for six days. On the seventh day, the Israelites march around the city seven times. Joshua rallies them to conquer the city and kill everyone except for Rahab. They are to refrain from taking any of the city’s religious items. At the sound of the Israelite war cry, the walls of Jericho collapse, and the Israelites destroy the city and its inhabitants. Joshua’s fame spreads throughout the land, but the Israelites are humiliated in their attempts to take the next city, Ai. God attributes the disaster to the disobedience of Achan, an Israelite who has stolen religious items from Jericho. After the people stone Achan, the renewed attempt against Ai is successful as Joshua masterminds an elaborate ambush against the city’s forces. The Israelites celebrate by erecting an altar to God and publicly reaffirming their commitment to God’s law. Fearful of the marauding Israelites, the people of Gibeon visit the Israelite camp in disguise, claiming to be travelers in the land and requesting peace with Israel. Joshua does not inquire with God and makes a hasty treaty with the men, only to discover later that the Gibeonites are natives of the land to be conquered. The Israelites refrain from attacking the city, but five other local kings attack Gibeon for making peace with Israel. The Israelites come to Gibeon’s aid and destroy the five armies. Joshua helps by commanding God to make the sun stand still during the fight. God listens and stops the sun’s movement—the only time in history, we are told, when God obeys a human. The Israelites continue to destroy the southern and northern cities of Canaan, killing all living inhabitants, as God has stipulated. While much of the promised land still remains to be conquered, the people of Israel begin to settle in the land, dividing it amongst the twelve tribes. After God gives Israel rest from its enemies for many years, an ailing Joshua makes a farewell pronouncement to the nation of Israel. Joshua goads the Israelites to be strong and to obey all of God’s laws, throwing away any idols and refraining from intermarriage with the native people. The people assure Joshua they will be faithful to the covenant, but Joshua reluctantly accepts this assurance, worried that obedience for Israel will prove quite difficult. 1


The Bunyip is a mythical creature in the folklore of which native people?

Bunyip | Non-alien Creatures Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Edit The origin of the word bunyip has been traced to the Wemba-Wemba or Wergaia language of Aboriginal people of South-Eastern Australia. However, the bunyip appears to have formed part of traditional Aboriginal beliefs and stories throughout Australia, although its name varied according to tribal nomenclature. In his 2001 book, writer Robert Holden identified at least nine regional variations for the creature known as the bunyip, across Aboriginal Australia. Various written accounts of bunyips were made by Europeans in the early and mid-19th century, as settlement spread across Australia. The word bunyip is usually translated by Aboriginal Australians today as "devil" or "evil spirit". However, this translation may not accurately represent the role of the bunyip in Aboriginal mythology or its possible origins before written accounts were made. Some modern sources allude to a linguistic connection between the bunyip and Bunjil, "a mythic 'Great Man' who made the mountains and rivers and man and all the animals." The word bunyip may not have appeared in print in English until the mid 1840s. Descriptions of bunyips vary widely. George French Angus may have collected a description of a bunyip in his account of a "water spirit" from the Moorundi people of the Murray River before 1847, stating it is "much dreaded by them… It inhabits the Murray; but…they have some difficulty describing it. Its most usual form…is said to be that of an enormous starfish" Robert Brough Smyth’s Aborigines of Victoria of 1878 devoted ten pages to the bunyip, but concluded "in truth little is known among the blacks respecting its form, covering or habits; they appear to have been in such dread of it as to have been unable to take note of its characteristics." However, common features in many 19th century newspaper accounts include a dog-like face, dark fur, a horse-like tail, flippers, and walrus-like tusks or horns or a duck-like bill. The "Challicum bunyip", an outline image of a bunyip carved by Aborigines into the bank of Fiery Creek, near Ararat, Victoria, was first recorded by The Australasian newspaper in 1851. According to the report, the bunyip had been speared after killing an Aboriginal man. Antiquarian Reynell Johns claimed that until the mid-1850s, Aboriginal people made a "habit of visiting the place annually and retracing the outlines of the figure [of the bunyip] which is about 11 paces long and 4 paces in extreme breadth." Non-Aboriginal Australians have made various attempts to understand and explain the origins of the bunyip as a physical entity over the past 150 years. Writing in 1933, Charles Fenner suggested it was likely the "actual origin of the bunyip myth lies in the fact that from time to time seals have made their way up the …Murray and Darling (Rivers)." He provided examples of seals found as far inland as Overland Corner, Loxton and Conargo and reminded readers "the smooth fur, prominent 'apricot' eyes and the bellowing cry are characteristic of the seal." Another suggestion is that the bunyip may be a cultural memory of extinct Australian marsupials such as the Diprotodon or Palorchestes. This connection was first formally made by Dr. George Bennett of Australian Museum in 1871, but in the early 1990s palaeontologist Pat Vickers-Rich and geologist Neil Archbold also cautiously suggested that Aboriginal legends "perhaps had stemmed from an acquaintance with prehistoric bones or even living prehistoric animals themselves… When confronted with the remains of some of the now extinct Australian marsupials, Aborigines would often identify them as the bunyip." Another connection to the bunyip is the shy Australasian Bittern (Botaurus poiciloptilus). During the breeding season the male call of this marsh dwelling bird is a "low pitched boom," hence it is occasionally called the "bunyip bird." During the early settlement of Australia by Europeans the notion that the bunyip was an actual unknown animal that awaited discovery became common. Early European settlers, unf


Give a year in the life of composer Franz Josef Haydn.

An Introduction to the History of the Classical Period: Franz Josef Haydn | Kibin An Introduction to the History of the Classical Period: Franz Josef Haydn Sign Up & Access Essays Already a member? Login here Pages: 3 This preview is partially blurred. Sign up to view the full document. Sign Up & Access Essays Already a member? Login here End of preview Upgrade to view the full document This is an unformatted preview. Sign up to view the full document End of preview Upgrade to view the full document The classical period 1750 18101750 1810 is what we call the classical period and really any music not composed in this era is not classical music Most of the well known classical composers come from this time such as Haydn Mozart and Beethoven who I have written about know Here are some short biographies of their livesFranz Josef Haydn 1732 -1809In Haydns life he wrote 108 symphonies for 36 weeks starting when he was 27 Most if not all of Haydns music was inspired such as his first string quartet in 1755 He was encouraged by Von Furnburg a musical amateur After his first quartet Haydn was intrigued and produced many more string quartets that delighted everyone including Von Furnberg with their openness and charmShortly after Haydn divorced his wife he was familiar with Mozart Haydn had recognised how great a composer Mozart was far better than himself So until the end of Mozarts life Haydn tried to make other people notice Mozart as well as himself To return the favour Mozart affectionately dedicated six of his quartets to HaydnHaydn really enjoyed his music and he took most of the offers he was given like when he was given So in 1791 he was able to visit London to direct some orchestral concerts The next time Haydn visited London was in 1974 when he had six new symphoniesAs he aged lie moved slowly leading to his death in 1809Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756-1791Mozart was a gifted child and by the age of four he showed extraordinary musical powers and a year later he was composing musicHis first major opera was performed in Millan in 1770 when he was only fourteenIn his short life he produced41 symphonies38 concertos6 quintets29 quartets8 trios47 sonatas23 operas19 massesIn 1781 Mozart earned an unsteady living as a freelance performer and a composer Not many he people recognised how great Mozart was only a few fellow-composers like Haydn He wrote his first @Kibin is a lifesaver for my essay right now!! - Sandra Slivka, student @ UC Berkeley Wow, this is the best essay help I've ever received! - Camvu Pham, student @ U of M If I'd known about @Kibin in college, I would have gotten much more sleep - Jen Soust, alumni @ UCLA


In Norse mythology who is the queen of the underworld and the daughter of Loki?

HEL - the Norse Goddess of the Underworld (Norse mythology) HEL Also known as HELL, HELA Underworld Ice Queen and Goddess of the Inglorious Dead She rules HELHEIM , the Norse Underworld, with an icy fist. The daughter of LOKI and ANGRBODA , she’s an ugly half-dead hag with gangrene legs and a hideous face. Which just shows that sometimes you can judge by appearances. Having been banished to the Underworld by order of ODIN — merely for being the ugly evil daughter of LOKI — she made the place her own and became HEL of the HELHEIM Hell Hall. Which tends to become hellishly confusing. Yes, her name gives us the word ‘Hell’, but her domain is almost the complete opposite of SATAN ’s abode: it’s cold, damp, and populated by the kind of apathetic souls most devils would hardly feel worth the trouble of roasting. In fact most souls go to HELHEIM because they’ve spent their lives sitting on their asses instead of killing, pillaging and then singing rude songs about it. It’s a melancholy and depressing place filled with gloomy pessimistic spirits. Which is why HEL is also Goddess of the Blues. Half her body is blue and the words associated with her say it all: dank, clouds, hunger, tardy feet, splendid misery... Plus authoress of ‘Nine Ways Out Of This World’ and singer of jazz classic ‘Oh Baby, Trouble in Mind’ on the Doom and Gloom label, also known as ‘What the Hel we gonna do now?’ HEL FACTS AND FIGURES Cite this Link to this page HTML: To link to this page, just copy and paste the text below into your blog, web page or email. Godchecker entry on HEL, the Norse Goddess of the Underworld BBCODE: To link to this page in a forum post or comment box, just copy and paste the text below: [url=http://www.godchecker.com/pantheon/norse-mythology.php?deity=HEL]Godchecker entry on HEL, the Norse Goddess of the Underworld[/url] Cite this article Here's the info you need to cite this page. Just copy the text in the box below. Saunders, Chas, and Peter J. Allen, eds. "HEL - the Norse Goddess of the Underworld (Norse mythology)." Godchecker. Godchecker.com / CID, 21 Mar. 2013. Web. 17 January 2017. . 21 March 2013 by the Godchecker Team. Editors: Peter J Allen, Chas Saunders References: Coming soon.


Who was the AC Milan coach when they lost the 2005 Champions League final to Liverpool?

Liverpool 3 - 3 AC Milan | Football | The Guardian The Guardian Liverpool 3 - 3 AC Milan After extra time: Liverpool win 3-2 on penalties It couldn't happen again. Could it? Photograph: Mike Hewitt/Getty. Wednesday 25 May 2005 06.09 EDT First published on Wednesday 25 May 2005 06.09 EDT Close Preamble So here we are. After the long and twisting road to the final there are only two teams left standing in the European Cup. Never mind that they're the second best team on Merseyside and in Italy - they've won it 10 times between them, so their pedigree is unquestionable. It's a tough one to call: I can't see anyone scoring, but neither can I see Shevchenko or Crespo not scoring. My prediction is that a tired Milan side will play very badly and eventually win, because they usually do. The thousands of Liverpool fans who've been gathered outside the Ataturk stadium in Istanbul since early this afternoon would beg to differ, however. Their wildly optimistic predictions have been keeping the Sky news reporters in colourful quote all day. AC Milan coach Carlo Ancelotti has paired Argentine striker Hernan Crespo with European Footballer of the Year Andriy Shevchenko for tonight's final. At the back, Jaap Stam will partner Alessandro Nesta, while captain Paolo Maldini, appearing in his seventh final, is moved out to left back at the expense of Georgian Kakha Kaladze. For Liverpool, there's just one surprise: the under-achieving charlatan that is Harry Kewell has somehow managed to worm his way into the starting line-up and will play behind lone frontman Milan Baros. Didi Hamann and Djibril Cisse miss out and will be cooling their heels on the bench. Meanwhile on ITV1, fledgling pundit Steve McManaman is hoping to see a few goals and a little bit of class tonight. God loves an optimist, but let's face it - it's not as if Macca would recognise either after the season he's just had. The teams AC Milan: 1-Dida; 2-Cafu, 31-Jaap Stam, 13-Alessandro Nesta, 3-Paolo Maldini; 8-Gennaro Gattuso, 21-Andrea Pirlo, 20-Clarence Seedorf; 22-Kaka; 11-Hernan Crespo, 7-Andriy Shevchenko. Liverpool: 1-Jerzy Dudek; 3-Steve Finnan, 23-Jamie Carragher, 4-Sami Hyypia, 21-Djimi Traore; 10-Luis Garcia, 8-Steven Gerrard, 14-Xabi Alonso, 6-John Arne Riise; 7-Harry Kewell; 5-Milan Baros. Referee: Manuel Enrique Mejuto Gonzalez (Spain). Pre-match sniping "Even before the kick-off the Italians are 1-0 up," writes Ben Fitzpatrick. "The Milan team arrive in Turkey immaculately dressed in designer suits, the Liverpool team arrive in suspiciously shiny tracksuits." "I've never, ever understood this whole support-the-English-team-in-Europe rubbish. I sincerely, truly hope that Liverpool get absolutely stuffed tonight," writes Rob Smyth, once of this parish and a devotee of the MU Rowdies Soccerball Kickers. What would you expect from a pig only a grunt? "Do you think the usual cry baby Liverpool fans will be on tonight or will they actually take the initative and actually go and watch the game," wonders Kevin Kennedy. "I think AC will win 3-1 but wish Liverpool lots of luck despite the moaners that follow them." "Rafa knows what he's doing: Milan + Liverpool vs AC Milan = No contest, no?" writes Craig Cottrell, writing furiously on a blackboard covered in complicated looking sums. Pre-match niceties On ITV1, Andy Townsend gets the obligatory "they don't come any bigger than this" out of the way early doors, as 800 Turkish military cadets perform an opening ceremony that's so ripe for mockery it hurts. Unfortunately, there's no time for lampoonery as the teams and their mascots click-clack out of the tunnel and line up on either side of the match officials. Milan's players are wearing an all-white kit, while Liverpool wear their familiar red. The fancy Champions League music draws to a close and is drowned out by a rousing rendition of You'll Never Walk Alone, the Rogers & Hammerstein staple so beloved of Liverpool fans. Maldini and Gerrard exchange penants in the centre circle and after weeks of faffing around it's ... GOAL: Milan 1 - 0 Liverpool: ... an unbelievable


France, Holland and which other country fought on the American side in the US War of Independence?

American War of Independence (1775-1782) American War of Independence (1775-1782) Causes of the War The first of a series of wars of independence that ended European control of both North and South America. The conflict between Britain and her American colonists was triggered by the financial costs of the Anglo-French wars of the previous thirty years, in particular the Seven Years War (1756-63) . A principal theatre of conflict had been in North America, where it was felt that the colonials had failed to play their part either financially or in the fighting. In the years immediately after the war, the army in North America consumed 4% of British government spending. This cost, combined with the victories over the French had increased British interest in their colonies. Ironically, those victories had also removed one element tying the Americans to Britain - fear of French strangulation. In 1756, the French held Canada, the Ohio Valley and the Mississippi, isolating the British colonies on the eastern seaboard. By 1763 that threat had been removed. At the heart of the division between the colonists and Britain was a fundamentally different concept of the purpose of the colonies. To the British, their American lands were there largely to provide raw materials to Britain and be consumers of British manufactured goods. This feeling expressed itself in an increasing control and restriction of American trade and industry that helped to build up resentment, especially in New England, where manufacturing goods for export to the southern colonies was already an important part of the local economy. In contrast, many of the colonists saw themselves as carving a new society from the wilderness, unrestricted by decisions made 3,000 miles away across the Atlantic. These pressures were tolerable as long as British regulation of the rules was fairly lax. However, in the decade before the colonies rebelled there was a new level of interest in exploiting the American colonies. The first move was an attempt to limit further expansion by the colonies. In 1763 it was decided to draw a border behind the existing colonies, along the line of the Alleghenies. The land to the west was to be left to the Indians, who were to be encouraged to become consumers of British goods. New colonists were to be encouraged to go north to Nova Scotia, where they could produce much needed timber for the navy, or south to Florida. This limit on their expansion caused much discontent amongst the colonies, costing many, including George Washington, a good deal of money. The next increase in the tension came in 1765 with the Stamp Act and a trade act know as the Sugar Act. It was the Stamp Act that caused the most protest. This was a direct tax, levied on the paper required for legal transactions and on newspapers. It had been proposed in 1764, and the Americans had been given the year to suggest alternative methods of raising the money needed to administer and defend the colonies. Instead, this year was used to organise opposition to the act. The Stamp Act caused hostility for a variety of reasons. First, the policy of limiting westward expansion that it was intended to help fund was not popular in the colonies. Second, it was the first direct taxation to be imposed on the colonies from London. All previous taxation had been in the form of trade duties. Finally, the act brought to the fore an issue that was bound to eventually emerge - the status of the legislative assemblies that existed in several of the colonies. In Britain they were considered to be subordinate to Westminster on all issues, in the colonies a new theory emerged that the Westminster Parliament had control over imperial issues, but not over colonial taxation. Combined with a boycott of British goods, the riots caused by the Stamp Act caused the fall of the government of Lord Grenville. The new government of Lord Rockingham repealed the Stamp Act in 1766, but at the same time passed a Declaratory Act confirming Parliamentary authority over the colonies. The next government attempt to raise money w


In French what is a bergere, as in Les Folies Bergere?

Folies Bergere : definition of Folies Bergere and synonyms of Folies Bergere (English) Don't speak French? Click here to read a machine-translated version of the French article. Click [show] on the right for instructions. Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. After translating, {{Translated|fr|Folies Bergère}} must be added to the talk page to ensure copyright compliance . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation .   The Folies Bergère in 2011 The Folies Bergère ( French pronunciation:  [fɔ.li bɛʁ.ʒɛʁ] ) established in 1869 in Paris, France, is a music hall which was at the height of its fame and popularity from the 1890s through the 1920s. The institution is still in business. Contents Jules Cheret, Folies Bergère, Fleur de Lotus, 1893 Art Nouveau poster for the Ballet Pantomime   Costume, c. 1900 Located at 32 rue Richer in the 9th Arrondissement , it was built as an opera house by the architect Plumeret . It was patterned after the Alhambra music hall in London. The closest métro stations are Cadet and Grands Boulevards . It opened on 2 May 1869 as the Folies Trévise, with fare including operettas, comic opera, popular songs, and gymnastics. It became the Folies Bergère on 13 September 1872, named after a nearby street, the rue Bergère ("bergère" means "shepherdess"). [1] In 1882, Édouard Manet painted his well-known painting A Bar at the Folies-Bergère which depicts a bar-girl, one of the demimondaines , standing before a mirror. In 1886, Édouard Marchand conceived a new genre of entertainment for the Folies Bergère: the music-hall review. Women would be the heart of Marchand's concept for the Folies. In the early 1890s, the American dancer Loie Fuller starred at the Folies Bergère. In 1902, illness forced Marchand to leave after 16 years. [2]   Josephine Baker in a banana skirt from the Folies Bergère production Un Vent de Folie In 1918, Paul Derval (1880–1966) made his mark on the review. His reviews were to feature extravagant costumes, sets and effects, and his "small nude women". Derval's small nude women would become the hallmark of the Folies. During his 48 years at the Folies, he launched the careers of many French stars including Maurice Chevalier , Mistinguett , Joséphine Baker , Fernandel and many others. In 1926, Joséphine Baker , an African-American expatriate singer, dancer, and entertainer, became an overnight sensation at the Folies Bergère when she performed the Danse sauvage, wearing a costume consisting of a skirt made of a string of artificial bananas and little else. Her erotic dancing and near nude performances were renowned. The Folies Bergère catered to popular taste. Shows featured elaborate costumes; the women's were frequently revealing, practically leaving them naked, and shows often contained a good deal of nudity . Shows also played up the "exoticness" of persons and objects from other cultures, obliging the Parisian fascination with the négritude of the 1920s. In 1936, Derval brought Joséphine Baker from New York to lead the review En Super Folies. Michel Gyarmathy, a young Hungarian arrived from his home in Balasagyarmath, designed the poster for En Super Folies, a show starring Josephine Baker in 1936. This began a long love story between Michel Gyarmathy, Paris, the Folies Bergère et the public of the whole world which lasted 56 years. The funeral of Paul Derval was held on 20 May 1966. He was 86 and had reinged supreme over the most celebrated music hall in the world. His wife Antonia, supported by Michel Gyarmathy, succeeded him. In August 1974, the Folies Antonia Derval passed on the direction of the business to Hélène Martini, the empress of the night (25 years earlier she had been a showgirl in the revues). This new mistre


Which Archbishop of Canterbury conducted the queen's coronation ceremony in 1953?

BBC ON THIS DAY | 2 | 1953: Queen Elizabeth takes coronation oath 1953: Queen Elizabeth takes coronation oath Queen Elizabeth II has been crowned at a coronation ceremony in Westminster Abbey in London. In front of more than 8,000 guests, including prime ministers and heads of state from around the Commonwealth, she took the Coronation Oath and is now bound to serve her people and to maintain the laws of God. After being handed the four symbols of authority - the orb, the sceptre, the rod of mercy and the royal ring of sapphire and rubies - the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Geoffrey Fisher, placed St Edward's Crown on her head to complete the ceremony. A shout of "God Save the Queen" was heard and gun salutes were fired as crowds cheered. The Archbishop and fellow bishops then paid homage to Queen Elizabeth II. In a radio broadcast the Queen said: "Throughout all my life and with all my heart I shall strive to be worthy of your trust". An estimated three million people lined the streets of London to catch a glimpse of the new monarch as she made her way to and from Buckingham Palace in the golden state coach. The ceremony was watched by millions more around the world as the BBC set up their biggest ever outside broadcast to provide live coverage of the event on radio and television. Street parties were held throughout the UK as people crowded round television sets to watch the ceremony. Fireworks The crowds, some of whom had camped out overnight to ensure a prime position, were rewarded when the Queen and other members of her family, including the Queen Mother, appeared on the balcony at Buckingham Palace. Despite the overcast weather conditions the RAF marked the occasion with a fly past down the Mall. A fireworks display then lit up the skies above Victoria Embankment. The Queen replaced her father, King George VI, as monarch following his death on 6 February 1952. After 16 years on the throne he passed away in his sleep and his 25-year-old daughter Elizabeth immediately became Queen. The princess formally proclaimed herself Queen and Head of the Commonwealth and Defender of the Faith in February 1952 but the amount of planning and a wish for a sunny day for the occasion led to the long but excited wait for this day. In Context Over 20 million people watched the BBC coverage of the coronation. Many people crowded round neighbours' sets to watch television for the first time. The broadcast was made in 44 languages.
 There was a shortage of professional coachmen to help transport dignitaries to Westminster Abbey in horse drawn carriages. Millionaire businessmen and country squires offered their services and on the day they dressed up as Buckingham Palace servants and helped take people to the ceremony.
 Many commemorative souvenirs were produced to mark the occasion including a special set of four postage stamps.
 In 2002 the Queen celebrated her Golden Jubilee. She marked her 50 years on the throne with a mammoth tour of the Commonwealth and UK where millions turned out to celebrate during the Jubilee weekend.
 The highlight of the weekend was the 'Party at the Palace' where stars from Ozzy Osbourne and Sir Paul McCartney to S Club 7 and Blue joined forces to entertain the crowds at Buckingham Palace.


Atrophic striae is a medical term for what condition that primarily affects women?

Lichen Planus Symptoms Lichen Planus Symptoms By Dr Liji Thomas, MD Lichen planus (LP) can occur on the skin alone; however, it is also seen inside the oral cavity, on the scalp, nails and the genital mucosa. Symptoms of lichen planus may wax and wane. They may increase during periods of trauma, or during stress and anxiety. Cutaneous LP Lichen planus is a papulosquamous skin disease which produces intense itching (pruritus). It consists of lesions which are characterized by six P’s: Pruritic Papules Plaques The rash starts suddenly, and occurs on the inside of the wrists, the legs and the trunk. The lesions often show a lacy white network covering them, called Wickham’s striae. They may be shiny or be covered with scales. Furthermore, the lesions often appear in lines, especially following lines of trauma such as a scratch or abrasion, which is called Koebner’s phenomenon. They may develop into vesicles or bullae in some cases, or become painful and ulcerated. Forms of cutaneous LP Cutaneous LP occurs in various forms, such as: Linear LP: these consist of close clusters of lesions following lines of trauma. Annular LP: seen in 10% of cases, this variant shows clusters of papules arranged in rings. The appearance may also be due to outward extension of the lesions while they clear towards the center. This type may affect the intertriginous areas, as well as the penis and the oral mucosa. Atrophic LP: this is rare, seen in the form of a few patches which show atrophy towards the surface. Hypertrophic LP: this form is mostly seen on the legs, including the ankles, shins and the interphalangeal joints. It is associated with the most intense itching. It also persists for a long time. When it clears, it leaves behind scarring and pigmentation of the affected area. Vesiculobullous LP: here the lesions are in the form of vesicles or larger bullae, which replace earlier papular lesions. They occur over the lower extremities, the back, the gluteal region or the buccal mucosa. Erosive LP: also known as ulcerative LP, these begin as painful ulcers within oral plaques. They are also seen on the soles as translucent lesions. Oral LP Oral LP typically consists of bluish-white papules, with the typical lacy white covering of Wickham’s striae, gradually enlarging. Although it is usually asymptomatic, the lesions may become ulcerated or spread, becoming very painful. The oral lesions typically affect the sides of the tongue, the buccal mucosa or the gingival mucosa. In about a fourth of patients, the vulva or vagina is also involved. However, oral LP may also be accompanied by lesions in the scalp, the nails and the eyes. Pain, heat sensitivity, dryness of the mouth, a metallic taste and a burning sensation of the affected area may reduce the quality of life in ulcerative forms of oral LP.   Forms of oral LP Oral LP may take any of four forms: Erosive: this is the most painful type and consists of spreading erythematous lesions with irregular ulcers, often complicated by secondary fungal or bacterial infection. Reticular: this is the most common form. It consists of the appearance of Wickham’s striae on any part of the mucosa covering the inside of the mouth, the lips, palate, tongue or gums. It is usually bilateral and not associated with other symptoms. Papular: here the lesions are in the form of bluish-white or reddish spots Atrophic: here atrophic lesions showing gray or white Wickham’s striae occur against an erythematous oral mucosa. Bullous: this consists of large sacs filled with fluid, which break often to leave a painful erosion. Genital LP In men, it mostly affects the glans in an annular pattern. In women, linear white lines appear on the vulva or vagina. These may develop erosions, and be complicated by scarring of the vulval skin. This may cause urethral stenosis or vaginal narrowing. The vulvovaginal lesions are usually pruritic, and may also be associated with burning or soreness. A yellowish or green vaginal discharge may also be seen. The presence of LP may cause severe discomfort during intercourse. Lichen planopilari


Which European female singer's albums have included 'Debut', 'Post', 'Homogenic' and 'Saved By Magic'?

Party songs: part seven of 1000 songs everyone must hear | Music | theguardian.com 808 State 1989 Very much done a disservice by being lumped in by some with the whole Madchester movement, 808 State, named after the Roland TR-808 drum machine, were true electronic innovators. The original line-up was Martin Price, Graham Massey and Gerald Simpson, but the later soon went solo as A Guy Called Gerald and made his own mark with Voodoo Ray. Massey and Price brought in two fresh-faced DJs by the name of the Spinmasters, aka Darren Partington and Andy Barker, who also hosted a seminal radio station on Sunset Radio. Their first two albums, Newbuild and Quadrastate, were pioneering records, and their big crossover hit Pacific State still sounds like nothing else. LB Dancing Queen Abba 1976 Not so much a celebration of dancing, more a piece of reflective melancholy told from the position of the wallflower, a broken-hearted woman who takes vicarious pleasure in watching a 17-year-old dancer. But it’s the musical mix of light and shade that brings this psychodrama to life, the way in which an effortlessly funky disco beat and Benny Andersson’s triumphant piano pounding are slyly undercut by the neurotic strings and the bittersweet vocal delivery. JL AC/DC 1980 When vocalist Bon Scott died of alcohol poisoning in 1980, AC/DC briefly considered calling it a day. Instead, they recruited singer Brian Johnson and released their best single a few months later. The sky-scraping verse, with its themes of immortality, was a typically audacious way for the band to reaffirm itself. The iconic riff remains a bedroom guitarist’s rite-of-passage, still pertinent in the Guitar Hero age, while the song’s surprisingly sparse arrangement predates modern minimalists such as Chicago rock trio Shellac. JP Because I Got High Afroman 2001 Joseph “Afroman” Foreman’s cautionary comedy about the drawbacks of the weed serves as the most effective anti-drug song of the 21st century thus far. A fondness for marijuana leads to an increasingly absurd chain of events in which the protagonist flunks his college class, misses his child support payments, gambles his money away, is unable to perform sexually, loses both his legs in a car accident and is left homeless. JL Aphex Twin 1999 Rumour has it that there is a demo version of this song, with Richard D James, aka Aphex Twin, playing the original idea for the song on guitar. Windowlicker might sound like the strangest song ever to gain mainstream appeal, but at its heart lies a really good tune – and that’s why, despite the permanently shifting song structure and the lunatic polyrhythms, it’s become a something of a classic. EW I Bet You Look Good On the Dancefloor Arctic Monkeys 2005 In an explosion of buzzsaw guitar, Arctic Monkeys announced themselves to the world in spectacular style. Insanely addictive, it masked an observational narrative that made the simple act of eyeing a girl up in a nightclub sound like an act of espionage. Most of all, it made everyone who heard it want to dance – and instant megastars of its creators. Tom Jones, Joe Perry and Sugababes have all had stabs at it, cementing its status as the defining indie party track of the modern age. DM Ashford and Simpson 1979 Husband and wife team Ashford and Simpson were both songwriters and artists in their own right. As songwriters they wrote for Ray Charles, Aretha Franklin and several Motown artists, where their hits included Ain’t No Mountain High Enough and You’re All I Need to Get By for Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell. As artists, their biggest hit was the schmaltzy Solid. In between, they wrote some of the greatest, sweeping orchestral disco songs of the late 70s. Bourgie Bourgie, spun regularly by the legendary DJ Larry Levan at seminal New York nightclub Paradise Garage, was pretty much disco perfection. Anyone who still thinks disco equals Saturday Night Fever should do themselves a favour and search this out. LB The B-52’s 1989 A seemingly effortless meld of Don Was’s slick big-band production, Fred Schneider’s fairground bark, the pipi


In Egyptian mythology, the brother of Horus and Isis, who was the god of storms, and often represented as a hippopotamus?

1000+ images about Sut on Pinterest | Home kitchens, Thunderstorms and The battle Forward Seth Set (Seth, Setekh, Sut, Sutekh, Sety) was one of the most ancient of the Egyptian gods and the focus of worship since the Predynastic Period. As part of the Ennead of Heliopolis he was the son of Nut and Geb and the brother of Osiris, Horus the elder, Isis and Nephthys. He was a storm god associated with strange and frightening events such as eclipses, thunderstorms and earthquakes. He also represented the desert and, by extension, the foreign lands beyond the desert. See More


"""No Irish, No Blacks, No Dogs,"" is the autobiography of which punk rocker?"

John Lydon - Biography - IMDb John Lydon Biography Showing all 83 items Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (1) | Trade Mark  (2) | Trivia  (12) | Personal Quotes  (63) Overview (4) 5' 8" (1.73 m) Mini Bio (1) John Joseph Lydon, more popularly known by his former stage name, Johnny Rotten, is an English singer, songwriter and author. He is best known as the frontman of the British punk band The Sex Pistols , one of the most influential acts in the history of popular music. The band originally lasted from 1975 to 1978, but had various revivals during the 1990s and 2000s. John is also the lead singer of the avant-garde post-punk band Public Image Ltd (PiL), which he founded and fronted from 1978 to 1993, and again since 2009. Known for his no-nonsense way of talking, rebellious image and fashion style, Lydon was seen as a figurehead of the burgeoning punk movement in the 1970s, and, having been a prominent figure in British popular culture for over four decades, in 2002 he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Anonymous Spouse (1) Three younger brothers, Jimmy, Bobby and Martin Lydon Sufferred Spinal Meningitis as a child. Son of John Christopher and Eileen Lydon. Lydon was knifed by offended Royalists after the Sex Pistols' classic anti-monarchy song "God Save The Queen" was released, resulting in the permanent loss of feeling in the middle two fingers of his left hand. He has played the guitar right-handed ever since. The whole "Johnny Rotten" persona was indicated as a stage act in "The Filth & the Fury," the considerably more flattering of two documentaries on the Sex Pistols. Johnny Lydon was said to be a sickly, quiet, bookish type before he joined the group and the documentary showed that many aspects of his stage persona were inspired directly by Laurence Olivier's performance in the film "Richard III": the hunched back, the half-sneer/half-grin, the loud clothes, the tendency to shout insults at any "passersby." The Sex Pistols were voted the 58th Greatest Rock 'n' Roll Artists of all time by Rolling Stone. Is portrayed by Andrew Schofield in Sid and Nancy (1986) Stepfather of Ari Up (née Ariana Forster) of the punk band The Slits. Is portrayed by Mark Windows in 24 Hour Party People (2002). Lives in Los Angeles with his wife and Step-children. He was supposed to be on Pan American World Airways Flight 103 from London's Heathrow International Airport to New York's John F. Kennedy Airport on December 21, 1988, but missed the flight because his wife Nora, hadn't packed in time. The plane crashed over the town of Lockerbie, Scotland when a terrorist bomb exploded in the forward cargo hold, killing all 259 passengers and crew. DJ for BBC Radio Two [October 2002] Personal Quotes (63) On acting: "I hated it. It was too long, too stressful; two minutes' working day and 12 hours' fear and nausea. And no improvising; you're just a hired robot. That might be all right for people that don't have any kind of personality, but if you have anything going for your own self, it's very, very frustrating that way." On being on tour with the other Sex Pistols again: "They don't seem to relate to the world around them. They're stuck in this 1976 vibe. It's very peculiar. It was a bit like walking around with a museum attached to you. But then, I'm perverse enough to enjoy that." On Malcolm Mclaren: "I'm not aware of him anymore. I haven't been for quite a long time." On his relationship with his father: "We never ever spoke, really, seriously at all until the day I left home. And from then on in, it's been friendship total." On body piercing: "It's just a fad now. About as much content in it as Prodigy." On punk in the nineties: "There isn't no such thing anymore. That's something that happened way back in the late 70s. Historically, that's where it belongs. You gotta move on. Anyone imitating that now in the 90's is a bit of a fool. You should have your own thing and stop looking up to Granddad." On hosting his own show: "If the Osmonds have got the opportunity, then


The stage musicals 'Cabaret' and 'Chicago' were both written by the same songwriting team, name either of them.

'Chicago,' 'Cabaret' Lyricist Ebb Dies | Backstage 'Chicago,' 'Cabaret' Lyricist Ebb Dies By AP | Posted Sept. 13, 2004, midnight Share: By Michael Kuchwara New York (AP) -- Fred Ebb, who wrote the lyrics for such hit Broadway musicals as "Chicago" and "Cabaret" as well as the big-city anthem "New York, New York," has died of a heart attack. Ebb died Saturday at his home, said David McKeown, an assistant to composer John Kander, Ebb's longtime collaborator. The lyricist was believed to be 76, although Ebb always was "sweetly vague" about his age, said director Scott Ellis, who worked with him on several shows. With Kander, Ebb wrote the scores for 11 Broadway musicals, many of them for such leading ladies as Gwen Verdon, Chita Rivera, Liza Minnelli and Lauren Bacall. Minnelli was a particular favorite of the songwriting team, and over the years, the duo created special material for the performer's solo appearances on Broadway and on television specials. Among the other musicals Kander and Ebb wrote during their four decades of collaboration were "Kiss of the Spider Woman" (1993), "The Rink" (1984), "Woman of the Year" (1981) and "Zorba" (1968). "New York, New York" was written for the 1977 Martin Scorsese film of the same name, which starred Minnelli and Robert De Niro. The song became a standard, particularly after it was recorded by Frank Sinatra. Together, the songwriting team won Tony Awards for their scores of "Cabaret," "Woman of the Year" and "Kiss of the Spider Woman." In addition, the 2002 film version of "Chicago," directed by Rob Marshall, won the Academy Award for best picture. Born in New York, Ebb went to school at both New York University and Columbia, where he received a master's degree in English literature. The lyricist got his start in the theater writing for revues, one of which, "From A to Z," had a short run on Broadway in 1960. Ebb was brought together with Kander in the 1960s by music publisher Tommy Valando and one of their first collaborations, the song "My Coloring Book," was recorded by Barbra Streisand. The team was hired by producer Harold Prince and veteran director George Abbott to write the score for "Flora, the Red Menace," starring a 19-year-old Minnelli. The show, which opened on Broadway in 1965, was not a success, but Kander and Ebb were signed to do Prince's next musical, a show based on Christopher Isherwood's "Berlin Stories" and the play "I Am a Camera." Called "Cabaret," it opened in November 1966 and ran for 1,165 performances, immediately establishing Kander and Ebb as musical-theater songwriters to watch. The production, set in pre-World War II Germany, featured a huge mirror which reflected back into the audience and featured a sexually provocative master of ceremonies, played by Joel Grey, who taunted and teased the audience in song. "Cabaret" has been revived twice on Broadway -- in 1987 with Grey repeating his role as the lascivious master of ceremonies and again in 1998 by the Roundabout Theatre Company in an environmentally staged production which ran until early this year. The revival of "Chicago," which opened on Broadway in 1996, also has outlasted the original. The first production, starring Verdon and Rivera and directed by Bob Fosse, opened on Broadway in 1975 and, despite a two-year run, was overshadowed by another hit show of that year, "A Chorus Line." But "Chicago," a sardonic, cynical take on murder and mayhem in the 1920s, came into its own with the 1996 revival, which featured Ann Reinking and Bebe Neuwirth. It is still running at the Ambassador Theatre, having recently passed performance number 3,250. The team's last Broadway collaboration, an original musical called "Steel Pier" had a short run in 1997. They also did a musical version of "The Visit," starring Chita Rivera, at Chicago's Goodman Theatre in 2001, but a New York engagement never materialized. At the time of Ebb's death, the team was working on several projects including revising "Over and Over," a musical version of Thornton Wilder's classic "The Skin of Our Teeth," and a murder-mystery music


What is the last event of an Olympic decathlon?

Decathlon - List of Sports List of Sports Leave a comment College decathlete competitors pose at the 2009 NCAA Outdoor Track & Field Championships in Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA. The decathlon is a  combined event  in  athletics  consisting of ten  track and field  events. The word decathlon is of Greek origin (from ???? deka [ten] and ????? athlos [contest]). Events are held over two consecutive days and the winners are determined by the combined performance in all. Performance is judged on a points system in each event, not by the position achieved. The decathlon is contested mainly by male athletes, while female athletes typically compete in the  heptathlon . Traditionally, the title of “World’s Greatest Athlete” has been given to the man who wins the decathlon. This began when King  Gustav V of Sweden  told  Jim Thorpe , “You, sir, are the world’s greatest athlete” after Thorpe won the decathlon at the  Stockholm Olympics  in 1912. The current holder of the title is American  Bryan Clay , the gold medal winner of the event at the 2008  Beijing Olympics , who took the title from  Athens Olympics  Czech champion  Roman Šebrle . The event developed from the ancient  pentathlon . Pentathlon competitions were held at the  ancient Greek Olympics . Pentathlons involved five disciplines –  long jump ,  discus throw ,  javelin throw ,  sprint  and a wrestling  match. [4]  Introduced in Olympia during 708 BC, the competition was extremely popular for many centuries. By the 6th century BC, pentathlons had become part of religious games. The  Amateur Athletic Union  held “all around events” from the 1880s and a decathlon first appeared on the  Olympic athletics program  at the  1904 Games . Format Men’s decathlon The vast majority of international and top level men’s decathlons are divided in to a two-day competition, with the  track and field  events held in the order below. Traditionally, all decathletes who finished the event do a round of honour together after the competition, rather than just the winner or medalling athletes. Day 1 1500 metres Women’s decathlon At major championships, the women’s equivalent of the decathlon is the seven-event  heptathlon ; prior to 1981 it was the five-event  pentathlon . However, in 2001 the  IAAF  approved scoring tables for women’s decathlon; the current world record holder is  Austra Skujyt?  of  Lithuania . Women’s disciplines differ from men’s in the same way as for standalone events: the shot, discus and javelin weigh less, and the sprint hurdles uses lower hurdles over 100 m rather than 110 m. The points tables used are the same as for the heptathlon in the shared events. The schedule of events differs from the men’s decathlon, with the field events switched between day one and day two; this is to avoid scheduling conflicts when men’s and women’s decathlon competitions take place simultaneously. Day 1


One of the most frequent symptoms presented to medics, what is cephalalgia?

Headache Causes You are here: Home / General / Headache Causes Headache Causes by nirjharini   Headaches are one of the most common complaints today in America as well as the rest of the world. Headaches have the capacity to turn your head upside down and distract you greatly from your daily routine. Medically termed as ‘Cephalalgia’, there are several types of common as well as less common headaches , each with their own specific causes, signs and symptoms. Most forms of headaches are rather benign although some headaches may be warning signs of certain ailments in the body and these signs should not be missed at the early stages for the treatment to be effective and to recover from the condition at the earliest. Types of Headaches Based on the Causal Factors The International Headache Society has categorized headaches comprehensively depending on the causal factors. Broadly headaches are divided into two types : Primary and Secondary Headaches. Primary Headaches are those which are not symptomatic of any diagnosed or undiagnosed ailments in the body and are usually caused due to extraneous factors such as tension, fatigue and stress. The stress on classifying headaches under this category is the symptoms presented and not the underlying causes. Migraines, tension type headaches and cluster headaches fall under this category. The headaches falling under this category are the more common types suffered by people worldwide. Secondary Headaches, on the other hand, are mainly caused by certain underlying disease conditions of the body and the headaches are merely manifestations of the ailment that can be perceived by the individual. Conditions such as meningitis, encephalitis, epilepsy and brain tumor can giver rise to secondary headaches. What Causes the Different Types of Headaches? The causal factor for each of the different types of headaches are different and we shall discuss the types and their respective causes in an elaborate manner. Some of the different types of headaches across the two broad categories are: Tension Type Headache, Benign Exertional Headache, Drug Induced Headache, Migraine , Fibrositic Headache, Thunderclap Headache, Medication Overuse Headache, Vascular Headache, Organic Headache and Cluster Headache. In general, some of the more common triggers of headache are: Elevated levels of tension and stress; Poor posture may also trigger tension type headaches Seasonal changes may trigger headaches in few individuals Inadequate or altered patterns of sleep; Food and eating habits Hormonal Triggers Causes of Primary Headaches Tension Type Headache One of the most common types of headaches are those that are caused due to the tensions and pressure associated with work and everyday activities. As the name suggests, tension and stress are the core contributors to this type of headache. Tension headaches tend to affect both sides of the head with mild to moderate pain intensity. The pain is constant and excessive pressure is felt on the head, especially the forehead region. Some of the other factors that are capable of inducing headache are: Physical stress and strain on the body- Long hours of work, working in a seated position for long, inadequate sleep and hard manual labor may aggravate this type of headache. Emotional stress, excessive anxiety and depression also exacerbate headache. Certain food stuff also cause headaches. Food with high concentration of Monosodium glutamate (MSG) and preserved food trigger headaches in few instances. These physical and emotional stressors are responsible for the muscles around the brain and skull to tighten and clench. Muscular spasms thus produced result in the pressure and pain that is felt by the individual as headache. Migraines Migraine headaches can be severe in intensity and are capable of stalling the person’s everyday activities once it strikes. Throbbing or pulsating pain is felt, usually only on one side of the head and sometimes may be accompanied by vomiting and nausea. The pain tends to increase with any physical activity performed by the individual. Migr


An asterisk ( * ) indicates the default context, an at sign (@) indicates an abbreviation, and under the prefixes column, SI indicates that the unit takes all SI prefixes, IEC indicates that the unit takes IEC prefixes, and SI+ and SI- indicate that the unit takes only positive and negative SI prefixes, respectively.  Refer to a unit in the Units package by indexing the name or symbol with the context, for example, hertz[SI] or f[standard]; or, if the context is indicated as the default, by using only the unit name or symbol, for example, hertz or f.    In some cases, it is desirable to represent hertz as revolutions per second.  The default hertz can be changed to this new definition using the command Units[AddUnit]('hertz', 'context'='SI', 'conversion'=2*Pi*'rad'/'s').


Which US singer was born Alecia Moore in 1979, her hits include 'Get the Party Started', 'Family Portrait', 'Stupid Girls' and 'Who Knew'?

P!nk | New Music And Songs | P!nk About P!nk Although initially viewed as another face in the late-'90s crowd of teen pop acts, Pink (professionally known as P!nk) quickly transcended and outgrew that label with her combination of pop songcraft and powerhouse, rock-influenced vocals. Born Alecia Moore on September 8, 1979, in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, P!nk received her nickname as a child, years before she dyed her hair accordingly. She grew up in a musical family and was a regular on the Philadelphia club scene by the age of 13, first as a dancer and then as a backing vocalist for the local hip-hop group Schoolz of Thought. At 14, she began writing her own songs; the same year, a local DJ at Club Fever began inviting her on-stage to sing a song every Friday. P!nk was spotted one night by an executive for MCA Records, who asked her to audition for an R&B group called Basic Instinct. Although P!nk's strong vocals landed her the gig, the group imploded not long after. She was quickly recruited for a female R&B trio called Choice, who signed to L.A. Reid and Babyface's LaFace label on the strength of their demo; however, they too disbanded due to differences over musical direction. During Choice's brief studio time, producer Daryl Simmons asked P!nk to write a bridge section for the song "Just to Be Loving You." Impressed with the results, P!nk rediscovered her songwriting muse, and an equally impressed L.A. Reid soon gave her a solo deal with LaFace. P!nk recorded her solo debut, Can't Take Me Home, with a variety of songwriting partners and dance-pop and R&B producers. Released in 2000, the album was a double-platinum hit; it spun off three Top Ten singles in "There U Go," "Most Girls," and "You Make Me Sick." She toured that summer as the opening act for *N Sync, but soon found herself tired of being pigeonholed as strictly a teen act despite her sassy, forthright persona. As she set about working on her follow-up album, P!nk took part in the remake of Patti LaBelle's "Lady Marmalade" featured on the Moulin Rouge soundtrack, which also featured powerhouse divas Christina Aguilera, Mya, and Lil' Kim. The song was a massive hit, topping the charts in both the U.S. and U.K. while expanding P!nk's own audience. Toward the end of the year, P!nk released her next single, "Get the Party Started," which climbed into the Top Five and became the singer's most inescapable hit to date. Her accompanying sophomore album, M!ssundaztood, quickly went double platinum; it boasted a more personal voice and an eclectic sound, plus heavy contributions from ex-4 Non Blondes singer Linda Perry, who helped bring some more rock muscle to P!nk's sound (as did guest appearances by Steven Tyler and Richie Sambora). M!ssundaztood attracted positive critical notices as well, and its second single, "Don't Let Me Get Me," became another fast-rising Top Ten hit. P!nk next issued Try This in November 2003. The album continued her progression toward more rock-oriented material, due in part to the songwriting collaboration of Rancid frontman Tim Armstrong on eight of the album's tracks. Try This' lead single, "Trouble," cracked the upper regions of Billboard's Top 40 and earned P!nk a Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance. On the home front, P!nk wed motocross racer Carey Hart -- whom she had initially met at 2001's X-Games -- on January 7, 2006, in Costa Rica. Her next album, I'm Not Dead, appeared that April; its first single, "Stupid Girls," quickly became a hit, while "Who Knew" and "U + Ur Hand" both cracked the Top Ten. I'm Not Dead reached platinum status in several countries and helped ramp up anticipation for P!nk's follow-up, Funhouse, which arrived in October 2008. "So What," the album's leadoff single, became her first number one hit since "Lady Marmalade." Another hit, "Please Don't Leave Me," followed in 2009 and all her hits were collected on the 2010 release Greatest Hits...So Far!!!, which was preceded by the single "Raise Your Glass." Around the time of the release of Greatest Hits...So Far!!!, P!nk announced that she and he


Which composer, whose most famous opera is 'Der Freischutz,' died of tuberculosis in London in 1826?

Carl Maria von Weber (1786 - 1826) - Find A Grave Memorial London Greater London, England Composer. He wrote the first important German Romantic opera, "Der Freischutz" ("The Free-Shooter", 1821). The plot, taken from an old folk tale, concerns a hunter who makes a pact with the devil for magic bullets that never miss their targets. Thoroughly German in sound and setting, it challenged the Italian style (epitomized by Rossini) that dominated European opera at the time. "Der Freischutz" was also one of the earliest music dramas to employ leitmotivs (recurring musical themes), a technique subsequently developed by Richard Wagner and his followers. Weber's other major operas were "Euryanthe" (1823) and "Oberon" (1826), though only their overtures are still heard today. His most popular instrumental work, the "Invitation to the Dance" (1819) for piano, is more often performed in an orchestral transcription by Berlioz. Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber was born in Eutin, Holstein, Germany, and studied music with Michael Haydn and Abbe Vogler. He first won fame as a pianist and wrote two piano concertos (1810, 1812) and the "Konzertstuck in F" (1821) for his own performance. From 1813 to 1816 he was director of the Prague Opera and he was appointed director of the Dresden Opera in 1817. As a conductor Weber helped pioneer the use of a baton to lead the orchestra, replacing the Classical method of conducting from the piano or Concertmaster's desk. His advocacy of a German brand of opera, along with his headstrong personality, met with fierce opposition from defenders of the Italian tradition in his country. Even after "Der Freischutz" enjoyed an unprecedented success in Berlin he had to struggle to get his stage works played, and the experiences undermined his health. In 1826 Weber traveled to London to supervise the Covent Garden production of "Oberon", despite the fact that he was gravely ill with tuberculosis. He died soon after the premiere and was interred in the chapel of London's principal Catholic church, St. Mary Moorfields. Weber's nationalist aspirations profoundly influenced future German composers. In 1844 Richard Wagner, one of Weber's successors as head of the Dresden Opera, arranged to have the composer's remains brought back to the city and buried in a grave of honor. Wagner noted in his eulogy that as a youth he had "learned to love music by way of my admiration for Weber's genius". (bio by: Bobb Edwards)   Cause of death: Tuberculosis


At which battle of 1298 was William Wallace defeated by the English?

BBC - Scotland's History - Wallace defeated at the Battle of Falkirk Scotland's History Wars of Independence Wallace defeated at the Battle of Falkirk Wallace defeated at the Battle of Falkirk – 1298 The Adobe Flash player and Javascript are required in order to view a video which appears on this page. You may wish to download the Adobe Flash player . Edward I takes control of the English army and defeats Wallace at Falkirk. Wallace escapes but the Scottish nobles, including Bruce, surrender to Edward. Video: A history of Scotland: Hammers of the Scots.


Who was the coach of Bayern Munich when they lost the 1999 Champions League final to Manchester United, before winning it in 2001?

Borussia Dortmund v Bayern Munich - live Champions League final | Daily Mail Online Borussia Dortmund: Weidenfeller, Piszczek, Subotic, Hummels, Schmelzer, Bender (Sahin 90+1), Gundogan, Blaszczykowski (Schieber 90+1), Reus, Grosskreutz, Lewandowski. Subs: Langerak, Kehl, Leitner, Kirch, Felipe Santana. Goals: Gundogan 67pen. Bayern Munich: Neuer, Lahm, Boateng, Dante, Alaba, Javi Martinez, Schweinsteiger, Robben, Muller, Ribery (Gustavo 90+1), Mandzukic (Gomez 90+4). Subs: Starke, Van Buyten, Shaqiri, Pizarro, Tymoschuk. Goal: Mandzukic 60, Robben 89. Referee: Nicola Rizzoli (Italy) Follow Sportsmail's coverage of the Champions League final as Borussia Dortmund and Bayern Munich clash at Wembley in a bid to become European champions. The all-German clash sees Munich start as marginal favourites having stormed to the Bundesliga title this term, and they will appear in their third final in four years. Dortmund, who were the German champions before Munich wrestled the title from them are appearing in just their second ever Champions League final, but will take inspiration from their first appearance in 1997 when they caused a minor upset to defeat Juventus. Send me your thoughts on the action at  dan.ripley@dailymail.co.uk or via Twitter @Ripinho .   22.00: Ah yes, how could we forget? The season hasn't ended just yet as Monday sees Crystal Palace take on Watford for a place in next season's Premier League. It's worth £120m to the winner so make sure you check back in a couple of days as we will bring you live coverage of the Championship play-off final. That's all from me folks, thanks for following. 21.58: From Sportsmail's Neil Ashton at Wembley Stadium: 'Goalmouth at Bayern end being protected by Wembley groundsmen... Presumably protecting it for Monday's game here.' European champions: Philipp Lahm lifts the Champions League trophy for Bayern Munich 21.55: With the Munich fans singing 'Football's Coming Home', Philipp Lahm lifts the Champions League trophy. On the ground Robert Lewandowski looks on with a tear in his eye - will those celebrating be his team-mates next season? 21.53: Up come the Bayern team, led by manager Jupp Heynckes. German chancellor Angela Merkel greets the players while UEFA president Michel Platini hands out the medals. 21.48: The Dortmund players are given a guard of honour by the Munich players as they go up to collect their runners-up medals. Sebastian Kehl, who was only on the bench this evening, leads the way. Contrast: Bayern Munich players celebrate victory as Dortmund show appreciation to their fans 21.43: Dortmund fans, who have been brilliant all day, are in the majority still in the ground and they applaud their team who stand in a line to say thanks to the travelling support. There's a tear or three among those players. 21.40: That of course now means Bayern Munich will face Chelsea again, this time in the European Super Cup at the start of next season - who writes these scripts? Jose v Pep anyone? 21.35: A dramatic end to a very entertaining final. It's redemption for Robben and Co after their failure to win on home soil last year, but by contrast the Dortmund players look crestfallen as they collapse on the Wembley turf. BAYERN MUNICH HAVE WON THE CHAMPIONS LEAGUE Redemption: Bayern Munich players celebrate winning the Champions League at the final whistle Agony and ecstasy: Munich players celebrate while Dortmund stand dejected at the final whistle Down and out: Kevin Grosskreutz (front) and Marco Reus react after losing the Champions League final Full-time: Borussia Dortmund 1-2 Bayern Munich 90+4min: Time is just about up as Mario Gomez replaces Mandzukic for Bayern. 90+1min: We are into three minutes added on where loads of subs have been made. Dortmund send Nuri Shain and Julian Scheiber on for Bender and Blaszczykowski, while Bayern replace Ribery with Luiz Gustavo. Winning kick: Arjen Robben pokes Bayern Munich ahead in the 89th minute Dejection: Lewandowski (left) and Reus look on preparing to restart following Robben's goal 89min: GOAL! Borussia Dortmund 1-2 BAYERN MUN


What is the popular name of the dance performed to the 'Galop Infernal' from 'Orpheus in the Underworld' by Offenbach?

Galop infernal from Orpheus in the Underworld (J. Offenbach) - Free Flute Sheet Music | flutetunes.com There are no recordings for this tune yet. Submit yours ! Sunday 31 May 2009 Tune of the Day: Can-can Jacques Offenbach's “Galop infernal“ from “Orpheus in the Underworld” Offenbach's operetta Orpheus in the Underworld (Orphée aux enfers) is an irreverent parody and scathing satire on Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice, culminating in this well-known “galop infernal” which has often been copied and has widely been used as the background music for the can-can dance. The can-can is regarded today primarily as a physically demanding music hall dance, performed by a chorus line of female dancers who wear costumes with long skirts, petticoats, and black stockings, that hearkens back to the fashions of the 1890s. The main features of the dance are the lifting up and manipulation of the skirts, with high kicking and suggestive body movements. As you will notice, the main theme is first presented in G major, and then reiterated in D major. Other Movements from the same Work


The writing form known as Linear B was a graphic representation of which specific ancient language?

writing | Britannica.com Writing shorthand Writing, form of human communication by means of a set of visible marks that are related, by convention, to some particular structural level of language . This definition highlights the fact that writing is in principle the representation of language rather than a direct representation of thought and the fact that spoken language has a number of levels of structure, including sentences, words, syllables, and phonemes (the smallest units of speech used to distinguish one word or morpheme from another), any one of which a writing system can “map onto” or represent. Indeed, the history of writing is in part a matter of the discovery and representation of these structural levels of spoken language in the attempt to construct an efficient, general, and economical writing system capable of serving a range of socially valuable functions. Literacy is a matter of competence with a writing system and with the specialized functions that written language serves in a particular society. For discussion of the study of writing as a tool of historical research, see epigraphy and paleography . For more on particular systems not treated below, see hieroglyphic writing and pictography . Writing as a system of signs Languages are systems of symbols; writing is a system for symbolizing these symbols. A writing system may be defined as any conventional system of marks or signs that represents the utterances of a language. Writing renders language visible; while speech is ephemeral , writing is concrete and, by comparison, permanent. Both speaking and writing depend upon the underlying structures of language. Consequently, writing cannot ordinarily be read by someone not familiar with the linguistic structure underlying the oral form of the language. Yet writing is not merely the transcription of speech; writing frequently involves the use of special forms of language, such as those involved in literary and scientific works, that would not be produced orally. In any linguistic community the written language is a distinct and special dialect; usually there is more than one written dialect . Scholars account for these facts by suggesting that writing is related directly to language but not necessarily directly to speech. Consequently, spoken and written language may evolve somewhat distinctive forms and functions. These alternative relations may be depicted as follows: writing immediate constituent analysis It is the fact that writing is an expression of language rather than simply a way of transcribing speech that gives to writing, and hence to written language and to literacy, its special properties. As long as writing was seen merely as transcription, as it was by such pioneering linguists as Ferdinand de Saussure and Leonard Bloomfield earlier in the 20th century, its conceptual significance was seriously underestimated. Once writing was seen as providing a new medium for linguistic expression, its distinctness from speech was more clearly grasped. Scholars such as Milman Parry, Marshall McLuhan , Eric Havelock, Jack Goody, and Walter Ong were among the first to analyze the conceptual and social implications of using written as opposed to oral forms of communication. Writing is merely one, albeit the most important, means of communicating by visible signs. Gestures—such as a raised hand for greeting or a wink for intimate agreement—are visible signs, but they are not writing in that they do not transcribe a linguistic form. Pictures, similarly, may represent events but do not represent language and hence are not a form of writing. But the boundary between pictures and writing becomes less clear when pictures are used conventionally to convey particular meanings. In order to distinguish pictures from pictorial signs, it is necessary to notice that language has two primary levels of structure, which the French linguist André Martinet referred to as the “double articulation” of language: the meaning structures on one hand and the sound patterns on the other. Indeed, linguists define grammar as a system


What treaty signed in March 1918 between Russia and Germany ended Russia's participation in World War 1 and the loss of its Baltic and Ottoman territories?

Russia's Great War and Revolution Contact Us The Treaty of Brest Litovsk The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on March 3, 1918 officially ended Russia’s involvement in World War I. The treaty was signed in time for the Germans to devote all of their resources to a spring offensive on the Western Front. It provided the infant Soviet Republic a short “breathing space” to regroup before the coming civil war. While often disregarded as a historical footnote because it would be abrogated after the German collapse in November 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk actually signaled the emergence of the Soviet Union in the international community. Soviet thinking, attitudes, and conduct toward disengaging from World War I were rooted in their October 1917 “Decree on Peace” which had proclaimed Russia’s desire to make peace with all of the world’s belligerents. Despite the oratorical skills of the Soviets’ lead negotiator and Commissar of Foreign Affairs, Leon Trotsky, this approach fell flat owing to the Germans’ pressing geo-political concerns in the conduct of the War. While the Bolsheviks were propagandizing the notion that it was in the interest of all parties to end the War without annexation and indemnities, the Germans sought to secure all possible resources from the Soviets’ western borderlands in order to continue prosecuting World War I on their western front. The contrast between the two peace delegations at Brest Litovsk revealed the broad gap that was emerging between the Soviet Union and the rest of the world as a result of the 1917 revolution. The leader of the German delegation sent to Brest Litovsk in November 1917, General Max Hoffman, sought the quickest possible solution to his country’s Eastern conflict. Together with a group of fourteen representatives from the Central Power nations (five German officers, four from Austria-Hungary, three from Turkey, and two from Bulgaria) Hoffman’s well-groomed delegation represented the spit and polish of imperial armies—the splendor and glory of the ancient regime. By contrast, the Bolshevik delegation represented the exact opposite. The Russian peace delegation, assembled by Trotsky, consisted of twenty-eight members including workers, soldiers, sailors, women, and (at the last minute) a peasant. These individuals were supposed to represent the masses who had been responsible for the Bolsheviks coming to power. Simply put, the Germans and their allies had never seen such a spectacle at a formal diplomatic meeting. They had little idea how to manage the situation. Trotsky sought to control the agenda from the start with his pronouncements on peace. The facts for the infant Soviet regime, however, were harsh. In December 1917, Germany’s Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Baron Rikhard von Kuhlman, demanded the Soviet delegation present their peace conditions. Using A.A. Ioffe as their spokesman, the Bolsheviks maintained that they intended to quit the war. They expected the Germans to leave Russia without any tangible gains for their years of wartime sacrifice. Although German diplomats responded by acknowledging that both sides had reached a point of departure for their negotiations, the German military would have nothing to do with Soviet rhetoric. As 1917 faded into 1918, the Bolsheviks had to digest that they had done an excellent job in destroying Russia’s military power. Now they were forced to come to terms with Germany’s demands for territory and resources. Without an effective military to counter the Germans, the Soviet position deteriorated on a daily basis. Negotiations reached a breaking point in February 1918 when, after persistent Soviet stalling, the Germans lost patience. They launched an offensive which culminated with the delivery of new, non-negotiable peace terms arriving in Petrograd on February 23rd. Aware that the Bolsheviks possessed no financial resources to pay indemnities, the German government decided to extract its pound of flesh in the form of territorial annexations. The Germans demanded that the Soviets to cede the follo


What spirit drink is the base of a screwdriver cocktail?

Screwdriver Recipe: 6 Ways to Improve the Vodka Drink Stir well . How to Make a Better Screwdriver The Vodka. This is not the place for your best vodka (though use it if you like), but it's also important not to be a complete cheapskate when it comes to the single liquor used in any drink. There are  many great tasting vodkas that are also budget-friendly  on the market today. Explore these options and  find the best 'well' vodka  for your bar and use it in drinks like this. The Orange Juice. If you want the best Screwdriver possible, you should use  fresh-squeezed orange juice.  It is very easy and takes just a few minutes to get enough fresh juice for the drink. If you are going to use a store-bought juice, look for the cleanest, most natural juice available. How to Improve on the Simple Screwdriver While there are only two elements in the Screwdriver, there are a number of other options available that can ramp up your average Screwdriver. Essentially, we're just using the vodka-orange juice base and adding a little to it because sometimes we need to break out of a routine. Here are a few ideas for improving your Screwdriver game... Flavored Vodka - It is the easiest way to add a little spark and flavor contrast. Citrus vodkas would be an obvious option, though something with a little more contrast and will add depth. Try one of the berry vodkas for starters. Either cucumber or vanilla vodkas are amazing here as well. Experiment with your own infusions ; rosemary-strawberry vodka is a very fun base for a Screwdriver. Add a Sweetener - Orange juice has a natural acidity that can be combated with a little sweetener. To keep the flavor profile untouched, add a little simple syrup to your drink. If you want to add another flavor along with sweetness, take a hint from the Tequila Sunrise and add  grenadine or a similar syrup like strawberry or raspberry-lavender . Just a small dollop of syrup will make a world of difference. Add Sparkle - Lighten up your Screwdriver by topping it off with soda . Ginger ale and club soda are two perfect options, though you may also want to consider something a bit more fun like DRY Cucumber or Q Ginger . Also, you can take inspiration from drinks like the Mimosa and add a little sparkling wine. Muddled Fruit - Before pouring your Screwdriver, muddle a few pieces of fresh fruit in your glass. Berries add a nice contrast and kiwi are an easy and fun addition. Lemon, lime, peach, and almost any fruit you can find will add just a little bit of dimension to this simple drink. More Tall Vodka and Orange Juice Cocktails to Enjoy Vodka and orange juice is a favorite combination for many drinkers. If you're looking to step beyond the Screwdriver, give one of these recipes a try. Bocce Ball  - Toss a little amaretto into the mix. Creamsicle  - How about some creamy vanilla? Hairy Navel  - Things get a little peachy in this drink. Harvey Wallbanger  - Top it with a Galliano float. Madras  - Cranberry juice dominates this fruity drink. Related Articles