Limes became part of the British Royal Navy's diet in an attempt to prevent what?

Scurvy in the British Mercantile Marine in the 19th century, and the contribution of the Seamen’s Hospital Society | Postgraduate Medical Journal Scurvy in the British Mercantile Marine in the 19th century, and the contribution of the Seamen’s Hospital Society PDF History of medicine Scurvy in the British Mercantile Marine in the 19th century, and the contribution of the Seamen’s Hospital Society Free G C Cook Correspondence to: Professor Gordon C Cook Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine, 12 Chandos Street, London W1G 9DR, UK Abstract When long voyages in sailing vessels were commonplace, scurvy was a major health hazard in mariners of all nations. The observations of James Lind (1716–94) and others indicated that citrus fruits had both a preventive and curative role in this disease. In the light of this work, by 1800 the disease had been virtually eliminated from Britain’s Royal Navy. However, it continued in the merchant navies of all nations until the latter half of the 19th century. In 1867, the Merchant Shipping Amendment Act was passed by the British Parliament largely as a result of a concerted effort by the Seamen’s Hospital Society (SHS), one of whose physicians, Harry Leach (1836–79) was the major proselytiser for improved conditions in the merchant service. Examination of the SHS records before and after this event demonstrate a marked reduction in the prevalence of scurvy in the Port of London. Although other factors—such as the introduction of steam ships, which resulted in faster voyages—were clearly important, the compulsory administration of genuine lime juice under supervision in the merchant service seems to have exerted a significant effect. Statistics from Altmetric.com No Altmetric data available for this article. The prevalence of scurvy in ancient times remains unclear 1– 3 ; it seems likely that the disease did not reach “epidemic” proportions in seafarers until the advent of long sea voyages to and from Europe to India, and the East Indies. It was also endemic in certain locations on shore especially among the poor; potential recruits to the Royal Navy were sometimes rejected as chronic scorbutics. 4 The very high mortality rate during Anson’s circumnavigation in 1740–4 (fig 1) did much to emphasise the importance of this disease in mariners. 5– 7 A small clinical trial by James Lind (1716–94) in 1747 8– 10 established that this was primarily a disease which could be cured by citrus fruits (fig 2). Subsequent work by Gilbert Blane (1749–1834) and Thomas Trotter (1760–1832) 11, 12 established the accuracy of Lind’s observations; indeed, Blane’s 1815 summary confirmed the virtual disappearance of scurvy from the Royal Navy. 13 An extensive literature on this subject documents these important developments. 14– 16 Download powerpoint Figure 1 Admiral Lord George Anson (1697–1762) whose circumnavigation in 1740–44 produced an extremely high mortality in his crew, due largely to scurvy (courtesy The Seamen’s Hospital Society). Download powerpoint Figure 2 Title page of James Lind’s A Treatise of the Scurvy in three parts, containing an Inquiry into the Nature, Causes, and Cure of that Disease. Together with a critical and chronological view of what has been published on the subject. By the mid-19th century, the disease had largely disappeared from the land-based British population. However, Robert Barnes (physician to the Seamen’s Hospital Society’s (SHS) Hospital-ship Dreadnought) in an excellent historical account of scurvy in Britain and in British vessels pointed out that “In the spring of 1823 scurvy [still] prevailed in the Millbank penitentiary ... being caused by a diet of which fresh succulent vegetables formed no part”. 17 “Many similar instances [he wrote] occur in the reports of the Inspectors of Prisons for the years 1836, 1837 and 1838”. “The excellent dietaries now adopted in our gaols, workhouses, and other public institutions have abolished scurvy [he wrote], and to the present race of officials the disease is unknown”. Although not therefore a major killer in the Royal Navy by the 1


Where was opera singer Maria Callas born?

Maria Callas - Biography - IMDb Maria Callas Jump to: Overview  (5) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (1) | Trivia  (23) | Personal Quotes  (3) Overview (5) Maria Anna Sophie Cecilia Kalogeropoulos Nickname 5' 8" (1.73 m) Mini Bio (1) This volatile opera diva was born in New York City to Greek émigrés in 1923. Her father set up a pharmacy and changed the family name from Kalogeropoulos to Callas. As a child Maria studied the piano. When her parents separated (she was 14 at the time), her mother returned to Athens with Maria and her sister. The budding singer was quickly accepted into the National Conservatoire where she was taught singing lessons by Maria Trivella. She performed her first recital within the year and in 1939 won a prize for her stage debut in the Conservatoire's production of "Cavalleria Rusticana." In 1941, the soprano dramatico d'agilita made her professional debut in "Boccaccio" with the Lyric Theatre Company. While there she made a semi-name for herself with performances of "Tosca" and "Fidelio." Impending war led her back to the United States in 1944 where she reclaimed the name of Maria Callas. She was offered a contract from the Met which she turned down because among the three roles she was offered to sing there was Butterfly and she believed that she was too obese to sing the fragile 14 year-old Butterfly, her friends considered her to be crazy turning down the Met while she was so unknown. Maria performed elsewhere (Chicago, etc.) before returning to Europe in the post-war years where she met Giovanni Battista Meneghini, a wealthy industrialist and avid opera fan. They married in 1949 and he immediately took control of her career. She reached her zenith at La Scala (1951-1958), also recording during that time. In 1956, she finally made her debut at the Met as "Norma" with performances of "Tosca" and "Lucia" following. Within a couple of years her temperamental outbursts and excessive demands began to rise full force, resulting in a number of dismissals and walkouts. After meeting Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis through her husband, a torrid affair erupted and her marriage ended. Maria gave up the stage in the early 1960s for the jet-set life with Onassis, but continued with occasional concerts. Despite experiencing vocal problems, she made one unforgettable comeback on stage in 1964-1965 when she toured with her personal favorites ("Norma" in Paris and "Tosca" at the Met). Weak and tired, her final curtain on stage rang down in July of 1965 in Covent Garden. With her career over, she renounced her American citizenship and expected to marry Onassis. But their relationship was a stormy one and it eventually tapered off with Onassis instead marrying Jacqueline Kennedy in 1968. Maria was completely devastated and those around her say she never recovered. The following year she filmed an unsuccessful production of Medea (1969) and eventually set up master classes at Juilliard. In one last comeback, she attempted a European tour of recitals but her voice completely failed her. Her last public performance was on November 11, 1975. Riddled by sadness and despair, and by now firmly addicted to sleeping pills, Maria turned reclusive in her last year and died of a heart attack in 1977 at age 53. Despite a career that flourished less than two decades, Callas must be respected as one of the more important and recognizable opera legends. She was certainly one of the most emotive and visually dramatic. What also carries her today is, of course, her grandly turbulent and tragic image -- an Édith Piaf of opera. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Gary Brumburgh / gr-home@pacbell.net Spouse (1) Legendary soprano of Greek origin, 'primadonna assoluta' of her generation. Opera star According to "Greek Fire: The Story Of Maria Callas and Aristotle Onassis" by Nicholas Gage, Callas's and Onassis's child, a boy, was born and died on 30 March 1960. From October 1971 to March 1972, Callas gave a series of master classes to 25 students at The Juilliard School in New York, who auditioned for the opportunity to be critiqued by her.


The main ingredients of advocaat (or advokat), a rich and creamy liqueur with a smooth, custard-like flavour, are sugar, brandy and what else?

Advocaat - Ingredient Information Advocaat Advocaat on Wikipedia: This article is about a liqueur. For the Dutch football manager, see Dick Advocaat.   Advocaat Advocaat (or advokat) is a rich and creamy liqueur made from eggs, sugar and brandy. It has a smooth, custard-like flavor. In English-speaking countries it generally contains 15% alcohol (30 proof), but in Continental Europe the typical alcohol content differs from country to country and is generally somewhere between 14% and 20% ABV. Its contents may be a blend of egg yolks, aromatic spirits, sugar or honey, brandy, vanilla and sometimes cream (or evaporated milk). Notable makers of advocaat include Warners, Bols, Dwersteg (first organic advocaat), Verpoorten, Warninks, Cooymans, Jansen and De Kuyper. // Types A bottle of Advocaat Thick advocaat is sold on the Dutch, Belgian and Tyrolean markets and often eaten with a spoon, while a more liquid version is sold as an export. Thick advocaat contains egg yolk, and is used as a waffle topping and as an ingredient for several kinds of desserts such as ice cream and pastries. It is also served as an apÃ©ritif or digestif. The traditional way to serve it is in a wide glass with whipped cream and cocoa powder sprinkled on top. In the export variety only the pure egg yolks are used, making it particularly well suited for cocktails and long drinks. The best known cocktail using advocaat is the Snowball: a mixture of advocaat, sparkling lemonade and sometimes lime juice, although this is not required for the drink. Another highly popular advocaat-based beverage is the Bombardino, a drink commonly found in Italian skiing settings, made by mixing advocaat, black coffee, and whiskey. History The original advocaat was a liquor made by the Dutch population of Suriname and Recife with avocados. Upon returning to the Netherlands, where avocados were not available, a similar texture was achieved with thickened egg yolk. Related drinks The German equivalent is called EierlikÃ¶r. Rompope of Puebla, Mexico, is a very similar liquor based on egg yolk and vanilla. Some varieties of rompope have additional flavourings. See also Eggnog Rompope Ponche crema Kogel mogel Zabaglione Coquito Eierpunsch References This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2008) This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (February 2008) Walton, Stuart (2004). The Ultimate Book of Cocktails. Hermes House. ISBN 0-681-76881-9.  Marcus, Lori (2003). Bartending Inside-Out The Guide To Profession Profit & Fun. Cadillac Press. ISBN 0-9642019-8-4.  v â€¢ d â€¢ e Alcoholic beverages   History and production     History of alcohol History of alcohol Â· History of beer Â· History of Champagne Â· History of wine Â· History of French wine Â· History of Rioja wine    Production Brewing Â· Distilling Â· Winemaking   Alcoholic beverages     Fermented beverage Beer (types) Â· Wine (types) Â· Cider (category) Â· Mead (category) Â· Rice wine (category) Â· Other fermented beverages    Distilled beverage Brandy (category) Â· Gin (category) Â· Liqueur (category) Â· Rum (category) Â· Tequila (category) Â· Vodka (category) Â· Whisky (category)    Fortified wine (category) Madeira wine (category) Â· Marsala wine Â· Port wine Â· Sherry (category) Â· Vermouth (category)   Distilled beverages by ingredients     Grain Barley: Irish whiskey Â· Japanese whisky Â· Scotch whisky Â· Maize: Bourbon whiskey Â· Corn whiskey Â· Tennessee whiskey Â· Rice: Awamori Â· Rice baijiu Â· Soju Â· Rye: Rye whiskey Â· Sorghum: Baijiu (Kaoliang)    Fruit Apple: Applejack Â· Calvados Â· Cashew Apple: Fennyâ€  Â· Coconut: Arrackâ€  Â· Grape: Armagnac Â· Brandy Â· Cognac Â· Pisco Â· Plum: Slivovitz Â· Å¢uicÄƒâ€  Â· Pomace: Grappa Â· Marc Â· Orujo Â· Tsik


What was the subtitle of the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley?

Subtitles Mary Shelley's Frankenstein | Lost Password? Subtitles Mary Shelley's Frankenstein Subtitles Mary Shelley's Frankenstein indonesia Full HD Movie, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein subtitles english sub indo CAM, english Bluray Mary Shelley's Frankenstein in srt. subtitles can get form subscene or subtitles in indonesian or english sub. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.zip srt malay, hindi or spanish espanol CTRL + D This Page Mary Shelley's Frankenstein Subtitles can now be uploaded for all releases. Currently, the most popular alternative to . Many Mary Shelley's Frankenstein subtitles were added to the database in Full HD. list Subtitles for Mary Shelley's Frankenstein Language


What kind of film is director/writer Jacques Tati known for?

Directors Cuts: The Films of Jacques Tati | Nerdist Directors Cuts: The Films of Jacques Tati Posted by Kyle Anderson on June 17, 2015 Share: Films One of my favorite things to do is discover a filmmaker I’ve never experienced before and devour all of their films. Sometimes it’s especially difficult if they have a lengthy filmography and hence a complete study of them could take months. However, some of these amazing filmmakers only made a small number of movies in which case you can really dive in and immerse yourself into their world. And no filmmaker truly created a world of his films quite like French auteur Jacques Tati. Tati, real name Jacques Tatischeff, was a very well-known and beloved physical comedian and mime in France in the first half of the 20th Century and, following World War II, he began getting involved in short films before finally directing his first feature. Tati only made six features in his career and appeared in all of them. Only six. It’s astonishing to me, then, how much I feel like his whole sensibility and way of thinking is there on screen. His comedy shines through, surely, but also his wistful way of looking at the slowly-modernizing world. But, to begin with, he was just making people laugh. Jour de fête (The Big Day) (1949) Tati’s first feature was sort of an elongation of his short film “L’École des facteurs” or “School for Postmen.” In it, Tati plays a postman named François whose route is a small village in rural France. He takes his job very seriously, but he also bumbles around quite a bit, which is where a lot of the funny comes in. On this particular day, a traveling fair comes to town and everybody gets excited and makes a party day out of it. François, naturally, wants to continue his important job, but can’t quite seem to stay on task, especially with the townsfolk and fair personnel constantly buying him drinks or making him look the fool in public. There are many wonderful pieces of physical comedy in this, like when François attempts to help the fair workers put up their tent, and most notably the end when Tati shows off his prowess with bicycle stunts on an ever-breaking bike. This movie also hits slightly on the notion of the future coming in and destroying the way things have always been, though that doesn’t quite get developed until later films. Les Vacances de Monsieur Hulot (Monsieur Hulot’s Holiday) (1953) Tati’s second film would introduce a character that would become his alter ego and most beloved creation, the constantly out of his league Monsieur Hulot. A huge fan of Charlie Chaplin, Tati decided to create his own character as a bit of an homage to Chaplin’s Little Tramp character, in reverse. The Tramp is short, Hulot is tall; the Tramp’s clothes were too big, Hulot’s are too small; the Tramp leans back when he walks, Hulot tilts forward. In Hulot, Tati found a way to comment on the bourgeoisie without being derisive. Hulot is a man from a bygone age, polite to a fault and never one to draw attention to himself, though his well-meaning actions often cause an unintended scene. Hulot is the kind of hero for whom misunderstandings were invented, though he does show a fair amount of aptitude in some arenas, like tennis for some reason. This is a movie that directly influenced Rowan Atkinson with the creation of his largely-silent goofball character, Mr. Bean. Mon Oncle (My Uncle) (1958) Monsieur Hulot would return, in color, a first for Tati, for a movie that doesn’t lose the comedic touches of the earlier movie, but certainly makes the melancholy much more prevalent. Monsieur Hulot is a guy who, try as he might, can’t seem to keep a job and his sister and her husband, in their lavish and ridiculous home, are getting tired of him. Hulot ends up spending a lot of time with his nephew and a bond grows. We see this old-fashioned fellow with his silly hat and long pipe as the figure a little boy can look up to, even if he ought to be looking up to his father. It’s a movie that feels like a dream or a storybook, that sort of wraps you up in the plight of a man who wants


What is the name for a fictional murder mystery?

Ten Rules for Mystery Genre Writing In mystery writing, plot is everything. Gabe Palmer/Stone/Getty Images Because readers are playing a kind of game when they read a detective novel, plot has to come first, above everything else. Make sure each plot point is plausible, and keep the action moving. Don't get bogged down in back story or go off on tangents. 2 Introduce both the detective and the culprit early on. As the main character , your detective must obviously appear early in the book. As for the culprit, your reader will feel cheated if the antagonist , or villain, enters too late in the book to be a viable suspect in their minds. 3 Introduce the crime within the first three chapters of your mystery novel. The crime and the ensuing questions are what hook your reader. As with any fiction, you want to do that as soon as possible. 4 The crime should be sufficiently violent -- preferably a murder. For many readers, only murder really justifies the effort of reading a 300-page book while suitably testing your detective's powers. However, also note that some types of violence are still taboo including rape, child molestation, and cruelty to animals. 5 The crime should be believable. While the details of the murder -- how, where, and why it's done, as well as how the crime is discovered -- are your main opportunities to introduce variety, make sure the crime is plausible. Your reader will feel cheated if the crime is not something that could really happen. 6 The detective should solve the case using only rational and scientific methods. Consider this part of the oath written by G.K. Chesterton for the British Detection Club : "Do you promise that your detectives shall well and truly detect the crimes presented to them using those wits which it may please you to bestow on them and not placing reliance on nor making use of Divine Revelation, Feminine Intuition, Mumbo Jumbo, Jiggery-Pokery, Coincidence, or Act of God?" 7 The culprit must be capable of committing the crime. Your reader must believe your villain's motivation and the villain must be capable of the crime, both physically and emotionally. 8 In mystery writing, don't try to fool your reader. Again, it takes the fun out. Don't use improbable disguises, twins, accidental solutions, or supernatural solutions. The detective should not commit the crime. All clues should be revealed to the reader as the detective finds them. 9 Do your research. "Readers have to feel you know what you're talking about," says author Margaret Murphy . She has a good relationship with the police in her area, and has spent time with the police forensic team. Get all essential details right. Mystery readers will have read a lot of books like yours; regard them as a pretty savvy bunch. 10 Wait as long as possible to reveal the culprit. They're reading to find out, or figure out, whodunit . If you answer this too early in the book, the reader will have no reason to continue reading. Continue Reading


Who is the latest actor to portray Alan Turing's fiance, Joan Clarke, in film?

Imitation Game filmmakers accused of romanticising the relationship between Benedict Cumberbatch and Keira Knightley's characters by Alan Turing's niece Inagh Payne Susanna Lazarus 3:27 PM, 19 November 2013 Benedict Cumberbatch and Keira Knightley's romance in forthcoming Alan Turing biopic The Imitation Game has been labelled inaccurate by Turing's niece.  Cumberbatch plays the wartime codebreaker and computer scientist opposite Knightley as parson's daughter Joan Clarke. The pair were briefly engaged during their time working at Bletchley Park. But while Knightley is known for her glamorous film star looks, Turing's niece, Inagh Payne, has recalled his one-time fiancé as "rather plain." Payne goes on to describe a woman who was "very nice, bright and a good friend to Alan" and says she reacted well when Turing revealed that he was gay. "When he told her about how he was she accepted it, didn't make a scene or anything like that," Payne told The Mail on Sunday. But when it came to the film's portrayal of the pair's relationship, Payne had some grievances to air, stating, "I think they might be trying to romanticise it. It makes me a bit mad. You want the film to show it as it was, not a lot of nonsense." Turing was a computer science pioneer and, following his wartime codebreaking work, was responsible for designing the early computer ACE. In 1952 he was prosecuted for his homosexuality, convicted of gross indecency and underwent "chemical castration" – a female hormone treatment – in order to avoid imprisonment. He committed suicide two years later, aged 41, and was issued a posthumous public apology in 2012 by Prime Minister Gordon Brown. The Imitation Game – which stars Cumberbatch and Knightley alongside Matthew Goode, Rory Kinnear and Allen Leech – concluded filming in England last week and is set for release in 2014, sixty years after Turing's untimely death.


"Who created the ""Piet"" in St Peter's Basilica, the ""Doni Tondo"" in the Uffizi Gallery, and the sequence of poems written to Tommaso dei Cavalieri?"

1000+ images about Michelangelo on Pinterest | Sistine chapel, Sistine chapel ceiling and Sistine chapel michelangelo Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas Michelangelo Art by Italian Renaissance master Michelangelo Buonarroti, with paintings, drawings, fresco, sculpture, architecture 60 Pins1.19k Followers


What type of land constitutes most of the country of Gabon on the west coast of Africa?

Gabon | history - geography | Britannica.com Gabon, country lying on the west coast of Africa, astride the Equator . A former French colony, Gabon retains strong ties to France and to the French language and culture . The capital is Libreville . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Lambaréné, on the Ogooué River, Gabon. Agence HOA-QUI Land Gabon is bordered by Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west; the islands of Sao Tome and Principe are situated off the coast. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Relief and drainage The narrow coastal plain—often no more than 20 miles (32 km) wide in the south—is formed of sandstone and alluvium; northward it broadens to a width of 100 miles (160 km), with outcrops of chalk, limestone, and Cretaceous sandstone. The Atlantic’s northward-flowing Benguela Current softens Gabon’s southern coastline by creating sandbars but loses its effectiveness north of the country’s most westerly point, Cape Lopez, where the contour of the coast becomes more jagged. Inland, the relief is characterized by a series of granite plateaus, extending generally northwest to southeast and rising to elevations of 1,000 to 2,000 feet (300 to 600 metres). Farther to the west and north the Cristal Mountains have been dissected by the river system from the western plateau escarpment into a distinct upland area, and to the south the Ogooué River drains through a sandstone saddleback before descending to the lowlands through the granite formations of the Lambaréné region. Granite also forms Gabon’s central watershed, the Chaillu Massif south of the Ogooué, which rises to more than 3,300 feet (1,000 metres) and is topped by the 3,346-foot (1,020-metre) Mount Milondo. Gabon’s highest point, Mount Bengoué (3,510 feet [1,070 metres]), is in the northeastern part of the country. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Agence HOA-QUI Demographic trends Gabon, like its central African neighbours, has a low population density. Since 1970, as a result of increased urbanization, the low rate of natural increase of the previous half century gave way to a relatively high growth rate; by the early 21st century, it was more than twice the world average. The extent to which the heavy immigration of foreign workers and refugees has contributed to this growth is unclear. The population is relatively young—almost three-quarters are below age 30. Life expectancy is more than 50 years of age and is about average for the continent. Economy Gabon’s economy has more links with European and American markets than with those in neighbouring states (with the exception of Cameroon) or elsewhere in Africa. The economy shares some characteristics with those of other sub-Saharan African states: strong links with the former colonial ruler, a large degree of foreign investment and control, dependence on foreign technicians, and the decline of agriculture. Gabon differs from these states in its reliance on thousands of wage earners from other African countries to supplement its own sparse supply of workers in retailing, artisanship, and domestic transport. A shop worker displays toys for sale at a market in Libreville, Gabon. Desirey Minkoh—AFP/Getty Images Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Although agriculture (mainly subsistence farming) occupies about one-third of the workforce, it plays a small part in the economy of the country as a whole. Moreover, its appeal as a way of life has declined. Better educational and employment opportunities in the towns and cities have emptied the countryside of young people. Despite government efforts during the 1970s to promote development that would stem the rural exodus and raise foodstuffs for urban markets, by 1980 Gabon was producing only enough food to satisfy 10 to 15 percent of its needs. During the 1980s the government turned to expensive capital-intensive projects for market gardening to supply Libreville and Franceville. Efforts to revive cocoa and coffee production brought only modest results, but new projects for sugar refining at Fran


Who was Britain's only Prime Minister of Jewish birth?

Britain's 'first Jewish PM': does Disraeli have the title? - Telegraph Ed Miliband Britain's 'first Jewish PM': does Disraeli have the title? Ed Miliband has said he wants to be "Britain's first Jewish prime minister" – but that claim could already belong to Benjamin Disraeli Benjamin Disraeli by Ape Photo: © Photos 12 / Alamy Any claim to be Britain’s first Jewish prime minister would rest on a reading of the life of Benjamin Disraeli. Disraeli, twice prime minister in the 19th century, was born into a British Jewish family in 1804. However, his father, Isaac D’Israeli, had all his children baptised in 1817 to improve their chances of social and professional advancement. As a result, Disraeli’s religious status is open to debate. Although he once told the Commons, “I am a Jew,” he was referring only to his heritage, telling an opponent: “I am a Jew, and when the ancestors of the right honourable gentleman were brutal savages in an unknown island, mine were priests in the temple of Solomon.” Yet he was buried in a churchyard near his estate in Buckinghamshire. Related Articles


Who is hosting the 2014 Oscars? Academy Awards host profiled plus confirmed nominations and show times - Mirror Online TV Who is hosting the 2014 Oscars? Academy Awards host profiled plus confirmed nominations and show times 86th Academy Awards will see some of the most memorable films of the year recognised in one night - and there is some fierce competition yet again  Share Who's set for victory at this year's Oscars?  Share Get celebs updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Thank you for subscribing! Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email The Oscars 2014 are almost upon us and with another incredible year for movies, it will be full of glitz and glamour. With everything from the trailblazing Gravity, to the heartbreaking epic 12 Years a Slave, memorable films will be recognised in the ceremony. According to reports, this year will celebrate movie heroes, and producers Craig Zadan and Neil Meron say the evening will honour big-screen real-life heroes, super heroes, popular heroes and animated heroes, both past and present, as well as the bold filmmakers who bring them to life. In an official statement the producers said: “People around the world go to the movies to be inspired by the characters they see on the screen. By celebrating the gamut of heroes who have enriched our movie-going experience, we hope to create an evening of fun and joy. "And that includes the filmmakers and actors who take risks and stimulate us with provocative subjects and daring characters. They are all heroes in the cinematic landscape." Find out everything you need to know about the 2014 Oscars, including all the nominations, below. Talk show host and comedian Ellen DeGeneres will host the Oscars ceremony for a second time. Who 56 Job history Ellen is a stand-up comedian and is best known for her self titled talk show, which she's hosted since 2003. Before that, she starred in popular sitcom Ellen, and has also made a name for herself in films like Mr Wrong, The Love Letter and Finding Nemo. She's the perfect choice for this role, having hosted the Oscars last year, and previously hosted the Grammy Awards and the Primetime Emmys. Twitter Click to play Tap to play The video will start in 8Cancel Play now   When will the 86th Academy Awards ceremony take place? The 86th Academy Awards takes place Sunday 2 March at the Academy's Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills. How can I watch the Oscars ceremony live? Sky Movies Oscars channel will broadcast the entire Oscars 2014 ceremony live. The 86th annual Academy Awards  will air exclusively in the UK on Sky Movies Oscars which will launch on 17 February. Sky Movies presenter Alex Zane will head up the coverage of the bash alongside a panel of celebrity guests and film experts who will share their predictions and reactions over the course of the evening. Director of Sky Movies Ian Lewis: "Sky Movies has been the home of the Oscars for a decade now, and we’re delighted that we can continue to offer our customers an exclusive front row seat to the ceremony, as well as the chance to enjoy a great selection of the Academy’s most celebrated movies all in one place on Sky Movies Oscars." * The Oscars 2014: Red Carpet Live will air from 11.30pm to 1.30am on Sky Movies Oscars and Sky Living, while the 86th Annual Academy Awards will air live exclusively on Sky Movies Oscars from 1.30am until 4am Who's nominated for an Academy Award? Best picture The Wolf of Wall Street Best director Steve McQueen - 12 Years a Slave Alexander Payne - Nebraska David O. Russell - American Hustle Martin Scorsese - The Wolf of Wall Street Best lead actor Chiwetel Ejiofor - 12 Years a Slave Matthew McConaughey - Dallas Buyers Club Leonardo DiCaprio - The Wolf of Wall Street Best lead actress Meryl Streep - August: Osage County Sandra Bullock - Gravity Best performance by an actor in a supporting role Barkhad Abdi - Captain Phillips Michael Fassbender - 12 Years a Slave Jonah Hill - The Wolf of Wall Street Jared Leto - Dallas Buyers Club Best performance by an actress in a supporting role Sally Hawkins - Blue Jasmi


With what decade was the Dust Bowl, the period of prolonged dust storms and severe drought, in the USA and Canada mainly associated?

About The Dust Bowl About The Dust Bowl For eight years dust blew on the southern plains. It came in a yellowish-brown haze from the South and in rolling walls of black from the North. The simplest acts of life  breathing, eating a meal, taking a walk  were no longer simple. Children wore dust masks to and from school, women hung wet sheets over windows in a futile attempt to stop the dirt, farmers watched helplessly as their crops blew away. [ source ]  [ Map source ] The Dust Bowl of the 1930s lasted about a decade. Its primary area of impact was on the southern Plains. The northern Plains were not so badly effected, but nonetheless, the drought, windblown dust and agricultural decline were no strangers to the north. In fact the agricultural devastation helped to lengthen the Depression whose effects were felt worldwide. The movement of people on the Plains was also profound. As John Steinbeck wrote in his 1939 novel The Grapes of Wrath: "And then the dispossessed were drawn west- from Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico; from Nevada and Arkansas, families, tribes, dusted out, tractored out. Car-loads, caravans, homeless and hungry; twenty thousand and fifty thousand and a hundred thousand and two hundred thousand. They streamed over the mountains, hungry and restless - restless as ants, scurrying to find work to do - to lift, to push, to pull, to pick, to cut - anything, any burden to bear, for food. The kids are hungry. We got no place to live. Like ants scurrying for work, for food, and most of all for land."  Poor agricultural practices and years of sustained drought caused the Dust Bowl. Plains grasslands had been deeply plowed and planted to wheat. During the years when there was adequate rainfall, the land produced bountiful crops. But as the droughts of the early 1930s deepened, the farmers kept plowing and planting and nothing would grow. The ground cover that held the soil in place was gone. The Plains winds whipped across the fields raising billowing clouds of dust to the skys. The skys could darken for days, and even the most well sealed homes could have a thick layer of dust on furniture. In some places the dust would drift like snow, covering farmsteads. Timeline of The Dust Bowl 1931 Severe drought hits the midwestern and southern plains. As the crops die,  the 'black blizzards" begin. Dust from the over-plowed and over-grazed land begins to  blow.  1932 The number of dust storms is increasing. Fourteen are reported this year;  next year there will be 38. 1933 March: When Franklin Roosevelt takes office, the country is in  desperate straits. He took quick steps to declare a four-day bank holiday, during which  time Congress came up with the Emergency Banking Act of 1933, which stabilized the banking  industry and restored people's faith in the banking system by putting the federal  government behind it. May: The Emergency Farm Mortgage Act allots $200 million for  refinancing mortgages to help farmers facing foreclosure. The Farm Credit Act of 1933  established a local bank and set up local credit associations. September: Over 6 million young pigs are slaughtered to  stabilize prices With most of the meat going to waste, public outcry led to the creation,  in October, of the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation. The FSRC diverted agricultural  commodities to relief organizations. Apples, beans, canned beef, flour and pork products  were distributed through local relief channels. Cotton goods were eventually included to  clothe the needy as well. October: In California's San Joaquin Valley, where many farmers  fleeing the plains have gone, seeking migrant farm work, the largest agricultural strike  in America's history begins. More than 18,000 cotton workers with the Cannery and  Agricultural Workers Industrial Union (CAWIU) went on strike for 24 days. During the  strike, two men and one woman were killed and hundreds injured. In the settlement, the  union was recognized by growers, and workers were given a 25 percent raise.  1934 May: Great dust storms spread from the Dust Bowl area. T


With what film company did Tom and Jerry make their first appearance in animated film cartoons?

Tom and Jerry | The Cartoon Network Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Ongoing Wiki Tom and Jerry is a series of theatrical musical cartoon shorts created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer that centered on a never-ending rivalry between a housecat (Tom) and a mouse (Jerry) whose chases and battles often involved comic violence. Hanna and Barbera ultimately wrote and directed one hundred and fourteen Tom and Jerry cartoons at the MGM cartoon studio in Hollywood, California between 1940 and 1957, when the animation unit was closed down. The original series is notable for having won the Academy Awards for Best Short Subject seven times, tying it with Walt Disney's Silly Symphonies as the most-awarded theatrical animated series. The series has also won more Oscars than any other animated series. Beginning in 1960, in addition to the originals, MGM had new shorts produced by Rembrandt Films, led by Gene Deitch in Eastern Europe. Production of Tom and Jerry shorts returned to Hollywood under Chuck Jones' Sib-Tower 12 Productions in 1963; this series lasted until 1967, making it a total of 161 shorts. The cat and mouse stars later resurfaced in their own television cartoons produced by Hanna-Barbera and Filmation Studios during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, a feature film, Tom and Jerry: The Movie , in 1992 and released domestically in 1993 and in 2000, their first TV special, Tom and Jerry in: The Mansion Cat for Cartoon Network . Today, Warner Bros. (via its Turner Entertainment division) owns the rights to Tom and Jerry, and also produced the series, Tom and Jerry Tales for The CW's Saturday morning "The CW4Kids" lineup, as well as the recent Tom and Jerry short, The KarateGuard, in 2005 and a string of Tom and Jerry direct-to-video films. Contents [ show ] Plot and format The plots of each short usually center on Tom's (the cat) numerous attempts to capture Jerry (the mouse) and the mayhem and destruction that ensues. Since Tom rarely attempts to eat Jerry and because the pair actually seem to get along in some cartoon shorts it is unclear why Tom chases Jerry so much. Some reasons given may include normal feline/murine enmity, duty according to his owner, Jerry's attempt at ruining a task that Tom is entrusted with, revenge, Jerry saving other potential prey (such as ducks, canaries, or goldfish) from being eaten by Tom or competition with another cat, among other reasons. Tom rarely succeeds in catching Jerry, mainly because of Jerry's cleverness, cunning abilities, and luck and sometimes due to Tom's own stupidity. Interestingly enough, many of the title cards show Tom and Jerry smiling at each other which seems to depict a love-hate relationship rather than the extreme annoyance each displays towards the other in each cartoon. There are also several instances within the cartoons where they display genuine friendship ("Springtime for Thomas") and concern for each other's well-being (such as in "Jerry and the Lion" where Jerry in one instance tricks Tom into thinking he has shot Jerry and subsequently comes running with the first aid kit). The shorts are famous for some of the most violent gags ever devised in theatrical animation: Jerry slicing Tom in half, shutting his head in a window or a door, Tom using everything from axes, pistols, explosives, traps and poison to try to murder Jerry, Jerry stuffing Tom's tail in a waffle iron, kicking him into a refrigerator, plugging his tail into an electric socket, pounding him with a mace, club or mallet, causing a tree to drive him into the ground, and so on. Despite all its popularity, Tom and Jerry has often been criticized as excessively violent. Despite the frequent violence, there is no blood or gore in any scenes. A recurring gag involves Jerry hitting Tom when he's preoccupied, with Tom initially oblivious to the pain—and only feeling the effects moments later, and vice versa; and another involves Jerry stopping Tom in midchase (as if calling for a time-out), before he does something, usually putting the hurt on Tom. The cartoon is also noteworthy f


The rebec: a short history from court to street – Early Music Muse Agricola Martin , baroque , Cantigas de Santa María , early instruments , early music , g'dulka , gadulka , gittern , gudulka , Henry VIII , Jerome of Moravia , kemençe , kemenche , lyra , mediaeval , medieval , Noël nouvelet , rabab , rebab , rebec , renaissance , Romeo and Juliet , rubeba , Shakespeare William , vielle 0 Comment The rebec is a medieval gut-strung bowed instrument with 3 strings, its body carved from a solid piece of wood. Its sound has a nasal quality, unlike the more full-sounding modern violin, which shares some of the rebec’s characteristics: strings played with a bow, a fretless neck, a curved bridge to allow strings to be bowed singly, and a soundboard carved to have a gentle upward curve. Like so many medieval musical instruments, the origins of the rebec are in Arabia and north Africa, the region of so much cultural exchange, trade and crusading in the middle ages. Perhaps surprisingly, it was still being played beyond the renaissance and to the end of the baroque period in western Europe, by now having fallen from grace from a regal courtly instrument to one of lowly street entertainment. In south-east Europe, the rebec continues to be played to this day, playing vigorous and exciting traditional music. Click picture to play video – opens in new window. The structurally related rebec and gittern playing a song together that spans much of the life of the rebec. Noël nouvelet is a traditional French new year carol, originating in the early 15th century and becoming one of the most popular of the 16th century. The refrain, “Noël nouvelet, Noël chantons ici” means ‘New Christmas song, Christmas song sing here’! The hymn writer John M. C. Crum made the tune more widely known in 1928 by using the tune for his hymn words, Now The Green Blade Riseth. Origins: the rebab The origin of the rebec is apparently in the similarly named Arabian rebab or rabab, thus the evolution of names includes rubeba, rubeb, rebecca, rebeccum and rebec. The first brief mention of the rebab in writing is in 9th century Arabia. A more clear description appears in 1377 by Tunisian scholar Ibn Khaldun. In his Muqaddimah (Introduction to History), he described the rebab being played with a bowing string attached to a bent shaft, rubbed with resin and drawn across the two playing strings. It was played on the knee facing forward, with a soundbox made from a gourd (the scooped-out hard shell of the fruit of the cucurbitaceae or of the calabash tree), and it is still played in the same way. 11th century European crusaders brought the rebab back from north Africa, one of the first pieces of evidence for which is the image on a Byzantine (i.e. from the eastern part of the Roman Empire) ivory casket, dated to c. 1000, below left. A century later there is evidence of a parallel musical tradition, a related instrument originating in Greece and still played in Greece and Crete today. The lyra, kemenche or kemençe is the name for a diverse family of stringed bowed instruments originating in the eastern Mediterranean (i.e. Greece, Iran, Turkey, and regions adjacent to the Black Sea), which were and still are played on the knee facing forward, as with the rebab, or held with one hand and bowed with the other. We see this playing position in the illustration below right, a 5 string (2 or 3 course?) instrument played by a dancing man in a Spanish antiphonarium (liturgical choir book) completed in 1109. A similar instrument and playing position is seen in the video available by clicking here . Left: Byzantine rebab, c. 1000, now in the Museo Nazionale, Florence. Right: What appears to be a 5 string lyra or kemenche (5 strings corresponding with 5 tuning pegs) in a Spanish antiphonarium completed in 1109, now in the British Library as Add. 11695. (As with all pictures, click for higher resolution.) Left: In the 13th century, the rebab was used in the royal court of Alfonso the wise, King of regions in what is now Spain and Portugal, depicted in the beautifully illustrated song b


Which American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress who made her recording debut in 1990 under the guidance of Columbia Records executive Tommy Mottola, married him in 1993, separated in 1997, and married actor & rapper Nick Cannon in 2008?

Mariah Carey (Singer) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News Mariah Carey Female Born Mar 27, 1969 Mariah Carey is an American singer-songwriter, record producer and actress. She made her recording debut in 1990 under the guidance of Columbia Records executive Tommy Mottola, and released her self-titled debut studio album, Mariah Carey. The album went multi-platinum and spawned four consecutive number one singles, on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart.…  Read More related links Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Mariah Carey. CHILDHOOD 1969 Birth Born on March 27, 1969. TEENAGE 1987 18 Years Old Carey had begun writing poems and adding melodies to them, thus starting as a singer-songwriter while attending Harborfields High School in Greenlawn, New York, where she graduated in 1987. … Read More Carey excelled in her music, and demonstrated usage of the whistle register, though only beginning to master and control it through her training with her mother. Though introducing her daughter to classical opera, Patricia never pressured her to pursue a career in it, as she never seemed interested. Carey recalled that she kept her singer-songwriter works a secret and noted that Patricia had "never been a pushy mom. She never said, 'Give it more of an operatic feel.' I respect opera like crazy, but it didn't influence me."

 While in high school, Carey began writing songs with Gavin Christopher. They needed an assistant who could play the keyboard: "We called someone and he couldn't come, so by accident we stumbled upon Ben Margulies. Ben came to the studio, and he really couldn't play the keyboards very well â he was really more of a drummer â but after that day, we kept in touch, and we sort of clicked as writers." Carey and Christopher began writing and composing songs in the basement of his father's store during Carey's senior year. After composing their first song together, "Here We Go 'Round Again," which Carey described as having a Motown vibe, they continued writing material for a full-length demo. She began living in a one-bedroom apartment in Manhattan, which she shared with four other female students. Carey worked as a waitress for various restaurants, usually getting fired after two weeks. Read Less 1988 19 Years Old As Starr's friendship with Carey grew, so did her interest in helping Carey succeed in the industry. In December 1988, Carey accompanied Starr to a record executives' gala, where she handed her demo tape to the head of Columbia Records, Tommy Mottola, who listened to it on his way back home. … Read More After the first two songs, he was interested in her; later, after searching for Carey for two weeks, he immediately signed her and began mapping out her commercial debut. While she maintained that she wanted to continue working with Margulies, Mottola enlisted top producers of the time, including Ric Wake, Narada Michael Walden and Rhett Lawrence. Mottola and the staff at Columbia had planned to market Carey as their main female pop artist, competing with Whitney Houston and Madonna (signed to Arista and Sire Records respectively). After the completion of her debut album, Mariah Carey, Columbia spent more than $1 million promoting it. Despite a weak start, the album eventually reached the top of the Billboard 200, after Carey's exposure at the 33rd Annual Grammy Awards. Mariah Carey stayed atop the charts for eleven consecutive weeks, and she won the Best New Artist, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance awards for her single "Vision of Love." In addition to "Vision of Love," the album yielded the Billboard Hot 100 number one singles "Love Takes Time," "Someday," and "I Don't Wanna Cry." Carey became the first artist since The Jackson 5 to have its first four singles reach number one. Read Less TWENTIES Show Less …  Mariah Carey (born March 27, 1969 or 1970) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. Read Less In 1990, she rose to fame with the release of "Vision of Love" from her eponymous debut album. … Read More The album produced four chart-topping singles in


The National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations was licensed in 2006 as what?

National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc.: No-Action Letter dated July 28, 2006 Executive Vice President and General Counsel National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. 1735K Street, NW Limited Exemption from Rule 602 of Regulation NMS Dear Mr. Callery: On January 13, 2006, the Commission approved The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC's ("Nasdaq's") application to register as a national securities exchange. 1 In anticipation of Nasdaq commencing operation as an exchange, the Division has received inquiries regarding the application of certain provisions of Rule 602 of Regulation NMS (the "Quote Rule") under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("Exchange Act"). 2 Under the Quote Rule, the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. ("NASD") must collect the best bid, best offer, and quotation sizes communicated otherwise than on an exchange by each NASD member acting in the capacity of an OTC market maker 3 for: Any exchange-traded security for which such member acts in the capacity of an OTC market maker, unless the executed volume of such member, during the most recent calendar quarter, comprised one percent or less of the aggregate trading volume for such security; 4 and   Any other NMS security for which such member acts in the capacity of an OTC market maker and has in effect an election, pursuant to the Quote Rule, to communicate quotations to its association. 5 The NASD must also collect the identity of the quoting member and then make all this information available to vendors at all times that last sale information is reported pursuant to an effective transaction reporting plan. 6 To enable the NASD to fulfill this obligation, the Quote Rule also requires each of its members communicating bids and offers in a subject security to a broker-dealer or a customer, to promptly communicate its best bids, best offers, and quotation sizes to the NASD. 7 Currently, an NASD member may comply with this obligation by communicating its best bids, best offers, and quotation sizes to Nasdaq, which today is a facility of the NASD. 8 Once Nasdaq begins operations as a national securities exchange, the Quote Rule will require Nasdaq to collect the best bid, best offer, and aggregate quotation sizes communicated on the exchange by its members. Nasdaq will be required to make this information available to vendors at all times the exchange is open for trading. The Commission does not believe that transparency would be enhanced, or the goals of the national market system furthered, by the NASD and Nasdaq both collecting and disseminating the best quotations of a broker-dealer who is a member of both self-regulatory organizations ("SROs"). Accordingly, the Commission is exempting the NASD from the obligation under the Quote Rule to collect, process, and disseminate the best quotations of a member acting in the capacity of an OTC market maker if such OTC market maker promptly communicates such quotations to Nasdaq or another national securities exchange that operates an "automated trading center" disseminating "automated quotations," as defined in Rule 600(b)(3) and (4) of Regulation NMS. The NASD's obligation under the Quote Rule is to disseminate to vendors the best quotation of each member acting in the capacity of an OTC market maker. An exchange on the other hand only needs to provide the best prices among all its members and the aggregate size at that price. The Commission continues to believe that information below the best available price furthers the goals of the national market system. Accordingly, the NASD's exemption is conditioned on the exchange to which an OTC market maker communicates its best quotations disseminating to vendors all such OTC market makers' best bids, best offers, and quotation sizes, even if they are not the exchange's best bid and offer. 9 The Commission does not, however, believe it is necessary for such exchange to disseminate the identities of the OTC market makers. The Commission is also exempting any OTC market maker that communicates its best bids, best offers, and quotation sizes in an excha


What name is given to the age at the end of which the extinction event happened which saw the end of the dinosaur?

How the Dino-Killing Chicxulub Asteroid Impact Was Found Throughout the '80s and '90s, different lines of investigation accumulated evidence that an extraterrestrial impact really did kill off dinosaurs . "I was skeptical at first, but I soon started finding fairly dramatic evidence of plant extinction at the boundary," paleontologist Kirk Johnson at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science told SPACE.com. Geochronologist Paul Renne collects a volcanic ash sample from a coal bed within a few centimeters of the dinosaur extinction horizon. A study by Renne and colleagues confirmed the link between the Chicxulub asteroid impact and dinosaur extinction 65 million years ago. Image released Feb. 7, 2013. Credit: Courtesy of Courtney Sprain Geophysicist Sean Gulick at the University of Texas at Austin noted "the size of the iridium anomaly was such that it was hard to argue that it was anything else but an extraterrestrial impact. But the concept seemed so fantastical that it took a long time for the scientific community to come around." Then, in 1991, researchers found evidence that the giant crater near the town of Chicxulub (pronounced CHEEK-she-loob) in Mexico came into being about the time of the mass extinction. The explosion that created the crater, which is more than 110 miles (180 kilometers) wide, likely involved a hit from an object about 6 miles (10 km) across. The crash would have released as much energy as 100 trillion tons of TNT, or beyond a billion times the power of the atom bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. "When that crater was found, for most geologists that wrapped up the question of whether an impact was involved in the mass extinction," Alvarez said. Gulick agreed. "Once the crater at Chicxulub was recognized for what it was, it became the smoking gun for the idea that an extraterrestrial impact caused the mass extinction," Gulick told SPACE.com. [ Asteroid Impact Threat Explained by NASA's Don Yeomans (Video) ] Big dino-killer: Asteroid or volcano Still, not everyone believes the Chicxulub impact was behind the mass extinction . For instance, geologist Gerta Keller at Princeton University maintains the explosion took place 300,000 years before the end-Cretaceous extinction. Some researchers have explored other possible culprits for the disaster, including other impact sites, such as the controversial Shiva crater in India , or even massive volcanic eruptions, such as those creating the Deccan Flats in India.   However, Renne and his colleagues have now discovered the Chicxulubimpact and the end-Cretaceous mass extinction event happened no more than 33,000 years apart. These new findings, appearing in the Feb. 8 issue of the journal Science, support the idea that the extraterrestrial collision dealt the age of dinosaurs its death blow. "I've been involved in a lot of research that's explored huge correlations between mass extinctions and massive volcanism , not impacts, so I've really come at the idea of a cosmic impact from the outside," Renne said. "A few people have said the crater was the wrong age, but I think these new findings very strongly settle that question," Alvarez said. Asteroids are fascinating for lots of reasons. They contain a variety of valuable resources and slam into our planet on a regular basis, occasionally snuffing out most of Earth's lifeforms. How much do you know about space rocks?


"A 2002 romantic comedy film written by and starring Nia Vardalos and directed by Joel Zwick is ""My Big Fat Greek ..."" what?"

My Big Fat Greek Wedding (Film) - TV Tropes My Big Fat Greek Wedding You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share Film / My Big Fat Greek Wedding × WMG My Big Fat Greek Wedding is a 2002 romantic comedy film written by and starring Nia Vardalos, directed by Joel Zwick and produced by Tom Hanks and his wife Rita Wilson. It is based on Vardalos' one woman show and at the 76th Academy Awards , it was nominated for Best Original Screenplay. Toula Portokalos is a single, voluptuous thirty-year-old Greek-American woman living with her parents and brother in a close-knit Chicago Greek community and working in the family's Greek restaurant. They even have a Greek statue in their front lawn and proudly painted the Greek flag on their garage door. Deciding to invigorate her life, she breaks out on her own to go to college and start working at a travel agency. She also gets a makeover, taming her wild hair and getting contacts . In this new lifestyle she meets the handsome, charming but non-Greek Ian Miller. They fall for each other and decide to get married. Her dad does not approve; how could she possibly marry a non-Greek? Nevertheless, things get sorted out and a huge and very Greek wedding is planned... Hilarity Ensues . Noted for being the highest-grossing film to never have a #1 weekend at the box office, the film slowly propelled past $200 million domestically thanks to strong word-of-mouth and gross holding that slowly led to wider releases. It is commonly praised for its sharp indie-film dialogue, and for avoiding many of the pitfalls that plague other romantic comedies like Hollywood Homely (Nia Vardalos is attractive but not the typical bombshell, giving her makeover more plot relevance than others) and the "teary-eyed breakup due to a misunderstanding." It was followed up by an oft-forgotten TV sitcom , My Big Fat Greek Life, which was met with tepid reviews and only lasted a season. A sequel, My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2, was released on March 2016 and focuses on the wedding of Gus and Maria who find out they were never legally married. Provides examples of: An Aesop : Accept yourself and others. Babies Ever After : Toula ends up having a child at the end. Bad "Bad Acting" "Oh. Woe to me. Business is bad." Batman Gambit : Toula and her mother manage to convince her father that her getting a job is his own idea. Beautiful All Along : Toula turns out to be quite good looking when she puts some effort into her appearance. Bilingual Backfire : In the sequel, after Nick mildly insults Ian in Greek, he's stunned when Ian responds in Greek as well. Bilingual Bonus : In all its regal (and, as "I have three testicles" indicates, not-so-regal) splendor. Black Sheep : Toula, who isn't very into her Greek ancestry and sees it more as a burden than something to celebrate. A late scene shows that her brother Nick has some similar thoughts, but he's not as vocal about it. Chekhov's Skill : Gus's ability to turn any word, regardless of whether it has a Greek origin or not, into a Greek word sort of pays off, when he realizes the surname "Miller" sounds quite a bit like the Greek word for apple, milo, whereas their last name, Portokali means orange. In other words, while they are distinctly different, they're all still fruits. It's his absurd and rather charming way of bridging the gap between cultures and coming to terms with the fact that his daughter is marrying a xeno, and that his future son-in-law is actually a pretty good guy. Close-Knit Community : Toula's extended family all know each other's business and are very close. Closer to Earth : Toula's mother, compared with her father. When Toula announces she's getting married, her father has a Heroic B.S.O.D. while her mother tries to convince him nothing's wrong with it. Chicago : The setting, albeit not the sets (see California Doubling ). Converting for Love : Ian, to Greek Orthodoxy. Since Toula's Church isn't used to adults converting, he is baptised in a kiddie-pool. Cultural Posturing : There is nothing that Mr. Portokalos can't trace back to Gr


Who is the only president of the USA to have been elected four times?

Presidential Election Facts - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com Presidential Election Facts A+E Networks Introduction With more than two centuries’ worth of U.S. presidential elections, the historical ledger is filled with an array of facts. For example, when Barack Obama was named the 44th president, he was really only the 43rd president because Grover Cleveland is counted twice. And with Article II, Section 1, Clause 5 of the U.S. Constitution stating that a citizen has to be at least 35 years old to become president, John F. Kennedy came the closest to that limit by earning election at age 43. Learn about the only bachelor to be elected president, the four candidates to have won the popular vote and lost the election and more. Google The 2000 election was not the first time a candidate won the popular vote but lost the election. It has happened four times in our nation’s history: In 1824 Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but got less than 50 percent of the electoral votes. John Quincy Adams became the next president when he was picked by the House of Representatives. In 1876 Samuel Tilden won the popular vote but lost the election when Rutherford B. Hayes got 185 electoral votes to Tilden’s 184. In 1888 Grover Cleveland won the popular vote but lost the election when Benjamin Harrison got 233 electoral votes to Cleveland’s 168. In 2000 Al Gore won the popular vote but lost the election to George Bush. In the most highly contested election in modern history, the U.S. Supreme Court stopped the Florida recount of ballots, giving Bush the state’s 25 electoral votes for a total of 271 to Gore’s 255. Grover Cleveland was elected president (1884) then lost his re-election campaign (1888) and came back again to win the presidency for a second time. (1892) Barack Obama is the nation’s 44rd president but in reality there have only been 43 presidents. Grover Cleveland is counted twice as our 22nd and 24th president because he was elected for two nonconsecutive terms. Only 12 U.S. Presidents have been elected to office for two terms and served those two terms. Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to office four terms prior to the Twenty-second Amendment. Article II, Section 1, Clause 5 of the U.S. Constitution has only three requirements for a president. (1) Must be at least 35 years old, (2) have lived in the United States at least 14 years, and (3) be a natural-born citizen. John Kennedy is the youngest elected U.S. President at 43. Ronald Reagan is the oldest elected U.S. President at 73. (second term) The only President and Vice President to never be elected to the office was Gerald Ford . He became vice president when Spiro Agnew resigned and became president when Nixon resigned. The tallest U.S. President was Abraham Lincoln at 6’4″The shortest U.S. President was James Madison at 5’4″ Percent wise – the 1992 election was the biggest turnout since 1972 with 61.3 percent off the voter age population heading to the polls. James Buchanan is the only bachelor to be elected president. Eight presidents have died in office. William Henry Harrison (pneumonia) Franklin D. Roosevelt (cerebral hemorrhage) John F. Kennedy (assassin) Ronald Reagan is the only divorced man to be elected president. James Monroe received every electoral vote but one in the 1820 election. A New Hampshire delegate wanted George Washington to be the only president elected unanimously. The U.S. Marine band has played at every presidential inauguration since 1801. President John Tyler is believed to be the first to use “Hail to the Chief” as the official Presidential honors. President Bill Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe but took his stepfather’s last name when his mother remarried. He formally changed his name to William Jefferson Clinton when he was 15. Victoria Woodhull became the first woman to run for President in 1872. Hillary Clinton became the first woman to be nominated for president by a major party ticket in 2016. Jeanette Rankin of Montana became the first woman elected to Congress in 1916. John Mercer Langston became the first elected black pol


Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics & You - Olympus MIC-D: Darkfield Gallery - Insect Spiracles Darkfield Digital Image Gallery Insect Spiracles Spiracles, specialized structures featured in the class Insecta, provide the breath of life. While the tracheae constitute the respiratory system of the adult insect, spiracles are the external apertures or openings through which gases are exchanged with the environment. Usually paired, spiracles are repeated in each segment of the thorax and abdomen, one on each side. Each spiracle connects to an elastic air tube or trachea. Tracheal breathing occurs in some invertebrates other than insects. Instead of true lungs, the tracheal system delivers oxygen to insect cells and removes carbon dioxide from the body tissues. The spiracles open into large tracheal tubes that lead to ever-finer branches, which as tracheoles, eventually penetrate to every region of the insect. At about 0.1 micrometer in diameter, tracheoles are liquid-filled and just about every cell of the insect's body is adjacent or very close to the end of a tracheole. Aquatic life poses particular challenges for this primitive breathing system. Some insects including mosquito larvae, obtain air with a specialized tracheal or breathing tube connected to the tracheal system that reaches through the surface film rather than sucking in water through the spiracles. Other insects, like water boatmen and some aquatic diving beetles, stay submerged for long periods of time using air bubbles that they carry below. An ingenious solution to the breathing problem for some insect species is to place the spiracles at the ends of sharp spines that can pierce leaves and stems and steal the oxygen directly from the photosynthesizing aquatic plants. Valves and hairs guard the spiracles. Muscles controlling the spiracle valves enable the insect to open and close them. In dry climates for example, fruit flies avoid losing valuable body moisture by controlling the size of their spiracle openings to match the oxygen requirements of the flight muscles. During rest with less oxygen demand, the spiracles partially close. To filter out dust and other foreign material, the spiracle hairs block their entry while the insect inhales in this one-way breathing system. While smaller and less active insects operate their tracheal systems by simple diffusion, larger and more active insects, such as the grasshopper, forcibly ventilate them. It is theorized that the primitive spiracle-tracheal respiratory system is what kept insects from evolving into much larger body sizes. Because of limits to pressure that the system can handle, a dramatic increase in body weight would crush the elastic tubes that are only filled with air. Contributing Authors Cynthia D. Kelly, Thomas J. Fellers and Michael W. Davidson - National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310.


What is the language most commonly spoken in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan?

The Languages of Pakistan THE LANGUAGES OF PAKISTAN Philologists say that there are over 300 dialects and languages spoken in the country today and each is distinctly differently from the other. Some of the common languages are: Urdu: Urdu is the national language of Pakistan. It is a mixture of Persian, Arabic and various local languages. It is similar to Hindi but written in Arabic script. English: Official language Punjabi: Mainly spoken in the province of Punjab Sindhi: Mainly spoken in the province of Sind Pashtu: Mainly spoken in North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) Balochi: Mainly spoken in the province of Baluchistan


In 1990 a strip of land seceded from its then parent country and called itself Transnistria, or Trans-Dniester; what is the parent country?

The Ukraine's coup - Google Groups The Ukraine's coup .. Interviewed Viktor Yanukovych 4 hours in Moscow for new English language documentary produced by Ukrainians. He was the legitimate President of Ukraine until he suddenly wasn’t on February 22 of this year. Details to follow in the documentary, but it seems clear that the so-called ‘shooters’ who killed 14 police men, wounded some 85, and killed 45 protesting civilians, were outside third party agitators. Many witnesses, including Yanukovych and police officials, believe these foreign elements were introduced by pro-Western factions-- with CIA fingerprints on it. Remember the Chavez ‘regime change’/coup of 2002 when he was temporarily ousted after pro and anti-Chavez demonstrators were fired upon by mysterious shooters in office buildings. Also resembles similar technique early this year in Venezuela when Maduro’s legally elected Government was almost toppled by violence aimed at anti-Maduro protestors. Create enough chaos, as the CIA did in Iran ‘53, Chile ‘73, and countless other coups, and the legitimate Government can be toppled. It’s America’s soft power technique called ‘Regime Change 101.’ In this case the “Maidan Massacre” was featured in Western media as the result of an unstable, brutal pro-Russian Yanukovych Government. You may recall Yanukovych went along with the February 21 deal with opposition parties and 3 EU foreign minsters to get rid of him by calling for early elections. The next day that deal was meaningless when well-armed, neo-Nazi radicals forced Yanukovych to flee the country with repeated assassination attempts. By the next day, a new pro-Western government was established and immediately recognized by the US (as in the Chavez 2002 coup). A dirty story through and through, but in the tragic aftermath of this coup, the West has maintained the dominant narrative of “Russia in Crimea” whereas the true narrative is “USA in Ukraine.” The truth is not being aired in the West. It’s a surreal perversion of history that’s going on once again, as in Bush pre-Iraq ‘WMD’ campaign. But I believe the truth will finally come out in the West, I hope, in time to stop further insanity. .. "Oleg Smirnov" < ve...@gde.ru > wrote in message news:m7vvtf$rq4$1@os.motzarella.org... > .. Interviewed Viktor Yanukovych 4 hours in Moscow for new English > language > documentary produced by Ukrainians. He was the legitimate President of > Ukraine > until he suddenly wasnâ?Tt on February 22 of this year. Details to follow > in the > documentary, but it seems clear that the so-called â?~shootersâ?T who > killed 14 > police men, wounded some 85, and killed 45 protesting civilians, were > outside > third party agitators. Many witnesses, including Yanukovych and police > officials, believe these foreign elements were introduced by pro-Western > factions-- with CIA fingerprints on it. > I'm not surprised Yanukovych is blaming someone else, not one little bit. Well here's a couple videos of Ukrainian police shooting at protesters. Claiming a good dozen or so CIA agents were standing there in broad daylight, in the middle of the square dressed just like Ukranian forces, shooting people would be one heluva conspiracy theory. Ggood enough for even ...Oliver Stone. Oh and while you're at it, remember how the American revolution began?  "The shot heard round the world" It was really French spies that started that revolution~ > Remember the Chavez â?~regime changeâ?T/coup of 2002 when he was > temporarily > ousted after pro and anti-Chavez demonstrators were fired upon by > mysterious Most people that shoot at civilians try very hard to hide their identity. Why do you think murderers don't wear name tags on their shirts? At least in Ukraine they wore government issued uniforms and stood out in the middle of the street for all to see. Not so mysterious!  Also resembles similar technique early this year > in Venezuela when Maduroâ?Ts legally elected Government was almost toppled > by > violence aimed at anti-Maduro protestors. Create enough chaos, as the CIA > did > in Iran â?~53, Chi


Medellin, Colombia Named 'Innovative City Of The Year' In WSJ And Citi Global Competition | The Huffington Post Medellin, Colombia Named 'Innovative City Of The Year' In WSJ And Citi Global Competition 03/02/2013 10:17 am ET | Updated Sep 30, 2013 540 Carolina Moreno Editor, The Huffington Post Whether it’s correcting the misspelling of their country’s name through social media, or revitalizing a city with a dark past, it seems that when Colombians come together there’s little they can’t do. And the world is starting to notice. On Friday, Citi and the Marketing Services Department of the Wall Street Journal crowned Medellín, Colombia the “Innovative City of the Year,” beating out fellow finalists New York City and Tel Aviv. In 2012, the banking group and newspaper partnered with the Urban Land Institute (ULI), a non-profit research and education organization, to choose the world’s most innovative city based on its economy, urban development, culture/livability, technology and research, among other measures. (Check Out A Video Of The Process) Known by Colombians as ‘The City of the Eternal Spring,’ Medellín was chosen for its progress, potential, “rich culture and impressive strides in urban development” in spite of a past of violence fueled by drug lord Pablo Escobar and the Medellín Cartel. “Few cities have transformed the way that Medellín, Colombia’s second largest city, has in the past 20 years,” the Urban Land Institute wrote in a statement online. “Medellín’s homicide rate has plunged, nearly 80% from 1991 to 2010. The city built public libraries, parks, and schools in poor hillside neighborhoods and constructed a series of transportation links from there to its commercial and industrial centers. The links include a metro cable car system and escalators up steep hills, reducing commutation times, spurring private investment, and promoting social equity as well as environmental sustainability. In 2012, the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy recognized Medellín’s efforts with the Sustainable Transportation Award.” ULI selected 200 cities in June 2012 based on the above criteria, and after two rounds of voting, three finalists were announced in October. The Colombian city was announced as the winner on March 1 with almost one million votes, and will be featured in the April issue of the WSJ magazine. Earlier on HuffPost:


In 1905-6 the New Zealand representative rugby team toured the British Isles, France and North America, winning all matches apart from a loss to Wales, and are now known as what?

All Blacks : Wikis (The Full Wiki) The Full Wiki       Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics New Zealand national rugby league team Did you know ... New Zealand rugby player Andy Dalton suffered an injury that kept him from captaining the All Blacks side that went on to win the inaugural 1987 Rugby World Cup ? New Zealand rugby union footballer Ali Williams did not start playing until he was aged 17, but earned three international caps before he was 22? From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "All Black" redirects here. For the song, see All Black (song) . New Zealand   Australia 3 - 22 New Zealand  (15 August 1903) Largest win  New Zealand 145 - 17 Japan   (4 June 1995) Worst defeat   Australia 28 - 7 New Zealand  (28 August 1999) World Cup Appearances 6 (First in 1987 ) Best result Champions, 1987 The New Zealand national rugby union team, known as the All Blacks, is the representative side of New Zealand in rugby union . Rugby union is regarded as the country's national sport . [3] New Zealand has a winning record against every international rugby team they have played, including the British and Irish Lions . New Zealand competes annually with Australia (the Wallabies) and South Africa (the Springboks) in the Tri-Nations Series , and have been Tri-Nations champions nine times in the tournament's 13-year history. New Zealand also holds the Bledisloe Cup , which they currently contest annually with Australia and which includes Tri-Nations games between the countries. They have three times completed a Grand Slam (in 1978, 2005 and 2008) of the four Home Nations . New Zealand are the number one ranked team in the IRB World Rankings [4] and were named the International Rugby Board (IRB) Team of the Year in 2005, 2006 and 2008. [5] Fourteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame , one into the IRB Hall of Fame . The team first competed in 1884 against Cumberland County, New South Wales, and played their first Test match in 1903, a victory against Australia . This was followed by a tour of the northern hemisphere in 1905. The team's early uniforms consisted of a black jersey with a silver fern and white knickerbockers. By their 1905 tour New Zealand were wearing all black, except for the silver fern, and their All Black name dates from this time. New Zealand traditionally perform a haka ( Māori war dance) before each match. Traditionally, the haka performed is Te Rauparaha's Ka Mate , though since 2005, Kapa o Pango , a modified version of the 1924 All Blacks haka, Kia Whaka-ngawari, has occasionally been performed. Contents Introduction of rugby to New Zealand The team that toured New South Wales, Australia in 1884. Rugby Football was introduced to New Zealand by Charles Monro in the late 1860s; Monro discovered the sport while completing his studies at Christ's College, Finchley , England. [6] The first game in New Zealand took place in May 1870 in Nelson between the Nelson club and Nelson College. The first union, Canterbury , was formed in 1879. [7] In 1882, New Zealand's first internationals were played when the Southern Rugby Union (later the New South Wales Rugby Union ) toured the country. The tourists played Auckland provincial clubs twice, Wellington twice and once each against Canterbury, Otago and West Coast, North Island , winning four games and losing three. Two years later the first New Zealand team to go overseas toured New South Wales; New Zealand played and won eight games. [8] The first tour by a British team took place in 1888 when a British Isles team toured Australia and New Zealand, but no Test matches were played. The players were drawn mainly from England and the Scottish Borders , although there were representatives from all four home unions.[citation needed] International competition begins The Original All Blacks , 1905 The year 1892 saw the formation of the New Zealand Rugby Foot


Which is the seat of National Parliament and the legislative capital of South Africa?

Capital of South Africa - 3 Capitals - Cape Town, Pretoria, Bloemfontein Capital of South Africa Pretoria, South Africa Unlike most other countries around the world, South Africa has not one but three capital cities. More precisely, the government branches are divided among three major South African cities: Pretoria, Cape Town, and Bloemfontein. This concept dates back to the creation of the Union of South Africa, where conflicting views on which city should hold the capital led to this compromise. Much like the very idea of the balance of powers, leaders of early South Africa decided that having all government centralized in one place could give that place too much power, so it divided the branches among three provinces. Pretoria, located in the Gauteng Province, is the administrative capital and the seat of the President of the Cabinet, that is the executive branch. Pretoria is often considered the de facto national capital, and was the capital of Apartheid South Africa. This city is the headquarters for many government departments, as well as foreign embassies. The city's name has been the source of controversy for several years, and may soon be changed back to the indigenous name Tshwane. Pretoria is located about 55 kilometers (34 miles) from Johannesburg in the northeast of the nation. Cape Town, South Africa is the legislative capital, and the seat of the nation's Parliament. South Africa's parliament consists of the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces. After Johannesbug, Cape Town is the second largest city by population in South Africa. Finally, Bloemfontein serves as the judicial capital, as the seat of the Supreme Court of Appeal. Bloemfontein is also the capital of its province, the Free State, and is centrally located within South Africa. ACOD~20121214


What do the names Charles, Orville, Jean, Wilbur and Laika suggest?

Astrology: Orville Wright, date of birth: 1871/08/19, Horoscope, Astrological Portrait, Dominant Planets, Birth Data, Biography 1st Fire sign - 1st Cardinal sign (spring equinox) - Masculine In analogy with Mars, his ruler, and the 1st House Aries governs the head. His colour is red, his stone is the heliotrope, his day is Tuesday, and his professions are businessman, policeman, sportsman, surgeon... If your sign is Aries or your Ascendant is Aries: you are courageous, frank, enthusiastic, dynamic, fast, bold, expansive, warm, impulsive, adventurous, intrepid, warlike, competitive, but also naive, domineering, self-centred, impatient, rash, thoughtless, blundering, childish, quick-tempered, daring or primitive. Some traditional associations with Aries: Countries: England, France, Germany, Denmark. Cities: Marseille, Florence, Naples, Birmingham, Wroclaw, Leicester, Capua, Verona. Animals: Rams and sheeps. Food: Leeks, hops, onions, shallots, spices. Herbs and aromatics: mustard, capers, Cayenne pepper, chilli peppers. Flowers and plants: thistles, mint, bryonies, honeysuckles. Trees: hawthorns, thorny trees and bushes. Stones, Metals and Salts: diamonds, iron, potassium phosphate. Signs: Taurus 1st Earth sign - 1st Fixed sign - Feminine In analogy with Venus, his ruler, and the 2nd House Taurus governs the neck and the throat. Her colour is green or brown, her stone is the emerald, her day is Friday, her professions are cook, artist, estate agent, banker, singer... If your sign is Taurus or your Ascendant is Taurus: you are faithful, constant, sturdy, patient, tough, persevering, strong, focused, sensual, stable, concrete, realistic, steady, loyal, robust, constructive, tenacious. You need security, but you are also stubborn, rigid, possessive, spiteful, materialistic, fixed or slow. Some traditional associations with Taurus: Countries: Switzerland, Greek islands, Ireland, Cyprus, Iran. Cities: Dublin, Palermo, Parma, Luzern, Mantua, Leipzig, Saint Louis, Ischia, Capri. Animals: bovines. Food: apples, pears, berries, corn and other cereals, grapes, artichokes, asparagus, beans. Herbs and aromatics: sorrels, spearmint, cloves. Flowers and plants: poppies, roses, digitales, violets, primroses, aquilegia, daisies. Trees: apple trees, pear trees, fig-trees, cypresses, ash trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: copper, calcium and potassium sulphate, emeralds. Signs: Gemini 1st Air sign - 1st Mutable sign - Masculine In analogy with Mercury, his ruler, and the 3rd House Gemini governs the arms, the lungs and the thorax. His colour is green or silver, his stone is the crystal, his day is Wednesday, his professions are journalist, lawyer, presenter, dancer, salesman, travel agent, teacher... If your sign is Gemini or if your Ascendant is Gemini: you are expressive, lively, adaptable, quick-witted, humorous, sparkling, playful, sociable, clever, curious, whimsical, independent, polyvalent, brainy, flexible, ingenious, imaginative, charming, fanciful but also capricious, scattered, moody, shallow, inquisitive, opportunistic, unconcerned, selfish, fragile, ironical or changeable. Some traditional associations with Gemini: Countries: Belgium, Wales, United-States, Lower Egypt, Sardinia, Armenia. Cities: London, Plymouth, Cardiff, Melbourne, San Francisco, Nuremberg, Bruges, Versailles. Animals: monkeys, butterflies, parrots, budgerigars. Food: dried fruits, chestnuts, ground-level vegetables: peas, broad beans, etc. Herbs and aromatics: aniseed, marjoram, lemon balm, cumin. Flowers and plants: lilies of the valley, lavenders, myrtle, ferns, Venus-hair-ferns, bittersweets. Trees: nut trees such as chestnut trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: agates, mercury, silicas and potashes. Signs: Cancer 1st Water sign - 2nd Cardinal sign (summer solstice) - Feminine In analogy with the Moon, her ruler, and the 4th House Cancer governs the stomach and the breast. Her colour is white or black, her stone is the moonstone, her day is Monday, her professions are catering, the hotel trade, property, antique dealer, archaeologist... If your sign is Cancer


"Who wrote, in 1894: ""In its majestic equality, the law forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets and steal a loaf of bread""?"

Anatole France - Wikiquote Anatole France Jump to: navigation , search The law , in its majestic equality , forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges, to beg in the streets, and to steal bread. Anatole France ( 16 April 1844 – 12 October 1924 ), born Jacques Anatole François Thibault, was a French poet, journalist, and novelist. Ironic and skeptical , he was considered in his day the ideal French man of letters. A member of the Académie française , he won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Literature in recognition of his literary achievements. He is widely believed to be the model for the narrator's literary idol "Bergotte" in Marcel Proust 's In Search of Lost Time . Contents Quotes[ edit ] If it were absolutely necessary to choose , I would rather be guilty of an immoral act than of a cruel one. To accomplish great things we must not only act, but also dream ; not only plan, but also believe . Innocence most often is a good fortune and not a virtue . You think you are dying for your country ; you die for the industrialists. When a thing has been said and well said, have no scruple: take it and copy it. If fifty million people say a foolish thing, it is still a foolish thing. Il est dans la nature humaine de penser sagement et d'agir d'une façon absurde. It is human nature to think wisely and to act in an absurd fashion . Le livre de mon ami (1885): Le livre de Pierre, part I, ch. II: La dame en blanc Il est sage de ne mettre ni crainte, ni espérance dans l’avenir incertain. That man is prudent who neither hopes nor fears anything from the uncertain events of the future . L’Étui de nacre: Le Procurateur de Judée [Mother of Pearl: The Procurator of Judea] (1892) Le christianisme a beaucoup fait pour l’amour en en faisant un péché. Christianity has done a great deal for love by making it a sin . Le Jardin d'Épicure [The Garden of Epicurus] (1894) Variant translation: Religion has done love a great service by making it a sin. La souffrance! quelle divine méconnu! Nous lui devons tout ce qu'il ya de bon en nous, tout ce qui donne du prix à la vie; nous lui devons la pitié, nous lui devons le courage, nous lui devons toutes les vertus. Suffering — how divine it is, how misunderstood! We owe to it all that is good in us, all that gives value to life ; we owe to it pity , we owe to it courage , we owe to it all the virtues . Le Jardin d'Épicure [The Garden of Epicurus ] (1894) En art comme en amour, l'instinct suffit. In art as in love , instinct is enough. Le Jardin d'Épicure [The Garden of Epicurus] (1894) S’il fallait absolument choisir, j’aimerais mieux faire une chose immorale qu’une chose cruelle. If it were absolutely necessary to choose , I would rather be guilty of an immoral act than of a cruel one. Le Lys Rouge [The Red Lily] (1894), ch. 1 La majestueuse égalité des lois, qui interdit au riche comme au pauvre de coucher sous les ponts, de mendier dans les rues et de voler du pain. In its majestic equality, the law forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets and steal loaves of bread. Le Lys Rouge [The Red Lily] (1894), ch. 7 Variant: How noble the law, in its majestic equality, that both the rich and poor are equally prohibited from peeing in the streets, sleeping under bridges, and stealing bread! Pour accomplir de grandes choses il ne suffit pas d'agir, il faut rêver; il ne suffit pas de calculer, il faut croire. To accomplish great things we must not only act, but also dream ; not only plan, but also believe . Variant: To accomplish great things, we must dream as well as act. Discours de réception, Séance De L'académie Française (introductory speech at a session of the French Academy), 24th December 1896, on Ferdinand de Lesseps ' work on the Suez Canal. II n'y a que les pauvres gens qui payent comptant. Ce n'est pas par vertu; c'est parce qu'on ne leur fait pas crédit. It is only the poor who pay cash, and that not from virtue , but because they are refused credit . Pierre Nozière (1899), book I, ch. VI: Les deux tailleurs L'ignorance et l'erreur sont nécessaires à la vie comme


"In which field would the term ""chiaroscuro"" usually be applied?"

Chiaroscuro Art: The Power of Light and Dark | The Yellow Sparrow November 9, 2015 Chiaroscuro Art: The Power of Light and Dark The word chiaroscuro pretty much defines itself. The word Chiaroscuro itself is Italian, and roughly means, “light and dark.” Chiaroscuro art was first used to describe a type of drawing on medium-dark paper where the artist created darker areas with ink and lighter areas with white paint. It refers to the use of highlights and shadows in a composition to create the illusion of light from a specific source shining on the figures and objects depicted. Sometimes, vigilant use of tonal contrasts is leveraged to suggest the volume and modelling of the subjects depicted. IMAGE COURTESY – leone-art.deviantart.com The first use of chiaroscuro-style three-dimensional shading (known as “skiagraphia” or “shadow-painting” in Ancient Greece) is traditionally ascribed to Apollodoros, the noted painter of 5th century Athens. Enduring in a somewhat primitive form during the era of Byzantine art (c.400-1400), the technique was refined in the West during the late Middle Ages and by 1400 was a standard feature in both gospel illuminations and paintings. Chiaroscuro was heavily used by the painters of the Renaissance period to make their paintings look truly three-dimensional and also a “reflection” of the real world. They realized that the contrast between areas of light and dark can heighten the impact of an image. As the Renaissance gave way to the Baroque, a style that emphasized drama and emotional intensity, some artists developed an exaggerated form of chiaroscuro known as tenebrism , from the Italian word tenebroso, meaning gloomy or murky. IMAGE COURTESY – wikipedia The painting technique of chiaroscuro takes advantage of the special qualities of oil paint that replaced tempera as the medium of choice for painters in Europe during the Renaissance. Tempera paint, usually made with egg yolk, was opaque and acted more like enamel. It’s very difficult to model three dimensional figures using tempera. Unlike tempera, oil paint could be easily blended and shaded, built up in layers, or applied in translucent glazes. By applying light tones on top of dark, painters could create the effect of figures emerging from shadow. The term chiaroscuro can also be applied to drawing, but in a very specific way. A chiaroscuro drawing is made on medium-toned paper using both dark and light (usually white) lines to create the illusion of three dimensions. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) is considered an important figure in the development of chiaroscuro, especially in his later works, but he’s best known for his use of another technique, sfumato, meaning smoky, in which the outlines of figures are softened, as if seen through a haze of smoke. He was the first artist to use value consistently across colours, achieving tonal unity in which a figure presents a single, swelling, homogeneously generated volume in contrast to the inevitably fragmented effects of colour-modelling. IMAGE COURTESY – tiffanyschultz.com Describing his Chiaroscuro technique, Leonardo da Vinci had said: I would remind you O Painter! To dress your figures in the lightest colors you can, since, if you put them in dark colors, they will be in too slight relief and inconspicuous from a distance. And this is because the shadows of all objects are dark. And if you make a dress dark there is little variety between the lights and shadows, while in light colors there will be greater variety. Among the Baroque artists most strongly associated with Chiaroscuro technique are the Italian painter Caravaggio (1571-1610), the French painter Georges de La Tour (1593-1652), and Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669). However, it is believed that Chiaroscuro truly came to life in the paintings of Caravaggio during the late 16th century. Caravaggio used deep, dark backgrounds for many of his paintings. The high contrast in those paintings made for intensely powerful and dramatic works of art. Because of Caravaggio, Chiaroscuro became very popular, and today the word is o


"What is the meaning of the German word ""Gesundheit"", said after a sneeze?"

Gesundheit | Define Gesundheit at Dictionary.com gesundheit (used to wish good health, especially to a person who has just sneezed.) Origin of gesundheit Expand 1905-1910 1905-10, Americanism; < German: literally, health, equivalent to gesund healthy (Old High German gisunt; see sound 2) + -heit -hood Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for gesundheit Expand British Dictionary definitions for gesundheit Expand an expression used to wish good health to someone who has just sneezed Word Origin from gesund healthy + -heit-hood; see sound² Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for gesundheit Expand 1914, from German Gesundheit, literally "health!" Also in toast auf ihre Gesundheit "to your health" (see sound (adj.)). Lithuanian aciu, echoic of the sound of a sneeze, has come to mean "good luck, God bless you." See also God . Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper


Three quarters of the east boundary of the Republic of Malawi is what?

Malawi | Three Farmers and a Greek Three Farmers and a Greek Population:                   15 028 757 (Est. 2009) GDP:                              US$ 13 149 billion (Est. 2010) Per Capita Annual Income: US$ 900 – Nr 220 out of 230 countries.  The Republic of Malawi is a landlocked country in south east Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. The country is also nicknamed, “The Warm Heart of Africa” The Great Rift Valley runs through the country from north to south, and to the east of the valley lies Lake Malawi (also called Lake Nyasa), making up over three-quarters of Malawi’s eastern boundary with Mozambique. The jewel in the crown of the country’s tourist attractions is Lake Malawi, “discovered” by the missionary-explorer Dr David Livingstone just over 150 years ago. Although totally landlocked, Malawi is not denied its “inland sea”. This vast body of freshwater fringed by beaches of golden sand is not only a scenic wonderland but it provides water sport opportunities for those looking for something beyond sun, sand and swimming. Its approximate dimensions are 365 miles/ 584km north to south and 52 miles/83.2km broad, hence the sobriquet: “the calendar lake”. The Lake, in the north, is quite extraordinarily deep: 700m, plunging well below sea level. This reflects the enormity of the natural faulting of the Great Rift Valley, which is the origin of the Lake. The width of the lake’s shorelands, vary from nothing to over 25km, the edge of the Rift Valley rising steeply in places and more gently in others. The Shire River flows from the south end of the lake and joins the Zambezi River 400 km farther south in Mozambique. The surface of Lake Malawi is located at 457 above sea level, with a maximum depth of 701m, which means the lake bottom is over 213m below sea level at some points. Malawi’s capital is Lilongwe, and its commercial center and largest city is Blantyre, with a population of over 500,000 people. Malawi has two sites listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Lake Malawi National Park was first listed in 1984 and the Chongoni Rock Art Area was listed in 2006. Malawi was first settled during the 10th century and remained under native rule until 1891 when it was colonized by the British, who ruled the country until 1964. Upon gaining independence it became a single-party state under the presidency of Hastings Banda, who remained president until 1994, when he was ousted from power. Malawi is among the world’s least developed and most densely populated countries. The economy is heavily based in agriculture, with a largely rural population. The Malawian government depends heavily on outside aid to meet development needs, although this need (and the aid offered) has decreased since 2000. The Malawian government faces challenges in growing the economy, improving education, health care and the environmental protection and becoming financially independent. Malawi has several programs developed since 2005 that focus on these issues, and the country’s outlook appears to be improving, with improvements in economic growth, education and healthcare seen in 2007 and 2008. Because of its rich fish harvest, the Lake plays an important part in the economy. Fishing villages are scattered along the shore and the traditional industry and practices are an attraction to visitors. Access to the Lake is possible along much of its length but it should be noted that it is usually necessary to take a short detour off the main roads in order to reach the beach. Despite the attraction the Lake has to settlement, there are long stretches of totally uninhabited golden sand lakeshore, lapped by crystal clear waters. Kayaking, sailing, snorkelling, scuba diving and water skiing are just some of the lake activities available to visitors. Cape Maclear and the Lake Malawi National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.In recent years, a number of high quality lod