In the USA, what is the minimum age that someone can become a senator?

Requirements to be a United States Senator By  Phaedra Trethan Updated July 04, 2016. The Senate is the United States' higher legislative chamber (the House of Representatives being the lower chamber), containing 100 members. If you have dreams of becoming one of the two senators who represent each state for six-year terms, you might want to check the Constitution first. The guiding document for our government specifically spells out the requirements to be a senator. Individuals must be: at least 30 years old. a U.S. citizen for at least nine years at the time of election to the Senate. a resident of the state one is elected to represent in the Senate. In addition, the post-Civil War Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits any person who has taken any federal or state oath swearing to support the Constitution, but later took part in a rebellion or otherwise aided any enemy of the U.S. from serving in the House or Senate. These are the only requirements for the office that are specified in Article I, Section 3 of the Constitution. continue reading below our video Overview of the Legislative Branch Discussion Why are these requirements for serving in the Senate more restrictive than those for serving the House of Representatives? In the 1787 Constitutional Convention, delegates looked to British law in setting age, citizenship, and residency or “inhabitancy” qualifications for senators and representatives, but voted not to adopt proposed religion and property ownership requirements. Age The delegates debated the minimum age for senators after they had set the age for representatives at 25. Without debate, the delegates voted to set the minimum age for senators at 30. James Madison justified the higher age in Federalist No. 62, stating the due to the more impactful nature of the “senatorial trust,” a “greater extent of information and stability of character,” was needed for senators than for representatives. Interestingly, English law at the time set the minimum age for members of the House of Commons, the lower chamber of Parliament, at 21, and at 25 for members of the upper house, the House of Lords. Citizenship English law in 1787 strictly prohibited any person not born in “the kingdoms of England, Scotland, or Ireland” from serving in either chamber of Parliament. While some delegates might have favored such a blanket ban for the U.S. Congress, none of them proposed it. An early proposal by Gouverneur Morris of Pennsylvania included a 14-year U.S. citizenship requirement for senators. However, the delegation voted against Morris’ proposal, voting instead for the current 9-year period, two years longer than the 7-year minimum they had earlier adopted for the House of Representatives. Notes from the convention indicate that the delegates considered the 9-year requirement to be a compromise “between a total exclusion of adopted citizens” and an “indiscriminate and hasty admission of them.” Residency Recognizing the fact that many American citizens may have lived abroad for some time, the delegates felt a minimum U.S. residency, or “inhabitancy” requirement should apply to the members of Congress. While England’ Parliament had repealed such residency rules in 1774, none of the delegates spoke for such rules for Congress. As a result, the delegates voted to require that members of the both the House and Senate be inhabitants of the states from which they were elected, but placed no minimum time periods limits on the requirement. Phaedra Trethan is a freelance writer and a former copy editor for The Philadelphia Inquirer newspaper.


The logo of which car manufacturer is based on an arrangement of three red diamonds?

Car Logos, History and Origins - autoevolution autoevolution Car Logos, History and Origins   / Home / News / Coverstory As we all know, every single car company out there has its very unique history, mostly related to the way it managed to emerge from a tiny entity into a huge conglomerate that sells hundreds of thousands or maybe millions of vehicles a year. And some of these stories are indeed fascinating and captivating and each of us is invited to find them out once the dealers hands us the keys. Basically, the cars' logos are the introduction to the companies' tales, most of them showing symbols or signs that remind us of the thrilling experiences the automaker had to go through to stay alive. Today, we're inviting you to a journey through some of the most important car logos, so keep reading to find the tales hidden behind the emblems we see every time we get behind the wheel. Abarth, which currently serves as Fiat's sport division, saw daylight in 1949 and was founded by Karl Abarth. Its logo comprises several elements, including the company's name just on top of all the others. The overall shape of the emblem represents a shield and denotes strength and power, thus demonstrating Abarth's capacity to resist over time and become a top player in the automotive world. The three colors underneath the company's name, green, white and red, symbolize Italy's flag, as the company was brought to life in Turin. The scorpion is Karl Abarth's astrological sign – he was born on November 15, 1908 – and is complemented by the two dominating colors, yellow and red, which are indicating the brand's appeal for motor racing.ALFA ROMEO Alfa Romeo, also owned by Fiat but still considered an Italian symbol, is one of the companies whose logo changed a lot over time, but retained the main elements that remind us of the way the brand was brought to life. Alfa Romeo, initially known as Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili (Lombard Automobile Factory, Public Company), got its first logo in 1910, when Romano Cattaneo created a rounded badge consisting of a grass snake with a man in its jaw. Inspired from the House of Visconti flag, the so-called "biscione" (the Italian term for grass snake) actually represents one's ability to stand against opponents and face competition. Additionally, Cattaneo added the red cross seen in the Milan flag, plus the Alfa Romeo designation separated by two Savoia dynasty knots. Over time, the knots were eliminated from the logo, with each symbol comprising the logo receiving minor "redesigns". AUDI The "brand with the four rings" as Audi is often called is currently one of the world's top automakers and surely a leading German brand. Its logo, seen on millions of cars sold worldwide, is believed to have multiple meanings. First of all, the emblem is seen as a symbol of the merger that took place in 1932 and included four large manufacturers of that time: Audi, DKW, Horch and Wanderer. On the other hand, some people believe that Audi's logo is a bit older and has a strong connection with the Olympic games. Either of the two meanings are actually true, the Audi logo underwent a minor makeover in 2009 when the badge got a new font plus a restyled 3D design of the four rings.BMW Bayerische Motoren Werke or Bavarian Motor Company – BMW as most of us know the brand – is, once again, one of the largest carmakers in the whole world. Its roots can be traced back in 1913, with the first activities strongly related to the aviation industry. The company's logo is obviously based on these facts, but there are again multiple interpretations available. One of them claims that the blue and white colors, which are actually the traditional colors of Bavaria, BMW's natal region, are also representing a white propeller on a blue sky, a hint to BMW's aero history. On the other hand, some people believe that the two colors are only used because they also appear on the Bavarian flag and BMW just wanted to honor the area that hosted its headquarters for years.BUICK Buick, an American symbol as some people name it, was founded in 1903


"""Summer of the Seventeenth Doll"", a 1955 play by Ray Lawler, is set in Carlton, a suburb of what city?"

The Doll Theatre Project – Derham Groves The Doll Theatre Project Derham Groves The first cohort of students to do the new Bachelor of Environments degree at the University of Melbourne completed the course in semester two of last year, 2010. “Architectural Design Studio 4: Fire,” which I coordinated, was the Architecture Major students’ final design subject. The task of the 183 students who did it was to design a theatre exclusively for performances of Ray Lawler’s three classic Australian plays: Summer of the Seventeenth Doll (1955), Kid Stakes (1975) and Other Times (1976), known as the “doll trilogy.” The idea of designing a theatre specifically for Ray Lawler’s doll trilogy came to me after reading an article about Agatha Christie’s amazingly enduring play, The Mousetrap, which has been running continuously in the West End of London since 1952 (until 1974 at the New Ambassadors Theatre, and since then at St. Martins Theatre). In addition, there are a number of composer-specific/playwright-specific theatres around the world, including the Bayreuth Festival Theatre in Bayreuth, Germany, where only the operas of Richard Wagner are performed, the Globe Theatre in London, where only the plays of William Shakespeare are presented, and the Wrestling School in London, where only the works of Howard Barker are staged. Summer of the Seventeenth Doll is the best known and arguably the most important play of Ray Lawler’s doll trilogy. While it was written first, it actually takes place after Kid Stakes and Other Times. The story running through the three plays unfolds over a period of seventeen years—from 1945 to 1953—in a boarding house in the inner Melbourne suburb of Carlton. The structure of Summer of the Seventeenth Doll is relatively simple, but its plot is complex, revolving around the lives of the Queensland cane-cutters, “Roo” and Barney, and their girlfriends, the Melbourne barmaids, Olive, Nancy and (later) Pearl.  Each year the men spend five months—the cane-cutting off-season—living with the women in Carlton.  But this arrangement is upset when Nancy marries and the sceptical Pearl replaces her.  Summer of the Seventeenth Doll addresses some complex and universal themes, including resistance to change, the search for happiness, the loss of idealism, and the concept of Australian male-centric mateship. When Summer of the Seventeenth Doll was written, Australian society was in a state of flux.  The country led by Prime Minister Robert Menzies (1894-1978) was experiencing a post-war economic boom, and an aggressive (pro-white European) immigration program was in place to quickly boost the workforce.  As a result, the traditional Anglo-centric make-up of the population began to change, along with the accepted view of what it meant to be an Australian (migrants, especially Greeks and Italians, were called “New Australians”).  At the same time, Australian artists like Sidney Nolan (1917-1992) and Arthur Boyd (1920-1999) and writers such as Patrick White (1912-1990) and Frank Hardy (1917-1994) started to be noticed; people anticipated that the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games would put Australia on the map; and the imminent introduction of television threatened to change almost every aspect of Australian family life.  It was in this context that Ray Lawler wrote Summer of the Seventeenth Doll in 1955. The opening night of Summer of the Seventeenth Doll marked a turning point in Australian theatre history.  For decades, foreign plays and actors had dominated Australian theatres, but all of a sudden an Australian audience was presented with an Australian story, told in vernacular language and familiar accents, using local urban—as opposed to bush—references.  Unlike so many Australian plays that preceded it, Summer of the Seventeenth Doll was not a shallow appeal to patriotism or stereotypes, but instead it dealt with universal concerns in an Australian context, which presented Australians on stage in a realistic manner for almost the first time. All of the students doing Architectural Design Studio 4 were required to read Summ


Wiki: Seoul Capital Area - upcScavenger upcScavenger    upcScavenger » Wiki: Seoul Capital Area Tag Wiki page "Seoul Capital Area" does not exist. Here are some pages similar to ''Seoul Capital Area'': Nelson Obus Wiki Nelson Obus is an American businessman, hedge fund manager and out-spoken critic of the SEC. He is the co-founder, president and Chief Investment Officer of Wynnefield Capital, Inc., an employee-owned hedge fund, specializing in value stocks of small-cap companies. "Company Overview of Wynnefield Capital, Inc.," Bloomberg News , retrieved January 13, 2015.Nelson Obus, "Refusing to Buckle to SEC Intimidation," The Wall Street Journal, June 24, 2014. First Battle of Seoul Wiki The First Battle of Seoul was the invasion of South Korea during the start of the Korean War . It resulted in the capture of the capital by North Korean forces. Miss Paraguay Wiki Miss Paraguay is a national Beauty pageant in Paraguay . The contest has responsibility to select its winner to the Miss Universe . In addition, delegates for regional competitions are also selected such as Reina Hispanoamericana, Miss Continente Americano and Miss América Latina. Bimberi Peak Wiki Bimberi Peak or Mount Bimberi with an elevation of located within the Brindabella Ranges is the highest mountain in the Australian Capital Territory. It is located on the border between New South Wales and the ACT, the NSW portion in Kosciuszko National Park and the ACT portion in Namadgi National Park. It is accessible by bush walking trails and requires no specialised climbing skills, although there is no marked trail to the very summit. As the highest mountain in the ACT, it is a popular spot for touri.. Khartoum (state) Wiki Khartoum State (ولاية الخرطوم Wilāyat al-Ḫarṭūm) is one of the eighteen states of Sudan. Although it is the smallest state by area (22,142 km2), it is the most populous (5,274,321 in 2008 census). It contains the country's largest city by population, Omdurman, and the city of Khartoum, which is the Capital city of the state as well as the national capital of Sudan. The capital city contains offices of the state, governmental and non-governmental organizations, cultural institutions, a.. Crocus Investment Fund Wiki The Crocus Investment Fund was a Manitoba-based Canadian Labour Sponsored Venture Capital Corporation. Labour sponsored funds offered Federal and Provincial tax credits to investors and were mandated to invest the majority of their investment assets in small and medium-sized businesses in the Province in which they were created. The Crocus Fund was modelled after the Quebec Solidarity Fund and created by an Act of the Manitoba Legislature in 1991.The Manitoba Employee Ownership Fund Corporation and Conse.. Sonali Bank Wiki Sonali Bank Limited (সোনালী ব্যাংক লিমিটেড) is a state-owned leading commercial bank in Bangladesh.It is the largest bank of the country. Sonali Bank was established in 1972 under the Bangladesh Banks (Nationalisation) Order, through the amalgamation and nationalisation of the branches of National Bank of Pakistan, Bank of Bahawalpur and Premier Bank branches located in East Pakistan until the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. When it was established, Sonali Bank had a pa.. Sekuyat Wiki Sekuyat is a settlement in Sarawak , Malaysia . It lies approximately east of the state capital Kuching . Neighbouring settlements include: Type case Wiki A type case is a compartmentalized wooden box used to store movable type used in letterpress printing.Williams, Fred (1992). "Origin of the California Job Case". Type & Press, fall 1992. http://www.apa-letterpress.com/T & P ARTICLES/Type/California Job Case.html Accessed online 2 May 2008.


Who beat Muhammad Ali in his last professional fight in 1982?

Muhammad Ali: The Top 5 Boxers Who Came in the Way of His Boxing Career | Bleacher Report Muhammad Ali: The Top 5 Boxers Who Came in the Way of His Boxing Career Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse the slideshow Douglas A. Sonders/Getty Images Muhammad Ali and former US President George Bush 42.2K 38 Comments Muhammad Ali could have attained a perfect winning record before retiring in 1981 if not for the five challengers that got in the way of his boxing career. In 1971, Muhammad Ali was on his 32nd winning streak when he fought and lost to Joe Frasier in New York City via a unanimous decision. Since then, Muhammad Ali lost to five more equally great boxers before finally retiring. After retiring from boxing, Ali was diagnosed in 1983 and found to be suffering from Parkinson's disease. Despite his disability he remains a public figure and was instrumental in setting up a foundation that helps people suffering from Parkinson's disease. Here are five of the great boxers that prevented Muhammad Ali from attaining an unblemished record in his professional career. 1st Loss to Joe Frasier Heavyweight boxer Joe Frasier Muhammad Ali's first loss happened at the hands of Joe Frasier in 1971 via a unanimous decision. It was Ali's first loss in 32 fights. Joe Frasier is an American boxer and a former Olympic champion. Frasier, who is from Beaufort, North Carolina, is a former world heavyweight champion whose professional career lasted from 1965 to 1976 with a brief comeback in 1981. In their fight at  Madison Square Garden in 1971 , Frazier lost a number of early rounds but took Ali's combinations without backing down. As Ali started to slow in the middle rounds, Frazier came on strong, landing hard shots to the body as well as the powerful left hooks to the head by virtue of Futch's instructions. Consequently, Frazier won a clear, 15-round, unanimous decision. Ali was taken to the hospital immediately after the fight to have his badly swollen jaw x-rayed, and Frazier spent time in the hospital during the ensuing month, the exertions of the fight having been exacerbated by his existing health problems, such as hypertension and a kidney infection. At the time of the fight, Frasier was 27 years old while Ali was 29. The Ali-Norton Trilogy Ken Norton vs Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali and Ken Norton first faced each other in Mar. 1973 in San Diego, California. In their first encounter, Ali lost to Norton via a 12-round split decision. Norton broke Ali's jaw in the 12-round duel. Ali won the rematch, also by split decision, on Sept. 10, 1973, which set up Ali-Frazier II , a non-title rematch with Joe Frazier , who had already lost his title to George Foreman. The bout was held on Jan. 28, 1974, with Ali winning a unanimous 12-round decision. In 1976 or three years after Norton broke Ali's jaw, they fought again in Inglewood, California. Ali won via a 12-round split decision, paving the way for a third and final fight. Their last fight was a 15-rounder which was held in Bronx, New York in Sept. 1976. Ali won the last of their three-part series and retained his WBA/WBC heavyweight titles, which he took from George Foreman in Kinshasa, Zaire via eighth-round KO. Ali vs. Leon Spinks Heavyweight boxer Leon Spinks The third man that came in the way of Muhammad Ali's boxing career was Leon Spinks, a fellow American who was born in St. Louis, Missouri. Spinks made history in 1978 when he beat Muhammad Ali in a 15-round split decision in Las Vegas, Nevada and snatched Ali's WBA/WBC heavyweight titles. He won the titles only in his eighth fight, the fastest ascent in history. Ali, who had not been the same since his last fight with Joe Frazier , expected an easy fight, but he was out-hustled by Spinks, who did not seem to tire throughout the bout. The victory over Ali was the peak of Spinks' career. With this victory, Spinks became the only man to ever take a title belt from Muhammad Ali in the ring, since Ali's other losses were contests in which no official world title belt that he was in possession of was on the line. Spinks' ic


What is a derogatory term for verse considered of little literary value?

What does doggerel mean? Freebase(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Doggerel Doggerel is a derogatory term for verse considered of little literary value. The word probably derived from dog, suggesting either ugliness, puppyish clumsiness, or unpalatability. "Doggerel" is attested to have been used as an adjective since the fourteenth century and a noun since at least 1630. Chambers 20th Century Dictionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Doggerel dog′ėr-el, n. irregular measures in burlesque poetry, so named in contempt: worthless verses.—adj. irregular in rhythm, mean.—Also Dog′grel. [Usually assumed to be from dog, but no good ground for this.] Numerology The numerical value of doggerel in Chaldean Numerology is: 5 Pythagorean Numerology


"""Black Cherry"" and ""Supernature"" are albums by which band?"

Download Goldfrapp MP3 Songs and Albums | music downloads Website: http://www.goldfrapp.co.uk/ Biography Goldfrapp is an electronic music band from London, which consists only of two members: Alison Goldfrapp and Will Gregory. Alison started her music career in early 90’s, when she worked with Orbital and trip-hop musician Tricky. In 1999 she met Will Gregory, who was recently creating a soundtrack to a movie. He suggested recording a joint demo, just to find out if they could work together. However, that demo record was never completed, but musicians enjoyed the recording session and decided to start a band. In August 1999 Goldfrapp signed a recording contract with London label Mute Records, and they began to create the debut album. The first record Felt Mountain was released in 2000. The band’s sound included a mix of musical styles; among them were folk and electronic music. The lyrics were written by Alison, and were something like abstract tales and stories, based upon movies, her childhood and feelings she experienced during Felt Mountain record. Goldfrapp’s debut album got positive reviews by music critics and was certified Gold, which meant that more than 100,000 copies were sold. Second album Black Cherry was released in April 2003. This time Goldfrapp were focused on dance music and glam rock elements. As Alison said, they did not want to repeat what they had done before, but they were aimed to create something new and fresh. The first single from Black Cherry was Train. The idea to write this song came to Alison in Los Angeles, where the band was in Felt Mountain tour. The second single from Black Cherry titled Strict Machine reached number 1 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart in the United States. During that period Alison decided to change her image: from a delicate Marlene Dietrich to a look of New Wave Diva. New appearance included false eyelashes, military uniforms and fishnet stockings. Goldfrapp's third album Supernature was released in August of 2005. Will and Alison did not have the aim to create the dance music, but their songs were very popular in the US nightclubs. So duo from London decided to make an experiment: to record more dance-oriented album. And later it was understood that it was a great idea: Supernature debuted at number 2 on the UK Albums Chart, more than 500,000 copies were sold all over the world, and the record was certified Platinum. In 2007 Goldfrapp won the Grammy Award in nomination Best Electronic/Dance Album. The band’s fourth album titled Seventh Tree appeared in February 2008. The sound was changed: pop and electronic concepts were left behind. Goldfrapp were more in ambient and downtempo music. Also during that period of band’s creative activity the acoustic guitars were presented in their records, because the musicians wanted to get warm and delicate sounds. The album's first single A&E was well rated by the music critics, who characterized the song as a beautifully paced ballad. Alison’s image, which was changed during her career, had some new features in 2008. The singer decided to tone down her sexual image: “Music come first”. In September 2009 Goldfrapp announced that they started working on their fifth album. It was titled Head First and appeared in 2010. Studio Albums


POINTERS TO SOME HAYFEVER REMEDIES - by Dr. Margaret L. Tyler Dr Margaret Lucy TYLER (1857-1943)     Allium Cepa      Begins sneezing, with increasing frequency.     Watery discharge drips from nose; excoriates lip and wings of nose. ( Ars ., Arum trip .) Rawness in     nose; copious lachrymation. Fluid from nose excoriating: from eyes bland. (Reverse of Euphrasia ). Generally begins left side and goes to     right. Every year in August ( Naja ) morning coryza     with violent sneezing: very sensitive to odor of flowers and skin of peaches. Spring coryza:     Hayfever in August every year on     rising from bed, and handling peaches.     Arsenicum      Discharge burns a red streak over upper lip and     about wings of nose, with sneezing and profuse, watery nasal discharge The typical Ars. patient is anxious, restless, often     asthmatic, when his worst hour is soon alter midnight. Sneezing a prominent symptom, but     sneezing no joke. Starts from tickling in one spot nose; after sneezing tickling as bad as     before. Hay asthma.          Hay fever with fetid, corrosive discharge.     Discharges excoriating, thick and     yellow, resembling honey. (Graph.)     Arum Triphyllum      A prickling sensation that cannot be left alone.     Pinches and pricks, and bores into the nostrils, however sore. A dreadful catarrh. Nose     stopped, worse left side. Sneezing worse during the night. Fluent acrid coryza, with     lachrymation usually bland. (Comp. Allium Cepa .)     Fluid from nose, produces rawness, smarting, burning: leaves red streaks as it flows over     skin'. ( Ars .) - KENT.     Arundo Mauritanica      KENT gives this drug in black type in the     Repertory for Hay Fever. Hay fever begins with burning and itching of palate and     conjunctiva. Coryza with snuffling. First water runs from the nose, later green mucus. With     sneezing, pieces of indurated greenish mucus. Itching, burning, dryness of Schneiderian     membrane. Curious symptoms, when sneezing, stitches in loins.     Bromium      Fluent coryza with frequent violent sneezing. Corrosive soreness under and margins of nose. Right nostril more affected. Aversion to smoking: to     drinking cold water.     Carbo Vegetabilis      Frequent sneezing, with constant violent crawling and tickling in nose;     lachrymation and biting pain in and above nose. Ineffectual desire to sneeze, with crawling     in left nostril. Watery discharge, and sneezes day and night. Suffers from heat: is chilled     by cold: sweats in a hot room. No comfortable place.     Dulcamara      Nostrils stopped up, cannot breathe through     nose. ( Lach ) Constant sneezing, profuse watery     discharge from nose and eyes. Worse open air: better in     closed room: worse near newly cut grass: better at Seaside. ( Nat.mur .) Eyes swelled and full and most affected, then     nose, then again eyes. Dulc . cannot stand cold and     wet: worse from chill when hot.     Euphrasia      Profuse acrid lachrymation, with profuse bland     coryza (reverse of Allium Cepa ). Short-acting     remedy: very useful in catarrhal affections without fever. Sneezing; fluent bland coryza     with acrid tears Eyes worse open air, and wind.     Gelsemium      Sneezing: hot face: feeling of great weight and tiredness in whole body and limbs.     Violent morning paroxysms of sneezing: tingling in nose. Watery, excoriating discharge. Curious symptom, a feeling     from throat up to left nostril, like a stream of scalding water.     Kali Iodatum      Violent sneezing, acrid, watery discharge. Worse cool air, worse open air:     but patient feels better in open air: i.e.: finds no quarters for relief. Frontal sinuses     involved with the coryza; much pain in forehead, eyes, cheekbones.     Kali Phosphoricum      Hay fever, said to be prophylactic. Itching in posterior nares. Sneezing ; at 2 a.m. Eyes burn,     sting, swim in tears. Tongue coated like stale brownish liq


When were 18 year olds allowed to vote in a General Election in the United Kingdom?

AllPolitics - Twenty-five Years of 18-Year-Old Voting - June 28, 1996 Twenty-five Years of 18-Year-Old Voting By Jonathan Karl/CNN WASHINGTON (June 28) -- Imagine being called to fight, kill and even die for your country, but not being allowed to vote. Many people had good a reason to protest the Vietnam War. Throughout most of American history, 18-year-olds fought in our wars, but you had to be 21 to vote. That changed 25 years ago this week, when President Nixon certified the 26th Amendment, lowering the voting age to 18. "The reason I believe that your generation, the 11 million new voters, will do so much for America at home is that you will infuse into this nation some idealism, some courage, some stamina, some high moral purpose, that this country always needs," President Nixon said in 1971. (383K WAV sound of Nixon) Nixon invited 500 newly eligible voters to the White House for that signing ceremony. Today their peers -- those first affected by the 26th Amendment -- include a high-profile Democrat in Congress, a top Republican player and President Clinton's press secretary. Spokesman Mike McCurry turned 18 just two weeks before the 1972 presidential election. "If we were old enough to go to Vietnam, we were certainly old enough to choose the president who might send us," McCurry said. Today Mary Matalin is a combative Republican partisan, but as an 18 year old she didn't exercise her newly won right in the '72 election. She says she would have voted for Nixon, "Because I was pretty much ... that's hard to say, I was pretty much a liberal hippie chick in those days. I might have voted for McGovern, who knows?" Says Congressman Joe Kennedy (D-MA), "It was a very, very tearing, sort of gut-wrenching issue of the time." Kennedy was 18 when the 26th amendment passed. His father, Bobby Kennedy had championed the lower voting age a decade earlier. "The young people's movement in America became something that some politicians felt very comfortable with and others felt very threatened by," Kennedy stated. "My father happened to feel very comfortable with it." (119K WAV sound of Kennedy) Even as 18, 19 and 20 year-olds were sent off to fight in Vietnam, opponents argued that they were simply too young to be trusted with the right to vote. In 1970, nine states rejected proposals to lower the voting age. But in 1971, it took just over two months for the required 38 states to ratify the 26th Amendment -- the quickest ratification in history. Most observers thought the new voters would cast their ballots for Democratic challenger George McGovern, an opponent of the Vietnam War. But Richard Nixon ending up winning 49 states in one of the biggest landslides in American history. "After Nixon won in 49 states," Kennedy chuckled, "those that were the drivers behind the movement said, 'Oh well, next time!'" Today registering to vote is basic rite of passage for most high school seniors: "I get my voice," said one young voter. "Yeah, I'm excited. I was excited when I got my registration card." "I feel it's something that I've been waiting to do for about two years," another said. "It's a privilege." "I registered through my school and I sent the papers and that's about it," said a more blase young voter. And politically minded 18 to 20 year-olds do more than just vote. They play important roles in political campaigns, and when organized can demand the attention of top political leaders. "The most important thing we have to do is invest in the mental capability of young people," declared Rep. Richard Gephardt, the House Minority Leader. At their recent national convention in Washington, the College Democrats conducted workshops on the nuts and bolts of campaigning. They also met with Vice President Al Gore and held rallies on Capitol Hill. Before the 26th Amendment most of these college students would not even have been able to vote. Jennifer Parkinson of the College Democrats says, "I do consider myself not just part of the political process, but I am the political process. It's more than just voting -- I like to put the candidates t


What was invented by George de Mestral in 1957?

Invention of VELCRO® Brand - Hook and Loop | VELCRO® Brand Invention Invention of VELCRO® Brand - Hook and Loop | VELCRO® Brand Invention Invention of VELCRO® Brand Hook and Loop Who invented VELCRO® brand tape? The VELCRO® brand of hook and loop was invented by a man named George de Mestral in the 1940's while hunting in the Jura mountains in Switzerland. Mr. de Mestral, a Swiss engineer, realized that the tiny hooks of the cockle-burs were stuck on his pants and in his dog's fur and wondered how they attached themselves. Under the scrutiny of the microscope, he observed the hooks engaging the loops in the fabric of his pants. View the Original Patent Where did the word "Velcro" come from? De Mestral, along with help from friends in the weaving business, finally duplicated mother natures hook and loop fastener in the manufacturing plant. The result of his new invention was VELCRO® Brand hook and loop fasteners, from the French words for velvet "velour", and hook, "crochet". Classic Video Showcases Early Applications Here is an old film likely made in the late '50's (the Velcro trademark was registered in the US in 1958) that showcases some of the early applications for VELCRO® Brand fasteners. While it's mostly fun to watch because it looks like Don Draper directed it for Sterling Cooper in an episode of Mad Men, listen to the old-timey narrators and laugh at some of the unique characteristics of 1950's videos, including pianos and orchestra horns providing background music and the seemingly ubiquitous shot of everyone stopping for a smoke poolside. The video does display some pretty neat early applications, even if some of them failed to "stick" around . VELCRO® Brand Timeline 1948 - Summer walk in the woods, discovers cockleburs 1952 - Velcro S.A. established in Switzerland 1955 - Patents "Velvet Type Fabric and Method of Producing The Same" Patent #2,717,437 with the Swiss government. 1957 - Velcro USA opened in Manchester, NH 1958 - Velcro trademark registered in the United States 1979 - Original patents expire 1990 - George de Mestral dies Additional Resources


Accommodation, events, things to see and do in County Londonderry and the Walled City of Derry Next County Londonderry County Londonderry makes up one of the six counties of Northern Ireland and is located towards the North West of the country.  The unique location of County Londonderry covers 4 key destinations.  The iconic coastline is positioned within the Causeway Coast and Glens area and has been recognised internationally for its stretch of railway between Coleraine and Londonderry, admired by seasoned travellers such as Michael Palin.  In the South East of the county is Ballyronan Marina,  a picturesque visitor site located within the village of Ballyronan on the shores of Lough Neagh.  The Sperrin Mountains cover a large area of County Londonderry and can be experienced by exploring the Sperrins Scenic Driving Routes.  Alternatively take a walk through some of the many forest parks such as Banagher Glen and the Roe Valley.   If you want more of an urban feel, then there is always Derry~Londonderry, Northern Ireland’s second city, home to the famous city walls and the first ever UK City of Culture in 2013.


Who watched his daughter win her first professional boxing bout in October 1999?

Women's Boxing - Laila Ali WOMEN'S BOXING 11, 500 photos, and more!    Matchmaker's Hot List - Exclusive Matchup!   Hot Hot    HOT Photo Galleries!Flash Photo Slideshows!                                                                      Laila "She Bee Stingin" Ali (5'10", 166 lbs)  made her ring debut against April Fowler of Michigan City, Indiana, on  October 8, 1999 at the Turning Stone Casino Convention Center on the Oneida  Indian Nation in Verona, New York. Normally, a bout that pitted a novice with no  amateur experience (Ali) against another (Fowler) who had been KO'd in the  first round of her only previous pro fight wouldn't rate mention beyond the  local newspaper. But the ring debut of 21-year old Laila, the second-youngest of Muhammad  Ali's nine children, attracted major media attention and journalists from  around the world joined 3000 fans in upstate New York to cover it. Muhammad Ali may be the most recognized and best known sports figure on  Earth ... instantly recognized on every continent and in every culture. His  life story transcends boxing ... and his ongoing struggle with faltering  steps and shaking hands raises troubling questions about boxing's safety. If  any of his children had become a boxer, their career would be a "human  interest" story of a high order. When one of his daughters chose to box, she  became a new reason for the media spotlight to focus on women's boxing. By coincidence, Laila Ali's ring debut occurred just one day before what was supposed to be the first male-female professional bout ever to be sanctioned by a US state boxing commission ... later ruled, and better named, an exhibition. The near-alignment of the two events focused more attention on female professional boxing than there had been  since Christy Martin's 1996 pay-per-view fight with Dierdre Gogarty. The power of the Ali name, which evokes memories of a remarkable fighter whose skills and personality captivated millions of boxing fans, is undeniable. And more than just these memories were evoked when Muhammad Ali himself went to Verona to watch his daughter fight. There was an electric moment as the  announcer introduced "a man who needs no introduction ..." and "The Greatest" made his way to ringside as the crowd revived the famous chant ... "Ali, Ali, Ali..." This was no ordinary debut ... A good fight could have added to the buzz generated by the return of the legendary Ali name. Unfortunately, lining up a totally safe opponent for Laila's debut had produced ... in April Fowler ... an out-of-shape novice who was too easily and too rapidly flattened by the young Ali!  The bout lasted just 31 seconds and was too one-sided to establish any boxing credentials for Laila. Still, she showed some media savvy ... and a hint of things to come ... by striking a pose reminiscent of her father as she stood over the fallen Fowler with her fist cocked and a scowl on her face. Sweet science it wasn't, but the media lapped it up. Ali won her second professional bout by TKO with 3 seconds left on November 10, 1999 at the Mountaineer Race Track in Chester, West Virginia. This time she was properly tested by 5'4" Shadina Pennybaker from Pittsburgh, who was making her own pro debut after going 2-1 as an amateur. Ali bloodied Pennybaker's lip and forced a standing eight count in the fourth when she knocked Pennybaker's mouthpiece out. A flurry of left-right combinations sent Pennybaker reeling into a corner and produced a stoppage that was vigorously protested by Pennybaker's corner. (Ringside report here .)  Although still far from emulating her father's smooth style, Ali again borrowed from his psychological playbook ... she taunted and talked to her opponent, and shook her head whenever Pennybaker landed well. "I had to take my time and judge my distance," said Ali, sporting a bruise on her right cheekbone. "This was only my second fight. I'm not going to be perfectly right where I need to be all the time. That's why I took my time and why it went four rounds. I'm never going


In 1794 in Pennsylvania, USA, more than 500 armed men attacked the fortified home of tax inspector General John Neville because of an excise tax on what product?

Whiskey Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Western Pennsylvania Expedition Hagerstown Riot The Whiskey Rebellion, or Whiskey Insurrection, was a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791, during the presidency of George Washington . Farmers who used their leftover grain and corn in the form of whiskey as a medium of exchange were forced to pay a new tax. The tax was a part of treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton 's program to increase central government power, in particular to fund his policy of assuming the war debt of those states which had failed to pay. The farmers who resisted, many war veterans, contended that they were fighting for the principles of the American Revolution , in particular against taxation without local representation, while the Federal government maintained the taxes were the legal expression of the taxation powers of Congress. Throughout counties in Western Pennsylvania, protesters used violence and intimidation to prevent federal officials from collecting the tax. Resistance came to a climax in July 1794, when a U.S. marshal arrived in western Pennsylvania to serve writs to distillers who had not paid the excise. The alarm was raised, and more than 500 armed men attacked the fortified home of tax inspector General John Neville . Washington responded by sending peace commissioners to western Pennsylvania to negotiate with the rebels, while at the same time calling on governors to send a militia force to enforce the tax. With 13,000 militia provided by the governors of Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, Washington rode at the head of an army to suppress the insurgency. The rebels all went home before the arrival of the army, and there was no confrontation. About 20 men were arrested, but all were later acquitted or pardoned. The Whiskey Rebellion demonstrated that the new national government had the willingness and ability to suppress violent resistance to its laws. The whiskey excise remained difficult to collect, however. The events contributed to the formation of political parties in the United States, a process already underway. The whiskey tax was repealed after Thomas Jefferson 's Republican Party, which opposed Hamilton's Federalist Party, came to power in 1801. Contents Edit Alexander Hamilton in a 1792 portrait by John Trumbull A new U.S. federal government began operating in 1789, following the ratification of the United States Constitution. The previous government under the Articles of Confederation had been unable to levy taxes; it had borrowed money to meet expenses, accumulating $54 million in debt. The states had amassed an additional $25 million in debt. [2] Alexander Hamilton , the first Secretary of the Treasury, sought to use this debt to create a financial system that would promote American prosperity and national unity. In his Report on Public Credit , he urged Congress to consolidate the state and national debts into a single debt that would be funded by the federal government. Congress approved these measures in June and July 1790. [3] A source of government revenue was needed to pay the respectable amount due of the previous bond holders to whom the debt was owed. By December 1790, Hamilton believed import duties, which were the government's primary source of revenue, had been raised as high as was feasible. [4] He therefore promoted passage of an excise tax on domestically produced distilled spirits . This was to be the first tax levied by the national government on a domestic product. [5] Although taxes were politically unpopular, Hamilton believed that the whiskey excise was a luxury tax that would be the least objectionable tax the government could levy. [6] In this, he had the support of some social reformers, who hoped a " sin tax " would raise public awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol. [7] The whiskey excise act, sometimes known as the "Whiskey Act", became law in March 1791. [8] George Washington defined the revenue districts, appointed the revenue supervisors and inspectors, and set their pay in November 1791. [


"Who wrote the poem called ""The New Colossus"" that is inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty?"

Statue of Liberty Poem by Emma Lazarus   Statue        of Liberty Poem The Statue of Liberty poem as it is known, was written        by Emma Lazarus and is named "The New Colossus". The Statue        of Liberty poem is actually a sonnet by Lazarus written to raise        money for the building of the base and is now engraved on a bronze        plaque and contained inside of the Statue of Liberty.     At first, Lazarus had refused to write the Statue of Liberty poem,        but her friend Constance Cary Harrison convinced her that immigrants        would be inspired by seeing the statuesque Lady Liberty welcoming        them ashore. Emma eventually wrote the poem and it was donated for auction at        the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund. The New Colossus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" The beginning of the Statue of Liberty poem refers to the Colossus        of Rhodes, which was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.        The Colossus of Rhodes is actually a statue of the Greek god Helios,        which stood over 100 feet tall (the tallest of its time) before        it was destroyed by earthquake in 226 BC. So, the Statue of Liberty poem refers to this new giant statue         likened to the old that represented the god of light. The Statue         of Liberty poem also sets itself apart from Helios in that the         Mother of Exiles is more welcoming than conquering. She welcomes         all castaways, misfits and homeless types dreaming of freedom.


"The ""Curse of the Bambino"" was thought to have struck what baseball team until they won the World Series in 2004?"

Curse of the Bambino | Baseball Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Curse of the Bambino Babe Ruth — "The Bambino" The Curse of the Bambino was a superstition cited, often jokingly, as a reason for the failure of the Boston Red Sox baseball team to win the World Series in the 86-year period from 1918 until 2004. While some fans took the curse seriously, most used the expression in a tongue-in-cheek manner. The curse was said to have begun after the Red Sox sold Babe Ruth , sometimes called The Bambino, to the New York Yankees in the off-season of 1919-1920. Before that year, the Boston Red Sox had been one of the most successful professional baseball franchises, winning the first World Series in 1903 and amassing five World Series titles. After the sale, the once-lackluster Yankees became one of the most successful franchises in North American professional sports. Talk of the curse as an ongoing phenomenon ended in 2004, when the Red Sox came back from a 0-3 best-of-seven deficit to beat the Yankees in the 2004 American League Championship Series and then went on to sweep the St. Louis Cardinals to win the 2004 World Series . The curse had been such a part of Boston culture that when a road sign on the city's much-used Storrow Drive was vandalized from "Reverse Curve" to "Reverse The Curse", officials left it in place until after the Red Sox won the Series in a 4-0 sweep. Contents Edit Although the title drought dated back to 1918 , the sale of Ruth to the Yankees was completed January 3, 1920 . In standard curse lore, Red Sox owner and theatrical producer Harry Frazee used the proceeds from the sale to finance the production of a Broadway musical, usually specified as No, No, Nanette . In fact, Frazee backed many productions before and after Ruth's sale, and No, No, Nanette did not see its first performance until five years after the Ruth sale and two years after Frazee sold the Red Sox. In 1921 , Red Sox manager Ed Barrow left to take over as GM of the Yankees. Other Red Sox players were later sold or traded to the Yankees as well. Neither the lore, nor the debunking of it, entirely tell the story. As Leigh Montville discovered during research for his book, The Big Bam: The Life and Times of Babe Ruth (Random House, 2006, p.161-164), No, No, Nanette had originated as a non-musical stage play called My Lady Friends, which opened on Broadway in December 1919. His research indicated that that play had, indeed, been financed as a direct result of the Ruth deal. Various researchers, including Montville, have rediscovered the fact that Frazee had close ties to the Yankees owners, and that many of the player deals, as well as the mortgage deal for Fenway Park itself, had to do with financing his plays. Prior to Ruth leaving Boston, the Red Sox had won five of the first fifteen World Series, with Ruth pitching for the 1916 and 1918 championship teams. (He was with the Sox in the Series in 1915 but the manager used him only once, as a pinch-hitter; he did not pitch.) The Yankees had not played in any World Series up to that time. In the ensuing 84 years after the sale, the Yankees played in 39 World Series, winning 26 of them, twice as many as any other team in Major League Baseball. Meanwhile, over the same time span, the Red Sox played in only four World Series and lost each in seven games. Info icon This article or section is missing citations and/or footnotes. This article or section may use words or ideas of other works in its text without citing sources. Using citations to support claims outside the realm of elementary knowledge helps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. Please Template:Plainlink or discuss this issue on the talk page . Help on using footnotes is available. This article has been tagged since October 2007. "Cursed" results Edit Even losses that occurred many years prior to the first mention of a curse in 1986 have been attributed to it. Some of these instances are listed below: In 1946 , the Red Sox appeared in their first World Series since the sale of Babe Ruth, and were favored to


"For the type of bet called a ""Quinella"", how many horses are picked?"

Horse Racing Bet Types Horse Racing Terms Horse Betting Wagering Types Below are the horse wagering types offered on certain races as well as what they cost, payouts, minimum and maximum wager amounts and all tracks offered. We hope this step-by-step guide will help you understand all horse betting. Straight Straight Wagers (WIN, PLACE, SHOW) In all straight wagers the amount to be wagered on a horse is the amount to be risked in the play. There is no way one can lose more than the amount wagered. The amount to win on a horse is posted by the track right after the race finishes. There is no way to know how much you will win in a horse bet before the race starts, but you still can have an idea by looking at the unofficial odds which are subject to change depending on various factors within the race, such a scratches, other horses, track conditions, weather etc. WIN A "WIN" bet is just what it sounds like: betting that the horse you pick will win the race. You win if the horse wins. PLACE For a horse to "PLACE" it must finish the race either first or second. Obviously this bet is a little less risky so the return will not be as great as a win bet. SHOW For a horse to "SHOW" it must finish the race either first, second or third. This is a conservative bet but still can be profitable if you pick your spots. ACROSS THE BOARD This is a quick and easy way to say that I want to play my horse in all three positions. ($2 Across The Board = $2 to win, $2 to place, and $2 to show). If the horse wins you collect all three bets. If the horse finishes 2nd then you collect the place and show bets. If the horse finishes 3rd then you will only collect the show bet. Now that you're versed in horse wagering types, let's move on to exotic wagers. This way you can find the enjoyment that makes thoroughbred horse racing one of the most popular spectator sports in the world! Exotic Wagers Examples of these are the Exacta, Quinella Trifecta, Daily Double, Superfecta and Daily Triple/Pick 3. Needless to say, these wagers are all more difficult than WIN, PLACE or SHOW because they require multiple selections to finish in the proper order. Exacta With this bet you must pick the first two finishing horses in the exact order of their finish. In other words, you must pick the horse that wins and the horse that finishes second. Again, an exacta can also be played using multiple combinations. Wheeling , keying and boxing horses in exactas is a popular bet at the track. Quinella In the Quinella, you must pick the horses that finish first and second. Either one can be first and the other one second. This bet is exactly the same as the "Exacta Box". Although the Quinella has the same function as the "Exacta Box" the payoff can vary substantially. Quinella wagers are entered into their own pool separate from the exacta pool. Not all tracks offer the Quinella wager. Trifecta With this bet you must pick the first three finishing horses in the exact order of their finish. In other words, you must pick the horse that wins, the horse that finishes second and the horse that finishes third. In order to have action, at least seven (7) horses must start the race. Superfecta With this bet you must pick the first four finishing horses in the exact order of their finish. In other words, you must pick the horse that wins, the horse that finishes second, third, and fourth. Daily Double The daily double involves picking the winning horse in two consecutive races. All tracks offer the early daily double which involves races #1 and #2. Most tracks also offer a late daily double which is the last two races of the day. Some tracks also offer a rolling daily double which is on any two consecutive races. To win a daily double you must pick the winning horse in each of the two races. Multiple combinations can be used when playing the double. Wheeling and keying horses in any leg of the daily double is accepted. Pick 3 In order to win a Pick 3 bet you are required to select the winning horse in three consecutive races. Many tracks offer the Pick 3 and most even offer a rolling Pi


"Which cable suspension road bridge, known as ""Galloping Gertie"", was completely destroyed due to ""aeroelastic flutter"" on 7 November 1940?"

List of bridge failures List of bridge failures List of bridge failures Bridge failures This is a list of bridge failures including failures during construction. This list may be sorted by any field.[1] Bridge↓    Location↓    Country↓    Date↓    Construction type, use of bridge↓    Reason↓    Number death/injuries↓    Damage↓    Comments↓Stirling Bridge    Stirling    Scotland    01297-09 September 1297    Beam and trestle over the River Forth    Overload by attackers during the Battle of Stirling Bridge    Unknown, English forces defeated    Bridge rendered unusable    Collapse may have been assisted by defending forces.Rialto Bridge    Venice    Venetian Republic    01444 1444    Wooden structure with central drawbridge.    Overload by spectators during the wedding of the Duke of Ferrara.    Unknown    Bridge total damage     Broughton Suspension Bridge    Broughton, Greater Manchester    England    01831-04-12 12 April 1831    Suspension bridge over River Irwell    Bolt snapped due to mechanical resonance caused by marching soldiers    20 injured    Collapsed at one end, bridge quickly rebuilt and strengthened     The rebuilt Broughton Suspension Bridge in 1883 Collapse due to faulty design. Caused "break step" rule to be issued to UK military. Yarmouth Bridge    Great Yarmouth    England    01845-05-02 2 May 1845    Suspension bridge    People had crowded onto the bridge to see a circus clown go down the river in a barrel pulled by geese. The weight of people shifted as the barrel passed underneath, the suspension chains on the south side snapped and the bridge deck tipped over.    79 people drowned, mainly children.    Suspension chains snapped due to overload.     Dee bridge    Chester    England    01847-05-24 24 May 1847    Cast iron beam bridge over the River Dee    Overload by passenger train    5 killed    Bridge rendered unusable     The Dee bridge after its collapse Collapse due to faulty design. Angers Bridge    Angers    France    01850-04-16 16 April 1850    Suspension bridge over Maine River    Resonance of soldiers led to collapse    226/?    Bridge total damage     Gasconade Bridge    Gasconade, Missouri    United States    01855-11-01 1 November 1855    Wooden rail bridge    Inaugural run of Pacific Railroad is conducted before bridge's temporary trestle work is replaced with permanent structure    31 dead, hundreds injured    Span from anchorage to first pier destroyed     Desjardins Canal bridge    Desjardins Canal, Ontario    Canada    01857-03-12 12 March 1857    Rail bridge    Mechanical force due to broken locomotive front axle    59 dead        Sauquoit Creek    3 miles from Utica, NY    United States    01858-05-11 11 May 1858    Railroad trestle    Weight (two trains on the same trestle)    9/55        Springbrook bridge    Between Mishawaka and South Bend, Indiana    United States    01859-06-27 27 June 1859    Railroad embankment bridge    Washout    41 (some accounts of 60 to 70)       Known as the Great Mishawaka Train Wreck or South Bend Train Wreck Wootton bridge collapse    Wootton    England    01860-06-11 11 June 1860    Cast iron rail bridge    cast iron beams cracked and failed    2 killed    total damage to floor     Wootton bridge after the crash flawed design using unreliable cast iron, failed from a repair Bull bridge accident    Ambergate    England    01860-09-26 26 September 1860    Cast iron rail bridge    cast iron beam cracked and failed    0/0    total collapse of bridge     Section of broken girder bridge collapsed while freight train was on it; engine had passed bridge; rear cars had not yet gone onto it; train moving slowly due to fog and darkness Platte Bridge Railroad Tragedy    St. Joseph, Missouri    United States    1861       Sabotage by Confederate partisans during US Civil War.           Chunky Creek Train Wreck    near Hickory, Mississippi    United States    1863       Winter flood caused a debris build-up which shifted the bridge trestle.           train bridge    Wood River Junction       19 April 1873       washaway           Portage Bridge    Portagevi


Joseph Pulitzer, founder of the Pulitzer Prizes, made his fortune from what?

Freedom: A History of US. Biography. Joseph Pulitzer | PBS Joseph Pulitzer Have you ever heard of the Pulitzer prizes? They were started by Joseph Pulitzer, an immigrant who grew up to make his fortune publishing newspapers. Pulitzer really cared about his new country. As soon as he arrived in the United States from his native Hungary, he became a soldier in the Civil War. From 1864 to the end of the war, he served in a cavalry regiment. When the war ended, Pulitzer became a writer. By 1871, he owned a newspaper. He saw himself as a champion for democracy, and used his newspaper to support laborers, and to attack big business monopolies and dishonest politicians. Can you name any of the corrupt businesses or politicians he attacked? In 1883, Pulitzer purchased the New York World. In 1887, he began the Evening World. Newspapers made Pulitzer very wealthy and influential. When the government wouldn't spend money to build a pedestal for the new Statue of Liberty, Pulitzer got mad. He decided to raise the money with his newspaper. Anyone who made a contribution had his or her name published on the front page of the newspaper. Children and working people sent in their dimes, quarters, and dollars for the pedestal. Pulitzer's biggest rival in the newspaper business was William Randolph Hearst. The two men got into circulation wars, each trying to sell more newspapers than the other. Some people questioned the power of the newspapers to influence events through "yellow journalism," printing frightening headlines and stories that were not exactly true to scare the public. In his will, Pulitzer left money to establish the Columbia University School of Journalism in New York City, and the annual Pulitzer Prizes for literature, drama, music, and journalism.


The first father and son win at the Oscars was in 1948 when John Huston won the award for Directing and for Writing Adapted Screenplay and his father Walter Huston won the award for Best Supporting Actor. Which film had they worked on together to win these awards?

The History of the Academy Awards: Best Picture – 1948 | News from the Boston Becks News from the Boston Becks The life and times of Erik, Veronica and Thomas 26 June, 2010 The History of the Academy Awards: Best Picture – 1948 [4] Comments   Laurence Olivier and Jean Simmons in the "Get thee to a nunnery" scene in Hamlet (1948) The 21st Academy Awards, for the film year 1948 .  The nominations were announced on February 10, 1949 and the awards were held on March 24, 1949. Best Picture:  Hamlet The Treasure of the Sierra Madre The Red Shoes Most Surprising Omission:  The Search Best Eligible Film Not Nominated:  Red River Rank (out of 82) Among Best Picture Years:  #39 The Race: Before the end of January, what would end up being the best reviewed film of 1948 (one which later critics would agree) had already been released: The Treasure of the Sierra Madre.  But Treasure wasn’t nearly as much of a hit at the box office as either Johnny Belinda or The Snake Pit.  Johnny Belinda ended up being Warner Bros. biggest hit of the year and The Snake Pit ended up as the highest grossing film of the year.  All three films were in the race along with Red River, the film that, as John Ford put it, showed that John Wayne could act, and The Search, the big hit from newcomer Montgomery Clift (who also starred in Red River).  But the real competition turned out to be from Britain, where Michae Powell’s The Red Shoes and Laurence Olivier’s film version of Hamlet were critical hits. The first of the awards didn’t seem to bring much to the race as The National Board of Review gave Best Picture and Director to Paisan, an Italian film that hadn’t yet opened in Los Angeles and thus wasn’t eligible.  Their Top 10 did include all of the major contenders except for Red River.  The New York Film Critics went with Treasure for Best Picture and Director but their Best Actor award went to Olivier and Hollywood began to get a bit nervous.  The Golden Globes added to the haul for Treasure, as it won Best Picture and Director (tying for Picture with Johnny Belinda), though Olivier again won Best Actor. The Writers Guild and Directors Guild decided to get into the awards act and Treasure and Snake Pit would both win WGA awards, but both awards were announced months after the Oscars. The Results: Things suddenly looked good for Johnny Belinda on nomination day when it received 12 nominations, tied for second all-time, becoming only the second film (along with Mrs. Miniver) to get nominated for Picture, Director, Screenplay and all four acting awards.  Hamlet was in a distant second with only 7 nominations and had not received a Screenplay nomination, something no film had won Best Picture without since 1933 (though that film was Cavalcade, the only British film to win Best Picture).  Johnny Belinda was favored to win and Variety predicted that it would. However, when Ethel Barrymore went up to announce Best Picture, it was more up in the air.  Johnny Belinda had only won one award (Actress), Treasure had yet to lose, winning Director, Screenplay and Supporting Actor and Hamlet was tied for the lead with Treasure with 3 Oscars on the night.  Barrymore opened the envelope and was clearly disappointed to find Hamlet inside as she had publicly criticized the film as being inferior to her brother John’s stage production.  But Hamlet had won. Bearing in mind that the book Oscar Dearest by Peter H. Brown and Jim Pinkston has numerous errors and is incredibly subjective, it notes some interesting back story to this race.  After previous nominations for British films like Henry V and Great Expectations, the studios were beginning to panic when Hamlet seemed to be rising to the top of the class.  As detailed on pages 30-32, executives from the Big Five (Warner Bros, MGM, Paramount, 20th Century Fox and RKO) met in New York and decided to withdraw their financial support from the Academy (according to Tom O’Neill, it was actually the three minor-major companies, Columbia, Republic and Universal that withdrew; Inside Oscar claims that the Big Five withdrew and


What is the term used in wine making for the catalyst function that turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage when yeast interacts with sugars in the juice to create ethanol and carbon dioxide?

Alcoholic fermentation, of sugar into CO2 and alcohol Alcoholic fermentation by yeast cells   [Lactic acid fermentation by lactic bacteria]   In  brewing, alcoholic fermentation is the conversion of sugar into carbon  dioxide gas (CO2) and ethyl alcohol. This process is carried out by yeast  cells using a range of  enzymes. This is in fact a complex series of conversions that brings about  the conversion of sugar to CO2 and alcohol. Yeast is a member of the fungi  family which I like to think of as plants but strictly they are neither  plant nor animal. To be specific yeast is a eukaryotic micro-organism. Not  all yeasts are suitable for brewing. In brewing we use the sugar fungi form of yeast. These  yeast cells gain  energy from the conversion of the sugar into carbon dioxide and alcohol. The  carbon dioxide by-product bubbles  through the liquid and dissipates into the air. In confined spaces the  carbon dioxide dissolve in the liquid making it fizzy. The pressure build up  caused by C02 production in a confined space can be immense. Certainly enough to cause the explosion of a sealed  glass bottle. Alcohol is the other by-product of fermentation. Alcohol remains in the liquid which is great for  making an alcoholic beverage but not for the yeast cells,  as the yeast dies when the alcohol exceeds its tolerance level.      Overall chemistry  of fermentation The overall process of fermentation is to convert   glucose sugar (C6H12O6)   to alcohol (CH3CH2OH) and   carbon dioxide gas (CO2). The reactions within   the yeast cell which make this happen are very complex but the overall   process is as follows: C6H12O6    ====>   2(CH3CH2OH)      +        2(CO2)    +  Energy (which is stored in ATP)   Sugar      ====>       Alcohol             +   Carbon dioxide gas  + Energy (Glucose)               (Ethyl alcohol) From the above it seems nice an simple chemistry one  mole of glucose is converted into two moles of ethanol and two moles of  carbon dioxide but in reality it is far from this clear. There are many  by products. In addition to CO2 and alcohol, the sugar is incorporated  into other by products such as yeast biomass, acids (pyruvic,  acetaldehyde,  ketoglutaric, lactic), glycerol. Hence if you read  many home brewing books there is a table estimating the conversion of  sugar into alcohol. These tables tend to be derived from measurements  rather than a set formula. The efficiency of the yeast and fermentation  conditions alters the proportions of various by-products meaning a  simple single formula is not available. Wine makers will see different  efficiencies to beer makers. Fermentation conditions such as temperature  vary the production of by products. This knowledge is used by wine  makers to get fuller bodied wines by brewing in conditions that causes  fermentation to produce  more of the by-product glycerol. Fermentation by-product Glycerol gives wine its body. From time to time you read in the press  a very shocking tale of people adding anti-freeze to wine but this  statement on its own does not tell you the full extent of the danger.  Bear in mind Glycerol can be used as an anti-freeze and is a natural by  product of fermentation but not all anti-freeze use glycerol, most use  very toxic alternatives. So the statement "Anti-freeze added to wine" does not  tell you if highly toxic chemicals were added or just Glycerol to supplementing the natural Glycerol  content. In fact Glycerol is used in health foods and is essential in fine wines. Wine produced in conditions where there was low production of the glycerol by-product can tempt the producer to add something to boost the wine's body. Adding food grade Glycerol to boost a wine's body is not ideal but no need for panic as glycerol is natural and is often used in food products. Adding toxic anti-freeze to boost a wine's body can and does kill people.  Note: The sugars used can be a range of fermentable  sugars. These sugars are converted by enzymes to glucose which is then


Brazil is the world's biggest coffee producer. What is the second biggest?

Top Coffee Producing Countries - WorldAtlas.com Economics Top Coffee Producing Countries The top coffee producers on the planet. The 10 nations who produce and export the most coffee per year. A map of the world made up of coffee beans With a café on nearly every corner in countless cities around the globe, it comes as no surprise that coffee is one of the top commodities worldwide. As the global third most consumed beverage, after water and tea, coffee beans are in high demand everywhere. The top producing nations each produce millions of kilograms of coffee beans that find their way into the hands of eager consumers. Second only to oil, coffee is the world's second most traded commodity , with about half a trillion cups drank per year. Not only used for brewing a cup of joe, the coffee bean (through decaffeination) provides caffeine for beverages (cola), pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Despite the different flavours there are two main commercially grown beans Arabica which accounts for 70% of coffee and the Robusta bean which is far cheaper and easier to grow. These are the ten nations that the International Coffee Organization named the world's top producers of coffee: 10 – Guatemala 224,871 US tons Guatemalan Coffee Workers Empty Beans for Sorting Guatemala produced 204,000,000 kilograms of coffee beans in 2015, and their production numbers have remained fairly consistent over the past few years. Coffee beans are most abundant in Guatemala in years where the temperature hovers between 16 and 32°C, and at altitudes between 500 and 5,000 metres above sea level. Guatemala was Central America's top producers till it was overtaken by Honduras in 2011. Guatemala came into the coffee game predominantly to find an export to replace indigo and cochineal, two of their early exports that were rendered useless once chemical dyes were invented in the 1800s. At the time, the government began a policy of support for the industry by offering trade and tax benefits. In the 1960's the government further pushed for greater global demand for Guatemalan coffee through the establishment of Anacafé (Asociación Nacional del Café), a marketing association which, to this day, continues to promote the nation's coffee products worldwide. 9 – Mexico 257,940 US tons Ancient Pyramids in Mexico In 2015, Mexico produced over 234,000,000 kilograms of coffee beans. The nation predominantly produces high quality Arabica beans grown in the coastal regions near the border of Guatemala and is responsible for majority of U.S. coffee imports. In the 1990s there was a crisis in Mexico's coffee production, as the International Coffee Agreement was dismantled and worldwide coffee prices and export quotas were no longer strictly controlled, leading to an inability for Mexico to compete in the global market. This decline in coffee prices and production led to lost income and social issues throughout the nation of Mexico. While coffee production declined over the 90s and into the 2000s, steady demand from the United States has led to a recovery in the Mexican coffee market, from an all time low of 1.7 million bags (60 kg) in 2005, to 4.0 million in 2014. 8 – Uganda 314,489 US tons The Ugandan Virunga Mountains While Uganda may not come to mind when you think of coffee production, at 285,300,000 kilograms produced in 2015, it is the Central African nation's top-earning export. It has moved past Mexico in 2015 to become the 8th largest producer of coffee. The nation grows both Robusta beans – a crop native to the Kibale forest area – as well as Arabica beans from nearby Ethiopia. Coffee is a vital part of the Ugandan economy, with a large portion of the population working in coffee related industries. Coffee production was initially a reasonably unsuccessful state-controlled sector, however, after government privatization in 1991, a strong revival of the sector was seen, leading to a 5100% increase in production since 1989. However, the government does still exert control on the industry, with flow out of the country controlled by the Uganda Coffee Development Auth


"Who played Alan's young son, Jake, in the TV series ""Two and a Half Men""?"

Two and a Half Men star Angus T Jones is unrecognisable as he shows off his scruffy beard | Daily Mail Online He rose to fame playing the fresh-faced nephew of Charlie Sheen on hit show Two and a Half Men, but Angus T Jones is all grown up since leaving his full time role on the sitcom. The 19-year-old was spotted running errands in Los Angeles trying out a new manly look. The teen was sporting a thick beard and looked as though he’d shed some weight as he strolled back to his car. Scroll down for video Who's that boy? Angus T Jones looks worlds apart from his Two And A Half Men alter ego The teen star, who banked an estimated $6 million a year during his decade on the show, was dressed down in a red printed t-shirt and long grey shorts. Looking glum, he was wearing his signature pair of wide rimmed glasses but was almost unrecognisable with his scruffy haircut and thick beard. According to those close to the star, Angus’ recent change in appearance is causing concern amongst his family and friends who have been worried about the actor since he parted ways with his show this year. Friends of the actor have claimed to the New York Daily News that the teen has made a deliberate effort to change his look in recent months in order to break away from the image Two and a Half Men projected on him.   Scruffy new look: Angus' new appearance leaves a lot to be desired Running errands: Angus was seen showing off the new look while out in Los Angeles last week ‘He seems to be a shadow of himself and desperate to get away from the looks that made him a global star and very wealthy,’ a friend has told the paper. ‘We are concerned about his health, too. Angus has lost a lot of weight over the summer and looks very skinny compared to how he looked on the show.’ ‘He seems to be suffering some kind of breakdown,’ another pal claimed. ‘He appears in denial about the whole saga. And he just doesn’t want to look like Jake anymore.’ Jones spent a decade on the Warner Bros. soundstage playing Jake Harper, but earlier this year he made it clear he will not be coming back for season 11, with producers confirming in April he will be downgraded to a recurring role. After ten years of playing the lazy son of Alan Harper, played by Jon Cryer, the actor sealed his fate on the sitcom after his viral video tirade in November 2012. Keeping his head down: Angus certainly didn't stand out with his new look Rolling in it: Angus earned a lot of money through his role on Two And A Half Men and various syndication deals In a video-taped segment with the religious website Forerunner Chronicles, Angus called the show 'filth.' Back in the day: Angus, seen here in See Spot Run in2001, first found fame as a child actor 'If you watch Two And A Half Men, please stop watching Two And A Half Men,' Angus, who was once the highest paid child star in TV, said. 'I'm on Two And A Half Men, and I don't want to be on it. 'Please stop watching it, please stop filling your head with filth. 'People say it’s just entertainment,' the young star continued. 'Do some research on the effects of television and your brain, and I promise you, you'll have a decision to make when it comes to television, especially with what you watch on television. It's bad news.' Meanwhile it was announced this month that a new character will be joining current stars Jon Cryer and Ashton Kutcher on the new season of the show. Charlie Sheen's character Charlie Harper was killed off after he was pushed in front of a subway train but his memory will live on in the shape of Amber Tamblyn who will play the character’s long-lost lesbian daughter. The 30-year-old actress from Santa Monica, California is probably best known for her role in The Sisterhood Of The Traveling pants alongside Blake Lively, Alexis Biedel and America Ferrera. According to CBS, Amber's character Jenny 'is the illegitimate daughter who moved to L.A. to pursue acting and connect with what’s left of her family. 'She likes everything her dad liked — including women.'


Comedian Ernie Wise was the subject of a publicity campaign launched in the UK on 1 January 1985 as being the first person in the UK to use what?

BBC - Press Office - Network Radio Programme Information BBC Week 48 7-Day Version Saturday 27 November 10.00am-1.00pm BBC RADIO 2 Graham Norton's own show every Saturday morning is a vibrant mix of music and celebrity conversation, and this week the nation's favourite agony uncle is joined by Maria McErlane for Grill Graham where listeners' problems are solved live on air. From his listeners' suggestions, Graham selects a hit from the past that hasn't quite stood the test of time for I Can't Believe It's Not Better. He also invites listeners to submit their favourite Tune With A Tale. Plus there's travel with Bobbie Pryor, sport with Alistair Bruce-Ball and the very best celebrity guests. Listeners can email the show at: graham.norton@bbc.co.uk. Presenter/Graham Norton, Producer/Malcolm Prince for the BBC BBC Radio 2 Publicity 3.00-6.00pm BBC RADIO 2 Zoe Ball sits in for Dermot O'Leary Zoe Ball continues to sit in for Dermot O'Leary. This week she has live music from Alesha Dixon and chats to Bryan Ferry. Alesha Dixon began her pop career as one third of Mis-teeq before embarking upon a solo career, taking the Strictly Come Dancing crown and becoming a judge on the show. She then returned to the UK charts with a platinum-selling second album, The Alesha Show. Her third solo album, The Entertainer, is released next week and she performs in a session recorded at the BBC's Maida Vale studios. Zoe also chats to Bryan Ferry about his latest album, Olympia, and the 2011 Roxy Music Tour. Released last month, Bryan's solo album features contributions from Nile Rodgers, David Gilmour, Groove Armada, Scissor Sisters, Flea (Red Hot Chili Peppers), Mani (Primal Scream) and Jonny Greenwood (Radiohead). It also sees Bryan reunited with members of Roxy Music, including Brian Eno. Presenter/Zoe Ball, Producer/Ben Walker for Labora TV BBC Radio 2 Publicity Music Feature – The Shorthand Of Emotion Saturday 27 November 12.15-1.00pm BBC RADIO 3 Marking the centenary of Leo Tolstoy's death, Katie Derham considers the relationship between the writer – one of the world's greatest artists and moral activists – and the early Russian composers of the 20th century. During an icy November, 82-year-old Tolstoy fled his family estate in Yasnaya Polyana having finally decided to leave his wife. He died on his journey. One of the most renowned of his later works was a novella called The Kreutzer Sonata which told the tale of the infatuation of an older married woman for a young violinist. This programme explores how music remained a source of continued recreation and delight, and was an emotional stimulus for Tolstoy for much of his life. Later on, eminent musicians visited the Tolstoy homes in the country and in Moscow – some even performed there. They included the great pianist and composer Anton Rubinstein; Sergei Rachmaninov; harpsichordist and pianist Wanda Landovska; and, most famously, Tchaikovsky. Presenter/Katie Derham, Producers/Diana Bentley and David Prest BBC Radio 3 Publicity The Early Music Show – Opera Profile: Handel's Alcina Saturday 27 November 1.00-2.00pm BBC RADIO 3 Lucie Skeaping continues the Early Music Show's series of opera profiles by delving into the music and history surrounding Handel's Alcina. Based on the epic poem by Ariosto, the libretto by Antonio Marchi provided Handel with some very intense dramatic opportunities, including star-crossed lovers, dark magic and madness. Alcina was composed for Handel's first season at London's Covent Garden Theatre, and it premièred on 16 April 1735. Like many of the composer's other serious stage works, it fell into general obscurity; after a revival in Brunswick in 1738 it was not performed again until a production in Leipzig nearly two centuries later. It has now become one of Handel's most popular operas. Lucie Skeaping talks to American harpsichordist and musical director Alan Curtis at his home in Florence, who recorded Alcina in 2007 with his ensemble Il Complesso Barocco. Presenter/Lucie Skeaping, Producer/Chris Wines BBC Radio 3 Lunchtime Concert Saturday 27 November 2.00-3.


Andre Agassi - Tennis Player - Biography.com Tennis Player Andre Agassi is best known for his strong, smart playing style, which helped him win tennis championships throughout the 1990s. IN THESE GROUPS Famous Taureans Synopsis Born in 1970, Andre Agassi won several USTA junior national titles before turning professional at the age of 16. In 1992, Agassi won his first Grand Slam title at Wimbledon. More victories soon followed with a U.S. Open win in 1994 and the Australian Open in 1995. After a career slump, Agassi returned to top form in 1999 with wins at the U.S. Open and French Open. He retired from competition in 2006. Early Life For 20 years, tennis legend Andre Agassi was one of the dominant players in his sport. He first picked up a racket when he was a toddler at the insistence of his father. His father, an immigrant from Iran and a former Olympic boxer, served as his first coach, making Agassi practice for hours at the family's Las Vegas, Nevada home. In his mid-teens, Agassi abandoned his education to train full time. He moved to Florida where he went to the Nick Bollettieri Tennis Academy. Agassi proved to be one of the top junior players in the sport, winning several U.S. Tennis Association national titles. At the age of sixteen, Agassi decided it was time to compete in the big leagues. The young tennis player turned professional in 1986. Young Tennis Star When he first arrived on the tennis scene, Agassi turned heads and raised eyebrows with his wild hair and bright clothing. The boisterous athlete quickly had an endorsement deal with Nike before even winning a title. Some wondered whether there was any substance behind of his youthful good looks and flashy style. While Agassi won his first competition in 1987, but he failed to clinch a major title during his early career. In 1992, Agassi silenced his critics with a win at Wimbledon, his first Grand Slam title. After his Wimbledon win, Agassi had several more Grand Slam victories in the early 1990s. He took the top spot at the U.S. Open in 1994. He was victorious at the Australian Open in 1995, which helped him climb to the top of rankings that year. Clearly at the top of his game, Agassi won a gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta, Georgia. Off the court, charismatic Agassi's personal life became a popular topic in the tabloids. He was romantically linked to singer Barbra Streisand before marrying actress Brooke Shields in 1997. Career Comeback Beginning in 1997, Agassi went through a difficult patch, both professionally and personally. He failed to win any tournaments that year, and the former number-one player dropped significantly in the rankings. According to his autobiography Open, Agassi had been introduced to crystal meth by a friend. He tested positive for drugs in 1997, but he told the Association of Tennis Professionals that his drug use had been accidental. Agassi claimed that he had "unwittingly" drank a drug-laced beverage belonging to a friend. Speaking about his drug use, he later told People magazine that "I can't speak to addiction, but a lot of people would say that if you're using anything as an escape, you have a problem." Eventually turning his life around, Agassi launched an impressive comeback in 1999. He won two Grand Slam titles that year—the French Open and the U.S. Open. Agassi also made changes in his personal life, divorcing his wife after nearly two years. He remained focused on his game, allowing him to continue his winning ways. Agassi emerged victorious at the Australian Open in 2000, 2001, and 2003. By 2006, Agassi's health issues had begun to limit his ability to play. He had been born with spinal abnormality and had to withdraw from several competitions that year because of back problems. Agassi fought for one more Grand Slam title, but it was not to be. On September 4, 2006, Agassi lost his last professional match to Benjamin Becker. At the end of the match, Agassi said an emotional good-bye to the game and to the roughly 23,000 people who had packed the stadium to see him play for the last time. Life A


How many faces does a cube have? | Reference.com How many faces does a cube have? A: Quick Answer A cube has six faces. An example of a cube is a dice where every face is numbered from one to six. A cube has edges of equal length, and all the angles are right angles (90 degrees). Full Answer The volume of a cube is calculated by measuring the length and multiplying by itself twice. For example, a cube with a length of 2 would have a volume of 2 x 2 x 2 = 8. The area of a cube with a length of 2 is calculated by finding the area of each face; in this case it is 2 x 2 = 4, which is then multiplied by the number of faces, which is six on a cube. The answer therefore would be 4 x 6 = an area of 24. Shapes that are similar to a cube but with different length faces, such as a shoe box, are called cuboids.


Extraordinary General Meeting - EGM Definition | Investopedia Extraordinary General Meeting - EGM What is an 'Extraordinary General Meeting - EGM' An extraordinary general meeting (EGM) is a meeting other than the annual general meeting between a company's shareholders, executives and any other members. An EGM is usually called on short notice and deals with an urgent matter. BREAKING DOWN 'Extraordinary General Meeting - EGM' In most cases the only time shareholders and executives meet is during the annual general meeting, which is usually at a set time. However, certain events may require shareholders to come together to solve a certain problem, such as the removal of an executive. Trading Center


What war was waged 1852-1856, one side being an alliance between the Ottoman Empire, UK, France, and Sardinia?

BBC - History - The Crimean War The Crimean War By Andrew Lambert Last updated 2011-03-29 The Crimean War, famed for the 'Charge of the Light Brigade', would fundamentally alter the balance of power in Europe and set the stage for World War One. On this page Print this page The Vienna Settlement At the end of the Napoleonic wars, the Great Powers assembled in Vienna to restore the European state system – a delicate balance between the various major and minor powers that restrained aggression by the mighty, and upheld the rights of the weak. They hoped to build a permanent peace by suppressing revolutionary republics and upholding stable, orderly monarchies. Despite the divergent aims and ambitions of Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britain and France, a compromise was created, following the brief interruption of Napoleon’s ‘Hundred Days’ and the Battle of Waterloo. Nicholas decided to settle the ‘sick man of Europe’ by carving up the European part of Turkey. After the Treaty of Vienna the great powers enjoyed three decades of peace, years in which industrial, political, economic, social and nationalist pressures were suppressed or deflected. But eventually the Vienna system broke down. The initial problem was the weakness of the Ottoman-Turkish empire, and the opportunities this provided for European interference in support of the Christian populations. The new president of France, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, exploited Turkish weakness to secure concessions for the Catholic church in Palestine, hoping to gain conservative support for his planned coup d’etat. When Tsar Nicholas I of Russia retaliated, sending a mission to recover Greek Orthodox rights, the Turks simply gave way to both parties, and hoped the issue would go away. Having established the Second Empire, (Louis) Napoleon III lost interest, but Nicholas decided to settle the ‘sick man of Europe’ once and for all. Expecting support from Prussia, Austria and Britain, he planned to carve up the European part of Turkey. He was mistaken, neither Britain nor Austria wanted to see Russia controlling the Dardanelles. Sensing an opening for a useful diplomatic success France joined Britain in support of Turkey, which rejected the Tsar’s outrageous terms. Top Road to war Istanbul at sunset    © In July 1853, Russia occupied the Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Walachia) to pressure Istanbul, but this threatened Austria’s economic lifeline - the Danube. For a ‘sick man’, Turkey proved remarkably dextrous and aggressive. Outwitting Austria, Britain and France, who still favoured a diplomatic settlement, they declared war in October 1853 and attacked the Russians. In late November, the Russian Black Sea fleet annihilated a Turkish squadron at Sinope. Britain, anxious to secure her trade with Turkey and access to India by maintaining the Ottoman regime, saw this as an insult and popular opinion made a vigorous response inevitable. Britain and France demanded that Russia evacuate, setting their ultimatum to expire in late March 1854. The arriviste French empire, for its part, was desperate for military glory and revenge for its defeat at the hands of Russia in 1812. For them, the Ottoman-Turkish empire was incidental. Britain and France demanded that Russia evacuate the Danubian Principalities, setting their ultimatum to expire in late March 1854 - the timing determined by the break up of the Baltic ice fields off Reval where the British hoped to annihilate part of the Russian Baltic fleet. Britain always saw its main instrument for the coercion of Russia to be naval force in the north. After all, Russia’s capital was on the Baltic littoral, close to her other great security concern, Poland. The ultimatum expired and although the harbour at Reval was empty, the powerful Anglo-French fleet nonetheless took command of the Baltic, destroying the key fortress of Bomarsund in August 1854. Top Outbreak of war British troops are cheered as they set off for the Crimea    © At the outbreak of war, an allied army of 60,000 was already in Turkey to defend Istanbul. Austria then joined Fr


In netball, the ball cannot be held by a player for more than how long at any time?

Netball Rules Netball Rules Star Players... Netball Rules The following is an overview of the rules of the game of netball as outlined in the Official Netball Rules, published by the International Federation of Netball Associations (IFNA). It's not possible to include all the rules of the game in this section. There are so many that every netball player learns a new rule every once in a while, no matter how long they've been playing! The aim is to provide you with a basic understanding of the rules to be able to play the game safely and enjoyably. Please use this section as a reference to answer any questions you may have about umpiring decisions. If you're still not sure, please ask! Interested in running your own Play Simple Netball League? Click here for more details. Copies of the rule book can be obtained from England Netball.   The team Teams shall consist of 7 players. There must be at least 5 players, one of whom must play centre, to enable the fixture to go ahead.    Substitutions Substitutions can only be made at half time or when a player is injured. There is no limit to the number of substitutions that a team can make. If you start a match with 5 or 6 players but more members of your team arrive after the game has started, they must wait until the next centre pass before being allowed to join the game.   Playing positions and their roles on the court There are seven playing positions in a team. Each has an important role to play for their team: Goal Shooter  To score goals and to work in and around the circle with the GA Goal Attack To feed and work with GS and to score goals Wing Attack To feed the circle players giving them shooting opportunities Centre To take the centre pass and to link the defence and the attack Wing Defence To look for interceptions and prevent the WA from feeding the circle Goal Defence  To win the ball and reduce the effectiveness of the GA Goal Keeper  To work with the GD and to prevent the GA/GS from scoring goals   Starting the game – centre pass The first centre pass is decided between the two captains by the toss of a coin. The centre passes then alternate between the teams, regardless of which team has scored. Before the whistle, all players must start in the goal thirds except the two Centres. The Centre with the ball must be wholly within the Centre Circle and must obey the footwork rule after the whistle has been blown.  The opposing Centre stands anywhere within the Centre Third and is free to move. After the whistle the Centre pass must be caught or touched by a player standing in or landing wholly within the Centre third. A player must not break at the centre pass, which is moving into the Centre third before the whistle is blown for the Centre pass. A free pass would be awarded to the opposing team in any of these instances above. Players must get onside quickly at the centre pass. The Centre with the ball must hurry back to the centre circle and step straight in. If she waits for her players to get back onside, this is called “delaying play”. **NEW RULES** Under the new rules coming into play in September 2016, this would result in the Centre receiving a caution, a penalty being given and advanced up the court!  New rules like these are designed to speed the game up even further.   Footwork in the centre circle The footwork rule still applies in the centre circle. As soon as the Centre steps into the circle, their leading leg becomes their landing foot and the footwork rule then applies. That is, if they lift or move their landing foot and place it back down again, a free pass will be awarded to the opposing team due to footwork. **NEW RULES** From September 2016, the umpire will blow the whistle to start play once the Centre has placed one foot wholly in the circle.  Until then, it's two feet!   Offside rule A player with or without the ball cannot move into an area of the court that is not designated for their position. This will result in a free pass being awarded to the opposing team.   Footwork A player can receive the ball: With both feet grounded or jump to catch


In Greek mythology, what was the name for the deepest part of hell, for those who had committed really bad crimes?

The Ancient Greek Underworld and Hades Current Affairs Hermes and Charon.  Clipart.com What happens after you die? If you were an ancient Greek, but not too deep-thinking a philosopher, the chances are you would have thought you went to Hades or the Greek Underworld . The Afterlife or Hereafter in the mythology of ancient Greece and Rome takes place in an area often referred to as the Underworld or Hades (although sometimes the location is described as a distant portion of the earth): the Underworld, because it is in the sunless regions under the earth, or Hades ' realm (or Hades) because the Underworld was Hades' third of the cosmos, just as the sea was the god Poseidon 's (Neptune, to the Romans) and the sky, the god Zeus ' (Jupiter, to the Romans). Hades is sometimes referred to euphemistically as Pluto, which refers to his wealth, but the Lord of the Underworld had little in the way of a following. continue reading below our video What are the Seven Wonders of the World Underworld Myths Perhaps the most familiar story about the Underworld is that of Hades' taking an unwilling young goddess Persephone below the earth to live with him as his queen. While Persephone was allowed back to the land of the living, because she had eaten (pomegranate seeds) while with Hades, she had to return to Hades every year. Other stories include Theseus' being trapped on a throne in the Underworld and various heroic voyages to rescue people down below. Abduction of Persephone Nekuia Several myths involve a voyage to the Underworld (nekuia*) to obtain information. These voyages are made by a living hero, usually, the son of a god, but in one case a fully mortal woman. Because of the details of these trips, even at such a great remove both in time and space , we know some details of ancient Greek visions of Hades' realm. For instance, access to the Underworld is somewhere in the west. We also have a literary idea of whom one might meet at the end of one's life, should this particular vision of the after-death happen to be valid. "Life" in the Underworld - A Shadowy Existence Not Really Heaven or Hell The Underworld, is not entirely unlike Heaven/Hell, but it's not the same, either. The Underworld has the glorious area known as the Elysian Fields , which is similar to Heaven. Some Romans tried to make the area around the burial site of prominent wealthy citizens resemble the Elysian Fields ["Burial Customs of the Romans," by John L. Heller; The Classical Weekly (1932), pp.193-197]. Mundus Patet The Underworld has the dark or murky, torturous area known as Tartarus, a pit beneath the earth, corresponding with Hell and also the home of Night (Nyx), according to Hesiod. The Underworld has special areas for various types of deaths, and contains the Plain of Asphodel, which is the joyless realm of ghosts. This last is the main area for the souls of the dead in the Underworld -- neither torturous nor pleasant, but worse than life. Like the Christian Judgment Day and the ancient Egyptian system, which uses scales to weigh the soul to judge one's fate, which could be an afterlife better than the earthly one or an eternal end in the jaws of Ammit , the ancient Greek Underworld employs 3 (formerly mortal) judges. Bulfinch Glossary House of Hades and Hades' Realm Helpers Hades, who is not the god of death, but of the dead, is Lord of the Underworld. He doesn't manage the limitless Underworld denizens on his own, but has many helpers. Some led their earthly lives as mortals -- specifically, those selected as judges; others are gods. Hades sits on the Underworld throne, in his own "House of Hades", beside his wife, the queen of Hades' realm, Persephone . Near them is Persephone's assistant, a powerful goddess in her own right, Hecate. One of the attributes of the messenger and commerce god Hermes -- that of Hermes Psychopomp -- puts Hermes in contact with the Underworld on a regular basis. Personifications of various sorts reside in the Underworld and some of the creatures of death and the Afterlife appear to be on the periphery. Thus the boatman, Charo