Jesse Owens, who won four gold medals at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany, represented which country?

Berlin 1936 Summer Olympics - results & video highlights Official Reports arrow Jesse Owens The Berlin Games are best remembered for Adolf Hitler’s failed attempt to use them to prove his theories of Aryan racial superiority. As it turned out, the most popular hero of the Games was the African-American sprinter and long jumper Jesse Owens, who won four gold medals in the 100m, 200m, 4x100m relay and long jump. Television coverage The 1936 Games were the first to be broadcast on television. Twenty-five television viewing rooms were set up in the Greater Berlin area, allowing the locals to follow the Games free of charge. Young Olympians Thirteen-year-old Marjorie Gestring of the US won the gold medal in springboard diving. She remains the youngest female gold medallist in the history of the Summer Olympic Games. Twelve-year-old Inge Sorensen of Denmark earned a bronze medal in the 200m breaststroke, making her the youngest medallist ever in an individual event. Debuts and firsts Basketball, canoeing and field handball all made their first appearances. The Berlin Games also became the first to introduce the torch relay, in which a lighted torch is carried from Olympia in Greece to the site of the current Games. NOCs: 49 Athletes: 3,963 (331 women, 3,632 men) Events: 129 Media: n/a The symbol of fire These Games saw the introduction of the torch relay based on an idea by Dr Carl Diem. A lit torch was carried from Olympia to the site of the Games through seven countries- Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Austria and Germany: a total journey of more than 3,000 km. Television coverage The 1936 Games were also the first to be broadcast on television. Twenty-five television viewing rooms were set up in the Greater Berlin area, allowing the locals to follow the Games free of charge. Leni Riefenstahl's official film « Olympia” is a film that is radically different from all those made about sport before it. The director chose to highlight the aesthetics of the body by filming it from every angle. This film brought about new perspectives in cinematography and still remains without equal. The prizes Apart from medals, the athletes received a winner's crown and an oak tree in a pot. New on the programme For the first time, the programme included men's handball and basketball tournaments. Crowd More than four million tickets sold. Twelve years from Berlin to London As with World War I, the outbreak of hostilities, first in Japan and China and then in Europe, would make it impossible for the Games of the XII and XIII Olympiads to be held in 1940 and 1944 respectively. In fact, it would be 12 years before the Olympic flame would once again burn in an Olympic stadium, in London, in 1948. Ceremonies Berlin 1936. Arrival of the Olympic Flame at the Olympic Stadium. Official opening of the Games by: Chancellor Adolf Hitler Lighting the Olympic Flame by: Fritz Schilgen (athletics) Official Oath by: The officials' oath at an Olympic Summer Games was first sworn in 1972 in Munich. It was created purely by chance- an artist, Johannes Boehland, started by designing an emblem containing the five Olympic rings with a superimposed eagle and the Brandenburg Gate, one of the symbols of the city. However, the President of the Games Organising Committee, Dr Lewald, was not satisfied with this composition and took the initiative to open the bottom part of the emblem, which turned the design into a bell. Although it was purely by chance that it was created, the symbolism of this figure was immediately recognised. On the side of the bell is the inscription “Ich rufe die Jugend der Welt!” (I call the youth of the world). The artist, Johannes Boehland, commissioned to continue designing the emblem on this theme. The definitive emblem was thus composed of the Olympic bell on which can be found the Olympic rings with the German eagle superimposed. As well as the Olympic rings, flame and oath, the bell became one of the strong and omnipresent symbols of the Berlin Games. On the obverse, the traditional goddess of victory, holding a palm in


What country in Southeast Asia about 640 km (400 miles) northwest of Australia that occupies half of one island and two smaller ones, was colonised by Portugal in the 16th century, declared independence on 28 November 1975, was invaded by Indonesia 9 days later and became a sovereign state on 20 May 2002?

Malaysia facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Malaysia FLAG: The national flag consists of 14 alternating horizontal stripes, of which 7 are red and 7 white; a gold 14-pointed star and crescent appear on a blue field in the upper left corner. ANTHEM: Negara Ku (My Country). MONETARY UNIT: The Malaysian ringgit (m$), or dollar, is divided into 100 sen, or cents. There are coins of 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 sens and 1 ringgit, and notes of 1, 5, 10, 20, 100, 500, and 1,000 ringgits. m$1 = us$0.26455 (or us$1 = m$3.78) as of 2005. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: The metric system became the legal standard in 1982, but some British weights and measures and local units also are in use. HOLIDAYS: National Day, 31 August; Christmas , 25 December. Movable holidays include Vesak Day, Birthday of His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Hari Raya Puasa, Hari Raya Haji, the 1st of Muharram ( Muslim New Year), Milad an-Nabi, Dewali, Thaipusam, and the Chinese New Year. Individual states celebrate the birthdays of their rulers and other holidays observed by native ethnic groups. TIME: 7 pm = noon GMT. LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT Situated in Southeast Asia , Malaysia , with an area of 329,750 sq km (127,317 sq mi), consists of two noncontiguous areas: peninsular Malaysia (formerly West Malaysia), on the Asian mainland, and the states of Sarawak and Sabah , known together as East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo . Comparatively, the area occupied by Malaysia is slightly larger than the state of New Mexico . Peninsular Malaysia, protruding southward from the mainland of Asia , comprises an area of 131,587 sq km (50,806 sq mi), extending 748 km (465 mi) sse-nnw and 322 km (200 mi) ene-wsw. It is bordered on the n by Thailand , on the e by the South China Sea, on the s by the Strait of Johore, and on the w by the Strait of Malacca and the Andaman Sea, with a total boundary length of 2,068 km (1,285 mi). Sarawak, covering an area of 124,449 sq km (48,050 sq mi), on the northwest coast of Borneo, extends 679 km (422 mi) nne-ssw and 254 km (158 mi) ese-wnw. It is bounded by Brunei on the n, Sabah on the ne, Indonesia on the e and S, and the South China Sea on the w. Sarawak's total boundary length is 2,621 km (1,629 mi). Situated at the northern end of Borneo, Sabah has an area of 74,398 sq km (28,725 sq mi), with a length of 412 km (256 mi) e–w and a width of 328 km (204 mi) n–s. To the n is the Balabac Strait, to the ne the Sulu Sea, to the se the Celebes Sea, to the s Indonesia, to the sw Sarawak, and to the w the South China Sea, with a total boundary length of 2,008 km (1,248 mi). the total boundary length of Malaysia is 7,344 km (4,563 mi), of which 4,675 km (2,905 mi) is coastline. Malaysia claims several atolls of the Spratly Island group in the South China Sea. The claim, in a region where oil is suspected, is disputed by China , the Philippines , Taiwan , and Vietnam . Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur, is located in the western part of peninsular Malaysia. TOPOGRAPHY Four-fifths of peninsular Malaysia is covered by rain forest and swamp. The northern regions are divided by a series of mountain ranges that rise abruptly from the wide, flat coastal plains. The highest peaks, Gunong Tahan (Mt. Tahan—2,187 m/7,174 ft) and Gunong Korbu (2,183 m/7,162 ft), are in the north central region. The main watershed follows a mountain range about 80 km (50 mi) inland, roughly parallel to the west coast. the rivers flowing to the east, south, and west of this range are swift and have cut some deep gorges, but on reaching the coastal plains they become sluggish. The western coastal plain contains most of the country's population and the main seaports, George Town (on the offshore Pulau Pinang) and Kelang (formerly Port Swettenham). The eastern coastal plain is mostly jungle and lightly settled. It is subject to heavy storms from the South China Sea and lacks natural harbors. Sarawak consists of an alluvial and swampy coastal plain, an area of rolling country interspersed with mountain ranges, and a mountainous interior. Rain forests c


"What was the name of the evil wizard that appeared in the TV series ""The Smurfs""?"

Gargamel (character) | Smurfs Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia German Gurgelhals (only in the old comic books!) "I'll get you, I'll get all of you if that's the last thing I ever do!" Gargamel (A.K.A. "Gargy") is one of the main characters of the Smurfs comic books and the Smurfs cartoon show. In the comic books, he has first appeared in "The Smurfnapper", one of the stories of The Black Smurfs comic book album. In the cartoon show, he has appeared up to Season 8, being the show's main villain, although several similar villains appear in Season 9. He is strongly hated by Grouchy Smurf . Contents [ show ] Character He is the main antagonist who, along with his cat Azrael , and later with a young apprentice named Scruple , continued to plot against the Smurfs in order to capture and/or destroy them. He was responsible for the creation of Smurfette , who was changed into a real Smurf by Papa Smurf . Gargamel is a hateful individual who is willing to commit many sinister and cruel acts to achieve his goals and he can be downright ruthless on occasion, such as enjoying tormenting the Smurfs, threatening to burn Puppy alive, and even attempt to harm the defenseless Baby Smurf . He has even gone out of his way to simply make sure to ruin the happiness of others. However, despite his dark and evil heart, there have been a few occasions where Gargamel has shown a small amount of genuine emotion, most notably with Azrael, who Gargamel has shown real care for on rare occasions despite mistreating him and even goes against Lord Balthazar to defend his cat, claiming that Azrael is all he really has and is quite possibly his only real friend. Also, when he was once forced by Balthazar to behead Puppy with a guillotine, he pleaded with his godfather to find another way before submitting to Balthazar's intimidation. Gargamel's cruelty and evil nature seems to stem from a harsh life and upbringing. One example being that Gargamel hates having his Birthday on Halloween because every year nobody wishes him a Happy Birthday or gives him a present, and all Gargamel really wants is for somebody to remember his Birthday. His mother often mistreats him and tries to make him more evil, while also resenting him for flunking Wizard's School. Deep down Gargamel is lonely and insecure due to being ugly and even admits that no one has ever genuinely said they loved him. In the cartoon show episode "They're Smurfing Our Song", Gargamel is revealed to indeed posses a small amount of goodness somewhere in his heart, as shown when he was moved to tears by Sassette 's kind and loving words as even the force of evil within him could not withstand Sassette's love as she was the first person to ever say they loved him. When affected by Woody 's magic pan flute, Gargamel's inner goodness was brought out due to finally feeling happiness after so long and he revealed to Papa Smurf that he had not been his true self in a long time due to his many years of hate and even apologized to him, and Papa Smurf accepted his apology, knowing full well that everyone had good in their hearts somewhere. The spell of happiness that brought out his goodness was only temporary, but according to Papa Smurf the memory of the event would remain with Gargamel forever. What Does He Need the Smurfs For? Gargamel's motive for capturing all the Smurfs varies, depending on the episode or the media he is presented in. His motives are: To turn them into gold To eat them To destroy them However the cartoon show clearly indicates in some episodes that he wishes to do all three, as noted in his song : Oh, I'll fry a few and pickle a few and serve a few real cold, Then I'll toast a few and roast a few and use the rest for gold. But regardless of his intentions, Gargamel just plain hates the Smurfs. In the original comic book stories, Gargamel kidnapped one of the Smurfs during their first initial encounter with him, and intended to use the Smurf for making gold when the other Smurfs ambushed the wizard in his castle and rescued the abducted Smurf. When trying to use one of his formulas on himse


What was the nickname for a 1913 British Act of Parliament that enabled suffragettes on hunger strike to be released from prison when they became ill?

Suffragettes Suffragettes Explore a new resource that looks at the campaigning techniques of the suffragists and suffragettes. The Suffragettes The suffragists failed to achieve votes for women by peaceful methods. Many women began to advocate a more militant approach. These groups became known as the suffragettes. Their motto was 'Deeds not Words'. In 1903 Emmeline Pankhurst founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) with her daughters Christabel and Sylvia. The WSPU adopted militant tactics. They chained themselves to railings, disrupted public meetings and damaged public property. In 1913, Emily Davison was killed throwing herself under the King's horse at the Derby. Suffragettes were arrested and imprisoned, but continued their protest in prison by hunger strike. Although initially they were fed by force, in 1913 the Prisoners Temporary Discharge for Ill-Health Act was passed in Parliament. Commonly known as the Cat and Mouse Act, this allowed prison authorities to release hunger-striking women prisoners when they became too weak, and re-arrest them when they had recovered. Emmeline Pankhurst was jailed and released on 11 occasions. When the First World War broke out in 1914 the suffragettes and suffragists stopped their campaign in support of the government's war effort. In 1918 - after the war - women were given limited voting rights. Talked Out!


According to the nursery rhyme, where did Peter Peter pumpkin eater keep his wife?

8 Nursery Rhymes With Bizarre Hidden Meanings, Because Peter Pumpkin Eater Is A Murderer 8 Nursery Rhymes With Bizarre Hidden Meanings, Because Peter Pumpkin Eater Is A Murderer By JR Thorpe Apr 3 2015 Nursery rhymes help us learn the basics of language during our early childhood years — but now that you've outgrown your diapers, you may have noticed that a lot of nursery rhymes don't make sense to our modern ears. Pop goes the weasel? Since when do weasels pop?! This disconnect can be partially explained by history: many nursery rhymes are hundreds of years old , and so involve outdated turns of phrase. Popping the weasel, for example, was actually 18th century slang for pawning your coat, making that whole weaselly rhyme an irreverent song about selling your jacket in order to afford a night out on the town. Which still isn't exactly a traditional story to tell children . And the weirdness of traditional nursery rhymes doesn't end there: a few seemingly innocent rhymes actually contain sly references to political events of the day. "Georgie Porgie" (who kissed the girls and made them cry), for instance, isn't about an over-affectionate toddler, but rather George Villiers, a courtier of England's King James I who seduced a lot of women and ran away from their irate husbands. And "Mary, Mary, quite contrary" is actually Mary Queen Of Scots — and her silver bells, cockle shells and "pretty maids" were not implements of gardening, but rather torture devices she used while persecuting the Protestants during her reign. Whoops.  For stories that are a key part of most of our childhoods, nursery rhymes are often blatantly weird once you start thinking about them. Here are 8 of the strangest ones, with their bizarre meanings revealed. Some are just silly, some are violent and inappropriate for kids; but you might want to think twice before reciting any of them the next time you babysit. 8. If You Sneeze On A Monday If you sneeze on Monday, you sneeze for danger; Sneeze on a Tuesday, kiss a stranger; Sneeze on a Wednesday, sneeze for a letter; Sneeze on a Thursday, something better. Sneeze on a Friday, sneeze for sorrow; Sneeze on a Saturday, joy tomorrow. What It's Really About: Luck. Sneezing is an act with a superstitious undercurrent in many cultures. Traditional Flemish belief dictates that  a person who sneezes in a conversation will prove that he's telling the truth, while in northern India, it's  bad luck to sneeze before undertaking a new task. Nursery rhymes that aim to "teach" us about superstition aren't all that uncommon, but this one is so out-there that it takes the cake (or the handkerchief.) 7. Little Jack Jelf Was put on a shelf Because he could not spell "pie"; When his aunt, Mrs. Grace, Saw his sorrowful face, She could not help saying, "Oh, fie!" What It's Really About: Corporal punishment at school. Jack Jelf actually got off pretty lightly — in the 17th and 18th centuries, British schoolchildren were often subjected to intense corporal punishment when they couldn't master their lessons. Aside from the famous dunce's cap (named after the Scottish intellectual John Duns Scotus , whose teachings were seen as such nonsense that his name became synonymous with stupidity), boys at schools could be "birched" (hit with birch twigs), hit with a hickory stick, or made to  stand outside with placards around their necks . The "shelf", in this case, was the  shelf behind the teacher's desk , where poor students could be exiled so that everybody would stare at them for the rest of the day.  6. A Carrion Crow Sat On An Oak [Embed] Ladybird, ladybird, fly away home Your house is on fire and your children are gone, All except one called Anne For she has crept under the frying pan. What It's Really About: People being burned at the stake (maybe). This one dates from at least 1744, and we still don't know what exactly it's about. Some theories hold that it might be about Catholics being burned at the stake if they were caught saying Mass in anti-Protestant England. It also might just be about how killing a ladybug (a.k.


"The first name of the First Lady of which US president was Elizabeth, known as ""Betty""?"

Little-known facts about our First Ladies... Little-known facts about our First Ladies... Martha Washington, 1731-1802 George Washington’s wife was the first to be given the title “lady” by the press, as in “Lady Washington,” and the first wife of a president to appear on U.S. postage stamp.   Abigail Adams, 1744-1818 John Adams’ wife urged her husband to “remember the ladies” when he was writing the nation’s Declaration of Independence in 1776. She also was the first woman to be both a president’s wife and the mother of a president, and the first to live in the White House.   Martha Jefferson, 1748-1782 No known portrait exists of Thomas Jefferson’s wife, who died 18 years before her husband was elected president. Their daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph served as White House hostess, and was the first to give birth in the presidential mansion in Washington, D.C.   Dolley Madison, 1768-1849 James Madison’s wife is the only first lady given an honorary seat on the floor of Congress, and was the first American to respond to telegraph message—sent by inventor Samuel Morse. Elizabeth Monroe, 1768-1830 James Monroe's wife ended the custom of a president's wife making the first social call on the wives of other officials in Washington - and the insulted women boycotted her White House receptions. Louisa Adams, 1775-1852 John Quincy Adams’ wife was the only first lady born in a foreign country—England. She played the harp, wrote satirical plays and raised silkworms.   Rachel Jackson, 1767-1828 Andrew Jackson’s wife was a bigamist, having married Jackson before she was divorced from her first husband. She died after Jackson was elected president but before his inauguration. Her niece Emily Donelson served as White House hostess during most of the Jackson administration. Hannah Van Buren, 1783-1819 Martin Van Buren’s wife—his second cousin—died 18 year before her husband was elected president. Their daughter-in-law Angelica Van Buren served as White House hostess during the last two year of the Van Buren administration.   Anna Harrison, 1775-1864 William Henry Harrison’s wife is the only spouse of a president and grandmother of another. She never lived in the White House because her husband died a month after his inauguration. Their daughter-in-law Jane Harrison served as White House hostess for the shortest time—30 days.   Letitia Tyler, 1790-1842 John Tyler’s first wife was a stroke victim and the first president’s wife to die in the White House. Their daughter Letty Tyler Semple and daughter-in-law Priscilla Cooper Tyler served as White House hostesses until Tyler eloped with his second wife, Julia (1820-1889), who became the first photographed first lady.   Sarah Polk, 1803-1891 James Polk’s wife worked as the president's secretary without taking a salary, and forbid dancing and card playing the White House.   Margaret “Peggy” Taylor, 1788-1852 Zachary Taylor’s wife learned to shoot a gun when she lived with her husband on the Western frontier. When she lived in the White House, she refused to serve as hostess, giving that role to their daughter Betty Taylor Bliss.   Abigail Fillmore, 1798-1853 Millard Fillmore’s wife was the first presidential spouse to work and earn a salary before marriage—as a schoolteacher. She died three weeks after leaving the White House, and her husband later married Caroline Fillmore, a widower who was wealthier than he was.   Jane Pierce, 1806-1863 Franklin Pierce’s wife discouraged her husband’s interest in politics. Two months before his inauguration, Mrs. Pierce was overtaken with grief and depression when she witnessed the gruesome death of their only living son in a train accident. She never completely recovered from the trauma.   Harriet Lane, 1830-1903 James Buchanan’s niece was the White House hostess for the only president to remain a bachelor. An avid art collector, Lane upon her death bequeathed her collection to the Smithsonian Institution, which today includes the National Gallery of Art.   Mary Lincoln, 1818-1882 Abraham Lincoln’s wife was the first to hold séances in the White House


Since 1965, where has the headquarters of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) been located?

OPEC : Brief History Brief History Home About Us Brief History Brief History The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent, intergovernmental Organization, created at the Baghdad Conference on September 10–14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. The five Founding Members were later joined by nine other Members: Qatar (1961); Indonesia (1962) – suspended its membership in January 2009, reactivated it in January 2016, but decided to suspend it again in November 2016; Libya (1962); United Arab Emirates (1967); Algeria (1969); Nigeria (1971); Ecuador (1973) – suspended its membership in December 1992, but reactivated it in October 2007; Angola (2007); and Gabon (1975) - terminated its membership in January 1995 but rejoined in July 2016. OPEC had its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, in the first five years of its existence. This was moved to Vienna, Austria, on September 1, 1965. OPEC's objective is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry. The 1960s OPEC’s formation by five oil-producing developing countries in Baghdad in September 1960 occurred at a time of transition in the international economic and political landscape, with extensive decolonisation and the birth of many new independent states in the developing world. The international oil market was dominated by the “Seven Sisters” multinational companies and was largely separate from that of the former Soviet Union (FSU) and other centrally planned economies (CPEs). OPEC developed its collective vision, set up its objectives and established its Secretariat, first in Geneva and then, in 1965, in Vienna. It adopted a ‘Declaratory Statement of Petroleum Policy in Member Countries’ in 1968, which emphasised the inalienable right of all countries to exercise permanent sovereignty over their natural resources in the interest of their national development. Membership grew to ten by 1969. The 1970s OPEC rose to international prominence during this decade, as its Member Countries took control of their domestic petroleum industries and acquired a major say in the pricing of crude oil on world markets. On two occasions, oil prices rose steeply in a volatile market, triggered by the Arab oil embargo in 1973 and the outbreak of the Iranian Revolution in 1979. OPEC broadened its mandate with the first Summit of Heads of State and Government in Algiers in 1975, which addressed the plight of the poorer nations and called for a new era of cooperation in international relations, in the interests of world economic development and stability. This led to the establishment of the OPEC Fund for International Development in 1976. Member Countries embarked on ambitious socio-economic development schemes. Membership grew to 13 by 1975. The 1980s After reaching record levels early in the decade, prices began to weaken, before crashing in 1986, responding to a big oil glut and consumer shift away from this hydrocarbon. OPEC’s share of the smaller oil market fell heavily and its total petroleum revenue dropped below a third of earlier peaks, causing severe economic hardship for many Member Countries. Prices rallied in the final part of the decade, but to around half the levels of the early part, and OPEC’s share of newly growing world output began to recover. This was supported by OPEC introducing a group production ceiling divided among Member Countries and a Reference Basket for pricing, as well as significant progress with OPEC/non-OPEC dialogue and cooperation, seen as essential for market stability and reasonable prices. Environmental issues emerged on the international energy agenda. The 1990s Prices moved less dramatically than in the 1970s and 1980s, and timely OPEC action reduced the market impact of Middle East hostilities in 1990–91. But excessive volatility and general price weakness dominated the dec


The US state of Alabama is known as what?

Alabama Law Known As "Section 28" Requires Schools To Report Students’ Immigration Status To The State Home / Special Education News – Blog / Alabama Law Known As "Section 28" Requires Schools To Report Students’ Immigration Status To The State Alabama Law Known As "Section 28" Requires Schools To Report Students’ Immigration Status To The State Posted Oct 28 2011 by ADayan in  Uncategorized Today’s NY Times highlights a provision of Alabama law, known as Section 28, which requires schools to record the immigration status of incoming students and forward that information to the state.  The story is just one piece of the broader debate concerning immigration law and immigration reform.    http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/28/us/alabama-immigration-laws-critics-question-target.html?_r=1&emc=tnt&tntemail0=y Although it’s not clear how such information obtained by schools would actually be used, one can imagine some of the consequences it might have.  It could lead to some students whose families have questionable immigration status being denied entry to our schools.  On one side of the debate, if there are students in our educational system whose parents are in the country illegally, with the financial straits and lack of resources plaguing our schools nationally, why should those parents be rewarded with the guarantee of a free public education for their kids?  Taking it a step further, these students are eating up precious funding and resources that otherwise would benefit children whose parents are legal.  You could see how this might affect special education as well – think of the dollars that could be put toward special ed if that money wasn’t funding the education of children whose parents were never legally admitted to the U.S.  On the other side, those children whose parents came here illegally, did not take part in that decision and shouldn’t be punished for their parents’ actions.  First of all, those children who were born in the U.S. are American citizens anyway, regardless of their parents’ immigration status, and therefore are entitled to the same rights as any other citizen.  What about those children who were not born here but were brought over by their parents illegally?  I am not an expert in immigration law, but the NY Times article seems to suggest that a 1982 U.S. Supreme Court decision addressing that issue held that states could not withhold funding for or deny entry to children of illegal immigrants because those kids were not responsible for their immigration status.  The immigration debate is a heated one, for sure.  How Section 28, specifically, will affect education locally and in other states remains to be seen.  If nothing else, this story demonstrates the tension that exists between federal and state government on the issue of immigration, each trying to influence legislation that could have significant ramifications for the country as a whole.


"What nation's boat ""Black Magic I"" won five races to nil in the America's Cup in 1995?"

HISTORY OF THE AMERICA'S CUP - 35th America's Cup HISTORY OF THE AMERICA'S CUP A Brief History of The America's Cup  First contested in 1851, the America’s Cup is the oldest trophy in international sport, predating the modern Olympic Games by 45 years, and is yachting’s biggest prize. The trophy’s roots date back to when a syndicate of businessmen from New York sailed the schooner America across the Atlantic Ocean to represent the United States at the World’s Fair in England. The schooner won a race around the Isle of Wight and, with it, a trophy called the £100 Cup. (It was subsequently inscribed, incorrectly, as the 100 Guineas Cup.) Poster advertising the £100 Cup - an invitational race around the Isle of Wight off the South Coast of England. The yacht America beat the best of the British fleet to win the sterling silver trophy that would become the America’s Cup (named after the yacht, not the country) After winning the trophy, the United States embarked on what would become the longest winning streak in the history of sport, a 132-year stretch of domination that saw boats representing the country successfully defend the trophy 24 times from 1870 through 1980—until 1983, when Australia II became the first successful challenger to lift the trophy. Throughout its history, the America’s Cup has bedazzled a worldwide roster of business and industry tycoons such as Oracle’s Larry Ellison, brewing and real estate mogul Alan Bond, tea merchant Sir Thomas Lipton, aviation pioneer Sir T.O.M. Sopwith, the Aga Khan, media mogul Ted Turner, and Harold S. Vanderbilt, an American railroad executive who won the America’s Cup three times and also helped author the original racing rules of sailing. The yacht America beat the best of the British fleet to win the sterling silver trophy that would become the America’s Cup (named after the yacht, not the country). It’s also attracted larger-than-life sailing figures such as Tom Blackaller, Peter Blake, Paul Cayard, Dennis Conner, and Russell Coutts.  Now, a new generation of sailing superstars have taken up the challenge, like Britain’s Ben Ainslie and Iain Percy, and Australians Jimmy Spithill, Tom Slingsby and Nathan Outteridge, along with Kiwis Dean Barker, Peter Burling and Blair Tuke, and French superstar Franck Cammas   The Whole Story  1. IN THE BEGINNING In 1851 a radical looking schooner ghosted out of the afternoon mist and swiftly sailed past the Royal Yacht stationed in the Solent, between the Isle of Wight and the south coast of England, on an afternoon when Queen Victoria was watching a sailing race. As the schooner, named America, passed the Royal Yacht in first position, and saluted by dipping its ensign three times, Queen Victoria asked one of her attendants to tell her who was in second place.”Your Majesty, there is no second,” came the reply. That phrase, just four words, is still the best description of the America’s Cup, and how it represents the singular pursuit of excellence. Her Majesty Queen Victoria congratulates John Cox Stevens, Commodore of the New York Yacht Club, aboard the yacht America, winner of the £100 Cup. That day in August, 1851, the yacht America, representing the young New York Yacht Club, would go on to beat the best the British could offer and win the Royal Yacht Squadron’s 100 Pound Cup. This was more than a simple boat race however, as it symbolised a great victory for the new world over the old, a triumph that unseated Great Britain as the world’s undisputed maritime power. The trophy would go to the young democracy of the United States and it would be well over 100 years before it was taken away from New York. Shortly after America won the 100 Guinea Cup in 1851, New York Yacht Club Commodore John Cox Stevens and the rest of his ownership syndicate sold the celebrated schooner and returned home to New York as heroes. They donated the trophy to the New York Yacht Club under a Deed of Gift, which stated that the trophy was to be “a perpetual challenge cup for friendly competition between nations.” Thus was born the America’s Cup, named after t


"Ralph Nader's 1965 book ""Unsafe at Any Speed"" targeted which car?"

Ralph Nader Ralph Nader Nationality: United States Executive summary: Unsafe at Any Speed Before Nader's 1965 book, Unsafe at Any Speed, car dashboards were usually made of metal. Seat belts were available only at exotic auto parts stores, where they were expensive and customers had to bolt them to the car's floorboards. Even at low speeds, a car wreck could propel passengers into the metal dashboard or snap the driver's neck on the metal steering wheel. At mid-speed wrecks (say, 20 miles an hour), passengers could be thrown into the windshield, which was made of "safety glass" that could chisel a passenger's face and body. Car doors were not attached to the car's body firmly enough to withstand collision forces, and would often pop open or off in an accident, which would instantly make the car's frame (and the passengers inside) much more likely to be crumpled by the crash. Nader's book focused mostly on the Chevrolet Corvair, but many of the problems detailed were applicable in every auto showroom and highway smash-up. The response to Unsafe at Any Speed led Congress to pass the Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966. And since then, everything that adds the word "safety" to the word "automotive" -- seat belts, air bags, even the idea of manufacturers' recalls, or requiring crash tests -- can be traced to that act of Congress, and to Nader's book. His parents were Lebanese immigrants who ran a restaurant. It's said that Nader had no toys as a child, because his mother thought toys were "a waste of time". In grade school, Nader had few friends, but one of them, David Halberstam , became a noted author, and won a Pulitzer Prize. At Princeton, Nader was a straight-A student who, in his spare time, organized an anti-DDT activist group. Once, leaving the Princeton campus for summer break in his 1949 Studebaker, Nader slammed on the brakes just in time to avoid the jaywalking Albert Einstein . He graduated summa cum laude with a degree in politics, writing a thesis on Lebanese Agriculture. Afterward he attended Harvard Law School and graduated with distinction. Nader worked as a lawyer for several years while researching Unsafe at Any Speed. After that book made him famous he formed Public Citizen, a non-profit activist group dedicated to consumer protection. Its members became known as "Nader's Raiders". Nader also started the U.S. Public Interest Group (PIRG), an umbrella group of state PIRGs fighting corporations and politicians over issues from prescription drug costs to polluted waterways to the economic lunacy of building tax-funded ballparks for billionaire sports team owners. Nader also founded the Center for Study of Responsive Law, Center for Auto Safety, the Disability Rights Center, the Pension Rights Center, the Project for Corporate Responsibility, and the Clean Water Action Project. Without the work of Nader, his followers, and the groups he's organized, there would probably be no Safe Drinking Water Act, no Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), no Environment Protection Agency (EPA), no Consumer Product Safety Administration, and no Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) of 1974. In 1996, Nader ran for President as a Green, mostly scolding Democrat Bill Clinton and Republican Bob Dole over environmental issues. He was able to get on the ballot in 22 states. In 2000, Nader ran for President again, this time using the Green Party to get on the ballot in 44 states. He received prominent support from liberal stalwarts like Michael Moore , Phil Donahue , Eddie Vedder , and Patti Smith . Nader said he didn't trust Al Gore : "Gore changes his clothes three times a day, and he has absolutely no idea who he is." And he denounced George W. Bush as "a giant corporation disguised as a human being." Nader got about 3% of the vote nationwide, while Gore got 48.4% and Bush got 47.9%. In Florida, where Gore and Bush finished in a dead heat, Nader received 97,000 votes. His detractors called Nader an egomaniac, arguing that his candidacy handed Bush the Presidency. Others, including Nader, say he is entitled


In which country is the city of Dundee ?

Dundee | Scotland, United Kingdom | Britannica.com Scotland, United Kingdom George Nicoll Barnes Dundee, major industrial city, royal burgh, and seaport of eastern Scotland . Dundee is the fourth largest city of Scotland by population. It constitutes the council area of Dundee City in the historic county of Angus . About 40 miles (64 km) north of Edinburgh , it is situated on the northern bank of the North Sea inlet known as the Firth of Tay, which is crossed there by the Tay road and rail bridges; Dundee’s frontage on the Tay exceeds 8 miles (13 km). The city extends from the Tay to the Dundee Law, which is a prominent volcanic plug with an elevation of 571 feet (174 metres). Dundee Parish Church, Dundee, Scot. Ydam The earliest mention of the town dates from the late 12th or early 13th century, when it was designated a royal burgh (town). The next four or five centuries saw repeated sackings of the town and much bloodshed at the hands of the English. Dundee was created a city in 1892 and an autonomous county burgh in 1894. Fishing was important in Dundee from early times, and one of Scotland’s largest whaling fleets came to be based there. The city’s traditional textile manufactures became closely linked with whaling in the 19th century after the discovery that jute fibre, when mixed with whale oil , could be woven into sacking for bags and carpet backing. Dundee then emerged as a world centre for jute manufacturing, and the city grew rapidly. Textiles—including linen, canvas, rope, and carpet—are still produced, but since World War II large numbers of workers have been employed in new light manufactures. Dundee is also known for its production of confectionery and preserves, particularly marmalade. During the late 20th century Dundee’s manufacturing sectors gradually declined, and service activities played an increasingly important role in the city’s economy. Dundee became a prominent educational and research centre, with special strengths in information technology and biotechnology research and development. Similar Topics


"""Rock 'n' Roll"", a play by Tom Stoppard that premiered in 2006, takes place in Cambridge, England and what other city?"

Tom Stoppard's Rock 'N' Roll Extends Through November 5 in London; David Calder to Replace Brian Cox - TheaterMania.com Hi, I was on TheaterMania.com and thought you might be interested in seeing this. Cancel Send Email Tom Stoppard's Rock 'N' Roll Extends Through November 5 in London; David Calder to Replace Brian Cox Brian Scott Lipton • New York City • Aug 21, 2006 Tom Stoppard's critically acclaimed drama Rock 'N' Roll has extended its booking at the Duke of York's Theatre in London for another six weeks and is now scheduled to close on November 5. Discussions are underway for a Broadway production of the play. Directed by Trevor Nunn, Rock 'N" Roll stars Sinéad Cusack, Alice Eve, Brian Cox, and Rufus Sewell. On September 26, David Calder will replace Cox in the role of Max. Calder's stage credits include Five Gold Rings, The Little Foxes, and Home. Rock 'N" Roll premiered at the Royal Court before transferring to the West End last month. The play spans the years 1968 to 1990 from the double perspective of Prague, where a rock 'n' roll band comes to symbolize resistance to the Communist regime, and Cambridge, England, where the verities of love and death shape the lives of three generations in the family of a Marxist philosopher. Stoppard is the author of such plays as The Real Thing, Jumpers, and The Invention of Love. His recent, three-part work The Coast of Utopia will be staged this season at Lincoln Center Theater, and San Francisco's A.C.T. will open its season with a production of Stoppard's Travesties. X


Which British laws introduced by the Importation Act of 1815 and repealed in 1846 are examples of British mercantilism, the abolition of which marked a significant step towards free trade?

British Corn Law : 占쏙옙占싱뱄옙 占쏙옙慣占� British Corn Law 占쏙옙占쏙옙占싹깍옙 占쏙옙占쏙옙占쏙옙 占쏙옙占쏙옙 The Corn Laws were import tariffs designed to support domestic British corn prices against competition from less expensive foreign-grain imports between 1815 and 1846. The tariffs were introduced by the Importation Act 1815 (55 Geo. 3 c. 26) and repealed by the Importation Act 1846 (9 & 10 Vict. c. 22). These laws are often viewed as examples of British mercantilism, and their abolition marked a significant step towards free trade. The Corn Laws enhanced the profits and political power associated with land ownership.     A Corn Law was first introduced in Britain in 1804, when the landowners, who dominated Parliament, sought to protect their profits by imposing a duty on imported corn. During the Napoleonic Wars it had not been possible to import corn from Europe. This led to an expansion of British wheat farming and to high bread prices. Farmers feared that when the war came to an end in 1815, the importation of foreign corn would lower prices. This fear was justified and the price of corn reached fell from 126s. 6d. a quarter in 1812 to 65s. 7d. three years later. British landowners applied pressure on members of the House of Commons to take action to protect the profits of the farmers. Parliament responded by passing a law permitting the import of foreign wheat free of duty only when the domestic price reached 80 shillings per quarter (8 bushels). During the passing of this legislation, the Houses of Parliament had to be defended by armed troops against a large angry crowd. This legislation was hated by the people living in Britain's fast-growing towns who had to pay these higher bread prices. The industrial classes saw the Corn Laws as an example of how Parliament passed legislation that favoured large landowners. The manufacturers in particular was concerned that the Corn Laws would result in a demand for higher wages. There was a dreadful harvest in 1816. This caused bread prices to increase rapidly. This was followed by industrial unrest as workers demanded higher wages in order to pay for the increased food prices. As well as strikes there were food riots all over Britain. The Corn Laws had an important political impact on Manchester. It was one of the main reasons why the group of middle-class moderate reformers began meeting at the home of John Potter. It also influenced working class radicals and the Corn Laws was one of the main issues that was to be addressed at the meeting that they had organised at St. Peter's Field on 16th August, 1819.


Who, in 2010, became the first person from outside the British Isles to win the World Snooker Championship title since Cliff Thorburn in 1980, and the first non British player to win the title since Ken Doherty in 1997?

Australian Neil Robertson Clinches 2010 World Snooker Championship | Daily Contributor Australian Neil Robertson Clinches 2010 World Snooker Championship Australian Neil Robertson Clinches 2010 World Snooker Championship Posted by Nel On May 04, 2010 0 Comment Neil Robertson from Australia took home the 2010 World Snooker Championship title after defeating 2006 champion Graeme Dott of Scotland during the finals that finished at 12:54 AM Tuesday, May 4, at The Crucible Theater in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The final score stood at 18-13. Robertson became the first man from outside the British Isles and Ireland to win the tournament since 1980 when Cliff Thorburn of Canada ruled the event. He is also the second Australian to top the tournament, the first being Horace Lindrum in 1952, which until today is being disputed. Completing the four non-British winners is Ken Doherty from Ireland in 1997. “It’s an amazing feeling to be world champion after a Titanic struggle of a match,” said Robertson after winning. Aside from the trophy, he will be receiving 250,000 pounds (381,000 USD) as cash prize. The World Snooker Championships started in 1927 with the modern era being considered since 1969. The record holder is Joe Davis who won 15 times from 1927-1940 and in 1946. Stephen Hendry holds the record for most wins in the modern era with seven titles.


Who was president of the USA when the first shots were fired in the American Civil War at First Sumter?

The First Shot of the Civil War, 1861 The First Shot of the Civil War The Surrender of Fort Sumter, 1861 Printer Friendly Version >>> The election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 provoked the secession of the Southern States from the Union. South Carolina was the first to leave. By the time of the convening of a constitutional convention to establish the Confederacy in February 1861, six other states had joined her. The majority of the Southern leaders who attended the convention expected a peaceful secession; they did not anticipate that their action would lead to bloody conflict. They were wrong. Fort Sumter, lying in the harbor off the city of Charleston, South Carolina, would prove the point. Firing on Fort Sumter From a contemporary illustration. After her secession from the Union, South Carolina perceived herself as a sovereign state - the presence of Union forces in an armed fortress whose guns commanded her principal harbor was intolerable as it belied her independence. For President Lincoln the voluntary abandonment of this fortress was equally intolerable as it would be a tacit acknowledgment of South Carolina's independent status. Lincoln learned that the garrison at Fort Sumter was in trouble on the day he took office in March 1861. The garrison was running out of food and supplies and had no way of obtaining these on shore. The President ordered a relief expedition to sail immediately and informed the Governor of South Carolina of his decision. Alerted, General P.G.T Beauregard, commander of the Confederate military forces, realized he had to quickly force the evacuation of the fort before the relief expedition's arrival. He would try threats first, and if these failed he would bombard the fort into submission. "...that shot was a sound of alarm that brought every soldier in the harbor to his feet." On the afternoon of April 11, waving a white flag, two members of General Beauregard's staff were rowed across Charleston's harbor to Fort Sumter carrying a written demand for surrender. One of the emissaries - Stephen D. Lee - wrote of the experience after the war: "This demand was delivered to Major Anderson at 3:45 P.M., by two aides of General Beauregard, James Chesnut, Jr., and myself. At 4:30 P.M. he handed us his reply, refusing to accede to the demand; but added, 'Gentlemen, if you do not batter the fort to pieces about us, we shall be starved out in a few days.' The reply of Major Anderson was put in General Beauregard's hands at 5:15 P.M., and he was also told of this informal remark. Anderson's reply and remark were communicated to the Confederate authorities at Montgomery. The Secretary of War, L.P. Walker, replied to Beauregard as follows:" 'Do not desire needlessly to bombard Fort Sumter. If Major Anderson will state the time at which, as indicated by him, he will evacuate, and agree that in the meantime he will not use his guns against us, unless ours should be employed against Fort Sumter, you are authorized thus to avoid the effusion of blood. If this, or its equivalent, be refused, reduce the fort as your judgment decides to be most practicable.' " The same aides bore a second communication to Major Anderson, based on the above instructions, which was placed in, his hands at 12:45 A.M., April 12th. His reply indicated that he would evacuate the fort on the 15th, provided he did not in the meantime receive contradictory instructions from his Government, or additional supplies, but he declined to agree not to open his guns upon the Confederate troops, in the event of any hostile demonstration on their part against his flag. Major Anderson made every possible effort to retain the aides till daylight, making one excuse and then another for not replying. Finally, at 3:15 A.M., he delivered his reply. In accordance with their instructions, the aides read it and, finding it unsatisfactory, gave Major Anderson this notification:" 'FORT SUMTER, S.C., April 12, 1861, 3:20 A.M. - SIR: By authority of Brigadier-General Beauregard, commanding the Provisional Forces of the Confederate States, we have the


The Owl and the Pussycat sailed away to the land where what grows?

Edward Lear, The Owl and the Pussycat The Owl and the Pussy-cat went to sea     In a beautiful pea green boat, They took some honey, and plenty of money,     Wrapped up in a five pound note. The Owl looked up to the stars above,     And sang to a small guitar, 'O lovely Pussy! O Pussy my love,       What a beautiful Pussy you are,           You are, What a beautiful Pussy you are!'   II Pussy said to the Owl, 'You elegant fowl!     How charmingly sweet you sing! O let us be married! too long we have tarried:     But what shall we do for a ring?' They sailed away, for a year and a day,     To the land where the Bong-tree grows And there in a wood a Piggy-wig stood     With a ring at the end of his nose,           His nose, With a ring at the end of his nose.


In which country was actor Sam Neill born?

Sam Neill - Biography - IMDb Sam Neill Jump to: Overview  (3) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (2) | Trivia  (18) | Personal Quotes  (10) Overview (3) 5' 11¾" (1.82 m) Mini Bio (1) Sam Neill was born in Omagh, Co. Tyrone, Northern Ireland, to army parents, an English-born mother, Priscilla Beatrice (Ingham), and a New Zealand-born father, Dermot Neill. His family moved to the South Island of New Zealand in 1954. He went to boarding schools and then attended the universities at Canterbury and Victoria. He has a BA in English Literature. Following his graduation, he worked with the New Zealand Players and other theater groups. He also was a film director, editor and scriptwriter for the New Zealand National Film Unit for 6 years. Sam Neill is internationally recognised for his contribution to film and television. He is well known for his roles in Steven Spielberg's Jurassic Park and Jane Campion's Academy Award Winning film The Piano. Other film roles include The Daughter, Backtrack opposite Adrian Brody, Deux Ex Machina, F2014, A Long Way Down, The Tomb, The Hunter with Willem Dafoe, Daybreakers, Legend of the Guardians: The Owls Of G'Ahoole, Little Fish opposite Cate Blanchett, Skin, Dean Spanley, Wimbledon, Yes, Perfect Strangers, Dirty Deeds, The Zookeepers, Bicenntial Man opposite Robin Williams, The Horse Whisperer alongside Kristin Scott Thomas, Sleeping Dogs, My Brilliant Career. He received Emmy and Golden Globe nominations for the NBC miniseries Merlin. He also received a Golden Globe nomination for One Against The Wind, and for Reilly: The Ace of Spies. The British Academy of Film and Television honoured Sam's work in Reilly by naming him Best Actor. Sam received an AFI Award for Best Actor for his role in Jessica. Other television includes House of Hancock, Rake, Doctor Zhivago, To the Ends of Earth, The Tudors with Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Cruseo, Alcatraz and recently in Old School opposite Bryan Brown, Peaky Blinders alongside Cillian Murphy, The Dovekeepers for CBS Studios. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Shanahan Management Spouse (2) (1978      - 1989) (divorced) (1 child) Trivia (18) One son, Tim Neill (b.1983), with Lisa Harrow , a daughter Elena Neill with Noriko Watanabe , and a step-daughter Maiko. Met wife Noriko Watanabe on the set of Dead Calm (1989), where she worked as a make-up artist. He has homes in Beverly Hills, Sydney and New Zealand. Awarded the O.B.E. for Service to Acting (1993). "Best Actor on British Television" for Reilly: Ace of Spies (1983), Australian Film Institute Award "Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role" for A Cry in the Dark (1988) (aka "Cry in the Dark (1988)"). His vineyard is in the Gibbston Valley, Otago. His wine is a Pinot Noir called Two Paddocks. One of the original candidates for the fourth and fifth actor to portray James Bond - 007 in The Living Daylights (1987) and GoldenEye (1995). Timothy Dalton and Pierce Brosnan ended up as James Bond, respectively. Montana is a recurring element in his films: in The Hunt for Red October (1990) he wants to live in Montana; in The Horse Whisperer (1998) he goes to Montana to find with his wife; in Jurassic Park (1993) he is digging up fossils in Montana. He is one of the three founders of Huntaway Films, along with his good friends John Clarke and Jay Cassells . Was considered for the role of the villainous "Doc Ock" in Spider-Man 2 (2004). His wife ended up as the principal make-up & hair stylist for Kirsten Dunst in the movie. He is a big fan of The Beach Boys . Moved to New Zealand at age 7. Good friends with musicians Neil Finn , Tim Finn and Jimmy Barnes . Born to Priscilla Beatrice (Ingham), who was English, and Dermot Neill, a New Zealand army officer. His ancestry includes English, Anglo-Irish (Northern Irish), and Irish. Studied at the University of Canterbury and at the Victoria University in Wellington, from which he graduated with a BA in English Literature. Owns a winery, Two Paddocks, in the Central Otago region of New Zealand. It was started in 1993. Suffered with a stammer when he was younger. Has fluent Iris


A relic that is claimed to be Jesus Christ's burial sheet is associated with which city?

Top 10 Relics of Jesus Christ - Listverse Top 10 Relics of Jesus Christ Eagle1984 October 17, 2012 There are many Holy relics associated with the life of Jesus Christ. Many were discovered centuries ago and on display. Some are not on display, but still well known. Enjoy this fascinating list and be sure to mention any others you know of in the comments. 10 The Seamless Robe of Christ The Holy Robe, Holy Tunic, Holy Coat of Thieves, and Holy Coat of Trier The Holy Tunic of Christ is said to have been worn by Jesus during or shortly before his Crucifixion. It is preserved at the Cathedral of Trier in Germany. In the Gospel of John, the soldiers cast lots on who would receive the tunic because it was woven in one single piece. Hence the name, the Seamless Robe. “Then the soldiers, when they had crucified Jesus, took His garments (ta himatia) and divided them into four parts, to every soldier a part, and the coat (kai ton chitona). Now the coat was without seam, woven whole from the top down. Therefore, they said among themselves, let us not tear it, but cast lots for it, whose it will become. Thus the saying in Scripture was fulfilled: they divided My raiment (ta imatia) among them, and upon My vesture (epi ton himatismon) did they cast lots” (John 19:23-24; quoting the Septuagint version of Psalm 21 [22]:18-19). According to legend, Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, discovered the seamless robe in the Holy Land in the year 327 or 328 along with several other relics, including the True Cross. According to different versions of the story, she either bequeathed it or sent it to the city of Trier, where Constantine had lived for some years before becoming emperor. (The monk Altmann of Hautvillers wrote in the 9th century that Helena was born in that city, though this report is strongly disputed by most modern historians.) The history of the Trier robe is certain only from the 12th century. On May 1, 1196, Archbishop Johann I of Trier consecrated an altar in which the seamless robe was contained. It is no longer possible to determine the exact historical path that the robe took to arrive there, so many hold it to be a medieval forgery. The various attempts at preservation and restoration through the centuries have made it difficult to determine how much of the relic (if genuine) actually stems from the time of Jesus. A scientific examination of the specimen has not been conducted. The stigmatist Therese Neumann of Konnersreuth declared that the Trier robe was authentic. 9 The Holy Lance The Holy Lance (also known as the Spear of Destiny, Holy Spear, Lance of Longinus, Spear of Longinus or Spear of Christ) is the name given to the lance that pierced Jesus’ side as he hung on the cross in John’s account of the Crucifixion. The lance (Greek: λογχη, longche) is mentioned only in the Gospel of John (19:31–37) and not in any of the Synoptic Gospels. The gospel states that the Romans planned to break Jesus’ legs, a practice known as crurifragium, which was a method of hastening death during a crucifixion. Just before they did so, they realized that Jesus was already dead and that there was no reason to break his legs. To make sure that he was dead, a Roman soldier (named in extra-Biblical tradition as Longinus) stabbed him in the side. … but one of the soldiers pierced his side with a lance (λογχη), and immediately there came out blood and water. —John 19:34 8 Crown of Thorns Saint John tells that, in the night between Maundy Thursday and Good Friday, Roman soldiers mocked Christ and his Sovereignty by placing a thorny crown on his head (John 19:12). The crown housed in the Paris cathedral is a circle of canes bundled together and held by gold threads. The thorns were attached to this braided circle, which measures 21 centimeters in diameter. The thorns were divided up over the centuries by the Byzantine emperors and the Kings of France. There are seventy, all of the same type, which have been confirmed as the original thorns. The relics of the Passion presented at Notre-Dame de Paris include a piece of the Cross, which had be


"Which band had a hit record in 1980 with ""Smells Like Teen Spirit""?"

Nirvana | Rolling Stone artists > N > Nirvana >           Bio Nirvana Bio Few bands in rock history have had a more immediate and tangible impact on their contemporary pop musical landscape than Nirvana did in the early Nineties. When the Seattle trio hit the scene in 1991, mainstream radio was awash in the hair metal of Poison and Def Leppard. But seemingly within hours of the release of Nirvana's anarchic, angry single "Smells Like Teen Spirit" — and its twisted anti-pep-rally video—the rules had changed. Artifice was devalued; pure, raw emotion was king. Kurt Cobain, Nirvana's leader, was Seattle's resident genius — and a tortured one at that. Nirvana's reign was tragically cut short on April 5, 1994, when Cobain took his own life following at least one earlier suicide attempt and severe bouts with drug addiction, a chronic stomach ailment, and depression. He was 27. Cobain and Krist Novoselic grew up in Aberdeen, Washington, a small logging town 100 miles southwest of Seattle. When Cobain was eight, his secretary mother and auto-mechanic father divorced, leaving him constantly moving from one set of relatives to another. As a child he loved the Beatles, but by nine discovered the heavier music of Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath, and Kiss. Cobain met the 6-foot-7-inch Novoselic, son of a local hairdresser, through mutual friend Buzz Osborne of the Aberdeen band the Melvins. Osborne introduced them to the hardcore punk of Black Flag and Flipper. In 1987, Cobain and Novoselic, both of whom had long felt alienated from their working-class peers, formed Nirvana and started playing parties at the liberal Evergreen State College in nearby Olympia. The following year, Seattle independent label Sub Pop signed the band and released its first single, "Love Buzz" b/w "Big Cheese." Nirvana's debut album, Bleach, recorded for $606.17, came out in 1989 to kudos from the underground-rock community. It sold an initial 35,000 copies—considerable for an indie-label release. The next year, Nirvana put out another Sub Pop single, "Sliver" b/w "Dive," and recorded six new songs (including "Smells Like Teen Spirit") with producer Butch Vig. They also dismissed Channing and hired Dave Grohl of D.C. hardcore band Scream. Although opposed to major labels in principle, the band claimed it shopped the songs to bigger companies in hopes of getting its message to a larger audience. A major-label bidding war ensued, with DGC ultimately offering the group a $287,000 advance (rumors had it at $750,000). With Nevermind, Nirvana succeeded at getting its rowdy rally to the populace on a grand scale: After an initial shipment of 50,000 copies, the record kept selling, eventually bumping new albums by Michael Jackson, Garth Brooks, U2, and MC Hammer from the top of the chart. Nevermind ultimately sold 10 million copies in the U.S. alone. It also produced another hit, "Come as You Are" (Number 32, 1992). In the wake of that success, Cobain explored a few pet projects, including performing frayed guitar feedback on William Burroughs' The "Priest" They Called Him spoken-word CD and coproducing the Melvins' Houdini album By early 1992, Nirvana's success was biting back. As "Smells Like Teen Spirit" continued climbing up the charts, Cobain began bemoaning the group's meteoric rise, worrying that fans were missing the point of Nirvana's antiestablishment message. Cobain's expressions of support for women and homosexuals also challenged the earlier rock & roll status quo. Simultaneously, his new relationship with Courtney Love, singer of the band Hole, had become a hot topic in the gossip columns. The couple married on February 24. When Love became pregnant with Cobain's child and was quoted in a Vanity Fair article as admitting she had used heroin during the pregnancy, the couple's alleged drug addiction became the subject of intense media scrutiny. Attention to the Cobain-Love affair reached a level of intensity matched in the pop world only by John Lennon and Yoko Ono, or the fated punk couple Sid Vicious and Nancy Spungen. On August 18, 1992, the Cob


What position represents the head of government in Germany?

City Mayors: Local government in Germany Local government in Germany shaped by regional differences By Gregor Gosciniak and Andrew Stevens 12 September 2006: Germany is a federal parliamentary democracy, made up of 16 states. Within the federal system an array of different state and local government systems exist. Largely for historical reasons, there is no common system across Germany. | President | Federal parliament | Upper house | Federal government | Political parties | States | Local government | President The head of the Federal Republic of Germany is the President (Bundespräsident)  currently Horst Köhler, elected in 2004 - though his post is largely ceremonial. The President represents the whole of Germany and does not have the power to make political decisions. The German President is elected for five years by the Bundesversammlung, the special federal assembly convened of members of the federal parliament (Bundestag) and an equal number of representatives from the German states. Parliament (lower house) The German parliament (Bundestag) is based in the German capital Berlin. The Bundestag sits in the Reichtstag building which was built at the end of the 19th century during the imperial era. The name Reichstag itself means Empire Diet. The politicians represented in the Bundestag are the members of parliament. Correctly they are denoted Mitglieder des Bundestages (MdB). The parliament consists of elected members - Germany’s electoral system is a mixture of majority voting and proportional representation known as the Additional Member System (AMS). Half of the seats in parliament are to elected by direct voting by the citizens, the other half are given by lists of candidates drawn up by the political parties in the 16 federal states. Parliament (upper house) The German upper house, the Bundesrat, is the federal body in which the sixteen Länder governments are directly represented. Members of the Bundesrat are not elected by the public but are appointed by their respective state governments. Members tend to be state ministers. The Bundesrat has 69 members. Länder with more than seven million inhabitants have six seats (Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bavaria, Lower Saxony, and the state with most citizens, North Rhine-Westphalia). Hesse, with a population of just over six million, has five seats in the Bundesrat. The Länder with populations of between 2 million and 7 million have four seats each (Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, and Thuringia). The least populous states, those with fewer than 2 million inhabitants, receive three seats each (Bremen, Hamburg, and the Saarland). This system of representation, although designed to reflect the size of the states, affords greater representation per inhabitant to the smaller states. The presidency of the Bundesrat rotates annually among the Länder. By law, each Land delegation is required to vote as a bloc in accordance with the instructions of its government. Most German laws can only be changed if the mayority of the Bundesrat agrees. So even if a law passes the lower chamber, Bundestag, it can be blocked in the upper chamber. Government The leader of the German government is the Federal Chancellor. Angela Merkel, elected in 2005, is the first female head of government in German history. The Chancellor and her ministers form the cabinet, which forms government. By law the Chancellor defines the guidelines for the government’s policies. The ministers represent their own areas of responsibility independently within these guidelines. To elect the Chancellor, a majority vote of members of parliament is needed. Political parties Political parties are a fundamental part of the German and are specifically mentioned in the constitution. They are formed by groups of citizens who wish to get influence on German politics and act as representatives of the people in the Bundestag, state parliaments (Landestage) and in local parliaments. They must prove that they will adhere to the democratic principles of the


Which movement was begun in 1909 by Richard Schirrmann, a German schoolteacher, and Wilhelm Mnker, a conservationist?

A Hostel approach to ending veterans in transition. by Jim P. White (page 1) - issuu issuu Issuu on Google+ Honorary Hostel Housing Concept-2011-Pittsburgh, Pa Hostelling 2011 One Solution to Ending Homelessness: James (Jim) P. White, VAPittsburgh Medical Research Foundation (IRB) Dr. Wayne Nickens, MD; & Reverend Michael Wurschmidt, VA Chaplain and Director Veterans Transition Home Pride Street. The Nations First and Not the Last: History of Hostel’s. The hostel movement was begun in 1909 by Richard Schirrmann, a German schoolteacher, and Wilhelm Münker, a conservationist, who saw the need for overnight accommodation for school groups so that they could experience the countryside. This started with schools being used during the holidays. The first Jugendherberge (youth hostel) was opened in Schirrmann's own school, in Altena, Westphalia. In 1912 it was replaced by a permanent hostel in Altena Castle, and there is still a hostel in the castle grounds today. Schirrmann founded the nationwide German Youth Hostel Association in 1919. Elder and youth hostels mostly of a 503 © non-profit exceed (xxxx) today here in the United States and internationally. Is primarily a tourism and travel structured paradigm for temporary students or fix income retirees. Single and shared rooms are available at the reservation part of the process. Adapting into a Solution: H.O.S.T.E.L 2011 Mission: End Chronic Homelessness with viable housing and supportive servicescentered in the environment-centered in the solutions. The H.O.S.T.E.L. On Morewood: (Currently in Development) (Honorary Occupied Secure Transition Engagement Living): HOSTEL Living Ethos Protocol- Men’s Sanctuary 103 Morewood Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213. H is( Honorary) 2n The concept in development with its board of trustees offers both permeate and temporary bedding, self-serving kitchen to accommodate transition forward for the population or if wished and agreeable as long as needed. Relative to the success of the resident is the support structure and the network which took many years to build. O is (Occupied) 3n Engagement philosophy: as both a theory and proven evidence-based trend. Ideal for this in the few make the many. It is a home where civic-mentors are trained, engaged to enhance the rapid needs witnessed in our city and across the nation. It is a place of Honor. It is occupied as in shared living ethos. Self-sufficient by honor keeps prime 3n maintained within community areas clean and secure thus housekeeping costs to a minimum. S is (Secure) 2n + 3n = 5n All hostels have a discharge period and are not established to house long-period stays. It is in this concept we saw the opportunity to re-blue the blue-print to serve our most vulnerable populations in our community of Pittsburgh. T is (Transition) 5n Adapted in concert with the Shepherds Heart Veterans Transitional platform the question came up in 27 percent of the population aged 45 to 70 of veterans who seem to not do well in a HUD/VASH single occupancy environment as the Grant per diem laws reflect a end A Hostel approach to ending veterans in transition. Jim P. White Follow publisher Unfollow publisher Be the first to know about new publications.


What Hindi song composed by A. R. Rahman & Gulzar won an Academy Award for Best Original Song and a Grammy Award for Best Song for a Motion Picture in 2008?

Jai Ho - Hindi song from Slumdog Millionaire.flv - YouTube Jai Ho - Hindi song from Slumdog Millionaire.flv Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Jul 3, 2011 "Jai Ho" is a Hindi song composed by A. R. Rahman, with lyrics by Gulzar, for the 2008 film Slumdog Millionaire. It accompanies a choreographed dance sequence at the end credits of the film. The song also features vocals by Mahalakshmi Iyer, Tanvi Shah, Vijay Prakash, and Sukhwinder Singh, who is the main vocalist.[1] The song won an Academy Award for Best Original Song and a Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. Category


Former New York City police chief Bernard Kerik, appointed US homeland security chief in 2004, was imprisoned for 4 years in February 2010 for what reason?

Bernard Kerik | ZoomInfo.com But the former undercover cop has been confronting danger for decades. ... Now President Bush, who on Thursday selected Kerik to replace Tom Ridge (search) as secretary of the Homeland Security Department, is counting on him to help defend the nation's borders from terrorist attacks like the one that killed nearly 3,000 people in New York, Washington and Pennsylvania more than three years ago. ... About a year after his appointment, Kerik found himself racing to the World Trade Center in lower Manhattan amid reports a plane had struck one of the towers. Soon afterward, as the second plane struck the south tower, sending a shower of rubble and burning debris toward him, Kerik found himself running for his mother was a convicted prostitute, possibly killed by a pimp. Kerik dropped out of high school, getting an equivalency degree, to join the Army, where he became a military policeman stationed in South Korea. Within a few years, left the military to work private security in Saudi Arabia, his first taste of the type of security measures used to protect VIPs from terrorists. After a stint supervising a jail in New Jersey, he became a New York police officer, starting out walking a beat in Times Square when it was still largely the domain of seedy characters and street hustlers. He was promoted to detective and worked undercover busting drug dealers, growing a long ponytail to help him look the part. In the 1990s, was tapped to clean up New York's long-troubled jail system.Under his watch as the city's corrections chief, stabbings and fights at the notorious Riker's Island dropped precipitously. Since leaving the department, Kerik joined Giuliani Partners, becoming a security consultant and then signing on to help launch the Iraqi police force. During the Republican National Convention this summer, he vociferously backed Bush as the right man to lead the war on terror. Kerik has two young daughters with his second wife, Halah, and a grown son. He fathered another daughter while stationed in Korea; he cell phone while taping an interview.Kerik's Corrections Chief is under indictment for abusing his position and using corrections employees to help with Republican campaigns.One of Kerik's aides is serving time for mail fraud and one is under investigation for tax fraud.NYC paid a Deputy Warden ~$300K for having to work in a culture of threats and intimidation under Kerik. Other bones of contention: He only has a GED.May seem like snobbery to some, but I think a man charged with first running the nation's largest police force and now responsible for the security of our country should at least have a bachelor's and preferrable a graduate degree. He never made it past Detective 3rd Grade, which in NYPD is one step above entry-level Police Officer. Some say the only reason he got appointed commish is due to volunteering as Rudy's driver during his mayoral campaign and that polictics were a major lynchpin in who got promoted/hired/fired. ... Mr. Kerik is a Senior Vice President at Giuliani Partners and is Chief Executive Officer of Giuliani-Kerik LLC, an affiliate of Giuliani Partners. Mr. Kerik most recently served as Iraq's interim Minister of Interior and as the Senior Policy Advisor to the U.S. Presidential Envoy to Iraq's Coalition Provisional Authority. Mr. Kerik served as the 40th Police Commissioner of the City of New York. During his sixteen month tenure, Mr. Kerik's leadership resulted in dramatic reductions in crime through innovative and creative management. Mr. Kerik was also a principal member of the Mayor's cabinet overseeing the rescue, recovery and investigation of the World Trade Center attack on September 11, 2001. He his professional career in the U.S. Army's Military Police Corps serving in Korea. Mr. Kerik was also assigned to the 18th Airborne Corps at Ft. Bragg, North Carolina, and he later spent nearly four years working on various security assignments in the Middle East. He went on to serve as the Commander of Special Weapons and Operations and Warden of the Passaic County Jail


In which country is the city of Aberdeen?

Aberdeenshire - Things to Do & Accommodation | VisitScotland Aberdeenshire Sign up for our emails Keyboard Controls Aberdeen City The Granite City of Aberdeen is a prosperous, cosmopolitan city with an international population and a booming oil industry. Alford Towns & Villages Alford is a small country town happily nestled in rural Aberdeenshire with a peaceful and tranquil feel to it. Ballater Towns & Villages Surrounded by the glorious countryside Ballater is a picturesque Victorian village in the heart of Royal Deeside located in the Cairngorm National Park. Banchory Towns & Villages The fine Scottish town of Banchory is located approximately 20 miles west of Aberdeen, adjacent to the magnificent River Dee. Banff Towns & Villages With the numerous golf courses in the area, a coastal town of Banff offers great golf playing facilities and wealth of history. Braemar Towns & Villages Surrounded by the fine Grampian Mountains and woodland scenery, Braemar is a delightful village and a year round holiday playground. The peaceful countryside, nearby castles and whisky distilleries make it ideal place for a break. Buckie Towns & Villages Once a thriving fishing and shipbuilding port, today Buckie is a small fishing town on the Moray cost with great scenery and wildlife. Fraserburgh Towns & Villages This major fishing port lies at the far north east corner of Aberdeenshire and is the biggest shellfish port in Europe and a busy commercial harbour. Huntly Towns & Villages Situated on the edge of the popular Speyside whisky trail, the town of Huntly provides a great base for exploring the attractions in the surrounding area. Inverurie Towns & Villages Inverurie, a prosperous Aberdeenshire town situated in the valley of River Don, is a good base for touring castles of the area. Ballater iCentre VisitScotland iCentres Ballater iCentre is currently in a temporary location within the Cairngorms National Park Authority office, Albert Memorial Hall. Banff iCentre VisitScotland iCentres Banff Information Centre is situated in St Mary's car park in the centre of Banff, we are in Collie Lodge which was the original north entrance to Duff house built in 1836. We are a seasonal Information Centre open from 10am - 5pm. Braemar iCentre VisitScotland iCentres The VisitScotland iCentre in Braemar is situated in the centre of the village, with plenty of parking close by. Our friendly staff can help you make the most out of your visit to Braemar and Scotland. Fraserburgh iCentre VisitScotland iCentres Fraserburgh iCentre is situated on the north east tip of Aberdeenshire within the Museum of Scottish Lighthouses, Kinnaird head. We have extensive free car parking.


"Whose first novel, ""The Lovers"", after being rejected by 26 publishers, won a Hugo Award in 1953?"

The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Tagged:  Author (1918-2009) US writer whose active career extended over half a century, though he was a comparatively late starter as an author, and his first story, "O'Brien and Obrenov" for Adventure in March 1946, was nonfantastic and promised little. A part-time student at Bradley University, he gained a BA in English in 1950, and two years later burst onto the sf scene with his novella The Lovers (August 1952 Startling ; exp 1961; rev 1979). Although originally rejected by John W Campbell Jr of Astounding Science-Fiction and H L Gold of Galaxy Science Fiction , it gained instant acclaim when it did appear, and won Farmer a 1953 Hugo for Most Promising New Author. It concerned Xenobiology , Parasitism and Sex , an explosive mixture, certainly for the Genre SF of that era; transgressive mixtures of this sort would feature repeatedly in Farmer's best work. After publishing such excellent short stories as "Sail On! Sail On!" (December 1952 Startling ) (see Flat Earth ) and "Mother" (April 1953 Thrilling Wonder ), Farmer became a full-time writer. His second short novel, A Woman a Day (June 1953 Startling as "Moth and Rust"; rev 1960; vt The Day of Timestop 1968; vt Timestop! 1970), was billed as a sequel to The Lovers but bore little relation to the earlier story. "Rastignac the Devil" (May 1954 Fantastic Universe ) was a further sequel. Farmer then produced two novels, both of which were accepted for publication but neither of which actually saw print at the time, the first due to the folding of Startling Stories (it eventually appeared as Dare [1965]). The second, «I Owe for the Flesh», won a contest held by Shasta Publishers and Pocket Books, but the prize money, which came from Pocket Books, was used by Shasta founder Melvin Korshak (1923-    ) to pay bills, which did not keep the firm from foundering; the manuscript was lost for decades, though its premise eventually formed the basis of the Riverworld series (see below). This double disaster forced Farmer to abandon full-time authorship for a number of years; he did not become full-time again until 1969. Nevertheless, he produced many interesting stories during this period, such as the Father Carmody series in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction , published in book form as Night of Light (June 1957 F&SF ; exp 1966) and Father to the Stars (coll of linked stories 1981), featuring a murderous priest who becomes ambiguously involved in various theological puzzles on several planets. The best of the sequence is Night of Light, the nightmarish story of a world where the figments of the unconscious become tangible. Other notable stories of this period include "The God Business" (March 1954 Beyond Fantasy Fiction), "The Alley Man" (June 1959 F&SF ) and "Open to Me, My Sister" (May 1960 F&SF ; vt "My Sister's Brother" in Strange Relations, coll 1960). The last named is the best of Farmer's biological fantasies (see Biology ); like The Lovers, it was repeatedly rejected as "disgusting" before its acceptance by The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction . Farmer's first novel to actually gain book publication was The Green Odyssey (1957), in which an Earthman escapes from captivity in an alien planet; the intricately colourful medieval culture of this planet, the high libido of its women, the mysteries buried within the sands of the desert over which the hero must flee, and the admixture of rapture and disgust with which the hero treats the venue – all go to suggest that this novel, along with Jack Vance 's Big Planet (September 1952 Startling ; cut 1957; full text 1978), served as a bridge between the earlier flowering of the Planetary Romance in the hands of authors like Leigh Brackett and its 1960s efflorescence in the work of Roger Zelazny and, later, Gene Wolfe . It was the first of many entertainments Farmer wrote over the years, some of which share the narrative elation of this underrated tale. Later novels in a not dissimilar vein include The Gate of Time (1966; exp vt Two Hawks from Earth 1979), The Stone God Awakens (197


Which pope was elected in 1414, ending the situation where there were multiple Popes?

The Western Great Schism: Two Popes at One Time The Western Great Schism: Two Popes at One Time The Western Great Schism began on September 20, 1378 with the election of Clement VII in Avignon, France. He was the second pope elected by the same college of cardinals in six months, and for the first time in history there were two "legitimate" claimants to be head of the church in Rome. "Antipope" Clement VII Picture by David Henry , permission granted by Wikipedia Commons Why Avignon? Before the Western Great Schism came a time sometimes called the Babylonian Captivity of the Church; a time when the pope, the bishop of Rome, ruled not from Rome but from Avignon. In A.D. 1294 Benedetto Gaetani was elected and took the name of Pope Boniface VIII. Europe was in great conflict at the time. In Germany, Albrecht I, son of former German king Rudolph I, was trying to regain the throne from Adolf of Nassau. England and France were threatening each other in what would eventually become the Hundred Years War. There was also conflict over the papal throne, which the powerful Colonna family of Italy had hoped to obtain. Boniface VIII was a skilled and experienced player of power politics, however, and he went rapidly to work. He was able to overthrow the Colonna family and seize their lands by calling a crusade. He also obtained a favorable peace with Albrecht of Hapsburg, but he was not so fortunate in France. Long, intense political battles that don't belong on this web site raged for almost a decade with Philip IV of France, and Philip proved to be the better politician. In the midst of a losing battle, Boniface resorted to his strongest weapon, excommunication. Philip found out about this, however, and, using an alliance with Boniface's enemies in the Colonna family, sent a party in to kidnap the pope. (It appears the mafia was at work even in the 14th century!) Their intention was to force the pope to resign. He refused, even at threat of death. So his captors sat him backwards on a horse and paraded him through his home town. Boniface's political failures meant he had few defenders, even in his native Italy. The battle with Philip was over. Boniface died not long after, and Philip, not wishing to continue fighting a pope, gathered French cardinals and elected Pope Clement V in Avignon in 1305. Clement, a political puppet, never set foot in Rome during his entire papacy. The Bishop of Rome in Avignon The comedy of all of this is that the pope is not simply the pope. The pope is first the bishop of Rome. He is only the pope because the office of bishop of Rome carries such authority in Roman Catholic theology. There's a decent explanation of this on my "Bishops" page . The bishop of Rome was absent from his office for 72 years! His successors continued to reside in Avignon until Pope Gregory XI returned amidst great rejoicing in 1377, some 72 years later. The Western Great Schism If you read the dates above, you realize that the return of the pope to Rome was not terribly successful. Gregory XI died within a year of returning to Rome, and a religious, austere man, Pope Urban VI, was chosen in his place. He seemed so holy that there was hope for reformation in the clergy, especially with the pope having returned to Rome. The problem was that Urban VI was … well, let's just say he was something less than shrewd. He alienated his own court—consisting mostly of bishops of other cities— by calling them traitors to Christ for abandoning their bishopric (area of authority). He followed that with similar indiscretions until no one liked him at all. Then, he committed a fatal political blunder. He decided to take on the French by appointing a vast number of Italian cardinals so the French cardinals would be outnumbered. And he announced it before he did it. Oops. Reports circulated that he had gone mad, and even the Italian bishops forsook him. The entire college of cardinals gathered in Avignon, declared that they'd been forced to elect Urban, and—only six months into Urban's reign—they elected Clement VII in his place. The Italian cardina


What sign of the zodiac is represented by a goat?

Zodiac Sign - Capricorn | Star Sign Facts & Traits Explained 2017 Video Horoscope Forecast For Capricorn More Astrology Traits and Personality of Capricorn The Mountain Goat and Garden Goat: The sign of the high roller, Capricorns are regarded as the zodiacвЂ™s top, but also quiet, life and business achievers. But, there are two very different types of Capricorns. The first is represented by the mountain goat, always climbing higher and higher; never content until reaching the top. The second is the garden goat, with little adventurous spirit or ambition-happy to remain within a small domain, refusing to budge unless it is pushed. Either type of Capricorn, however, is patient and persevering. They reach their goals because they know the longest journey commences with a single step and that the first step is always the most difficult. Ambitious, Cautious and Conservative: The one thing a Capricorn must always try to do is balance work with play; otherwise they can become too one-sided and work can replace true personal emotional fulfilment. Continually climbing the eternal mountain of success, Capricornians rise to the occasion when faced with a new task or deadline. Even if something comes to a grinding halt, their ambition to reach the ultimate keeps them moving forever onwards and upwards (prompted by the strict influence of ruling planet Saturn). Although conservative and cautious, Goats are willing to try unusual approaches on their road to success in business or in love. Romantically, they desire a permanent relationship with someone who'll give them the affection they crave (and often neglect to give themselves!) Responsible and Reliable: The rulership of Saturn - the planet representing responsibility, structure and hard work - ensures that Capricorns in their truest of expression, are ambitious, practical and superb organizers. Although many Capricorns are borderline workaholics, this doesn't necessarily make them dull or gloomy! They have an offbeat sense of humour, which seems to erupt at the most unexpected moments. Their motivating force in life is success, money, status, authority and - although many might not admit it - love. By nature Capricorns are cautious when entering a new love relationship, but once they feel 'safe' with their partner, the cool exterior melts away to reveal a sensitive and loyal heart beneath. As a friend, Capricorns can be relied upon to provide the strongest and most sympathetic pair of shoulders in the zodiac...


What was the occupation of Edmund Hilary, the first man (with Sherpa Tenzing Norgay) to reach the summit of Mt Everest in 1953?

Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay - 1953 Everest Article Everest 1953: First Footsteps - Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay National Geographic revisits the 1953 British summit to Everest when the first people stood atop the world's highest mountain. View Images Edmund Hillary (left) and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay reached the 29,035-foot summit of Everest on May 29, 1953, becoming the first people to stand atop the world's highest mountain. Photograph by AP Excerpted From "50 Years on Everest," by Contributing Editor David Roberts, National Geographic Adventure, April 2003 By today's standards, the 1953 British expedition, under the military-style leadership of Sir John Hunt, was massive in the extreme, but in an oddly bottom-heavy way: 350 porters, 20 Sherpas, and tons of supplies to support a vanguard of only ten climbers. "Our climbers were all chosen as potential summiters," recalls George Band, 73, who was one of the party. Fifty years later, Band's memory of the campaign remains undimmed. "The basic plan was for two summit attempts, each by a pair of climbers, with a possible third assault if necessary. On such expeditions the leader tends to designate the summit pairs quite late during the expedition, when he sees how everybody is performing." Anxiety over who is chosen for the summit team would be a hallmark of major Everest expeditions for decades to come. But never again would the stakes be quite so high. By the spring of 1953, the ascent of the world's highest mountain was beginning to seem inevitable. First attempted in 1921 by the British, Everest had repulsed at least ten major expeditions and two lunatic solo attempts. With the 1950 discovery of a southern approach to the mountain in newly opened Nepal, and the first ascent of the treacherous Khumbu Icefall the following year, what would come to be known by the 1990s as the "yellow brick road" to the summit had been identified. At first it seemed the Swiss would claim the prize. In 1952 a strong Swiss team that included legendary alpinist Raymond Lambert had pioneered the route up the steep Lhotse Face and reached the South Col. From that high, broad saddle, Lambert and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay then pushed all the way to 28,210 feet (8,598 meters) on the Southeast Ridge before turning back—probably as high as anyone had ever stood on Earth. Now the British were determined to bring every possible advantage to their spring 1953 offensive—including hiring Tenzing, 38, as their lead Sherpa, or sirdar. Earlier British expeditions, though impressive in their accomplishments, were often charmingly informal in style. Hunt's intricately planned assault, on the other hand, was all business. "You get there fastest with the mostest," observes mountaineering pundit Ken Wilson. "You have a military leader who is totally in tune with that philosophy, and you don't dink around in an amateur sort of clubby way." From the start, the 33-year-old beekeeper Edmund Hillary (not yet Sir Edmund) was a strong contender for one of the summit slots. "It was his fourth Himalayan expedition in just over two years and he was at the peak of fitness," Band says. The heavily glaciated peaks of his native New Zealand had proved a perfect training ground for the Himalaya. Hillary earned respect early in the expedition by leading the team that forced a route through the Khumbu Icefall. "A sleeves-rolled-up, get-things-done man," Wilson calls him. Still, logistical snafus, the failure of a number of stalwarts to acclimatize, and problems with some of the experimental oxygen sets stalled the expedition badly. The team took a troubling 12 days to retrace the Swiss route on the Lhotse Face (in part, perhaps, because the British were not as experienced on difficult ice). In despair, Hunt began to wonder whether his party would even reach the South Col. The expedition finally gained the col—the vital staging area for a summit push—on May 21. This was late enough to be worrisome, for the monsoon, whose heavy snows would prohibit climbing, could arrive as early as June 1. Because they became the firs


Who won his fourth Olympic gold medal with Paul MacDonald in 1988?

THE SEOUL OLYMPICS - ROUNDUP - American Wrestlers Lose Two Matches and One Protest - NYTimes.com THE SEOUL OLYMPICS: ROUNDUP; American Wrestlers Lose Two Matches and One Protest AP Published: October 1, 1988 SEOUL, South Korea, Saturday, Oct. 1— Mark Schultz of the United States, the world champion and 1984 Olympic gold medal winner, lost two matches and his chance of winning a freestyle wrestling medal today. Schultz, who had won five consecutive matches and allowed only 3 points, dropped a 7-3 decision to Alexander Tamboutsev of the Soviet Union, then was wiped out, 14-0, by Necmi Genculp of Turkey at 180 1/2 pounds. Schultz, 27, twisted his left knee in his first match Thursday, but was able to continue with no apparent effect until today. Jim Humphrey, the American coach, said the knee was bothering Schultz more with each match. Genculp will meet Han Myung Woo of South Korea for the gold, while Tamboutsev will meet Josef Loyna of Czechoslovakia for the bronze. Nate Carr of the United States lost a controversial 3-2 decision to Park Jang Soon of South Korea at 149 1/2 pounds and will meet Kosei Akaishi of Japan in the bronze-medal match. Park takes on Arsen Fadzaev of the Soviet Union for the gold. Carr, who also was unbeaten in five matches before today, started slowly and was trailing by 3-0 early in the first period. He made a low move on the South Korean, sending him flying off the mat. No points were awarded and Carr came up one short at the end of six minutes. ''He should have gotten one point for the takedown and the Korean should have been cautioned out for fleeing the mat,'' Humphrey said. A wrestler is disqualified from a match if he draws three cautions for passivity. Park was wrestling with two cautions at the time of the incident. Humphrey filed an official protest with the international sanctioning body of wrestling, which quickly turned it down. ''The match was not officiated correctly, but the rules say you can't change the results,'' Humphrey said. Humphrey said he had recommended that the three officials involved in the match, from Bulgaria, the Soviet Union and Rumania, be downgraded in rating and suspended for a year. On Friday, Kenny Monday of the United States came from behind to beat the world champion, Adlan Varaev of the Soviet Union, in overtime, 5-2, in their 163-pound final. John Smith outwrestled Stephan Sarkissian in the 136 1/2-pound bout Thursday night. Canoeing Kayaking American Wins In Photo Finish SEOUL, South Korea, Saturday, Oct. 1 (AP) - Greg Barton of the United States was disappointed when he saw Australia on the scoreboard as winner of the kayak 1000-meter singles. He had already signed the official form for the silver medal. However, his feelings turned around when the jury reversed itself and awarded the gold to Barton, and he became the United States' first Olympic champion in the sport. ''A Korean official at the finish told me I had won,'' said Barton, of Homer, Mich. ''I looked up and saw Australia on the scoreboard and I was pretty disappointed. When they told me later I was happy.'' Less than two hours later, he teamed with Norman Bellingham, of Rockville, Md., to capture the gold in the kayak pairs event over the same distance. Barton beat Grant Davies of Australia in a photo finish by one hundredth of a second in the singles race over the Han River course, winning in 3 minutes 55.27 seconds. Davies was first declared the winner. But a review of the finish line photo by an International Canoe Federation jury gave Barton the gold. Andre Wohllebe of East Germany won the bronze in 3:55.55. In the doubles, Barton and Bellingham had a clear margin over the New Zealand pair of Ian Ferguson and Paul MacDonald. The Americans won in 3:32.42 with the New Zealand boat next in 3:33.76. Hungary won the men's kayak fours 1000-meter event with a time of 3:00.20 seconds. The Soviet Union took the silver, finishing in 3:01.40, and East Germany won the bronze with a time of 3:02.37. Synchronized Swimmming Canadians Take Duet Competition SEOUL, South Korea, Saturday, Oct. 1 (AP) - Caro