The annual Mount Hagen Cultural Show that began in 1961 both as a celebration of tribal culture and as a forum for friendly competition (in place of tribal war) is one of the biggest draws of which large island nation?

Paradise: the in-flight magazine of Air Niugini, January/February 2016 by Business Advantage International - issuu PARADISE THE IN-FLIGHT MAGAZINE OF AIR NIUGINI VOLUME 1 JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2016 2016 ALMANAC The must-see events in PNG, Asia and the South Pacific Everything you need to know about Ho Chi Minh City PNG JOURNEYS Papua New Guineans write about travels in their own country PNG culture, books, movies & gadgets HULI TIME A stunning photo journey with the Wigmen in PNG’s Southern Highlands. IN PARADISE CONTENTS AIRLINE NEWS DEPARTURE LOUNGE THE LATEST FROM AIR NIUGINI NEWS, BRIEFINGS, LOCAL KNOWLEDGE A message from Air Niugini’s Chairman  Fleet upgrade to deliver nine new planes  Condolences for Sir James Neng Tjoeng  New Mount Hagen lounge open for business More flights to Japan Air Niugini passes safety rating with flying colours 8 10 11 11 12 12 Q&A: Dr Martin Golman on saving Lae’s botanic gardens  Soccer star David Beckham in PNG Bougainville chocolate goes on sale Saving the pig-nosed turtle World Surf League has eyes on PNG  All aboard for India Winners of the annual Pride of PNG Awards for Women 14 15 15 16 17 18 20 TRAVELLER OUR COUNTRY, OUR REGION, OUR WORLD Huli time A photo essay with the famous Wigmen. 22 Bali calm Rejuvenate mind and body at a luxurious retreat. 48 PNG journeys Three Papua New Guineans write about travel in their own country. 32 Dive in Tawali dive resort in beautiful Milne Bay. 4 Paradise – Air Niugini’s in-flight magazine 40 City guide Discover the delights of Vietnam’s Ho Chi Minh City. Time Traveller On the menu Five classic Hong Kong food treats to try. 46 Three of a kind Festivals in PNG, Australia and Guam. 52 64 Almanac 2016 The year ahead: must-see festivals and events in the region. 66 Chocolate confidential Some of the world’s best cacao is growing in a hidden PNG valley and being exported to Australia. 104 In the docks Port of Lae developments. 108 Talk and text Telikom’s plan for 100 per cent PNG coverage. 110 APEC boost PNG businesses to benefit from the 2018 leaders’ summit. 112 Landmark project The development that will transform Port Moresby. 114 Initiation rites The Canadian artist who braved the Sepik’s Crocodile ceremony and now paints classic PNG scenes. Spotted in … Melbourne Meet the Bougainvillean-born curator at the National Gallery of Victoria.  Page turners The best books set in the South Pacific. Talking pidgin Everything you need to know about Tok Pisin. Gadgets and travel accessories  Book previews Movie previews BRAIN GYM STAFF WRITERS Kevin McQuillan, Ben Creagh ADVERTISING ACCOUNT MANAGER Anthony Leydin +61 (0)415 586 027 al@businessadvantageinternational.com CONTRIBUTORS Richard Andrews, John Brooksbank, Greg Clarke, Tim Coronel, Bronwen Gora, Susan Gough Henly, Marisa Howden, Belinda Jackson, Nina Karnikowski, Daniel Kumbon, Hazel Kutkue, Chris McLennan, Mary O’Brien, Kay O’Sullivan, Tabitha Pangkatana, Kiara Worth. Business Advantage International Pty Ltd Level 23, HWT Tower 40 City Road, Southgate VIC 3006, Australia Tel +61 3 9674 7129 Fax +61 3 9674 0400 www.businessadvantageinternational.com EDITORIAL CONSULTANT Eva Arni, Air Niugini DESIGN Michael Whitehead, Alicia Freile CORRESPONDENCE TO THE AIRLINE The Chief Executive Officer Air Niugini PO Box 7186, Boroko, NCD, Papua New Guinea Tel +675 327 3458 Fax +675 327 3550 6 Paradise – Air Niugini’s in-flight magazine Editorial inquiries Tel +61 3 9674 7129 paradise@businessadvantageinternational.com Paradise online www.airniuginiparadise.com Printed in Australia. Both printer and paper manufacturer for this publication are accredited to ISO14001, the internationally recognised standard for environmental management. This publication is printed using vegetable inks and the stock is elemental chlorine free and manufactured using sustainable forestry practices. Some of the articles in this publication are edited versions of those first published on the online PNG business magazine, businessadvantagepng.com. Unsolicited manuscripts, artwork, transparencies and photographs are submit


K Street in Washington D.C. that is appropriately not far from government is home to several offices of what 'influential' industry?

Taking the Stand: The Dawn of Ethics Reform in the District of Columbia Government? Taking the Stand: Reform in the District of Columbia Government? From Washington Lawyer, April 2015 By Robert J. Spagnoletti and Darrin P. Sobin How the Board of Ethics and Government Accountability is reshaping the way D.C. government employees and elected officials are trained, advised, and sanctioned for ethics lapses The summer of 2011 was bleak for the District of Columbia’s political landscape, even by historical standards. The District had suffered through the scandals of Marion Barry in the 1980s; criminal behavior by developers in the 1990s; and schemes by government employees, including a mid-level manager in the District’s Office of the Chief Financial Officer who, over nearly two decades, had succeeded in embezzling nearly $50 million in fraudulent tax refunds. But this was different. In 2011 three of the 13 sitting D.C. Councilmembers—almost a quarter of the District’s legislative body—would, within a couple of years, be serving time in prison, including the council chair. Worse still, the new mayor himself, Vincent C. Gray, was the focus of a criminal probe by the United States Attorney’s Office for alleged campaign misconduct—a probe that would last for the entire four years of Mayor Gray’s administration and lead to multiple guilty pleas by others. Whether it existed or not, a perception of a culture of corruption was hard to argue against. Such a perception, however, could not be tolerated if new business was to be attracted and the cause of Home Rule, or even statehood, advanced. It was the perfect moment for the Ethics Act and the D.C. Board of Ethics and Government Accountability. BEGA, as it has come to be known among the 34,000 employees and elected officials (including the mayor and the council) over which it has ethics enforcement authority, is a bold new approach to government ethics in the District and, by many accounts, an unlikely one. It is only two years old, but in that time it has noticeably shaken the status quo in District government. The story of how it came to pass, and what has occurred already in BEGA’s brief history, is a compelling one. This law was the brainchild of several forward-looking councilmembers, including Councilmember, now Mayor, Muriel Bowser. It was an unlikely creation given the historical rarity of any political body voluntarily ceding power to an independent authority with oversight and enforcement tools over the very individuals who voted it into existence. In the case of BEGA, it was the highly publicized ethics lapses of the District’s political leaders that enabled the sponsors of the Ethics Act to shepherd it through the legislative process and into law. BEGA opened its doors on October 1, 2012. For the first time, District government employees who engage in ethical misconduct face disciplinary sanctions as well as public censure and fines of up to $5,000 or more—fines that are enforceable through the contempt powers of the D.C. Superior Court and that will follow long after an employee leaves District government. Individuals inside and outside of the government are starting to take notice. The Historical Mosaic of Ethics Ethics, and specifically ethics in government, is nothing new. Throughout recorded history there have been various attempts to impose certain standards of conduct. Most of these attempts have been religious in nature, including writings such as the Ten Commandments and other sacred scriptures. The common thread among these religious-based ethical codes is that these standards come from a divine being and should be followed for no other reason. There were also non-religious attempts to define ethics, morality, and appropriate personal conduct by ancient philosophers such as Confucius in the 5th century B.C.E. and Aristotle and his Nicomachean Ethics in the 3rd century B.C.E. One of the earliest on record is the Code of Hammurabi (circa 1780 B.C.E.), a body of 282 laws from ancient Mesopotamia. Aside from the eye-for-an-eye, tooth-for-a-tooth standard with which


The notion of God having two forms and ten Sefirot mediating between them is central to the belief system of which mystical tradition?

Kabbalah - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Your continued donations keep Wikipedia running!     Kabbalah Part of a series on     This box:  view  •  talk  •  edit This article is about traditional Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism). There is a separate article about the controversial Kabbalah Centre . Kabbalah ( Hebrew : קַבָּלָה, Tiberian : qabːɔˈlɔh, Qabbālāh, Israeli : Kabala) literally means "receiving", in the sense of a "received tradition", and is sometimes transliterated as Cabala, Kabbala, Qabalah, or other permutation. Kabbalah esoterically interprets the Hebrew Bible ( Tanakh ) and classical Jewish texts ( halakha and aggadah ) and practices ( mitzvot ), as expressing a mystical doctrine concerning God's simultaneous immanence and transcendence, an attempted resolution to the ancient paradox of how the ultimate Being—"that which is not conceivable by thinking" (Isaac the Blind)—nevertheless comes to be known and experienced by the created world. Because of the interpretive liberties taken by kabbalistic thinkers, and the possible heresies to which they may easily lead, study of Kabbalah was traditionally restricted to a select few Rabbis and Torah scholars. Contents 28 External links [ edit ] Use of term The term Kabbalah was originally used in Talmudic texts, among the Geonim (early medieval rabbis) and by Rishonim (later medieval rabbis) as a reference to the full body of the oral tradition of Jewish teaching, which was publicly available. Even the works of the Tanakh 's prophets were referred to as Kabbalah, before they were canonized as part of the written tradition. In this sense Kabbalah was used in referring to all of Judaism's oral law . Over time, much of the oral law was recorded, but the esoteric teachings remained an oral tradition. Now, even though the esoteric teachings of the Torah are recorded, it is still known as Kabbalah. Thus, this term became connected with doctrines of esoteric knowledge concerning God , the human being and the relationship between them. Ontology , cosmogony , and cosmology are the main components of this esoteric lore. The reasons for the commandments in the Torah and the ways by which God administers the existence of the universe are also a part of the Kabbalah. [ edit ] Origins According to most segements of Orthodox Jewry , this esoteric Kabbalah dates from Adam and is an integral part of the Jewish tradition. They believe that this esoteric knowledge has come down from a remote past as a revelation to elect Tzadikim ("righteous men"), and for the most part, was preserved only by a privileged few. According to contemporary scholarship, the various schools of Jewish esotericism have arisen at different periods of Jewish history, each reflecting not only prior forms of Jewish esotericism but also the intellectual and culture milieu of that historical period. Questions of transmission, influence, and innovation vary and cannot be summarized with a simple doctrinaire claim. [ edit ] Protocol and influence The proper protocol for teaching this wisdom, as well as many of its concepts, are recorded in the Talmud (second chapter of tractate Haggiga). In the Talmudic texts the esoteric teachings are called Ma'aseh Merkuva and Ma'aseh B'resheyth. After a composition known as the Zohar was presented to the public in the 13th century, the term Kabbalah began to more specifically refer to teachings derived from or related to the Zohar; at an even later time period the term began to generally be applied to Zoharic teachings as elaborated upon by Arizal . Historians generally date the start of Kabbalah as a major influence in Jewish thought and practice with the publication of the Zohar and climaxing with the spread of the Arizal 's teachings. The majority of Haredi Jews accept the Zohar as the representative of the Ma'aseh Merkuva and Ma'aseh B'resheyth that are referred to in Talmudic texts. [ edit ] Dispute There is more dispute among Haredim as to the status of Arizal 's kabbalistic teachings. While a portion of Modern Orthodox Rabbis, Dor Daim , and many students of the Rambam comple


Although never part of international maritime law, which phrase was popularised by its usage on the RMS Titanic as a consequence of which 74% of the women and 52% of the children were saved but only 20% of the men?

Women and children first (protocol) | Titanic Database Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Women and children first (protocol) 448pages on Share Thomas Hemy's famous painting of soldiers standing fast on HMS Birkenhead while the women and children head off in a lifeboat in the background "Women and children first" (or to a lesser extent, the Birkenhead Drill [1] [2] ) is a historical protocol whereby the lives of women and children are saved first in a life-threatening situation (typically abandoning ship, when survivial resources such as lifeboats are limited). The saying is most famously associated with the sinking of RMS Titanic in 1912, although the first documented use concerned the wrecking of the Royal Navy troopship HMS Birkenhead . Contents Edit During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, ships typically did not carry enough lifeboats to save all the passengers and crew in the event of disaster. In 1870, answering a question at the House of Commons of the United Kingdom about the sinking of PS Normandy, George Shaw-Lefevre said that [3] "in the opinion of the Board of Trade, it will not be possible to compel the passenger steamers running between England and France to have boats sufficient for the very numerous passengers they often carry. They would encumber the decks, and rather add to the danger than detract from it" By the turn of the 20th century larger ships meant more people could travel, but safety rules regarding lifeboats remained out of date: for example, British legislation concerning the number of lifeboats was based on the tonnage of a vessel and only encompassed vessels of "10,000 gross tons and over". The result was that a sinking usually involved a moral dilemma for passengers and crew as to whose lives should be saved with the limited available lifeboats. The practice of women and children first arose from the chivalrous actions of soldiers during sinking of the Royal Navy troopship HMS Birkenhead in 1852, which was memorialized in newspapers and paintings of the time, and in poems such as Rudyard Kipling's "Soldier an' Sailor Too." In that wreck the captain ordered the wives and children aboard (20 in all) to enter the only small lifeboat available, saving them, while the men stayed on board until the ship was wrecked. Only about 25% of the men survived the wreck and none of the senior officers did. Samuel Smiles, in his 1859 book Self-Help, described the principle being applied during Siege of Lucknow. [4] The specific phrase first appeared in a novel by William Douglas O'Connor entitled Harrington: A True Story of Love in 1860. [5] RMS Titanic survivors aboard a collapsible lifeboat Although never part of international maritime law, the phrase was popularised by its usage on the RMS Titanic , [6] where, as a consequence of this practice, 74% of the women on board were saved and 52% of the children, but only 20% of the men. [7] Some officers on the Titanic misinterpreted the order from Captain Smith , and tried to prevent men from boarding the lifeboats. [8] [9] It was intended that women and children would board first, with any remaining free spaces for men. Because so few men were saved on the Titanic, the men who did survive were initially branded as cowards, including White Star official, J. Bruce Ismay . [10] There is no legal basis for the protocol of women and children first — according to International Maritime Organization regulations, ships have 30 minutes to load all passengers into lifeboats and maneuver the boats away. [11] History has furthermore shown that application of the protocol has been the exception rather than the rule. An Uppsala University study published in April 2012, found that historical survival rates have been in favor of adult males rather than women or children. The paper analyzed 18 maritime disasters covering a period of one and a half centuries, from 1852 to 2011. The same study found that crew members have a relative survival advantage over passengers. The particular case of RMS Titanic is therefore not representative of maritime conduct in general.


The etymology of what form of entertainment may come from the valley of 'Vau de Vire' in Normandy where satirical songs were common?

Vaudeville V Vaudeville Vaudeville was a theatrical genre of variety entertainment in the United States and Canada from the early 1880s until the early 1930s. Each performance was made up of a series of separate, unrelated acts grouped together on a common bill. Types of acts included popular and classical musicians , dancers, comedians , trained animals, magicians, female and male impersonators, acrobats , one-act plays or scenes from plays, athletes, lecturing celebrities, minstrels , and movies. Vaudeville developed from many sources, including the concert saloon, minstrelsy , freak shows, dime museums and literary burlesque . Called "the heart of [the era's] American show business," vaudeville was one of the most popular types of entertainment in North America for several decades. Etymology The origin of the term is obscure, but is often explained as being derived from the expression voix de ville, or "voice of the city." Another plausible etymology finds origins in the French Vau de Vire, a valley in Normandy noted for its style of satirical songs with topical themes. The term vaudeville, referring specifically to North American variety entertainment, came into common usage after 1871 with the formation of Sargent's Great Vaudeville Company of Louisville, Kentucky. It had little, if anything, to do with the "vaudeville" of the French theatre. Variety showman M.B. Leavitt claimed the word originated from the French vaux de ville ("worth of the city, or worthy of the city's patronage.") As Albert McLean suggests, the name may have been selected "for its vagueness, its faint, but harmless exoticism, and perhaps its connotation of gentility." Leavitt's and Sargent's shows differed little from the coarser material presented in earlier itinerant entertainments, although their use of the term to provide a veneer of respectability points to an early effort to cater variety amusements to the growing middle class. Though vaudeville had been used in the United States as early as the 1830s, most variety theatres adopted the term in the late 1880s and early 1890s for two reasons. First, seeking middle class patrons, they wished to distance themselves from the earlier rowdy, working-class variety halls. Second, the French or pseudo-French term lent an air of sophistication, and perhaps made the institution seem more consistent with the Progressive Era's interests in education and self-betterment. Some, however, preferred the earlier term "variety" to what manager Tony Pastor called its "sissy and Frenchified" successor. Thus, vaudeville was marketed as "variety" well into the twentieth century. Beginnings A descendant of variety, (c. 1860s–1881), vaudeville was distinguished from the earlier form by its mixed-gender audience, usually alcohol-free halls, and often slavish devotion to inculcating favor among members of the middle class. The form gradually evolved from the concert saloon and variety hall into its mature form throughout the 1870s and 1880s. This more genteel form was known as "Polite Vaudeville." In the years before the American Civil War , entertainment existed on a different scale. Certainly, variety theatre existed before 1860 in Europe and elsewhere. In the United States, as early as the first decades of the nineteenth century, theatregoers could enjoy a performance consisting of Shakespeare plays, acrobatics, singing, dancing, and comedy. As the years progressed, people seeking diversified amusement found an increasing number of ways to be entertained. A handful of circuses regularly toured the country; dime museums appealed to the curious; amusement parks, riverboats, and town halls often featured "cleaner" presentations of variety entertainment; and saloons, music halls, and burlesque houses catered to those with a taste for the risqué. In the 1840s, minstrel shows, another type of variety performance, and "the first emanation of a pervasive and purely American mass culture," grew to enormous popularity and formed what Nick Tosches called "the heart of nineteenth-century show business." Medicine shows tra


The name of what toy is a portmanteau of the Japanese word for 'egg' and the English word 'watch'?

What does Tamagotchi mean? This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word Tamagotchi Wiktionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Tamagotchi(Noun) A toy, a small electronic virtual pet. Origin: A portmanteau of the Japanese word tamago and the English word watch (ウオッチ uocchi). Early on, in Japan, Tamagotchi was written in English as Tamagotch. When the Tamagotchi went overseas, an "i" was added at the end or the name. Recently, Japan has changed Tamagotch for Tamagotchi. Freebase(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Tamagotchi The Tamagotchi is a handheld digital pet, created in Japan by Akihiro Yokoi of WiZ and Aki Maita of Bandai. It was first sold by Bandai in 1996 in Japan. As of 2010, over 76 million Tamagotchis have been sold world-wide. Most Tamagotchis are housed in a small egg-shaped computer with an interface usually consisting of three buttons, although the number of buttons may vary for different variations. According to Bandai, the name is a portmanteau combining the Japanese word "たまご", which means "egg", and the English word "watch". Consequently, the name is romanized as "Tamagotch" without the "i" in Japan. But recently in Japan, the romanized name has changed to the English "Tamagotchi" with the i. Most Tamagotchi characters' names end in 'tchi' or 'っち' in Japanese, with the exception of a few newer characters, such as Makiko. Numerology The numerical value of Tamagotchi in Chaldean Numerology is: 6 Pythagorean Numerology


In Greek mythology, a group of fierce fighters called the Myrmidons were commanded by which mighty warrior?

Achilles - The Greatest Warrior of All Time Achilles, with images and annotated text references, is now available on Amazon Kindle and Barnes & Noble Nook.


In Greek mythology, what river flowed around the cave of Hypnos in the Underworld and caused forgetfulness in all those who drank from it?

Lethe Picture, Lethe Image Lethe Picture Copyright 2014 Minish-Sapidus from DeviantArt "In Greek mythology, Lethe (Greek: Λήθη, Lḗthē; Classical Greek [lɛː́tʰɛː], modern Greek: [ˈliθi]) was one of the five rivers of Hades . Also known as the Ameles potamos (river of unmindfulness), the Lethe flowed around the cave of Hypnos and through the Underworld, where all those who drank from it experienced complete forgetfulness. Lethe was also the name of the Greek spirit of forgetfulness and oblivion, with whom the river was often identified." - Wiki © 1997-2016 GreekMythology.com . All Rights Reserved. Contact us via email at [email protected] Apple, the Apple logo, iPhone and iPad are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. App Store is a service mark of Apple Inc. Android, Google Play and the Google Play logo are trademarks of Google Inc. Any e-book excerpts on this website are in the public domain. Any pictures with © under them are © their respective owners and used under permission from the owner and/or DeviantArt, Inc. All other content is produced by GreekMythology.com editors & copyrighted by GreekMythology.com.


What Russian term for a functionary of the Communist Party is now derogatorily used to describe people appointed to positions on the basis of political loyalty rather than competence?

Obama’s Corrupt “Green” Apparatchiki | Fellowship of the Minds Fellowship of the Minds Posted on April 30, 2010 by Dr. Eowyn | 2 Comments Apparatchik  (plural apparatchiki): a Russian word for a full-time, professional functionary of the Communist Party or government; i.e., an agent of the governmental or party “apparat” (apparatus) that held any position of bureaucratic or political responsibility. Members of the “apparat” were frequently transferred between different areas of responsibility, usually with little or no actual training for their new areas of responsibility. Thus, the term apparatchik, or “agent of the apparatus” was usually the best possible description of the person’s profession and occupation. Today this term is also used in contexts other than Soviet Union, to describe individuals, appointed to positions in any government, on the basis of ideological or political loyalty rather than competence. James Delingpole of the UK’s Telegraph reports on April 27 that one of Obama’s energy advisers is on course to make millions from shares in green companies which may benefit from green policies that she has helped formulate: Assistant Secretary of Energy Cathy Zoi has a huge financial stake in companies likely to profit from the Obama administration’s “green” policies. Zoi, who left her position as CEO of the Alliance for Climate Protection — founded by Al Gore — to serve as assistant secretary for energy efficiency and renewable energy, now manages billions in “green jobs” funding. But the disclosure documents show that Zoi not only is in a position to affect the fortunes of her previous employer, ex-Vice President Al Gore, but that she herself has large holdings in two firms that could directly profit from policies proposed by the Department of Energy. Among Zoi’s holdings are shares in Serious Materials, Inc., the previously sleepy, now bustling, friend of the Obama White House whose public policy operation is headed by her husband. Between them, Zoi and her husband hold 120,000 shares in Serious Materials, as well as stock options. Reporter John Stossel has already explored what he sees as the “ crony capitalism ” implied by Zoi being so able to influence the fortunes of a company to which she is so closely associated. In addition, Zoi holds between $250,000 and $500,000 in “founders shares” in Landis+Gyr, a Swiss “smart meter” firm. She also still owns between $15,000 and $50,000 in ordinary shares. “Smart meters” are electric meters that return information about customer power usage to the power company immediately and allow a power company to control the amount of power a customer can consume. These smart meters are a central component of the Obama administration’s plans to reduce electricity consumption as part of the “smart grid.” Then Barbara Hollingsworth of the Washington Examiner reports on April 20 that Fannie Mae owns patent on residential ‘cap and trade’ exchange! Fannie Mae , the cutsey name for the Federal National Mortgage Association, is the government-sponsored enterprise that’s a stockholder-owned corporation. (Don’t ask me to explain how something can be privately owned but government sponsored!) Not only did Fannie Mae, together with its evil twin  Freddie Mac , play a central role in the 2008 subprime mortgage meltdown and the ensuing collapse of the housing market, Fannie Mae has been mired in scandals and conflicts of interest. In 2004, the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight released a report charging Fannie Mae with widespread accounting errors. In 2006, U.S. regulators filed 101 civil charges against chief executive Franklin Raines ; chief financial officer J. Timothy Howard; and the former controller Leanne G. Spencer. The three are accused of manipulating Fannie Mae earnings to maximize their bonuses. The lawsuit sought to recoup more than $115 million in bonus payments, collectively accrued by the trio from 1998–2004, and about $100 million in penalties for their involvement in the accounting scandal. In 2008, the Wall Street Journal reported that two former CEOs of Fa


What classical ballet tells the story of Odette who is turned into a creature by an evil sorcerer's curse?

Ivanov did II and IV Daughter of the Pharoah Divertissement - DANCE - 45 View Full Document choreographed Sleeping Beauty and Acts I and III of Swan Lake. ( Ivanov did II and IV) Daughter of the Pharoah Divertissement Grand pas de deux- The Black Swan Pas de Deux from the third scene of Swan Lake . Choreography by Marius Petipa . Music by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky , revised (ending of the Adagio) and orchestrated (Odile's variation) by Riccardo Drigo . 1895. This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. View Full                             Document Entrée Adagio duet- in musical notation, a tempo marking indicating that the music is to be played slowly. Male solo- when a male dancers alone Female solo- when a female dances alone Coda- music; a passage which brings a movement or piece to a conclusion through prolongation Styles of movement Classical Character Demi-character Mime Children on stage The Sleeping Beauty, 1890- Choreographed by Maurice Petipa; Karo Ballet in St. Petersburg; it’s a fairytale in an imaginary kingdom; high points of ballet; battle between good and evil; pink= generosity and yellow=fairness; the bad fairy is Larabase Petipa- Maurice- goes to Russia- he choreographed Sleeping Beauty; his brother was Lucien Petipa and he starred as Albrecht in Giselle) Tchaikovsky- wrote music for Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, and the Nutcracker Rose Adagio- she was 16 in Sleeping Beauty; people went to see this show several times just to watch her partners transfer her from one place to the other because it was amazing and perfect The Nutcracker, 1892- classical ballet; most popular form of dance in the US Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, and the Nutcracker were ALL classical ballets Ivanov- a Russian ballet dancer and choreographer and later, Second Balletmaster of the Imperial Ballet ; choreographed The Nutcracker (1892) but due to the ill health of the venerable Ballet Master Marius Petipa , though contemporary and modern accounts dispute this; worked with Marius Petipa on a new restaging of Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake (1895) ballet , choreographing the second and fourth scenes himself. Tchaikovsky, dies 1893- wrote music for Swan Lake (first ballet), Sleeping Beauty and the Nutcracker Swan Lake, 1895- music by Tchaikovsky; Ivanov did Acts II and IV and Petipa did acts I and III; tells the story of Odette , a princess turned into a swan by an evil sorcerer 's curse Black Swan Pas de Deux- evil sorcerers daughter (Odile) is disguised as Odette Petipa Acts I and III( 5 sections) girl usually does 32 fouettes; male variation (dance alone); female variation Ivanov Acts II and IV Odette/Odile Prince Siegfried This is the end of the preview. Sign up to                   access the rest of the document. TERM Russian Revolution 1917: the revolution was against the Tsar, the Tsar controlled, fu dance 45


The 1633 painting The Storm on the Sea of Galilee that depicts the miracle of Jesus calming the waves was stolen in 1990 from a Boston museum in what is considered to be the biggest art theft in history. This painting is the only known seascape of which great artist?

theKONGBLOG™: Greatest Heist In Art History...Solved? Sunday, March 24, 2013 Greatest Heist In Art History...Solved? Rick Abath used to work the night shift at the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston. He would arrive around 11:30 p.m. and spend the night patrolling the halls of one of the finest museums in the state. On the night shift, only two young watchmen were responsible for guarding the hundreds of millions of dollars worth of art housed in the museum, including Rembrandt’s only seascape painting, and a painting by the Dutch artist Vermeer, only one of about 36 in existence. The job was pretty uneventful. Even boring. But on St. Patrick’s Day weekend in 1990, Abath’s usual routine was dramatically shattered. Two men dressed as Boston Police officers rang the doorbell. Going against protocol, Abath let them into the museum. Within minutes he and his partner were subdued and the two thieves had free reign over the museum. On this night, these two thieves would pull off the greatest art heist in history. It is considered the biggest property theft ever. By the time the burglars left the museum, they had half a billion dollars worth of art in their possession. More than two decades later, visitors to the museum can still lay their eyes on an actual crime scene. The empty frames of the stolen paintings hang on the walls, haunting reminders of a spectacular crime. To this day, the artwork has never been found, the thieves never caught. And more puzzling, none of the 13 works of art have ever been sold as far as investigators can tell. The Storm on the Sea of Galilee by Rembrandt van Rijn


Toru Iwatani, the creator of which popular video game admitted in a 1996 interview that the story of a pizza missing a slice being the inspiration of the game's main character was only half true?

pacmanmuseum.com - Pac-Man Creator Toru Iwatani Biography   Pac-Man Creator Toru Iwatani Biography Toru Iwatani (born January 25, 1955) is a Japanese video game designer and created one of the most popular arcade games of all time, Pac-Man. Iwatani was born in the Meguro ward of Tokyo, Japan. In 1977, at the age of 22, Iwatani joined Namco Ltd, a computer software company in Tokyo that produces video games. Game designer Toru Iwatani is totally self-taught, without any formal training in computers, visual arts, or graphic design. Namco Limited, whose main product lines at the time were projection-based amusement rides and light gun shooting galleries. Iwatani had expected that his job would involve working on pinball machines, and was initially disappointed that he would instead have to work on these strange, clinical 'video-games' instead. By way of compromise, Gee Bee (1978) was a heavily pinball-inspired paddle game, as were his next two designs (presumably developed by modifying Gee Bee), Bomb Bee and Cutie Q (both 1979). Iwatani wished to create a game that would target women and couples; his goal was for game centers to shed their somewhat sinister image for a lighter atmosphere, and he believed that the key to doing that was to get girls to come in. Toru Iwatani - around 1980 Programmers at Work The legend tells that Iwatani's eureka moment came when he removed a slice of pizza from a pie, creating the visual inspiration for his next big thing. It was in this moment that, according to Iwatani, Pac-Man was officially born. Now that he had the look, he needed that special something to attract his target audience. After listening to girls talk to one another, Iwatani determined that food and eating would be the way to get the girls in the arcade halls. He came up with the idea for "Puck-Man" and around 1978, he, along with Shigeo Funaki (programmer), Toshio Kai (sound and music), a hardware engineer and a cabinet designer produced the game, taking it from concept to finished product. Within 18 months, Iwatani and his team created a game that would change the games world. After many experiments, he came up with Pac-Man chomping his way through food placed around a maze, and being chased by ghosts. The four ghosts - Blinky, Pinky, Inky and Clyde, as they were known outside Japan - were based on Obake no Q-Taro, a famous cartoon ghost. But bat-and-ball games were already on the way out, and Taito's introduction of Space Invaders in 1979 began an industry-wide shift towards shoot-'em-up games (indeed, Namco were quick to stake their claim in this territory with the Galaxian/Galaga series). Observing that there was too little variety to prevent this schmup-craze from eventually going the same way as the paddle games, Iwatani wanted to try to take his next game in another direction. He wanted to make a game that did not focus on conflict, and would be appealing to male and female audiences. The underlying theme he chose for his new game was 'eating' and the result was Puckman, later to be renamed Pac-Man. "Puck-Man" was released to the Japanese public on May 22, 1980 where it became a huge success. It caught the attention of arcade-game manufacturer Midway, who bought the United States rights for the game and released the game in the U.S. as "Pac-Man", for fear that kids may deface a Puck-Man cabinet by changing the 'P' to an 'F'. Due to its innovative concept and continuing international popularity, it is regarded as one of the all-time classic video games. Iwatani went on to create a few other video games, including Ridge Racer, Time Crisis and Libble Rabble, but none of them reached the amount of success that Pac-Man did. He was promoted within the ranks of Namco, eventually being responsible for overseeing the administration of the company. In a VH-1 Game Break interview, Iwatani said he did not personally profit from the creation of Pac-Man, saying, "The truth of the matter is, there were no rewards per se for the success of Pac-Man. I was just an employee. There was no change in my salary, no bonus, no official c


What satanic name was used to describe an apprentice who performed a number of tasks such as mixing tubs of ink in a printing establishment?

Printer's devil P Printer's devil A printer's devil was an apprentice in a printing establishment who performed a number of tasks, such as mixing tubs of ink and fetching type. A number of famous men served as printer's devils in their youth, including Ambrose Bierce , Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Fuller, Thomas Jefferson, Walt Whitman , Mark Twain , Joel Chandler Harris , Warren Harding, John Kellogg, Lyndon Johnson, Joseph Lyons, and Lázaro Cárdenas. Derivation The origin of printer's devil is not definitively known. Various competing theories of the phrase's origin follow. Printer's devil has been ascribed to the fact that printer's apprentices would inevitably have parts of their skin stained black by the ink used in printing. As black was associated with the "black arts," the apprentice came to be called a devil. Another origin is linked to the fanciful belief among printers that a special devil haunted every print shop, performing mischief such as inverting type, misspelling words or removing entire lines of completed type. The apprentice became a substitute source of blame and came to be called a printer's devil by association. A third source involves a business partner of Johann Gutenberg, Johann Fust, who sold several of Gutenberg's Bibles to King Louis XI of France and his court officials, representing the bibles as hand-copied manuscripts. When it was discovered that individual letters were identical in appearance, Fust was accused of witchcraft —the red ink text was said to have been written in blood, and Fust was imprisoned. Though Fust was later freed after the bibles' origins were revealed, many still believed he was in league with Satan, thus the phrase. Another possible origin is ascribed to Aldus Manutius, a well known Venetian printer of the renaissance, and founder of the Aldine Press, who was denounced by detractors for practicing the black arts (early printing was long associated with devilry). The assistant to Manutius was a young boy of African descent who was accused of being the embodiment of Satan and dubbed the printer's devil. One likely source stems from the fact that worn and broken lead type is thrown into a hellbox, which the printer's devil must take to the furnace for melting and recasting. Finally, English tradition links the origin of printer's devil to the assistant of the first English printer and book publisher, William Caxton . Caxton's assistant was named "Deville" which evolved to "devil" over time, as that name was used to describe other printers' apprentices. (Wikipedia)


The term 'Urbi et Orbi' ('to the City and to the World'), a standard opening of Roman proclamations is now used to denote whose address?

"From the Depths of My Heart": The Pope's Easter Message Inside the Vatican Magazine Urbi et Orbi (“to the City [of Rome] and to the World”) was a standard opening of Roman proclamations. The term is now used to denote a papal address and Apostolic Blessing that is addressed to the City of Rome and to the entire world. The blessing takes place at each Easter and Christmas celebration in Rome from the central loggia of St. Peter’s Basilica. Part of the urbi et orbi blessing is the remission of all temporal punishment due to sin through a plenary indulgence attached to the Papal blessing. The blessings at Christmas and Easter are broadcast throughout the world by the European Broadcasting Union. The remission and forgiveness of sins is not only granted to the people in St. Peter’s Square but also to Catholics watching the ceremony on television and listening on radio. Before this blessing the Pope gives an address to the crowd and to the world, with seasonal greetings in many of the major world languages. Urbi et orbi is also used at St. Peter’s at the Papal inauguration and, on very rare occasions, as the blessing of pilgrims and during the Holy Year (Jubilee). The main phrase of the blessing ends: “Et benedictio Dei omnipotentis, Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti descendat super vos et maneat semper” (“And may the blessing of Almighty God, the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, descend on you and remain with you always”.) The Pope’s message for Easter issues a call for all believers to join with Christ and affirm Christ’s Easter Sunday victory over death by taking up his weapons: justice and truth, mercy, forgiveness and love. Here is the Vatican’s English translation of Pope Benedict XVI’s message “urbi et orbi” (to the city and to the world) for April 12, 2009, Easter Sunday. Dear Brothers and Sisters in Rome and throughout the world, From the depths of my heart, I wish all of you a blessed Easter. To quote Saint Augustine, “Resurrectio Domini, spes nostra — the resurrection of the Lord is our hope” (Sermon 261:1). With these words, the great Bishop explained to the faithful that Jesus rose again so that we, though destined to die, should not despair, worrying that with death life is completely finished; Christ is risen to give us hope (cf. ibid.). Indeed, one of the questions that most preoccupies men and women is this: what is there after death? To this mystery today’s solemnity allows us to respond that death does not have the last word, because Life will be victorious at the end. This certainty of ours is based not on simple human reasoning, but on a historical fact of faith: Jesus Christ, crucified and buried, is risen with his glorified body. Jesus is risen so that we too, believing in him, may have eternal life. This proclamation is at the heart of the Gospel message. As Saint Paul vigorously declares: “If Christ has not been raised, our preaching is in vain and your faith is in vain.” He goes on to say: “If for this life only we have hoped in Christ, we are of all men most to be pitied” (1 Cor 15:14,19). Ever since the dawn of Easter a new Spring of hope has filled the world; from that day forward our resurrection has begun, because Easter does not simply signal a moment in history, but the beginning of a new condition: Jesus is risen not because his memory remains alive in the hearts of his disciples, but because he himself lives in us, and in him we can already savour the joy of eternal life. The resurrection, then, is not a theory, but a historical reality revealed by the man Jesus Christ by means of his “Passover”, his “passage”, that has opened a “new way” between heaven and earth (cf. Heb 10:20). It is neither a myth nor a dream, it is not a vision or a utopia, it is not a fairy tale, but it is a singular and unrepeatable event: Jesus of Nazareth, son of Mary, who at dusk on Friday was taken down from the Cross and buried, has victoriously left the tomb. In fact, at dawn on the first day after the Sabbath, Peter and John found the tomb empty. Mary Magdalene and the other women encountered the risen Jes


Done with the will of an owner, what type of emancipating act is a 'manumission'?

Manumission - Dictionary definition of Manumission | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary Manumission Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture COPYRIGHT 2008 Gale Manumission Manumission, the voluntary freeing of slaves. Throughout Latin America and the Caribbean, the freeing of captives (who, from the mid-sixteenth century onward, were largely Africans or of African descent) implied that enslavement constituted a legal status that was not necessarily permanent. This transformation from slavery to freedom, requiring the relinquishing of control over "property" or "human capital," was of considerable significance to all individuals directly involved in the change, as well as to governing officials and family relations of both masters and slaves. The actual act of freeing an individual slave was, therefore, regularly recorded, most commonly in a notarized letter of liberty (in Spanish a carta de libertad; in Portuguese a carta de alforria). The historical significance of manumission rests on an evaluation of such factors as its frequency or availability within a given slave society, the motivations of masters in releasing individual slaves from their control, and the impact that manumission had on freed slaves, their descendants, and the larger slave societies in which both groups lived. Studies of such factors indicate that the significance and impact of freeing a slave or of becoming a freed slave depended on where one lived in Latin America. When one lived in a particular slave society was also quite crucial, as the quality of liberty for an ex-slave and the impact of the newly freed slave on the larger society varied according to the climate for manumission at a particular historical moment. An understanding of slave manumission in Latin America is, therefore, tied to the differing contexts in which it occurred. Slaves were freed primarily through the individual action of a slaveholder. (The exceptions were the cases of colonial, revolutionary, or national governments who emancipated slave soldiers fighting on their behalf.) Whether these masters freed their captives as an act of charity or in exchange for market value, or in order to relieve themselves of a financial burden, their view of the deed was fundamentally limited to one involving themselves and their human property. The impact upon the slaveholder's community was not as significant a concern as the personal gain to be derived from the act. Even when it benefited the freed slave, manumission was, at bottom, not a social act but a selfish one. It was the job of government officials, not slaveholders, to concern themselves with the long- and short-term consequences of manumission: independent wage workers who could decide when and for whom to work; sick or elderly freed captives too weak to care for themselves and dying on the streets; healthy and reproductive slaves who competed, or threatened to compete, with free whites for economic standing, social status, and in some cases the numerical majority within the free population as a whole. Throughout Latin America, colonial and later national governments bemoaned what the emancipating slaveholders had wrought—a nonslave population of color struggling for security amid difficult material conditions and unwelcoming free whites. In both the colonial and national periods, there were laws that formally discriminated against freed slaves and their freeborn descendants. In addition, the Catholic church barred ex-slaves from the priesthood, and some churches segregated nonwhites from whites in their services, brotherhoods, and burial grounds. Whites also petitioned their governments to bar free blacks and mulattoes from training in crafts and entrance into artisan guilds. Despite the clear and persistent evidence that manumission did not protect a freed individual from legal and illegal acts of discrimination, slaves throughout Latin America continued to seek grants of manumission from their owners, preferring a restricted state of freedom to none at all. The distribution of grants of manumission among sla


What derogatory name for the British has its origins in sailors eating something to avoid scurvy?

See the Sea - Nautical Language NAUTICAL LANGUAGE See the Sea.org The historical significance of the sea is easy to see when one looks at our language.  Many words and expressions originate from our relationship with the sea. Western civilization has its roots in the areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. From the earliest Phoenician and Greek cultures, over two thousand years ago, the Mediterranean Sea was not only essential for survival, providing food, but also in maintaining economic and social ties between the people living around the sea. The language used from these early times became permeated with nautical terms. The nautical terms became the one universal language understood by different cultures. Throughout the ages, new words and phrases have entered into our language from this continuing tie to the oceans. The English language gained many additions during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when British naval and merchant ships traveled the seas.  Some familiar words and phrases come unexpectedly from their use on the sea; from commonly used words like overwhelm (from the Middle English word meaning "to capsize") and casual (from the term "a casual" used to describe the wages paid to seamen between regular payments) to expressions like a "square meal" (from the square tray upon which the main meal of the day was served  on early British warships) and "Please stand by" (an expression derived from the command for sailors to be ready). Below we have assembled a list of some of the more common words and phrases that relate to our connection to the sea: A A1:  Originates from the top ranking given to a   wooden ship in the Lloyd's Register, an organization founded   in 1760 to examine merchant ships and classify them according to their   condition. Above board:  Pirates would often hide much of the crew below the deck. The ships that displayed the crew openly on the deck   were thought to be honest merchant ships known as "above board".  Abreast:  Meaning along side the beam of a ship. Now a common expression, "keeping abreast of a situation" means staying in touch with or keeping up with.  Admiral: An admiral is a senior ranking officer and the word signifies a commander of a fleet, or part of a fleet, in all maritime nations. The root of the word is from   the Arabic word amir meaning commander.  Adornings:  Comes from the Latin term adornare meaning to embellish. Commonly   used to refer to the ornate woodwork on the stern of old sailing ships. To   adorn is to make something more attractive.  Adrift: Naval word for anyone or anything that cannot be found or has come undone.  Ships are adrift when they are moved about at the will of the wind and tide. Adrift originates from the Middle English 'drifte' meaning to float.   Afternoon Watch: The sea watch from noon until 4 p.m.-- one of the seven watches used by the Royal British Navy. Albatross around one's neck:  An Albatross is a large and long-winged seabird of the Southern Hemisphere capable of long flights. It was believed among seamen that albatrosses embodied the souls of dead sailors and it was considered unlucky to kill one.  All at sea: Nautical expression to describe the condition of a vessel lost out of site of land. Now the expression or its shortened form "at sea" is used to describe someone who is confused, bewildered and unable to understand. All hands on deck: A term used to tell all seamen to get to their stations or positions and prepare for   action. All sewn up:  Dead sailors were  "all sewn up" in a bit of canvas with a weight attached to make sure that the corpse sank deep in the water. Today this expression is used to describe something that is "all done" or completed. Aloft: This comes from the Anglo-Saxon word 'alofts' meaning "on high." Now the word is commonly used in the nautical world to describe things overhead on a boat, on the mast or in the rigging. Aloof:  A nautical order to keep the ship's head to the wind, thus   to stay clear of a lee shore or some other quarter.  The front part of the sail which meet


When is a riderless or caparisoned horse with boots reversed in the stirrups most commonly seen?

Military honors salute those served - USATODAY.com Military honors salute those served Updated What's this? By Dennis Camire, Gannett News Service The haunting notes of taps wafting over a solemn group of mourners and the reverent folding of the American flag for the next of kin are the two basic ways the nation formally honors the passing of those who have served the country. Many people also have seen on television or in person the horse-drawn artillery caisson carrying a flag-draped casket, the riderless horse with riding boots backward in the stirrups and raised rifles firing in a final salute. These and other elements make up the "military honors" bestowed on fallen military and high government officials at their final resting place, whether in Arlington National Cemetery or other cemeteries across the country, according to interviews and information from multiple sources including the U.S. Army Military District of Washington. Taps The melancholy call of taps, sounded on a bugle or trumpet, was written during the Civil War when the Union Army's then-Brig. Gen. Daniel Butterfield wanted to replace the more formal and colorless "Tattoo" that signaled lights out and go to sleep at day's end. While in camp at Harrison's Landing, Va., in July 1862, Butterfield penned the call on the back of an envelope and worked out the notes with his brigade bugler. The call, officially adopted by the U.S. Army in 1864, became known as taps because it was often tapped out on a drum when a bugler was not available. The use of taps at a military funeral developed that year when a unit occupying an advanced, concealed position buried one of its soldiers. Because it was unsafe to fire the customary three rifle volleys over the grave, the unit commander decided that taps was the most appropriate substitute ceremony. The custom quickly spread through the Army of the Potomac and official orders later confirmed it. Caparisoned Horse The solemn walk of a fully saddled riderless horse with the riding boots reversed in the stirrups is a military honor dating back to antiquity. The caparisoned — ornamentally covered — horse symbolizes the ancient custom of sacrificing a horse at a warrior's burial and that the warrior had fallen and would not ride again. In the time of Genghis Khan and Tamerlane, the Mongols and Tartars believed the sacrificed horse's spirit followed its master and served him in the afterworld. Tradition allows a caparisoned horse to follow the casket of an Army or Marine Corps officer with the rank of colonel or above and of a U.S. president in funeral processions. Firing Party The firing of rifle volleys over the grave as part of rendering military funeral honors is rooted as far back as the Roman Empire, when casting dirt three times on a coffin was part of the burial ritual. The practice evolved into the custom of calling a truce during early battles with firearms to remove the dead and wounded from the field. One army would fire a volley to signal its side had completed its work and were ready to resume combat. The second army would fire a volley to show it was finished, and the first army would fire a volley to acknowledge that combat could begin. The military honors volleys — seven riflemen firing three volleys — is not the same as the 21-gun national salute rendered in honor of a national flag, the chief of state of a foreign nation or a president. The Caisson Using a horse-drawn artillery caisson to carry a flag-draped casket of fallen military officers, top non-commissioned officers and high civilian leaders evolved from its use as a makeshift ambulance to carry dead and wounded off battlefields. That developed into the tradition of a caisson carrying the coffin as a military honor, but Arlington National Cemetery is the only national cemetery that still uses it. The cemetery's black caissons, built in 1918, originally were used to pull 75 mm cannons and were equipped with ammunition chests, spare wheels and tools. Six horses pull the caisson and although all are saddled, only the three on the left have riders. In the e


In 1933, which Mexican artist commissioned by the Rockefeller family to create a mural caused controversy by including Lenin in it?

Rockefeller Controversy Diego Rivera Working Rockefeller Controversy The next time you walk into Rockefeller Center                  in New York City, try to imagine an enormous                  mural in the lobby area, painted by Diego Rivera.                  Imagining the mural is all one can do. In 1932, after seeing some of Rivera’s                  murals, Nelson Rockefeller asked if he would                  be interested in painting a mural in the Radio                  Corporation Arts Building in Rockefeller Center.                  Interestingly, Picasso and Matisse were also                  asked but both refused the offer. Rivera himself                  initially rejected the invitation. But Rockefeller                  finally persuaded Rivera to accept In 1933, Rivera began his work. The painting,                  Man at the Crossroads, was to depict the social,                  political, industrial, and scientific possibilities                  of the twentieth century. In the painting, Rivera                  included a scene of a giant May Day demonstration                  of workers marching with red banners with the                  clear portrait of Lenin leading the demonstration. Rockefeller showed his concern over Rivera                  including a portrait of the Russian revolutionary                  leader in his mural. Nelson Rockefeller told                  Rivera that while the portrait was beautifully                  painted, it might easily offend a great many                  people. He asked the painter to remove Lenin’s                  face and substitute it with some unknown man.                  Rivera’s assistants told him that if he                  removed the head of Lenin, they would go on                  strike. Rivera agreed with his assistants and                  told Rockefeller that Lenin’s head would                  stay but that he would be glad to add the head                  of some great American leader, such as Lincoln,                  to another section of the mural. As both sides could not reach an agreement,                  he was ordered to stop and the painting was                  covered and destroyed in February of 1934. That                  same year, Rivera used the money from the Rockefellers                  to create a mural for the Independent Labor                  Institute that had Lenin as its central figure. Rivera was still determined to complete a                  version of his Rockefeller mural, but in a different                  place. His new version of the painting, entitled                  Man, Controller of the Universe, was done in                  Mexico City upon his return. The painting included                  both Lenin and Leon Trotsky. Rivera also went on to paint his “Portrait                  of America” murals in the New Workers                  School in New York City. The work symbolized                  the heroes of American history and included                  such figures as Ben Franklin, Thomas Paine,                  Emerson and Thoreau, Walt Whitman and John Brown.


What non-woven cloth that is produced by matting and pressing fibers is the oldest form of fabric known to humankind?

Felt - Technology, Products,� Market, Manufacturing Process, Trade Leads, Company Profiles, Raw Materials, Equipment                               Felt                                                                                Technology, Products,  Market, Manufacturing Process, Trade    Leads, Company Profiles, Raw Materials, Equipment                                              Primary Information Services                                                   Home . Ordering Information . Contact Project    at a Glance Contents on the CD Rom Felt is a non-woven cloth that is     produced by matting, condensing and pressing fibers. The fibers form the     structure of the fabric. While some types of felt are very soft, some     are tough enough to form construction materials. Felt can be of any     color, and made into any shape or size. Felt is the oldest form of fabric     known to humankind. It predates weaving and knitting, although there is     archaeological evidence from the British Museum that the first known     thread was made by winding vegetable fibers on the thigh. Felt is generally composed of wool     that is mixed with a synthetic in order to create sturdy, resilient felt for craft or industrial use. However, some felt is made wholly from     synthetic fibers. Felt is made by compressing fibers     to make a non-woven fabric The non-woven fabric is carbonized to make an     activated carbon. Process similar to that used for making charcoals from     coconut, wood, etc.. Felt is made by a process called     wet felting, where the natural wool fiber is stimulated by friction and     lubricated by moisture (usually soapy water), and the fibers move at a     90 degree angle towards the friction source and then away again, in     effect making little "tacking" stitches. Only 5% of the fibers are     active at any one moment, but the process is continual, and so different     'sets' of fibers become activated and then deactivated in the continual     process. Felt is used in a wide variety of     applications both within the residential and industrial contexts. Felt     is used in air fresheners, children's bulletin boards, craft kits,     holiday costumes and decorations, stamp pads, within appliances,     gaskets, as a clothing stiffener or liner, and it can be used as a     cushion, to provide pads for polishing apparatus, or as a sealant in     industrial machinery. Polyethylene and resinated     asbestos feltt which have certain advantages over celluloid and moulded     leather, should be regarded not as substitutes but as useful additions     to a range of synthetic materials which permit the degrees of rigidity     and flexibility required for various appliances. Carbon fiber felts are an ideal     system for studying chemical vapor infiltration with carbon. Carbon     fiber felts applying a combination of different scanning force     techniques including lateral force microscopy (LFM), force modulation     microscopy (FMM) and adhesion force imaging in the pulsed force mode     (PFM). Needle felting, punching,     embellishing, all refer to the technique of ï¿½punching or feltingï¿½ one     fiber into another. Interweave Felt explores the three major techniques     of feltmaking: felted knitting (known as shrinking your knitting),     traditional wet felting, and needle felting. Interweave Felt also     includes a few tried-and-true projects. Some nonwoven materials such as     felt have been in use for thousands of years but the blossoming of     nonwovens into more widespread use has occurred mostly within the past     few decades. Felts are used to press and dewater the paper web formed by     wires. The production of man-made fibre     during 2004-05 amounted to 774.65 million kg. as compared to 732.32     million kg. the during 2003-04 constituting an incr


The Scarlet Sails celebration is the culmination of what annual festival that takes place during the season of the midnight sun in St. Petersburg?

Private tour in Saint Petersburg & Moscow.Visa free private tours for cruise passengers in St Petersburg Visa Information St Petersburg private guided tour in English Hermitage, Peter and Paul fortress, St.Isaak's Cathedral and more. Also we offer tours to Kronstadt, Vyborg, Pushkin and Pavlovsk St.Isaac's Cathedral It is nearly impossible to explore the city’s numerous palaces, spectacular museums and amazing art galleries in a couple of days. However, if you are limited in time, use it to the fullest. Our tours of St Petersburg are designed to make the most out of your time in the city of St. Petersburg. A good idea is to start your acquaintance with St. Petersburg with the sight-seeing guided tour, a comprehensive overview that gives you a good feel of the city's layout and its most significant sites. A visit to Peter and Paul Fortress will bring you back to the old days of the city. Spend the afternoon in Russia’s biggest museum – The Hermitage. Visit the Russan Museum, Faberge Museum, the Treasure Gallery of Hermitage, the residence of Catherine II in Oranienbaum, the residence of Paul I in Gatchina, the Modern Art Erarta Museum, excursion to Kronstadt Fortress and Naval Cathedral and many other sights… The cost of the package (guide services, transport, museum admission fees, transfers to and from the hotel if needed, meals if needed) depends on the number of people, the season (low season – from November to March, high season – from March to November), and the number of meals; the transfers to and from the hotels. Please don’t hesitate to contact us and we’ll make your itinerary according to your wishes. It is our pleasure to build a tour of St Petersburg Russia that focuses on your interests, preferences and whims and make your tour experience the most memorable and informative that you could wish for. Kremlin grounds, Arbat street, Kolomenskoye, Tretyakov Art Gallery, Diamond Fund and Armoury Moscow Kremlin Moscow, the capital of the Russian Federation, is the great cultural center of Russia. The city was founded in the 12th century. Today Moscow is one of most beautiful capitals of the world and it is not surprising that many people want to visit it. If you have 4 days in Moscow, you will have an opportunity to see all the diversity of the old Russian capital which is more than 860 years old. 4-Day tour will include the historical center of Moscow – The Kremlin, the New Maiden Monastery, St. Basil’s Cathedral, The Armoury, The Diamond Fund, etc; and its Soviet history – Lenin’s Mausoleum, the Space Museum, World War II Memorial on Poklonnaya Hill, Metro, Stalin’s Bunker; as well as the suburbs of Moscow, such as Kolomenskoye, Sergiev Posad, Suzdal. For art lovers we arrange tours to one of the best art galleries of Russia – The Tretyakov Art Gallery and the evening in Bolshoy Theater. We can also arrange a tour to the Grand Kremlin Palace where the President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin, lives and works. Kremlin, St.Sophia Cathedral and countless medieval monuments. St.Sophia Cathedral Velikiy Novgorod - one of the most ancient cities of Russia located in its North-West, near the site where the Volkhov river takes its waters from Lake Ilmen, emerged as a political center of Slavic and Fino-Ugric tribes in the mid-9th century, while as a town it was formed in the middle of the 10th century. The history of Novgorod is closely linked with all major stages in the life of the Russian state. In those times, when the statehood of Rus was just in the making, the Novgorodians invited Scandinavian prince Rurik to keep law and order, thus giving birth to the prince Rurik dynasty that ruled over all Russian lands throughout more than 750 years. Veliky Novgorod is not accidently called a city-museum of Old Russia - no other place has preserved that number of great monuments of architecture and monumental painting. Here it is hard and sometimes impossible to define where the city ends the musium begins. About 50 valuable monuments became a part of a modern city living structure. Here you can touch a rough wall a


The most famous symbol of what people of North Africa is the Tagelmust, an indigo blue-colored veil that gives them the name 'People of the Veil'?

Tuareg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Tuareg For other uses, see Tuareg (disambiguation) . Tuareg The Tuareg language(s) (Tamasheq, Tamajeq, Tamahaq) Religion Berbers The Tuareg (also Twareg or Touareg, Amazigh : Imuhagh / Itargiyen, besides regional ethnyms ) are a nomadic pastoralist people. They are the principal inhabitants of the Saharan interior of North Africa . [1] [2] They call themselves variously Kel Tamasheq or Kel Tamajaq ("Speakers of Tamasheq "), Imuhagh, Imazaghan or Imashaghen ("the Free people"), or Kel Tagelmust , i.e., "People of the Veil". [3] The name Tuareg was applied to them by early explorers and historians (since Leo Africanus ).[ citation needed ] The origin and meaning of the name Twareg has long been debated with various etymologies advanced, although it would appear that Twārəg is derived from the " broken plural " of Tārgi, a name whose former meaning was "inhabitant of Targa" (the Tuareg name of the Libyan region commonly known as Fezzan . Targa in Berber means "(drainage) channel", see Alojali et al. 2003: 656, s.v. "Targa"). The Tuareg today are found mostly in West Africa . They were once nomads throughout the Sahara . They have a little-used but ancient script known as the tifinagh . Contents Tuareg in the 1907 Colonial Exhibition Descended from Tin Hinan in the region that is now Tafilalt , the Tuareg are ancient Saharan peoples described by Herodotus . He described the ancient Libyan people, the Garamantes . Archaeological evidence is found in the ruins of Germa . Later, the Tuarge ancestors expanded southward into the Sahel . For over two millennia, the Tuareg operated the trans-Saharan caravan trade connecting the great cities on the southern edge of the Sahara via five desert trade routes to the northern ( Mediterranean ) coast of Africa. [2] The Tuareg adopted camel nomadism, along with its distinctive form of social organization, from camel-herding Arabs about two thousand years ago, when the camel was introduced to the Sahara from Arabia. Like numerous African and other groups in pre-modern times, the Tuareg once took captives, either for trade and sale, or for domestic labor purposes. Those who were not sold became assimilated into the Tuareg community. Captive servants and herdsmen formed a component of the division of labor in camel nomadism . In the late nineteenth century, the Tuareg resisted the French colonial invasion of their Central Saharan homelands. Tuareg broadswords were no match for the more advanced weapons of French squadrons. After numerous massacres on both sides, [4] the Tuareg were subdued and required to sign treaties in Mali 1905 and Niger 1917. In southern Algeria , the French met some of the strongest resistance from the Ahaggar Tuareg. Their Amenokal , traditional chief Moussa ag Amastan , fought numerous battles in defense of the region. Finally, Tuareg territories were taken under French governance, and their confederations were largely dismantled and reorganized. Before French colonization, the Tuareg were organized into loose confederations, each consisting of a dozen or so tribes. Each of the main groups had a traditional leader called Amenokal, along with an assembly of tribal chiefs (imɤaran, singular amɤar). The groups were the Kel Ahaggar , Kel Ajjer , Kel Ayr , Adrar n Fughas, Iwəlləmədan, and Kel Gres. Following African countries' achieving independence in the 1960s, they divided the Tuareg territory among their modern nations: Niger , Mali , Algeria , Libya , and Burkina Faso . Long-standing competition for resources in the Sahel has caused Tuareg conflicts with neighboring African groups, especially after political disruption and economic constraints following French colonization and independence. There have been tight restrictions placed on nomadization because of high population growth . Desertification is exacerbated by human activity i.e; exploitation of resources and the increased firewood needs of growing cities. Today, some Tuareg are experimenting with farming; some have been forced to abandon herding and seek jobs in towns an


Which legendary king, the stories of whom were popular in Europe in the middle ages was said to have ruled over a Christian nation lost amidst the pagans in the orient?

Prester John - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Prester John For other uses, see Prester John (disambiguation) . "Preste" as the Emperor of Ethiopia , enthroned on a map of East Africa in an atlas prepared for Queen Mary , 1558. ( British Library ) The legends of Prester John (also Presbyter John), popular in Europe from the 12th through the 17th centuries, told of a Christian patriarch and king said to rule over a Christian nation lost amidst the Muslims and pagans in the Orient . Written accounts of this kingdom are variegated collections of medieval popular fantasy. Reportedly a descendant of one of the Three Magi , Prester John was said to be a generous ruler and a virtuous man, presiding over a realm full of riches and strange creatures, in which the Patriarch of the Saint Thomas Christians resided. His kingdom contained such marvels as the Gates of Alexander and the Fountain of Youth , and even bordered the Earthly Paradise . Among his treasures was a mirror through which every province could be seen, the fabled original from which derived the " speculum literature " of the late Middle Ages and Renaissance , in which the prince's realms were surveyed and his duties laid out. [1] At first, Prester John was imagined to be in India ; tales of the " Nestorian " Christians' evangelistic success there and of Thomas the Apostle 's subcontinental travels as documented in works like the Acts of Thomas probably provided the first seeds of the legend. After the coming of the Mongols to the Western world , accounts placed the king in Central Asia , and eventually Portuguese explorers convinced themselves they had found him in Ethiopia . Prester John's kingdom was thus the object of a quest, firing the imaginations of generations of adventurers, but remaining out of reach. He was a symbol to European Christians of the Church's universality, transcending culture and geography to encompass all humanity, in a time when ethnic and interreligious tension made such a vision seem distant. Contents Prester John from Hartmann Schedel 's Nuremberg Chronicle , 1493 The stories of Saint Thomas proselytizing in India, which date back to at least the 3rd century, had obvious influence on the legend's development. Distorted reports of the Assyrian Church of the East 's movements in Asia had a hand as well. This church, called "Nestorian" by Europeans who mistook it as adhering to the teachings of Nestorius , gained a wide following in the Eastern nations and engaged the Western imagination as an assemblage both exotic and familiarly Christian. [2] Additionally, a kernel of the tradition may have been drawn from Saint Irenaeus 's quotes, recorded by the ecclesiastical historian and bishop Eusebius of Caesarea , [3] on the shadowy early Christian figure John the Presbyter of Syria , supposed in one document to be the author of two of the Epistles of John . [4] The martyr bishop Papias had been Irenaeus' teacher; Papias in turn had received his apostolic tradition from John the Presbyter. Little links this figure to the Prester John legend beyond the name, however. [5] Whatever its influences, the legend began in earnest in the early 12th century with two reports of visits of an Archbishop of India to Constantinople and of a Patriarch of India to Rome at the time of Pope Callixtus II (1119 – 1124). [6] These visits apparently from the Saint Thomas Christians of India cannot be confirmed, evidence of both being secondhand reports. Later, the German chronicler Otto of Freising reports in his Chronicon of 1145 that the previous year he had met a certain Hugh , bishop of Jabala in Syria , at the court of Pope Eugene III in Viterbo . [7] [8] Hugh was an emissary of Prince Raymond of Antioch seeking Western aid against the Saracens after the Siege of Edessa , and his counsel incited Eugene to call for the Second Crusade . He told Otto, in the presence of the pope, that Prester John, a Nestorian Christian who served in the dual position of priest and king, had regained the city of Ecbatana from the brother monarchs of Medes and Persia , the Samiardi, i


"What unique Paris theater closed down in 1962 with its director saying ""We could never equal Buchenwald. Before the war, everyone felt that what was happening onstage was impossible. Now we know that these things, and worse, are possible in reality.""?"

The relationship between Le Theatre Du Grand Guignol and the Cinema 1897-1962 - Documents The relationship between Le Theatre Du Grand Guignol and the Cinema 1897-1962 The relationship between Le Theatre Du Grand Guignol and the Cinema 1897-1962 Mar 02, 2015 Share The relationship between Le Theatre Du Grand Guignol and the Cinema 1897-1962 Embed
  The relationship between Le Theatre Du Grand Guignol and the Cinema 1897-1962
 size(px) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LE THEATRE DU GRAND GUIGNOL AND THE CINEMA 1897 - 1962 by Sean J. O'Leary A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts in Writing Degree of The Graduate School at Rowan University June 22, 2005 Approved by -G4; -- /l Dr. Diane Peirod Date Approved ( ,2 c , 005 Sean J. O'Leary Dedicated to my father, Jack O'Leary, who sat me down to watch Peter Cushing and Christopher Lee in The Hound of the Baskervilles at an impressionable Text THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LE THEATRE DU GRAND GUIGNOL AND THE CINEMA 1897 - 1962 by Sean J. O'Leary A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts in Writing Degree of The Graduate School at Rowan University June 22, 2005 Approved by -G4; -- /l Dr. Diane Peirod Date Approved ( ,2 c , 005 Sean J. O'Leary  Dedicated to my father, Jack O'Leary, who sat me down to watch Peter Cushing and Christopher Lee in The Hound of the Baskervilles at an impressionable age. He'd be just proud as hell. Also dedicated to my mother, Joanne O'leary, whose faith in me never fails.  ABSTRACT Sean J. O'Leary THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LE THEATRE DU GRAND GUIGNOL AND THE CINEMA 1897 - 1962 2004/2005 Dr. Diane Penrod Master of Arts in Writing This examination of the Le Theatre du Grand-Guignol was intended to identify key reasons for the theater's success from its inception in 1897 and eventual demise in 1962 and to identify significant similarities and differences between the theater and the cinema in the treatment of the graphically violent or macabre subject matter during roughly the same period. Two commonly recited reasons for the demise of the Grand-Guignol involving (a) flagging interest in the theater's violent drama in the years following World War II and (b) competition from cinema were discovered to be inadequate as they did not take into account the internal problems and bad business decisions made by a series of directors in the years leading up to the theater's closing and the lack of any direct competition from the cinema in the presentation of the same sort of material until the late 1950s when the Grand-Guignol performance style had been sufficiently eroded from the aforementioned problems in the theater's management. The Grand-Guignol's influence on post-WWII horror cinema was acknowledged and further areas for study were identified in the potential influence of the Grand-Guignol on realist cinema after World War II such as Italian Neo-Realism and French Cinema Verite.  Acknowledgements I certainly could not have completed this work without the guidance and mentorship of Dr. Joseph Bierman. Thanks, Joe, for slogging through all of this and always returning with suggestions both helpful and insightful. Many thanks also to my family and friends, who were a bottomless source of support and encouragement, even when I was whining too much to deserve it. I owe everyone a beer.  TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Chapter 1: Introduction to Le Th6dtre du Grand-Guignol and the Cinema The Birth


Which French painter is most closely associated with scenes of Parisian night-life and portraits of popular cabaret entertainers?

Harry Harris photos on Flickr | Flickr 11 Tarbet Isle (The island of the drag boat or portage place). Tarbet Isle is an island in Loch Lomond, Scotland. It is off Tarbet on the mainland. It is 10 feet (3.0 m) at its highest point, and 80 metres (260 ft) long. A VERY small wooded island, with large pine trees and often inhabited with large colonies of gulls, Tarbet takes its name from the nearby village and the isthmus on which it stands. Here the ocean in the shape of Loch Long makes its nearest approach to Loch Lomond, so that the pass from Arrochar to Tarbet made a natural approach for people from the sea wishing access to the land locked Loch. Several other places in Scotland on similar isthmus locations have acquired the same name, notably Tarbert in Argyll, Tarbert on Isle of Gigha, Tarbert on Harris and Tarbet in Morar. Folklore has it that continuing in the thirteenth century King Haakon's Viking Fleet entered Loch Long, and after dragging their longboats overland across the isthmus, they sailed down Loch Lomond causing alarm and terror to the lochside and island inhabitants. They raided the monastery on Inchtavannach and the church on Inchcailloch, before descending the River Leven to rejoin the ocean via the Firth of Clyde. Is it too much to imagine that they may have used Tarbet Isle as a secure marshalling point before setting out to harry the Loch? A little north-east of Tarbet Is1e and opposite Culness on the eastern shore is the deepest part of the Loch, soundings showing 105 fathoms or 630 feet.   3 Exposure image Merge to HDR in photoshop with no selection (just to expand the dynamic range) and saved as a Tiff , edited in lightroom then in photoshop i moved the Island and added a small gradient to the snow filled sky There is actually a huge mountain behind the island Flickr Explore is a territory of mystery. It is worst than “You Know Who That Is” in Harry Potter because it is “You Don’t Know What That Is”!   There have been many discussions about Explore. Some said you have to do certain things if you want your picture to be posted on the front page.   You must not add the picture to too many groups. You have to have comments or faves in a certain period of time. You should not have too many tags etc.   The most mysterious thing is that once you have your picture on Explore, it could be dropped later.   I never have my pictures staying on Explore and this is the territory I want to explore!!   Please feel free to share your experience with Flickr Explore!   This is the foggy scene taken with my compact S1600 when I was on my way to work last month.   Happy Thursday!   PS. One thing many people would agree that the pictures on Explore are selection based on "Interestingness" and they are not necessarily good pictures. Toulouse Lautrec Impressionist Painting Young Girl & Eros - Adolphe c.1882 Attributed to Henri de Toulouse Lautrec (1864-1901) After William Bouguereau   Approx: Size 47" tall x 35.25" wide (without the frame) - 62.75" tall x 51" wide (with Frame)   History   William Bouguereau was France's most popular painter of the late 1800s. A leader of the Academic School,   Bouguereau specialized in carefully detailed mythological and genre scenes, and was particularly noted for his tender   portrayals of children. "The Abduction of Psyche" (1895) is probably his best-known work. Today many critics dismiss   his style as kitsch and do not look kindly on his harmful opposition to new creative trends; but his exquisite craftsmanship   is undeniable. Bouguereau completed over 800 paintings, many of them life-sized. Adolphe William Bouguereau (he   never used his first name) was born in La Rochelle, France. He studied at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts and won the Prix de   Rome in 1850. In 1868 he built a lavish studio in Montparnasse and helped make that area the foremost artists' quarter   in Paris. Around this time he also began a liason with one of his students, American painter Elizabeth Gardner;   Bouguereau's mother opposed the relationship and the couple did not marry until her death in 1896. As compar


Which major 20th century art movement is divided into two parts called Analytical and Synthetic?

Modern Art Timeline - Artists, Movements and Styles 'Rouen Cathedral in Full Sunlight' , 1893-94      (oil on canvas) Impressionism is the name given to a colorful style of painting in France at the end of the 19th century. The Impressionists searched for a more exact analysis of the effects of color and light in nature. They sought to capture the atmosphere of a particular time of day or the effects of different weather conditions. They often worked outdoors and applied their paint in small brightly colored strokes which meant sacrificing much of the outline and detail of their subject. Impressionism abandoned the conventional idea that the shadow of an object was made up from its color with some brown or black added. Instead, the Impressionists enriched their colors with the idea that a shadow is broken up with dashes of its complementary color. Among the most important Impressionist painters were Claude Monet , Pierre Auguste Renoir, Edgar Degas, Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley and Henri de Toulouse Lautrec.   VINCENT VAN GOGH (1853-90) 'Café Terrace at Night', 1888      (oil on canvas) Post Impressionism was not a particular style of painting. It was the collective title given to the works of a few independent artists at the end of the 19th century. The Post Impressionists rebelled against the limitations of Impressionism to develop a range of personal styles that influenced the development of art in the 20th century. The major artists associated with Post Impressionism were Paul Cézanne , Paul Gauguin, Vincent Van Gogh and Georges Seurat. Cézanne was an important influence on Picasso and Braque in their development of Cubism . Van Gogh's vigorous and vibrant painting technique was one of the touchstones of both Fauvism and Expressionism , while Gauguin's symbolic color and Seurat's pointillist technique were an inspiration to 'Les Fauves'.   HENRI MATISSE (1869-1954) 'The Open Window, Collioure', 1905      (oil on canvas) Fauvism was a joyful style of painting that delighted in using outrageously bold colors. It was developed in France at the beginning of the 20th century by Henri Matisse and André Derain. The artists who painted in this style were known as 'Les Fauves' (the wild beasts), a title that came from a sarcastic remark in a review by the art critic Louis Vauxcelles. 'Les Fauves' believed that color should be used at its highest pitch to express the artist's feelings about a subject, rather than simply to describe what it looks like. Fauvist paintings have two main characteristics: extremely simplified drawing and intensely exaggerated color. Fauvism was a major influence on German Expressionism .   ERNST LUDWIG KIRCHNER (1880-1938) 'The Red Tower at Halle', 1915      (oil on canvas) German Expressionism is a style of art that is charged with an emotional or spiritual vision of the world. The expressive paintings of Vincent Van Gogh and Edvard Munch influenced the German Expressionists. They also drew their inspiration from German Gothic and 'primitive art'. The Expressionists were divided into two factions: Die Brücke and Der Blaue Reiter. Die Brücke (The Bridge) was an artistic community of young artists in Dresden who aimed to overthrow the conservative traditions of German art. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner and Karl Schmidt-Rottluff were two of its founding members. Der Blaue Reiter (the Blue Rider) was a group of artists whose publications and exhibitions sought to find a common creative ground between the various Expressionist art forms. Kandinsky, Marc and Macke were among its founding members.   GEORGES BRAQUE (1882-1963) 'Violin and Pitcher', 1910      (oil on canvas) Abstract Art is a generic term that describes two different methods of abstraction: 'semi abstraction' and 'pure abstraction'. The word 'abstract' means to withdraw part of something in order to consider it separately. In Abstract art that 'something' is one or more of the visual elements of a subject: its line, shape, tone, pattern, texture, or form. Semi-Abstraction is


What psychological phenomenon states that when two people live in close proximity during the first years in the life of either one, they are desensitized to sexual attraction?

Behavioral Imprinting - Psychological Glossary Home » Alphabet 'B' » Behavioral Imprinting Imprinting is the term used in psychology and ethology to describe any     kind of phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age     or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of     the consequences of behavior. It typically involves an animal or person     learning the characteristics of some stimulus, which is therefore said to be "imprinted" onto the subject. Filial Imprinting: The best known form of imprinting is filial imprinting, in which a young     animal learns the characteristics of its parent. It is most obvious in     nidifugous birds, who imprint on their parents and then follow them around.     It was first reported in domestic chickens, by the 19th century amateur     biologist Douglas Spalding. It was rediscovered by the early ethologist     Oskar Heinroth, and studied extensively and popularised by his disciple     Konrad Lorenz working with greylag geese. Lorenz demonstrated how incubator-hatched     geese would imprint on the first suitable moving stimulus they saw within     what he called a "critical period" of about 36 hours shortly     after hatching. Most famously, the goslings would imprint on Lorenz himself     (more specifically, on his wading boots), and he is often depicted being     followed by a gaggle of geese who had imprinted on him. Filial imprinting     is not restricted to animals that are able to follow their parents, however;     in child development the term is used to refer to the process by which     a baby learns who its mother and (in some cases) father are. The filial imprinting of birds was a primary technique used to create     the movie Le Peuple Migrateur, which contains a great deal of footage     of migratory birds in flight. The birds imprinted on handlers, who wore     yellow jackets and honked horns constantly. The birds were then trained     to fly along with a variety of aircraft, primarily ultralights. The Italian hang-glider pilot Angelo d'Arrigo has extended this technique.     D'Arrigo noted that the flight of a non-motorised hang-glider is very     similar to the flight patterns of migratory birds: both use updrafts of     hot air (thermal currents) to gain altitude which then permits soaring     flight over distance. He used this fact to enable the re-introduction     into the wild of threatened species of raptors. Birds which are hatched     in captivity have no mentor birds to teach them their traditional migratory     routes. D'Arrigo has one solution to this problem. The chicks hatch under     the wing of his glider, and imprint on him. Subsequently, he teaches the     fledglings to fly, and to hunt; the young birds follow him not only on     the ground (as with Lorenz) but also in the air. He then shows them the     routes to fly. He has flown across the Sahara and over the Mediterranean     to Sicily with eagles, from Siberia to Iran (5,500 kilometres) with a     flock of Siberian cranes and over Everest with Nepalese eagles. He is     currently (March 2005) imprinting a newly hatched condor. Sexual Imprinting: Sexual imprinting is the process by which a young animal learns the characteristics     of a desirable mate. For example, male zebra finches appear to prefer     mates with the appearance of the female bird that rears them, rather than     mates of their own type. Sexual imprinting on objects other than people is the most popular theory     of the development of sexual fetishism. For example, according to this     theory, imprinting on shoes or boots (as with Lorenz' geese) would be     the cause of shoe fetishism. Westermarck Effect: Reverse sexual imprinting is also seen: when two people live in close     domestic proximity during the first few years in the life of either one,     both are desen


What present-day tradition that is a favorite among the working class originated in the U.S. Navy in the 1920s where it was a slang for a scheduled entertainment period?

Appendix:Glossary of U.S. Navy slang - Wiktionary Appendix:Glossary of U.S. Navy slang Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikipedia The following are some examples of the slang of the United States Navy , you will also see references to the United States Marine Corps as well because of their use of naval terminology sometimes also referred to as NAVSpeak. Note that in the Navy, many ships and units have nicknames; these are listed separately, in Appendix:Glossary of U.S. Navy slang/Unit nicknames . 0-9[ edit ] 0-dark-hundred , 0'dark-hundred (pronounced "oh dark hundred", because the "zero" in time expressions was verbally pronounced "oh" in the US Navy and US Army as late as the 1980s: Midnight, 12AM. "We have to get up at 0-dark-hundred." 0-dark-thirty , 0'dark-thirty: One half-hour after 0'dark-hundred, 12:30AM. 13 button salute: When a sailor in dress pants pulls down on the top two corners and all 13 buttons come unbuttoned at once, usually done just before sex. 1D10T: A mythical substance that new Sailors are sent in search of as a joke. Pronounced as "one dee ten tee" or "idiot". 1MC: The General Announcing system on a ship. 1st Division: The division, in most aviation and afloat commands, which is responsible for the material condition and cleanliness of the ship. On ships equipped with small boats, the First Lieutenant or "First" (First Division Officer or Deck Department Head) is in charge of these boats and the sailors who maintain and run them. On small boats, the "First" is in charge of boatswain mates and deck seaman. On larger ships, the "First" may be in charge of air crew. Work for 1st division varies among ships depending on size. Small ships only have one division, while larger ships like carriers or amphibs can have 5 or more. 2JV: Engineering sound-powered circuit. 2MC: Engineering loudspeaker circuit. 21MC: Ships command intercom circuit, mainly used between the bridge, combat, and flight decks. Also known as the Bitch Box. 2-10-2: A female, perceived to be unattractive otherwise, out at sea on a ship which has many more males than females and who is consequently paid more attention than she would be paid on land. "She was a 2 before going to sea, a 10 out at sea, and back to a 2 when she returned." 2-6-10: Abbreviation of "It's gonna take 2 surgeons 6 hours to remove 10 inches of my boot from your ass." Used to motivate someone who is not pulling their weight. 43P-1: Work center Maintenance manual; prior to OPNAV numbering the current guidance 4790/4(series) it was 43P. The series of books; 43P-1, 43P-2, 43P-3 & 43P-4 were separate books covering all aspects of maintenance. The 43P-2, 43P-3 & 43P-4 books were replaced in the mid 1980's with one book. the new book was a three ring binder, blue in color and had "3-M" all across the front & side. The 43P-1 book containing MIPs stayed in the work center and was a deep red color with 43P-1 across the cover. Officially no longer named the 43P-1, the fleet continues to name and refer to their work center maintenance manual as the 43P-1. 4JG: Communications circuit used by V4 Fuels Division to coordinate flight deck fueling operations between the flight deck and below decks pump and filter rooms. Also used to pass information between a flight deck fuel station and flight deck control as to status of fueling operations for individual aircraft. Found on aircraft carriers and similar vessels. 4MC: Emergency communications circuit that overrides sound powered phone communications to alert controlling stations to a casualty. 5MC: A circuit similar to the 1MC, except that it is only heard on the flight deck of an air-capable ship and in engineering spaces. It is EXTREMELY loud to overcome the jet noise on the flight deck. Do not stand near one of the speakers without hearing protection. 8 (or) 6 boat. Preferred term by Amphib sailors for LCM-8 or LCM-6 boats, as opposed to "Mike" boat. 90 Day Wonder, 90 Day Miracle: OCS graduate (as opposed to a graduate of four-year Naval Academy or ROTC training). 96er: A period of five nights and four days off of