In the conventional western musical scale there are how many notes including sharps and flats, excluding those which repeat in a different octave?

Potential Mathematical Models for the Western Musical Scale Potential Mathematical Models for the Western Musical Scale A Historical and Empirical Comparison By Daniel White - Copyright © 03/05/2007 (This is an updated version of the dissertation as required for my course at the University of East Anglia. I thought I'd put it online (06/05/2007) for anyone who might be interested. In the future, I believe all scholarly texts will be primarily online, because it is easier for the author to design, maintain and reference, and better for the reader to seek references and information quickly (hyperlinks, wildcard search and no book-hunting)). Contents:       Appendix 3 - Deviation from pure intervals in each key of Just intonation Introduction and claims For this dissertation, I will be reviewing the issue of tuning and temperament, and research the foundation of what the human ear perceives as 'in tune'. Most of all, I intend to show that Equal temperament has just as much (if not more) evidence to form the basis of the Western musical scale as other tunings such as Just or Pythagorean Intonation (or similar). In addition, I intend to investigate three inter-related and partially overlapping ideas: Argument 1: That the type of consonance often associated with just ratios (the droning, lack of 'beating', 'pure' sound) may be a separate type of consonance associated with the twelve intervals of the scale (minor/major second, major third, major fourth etc.), despite the close mathematical proximity of said systems. Obviously for some people, these may coincide (where the droning intervals are also exactly mapped to the twelve intervals of the scale for their auditory system), and hence it would be easy to conflate these consonance types. Argument 2: That the differences between preferences in tuning may be down to the possibility that for the second consonance type (stated previously), two people/cultures could perceive the same physical interval differently in the 'mind's eye' (or conversely, a physically different interval, they could perceive the same). As an extreme example, can a tritone to group A, sound like a perfect fifth to group B? Argument 3: That despite Argument 2, there may be a 'most' natural tuning system for the second consonance type stated in Argument 1 (the twelve intervals). Whether this is represented by equal temperament, Just intonation, Pythagorean intonation, or another model completely, is very hard to resolve. Why care? What's the point in researching what the 'right tuning' is for music (if such a thing could be said) ? After all, most people hear interval inaccuracies on the order of 25 cents as 'on-tune', or at least are not noticeably disturbed by such intervals [1] [2] . Apart from the benefit for the purists, and intrinsic value, part of the reason is so we can form a foundation upon which other theories can be based. The analysis of harmony for example may be influenced according to whether the twelve intervals can be explained by pure ratios, or logarithmically equally spaced intervals as defined by equal temperament. On the other hand, the intervals may have no absolute mathematical pitch, instead being dependant on the observer. In this case, one may need to lean further towards psychoacoustic research and techniques. Historical context For Western music, tuning has always been an issue of contention throughout the centuries, with the history as foggy as the science of it is messy. Rarely will you find a topic so rich with complexity, laced with numerology, sprawling with pitfalls, and coloured with controversy. We have the ancient Greeks to thank for starting it all, who in their culture of philosophy, cosmology, mathematics and music were the first in the Western world to relate the musical scale to ratios of simple numbers. In particular, one man, named Pythagoras, is often reported to have discovered the potentially secret relation between the musical intervals and mathematics in the sixth century B.C.E [3] . These proportions, which can be heard through dividing a musical string and


How many times (as at 2010) has Roger Federer won the Wimbledon Men's Singles final? 4; 5; 6; or 7?

Wimbledon Men’s Singles Final: Nadal Beats Berdych - The Daily Fix - WSJ Wimbledon Men’s Singles Final: Nadal Beats Berdych By Jul 4, 2010 8:21 am ET Getty Images Rafael Nadal lifts the Wimbledon champion’s trophy for the second time. The Journal provides minute-by-minute analysis of today’s Wimbledon men’s singles final as Rafael Nadal defeated Tomas Berdych 6-3, 7-5, 6-4. Guest blogger Tom Perrotta is at Centre Court to offer commentary on the match. Copyright ©2016 Dow Jones & Company , Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright 2014 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. Distribution and use of this material are governed by our Subscriber Agreement and by copyright law. For non-personal use or to order multiple copies, please contact Dow Jones Reprints at 1-800-843-0008 or visit www.djreprints.com.


How many people (as at 2010) have walked on the moon?

How Many People Have Walked on the Moon? - Universe Today   Universe Today How Many People Have Walked on the Moon? Article Updated: 21 Dec , 2015 by Nancy Atkinson Ask someone if they know the names of the astronauts who have walked on the Moon, and most people would be able to list Neil Armstrong, and maybe even Buzz Aldrin. But can you name the rest of the Apollo astronauts who made it down to the lunar surface? How many people have walked on the Moon? In total twelve people have walked on the Moon. Besides Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin – who were the first two astronauts to leave their bootprints on the Moon — there were also Pete Conrad, Alan Bean, Alan Shepard, Edgar Mitchell, David Scott, James Irwin, John Young, Charles Duke, Eugene Cernan, and Harrison Schmitt. Interestingly, out of the dozen people who walked on the Moon, no one ever did it more than once. Here’s some additional information about the men who walked on the Moon and their missions: Apollo 11 – 2 people The iconic photo of Buzz Aldrin on the Moon for Apollo 11. Credit: NASA On July 21, 1969, Neil Armstrong made history by becoming the first person to set foot on the Moon. He was soon followed by Buzz Aldrin. In a nail-biting landing, Armstrong had to manually fly the Lunar Module past the intended landing spot, which he could see was filled with boulders. He landed safely in Tranquility Base with Aldrin keeping an eye on the altitude and velocity, along with a dangerously low fuel tank. In total, Neil and Buzz were on the lunar surface (both inside their Eagle lunar module and walking on the Moon) for only 21 hours, 36 minutes and 21 seconds and were outside walking in the Sea of Tranquility for just 2 hours, 31 minutes and 40 seconds. During their EVA, they collected rocks, planted the US flag, and deployed a seismograph and an experiment called the Lunar Ranging Retroreflector – a reflective device that measures the distance between the Earth and the Moon using lasers from Earth — which is still in use today. Apollo 12 – 2 people A bootprint in the lunar regolith, taken during Apollo 11 in 1969. Credit: NASA. Pete Conrad and Alan Bean were the Moon walkers on the Apollo 12 mission. The Apollo 12 crew experienced two lightning strikes just after their Saturn V rocket launched on November 14, 1969. The jolts knocked out the guidance system and power for a time, but thanks to quick thinking by Mission Control and Alan Bean, the systems were recovered. The Apollo 12 crew proved they could make a pin-point landing, touching down just 185 meters (600 feet) from the Surveyor 3 unmanned spacecraft. During one of their EVAs, Conrad and Bean walked to the Surveyor 3 spacecraft and removed pieces of it bring back to Earth for analysis. Conrad and Bean were on the Moon for two days, November 19 and 20, 1969. Apollo 13 – 0 People The next mission to launch to the Moon was Apollo 13, but because an oxygen tank on the spacecraft’s Service Module exploded two days after launch, the crew was not able to land on the Moon – and a harrowing and spectacular recovery ensued. You can find out more about the Apollo 13 mission here. Apollo 14 – 2 people The launch of Apollo 14. Credit: NASA. The next two people to set foot on the Moon were Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell who were part of the Apollo 14 mission. They launched on January 31, 1971, and landed on February 5 in the Fra Mauro region of the Moon, the original destination for Apollo 13. Shepard and Mitchell performed two EVAs, deploying seismic experiments to study potential Moon quakes, and used the Modular Equipment Transporter (MET), a pull cart for carrying equipment and samples. During the second moonwalk, they tried to reach the edge of a crater named Cone Crater, but with no obvious landmarks amid the rolling, repetitive terrain, they weren’t able to find it. Later analysis combining images the astronauts took with orbital images, it was determined the duo had come within just 20 meters (65 feet) of the crater’s rim. While on the Moon, Shepard fashioned a golf club and hit a couple of golf balls. Mit


In the Imperial Measurement system how many pounds are in a stone?

Convert stone to pounds - Conversion of Measurement Units ›› More information from the unit converter How many stone in 1 pounds? The answer is 0.0714285714286. We assume you are converting between stone and pound. You can view more details on each measurement unit: The SI base unit for mass is the kilogram. 1 kilogram is equal to 0.157473044418 stone, or 2.20462262185 pounds. Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results. Use this page to learn how to convert between stones and pounds. Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units! ›› Want other units? You can do the reverse unit conversion from pounds to stone , or enter any two units below: Enter two units to convert From: I'm feeling lucky, show me some random units . ›› Definition: Stone A stone is a unit of mass within the Imperial units system used in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and formerly in a number of Commonwealth countries. It is equal to 14 pounds avoirdupois, i.e. 6.35029318 kilograms. ›› Definition: Pound The pound (abbreviation: lb) is a unit of mass or weight in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. Its size can vary from system to system. The most commonly used pound today is the international avoirdupois pound. The international avoirdupois pound is equal to exactly 453.59237 grams. The definition of the international pound was agreed by the United States and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations in 1958. In the United Kingdom, the use of the international pound was implemented in the Weights and Measures Act 1963. An avoirdupois pound is equal to 16 avoirdupois ounces and to exactly 7,000 grains. ›› Metric conversions and more ConvertUnits.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more!


What number Pennsylvania Avenue is the Whitehouse?

Write or Call the White House | whitehouse.gov Latest News Read the latest blog posts from 1600 Pennsylvania Ave Share-Worthy Check out the most popular infographics and videos Photos View the photo of the day and other galleries Video Gallery Watch behind-the-scenes videos and more Live Events Tune in to White House events and statements as they happen Music & Arts Performances See the lineup of artists and performers at the White House From the Press Office


A peculiar frequency of roughly how many years saw US presidents dying in office (either assassinated or otherwise) from the 1840s to the 1960s?

United States | U.S. State United States From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses of terms redirecting here, seeUS (dis ambiguation) , USA (disambiguation) The United States of America (commonly referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is afederal constitutional republiccomprising fifty statesan d a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered byCanada to the north andMexico to the south. The state ofAlaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to its east andRus s ia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an scattered around theCaribbean and Pacific. At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km\u00b2) and with about 305 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and third largest by land area and by population. The United States is one of the world's most ethnically diverse andmulticu ltura l nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries.[7] The U.S. economy is the largest national economy in the world, with an estimated 2008 gross domestic product (GDP) ofUS$14.3 trillion (23% of the world total based on nominal GDP and almost 21% at purchasing power parity ).[4][8] .. The nation was founded bythirteen coloniesof Great Britain located along the Atlantic seaboard. On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union. The rebellious states defeated Great Britain in theAmerican Revolutionary War, the first successful colonial war of independence.[9] A federal conventionadopted the currentUnited States Cons titution on September 17, 1787; its ratification the following year made the states part of a single republic with a strong central government. The Bill of Rights, comprising ten Research and the Republic of Hawaii. Disputes between theagrarian Southand industrial Northover states' rights and the expansion of the institution of slavery provoked the American Civil War of the 1860s. The North's victory prevented a permanent split of the country and led to theend of legal slavery in the United States. By the 1870s, the national economy was the world's largest.[10] TheSpanish\u2013 American Warand World War I confirmed the country's status as a military power. In 1945, the United States emerged from World War II as the first country with nuclear weapons, a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, and a founding member ofNATO. The end of the Cold War left the United States as the solesuperpower. The country accounts for approximately 50% of global military spending and is a leading economic, political, and cultural force in the world.[11] The United States of to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is afederal constitutional statesan d a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central Nor th America, where its forty- eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacificand Atlantic Oceans, bordered byCanada to the north andMexico to the south. The state ofAlaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to its east andRussia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state ofHawaii is an Research archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories, or insular areas, scattered around theCaribbean and Pacific. At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km\u00b2) and with about 305 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and third largest by land area and by population. The United States is one of the world's most ethnically diverse andmulticu ltura l nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries.[7] The U.S. economy is the largest national economy in the world, with an estimated 2008 gross domestic product (GDP) ofUS$14.3 trillion (23% of


New York City comprises how many boroughs?

NYC Population Population Facts Here are some interesting facts about the New York City population: With a July 2015 population of 8,550,405, New York is the most populous city in the United States, more than twice the size of the second largest city, Los Angeles. About 1 in every 38 people living in the United States resides in New York City. New York has the highest population density of any major city in the United States, with over 27,000 people per square mile. Over 3 million of New York City’s residents are foreign-born; over one-quarter arrived in 2000 or later. Nearly 2 million New Yorkers are under the age of 18. New York City has more people than 40 of the 50 U.S. states. New York City comprises over two-fifths of New York State’s entire population. New York City has grown by over 1 million people since 1990. The 2014 median age in New York City was 35.8 years, almost two years lower than the national median of 37.7 years. Over one-third of the population 25 and over in New York City has a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared to 30 percent nationally. There are nearly 400,000 more women than men in New York. There is a birth in New York City every 4.4 minutes. There is a death in New York City every 9.1 minutes. The borough of Brooklyn on its own would be the 4th largest city in the United States; Queens would also rank 4th nationally. Approximately two-thirds of dwelling units in New York are renter-occupied, over twice the national average. The average commute for New Yorkers is just over 40 minutes, about 14 minutes longer than the national average. New York City has the largest Chinese population of any city outside of Asia. More persons of West Indian ancestry live in New York City than any city outside of the West Indies. New York has the largest Puerto Rican population of any city in the world. More Dominicans live in New York than any other city in the world, barring Santo Domingo. Over 2.4 million Hispanics reside in New York City, more than any other city in the United States. The Black nonhispanic population of New York City numbered 1.89 million in 2014, more than double the count in any other U.S. city. Half of all New Yorkers speak a language other than English at home. Over 200 languages are spoken in New York City.


How British King Georges have there been? 4; 5; 6 or 7?

Timeline of the Kings & Queens of England There have been 66 monarchs of England and Britain spread over a period of 1500 years.   SAXON KINGS EGBERT 827 - 839 Egbert (Ecgherht) was the first monarch to establish a stable and extensive rule over all of Anglo-Saxon England. After returning from exile at the court of Charlemagne in 802, he regained his kingdom of Wessex. Following his conquest of Mercia in 827, he controlled all of England south of the Humber. After further victories in Northumberland and North Wales, he is recognised by the title Bretwalda ( Anglo-Saxon , "ruler of the British". A year before he died aged almost 70, he defeated a combined force of Danes and Cornish at Hingston Down in Cornwall. He is buried at Winchester in Hampshire. AETHELWULF 839-856 King of Wessex , son of Egbert and father of Alfred the Great. In 851 Aethelwulf defeated a Danish army at the battle of Oakley while his eldest son Althelstan fought and beat the Danes at sea off the coast of Kent , in what is believed to be the first naval battle. A highly religous man, Athelwulf travelled to Rome with his son Alfred to see the Pope in 855. AETHELBALD 856 - 860 The eldest son of Aethelwulf, Æthelbald was born around 834. He was crowned at Kingston-upon-Thames in southwest London, after forcing his father to abdicate upon his return from pilgrimage to Rome. Following his fathers death in 858, he married his widowed stepmother Judith, but under pressure from the church the marriage was annulled after only a year. He is buried at Sherbourne Abbey in Dorset . AETHELBERT 860 - 866 Became king following the death of his brother Æthelbald. Like his brother and his father, Aethelbert (pictured to the right) was crowned at Kingston-Upon-Thames. Shortly after his succession a Danish army landed and sacked Winchester before being defeated by the Saxons. In 865 the Viking Great Heathen Army landed in East Anglia and swept across England. He is buried at Sherborne Abbey. AETHELRED I 866 - 871 Aethelred succeeded his brother Aethelbert. His reign was one long struggle with the Danes who had occupied York in 866, establishing the Viking kingdom of Yorvik . When the Danish Army moved south Wessex itself was threatened, and so together with his brother Alfred, they fought several battles with the Vikings at Reading, Ashdown and Basing. Aethelred suffered serious injuries during the next major battle at Meretun in Hampshire; he died of his wounds shortly after at Witchampton in Dorset, where he was buried. ALFRED THE GREAT 871 - 899 - son of AETHELWULF Born at Wantage in Berkshire around 849, Alfred was well educated and is said to have visited Rome on two occasions. He had proven himself to be a strong leader in many battles, and as a wise ruler managed to secure five uneasy years of peace with the Danes, before they attacked Wessex again in 877. Alfred was forced to retreat to a small island in the Somerset Levels and it was from here that he masterminded his comeback, perhaps ' burning the cakes ' as a consequence. With major victories at Edington, Rochester and London, Alfred established Saxon Christian rule over first Wessex, and then on to most of England. To secure his hard won boundaries Alfred founded a permanent army and an embryonic Royal Navy. To secure his place in history, he began the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. EDWARD (The Elder) 899 - 924 Succeeded his father Alfred the Great. Edward retook southeast England and the Midlands from the Danes. Following the the death of his sister Aethelflaed of Mercia , Edward unites the kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia. In 923, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles record that the Scottish King Constantine II recognises Edward as "father and lord". The following year, Edward is killed in a battle against the Welsh near Chester . His body is returned to Winchester for burial. ATHELSTAN 924 - 939 Son of Edward the Elder, Athelstan extended the boundaries of his kingdom at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937. In what is said to be one of the bloodiest battles ever fought on British soil, Athelstan defeated a combined army of Scots


It is now generally accepted that the human tongue can detect how many basic tastes?

Tip of the Tongue: Humans May Taste at Least 6 Flavors Tip of the Tongue: Humans May Taste at Least 6 Flavors By Adam Hadhazy | December 30, 2011 11:59am ET MORE Scientists disagree about whether humans can detect more than five basic tastes (sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami). Credit: Rafa Irusta , Shutterstock We cook, therefore we are. Over the millennia, humankind – hardly content to eat plants, animals and fungi raw – has created a smorgasbord of cuisines. Yet for all our sophistication in the kitchen, the scientific understanding of how we taste food could still use some time in the oven. Dating back to ancient Greece and China, the sensation of taste has historically been described as a combination of a handful of distinct perceptions. Western food research, for example, has long been dominated by the four "basic tastes" of sweet, bitter, sour and salty. In recent decades, however, molecular biology and other modern sciences have dashed this tidy paradigm. For example, Western science now recognizes the East's umami (savory) as a basic taste. But even the age-old concept of basic tastes is starting to crumble.  "There is no accepted definition of a basic taste," said Michael Tordoff, a behavioral geneticist at the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia. "The rules are changing as we speak." Our ability to sense the five accepted categories comes from receptors on our taste buds. These tiny sensory organs appear mostly on the tongue, the roof of the mouth and in the back of the throat. The sense of touch also plays a key role in experiencing taste, as evidenced by the strong opinions on crunchy versus smooth peanut butter. Smell, too, impacts our tasting abilities. Just ask anyone with a stuffed-up nose picking away at what seems to be a plate of bland food. [ Supertaster vs. Nontaster ] In the mouth itself, though, food scientists continue to discover new receptors and new pathways for gustatory impressions to reach our brain. Here are some taste sensations vying for a place at the table as a sixth basic taste.  1. Calcium The element calcium is critical in our bodies for muscle contraction, cellular communication and bone growth. Being able to sense it in our chow, therefore, would seem like a handy tool for survival. Mice seem to have it figured out, kind of. Recent research has revealed that the rodents' tongues have two taste receptors for calcium . One of those receptors has been found on the human tongue, though its role in directly tasting calcium is not yet settled, said Tordoff. Calcium clearly has a taste, however, and counterintuitively most mice (and humans) don't like it. People have described it as sort of bitter and chalky – even at very low concentrations. Tordoff thinks our calcium taste might actually exist to avoid consuming too much of it. An over-sensitivity to calcium-rich foods such as spinach could help explain why four out of five Americans don't get enough calcium. "There is a strong relation between people not liking vegetables and calcium," said Tordoff. As for milk and other calcium-loaded dairy, the calcium in it binds to the fat, so we don't taste the mineral all that much, Tordoff noted. 2. Kokumi That calcium receptor might also have something to do with an unrelated sixth-taste candidate called kokumi , which translates as "mouthfulness" and "heartiness." Kokumi has been promulgated by researchers from the same Japanese food company, Ajinomoto, who helped convince the taste world of the fifth basic taste, umami, a decade ago. Ajinomoto scientists published a paper in early 2010 suggesting that certain compounds, including the amino acid L-histidine, glutathione in yeast extract and protamine in fish sperm, or milt – which, yes, they do eat in Japan, and elsewhere – interact with our tongue's calcium receptors. The result: an enhancement of flavors already in the mouth, or perhaps a certain richness. Braised, aged or slow-cooked foods supposedly contain greater levels of kokumi. If all that sounds a bit vague, it does to Western scientists also. Ajinomoto representatives


According to the singer Katie Melua, how many million bicycles are there in Beijing? 5; 9; 10; or 25?

Katie Melua--Nine Million Bicycles - YouTube Katie Melua--Nine Million Bicycles Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Aug 26, 2006 There are nine million bicycles in Beijing ,That's a fact, It's a thing we can't deny Like the fact that I will love... Category


Twain is an old English word for which number?

Twain | Define Twain at Dictionary.com twain Old English 900 before 900; Middle English twayn orig., nominative and accusative masculine, Old English twēgen (cf. two ); cognate with obsolete German zween Can be confused Mark, pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens . Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for twain Expand Contemporary Examples There is no older money than the monarchy and no newer money than sport, and rarely do the twain meet. In this fashion, then, did we draw Antony back to Cleopatra, that the ruin of the twain might be made sure. Cleopatra H. Rider Haggard The state of being to which these twain have now arrived is the highest and best in life. British Dictionary definitions for twain Expand an archaic word for two Word Origin Old English twēgen; related to Old Saxon twēne, Old High German zwēne, Old Norse tveir, Gothic twai Twain noun 1. Mark, pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens. 1835–1910, US novelist and humorist, famous for his classics The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) 2. Shania (ʃəˈnaɪə), real name Eilleen Regina Edwards. born 1965, Canadian country-rock singer; her bestselling recordings include The Woman In Me (1995) Come On Over (1997), and UP! (2002) Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for twain Expand Old English twegen (masc.) "two" (masc. nominative and accusative), from Proto-Germanic *twa- (see two ). The word outlasted the breakdown of gender in Middle English and survived as a secondary form of two, especially in cases where the numeral follows a noun. Its continuation into modern times was aided by its use in KJV and the Marriage Service, in poetry (where it is a useful rhyme word), and in oral use where it is necessary to be clear that two and not to or too is meant. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Expand graphics, standard An image capture API for Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh operating systems that enables the user to control a scanner or digital camera from image processing software. TWAIN was first released on 1992-02-29 and is currently ratified at version 2.0 as of 2005-11-28. It is maintained by the TWAIN Working Group. Kevin Bier, chairman-emeritus of the TWAIN Working Group and the one of the original co-author/editors of TWAIN 1.0, chose the name TWAIN after reading letters by Mark Twain. It was unofficially considered to mean "toolkit without an important name." The word "twain" is an archaic form meaning "two". It appears in Kipling's "The Ballad of East and West" - "...and never the twain shall meet...", reflecting the difficulty, at the time, of connecting scanners and personal computers. It was up-cased to TWAIN to make it more distinctive. This led people to believe it was an acronym, and then to a contest to come up with an expansion. None were selected, but the entry "Technology Without An Interesting Name" continues to haunt the standard. The TWAIN Working Group (http://twain.org/). (2000-02-25)


How many rooms are on the Cluedo game board?

Clue (board game) | Clue Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Genre Murder-Mystery Clue (Cluedo outside the U.S.) is a popular murder-mystery board game. It was originally published in Leeds, England in 1949. It was devised by Anthony E. Pratt, a so ly move around the game board (a mansion), as of one of the game's six suspects (or, collecting clues from which to deduce which suspect murdered the game's perpetual victim: Mr. Boddy ( Dr. Black , outside of U.S.), and with which weapon and in what room. Several games, books, and a film have been released as part of the Cluedo franchise. The board game forms a chronology. Overall, several spinoffs have been released, some featuring extra characters, and for some, different game play. More recent editions have restored the name Boddy Mansion to the mansion, and say the mansion is located in Boston, Massachusetts in the year 1954 (located in Hampshire, England outside of the U.S.). Contents Edit In 1944, Anthony E. Pratt, an English solicitor's clerk, filed for a patent of his invention of a murder/mystery-themed game, originally named "Murder!" The game was originally invented as a new game to play during sometimes lengthy air raid drills in underground bunkers. Shortly thereafter, Pratt and his wife presented the game to Waddingtons' executive, Norman Watson, who immediately purchased the game and provided its trademark name of "Cluedo" (a play on "clue" and "Ludo", which is Latin for "I play"). Though the patent was granted in 1947, due to post-war shortages, the game was not officially launched until 1949, at which time the game was simultaneously licensed to Parker Brothers in the United States for publication, where it was re-named "Clue" along with other minor changes. However, there were several differences between the original game concept and that initially published in 1949, In particular, Pratt's original design calls for ten characters, one of whom was to be designated the victim by random drawing prior to the start of the game. These ten included the eliminated Mr. Brown, Mr. Gold, Miss Grey, and Mrs. Silver, with Nurse White, and Colonel Yellow. The game allowed for play of up to eight remaining characters, providing for nine suspects in total. Originally there were eleven rooms, including the eliminated "gun room" and cellar. In addition there were nine weapons including the unused axe, bomb, syringe, poison, shillelagh (walking stick/cudgel), and fireplace poker. Some of these unused weapons and characters would appear in later spinoff versions of the game. Some gameplay aspects were different as well. Notably, the remaining playing cards were distributed into the rooms to be retrieved, rather than dealt directly to the players. Players also had to land on another player in order to make suggestions about that player's character through the use of special counter-tokens, and once exhausted, a player could no longer make suggestions. There were other minor differences, all of which would be updated by the game's initial release and remain essentially unchanged in the standard classic editions of the game. Equipment Edit The game's current equipment consists of a board which shows the rooms, corridors and secret passages of an English country house called Boddy Mansion, although previously named variously as Tudor Close or Tudor Hall, and in some editions Tudor Manor or Tudor Mansion). The game box also includes several colored playing pieces to represent characters, miniature murder weapon props, one or two six-sided dice, three sets of cards, each set describing the aforementioned rooms, characters and weapons, Solution Cards envelope to contain one card from each set of cards, and a Detective's Notes pad on which are printed lists of rooms, weapons and characters, so players can keep detailed notes during the game. Suspects Edit Depending on edition, the playing pieces are typically made of colored plastic, shaped like chess pawns, or character figurines. Occasionally they are made from wood or pewter. The standard edition of Cluedo comes with six basic tokens rep


How many fences (not the number of times they are jumped) are on the Aintree Grand National race course?

Course and Fences It is illegal for anyone aged under 18 to gamble Grand National Course and Fences The Grand National is the ultimate test of horse and jockey. The race comprises two full circuits of a unique 2ï¿½ mile (3,600 metres) course, where challengers will face 30 of the most testing fences in the world of jump racing. It was originally designed as a cross-country steeplechase when it was first officially run in 1839. The runners started at a lane on the edge of the racecourse and raced away from the course out over open countryside towards the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. The gates, hedges and ditches that they met along the way were flagged to provide them with the obstacles to be jumped along the way with posts and rails erected at the two points where the runners jumped a brook. The runners returned towards the racecourse by running along the edge of the canal before re-entering the course at the opposite end. The runners then ran the length of the racecourse before embarking on a second circuit before finishing in front of the stands. The majority of the race therefore took place not on the actual Aintree Racecourse but instead in the adjoining countryside. That countryside was incorporated into the modern course but commentators still often refer to it as "the country", much to the confusion of millions of once-a-year racing viewers. Nowadays, around 150 tonnes of spruce branches, sourced and transported from forests in the Lake District, are used to dress the Liverpool course's jump fences. Each fence used to be made from a wooden frame and covered with the distinctive green spruce. However, a radical change for the 2013 renewal saw that frame replaced by a softer, more forgiving material known as "plastic birch", for safety reasons. Each of the 16 fences on the course are jumped twice, with the exception of The Chair and the Water Jump, which are jumped on the first circuit only. You can take a jockey's eye view of the Grand National course via the video below: Safety Changes Following safety reviews after both the 2011 and 2012 renewals, a number of changes were made to the course with some reductions in fences or the drop after fences, plus the levelling of landing zones. Since 2013, the start of the race is now 90 yards closer to the first fence, reducing the race to four miles and three-and-a-half furlongs, from four-and-a-half miles, while measures were introduced to stop horses getting caught up in the starting tape. In particular, the start now includes the 'no-go' zone, which is defined by a line on the track, being extended from 15 yards to around 30 yards from the starting tape. The starter's rostrum has been moved to a position between the starting tape and the 'no-go' zone to reduce the potential for horses to go through the starting tape prematurely. The tapes themselves are also more user-friendly, with increased visibility, while there is now a specific briefing between the starters' team and the jockeys on Grand National day. The changes to the start are aimed at slowing the speed the first fence is approached at, while moving the start further away from the crowd reduces noise that can distract the horses. The makeup of all of the fences changed significantly in 2013. The new fences are still covered in spruce, but wooden posts have been replaced by a softer material known as "plastic birch", and on top of that birch there's a minimum of fourteen to sixteen inches of spruce that the horses can knock off. The outward appearance of the fences remains the same. Other measures included ï¿½100,000 being invested in irrigation to produce the safest jumping ground possible and a new bypass and pen around fence four to catch riderless horses. The Start There is a hazard to overcome even before the race starts - the build up, parade and re-girthing prior to the off lasts for around 25 minutes, over double the time it takes for any other race. With 40 starters, riders naturally want a good sight of the first fence and after the long build-up their nerves are stretched to breaking point, which means


"The core rules of the Muslim faith are known as the ""... (how many) Pillars of Islam""?"

Core Values of Islam - The Religion of Islam Core Values of Islam    Font size: Description: The article will present the most important aspects of Islam: core beliefs, religious practices, Quran, teachings of Prophet Muhammad, and the Shariah.� A simple article that synthesizes Islam in a nutshell. Category: By Imam Kamil Mufti (� 2013 IslamReligion.com) Published on 27 May 2013 Last modified on 04 Jan 2015 Printed: 831 Viewed: 265314 (daily average: 201) Rating: 4 out of 5 Rated by: 45 Best Rate it It is difficult to limit all of Islam into a few core values.� Nevertheless, the most important beliefs and religious practices were identified by Prophet Muhammad himself.� Thus, there is general agreement on them among all Muslims.� It provides an interesting comparison since modern Jews and Christians do not have similar uniformity in their belief systems.� Christians, for example, have numerous creeds [1] and Jews do not have any agreed upon beliefs.� Modern Jews mostly agree over the 613 commandments that Maimonides, a Jewish rabbi from Muslim Spain, recorded and classified in the 12th century. Additionally, Muslim scholars, past and present, have also identified and in certain cases agreed on the core teachings of the Quran, of Prophet Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, and the �essentials� of Islamic Law (Shariah). Core Islamic Beliefs: Six Articles of Faith More than a billion Muslims share a common set of fundamental beliefs that are described as "Articles of Faith." These articles of faith form the foundation of Islamic belief system. 1.� Belief in One God: The most important teaching of Islam is that only God is to be served and worshipped.� Also, the biggest sin in Islam is to worship other beings with God.� In fact, Muslims believe that it is the only sin that God does not forgive if a person dies before repenting from it. 2.� Belief in Angels: God created unseen beings called angels who work tirelessly to administer His kingdom in full obedience.� The angels surround us at all times, each has a duty; some record our words and deeds. 3.��� Belief in Prophets of God: Muslims believe that God communicates His guidance through human prophets sent to every nation.� These prophets start with Adam and include Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad, peace be upon them.� The main message of all the prophets has always been that there is only One true God and He alone is worthy of being supplicated to and worshipped. 4.��� Belief in Revealed Books of God: Muslims believe that God revealed His wisdom and instructions through �books� to some of the prophets like the Psalms, Torah, and the Gospel.� Over time, however, the original teachings of these books got distorted or lost.� Muslims believe the Quran is God�s final revelation revealed to Prophet Muhammad and has been fully preserved. 5.��� Belief in Day of Judgment: The life of this world and all that is in it will come to an end on an appointed day.� At that time, every person will be raised from the dead.� God will judge each person individually, according to his faith and his good and bad actions.� God will show mercy and fairness in judgment.� According to Islamic teachings, those who believe in God and perform good deeds will be eternally rewarded in Heaven.� Those who reject faith in God will be eternally punished in the fire of Hell. 6.��� Belief in Destiny and Divine Decree: Muslims believe that since God is the Sustainer of all life, nothing happens except by His Will and with His full knowledge.� This belief does not contradict the idea of free will.� God does not force us, our choices are known to God beforehand because His knowledge is complete.� This recognition helps the believer through difficulties and hardships. Core Religious Practice of Islam: The Five "Pillars" of Islam In Islam, worship is part of daily life and is not limited to mere rituals.� The formal acts of worship are known as the five "pillars" of Islam.� The five pillars of Islam are the declaration of faith, prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage. 1.��� Declarati


In which year were Concorde planes retired from service?

Concorde | Aircraft Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Rate of climb 5,000 ft/min (25.41 m/s) The Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde is a supersonic passenger airliner or supersonic transport (SST) which is now retired from production, and likely from service as well. It was a product of an Anglo-French government treaty, combining the manufacturing efforts of Aérospatiale and British Aircraft Corporation . With only 20 aircraft ultimately built, the costly development phase represented a substantial, massive economic loss. Additionally, Air France and British Airways were subsidised by their governments to buy the aircraft. Concorde was the more successful of the only two supersonic airliners to have ever operated commercially, the Tupolev Tu-144 being the other. The Tu-144 had a higher maximum speed, but had a higher fuel consumption rate and had less range than Concorde. Concorde service commenced in 1976 and continued for 27 years. It flew regular transatlantic flights from London Heathrow (British Airways) and Charles de Gaulle International Airport (Air France) to John F. Kennedy International Airport and Washington Dulles International Airport, flying these routes at record speeds, in under half the time of other airliners. Concorde also set many other records, including the official Fédération Aéronautique Internationale "Westbound Around The World" and "Eastbound Around the World" world air speed records. As a result of the type's only crash, on 25 July 2000, (Air France Flight 4590), world economic effects arising from the September 11, 2001 attacks, and other factors, operations ceased on 24 October 2003. The last "retirement" flight occurred on 26 November that year. [1] Concorde remains an icon of aviation history, and has acquired an unusual nomenclature for an aircraft. In common usage in the United Kingdom, the type is known as "Concorde" rather than " the Concorde" or "a Concorde". [2] [3] Contents Edit The United Kingdom, France, United States and Soviet Union were considering developing supersonic transport. Britain's Bristol Aeroplane Company and France's Sud Aviation were both working on designs, called the Bristol 223 and Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle, respectively. Both were largely funded by their respective governments. [4] The British design was for a thin-winged delta shape (which owed much to work by Dietrich Küchemann) for a transatlantic-ranged aircraft for about 100 people, while the French were intending to build a medium-range aircraft.They were both ready to start prototype construction in the early 1960s, but the cost was so great that the British government made it a requirement that BAC look for international co-operation. [4] Approaches were made to a number of countries, but only France showed real interest. The development project was negotiated as an international treaty between the two countries rather than a commercial agreement between companies and included a clause, originally asked for by Britain, imposing heavy penalties for cancellation. A draft treaty was signed on 28 November 1962. By this time, both companies had been merged into new ones; thus, the Concorde project was between the British Aircraft Corp. and Aerospatiale. At first the new consortium intended to produce two versions of the aircraft, one long range and one short range. However, prospective customers showed no interest in the short-range version and it was dropped. The consortium secured orders for over 100 of the long-range version from the premier airlines of the day: Pan Am , BOAC and Air France were the launch customers, with six Concordes each. Other airlines in the order book included: Template:Fact The aircraft was initially referred to in Britain as "Concorde," with the French spelling, but was officially changed to "Concord" by Harold Macmillan in response to a perceived slight by Charles de Gaulle . In 1967, at the French roll-out in Toulouse the British Government Minister for Technology , Tony Benn announced that he would change the spelling back to "Concorde." [5] This created a nationalist uproar that


Pop star Wyclef Jean was a potential but unsuccessful 2010 presidential candidate in which country?

Wyclef Jean Confirms Candidacy As Haitian Presidential Race Heats Up – Latin America News Dispatch Musician Wyclef Jean is thinking of running for president of Haiti. Haitian-American hip hop artist and presidential candidate Wyclef Jean. Today in Latin America Top Story — It is now certain that pop star Wyclef Jean will run for the Haitian presidency, confirming rumors that have been circulating for weeks. “My decision was a draft. I’m being drafted by the youth,” Jean told Time Magazine in a video posted to its Web site. Ex-Prime Minister Jacques-Edouard Alexis has also announced he will run. With the support of current President René Préval’s newly formed Unity party, Alexis is expected to be one of the strongest candidates. Jean also faces competition from his own uncle, Raymond Joseph, the former ambassador to the United States . The winner of the election, scheduled for Nov. 28, will face some of the most urgent problems of any leader in the hemisphere. The Jan. 12 earthquake leveled Haiti’s capital, killing an estimated 230,000 people and leaving as many as 1.6 million homeless. The new president will also face the intimidating task of building a strong Haitian state . The devastation caused by the natural disaster was facilitated by Haiti’s poor infrastructure and shoddy construction. At the heart of the problem, many experts say, was a weak Haitian government hobbled by a combination of foreign intervention, corruption and poverty. Jean’s formal entry into Haitian politics also promises to highlight a growing tension between those who were living on the island when the devastating earthquake struck on Jan. 12 and those who immigrated and have returned to help rebuild the country. Jean was born in Haiti, but raised in Brooklyn, New York. Jean will formally announce his candidacy tonight in an English-language interview, according to The Miami Herald. Below is a video of Wycleff Jean Speaking with Time Magazine. Just Published at the Latin America News Dispatch Alison Bowen discussed the Arizona immigration law’s ripple effects in the latest post to her blog Beyond Borders . Headlines from the Western Hemisphere North America Mexican drug cartels are increasingly using online videos to intimidate rivals, law enforcement and the public by airing violent footage of executions and other crimes. Mexicana de Aviación suspended ticket sales Wednesday as the airline faces mounting debts. Caribbean


Chennai, the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, was known by what name until 1968?

Cheap Flights & Holiday Accommodations in Chennai, India - Direct Flights MULTI CITY STOPOVER ASIA : INDIA : CHENNAI Chennai is the proverbial cultural jewel in the crown of south-eastern India, ripe with native Indian and European colonial history. With a discount holiday package from Australia to Chennai, you can combine cheap flights, hotel and car hire options with destination activities and see everything you want at a great price. Chennai, India (Madras)       Located on the fabled Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal, not far from the tropical southern tip of the Indian sub-continent, Chennai is a fascinating coastal metropolis and the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. If the name Chennai doesn't sound familiar to you, it's probably because the city was known as Madras until it was renamed in 1996, about the same time that many Indian cities were undergoing name changes designed to remove colonial influences.         Chennai is the proverbial cultural jewel in the crown of south-eastern India, ripe with native Indian and European colonial history. A cultural melting pot, before the colonial period Chennai was ruled by various south Indian dynasties and was an important administrative, military, and economic centre for those princely states. During the colonial period it was briefly under French and Portuguese rule and was influenced by the Dutch. Under British dominion it became a major urban centre, naval base and the seat of the influential Madras Presidency of the British Raj. And now, after India's independence, Chennai is a vibrant urban centre that boasts a scintillating combination of old and new.         You can experience Chennai and its exotic mixture of sights by booking a discount flight from Australia to Chennai with Direct Flights. With Direct Flights, finding cheap flights to Chennai, discount hotels in Chennai and cheap car hire options in Chennai is a snap. Just check out www.directflights.com.au and book your discount travel options to Chennai, or combine them and save with a cheap holiday package to Chennai, India.         Popular for good reason with travellers around the world, Chennai is ranked as the third most visited city in India after Delhi and Mumbai , formerly known as Bombay. If you crave culture, Chennai is known for its classical dance shows and the intriguing architecture of its Hindu temples. Tamil and Indian culture and tradition are on display in several art galleries and cultural centres found throughout the city. An arts festival called the Chennai Sangamam, which showcases various arts of the Tamil Nadu region, is held in January every year. Pongal, a well-known harvest festival held in January, provides an opportunity to absorb local colour. And the annual 5-week long Madras Music Season features performances by hundreds of artists. The city has a lively theatre scene and is an important centre for the Bharatanatyam, a classical dance form. The Tamil film industry, dubbed Kollywood, is based in Chennai, and the glitz and glamour of Kollywood films pervade the city. Even the music you'll hear in Chennai is dominated by Kollywood soundtracks. Plan and book your holidays to Chennai with these festivals in mind, and experience a mystifying Indian holiday. With a discount holiday package from Australia to Chennai, you can combine cheap flights, hotel and car hire options with destination activities and see everything you want, at a great price.         Unique shopping opportunities abound throughout Chennai, where contemporary and traditional arts and crafts, antiques, traditional jewellery, and silks and other luscious fabrics are all available. Discount travel to Chennai allows travellers to shop at modern shopping centres as well as one-off boutiques and street markets that feature native wares.         Chennai has a long-standing heritage of friendly hospitality to visitors. Dining in Chennai restaurants provides a glimpse of the unique lifestyle of the city, serving up vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes.  Many of the city's restaurants offer light meals know


Eighteen year-old Eri Yoshida, known as the Knuckleball Princess, in 2010 became the first Japanese woman to play in the US professional (generally all-male) league of which sport?

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Which jockey won the 1981 UK Grand National on Aldaniti?

1981 Grand National at Aintree won by Aldaniti - YouTube 1981 Grand National at Aintree won by Aldaniti Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Feb 29, 2012 1981 Grand National,Aintree,Liverpool,Aldaniti,Bob Champion Jockey,Red Rum,Royal Mail,Rubstic,Spartan Missile,Three To One Category


Yitzhak Rabin was the prime minister of which country between 1974 and 1977?

Biography – Yitzhak Rabin » The Prime Ministers Biography – Yitzhak Rabin     Following Golda Meir’s resignation in April 1974, Yitzhak Rabin was elected party leader, after he defeated Shimon Peres. The rivalry between these two labour leaders remained fierce and they competed several times in the next two decades for the leadership role. Rabin succeeded Golda Meir as Prime Minister of Israel on 3 June 1974. This was a coalition government, including Ratz, the Independent Liberals, Progress and Development and the Arab List for Bedouins and Villagers. This arrangement, with a bare parliamentary majority, held for a few months and was one of the few periods in Israel’s history where the religious parties were not part of the coalition. The National Religious Party joined the coalition on 30 October 1974 and Ratz left on 6 November. In foreign policy, the major development at the beginning of Rabin’s term was the Sinai Interim Agreement between Israel and Egypt, signed on 1 September 1975. Both countries declared that the conflict between them and in the Middle East shall not be resolved by military force but by peaceful means. This agreement followed Henry Kissinger’s shuttle diplomacy and a threatened ‘reassessment’ of the United States’ regional policy and its relations with Israel. Rabin notes it was, “an innocent-sounding term that heralded one of the worst periods in American-Israeli relations”. The agreement was an important step towards the Camp David Accords of 1978 and the peace treaty with Egypt signed in 1979. Operation Entebbe was perhaps the most dramatic event during Rabin’s first term of office. On his orders, the IDF performed a long-range undercover raid to rescue passengers of an airliner hijacked by militants belonging to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine’s Wadie Haddad faction and the German Revolutionary Cells (RZ), and had been brought to Idi Amin’s Uganda. The operation was generally considered a tremendous success, and its spectacular character has made it the subject of much continued comment and study. Towards the end of 1976 his coalition government with the religious parties suffered a crisis: A motion of no confidence had been brought by Agudat Yisrael over a breach of the Sabbath on an Israeli Air Force base when four F-15 jets were delivered from the US and the National Religious Party had abstained. Rabin dissolved his government and decided on new elections, which were to be held in May 1977. Following the March 1977 meeting between Rabin and U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Rabin publicly announced that the U.S. supported the Israeli idea of defensible borders; Carter then issued a clarification. A “fallout” in U.S./Israeli relations ensued. It is thought that the fallout contributed to the Israeli Labour Party’s defeat in the May 1977 elections. On March 15, 1977, Haaretz journalist Dan Margalit revealed that a joint dollar account in the names of Yitzhak and Leah Rabin, opened in a Washington, D.C., bank during Rabin’s term of office as Israel ambassador (1968-73), was still open, in breach of Israeli law. According to Israeli currency regulations at the time, it was illegal for citizens to maintain foreign bank accounts without prior authorisation. Rabin resigned on April 8, 1977, following the revelation by Maariv journalist Shraga Mekel that the Rabins held two accounts in Washington, not one, containing $10,000, and that a Finance Ministry administrative penalty committee fined them IL150,000. Rabin withdrew from the party leadership and candidacy for prime minister, an act that earned him praise as a man of integrity. On the evening of 4 November 1995 (12th of Heshvan on the Hebrew Calendar), Rabin was assassinated by Yigal Amir, a radical right-wing Orthodox Jew who opposed the signing of the Oslo Accords. Rabin had been attending a mass rally at the Kings of Israel Square (now Rabin Square) in Tel Aviv, held in support of the Oslo Accords. When the rally ended, Rabin walked down the city hall steps towards the open door of his car, at which point Amir fired three sho


Raines Law of 1896 related to the sale of what in New York State?

LegalFlip.com - This Day in the Law This Day in the Law Share March 23 Raines Law Passed in New York (1896) On March 23, 1896, the New York state legislature passed the Raines Law, which banned the sale of alcohol on Sundays. Though the Raines Law was presented to the public as a small liquor tax, its true intention was to curb the consumption of alcohol through imposing restrictions on sales. Under the Raines Law, the only place one could get alcohol on a Sunday was at a hotel. Further, a hotel could only sell alcohol to guests as part of a meal. During this time period, Sunday was the biggest drinking day because most men worked six days a week and only had off on Sunday. Because of this law, most establishments looked for a loophole to prevent the loss of profits. To combat this law many saloons and bars added small furnished bedrooms above the saloon or bar as a "hotel." These establishments were known as "Raines law hotels." Sometimes, these "hotels" further sidestepped the law by selling "brick sandwiches," which were two slices of bread with an actual brick in between the bread – to fulfill the requirement that alcohol was only to be served with a meal (no one actually ate the sandwiches – they were only for public show!). The Raines Law passed on March 23, 1896 was a precursor to the 18th Amendment, also known as the Prohibition Amendment, which made the selling of alcohol illegal.


What was the nickname of the Parliamentary supporters during the mid 17th century English Civil War?

BBC - History -   British History in depth: Choosing Sides in the English Civil War Choosing Sides in the English Civil War By Dr Mike Stoyle Last updated 2011-02-17 From royalism and religion to money and women, Dr Mark Stoyle uncovers the complex motivations behind the choosing of sides in the English Civil War. On this page Print this page Introduction Between 1642 and 1646 England was torn apart by a bloody civil war. On the one hand stood the supporters of King Charles I: the Royalists. On the other stood the supporters of the rights and privileges of Parliament: the Parliamentarians. Shortly before the war broke out, partisans of both sides began to apply an insulting nickname to their opponents, little dreaming that the two scornful labels which they had chosen for each other would ring down through the succeeding centuries. ...the two scornful labels which they had chosen for each other would ring down through the succeeding centuries. To the Parliamentarians, the Royalists were 'Cavaliers' - a term derived from the Spanish word 'Caballeros', meaning armed troopers or horsemen. To the Royalists, the Parliamentarians were 'Roundheads' - a reference to the shaved heads of the London apprentices who had been so active in demonstrating their support for Parliament during the months before the fighting began. Both terms reveal a lot about what the two sides thought of each other. In Parliamentarian eyes, the typical Royalist was a dissolute gentleman, possessed of a suspiciously foreign air and prone to acts of sudden violence. As far as the Royalists were concerned, the typical Parliamentarian was a 'base mechanic': a low-born, lumpen townsman, inexperienced in judgment and inelegant in appearance. There was more than a grain of truth in these stereotypes, but it would be wrong to conclude from them that the Civil War was primarily a class war, a punch up between 'toffs' and 'toughs'. The considerations which prompted men and women to choose the sides they did between 1642 and 1646 were infinitely more varied and subtle than the two-party labels suggest. Top The personality of Charles I At the heart of the conflict lay the policies and personality of the King himself. Charles I was a reserved, slightly diffident figure whose abilities as a monarch left a good deal to be desired. During the 1630s, his apparent determination to rule England without the assistance of Parliament, his introduction of all sorts of controversial financial measures and his support for 'high-church' religious practices aroused considerable alarm among his subjects. Many people, particularly the more zealous protestants, or 'puritans', came to fear that Charles was pursuing a hidden agenda: that he planned to remove his people's rights, or 'liberties', and to restore England to the Catholic fold. ...[Charles'] abilities as a monarch left a good deal to be desired. When, in 1637, Charles attempted to introduce a new form of prayer book in his northern kingdom of Scotland, a major rebellion erupted. The King did not have enough money to raise an army against the Scots and was therefore forced to summon a Parliament. Yet the men who assembled at Westminster were unwilling to give the King the money he needed until their own grievances had been dealt with. The angry, disaffected members of Parliament seized political control and set about dismantling the hated instruments of the Personal Rule. During 1640-41, Charles I's prerogative courts were abolished, his ministers arrested or forced to flee, and his unpopular financial expedients declared illegal. To many contemporaries, it seemed that the kingdom's political problems were solved. In fact, they were only just beginning. Top The road to war A contemporary cartoon    © In late 1640 Charles I had faced a political élite which was almost wholly united against him. In late 1641 this was no longer the case. By this time a split had emerged in Parliament - and, still more dangerously, in the country at large - between those who wished for further reform, and those who felt that the recent change


On which part of the body would a tarboosh be worn?

tarboosh | hat | Britannica.com Tarboosh poke bonnet Tarboosh, also spelled Tarbush, close-fitting, flat-topped, brimless hat shaped like a truncated cone. It is made of felt or cloth with a silk tassel and is worn especially by Muslim men throughout the eastern Mediterranean region either as a separate headgear or as the inner part of the turban . The tarboosh worn by women is made of rich materials and adorned with ornaments. Man wearing a tarboosh, portrait of Mehmed V, oil painting by an unknown artist, c. 1918; in … Courtesy of Topkapı Museum, Istanbul; photograph, Sonia Halliday The tarboosh, which is of ancient Greek origin, is similar to the modern fez . As Muslim countries in the 20th century generally abolished national dress , the tarboosh was being abandoned. Learn More in these related articles: in dress: The Ottoman Empire The traditional Turkish cap, the tarboosh, resembles an inverted flower pot and is made of cloth or felt. Similar to the fez, a term believed to have derived from the Moroccan town of that name, this cap was for centuries under the Ottoman Empire bound around the brow with a turban. The cap was made part of the national dress of the Turks during the 19th century and remained so until it was... 1 Reference found in Britannica Articles Assorted Reference Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: March 15, 2002 URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/tarboosh Access Date: January 01, 2017 Share


In which year did Morocco gain its independence from France?

Independence Day of Morocco Independence Day of Morocco When is the Independence Day of Morocco celebrated? Every year Morocco celebrates its Independence Day, the Eid Al Istiqulal, on November 18 to honor the return of their King Mohammed to Morocco. The king had been on exile to Madagascar when Morocco was a French protector. On this day the king proclaimed the freedom of Morocco from France and Spain who colonized the country for 44 years. How is the Independence Day celebrated in Morocco? The Independence Day is a national holiday in Morocco. A grand reception is held at the imperial palace; colorful parades, and street vendors selling traditional food mark the Independence Day celebrations. What is the significance of Independence Day in history of Morocco? European interest in Morocco grew in the 1800s. This led to a conflict between imperialist powers, particularly France and Spain. The Algeciras Conference (an international conference of European states and the US that discussed French interest in Morocco) of 1906 solemnized the special interest of France in Morocco, and the Treaty of Frez, which was signed between Sultan Abdelhafid and the French, declared Morocco a protectorate of France in 1912. The same year, France and Spain signed an agreement, which establish Spanish control over the Tangiers in north, Rif and Ifni on the Atlantic coast in the southwest, and over Tarfaya to the south of the River Draa. Although mid-1920s some rebellion against the colonial rule did show up, the demand for independence gained momentum after the World War II. In about 1944, the regent, Sultan Mohammed V, and the nationalist party, Istiqlal (Independence) Party, stressed the need for complete sovereignty. In 1953, the French exiled the revered Sultan Mohammed V, and replaced him with the Mohammed Ben Aarafa, who was widely opposed by the people. In wake of the public outcry, the French had to allow the sultan to return to Morocco. In 1956, the king proclaimed freedom for Morocco from France. Spain also officially renounced its claim over Morocco in the same year (but Spain retained control over Infi, which became a part of Morocco in 1969, and Spanish Sahara or Western Sahara, on which Spain held its claim until 1975, and where the status still remains disputed). On November 18, the people of Morocco commemorate the sacrifices of their ancestors and the royal family, and the return of Sultan Mohammed V, from his exile in Madagascar in 1956. What is the significance of national flag of Morocco? The flag of Morocco features a red backdrop with a green five-pointed star known as the Seal of Solomon, and bears a 2:3 width-to-length ratio. The seal was added when Morocco was still a French protectorate. Moroccans continued to use the green pentagram on the red background after France granted freedom to Morocco in 1956. While green is the color of Islam, the dominant religion of the nation, red represents the ruling dynasty. The five-pointed star or the Seal of Solomon denotes the five pillars of Islam, and it signifies the nexus between God and the nation. Who wrote the national anthem of Morocco? The national anthem of Morocco - Hymne Cherifien - was adopted during the French rule. Although its tune, which had been written by Leo Morgan, remained the same, the lyrics were changed at the time of its independence. The new lyrics were composed by Ali Squalli Houssaini at the time of the country's independence in 1956.


The English town name suffix 'wich' (as in Nantwich and Northwich) derives from the mining of what mineral?

History of salt - 必应 Sign in History of salt Salt, NaCl, is an ionic compound made of sodium and chloride ions which has been exceptionally important to humans for thousands of years, because it is one of the substances upon which all of life evolved to depend. Humans, like all life, need a supply of salt in order to simply survive. Salt's ability to preserve food was a foundation of civilization. It helped to eliminate the dependence on the seasonal availability of food and it allowed travel over long distances. However, salt was difficult to obtain, and so it was a highly valued trade item to t ... (展开) he point of being considered a form of currency by certain peoples. Many salt roads, such as the via Salaria in Italy, had been established by the Bronze age. Today, salt is almost universally accessible, relatively cheap and often iodized. History of salt Sources There have been two main sources for salt: sea water and the sodium chloride mineral halite (also known as rock salt). Rock salt occurs in vast beds of sedimentary evaporite minerals that result from the drying up of enclosed lakes, playas, and seas. Salt beds may be up to 350 m thick and underlie broad areas. In the United States and Canada extensive underground beds extend from the Appalachian basin of western New York through parts of Ontario and under much of the Michigan basin. Other deposits are in Texas, Ohio, Kansas, New Mexico, Nova Scotia, and Saskatchewan. In the United Kingdom underground beds are found in Cheshire and around Droitwich. Salzburg, Austria, was named "the city of salt" for its mines. High-quality rock salt was cut in medieval Transylvania, Maramureş and Southern Poland (Wieliczka). Tuzla in Bosnia and Herzegovina was named in Hungarian Só (salt) from the twelfth century on and later "place of salt" by Turks. Salt is extracted from underground beds either by mining or by solution mining using water to dissolve the salt. In solution mining the salt reaches the surface as brine, from which the water is evaporated leaving salt crystals. History of salt History All through history the availability of salt has been pivotal to civilization. In Britain, the suffix "-wich" in a placename means it was once a source of salt, as in Sandwich and Norwich. The Natron Valley was a key region that supported the Egyptian Empire to its north, because it supplied it with a kind of salt that came to be called by its name, natron. Solnitsata, the earliest known town in Europe was built around a salt production facility. Located in present-day Bulgaria, archaeologists believe the town accumulated wealth by supplying salt throughout the Balkans. Salt was of high value to the Hebrews, Greeks, the Chinese, Hittites and other peoples of antiquity. Aside from being a contributing factor in the development of civilization, salt was also used in the military practice of salting the earth by various peoples, beginning with the Assyrians[citation needed]. In the early years of the Roman Republic, with the growth of the city of Rome, roads were built to make transportation of salt to the capital city easier. An example was the Via Salaria (originally a Sabine trail), leading from Rome to the Adriatic Sea. The Adriatic, having a higher salinity due to its shallow depth, had more productive solar ponds compared with those of the Tyrrhenian Sea, much closer to Rome. The word "salary" comes from the Latin word for salt because the Roman Legions were sometimes paid in salt, which was quite literally worth its weight in gold. (They say the soldiers who did their job well were "worth their salt.") During the late Roman Empire and throughout the Middle Ages salt was a precious commodity carried along the salt roads into the heartland of the Germanic tribes. Caravans consisting of as many as forty thousand camels traversed four hundred miles of the Sahara bearing salt to inland markets in the Sahel, sometimes trading salt for slaves: Timbuktu was a huge salt and slave market. Salt in Chinese history was both a driver of technological development and a stable source of reven


What is the title of the fourth Dirty Harry film, starring Clint Eastwood?

Dirty Harry (1971) Sudden Impact (1983) (directed    by Eastwood himself) The Dead Pool (1988) (d. Buddy Van Horn) Director Siegel and star Eastwood had made other films together   before this one: Coogan's Bluff (1968) with Eastwood as an Arizona   deputy displaced to NYC, Two Mules for Sister Sara (1970), and The    Beguiled (1971), and Siegel had also aided Eastwood with his directorial    feature debut for Play Misty for Me (1971) .     Siegel also directed the excellent NY police detective film Madigan     (1968) a few years earlier without Eastwood, but with Harry Guardino. This film   was the actor's third feature in 1971. The director took advantage of many   scenic views and locales in the picturesque city of San Francisco within   the film, although the most famous set-piece - the bank robbery on a downtown   street in the film's opening - was shot on a Hollywood studio set. The Story With bells tolling, the film opens with a zoom-in to a stone    memorial "in   tribute to the police officers of San Francisco who gave their lives in the   line of duty" (presented by a citizen's committee) [located at the Hall   of Justice, 850 Bryant Street, between 7th and 8th Streets]. Atop the memorial   is a representation of a gold San Francisco police badge. With the badge   superimposed over the names of dead cops, the camera scrolls down the lists   of officers killed, stretching from 1878 to the current year 1970. The policeman's badge (symbol of law and order) dissolves into the muzzle-barrel   end of a high-powered rifle of a criminal sniper - linking the two combatants.   The baby-faced, hippie-looking killer, on a rooftop [atop the Bank of America   Building on California Ave], has his weapon with a telescopic lens, aimed   at a young woman in a yellow, one-piece swimsuit at a nearby roof-top hotel   swimming pool [atop the Chinese Cultural Center - Holiday Inn on Kearny   Street, two blocks away]. As she swims laps, he pulls the trigger, and blood   spurts from a bullet wound in her left shoulder. [The angle of entry would   be an impossibility from the vantage point of the killer.] The water turns   red as she sinks below the surface. During the playing of the credits with jazzy, upbeat music from Lalo Schifrin   (of TV's Mission: Impossible fame later in his career) ("DIRTY" in the title of the film is a muddy brown color, "HARRY" is bright   yellow), a sunglasses-wearing Inspector Harry Callahan (Clint Eastwood)   of the San Francisco police force (Homicide Division) investigates, by himself,   the scene of the crime and the probable location of the shooter [another   rooftop with a gorgeous and dramatic skyline view of the Bay Bridge, Treasure   Island, Yerba Buena Island and the surrounding city]. High above the entire   city, he discovers the spent shell of the rifle (later identified as a "30   ought 6") and carefully places it in a used envelope (addressed to   himself at the Homicide Department at 850 Bryant Street from an address   in Provo, Utah) and then he finds a ransom note pinned to a TV antenna.   A man of few words throughout the entire film, he reacts with a simple   expletive, his first line of dialogue: "Jesus." ['Dirty Harry'   is called upon to be an avenging angel - an outcast cop to seek and exterminate   the evil, Satanic, conscience-less killer destructively let loose in the   urban environment. In semi-religious settings, a church near a revolving   'Jesus Saves' sign, and a giant cross atop Mount Davidson Park, Callahan   confronts the murderer.] The handwritten note is projected on a screen and read by    the Mayor (John Vernon) [filmed in the actual offices of the SF Mayor at    the time]. The deranged sniper, a "madman" calling himself SCORPIO,    demands cash or he will resume the killing of random targets among the   city's innocent citizens: To the City of San Francisco, I will enjoy killing one person    every day until you pa


Castor (or castoreum) is an oily substance secreted by which animal, and historically used in medicine and perfume?

Castor - definition of castor by The Free Dictionary Castor - definition of castor by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/castor n. 1. Greek Mythology One of the Dioscuri. 2. A binary star in the constellation Gemini, approximately 46 light years from Earth and of roughly equal brightness with Pollux. [Latin, from Greek Kastōr, twin of Pollux.] cas·tor 1  (kăs′tər) n. 1. An oily, brown, odorous substance obtained from glands in the groin of the beaver and used as a perfume fixative. 2. A hat made of beaver fur or an imitation. 3. A heavy wool fabric used especially for overcoats. [Middle English, from Latin, beaver, from Greek kastōr.] cas·tor 2 (ˈkɑːstə) n 1. (Biochemistry) the brownish aromatic secretion of the anal glands of a beaver, used in perfumery and medicine 2. (Medicine) the brownish aromatic secretion of the anal glands of a beaver, used in perfumery and medicine 3. (Textiles) the fur of the beaver 4. (Clothing & Fashion) a hat made of beaver or similar fur 5. (Animals) a less common name for beaver 11 [C14: from Latin, from Greek kastōr beaver] castor a variant spelling of caster 2, caster 3 Castor (ˈkɑːstə) n 1. (Astronomy) the second brightest star, Alpha Geminorum, in the constellation Gemini: a multiple star consisting of six components lying close to the star Pollux. Distance: 52 light years 2. (Classical Myth & Legend) classical myth See Castor and Pollux cas•tor1 (ˈkæs tər, ˈkɑ stər) n. 1. Also, castoreum. a pungent, brownish, oily substance secreted by glands in the groin of the beaver, used in medicine and perfumery. 2. a hat made of beaver or rabbit fur. 3. a beaver. [1350–1400; Middle English < Latin < Greek kástōr beaver] cas•tor2 a star of the second magnitude in the constellation Gemini. Cas·tor A bright multiple star in the constellation Gemini. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Gemini - a zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere between Taurus and Cancer on the ecliptic 2. shaker - a container in which something can be shaken 3. castor - a pivoting roller attached to the bottom of furniture or trucks or portable machines to make them movable roller - a small wheel without spokes (as on a roller skate) 4. fur hat - a hat made of fur 5. beaver - large semiaquatic rodent with webbed hind feet and a broad flat tail; construct complex dams and underwater lodges Translations 1. (on furniture) → ruedecilla f 2. (= sifter) (for sugar) → azucarero m B. CPD castor oil N → aceite m de ricino castor oil plant N → ricino m castor sugar N = caster sugar castor [ˈkæstər] n (= wheel) → roulette fcastor oil n → huile f de ricin castor sugar n (British) → sucre m semoule castor (= wheel) → Rolle f, → Rad nt Castor [ˈkɑːstəʳ] n (Myth, Astron) → Castore m castor, caster (ˈkaːstə) noun a small wheel on the legs of furniture to make it easier to move. rolwieletjie عَجَلَةٌ فس أسْفَلِ الكُرْسي لِتَحْريكِها колелце rodinha kolečko u nábytku der Gleiter hjul καρούλι ruedecilla rullik, ratas چرخک huonekalupyörä roulette גַלגִילוֹן छोटा पहिया, कुर्सी या मेज आदि के पाये में लगा हुआ kotačić bútorgörgő roda smáhjól rotella キャスター (이동용) 바퀴 ratukas skritulis roda zwenkwieltje, rolletje møbelhjul , trinse kółko (دچوكۍ- كوچ چپركټ rodinha rotilă колёсико koliesko kolesce obrtni točkić hjul, trissa ล้อเลื่อนที่ติดที่ฐานเก้าอี้หรือเฟอร์นิเจอร์ mobilya tekerleği (家具的)腳輪 коліщатко فرنیچر کے نیچے لگے ہوئے پہئے lọ đựng muối tiêu （家具的）小脚轮


Which US president greeted astronauts Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin when they got back from the moon?

Apollo 11 - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google Apollo Program: Background The American effort to send astronauts to the moon had its origins in an appeal President John Kennedy made to a special joint session of Congress on May 25, 1961: “I believe this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth.” At the time, the United States was still trailing the Soviet Union in space developments, and Cold War-era America welcomed Kennedy’s bold proposal.In 1966, after five years of work by an international team of scientists and engineers, the National Did You Know? President Richard Nixon spoke with Armstrong and Aldrin via a telephone radio transmissionshortly after they planted the American flag on the lunar surface. Nixon considered it the "most historic phone call ever made from the White House." Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) conducted the first unmanned Apollo mission, testing the structural integrity of the proposed launch vehicle and spacecraft combination. Then, on January 27, 1967, tragedy struck at Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida , when a fire broke out during a manned launch-pad test of the Apollo spacecraft and Saturn rocket. Three astronauts were killed in the fire. Despite the setback, NASA and its thousands of employees forged ahead, and in October 1968 Apollo 7, the first manned Apollo mission, orbited Earth and successfully tested many of the sophisticated systems needed to conduct a moon journey and landing. In December of the same year, Apollo 8 took three astronauts to the dark side of the moon and back, and in March 1969 Apollo 9 tested the lunar module for the first time while in Earth orbit. That May, the three astronauts of Apollo 10 took the first complete Apollo spacecraft around the moon in a dry run for the scheduled July landing mission. Apollo 11 Mission: July 16-July 24, 1969 At 9:32 a.m. EDT on July 16, with the world watching, Apollo 11 took off from Kennedy Space Center with astronauts Neil Armstrong , Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins (1930-) aboard. Armstrong, a 38-year-old civilian research pilot, was the commander of the mission. After traveling 240,000 miles in 76 hours, Apollo 11 entered into a lunar orbit on July 19. The next day, at 1:46 p.m., the lunar module Eagle, manned by Armstrong and Aldrin, separated from the command module, where Collins remained. Two hours later, the Eagle began its descent to the lunar surface, and at 4:17 p.m. the craft touched down on the southwestern edge of the Sea of Tranquility. Armstrong immediately radioed to Mission Control in Houston, Texas , a now-famous message: “The Eagle has landed.” At 10:39 p.m., five hours ahead of the original schedule, Armstrong opened the hatch of the lunar module. As he made his way down the module’s ladder, a television camera attached to the craft recorded his progress and beamed the signal back to Earth, where hundreds of millions watched in great anticipation. At 10:56 p.m., as Armstrong stepped off the ladder and planted his foot on the moon’s powdery surface, he spoke his famous quote, which he later contended was slightly garbled by his microphone and meant to be “that’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.” Aldrin joined him on the moon’s surface 19 minutes later, and together they took photographs of the terrain, planted a U.S. flag, ran a few simple scientific tests and spoke with President Richard Nixon (1913-94) via Houston. By 1:11 a.m. on July 21, both astronauts were back in the lunar module and the hatch was closed. The two men slept that night on the surface of the moon, and at 1:54 p.m. the Eagle began its ascent back to the command module. Among the items left on the surface of the moon was a plaque that read: “Here men from the planet Earth first set foot on the moon–July 1969 A.D–We came in peace for all mankind.” At 5:35 p.m., Armstrong and Aldrin successfully docked and rejoined Collins, and at 12:56 a.m. on July 22 Apollo 11 began its journey home, safely spl


Lake Balaton is in which European country?

Hungary - A love for life! | Lake Balaton     The "Hungarian Sea", is the people's name for the 50-mile long lake with silky green-yellow water in the middle of Transdanubia. Lake Balaton is one of Hungary's most precious treasures and most frequented resorts. It is also the largest lake in Central Europe. The southern shores are ideal for small children because of the shallow water, but on the north shore the water gets deeper instantaneously. The summer water temperature is around 80 °F, which is warmer than the average air temperature in the morning and in the evening. The water and the sleek mud of the lake are excellent remedies for nervous complaints, anaemia and nervous fatigue. Picturesque vineyards in the region produce an assortment of excellent wines that go very well with the delicious local food. Large numbers of inns and restaurants welcome guests from home and abroad.   Siófok is the largest town on the southern side of Lake Balaton and is known for being the party town of the lake. Its port serves every boat route on the lake. Cruise boats also start from here. The hotels of the Golden and Silver Beaches are very much in demand. The pleasant parks are ornamented with statues. The Lutheran church has a remarkable style. The composer of the internationally renowned operettas, Imre Kálmán (1882-1953), is the famous son of this city. His piano and many personal belongings can be seen in his museum. The Water Management Museum covers the history of shipping and fishery on Lake Balaton, while a huge collection of minerals is exhibited in the Museum of Minerals. Keszthely, the oldest settlement of Lake Balaton was an important hub of commerce in Roman times. The beautiful Festetics Mansion with its ornate wrought iron gate, surrounded by an English park, is the third largest chateau in the country. All you may wish to know more about Lake Balaton, including its formation, flora and fauna, the history of bathing culture, waterborne traffic and archaeological and ethnographic memorabilia of 7,000 years, can be seen at the Balaton Museum. How come camels, buffaloes and zebras roam along Lake Balaton? Hardly indigenous to the region, they are resident of the Safari Park and Africa Museum established by the renowned Hungarian hunter in Africa, Endre von Nagy. A rich collection of artefacts including trophies and African ethnographic objects is on display at the museum.   Badacsony The hill is an extinct casket-shaped volcano. Its slopes are covered with some very strange geological formations, fossilized lava columns called "basalt organs" as well as vineyards which produce the excellent wine of the Pauline monks called "Grey Friar". One of the two hundred year old press houses is home to one of the most popular restaurant. Its terrace also offers an excellent panorama.   Tihany The twin-towered church of the Tihany peninsula is distinctly visible far and wide. The peninsula, inhabited almost a thousand years, is of volcanic origin, and has a profusion of rare plants and animals. The crypt of King András I, founded in 1055, survived the turbulent past and still stands in its original form. The present church was built over the crypt in the 18th century in Baroque style and has many precious wood carvings. In the Museum of the Benedictine Abbey, you can find an exhibition about ancient times. There are frequent organ concerts in the abbey church in the summertime.   Hévíz is extremely fortunate to have its Thermal Bath that has been attracting visitors for more than two centuries. The Lake is covered with water-lilies and extends over an area of approximately 30 square-miles, with a depth of 118 feet at the centre. It is the second largest hot-water lake in the world, at a temperature of 90°F open-air bathing is very pleasant even in winter. Treatments are conducted under the supervision of specialized doctors from the Hospital of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation.


Bruxism is the medical term for the involuntary habitual grinding of what?

Bruxism | definition of bruxism by Medical dictionary Bruxism | definition of bruxism by Medical dictionary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bruxism Related to bruxism: Sleep bruxism Bruxism   Definition Bruxism is the habit of clenching and grinding the teeth. It most often occurs at night during sleep, but it may also occur during the day. It is an unconscious behavior, perhaps performed to release anxiety , aggression, or anger. Description Bruxism is one of the oldest disorders known, and approximately one in four adults experiences it. Most people are not aware of it before their teeth have been damaged. Causes and symptoms While bruxism is typically associated with stress , it may also be triggered by abnormal occlusion (the way the upper and lower teeth fit together), or crooked or missing teeth. Symptoms of bruxism include: dull headaches; sore and tired facial muscles; earaches; sensitive teeth; and locking, popping, and clicking of the jaw. During a dental examination, a dentist may recognize damage resulting from bruxism, including: enamel loss from the chewing surfaces of teeth; flattened tooth surfaces; loosened teeth; and fractured teeth and fillings. Left untreated, bruxism may lead to tooth loss and jaw dysfunction. Diagnosis Medical and dental histories and examinations are necessary to differentiate bruxism from other conditions that may cause similar pain , such as ear infections, dental infections, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction. However, uncommonly worn-down teeth strongly suggest a diagnosis of bruxism. Treatment To prevent further damage to the teeth, bruxism is treated by placing a removable, custom-fitted plastic appliance called a night guard between the upper and lower teeth. Although the clenching and grinding behavior may continue, the teeth wear away the plastic instead of each other. In some cases, abnormal occlusion may be adjusted and high spots removed so that the teeth fit together in a more comfortable position. Missing teeth may be replaced and crooked teeth may be straightened with orthodontic treatment to eliminate possible underlying causes of bruxism. In cases where jaw muscles are very tight, a dentist may prescribe muscle relaxants . Key terms Enamel — The hard outermost surface of a tooth. High spot — An area of a tooth or restoration that feels abnormal or uncomfortable because it hits its opposing tooth before other teeth meet. Night guard — A removable, custom-fitted plastic appliance that fits between the upper and lower teeth to prevent them from grinding against each other. Occlusion — The way upper and lower teeth fit together during biting and chewing. Rolfing — Based on the belief that proper alignment of various parts of the body is necessary for physical and mental health, rolfing uses deep tissue massage and movement exercises in an attempt to bring the body into correct alignment. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) — The jaw joint formed by the mandible (lower jaw bone) moving against the temporal bone of the skull. Alternative treatment Stress management and behavior modification techniques may be useful to break the habit of clenching and teeth grinding. Tight jaw muscles may be relaxed by applying warm compresses to the sides of the face. Herbal muscle relaxants also can be helpful. Massage therapy and deep tissue realignment, including rolfing , can assist in releasing the clenching pattern. This is a more permanent alternative treatment for bruxism. Prognosis Bruxism may cause permanent damage to teeth and chronic jaw pain unless properly diagnosed and promptly treated. The behavior may be eliminated if its underlying causes are found and addressed. Prevention Increased awareness in patients prone to anxiety, aggression, or anger may prevent the habit of bruxism from developing. Resources Academy of General Dentistry. Suite 1200, 211 East Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611.(312) 440-4300. http://www.agd.org. American Dental Association. 211 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2500. http://www.ada.org. bruxism  [bruk´sizm] gnashi