The major geologic exposures in the Grand Canyon in Arizona, USA, range in age from the 2 billion year old Vishnu Schist layers at the bottom of the Inner Gorge to the 230 million year old layer on the Rim which is called what?

NPS: Nature & Science» Geology Resources Division The Grand Age of Rocks: The Numeric Ages for Rocks Exposed within Grand Canyon Allyson Mathis and Carl Bowman, 2006 Introduction Grand Canyon National Park       [see Photo 1] is one of the best places in the world to gain a sense     of geologic, or “deep,” time       because the canyon exposes a great swath of geologic history. Rocks      exposed in Grand Canyon are truly ancient, ranging from 1840 million      years old (m.y.), or 1.84 billion years old (b.y.), to 270 m.y. The     Grand Canyon landscape is geologically young, being carved within just     the last 6 m.y. There are younger geologic deposits in Grand Canyon too,      such as the Ice Age fossils found in caves, a 1000-year-old lava flow      in the western canyon, and even the debris flow deposits that continue      form each year. Yet, it is the canyon’s rock walls that allow people to develop their greatest perspective on geologic time, because of these rocks’ immense age, their fossil record, and because these rocks formed in environments far different than those found in northern Arizona today. With a rock record that spans more than 1500 m.y., Grand Canyon is truly a panoramic view into the geologic past. Nonetheless, how geologists determine the age of rocks     is a mystery to many members of the public, and even to many park rangers     [see Photo 2], guides, and others who share the     canyon’s geologic story with others. It is natural to wonder “How     do you know that?” when geologists say a Grand Canyon rock formed     270 million years ago. Further confusion arises when one publication     or geologist says, for example, that the Kaibab Formation is 270 m.y.     and another says 255 m.y. The same questions arise for the other rock     units at Grand Canyon. Which are the more correct ages and why? This article will answer these questions by providing a short primer on geologic dating methods and how they were applied to Grand Canyon rocks. We then describe Grand Canyon rocks as belonging to three “sets,” or packages of rocks, each with unique geologic histories, and present a compilation of “best” numeric ages for Grand Canyon rocks to use when explaining Grand Canyon geology to the public. Figure 1: Relative dating diagram. more » Photo 1: Many people consider Grand Canyon National Park the world’s premiere geologic landscape and a “ geologic wonder ”. Grand Canyon contains many important geologic resources, including a vast fossil record ranging from Precambrian stromatolites to Ice Age mammal bones and dung found in caves; a potentially active volcanic field in the western Grand Canyon; a geologic history ranging more than 1.7 billion years; and the canyon landscape itself as the greatest example of arid land erosion. Photo 2: Park Rangers like Stacy Wagner present geology walks and talks daily at Grand Canyon National Park. TOP OF PAGE Dating Rocks There are two major categories of geologic dating techniques: relative dating and absolute age determinations . Relative dating determines the order in which a sequence of past events occurred, but does not determine exactly when the geologic events happened. Absolute age determinations are numeric and identify when, in years, specific events happened. Both techniques are important in different geologic situations. And both techniques are used together to develop the geologic time scale and to discern the ages of rocks exposed in Grand Canyon.   Relative      Dating Relative dating can be easy. In flat-lying     sedimentary rocks it is simply the Principle of Superposition [see Photo     3] (or the “rule     of pancakes”): the rocks at the bottom are oldest, and the rocks     on top are the youngest. It’s not who’s on first, but what’s     on top. When rocks are folded, faulted, overturned, or intruded by igneous     rocks, it is still possible to determine the relative age of the rocks.     The Principle of Superposition and the


All snowflakes are geometric figures with how many sides?

Hexagon geometry in snowflakes - The Smart Happy Project The Smart Happy Project By LisaLillywhite I love this image, it looks like the graveyard for all the old bits of the Starship Enterprise, everything is so chunky, like a construction kit that should fit together. What is it? It’s Snow Crystals at high magnification. Yes, bonkers, I know! The blue colours were added into the photograph for effect. Maybe this is more what you’d expect for a snowflake. But the grey is a bit dull isn’t it? Or maybe something a bit more sparkly? How are snowflakes made? It’s about shapes, this time time the hexagon and the number six. For other shape hunting posts go here  or here The natural, hexagon geometry of a snowflake. Water (or water vapour) molecules attach to a dust particle and form the beginnings of a snowflake. These molecules crystallize to a hexagonal plate form, every snowflake is formed around this shape. Every one will have repeated hexagon design but each snowflake will be slightly different. But why a hexagon? Funny isnt it? why not another shape? A hexagon is a 2D shape with SIX sides. Hexagonal geometry. Johannes Kepler wondered the same thing. Kepler was a german mathematician and astronomer in the 17th Century. At that time astronomy was seen as strongly linked to maths and considered a liberal art, one of the quadrivium – that’s four subjects often still taught as part of a classical education. Kepler’s major astronomical work defined the universe as a set of geometric shapes. You can see why I bring him up now. Kepler wondered why a hexagon is the underlying form for a snowflake and not another shape, he purposed that it may be something to do with a hexagon being one of only three shapes that can fill a 2D surface without any gaps. The others being a triangle and a square. back to the snow falling…. These water molecules arrange themselves in a hexagonal net structure (in science the term is a ‘lattice’) using the atoms of hydrogen and oxygen, which is what water is.     If you want to be really studious here: The molecule H2O (water) contains one oxygen and two hydrogen. These two hydrogen atoms sit at an angle in relation to the oxygen which is perfectly the same angle as the corners of a hexagon, so building the lattice structure. In doing so they fill up all available space. Look no gaps! and crystals grow. A hexagonal plate is the beginning of every snowflake, as it grows the water available becomes less able to fill all the space and so branches and tendrils appear always on a six fold pattern which are what we recognise as traditional looking snowflakes. Why so many different variations on a six cornered pattern? We all know the weather is unpredictable right?   That’s it. The structure of a snowflake is determined by the temperature and moisture levels around it as it passes through weather systems on its journey to your garden and your child’s protruding tongue. Different temperatures create different patterns, but they are all based on hexagonal geometry. These many different forms have become named things like : fernlike, dendritic, stellar, plate, columnar. You can remember this when you see a traditional snowflake pattern on a christmas card this year. Count the branches and enjoy this wonderful, bunched up, broken, micro geometry that falls to your lawn. And not bits of the Starship Enterprise. Now you know. Why I am telling you this? maybe those around you are not yet asking those questions.  Certain elements behave in certain ways because of their makeup. Knowing that certain rules like this are in play in nature lays a strong understanding of certain natural laws which are best to work with rather than against. That’s what the Smart Happy Project is all about. These laws can be found in mathematics and sciences at every level. That’s worth knowing even a little bit about isn’t it?   OK that the science bit over with, now the crafty bit. Come on over here and make these easy, paper snowflakes. While I’ve been writing this my daughter came up and looked at the photos, I explained them to her she


"What is the next in this series: Millie, Ranger, Buddy, Spot ""Spotty"" Fletcher, Barney, Miss Beazley ... ?"

Presidential Dogs of the White House Presidential Dogs of the White House By Mimi C. February 20, 2012 8:30 AM Many presidents have had dogs during the time at the White House. I have listed all of  the Presidential Dogs that I was able to find and included a few photos all the way back to the Coolidge presidency. Here are the dogs who have also served in the White House. Barack Obama Bo – Portuguese Water Dog. First Dog of the United States. Chuck Kennedy/The White House via Getty Images George W. Bush Spot “Spotty” Fetcher (1989–2004) – female English Springer Spaniel named after Scott Fletcher; Puppy of Millie; Euthanized after suffering a series of strokes. Barney – Scottish Terrier. First Dog of the United States. Miss Beazley – Scottish Terrier; Nicknamed “Beazley Weazley”; 2005 birthday gift from George to his wife. Alex Wong/Getty Images Buddy – Bill’s chocolate Labrador Retriever (1997–2002). First Dog of the United States. Getty Images Millie – Springer Spaniel. First Dog of the United States. Ranger – one of Millie’s puppies Ronald Reagan Rex – Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. First Dog of the United States. Victory – Golden Retriever William Howard Taft Caruso – Dog There were many presidents that had an array of different kinds of animals although I only focused on the dogs for this article. It is amazing how many dogs some of our presidents had at the White House. Here are the rest of the dog-owning presidents: Theodore Roosevelt loved the terrier breeds: Pete a Bull Terrier; Skip a Rat Terrier; Jack and Peter were Terriers; Blackjack was a Manchester Terrier; Manchu a Pekingese; Rollo a big Saint Bernard; Sailor Boy was a Chesapeake Bay Retriever and there were two no-named breeds Gem and Susan. Benjamin Harrison had a Collie named Dash. Grover Cleveland was a fan of a Japanese Poodle named Hector. James A. Garfield had a dog named Veto. Rutherford B. Hayes was a big dog fan. He had Dot the Cocker Spaniel; Hector a Newfoundland; Duke was an English Mastiff; Grim the Greyhound; Otis was a Miniature Schnauzer; Juno and Shep were his hunting dogs and a dog named Jet. Ulysses S. Grant had a Newfoundland named Faithful and Rosie the dog. Abraham Lincoln owned Fido and Jip. James Buchanan owned a Newfoundland named Lara, a Toy Terrier named Punch. Franklin Pierce had seven miniature Oriental dogs. John Tyler had an Italian Greyhound named Le Beau. James Monroe had a spaniel. Thomas Jefferson had a slew of animals, two of which were dogs: Buzzy and we don’t have record of the other dog names. They were big hairy herding dogs called Briards. John Adams had three dogs named Juno, Mark, and Satan. George Washington, our very first President of the United States, had several dogs. He was a fan of the hounds. He had three American Staghounds named Sweet Lips, Scentwell and Vulcan. He also had four Black and Tan Coonhounds names Drunkard, Taster, Tipler and Tipsy.


Brian Lochore was coach to the New Zealand team in the first World Cup in 1987 for what sport?

Brian Lochore | NZHistory, New Zealand history online Biography Brian Lochore Wairarapa born and bred, Brian James (BJ) Lochore won distinction as a player and administrator at school, club, provincial and national level. In 1959, not yet 20, he made his provincial debut against the touring British Lions. All Black honours followed in 1963. In an illustrious career in the black jersey he played a total of 68 matches. He was captain in 18 of the 25 test matches he played for his country. An outstanding no. 8 or lock, he was inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame in 1999 and knighted the same year. Overlooked for the All Blacks in 1964, Lochore was recalled for the following year’s series against South Africa. From that point he became a permanent fixture in the national side until he retired from international play after the 1970 tour to South Africa (he played one test in 1971 to help out an injury-struck side). In 1966 All Black coach Fred Allen appointed Lochore as All Black captain ahead of more experienced alternatives such as Colin Meads, Kel Tremain and Ken Gray. In his 18 tests in charge Lochore lost only three times – all in South Africa in 1970. When his playing days ended Lochore moved into coaching, initially with the Masterton club and from 1980 with Wairarapa-Bush . Under his guidance the union achieved promotion to the first division of the National Provincial Championship in 1981. He became an All Black selector in 1983 and coached the national team from 1985 to 1987, culminating with home success in the 1987 World Cup final . Lochore also managed the All Black team which narrowly lost the 1995 World Cup final to South Africa. Lochore played a significant role in the 1995 negotiations as rugby went professional. A split in world rugby seemed certain and many current All Blacks signed contracts with the Sydney-based World Rugby Competition (WRC). Lochore’s mana in New Zealand rugby helped ensure that in the end the country’s leading players signed contracts with the New Zealand Rugby Union. The rival WRC soon collapsed. Lochore’s iconic status within New Zealand rugby has been acknowledged by the naming of one of the two cups contested in the Heartland Championship in his honour. By Steve Watters


The Best Thailand Islands | Best Thai Islands | Rough Guides Site Editor Thailand is home to an astonishing array of islands offering all manner of diving, swimming and sunbathing opportunities all year round. The hardest part for any visitor is singling out the best. Here are 20 of our favourites, taken from the  Rough Guide to Thailand’s Beaches & Islands . Scroll down to see them placed geographically on our interactive map. Ko Chang Edged with a chain of long, mostly white-sand beaches and dominated by a broad central spine of jungle-clad hills, Ko Chang is developing fast but still feels green. It’s Thailand’s second largest island, after Phuket, but unlike its bigger sister it has no villages or tourist facilities within its steeply contoured and densely forested interior, just a few rivers, waterfalls and hiking trails. Despite its popularity with mainstream and package tourists, it’s still possible to find accommodation to suit most budgets and though the beaches may be busy, they’re undeniably handsome with plenty of inviting places to swim, stroll or snooze under a palm tree. Ko Si Chang The unhurried pace and absence of consumer pressures make tiny, rocky  Ko Si Chang an engaging place to wind down for a few days. Unlike most other east coast destinations, it offers no real beach life – though the water can be beautifully clear and there are opportunities to dive and snorkel. There’s little to do here but explore the craggy coastline by kayak or ramble up and down the steep contours on foot or by motorbike. Ko Pha Ngan For drinking and dancing – and then more dancing –  Ko Pha Ngan gets a mention in this list thanks to its world famous beach, Hat Rin . It’s now established as the major party venue in Southeast Asia, especially in the peak seasons of August, December and January, but every month of the year people flock in for the infamous Full Moon Party. The atmosphere created by thousands of folk mashing it up on the beautiful, moon-bathed beach, lit up by fireworks and fire jugglers, ought to be enough of a buzz in itself, but unfortunately drug related horror stories are common currency here, and many of them are true, so be careful. Pin Ko Samet Blessed with the softest, squeakiest sand within weekending distance of Bangkok, the tiny island of Ko Samet , which measures just six kilometres from top to toe, is a favourite escape for Thais, expats and tourists. Its 14 small but dazzlingly white beaches are breathtakingly beautiful, lapped by pale blue water and in places still shaded by coconut palms and the occasional cajeput (samet) tree that gave the island its name. They are also, however, rather overcrowded and developed to full capacity, so don’t come here expecting a secluded break. Ko Mak Small, slow-paced, peaceful Ko Mak makes an idyllically low-key alternative to Ko Chang. Home to little more than 400 people, many of them descended from the islands’ five main clans, Ko Mak measures just 16 square kilometres and is dominated by coconut and rubber plantations. The island is shaped like a star and has fine white-sand beaches where most of the tourist accommodation is concentrated. Ko Kood The fourth-larges island in Thailand, forested Ko Kood (sometimes spelt Ko Kut or Ko Kud) is still a wild and largely uncommercialized island. Though it’s known for its sparkling white sand and exceptionally clear turquoise water, particularly along the west coast, Ko Kood is as much a nature lover’s destination as a beach bum’s. Swathes of shoreline are fringed by scrub and mangrove rather than broad sandy beaches and those parts of the island not still covered in virgin tropical rainforest are filled with palm groves and rubber plantations. Ko Kood is a surprisingly pleasant place to explore on foot (or kayak), especially as the cool season brings refreshing breezes most days. Ko Tao Ko Tao (Turtle Island) is so named because its outline resembles a turtle nosediving towards Ko Pha Ngan, 40km to the south. The rugged shell of the turtle, to the east, is crenellated with secluded coves where one or two bungalows h


"Which German composer wrote 16 operas including ""Salome"", ""Electra"" and ""Der Rosenkavalier""?"

Strauss, Richard Encyclopedia  >  People  >  Literature and the Arts  >  Music: History, Composers, and Performers: Biographies Richard Strauss Strauss, Richard (rĭkhˈärt shtrous) [ key ], 1864–1949, German composer. Strauss brought to a culmination the development of the 19th-century symphonic poem, and was a leading composer of romantic opera in the early 20th cent. Son of a celebrated horn player, he had extensive musical instruction and began composing as a child of six. His first major work, the symphony in D minor, was first performed in 1880. Strauss's early works, in classical forms, brought him instant acclaim. He succeeded Hans von Bülow as conductor at Meiningen (1885–86) and later as conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic concerts (1894–95). His friendship with the poet Alexander Ritter influenced him to adopt the romantic aesthetic philosophy and style of Liszt and Wagner . A group of songs, the symphonic fantasy Aus Italien (1886), and the symphonic poems Don Juan (1888) and Death and Transfiguration (1889) were the first works composed in his new romantic manner. These and the works that followed established him as a master of highly evocative, original, and richly orchestrated program music. These works—including Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche (1895); Thus Spake Zarathustra (1895), after Nietszche; Don Quixote (1898), a tone poem in the form of variations with a cello solo; and A Hero's Life (1898)—were violently both lauded and damned as the very essence of musical modernism. Strauss also gained wide renown for his operas, including Salomé (1905), after Oscar Wilde's play; the brilliantly dramatic Electra (1909); the delightful comedy Der Rosenkavalier (1911); Ariadne auf Naxos (1912); and Die Frau ohne Schatten (1919). He wrote all but the first of these, as well as Die aegyptische Helena (1928) and Arabella (1933), in collaboration with the poet Hugo von Hofmannsthal . After Hofmannsthal died (1929) Strauss's librettists were Stefan Zweig for Die schweigsame Frau (1935) and Josef Gregor for Friedenstag (1938), Daphne (1938), and Die Liebe der Danaë (1938–40). Strauss's operas, carrying the Wagnerian leitmotif concept to its fullest development, went beyond Wagner in their intensity of drama and psychological treatment of character motivation. The operas display his music at its most sensuous and passionate. From 1919 until 1924 Strauss was codirector of the Vienna State Opera. During this period he made extended tours abroad, including a second trip to the United States (1922). Strauss served briefly as head of musical affairs (Reichsmusikkammer president) under the Nazis; he was officially exonerated of collaboration in 1948. Among Strauss's last major works are the sorrowful Metamorphosen (1946), for string instruments, and two pieces for voice and orchestra, 3 Gesänge and Im Abendrot (both 1948), considered the final musical expression of dying German romanticism. See his correspondence ed. by R. Myers (1968); biographies by N. Del Mar (1962), W. S. Mann (1964), A. Jefferson (1963 and 1971), K. and R. Bailey (1985), and M. Boyden (1999); study by D. Puffett (1989). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.


"""The Little Sparrow"" was the nickname for which singer?"

edith | home In our Web pages we concentrate on providing information on Edith Piaf, the great French singer of the earlier part of the last century. We use photographs of the places in Paris she knew and with which she had associations. the story as it was... contact us


Which UK television series features a character called Mrs Bucket?

Keeping Up Appearances (TV Series 1990–1995) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A snobbish housewife is determined to climb the social ladder, in spite of her family's working class connections and the constant chagrin of her long suffering husband. Stars: Hyacinth prepares for her holiday cruise on the QE2 and after a bumpy journey to board the ship, she soon realizes she'll be staying in a most elegant ship. But then, to her horror, she discovers ... 8.8 About to embark on their yachting vacation, Hyacinth and Richard get kitted out with old sea-dog jerseys and caps. However, when they arrive at the docks, their magnificent yacht does not live up to ... 8.6 Richard discovers that he has a fungus infection while Hyacinth is in the midst of creating her new dream kitchen. Horrified at Richard's condition, Hyacinth insists that their friends and family ... 8.5 a list of 34 titles created 30 Nov 2011 a list of 49 titles created 15 Jul 2012 a list of 35 titles created 27 Jan 2013 a list of 26 titles created 10 May 2015 a list of 27 titles created 1 month ago Title: Keeping Up Appearances (1990–1995) 7.8/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 1 win & 2 nominations. See more awards  » Photos The misadventures of the staff of a retail floor of a major department store. Stars: Mollie Sugden, John Inman, Frank Thornton A boisterous female minister comes to serve in an eccentricly conservative small town's church. Stars: Dawn French, James Fleet, Trevor Peacock Victor Meldrew is a retiree who attracts bad luck. If he's not driving his long suffering wife Margeret crazy with his constant moaning, he's fighting with neighbors. Stars: Richard Wilson, Annette Crosbie, Doreen Mantle Comedy about Ben, a dentist, and his family. They don't exactly get along well. Stars: Robert Lindsay, Zoë Wanamaker, Gabriel Thomson The Korean War and a long lost letter separate the lives of young lovers Jean and Lionel, whose paths cross again by happenstance. Stars: Judi Dench, Geoffrey Palmer, Moira Brooker Edina Monsoon and her best friend Patsy drive Eddie's sensible daughter, Saffron, up the wall with their constant drug abuse and outrageous selfishness. Stars: Jennifer Saunders, Joanna Lumley, Julia Sawalha Hetty wakes on her 60th birthday and decides to become a private investigator. With assistance from a teenager called Geoffrey and her husband Robert, combined with her own common sense, Hetty is confident she can solve any case. Stars: Patricia Routledge, Dominic Monaghan, Derek Benfield French and Saunders (TV Series 1987) Comedy This BBC comedy skit show is the brainchild of longtime comedy duo Dawn French and Jennifer Saunders. Each episode would feature satire on British life, television, and parodies on big box ... See full summary  » Stars: Dawn French, Jennifer Saunders, Simon Brint Three old men from Yorkshire who have never grown up face the trials of their fellow town citizens and everyday life and stay young by reminiscing about the days of their youth and attempting feats not common to the elderly. Stars: Peter Sallis, Jane Freeman, Kathy Staff The staff of the defunct Grace Brothers department store reunite to run a rural hotel. Stars: Mollie Sugden, John Inman, Frank Thornton When Tom Ballard moves to Bayview Retirement Vilage, he meets Diana Trent, a feisty old woman who complains about everything and wants nothing more than just to die. Much to the dislike of ... See full summary  » Stars: Graham Crowden, Stephanie Cole, Daniel Hill Matt Lucas and David Walliams, the creators of this character-comedy sketch show, delight in all that is mad, bad, quirky and generally bonkers about the people and places of Britain. Stars: Matt Lucas, David Walliams, Tom Baker Edit Storyline Hyacinth Buck


Where was the 251km Marathon des Sables run in 2015?

Marathon Des Sables In An Extraordinary Place Dare to do it: Take on the Toughest Footrace on Earth The Marathon des Sables is the stuff of legends. It is The Toughest Footrace on Earth (Discovery Channel). MdS is a truly gruelling multi-stage adventure through a mythical landscape in one of the world’s most inhospitable environments – the Sahara desert. You have to be self-sufficient and carry all your own food and equipment for the week on your back. Communal goat’s-hair Berber tents are pitched every night but, apart from that you have to take it with you. Water is rationed and if you exceed the ration, you get a time penalty. WHAT WILL YOU FACE? In just six days you will run over 250km (156 miles) through endless dunes, over rocky jebels, and across white-hot salt plains. The sun will be your constant enemy with temperatures regularly reaching 50 centigrade. The sand will be your constant companion, clouds of it under your feet, sheets of it stinging your eyes and lots of it chafing where it shouldn’t. The long stage has become a legend in itself. You will run out of a Saharan morning, into the dusk and then the dark, many not finishing the 80+km (52 miles) till well into the next day. Your feet will swell, crack and bleed under the pressure and the heat. But none of this will matter when you cross the finishing line – a hero. IN SUMMARY 6 stages over 7 days A long stage of 80+ kms (52+miles) Self-sufficient but with water rations and tent supplied Temperatures of 50+ degrees centigrade www.runultra.co.uk  has an absolute wealth of information about everything to do with MdS from how to train for it to how to pack your bag, to stories from past competitors. Check it out, and become a member for all the latest updates.


"The group ""Smile"", formed in 1968 by Roger Taylor, Tim Staffel and Brian May, changed their name to what after Tim Staffel was replaced as vocalist?"

Smile Smile Smile Smile Smile were really a semi-pro outfit. We hadn't made the big jump to go professional. I guess we couldn't because we were all still at college." That's how Brian May described the immediate precursor to Queen in the recent video documentary, "Champions Of The World". With May on guitar and Roger Taylor on drums, Smile featured half the members of the band which, with Freddie Mercury centre stage, went on to scale heights only the Beatles and the Rolling Stones have ever rivalled. By hook or by crook," continued May, "we got this gig at the Royal Albert Hall, which was at the bottom of the bill. We actually got our first review, which was in 'The Times', and said something like, 'the loudest group in the western world has unplugged and left the stage'. But it didn't say who it was." The gig May described was a benefit concert for the National Council for the Unmarried Mother and Her Child on 27th February, 1969 - back in the days when bearing illegitimate children wasn't yet considered a crime against the state. Smile weren't quite bottom of the bill they played ahead of Free, then only recently formed - but if there was any truth in the Times' report, it was that the band was certainly loud. "We wanted to be heavy," says Tim Staffell, the third and most vocal member of Smile. "Then we wanted to be intelligent. They were our criteria. But we had disciplined loudness, we didn't just rely on power to punch a song through. We made songs dynamic in the proper sense of the word." Tim Staffell first met Brian May at Hampton Grammar School in Middlesex, and had been lead singer in Brian's schoolboy band, 1984 (see RC 195). That group lasted about four years, and counted a 1967 support slot for Jimi Hendrix at Kensington's Imperial College (where Brian enrolled to study astronomy after leaving Hampton) among its greatest achievements. Very much Brian May's baby, Smile was a giant leap towards the sort of professional group 1984 dreamt about becoming. "Brian put an advert for a drummer on the student union board at Imperial and Roger came along," remembers Tim, who was studying graphics at Baling College of Art, a few miles west of Imperial. An audition at Roger's Shepherds Bush flat, followed shortly afterwards. "Roger was excellent, a good player," Tim says. "He was really confident and flamboyant. I loved the way he used to sit up and hit his crash cymbal and then deaden it immediately. He was funny, too. A good bloke." Taylor had moved to London from Cornwall in October 1967 to study dentistry at the London Hospital Medical School in Whitechapel. As the leader of his own group, the Reaction (see RC 196), he'd progressed through R&B and soul to become a powerful exponent of the newly-emerging genre of 'rock' . Taylor had not only been drummer with the Reaction, but also their vocalist. With Smile, however, he seemed content to let bassist Tim Staffell take the lead. But his role was far from a supporting one. "Roger turned a straight line into a triangle," Tim recounted to Mark Hodkinson in 'Queen - The Early Years'. "He was lively and exciting, and ran on adrenalin. He was always 'up'. Smile were enhanced by Roger's energy." PROFESSIONAL "We thought he was the best drummer we had ever seen," Brian May has since said. "I watched him tuning a snare - something I'd never seen done before - and I remember thinking how professional he looked." Coming together in the closing months of 1968, Smile were keen to adopt the trappings of a proper band. "A guy called Peter Abbey, a dental student from Roger's college, became our manager," recalls Tim, "although really, it was only a casual arrangement." Additionally, a school friend of Brian's by the name of Pete Edmunds became the band's roadie, driving them around in a green Thames Trader van, for which he'd traded in his MG sports car. Using his design skills, Tim Staffell created a distinctive grinning-mouth logo for the band, complete with pearly-white teeth and crimson red lips, which has since been likened to the Rolling Stones' lascivious tongue device, but h


What is the clarified butter used in Indian cooking?

Clarified Butter and Butter Ghee, Whats Cooking America  Clarified Butter and Butter Ghee   Clarified Butter and Butter Ghee are also known as Liquid Gold.  I know that regular butter is fantastic, but believe it or not, butter can be made to taste even better! The only difference in making both Clarified Butter and Butter Ghee, is the length of the cooking time.  Unlike cooking oils, butter is not 100% fat – but only approximately 80% fat and 20% water.  When the water is removed, you are left with pure butterfat which is also know as Clarified Butter or Butter Ghee. Clarified Butter and Butter Ghee are usually used for frying and sauteing.  You can use clarified butter the same as you would regular butter, but I tend to reserve clarified butter or butter ghee for dishes where you’re really going to taste the butter in the dish.   Clarified Butter: Also called drawn butter.  Regular butter is made up of butterfat, milk solids, and water.  Clarified butter is the translucent golden butterfat left over after the milk solids and water are removed.  In short, clarified butter is just butter that contains only pure butterfat.  It has a higher smoke point than regular butter, thus allowing you to be able to cook at higher temperatures, and won’t spoil as quickly.     Butter Ghee: Clarified butter and ghee are not the same.  Ghee is clarified butter that has been cooked longer to remove all the moisture, and the milk solids are browned (caramelized) in the fat and then strained out.  This gives a rich nutty taste.  Ghee has a longer shelf life, both refrigerated and at room temperature.  It is traditionally used in Indian cuisine.   Making Clarified Butter and Ghee Tips and Hints:   Type of Butter Used:  Always use unsalted butter.  Use organic butter or the best butter you can purchase.  Cheap butter contains lots of water and chemicals, plus it burns much faster.  When making clarified butter always start with at least 25% more unsalted butter than the amount of clarified butter needed, as the volume is reduced during the melting and straining process. 1 pound of butter = about 1 1/2 cups clarified butter or ghee.   Type of Pan Used:  Use a heavy bottomed and deep stainless steel pan.  Make sure the pan you will be using is clean and dry. Chef’s Tip – Use a double boiler.  This let you safely clarify your butter while busy elsewhere in the kitchen.  Never cover the pan during the whole cooking process.   Low Heat:  Use low heat so the butter will not burn.  Yes, turning up the heat will melt the butter faster, but the milk solids may begin to burn.  For fast melting, cut the unsalted butter into pieces and melt slowly in a heavy saucepan for approximately 30 minutes. Storing clarified butter and ghee:  They can both be stored, covered, without refrigeration in a glass or earthen jar for about six (6) months.  At room temperature, they become semi-sold.  With refrigeration, they both harden and can be stored, covered, for about one 91) year.  Do not let any water get into your clarified butter or ghee jar.  A drop of water can easily promote bacteria and spoil them. Using clarified butter and ghee:  Clarified butter and ghee is great to saute with because it does not burn as easily as ordinary butter.  It is useful in all kinds of sauce making, especially the butter-based sauces like Hollandaise Sauce .  It is also a delicious accompaniment for lobster or crab.  Use in place of regular butter in your cooking.   How To Make Clarified Butter – How To Make Butter Ghee:   The only difference in making both clarified butter and butter ghee, is the length of the cooking time.  The additional Ghee directions are in blue print below. Making Clarified Butter: Place one (1) pound of unsalted butter in your pan.  Over low heat, melt the butter.  When the butter has completely melted, continue to heat it over low heat. When the melted butter starts boiling, it will begin to foam and sputter a lot at first as the water boils off.  Continue boiling the butter, uncovered. As the butter melts, it will slowly separate into three (3) layers: T


"What is the name of the recording studio and record label established by Ray and Dave Davies, members of the British group ""The Kinks""?"

Konk Studios was merged with this page 4.8 ★ · 4 public ratings


What cooking technique involves frying quickly in a small quantity of hot grease?

How to Learn and Improve Essential Cooking Skills Understanding Basic Cooking Techniques 1 Understand boiling. The term boiling means to heat water until it reaches a temperature where it bubbles and turns to vapor. The temperature at which boiling occurs varies according to atmospheric pressure, but it is usually around 100°C (212°F). Boiling food involves immersing the food in boiling water until cooked. Boiling is quite a violent cooking method, as the bubbles of vapor moving through the water can damage delicate food. As a result, it is a cooking method best reserved for only a few specific foods, such as dried pasta and boiled eggs. Boiling vegetables in water used to be quite common, but nowadays people tend to avoid doing so as many water soluble vitamins can leak out of food during boiling, lessening their nutritional value. If you do cook vegetables by boiling, try to serve some of the cooking liquid as part of the dish in order to maintain nutritional value. Poaching is the gentlest form of cooking in water, and is appropriate for cooking items like fish and eggs. It occurs at temperatures between 60°C and 90°C (140°F & 190°F). Simmering is probably the most common method of cooking in liquid, and is used for most stews and sauces. It occurs between 87°C and 94°C (190°F & 200°F). Slow boiling is the term used before water reaches a full rolling boil at 100°c. It is slightly more vigorous than a simmer, and occurs at 95°C. [1] 2 Understand sautéing . Sautéing is a quick cooking method which involves cooking food in a pan, over a high heat, in a small amount of fat. It imparts a lot of flavor to food, and is perfect for cooking tender cuts of meat and chunks of vegetables. It is very important that a high-quality pan is used for sautéing. A good pan will heat the food evenly and be very responsive to temperature changes. A heavy stainless steel pan, with a layer of aluminum in the core and heavy metal plating is ideal. In terms of fat, oil or butter can be used. Olive oil or canola oil are most commonly used. Butter will impart great flavor to food, but will burn quicker than oil. With sautéing, the most important rule is that both the pan and the fat be heated to a high temperature before adding the food. Otherwise, the food won't cook properly - it will absorb some of the fat and stick to the pan. To check if the pan is hot enough, a good tip is to add a couple of drops of water to the pan - if they sizzle vigorously and evaporate within a couple of seconds, the pan is hot enough. Once the food is in the pan, it is important to keep it moving. The term sauté actually means "jump" in French, so keep tossing the food as you cook. This ensures that the food cooks evenly and that the pan stays hot. You will need room in the pan in order to toss food properly, so avoid overcrowding. In terms of foods that can be sautéed, almost anything goes - with the exception of thick or tough cuts of meat (shank or brisket), entire roasts or chickens, or hard root vegetables. This is due to the fact that these types of foods will be burned on the outside long before they are cooked in the middle. However, any small, tender cuts of meat will respond well to sautéing, along with the majority of vegetables. Just make sure that the food is chopped into equal-sized pieces, to ensure even cooking. Some vegetables will cook quicker than others, even if they are cut to the same size - account for this by either chopping the harder vegetable into even smaller pieces, or by adding the faster-cooking vegetable to the pan at a later point. [2] 3 Understand frying . Frying is very similar to sautéing, in that the food is cooked in a hot pan with oil. As with sautéing, it is very important that both the pan and the oil are heated to the correct temperature before cooking. However, there are several differences between frying and sautéing, along with different forms of frying itself, so it is worth noting the differences between each. Pan frying is very similar to sautéing. It involves cooking food in a pan, using oil. However, pan frying is t


East Asian Studies 210 Notes: The Manchu Manchu, Tungusic and Mongol minorities in China ©Edward J. Vajda The Manchu The 4.5 million Manchu in China are descendants of the tribe who founded  the Qing in 1644, putting an end to the native Chinese Ming Dynasty that had  ruled the country since the fall of the Mongols in 1368. These Manchu, who spoke  a language related to the Udegei of today's Russian Maritime Province, dominated  China politically until 1911. However, this domination of a more populous neighbor  came at the cost of eventual assimilation. Today's Manchu have all but lost  their original language, and virtually all of them speak Chinese. Most live  in Northeastern China in Heilongjiang Province (the northern part of  what was once called Manchuria, or "Land of the Manchu"; by the way,  Heilongjiang, which means "black dragon river," is the Chinese name for the  Amur River). Today most Manchu who do not live in Heilongjiang Province are  concentrated in China's large cities and have become thoroughly sinified. The  Manchu left in the north are today primarily farmers and grow a variety of crops.  Today Manchuria is also predominantly Chinese in population, due to the enormous  influx of Chinese peasants during later Qing times. Before the loss of their  language, the Manchu had their own vertical script and literature was written  in Manchu. Now the Manchu write in Chinese and their old script has fallen into  complete disuse. Before 1635 the Manchu (a name of unknown origin) called themselves Jurchens.  These Jurchens played an important role in northern Chinese politics even before  the fall of the Ming Dynasty. Jurchens were responsible for the creation of  several major states in northern China during periods of Chinese disunity. The predominant religion of the original Jurchen was a form of Siberian shamanism. The Sibe (Xibo; pronounced SHE-bo) One ethnic group related to the Manchu retained its language and ethnicity  by moving to the western fringe of Xinjiang Province. During the Qing campaigns  against the rebellious Uighurs in the 18th century, several thousand Manchu-speaking  Sibe soldiers and their families were stationed in the area as a military colony.  These survived and became the Sibe nationality, today over 80 thousand  strong. Many still retain their Manchu-related language, which, according to  legend, once had its own vertical script (no evidence of which has ever been  uncovered, however). The Sibe were traditionally patrilineal and worshipped a variety of gods  and spirits. They have a rich oral literature. Sibe has also been used as a  language of education and publishing in the local schools. Modern Sibe writers  either use Chinese or write their native Sibe using a recently invented vertical  script patterned on Manchu. The Orochen The Chinese side of the Amur River is also home to the Orochen (from  the Tungusic word oron, meaning reindeer). The Orochen are closely related  to the Ewenki, Ulchi, Orok, and Oroch who live in the Russian Federation on  the other side of the Amur. Some consider the Orochen language merely another  Ewenki dialect. Today, there are over 4,000 Orochen, whose language is sharply  divided into dialects. In addition to these Orochen, China's Amur valley (Heilongjiang  Province) is also home to two other Tungusic-speaking peoples, the Ewenki (several thousand strong, who are called Solon in China) and the Nanai (fewer than 1,000), who are called Hezhen in China). All three of these Tungusic peoples (Ewenki-Solon, Orochen, and Hezhen-Nanai)  were originally nomadic reindeer herders who crossed the Amur from the Transbaikal  region many centuries ago. Each tribe was divided into patrilineal clans and  practiced shamanism. A comparative study of the Tungusic peoples in China and  Russia has yet to be written. The Mongol Peoples of Northern China Although there is an independent Republic of Mongolia containing over two  million people, at least as many Mongols and other Mongol-s


The first electric tramway in the former Russian Empire was established in 1892 where?

Tramway - Tour to Kiev Tramway Kiev tram   The Kiev tram (translit.: Kyivs’kyi tramvai), which serves the Ukrainian capital city of Kiev, was the first electric tramway in the former Russian Empire, and the third one in Europe after the Berlin Straßenbahn (tram) and the Budapest tramway. The system currently consists of 139.9 km of track, including 14 km of the first 2 light rail lines, which were opened in 1978. However, the serviced track length is decreasing at a fast rate and is replaced by more modern buses and trolleybuses.   During the Russian Empire: 1886-1917   Before 1886, projects for the construction of a horse-drawn tramway were planned. However, none of these plans had ever proceeded to the construction stage. In 1886, engineer Amand Struve's project was approved for construction. On July 30, 1891, the first horse-drawn tram wagon was set on a track. By August 1st, the tram line stretched from the Tsar's Square (now the European Square), to the Demiivs’ka Square. Soon after tram operations were started, many problems arose. The hilly terrain of Kiev presented the largest problem. On Bohdan Khmelnytsky Street, a pair of horses was not enough to pull the trams uphill. Therefore, another two pairs of horses were added, which unfortunately did not improve the situation. Thus, mechanizing the tram using a steam-powered engine was attempted as a solution to the problem. However, the steam engines produced a lot of noise, which scared the horses and people, and produced a lot of air pollution. The slew of problems experienced by the trams shocked Struve, who in 1890, had written a letter to the City Administration of Kiev suggesting that for increased safety and easier use, the trams would need to be powered using electric motors. The administration of the Kiev Telegraph service opposed this move since, in their opinion, the electric motors would interfere with the telephone and telegraph systems. On May 3, 1892, the first two trams with electric motors arrived in Kiev. They were built by the Struve brothers in a factory located near Moscow, based on American designs (pictured). On the same day, the engines were tested on the flat Sahaydachny Street, and once more, on May 8, on the track from Podil Street to Khreschatyk Street.In 1893, the money earned by these electric trams exceeded the cost to maintain the trams. Furthermore, the electric trams were used whenever the horse-drawn or steam-powered trams had difficuty. Nevertheless, the system's horse-drawn trams were in use until 1895, and the last steam-powered cars ran until 1904, when a diesel electric station, on the so-called Dachnaya (Dachna) to Puschya-Vodytsia line was built. This station had lasted until the 1930s. These trams required very little power, which caused any electric trams, which used the line, to move so slowly that the passengers could get on and off the tram, while the tram remained in motion. A long tram line, about 17 versts (18 kilometres) long, was laid from the Poshtova Square in the Podil neighbourhood, over the Dnieper on the Nicholas Bridge, through the Peredmostna and Nikolska Slobodka neighbourhoods, and to the neighbouring town of Brovary. The line was used until the mid-1930s, and was a one-way line with side-skirts for oncoming trams to drive into. This had made the trip even longer than it really was. The cost was 35 kopecks, a fair amount of money at the time.[2] Nevertheless, the trams were always packed with passengers. By 1893, the city's trams easily climbed the many steep streets of Kiev, including the Proreznay (Prorezna), Karavayevskaya (Karavaievs’ka, now the Ploscha L’va Tolstoho Street) and even the Kruglouniversitetskaya (Kruhlouniversitets’ka) Streets. In 1893, the journal Elektrichestvo wrote: "If Kiev's terrain had not been so unique, then it would have taken many years before electricity would have been used to power the trams." — journal Elektrichestvo A major problem of the tram drivers at the time were the rolling stock used. When the city's railroad stock holder L. Brodskyi died, the stocks were transferr


The Venus Rosewater Dish is awarded to the winners of which tennis event?

Trophy time: Venus Rosewater Dish Trophy time: Venus Rosewater Dish By espnW | Jun 22, 2013 Gary M Prior/Allsport Blanche Bingley Hillyard was the first Wimbledon champion to be awarded the Venus Rosewater Dish, but the name of Maud Watson, who won the first two titles in 1884 and 1885, has since been added. Venus Williams will be missed when Wimbledon starts on Monday, but another Venus will be back for her 118th appearance. The Venus Rosewater Dish has been awarded to the women’s singles champion since its introduction in 1886. The salver is 18.75 inches in diameter, is made of sterling silver and has a mythological-themed décor. The trophy bears no writing other than the engraving showing the dates and names of all the Champions. The winners from 1884-1957 are inscribed around the inside of the bowl and champions from 1958-2012 are around the outside of the bowl.The trophy remains at the Wimbledon museum, and champions take home a 14-inch replica. For the record, Venus Williams’ name can be found five different times on the Venus Rosewater Dish.


English artist, writer and musician Holly Johnson is best known as the lead vocalist of which 1980s band?

Holly Johnson (Musician) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News Holly Johnson Musician Male Holly Johnson is an English artist, writer and musician, best known as the lead vocalist of Frankie Goes to Hollywood, and former bassist for Big in Japan. related links Oso Market & Bar Extinguishes Its Burners Yahoo News - Aug 23, 2016 ' After nearly three years,Â Oso Market & Bar is closing atÂ 726 SE Grand Ave., and the last day of service will be September 2, according to a press release Eater received today. With a heavy focus on wine and anÂ exceptional brunch, Oso Market & Bar focused on serving Basque and Spanish dishes and also offered a marketplace full of cheeses, conservas, and wines. In their announcement, owners Colin Howard and Holly Johnson say Oso Market & Bar will maintain regular hour... 5 Questions To Ask Yourself When Choosing An All Inclusive Vacation Huffington Post - Nov 22, 2015 '  Rebecca Schear/ Flickr   While every all-inclusive resort offers meals, drinks and entertainment in the nightly room rate, the amenities and perks you receive can vary drastically from place to place. You can spend as little or as much as you\'d like on the experience, and book anything from a five-star luxury resort to a more economical option. But having so many choices can make it difficult to decide where to stay and which level of service you prefer. Here are questions to ask yours... Mc Cartney Joins Lineup For Uk Soccer Disaster Song Yahoo News - Nov 22, 2012 ' LONDON (Reuters) - Former Beatle Paul McCartney has joined the lineup for a Christmas single raising money for the families of those who died in the 1989 Hillsborough soccer stadium tragedy in northern England, organizers said on Thursday. Already committed to the song are artists including Robbie Williams, ex-Spice Girl Melanie C, Frankie Goes to Hollywood\'s Holly Johnson and Gerry Marsden of Gerry and the Pacemakers. The version of \"He Ain\'t Heavy, He\'s My Brother\" will ... 7 Work Habits That Are Making You Sick Business Insider - Jul 14, 2012 ' You\'re a great employee. \n You whiz through tough work projects and shine during performance reviews. Too bad your shoulders are slouchy (from sitting at your desk too long), your skin is splotchy (lunch, smunchâthe break room\'s greasy potato chips will kill hunger), and your sleep is shoddy (you didn\'t finish that last work project until 4 a.m.). \n To help you recognize professional choices that compromise your overall health, here\'s a list of the most unhealthy work habits. 1. You... Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Holly Johnson. CHILDHOOD 1960 Birth Born on February 9, 1960. TWENTIES Show Less Johnson later found fame as the lead singer and lyricist of Frankie Goes to Hollywood, who experienced both controversy and phenomenal commercial success during 1984. … Read More After gaining some measure of local celebrity from being a member of Big In Japan, Johnson became involved with a group of younger musicians who together would become the nucleus of Frankie Goes To Hollywood. Johnson himself named the new band after seeing the headline of an article about Frank Sinatra. This new band quickly gained a reputation for their stage show which had strong SM overtones. It was during this period that guitarist Brian Nash and backing vocalist Paul Rutherford completed the band's established line up. Read Less After the band's reputation grew large enough to attract record company interest, they were eventually signed to a new record company, ZTT. Johnson became exposed to the general public via the phenomenal success of their debut single Relax, which was a huge, and controversial, hit in 1984. After such success during 1984, when the band spent nearly four months at the top of the singles chart, Johnson was firmly established as a household name. … Read More By autumn 1986, however, his star had faded considerably. Frankie Goes to Hollywood had not released any material since early 1985 and were absent from that year's Live Aid event. Read Less In addition, h


"""The Hunchback of Notre Dame"" was originally written in what language?"

Book First, Chapter 3 | The Hunchback of Notre Dame | Victor Hugo | Lit2Go ETC The Hunchback of Notre Dame Language: English Country of Origin: France Source: Hapsgood, I., trans. (1831). The Hunchback of Notre Dame. New York: Carey, Lea, and Blanchard. Readability: Chicago Hugo, V. (1831). Book First, Chapter 3. The Hunchback of Notre Dame (Lit2Go Edition). Retrieved January 06, 2017, from http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/107/the-hunchback-of-notre-dame/1880/book-first-chapter-3/ Hugo, Victor. "Book First, Chapter 3." The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Lit2Go Edition. 1831. Web. <http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/107/the-hunchback-of-notre-dame/1880/book-first-chapter-3/>. January 06, 2017. Victor Hugo, "Book First, Chapter 3," The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Lit2Go Edition, (1831), accessed January 06, 2017, http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/107/the-hunchback-of-notre-dame/1880/book-first-chapter-3/. Next The embedded audio player requires a modern internet browser. You should visit Browse Happy and update your internet browser today! Poor Gringoire! the din of all the great double petards of the Saint–Jean, the discharge of twenty arquebuses on supports, the detonation of that famous serpentine of the Tower of Billy, which, during the siege of Paris, on Sunday, the twenty–sixth of September, 1465, killed seven Burgundians at one blow, the explosion of all the powder stored at the gate of the Temple, would have rent his ears less rudely at that solemn and dramatic moment, than these few words, which fell from the lips of the usher, "His eminence, Monseigneur the Cardinal de Bourbon." It is not that Pierre Gringoire either feared or disdained monsieur the cardinal. He had neither the weakness nor the audacity for that. A true eclectic, as it would be expressed nowadays, Gringoire was one of those firm and lofty, moderate and calm spirits, which always know how to bear themselves amid all circumstances (~stare in dimidio rerum~), and who are full of reason and of liberal philosophy, while still setting store by cardinals. A rare, precious, and never interrupted race of philosophers to whom wisdom, like another Ariadne, seems to have given a clew of thread which they have been walking along unwinding since the beginning of the world, through the labyrinth of human affairs. One finds them in all ages, ever the same; that is to say, always according to all times. And, without reckoning our Pierre Gringoire, who may represent them in the fifteenth century if we succeed in bestowing upon him the distinction which he deserves, it certainly was their spirit which animated Father du Breul, when he wrote, in the sixteenth, these naively sublime words, worthy of all centuries: "I am a Parisian by nation, and a Parrhisian in language, for ~parrhisia~ in Greek signifies liberty of speech; of which I have made use even towards messeigneurs the cardinals, uncle and brother to Monsieur the Prince de Conty, always with respect to their greatness, and without offending any one of their suite, which is much to say." There was then neither hatred for the cardinal, nor disdain for his presence, in the disagreeable impression produced upon Pierre Gringoire. Quite the contrary; our poet had too much good sense and too threadbare a coat, not to attach particular importance to having the numerous allusions in his prologue, and, in particular, the glorification of the dauphin, son of the Lion of France, fall upon the most eminent ear. But it is not interest which predominates in the noble nature of poets. I suppose that the entity of the poet may be represented by the number ten; it is certain that a chemist on analyzing and pharmacopolizing it, as Rabelais says, would find it composed of one part interest to nine parts of self–esteem. Now, at the moment when the door had opened to admit the cardinal, the nine parts of self–esteem in Gringoire, swollen and expanded by the breath of popular admiration, were in a state of prodigious augmentation, beneath which disappeared, as though stifled, that imperceptible molecule of which we have just remarked upon in the constitution of p


What condition, first described by Reginald Fitz in 1886 and characterised by inflammation of the blind-ended tube connected to the cecum, requires an immediate operation to prevent rupture of the tube and death from (mainly) peritonitis and shock?

2009-04-17T21:23:47.921-07:00 appendix
Anatomy

The vermiform appendix is present only in humans, certain anthropoid apes and the wombat (a nocturnal, burrowing Australian marsupial). It isa blind muscular tube with mucosal, submucosal, muscular and serosal layers. Morphologically, it is the undeveloped distal end of the large caecum found in many lower animals. At birth, the appendix is short and broad at its junction with the caecum, but differential growth of the caecum produces the typical tubular structure by about the age of 2 years (Condon). During childhood, continued growth of the caecum commonly rotates the appendix into a retrocaecal but intraperitoneal position (Fig. 1).

 Figure 1 : appendix relationship with other organ, cecum, ileum,mesoappendix

In approximately a quarter of cases, rotation of the appendix does not occur resulting in a pelvic, suhcaecal or paracaecal position. Occasionally, the tip of the appendix becomes extraperitoneal lying behind the caecum or ascending colon. Rarely, the caecum does not migrate during development to its normal position in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. In these circumstances the appendix can be found near the gall bladder or, in the case of situs inversus viscerum, in the left iliac fossa causing diagnostic difficulty if appendicitis develops (Fig. 2, 3).

Figure 2 show type of appendix correlate with tip of appendix

Figure 3 show variation in position of appendix

The position of the base of the appendix is constant, being found at the confluence of the three taeniae coli of the caecum which fuse to form the outer longitudinal muscle coat of the appendix. At operation, use can he made of this to find an elusive appendix, as gentle traction on the taeniae coli, particularly the anterior taenia, will lead the operator to the base of the appendix.
The mesentcry of the appendix or mesoappendix arises from the lower surface of the mesentery of the terminal ileum, and itself is subject to great variation. Sometimes as much as the distal third of the appendix is bereft of mesoappendix. Especially in childhood, the mesoappendix is so transparent that the contained blood vessels can he seen (Fig. 4).

Figure 4 show artery supply appendix, appendiceal artery, branch of ileocolic artery.

In many adults it becomes laden with fat, which obscures these vessels. The appendicular artery, a branch of the lower division of the ileocolic artery, passes behind the terminal ileum to enter the mesoappendix a short distance from the base of the appendix. It then com


"Which fictional detective first appeared in the book ""Cover Her Face""?"

Cover Her Face (Adam Dalgliesh, #1) by P.D. James — Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists May 05, 2012 Shireen rated it really liked it  ·  review of another edition After my brain injury, PD James became a marker for me in my reading progress. Pre-injury I read every one of her books and enjoyed them tremendously for their good writing and good stories. After my injury though, with my reading ability fried, I couldn't read any of her books. Too many characters to follow, plots that meandered beyond my ability to follow, writing at a grade level higher than what I'd sunk down to... It was rather disappointing to see her new books come out over the years and After my brain injury, PD James became a marker for me in my reading progress. Pre-injury I read every one of her books and enjoyed them tremendously for their good writing and good stories. After my injury though, with my reading ability fried, I couldn't read any of her books. Too many characters to follow, plots that meandered beyond my ability to follow, writing at a grade level higher than what I'd sunk down to... It was rather disappointing to see her new books come out over the years and know I wouldn't read them. And then I was enrolled in a research drug trial in March. I felt my cognitive abilities shift, and I suddenly realised I was reading more. I dared to try a PD James. I followed my rehab therapists' advice: read a book I'd already read, tis easier. And so I went all the way back to James's first Dalgliesh book. It felt quite familiar. I'd begun reading PD James in my teens, an age when I still reread books (sometime in my twenties I stopped rereading them because as soon as I'd read the first paragraph, the entire book would flood back into my memory). And so I'd probably reread Cover Her Face a few times years ago. Also, the story is reminiscent of a couple of Agatha Christie mysteries (which I continued to reread after my brain injury), making the plot familiar in several ways. Even so, I did have some trouble keeping track of the characters, and I only solved the mystery near the end, which is better than my usual not-solving-the-mystery-at-all track record since the injury. But the writing was demonstrably superior to many of the books I've been reading. It was rather satisfying to sink my teeth into a book fully of layers and complexities due to the author's good command of the language. I enjoyed it immensely. ...more Shelves: read-for-pleasure Nažalost, kod nas je bila popularnija serija snimljena po romanima o inspektori Daglišu nego sami roman P.D. Džejms... :) Ko je još nije čitao neka požuri, mnogo je propustio :) May 03, 2016 Susan rated it it was amazing  ·  review of another edition I have not read the first Adam Dalgleish novel for some time, so it was a pleasure to return to P D James and her very first book. In some ways this is a very typical mystery. The Maxie family live in the big house, in somewhat genteel poverty, with the only full time staff member the loyal Martha. As well as the housework and cooking, Mr Maxie is bedridden, so Mrs Maxie employs Sally Jupp, an unmarried mother as a house-parlourmaid. She is convinced by Miss Liddell, the Warden of St Mary’s Refu I have not read the first Adam Dalgleish novel for some time, so it was a pleasure to return to P D James and her very first book. In some ways this is a very typical mystery. The Maxie family live in the big house, in somewhat genteel poverty, with the only full time staff member the loyal Martha. As well as the housework and cooking, Mr Maxie is bedridden, so Mrs Maxie employs Sally Jupp, an unmarried mother as a house-parlourmaid. She is convinced by Miss Liddell, the Warden of St Mary’s Refuge for Girls, that Sally will be a hard worker, but the arrival of sly, devious and attractive Sally causes chaos within the house. On the night of the Church Fete, held at Martingale, home of the Maxie’s, the young woman is killed. Enter Detective Chief-Inspector Adam Dalgliesh to investigate. We have a whole host of suspects and motives and the novel is, as you would expect,


FEI, established 1921, is the international body governing what kind of sports?

International Horse Sports Confederation unites equestrian sport | FEI International Horse Sports Confederation unites equestrian sport   Your Role 7 Nov 2013 International Horse Sports Confederation unites equestrian sport The Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI), world governing body for horse sport, and the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA), have joined forces to create the International Horse Sports Confederation (IHSC), the first formal vehicle for co-operation between the world’s leading governing bodies for equestrian sport.   The formation of the IHSC, which was approved by the FEI Bureau on 4 November, was formally signed by FEI President HRH Princess Haya and IFHA Chairman Louis Romanet during today’s FEI General Assembly. The Confederation is the first formal alliance between the racing world and the FEI, which governs the seven equestrian disciplines of Jumping, Dressage and Para-Dressage, Eventing, Driving and Para-Driving, Endurance, Reining and Vaulting.   The IHSC’s primary mission will be the exchange of information and technical knowledge, and collaboration on issues that represent the collective interests of the FEI and the IFHA, including the international movement of horses with the OIE, horse welfare, anti-doping, coordinated communications and fair play. The IHSC will be a not-for-profit and politically neutral association governed by the FEI Statutes and, secondarily, by the Swiss Civil Code. The IHSC Secretariat will be based at FEI Headquarters in Lausanne (SUI) at the HM King Hussein I Building under a rotational chairmanship. “The creation of the International Horse Sports Confederation is an outgrowth of the FEI’s collaboration with the OIE, and our efforts to join forces with our sister federation, the IFHA, will ensure that we move forward together in this effort for the mutual benefit of both our industries. It represents one of the most profound milestones for the global growth of racing and horse sport”, Princess Haya said. “Our negotiations have taken place since the end of 2012, and now with the International Horse Sport Confederation established, we are firmly joined together to pool our knowledge and capabilities, and move forward with strength as horse sport continues to grow around the world. “Our key priorities will be facilitating the movement of horses to compete in international competitions, protecting horse welfare, maintaining strong doping control policy, and ensuring fairness in our sports for participants and the general public”. The concept of the IHSC was unanimously ratified last month by the IFHA’s Executive Council following the 47th Annual Conference in Paris (FRA), which was attended by horseracing authority delegates representing 51 nations. The creation of the IHSC fulfils a commitment that Princess Haya made in her 2010 election programme.  IFHA Chairman Louis Romanet said: “The creation of the IHSC means that we can now link the wealth of our expertise in the racing world and within the equestrian sports governed by the FEI. “Both Federations will be fully cooperating to protect the welfare of the horse and to facilitate the international movement of horses in close liaison with the World Organisation for Animal Health. “The news is wholeheartedly welcomed by our members and we now have an exceptional opportunity to promote strong regulation and best practice on an international scale with the FEI. “We are looking forward to this exciting new chapter for horse sport and we are very grateful to HRH Princess Haya for her outstanding leadership, which made it possible to achieve our common goals.” Photo caption: The Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI), world governing body for horse sport, and the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA), have joined forces to create the International Horse Sports Confederation (IHSC). The agreement was formally signed by FEI President HRH Princess Haya and IFHA Chairman Louis Romanet during the FEI General Assembly 2013 in Montreux (SUI) today. (Edouard Curchod/FEI).


Which Archbishop of Canterbury was captured by Viking raiders in 1011 and killed by them the following year after refusing to allow himself to be ransomed?

Dunstan - WikiVisually FEATURED ARTICLES · CHANGE LANGUAGE · hover over links in text for more info click links in text for more info Dunstan For other uses, see Dunstan (disambiguation) . Dunstan 1029 Attributes man holding a pair of smith's tongs; with a dove hovering near him; with a troop of angels before him Patronage blacksmiths; Charlottetown, Canada; goldsmiths; locksmiths; musicians; silversmiths Shrines Canterbury Cathedral (but also claimed by Glastonbury Abbey ), both destroyed Dunstan ( Latin : Dunstanus; 909 – 19 May 988 AD) [2] was an Abbot of Glastonbury Abbey , a Bishop of Worcester , a Bishop of London , and an Archbishop of Canterbury , later canonised as a saint . [3] His work restored monastic life in England and reformed the English Church. His 11th-century biographer, Osbern , himself an artist and scribe, states that Dunstan was skilled in "making a picture and forming letters", as were other clergy of his age who reached senior rank. [4] Dunstan served as an important minister of state to several English kings. He was the most popular saint in England for nearly two centuries, having gained fame for the many stories of his greatness, not least among which were those concerning his famed cunning in defeating the devil . [5] Contents Birth[ edit ] Dunstan was born in Baltonsborough , Somerset. [6] He was the son of Heorstan, a noble of Wessex . Heorstan was the brother of Athelm the bishop of Wells and of the Bishop of Winchester . [7] It is recorded that his mother, Cynethryth, was a pious woman. Osbern's life of Dunstan relates that a messenger miraculously told her of the saintly child she would give birth to: She was in the church of St Mary on Candleday, when all the lights were suddenly extinguished. Then the candle held by Cynethryth was as suddenly relighted, and all present lit their candles at this miraculous flame, thus foreshadowing that the boy "would be the minister of eternal light" to the Church of England. [5] The anonymous author of the earliest Life places Dunstan's birth during the reign of Athelstan , while Osbern fixed it at "the first year of the reign of King Æthelstan", 924 or 925. This date, however, cannot be reconciled with other known dates of Dunstan's life and creates many obvious anachronisms . Historians therefore assume that Dunstan was born around 910 or earlier. [8] School to the king's court[ edit ] As a young boy, Dunstan studied under the Irish monks who then occupied the ruins of Glastonbury Abbey . [9] Accounts tell of his youthful optimism and of his vision of the abbey being restored. While still a boy, Dunstan was stricken with a near-fatal illness and effected a seemingly miraculous recovery. Even as a child, he was noted for his devotion to learning and for his mastery of many kinds of artistic craftsmanship. With his parent's consent he was tonsured , received minor orders and served in the ancient church of St Mary. He became so well known for his devotion to learning that he is said to have been summoned by his uncle Athelm , the Archbishop of Canterbury , to enter his service. [5] He was later appointed to the court of King Athelstan . [10] Dunstan playing his harp as the Devil is paying a visit Dunstan soon became a favourite of the king and was the envy of other members of the court. [5] A plot was hatched to disgrace him and Dunstan was accused of being involved with witchcraft and black magic . [3] The king ordered him to leave the court and as Dunstan was leaving the palace his enemies physically attacked him, beat him severely, bound him, and threw him into a cesspool . [11] He managed to crawl out and make his way to the house of a friend. From there, he journeyed to Winchester and entered the service of his uncle, Ælfheah , Bishop of Winchester. [5] The bishop tried to persuade him to become a monk , but Dunstan was doubtful whether he had a vocation to a celibate life. The answer came in the form of an attack of swelling tumours all over Dunstan's body. This ailment was so severe that it was thought to be leprosy . [5] It was more probably


"Which 1952 Hollywood musical film starring Danny Kaye includes many most famous stories such as ""The Ugly Duckling"", ""Thumbelina"", ""The Emperor's New Clothes"" and ""The Little Mermaid""?"

* Hans Christian Andersen (1952) on Veehd embed / report A completely fabricated biography of the famous Danish fairytale writer Hans Christian Andersen featuring several of his stories and a ballet performance of "The Little Mermaid"... Hans Christian Andersen is a 1952 Hollywood musical film directed by Charles Vidor with words and music by Frank Loesser. The story was by Myles Connolly its screenplay was by Moss Hart and Ben Hecht (uncredited) and was produced by The Samuel Goldwyn Company. It is a fictional romantic story revolving around the life of the famous Danish poet and story-teller Hans Christian Andersen. The title role was played by Danny Kaye.The film was an international success at the time. It is not a biographical movie and in the introduction describes itself as "a fairytale about the storyteller". A large part of the story is told through song and ballet and includes many of Andersens most famous stories such as The Ugly Duckling Thumbelina The Emperors New Clothes and The Little Mermaid.


Teal, mallard, muscovy and mandarin are all types of what?

Teal Duck Definition - Types of Dabbling Ducks (noun) A type of small freshwater dabbling duck. Pronunciation: (Rhymes with heel, keel and kneel) About Teal Teal are dabbling ducks that are found primarily in shallow freshwater areas, which may include marshes, ponds, rivers, swamps, flooded agricultural fields and similar riparian areas with suitable vegetation and shelter. Some variety of teal are found on every continent except Antarctica. These are smaller ducks and are characterized by short necks and short tails. They are dimorphic birds, and males have brightly marked, distinctive plumage that often includes unusual color swathes or patches on the head, wings or face. In the case of wing coloration, the unexpected shades may be difficult to see when the bird's wings are folded, but can be very obvious in flight. Females are more camouflaged with muted, earth tone colors, which serves as protection while they are nesting. Teal typically feed on the surface of the water, often wiggling their flat bills along as they swim slowly in order to catch aquatic insects. continue reading below our video 7 Places to Find Inspiration for Crafting Unlike other dabbling ducks, teal prefer to feed at the surface instead of tipping up to forage beneath the water. Generally herbivorous , teal eat primarily aquatic vegetation, seeds and grain, though they may eat some insects as well. These can be gregarious ducks and often join mixed flocks with multiple teal species and other dabbling ducks such as mallards, widgeons and northern shovelers, particularly in winter. In flight, these birds often stay in a tight group and may wheel and change direction in unison. Teal as Game Birds Teal are regularly hunted, and waterfowl hunting can be an important part of wildlife population management programs. By hunting teal, overpopulation problems are minimized, and the stronger, smarter, more agile ducks survive to reproduce. The exact length of the hunting season, how many teal an individual hunter may harvest and where the birds may be legally hunted will vary depending on the strength of local teal populations. Teal Species All teal are found in the scientific genus Anas and belong to the family Anatidae with other ducks, geese and swans. There are more than 20 species of teal throughout the world, though it is possible that similar dabbling duck species may be reclassified or different teal could be split or lumped into additional species in the future, therefore increasing the number of unique teal species. In many areas where only one teal species predominates, the birds may simply be referred to as teal rather than by their full names, though that can be confusing to birders who have more specific listing preferences. Different teal ducks include...


The Waterbury children are from which film?

The Railway Children (1970) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error After the enforced absence of their father, three children move with their mother to Yorkshire, where during their adventures they attempt to discover the reason for his disappearance. Director: a list of 34 titles created 07 Jan 2014 a list of 26 titles created 11 Apr 2014 a list of 25 titles created 24 May 2015 a list of 37 titles created 9 months ago a list of 30 titles created 9 months ago Title: The Railway Children (1970) 7.4/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for     2     BAFTA Film Awards. Another    1 nomination. See more awards  » Photos A mysterious, very old solicitor Mr. Blunden visits Mrs. Allen and her young children in her squalid, tiny Camden Town flat and makes her an offer she cannot refuse. The family become the ... See full summary  » Director: Lionel Jeffries On holiday with their mother in the Lake District in 1929 four children are allowed to sail over to the nearby island in their boat Swallow and set up camp for a few days. They soon realise... See full summary  » Director: Claude Whatham Four kids travel through a wardrobe to the land of Narnia and learn of their destiny to free it with the guidance of a lion messiah. Director: Bill Melendez The Daleks' fiendish plot in 2150 against Earth and its people is foiled when Dr. Who and friends arrive from the 20th century and figure it out. Director: Gordon Flemyng A young girl gets lost in the Australian outback and befriends a kangaroo Director: Yoram Gross Young Oliver Twist runs away from an orphanage and meets a group of boys trained to be pickpockets by an elderly mentor. Director: Carol Reed Edit Storyline The film opens in a happy, comfortable upper middle-class home in Edwardian London. One night in 1905, the three children see their father usher two strangers into his study. After an argument he leaves with them and does not return. They and their mother fall on hard times and eventually move to a cottage in the country. Yet they keep their spirits up and find ways to help others. Fascinated by the nearby railway, they wave to the passengers faithfully every day, and their vigilance and courage prevent an accident. Their kindness makes friends of some important people who can help solve the mystery of their missing father. Written by Paul Emmons <pemmons@wcupa.edu> A film for adults to take their children, too! See more  » Genres: 26 December 1970 (UK) See more  » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia The British Film Institute ranks this film as the 66th Best British Film of all time, the only children's film to make the list. See more » Goofs This movie is set in 1905, yet after Perks opens the crossing gates to let an express train through, it's hauled by an 0-6-2 N2 class locomotive, a type of locomotive not built until the early 1920s. See more » Quotes Bobbie Waterbury : It's Perks's birthday, he's 42, he says he got other things to keep than his birthday, not rabbits and secrets but the kids and the bloomin' missus. Bobbie Waterbury : Same thing isn't it? Phyllis Waterbury : Bloomin' missus is a sort of a germ of endearment isn't it? See more » Crazy Credits As the end credit captions are displayed the shot tracks towards a steam locomotive, in front of which are gathered the principal cast. They are surrounded by extras portraying local townspeople, who wave and say goodbye to the audience. All the while, Jenny Agutter is preoccupied with writing something on a slate. As the camera reaches her, she holds it up to display the words "The End". See more » Connections The Man who broke the bank at Monte Carlo (uncredited) Romanticised nostalgia for the days of steam 7 December 2003 | by Filmtribute (United Kingdom) – See all my reviews Such is the impact of Lionel Je


Who was the second Stuart king on the English throne?

Biography of King Charles the First » Biographies » King Charles I King Charles the First, 1600-1649 King of England, Scotland and Ireland whose refusal to compromise over complex religious and political situations led to civil war, his own execution and the abolition of the Monarchy. The second son of James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark, Charles Stuart was born at Fife in Scotland on 19 November 1600. His father succeeded Queen Elizabeth I and came to the throne of England as King James I in 1603. Charles was created Duke of Albany at his baptism (December 1600) and Duke of York in 1605. He was placed in the care of Lord and Lady Fyvie until the age of four, then moved to England where he was brought up in the household of Sir Robert and Lady Carey. As a child, Charles suffered from weak ankle joints that slowed his physical development. Attempts were made to strengthen his physique by making him wear heavy boots reinforced with iron. Charles was also slow in learning to speak and never completely overcame a slight stammer. His education was overseen by Thomas Murray, a Scottish Presbyterian who later became Provost of Eton. Despite his physical disabilities, Charles was a serious-minded student who excelled at languages, rhetoric and theology. Vivat Rex Charles was overshadowed by his brilliant elder brother Prince Henry, to whom he was devoted, but Henry died of typhoid when Charles was eleven years old. With Henry's death, Charles became heir to the throne of the Three Kingdoms: England, Scotland and Ireland. The death of Prince Henry prompted a succession crisis. King James and Queen Anne were too old to have more children and the sickly Charles was not expected to survive to adulthood. A proposal was made that in the event of Charles' death, the succession would pass to James' daughter Princess Elizabeth and her husband the Elector Palatine Frederick V, which would mean the Wittelsbach dynasty acceding to the throne of the Three Kingdoms. However, by strength of will, Charles worked to overcome his physical weaknesses. He followed a self-imposed regimen of hard physical exercises that led to rapid improvements in his health and physique. Charles became a good horseman, excelling at tournament sports and hunting. He developed sophisticated tastes in the arts and earnestly applied himself to his religious devotions. Created Prince of Wales in 1616, Charles was instructed by King James in every aspect of ruling a kingdom. With a profound belief that kings are appointed by God to rule by divine right, Charles succeeded as the second king of the Stuart dynasty in 1625. Charles came to the throne amid pressure from English Protestants for intervention against Spain and the Catholic powers in the religious wars raging in Europe (the Thirty Years War, 1618-48). He allowed England's foreign policy to be directed by the unpopular Duke of Buckingham , who masterminded a series of disastrous military expeditions against Spain and France intended indirectly to assist the Palatinate . Charles dissolved his first two parliaments when they tried to impeach Buckingham but he was forced to call a third because he needed funds to pursue his warlike policies. In 1628, Charles' opponents formulated the Petition of Right as a defence against the King's arbitrary use of his powers. Charles grudgingly accepted the Petition in the hope that Parliament would grant him subsidies, but in practice he ignored its provisions. Personal Rule Emblem of the Stuart dynasty After the assassination of Buckingham in 1628, critics in Parliament turned their attention to Charles' religious policy. Resentful of parliamentary interference in matters which he believed were his concern alone, Charles angrily dismissed his third Parliament in 1629. Furthermore, he imprisoned several of his leading opponents, and declared his intention of ruling alone. The eleven-year period of the King's Personal Rule was also described as the "Eleven Year Tyranny". It was initially successful and during the turmoil of the civil wars, many people looked back upon it as


Who was the first serving U.S. President to survive being shot in an assassination attempt?

Rawhide Near Assassination Ronald Reagan | Video | C-SPAN.org Supreme Court March 23, 2011 Rawhide Down: The Near Assassination of Ronald Reagan Panelists commemorated the 30th anniversary of the assassination attempt on President Reagan on March 30, 1981. He was shot by John Hinckley, Jr., as he left a lunch-time… read more Rawhide Down: The Near Assassination of Ronald Reagan Panelists commemorated the 30th anniversary of the assassination attempt on President Reagan on March 30, 1981. He was shot by John Hinckley, Jr., as he left a lunch-time event at the Washington Hilton hotel, becoming the only serving U.S. president to survive being shot in an assassination attempt. The discussion included archival news footage from broadcast and cable news networks that illustrated some of the chaos and confusion of the day’s news coverage. Del Quentin Wilber is the author of Rawhide Down: The Near Assassination of Ronald Reagan (Henry Holt and Company, 2011). The book details the Secret Service and White House response to the attempt, the severity of the president’s injuries, and the surgeons who operated on President Reagan. Jerry Parr, who was the head of the security detail, was at President Reagan’s side when he was shot and pushed him into a limousine. Dr. Joseph Giordano, the surgeon who operated on the president, founded and oversaw the trauma team at George Washington University Hospital that played a key role in saving the president’s life. “The 30th Anniversary of the Assassination Attempt on President Ronald Reagan” was a special program at the Newseum, with the support of Henry Holt and Company close Transcript type


"Which Australian composer became particularly well-known for his theme, and incidental, music for the UK television series ""Inspector Morse""?"

[Paleopsych] New Scientist: Breaking Elgar's enigmatic code [Paleopsych] New Scientist: Breaking Elgar's enigmatic code Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Breaking Elgar's enigmatic code http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18424792.600 25 December 2004   IT IS a story with all the makings of a blockbuster novel: a brilliant   composer, an attractive woman, a secret letter and a mystery that has lasted 100 years. This story, though, is real. The composer was Edward   Elgar, the renowned English musician who died 70 years ago. The young   women was Dora Penny, a family friend. And the mystery? A short coded   letter that, his music apart, remains one of Elgar's most enduring   legacies.   A study of the composer's papers reveals that for most of his life he   was fascinated by cryptography. His letters and music scores, for   example, are dotted with codes and anagrams. And the title of his   Enigma Variations, first performed in 1899, hints at his delight in   cryptic puzzles. He teasingly suggested that the melody on which his   variations are based forms a counterpoint or matching voice to a   well-known tune that is present in the piece only by implication. None   of the many suggestions as to what this tune might be, including Auld   Lang Syne and Rule Britannia, ring true, so the enigma remains.   Yet Elgar left another, more intriguing, mystery. In 1896, while   struggling to achieve recognition as a composer, he met Dora Penny, a   young woman 20 years his junior. The daughter of a clergyman recently   returned from Melanesia, she shared Elgar's interests in kites,   cycling and football (they both supported Wolverhampton Wanderers).   They exchanged letters and in July 1897, the halcyon summer of Queen   Victoria's golden jubilee, Elgar sent her a letter in code. Its   curious symbols, possibly inspired by Arabic script, seem to be based   on the double-arched, cursive E in Elgar's signature (see page 58).   Now known as the Dorabella cipher, after his nickname for Dora Penny,   it remains unbroken. It has proved one of cryptography's most enduring   puzzles.   It is not surprising that Elgar was fascinated by ciphers.   Code-breaking techniques have notable similarities to the process of   composing formal harmony and counterpoint. Both activities involve   sifting, shuffling and transposing parallel sequences of code or notes   to find the best fit. For musicians, the challenge is to devise lines   of music that sound pleasing on their own and also sound harmonious   when played together. Take the round Frère Jacques, for instance. This   is a simple example of repeated patterns of notes that overlap with   each other. In a more complex manifestation it becomes a fugue.   Experienced composers, like code-breakers, build up a repertoire of   templates and patterns that can be tested and modified to suit.   Links between music and ciphers go back centuries. One of the earliest   known treatises on cryptography was written by Al-Kindi, an   accomplished musician who was one of a group of Baghdad scholars   working in the 9th century during the golden age of Islamic   scholarship. Al-Kindi devised a revolutionary system for breaking   substitution ciphers - messages encrypted by replacing, say, A with P,   B with Q, and so on - based on an analysis of letter frequencies.   Scholars had noticed that in the Koran, certain letters appeared with   greater frequency than others, and they compiled a chart that ranked   letters from most to least frequent. Al-Kindi realised he could use   this chart to help crack substitution ciphers by replacing the most   commonly used character in the ciphered text with the most common   letter in Arabic, and then working through the chart to the least   frequent. "Known as the Dorabella cipher, Elgar's code is one of cryptography's   most enduring puzzles" Aware of this weakness, the Italian composer and architect Leon   Alberti revolutio


"When Johnny Weissmuller left a championship career in sport to star in ""Tarzan"" films, what sport did he leave?"

Biography of Johnny Weissmuller � Biography   of Johnny Weissmuller Note. The information given   below is the best available, although contradictory details have come   to light. Corrections and addenda will appear as they are confirmed. � The Hollywood Walk of Fame bears his star on   the north side of Hollywood Blvd., between Whitely and Hudson   Avenues, next to Maureen O' Sullivan’s (1911-1998), and a few   scant feet from that of famed “B” movie producer, Sol   Lesser (1890-1980). During his lifetime he won five Olympic gold   medals for swimming in the 1924 and 1928 games, in addition to 52   national championships. In 1950, the sportswriters and sportscasters   of America voted him by an overwhelming margin the greatest swimmer   of the half century. And on ending his amateur status, he went on to   become the best known and best loved of all the cine Tarzans. He was   Johnny Weissmuller. � Born Peter Jonas (John) Weissmuller in   Freidorf, in the Banat region in what was then part of Hungary, on   June 2, 1904 (note) , Johnny was first   introduced to swimming when the Weissmullers were living in Chicago,   and Johnny, along with his younger brother Peter, was paying regular   visits to Fullerton Beach. And in 1916, Johnny made the YMCA swim   team, lying about his age. Peter Sr. and mother Elizabeth with their sons Johnny and younger bother Peter � Following World War I, Weissmuller, Sr. died of   tuberculosis or brown lung, presumably contracted as a result of his   excessive exposure to the coal mines of Windber, where he had had to   toil long hours to pay off debts incurred by the arrival of his   second son. Johnny quit school and got a job, first as a bellhop,   later as an elevator operator. (note) � Many versions exist as to how Johnny got a   chance to audition for William Bachrach, the legendary swimming coach   of the Illinois Athletic Club. The following account, reported in The   New York Times, one year after it happened, is probably as accurate   as any. � "A little more than a year ago, a member   entered the Michigan Avenue home of the Illinois Athletic Club with a   slender 16 year old youth who had ambitions to become affiliated with   the Chicago Organization which was famous for its record-breaking   swimming teams. The boy knew that he could swim. He had read about   the tricolor swimmers, Perry McGillivray, Norman Ross, Hebner,   Vosburgh and others and he wanted to cast his lot with them. The   member, however, was skeptical of the youngster's chances of gaining   a place against the galaxy of stars already in the I.A.C. fold. But   after listening to the boy's appeal for more than a month, he finally   promised to introduce him to coach Bachrach, the tricolor trainer of watermen. � Finally, one day, the boy's persistence was   rewarded and he was taken over to the I.A.C. pool and brought before   coach Bachrach. `Here's a fellow who thinks he can swim,' was the   member's half-hearted explanation for taking up the coach's valuable   time with an unknown youngster. � Slipping into the pool, the boy traveled   through the water with a crude stroke but one that showed unusual   power. Immediately Bachrach knew that he had what is known in the   sporting parlance as a `find.' " � Bachrach agreed to train him to be a sprinter,   and under the great coach's tutelage, Johnny developed his famous “six-beat-double-Trudgen   crawl stroke,” which Bill Libby described in an article written   for SAGA Magazine (January 1965). � "He swam with his back arched and his   head, shoulders and chest thrust out of the water. He shook his head   loosely from side to side, inhaling and exhaling on both sides. He   cocked his elbows high, drove his arms down into the water hard and   behind him hard. While he kicked six beats to every cycle of his   arms, he considered kicking of consequence only to maintain balance,   stay high in the water and reduce drag." � Training officially began in October 1920,


Where is Parma, which is famous for its cured ham?

Italy's Rarest Ham | Departures Italy's Rarest Ham Courtesy Edoardo Fornaciari for Antica Corte Pallavicina SHARE: Massimo Spigaroli’s hams are rare, expensive, and obscenely good. By Anya Von Bremzen on May 13, 2010 Long famous for its Parmesan cheese and vintage aceto balsamico, the affluent northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna is probably best known as the country’s pig-happy salumi central. Think rosy rounds of handcrafted mortadella, dusky batons of Felino salami, aromatic haunches of prosciutto di Parma. Among the region’s pedigreed charcuterie, however, the crowning glory is its Culatello di Zibello. A slowly cured boneless ham made from the choicest muscle of the pig’s rump, culatello has such a unique sweet-musky flavor and almost velvety texture that it’s considered the pinnacle of Italy’s artisanal food culture. “Taste culatello, and the best prosciutto seems mundane,” says Michael White, the chef behind the New York Italian hot spots Marea, Alto, and Convivio. Massimo Bottura, the burningly creative chef at the Michelin two-star Osteria Francescana in Modena, adds, “It isn’t just meat, it’s myth.” White and any number of American chefs would love to showcase culatello on their menus. If only they could. Cured in moldy old cellars by a method that prohibits artificial climate control, culatello isn’t likely to be approved for import by the USDA anytime soon. And with just 30,000 hams produced a year (versus almost ten million prosciutti di Parma), even in Italy culatello is hard to find beyond the very best shops and restaurants. Recently I went on a pilgrimage to the Bassa Parmense, a lowland farming area along the muddy Po River just northwest of Parma, where a handful of artisans make the only hams allowed to be labeled Culatello di Zibello DOP. My quest led me to Massimo Spigaroli, a chef and über-farmer who is Italy’s top salumi producer and high priest of the culatello cult. Mild-mannered and modest, Spigaroli, 52, greeted me in the frescoed reception room of the squat 14th-century castle that anchors Antica Corte Pallavicina, his historic estate by the Po. He and his brother, Luciano, fourth-generation farmers, bought the property nearly 20 years ago from the aristocratic Pallavicina family, once the Po Valley’s dominant landlords. (Their grandfather worked under the Pallavicinas as a tenant-laborer.) Slowly the brothers transformed the farmland around the castle into an agrarian paradise. Here they raise heirloom pigs and cows, cure their sought-after salumi, make wine and age Parmesan, and cultivate vegetables for the two excellent dining spots they run on the estate: the traditional osteria Al Cavallino Bianco and the more refined and contemporary restaurant Antica Corte. Recently the Spigarolis converted the castle into a rustic-chic six-room hotel. I have come, however, for the treasures stored in Pallavicina’s dank medieval cellar. “Culatello means, well, ‘little ass,’ ” Spigaroli tells me with a grin, leading the way down. Whereas prosciutti cure in the dry hillside winds above Parma, here, in the riverside humidity, salt won’t reliably penetrate a whole pork leg. So probably since the Middle Ages the haunch has been cured in two boneless pieces: a lesser ham called fiocco and, from the thigh’s meatiest muscle, the culatello. “Smell!” Spigaroli exclaims. “Questo è culatello.” Around us, thousands of pear-shaped hams dangle in picturesque nets of twine. The dusky perfume is so intoxicating, I want to swoon and never revive. Spigaroli sells some 5,000 culatelli a year, including a limited number that he custom-ages for some of Italy’s greatest chefs, from old-school legends such as Gualtiero Marchesi to avant-gardists like Bottura. Walking through the cellar I spot hams tagged Fauchon, Armani, and—Principe Carlo? “Si, for the Prince of Wales,” Spigaroli confirms ever so modestly. The royal porkophile was introduced to Spigaroli’s handiwork by Slow Food founder Carlo Petrini. Impressed, he summoned the Italian to Britain, where Spigaroli faced the prince’s dour porcine advisers. “They’d been te