What name is given to the large cask which holds 54 imperial gallons of beer?

Casks (barrels, butts, punchons, pipes, barriques and hogsheads) An opportunity to develop the brand management team for Atom Supplies Ltd..... Casks (barrels, butts, punchons, pipes, barriques and hogsheads) Words by: Simon Difford Photography by: diffordsguide at Midleton Distillery (many thanks to the Jameson team) Barrels are a particular size and shape of wooden cask. There are numerous other types of cask and the term ‘barrel’ is often wrongly used as a catch-all alternative generic for cask. Usually made of white oak, casks have been used since Roman times as a means of storing and transporting goods - everything from nails to whiskey. The development of cardboard boxes, shipping containers, steel/plastic drums and palletisation have rendered the cask obsolete as a shipping container but the ability for an oak cask to improve the flavour of wine, beer and spirits is more recognised and used today than ever before . Casks are hollow cylindrical containers, traditionally constructed from wooden staves bound by wooden or galvanized iron hoops. Bulging at the middle, their shape allows them to be easily rolled and turned by one person, even when fully filled. The rounded construction, both widthwise and lengthwise, also makes casks incredibly strong allowing them to be stacked. As every schoolboy knows, castles have rounded rather than square edges to their walls because a rounded construction is stronger. Over some 2,000 years, white oak has become the timber of choice in which to mature wine, spirits and even beer. White oak contributes luscious flavours yet is relatively neutral compared to pine and other woods. When quarter sawn, white oak becomes water liquid tight - unlike red oak and many other woods. White also has a cell structure ideally suited be worked to make a cask. The oak used to make the casks is split and sawn into blanks that are stacked and left to weather, exposed to the elements for at least six months and in many cases three years, depending on the wine maker or distiller's specifications. The weathering bleaches and washes out bitter tannins in the oak and allows the development of vanillin. Steam and toasting over gentle flames helps shape the staves and also converts some of the starches in the wood into sugars. Charring or burning of the inside of the barrel caramelises these sugars and forms a layer of charred and cracked oak which helps impart flavour and colour to any spirit stored in the cask. Distillers can choose the degree of charring from one (light char) to four (deep char) depending on how they want the cask to affect their spirit. Casks types & sizes As I mentioned above, most people tend to call wooden casks barrels but a 'barrel' is actually a particular size and shape of cask. A barrel is a cask but not all casks are barrels. The American whiskey industry's use of the 180 to 200 litre barrel has made this the prevalent shape and size of cask in use today. The dominance of the US standard barrel is helped by rules regarding the production of bourbon whiskey which only permit the use of new charred white oak barrels. Consequently whisky and rum makers the world over use second-hand casks sourced from America's bourbon producers. However, there are numerous other types of cask. Due to being hand-made, the size of each cask varies slightly and the following list of cask types indicates their average capacity. English Tun 982 litres / 259 US gallons / 216 imp gallons The English tun is a standard imperial measure equal to 216 imperial gallons. A tun is twice the size of a butt and equal to six brewery barrels. Gorda Capacity: 700 litres / 185 US gallons / 154 imp gallons These huge casks made from American oak are traditional to the American whiskey industry but are not often used for maturation in the Scotch whisky industry as their capacity is too close to the maximum permitted cask size of 700 litres. However, the large capacity of Gorda casks make them useful for marrying of different whiskies to produce vatted whisky. Madeira Drum Capacity: 650 litres / 172 US gallons / 143 imp


"Which Irish sportsman is the subject of the 2008 book, ""In BOD we trust""?"

In BOD we trust : Brian O'Driscoll : the biography of Ireland's greatest rugby hero (Book, 2008) [WorldCat.org] The E-mail message field is required. Please enter the message. E-mail Message: I thought you might be interested in this item at http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/175284574 Title: In BOD we trust : Brian O'Driscoll : the biography of Ireland's greatest rugby hero Author: Marcus Stead Publisher: London : John Blake, 2008. ISBN/ISSN: 9781844545452 1844545458 OCLC:175284574 The ReCaptcha terms you entered were incorrect. Please try to match the 2 words shown in the window, or try the audio version.


Elected to office in November 2008, who is currently the Prime Minister of New Zealand?

Biographies - Premiers and Prime Ministers | NZHistory, New Zealand history online Premiers and Prime Ministers Page 3 – Biographies Leaders of the nation Find out more about the 39 premiers and prime ministers who have held office in New Zealand since 1856. Each biography links to a page with further information. The entries are in chronological order of term served. Henry Sewell Premier: 7–20 May 1856 Henry Sewell, our first premier, was more of a sojourner than a settler. Although he spent 17 years in New Zealand in three periods between 1853 and 1876, he never put down deep roots. More... William Fox Premier: 20 May–2 Jun 1856; 12 Jul 1861–6 Aug 1862; 28 Jun 1869–10 Sept 1872; 3 Mar–8 Apr 1873 William Fox headed New Zealand governments four times. A rug-puller rather than a bridge-builder, he was better at defeating governments than he was at leading them. More... Edward Stafford Premier: 2 Jun 1856–12 Jul 1861; 16 Oct 1865–28 Jun 1869; 10 Sept–11 Oct 1872 Edward Stafford was New Zealand's youngest leader and a stable influence on the early colonial government. He held the post of premier on three different occasions between 1856 and 1872. More... Alfred Domett Premier: 6 Aug 1862–30 Oct 1863 Alfred Domett is best remembered for establishing the Parliamentary Library and for his much-derided epic verse Ranolf and Amohia: A South-Sea Daydream. More... Frederick Whitaker Premier: 30 Oct 1863–24 Nov 1864; 21 Apr 1882–25 Sept 1883 Despite Frederick Whitaker’s advanced views on electoral reform, this two-time premier tarnished his reputation by land speculation and confiscation. More... Frederick Weld Premier: 24 Nov 1864–16 Oct 1865 Frederick Weld was only briefly premier, but the fact that he was a Roman Catholic showed how different New Zealand was to Britain (which has still never had a Catholic PM). More... George Waterhouse Premier: 11 Oct 1872–3 Mar 1873 George Waterhouse, who never stood for elected office here, was a premier on both sides of the Tasman, leading South Australia (1861-3) and New Zealand (1872-3). More... Julius Vogel Premier: 8 Apr 1873–6 Jul 1875; 15 Feb–1 Sept 1876 Although he spent just 18 years in New Zealand, journalist, businessman and politician Julius (Sir Julius from 1874) Vogel dominated this country's political scene. More... Daniel Pollen Premier: 6 Jul 1875–15 Feb 1876 Largely forgotten today, Daniel Pollen was considered a ‘safe man’ and a good administrator. In July 1875 he took over the premiership from the absent Sir Julius Vogel, although Harry Atkinson really ran things. More... Harry Atkinson Premier: 1 Sept 1876–13 Oct 1877; 25 Sept 1883–16 Aug 1884; 28 Aug–3 Sept 1884; 8 Oct 1887–21 Jan 1891 Harry Atkinson was premier four times – five if you count the ‘reconstitution’ of his first ministry a fortnight into its life. Like Edward Stafford, he was a stabilising force who transcended regionalism for national interests. More... Sir George Grey Premier: 13 Oct 1877–8 Oct 1879 Sir George Grey was our only politician for whom the premiership was an anticlimax. He had governed autocratically from 1845 to 1853 (greatly shaping our constitutional arrangements) and returned as governor in 1861. More... John Hall Premier: 8 Oct 1879–21 Apr 1882 John (later Sir John) Hall was a force in our politics for several decades. In the late 1880s and early 1890s he led the parliamentary campaign for votes for women. More... Sir Robert Stout Premier: 16–28 Aug 1884; 3 Sept 1884–8 Oct 1887 The careers of Sir Robert Stout and Sir Julius Vogel were so closely intertwined that Stout’s governments are usually referred to as Stout-Vogel ministries. Both men started their public lives in Otago and followed similar policies. More... John Ballance Premier: 24 Jan 1891–27 Apr 1893 John Ballance, who led the Liberals to power in 1891, was called ‘the rainmaker’ by voters relieved to see the return of prosperity. More... Richard Seddon Premier: 1 May 1893–10 Jun 1906 Richard Seddon’s nickname, ‘King Dick’, says it all. Our longest-serving and most famous leader didn't just lead the government – many argued he w


Standing on the shores of Loch Linnhe, which Scottish town lies at the southern end of the Great Glen?

Fort William, Scotland | By Scotland Channel City finder Fort William Has Much To Offer Tourists On the beautiful untouched sands of Loch Eil and Loch Linnhe lies the town of Fort William, “The Garrison” on the Western Highlands in Scotland. Loch Eil and Loch Linnhe are just a few of the Lochs that you will find along the series of valleys known as the Great Glen or ‘Gleann Mor’ (in the Scottish Gaelic dialect). The Great Glen runs from Inverness for 100 kilometers on the Moray Firth to the great town of Fort William which lies at the head of Loch Linnhe on the southern end of the Great Glen. Fort William is also well respected as the commercial centre for the area known as Lochaber. Fort William, named after the historical ‘William of Orange’, is well positioned near the Ben Nevis standing at 1 344 m. It is considered the highest mountain in all of the British Isles, as well as the most perilous. Regardless, this brings hoards of adventurous, clambering tourists who come for the Ben Nevis and other surrounding mountains on a yearly basis, determined to reach their summits. A word of caution - should you wish to attempt any of these hikes and are not familiar with the indecisive Scottish weather, it is best to remember that it will invariably be under snow, cold, windy and on most occasions wet, thus bringing along it’s own set of dangers. Be sure to make use of a good compass and map, and don't hike on your own. The town of Fort William is one that, should you be visiting the Highlands, you will unavoidably find yourself in, as it is also the largest transport hub with a variety of rail and road routes running from the centre of town. Here you will find a variety of attractions and recreational activities from distilleries and un-spoilt beaches to one of the best Scottish golf courses in the Highlands . Fort William is by no means unforgotten for the culture and clan history that it brings as well. Each year the Fort William Mountain Festival, which is all organised by volunteers, is held with great enthusiasm surrounding the different cultural, climbing, walking and mountain walks. It is also known for it’s two greatest ‘ shinty teams ’ known by the local people as Kilmallie Shinty Club and the Fort William Shinty Club. This is a local game played mainly in the Highlands of Scotland and is not too dissimilar to the popular game known as hockey. An interesting fact is that the film "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix" was shot in the town of Fort William. Tags:


"In the 1995, Wallace and Gromit film, ""A Close Shave"", what is the name of Wendoline's robot dog?"

A Close Shave (1995) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Wallace falls for Wendolene, a wool shop owner, while Gromit is framed for the sheep rustling. Director: a list of 38 titles created 21 Jun 2012 a list of 38 titles created 15 Jul 2014 a list of 28 titles created 19 Dec 2014 a list of 34 titles created 31 Jul 2015 a list of 33 titles created 2 months ago Title: A Close Shave (1995) 8.2/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won     1     Oscar. Another    18 wins. See more awards  » Photos Wallace is used by a criminal penguin in a robbery involving mechanical trousers. Director: Nick Park     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.8/10 X   Wallace takes a break from trying to decide on a holiday destination only to find he has no cheese for his crackers. The solution to both problems is a trip to the moon, with dog Gromit, because everybody knows the moon's made of cheese. Director: Nick Park Wallace and his dog, Gromit, open a bakery and get tied up with a murder mystery. But, when Wallace falls in love Gromit is left to solve the case. Director: Nick Park Wallace and his loyal dog, Gromit, set out to discover the mystery behind the garden sabotage that plagues their village and threatens the annual giant vegetable growing contest. Directors: Steve Box, Nick Park Stars: Peter Sallis, Helena Bonham Carter, Ralph Fiennes A compilation of the first three Wallace & Gromit short films: "A Grand Day Out", "The Wrong Trousers", and "A Close Shave". Stars: Peter Sallis, Anne Reid Wallace and Gromit try out a number of their latest inventions which rarely work as planned. Stars: Peter Sallis A collection of some of the most popular work featuring Wallace and Gromit. Director: Nick Park When a cockerel apparently flies into a chicken farm, the chickens see him as an opportunity to escape their evil owners. Directors: Peter Lord, Nick Park Stars: Mel Gibson, Julia Sawalha, Phil Daniels A humourous and thought provoking view of what animals in zoos might be thinking about their captivity and surroundings. Director: Nick Park Wallace introduces correspondents, inventors and experts who explain various real-life contraptions, inventions and scientific accomplishments. Stars: Peter Sallis, Ashley Jensen, Jem Stansfield Creature Comforts (TV Series 2003) Animation | Comedy | Family Stop-motion animated series with a cast of animals, sound-biting on a specific topic each episode, such as creatures' sporting adventures, Christmas, and visits to veterinarians. The show ... See full summary  » Stars: The Great British Public, David Rafique Edit Storyline When Wallace and Gromit go over to wash windows, Wallace falls in love with a wool store owner named Wendolene. Meanwhile, Gromit is framed for killing sheep and is put in jail. So with help from the sheep and Wendolene, Wallace must get him out of prison. Written by Mike-2000 From the makers of Chicken Run. See more  » Genres: 29 December 1995 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia 40 animators worked on the film, twice as many as there were on The Wrong Trousers (1993). See more » Goofs As Preston is trying to bash his way out of the Knit-O-Matic, the handle on the door to the machine moves up and down briefly before his arm bursts through; indicating that he was moving another handle on the inside. However, when the door opens and the inside becomes visible, there is no handle there. See more » Quotes Wendolene Ramsbottom : Oh, I want no more of this rustling. It wasn't so bad when it was just the wool, but... this is evil! Daddy didn't create you for this. You're supposed to protect me! [Preston locks her away with Shaun on the back of the truck] Wendolene Ramsbottom : Let me out! You're not turning me into dog meat! After the credits and the Aardman logo is shown, we hear shee


The New Hebrides Condominium changed its name to which present title when it became independent in 1980?

Vanuatu Institute of Teacher Education Institut de Formation des Enseignants du Vanuatu History of VITE .:Teacher Training pre-Independence The first government-sponsored teacher training institution in Vanuatu opened in 1962, eighteen years before Independence. This was the Kawenu Teacher Training College. Up to this date all teacher training had been provided at mission-run establishments such as the Tangoa Training Institute. In 1959 the British Administration appointed its first Education Officer and gradually, over the years, acquired direct responsibility from most missions for English-medium primary education. Funded by the British Administration of the New Hebrides Condominium, the Kawenu Teacher Training College was established to train English primary school teachers. It provided a two year course initially for lower classes only, then later for all primary classes. In addition it ran shorter inservice courses. In the early 1970s a three year course was established, admitting students who had completed three years of junior secondary school. In 1977 Kawenu College amalgamated with the British Secondary School to form Malapoa College. In association with the University of the South Pacific, the College offered a teaching diploma for students who had completed six years of secondary education, including a teacher training component. The first government-sponsored teacher training institution in Vanuatu opened in 1962, eighteen years before Independence. This was the Kawenu Teacher Training College. Up to this date all teacher training had been provided at mission-run establishments such as the Tangoa Training Institute. In 1959 the British Administration appointed its first Education Officer and gradually, over the years, acquired direct responsibility from most missions for English-medium primary education. Funded by the British Administration of the New Hebrides Condominium, the Kawenu Teacher Training College was established to train English primary school teachers. It provided a two year course initially for lower classes only, then later for all primary classes. In addition it ran shorter inservice courses. In the early 1970s a three year course was established, admitting students who had completed three years of junior secondary school. In 1977 Kawenu College amalgamated with the British Secondary School to form Malapoa College. In association with the University of the South Pacific, the College offered a teaching diploma for students who had completed six years of secondary education, including a teacher training component. Francophone primary training In the meantime, rapid expansion of French-medium schools under the French Administration of the Condominium led to similar progress at a national level for the training of francophone primary school teachers. From 1964 to 1981, the year following Independence, French staff provided this training in the buildings of the present-day French Embassy and French Embassy School. The institution was known as the École Normale. Courses of varying duration catered for the needs of students newly entering the profession and for those working as untrained teachers or with some church mission training. .:Teacher Training post-Independence In early 1980 the teacher training section separated from the Malapoa College to form the New Hebrides Teachers College, which became the Vanuatu Teachers College upon Independence. Courses were provided once again for junior secondary school leavers. In 1981 the courses previously held at the École Normale were moved to join the anglophone courses at Kawenu. The Vanuatu Teachers College (École Normale de Vanuatu) thus became the first example of the integration of French and English-medium education services under the Vanuatu Government. The College offered courses of different lengths, both pre-service and in-service, in the two official languages of education until 1983. That year students began the new two-year common anglophone and francophone primary programme which is still offered today. Since the end of the 80s however, stude


In which position does England Rugby Union international Lee Mears play?

Lions 2009: Lions tour a 'breath of fresh air' for Mears - Telegraph British and Irish Lions Rugby Lions 2009: Lions tour a 'breath of fresh air' for Mears England hooker Lee Mears admits that playing for the British and Irish Lions  is the realisation of a life-long dream. Packing down: Lee Mears hits the scrum machine at practice Photo: INPHO/Dan Sheridan By Nick Pearce and agencies 3:00PM BST 28 May 2009 The Bath man has cemented his place as England's Test hooker and now he has his eyes on making the Lions number two shirt his own. Rugby aside, Mears said he has found getting to know his fellow tourists the most enjoyable part of touring so far. "It has been about getting to know everyone, and then just ironing out a few things about what we want to achieve and how we want to play," said Mears, a first-time Lions tourist. "It has been brilliant meeting all the boys and training with them - it's been a breath of fresh air, everything you expected. "Playing against a lot of these guys is very different to sitting down to dinner with them!"


What is the family name of the Duke of Northumberland, who resides in Alnwick Castle?

Alnwick Castle | Castle UK, Northumberland Alnwick Castle Welcome to one of Britain's most iconic castles My wife and I are delighted to offer you a very warm welcome to Alnwick Castle, which has been my family's home for over 700 years. It is an important part of British heritage; its walls are steeped in history and filled with tales of warfare, romance and chivalry. We very much hope that you enjoy your visit to our special home. -- Ralph Percy, 12th Duke of Northumberland 2017 opening


At which North West University is the Robert Powell theatre, in the city of his birth?

Robert Powell - IMDb IMDb Actor | Miscellaneous Crew Robert Powell was born on Thursday, June 1st, 1944, five days before D-Day, on Tuesday, June 6th, 1944, in Salford, Manchester, England. In 1964, he started his acting career while attending Manchester University. In 1967, he made his film debut, and later landed his first starring role in The Italian Job (1969). Some of his well-known movies ... See full bio » Born:


"Paula Dobriansky, the U.S. Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs, coined the phrase ""Cedar Revolution"" to describe events in 2005 in which country?"

Libyan Scenario For Syria: Towards A US-NATO 'Humanitarian Intervention' directed against Syria? >> Four Winds 10 - Truth Winds ANOTHER HIDDEN SECRET IN OBAMACARE 'RFID CHIP IMPLANTS' Rick Rozoff On April 29 the White House issued an executive order to enforce new and more stringent sanctions against Syria and appealed to European North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies to follow suit. In a letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives President Barack Obama wrote, "I have determined that the Government of Syria’s human rights abuses....constitute an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States, and warrant the imposition of additional sanctions.” His order targeted among others Syrian President Bashar Assad's brother Mahir and cousin Atif Najib and also included - in an indication that broader objectives are also being pursued however tenuous, even farfetched, the link - the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, with the presidential demarche contending: "Despite the Government of Iran’s public rhetoric claiming revolutionary solidarity with people throughout the region, Iran’s actions in support of the Syrian regime place it in stark opposition to the will of the Syrian people." Immediately afterward a White House official threatened that President Assad himself could be sanctioned next. On February 25 Obama issued a comparable - in fact an almost identical - order against Libya, only ten days after anti-government protests began in the nation and three weeks before U.S. cruise missiles and bombs landed on its soil. Employing a standard template in which only proper and place names need be changed, the earlier version stated: "I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of America, find that Colonel Muammar Qadhafi, his government, and close associates have taken extreme measures against the people of Libya...The foregoing circumstances...pose a serious risk to its stability, thereby constituting an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States, and I hereby declare a national emergency to deal with that threat." [1] One cannot help be reminded of the couplet of Percy Bysshe Shelley: My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings: Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair! Washington seized $32 billion dollars worth of Libyan assets in the U.S., with special emphasis placed on those belonging to "any person determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State...to be a senior official of the Government" or "to be a child of Colonel Muammar Qadhafi." Twenty-two days later bombing missions and missile attacks were unleashed against Libya, initially under U.S. Africa Command's Operation Odyssey Dawn and since March 31 through NATO's Operation Unified Protector, which are continuing into their seventh week. Libya and Syria are the only two Mediterranean nations and the sole remaining Arab states that are not subordinated to U.S. and NATO designs for control of the Mediterranean Sea Basin and the Middle East. Neither has participated in NATO's almost ten-year-old Operation Active Endeavor naval patrols and exercises in the Mediterranean Sea and neither is a member of NATO's Mediterranean Dialogue military partnership which includes most regional countries: Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Mauritania. Lebanon is subject to a naval and internal (that is, on its border with Syria) blockade run overwhelmingly by NATO nations under the post-2006 expanded United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon mission. Jordan and Morocco are supporting the NATO war against Libya and members of another NATO partnership program - the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative - Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, are supplying fighter-bombers for combat missions over Libya. Fellow Istanbul Cooperation Initiative partner Kuwait announced on April 24 that it will grant $180 million to pay the salaries of employees of the rebel Transitional National Council in Libya. With renewed effor


"In which soap opera did Summer Strallen appear, before playing Maria in ""The Sound of Music"" in the West End?"

Hot Summer! Hollyoaks star triumphs as Lloyd Webber's new Maria in Sound of Music | Daily Mail Online Hot Summer! Hollyoaks star triumphs as Lloyd Webber's new Maria in Sound of Music Last updated at 13:15 04 March 2008 How do you solve a problem like replacing Connie Fisher? Turn to television, of course. In his bravest experiment yet, Lord Andrew Lloyd Webber merged fiction with fact to introduce his new Maria via the teenage soap opera Hollyoaks. Instead of repeating the idea of holding the TV reality show auditions that made his Sound of Music musical such a hit, the composer worked with Channel 4 for months on a storyline in which he infiltrated his protégé Summer Strallen into the cast as a showbiz wannabe. Scroll down for more... No problem: The Sound of Summer is here as Hollyoaks star Summer Strallen takes the reins as the new Maria in Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical The Sound of Music last night, at the London Palladium Cast away: Summer takes a bow onstage at the London Palladium after a successful first performance He even made a cameo appearance on the serial when her character stalked him and demanded the chance to prove she could make it in the West End. The 23-year-old was "given" the part - and last night the curtain went up for the first time. Did the gamble pay off? Lord Lloyd Webber is utterly convinced. He said: "She's wonderful. It's a corny thing to say but we had the most fantastic spring with Connie and I think we're going to have a glorious Summer." Scroll down for more... Teen star: Summer with Lloyd Webber and her former colleagues on the Channel 4 soap Hollyoaks Backstage: An overjoyed Summer with her Hollyoaks pals after her first performance in the role of Maria His wife, Madeleine, claimed her husband's bold idea had left the younger generation for dust. "Andrew at [nearly] 60 is coming up with the ideas that younger producers should be having," she said. The critics were divided, however. The show was given just two stars by the Evening Standard's Nicholas de Jongh in his review below. But Charles Spencer of The Daily Telegraph was in raptures and called Strallen "an utter delight". Scroll down for more... Gamble: Lord Lloyd Webber said Summer is 'wonderful' in the role and is convinced his gamble has paid off Robert Gore Langton in the Daily Mail said she had confidence, depth and charm but "made a terrible start". After the show Strallen said: "I feel great. I'm very pleased with tonight. I did my best and hopefully that will be good enough. I can begin to enjoy it now." Scroll down for more... Glamorous: Summer, seen here at the after-party for her first night with sisters Zizzy, left and Sassy, right, said she was pleased with her performance and was ready to start enjoying it now She said when she won the role, she was forced to sign an agreement that meant keeping it from her mother and sisters - including Mary Poppins star Scarlet. "The first part of it [in Hollyoaks] was a bit crazy," she said. "I knew in July I was going to play Maria but I couldn't tell anybody." Her aunt Bonnie Langford said the family were all immensely proud. "We know how to work. We're not starry. We know that tomorrow they have to do another show." Musical heritage: Summer comes from a musical dynasty which includes aunt Bonnie Langford


Victor Yushchenko was elected President of which country in 2005, mainly due to a series of protests known as the Orange Revolution?

Viktor Yushchenko Biography - life, family, children, name, wife, young, son, old, information, born Viktor Yushchenko Biography February 23, 1954 • Khoruzhivka, Sumy Oblast, Ukraine President of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko was Prime Minister of Ukraine from December 1999 to    April 2001. After being voted out of office 263 votes to 69 votes,    Yushchenko became leader of Our Ukraine, a political coalition (a    combination of people working for the same cause). Members of Our Ukraine    won 101 seats in the 450-seat legislature in 2002, making Our Ukraine the    most powerful party in Parliament (Ukraine's governing body). In    2004 Yushchenko was elected the president of Ukraine in the    country's first free election. During his campaign, he was poisoned    with a near-fatal dose of the toxin dioxin. The poisoning has left him    with permanent scars on his face. This personal attack left Yushchenko    even more determined to lead his country out of the state of government    and police corruption it has been living in for decades. Helps establish Europe's newest bank Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko was born to a teacher's family on    February 23, 1954, in the village of Khoruzhivka in Sumy Oblast, Ukraine.    (Ukraine is in eastern Europe and borders the Black Sea.) Yushchenko graduated college in 1975 from the Ternopil Finance    andEconomics Institute. His first job was with the Union of Soviet    Socialist Republics (USSR) State Bank, where he was an economist and    department chief. After earning his graduate degree in finance and credit    from the Ukrainian Institute of Economics and Agricultural Management in    1984, Yushchenko was appointed Deputy Director for Agricultural Crediting    for the Ukraine branch of the USSR State Bank. He held this position until    1987, when he left for another banking position elsewhere. The National Bank of Ukraine (NBU) hired Yushchenko to be its governor    (president) in 1993. NBU was Europe's newest central bank at the    time, and Yushchenko played an important role in developing its policies    and procedures. He stayed with NBU for six years. Earns international reputation as Prime Minister In December 1999 Ukraine's president, Leonid Kuchma, nominated    Yushchenko as prime minister. In this case, a prime minister is the person    responsible for carrying out the president's orders and directives.    It is an important job. Parliament approved Yushchenko's nomination    296 to 12. Yushchenko brought to life a number of reforms that helped turn around    Ukraine's struggling economy. He is credited "I am not afraid of anything or anybody." with paying off millions of dollars of Ukrainian debt through cuts in    federal spending and by improving investment conditions in the country and    overseas. Because of his success, Yushchenko was able to restore public    trust in government, something that was destroyed through years of    political corruption. One of the more challenging aspects of    Yushchenko's job was to increase the level of honesty and open    communication between the government and the public. Prior to his    election, Ukraine lived in fear of its government leaders, who were    infamous for their willingness to stop at nothing to get what they wanted. In 2001, Yushchenko's deputy prime minister, Yulia Tymoshenko    (1960–), got into a heated argument with leaders of the coal-mining    andnatural gas industries. These leaders were powerful and had great    influence on an already-corrupt government. As a result, parliament voted    to remove Yushchenko from office, 263 to 69. Though a harsh response, this    move did not come as a great surprise to anyone. The government in Ukraine    was mainly Communist; it believed in a powerful governing body that gave    citizens few choices in anything ranging from food to healthcare. This is    called a centralized government. Yushchenko believed in democracy and    capitalism:


A theatre in Sale, Greater Manchester, his birthplace, is named after which Robert, a two- time Oscar winning screenwriter?

Greater Manchester People Greater Manchester People UK Portal - England Top Surnames Emmeline Pankhurst (1858 - 1928) From - (please visit for full citations)  Emmeline Pankhurst (born Emmeline Goulden) (15 July 1858 – 14 June 1928) was a British political activist and leader of the British suffragette movemen... Greater Manchester People People with connections to Greater Manchester and Family Heads The modern county of Greater Manchester was not created until 1974. Most of today's Greater Manchester lay within the ancient county boundaries of Lancashire; see also Families on Geni The project Historic Manchester covers the History of Manchester and historical/political people. Please add the earliest head of the family to the list of Manchester Families on Geni below and link their profiles to the project. These should be male! Adding anyone with a Greater Manchester birthplace to the project would cause the project to be a little cluttered, so please restrict this to the earliest head of family! Names with Bold links are to Geni profiles. Non-bold links take you to other biographical web pages. Renown people of Greater Manchester The list of people from Greater Manchester, in North West England, is divided by metropolitan borough. The demonym of Greater Manchester is "Greater Mancunian". Manchester A Caroline Aherne - BAFTA award winning actress, comedian and writer, The Mrs Merton Show Daniel Adamson (1820–1890): engineer born in Durham who designed the Manchester Ship Canal. Adamson was one of the directors of the Manchester chamber of commerce and a Justice of the Peace for Cheshire and Manchester. He was buried in Withington Chris Addison - Stand-up comedian, writer and actor Mark Addy (1840–1890): Manchester-born Albert Medal recipient William Harrison Ainsworth - A historical novelist born in Manchester Sir John Alcock - aviator who, with fellow British aviator Arthur Brown, made the first nonstop transatlantic flight Don Arden - Cheetham Hill-born music manager and businessman, best known for overseeing the careers of rock groups Small Faces, Electric Light Orchestra and Black Sabbath Rob Atha - Table football player Mike Atherton - former England cricket captain and commentator B Max Beesley - English actor and musician. Wes Brown - ex -Manchester United footballer Anthony Burgess (1917–1993): Manchester-born and educated author, poet, playwright, musician, linguist, translator and critic, most famous for his novel A Clockwork Orange C Darren Campbell - former sprinter representing Great Britain John Cassidy, an Irish-born sculptor and painter who lived in Manchester Sir Humphrey Chetham, merchant and benefactor of Chetham's Library, born in Crumpsall Richard Cobden (1804–1865): Sussex-born industrialist who moved to Manchester where he was politically active Roy Collins (1934-2009), cricketer who played for Lancashire and Cheshire, born in Clayton Peter Cundall OA, a horticulturist and television presenter born in Manchester Ian Curtis musician and singer in Joy Division D Les Dawson - comedian born in Collyhurst Arthur Delaney - painter influenced by L. S. Lowry Lee Dixon - former professional footballer and ITV Sport football pundit Robert Donat - film and stage actor. He is best known for his roles in Alfred Hitchcock's The 39 Steps and Goodbye, Mr. Chips for which he won an Academy Award for Best Actor E F Judy Finnigan - Television presenter and columnist. She has usually co-presented with her husband, Richard Madeley, and the two are collectively known, informally, as Richard and Judy G Liam Gallagher lead singer of Manchester band Oasis. Born in Burnage Noel Gallagher - songwriter and lead guitarist for High Flying Birds and formerly Oasis[25] Born in Burnage George Garrett - Submarine pioneer who built Resurgam. Brought up in Moss Side Max George - member of boy band, The Wanted Jimi Goodwin - bassist, vocalist and guitarist for The Doves Holliday Grainger - Didsbury born actress, most known for portraying Lucrezia Borgia in Showtime's The Borgias Trevor Griffiths - dramatist, co-writer of screenplay


Which members of the aristocracy reside at Arundel Castle in Sussex?

Website: - Content The following information was researched by our volunteer team member Carolyn D. Ahrns from Las Vegas, NV. Thank you very much When I see photographs of Arundel Castle, the fairy tale story ‘Rapunzel’ comes to mind. This is the castle of my childhood imagination, with Rapunzel’s long blond hair flowing from one of Arundel’s towers down to her love… THE GHOSTS: I have found reference to seven ghosts at Arundel: Earl Rodger de Montgomery, a broken hearted young woman, the Blue Man, a Caviler, the kitchen boy, a small white bird, and a ghost seen in the servant quarters. It has been nearly 1,000 years since Rodger de Montgomery, kinsman to William the Conqueror, built Arundel. It is believed that it is his ghost that haunts the castle’s keep; the first Earl of Arundel has never left, perhaps keeping a watchful eye over his beloved castle. Built on the top of a ridge high above the river Arun, the castle dominates the town below. Legend tells of a young woman becoming so stricken with grief she could not bear it any longer and climbed to the top of one of the towers and jumped to her death, following the painful end of a tragic love affair. This heartbroken young woman still wanders the top of the tower searching for her love; she can be seen on moonlit nights dressed in white. I have found conflicting stories about her. Some state she jumped from a tower in the castle, others state she had jumped from Hiorne Tower. I have found that Hiorne Tower was built for the Duke of Norfolk in the late 18th century, located in Arundel Park behind the castle. The architect was Frances Hiorne. The Blue Man has been seen since 1630. He has been seen many times floating around the library as he browses through the books. There is mention of a ‘Cavalier’, but it is unclear just who this ghost is. I am wondering if the Cavalier could be the Blue Man who is also referred to as being from the time of King Charles II’s reign (c.1660-1685). I do know that the kitchen boy is defiantly not the Cavalier or the ghost seen in the servant’s quarters (these three were mentioned in two separate articles). The story of the serving lad is quite sad and disturbing. He lived at the castle over 200 years ago, and, as the story goes, he was treated very badly, so badly that one day he was beaten to death. He haunts the kitchen and can been seen still scrubbing pots and pans. Another ghost is of a small white bird. Legend tells that its appearance is a warning that someone closely connected to the castle is going to die. I also found reference to white American Owls: “Before restoration of the keep, which was left in ruin for its picturesque beauty, the Dukes used to keep a colony of owls. A tradition exists at the castle where, when a family member is about to die, a white owl is seen fluttering at one of the windows.” The last ghost was seen by a footman in training in 1958. One of his duties was to turn off the drawbridge lights at 11 p.m. Walking down the ground floor corridor towards the main switch box at the end of the servant’s quarters “I was halfway along…when I was physically aware of something in front of me, about 15 feet away, going in the same direction. As I got nearer I could see the head and shoulders of a man wearing a light grey tunic with loose sleeves. He had long hair and was, I think about 24 years old, but how could one tell? I was behind him. The image was like that of an old photo, with the outline blurred. Because of poor light I could see nothing below waist level. As I walked on the strong impression seemed to fade and he had gone. He was there only for about half a minute I should think. I’m afraid I ran back along the corridor and I think I failed to switch off all the lights.” The young man had never been interested in ghost stories and had never heard any of the castle’s ghost stories, he stated “this was no kitchen scullion”. THE CASTLE: Arundel Castle is said to be built on the site of an existing Saxon fortification; William the Conqueror gave the earldom to Rodger de Montgomery in 1067. His task was to


The Pacific Islands nation of Tuvalu was known by which name until becoming independent in 1974?

Tuvalu | Article about Tuvalu by The Free Dictionary Tuvalu | Article about Tuvalu by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Tuvalu Related to Tuvalu: Vanuatu Tuvalu (to͞oväl`o͞o), independent Commonwealth nation (2005 est. pop. 11,600), 10 sq mi (26 sq km), composed of nine low coral atolls, formerly known as the Ellice (or Lagoon) Islands, scattered over the W Pacific Ocean. The capital is the atoll of Funafuti Funafuti , capital and chief atoll of Tuvalu, S Pacific. It comprises 30 islets of a reef 13 mi (21 km) long, with a land area of c.1 sq mi (2.6 sq km). The islet of Fongafale is the most populous part of the atoll; the center of government is there. ..... Click the link for more information. . The population is primarily Polynesian and about 98% Protestant; most are members of the Church of Tuvalu, a Congregationalist denomination. Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, and Kiribati (on the island of Nui) are spoken. Subsistence farming and fishing are the mainstays of the economy, especially on the atolls (the outer islands) other than Funafuti. The smallness and remoteness of the islands hinder the development of a tourist industry. The sale of postage stamps and coins accounts for the largest portion of the country's income. Remittances from overseas workers are also important. Other substantial income is received through a trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New Zealand, and Great Britain and also supported by Japan and South Korea. Copra and fish are the main exports; food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, and manufactured goods are imported. The main trading partners are Germany, Fiji, Italy, Japan, and China. Tuvalu is governed under the constitution of 1978. The monarch of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, represented by the governor-general, is the head of state. The government is headed by the prime minister, who is elected by the Parliament. Members of the 15-seat unicameral Parliament or House of Assembly (Fale I Fono) are popularly elected for four-year terms. History Capt. John Byron visited the islands in 1764 and they were administered by Britain as part of a protectorate (1892–1916) and as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony (1916–74). The colony became self-governing in 1971, and in 1974 the Ellice Islanders voted for separate British dependency status as Tuvalu. They became fully independent in 1978 and in 1979 signed a treaty of friendship with the United States, which recognized Tuvalu's possession of four small islands formerly claimed by the United States. Ionatana Ionatana, prime minister since Mar., 1999, died in Dec., 2000; the following February, Faimalaga Luka was elected to succeed him. In 2001 the government requested help from Australia and New Zealand in resettling its citizens if global warming leads to a significant rise in ocean waters; the highest point in the country is about 16 ft (5 m) above sea level. In Dec., 2001, Luka lost a confidence vote. Koloa Talake was chosen to succeed him, but he lost his seat in the elections in July, 2002. Saufatu Sopoanga became prime minister the following month. Sopoanga lost a confidence vote two years later, and in Oct., 2004, Maatia Toafa succeeded him. Following the Aug., 2006, parliamentary elections, in which all members of the government except Toafa lost their seats, Apisai Ielemia became prime minister. Toafa again became prime minister following the Sept., 2010, elections, but his government lost a confidence vote in December; Willy Telavi was elected to succeed him. In Aug., 2013, Telavi was ousted, and Enele Sopoaga became prime minister. A tropical cyclone in Mar., 2015, caused significant damage to many of the country's atolls. Tuvalu   (until 1975, Ellice Islands), a state consisting of a group of atolls in the western Pacific Ocean, in Polynesia. Area, 24 sq km. Population, about 10,000 (1979). Tuvalu consists of nine low-lying coral atolls that extend for more than 600 km. The islands, which have coconut-palm and banana plantations, export copra. The capital is the city of Funafuti. Tuval


"What is the name of the bakery, run by Wallace and Gromit in the 2008 film, ""A Matter of Loaf and Death""?"

A Matter of Loaf and Death (2008) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A Matter of Loaf and Death ( 2008 ) 30min WATCH NOW ON DISC Wallace and his dog, Gromit, open a bakery and get tied up with a murder mystery. But, when Wallace falls in love Gromit is left to solve the case. Director: a list of 29 titles created 01 May 2012 a list of 40 titles created 08 Mar 2013 a list of 24 titles created 27 Mar 2014 a list of 22 titles created 11 Feb 2015 a list of 48 titles created 5 months ago Title: A Matter of Loaf and Death (2008) 7.7/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for     1     Oscar. Another    2 wins & 4 nominations. See more awards  » Videos Wallace falls for Wendolene, a wool shop owner, while Gromit is framed for the sheep rustling. Director: Nick Park     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.8/10 X   Wallace takes a break from trying to decide on a holiday destination only to find he has no cheese for his crackers. The solution to both problems is a trip to the moon, with dog Gromit, because everybody knows the moon's made of cheese. Director: Nick Park Wallace is used by a criminal penguin in a robbery involving mechanical trousers. Director: Nick Park Wallace and his loyal dog, Gromit, set out to discover the mystery behind the garden sabotage that plagues their village and threatens the annual giant vegetable growing contest. Directors: Steve Box, Nick Park Stars: Peter Sallis, Helena Bonham Carter, Ralph Fiennes Wallace and Gromit try out a number of their latest inventions which rarely work as planned. Stars: Peter Sallis A compilation of the first three Wallace & Gromit short films: "A Grand Day Out", "The Wrong Trousers", and "A Close Shave". Stars: Peter Sallis, Anne Reid A collection of some of the most popular work featuring Wallace and Gromit. Director: Nick Park Wallace introduces correspondents, inventors and experts who explain various real-life contraptions, inventions and scientific accomplishments. Stars: Peter Sallis, Ashley Jensen, Jem Stansfield A humourous and thought provoking view of what animals in zoos might be thinking about their captivity and surroundings. Director: Nick Park When a cockerel apparently flies into a chicken farm, the chickens see him as an opportunity to escape their evil owners. Directors: Peter Lord, Nick Park Stars: Mel Gibson, Julia Sawalha, Phil Daniels Creature Comforts (TV Series 2003) Animation | Comedy | Family Stop-motion animated series with a cast of animals, sound-biting on a specific topic each episode, such as creatures' sporting adventures, Christmas, and visits to veterinarians. The show ... See full summary  » Stars: The Great British Public, David Rafique Edit Storyline Wallace and Gromit have a brand new business. The conversion of 62 West Wallaby Street is complete and impressive, the whole house is now a granary with ovens and robotic kneading arms. Huge mixing bowls are all over the place and everything is covered with a layer of flour. On the roof is a 'Wallace patent-pending' old-fashioned windmill. The transformation is perfect. Although business is booming, Gromit is concerned by the news that 12 local bakers have 'disappeared' this year - but Wallace isn't worried. He's too distracted and 'dough-eyed' in love with local beauty and bread enthusiast, Piella Bakewell, to be of much help. While they enjoy being the 'Toast of the Town', Gromit, with his master's life in jeopardy, must be the sleuth and solve the escalating murder mystery - in what quickly becomes a 'Matter of Loaf and Death'. Written by WelshHobo 25 December 2008 (UK) See more  » Also Known As: Auf Leben und Brot See more  » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia In this film Gromit reads a book called "Electronic surveillance for Dogs". In The Wrong Trousers (1993) he gained infor


Ben Macdui, at 1309m, is the highest mountain in which Scottish range?

Ben Macdui 1309m (4295ft) | Mountains and Hills | Aviemore and the Cairngorms | Welcome to Scotland Hostels and Bunkhouses in Aviemore and the Cairngorms Book online now A selection of our accommodation and things to do can be booked online, offering a fast, safe and easy way to organise your trip to Scotland. Book now « Back to Aviemore and the Cairngorms listings Ben Macdui 1309m (4295ft) The summit of this mountain can barely be seen from any road and its shape isn’t really grandiose, but rather a gradual swelling into a huge bulk. It is home to the mythical creature known as Am Fear liath Mor (the big grey man), and also the highest ‘beach’ in the country can be found on its eastern flanks. The quickest way to the summit is from the Cairngorm car park in the North, although access from the Linn of Dee is a little further and a little more interesting perhaps.


Which Italian region is the setting for the Inspector Montalban novels by Andrea Camilleri?

Commissario Montalbano on DVD These episode descriptions were obtained from the website of RAI Trade, the distributor of world-wide licensing for the series. 1 - The Snack Thief Il Ladro di Merendine Detective Montalbano investigates the murder of a man called Lapecora, the owner of an import-export company. His widow suspects that her husband was killed by his lover Karima, a young Tunisian woman who mysteriously disappeared the very day of the murder. Montalbano manages to track down the womans son, François, who had been hiding, terrified in the streets of the neighbourhood. As the detective investigates and the mystery becomes darker and more complex, what will happen to little François? 2 - The Voice of the Violin La voce del violino Accidentally, Detective Montalbano finds the naked corpse of a young woman in a villa outside the village. Montalbano starts investigating and finds out that the woman, Michela Licalzi, had recently bought the villa and come to Sicily from Bologna to restore it. Unfortunately the case is taken away from Montalbano and precious time will be lost while the Detective tries to get his case back. 3 - The Shape of Water La forma dell'acqua Luparello, a leading politician, dies in the arms of the daughter of a political rival while making love to her. It seems pretty straightforward, but Montalbano discovers that it was all staged by Rizzo, another political opponent, who didn't count on Giorgio, Luparello's young lover, in whose arms the politician had actually passed away. 4 - Terracotta Dog Il Cane di terracotta An informer reveals to Montalbano the existence of an arms cache in a cave outside of town. In the cave, in addition to the load of weapons, the police find two bodies in a secret chamber buried seemingly according to an obscure ritual. Montalbano is curious about the find, but first has to deal with the issue of arms smuggling unveiled by the informers revelation. Severely injured after an ambush set up by the Mafia to prevent him from proceeding with the inquiry, he will spend most of his convalescence trying to solve the mystery of the bodies in the cave. 5 - Trip to Tindari La gita a Tindari Detective Montalbano is faced with a double mystery: the murder of Nenè Sanfilippo, a freelance informatics expert, and the disappearance of Mr. and Mrs. Griffo, an elderly couple last seen during an excursion to Tindari. Montalbano suspects that Sanfilippos affair with Vania Titulesco, the Rumanian wife of noted transplant surgeon Eugenio Isgrò, has something to do with his death. Then, when the charred bodies of the Griffos are found, the detective discovers that the elderly couple had been renting a farmhouse to Sanfilippo, who supposedly used it to meet with his lover. 6 - The Touch of the Artist Tocco d'artista Goldsmith Alberto Larussa would appear to have committed suicide by turning his wheelchair into an electric chair. But then detective Montalbano discovers that the dead mans will, which leaves everything to his brother Giacomo, has been forged. Giacomo is arrested. But then after further research, Montalbano learns that years earlier, during a fight over Emma Morpurgo, a girl they had both fallen in love with, Giacomo had pushed Roberto down a stairway, leaving him paralysed. To avenge this, Alberto had staged his death in order to make it look like the murderer was his brother. 7 - Sense of Touch Il senso del tatto The apparently accidental death of a blind man leads Montalbano to an island off the coast of Sicily where the passing of a local fisherman leads to the discovery that he and the blind man had each deposited huge sums of money in their respective bank accounts. 8 - Montalbanos Croquettes Gli Arancini di Montalbano When Mr. Pagnozzi, chairman of a public works company, and his young wife Stefania are found dead in their car in a gully, the immediate conclusion is an accident. However, the fact that the womans nails are broken causes Montalbano to suspect that things are not that simple and that the couple was in fact murdered. The investigation, initially focused


"First premiered in 1786, who wrote the music for the opera, ""The Marriage of Figaro""?"

1786: Mozart’s “The Marriage of Figaro” Salzburg Festival 2006 Photo: Monika Rittershaus 1786 Le nozze di Figaro: Figaro, Susanna, Marcellina, Bartolo and Cherubim Salzburg Festival 2006 Photo: Monika Rittershaus With the French revolution in the background, Beaumarchais had written the French comedy “The Barber of Seville”. The piece was considered an open challenge to nobility! Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was intrigued by the material. Furthermore, his favourite librettist Lorenzo da Ponte agreed to collaborate on the project! The result was to be an Italian Opera buffa, “Le Nozze di Figaro”, an independent musical drama full of suspense but without a clear political message. There was only a little room for allusions to the revolution of commoners against nobility. After all, Mozart wanted to avoid having a performance of “The Marriage of Figaro” prohibited by the authorities, something that had happened to different incarnations of the play in Vienna… It was da Ponte’s task to pique the interest of the emperor in the new opera to avoid antagonising him from the very start. Mozart and da Ponte collaborated harmoniously – despite being under extreme time pressure, as always. Mozart still had to make a living for his family on the side. The story of the opera starts where Beaumarchais' play ends: at the court of the Count Almaviva. To win the lady of one’s heart with trickery and imagination… Figaro, the valet of Count Almaviva, is in preparations for his wedding. Susanna, his chosen, is the chamber maid of Countess Rosina. But Count Almaviva has cast an eye on the beautiful Susanna too. The page Cherubino and Marcellina, the count’s housekeeper - to whom Figaro has promised marriage should he be incapable of paying his debts - join the merry fray. Cherubino is an enfant terrible and frequently causes chaos and confusion. The story resembles a modern screwball comedy, with changing disguises, mistaken identities, trickery and outbursts of jealousy. But the happy end is inevitable and Figaro’s marriage can take place. The only revolutionary aspect of Mozart’s “Figaro” is the triumph of the common man over the arrogance of nobility. In one aria, for instance, Cherubino irreverently calls his employer “contino” - little count. Joseph II spotted the little jibe but was not averse to a little bit of mockery at the expense of the Viennese nobility. Mozart and da Ponte had reached their goal: “The Marriage of Figaro” was performed and even rewarded by a fee from the emperor. The world premiere on May 1, 1786, at the Burgtheater in Vienna was not exceptionally successful. The orchestra had difficulties coming to terms with Mozart’s complicated music. The Viennese audience, more attuned to the works of the popular Salieri, were not overly thrilled. One critic wrote: “On the first night, the audience did not really know what to make of it.” “The Marriage of Figaro” in Prague However, Mozart’s opera was far more successful in Prague. After the less than moderate success of his work in Vienna, Mozart found himself in dire need of money again. There still was no permanent employment in sight. Unexpectedly, he was invited to conduct “Figaro” himself in Prague. Mozart travelled to the capital of Bohemia with his wife Constanze. “The Marriage of Figaro” was an overwhelming success. The audience in Prague raved and celebrated Mozart for three weeks. And the money was good: it is said that Mozart made up to one thousand guilders in Prague. Full of hope, the Mozarts returned to Vienna, where the big breakthrough would surely now be inevitable …


To which political party does Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd belong?

Former prime minister Kevin Rudd quits federal politics with emotional speech to Parliament - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) Former prime minister Kevin Rudd quits federal politics with emotional speech to Parliament Updated November 14, 2013 15:19:52 Map: Australia Former prime minister Kevin Rudd announced his retirement from politics in an emotional speech to Parliament on Wednesday night, adding "it really is time for me to zip". Mr Rudd, who has served as the Member for Griffith since 1998, says he will leave Parliament at the end of this week. "This has been the product of much soul-searching for us as a family over the last few months," he said, fighting back tears. Kevin Rudd Elected as MP for Griffith in 1998 Elected opposition leader in December, 2006 Elected prime minister in December, 2007 Ousted by Julia Gillard in June 2010 Foreign minister from September 2010 to February 2012 Sworn in as PM again on June 27, 2013 Defeated in federal election on September 7, 2013 Announces his retirement from Parliament on November 13, 2013 "The decision that I have made has not been taken lightly. "But for me, my family is everything, always has been, always will be, which is why I will not be continuing as a member of this Parliament beyond this week."  Mr Rudd, who served in the top job between 2007 and 2010, and then again this year, went on to wish Tony Abbott luck, saying the office of Prime Minister was the "hardest job in the land". "I wish Tony, his wife Margie and their family all the best for the rigours of high office that inevitably lie ahead," he said. On his side of politics he singled out Opposition Leader Bill Shorten, as well as key supporters Anthony Albanese and Chris Bowen. Divisive figure: Rudd's political career Analysis: Labor, Liberal, friend or foe, Kevin Rudd had an almost unique ability to polarise opinions "Having served as Leader of the Opposition myself, this is never a position for the faint-hearted. There are always long dark nights of the soul but believe it or not, morning does come, often sooner than you think," he said. "Bill brings great strength to the position. I have every confidence he will lead Labor's return to the Treasury benches. "I wish to thank Albo as his extraordinary service as deputy prime minister and leader of the house. Albo is the most formidable parliamentarian in this place, as is recognised on both sides of the chamber." When speaking of his future Mr Rudd said he was planning to establish a "national apology foundation", highlighting his apology to Indigenous Australians, which he said was a signature achievement of his time as prime minister. He also spoke of his desire to remain active in the international community. My family is everything, always has been, always will be, which is why I will not be continuing as a member of this Parliament beyond this week. Kevin Rudd "I am passionately Australian and passionately a citizen of the world. I intend to be active in the international community in areas where I can make a genuine contribution to peace and stability, global economic governance and sustainable development, including climate change," he said. And despite the emotion of the situation, Mr Rudd ended the speech with his signature sign-off. "On this final occasion in the Parliament, and as is now officially recorded in the classics for occasions such as this, it really is time for me to zip," he said. External Link: Kevin Rudd: A political life Rudd a 'big figure' in Australian public life: Abbott Mr Abbott paid tribute Mr Rudd, saying his retirement is a significant event in the history of the Parliament. "To lose someone who has been one of the big figures in this Parliament and one of the big figures in the life, the public life of our country over the best part of two decades," he said. External Link: Rudd's service 'very significant': Abbott "As a political opponent, but as someone who has known the Member for Griffith quite well for a long time, I salute him and I wish him and his family all the best for the future, and I express my


At which London railway station is there a statue of Sir John Betjeman?

Betjemen Sculpture Contact Betjemen Sculpture In November 2007 London's St.Pancras International station was reopened following a multimillion   pound redevelopment as the new terminus for the Eurostar link with Paris and Brussels. Standing on the platform is a larger-than-lifesize statue of poet John Betjeman by Martin Jennings.   Betjeman had been the driving force behind efforts to save the site when it was threatened by development   plans during the 1960s and the sculpture stands as a tribute from London and Continental Railways to   the man who made their redevelopment of the station possible. Work on the sculpture began in May 2007. A month earlier Martin had won a competition for the commission   organised by arts consultancy Futurecity Limited .   The 2.1m high sculpture was completed in clay within two months and casting began immediately in   Gloucestershire-based foundry Pangolin Editions . Two images on right above © Sam Cramer. While this was proceeding Martin and members of his workshop set about inscribing in Cumbrian slate the   various quotations he had chosen from Betjeman's poetry that were subsequently set in the platform around the sculpture. Two of the slate discs set in the platform. The completed work was jointly unveiled on 12th November by Betjeman's daughter Candida Lycett-Green and Poet Laureate Andrew Motion. "Jennings's amazing work is a fitting tribute for a national icon" Justin Gowers, Guardian. "Jennings's Betjeman - the best statue I've seen of a well-known figure - is so bright, so visually striking,   that it's possible to believe that he actually embalmed the poet in bronze.   Betjeman is so realistic that you think he's about to walk down the platform" Duncan Hamilton, Yorkshire Post.


What name is given to the cask, which holds a quarter of a barrel of beer?

Cask Conditioned Beer Glossary A 36 imperial gallon cask, uncommon. BEER ENGINE, HANDPUMP Manual pump used to draw from the cask to the point of dispense. BEER LINE Piping leading up to the beer engine. BOTTLE-CONDITIONED Unfiltered, unpasteurised bottled beer - 'real ale in a bottle' of sorts. BREWERY-CONDITIONED Filtered beer that is not cask-conditioned ale. BRIGHT BEER Cask-conditioned beer which has been decanted into a fresh firkin (etc.) to separate it from its lees for safe transportation. BUNG Round cork for protecting the inside of empty casks from insects etc. C-BRITE (U.S.A.) Brand of powdered sanitiser that efficiently cleans beer lines etc. CAMRA Acronym for the Campaign for Real Ale, boasting about 77,000 members in the U.K. CASK Traditional vessel of varying sizes used to contain real ale and allow it to have a secondary fermentation. It can be made of stainless steel, aluminium, wood or plastic. CASK BREATHER Device that adds low pressure gas into a cask to replace dispensed beer, this prolongs the life of the beer but may affect the conditioning process slightly. CASK-CONDITIONED BEER, REAL ALE Beer that has undergone secondary fermentation in the cask and has no extraneous gas added. CELLARMANSHIP The art of keeping cask ale. CELLAR PERSON, CELLAR(WO)MAN Person skilled at looking after cask-conditioned ale in a pub or at a beer festival. CELLAR TEMPERATURE Around 54 or 55 degrees Fahrenheit - the ideal temperature for real ale. CHILL HAZE A clarity imperfection caused by the beer being stored too cold. CHINE The front or back rim of a cask, usually containing handling holes and sometimes stamped with the name of the owning brewery. CHOCK Triangular wooden wedge used to prop up and stabilise stillaged casks. CONDITION The amount of dissolved CO2 in the beer. CONDITIONING The time that the beer is maturing in the cask. COOPER A maker and repairer of casks, especially wooden ones. COOPERAGE A brewery's stock of casks and kegs. CYLINDER The main under counter part of a beer engine unit. DIPSTICK A special rod that measures how much beer is present when inserted through the shive down to the belly of the cask. DRIP TRAY The part of the beer engine unit that catches the drips. DRY HOPPED Cask beer that has fresh hop leaves or pellets added on racking. ELEVEN British Brewing Industry colloquialism for a non-standard 11 Imperial gallon firkin converted from a 50 litre keg. FINE (v.) To add finings to a cask. FININGS A liquid substance added to the beer at the brewery or in the cellar to aid clarification. There are several types including isinglass and Irish Moss. FIRKIN, NINE A 9 imperial gallon cask, the most common size. FLUFFY BOTTOM Situation where yeast and protein cells lurk in clumps near the tap but do not stick to the bottom of the cask as they should, this can cause beer to turn cloudy unexpectedly. GRAVITY Method of dispensing cask beer straight from the cask into the glass without need for a beer engine. GREEN BEER Cask ale that hasn't matured properly. GYLE (NUMBER) A batch number on the cask label identifying when it was brewed. HARD SPILE Long, thin, non-porous wooden peg used to broach the shive and to prevent natural condition escaping out of the beer. HI-GENE A manufacturing company which makes beer engines, sometimes just referred to by their brand name. HOGSHEAD A 54 imperial gallon cask (now virtually extinct). HOP FILTER A washer-like fitting with an attached mesh filter that goes between the tap and beer line, this catches stray particles and helps to prevent leaks. Use of these is optional. HYGIENE Something that shouldn't be forgotten when dealing with real ale. IRISH MOSS A type of finings commonly used in the U.S.A. ISINGLASS A type of finings largely limited to use by British breweries. JACKET An insulated covering for a SADDLE which envelops the top of a stillaged cask. KEG Sealed cooperage usually used for brewery-conditioned beer. KEG-CONDITIONED Unfiltered beer that has undergone secondary conditioning in a regular keg. Same as cask-conditioning unless attached to a gas supply


"The W.W.II campaign, known as, ""The Battle of the Bulge"", was fought in which area of Europe?"

National Academic Quiz Tournaments, LLC You Gotta Know These World War II Battles European Theater: Battle of Britain (July 1940-October 1940) The Battle of Britain saw the British Royal Air Force (RAF) defeat the German air force, known as the Luftwaffe, effectively saving Britain from a proposed German amphibious invasion codenamed Operation Sea Lion. The primary German fighter plane was the Messerschmitt Bf 109, which engaged in numerous dogfights against British pilots flying Hurricane and Spitfire aircraft. Effective use of radar helped to repel German forces, forcing the Luftwaffe into nighttime raids against civilian targets in a campaign known as "the Blitz". Battle of Stalingrad (August 1942-February 1943) With about two million casualties, the Battle of Stalingrad is often cited as the bloodiest battle in history. The battle arose out of Germany's summer campaign to capture vital oil supplies in the Caucasus Mountains, but Friedrich Paulus's 6th Army became bogged down in intense street fighting in the city, allowing Soviet Marshal Georgy Zhukov to launch Operation Uranus, which encircled Paulus's men by defeating the Italian, Hungarian, and Romanian forces guarding their flank. In the final days of the battle, Hitler promoted Paulus to field marshal, a not-so-subtle suggestion that Paulus should either fight to the death or commit suicide, as no German field marshal had ever been captured; Paulus surrendered anyway. Battle of El Alamein (October 1942-November 1942) The Second Battle of El Alamein marked the turning point in the African campaign. Named for an Egyptian coastal town 65 miles west of Alexandria, it saw the British Eighth Army under Bernard Montgomery defeat the German Afrika Korps under Erwin Rommel, preventing the Nazis from capturing the Suez Canal and oil fields in the Middle East. Following the battle, Allied forces landed in Morocco and Algeria as part of Operation Torch, and by May 1943 all Axis forces in North Africa had surrendered. Battle of Kursk (July 1943-August 1943) Fought in western Russia, the Battle of Kursk was the largest tank battle in history, with about 6,000 tanks engaged. Thanks to a complex spy network, the Soviet leadership was well-informed about German plans to launch Operation Citadel against the Kursk salient, and constructed massive defensive fortifications. After the German advance was stopped, a successful Soviet counterattack was launched. The German Army never again was able to mount a major attack on the Eastern Front. D-Day (June 6, 1944) Also known as Operation Overlord, this was the largest amphibious assault in history, as Supreme Allied Commander Dwight Eisenhower's forces attacked the German Atlantic Wall defenses on the beaches of Normandy, France. Due to his wife's birthday, German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was absent at the start the invasion, which saw American forces land at Utah and Omaha Beaches, British forces land at Gold and Sword Beaches, and Canadian forces land at Juno Beach. After the landings, Allied forces erected prefabricated artificial Mulberry harbors to aid in transporting goods to France. Battle of the Bulge (December 1944-January 1945) The Battle of the Bulge resulted from Germany's last major offensive operation on the Western Front. The German plan to sweep through the Ardennes Forest and capture the port city of Antwerp, Belgium, benefited from Allied aircraft being grounded due to poor weather. During the battle, English-speaking German troops under Otto Skorzeny attempted to disguise themselves as Allied troops and infiltrate enemy lines. German forces also besieged the Belgian town of Bastogne and requested its surrender, to which U.S. Army Brigadier General Anthony McAuliffe replied "Nuts!"; the siege was eventually lifted by forces commanded by George Patton. Other notable battles in Europe included the Battle of France, the Siege of Leningrad, the Battle of Moscow, the Battle of Anzio, the Battle of Monte Cassino, Operation Market Garden, and the Battle of Berlin. Pacific Theater: Attack on Pearl Harbor (Decem


In 2007, Lee Mead won a BBC reality contest to play which role?

Lee Mead Lee Mead Interview Lee Mead shot to fame when he won BBC TV casting show Any Dream Will Do, a contest to find Andrew Lloyd Webber a new leading man for his 2007 West End revival of Joseph And The Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat. Since then, Lee’s made steady progress with his career, appearing in numerous other West End winners as well as bagging himself a regular role in long-running TV series Casualty. Here, he talks to What’s On about his new touring show, Some Enchanted Evening, and his return to the Midlands to star in Birmingham Hippodrome’s blockbuster pantomime, Aladdin. Lee will also appear in Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at the Hippodrome next year. Lauren Foster recently caught with Lee to find out more...   Your tour - Some Enchanted Evening - takes the audience back in time to the 1940s and ’50s. What draws you to this type of music, Lee, as opposed to, for example, a genre like pop? Growing up, I used to watch a lot of films like South Pacific and Guys And Dolls, so I wanted to tour a show featuring those sort of songs - but with a modern twist on the arrangements and the music itself. You’ve been working on your fourth album. When will it be released and what can we expect? It’s coming out next Spring. It’s ten tracks and will feature songs from the tour I’m doing at the moment - for example, Where Or When, Some Enchanted Evening and All The Things You Are. It’s a real mix of numbers. There’s a song called I See You In My Dreams as well, which is quite a sweet number. It’s taken a while to record because I’m down in Cardiff in the week filming Casualty. It’s like doing two full-time jobs. Your Casualty co-star, Amanda Henderson, who plays Robyn Miller, is on tour with you. How did this come about? I’ve known Amanda almost two years on the show and we’re really good friends, I didn’t initially realise that she could sing. She was in the film version of Les Miserables, and she did Oliver! in the West End for two years as well. She’s got a lovely voice, a really cracking voice, and a nice tone - which a lot of female singers have got - but there aren’t many female singers who have a strong belt. She can hit some really big notes, which is really nice. She’s doing four or five numbers in the show. We do a few numbers together. What was it like joining a fast-moving TV series like Casualty? Did it take much getting used to? It did initially. I’d been a guest on the show prior to that and had also appeared in an episode of a Sky TV series called Bedlam, so I had some experience on camera but hadn’t had a regular role. There was an initial adjustment to make - it’s obviously very different to being on stage - but I really enjoy it. It’s nice to balance out the work. Going back to your Joseph days, you were the winner of the BBC’s Any Dream Will Do casting series back in 2007. Does it still feel like a dream? I’m very blessed for that opportunity. It was a big show and I got to work with Andrew Lloyd Webber. It was a part I’d wanted to play since I was a kid. I think what it gave me was that platform. I think there were ten million people a week watching the show. It was the first of its kind in terms of guys, so it was quite groundbreaking. Going out to that many people each week, for twelve weeks, you’re instantly recognised and can use that platform to do more things. I’ve been very lucky to be able to do my own show, make records and appear in TV roles. For me, it was always about having a career and working. I’m quite proud of the fact that I haven’t gone off the radar, which can often happen with a lot of people who win that type of show. Winning the show kick-started your career. Would you say it was your proudest moment? There’ve been a few moments like that. Getting the part in Casualty was a great moment too. Singing at Wembley to eighty thousand people was another, as was getting a record deal with Universal. And it was always a dream to sing at the Albert Hall, which I’ve now done three times. I used to see lots of shows there as a kid, but never in a million years did I think I’d get to sing there -


"""If you shall chance, Camillo, to visit Bohemia"", is the first line of which Shakespeare play?"

Winter's Tale: Entire Play Winter's Tale SCENE I. Antechamber in LEONTES' palace. Enter CAMILLO and ARCHIDAMUS SCENE II. A room of state in the same. Enter LEONTES, HERMIONE, MAMILLIUS, POLIXENES, CAMILLO, and Attendants


In which country are the archaeological sites of Tikal and Yaxha?

Guatemala: Yaxhï¿½   Guatemala Guatemala : Archeological sites There are at least 5000 archaeological sites in Guatemala, 3000 of them in Petén alone. Only a few of them have been restaured. The more known and visited sites are :Tikal, Yaxhá, Aguateca and Quirigua.   4 Quirigua Yaxhá Yaxha (or Yaxhá in Spanish orthography) is a Mesoamerican archaeological site in the northeast of the Petén Basin region, and a former ceremonial center and city of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. Located in the modern-day department of Petén, northern Guatemala, it is approximately 30 km (18.6 mi) southeast from Tikal, between the Yahxá and Sacnab lakes. It shares an unique relationship with two other cities (Nakum and Naranjo); together they form a triangle in the midst of which there are other minor sites. The site has more than 500 structures, including 40 stelae, 13 Altars, 9 Temple Pyramids, 2 Mesoamerican ballcourts, and a network of sacbeob (causeways) that connect the central, northern (Maler), and eastern 'acropoleis', and the Lake causeway that was the main entrance in the past. The top of Temple 216 (restored) provides a view of the two lakes on one side and the jungle and the stepped-pyramids on the other. On Plaza C is the only twin-pyramid complex outside of Tikal, that commemorates a Katun, a 20 years period, there are 7 in Tikal, also known as the stela plaza. The fact that the site hold the twin-pyramid complex can be a visible insight on the political alliances that eventually influeced the architectual style of the city at its peak. The Temple K is being restored here, at the entrance of the site. The city has 3 main groups, the East Acrópolis built on an elevated platform, is the tallest point of the site and in front of it are several Stelas broken long ago. The main ball court is restored, and located near the Central Acrópolis. The Deutsche Bank is financing its undergoing restoration. Topoxte outpost of Yaxhá during the Late Classic, is nearby and was the largest Postclassic Maya site in Petén Basin. This site located at the "Yaxhá, Nakum, Naranjo National Park" is today one of the most visited sites in the northwest of the Peten.   Yaxha is notable for the unique survival of its toponym from the Classic period, when it was a thriving city. In 1985, David Stuart first proposed that the Emblem Glyph of the site should be read Yax-ha and that the name of the city (and the lake) is of ancient origin. The TV reality show Survivor (Guatemala) was filmed on location here on 2005. Parts of this text are from Wkipedia


In which country are the archaeological sites of Sipan and Ollantaytambo?

Inca Trail, Peru archaeology Inca Trail Tours » Peru » Archaeology Peru archaeology Peru is steeped in a rich archaeological heritage, with some of the most important sites lying in the coastal desert of the northern coast and in the southern Andean Highlands. The oldest remains of the Peruvian man were found by Pacaicasa, near Ayacucho, he lived around 18 to 20 thousand years BC. The men of Chilca in the southern Peruvian coast were the first farmers around 9000 BC. The most developed civilizations began with Chavin de Huantar in the present day Ancash area. Later the Paracas civilization in the southern coast of Peru had excellent weavers that left works that are admired all over the world. The Nazca culture left many material remains of their development and specially the famous and enigmatic Nazca Lines that can be fully appreciated only flying in an airplane. The Tiahuanaco civilization was developed in the Altiplano that is today shared by Peru and Bolivia. The Mochicas in present day Lambayeque were great artisans that left such amount of ceramic that graphically represents all the aspects of their daily life; besides, in the last decades archaeologists found remains of their material achievements such as the Lord of Sipan. The Chimu civilization was developed also in the northern coast and produced excellent pieces of metallurgy with such advanced techniques that are still an enigma for science. The Wari Culture was developed around present day Ayacucho, and was a really powerful military nation for its time. There were also dozens of other less known civilizations all over the country Archaeological Sites


Burins, bifaces and scrapers are ancient artefacts made of what?

Archaeology Wordsmith Archaeology Wordsmith SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: graver CATEGORY: lithics DEFINITION: A specialized engraving tool with a chipped flint or stone shaft that is cut or ground diagonally downward to form a diamond-shaped point at the tip. The angle of the point affected the width and depth of the engraved lines. The shaft of the tool was fixed in a flat handle that could be held close to the working surface. A burin had a wide rounded end for bracing against the palm of the hand and the point was guided by thumb and forefinger. A blade or flake could be formed into any one of about 20 varieties of the tool. In its most characteristic form, the working tip is a narrow transverse edge formed by the intersection of two flake scars produced by striking at an angle to the main axis of the blade. Sometimes one facet is made by simply snapping the blade, or by truncating it with a steep retouch. Burins were used to carve or engrave softer materials such as antler, bone, ivory, metal, or wood. This tool was characteristic of the Upper Paleolithic (especially Magdalenian) in the Old World and of some Early Lithic and Mesolithic cultures of the New World. SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: non-tula adze, flake scraper CATEGORY: artifact DEFINITION: A term sometimes used by Australian archaeologists for flake scrapers, hafted for woodworking, which are not Tula adzes burin facet DEFINITION: The scar formed by the detachment of a burin spall burin spall CATEGORY: lithics DEFINITION: A small, relatively thick flake removed from a flake or blade using a snapped termination or previous burination scar as a platform. burren adze SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: burin adze, non-tula adze, flake scraper CATEGORY: artifact DEFINITION: A term sometimes used by Australian archaeologists for flake scrapers, hafted for woodworking, which are not Tula adzes graver SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: burin CATEGORY: lithics DEFINITION: A stone tool manufactured from a flake by chipping (pressure-flaking) it on two edges at one end so as to leave a sharp point. Gravers were to cut or score soft materials such as bone, shell, wood, and antler; perhaps for punching leather and other purposes. The term also refers to a type of metalworking tool which comprises a number of subtypes, though all are hand-held, hard, and sharp and are used to cut or engrave metal. Such a graver has a metal shaft that is cut or ground diagonally downward to form a diamond-shaped point at the tip. The angle of the point affects the width and depth of the engraved lines; the point is guided by thumb and forefinger. Krukowski microburin DEFINITION: A tool backed like a La Mouillah point but the scar runs back onto the body of the bladelet. microburin SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: microburin technique CATEGORY: lithics DEFINITION: A microlith produced by notching and snapping a blade; a small piece of stone snapped off of a microlith that is a byproduct of the manufacture of microliths. A blade is notched and then snapped off where the chipping has narrowed and weakened it. One piece becomes a microlithic tool, while the residue (the microburin) still shows traces of the original notch and fracture. Certain trapeze-shaped microliths were made from the central part of a double-notched blade, in which case both ends have the appearance of microburins. This procedure allowed the maker to obtain a strong head with a sharp point by breaking up flint blades after making a notch in them -- a practice widespread in Mesolithic as means of manufacturing arrowheads. The name originates from the erroneous belief that these pieces were the same as burins. Noailles SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: Noailles burin CATEGORY: site DEFINITION: The Grotte de Noailles, close to Brive, Corrèze, southwest France, which has given its name to a small multiple burin -- an Upper Palaeolithic flake tool retouched to give several chisellike edges. The Noailles burin distinguishes a facies of the Upper Perigordian or Noaillian, dating to c 27,000 bp. Noailles graver SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: Noailles burin CATEGORY:


The prefix 'sarco' refers to which type of animal tissue?

Sarcoma | definition of sarcoma by Medical dictionary Sarcoma | definition of sarcoma by Medical dictionary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sarcoma sarcoma  [sahr-ko´mah] (pl. sarcomas, sarco´mata.) A tumor, often highly malignant, composed of cells derived from connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, muscle, blood vessel, or lymphoid tissue; sarcomas usually develop rapidly and metastasize through the lymph channels. Different types are named for the specific tissue they affect: fibrosarcoma in fibrous connective tissue; lymphosarcoma in lymphoid tissues; osteosarcoma in bone; chondrosarcoma in cartilage; rhabdosarcoma in muscle; and liposarcoma in fat cells. adj., adj sarco´matous. Abernethy's sarcoma a malignant fatty tumor occurring mainly on the trunk. alveolar soft part sarcoma one with a reticulated fibrous stroma enclosing groups of sarcoma cells enclosed in alveoli walled with connective tissue. botryoid sarcoma (sarcoma botryoi´des) an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma arising in submucosal tissue, usually in the upper vagina, cervix uteri, or bladder neck in young children and infants, presenting grossly as a polypoid grapelike structure. endometrial stromal sarcoma a pale, polypoid, fleshy, malignant tumor of the endometrial stroma. Ewing's sarcoma a malignant tumor of the bone that arises in medullary tissue, usually found in cylindrical bones, with pain, fever, and leukocytosis as prominent symptoms; called also Ewing's tumor . giant cell sarcoma a malignant form of giant cell tumor of bone. A connective tissue neoplasm, usually highly malignant, formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells. [G. sarkōma, a fleshy excrescence, fr. sarx, flesh, + -oma, tumor] sarcoma /sar·co·ma/ (sahr-ko´mah) pl. sarcomas, sarco´mata   any of a group of tumors usually arising from connective tissue, although the term now includes some of epithelial origin; most are malignant. alveolar soft part sarcoma  a well-circumscribed, painless, highly metastatic neoplasm with a distinctive alveolar pattern, usually in the limbs, head, and neck of young adults. ameloblastic sarcoma  see under fibrosarcoma . botryoid sarcoma , sarcoma botryoi´des an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma arising in submucosal tissue, usually in the upper vagina, cervix uteri, or neck of urinary bladder in young children and infants, presenting grossly as a polypoid grapelike structure. clear cell sarcoma of kidney  a malignant kidney tumor similar to Wilms' tumor but with poorer prognosis, often metastasizing to bone. endometrial stromal sarcoma  a pale, polypoid, fleshy, malignant tumor of the endometrial stroma. Ewing's sarcoma  a highly malignant, metastatic, primitive small round cell tumor of bone, usually in the diaphyses of long bones, ribs, and flat bones of children and adolescents. giant cell sarcoma  1. a form of giant cell tumor of bone arising malignant de novo rather than transforming to malignancy. 2. sarcoma characterized by large anaplastic (giant) cells. (sär-kō′mə) n. pl. sarco·mas also sarco·mata (-mə-tə) A malignant tumor arising from bone or from soft tissues such as muscle, cartilage, fat, or blood or lymph vessels. sar·co′ma·toid′ (-mə-toid′), sar·co′ma·tous (-təs) adj. sarcoma [särkō′mə] pl. sarcomas, sarcomata Etymology: Gk, sarx + oma, tumor a malignant neoplasm of the soft tissues arising in fibrous, fatty, muscular, synovial, vascular, or neural tissue, usually first manifested as a painless swelling. About 40% of sarcomas occur in the lower extremities, 20% in the upper extremities, 20% in the trunk, and the rest in the head, neck, or retroperineum. The tumor is composed of cells in a connective tissue matrix and may be highly invasive. Trauma probably does not play a role in the cause, but sarcomas may arise in burn or radiation scars. Small tumors may be managed by local excision and postoperative radiotherapy, but bulky sarcomas of the extremities may require amputation followed by irradiation for local control and combination chemotherapy to eliminate small foci or neoplastic cells. See specific sarcomas. sarcomatous, adj


Who was the first signatory of the American declaration of Independence?

The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence More The Declaration of Independence is the founding document of the American political tradition. It articulates the fundamental ideas that form the American nation: All men are created free and equal and possess the same inherent, natural rights. Legitimate governments must therefore be based on the consent of the governed and must exist “to secure these rights.” As a practical matter, the Declaration of Independence announced to the world the unanimous decision of the thirteen American colonies to separate themselves from Great Britain. But its true revolutionary significance—then as well as now—is the declaration of a new basis of political legitimacy in the sovereignty of the people. The Americans’ final appeal was not to any man-made decree or evolving spirit but to rights inherently possessed by all men. These rights are found in eternal “Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God.” As such, the Declaration’s meaning transcends the particulars of time and circumstances. The circumstances of the Declaration’s writing make us appreciate its exceptionalist claims even more. The war against Britain had been raging for more than two years when the Continental Congress, following a resolution of Richard Henry Lee on June 7, 1776, appointed a committee to explore the independence of the colonies from Great Britain. John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston turned to their colleague Thomas Jefferson to draft a formal declaration which they then submitted, with few corrections, to Congress. On July 2 Congress voted for independence and proceeded to debate the wording of the Declaration, which was, with the notable deletion of Jefferson’s vehement condemnation of slavery, unanimously approved on the evening of July 4. Every Fourth of July, America celebrates not the actual act of independence (proclaimed on July 2) but rather the public proclamation of the principles behind the act. The Declaration has three parts—the famous Preamble, a list of charges against King George III, and a conclusion. The Preamble summarizes the fundamental principles of American self-government. The list of charges against the king presents examples of the violation of those principles. The stirring conclusion calls for duty, action, and sacrifice. ______ Preamble (and first paragraph). Although a document justifying revolutionary war, the Declaration argues throughout on the basis of universal reason by paying “decent respect to the opinions of mankind” and appealing to “the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God.” Self-Evident Truths. The Declaration bases America and its government on self-evident truths such as human equality and certain “unalienable rights.” The truths are self-evident, not in the sense of being immediately obvious to everyone, but rather in presenting the logical or evident conclusion of what enlightened humanity understands by a human being. Self-evident truths are also not restricted to any one era or nation; they are as true today as they were in 1776, as true in America as they are in contemporary China or in ancient Greece. To enforce those rights is the challenge of American politics. Rights. Such rights are acknowledged and affirmed liberties inherent in human nature—the right to own property, for example. They are not merely powers, and neither are they simply wishes or desires. “[E]ndowed by their Creator,” these rights transcend the ability of any government to destroy them (though killing or enslaving the men and women who possess these rights is, of course, another matter). Thus, these inherent or natural rights produce legitimate government and deny the legitimacy of any government justified merely on, for example, heredity, religion, class, race, or wealth. Equality. So conceived, American government is fundamentally about rights or liberty. But these rights follow from the equality of all men. This precedence of equality obviously does not mean an equality of strength, character, batting averages, or writing skill; nor does it deman


Nelson's tomb stands in St Paul's Cathedral but for whom was it originally made although this person never occupied it?

St Paul's: The new church | British History Online St Paul's: The new church St Paul's: The new church Pages 249-262 This free content was digitised by double rekeying . All rights reserved. Citation: CHAPTER XXI. ST. PAUL'S (continued). The Rebuilding of St. Paul's—III Treatment of its Architect—Cost of the Present Fabric—Royal Vistors—The First Grave in St. Paul's—Monuments in St. Paul's—Nelson's, Funeral—Military Heroes in St. Paul's—The Duke of Wellington's Funeral—Other Creat Men in St. Paul's—Proposals for the Completion and Decoration of the Building—Dimensions of St. Paul's—Plan of Construction—The Dome, Ball, and Cross—Mr. Horner and his Observatory—Two Narrow Escapes—Sir James Thornhill—Peregrine Falcons on St. Paul's—Nooks and Corners of the Cathedral—The Library. Model Room, and Clock—The Great Bell—A Lucky Error—Curious Story of a Monomaniac—The Poets and the Cathedral—The Festivals of the Charity Schools and of the Sons of the Clergy. Towards the rebuilding of St. Paul's Cathedral, Charles II., generous as usual in promises, offered an annual contribution of £1,000; but this, however, never seems to have been paid. It, no doubt, went to pay Nell Gwynne's losses at the gambling-table, or to feed the Duchess of Portsmouth's lap-dogs. Some £1,700 in fines, however, were set apart for the new building. The Primate Sheldon gave £2,000. Many of the bishops contributed largely, and there were parochial collections all over England. But the bulk of the money was obtained from the City duty on coals, which (as Dean Milman remarks) in time had their revenge in destroying the stonework of the Cathedral. It was only by a fortunate accident that Wren became the builder; for Charles II., whose tastes and vices were all French, had in vain invited over Perrault, the designer of one of the fronts of the Louvre. The great architect, Wren, was the son of a Dean of Windsor, and nephew of a Bishop of Norwich whom Cromwell had imprisoned for his Romish tendencies. From a boy Wren had shown a genius for scientific discovery. He distinguished himself in almost every branch of knowledge, and to his fruitful brain we are indebted for some fiftytwo suggestive discoveries. He now. hoped to rebuild London on a magnificent scale; but it was not to be. Even in the plans for the new cathedral Wren was from the beginning thwarted and impeded. Ignorance, envy, jealousy, and selfishness met him at every line he drew. He made two designs—the first a Greek, the second a Latin cross. The Greek cross the clergy considered as unsuitable for a cathedral. The model for it was long preserved in the Trophy Room of St. Paul's, where, either from neglect or the zeal of relic-hunters, the western portico was lost. It is now at South Kensington, and is still imperfect. The interior of the first design is by many considered superior to the present interior. The present recesses along the aisles of the nave, tradition says, were insisted on by James II., who thought they would be useful as side chapels when masses were once more introduced. The first stone was laid by Wren on the 21st June, 1675, but there was no public ceremonial. Soon after the great geometrician had drawn the circle for the beautiful dome, he sent a workman for a stone to mark the exact centre. The man returned with a fragment of a tombstone, on which was the one ominous word (as every one observed) "Resurgam!" The ruins of old St. Paul's were stubborn. In trying to blow up the tower, a passer-by was killed, and Wren, with his usual ingenuity, resorted successfully to the old Roman battering-ram, which soon cleared a way. "I build for eternity," said Wren, with the true confidence of genius, as he searched for a firm foundation. Below the Norman, Saxon, and Roman graves he dug and probed till he could find the most reliable stratum. Below the loam was sand; under the sand a layer of fresh-water shells; under these were sand, gravel, and London clay. At the north-east corner of the dome Wren was vexed by coming upon a pit dug by the Roman potters in search of clay. He, however, began fr