In 2015 Prague city regulated what increasing risk to pedestrians/traffic?

Prague travel guide - Wikitravel Understand[ edit ] Týn Church in Old Town Square This magical city of bridges, cathedrals, gold-tipped towers and church domes, has been mirrored in the surface of the swan-filled Vltava River for more than ten centuries. Almost undamaged by WWII, Prague's medieval centre remains a wonderful mixture of cobbled lanes, walled courtyards, cathedrals and countless church spires all in the shadow of her majestic 9th century castle that looks eastward as the sun sets behind her. Prague is also a modern and vibrant city full of energy, music, cultural art, fine dining and special events catering to the independent traveller's thirst for adventure. It is regarded by many as one of Europe's most charming and beautiful cities, Prague has become the most popular travel destination in Central Europe along with Vienna and Krakow . Millions of tourists visit the city every year. Prague was founded in the later 9th century, and soon became the seat of Bohemian kings, some of whom ruled as emperors of the Holy Roman Empire. The city thrived under the rule of Charles IV, who ordered the building of the New Town in the 14th century - many of the city's most important attractions date back to that age. The city also went under Habsburg rule and became the capital of a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918, after World War I, the city became the capital of Czechoslovakia. After 1989 many foreigners, especially young people, moved to Prague. In 1992, its historic centre was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List . In 1993, Czechoslovakia split into two countries and Prague became capital city of the new Czech Republic. The east bank of the Vltava river The Vltava River runs through Prague, which is home to about 1.2 million people. The capital may be beautiful, but pollution often hovers over the city due to its location in the Vltava River basin. Climate[ edit ] Prague has a temperate climate with variations throughout the year. In the winter, Prague has definitely its own magic. The snow may cover the surface but it sooner or later melts, so it doesn't usually last too long. However, the weather is pretty unpredictable so it very well may burst into a snow storm but that is not very common. Spring season is one of the best times to come for a visit, especially in the month of May with the flora beginning to bloom after months of hibernation. The summer is a very popular time to travel and you can expect to see an influx of tourism throughout the warmer months. The weather is warm and sunny but sometimes the heat waves can be overwhelming, so people with respiratory problems may have some trouble, this is also the country's rainy season. Colourful and chilly - these two characteristics define the fall/autumn season. Getting dressed warmly is a must because the wind and overcast sky may get in your way. Nevertheless, there are also beautiful sunshine days that practically call you out for a walk. Chaty[ edit ] Many Prague residents have a small cottage (which can range from a shack barely large enough for garden utensils to an elaborate, multi-story dwelling) outside the city. There they can escape for some fresh air and country pursuits such as mushroom hunting and gardening. These cottages, called chata (plural form chaty, pronunciation of ch as in Bach), are treasured both as getaways and ongoing projects. Each reflects its owners' character, as most of them were built by unorthodox methods. There were no Home Depots under communism. Chata owners used the typically Czech "it's whom you know" chain of supply to scrounge materials and services. This barter system worked extremely well, and still does today. People had to be careful building these cottages to make them nice, but not too nice that the party officials would take them for themselves. Many were designed to look dilapidated on the outside, but on the inside they are nice and comfortable. Chaty are also sometimes used as primary residences by Czechs who rent out their city-centre apartments for enormous profit to foreigners who can


In 2014, age 17, Malala Yousafzai became the youngest winner of?

Pakistani Education Activist Malala Yousafzai Becomes Youngest Winner of Nobel Peace Prize | Democracy Now! Pakistani Education Activist Malala Yousafzai Becomes Youngest Winner of Nobel Peace Prize StoryOctober 10, 2014 Pakistani education activist and recipient of the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize, shared with Kailash Satyarthi. Links Malala Fund Pakistani education activist Malala Yousafzai and Indian child rights activist Kailash Satyarthi have jointly won the Nobel Peace Prize. At age 17, Yousafzai is the youngest person ever to win a Nobel Prize. In 2012, she was shot in the head by a Taliban gunman who boarded her school bus. She survived and continued to campaign for the rights of girls to go to school. Satyarthi, age 60, has been a leader for decades in the international movement against child slavery and the exploitation of child workers. In a statement, the Nobel committee said it "regards it as an important point for a Hindu and a Muslim, an Indian and a Pakistani, to join in a common struggle for education and against extremism." Last year on July 12, her 16th birthday, Yousafzai appeared at the United Nations and delivered her first speech since she underwent surgery, saying she was undeterred by the Taliban’s efforts to silence her voice. The event marked a global day in her honor. We broadcast an excerpt from her address. "Let us wage a glorious struggle against illiteracy, poverty and terrorism. Let us pick up our books and our pens. They are the most powerful weapons," Yousafzai says. "One child, one teacher, one book and one pen can change the world. Education is the only solution." TRANSCRIPT This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form. AMY GOODMAN: We’re on the road broadcasting from Detroit, Michigan, from the studios of Detroit Public Television. This morning it was announced that Pakistani education activist Malala Yousafzai and Indian child rights activist Kailash Satyarthi have jointly won the Nobel Peace Prize. The chair of the Nobel committee, former Norwegian Prime Minister Thorbjørn Jagland, made the announcement this morning. THORBJØRN JAGLAND: Ladies and gentleman, good morning. The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided that the Nobel Peace Prize for 2014 is to be awarded to Kailash Satyarthi and Malala Yousafzai for their struggle against oppression of young people and children, and children’s right to education. Children must go to school, not be financially exploited. AMY GOODMAN: At age 17, Malala Yousafzai is the youngest person ever to win a Nobel Prize. In 2012, she was shot in the head by a Taliban gunman who boarded her school bus. She survived and continued to campaign for the rights of girls to go to school. Kailash Satyarthi, age 60, has been a leader for decades in the international movement against child slavery and the exploitation of child workers. In a statement, the Nobel committee said it, quote, "regards it as an important point for a Hindu and a Muslim, an Indian and a Pakistani, to join in a common struggle for education and against extremism." Last year, on July 12th, her 16th birthday, Malala Yousafzai appeared at the United Nations and delivered her first public speech since she underwent surgery, saying she was undeterred by the Taliban’s efforts to silence her voice. The event marked a global day in her honor. This is an extended excerpt of Malala Yousafzai’s address. MALALA YOUSAFZAI: Dear friends, on the 9th of October, 2012, the Taliban shot me on the left side of my forehead. They shot my friends, too. They thought that the bullet would silence us. But they failed. And out of that silence came thousands of voices. The terrorists thought that they would change my aims and stop my ambitions. But nothing changed in my life except this: Weakness, fear and hopelessness died; strength, power and courage was born. I am the same Malala. My ambitions are the same. My hopes are the same. And my dreams are the same. Dear sisters and brothers, I am not against anyone. Neither am I here to speak in terms of personal revenge against the Taliban or any other terro


In 2015 Brighton became the first UK city to introduce a voluntary tax for food/drink outlets on?

Sugar tax, fat fines and gold coins: new ways cities are tackling obesity | Guardian Sustainable Business | The Guardian health in cities Sugar tax, fat fines and gold coins: new ways cities are tackling obesity Mexico City is giving free train tickets to people who exercise, while Puerto Rico wants to fine parents of obese children Sugar beet: the UK city of Brighton has started taxing fizzy drinks to try to beat excessive sugar intake. Photograph: Graham Turner Supported by Thursday 22 October 2015 05.23 EDT Last modified on Monday 19 September 2016 12.45 EDT Share on Messenger Close Obesity impacts countries across the globe, bringing with it a wave of problems that affect public services and society at large. No one doubts that action is needed: worldwide the rate of obesity has nearly doubled since 1980 . Cities across the globe are taking different approaches to tackle the problem. Steer clear of salt shakers in New York In New York, 58% of adults and 40% of primary school children are overweight or obese, but Jenifer Clapp, director of the healthy eating initiative at the New York City Health Department, claims it has “some of the most innovative public health policies in the country”. It is the first US city to require chain restaurants to post warning levels next to menu items that contain high levels of sodium – a major risk factor for increased blood pressure and heart disease. The policy, due to come into effect on 1 December 2015, will see a salt shaker icon next to menu items containing more than an adult’s daily allowance of sodium. The city’s health department is also targeting hospitals. Nearly 40 have committed to adopting the New York City food standards , evidence-based nutrition criteria that ensures employees, visitors, and patients have better access to healthy food. Clapp says a number have shifted their sugary drinks and made sure water is readily available; there’s more availability of fresh fruits and vegetables and whole grains, and cafeterias have eliminated fried foods. As Clapp says: “It’s not brain surgery, but its making sure there’s a sense that food that can be comfort food can also be really healthy.” Brighton has partnered with Jamie Oliver, who introduced a 10p sugar tax in his own restaurants. Photograph: Rex Join Jamie Oliver in Brighton’s battle against sugar Across the pond in the UK, Brighton and Hove has taken a slightly different approach, trying to limit people’s intake of another ingredient linked to obesity. The city is the first in Britain to introduce a voluntary sugar tax . The local council has partnered with chef Jamie Oliver, who introduced a 10p tax in his own restaurants, and is calling on eateries to impose a 10p surcharge on all sugary soft beverages, with the proceeds to be donated to charity. Sugar tax could help solve Britain's obesity crisis, expert tells MPs Read more Dr Tom Scanlan, Brighton and Hove director of public health, says: “I think you can argue the merits of what sort of effect this will have in terms of consumption. But what it does is raise awareness, get a lot of attention and get restaurants thinking about children when they’re doing their menus.” Brighton’s sugar tax is part of a wider programme called Sugar Smart City aimed at further reducing childhood obesity. The city already ranks well compared to the rest of the UK – in 2013/14, 71.9% of children in Year 6 were classed as a healthy weight, up from 67.5% in 2007/8 . Scanlan’s next step is to tackle sugary products offered in hospital vending machines. He says: “It’s ridiculous if you’re a diabetic, you’re sitting there in the waiting room and there’s a vending machine along the corridor offering you what got you in the problem in the first place.” He’s been in touch with hospitals in the area and says one chief executive has replied saying that he is willing to look into the problem. Avoid Puerto Rico’s fat fines In Puerto Rico, where more than 28% of children are considered obese, authorities are considering more drastic action . Legislators are debating a controversial bill that would


The mountain town of Berchtesgaden is the location of whose fortified retreat?

Berchtesgaden Berchtesgaden /berddkh"teuhs gahd'n/, n. a town in the SE extremity of Bavaria, in SE Germany: site of the fortified mountain chalet of Adolf Hitler. 39,800. * * * Town ( pop ., 1992 est.: 8,000), southern Germany. Located in the Bavarian Alps south of Salzburg , it is surrounded on three sides by Austrian territory. Once part of Austria, it passed to Bavaria in the early 19th century. It was the site of Adolf Hitler's villa retreat before and during World War II. In 1938 he met there with Neville Chamberlain . Destroyed by bombing in 1945, the villa was leveled in 1952. Mountain climbing and skiing make the area a popular destination. * * * ▪ Germany       town, Bavaria Land ( state ), southern Germany . It is situated on the Berchtesgaden Stream in a deep valley surrounded on three sides by Austrian territory, just north of Berchtesgaden National Park. The opening of its salt mines in the 12th century was the beginning of many centuries of bitter rivalry with Salzburg and Hallein. From 1300 the town was ruled by the provosts of its Augustinian abbey (founded c. 1102), who became princes of the Holy Roman Empire in 1491. The town was occupied by Austrian troops in 1704 and was annexed to Austria in 1805. Following a brief period of French rule (1809–10), it passed to the Bavarian kingdom. The town became a major resort and recreational centre during the Allied occupation after World War II.       On the Obersalzberg, 1,640 feet (500 metres) above the town (linked by a cable railway), were the chalets of Adolf Hitler ( Hitler, Adolf ), Hermann Göring, Martin Bormann, and other Nazi leaders, with air-raid shelters, barracks, and various installations. Hitler's chalet, the Berghof, became quite prominent in the years before World War II. In a conference there in February 1938, Hitler compelled Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg to accept the German domination of Austria. In mid-September, Hitler met the British prime minister, Neville Chamberlain, at the chalet for their first face-to-face discussion of his demands on Czechoslovakia. The Berghof was destroyed in an Allied air attack in April 1945, and its ruins were leveled in 1952 and trees planted on the site. An elevator cut in solid rock connects with Hitler's private retreat on top of the mountain, the “Eagle's Nest,” which is now a teahouse.       Berchtesgaden's economic mainstay is the tourist trade, which is based on the scenic locale (including the Königssee, a picturesque Alpine lake to the south), mountain-climbing and skiing facilities, and saline baths. Medieval landmarks include the abbey church, on the site of the 12th-century basilica, and the castle, which was originally the residence of the provosts and later the summer residence of the Bavarian kings (it now houses a museum). Pop. (1999 est.) 7,660. * * *


Birthplace: Brooklyn, New York An actress whose first big screen gig also proved to be her breakthrough, Anne Hathaway became a familiar face to millions of moviegoers thanks to her starring role in Garry Marshall's 2001 hit The Princess Diaries. Cast as a clumsy high school girl who finds out she is the princess of a small country, Hathaway was able to prove her comedic timing opposite no less than Julie Andrews. Hailing from Brooklyn, where she was born November 12, 1982, Hathaway became involved in the theater at a young age, and as a teenager performed with the Barrow Group, a prestigious New York theatre company. She did her first industry work in the short-lived but critically praised TV series Get Real before auditioning for Marshall, who, according to legend, cast the actress as the accident-prone princess after she fell off a chair during her audition. The success of The Princess Diaries opened a number of doors for Hathaway, but she chose the one that led to Vassar College, where she enrolled in 2000, taking some time off from film. Though a supporting performance in the 2002 box-office disappointment Nicholas Nickleby offered Hathaway little chance to shine, a lead performance as the eponymous character in thefantasy-themed romantic comedy Ella Enchanted (2004) found her stepping into some big slippers for another Cinderella-style story not unlike the obligatory Princess Diaries 2 that same year. As if to anounce her acendancy out of the teen fantasy ghetto, Hathaway plunged into edgier territory with the gritty teen drama Havoc (also 2004), although the explicit film merited only a video release. It was her next two roles, however, that would announce the young actor's arrival into adulthood. As one of the two quietly suffering wives in Ang Lee's acclaimed Brokeback Mountain, Hathaway exhibited an irrepressible rodeo-girl spirit broken down over the course of a sham marriage. As the co-star of the chick-lit adaptation The Devil Wears Prada in 2006, she entered the world of contemporary, high-fashion power players, suffering the slings and arrows of a deliciously evil (and Oscar-nominated) Meryl Streep. The film played throughout the summer, becoming a bona-fide sleeper hit. Although initially cast in 2007's runaway summer comedy, Knocked Up, Hathaway backed out of the role that eventually went to Katharine Heigl. She chose instead to follow the period-romance path with Becoming Jane, a Shakespeare in Love-style speculative fiction on the life and one true love of Jane Austen. 2008 turned out to be a banner year for the actress who scored a box office hit starring opposite Steve Carell in the big-screen adaptation of Get Smart, and garnered the best reviews of her career thus far for her work as a recovering addict in Jonathan Demme's Rachel Getting Married. That role earned her a number of year-end critics awards, as well as Best Actress nominations from the Screen Actors Guild and the Academy. Hathaway would subsuquently find herself free to enjoy leading lady status, appearing in a number of iconic projects over the coming years, like the White Queen in Alice in Wonderland and a slinky Selina Kyle/Catwoman inThe Dark Knight Rises. In 2012 she landed the part of Fantine in Tom Hooper's adaptation of the phenomenally successful stage musical Les Miserable. Getting to deliver the production's most beloved song, "I Dreamed a Dream", Hathaway made the most of the small but juicy part and was rewarded with the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress. In 2014, Hathaway appeared in the indie film Song One and reteamed with her Dark Knight Rises director Christopher Nolan for the sci-fi epic film Interstellar. She next starred in The Intern, opposite Robert De Niro, and reprised her role Alice Through the Looking Glass. Photos


bothy - definition of bothy in English | Oxford Dictionaries Definition of bothy in English: bothy (also bothie) noun (in Scotland) a small hut or cottage, especially one for housing farm labourers or for use as a mountain refuge. Example sentences ‘They were very fortunate they found the bothy and could take shelter.’ ‘If you're looking for something a little more remote, isolated crofts, bothies and chalets are hidden deep in Highland glens and woodlands and on a variety of secluded beaches.’ ‘In East Kilbride, some of these lived in bothies on the farms, but most were based in the PoW camp, and were easy to spot walking around town wearing their distinctive brown uniforms with yellow diamonds.’ ‘A love of Shakespeare will help, however - those who sign up for a weekend course are likely to find themselves reciting Hamlet from a gusty hilltop, and bedding down for the night in a bothy.’ ‘Beyond the footbridge which crosses the River Dee to the old bothy at Corrour the narrow confines of the pass begin to widen out and one of Scotland's finest corries displays itself on the left.’ ‘They'd bought a Victorian shooting lodge and I lodged in the bothy.’ ‘We were in Sutherland and we'd planned to end up in a bothy for the night, but we came across a river.’ ‘The traditional farm buildings are located behind the farmhouse and include a bothy, stores, barn and livestock accommodation.’ ‘As a perplexed girl I pictured people in sleeping bags on the floors of large public rest rooms, before learning that Pop meant the bothies, shacks with no separate toilet where immigrant Irish laborers stayed.’ ‘If this was society, where a man can't even go to a pub without a reminder of the bubbling undercurrent of social unrest, give me back my bothies in the wilderness.’ ‘The climbing and walking world is also rife with rumours that long-term plans are to remove all the bothies in the area, despite their integral role in Scotland's climbing heritage.’ ‘There are, in close proximity to the main house, stables and a bothy for staff accommodation, both of which give scope for imaginative conversion.’ ‘I am sure that not everyone used a drawer and that other containers were used, but I can say that porridge was most certainly kept in a drawer in some houses and bothies, and no shame on them for it.’ ‘He slept in the bothy beside the house and ate his meals in the kitchen.’ ‘Traditionally, bothies were built to house migrant workers - and livestock - in conditions that now seem decidedly harsh.’ ‘From my bothy on the west coast I can see the mountains of Mull, and I joke that sometimes I can see New York.’ ‘Remote Ben-alder Cottage, now used as a bothy, suddenly appeared in front of me.’ ‘A youngish red-haired man worked on a nearby farm and took to hanging around the bothies most evenings.’ ‘If you want something special - a posh country-house do, a snug bothy for two, a real treat for the kids or somewhere special for a big festive bash - you'll need to move fast.’ ‘But he had a series of breakdowns in his twenties and thirties, leading him at one point to live rough in a remote bothy in the Scottish Highlands.’ Synonyms


Narendra Modi is a 21stC Prime Minister of?

Narendra Modi's first year as prime minister of India: good for business or business as usual? Narendra Modi's first year as prime minister of India: good for business or business as usual? May 12, 2015 11:57 BST Narendra Modi promised major reforms when he was elected in a landslide victory in 2014Reuters Narendra Modi will mark one year since his election to prime minister of India on Saturday (16 May) with the country's economic growth forecast to outstrip China's by the end of 2015, but how much of it is down to him? The Hindu nationalist leader, elected to office in a landslide victory last year that all but wiped out the opposition Congress Party and Nehru-Gandhi dynasty, has been basking in praise in recent months. On the face of it, the numbers are impressive. In March, the IMF forecast that India will become the fastest growing emerging market in 2015 by notching up GDP growth of 7.2%, reversing years of sluggishness and leaving China trailing on 6.8%. Last month also saw Moody's raise India's credit rating outlook from stable to positive and talk up the possibility of an upgrade next year. To top it off, a survey of CEOs by consultancy giant PwC found Indian bosses to be the most optimistic in the world. Despite this, some investors are unimpressed. Rahul Sharma, managing director at India focused fund Neev Capital, said: "Economic indicators are improving and there's lots of momentum in the economy, but Modi has been helped by low oil prices and low inflation, both are independent of anything he has done." Oil accounts for a third of India's import bill, so the large reduction in prices has meant a boon for the country's current account deficit under Modi's government. It has also led to lower transport and business costs, which in many cases have been passed on to consumers, who have then loosened their purse strings. The resultant growth spurt has had nothing directly to do with Modi, Sharma argues. Dr Adnan Naseemullah, of the King's College India Institute, agrees: "With the Indian economy, it's important to consider perceived momentum and feel-good factors. We are coming to the end of a period of stagnation and business confidence is high, but this is not down to anything that Modi has done. India outgrowing China says more about China than it does about India or Modi." Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) was elected with a huge majority, taking 336 out of 543 seats in India's parliament. The "momentum and feel-good factors" were evident immediately after the results were announced, with India's Sensex index rising sharply on news of Modi's victory. It was also the first time since 1984 any party hasn't required a coalition to govern. Sharma said: "He has a huge mandate to actually get things through parliament, this is a big deal in India. In theory, this gives him headroom to move forward with reforms that were started by the previous government. But given this huge mandate, what has he actually moved forward with?" Reforms Ben Gutteridge, head of fund research and emerging markets expert at Brewin Dolphin, points to the removal of subsidies and a new tax law that, if passed, could revolutionise doing business in the country. "Modi has supported growth by removing energy and agriculture subsidies, which has helped public finances. He has been aided by benign inflation, but he has used this advantage well. GDP and employment are going in the right direction, although there is lots of spare capacity and room for improvement. Modi has done well at introducing incremental steps needed to facilitate investment in India, the goods and service tax is an example of this," he said. The proposed goods and service tax has been hailed by finance minister Arun Jaitley as the biggest tax reform since the country's independence in 1947. It aims to standardise the hotchpotch of state and central levies into a unified national sales tax that policy makers say will boost manufacturing, reduce corruption and increase the ease of doing business. Alongside it, Modi is attempting to amend the land acquisition bill in order t


Latin 'Juglans' refers to what tree used in cabinet-making, with large two-sided nuts inside green fruit?

Full text of "Studies of trees in winter; a description of the deciduous trees of northeastern America, with an introd. by Charles S. Sargent" See other formats ^r\   "N,   Viji   ^" ~ ^M&> W-M   '"'iPi'flflr   /Th    TrTTTfi f : JfpT" '"    fa   L .  fcg nil   -''1 i;   :- '  i  "  ***  ST,. <? -raiittt   **  '#   #0   :,: :\\;;\:-,-;M .:M;::>:>::   ta*4j*IH#*Mv^:t ,JJ,   : .  i n   ANNIE OAKESHUNT1NGT0M   .,::,: ; j1itHI*HtHUKH*mHf O   T'm I    fW   L   3RARY  FACULTY OF FORESTRY UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   STUDIES OF TREES IN WINTER   SWAMP WHITE OAK $>uercus platanoid(s    STUDIES*/ TREES IN WINTER  A Description of the Deciduous Trees of Northeastern America  BY  ANNIE OAKES HUNTINGTON  WITH AN INTRODUCTION  By CHARLES S. SARGENT, LL.D.  DIRECTOR OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM AND AUTHOR OF THE " SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA"   ILLUSTRATED WITH COLORED PLATES BY MARY  S. MORSE, AND PHOTOGRAPHS BY  THE AUTHOR    /' > 1   BOSTON  KNIGHT AND MILLET 1905   Copyright, ipor By Knight and Millet   First Impression, December, 1901 Second Impression, January, 1902 Third Impression, October, 1905   The Eastern Press 287 Atlantic Ave., Boston   TO  ^Hp too JrienUs  MY MOTHER, ELIZABETH QUINCY HUNTINGTON  AND JEANNETTE WARREN PAYSON  IN TOKEN OF GRATITUDE AND LOVE  I DEDICATE THIS BOOK   CONTENTS   Page  Introduction xv  Chapter  I. The Study of Trees in Winter .... 3 Trunk and branches. Stems and twigs. Leaf-scars. Bundle-scars. Buds.  II. The Horsechestnut 15  The Horsechestnut. The Ohio Buckeye.  III. The Maples 21  Sugar or Rock Maple. Red or Swamp Maple. White or Silver Maple. Striped Maple or Moose- wood. Ash-leaved Maple or Box Elder. Norway Maple. Sycamore Maple.  IV. The Ashes 35  The White or American Ash. Red or Downy Ash. Black Ash. European Ash.  V. The Walnuts and Hickories 45  Butternut. Black Walnut. Shagbark or Shell- bark Hickory. Mockernut or Whiteheart Hick- ory. Bitternut Hickory. Pignut Hickory.  VI. The Birches, Hop Hornbeam, and Hornbeam 59  Canoe, Paper, or White Birch. American, Gray, or White Birch. Black or Sweet Birch. Yel- low Birch. Red or River Birch. Dwarf Birch. European White Birch. Hop Hornbeam, Iron- wood. Hornbeam, Blue Beech, vii   CONTENTS  Chapter Page  VII. The Beech, Chestnut, and Oaks .... 77  American Beech. European Beech. Chestnut Oak. White Oak. Swamp White Oak. Mossy- cup, Overcup, or Bur Oak. Chestnut or Rock Chestnut Oak. Dwarf Chestnut Oak. Post or Rough Oak. Black Oak. Red Oak. Pin Oak. Scrub Oak.  VIII. The Elms and the Hackberry . . . . ioi  American or White Elm. Slippery or Red Elm. Cork or Rock Elm. English Elm. Scotch, Dutch, or Wych Elm. Hackberry, Sugarberry, Nettle tree.  IX. The Buttonwood, the Tupelo, and the  Mulberries 117  Buttonwood, Sycamore, or Plane tree. Tupelo, Pepperidge, Sour Gum tree. Flowering Cornel, Flowering Dogwood. Red Mulberry. White Mulberry.  X. The Locusts, the Yellowwood, and the  Kentucky Coffee tree 129  Common Locust. Honey Locust. Yellowwood. Kentucky Coffee tree. Laburnum. Judas tree.  XI. The Lindens, the Liquidamber, and the  Sassafras 14 T  Linden, Basswood. European Linden. Liquid- amber, Sweet Gum. Hamamelis. Sassafras.  XII. The Magnolia and Tulip tree, the Catalpa,  the Ailanthus, and the Aralia . . . 153  Swamp Magnolia, Sweet Bay. Umbrella tree. Cucumber tree Tulip tree. Catalpa. Ailan- thus, Tree of Heaven. Angelica tree, Hercules' Club.  viii   CONTENTS  Chapter Pagb  XIII. The Apple tree, Pear tree, Mountain Ash,  Cherry tree, and the Shad Bush . . 167  Common Apple tree. Common Pear tree. Moun- tain Ash, or Rowan tree. Wild Black Cherry. Choke Cherry. Pin Cherry. Peach tree. Shad Bush. Service Berry, June Berry.  XIV. The Willows and Poplars 177  White Willow. Weeping Willow. Black Willow. Aspen, American Aspen. Large-toothed Aspen. Balm of Gilead, Balsam Poplar. Cottonwood, Necklace, or Carolina Poplar. Lombardy Pop- lar. White Popl*.  XV. The La


In 2015, to reduce road traffic accidents, Dartmoor Cornwall UK authorities tested reflective paint on?

BBC Local Live: Devon & Cornwall Friday 2 October - BBC News BBC News BBC Local Live: Devon & Cornwall 2 Oct 20152 Oct 2015 Listen live to BBC Radio Cornwall and BBC Radio Devon Got a TV Licence? You need one to watch live TV on any channel or device, and BBC programmes on iPlayer. It’s the law. Updates on Friday 2 October News, sport, travel and weather updates resume at 08:00 Monday Live Reporting By Matt Pengelly and Miles Davis All times stated are UK Get involved Our live coverage Posted at 18:00 Live updates for Devon and Cornwall have finished for the day, but we'll be back at 08:00 on Monday with the latest news, sport, travel and weather. Share Julian Fellowes’ musical adaptation of The Wind In The Willows will premiere in Plymouth and then visit Salford next year before moving to London’s West End. Based on Kenneth Grahame’s beloved tale of Toad, Ratty, Badger and Mole, the book has been adapted for stage by Downton Abbey creator Fellowes and Olivier-winning lyrical team George Stiles and Anthony Drew, who all previously worked together on the Mary Poppins musical. Prior to a West End stint, The Wind In The Willows will open at Plymouth’s Theatre Royal on 8 October 2016, followed by The Lowry in Salford from 26 October. Share Latest on the roads in Devon and Cornwall BBC Travel Posted at 17:46 - On the A38 at Dean Prior there are reports of an accident Plymouth-bound between the Rattery turn-off and the Marley Head Junction. - In St Austell on the A391 between Treverbyn Road and Menear Road there are reports of a large oil spillage and drivers are advised to approach with care. Share 'Completely innocent' man falsely accused of taking photos of children Miles Davis BBC News Online Posted at 17:41 Police in Falmouth have said a man who was accused via Facebook of taking pictures of children outside a supermarket is "completely innocent". Falmouth Police said a Facebook post had "reached thousands of people and as a result impacted wrongly and unfairly on the male concerned". In a statement the force said: "Police have viewed the images on the camera of which none involve any children and contain only images of the male’s wife." Share Painted ponies road safety trial on Dartmoor John Danks, BBC Spotlight On Dartmoor Posted at 17:34 Animal lovers on Dartmoor have daubed two moor ponies with paint in a bid to cut the number of animals being killed by vehicles. The idea is from a project in  Finland where reindeer antlers were painted . Blue paint has been placed on the privately-owned ponies to see how durable it is, with reflective beads to be added to the paint later. BBC Karla McKechnie from the  Dartmoor Livestock Protection Society said: "We've got a massive problem on Dartmoor on our unfenced roads. We've had over 60 animals killed this year so far and we're really trying to do something to reduce the amount of fatalities." Share The latest headlines for the region Miles Davis BBC News Online Posted at 17:27 - Hundreds of people have attended the funeral in Bampton of Olly Croker, a 12-year-old football fan who died after he was struck by fencing during a game. - The Prime Minister David Cameron has told the BBC local authorities need to continue to find savings to reduce budgets.  - The historic Cornish harbour at Charlestown, made famous in the BBC TV adaptation of Poldark, has been sold for an undisclosed fee to a company called Square Sail Ventures Limited. Share Therapist resumed relationship with patient after drug overdoses Miles Davis BBC News Online Posted at 17:19 A senior occupational therapist who had a "deplorable" sexual relationship with a vulnerable patient told the committee that struck her off she went back to the man after he overdosed on drugs. Google Hayley Gillett told the Health & Care Professions Council: "On two occasions he took an overdose apparently from illegally obtained drugs - and I felt compelled because of my concern for his welfare to continue to care for him and to eventually resume the relationship which he was demanding." A Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) tribu


'Isolation' is a technical term referring to independent control of a body-part in?

Glossary - Content Standards (CA Dept of Education) Glossary Visual and Performing Arts: Dance Content Standards. AB form. A two-part compositional form with an A theme and a B theme. The binary form consists of two distinct, self-contained sections that share either a character or quality (such as the same tempo). ABA form. A three-part compositional form in which the second section contrasts with the first section. The third section is a restatement of the first section in a condensed, abbreviated, or extended form. abstraction. An idea or concept conveyed through movement and removed from its original context. accent. A strong movement or gesture. aesthetic criteria. Standards applied in making judgments about the artistic merit of a work. alignment. The relationship of the skeleton to the line of gravity and base of support. axial movement. Movement anchored to one spot by a body part. Only the available space in any direction is used while the initial body contact is being maintained. Movement is organized around the axis of the body and is not designed for travel from one location to another. Also known as nonlocomotor movement. Examples include stretching, bending, turning in place, gesturing. balance. A state of equilibrium referring to the balance of weight or the spatial arrangement of bodies. Designs may be balanced on both sides of center (symmetrical) or balanced off center (asymmetrical). ballet. A classical Western dance form that originated in the Renaissance courts of Europe. By the time of Louis XIV (mid-1600s), steps and body positions underwent codification. body image. An acceptance of one's body as it is in a positive way, with recognition of the possibilities of its capabilities and limitations. canon. A passage, movement sequence, or piece of music in which the parts are done in succession, overlapping one another. choreography ("dance writing"). The creation and composition of dances by arranging or inventing steps, movements, and patterns of movements. contrast. To set side by side to emphasize differences. In dance two contrasting movements might differ in energy; space (size, direction, level); design (symmetrical/asymmetrical, open/close); timing (fast/slow, even/uneven); or two or more different themes or patterns. counterbalance. A weight that balances another weight. In dance it usually refers to one or more dancers combining their weight in stillness or in motion to achieve a movement or design that is interdependent. Any limb moving in one direction must be given a counterweight. dance. Movement selected and organized for aesthetic purposes or as a medium of expression rather than for its function as work or play. dance forms. The organization or plan for patterning movement; the overall structural organization of a dance or music composition (e. g., AB, ABA, call and response, rondo, theme and variation, canon, and the interrelationships of movements within the overall structure). dance phrase. A partial dance idea composed of a series of connecting movements and similar to a sentence in the written form. dance sequence. The order in which a series of movements and shapes occurs. dance structures. The way in which a dance is constructed or organized; a supporting framework or the essential parts of a dance. dance study. A short work of dance that investigates a specific idea or concept and shows a selection of movement ideas. It can be improvised or composed. dynamics. The energy of movement expressed in varying intensity, accent, and quality. focus. In general, a gathering of forces to increase the projection of intent. In particular, it refers to the dancer's line of sight. folk/traditional dance. Dance associated with a nationalistic purpose, usually performed today as a surviving portion of a traditional celebration and done for social gatherings or as recreation. force/energy. An element of dance characterized by the release of potential energy into kinetic energy. It utilizes body weight, reveals the effects of gravity on the body, is projected into space, and affects emotional an


Zarathustra, also called Zoroaster, is a Persian?

ZOROASTER ZOROASTER c.630 - c.550 BC Persian Prophet Zoroaster, also called Zarathustra, was an ancient Persian prophet who founded the first world religion - Zoroastrianism. According to the 'Zend Avesta', the sacred book of Zoroastrianism, he was born in Azerbaijan, in northern Persia, probably in the seventh century BC, although some scholars put the time-frame for Zoroaster much earlier. He is said to have received a vision from Ahura Mazda, the Wise Lord, who appointed him to preach the truth. Zoroaster began preaching his message of cosmic strife between Ahura Mazda, the God of Light, and Ahriman, the principle of evil. According to the prophet, man had been given the power to choose between good and evil. The end of the world would come when the forces of light would triumph and the saved souls rejoice in its victory. This dualism was part of an evolution towards monotheism in the Middle East. Zoroaster's teaching became the guiding light of Persian civilization. After Alexander the Great conquered Persia Zoroastrianism began to die out in Persia, but it survived in India where it became the basis of the Parsi religion. www link :


Caroline/Gothic, Humanist, Round, and Bastarda, are styles, called 'hands', in medieval?

Fontcraft's Scriptorium Fonts and Graphic Arts info@fontcraft.com When scribes first put pen to page they began the long struggle to control the written form of language and balance the demands of form and function. From humble beginnings adapting inscriptive lettering to other media, the stylistic and functional demands on written language have grown and changed and over the centuries writing has become an art form as well as a vital tool. Early writing was often carved in stone or wood, which imposed a certain angularity of style. In the Roman period, as more and more written records were kept on vellum and papyrus, the scribes faced different restrictions and the shapes and characters of the letters began to change, becoming more rounded and often more decorative. By the 6th or 7th century a wide diversity of distinct calligraphic styles had emerged, from the open uncial styles of Northern Europe to the formal styles of Lobmardic documents and the rough, informal lettering of Roman bureaucrats. After the decline of Rome the focus of learning and of the written arts moved to the north and west, with much of the cultural tradition of the ancient world being preserved in the cloisters of Ireland and the British Isles. Irish monastic culture spread through Europe in the so-called Dark Ages, taking with it new styles of lettering derived from the insular minuscule and uncial styles. With the rise in ascendancy of the Church of Rome more formal and elaborate lettering styles began to become popular. Putting aside the somewhat paganistic ornamentation of the Celtic period, the gothic styles began to emerge, with more rigid and angular character forms and elaborate majuscule letters, taking on some of the character of the complex architectural style of the high middle ages. Gothic styles remained popular until the advent of printing, and even into the modern era in printed form in Germany and other parts of Northern Europe. By the 14th century diversity began to reemerge in writing styles. With the growth of the middle class in England and the lowland countries, secular literacy began to increase, and a demand developed for calligraphic styles which were legible, attractive and also efficient enough to allow manuscripts to be reproduced rapidly and commercially. This period saw the emergency of court and chancery hands, informal gothic variations and the growth of the popular Bastarda or Lettres Batarde hybrid lettering style which became the standard for secular writing. Even with printing on the horizon, the Renaissance saw the emergence of new lettering styles as widespread literacy created great demand for easy to read and quick to write styles, such as the humanist cursives of Renaissance Italy. Early printing emerged in a variety of styles based on the diversity of calligraphic styles popular in the early modern period, but even as printing became more standardized, calligraphy did not disappear. Hand lettering remained the standard for decorative titles, captions, posters, maps and many other uses, but moved more and more into the realm of the artist. Illustrators and poster artists of the 19th century produced a diversity of unique lettering styles, from the radical slavic excesses of Alphons Mucha to the playful pseudo-uncials of Howard Pyle and Charles Folkard. The Scriptorium's collection of historic calligraphy is unrivaled. We offer over 120 fonts based on specific historical or artistic styles, from Roman to Medieval to modern times. All of these fonts come in TrueType or Postscript format for Macintosh and PC-compatible computers. They are available singly for between $9 and $18 each, or as part of discounted packages.  We are also offering the new fourth edition of our calligraphic fonts CD package for $169, with a special discount for the spring to only $149. It includes all of our calligraphic fonts (over 140 at last count), plus parchment and vellum textures to simulate the look of antique writing surfaces. Our single fonts complete calligraphic fonts CD can be ordered online, by mail or by


The never-used internet top-level domain '.dd' was for which nation?

New Scientist Technology Blog: Does a top level domain make a nation? Thursday, September 20, 2007 Does a top level domain make a nation? For centuries the trappings of nationhood have been flags, crests, mottos and crowns. Now they are joined by country-code top-level domains - nation-specific suffixes of web addresses like ".us" (United States) or ".fr" (France). And, boy, are they complicated. Changing a nation's letterheads to reflect a new flag might seem a big job - but changing a TLD sounds like a nightmare. Take the latest minutes from ICANN - the organisation that oversees the assignment of domain names and TLDs. The minutes concern the very complex problems associated with the collapse of Yugoslavia. The country originally had the TLD ".yu" but in 2003 the Federation of Serbia and Montenegro that came after was assigned ".cs" by ICANN. That domain had previously belonged to Czechoslovakia before it was split into the Czech Republic ( .cz ) and Slovakia ( .sk ). But when the Federation of Serbia and Montenegro of split into two in 2006, ICANN had to come up with two more TLDs. Serbia was assigned " .rs " and Montenegro " .me ". Confused? It gets worse. Both countries are still using ".yu" but ICANN's meeting resulted in a resolution that all ".yu" sites should be reassigned to either ".rs" or ".me" over the next three years. The decommissioning of the TLDs for East Germany (.dd) and Zaire's (.zr) transformation into the Democratic Republic of the Congo (.cd) all went without problems. So the ".yu" affair may yet pass off smoothly. But there are bigger problems on the horizon. One address that hasn't been retired is ".su" - assigned to the Soviet Union in 1990. It is still operating despite the country no longer existing, and despite the ".ru" TLD assigned to Russia in 1994.


The predicted online connectivity of 50 billion smart gadgets by 2020 is called The Internet of?

How 50 Billion Connected Devices Could Transform Brand Marketing & Everyday Life - ReadWrite How 50 Billion Connected Devices Could Transform Brand Marketing & Everyday Life Posted on marshall kirkpatrick Contributing Writer Web-connected devices, not just mobile phones and 3G tablets but everything from home electronics to consumer packaged goods instrumented to transmit data to the Web, have become a part of every major speech here at the wireless industry’s giant conference in Orlando, CTIA . “All devices that can benefit from connectivity will be connected,” Hans Vestberg, CEO of Ericsson, said in a keynote, predicting that the world’s nearly 5 billion mobile phone subscribers today will be surpassed by 50 billion connected non-phone devices in 10 years. Some people think that may be a conservative estimate of the possible impact of what’s called The Internet of Things . Chetan Sharma is one of the most respected analysts in the wireless industry; his original research is cited everywhere from the world’s biggest business and technical publications to the CTIA leadership’s opening adress at this, the wireless industry’s leading conference. I sat down with Sharma today and listened to him describe what he thinks a future of ubiquitious connectivity will look like. We write about the Internet of Things frequently here, but Sharma’s vision of how it will unfold (especially in the marketing world) is one of the most compelling articulations I’ve seen yet. It’s a rich vision of the future – and it’s quite simple at the same time. Chetan Sharma was educated as an electrical and biological engineer, then worked in early mobile startups, did consulting in wireless R&D strategy and has now had a private mobile analyst practice for 10 years. I admire his work a lot, follow him closely on Twitter and was very honored to get to talk to him. “There are so many things we don’t do or don’t think about because we don’t think of our objects as network connected and it takes too much energy to make them connected,” Sharma says, “but if the embedded connectivity is there in a plug-and-play way…then you go beyond 3 screens and look at controlling everything inside a house, outside a house, controlling your surrroundings.” Disrupting Industries & Everyday Life Smart Utility Grids or Smart Homes are the most familiar vision of this kind of connectivity. They may have hit mainstream consciousness before they were really ready to hit the market, but vision and reality are coming together quickly now. “A few years back I was working with a company that makes blinds, the idea was to control blinds with a cell phone,” Sharma says. “For a home it doesn’t make that much sense, but if you think about buildings, the touch of a button can be huge energy savings. “I think education is just dying for innovation. Kids can interact with more than just books and reading about history, imagine transforming that where you are using augmented reality instead of just reading. Learning about planets, instead of just looking in a book, imagine the solar system around you where you can touch and feel the planets. “Information about energy use in a house, where energy might be leaking, that’s interesting. All these things can be done now but it takes too much energy to figure them out. If we can get all that info coming at you and just think about how to process it, it’s a no brainer. “This work is already underway in healthcare, automotive and other industries. V2V, or vehicle to vehicle communication, is in the works – cars communicating between eachother to say you are too close to me, stay away. The roads could communicate with the cars and say ‘it’s too congested, take a different route.’ “This is where it needs to go and will go in 10 years, making everyday experiences much better and friction free. If a person has a desire to learn or shop or engage in social interaction… you’ll be able to do these things on a wall anywhere. It’s about reducing friction.” “This is where it needs to go and will go in 10 years, making everyday experiences much bette


The rotator cuff is a tough sheath of tendons and ligaments which supports the human?

rotator cuff - definition of rotator cuff in English | Oxford Dictionaries Definition of rotator cuff in English: rotator cuff A tough sheath of tendons and ligaments that supports the arm at the shoulder joint. Example sentences ‘The rotators of the hip are like the rotator cuff of the shoulder.’ ‘You don't need to be a major-league fastballer to have problems with your rotator cuff - the sheath of muscle that connects your arm to your shoulder.’ ‘Tendinitis of the shoulder, particularly the rotator cuff, is prevalent among swimmers and athletes who perform repeated overhead motions.’ ‘He still has trouble with his lower and upper back and both shoulders, especially the right rotator cuff, which stabilizes the head of the humerus within the shoulder joint.’ ‘In several clinical studies, the use of ultrasonography or arthrography has shown residual defects in surgically repaired rotator cuffs, with an incidence as high as 50% in some reports.’ Word of the Day Which is the correct spelling? revultion Which is the correct spelling? population Which is the correct spelling? edition Which is the correct spelling? production Which is the correct spelling? invacion Which is the correct spelling? coersion Which is the correct spelling? solucion Which is the correct spelling? commosion Which is the correct spelling? suspision Which is the correct spelling? tension You scored /10 practise again? Retry Most popular in the world Australia


The 'latte' coffee drink means in original Italian?

Three of the Best Italian Espresso Drinks | ITALY Magazine Three of the Best Italian Espresso Drinks Carla Passino | Thursday, April 30, 2009 - 09:52 Looking for an alternative to the classic espresso? Here are three of the best drinks to try in an Italian bar—and the recipes to make them at home. A sun-flooded pergola, slender wrought-iron chairs, waiters with their laden trays dancing among the crowd like slim ballerinas. And, steaming on dainty tables, a stream of candid demitasses filled with pitch black espresso. Little is more exquisitely Italian than a cup of coffee. Italy is, after all, the birthplace of espresso—the machine to make it was invented in the country in 1901. For years, the drink was purely a preserve of Italy and Italian restaurants. Towards the end of the twentieth century, however, it took the world by storm, causing a number of espresso bars and chains to crop up around the globe. Foreign espresso bars pushed new flavours and new coffee making styles. Throughout this taste revolution, Italy remained in the sidelines, a bastion of espresso conservatism—so much so that this year’s winner of the World Barista Championship, which awards global espresso-making excellence, hails from the United Kingdom. The Italian representative didn’t even make it to the final round of the competition. So is Italy losing its magic touch with coffee? Not really. Ask any Italian, and they’ll tell you that no espresso in the world matches those served in Italy. And they are not all driven by chauvinism. The truth is, Italian taste is different. ‘International’ espresso is often the basis for original, very milky drinks, occasionally enriched with syrups. By contrast, Italian espresso—a blend of coffees from different origins of the Arabica and, often, Robusta varieties—is either served neat or as the basis for altogether more sober drinks than its international counterpart. Foreign baristas are often appreciated for their creativity, Italian ones for their skills in serving a traditional cup—so much so that the recipes for the two most important espresso drinks, espresso itself and cappuccino, are specified to the finest detail and certified. As a result, Italian espresso drinks are the liquid equivalent of Italian cuisine—dependable, straightforward, and delicious in their simplicity. Shame that, beyond the world renown cappuccino, they can be hard to order at an Italian bar (unless you already know what they are and how they are called) because Italians do not believe in plastering their cafés’ walls, or their table menus, with coffee drink descriptions. But fear not—here is the lowdown on the very best Italian espresso drinks, so you too can order them like a local, together with the recipes to make them at home. If you like real, proper Italian food, you are very likely to enjoy them. Corretto This is the drink of choice for cold days and hardy men. It is a classic Italian espresso which is ‘corrected’ with a spirit shot. Patrons usually tell the barista what they want in their corretto, but the ever popular grappa is the barista’s default. A corretto’s base espresso should be prepared by a qualified barista following the certified Italian recipe, which goes into such detail as to specify the temperature of the water and pressure settings to be used in the espresso machine. Failing that, though, you can try and replicate it at home as follows. Use 7g of freshly ground Italian espresso blend and let your coffee percolate for 25 seconds—that’s crucial to extract all the pleasant flavours from the coffee and none of the bad ones. You should end up with 25ml of coffee at 67C, which you should serve in a 50ml or 100ml white ceramic cup. Once the espresso is ready, add to it a shot of good quality grappa (you can also use brandy or sambuca). Don’t be tempted to use a lower quality one with the excuse that ‘it’s just going into coffee’ because you’ll taste the difference. Alternatively, you can make the coffee with an Italian Moka (using freshly drawn water and one tablespoon of freshly ground coffee per cup) and ‘correct’


ZrO2 is the formula for what diamond substitute?

Cubic Zirconia | Diamond Source of Virginia Diamond Source of Virginia Home / Education / Artificial Diamonds-Topics / Cubic Zirconia Cubic Zirconia is well known as a substitute for diamond, due to its high hardness and great fire. But in recent years, it has established itself as a gorgeous gem in its own right. CZ is a beautiful synthetic gemstone that is durable and inexpensive and now even comes in any color of the rainbow, making it even more desirable. Cubic Zirconia is a cubic form of zirconium oxide that is created in a laboratory, thus it is not a mineral. However, it was found naturally occurring once at one site in the 1930’s, but has yet to be discovered since then. The mineral with the same chemical composition as CZ, but in the monoclinic crystal system, is baddeleyite. Synthesized zirconium oxide, cubic zirconia, is hard (8.5 on Mohr’s Scale of Hardness), optically flawless and usually colorless, but may be produced with a variety of different colors. The refractive index of CZ is between 2.088 and 2.176, which is very high. Since CZ is transparent, it is often faceted. It can be made in nearly any color and can be faceted into many cuts. Because of its low cost, durability, and close visual likeness to diamond, synthetic cubic zirconia has remained an important diamond simulant since 1976. To produce CZ, baddeleyite (ZrO2 ) is heated to about 2300 degrees Celsius (almost 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit). This causes the mineral to become isometric. However, this change is not permanent, it reverses upon cooling; which is why a stabilizer must be added to prevent transformation upon cooling. If too much stabilizer is added, it results in a softer, less brilliant product. This requires such high heat that a special radio frequency “skull crucible” must be used to melt the zirconia powder. As the zirconia melts, it leaves a thin shell that remains solid because it is cooled by the water in the copper fingers. As this occurs the zirconia and the stabilizing oxide are added to fill the skull the desired level. The contents are kept molten for several hours to ensure uniformity. To produce colors, oxides of cerium, copper, titanium, iron, nickel, and many other elements are added also. History Cubic Zirconia was discovered in its natural state in 1937 by two German mineralogists, von Stackelberg and Chudoba. It was in a highly metamict zircon given to them by B.W. Anderson. The zircon contained tiny crystals that were determined to be the cubic form of zirconium oxide by x-ray diffraction. The two mineralogists thought so little of their discovery that they did not even give it a name; which is why it is still known by its scientific name, cubic zirconia. It wasn’t until the 1970’s, however, that Soviet scientists learned how to grow the crystals in the laboratory. In 1977, it was first marketed under the trade name “Djevalite.” But CZ really took off in the 1980’s when Swarovski & Co., a world-renowned Australian producer of leaded crystal, began producing cubic zirconia for mass consumption. Caring for CZ Cubic zirconia can be cleaned with any conventional jewelry cleaner or detergent. With such a high hardness and durability, you can use a brush to clean off dirt or oil also. Ultra sonic jewelry cleaners may also be used on CZ and will not damage the stone. However, when using soaps or detergents to clean CZ, one should wipe the jewelry dry thoroughly to avoid residue from the soap leaving a film that will dull the brilliance of the stone. Cubic Zirconia should be cleaned frequently to remove oils from skin that also dull the brilliance of the gem. Compared to Diamond To the untrained eye, cubic zirconia looks very similar to a good quality diamond, but CZ has slightly less brilliance or sparkle than a diamond and more fire or flashes of color. The overall visual effect is so similar that it can even fool a trained gemologist on occasion, but other tests can easily differentiate cubic zirconia from diamond. One great difference between cubic zirconia and diamond is weight; CZ is about 60% heavier than diamond. A p


In Australia and New Zealand a charity shop or thrift store is also known as a (What?) shop?

Thrift Store • Shop Online • Shop.Net / ShopNet by shopnet · May 25, 2015 Thrift Store • Shop Online Are you stuck thinking about where to find a great thrift store? Come on in, shop online and check out our featured products! Thrift shops have many different names according to where they are, but all of them are appropriate: charity shop in the UK, thrift shop or thrift store in Canada and the US, resale shop in the US, or op shop (short for opportunity shop) in Australia and New Zealand. These shops offer second-hand goods donated by the public for sale. Since they are donated for free (unlike, say, a pawn shop or a consignment shop) and the goods are often somewhat worn (though still in good enough condition), these shops are able to charge only very low prices. In essence, thrift shops effect a second sale of previously sold goods (hence the US name “resale shop”). Some people will not know the difference between a thrift store and a consignment store. The main difference is that a thrift store will not necessarily offer a consignment to those who sell to them or donate by goodwill. Goodwill donations can be made to and from the shop whereas either case is a rarity in a consignment store. Can you shop online for a thrift store? In general, a thrift store is an excellent community service, not only because they offer unique and often-good-quality products at low and very affordable prices, but also because they often give their proceeds to charity (hence the UK name “charity shop”). So, everybody wins: in line with the Aussie name “Op shop,” online shoppers get a great opportunity for bargain-hunting and treasure-finding and the online thrift shop itself has a greater opportunity to give to the community and to charity because of its lack of affiliation with any profit motive or big-name company. There are thrift shops almost everywhere for your shopping pleasure and excitement and if you don’t know where one might happen to be, there are also many online listings of thrift shops according to certain regions.


What organization was revealed in Sep 2015 to have exposed itself to $billions in fines by cheating tests for nitrogen oxide emissions?

Debt Rattle September 26 2015 - The Automatic Earth The Automatic Earth Store and Donations The Automatic Earth's 2017 fundraiser also serves to help the poor and refugees in Greece. See here how and why . To separate donations for Greece from those for the Automatic Earth (please don't forget us!), amounts that end in either $0.99 or $0.37 go straight to Greece. Every penny goes where it belongs, no overhead. Guaranteed. Our Paypal widget is in the top left corner of this site. If you don’t like Paypal, you find an address for checks and money orders on our Store and Donations page. Please give generously. Sep 262015   • EU To Use Warships To Curb Human Traffickers (Al Jazeera) “Hidden within the German firm is a big finance operation that makes loans to car buyers and dealers and also takes deposits, acting as a bank.” “..more than half Europe’s claimed gains in efficiency since 2008 have been “purely theoretical”, says T&E.” • VW’s Systematic Fraud Threatens To Engulf The Entire Industry (Economist) Class-action lawsuits from aggrieved motorists will arrive at the speed of a turbocharged Porsche. On September 22nd VW announced a €6.5 billion provision to cover the costs of the scandal but that is likely to prove too little. By that stage the company’s value had fallen €26 billion. The financial damage could go further. Hidden within the German firm is a big finance operation that makes loans to car buyers and dealers and also takes deposits, acting as a bank. Its assets have more than doubled in the past decade and make up 44% of the firm’s total. And it may be vulnerable to a run. In previous crises “captive-finance” arms of industrial firms have proven fragile. After the Deepwater Horizon disaster BP’s oil-derivative trading arm was cut off from long-term contracts by some counterparties. General Motors’ former finance arm, GMAC, had to be bailed out in 2009. With €164 billion of assets in June, VW’s finance operation is as big as GMAC was six years ago, and it appears to be more dependent on short-term debts and deposits to fund itself. Together, VW’s car and finance businesses had €67 billion of bonds, deposits and debt classified as “current” in June. This means—roughly speaking—that lenders can demand repayment of that sum over the next 12 months. The group also has a big book of derivatives which it uses to hedge currency and interest-rate risk and which represented over €200 billion of notional exposure at the end of 2014. It is impossible to know if these derivatives pose a further risk, but if counterparties begin to think VW could be done for they might try to wind down their exposure to the car firm or demand higher margin payments from it. If depositors, lenders and counterparties were to refuse to roll over funds to VW, the company could hang on for a bit. It has €33 billion of cash and marketable securities on hand, as well as unused bank lines and the cashflow from the car business. The German government would lean on German banks to prop up their tarnished national champion, 20% of which is owned by the state of Lower Saxony. So far the cost of insuring VW’s debt has risen, but not to distressed levels. Still, unless the company convinces the world that it can contain the cost of its dishonesty, it could yet face a debt and liquidity crisis. • Volkswagen Scandal Spreads Throughout Europe’s Credit Markets (Bloomberg) A week after it admitted to cheating on U.S. emissions tests for years, Volkswagen’s pain is beginning to spread throughout Europe’s credit markets. The Bank of France stopped trading two securities backed by Volkswagen auto loans on Friday, while executives of parts supplier Schaeffler AG find themselves fielding questions about their biggest customer as they drum up support for an initial public offering, according to people familiar with the matters. Since Volkswagen admitted Sept. 18 that it had cheated on U.S. air pollution tests since 2009, the chief executive officer resigned, the company became the target of a joint investigation by 27 U.S. states and the stock price tumbled 28%. M


In 2015 Nasa discovered on the surface of Mars?

Nasa scientists find evidence of flowing water on Mars | Science | The Guardian Mars Nasa scientists find evidence of flowing water on Mars Researchers say discovery of stains from summertime flows down cliffs and crater walls increases chance of finding life on red planet Monday 28 September 2015 11.00 EDT Last modified on Thursday 15 December 2016 11.28 EST Close This article is 1 year old Liquid water runs down canyons and crater walls over the summer months on Mars , according to researchers who say the discovery raises the chances of being home to some form of life. The trickles leave long, dark stains on the Martian terrain that can reach hundreds of metres downhill in the warmer months, before they dry up in the autumn as surface temperatures drop. Images taken from the Mars orbit show cliffs, and the steep walls of valleys and craters, streaked with summertime flows that in the most active spots combine to form intricate fan-like patterns. Scientists are unsure where the water comes from, but it may rise up from underground ice or salty aquifers, or condense out of the thin Martian atmosphere. Mars find suggests our solar system is awash with life | Letters Read more “There is liquid water today on the surface of Mars,” Michael Meyer , the lead scientist on Nasa’s Mars exploration programme, told the Guardian. “Because of this, we suspect that it is at least possible to have a habitable environment today.” A visual guide to water on Mars Read more The water flows could point Nasa and other space agencies towards the most promising sites to find life on Mars, and to landing spots for future human missions where water can be collected from a natural supply. “Mars is not the dry, arid planet that we thought of in the past,” said Nasa’s Jim Green. “Liquid water has been found on Mars.” Some of the earliest missions to Mars revealed a planet with a watery past. Pictures beamed back to Earth in the 1970s showed a surface crossed by dried-up rivers and plains once submerged beneath vast ancient lakes. Earlier this year , Nasa unveiled evidence of an ocean that might have covered half of the planet’s northern hemisphere in the distant past. Pinterest Dark narrow streaks called recurring slope lineae emanate out of the walls of Garni crater on Mars. Photograph: Nasa/AFP/Getty Images But occasionally, Mars probes have found hints that the planet might still be wet. Nearly a decade ago, Nasa’s Mars Global Surveyor took pictures of what appeared to be water bursting through a gully wall and flowing around boulders and other rocky debris. In 2011, the high-resolution camera on Nasa’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter captured what looked like little streams flowing down crater walls from late spring to early autumn. Not wanting to assume too much, mission scientists named the flows “recurring slope lineae” or RSL. Researchers have now turned to another instrument on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to analyse the chemistry of the mysterious RSL flows. Lujendra Ojha , of Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, and his colleagues used a spectrometer on the MRO to look at infrared light reflected off steep rocky walls when the dark streaks had just begun to appear, and when they had grown to full length at the end of the Martian summer. Water on the red planet: Nasa reveals major discovery – in pictures Read more Writing in the journal Nature Geosciences , the team describes how it found infra-red signatures for hydrated salts when the dark flows were present, but none before they had grown. The hydrated salts – a mix of chlorates and perchlorates – are a smoking gun for the presence of water at all four sites inspected: the Hale, Palikir and Horowitz craters, and a large canyon called Coprates Chasma. “These may be the best places to search for extant life near the surface of Mars,” said Alfred McEwen, a planetary geologist at the University of Arizona and senior author on the study. “While it would be very important to find evidence of ancient life, it would be difficult to understand the biology. Current life would be much


The prefix zetta denotes a quantity of 10 to the power of?

SI prefixes for decimal multiples SI prefixes for decimal multiples There are 20 internationally accepted prefixes to denote 10n multiples of units. 10 of these prefixes denote (n>0) multiples, and other 10 denote (n<0) submultiples: SI Prefixes for decimal multiples Number 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1024 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1021 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 1018 1 000 000 000 000 000 1015 1 000 000 000 000 1012 0.000 000 000 000 001 10-15 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 10-18 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001 10-21 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 10-24 yocto y Each prefix is represented by its own symbol. The symbols are case sensitive. Thus, m means milli and M means mega. Prefixes ranging from milli to kilo were first introduced in 1793 by the French Academy of Sciences under direction of French National Assembly as part of the Metric System. Greek prefixes were used for multiples of 10 and Latin prefixes for submultiples of 10. In 1874 BAAS adapted these prefixes as part of their CGS system, and added prefixes micro and mega. Later, 12 prefixes ranging from pico to tera were defined as part of the International System of Units — SI , which was adopted in 1960. SI is maintained by BIPM under exclusive supervision of CIPM and resolutions made by CGPM . Further 8 prefixes were added to SI in years 1964 (femto, atto), 1975 (peta, exa) and 1991 (zetta, zepto, yotta, yocto). The prefixes have the following etymology: exa — alteration of hexa from Greek hex meaning “six” (the sixth power of 103) peta — alteration of penta from Greek pente meaning “five” (the fifth power of 103) tera — from Greek teras meaning “monster” giga — from Greek gigas meaning “giant” mega — from Greek megas meaning “great” kilo — from Greek khilioi meaning “thousand” hecto — French, alteration of Greek hekaton meaning “hundred” deca — from Greek deka meaning “ten” deci — from Latin decimus meaning tenth, from decem meaning “ten” centi — from Latin centi-, from centum meaning “hundred” milli — from Latin mille meaning “thousand” micro — from Greek mikros meaning “small” nano — from Greek nannos meaning “dwarf” pico — from Spanish pico meaning “small quantity” femto — from Danish, or Norwegian word femten meaning “fifteen” atto — from Danish, or Norwegian word atten meaning “eighteen” The names zepto and zetta are derived from septo, from Latin septem which means seven (the seventh power of 103) and the letter ‘z’ is substituted for the letter ‘s’ to avoid the duplicate use of the letter ‘s’ as a symbol in SI . The names yocto and yotta are derived from Latin octo which means eight (the eighth power of 103); the letter ‘y’ is added to avoid the use of the letter ‘o’ as a symbol because it may be confused with the number zero. The CGPM has decided to name the prefixes, starting with the seventh power of 103, with the letters of the Latin alphabet, but starting from the end. Therefore the choice of letters ‘z’ and ‘y’. The initial letter ‘h’ of the word hexa in standard French is silent, so it was removed in order to simplify things.


What popular 20thC movie franchise predicted life and technology at 21 Oct 2015?

Back to the Future Day October 21, 2015 live: Is your day turning out like the film predicted? - Telegraph End of Back To The Future Day Latest Back to the Future Day filled with nostalgia - and jokes When Marty McFly travelled to the future in the 1989 "Back to the Future" sequel - to October 21, 2015, to be precise - he was greeted by flying cars, self-tying sneakers and hovering skateboards . The futuristic items were from a distant world for the time-travelling teenager on a journey from 1985 to 2015 to save his children. Michael J Fox in Back to the Future (1985)  Photo: REX But that day finally arrived on Wednesday, dubbed "Back to the Future Day" as fans of the blockbuster trilogy around the world celebrated the movie milestone. Marty McFly rides a hoverboard in Back to the Future II Social media sites were ablaze with talk about the sci-fi adventure, cinemas held special screenings of the film and companies jumped in on the hype with savvy adverts . US President Barack Obama tweeted: Happy Back to the Future Day, @RealMikeFox ! Ever think about the fact that we live in the future we dreamed of then? That's heavy, man. — President Obama (@POTUS) October 21, 2015 At the Houston, Texas headquarters of DeLorean cars, whose gull-winged DMC-12 model was adapted in the film into a time machine, crowds gathered to mark the anniversary. Doc Brown is seen holding a tablet in Back to the Future II "A lot of people are getting their cameras out and taking pictures," DeLorean Motor Co CEO Stephen Wynne told reporters. "When we opened... at 8 o'clock this morning, a woman ran in and she was dressed as Marty McFly and everybody goes, 'whoa'!" In Canada, a playful recall announcement on the official Health Canada website said that "a certain DMC-12 car converted into a time machine, a defect in the flux capacitor could lead to inability to travel through time. Doc Brown will affect repairs." One short scene has US baseball fans abuzz. A holographic news board informs Marty McFly that the long-suffering Chicago Cubs have won the 2015 World Series. The Cubs actually made it to the Major League Baseball playoffs this year, and it seemed like the scene might be prescient. But now the Cubs are one loss away from being eliminated from contention by the New York Mets, which would continue the Cubs' 107-year championship drought. In Back to the Future Part II, hero Marty McFly travels from his present-day 1985 to 30 years in the future - October 21, 2015 - to prevent his children from making decisions that would jeopardize his family. In a commercial for Toyota, Michael J. Fox and Christopher Lloyd, who played the much-loved McFly and Dr Emmett "Doc" Brown, reunite on screen to discuss which predictions "Back to the Future Part II" got right . Back To The Future's Michael J. Fox & Christopher Lloyd Reunite In New Toyota Commercial  Photo: Toyota While the so-called hover boards have yet to make their commercial debut, other gadgets such as wearable eye glass screens and video calls have turned out closer to the mark. "We've got 3D movies," Lloyd says as the two actors sit in a diner. "We've got fingerprint technology," Fox answers. Marty is given a pair of self-tying shoes in Back to the Future II  Photo: universal Pictures Pepsi unveiled a limited run of "Pepsi Perfect", the soda McFly drinks in the film, while Nike, whose power-laced shoes the character wore, tweeted Fox on Tuesday saying "See you tomorrow", leaving fans speculating over the message. Some fans had hoped for a revival of the franchise at a time when others movies are getting reboots. But earlier this week, one of the films' executive producers said a fourth instalment was unlikely. 00.29 - How the day played out. Was it as predicted in 1985? Back to the Future Day is over. The exact time Marty and Doc Brown travel forward to from 1985 - has been and gone. This time round. 00.08 Driver in silver DeLorean stopped doing 88mph Michigan state police join in fun of Back to the Future Day, claiming they stopped two speeding drivers called Dr Emmett Brown and Marty McFly going


Oyster, Portobello, Button, Chestnut and Flat are varieties of what?

Mushroom Mushroom Back to glossary list Mushrooms There are two main categories of mushrooms - the familiar cultivated types such as button, chestnut and flat and the more exotic looking wild varieties such as ceps and chanterelles. Brown cap mushrooms see Chestnut mushrooms. Button The most common type of mushroom, these are readily available. They have creamy white caps with pink gills which darken to beige as they grow. Available all year. Uses: Whole in salads, casseroles and pasta bakes or sliced in sauces, pies and soups. To store: Place in a paper bag in the salad drawer of the fridge to keep for a few days. To prepare: Cultivated mushrooms are usually very clean: just wipe with a kitchen towel or rinse briefly and dry before use. Do not peel. Leave the mushrooms whole or slice as necessary. To cook: Button mushrooms do not require much cooking - fry for 4-5 minutes or add to dishes 5-10 minutes before the end of cooking time. Ceps Known as cèpes in France and porcini in Italy, these creamy yellow mushrooms have a good flavour and a velvet-like texture. They are quite meaty and have a spongy underside, rather than gills. Available all year. Uses: Add cooked ceps to omelettes, pasta or add to stir-fries and mixed mushroom dishes. To store: Place in a paper bag in the salad drawer of the fridge to keep for a few days. To prepare: Scrape the spongy underside away before cooking (it goes soggy) and wipe clean with kitchen paper. To cook: Fry in butter over a high heat or grill, brushed with olive oil for 5-10 minutes, sprinkled with chopped fresh parsley and garlic. Chanterelle These creamy-yellow mushrooms are a distinctive frilly trumpet shape with a slightly rubbery texture. They have a firm flesh with a subtle, fruity flavour. Available all year. Uses: Serve with scrambled eggs for a tasty breakfast, add to creamy pasta sauces or simply serve on toast. To store: Place in a paper bag in the salad drawer of the fridge to keep for a few days. To prepare: They can be a bit tricky to clean - dirt gets stuck under the gills, so they need to be rinsed thoroughly under running water and then gently dried with kitchen paper. To cook: Sauté in a little butter to release the juices, then turn the heat up to concentrate the flavour. Chestnut These have a strong taste and a meaty texture, they have a similar appearance to a button mushroom but are a darker colour. The mushrooms should be open, but not too flat, exposing the pink to dark brown gills on the underside. Available all year. Uses: They are perfect eaten raw or lightly cooked. To store: Place in a paper bag in the salad drawer of the refrigerator to keep for a few days. To prepare: Cultivated mushrooms are usually very clean: just wipe with a kitchen towel or rinse briefly and dry before use. Do not peel. Leave the mushrooms whole or slice as necessary. Crimini These are a similar shape to button mushrooms and are from the same family. However they have light tan to rich brown caps and a firm texture. They have a stronger, earthier flavour than button mushrooms. Uses: Use with or instead of button mushrooms. They are particularly good in meat and game dishes. To store: Keep in the fridge, in a paper bag for up to 5 days. To prepare: Wipe with a kitchen towel or rinse briefly and dry before use. Do not peel. Leave the mushrooms whole or slice as necessary. Enoki Named after the enoki tree that it grows on, the wild variety has a tiny yellow-orange cap with a long, slender stem, the more common cultivated variety are a creamy colour. They have a sweet, fruity flavour with a slight crunch and are native to Japan where they are widely used. Available all year. Uses: They are used in Japanese cookery to add flavour to soups, stews and salads. To store: Place in a paper bag in the salad drawer of the fridge to keep for a few days. To prepare: Wipe the mushrooms clean with kitchen paper, trim the roots at the base and separate the stems before serving. Exotic medley A ready-mixed 200g pack of exotic organic mushrooms which contains oyster, shiitake and horse mushrooms. Avai


Misheard/called 'Pizza Marines' when founded in 1965 and renamed in 1968, what restaurant chain claims most outlets globally (since 2011)?

Outstanding Business Leaders Archives | Northwood University Outstanding Business Leaders Archives 36th Annual Outstanding Business Leader Honorees (2016) Robert Baidas CEO, General RV Center Click to read more As Chief Executive Officer, Robert Baidas leads the expansion, growth, and investment opportunities for General RV Center. In conjunction with the directors and management teams, Robert heads the strategic planning for the organization in order to keep General RV Center in the forefront of the RV industry. General RV Center was started by Ambrose "Abe" Baidas in 1962 as a gas station and small utility trailer shop in Detroit, Michigan. Robert, along with his brothers and sister, worked weekends and summers through high school at the gas station and later in the dealership: "We did a little bit of everything from the office to the back of the shop." After graduation, Robert's first entrepreneurial endeavor was a mail-order parts catalog for the growing RV industry that he started along with his wife, Nancy. The catalog became what is now Salem Distributors. Today, Salem Distributors is one of the top 10 largest distributors for the RV industry and continues to be operated by the Baidas family. In 1991 Robert joined the family business: "We moved a little mom-and-pop business into the 20th century." Robert played a role in making the decision to move General RV Center to Wixom, as well as branching out and opening multiple locations across the state of Michigan. He implemented computer and accounting systems that allowed General RV to grow into the largest RV dealership in Michigan. In 2006, General RV Center began expanding outside Michigan and is currently the largest family-owned RV dealership in the country with locations nationwide. With the continual development, the Baidas family formed other standalone companies including finance, insurance and reinsurance. "The growth of our companies are fueled by the people we have working with us, from our management team on down. We all focused on customer service and treating people with respect." Currently Robert and his wife of 38 years enjoy spending time with their children and grandchildren. In his personal time, his enthusiasm for sailboat racing has taken him around the country. As the third generation plays more of role in General RV, the Baidas family is turning its focus to industry and civil concerns along with future expansion of the business. Robert attended college at the school of business at Western Michigan University and acquired a finance degree from Eastern Michigan University in 1981. *All biographical information is only current up to the date of the award. Joseph Serra President, Serra Automotive Group Click to read more Joseph O. (Joe) Serra is the president of Serra Automotive, based in Grand Blanc, MI. Serra Automotive currently owns 34 facilities and 52 franchises throughout the United States. Joe acts in the capacity of president for 22 of those facilities and as a dealer/operator for an additional 10. Joe became the general manager at Al Serra Chevrolet in 1984 and moved up quickly to become a dealer/operator in 1986. By 1992, he was president of Serra Automotive. In 2000, Joe purchased 100 percent of Serra Automotive. During that time, he was also a member of the founding team for Driver's Mart Worldwide, Inc. in 1996, and became chief operating officer of Saturn Retail Enterprise in Charlotte, NC, in 1998. Joe has held various positions in the Flint Auto Dealers Association (where he was president in 1988) and the Michigan Automobile Dealers Association (where he was president in 1995-1996). He served on the Detroit Auto Dealers Association from 2001-2012, where he was the chairman of various committees and a member of the executive committee from 2008-2012. In 2008, he was the co-chairman of the North American International Auto Show, moving up to senior co-chairman in 2009. Joe also spent 12 years as a member of the Albion College Board of Directors and Executive Committee, and he was the Chairman of the Flint and Genesee Chamber of Com


A standard guitar commonly has fretboard markers for the octave (ie half string length) at what fret?

Calculating Fret Positions  Calculating Fret Positions Contact Woodworkers' Popup Units Conversion Tool / Calculator Calculator converts to/from decimal inches, fractional inches, millimeters. Popups must be enabled for this site. From the Liutaio Mottola lutherie information website. Did you know .... .... you can click on most of the assembly photos on this site to enlarge them for a close look? Also, hovering the cursor over most linear dimension values will convert the values to decimal inches, fractional inches, and SI units. Calculating Fret Positions Calculating the positions of the frets requires the simplest bit of math. The (really) historical technique is called the rule of 18, and it involves successively dividing the scale length minus the offset to the previous fret by 18. This was easy enough to do using pencil and paper, although way back in the day they probably didn't even do that, instead relying on a mechanical device called a proportional divider to do the work. The invention of the pocket calculator made it possible to make use of a more accurate constant, and so these days we conventionally calculate fret positions for equal temperament by successively dividing the scale length minus the offset to the previous fret by 17.817. This series of calculations puts the 12th fret (octave) at exactly half the scale length, and we know from the physics of vibrating strings that halving the vibrating string length of a theoretically perfect string doubles the frequency. Those interested can read about the derivation of this constant below. Interestingly enough, the historical technique yielded good results for gut strings, as it included built in compensation, something that we do now by moving the bridge saddle so that the actual scale length is a bit longer than the nominal length. It is also interesting that the amount of compensation we add is generally empirically derived, as calculating it is a bit of a chore. But there is (as they say these days) an app for that, or actually an online compensation calculator available on this site. Some references specify a constant of 17.835, which is mathematically untenable but which will likely yield good results nonetheless. The reason that all these seemingly disparate systems can be used to good effect is that even the mathematically accurate equal temperament constant assumes a theoretically perfect string which both exhibits no inharmonicity in its vibration and doesn't need to be stretched to be fretted. Since real strings don't behave that way even the equal temperament system is just an approximation of the way real strings need to be fretted. See Gregory Byers nice paper on classic guitar intonation for more on this subject (see the Links section). Which constant should you use? Unless you are building or repairing historical instruments use the equal temperament constant of 17.817. It is the currently accepted standard. Want to know where this constant comes from? See the derivation section below. The conventional calculator technique for calculating fret position is shown by example below. Use this to make your own fret rule if the only tools you have to do the math are a simple calculator or pencil and paper. I've also included information on the derivation of the fretting constant and an even more accurate formula you can use if you have spreadsheet or programming experience. There are Javascript calculators that uses that formula here, too. Most folks that build instruments will never need to use this info, as the lutherie suppliers all provide slotted fret boards for all of the standard instruments. A number of suppliers use CNC machines to do the slotting and so can easily supply inexpensive slotted boards for any scale length and any number of frets. Last updated:  August 15, 2015 Contents Choosing a Scale Length Traditional Fret Position Calculation Example In this section we'll discuss how to calculate fret positions if what you have for tools is pencil and paper and maybe a four function calculator. If you don't want to go through all of this


Technically called the masseter, what is the common name of the human muscle able to exert the most force?

Facts About Massage and the Human Body Facts About Massage and the Human Body Facts About Massage and the Human Body   Facts About Massage and the Human Body Spinal cord: 1. How many pairs of cervical nerves are there?                     8 2.  How many total spinal nerves are there?                     62 3.Wich of the following structures is known as the “horse’s tail”?                    Cauda equina 4.  The length of the average adult spinal cord is:                    16 – 18 inches 5.  The largest nerve in the body is:                    Sciatic 6.  Carpal tunnel syndrome results from damage to what nerve?                   Median nerve 7. The two divisions of the sciatic nerve are:                   Tibial and common Peroneal nerve 8.  What nerve innervates the diaphragm?  From which plexus does it arise?                   Phrenic nerve; cervical plexus 9.  Damage to the cervical plexus may cause:                   Respiratory arrest 10.  Which plexus supplies the buttock muscles?                  Sacral plexes What muscles make up the quadriceps femoris? Vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and rectus femoris     How many intermediate (midpalmar) intrinsic muscles of the hand, which act on all the digits except for the thumb, are there?                   11 Which of the following muscles has an action of flexing and rotating the neck and assists in inspiration?                   Anterior scalene Runner’s knee” is more technically know as: Patellofemoral stress syndrome The muscle whose action makes you smile is:                               Zygomaticus major The erector spinae is composed of which muscle groups?        Longissmus, iliocostalis, and spinalis Which of the following muscles aids in inspiration?        External intercostal                    8.   Which muscle is considered to be the “chewing” muscle?        Masseter . The calcaneal tendon is able to withstand a 1000 pound force without tearing Which of the following muscles directly connects the trunk to the upper extremity?        Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi       11. What is the stronges single muscle in the body?        Gluteus maximus 12. The muscles making up the hamstrings are: Semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris    13.   The strongest tendon in the body is the:          The Achilles tendon 14.  As a general rule, the attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone is called the:             Origin 15.  If someone loses the ability to point with his index finger, you would suspect a problem with:                           Extensor Indicis 16.  What is the longest muscle in the body?             Sartorius 17.  The muscles that make up the rotator cuff are:                                Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and   subscapularis  18. There are actually three types of muscle in the human body, which are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. The skeletal muscles are, as you would have guessed, are attached to the bones by tendons. The role of these guys is to move the skeleton (i.e. walking, swinging your arms, or turning your head), to help us maintain posture while sitting or standing, and in a general sense, to create force through movement. These muscles can be controlled both consciously and unconsciously, and make up about 42% of the average man's body mass and 36% of the average woman's. 19. The cardiac muscles are found only in the heart (hence the name). Although these muscles resemble skeletal muscles in structure, they operate on a completely involuntary basis, which is why we don't have to command the heart to beat--it just does! And last, but not least, we have the smooth muscles, which are contained mostly in the walls of organs. This type of muscle also moves on an involuntary basis. For instance, when food is pushed along through the intestines, these muscles are working within the intestines and without our conscious effort. 20. Although most of us have heard that the tongue is the strongest muscle in the human body, this is simply not true. 1) Because the human tongue c


What currency is abbreviated to SAR, and contains 100 Halalas and 20 Qirsh?

Money - YouTube Money Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Feb 2, 2012 The Riyal (Arabic: ريال Riyāl, ISO 4217 code: SAR) is the currency of Saudi Arabia. It is abbreviated as ر.س or SR (Saudi Riyal). It is subdivided into 100 Halalas (Arabic: هللة Halalah). The Saudi Ghirsh is 5 Halalas. History The riyal has been the currency of Saudi Arabia since the country came in to being and was the currency of Hejaz before Saudi Arabia was created. The Hejaz riyal was based on (though not equivalent to) the Ottoman 20 kuruş coin and was consequently divided into 20 ghirsh. However, although the Hejaz riyal was the same weight as the Ottoman 20 kuruş, it was minted in .917 fineness, compared to .830 fineness for the Ottoman coin. Thus, because the first Saudi riyal had the same specifications as the Hejaz riyal and circulated alongside Ottoman coins, it came to be worth 22 Ottoman kuruş and was consequently subdivided into 22 ghirsh when coins denominated in ghirsh were issued from 1925. This remained the system of currency even though the riyal was subsequently debased to a coin equivalent in silver content to the Indian rupee in 1935. Note that the Latin alphabet spelling "ghirsh" rather than "qirsh" reflects the pronunciation in Saudi Arabia, while in the Arabic script the spelling was the same as used elsewhere, قرش. In 1960, the system was changed to 20 ghirsh = 1 riyal and this was followed in 1963 by the introduction of the halala, worth one hundredth of a riyal. Some Saudi coins still bear denominations in ghirsh but this denomination is no longer commonly used. Banknotes The fourth series under King Fahad. 1984 - 2007 In 1953, the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA) began issuing Haj Pilgrim Receipts for 10 riyals,[1] with 1 and 5 riyals following in 1954 and 1956, respectively. These resembled banknotes and were initially intended for use by pilgrims who exchanged foreign currency for them. However, they became widely accepted in Saudi Arabia and largely replaced silver riyal coins in major financial transactions. Consequently, the Monetary Agency began issuing regular banknotes for 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 riyal on 15 June 1961. The Pilgrim Receipts were withdrawn on 1 February 1965.[2] 500 Riyal notes were introduced in 1983. 20 and 200 riyal banknotes were issued in 2000 to commemorate the centenary of the founding of what became the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The 5th series of banknotes bearing the face of King Abdullah were issued in 2007. Category