In which cathedral is William the Conqueror buried?

Historical Britain Blog » Death of William the Conqueror The History Behind the Story Death of William the Conqueror September 8, 2011 by Mercedes Rochelle | Filed under William the Conqueror . The Death of William The Conqueror Engraving By J Gilbert published in The Illustrated London News William the Conqueror was not likely to be a person who mellowed-out in his final days.  His temper was still quick to anger and he did not hesitate to lay waste to his enemies’ lands at the slightest provocation.  He had become excessively fat, and it was said that his antagonist King Philip of France made an insulting comment about William’s bulk that enraged the Norman, who swore to take revenge.  And he did. In England, the year 1087 was full of famine, pestilence and fire.  On the continent, William added his own devastation to the Vexin (the border between France and Normandy) and took especial aim at the town of Mantes, which he destroyed totally. On August 15, as he was encouraging his men to throw more wood on the flames, his horse stumbled, throwing William hard against his saddle pommel. The injury turned out to be mortal.  Reeling from shock, William was removed to nearby Rouen where he was housed in the priory of Saint Gervase.  There he lingered for several weeks in sickness and pain surrounded by the Bishops and Abbots of the land, and according to Orderic he repented of his evil ways and even admitted that he had wrongly invaded England.  He is said to have especially regretted the Great Harrying of the North . On a Thursday morning in September, William breathed his last.  Already, his heir William Rufus and younger brother Henry were already gone, on their way to claim their own—William the crown and Henry his 5000 pounds.  As William expired, the remaining prelates and nobles scattered to the four winds, intent on protecting their homes and possessions.  All feared the anarchy that would inevitably settle on the land until law could be reestablished. Once the coast was clear, even William’s servants set about stripping the body and the room of all its trappings, so that the corpse was left practically naked and all alone on the floor of his chamber for a whole day. Finally, a single rustic knight by the name of Herlwin volunteered to take charge of collecting, washing and preparing the body for its funeral—at his own cost.  As they brought William’s corpse through Rouen and thence to Caen, the funeral cortege was swelled by local prelates and laymen, who brought the body to the Abbey of St. Stephen.  But even then William was not allowed to proceed in peace; just as happened on his coronation day, a fire broke out in a nearby house and many of the attendees ran off to fight the blaze as it spread through the town. And that was not the end of William’s indignities. When the bier was brought into the church, a local knight rose up and asserted that William had stolen the land from his family to build this church, and he forbid that “the body of the robber be covered with my mould, or that he be buried within the bounds of my inheritance” (Orderic).  His statement raised a great tumult, until finally William’s youngest son Henry and the prelates in attendance agreed to pay the knight 60 shillings for the seven feet of ground to lay the coffin, and furthermore to pledge the purchase-price of the whole estate, which they later paid. Once the disturbance was over, they proceeded to move the body to the stone coffin, only to discover that the coffin was too small!  There was no recourse except to stuff the awesome bulk into the stone box.  But the process proved too much for the flesh and the body burst apart, filling the cathedral with such a stench that they rushed through the rest of the ceremony.  And so the great king was left to spend his eternity alone and abandoned, but certainly never forgotten.


Which type of bird can be Long-toed, Spur-winged, Crowned or Caspian?

Charadriidae - plovers, lapwings, dotterals, killdeers | Wildlife Journal Junior Home       |       Wild Files       |       N.H. Animals       |       Animals A-Z       |       Watch Online Charadriidae - plovers, lapwings, dotterals, killdeers The birds in this family are found around the world, usually near water. They are small to medium-sized and have long, pointed wings; plump bodies; round heads; and short necks They eat insects and other invertebrates. They locate their food by sight and chase after it, running and stopping to eat, then running again. In most species the male and the female take care of the nest and the chicks. The chick are precocial. That means they can feed themselves right after they hatch. The parents are very protective and will chase off predators and engage in display behvior to distract a predator. They may even drag one wing along the ground and pretend to be injured in order to draw a predator away from their nest. There are 66 species in this family. World Status Key


Which type of bird can be Lappet-faced, White-headed, Hooded or Egyptian?

South Africa’s 8 Vultures South Africa’s 8 Vultures South Africa has 8 regularly occurring and breeding vulture species, from the southern African endemic Cape Griffon Vulture (Gyps coprotheres), to the wide-spread and wide-ranging African White-backed Vulture (Gyps africanus). Drakensberg mountains - perfect Bearded Vulture habitat. Photo (c) Barry Forbes One of my favorite – and always a thrill to see – is the Bearded Vulture (Gypaetes barbatus). The Bearded Vulture evidently gets its strong, rich colours from wallowing in and rubbing up against iron-rich dust and rocks in the mountainous habitat in which they live; and captive birds can often turn almost pure white if they have no source of external colouring ( Brown & Bruton. 1991. J Zool ). The southern and East African subspecies of the Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus meridionalis) is most easily told from the nominate Eurasian subspecies by the little black stripe behind the eye of the latter. You can clearly see this little line out to the ear of the bird in the title photo above (making it obvious that I was trying to pass off one of my digiscoped photos of European Bearded Vultures for a southern African one). According to a 2008 academic paper, the dark ear tufts may help to warm the air in and around the ear ( Margalidaa, Negrob & Galvánc. 2008. Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol ). Cape Griffon Vulture gliding by in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg. Swarovski Scope & Canon A590 Cape Vultures heading out of the Drakensberg on a search for food The Cape Griffon Vulture (Gyps coprotheres) is a very large vulture, similar in size, coloration and habits to the Eurasian Griffon . The Cape Vulture typically nests communally on cliffs, restricting their breeding distribution, but wanders huge distances in search of carcasses. A majestic and powerful bird. Egyptian Vulture - was thought to be regionally extinct. Swarovski Scope & Canon A590 When an adult Egyptian Vulture glided over us in a remote area of the Eastern Cape (Transkei) in 2000, we all new immediately what it was (3 cars filled with ornithologists), despite the bird having been thought to be extinct in the region and not regularly occurring for many thousands of kilometers. Subsequent sightings in the same area over the last decade suggest that a tiny population persists of this fascinating bird. Palmnut Vulture by Rainbirder cc on flickr. Raffia Palm reserve in Mtunzini - a reliable spot for Palmnut Vulture The Palmnut Vulture (Gypohierax angolensis) is locally common in places along the KwaZulu-Natal north coast (far north eastern South Africa near Mozambique), particularly where the Raffia Palm (Raphia australis) is common. The strangest / coolest thing about the Palmnut Vulture, besides its fantastic colouring, is that they are mostly vegetarian; feeding primarily from the flesh of the palm fruits. Hooded Vulture. Swarovski Scope & Canon 1000D Lappetfaced Vulture. Swarovski Scope & Canon 1000D White-backed Vulture. Swarovski Scope & Canon 1000D White-headed Vulture. Swarovski Scope & Canon 1000D The four typical savanna vultures – Hooded Vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus), White-backed Vulture (Gyps africanus), Lappet-faced Vulture (Torgos tracheliotos) and White-headed Vulture (Trigonoceps occipitalis) – can all, with a dose of luck, be seen together at a carcass. I have always had lots of luck in Kruger National Park, oftentimes finding a single lion kill surrounded by large numbers of White-backed Vultures and scatterings of each of the other three. The bully of the crowd is definitely the huge Lappet-faced Vulture, followed by the power-in-numbers White-backed Vultures, and then the somewhat more shy White-headed Vultures and Hooded Vultures. Oh, one last vulture that is sometimes seen in South Africa is the Rüppels Griffon Vulture, with regular sightings at the Blouberg Cape Vulture colony in far northern South Africa. Happy birding,


Who, in 1977 sang: The sirens are screaming and the fires are howling / Way down in the valley tonight / There's a man in the shadows with a gun in his eye / And a blade shining oh so bright'

Meat Loaf - Bat Out of Hell - YouTube Meat Loaf - Bat Out of Hell Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Apr 27, 2013 Meat Loaf's official music video for 'Bat Out Of Hell'. Click to listen to Meat Loaf on Spotify: http://smarturl.it/MeatLoafSpotify?IQ... As featured on Bat Out Of Hell. Click to buy the track or album via iTunes: http://smarturl.it/BatOutOfHell?IQid=... Two Out Of Three Ain't Bad: https://youtu.be/k5hWWe-ts2s Paradise By The Dashboard Light: https://youtu.be/C11MzbEcHlw You Took The Words Right Out Of My Mouth (Hot Summer Night): https://youtu.be/_wO8toxinoc More great 80s videos here: http://smarturl.it/Ultimate80?IQid=Me... Follow Meat Loaf Subscribe to Meat Loaf on YouTube: http://smarturl.it/MeatLoafSub?IQid=M... --------- The sirens are screaming and the fires are howling, way down in the valley tonight. There's a man in the shadows with a gun in his eye, and a blade shining oh so bright. There's evil in the air and there's thunder in sky, and A killer's on the bloodshot streets. Oh and down in the tunnel where the deadly are rising, Oh I swear I saw a young boy downin the gutter, He was starting to foam in the heat. Like a bat out of hell I'll be gone when the morning comes. When the night is over Like a bat out of hell I'll be gone gone gone. Like a bat out of hell I'll be gone when the morning comes. But when the day is done and the sun goes down, and the moonlights shining through, Then like a sinner before the gates of heaven, I'll come crawling on back to you. Category


Longyearbyen is the main town on which island?

Svalbard travel guide - Wikitravel Svalbard in the Arctic Sea All settlements in Svalbard are located on the main island of Spitsbergen (or Vest-Spitsbergen). Barentsburg — sole remaining Russian settlement, population 400 Hornsund — Polish research station, population 10 in winter, around 20-30 in summer. Longyearbyen — the "capital" and main Norwegian settlement with a population of 1,800 Ny-Ålesund — the most northerly civilian settlement in the world, population under 100 Sveagruva — population 210 The other islands of Svalbard are uninhabited and, as they are all nature reserves, generally inaccessible without special permission. The islands can be divided into two groups: the Spitsbergen group of Barentsøya, Edgeøya, Nordaustlandet and Prins Karls Forland, and the more remote islands of Bjørnøya, Hopen, Kong Karls Land and Kvitøya. House in abandoned Grumant mine Understand[ edit ] Svalbard is the northernmost tip of Europe and, a few military bases aside, its settlements are the northernmost permanently inhabited spots on the planet. Located between the 76° and 81° parallels, they are far more northerly than any part of Alaska and all but a few of Canada's Arctic islands. In fact, they would be permanently locked in by ice if not for the moderating influence of the Gulf Stream, and it is this comparative warmth that makes them habitable. The islands cover a total of 62,050km2, the largest of which are Spitsbergen, Nordaustlandet and Edgeøya. The combined permanent population is less than 3000, nearly all of which is concentrated in the main settlements of Longyearbyen and Barentsburg on Spitsbergen. The islands are governed by Sysselmann på Svalbard, literally if slightly awkwardly translated into English as the Governor of Svalbard; this is not a single person, but the administrative team responsible for police, fire, rescue, and other public services on the islands. History[ edit ] The islands were allegedly first discovered by Viking explorers in the 12th century. However the first recorded voyage here was by the Dutch in 1596, landing on the northwest of Spitsbergen. This coast served as an international whaling base during the 17th and 18th centuries. Norway's sovereignty was recognized in 1905; five years later it officially took over the territory. However, the Svalbard Treaty gives "absolute equality" to other nations wishing to exploit mineral deposits, and Russia continues to maintain a significant population on the island. Although part of Norway, Svalbard remains a neutral territory. There is a currently standing treaty that any sign of human presence from before 1946 must remain untouched, including loose objects. For this reason, the area around Longyearbyen is littered with interesting artifacts including disused mining equipment, bits of rope and shovels, etc. Economy[ edit ] Remains of an abandoned coal mine, Longyearbyen Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. The treaty of 9 February 1920 gives the 41 signatories equal rights to exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK, Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies still mining are Norwegian and Russian. The settlements on Svalbard are essentially company towns. The Norwegian state-owned coal company employs nearly 60% of the Norwegian population on the island, runs many of the local services, and provides most of the local infrastructure. There is also some trapping of seal, fox, and walrus. Tourism has also become increasingly important and now powers the economy of the main settlement Longyearbyen , changing it significantly. Nonetheless, the place is not exactly swarming with tourists. Geography[ edit ] Svalbard from above Svalbard is barren, rugged and desolate. Its mountains look like giant, precipitous slag heaps: steeply piled stacks of rubble, eroded by rain with peaks jutting out at improbable angles. Higher mountains are permanently covered in snow and many valleys are filled with glaciers. There are no trees on the islands and the most common


Iqaluit is the main town on which island?

Iqaluit – Travel guide at Wikivoyage See the 7 day forecast for Iqaluit at Environment Canada Road to Nowhere, Iqaluit The season in which you choose to visit Iqaluit will largely determine what you'll be able to see and do. The peak time for visiting Iqaluit is during its brief summer. The ice on Frobisher Bay begins to thaw in June, when temperatures start rising and the nights are short. Hiking is excellent about this time. The bay remains inaccessible during its thaw, but an icebreaker will arrive to clear a path for boats usually by the end of June. July and August are both the warmest and wettest months. Wildflowers and berries flourish, but so do the mosquitos. Fishing on Sylvia Grinnell River is best on the shoulders of summer, when the arctic char migrate down toward the bay and then back up again. Snow starts falling regularly again in September and continues through early June. The bay stays open to boats until November. Daylight hours become increasingly short in the winter months, but the northern lights are entrancing. January and February are the coldest and darkest months of the year, and life in the town can get a bit grim at this time. April and May are the ideal months for dog-sledding, kite-skiing and other snow activities. Visitor information[ edit ] 63.743795 -68.514461 1 Unikkaarvik Regional Visitor Centre (Nunavut Tourism), 220 Sinaa Street,  ☎ +1 867 979-4636 , e-mail: info@nunavuttourism.com . M-F 9AM–6PM, Sa-Su 1PM–4PM. Has information on the whole territory, as well as displays on local wildlife and culture in an adjoining museum.  Get in[ edit ] Iqaluit is generally accessible only by air and, under the right ice conditions, by sea. It is not connected by road to any other town. Due to its isolation, and the lack of competition, getting to Iqaluit is a very expensive prospect. By air[ edit ] Iqaluit Airport ( IATA : YFB) is a public airport located a short walk west of the town centre. It hosts scheduled passenger services from Ottawa , Montreal and Rankin Inlet , as well as from smaller communities throughout eastern Nunavut. Services also connect to Yellowknife and Winnipeg via Rankin Inlet. First Air , toll-free: +1-800-267-1247 , e-mail: reservations@firstair.ca . The region's primary airline has nearly daily jet services from the south. It flies from Ottawa, Montreal (via Kuujjuaq, on the northern coast of Quebec) and Rankin Inlet, with connections to Yellowknife and Winnipeg. With its partner Qikiqtani, the airline serves all communities on Baffin Island, as well as Resolute, Igloolik and Hall Beach.  Canadian North , toll-free: +1-800-661-1505 , e-mail: customercare@canadiannorth.com . Canadian North offers scheduled jet flights from Ottawa, Rankin Inlet, and seven other communities in the Baffin Region. Services to Yellowknife are linked through Rankin Inlet.  Air Greenland ,  ☎ +1 299-34-34-34 , e-mail: info@airgreenland.gl . The national carrier of Greenland used to fly to Iqaluit from Nuuk twice per week during the summer months. However, this service ceased in 2015, though the permits remain in place.  Several companies that operate chartered flights out of Iqaluit to nearby communities have offices at the airport. The largest operators are Air Nunavut, Kenn Borek Air and Air Inuit. Get around[ edit ] Iqaluit is small enough that most things are within walking distance of each other. Taxis charge a flat $7 fee per person to anywhere in town. In the summer, you can rent bicycles from the visitor's centre. There are also several automotive outfitters in town that rent snowmobiles and ATVs. See[ edit ] Legislative Building in Iqaluit 63.750278 -68.523056 1 Legislative Assembly of Nunavut , 926 Federal Road,  ☎ +1 867 975-5000 , e-mail: leginfo@assembly.nu.ca . M-F 9AM–5PM. Home to Nunavut's unicameral parliament, this building contains some excellent examples of Inuit art. The main entrance has two spires of wood which resemble a Qamotiq, a type of Inuit dog sled. Feel free to look around the main floor of the building, but be sure to announce yourself to the security guard before go


In which country are the majority of the Tolpuddle Martyrs buried?

Meet the Martyrs | Tolpuddle Martyrs George wrote a stinging attack on the church establishment in  The Church Shown Up James Brine Born in 1813, James was arrested before his 21st birthday. Reputed to have a bright personality, he produced a dramatic account of his experiences as a Martyr. In Australia he was robbed of all the bedding and clothes allocated by the authorities on his way to his assigned master. On his return to England he married Elizabeth Standfield, daughter of Thomas and sister of John, further strengthening the family bonds, at Greensted Church, Essex. They had 11 children, four born in England, the others in Canada. Brine lived to 90, dying in 1902. He built the log house which is still a local landmark - the only building associated with the Martyrs left in their adopted country. James Hammett Born at the end of 1811, he was an outsider: unlike the others, he never wrote about his experiences, had a criminal record and was not a Methodist. He alone returned toTolpuddle as a builder's labourer. He was not at the fateful initiation, and may have accepted arrest on behalf of his brother, John, who was present. Hammett had been imprisoned in 1829 for allegedly stealing some pieces of iron. In 1875 the Agricultural Workers Union presented James with an illuminated address and a fine engraved watch. He married three times and had seven children. Before his death in 1891 he moved into Dorchester Workhouse so as not to be a burden on his family. It is said that when he was buried in the Parish Church in Tolpuddle, orders were given that they should be no speeches over the grave. Talk of unions was still feared by those in power. James Loveless Five years younger than George, James was born in 1808. Married with two children, he too was a Methodist preacher. A founder member of the Tolpuddle Union, he was singled out by Squire Frampton as a firebrand as early as 1830 during local riots in Piddletown. Of all the emigrants to Canada he alone did not buy land, opting instead to become sexton of the North Street Methodist Church in London Township, Ontario. He remained so until his death at 65 in February 1873. John Standfield John and his father Thomas along with George and James Loveless worked on the same farm in Tolpuddle. All the families were very close. After their return from transportation in Australia, John moved with the others to Essex and then to Canada. There he became mayor of East London, where he kept a hotel, ran a shop and founded a choir. Thomas Standfield The oldest, Thomas Standfield was 44 in 1834 and married to the Loveless brothers' sister, Dinniah. By February, 1834 they had five children (with one on the way) of whom John, a fellow Martyr, was the oldest. Thomas was also a Methodist and co-founder of the Tolpuddle Union. Many of their meetings were held in the upstairs room in his cottage. On moving to Essex, Thomas and his son John went to Fenner's farm, five miles from the Lovelesses, which had been leased for them by the London Dorchester Committee.They emigrated to Canada two years after the Lovelesses. He died aged 74 in February, 1864. Diana soon followed him. Their graves are next to George and Betsy Loveless in Siloam cemetery. What of the wives and families? After the transportation of their husbands, the wives of the Tolpuddle men had to apply for parochial relief to Squire Frampton and the Justices who had organised their arrest and punishment. In refusing any assistance, Frampton considered that no person should be entitled if they could afford to join a union. "They meant us to suffer for the offences of our husbands" said the women in a letter to supporters. "Tolpuddle have for many years been noticed for tyranny and oppression and cruelty and now the union is broke up here." Dianah Loveless (1798-1865) pictured here, married Thomas Standfield (1789-1864) who was one of the Martyrs along with their eldest son, John (1813-1898). Their daughter Elizabeth (1818-1908) married Martyr James Brine (1812-10902) while they were in Ongar, Essex in 1839. The union campaign started r


Which 20th century novel contains the characters Curly, Crooks and Candy?

20th Century Literature: Of Mice and Men Read the best books first, or you may not have a chance to read them at all. ~ Henry David Thoreau ~ Friday, February 15, 2008 Of Mice and Men I hope you are excited, because you are about to read an amazing book! Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck is his masterpiece. I know Kevin and Daniel enjoyed The Grapes of Wrath, so you know what to expect from Steinbeck - impeccable character development, fascinating plots, and gut wrenching moral dilemmas. Steinbeck desired to tell the stories of the people who lived on the margins of society. To do this he would go live and work with them. Before he wrote The Grapes of Wrath, he went to Oklahoma, joined some migrants and traveled with them to California. Once there he lived with them in their camps and worked alongside them in the fields and orchards of California. If anyone knew how the migrant farmers of the 1930’s lived, thought, talked, and dreamed, Steinbeck did. Of Mice and Men reveals the deepest dreams and fears of its characters. This book grapples with the dream of land ownership and friendship, and the fear of loneliness. I want you to note the different relationships between the characters, particularly Lennie and George, Curley and his wife, and Candy and his dog. There are many themes to explore in this book which makes it difficult to hone in on one, but I do not want to ruin the story by telling before hand what to look out for. So please enjoy the book, and we will discuss it once you have finished it. There are only a few questions for each chapter, most questions will be for when you have finished the book. A little different this time, hope I’m not confusing you. Also I am going to have the three of you answer different questions. This will lend a better exchange of ideas. Chapter 1 A cat house is a house of prostitution. 1. What types of images does Steinbeck use to describe Lennie? What is the purpose of this? 2. “Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world.” The entire dialogue after this line is important to contrast with the speech George makes about what he would do if he did not have Lennie. He does not really want that life, because that is the life of men who have no one. But this speech describes the typical life of ranch hands. It is a lonely empty existence. Chapter 2 A tart is a flirt. 1. What type of a guy is Curley? How about his wife? 2. What is your response to Carlson’s desire to shoot Candy’s dog? The event is very important and serves as foreshadowing to the larger story. Chapter 3 1. Slim is described as “God-Like” early in this chapter. Did you catch it? Why is he described this way? 2. What does the men’s discussion about Candy’s old dog show about them? IMPORTANT - after his dog is shot, Candy regrets that he did not do it himself. This sticks with George. 3. What does Curly do to Lennie? How does Lennie respond? This important scene shows the reader the great strength Lennie possesses. Chapter 4 “Pitchers” are movies. Back then they would have called movies “picture shows.” So Curley’s wife is talking about being an actress. 1. What do Lennie’s interactions with Crooks show about him? 2. Who else is lonely on this ranch? Chapter 5 If this chapter had a title it would be “Broken Dreams.” Here we see the dashed dreams of Curley’s wife as well as George and Lennie’s dream die. 1. What is Lennie’s response to the dead puppy? 2. What is Lennie’s response to the death of Curley’s wife? 3. What do George and Candy fear Curley will do to Lennie? Chapter 6 We are now back at the place where the book began. It is such a lovely spot, lush, green, peaceful. Yet the contrast to what is about to happen there is deep. 1. What do we learn about George and Lennie’s relationship in this scene? 2. George tells Lennie that they are going where, “ever’body gonna be nice to you. Ain’t gonna be no more trouble.” Why is George saying this? 3. How do the other ranch workers respond to what George does? I am going to assign certain questions to be a


Which British city was the first in the world to have a registered football club?

History of Football History of Football ▼ Primary Sources ▼ History of Football The first description of a football match in England was written by William FitzStephen in about 1170. He records that while visiting London he noticed that "after dinner all the youths of the city goes out into the fields for the very popular game of ball." He points out that every trade had their own football team. "The elders, the fathers, and the men of wealth come on horseback to view the contests of their juniors, and in their fashion sport with the young men; and there seems to be aroused in these elders a stirring of natural heat by viewing so much activity and by participation in the joys of unrestrained youth." A few centuries later another monk wrote that football was a game "in which young men... propel a huge ball not by throwing it into the air, but by striking and rolling it along the ground, and that not with their hands but with their feet." This chronicler strongly disapproved of the game claiming it was "undignified and worthless" and that it often resulted in "some loss, accident or disadvantage to the players themselves." One manor record, dated 1280, states: "Henry, son of William de Ellington, while playing at ball at Ulkham on Trinity Sunday with David le Ken and many others, ran against David and received an accidental wound from David's knife of which he died on the following Friday." In 1321, William de Spalding, was in trouble with the law over a game of football: "During the game at ball as he kicked the ball, a lay friend of his, also called William, ran against him and wounded himself on a sheath knife carried by the canon, so severely that he died within six days." There are other recorded cases during this period of footballers dying after falling on their daggers. Edward II became involved in the debate on football and in 1314 complained about "certain tumults arising from great footballs in the fields of the public, from which many evils may arise." At the time he was trying to raise an army to fight the Scots and was worried about the impact that football was having on the skills of his archers. In an attempt to make the English the best longbowmen in the world, a law was passed ordering all men earning less than 100 pence a year to own a longbow. Every village had to arrange for a space to be set aside for men to practice using their bows. It was especially important for boys to take up archery at a young age. It was believed that to obtain the necessary rhythm of "laying the body into the bow" the body needed to be young and flexible. It was said that when a young man could hit a squirrel at 100 paces he was ready to join the king's army. Edward II came to the conclusion that young people were more interested in playing football than practicing archery. His answer to this problem was to ban the playing of the game. His father, Edward III , reintroduced the ban in 1331 in preparation for an invasion of Scotland. Henry IV was the next monarch who tried to stop England's young men from playing football when he issued a new ban in 1388. This was ineffective and in 1410 his government imposed a fine of 20s and six days' imprisonment on those caught playing football. In 1414, his son, Henry V , introduced a further proclamation ordering men to practise archery rather than football. The following year Henry's archers played an important role in the defeat of the French at Agincourt . Edward IV was another strong opponent of football. In 1477 he passed a law that stipulated that "no person shall practise any unlawful games such as dice, quoits, football and such games, but that every strong and able-bodied person shall practise with bow for the reason that the national defence depends upon such bowmen." Henry VII outlawed football in 1496 and his son, Henry VIII , introduced a series of laws against the playing of the game in public places. Longbowmen practicing at the butts ( Geoffrey Luttrell Psalter , 1325) Whereas the monarchy objected for military reasons, church leaders were more concerned about the game be


Which breed of dog won Supreme Champion at Crufts in 2008?

Crufts BIS Winner Ch. Jafrak Philippe Olivier Passes Away | Canine Chronicle Crufts BIS Winner Ch. Jafrak Philippe Olivier Passes Away By Kerry Rushby Crufts Supreme Champion, Ch Jafrak Philippe Olivier has died at age 12. Phil was bred by Jack and Frances Krall of the world-famous Jafrak Kennel and owned by Kevin and Sandie Cullen. On Phil’s debut, he won Best Puppy in Show at a breed show, and claimed the Reserve CC three times during his puppy career. Phil won his first CC with Best of Breed and Best in Show at the Parent Club Championship Show. His first group win came at the age of 16 months at Bournemouth 2002 under Margaret Everton. With his handler Kevin, Ch Jafrak Philippe Olivier went on to win 41 CCs, 14 Best in Shows, 31 Groups and in 2003 he became the UK’s Top Dog All Breeds. He is also the UK Breed Record Holder and the UK’s most successful winning Giant Schnauzer to date. It was in 2008 where he won Best in Show at Crufts under Clare Coxall, the breed and group judges at Crufts had previously awarded him a group already, so this was to be his year, and his lucky show. Crufts Best of Breed in 2004, 2005, 2007 & 2008, Working Group 1 at Crufts in 2004, 2005, and 2008, and in 2007 he won Group 2, and finally Best in Show at Crufts in 2008 where he then took a well-deserved retirement. Also a proven sire, Phil produced a number of Champions, including the UK group winning male, Ch. Riesenheim Suited N Booted for Daleiden. Photo By Ruth Dalrymple Kevin and Sandie Cullen, Phil’s owners, wrote, ‘We have been very lucky to own him and words cannot describe how much we will miss him, he’s irreplaceable’. Phil’s breeders Jack and Frances Krall wrote, ‘We are incredibly proud to have bred Ch Jafrak Philippe Olivier, he was a dog who lead Giants to the fore. He was a very popular dog throughout the world who was admired by many people in other breeds. He will be sadly missed’ Short URL: https://caninechronicle.com/?p=32993 Posted by chesliepickett on Sep 11 2013. Filed under Featured , World News .   You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 .      Both comments and pings are currently closed.


Precisely, which creature features on Preston North End's badge?

Boston Globe book reviews and articles - archive - Boston.com The race is on Race, Nell Irvin Painter writes, “is an idea, not a fact.’’ Painter, a professor of history at Princeton, has written several books chronicling African-American history, but the story she tells here mostly sidesteps the dichotomy of black and white. This terrific new book spins a less familiar narrative: the “notion of American whiteness,’’ an idea as dangerous as it is ... (Boston Globe, 3/20/10) The many origins of intelligence Francis Galton, the Englishman who coined the phrase “nature versus nurture,’’ believed smart people were born smart and dumb people were born dumb. Of course, Galton was also a pioneer of eugenics, the idea that we should selectively breed humans to eliminate our less “desirable” genetic qualities. (Globe Correspondent, 3/20/10) Bookings TODAY: Lawrence Rosenwald discusses “Emerson’s Journals,” at 3 p.m., Concord Bookshop . . . Vera Pavlova reads from “If There is Something to Desire: Poems,’’ at 3 p.m., Pierre Menard Art Gallery, Cambridge . . . Sarah Lamstein reads from “Big Night for Salamanders,” at 2 p.m., Wellesley Booksmith. (Boston Globe, 3/20/10) A nation’s journey from slavery to prisons Robert Perkinson grew up in Wyoming but his family’s roots are in the South. As a Yale graduate student Perkinson focused on the entwined history of racism and criminal justice in the South, a course of study that inevitably led him to Texas. Perkinson’s new book, “Texas Tough: The Rise of America’s Prison Empire,’’ is a penetrating and impassioned history ... (Globe Correspondent, 3/20/10) Short Takes Like many young people in the 1970s, Stephen Batchelor turned to the East in search of some deeper truth than what was available to him in suburban London. Unlike many of his contemporaries’ journeys, however, his was literal, and when he reached the East, he stayed. After studying in India under the exiled Dalai Lama, Batchelor was ordained a Buddhist ... (Globe Correspondent, 3/20/10) Pursuit of happiness In Aldous Huxley’s novel, “Brave New World,’’ the masses are fed feel-good pills, amusements, and the promise of perpetual youth and an end to all sources of discomfort. Into this “utopia’’ comes a young man, nicknamed “The Savage,’’ who rejects its values. “I want God, I want poetry, I want real danger, I want freedom, I want goodness, I want ... (Globe Correspondent, 3/20/10) In examining father’s life, a son finds his own artistry Regardless of the loaded subjects Hanif Kureishi has addressed in his work — from the interracial, homosexual love story in “My Beautiful Laundrette’’ to the emotional brutality of a man’s extramarital affair in “Intimacy’’ — his tone always remains cool and measured. His memoir of his relationship with his father has a similarly premeditated sheen, but that doesn’t diminish the ... (Globe Correspondent, 3/20/10) Two houses, with many dimensions My particular friend is restoring a Federal-style farm house in a hill town a couple of miles from the Quabbin Reservoir. At the time it was built, probably when James Madison was president and Jane Austen was alive, its two stories rose to better neighboring dwellings, all now vanished. Neat fields and well-knit stone fences surrounded it; Emily Dickenson is ... (Globe Correspondent, 3/20/10) All creatures small and smaller Hugh Raffles, who teaches anthropology at the New School, finds a world of wonder in the smallest creatures. He is as fascinated by high-stakes cricket fighting in China as he is by the complex interrelationship between locusts, feast, and famine in Africa. “Insectopedia’’ (Pantheon) is his eclectic exploration of insects in science, literature, popular culture, economics, history, and anthropology. Each ... (Boston Globe, 3/20/10) Gonzo exploits What would you say if I told you that a detachment of Colombian Army commandos sent to retrieve three American hostages stumbled across $20 million that the guerrillas they were pursuing had stashed in the jungle? What if I added that one of the commandos used his share of the twice-stolen l


Which British town was invaded by the French in 1797?

The last invasion of Britain by the French at Fishguard By  Ben Johnson   |   Comments The annals of history record the name of Hastings as the site of the last invasion of mainland Britain by Norman forces in 1066 . True, this was the last successful invasion. However, little is reported about the French invasion of Fishguard, which took place in southwest Wales in 1797, nor of the brave resistance offered by Jemima Nicholas, also known as "Jemima Fawr" (Jemima the Great), who single-handedly captured twelve of the invading soldiers. In 1797, Napoleon Bonaparte was busy conquering in central Europe. In his absence the newly formed French revolutionary government, the Directory, appears to have devised a 'cunning plan' that involved the poor country folk of Britain rallying to the support of their French liberators. Obviously the Directory had recently taken delivery of some newly liberated Brandy! The French invasion force comprising some 1400 troops set sail from Camaret on February 18th, 1797. The man entrusted by the Directory to implement their 'cunning plan' was an Irish-American septuagenarian, Colonel William Tate. As Napoleon had apparently reserved the cream of the Republican army for duties elsewhere in Europe, Colonel Tate's force comprised a ragtag collection of soldiers including many newly released jailbirds. Tate's orders were to land near Bristol, England's second largest city and destroy it, then to cross over into Wales and march north onto Chester and Liverpool . From the outset however all did not proceed as detailed in the 'cunning plan'. Wind conditions made it impossible for the four French warships to land anywhere near Bristol, so Tate moved to 'cunning plan' B, and set a course for Cardigan Bay in southwest Wales. On Wednesday February 22nd, the French warships sailed into Fishguard Bay to be greeted by canon fire from the local fort. Unbeknown to the French, the cannon was being fired as an alarm to the local townsfolk. Nervously the ships withdrew and sailed on until they reached a small sandy beach near the village of Llanwnda. Men, arms and gunpowder were unloaded and by 2 am on the morning of Thursday February 23rd, the last invasion of Britain was completed. The ships returned to France with a special despatch being sent to the Directory in Paris informing them of the successful landing. Upon landing, the French invasion force appear to have run out of enthusiasm for the 'cunning plan'. Perhaps as a result of years of prison rations, they seem to have been more interested in the rich food and wine the locals had recently removed from a grounded Portuguese ship. After a looting spree, many of the invaders were too drunk to fight and within two days, the invasion had collapsed: Tate's force surrendered to a local militia force led by Lord Cawdor on February 25th 1797. Strange that the surrender agreement drawn up by Tate's officers referred to the British coming at them "with troops of the line to the number of several thousand." No such troops were anywhere near Fishguard, however hundreds, perhaps thousands of local Welsh women dressed in their traditional scarlet tunics and tall black felt hats had come to witness any fighting between the French and the local men of the militia. Is it possible that at a distance, and after a glass or two, those women could have been mistaken for British army Redcoats? During their two days on British soil the French soldiers must have shaken in their boots at mention of name of "Jemima Fawr" (Jemima the Great). The 47-year-old Jemima Nicholas was the wife of a Fishguard cobbler. When she heard of the invasion, she marched out to Llanwnda, pitchfork in hand, and rounded up twelve Frenchmen. She ‘persuaded’ them to accompany her back into town, where she locked them inside St Mary’s Church and promptly left to look for some more! Men of Harlech meet your match!   Tweet If you enjoyed this article, you might also like... The Hanging of the Hartlepool Monkey - Legend has it that during the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, a shipwrecked monkey was h


Which organisation is nicknamed the 'Grey Funnel Line'?

The Grey Funnel Line [Cyril Tawney] > Silly Sisters > Songs > The Grey Funnel Line The Grey Funnel Line [Cyril Tawney] Cyril Tawney wrote this melancholy song in 1959 before he left the Royal Navy. The title The Grey Funnel Line is an euphemism for the Navy, equating the colour of its funnels with those of company emblems found on commercial shipping lines (e.g. the Blue Funnel Line or the Black Ball Line ). The song, though romantic, does show the boredom, loneliness, and longing for home that afflicts many who work on modern screw-driven vessels, be it naval or merchant marine. His own recordings of The Grey Funnel Line can be found on his Argo LP . Cyril Tawney wrote on his now defunct own website about his song: This was the last song I wrote before I left the Royal Navy in 1959. ‘The Grey Funnel Line’ is the sailors' nickname for the Royal Navy—just as if it were another mercantile line. It's a straightforward song about a sailor leaving home and the loved one. He's extremely fed up with the Senior Service and he'd rather be outside, but he has to go away yet again. On occasions like this I think the close of the first day out, as the sun is setting, is the time when we're most vulnerable to nostalgia. There's a shanty with the refrain ‘Rock and roll me over for one more day”, and this gave me the idea for my own refrain ‘It's one more day on The Grey Funnel Line’. The words of verse two had actually been written as far back as 1953. I was on the aircraft carrier Indefatigable and I'd bought a book of American folk songs collected by the Lomaxes. I particularly liked a short Negro lament called simply Dink's Song, after the woman who sang it. Her words began ‘If I had wings like Norah's dove, I'd fly up the river to the man I love, fare thee well, oh honey, fare thee well’. I started to sing it on the Indefat. but I adapted it to ‘If I had wings like Noah's dove, I'd fly up harbour to the girl I love, fare thee well, oh honey, fare thee well’. I also wrote a verse of my own ‘The finest ship that sailed the sea is still a prison for the likes of me’. You have to remember that though I was only 22 I'd already been in the Navy for seven years and was bound for a further seven. ‘The likes of me’ referred to a young man who had discovered too late that he had other gifts, which were of little use in Her Majesty's Fleet. Anyway, when I came to write The Grey Funnel Line six years later I found I was able to join these two couplets together to make a four-line verse. The next verse, three, has perhaps an even more interesting history. It was a long time before I began writing down the words of my songs; my theory was that if they weren't memorable enough to stay in my own head, then they weren't likely to stay in other people's. It was a foolish notion and, as it turned out, a risky one. I'll never know whether I've ever lost any worthwhile verses that way, but I nearly lost this one. Luckily for me, in 1960 I formed what turned out to be a lifelong friendship with a fellow folk pioneer, Lou Killen from Gateshead, and around the end of that year I went up to spend New Year with him and to do a sort of booking at the Newcastle Folk Club. Lou had a tape recorder at home and I sang him all the songs I'd written so far. In time, we both became established folk professionals touring the length and breadth of Britain. In 1962 I started a folk club in Plymouth and Lou became a frequent guest. On one occasion in 1964 he was booked just before Christmas and we adjourned to a member's house for an informal party. My host asked me if I'd sing his favourite, The Grey Funnel Line, but I declined because I'd heard from other people that Lou had been singing it around the clubs and, out of curiosity, I wanted to hear it. When he sang it there was this rather attractive verse comparing the lover's heart with a floating spar that had been washed ashore. Thinking I was hearing it for the first time, I congratulated Lou on the extra verse he'd written, especially as he'd never shown any talent in that direction before. He smiled across at


Renaissance and Regency Rummage Repository: Regency and Georgian Fabric Glossary Thin lightweight and glossy plain  weave, very soft, usually dyed black for mourning Bath Coating Lightweight wide fabric with long nap that is bleached or  coloured; preferred as a fabric for a coat over superfine by Beau Brummel  according to the tailor Schweitzer. Beaver Felted woollen fabric with long nap used for coating.  Also the underfur of the beaver used to  make hats Blonde aka blonde lace Unbleached silk bobbin lace that was creamy in colour.  Later bleached or dyed, black blonde being popular during French  Revolution.  Usually a fine mesh ground  with heavier thread making up the design, often floral. Book Muslin In 18th century folded with the book fold,  doubled lengthwise then folded to make a compact package. Later either a soft  muslin for tambour work or muslin stiffened to resemble French lawn. Broadcloth A cloth woven wider than a single man could weave it,  originally woven by two men and a technique used only for the highest quality  woollens, later with the advent of machinery any cloth that was broad though  generally a durable cloth. Brocade Silk patterned with a lustre face by jacquard weaving to  produce a pattern in self colour or multicolour the warps carrying across on  the underside so the fabric is not reversible but may be of very complex and  rich design. Calendared Treated with rollers to create a shiny finish; or in  earlier times rubbed manually with a hot glass implement see also tabby and  moiré Calico Plain weave lightweight painted or printed cotton; from Calicut  [Calcutta]. Later use in England  implies plain white/cream cloth [bleached or unbleached] 22 OR 28 yards to  the piece. 18th century calico was often cotton weft on a linen  warp. Cambric Soft plain weave cotton or linen calendared for slight  lustre, similar to muslin. Camlet, Camblet Wool with a weft of silk and/or goat hair syn. Camelot  from earlier period Cashmere Fine, silky wool from the cashmere goat; used to make  soft, light, warm shawls of great richness. Cassimere See Kerseymere Chenille Made of cotton, wool or silk yarn with fibres protruding  as a pile. Used as a weft for some fancy goods and also for fringes and  embroidery. Cloud A cotton which has had the warp printed before weaving so  that when woven the pattern is clouded. Corduroy aka Corduroy A ribbed cotton uncut pile fabric, hard wearing, used for  trousers and dresses Crepe A silk fabric with a crinkled surface by filling with  alternate s-twist and z-twist yarns; used for mourning. Damask A jacquard fabric which is reversible, may be self colour  or bicoloured, the pattern being raised and in satin weave on one side, the  negative pattern being so on the reverse. Diaper Originally meaning diamond; soft absorbent cloth;  huckaback Dimity Lightweight sheer cotton fabrics with 2, 3 or more warp  cords woven together, often striped or checked Drab Woollen coating in brownish grey; also cloths dyed in the  colour called drab [a very dark beige and its variants] Drap de… Cloth of…. A French term. Drugget Ribbed wool and worsted cloth 18th century, or  syn. Droguet mixed wool and linen or silk dress fabric Duck Broad term for strong plain weave fabrics usually cotton.  Often used for canvas. Ell A unit of measurement; in the middle ages in England  it was 45” but the measurement was different in different parts of Europe.  In the 18th century in England  it was 5/4 of a yard; the use of it was banned in 1824 Espagnolette aka spagnolet aka spaniolet Very fine wool fabric, French and originally of merino  wool, finished smooth or with  nap raised  either or both sides. Dyed in the piece. Flannel From Welsh word for wool, a light or medium weight fabric  of plain or twill weave with a lightly napped surface; woven in such a way to  make a warm cloth with softly twisted and napped filling yarns Florentine [silk] A heavy silk often with stripes generally used for  waistcoats.  Ambiguous term; has other  meanings. French Lawn A stif


Natives of which town are known as 'Monkeyhangers'?

The Hanging of the Hartlepool Monkey The Hanging of the Hartlepool Monkey Navigation By  Ben Johnson   |   Comments Legend has it that during the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, a shipwrecked monkey was hanged by the people of Hartlepool, believing him to be a French spy! To this day, people from Hartlepool are affectionately known as 'monkey hangers'. A French ship was spotted floundering and sinking off the Hartlepool coast. Suspicious of enemy ships and nervous of possible invasion, the good folk of Hartlepool rushed down to the beach, where amongst the wreckage of the ship they found the only survivor, the ship’s monkey which was apparently dressed in a miniature military-style uniform. Hartlepool is a long way from France and most of the populace had never met, or even seen, a Frenchman. Some satirical cartoons of the time pictured the French as monkey-like creatures with tails and claws, so perhaps the locals could be forgiven for deciding that the monkey, in its uniform, must be a Frenchman, and a French spy at that. There was a trial to ascertain whether the monkey was guilty of spying or not; however, not unsurprisingly, the monkey was unable to answer any of the court's questions and was found guilty. The townsfolk then dragged him into the town square and hanged him. So is the legend true? Did the good folk of Hartlepool REALLY hang a poor defenceless monkey? There could perhaps be a darker side to the tale – maybe they didn’t actually hang a ‘monkey’ but a small boy or ‘powder-monkey’. Small boys were employed on warships of this time to prime the canons with gunpowder and were known as ‘powder-monkeys’. Over the centuries the legend has been used to taunt the residents of Hartlepool; indeed still today, at football matches between local rivals Darlington and Hartlepool United the chant, “Who hung the monkey” can often be heard. Most Hartlepudlians however love this story. Hartlepool United’s mascot is a monkey called H'Angus the Monkey, and the local Rugby Union team Hartlepool Rovers are known as the Monkeyhangers. The successful mayoral candidate in the 2002 local elections, Stuart Drummond, campaigned dressed in the costume of H'Angus the Monkey, using the election slogan "free bananas for schoolchildren", a promise he was unfortunately unable to keep. However this appears not to have dented his popularity, as he went on to be re-elected two more times. Whatever the truth, the legend of Hartlepool and the hanged monkey has endured for over 200 years.   Tweet If you enjoyed this article, you might also like... The Last Invasion of Britain - How Jemima Fawr (Jemima the Great) and the ladies of Fishguard, with the help of rather a lot of Portuguese wine, saved the day! Nursery Rhymes - Are these apparently childish rhymes just nonsense or political satire ... Trafalgar Day - October 21st, marks the day on which Britain triumphed over the French ... Strange Phrases from the English Language - I’m told he’s just got the sack for being a peeping Tom, but then I’ve always said he’s as mad as a hatter.” Many such strange phrases and expressions have their roots firmly established in the rich history of the English people themselves ... Advertising


Which 20th century novel contains the characters Tom Robinson, Dill and Calpurnia?

Black Or White To Kill A Mockingbird English Literature Essay Black Or White To Kill A Mockingbird English Literature Essay Published: Last Edited: 23rd March, 2015 This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. " Let us all hope that the dark clouds of racial prejudice will soon pass away, and that in some not too distant tomorrow the radiant stars of love and brotherhood will shine over our great nation with all their scintillating beauty" Â Martin Luther King, Jr. Racism is a strong element that is portrayed in Harper Lee s Pulitzer Prize winning novel "To Kill a mocking bird". Harper lee was born in 1926 grew up in Monroeville (Alabama) and graduated from Alabama University. The book was published during the civil rights movement and exposed the dark elements of southern racist society.The story is set in Alabama, in the 1930. To kill a mocking bird deals with the moral teachings of a human being that is whether people are essentially good or evil. The book focuses to a large extent on a child's perspective in understanding the world. It clearly bridges a gap between a child's innocence and experience.Racism is a major theme of the novel. During that era, blacks were still highly dominated members of society. Blacks were not permitted to communicate with whites in public places, and there existed a clearly distinct black and white area of town. This research article deals with the concept, history and the major social issues related to Racism and racism in relation with "To Kill a Mockingbird". The term "racism" is often used in a loose and unreflective way to describe the hostile or negative feeling towards another [1] .Racism has two major components -difference and power. It is not merely an attitude or set of beliefs but it also expresses itself in practices, institution, and structure that sense of deep difference justifies or validates. Racism has existed throughout human history.Â It may be defined as the hatred of one person by another. RacismÂ is a word that can be defined in many different ways to people. To some, racism is a way of life, and to some, it is a repulsive term that represents closed or narrow mindedness. Racism comes from different cultural values, ethnic backgrounds, as well as the physical appearances. The conflict of racism occurs when the majority group of society feels that the different cultures and values of the minority group bring the change to the society. The United States of America, which brought people from all over the world, is stated as the land of opportunity and freedom, it is also the country that is famous for the racial discrimination. From the beginning of this country, there were conflicts with the Indians, slavery of blacks, and going against the people who immigrated there hoping to achieve their dream. Racism have been one of the most significant issues that people have been facing and fighting for, and is still occurring around us. Racism has killed and at the same time saved the people. It has killed the people as they have been discriminated in many ways. They have become the victims of the society. But in another point of view racism has saved the people, because through the discrimination, they have become stronger and confirmed about them. They have built the power to overcome the barrier of racism. Historically, almost every group of human beings who managed to cultivate a cultural identity did so partly by defining themselves as better than any other group, setting sharp boundaries to how much they would interact with other groups (including intermarriage) and limits to how much of their resources and power they would share. Groups that were isolated by natural borders - like the Klingit (Eskimo), native Caribbean tribes, and Australian aborigines - did not have to develop traditions of hostility to strangers to protect their tribal identity. Natural obstacles provided all the hostility to invaders they needed; the people themselves could be generous and hospitable to the survivors, w


In 1992, Margaret Thatcher was made Baroness Thatcher of where?

BBC ON THIS DAY | 30 | 1992: Thatcher takes her place in Lords About This Site | Text Only 1992: Thatcher takes her place in Lords Former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher has taken her place in the House of Lords as Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven. She is expected to take part in her first debate in two days time, speaking out against the government on the Maastricht Treaty. Although the quieter, more reflective House of Lords is not regarded as the natural battleground of the aggressive former prime minister, her allies hope she will use the Lords to keep her policies on the agenda. During her acceptance ceremony she said: "I, Margaret Baroness Thatcher, so swear by almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, her heirs and successors according to law, so help me God." Freedom She announced her decision to leave the Commons seven months after being ousted from Number 10 by her own party. At the time the former prime minister indicated she wanted to remain in politics. She said her decision to leave the Commons would give her more freedom to speak her mind, and made it clear she would fight any proposal for European integration that would threaten British sovereignty. But she was careful to pledge her loyalty to Prime Minister John Major, whose government is now occupied with managing splits within the party over European policy. Anticipating Baroness Thatcher's expected intervention on Maastricht, Foreign Secretary Douglas Hurd today strongly defended the treaty, saying this was not the moment to turn "timid and sour" on Europe. He said: "It is not sensible when you are beginning to win the arguments to back off into some massive and destructive isolation by seeking to destroy the Treaty of Maastricht."


The Egyptian god Bastet had the head of which animal?

Animals in Ancient Egypt - Society for the Protection of Animal Rights in Egypt Animals in Ancient Egypt The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt, Wilkinson, Richard H. 2003   Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, A Hart, George 1986 Egyptian Religion, Morenz, Siegfried 1973 Cornell University Press Gods and Myths of Ancient Egypt Armour, Robert A. 1986 American University in Cairo Press The Gods of the Egyptians (Studies in Egyptian Mythology), Budge, E. A. Wallis 1969 Animals in Ancient Egypt Ancient Egyptian religion was not based on a set of theological principles, but rather the gods were connected to nature and the elements (earth, air, fire and water), or to animals. The ancient Egyptians believed in the infinite powers of the universe, and respected and worshiped each element that comprised it; they believed that the divine existed in everything. Respect and veneration for animals was fundamental in all their traditions. They were given important status throughout the ancient Egyptiansï¿½ life and afterlife. Therefore, any appearance of the animal in their lives is in itself of religious importance, and often the worship of the animals was very direct, to the point where pets were found mummified and buried with their owners.   The ancient Egyptians were very sensitive to the characteristics of the animals: Anubis, who was a jackal (dog) weighed the heart of the dead for Osiris; any dog owner today will tell you that dogs can see the true heart and intent of a person. Bastet, who was a cat, was an important and infinite source of power throughout the ancient Egyptian religion: she was seen as the protector of home and hearth, and the goddess of fertility ï¿½ the ancient Egyptians saw that cats were tender and protective of their young.   The gods (almost 80) were represented as humans, animals or a combination of human and animal form. The ancient Egyptians also believed that many of their gods and goddesses were reincarnated on earth as animals, and honored these animals in and around Ancient Egyptian temples, through daily rituals and annual festivals. They offered them food, drink and clothing. In temples, the high priests would watch over the statues being washed, perfumed and dressed in clothes and jewelry three times a day.   Gods: Sokar Attributes: royal, overseer The head probably graced the prow of a ceremonial boat that stood in a temple sanctuary. Boats decorated with antelope heads were sacred to the god Sokar, who was the overseer of the desert and the royal cemeteries near Memphis, Egypt's capital in the north. Baboon Gods: Thoth, the god of writing and recording; Khonsu - youthful moon-god; Hapy, the son of Horus was depicted with the head of a baboon.   Attributes: Eloquence, strength, fairness, responsibility.   Among other things, Thoth was responsible for the lunar-based calendar, and was sometimes depicted with the head of a baboon on the scales of judgment Hapy was responsible for the canopic jar that held the lungs. Bull Gods: Ptah, Osiris Attributes: Power, masculinity, fertility, regeneration The bull was one of the most important animal gods in ancient Egypt. When an Apis bull died, it was embalmed and buried in great honor. From 1390 B.C. onwards, the Apis bull burial grounds were a huge and growing underground system of chambers called the Seapeum. The mothers of Apis bulls had their own cult and burial places. Cat Gods: Bastet Attributes: Protector, defender, fertility, offspring, childbirth. Cats were thought to have some of the most important divine powers. They were also seen as tender and protective of their offspring, and expectant mothers would wear amulets of Bastet with kittens. Cow Gods: Hathor, Isis, Nut, Mehet-Weret, Bat Attributes: Female fertility   These goddesses were often represented with cow horns or cow ears. The cow symbolized the pharaohï¿½s mother (as bulls represented the pharaoh). Cobra Gods: Wadjet Attributes: Justice, fertility, protection, royalty Snakes in general were symbols of resurrection, and a giant snake called Methen guarded the sacred b


The Hindu god Hanuman has the form of which animal?

The Hindu God Hanuman - Monkey God and Hero of the Ramayana - Kashgar Tribal Artifacts - Life for the Modern Nomad | Handmade Jewellery, ethnic handicrafts, antique furniture The Hindu God Hanuman - Monkey God and Hero of the Ramayana Added over 8 years ago Hanuman, the Hindu monkey god, is one of the most celebrated and worshipped figures in Indian religion, but mention him outside of India and you are likely to be met with a blank stare.  So who is Hanuman and what does he represent to the Hindu faith? As is the case for many of Mother India's gods, several stories are told explaining Hanuman's birth. In one interpretation Shiva and Parvati decide to transform themselves into monkeys and indulge in amorous games in the forest.  As a result Parvati becomes pregnant.  Shiva, conscious of his godly responsibilities and desiring to conform to the laws of nature, directs the wind god Vayu to carry the offspring from Parvati's womb to that of Anjana - an Apsara with the form of a monkey who has prayed to be granted a boy child. In another version of the story Hanuman is simply the offspring of Anjana and Vayu.  In yet another version of the story, he is the son of the King and Queen of the Monkeys. Many stories are also told of Hanuman's childhood. As the son of Shiva and a young monkey to boot, Hanuman is variously described as spirited, restless, energetic and inquisitive.  One point they all agree on is his mischievous nature.  Hanuman often abused his powers to pester the saints and holy men living in the nearby forest, with tricks such as beard pulling and the dousing of sacred fires.  However, it is as an adult that the monkey god Hanuman comes into his own. Hanuman's tale as told in the epic Ramayana is renowned for its ability to inspire its readers to face ordeals and conquer obstructions in their own lives. At the time of the Ramayana, Hanuman is sent as an advance spy to Lanka, the capital of the mighty demon Ravana's empire.  Ravana has provoked Lord Rama by carrying away his beloved wife Sita in order to start a war.  During the epic times that follow, Hanuman brings hope and secret messages to the captive Sita, leads Rama's monkey army in the Battle of Lanka and single-handedly kills many demons including Lankini, Champion of the demons.  During this time Hanuman is captured by the enemy, only to outwit them with the cunning use of his powers.  He returns to find Lord Rama and his brother Lakshmana themselves captured by the enemy and about to be sacrificed to the goddess Kali by the sorcerer Mahiravana.  In a tale of great daring, Hanuman outsmarts the evil lord into becoming the sacrifice himself, thereby earning the eternal respect of Kali.  She appoints Hanuman as her doorkeeper and today many of her temples are seen to have a monkey guarding their doorways. After the defeat of Ravana, Rama and Sita are crowned King and Queen of Ayodhya. Hanuman is offered a reward for his bravery and asks only to continue in service to him and to live for as long as men speak of Rama's deeds. He remains as Rama's favorite general to this day. Because of his bravery, perseverance, strength and devoted service, Hanuman is regarded as a perfect symbol of selflessness and loyalty.  Worship of Hanuman helps the individual to counter the bad karma borne out of selfish action, and grants the believer fortitude and strength in his or her own trials during the journey of life.  Hanuman is also invoked in fights against sorcery and protective amulets depicting him are extremely popular among his devotees. References and Further Reading


Who was the queen of the Brigantes who handed Caractacus over to the Romans?

Caractacus: The Powerful Celtic King Who Defied Rome | Ancient Origins 4 May, 2015 - 21:18 Bryan Hill Caractacus: The Powerful Celtic King Who Defied Rome (Read the article on one page) Caractacus was a king and tribal leader of the ancient Britons during the Iron Age and ruler of the Catuvellaunui, a powerful British tribe.  He was the son of a Celtic king named Cunobeline and ruled Briton from 43-50 AD.  Caractacus is associated with the expansion of his tribe’s territory with his apparent success being a catalyst for the Roman invasion of Britain.  When the Romans launched their invasion in the summer of 43 AD they attempted to absorb it into the Roman empire.  While other tribes in Britain, such as the Dobunni, submitted to the Romans, Caractacus fought fiercely for the independence of his people. When the Emperor Claudius launched an invasion of Britain, it was a massive undertaking and intervention which would ultimately lead to more than 350 years of Roman control.  Four legions supported by auxiliary troops made up an invasion force of more than 40,000 men.  Despite what must have seemed like overwhelming Roman strength, there was strong native resistance.  The land that is now Britain wasn't fully conquered until nearly 40 years after the initial invasion and even then, Rome never fully succeeded in conquering and subduing all of the peoples.  There was always a need for a significant military presence to control the threat from unconquered tribes and the vast majority of the populace would remain relatively untouched by Roman civilization.  However, Caractacus and his people were not so fortunate. Caractacus, King of the Britons ( Wikimedia Commons ) Despite a valiant attempt at opposing the Romans, Caractacus was defeated by the Romans at the Battle of Medway.  Despite being pursued by the empire, he managed to slip away and hold out for seven years in the Welsh mountains where he carried on a type of guerrilla warfare against them.   Caractacus was finally defeated at The Battle of Caer Caradoc in Wales to Roman governor, Ostorious Scapula in 51 AD.  As he was not killed in battle, he fled northward and took refuge with a tribe known as the Brigantes.  Unknown to Caracatcus, their Queen Cartimandua was allied with the Romans and willingly handed him over to them in chains as a war prize (the Brigantes later revolted against Cartimandua).  For the Britons, the defeat and capture of Caractacus marked the end of a century of leadership under the Catevellaunan nobles.  With the capture of Caractacus, much of southern Britain from the Humber to the Severn was pacified and garrisoned throughout the 50s.


Who was the 3ra century AD queen of Palmyra who led her people to war against Rome?

1000+ images about Queen Zenobia on Pinterest | Invisible cities, The throne and Rome Forward Zenobia (240 – c. 275) was a 3rd-century Queen of the Palmyrene Empire in Roman Syria. She led a famous revolt against the Roman Empire. The second wife of King Septimius Odaenathus. By 269, Zenobia had expanded the empire, conquering Egypt and expelling the Roman prefect, Tenagino Probus, who was beheaded after he led an attempt to recapture the territory. She ruled over Egypt until 274, when she was defeated and taken as a hostage to Rome by Emperor Aurelian. See More


Which island lies between, and is connected by causeways to, North Uist and South Uist?

travel, tourism, holiday, holidays, vacation, vacations, Greece, Scotland, Rome, United States, USA, Western Isles, Outer HebridAlamy Buy sto North Uist North Uist is the tenth largest Scottish island and the thirteenth largest island surrounding Great Britain.Slightly smaller than South Uist. North Uist is connected by causeways to Benbecula via Grimsay, to Berneray, and to Baleshare. Some of the lochs contain a mixture of fresh and tidal salt water, giving rise to some complex and unusual habitats. Eriskay A stone causeway from Ludag now links South Uist to the island of Eriskay. Bonnie Prince Charlie's Bay is a gorgeous sandy beach. The S.S. Politician sank in the Sound of Eriskay in 1941 and its cargo of whisky bottles was 'rescued' by the islanders This true story was later turned into a book by Compton MacKenzie 'Whisky Galore' and a film which was shot mainly on Barra. Isle of Skye Skye, or the Isle of Skye is the largest and most northerly island in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. The island's peninsulas radiate out from a mountainous centre dominated by the Cuillin hills. The island is now linked to the mainland by a road bridge although it is still possible to travel from the mainland by ferry. The island is renowned for its spectacular scenery, vibrant culture and heritage, and its abundant wildlife including the Golden Eagle, Red Deer and Salmon. Harris Harris (Gaelic: Na Hearadh) is the southern and more mountainous part of Lewis and Harris, the largest island in the Outer Hebrides. Although not an island itself, Harris is often referred to as the Isle of Harris. A person from Harris is known as a Hearach. Highland The Scottish Highlands (Scottish Gaelic: A' Ghàidhealtachd meaning Land of the Gaels) is a historic region of Scotland. The term is used for the area north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault, although the exact boundaries are not clearly defined, particularly to the east. The Great Glen divides the Grampian Mountains to the southeast from the Northwest Highlands. The Scottish Gaelic name of A' Ghàidhealtachd literally means 'the place of the Gaels' and traditionally, from a Gaelic-speaking point of view, includes both the Western Isles and the Highlands.


On which Hebridean island was the BBC programme 'Castaway 2000' set?

BBC News | ENTERTAINMENT | Wannabe Castaways apply in droves Friday, 5 January, 2001, 17:09 GMT Wannabe Castaways apply in droves The original Castaways have proved an inspiration Thousands of people have already applied to take part in the next series of the BBC's Castaway programme - less than a week after the inaugural experiment came to an end. Makers of the year-long project, which marooned 36 volunteers on a remote Hebridean island, have received more than 14,000 e-mails since inviting new applicants. Producer Jeremy Mills said he had received so many requests for application forms that the system had almost ground to a halt. The next series is going to be about different aspects of life but we are not going to tell them what to expect Producer Jeremy Mills A team of researchers is now sifting through the pile of names wanting to leave the hustle and bustle of modern life. The first set of Castaways were watched coping - unaided by mod cons - with the harsh conditions of the island of Taransay, off Scotland. Details of the second series are being kept secret. What is known is that it will only last five weeks. Highs and lows However, Mills said the second series would follow the format of the first. "We will be taking people out of their normal lives into an extraordinary situation of some sort so that they face aspects of life which are important. Ben Fogle became a heart throb for viewers He then added: "Castaway 2000 was about community living, what luxuries were important and how one achieves job satisfaction. "The next series is going to be about different aspects of life but we are not going to tell them what to expect." Out of the 36 islanders who began the first social experiment last year, only 29 saw things through to the end. The year-long programme witnessed incredible highs and lows, with acrimonious departures in the case of some, and others finding love on the island. Life on the five-mile long island contrasted greatly with city living. Taransay has no trees and is buffeted by 100 mph winds and storm force seas from September to May. And the islanders, chosen to reflect a microcosm of British society, had only limited resources. However, by the end of the year many of the group were sorry to leave and were apprehensive about returning to their former lives. Search BBC News Online


By what name is Margaretha Geertruida Macleod (nee Zelle) better known?

Mata Hari - Polyvore Mata Hari 8 months ago. 247 views. 32 likes. Follow Margaretha Geertruida "Margreet" MacLeod (née Zelle; 7 August 1876 – 15 October 1917), better known by the stage name Mata Hari, was a Dutch Frisian exotic dancer and courtesan who was convicted of being a spy and executed by firing squad in France under charges of espionage for Germany during World War I.   Margaretha Zelle was born in Leeuwarden, the Netherlands. She was the eldest of four children of Adam Zelle and his first wife Antje van der Meulen. She had three brothers. Her father owned a hat shop, made successful investments in the oil industry, and became affluent enough to give Margaretha a lavish early childhood that included exclusive schools until the age of 13.   Soon after Margaretha's father went bankrupt in 1889, her parents divorced, and then her mother died in 1891. Her father remarried in Amsterdam on 9 February 1893 to Susanna Catharina ten Hoove, by whom he had no children. The family fell apart, and Margaretha moved to live with her godfather, Mr. Visser, in Sneek. In Leiden, she studied to be a kindergarten teacher, but when the headmaster began to flirt with her conspicuously, she was removed from the institution by her offended godfather. A few months later, she fled to her uncle's home in The Hague.   At 18, Zelle answered an advertisement in a Dutch newspaper placed by Dutch Colonial Army Captain Rudolf MacLeod, who was living in what was then the Dutch East Indies and was looking for a wife. Zelle married MacLeod in Amsterdam on 11 July 1895. He was the son of Captain John Brienen MacLeod and Dina Louisa, Baroness Sweerts de Landas. The marriage enabled her to move into the Dutch upper class, and her finances were placed on a sound footing. They moved to Malang on the east side of the island of Java, traveling out on SS Prinses Amalia in May 1897, and had two children, Norman-John MacLeod (30 January 1897 – 27 June 1899) and Louise Jeanne MacLeod (2 May 1898 – 10 August 1919).   The marriage was an overall disappointment. MacLeod appears to have been an alcoholic who would take out his frustrations on his wife, who was twenty years younger and whom he blamed for his lack of promotion. He also openly kept a concubine, a socially accepted practice in the Dutch East Indies at that time. The disenchanted Zelle abandoned him temporarily, moving in with Van Rheedes, another Dutch officer. For months, she studied the Indonesian traditions intensively, joining a local dance company. In 1897, she revealed her artistic name of Mata Hari, Malay for "sun" (literally, "eye of the day"), in correspondence to her relatives in the Netherlands.   At MacLeod's urging, Zelle returned to him, but his aggressive demeanour did not change. She escaped her circumstances by studying the local culture. In 1899, their children fell violently ill from complications relating to the treatment of syphilis contracted from their parents, though the family claimed they were poisoned by an irate servant. Jeanne survived, but Norman died. Some sources maintain that one of MacLeod's enemies may have poisoned a supper to kill both of their children. After moving back to the Netherlands, the couple officially separated on 30 August 1902. The divorce became final in 1906. Zelle was awarded custody of Jeanne. MacLeod was legally required to pay support, which he never did, making life very difficult for Zelle and her daughter. During a visit of Jeanne with her father, MacLeod decided not to return Jeanne to her mother. Zelle was forced to accept the situation, not having the resources to fight it, in the knowledge that whatever kind of husband MacLeod had been to her, he had always been a good father. Jeanne later died at the age of 21, also possibly from complications relating to syphilis.   In 1903, Zelle moved to Paris, where she performed as a circus horse rider using the name Lady MacLeod, much to the disapproval of the Dutch MacLeods. Struggling to earn a living, she also posed as an artist's model.   By 1905, Mata Hari began to win fame as an exotic dan


'Carve her name with pride' is a book (and film) about which World War II heroine?

Carve Her Name with Pride (1958) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Carve Her Name with Pride ( 1958 ) 1h 59min Violette Bushell is the daughter of an English father and a French mother, living in London in the early years of World War 2. She meets a handsome young French soldier in the park and ... See full summary  » Director: a list of 37 titles created 20 Mar 2011 a list of 25 titles created 18 Jun 2011 a list of 48 titles created 04 Sep 2011 a list of 45 titles created 13 Jan 2013 a list of 39 titles created 4 months ago Title: Carve Her Name with Pride (1958) 7.3/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for     1     BAFTA Film Award. See more awards  » Photos     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.2/10 X   A newly wealthy English woman returns to Malaya to build a well for the villagers who helped her during war. Thinking back, she recalls the Australian man who made a great sacrifice to aid her and her fellow prisoners of war. Director: Jack Lee True story of three British POWs and their attempt to escape from Nazi Germany. Directors: Jack Lee, Ian Dalrymple Stars: Leo Genn, David Tomlinson, Anthony Steel War drama about the dangerous and stressful work of Lancaster bomber British crews during WW2. Director: Philip Leacock A young Irish woman hates England so much she becomes a Nazi spy. Director: Frank Launder The World War II adventures of a British convoy escort ship and its officers. Director: Charles Frend A charming but ruthless criminal holds the family of a bank manager hostage as part of a cold-blooded plan to steal 97,000 pounds. Director: Quentin Lawrence An English village is occupied by disguised German paratroopers as an advance post for a planned invasion. Director: Alberto Cavalcanti Biopic of RAF Group Captain Douglas Bader who, after having lost both legs, flew a British fighter plane during WW2. Director: Lewis Gilbert The career of a Nazi officer shown as flashbacks from his trial as a war criminal. Director: André De Toth During WW2, a British actor impersonates Field Marshal Montgomery in order to confuse German intelligence. Director: John Guillermin This is the story of a brave woman who volunteered to join SOE (Special Operations Executive) during WWII. She was flown into occupied France where she fought with the French resistance. ... See full summary  » Director: Herbert Wilcox A woman is murdered, but she is seen in different ways by different people. Director: Anthony Asquith Edit Storyline Violette Bushell is the daughter of an English father and a French mother, living in London in the early years of World War 2. She meets a handsome young French soldier in the park and takes him back for the family Bastille day celebrations. They fall in love, marry and have a baby girl when Violette Szabo receives the dreaded telegram informing her of his death in North Africa. Shortly afterwards, Violette is approached to join the SOE (Special Operations Executive). Should she stay and look after her baby or "do her duty" ? Written by Steve Crook <steve@brainstorm.co.uk> 20 June 1958 (Ireland) See more  » Also Known As: Aftoi pou nikisan ton thanato See more  » Filming Locations: Virginia McKenna lost 5 pounds weight in the 92 days she spent filming. See more » Goofs Denise's hands change position as she helps support Lillian. See more » Quotes Etienne Szabo : The life that I have Is all that I have And the life that I have Is yours. The love that I have Of the life that I have Is yours and yours and yours. A sleep I shall have A rest I shall have Yet death will be but a pause. For the peace of my years In the long green grass Will be yours and yours and yours. (Vancouver, Canada) – See all my reviews I saw this movie as a young girl and I am now writing a book profiling the women who won the George Cross


Which cartoon character had friends called Velma Dinidey and Daphne Blake?

History of Scooby Doo | The Scooby Store Scooby Doo History The History of Scooby Doo Scooby-Doo is an animated series produced for Saturday morning television in several different versions beginning on September 13, 1969 until the present. Over the years, the series has had several names and characters. The original 1969 series was called “Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!” It was created for Hanna-Barbera Productions by writers Joe Ruby and Ken Spears and character designer, Iwao Takamoto. Hanna-Barbera produced numerous spin-offs and related works until being absorbed in 1997 into Warner Bros. Animation, which has handled production since then. Although the format of the show and the cast (and ages) of characters have varied significantly over the years, the most familiar versions of the show feature a talking dog named Scooby-Doo and four teenagers: Fred "Freddie" Jones, Daphne Blake, Velma Dinkley, and Norville "Shaggy" Rogers. These five characters (collectively known as “Mystery, Inc.”, but never referred to as such in the original series) drive around the world in a van called the “Mystery Machine,” and solve mysteries typically involving tales of ghosts and other supernatural forces. At the end of each episode, the supernatural forces turn out to have a rational explanation, typically criminal plots involving costumes, latex masks and special effects intended to frighten or distract. Scooby-Doo was originally broadcast on CBS from 1969 to 1976, when it moved to ABC. ABC aired the show until canceling it in 1986, and presented a spin-off, “A Pup Named Scooby-Doo,” from 1988 until 1991. This series focused on the Scooby gang as children. “What's New, Scooby-Doo?” aired on the WB Network during the Kids' WB programming block from 2002 until 2005. The current Scooby-Doo series, “Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue!,” airs Saturday mornings on The CW network. Repeats of the original series (“Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!”), as well as second-run episodes of “What's New, Scooby-Doo?,” are broadcast frequently on the Cartoon Network and Boomerang in the United States and other countries. The Birth of Scooby Doo and the Scooby Gang Scooby was born in the 1960s. In 1968, a number of parent-run organizations, most notably Action for Children's Television (ACT), began vocally protesting what they perceived as an excessive amount of gratuitous violence in Saturday morning cartoons during the mid-to-late 1960s. Most of these shows were Hanna-Barbera action cartoons such as Jonny Quest, Space Ghost and The Herculoids, and virtually all of them were canceled by 1969 because of pressure from the parent groups. Members of these watchgroups served as advisers to Hanna-Barbera and other animation studios to ensure that their new programs would be safe for children. There was an additional motivation, an animated version of the Beatles had put on by a competing network and was beating the pants off the CBS Saturday morning cartoon lineup. Fred Silverman, executive in charge of children's programming for the CBS network at the time, was looking for a show that would revitalize his Saturday morning line-up and please the watchgroups at the same time. Silverman had recently scored big with “The Archie Show.” Silverman was eager to expand upon this success, and contacted producers William Hanna and Joseph Barbera about possibly creating another show based around a teenage rock group, but with an extra element: the kids would solve mysteries in between their gigs. Silverman envisioned the show as a cross between the popular I Love a Mystery radio serials of the 1940s and the popular early 1960s TV show The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis. Hanna and Barbera passed this task along to two of their head storymen, Joe Ruby and Ken Spears, and artist/character designer Iwao Takamoto. Their original concept of the show bore the title “Mysteries Five,” and featured five teens (Geoff, Mike, Kelly, Linda, and Linda's brother "W.W.") and their dog, “Too Much,” who were all in a band called “The Mysteries Five” (even the dog; he played the bongos). When “The Mysteries


BOOK REVIEW / Murder, intrigue, three Naomis . . . and me: Swan, Naomi Campbell; Heinemann, pounds 12.99 | The Independent BOOK REVIEW / Murder, intrigue, three Naomis . . . and me: Swan, Naomi Campbell; Heinemann, pounds 12.99 Tuesday 6 September 1994 23:02 BST Click to follow The Independent Online WHO says models are thick? This novel has a plot, characters and postmodernism] The plot involves six girls' adventures in the glamorous world of fashion (celebrities, intrigue, murder]). The characters are, well, the six girls. But - and this is the postmodern bit - it incorporates no less than three versions of Naomi Campbell. There is the real supermodel who crops up from time to time, as she would, this being the glamorous world of fashion. 'Naomi Campbell was the first black model on the cover of Time and French Vogue,' says a girl at a fashion show. Then there is the narrator, Swan, a supermodel who spends her life on Concorde and having dinner with celebrities, just like Naomi. 'A supermodel can make anything look sexy,' she explains, 'and they say I'm the sexiest of them all.' But Swan can't 'be' Naomi - she's an upper-class white girl called Lavinia Crichton- Lake. So then there's Amy, a working-class black girl, 5'10' tall, raised in London by her single mum, who becomes a supermodel, just like the real Naomi. Clever, or what? But Naomi Campbell isn't any old model, she's a super model: icon of the age, won't get out of bed for less then pounds 10,000, blah, blah, blah. The big question is: why did she write a novel - or, as the posters are calling it, a supernovel? Here we run into that darn postmodernism again. As Naomi told The Face: 'It's a cute story. I'm writing it with someone - I have to do it on tape and send it off.' The person she sent it to was the clever British editor Caroline Upcher, who discovered The Bridges of Madison County and has produced a slick, Conranesque beach read for which she gets 'very special thanks' in the credits. Naomi has not, it seems, decided to become a real writer, a la Robert Newman. Naomi herself - according to a recent interview in the Sunday Times Magazine - says she wrote the book to get back at journalists who had misrepresented her life, and there is certainly quite a bit of payback. You don't have to be very clever (and as fashion writer and stylist Michael Roberts has said, Naomi is 'no Einstein') to work out that 'Lindy-Jane Johnson', the evil tabloid journalist who is trying to destroy Swan, has a remarkably similar name to Lesley-Ann Jones, the journalist whose unauthorised biography, Naomi, portrayed the supermodel's father as a convicted rapist, her mother as pushy and Naomi herself as a neurotic brat. I am proud to say that I play a small but vital part in exposing the wicked Lindy- Jane Johnson, after she tricks Swan into an interview. 'Hello, I'm Ruth Picardie,' I say on page 258, 'to do the piece for the Independent'. I make a haughty gesture towards Lindy-Jane, sadly not captured in the book. 'I wouldn't have thought,' I say 'your publishers would let someone like her near you. It's not as if she writes for the good pages or anything.' Naomi, I love you. The more important motive for writing this book is the Great Supermodel Conundrum. Naomi is super-rich: though barred from a lucrative cosmetics contract because of the colour of her skin, she is reported to earn pounds 25,000 a day. Naomi is superyoung, though how young is something of a mystery: according to book blurb she is 23, though American Vogue devoted a page to her 21st birthday in May 1991, which would make her 24. And Naomi is a super-icon, whose look (hard, sexy, post- grunge) is back in fashion. But, like all supermodels - including the ones in the book - Naomi is unfulfilled, can't stand the fact that her life is all about looking pretty, and is desperate to prove she is a clever, interesting, Real Person. Superconfusing, no? More about:


Which horse won the 2007 Grand National?

Horse Racing: the 2007 Grand National - live! | Sport | The Guardian Share on Messenger Close Preamble Good afternoon everyone and welcome to GU's coverage of the Grand National. The weather at Aintree is more mid-summer than mid-April, the ground looks perfect, and we're set fair for probably the most open National since Red Marauder's victory in 2001. On the Morning Line, John Francome suggested that at least 20 horses could win this, and that looks about right. The Guardian's chief tipster, Ron Cox, has gone for Joes Edge , while the Observer's Eddie Fremantle reckons Slim Pickings at 50-1 is worth a shot. Me? Well, I've got McKelvey and Idle Talk at 33-1 antepost, and I've also had a small nibble on Billyvoddan and Bother Na at big prices. 3.30pm: Normally 30 minutes before the National, most of the favourites' odds start shortening as the bookmakers work out their liabilities. Not today. You can still get 10-1 on the favourite Point Barrow. Elsewhere, Monkerhostin is a huge market mover - he was 30s on Betfair a few days ago, now he's just 12-1. Full odds (from Betfair): 10-1 Point Barrow, 11-1 Joes Edge, 12-1 Monkerhostin, 13-1 Hedgehunter, 15-1 McKelvey, 19-1 Numbersixvalverde (a huge price, surely?), 21-1 Eurotrek, 21-1 L'Ami, 22-1 Billyvoddan, 24-1 Simon, 24-1 Idle Talk, 25-1 Bother Na, 28-1 Dun Doire (backed antepost by the colleague Barry Glendenning at 14-1), 29-1 bar. 3.40pm "Any big outsiders worth a punt?" asks Tim Derler. Ballycassidy is an interesting one at 66-1, Tim. He was six lengths clear after 25 of the 30 fences last year and might be worth an each way nibble. 3.50pm The great Monkerhostin gamble continues: he's now into 11-1. Can't see him staying, but what do I know? 4pm "For the first Grand National hoof-by-hoof, Idle Talk is just too good to be true - surely it's a shoo-in?" says Gary Naylor. Well, he stays all day (much like yourself Gary) and he's got form too (fourth in the Scottish Grand National , and second in the Cheltenham Festival last year). I certainly hope so. 4.05pm Monkerhostin is into 10-1, while Longshanks has been backed down to 20-1 on Betfair. "I've stuck £150 on Hedgehunter e/w for the last two years, and am doing so again," says Tom Lowe. "And I'm completely confident of collecting again." If he's fit, I think you've got every chance, Tom. But he's only run one race all season. Pricewise, the Racing Post's tipster, reckons he's a good thing, mind. 4.08pm Not long to go now. Full odds (from Betfair): 9-1 Point Barrow, 10-1 Joes Edge, 12-1 Monkerhostin, 13-1 Hedgehunter, 14-1 McKelvey, 20-1 Longshanks, 20-1 Numbersixvalverde, 21-1 Eurotrek, 21-1 L'Ami, Billyvoddan, 25-1 Idle Talk, 27-1 Bother Na, 28-1 Dun Doire, 28-1 Simon. 4.12pm As the horses walk down to the start, the bugles start to play and boozy cheers rumble around Aintree. Monkerhostin, who was 28-1 in the office is now into 9-1. Incredible. "Interesting snippet about the punter staking £20K per finisher on 16 or more finishers," says Gary Naylor. "I've always wondered why some jockeys remount, others don't and some jockeys pull up their horses whilst others ride through to the finish regardless." Usually a jockey only remounts if they think they have a chance of winning, and most will pull-up if they think their horse is running on empty. Can't blame them, myself - would you fancy taking a tumble at 30mph going over a National fence? 4.15: On the course, we have co-favourites for the National - Monkerhostin, Point Barow and Joes Edge are 8-1 - with Hedgehunter at 9s. Monkerhostin is still 11-1 on the exchanges, mind. The horses are circling around, waiting for the off. "I don't blame any jockey pulling up when he believes that there's no chance to win, but big money on the spreads for the number of finishers rather clouds that 'no chance to win' description," says Gary Naylor, not unreasonably. False start(s) As the starter climbs to his rostrum, there's a steadily growing cheer, but two minutes later, we're still waiting for the off. Suddenly a few horses charge the tape ... and they're are called back by the star