To within 2 years either way, in what year were MOT tests first introduced for cars?

Preface PR 15 - Employment Contracts Preface PR 15 Employment Contracts The law that governs relationships between employers and employees comes from many sources: contract law, labor law, wages and hours laws, tort law (e.g., wrongful discharge, discrimination, sexual harassment), criminal law, health and safety laws, and so forth, with overlap between kinds of law. This chapter provides an overview of contract law as it relates to employment contracts. A. Employment as a Contract The employment relationship establishes a contract, whether it is written or oral, express or implied. As summed up in Foley v. Interactive Data: We begin by acknowledging the fundamental principle of freedom of contract: employer and employee are free to agree to a contract terminable at will or subject to limitations. Their agreement will be enforced so long as it does not violate legal strictures external to the contract, such as laws affecting union membership and activity, prohibitions on indentured servitude, or the many other legal restrictions . . . which place certain restraints on the employment arrangement. A contract is defined as an enforceable agreement between two parties. An employment contract is an enforceable agreement between two parties that contains whatever terms and conditions of employment the parties agree upon and, when accepted, becomes controlling upon the employment relationship. The contract may be oral or written, express or implied (the latter terms are defined below). The following sections limit the discussion of employment contracts to those contracts between an employer and an employee contracts between an employer and an independent contractor or self-employed person, as described in A.1., below, do not raise an issue for UI purposes unless UI status as an employee is also in question. While Tax Branch will make the determination of employee status, the discussion in A.1. is included for informational and comparison purposes. If the employment proceeds normally as negotiated, the contract is considered as being performed; if the contract does not proceed according to its terms because one of the parties does not perform as agreed, that party is said to be in breach. NOTE: The employment contract may be modified by the parties, and what started out to be a breach in the contract may become a new term and condition of employment. Example 1: Annie starts work for the ABC Company as a typist. She goes to night school, where she learns stenography. When the employer discovers that she has stenographic skills, he asks her if she will take dictation as an additional duty, and offers an increase in pay. She agrees. The contract has been reformed, and the second agreement is incorporated into the earlier contract as a new condition of employment. If Annie then refuses to take dictation, her refusal will be a breach of the employment contract (and disqualifying for our purposes if she is terminated, unless Annie had other good cause for the refusal). Example 2: Bob starts work for the XYZ Company as a typist. He goes to night school, where he learns stenography. When the employer learns that he has stenographic skills, he asks him if he will take dictation as an additional duty, but states he cannot afford an increase in pay. Bob refuses the additional work. The contract has not been reformed, and the request is not incorporated into the earlier contract as a new condition of employment. Bob’s refusal to reform the contract, as well as his refusal to take dictation, cannot be the basis for a discharge for breach of the employment contract (if Bob is discharged solely for refusal to take dictation, the discharge will be for reasons other than misconduct in connection with the work). - "Major Breach" A major breach of contract is defined as "failure, without legal excuse, to perform any promise which forms the whole or part of a contract" (Black’s Law Dictionary). A major breach may result in either a quit or discharge and the claimant may file for UI benefits. A major breach occurs when the contract is not salvageabl


Which NW parliamentary constituency did Winston Churchill first represent?

The Churchill Society London. SCHOOLS. Who was Churchill?   The Young Politician He returned to England a military hero and with the large amount of money he had earned by his writing (he had not inherited any money) he then decided to try to get elected to Parliament. He failed at the first attempt, but succeeded at the second; and so became Winston S Churchill MP for Oldham in Lancashire. No doubt the fame of his father Lord Randolph and his aristocratic family background greatly helped him become an MP - but his success came because he was determined to make something worthwhile out of his life.   So far in this story he is only 26 and is already a:-   5. An escapee and quasi military hero 6. An MP. It was not all so easy though. He suffered from a speech impediment and this made public speaking at first very difficult. But he spent hours thinking about and polishing his speeches. He sat as a Tory.  From the very outset of his parliamentary career it was evident that he loved fair play and tolerance, and that he hated mismanagement and extravagance. It was extraordinary that coming from the rich and landed classes and never having mixed with working people he was always conscious of the sufferings of the poor. This made him a great believer in Free Trade and taxation of land values. political ideas that were anathema to his own class. It is important not to idealise a national hero. The young Churchill - like all young men - had his faults. He was brash and cocksure, he showed off and sought publicity at every opportunity and in the process vastly annoyed those who disliked him. But even at this young age he had patience and did not indulge in 'small talk' or 'people pleasing'. Principles were what in the end mattered to him. Thus in the House of Commons as a very inexperienced politician he rose and said in his 'If I were a Boer . . I hope I should be fighting in the field'. This caused immense offence - especially to his own party - the Conservatives. In 1904, he joined with others and founded the Free Food League to enable cheap food to be brought into the country. In doing this he upset the people who elected him to Parliament and they disavowed him. To make matters worse he then left the Tory (Conservative) Party and joined the Liberal Party. He was what is known in politics as a radical. ie, a Social reformer. In 1906 he stood for election to Parliament in Manchester (near Oldham) and won a notable victory as a Liberal. For a politician to change his party allegiance, is  of mistake he can make if he wishes to climb to the top of the slippery political pole. We shall see later in this story how Churchill changed back to the Tory Party and how this made him for many years mistrusted and very unpopular with other Tories. Churchill fought in Parliament for self government for the Boers. Strangely he did not see - let alone foresee - the cruel way they treated the native (and the imported Chinese) labouring population. All he saw was that stable government and law and order in the Transvaal and Orange Free State could only be established by the grant of self government to the Boers and in this respect he was right. But these attitudes were despised by his parliamentary colleagues. He soon became a successful junior minister of the Colonies and then in 1908 the Prime Minister promoted him to be The President of the Board of Trade. He was only 34 years of age. He was then defeated in an election and lost his seat in Parliament and of course his new job! This gave immense satisfaction to his enemies - especially the Tory ones who despised him for 'ratting' on his party. He found another constituency in Dundee in Scotland and in the next election he won that, and so he got back into the House of Commons. The next thing he did was to fall in love (for the second time - the first girl Pamela Plowden refused him) and get married to a beautiful lady - Clementine     Hozier. A lovely English pastoral and romantic movement from THE CHURCHILL     MUSIC. (Blenheim Palace was a gift to Churchill's ancestor, The Duke of


Which cartoonist produces The Far Side’ series of cartoons?

Tales from the Far Side (TV Short 1994) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Tales from the Far Side ( 1994 ) 23min A series of Gary Larsen's "Far Side" gags are turned into short animated gags, such as a Frankenstein cow; an insect airline's in-flight movie; deer, hunters, and UFOs; wolf home-movies; ... See full summary  » Director: a list of 34 titles created 23 Oct 2011 a list of 239 titles created 09 Nov 2012 a list of 444 titles created 23 Jun 2013 a list of 41 titles created 09 Feb 2014 a list of 839 titles created 05 Aug 2014 Title: Tales from the Far Side (1994– ) 7.5/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. An anthology of original animated shorts in the style and theme of Gary Larson's Far Side comics. Directors: Gary Larson, Marv Newland Stars: Kathleen Barr, Paul Dobson, Julie Faye A psychiatrist comes to the aid of a compulsive gambler and is led by a smooth-talking grifter into the shadowy but compelling world of stings, scams, and con men. Director: David Mamet A young soldier faces profound disillusionment in the soul-destroying horror of World War I. Director: Lewis Milestone A 12-year old boy named Naota one day meets a strange woman, riding a Vespa and wielding a big guitar. As soon as she appears, mysterious things start happening. Stars: Jun Mizuki, Mayumi Shintani, Izumi Kasagi Edit Storyline A series of Gary Larsen's "Far Side" gags are turned into short animated gags, such as a Frankenstein cow; an insect airline's in-flight movie; deer, hunters, and UFOs; wolf home-movies; egg horror flicks; and cowboys & aliens. Written by Kathy Li It's going to be a bumpy night. Genres: 26 October 1994 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Gary Larson's Tales from the Far Side See more  » Company Credits Did You Know? Connections (Atlanta, GA) – See all my reviews I am a HUGE fan of Gary Larson, but I've got to admit, this one creeped me out. I only watched it once, on its original airing, but I remember walking away from it thinking "I'm not sure I really liked that." Something about the translation from printed page to animation didn't quite work. It took on more of an air of a horror flick as opposed to the strip's sense of on-the-edge humor. In some ways, it's kind of like a creepier, less funny version of the Simpsons "Treehouse Of Horror" episodes. Another way to look at it: an animated "Tales From The Crypt." Worth a look if you can find it, but expect more "ewww" than "ha-ha." 9 of 17 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes


Which legal term is derived for the Latin for ‘under penalty’?

Subpoena legal definition of subpoena Subpoena legal definition of subpoena http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/subpoena Related to subpoena: subpoena duces tecum Subpoena [Latin, Under penalty.] A formal document that orders a named individual to appear before a duly authorized body at a fixed time to give testimony. A court, Grand Jury , legislative body, or Administrative Agency uses a subpoena to compel an individual to appear before it at a specified time to give testimony. An individual who receives a subpoena but fails to appear may be charged with Contempt of court and subjected to civil or criminal penalties. In addition, a person who has been served with a subpoena and has failed to appear may be brought to the proceedings by a law enforcement officer who serves a second subpoena, called an instanter. A subpoena must be served on the individual ordered to appear. In some states a law enforcement officer or process server must personally serve it, whereas other states allow service by mail or with a telephone call. It is most often used to compel witnesses to appear at a civil or criminal trial. A trial attorney may receive an assurance from a person who says that she will appear in court on a certain day to testify, but if a subpoena is not issued and served on the witness, she is not legally required to appear. It is up to the attorneys in a case to request subpoenas, which are routinely issued by the trial court administrator's office. The subpoena must give the name of the legal proceedings, the name of the person who is being ordered to appear, and the time and place of the court hearing. Legislative investigating committees also issue subpoenas to compel recalcitrant witnesses to appear. Congressional investigations of political scandal, such as the Watergate scandals of the Nixon administration, the iran-contra scandal of the Reagan administration, and the Whitewater scandal of the Clinton administration, rely on subpoenas to obtain testimony. A subpoena that commands a person to bring certain evidence, usually documents or papers, is called a Subpoena Duces Tecum , from the Latin "under penalty to bring with you." This type of subpoena is often used in a civil lawsuit where one party resists giving the other party documents through the discovery process. If a court is convinced that the document request is legitimate, it will order the production of documents using a subpoena duces tecum. A party may resist a subpoena duces tecum by refusing to comply and requesting a court hearing. One of the most famous refusals of a subpoena was richard m. nixon's reluctance to turn over the tape recordings of his White House office conversations to the Watergate special prosecutor. Nixon fought the subpoena all the way to the Supreme Court in united states v. nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 94 S. Ct. 3090, 41 L. Ed. 2d 1039 (1974). The Court upheld the subpoena, leading Nixon to resign his office a short time later. subpena (subpoena) (suh-pea-nah) n. an order of the court for a witness to appear at a particular time and place to testify and/or produce documents in the control of the witness (if a "subpena duces tecum"). A subpena is used to obtain testimony from a witness at both depositions (testimony under oath taken outside of court) and at trial. The procedure to get a subpena issued is basically to apply to the court with a brief written declaration of the need for the testimony or documents. Such subpenas are usually issued automatically by the court clerk, but must be served personally on the party being summoned. Failure to appear as required by the subpena can be punished as contempt of court if it appears the absence was intentional or without cause. (See: subpena duces tecum , witness , deposition , contempt of court ) subpoena


Which cartoonist produces the ‘If’ series in the Guardian?

Steve Bell's sketchbook | World news | The Guardian browse all sections close Steve Bell's sketchbook Guardian cartoonist Steve Bell describes his approach to sketching prominent figures from the world of politics and beyond ‘The baked bean in danger’ - after James Gillray, on the 200th anniversary of his death Published: 6:08 PM Steve Bell sketches David Cameron during his speech at the Conservative party conference in Manchester and explains the ideas behind his cartoon Published: 2:43 AM Steve Bell explains how he took inspiration from an old Charles Atlas ad in comic-books for his cartoon of Ed Miliband's conference speech in Brighton Published: 6:58 AM Steve Bell joins the press throng at the annual conference of the Liberal Democrats in Glasgow. His cartoon shows Nick Clegg as Frankenstein's monster with David Cameron and Ed Miliband as the potential brides Published: 4:28 AM


Who played Alexander the Great in the 2004 film ‘Alexander1?

Alexander Movie Review & Film Summary (2004) | Roger Ebert Tweet When the mighty fall, it is from a greater height. So it was with Alexander the Great, and so it is with Oliver Stone's "Alexander." Here is an ambitious and sincere film that fails to find a focus for its elusive subject. Stone is fascinated by two aspects of Alexander: his pan-nationalism and his pan-sexualism. He shows him trying to unite many peoples under one throne while remaining equally inclusive with his choices of lovers. Advertisement But it remains unclear if Alexander has united those peoples or simply conquered them, and his sexuality is made murky by the film's shyness about gay sex and its ambiguity about Alexander's relationships with his "barbarian" bride and his tigress mother. We welcome the scenes of battle, pomp and circumstance because at least for a time we are free of sociopolitical concepts and the endless narration of Ptolemy the historian, who functions here like the Bill Kurtis of antiquity ("No tyrant ever gave back so much ..."). The facts are quickly summarized. Alexander ( Colin Farrell ) is the son of Philip of Macedonia ( Val Kilmer ) and Queen Olympias ( Angelina Jolie ). As a boy, he sees his drunken father all but rape his mother, who for her part insists Alexander's actual father is Zeus, but doesn't give details. Young Alexander impresses his father by taming an intractable horse, but both mother and son are banished from the kingdom, Olympias advising her son to seize the throne before Philip has him murdered. As things work out, Philip is murdered, and Alexander rules Macedonia. Still a very young man, he sets out to conquer the known world. Told by Aristotle ( Christopher Plummer ) where the world ends, he finds it keeps on going, and so he keeps on conquering, defeating the other Greek city states, the Persians and all the other peoples he confronts until he is finally defeated not so much by the rulers of India as by India itself. He dies at 32. Advertisement He is, in Stone's version, remarkably open-minded for a tyrant. There are many scenes in which he debates strategy and goals with the members of his army, something we cannot easily imagine Philip (or Gen. Patton) doing. He takes the Asian bride Roxane ( Rosario Dawson ) instead of choosing a nice Greek girl as his advisers recommend. He spends eight years in battle, taking with him his army, their wives and lovers, their servants and households, in a sort of movable empire. And always smoldering in the shadows is Hephaistion ( Jared Leto ), his closest friend since childhood. In ancient times, we are told, powerful men often took men or boys as their lovers, reserving women for childbearing and suchlike. Alexander seems to be following that tradition to the extent that Stone (and perhaps the MPAA production code) will permit it. Hephaistion doesn't even go through the motions of taking a wife; he is always there for Alexander -- but for what? They have looks like the beginning of a love scene before it fades out, and the rest of the time, they hug a lot. As for Alexander's sex life with Roxane, it is not surprising but nevertheless worthy of notice that we see a great deal more of her body than Hephaistion's, and observe them during a sex scene that begins with her fighting him off and ends with them engaged in the kind of unbridled passion where you hope nobody gets hurt. All right, so they have great sex -- once. Then we learn that three years pass, and she provides no male heir, although for all we see of them together, the fault may be Zeus's. Advertisement It's clear enough that Alexander loves Hephaistion and has married Roxane as a political gesture. In that case it is a miscalculation by Stone to make Hephaistion into a pouting sideline figure who specializes in significant glances the significance of which the movie does not explore, while making Roxane into such an exciting hellion that we're disappointed Alexander doesn't let us spend more time with her, even if he doesn't want to. Dawson's Roxane is truly sexy, but Leto's Hephaistion is not allo


Which legal term is Latin for ‘elsewhere’?

Understanding Latin Legalese - dummies Understanding Latin Legalese By Clifford A. Hull, Steven R. Perkins, Tracy Barr Most lawyers love to throw around Latin phrases. The reason for this is that ancient Rome’s legal system has had a strong influence on the legal systems of most western countries. After all, at one time, the Romans had conquered most of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. The Roman motto was divide et impera (dee-vee-deh eht im-peh-rah) — “divide and conquer.” As they conquered nations, they set out to “Latinize” the “barbarians” (anyone who wasn’t Roman). Their goal was to teach them how to think, act, and be like real Romans. As the Roman Empire slowly crumbled and disappeared, the new orders in all these lands gradually adapted the existing legal system. England (and most of its former colonies) and the United States of America use a variation of the old Roman law called “Common Law.” This is why lawyers today love those Latin phrases! (Well, that and the fact that you can’t get out of law school without mastering them.) This article gives you the information that you need to make sense of what your lawyer, judge, or parole officer is saying. Knowing what a sentence or phrase, like “The case is now sub judice (sub you-dee-kay)” or “What you are proposing is contra legem (kon-trah lay-ghem),” means, can help — even when you’re just watching Court TV or The Practice. English legal terms are full of Latin words and phrases. Several of these terms are so common, you use them today without any problem or confusion. Take these words for example: alibi (ah-lee-bee; elsewhere, at another place). If you’re asked to provide an alibi for your whereabouts, you know that you need to tell where you were when a crime occurred to prove that you couldn’t have been the one who did the awful deed. alias (ah-lee-ahs; at another time, otherwise). Today, alias often refers to an alternative name people generally use to conceal their identity. “John Smith alias Henry Taylor alias Clyde the Hustler” means John Smith is otherwise known as Henry Taylor who is otherwise known as Clyde the Hustler. per se (purr say; by itself). Also meaning “as such” in English usage, per se is used casually in English conversations: I didn’t call him stupid, per se. I simply said he had plenty to learn. versus (wer-soos; turned). Often abbreviated as vs., the more common English meaning is “against” or “in contrast to”: In the case Roe versus Wade, privacy in cases of abortion was an issue. Table 1 lists other common Latin words used in English courts and legal proceedings. (Keep in mind that the pronunciation here shows how the Romans would have pronounced these words.) Table 1: Common Latin Words Used Today Word under the penalty an order commanding a person to appear in court under a penalty for not appearing The following sections offer more Latin words used in courts today. Like the preceding words, you may have heard many of these words already; you may even be using them without knowing what they really mean. Don’t worry. Many of those using them don’t know either. Common courtroom Latin Many of the terms that lawyers and other legal folk use have come down to us in their original Latin forms. Table 2 lists some of the more common Latin words that are still used today. The following list has even more examples: ex officio: This word would appear in a Latin sentence such as the following: Imperator erat ex officio quoque dux exercitus. eem-pe-ra-tawr e-rut eks off-ee-kee-oh kwo-kwe dooks eks-er-key-toos. The emperor was by virtue of his position also the leader of the army. Today, you see or hear this word in a sentence like this: The headmaster of the school is ex officio also a member of the school board. persona non grata: This word would appear in a Latin sentence such as the following: Post caedem Caesaris, Brutus erat habitus persona non grata Romae. post ki-dem ki-sa-ris, broo-tus e-rut ha-bee-tus per-sow-na non gra-ta rom-igh. After the assassination of Caesar, Brutus was regarded a persona non grata in Rome. Today, you see


Which US Army General said, in a speech in May 1944. “Americans love a winner who will not tolerate a loser”?

Gen. Patton Speech; 3rd Army Speech - England; 31 MAY 1944 - 6th Armored Division - TurtleTrader® The Original from Michael Covel Audio MP3 of Patton Movie Theme (360 KB) Now I want you to remember that no bastard ever won a war by dying for his country. You won it by making the other poor dumb bastard die for his country. Men, all this stuff you’ve heard about America not wanting to fight, wanting to stay out of the war, is a lot of horse dung. Americans traditionally love to fight. All real Americans, love the sting of battle. When you were kids, you all admired the champion marble shooter, the fastest runner, the big league ball players, the toughest boxers … Americans love a winner and will not tolerate a loser. Americans play to win all the time. I wouldn’t give a hoot in Hell for a man who lost and laughed. That’s why Americans have never lost and will never lose a war. Because the very thought of losing is hateful to Americans. Now, an army is a team. It lives, eats, sleeps, fights as a team. This individuality stuff is a bunch of crap. The Bilious bastards who wrote that stuff about individuality for the Saturday Evening Post, don’t know anything more about real battle than they do about fornicating. Now we have the finest food and equipment, the best spirit, and the best men in the world. You know … My God, I actually pity those poor bastards we’re going up against. My God, I do. We’re not just going to shoot the bastards, we’re going to cut out their living guts and use them to grease the treads of our tanks. We’re going to murder those lousy Hun bastards by the bushel. Now some of you boys, I know, are wondering whether or not you’ll chicken out under fire. Don’t worry about it. I can assure you that you’ll all do your duty. The Nazis are the enemy. Wade into them. Spill their blood, shoot them in the belly. When you put your hand into a bunch of goo, that a moment before was your best friends face, you’ll know what to do. Now there’s another thing I want you to remember. I don’t want to get any messages saying that we are holding our position. We’re not holding anything, we’ll let the Hun do that. We are advancing constantly, and we’re not interested in holding onto anything except the enemy. We’re going to hold onto him by the nose, and we’re going to kick him in the ass. We’re going to kick the hell out of him all the time, and we’re going to go through him like crap through a goose. Now, there’s one thing that you men will be able to say when you get back home, and you may thank God for it. Thirty years from now when you’re sitting around your fireside with your grandson on your knee, and he asks you, What did you do in the great World War Two? You won’t have to say, Well, I shoveled shit in Louisiana. Alright now, you sons of bitches, you know how I feel. I will be proud to lead you wonderful guys into battle anytime, anywhere. That’s all. This speech is for everyone in all countries. Patton’s must win attitude is timeless. That must win attitude is an absolute prerequisite for trading success or any life success for that matter. Trend Following Products Review trend following systems and training : Michael Covel Trend Following Products


Henry VIII described which teenage wife as his ‘Rose without a thorn’?

28 July 1540 - Henry VIII Marries Catherine Howard, his Rose without a Thorn - The Anne Boleyn Files July 28, 2014 at 11:33 am Ah, Claire, I see now why you wanted to know what became of Norfolk House!! Good luck to both you and Conor – I’m still working intermittently on Katherine and Norfolk House myself, but so much else is going on, they are having to take a back seat right now. I have been privileged to have worked for Alison Weir on some of her marvellous tours (www.alisonweirtours.com) and am proud to call her a friend. I had an invitation to the Tower of London last Friday evening to the Historic Royal Palaces event/book launch of ‘The Marriage Game’ Alison’s new novel. A wonderful experience and lovely company, with drinks on the lawn in front of the White Tower at sunset, and Tower Bridge and the Shard sparkling like beacons in the background, while Yeoman Warders were standing by with umbrellas, in case the Heavens decided to open. It doesn’t get much better than that! Why I’m sharing this with the Anne Boleyn Files is that the lecture Alison then delivered was in the church of St Peter ad Vincula, the first time such an event has been held there. Afterwards people stood by the altar to pay their respects to Anne Boleyn, Katherine Howard and the other unfortunates, and Alison said that for her it had been an exceptionally moving experience to stand a few feet from Anne’s memorial tile while extolling the virtues, and some not quite so virtuous tales, of her only child. I have to admit I was a bit emotional myself, and had to wipe away a little tear. July 28, 2014 at 12:12 pm Hi Marilyn, It’s lovely to hear from you. No, that was for a section I was doing on Lambeth for The Anne Boleyn Collection II but, yes, it will come in useful for the Catherine book too. I know what you mean, I’ve had the Catherine book on a back-burner since I wrote the one on Anne’s fall and I keep letting other projects take me from it. I heard about Alison’s talk from Lucy Churchill who attended, it sounds wonderful. St Peter ad Vincula has such an atmosphere, doesn’t it. I will neer forget the time I was allowed past the rope and got to stand next to Anne’s tile, and then look under the altar cloth for Catherine’s. I got emotional too!


Which assistant to Robert Koch in the 1880s invented a transparent dish for the culture of micro-organisms?

petri dish Interpretation Translation petri dish pe·tri dish 'pē-trē- n a small shallow dish of thin glass or plastic with a loose cover used esp. for cultures in bacteriology Pe·tri 'pā-trē Julius Richard (1852-1921) German bacteriologist. Petri was an assistant to the eminent bacteriologist Robert Koch. In 1887 Petri introduced a vessel for growing bacteria that consists of two round rimmed plates, one serving as a cover for the other. * * * a flat shallow circular glass or plastic dish with a pillbox-like lid, used to hold solid agar or gelatin media for culturing bacteria. J. R. Petri (1852-1921), German bacteriologist * * * a round, shallow, flat-bottomed transparent glass or plastic dish with vertical sides and a similar but slightly larger dish that forms a cover; used for the culture of microorganisms on solid media and for tissue cell cultures. Medical dictionary. 2011. petrification Look at other dictionaries: Petri dish — ► NOUN ▪ a shallow transparent dish with a flat lid, used for the culture of micro organisms. ORIGIN named after the German bacteriologist Julius R. Petri (1852 1922) …   English terms dictionary petri dish — [pē′trē] n. [after J. R. Petri (1852 1921), Ger bacteriologist] [also P d ] a very shallow, cylindrical, transparent glass or plastic dish with an overlapping cover, used for the culture of microorganisms …   English World dictionary petri dish — 1892, named for Ger. bacteriologist Julius Petri (1852 1922), who first devised it c.1887 …   Etymology dictionary Petri dish — A Petri dish is a shallow glass or plastic cylindrical lidded dish that biologists use to culture cells. It was named after the German bacteriologist Julius Richard Petri (1852–1921) who invented it in 1887 when working as an assistant to Robert… …   Wikipedia Petri dish — n. a shallow covered dish used for the culture of bacteria etc. Etymology: J. R. Petri, Ger. bacteriologist d. 1921 * * * Petri dish f42 [Petri dish Petri dishes] [ˈpetri dɪʃ] [ˈpetri dɪʃ] [ˈpiːtri dɪʃ] [ˈpiːtri dɪʃ] …   Useful english dictionary Petri dish — UK [ˈpiːtrɪ ˌdɪʃ] / US [ˈpɪtrɪ ˌdɪʃ] noun [countable] Word forms Petri dish : singular Petri dish plural Petri dishes science a flat dish with a lid that is used in laboratories, especially for growing cultures …   English dictionary petri dish — noun Etymology: Julius R. Petri died 1921 German bacteriologist Date: circa 1892 1. a small shallow dish of thin glass or plastic with a loose cover used especially for cultures in bacteriology 2. something (as a place or situation) that fosters… …   New Collegiate Dictionary Petri dish — [[t]pe̱tri dɪ̱ʃ[/t]] Petri dishes N COUNT A Petri dish is a flat dish with a lid, used in laboratories for producing cultures of microorganisms …   English dictionary petri dish — pe′tri dish [[t]ˈpi tri[/t]] n. a shallow, circular, glass or plastic dish with a loose fitting cover over the top and sides, used for culturing microorganisms • Etymology: 1890–95; after J. R. Petri (d. 1921), German bacteriologist …   From formal English to slang Petri dish — /ˈpitri dɪʃ/ (say peetree dish) noun a shallow, circular dish, usually of glass, used especially for growing bacteria, etc. {named after JR Petri, 1852–1922, German biologist} …   Australian English dictionary 16+


Which event of 1962 is the subject of the 2000 film Thirteen Days’, starring Kevin Costner?

Thirteen Days Reviews & Ratings - IMDb IMDb 87 out of 98 people found the following review useful: Thrilling Examination Of A Tense Moment In History from Virginia Water, Surrey, England, Great Britain 17 April 2001 The fact of JFK's assassination, and especially the highly mysterious circumstances surrounding it, has resulted in a very distinct historical niche being carved around him. However, the majority of written examinations have concerned his assassination. The man's presidency, short though it was, was fraught with fascinating events and, both in literature and in film, they remain frustratingly under-examined. Which is why "Thirteen Days" is such a treat. What the film essentially does is offer us a clearly partly-fictionalised but fairly true to the events account of the thirteen days of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. It's a fascinating close-up on a fascinating man, who might have been a truly great president if he had gotten a proper chance. Of course, the filmic portrayal of JFK may be just a tad overly sympathetic, and the treatment of the military a tad overly harsh, and the importance of Kenny O'Donnell, played by Kevin Costner, is probably exaggerated, but these are minor quibbles. What this film really does is show us just how complicated and multi-faceted was the problem of Russian nuclear missiles being installed in Cuba. Not only did the president have to face the dim and distant threat of a faceless Russian bureaucracy, he had to deal with the multiple and conflicting options constantly being advanced to him, the dangers posed by certain special interests in military and intelligence and the popular opinion of the American people. The repercussions of any number of different courses of action were almost unthinkable. Tilting the hand seemingly in the American favour in one place, say in Cuba, would destabilise another danger zone, such as Berlin. Despite the fact that we all know how the events played out in the end, it can't be denied that this film keeps adding to the tension constantly, occasionally letting off a little and then piling on a whole lot more. It's a wonderful portrayal. At its core, however, the film is an intelligent study of the ultimately paralysing effects of power, and the stark horror of mutual destruction as made possible by the harnessing of atomic power. The discovery of nuclear fission reactions has forever changed the face of warfare, because there now exists an ultimate solution so terrible it is almost beyond contemplation. In the comparatively safer times in which we now live, it is easy to forget how possible, perhaps even likely, the threat of nuclear war. America was then, and remains now, the most powerful nation on the planet, and yet a single wrong move could have ended all that, and at the cost of millions of innocent lives. Bearing the weight of decisions which could cost so much must have been a horrible burden to Kennedy, and, if nothing else, we should thank our lucky stars that he didn't buckle under the multifarious pressures placed on him. This film is a tribute to reason over hotheadedness, and peace over war. We should not forget the lessons that time has to impart, and if this represents a way to remember, then everyone ought to watch it. Was the above review useful to you? 73 out of 84 people found the following review useful: Thirteen Days was a wonderfully acted, wonderfully told story about the 13 days of the Cuban Missile Crisis, a time when the world almost came to an end. from Fresno, Ca. USA 18 July 2001 Shown through the eyes of presidential aide Kenneth P. O'Donnell (Kevin Costner), we see the inner workings of President John F. Kennedy (Bruce Greenwood) and his closest advisors as they try and find the best way to end a potentially devastating showdown with the U.S.S.R.  In October of 1962, the U.S., during a regular mission photographing Cuba, spotted a missile buildup by the Russians. The missiles were powerful enough to kill 80 million Americans with only 5 minutes of warning time. President Kennedy had to decide quic


Who wrote the 1893 opera ‘Hansel and Gretel’?

Hansel and Gretel HANSEL AND GRETEL Based on the fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm The Cast 1899 illustration of Hansel and Gretel asleep in the forest, after a painting by William de Leftwich Dodge (1867-1935) Hansel, a boy Peter, their father, a broom-maker Baritone Angels, gingerbread children, chorus of echoes. The Story About Engelbert Humperdinck and Hansel and Gretel No, the famous British pop singer from the 1960s — real name Arnold Dorsey — did not compose this opera. The Engelbert Humperdinck who wrote Hansel and Gretel was born in Germany in 1854. In the 1890s, his sister, Adelheid Wette, had written a libretto based on the Grimm fairy tale, and asked her brother to set it to music as a Christmas entertainment for her children. Later, Engelbert and Adelheid decided to turn this modest family project into a full-scale opera. Hansel and Gretel premiered on December 23, 1893 at Weimar. It was an instant hit and remains an everlasting masterpiece. The young composer Richard Strauss, who was the assistant conductor for the premiere, called it “a masterwork of the first rank.” Act I Scene 1. A poor cottage at the edge of a forest. Once upon a time... ... a brother and sister named Hansel and Gretel lived with their father and mother, Peter and Gertrude, at the edge of a huge forest. When our story opens, they are alone in their poor cottage, hard at work at their chores, and very very hungry. Gretel teases Hansel for being a grump, and promises to tell him a secret if he will cheer up — there’s milk in the jug, and their mother will make them a nice pudding when she comes home. Hansel sneaks a taste of the milk, but Gretel warns him that their mother will be angry if they don’t get back to work. Hansel refuses; he prefers to dance. Gretel thinks that’s a wonderful idea, and they begin to dance (“Brother, come and dance with me”). In the middle of all the fun, Gertrude comes home in a very bad mood, angry at them for not having finished their work. She gets a stick to hit them, and, as they escape, she accidentally knocks over the jug, spilling all the milk. She angrily orders them out of the house to pick strawberries. Then she despairs, and begs God for help in feeding her children. Exhausted, she falls asleep. Peter is heard singing in the distance. He reels into the house and gives Gertrude a big smacking kiss. She is not amused, and accuses him of being drunk. He ignores her nagging and playfully asks for supper. She tells him that there’s nothing to eat, but, to her surprise, he pulls out a sackful of food. It seems that he had gone to town to sell his brooms, and there was a festival going on, so he managed to make a huge profit. Gertrude toasts his success, and, as they begin to dig into the food, he realizes that the children aren’t there. Gertrude tells him how Hansel and Gretel were misbehaving, and how she broke the milk jug trying to get at them. Peter laughs heartily at this, and Gertrude can’t help joining in. He asks again where they are, and she replies, “For all I know, at the Ilsenstein.” Peter is struck with horror, for the Ilsenstein is the mountain abode of a horrible witch who rides on a broomstick, lures children to her gingerbread house, and — bakes them into gingerbread! They rush out of the house in search of the children. Scene 2. The Forest. It is now sunset. Hansel is roaming about in the forest picking strawberries, while Gretel makes a crown of flowers and sings a little song. They begin snacking on the berries as they listen to a cuckoo singing on the distance. Soon they begin fighting over the strawberries, but Hansel grabs the basket away from Gretel and eats them all. Gretel is horrified; now they’ll have to pick twice as many as before. It’s getting dark, and they realize that they are lost in the woods. Hansel tries to reassure her, but they begin to see strange shapes and lights. When Hansel calls out, “Who’s there?” only an echo replies. Gretel thinks she sees ghostly figures coming for them and cries out for her parents. Out of the mist, a little man appears with a


Pablo Picasso born - Oct 25, 1881 - HISTORY.com Pablo Picasso born Publisher A+E Networks Pablo Picasso, one of the greatest and most influential artists of the 20th century, is born in Malaga, Spain. Picasso’s father was a professor of drawing, and he bred his son for a career in academic art. Picasso had his first exhibit at age 13 and later quit art school so he could experiment full-time with modern art styles. He went to Paris for the first time in 1900, and in 1901 was given an exhibition at a gallery on Paris’ rue Lafitte, a street known for its prestigious art galleries. The precocious 19-year-old Spaniard was at the time a relative unknown outside Barcelona, but he had already produced hundreds of paintings. Winning favorable reviews, he stayed in Paris for the rest of the year and later returned to the city to settle permanently. The work of Picasso, which comprises more than 50,000 paintings, drawings, engravings, sculptures, and ceramics produced over 80 years, is described in a series of overlapping periods. His first notable period–the “blue period”—began shortly after his first Paris exhibit. In works such as The Old Guitarist (1903), Picasso painted in blue tones to evoke the melancholy world of the poor. The blue period was followed by the “rose period,” in which he often depicted circus scenes, and then by Picasso’s early work in sculpture. In 1907, Picasso painted the groundbreaking work Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, which, with its fragmented and distorted representation of the human form, broke from previous European art. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon demonstrated the influence on Picasso of both African mask art and Paul Cezanne and is seen as a forerunner of the Cubist movement, founded by Picasso and the French painter Georges Braque in 1909. In Cubism, which is divided into two phases, analytical and synthetic, Picasso and Braque established the modern principle that artwork need not represent reality to have artistic value. Major Cubist works by Picasso included his costumes and sets for Sergey Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes (1917) and The Three Musicians (1921). Picasso and Braque’s Cubist experiments also resulted in the invention of several new artistic techniques, including collage. After Cubism, Picasso explored classical and Mediterranean themes, and images of violence and anguish increasingly appeared in his work. In 1937, this trend culminated in the masterpiece Guernica, a monumental work that evoked the horror and suffering endured by the Basque town of Guernica when it was destroyed by German war planes during the Spanish Civil War. Picasso remained in Paris during the Nazi occupation but was fervently opposed to fascism and after the war joined the French Communist Party. Picasso’s work after World War II is less studied than his earlier creations, but he continued to work feverishly and enjoyed commercial and critical success. He produced fantastical works, experimented with ceramics, and painted variations on the works of other masters in the history of art. Known for his intense gaze and domineering personality, he had a series of intense and overlapping love affairs in his lifetime. He continued to produce art with undiminished force until his death in 1973 at the age of 91. Related Videos


Hughtown is the largest settlement of which island group?

Bryher is one of the smaller of the inhabited islands of the Isles of Scilly.GeographyThe island has a length of 2km, a maximum width of 1km and an area of, including Shipman Head, which rises to 42m at the northern end of the island. Bryher lies to the west of Tresco, and is separated from that island by the Tresco Channel, once the main anchorage for the islands and now an area where sandflats are exposed at low tide. Off the southern end of Bryher is the uninhabited island of Samson. It is possible to walk between the three islands at the lowest spring tides.The settlement at the Pool / Hell Bay Hotel is the westernmost in England. Without the tidal island of Gugh included, St Agnes is marginally smaller than Bryher in either population or area; however if Gugh is included with St Agnes, which is the common interpretation, then Bryher is (again, marginally) the smallest of the populated isles of Scilly in area and population.The centre of Bryher is mainly low-lying with arable fields, pasture and housing and is where most of the population of 84. On the west side is the brackish Great Pool overlooked by the Hell Bay Hotel and in the south are sandy beaches, a common feature on the island, Rushy Bay being an example. The island lies within the Isles of Scilly Heritage Coast, is part of the Isles of Scilly Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and untennanted land is leased by the Duchy of Cornwall to the Isles of Scilly Wildlife Trust which is using ponies and red ruby cattle to graze the overgrown areas as part of the Waves of Heath project. What people say St Martin's is the northernmost populated island of the Isles of Scilly, England. It has an area of 237ha.DescriptionThere are three main settlements on the island - Higher Town, Middle Town and Lower Town - in addition to a number of scattered farms and cottages, with a total population (2011 census) of 136.There are two quays - at Higher Town (the Higher Town Quay, used at high tide) and at Lower Town (the Hotel Quay, used at low tide). In Higher Town there is a post office.There is a vineyard on the island.To the north, St Martin's is joined by a tidal causeway to White Island.DaymarkAt the northeast corner of the island is a large red-and-white daymark. It was erected in 1683 by Thomas Ekins, first steward of the Godophin Family to live on the islands.It is a rendered granite circular tower in diameter and high, set back to conical termination making it high. The blocked arched entrance door contains an incorrect date of 1637. It was painted white until 1822 but by 1833 had been painted red, and is now painted in bands of red and white.Despite its modernity, the daymark, alongside some prehistoric cairns, is a Scheduled Ancient Monument. What people say


Leopold Bloom is the leading character in which 20th century novel?

Ulysses by James Joyce: Text, Ebook James Joyce Considered the by many to be the finest and foremost Modernist novel ever written, Ulysses remains firmly ensconced at the top of The Modern Library's 100 Best Novels of the 20th Century. Ulysses parallels Homer's poem Odyssey in its characters and events. The novel was originally serialised in American in The Little Review from March 1918 to December 1920. It was published in entirety in February 1922. Loading the book with experimental prose and following a stream-of-consciousness approach, Joyce adopted a rather cheeky attitude. Published without much structure, in just three parts, the book presented an often confusing read. Joyce himself declared that he had, "put in so many enigmas and puzzles that it will keep the professors busy for centuries arguing over what I meant." On the surface the book simply follows Leopold Bloom, during an ordinary day in Dublin, June 16, 1904. Though not included in the original text, the book is separated into 18 episodes (the text presented here at American Literature follows that episodic structure from the Linati and Gilbert schema). Every episode has a thematic character correspondence to the Odyssey; Leopold Bloom to Odysseus, Molly Bloom to Penelope, and Stephen Dedalus to Telemachus.


Which US crime drama TV series ran from 2008-2013 and starred Bryan Cranston in the leading role?

Bryan Cranston - IMDb IMDb View Resume » Bryan Cranston is an American actor, voice actor, writer and director. He is perhaps best-known for his roles as "Walter White" on the AMC drama series, Breaking Bad (2008), for which he has won four consecutive Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Emmy Awards, and as "Hal", the father on the Fox situation comedy, Malcolm in the Middle (2000). ... See full bio » Born: a list of 26 people created 17 Jun 2013 a list of 30 people created 01 Jun 2014 a list of 35 people created 12 Mar 2015 a list of 23 people created 10 months ago a list of 23 people created 1 month ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Bryan Cranston's work have you seen? User Polls Nominated for     1     Oscar. Another    48 wins & 84 nominations. See more awards  » Known For  2015-2017 Sneaky Pete (TV Series) Vince  2012 30 Rock (TV Series) Ron  2010-2011 Glenn Martin DDS (TV Series) Drake Stone  2005-2010 American Dad! (TV Series) Mr. Winthrop / Bill Publisherman  2008 The Hollywood Quad (TV Movie) Burton Melrose  2003 Thanksgiving Family Reunion (TV Movie) Woodrow Snider  2000-2001 Clerks (TV Series) Various / Helicopter Pilot  1998 Chicago Hope (TV Series) Jesus  1998 The X-Files (TV Series) Patrick Crump  1996-1998 Diagnosis Murder (TV Series) Martin Rutgers / Walter Mason  1997 Alright Already (TV Series) Robert  1997 Total Security (TV Series) Jason Nichols  1997 Goode Behavior (TV Series) Record Executive - Goode Music (1997) ... Record Executive  1997 Dogs (TV Series)  1997 Babylon 5 (TV Series) Ericsson  1986-1996 Murder, She Wrote (TV Series) Parker Foreman / Jerry Wilber / Brian East  1996 Eagle Riders (TV Series) Joe Thax (voice)  1995 Extreme Blue (TV Movie) Ned Landry  1995 Kissing Miranda (TV Movie) Special Agent Falsey  1995 Nowhere Man (TV Series) Sheriff Norman Wade  1995 Brotherly Love (TV Series) Russell  1995 Armitage III (TV Mini-Series) Eddie Borrows - Bit of Love (1995) ... Eddie Borrows (English version, voice) - Heart Core (1995) ... Eddie Borrows (English version, voice) - Flesh and Stone (1995) ... Eddie Borrows (English version, voice) - Electro Blood (1995) ... Eddie Borrows (English version, voice)  1995 Teknoman (TV Series)  1994 The Companion (TV Movie) Alan  1994 Walker, Texas Ranger (TV Series) Hank  1994 Days Like This (TV Movie) Benny - A.D. 2040 (1994) ... Isamu Alva Dyson (English version, voice)  1993 Moldiver (TV Series short) Tech (English version, voice, as Lee Stone)  1993 Orguss 02 (Video short) Gustav / Lookout / Officer / ... (English version, voice, as Lee Stone)  1992 L.A. Law (TV Series) James Phillips - All About Sleaze (1992) ... James Phillips  1987-1991 Matlock (TV Series)  1991 Dead Silence (TV Movie) Prof. Harris  1991 The Flash (TV Series) Philip Moses  1990 Capital News (TV Series) Congressman Marple  1990 Hull High (TV Series) Mr. McConnell - Episode #1.8 (1990) ... Mr. McConnell  1989 Baywatch (TV Series)  1989 Falcon Crest (TV Series) Martin Randall  1987 Hill Street Blues (TV Series) Counsellor - Episode #1.6 (1986) ... Col. Austin  1986 Airwolf (TV Series)  1985 Cover Up (TV Series) Frank Lawler / Tommy Maynard - Who's Trying to Kill Miss Globe? (1985) ... Frank Lawler / Tommy Maynard  1983 Loving (TV Series)  1982 Crisis Counselor (TV Series) Sam  2016 All the Way (TV Movie) (executive producer)  2015 SuperMansion (TV Series) (executive producer - 13 episodes) - The Announcement (2011) ... (executive producer) - Mustache (2011) ... (executive producer) - The Focus Group (2011) ... (executive producer)  2003 KidSmartz (Video documentary short) (executive producer)  2006 Special Unit (TV Movie)  2006 Big Day (TV Series) (1 episode) - Bryan Cranston/Dakota Fanning/Barry Gibb (2016) ... (performer: "Lotta Love" - uncredited)  2010-2012 Breaking Bad (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes) - Buyout (2012) ... (performer: "Lily of the Valley" - uncredited) - Caballo sin Nombre (2010) ... (performer: "A Horse With No Name" - uncredited)  2001-2004 Malcolm in the Middle (TV Series) (performer - 6 episodes) - Softball (200


Joe Strummer was the lead singer of which punk band from 1976-1986?

Joe Strummer - Bio, Facts, Family | Famous Birthdays Joe Strummer Leo Named Joe#7 About Lead singer and songwriter of the influential punk rock band The Clash and the lesser known band The Mescaleros. With The Clash, he recorded such hits as "Lost in the Supermarket," "London Calling," "Rock the Casbah," and "Rudie Can't Fail."


Which footbail league club’s nickname is the Shrimpers?

Southend United News - Shrimpers24 - Southend United Contact Us About Footymad Southend United, Southend United News, Southend United Match Reports, Southend United Player Squad, Southend United Results, Southend United Roots Hall, Southend United Football Club. © 2004 - 2017 www.southendunited-mad.co.uk


Nelson Rockefeller served as Vice President under which President?

Nelson Rockefeller - Vice President to President Gerald Ford} Nelson Rockefeller U.S. Vice President Nelson Rockefeller Be the first to review Nelson Rockefeller, a member of the Republican Party , took office as the 41st Vice President of the United States on December 19, 1974 at age 66. Rockefeller served as VP to President Gerald Ford for 2 years through January 20, 1977. He was born in Bar Harbor, Maine and received an education from Dartmouth College. See all U.S. Vice Presidents Write a Review


Which British writer married Harold Pinter in 1980?

Harold Pinter - Literature Literature Faber and Faber Ltd Biography Playwright Harold Pinter was born in Hackney, London, on 10 October 1930. He was educated at Hackney Downs Grammar School and trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and Central School of Speech and Drama. His plays include The Room (1957), The Birthday Party (1958), The Dumb Waiter (1959), The Caretaker (1960), The Lover (1962), The Homecoming (1965), No Man's Land (1975), Mountain Language (1988), Moonlight (1993), Ashes to Ashes (1996) and Celebration (2000), first performed with The Room at the Almeida Theatre in London. His adaptation of Marcel Proust's novel Remembrance of Things Past was performed at the National Theatre in London in 2000. He adapted many of his stage plays for radio and television and he wrote the screenplays to a number of films including The Servant (1963), The Quiller Memorandum (1965), The Go-Between (1970), The Last Tycoon (1974) and The Comfort of Strangers (1989), adapted from Ian McEwan's novel. He directed many productions of his own plays as well as plays by other writers, including James Joyce, Noel Coward, Tennessee Williams, David Mamet and Simon Gray, and acted on stage, film, television and radio. He was awarded a CBE in 1966, the German Shakespeare Prize in 1970, the Austrian State Prize for European Literature in 1973 and the David Cohen British Literature Prize in 1995, and held honorary degrees from the Universities of Reading, Glasgow, East Anglia and Bristol, among others. In 2001 he was awarded the S.T. Dupont Golden PEN Award by the English Centre of International PEN. War (2003), is a collection of eight poems and one speech inspired by the subject of conflict. Harold Pinter was married to the writer Lady Antonia Fraser and lived in London. In 2005, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. He died in December 2008. Critical perspective Harold Pinter achieved the ultimate distinction for a living dramatist. He spawned his own adjective: 'Pinteresque'. It is generally applied to a situation fraught with menace in which common speech camouflages a ferocious battle for territory. But there is much more to Pinter than masked conflict and hidden threat. His pervading theme is memory: the way our existence is haunted by a recollection, however fallible or imaginary, of some vanished world in which everything was secure, certain and fixed. Pinter began his career as a repertory actor and occasional poet published in small magazines. Acting gave him an insight into the practicalities of stagecraft: poetry taught him about the precise placement of words. Both skills were evident in his short first play, The Room (1957): a highly effective piece about a reclusive heroine whose space is invaded by a succession of visitors climaxing in a blind Negro who bears a message calling on her to return home. The basic pattern was repeated, with fascinating variations, in Pinter's first full-length stage-play, The Birthday Party (1960). In this case the truculent hero, Stanley, has hidden away in dingy seaside digs from which he is forcibly removed by two visitors, Goldberg and McCann, who represent an unnamed organisation. In Stanley's recollections of his days as a concert pianist, you hear the characteristic Pinter note: a yearning for some lost Eden as a refuge from the uncertain present. But the play is also clearly a political metaphor for the oppression of the individual by the state; and it's no accident that Pinter had himself earlier risked imprisonment for conscientious objection. Pinter's early fascination with politics was also evident in The Hothouse(1980), a bilious black comedy set in a state-run hospital in which nonconformists are classified as mental patients. Written in 1958, it was never publicly performed till 1980. It was only with The Caretaker (1960) that Pinter finally achieved personal fame and commercial success. What everyone seized on, in this story of a tramp who accepts shelter from a brain-damaged benefactor and then tries to play him off against his smarter brother, was the verisimili


Which 1813 battle was also known as the Battle of the Nations?

Warfare History Network » The Battle of Leipzig, 1813: Napoleon Bonaparte’s ‘Battle of Nations’ The Battle of Leipzig, 1813: Napoleon Bonaparte’s ‘Battle of Nations’ Home Daily Military History The Battle of Leipzig, 1813: Napoleon Bonaparte’s ‘Battle of Nations’ The Battle of Leipzig, 1813: Napoleon Bonaparte’s ‘Battle of Nations’ • April 10, 2015 Defeat in the Battle of Leipzig, 1813—also known as the 'Battle of Nations'—spelled the beginning of the end for Napoleon Bonaparte. by Michael Haskew Following the disastrous retreat of his Grand Armée from Russia in the winter of 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte, still a renowned military commander and the Emperor of France, recruited a new army and prepared to defend France against the coalition forces of Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria. Although he raised an army of 200,000, the force was barely one-third the size of that which he had taken into Russia, and its raw recruits were not of the fighting caliber of his lost veteran soldiers. In contrast, the Coalition army numbered nearly 400,000, and it fielded 1,400 pieces of artillery, twice that of Napoleon’s inexperienced contingent. Gain new insight into the battle that brought the end of Napoleon’s rule in France. Get your copy of Warfare History Network’s FREE Special Report, The Battle of Waterloo In early 1813, Russian and Prussian forces invaded the Germanic state of Saxony, Napoleon’s only remaining ally on the European continent. The defense of Saxony was, in fact, the defense of France itself, and Napoleon moved to counter the Coalition thrust. In May, the French won victories at Lutzen and Bautzen, but Sweden and Austria entered the conflict that summer. Still, Napoleon appeared to have regained his old form, defeating combined enemy forces at Dresden on August 26-27. However, with three additional Coalition armies closing in, he retreated from Dresden to Leipzig and waited for the enemy to arrive, intent on dividing their forces and defeating each in turn. Closer Than Anticipated On October 16, French troops repulsed an ill-advised Prussian attack, launched by the Prince of Schwarzenberg without the support of the Russians. The following day, French cavalry under Marshal Joachim Murat charged the Russians and nearly reached the field headquarters of Czar Alexander I before being driven back by Russian horsemen. Napoleon believed that the Prussians were too far away to mount a strong attack and repositioned some of his forces, leaving a single corps to defend the nearby town of Möckern. However, the Prussians were closer than anticipated; they captured the town and decimated the lone French corps. On October 18, the combined weight of the now consolidated Coalition armies had a telling effect, bludgeoning Napoleon’s line with relentless frontal attacks and continuous artillery barrages and forcing him to retire his flanks in preparation for withdrawal. The following day, as the Coalition forces prepared to attack Leipzig itself, Napoleon ordered Marshal Alexandre MacDonald to fight a rearguard action in defense of the city with 30,000 troops while the rest of the French army withdrew via the bridges across the Elster River. Crossing the Elster At 11 a.m. on October 19, Napoleon crossed the Elster, and two hours later the bridge to the town of Lindenau was blown up, leaving 20,000 French troops marooned on the opposite bank. In a frantic effort to ford the river, many French soldiers were drowned, swept away by the current. Counting the cost, French casualties amounted to 70,000 dead, wounded, and captured. The Coalition lost 54,000 men. Napoleon retreated across the great Rhine River and prepared to defend France against invasion. The Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of Nations, was by far the largest engagement of the Napoleonic Wars. It also marked the first time Napoleon was defeated in a set-piece battle. The following spring, the triumphant forces of seven major European powers, known as the Sixth Coalition, defeated Napoleon, forced his abdication, and marched triumphantly into Paris. Ar


John Crome and John Sell Cotman were leading members of which school of painting, founded in 1803?

Moonlight near Yarmouth | Crome, John | V&A Search the Collections Height: 14.25 in approx., Width: 12.25 in approx. Object history note Given by John Sheepshanks, 1857 as part of his collection of 233 oils and 298 watercolours, etchings and drawings John Sheepshanks (1787-1863), art collector, was the son of the wealthy cloth manufacturer and merchant Joseph Sheepshanks. John succeeded his father in the family firm of York and Sheepshanks in Leeds. After his retirement from business in 1827, John Sheepshanks moved to London. He made several trips to the Continent but lived relatively modestly. Apart from art, Sheepshanks was interested in gardening and was a member of both the Royal Horticultural Society and the Athenaeum Club. Sheepshanks liked to pursue his interest in art by entertaining painters and engravers at informal Wednesday “at homes”. Sheepshanks began his interest in art through collecting books of Dutch and Flemish prints. Before he moved to London he made purchases at the Northern Society in Leeds. In London he actively patronized artists including Landseer, Mulready, Leslie, Callcott and Cooke. His taste was for contemporary early Victorian cabinet pictures of anecdotal, sentimental, and instructive subjects, as well as scenes from literature. His collection was unique for its time being the only large scale one of contemporary British paintings. He gave his collection of 233 oils and 298 watercolours, etchings and drawings to the South Kensington museum in 1857 (see departmental file on Sheepshanks). The deed of gift stipulated that “a well-lighted and otherwise suitable” gallery should be built to house his collection near the buildings of the Science and Art department on the South Kensington Site. This followed Sheepshanks’ wish to create a ‘gallery of British art’. The Sheepshanks Gallery was opened in 1857. Extract from Parkinson, Ronald, Catalogue of British Oil Paintings 1820-1860. Victoria & Albert Museum, HMSO, London, 1990. p.xviii. John Sheepshanks (1784-1863) was the son of a wealthy cloth manufacturer. He entered the family business, but his early enthusiasms were for gardening and the collecting of Dutch and Flemish prints. He retired from business at the age of 40, by which time he had begun collecting predominantly in the field of modern British art. He told Richard Redgrave RA, then a curator in the South Kensington Museum (later the V&A) of his intention to give his collection to the nation. The gallery built to house the collection was the first permanent structure on the V&A site, and all concerned saw the Sheepshanks Gift as forming the nucleus of a National Gallery of British Art. Sheepshanks commissioned works from contemporary artists, bought from the annual RA summer exhibitions, but also bought paintings by artists working before Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837. The Sheepshanks Gift is the bedrock of the V&A's collection of British oil paintings, and served to encourage many other collectors to make donations and bequests. Historical significance: When Moonlight near Yarmouth entered the V&A collections as part of the Sheepshanks gift in 1857, it was attributed to the Norwich School artist John Crome (1768-1821). The son of a journeyman and weaver, John Crome worked as a painter, printmaker and teacher. Crome was a founding member of the Norwich Society of Artists in 1803. He was one of the most significant artists of the Norwich school, which flourished in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. His work combines observations of local scenes with the artist’s interest in Dutch seventeenth-century art, which he had been exposed to through the collection of Thomas Harvey. Harvey's collection included works by Dutch seventeenth century masters such as Jacob van Ruisdael (1628-1682), Meindert Hobbema (1638-1707) and Aelbert Cuyp (1620-1691), as well as eighteenth century British artists Richard Wilson (1713-1782) and Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788). In 1911 it was suggested that the work was not by John Crome but that it had in fact been “turned out” b


Which 1982 film is based on the 1968 sci-fi novel by Philip K Dick “Do androids dream of electric sheep’?

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep, a book by Philip K Dick | Book review Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep by Philip K Dick a review by Ant , in the genre(s) Science Fiction , Dystopian . Book published by Orion in 1968 Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep, the classic novel that became the film Blade Runner. Written by legendary award winning author Philip K Dick. The aftermath of the World War Terminus sees a devastated Earth with severe radioactive fallout and most of nature destroyed. Many of the survivors have fled to other colonies in the Solar System and those that have stayed have found a very different world they now have to survive in. Most animal life has been wiped out and the "dust" has a deliberating effect on the surviving animals and humans, warping their genes, destroying their intelligence and reducing many of them to "chickenheads". The greatest status symbol in this post-apocalyptic world is to own a real life animal and the more exotic, or rare the more prized. The creation of artificial life (androids) has developed to such an extent that having a robotic pet is quite viable, and a more cost effective option for those who can't afford the real thing. Human androids have also become popular on the off world colonies, created on Mars where they are used as a slave race. On an all too frequent basis however these androids go rogue and head to earth to hide away and escape a life of servitude. All human style androids are illegal on earth and there are departments setup on to hunt down these rogue simulants. Rick Deckard is one such bounty hunter, with a depressed wife and an electronic sheep, dreaming of the day he can retire enough "andys" (nickname for androids) to own a real animal again. His job however is becoming more and more difficult as androids become increasingly sophisticated and telling them apart from the real thing is getting tougher and tougher, the only real way to tell being a lack of empathy in these artificial forms. As a result the bounty hunters administer an empathy test on suspected androids, using a machine known as the Voight-Kampff that measures the empathic results of pre-set questions. Most people will probably know of this story through the 1982 Ridley Scott film Blade Runner, which starred Harrison Ford as the world weary Deckard. The film was critically acclaimed and is seen by many as a true classic, winning a total of 9 awards including a BAFTA, a Hugo and a Saturn. The film though is a very different story to the book and for this reason the story that is remembered by many differs vastly from the original Philip K Dicks novel. Philip K Dick is known to have despaired over the changes made in the film and the fact that it became so highly regarded couldn't have helped. Though the film did take quite a bit from the book, there is many differences and as such personally I feel that they should really be considered seperate entities, I love the film and the book but do treat them as 2 different stories. Philip K Dick's vision of a dystopian post-apocalyptic earth is a seminal work of science fiction, created in 1968 it was way ahead of it's time and predicted such technology as the video phone. There are many ideas subtly played throughout the novel, while on the surface we've got the examination of the human condition which asks questions about identity and altruism, we've also got the religious theory of Mercerism - a pseudo-religion that offers many a clearly false hope. This is way before Philip K Dick's life changing visions and as a result the religious aspect is downplayed much more than his later works. Then there's the mood-machines that allow you to just dial up any mood you want (even depression). The Backdrop of a startling but realistically portrayed future earth where just about all plant and animal life have died out as a result of the World War and any remaining real life animals are prized above all else is just priceless and unique. As with the majority of Philip K dicks work there are a lot of rough edges to the writing, much of the time he presumes


What is the title of the 1866 operetta that Sullivan composed without Gilbert to a libretto by F C Burnand?

Gilbert and Sullivan G Gilbert and Sullivan Gilbert and Sullivan refers to the Victorian era partnership of librettist W. S. Gilbert (1836–1911) and composer Arthur Sullivan (1842–1900). The two men collaborated on fourteen comic operas between 1871 and 1896, of which H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado are among the best known. Gilbert, who wrote the words, created fanciful "topsy-turvy" worlds for these operas, where each absurdity is taken to its logical conclusion—fairies rub elbows with British lords, flirting is a capital offence, gondoliers ascend to the monarchy, and pirates turn out to be noblemen who have gone wrong. Sullivan, six years Gilbert's junior, composed the music, contributing memorable melodies that could convey both humour and pathos. Their operas have enjoyed broad and enduring international success and are still performed frequently throughout the English-speaking world. Gilbert and Sullivan introduced innovations in content and form that directly influenced the development of musical theatre through the 20th century. The operas have also influenced political discourse, literature, film and television and have been widely parodied and pastiched by humorists. Producer Richard D'Oyly Carte brought Gilbert and Sullivan together and nurtured their collaboration. He built the Savoy Theatre in 1881 to present their joint works—which came to be known as the Savoy Operas—and he founded the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, which performed and promoted their works for over a century. Beginnings Gilbert before Sullivan Gilbert was born in London on 18 November 1836. His father William was a naval surgeon who later wrote novels and short stories, some of which included illustrations by his son. In 1861, the younger Gilbert began to write illustrated stories, poems and articles of his own to supplement his income. Many of these would later be mined as a source of ideas for his plays and operas, particularly his series of illustrated poems called the Bab Ballads. In the Bab Ballads and his early plays, Gilbert developed a unique "topsy-turvy" style, where the humour was derived by setting up a ridiculous premise and working out its logical consequences, however absurd. Director and playwright Mike Leigh described the "Gilbertian" style as follows: With great fluidity and freedom, [Gilbert] continually challenges our natural expectations. First, within the framework of the story, he makes bizarre things happen, and turns the world on its head. Thus the Learned Judge marries the Plaintiff, the soldiers metamorphose into aesthetes, and so on, and nearly every opera is resolved by a deft moving of the goalposts... His genius is to fuse opposites with an imperceptible sleight of hand, to blend the surreal with the real, and the caricature with the natural. In other words, to tell a perfectly outrageous story in a completely deadpan way. Gilbert developed his innovative theories on the art of stage direction, following theatrical reformer Tom Robertson. At the time Gilbert began writing, theatre in Britain was in disrepute. Gilbert helped to reform and elevate the respectability of the theatre, especially beginning with his six short family-friendly comic operas, or "entertainments," for Thomas German Reed. At a rehearsal for one of these entertainments, Ages Ago (1869), the composer Frederic Clay introduced Gilbert to his friend, the young composer Arthur Sullivan. Two years later, Gilbert and Sullivan would write their first work together. Those two intervening years continued to shape Gilbert's theatrical style. He continued to write humorous verse, stories and plays, including the comic operas Our Island Home (1870) and A Sensation Novel (1871), and the blank verse comedies The Princess (1870), The Palace of Truth (1870), and Pygmalion and Galatea. Sullivan before Gilbert Sullivan was born in London on 13 May 1842. His father was a military bandmaster, and by the time Arthur had reached the age of 8, he was proficient with all the instruments in the band. In school he began to compose a


In which city was opera singer Maria Callas born in 1923?

Maria Callas - Biography - IMDb Maria Callas Jump to: Overview  (5) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (1) | Trivia  (23) | Personal Quotes  (3) Overview (5) Maria Anna Sophie Cecilia Kalogeropoulos Nickname 5' 8" (1.73 m) Mini Bio (1) This volatile opera diva was born in New York City to Greek émigrés in 1923. Her father set up a pharmacy and changed the family name from Kalogeropoulos to Callas. As a child Maria studied the piano. When her parents separated (she was 14 at the time), her mother returned to Athens with Maria and her sister. The budding singer was quickly accepted into the National Conservatoire where she was taught singing lessons by Maria Trivella. She performed her first recital within the year and in 1939 won a prize for her stage debut in the Conservatoire's production of "Cavalleria Rusticana." In 1941, the soprano dramatico d'agilita made her professional debut in "Boccaccio" with the Lyric Theatre Company. While there she made a semi-name for herself with performances of "Tosca" and "Fidelio." Impending war led her back to the United States in 1944 where she reclaimed the name of Maria Callas. She was offered a contract from the Met which she turned down because among the three roles she was offered to sing there was Butterfly and she believed that she was too obese to sing the fragile 14 year-old Butterfly, her friends considered her to be crazy turning down the Met while she was so unknown. Maria performed elsewhere (Chicago, etc.) before returning to Europe in the post-war years where she met Giovanni Battista Meneghini, a wealthy industrialist and avid opera fan. They married in 1949 and he immediately took control of her career. She reached her zenith at La Scala (1951-1958), also recording during that time. In 1956, she finally made her debut at the Met as "Norma" with performances of "Tosca" and "Lucia" following. Within a couple of years her temperamental outbursts and excessive demands began to rise full force, resulting in a number of dismissals and walkouts. After meeting Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis through her husband, a torrid affair erupted and her marriage ended. Maria gave up the stage in the early 1960s for the jet-set life with Onassis, but continued with occasional concerts. Despite experiencing vocal problems, she made one unforgettable comeback on stage in 1964-1965 when she toured with her personal favorites ("Norma" in Paris and "Tosca" at the Met). Weak and tired, her final curtain on stage rang down in July of 1965 in Covent Garden. With her career over, she renounced her American citizenship and expected to marry Onassis. But their relationship was a stormy one and it eventually tapered off with Onassis instead marrying Jacqueline Kennedy in 1968. Maria was completely devastated and those around her say she never recovered. The following year she filmed an unsuccessful production of Medea (1969) and eventually set up master classes at Juilliard. In one last comeback, she attempted a European tour of recitals but her voice completely failed her. Her last public performance was on November 11, 1975. Riddled by sadness and despair, and by now firmly addicted to sleeping pills, Maria turned reclusive in her last year and died of a heart attack in 1977 at age 53. Despite a career that flourished less than two decades, Callas must be respected as one of the more important and recognizable opera legends. She was certainly one of the most emotive and visually dramatic. What also carries her today is, of course, her grandly turbulent and tragic image -- an Édith Piaf of opera. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Gary Brumburgh / gr-home@pacbell.net Spouse (1) Legendary soprano of Greek origin, 'primadonna assoluta' of her generation. Opera star According to "Greek Fire: The Story Of Maria Callas and Aristotle Onassis" by Nicholas Gage, Callas's and Onassis's child, a boy, was born and died on 30 March 1960. From October 1971 to March 1972, Callas gave a series of master classes to 25 students at The Juilliard School in New York, who auditioned for the opportunity to be critiqued by her.


Which French writer refused the 1964 Nobel Prize for Literature?

Nobel Prize in Literature 1964 - Press Release Announcement Address by Anders Österling, Member of the Swedish  Academy This year the Nobel Prize in Literature has  been granted by the Swedish Academy to the French writer  Jean-Paul Sartre for his work which, rich in ideas and filled  with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a  far-reaching influence on our age. It will be recalled that the laureate has made it known that he  did not wish to accept the prize. The fact that he has declined  this distinction does not in the least modify the validity of the  award. Under the circumstances, however, the Academy can only  state that the presentation of the prize cannot take place.   Refusal In a public announcement, printed in Le  Figaro of October 23, 1964, Mr. Sartre expressed his regret  that his refusal of the prize had given rise to scandal, and  wished it to be known that, unaware of the irrevocability of the  Swedish Academy's decisions, he had sought by letter to prevent  their choice falling upon him. In this letter, he specified that  his refusal was not meant to slight the Swedish Academy but was  rather based on personal and objective reasons of his own. As to personal reasons, Mr. Sartre pointed out that due to his  conception of the writer's task he had always declined official  honours and thus his present act was not unprecedented. He had  similarly refused membership in the Legion of Honour and had not  desired to enter the Collège de France, and he would refuse  the Lenin Prize if it were offered to him. He stated that a  writer's accepting such an honour would be to associate his  personal commitments with the awarding institution, and that,  above all, a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an  institution. Among his objective reasons, Mr. Sartre listed his belief that  interchange between East and West must take place between men and  between cultures without the intervention of institutions.  Furthermore, since the conferment of past prizes did not, in his  opinion, represent equally writers of all ideologies and nations,  he felt that his acceptance might be undesirably and unjustly  interpreted. Mr. Sartre closed his remarks with a message of affection for the  Swedish public. At the banquet, S. Friberg, Rector of the Caroline  Institute , made the following remarks: "Mr. Sartre found  himself unable to accept this year's Prize in Literature. There  is always discussion about this prize, which every one considers  himself capable of judging, or which he does not understand and  consequently criticizes. But I believe that Nobel would have had  a great understanding of this year's choice. The betterment of  the world is the dream of every generation, and this applies  particularly to the true poet and scientist. This was Nobel's  dream. This is one measure of the scientist's significance. And  this is the source and strength of Sartre's inspiration. As an  author and philosopher, Sartre has been a central figure in  postwar literary and intellectual discussion - admired, debated,  criticized. His explosive production, in its entirety, has the  impress of a message; it has been sustained by a profoundly  serious endeavour to improve the reader, the world at large. The  philosophy, which his writings have served, has been hailed by  youth as a liberation. Sartre's existentialism may be understood  in the sense that the degree of happiness which an individual can  hope to attain is governed by his willingness to take his stand  in accordance with his ethos and to accept the consequences  thereof; this is a more austere interpretation of a philosophy  admirably expressed by Nobel's contemporary, Ralph Waldo Emerson:  'Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own  mind.'" The quality of human life depends not only on external conditions  but also on individual happiness. In our age of standardization  and complex social systems, awareness of the meaning of life for  the individual has perhaps not been los


Who succeeded Alex Salmond as leader of the Scottish National Party and First Minister of Scotland in 2014?

Alex Salmond resigns as first minister after Scotland rejects independence | Politics | The Guardian Alex Salmond Alex Salmond resigns as first minister after Scotland rejects independence Leader of the Scottish National party will stand down in November, as the vote foreshadowed months of constitutional turmoil Friday 19 September 2014 17.48 EDT First published on Friday 19 September 2014 17.48 EDT Close This article is 2 years old Alex Salmond declared he will stand down as Scotland's first minister and the leader of the Scottish National party after failing to secure a majority for independence, as the country's vote to remain in the United Kingdom foreshadowed months of constitutional turmoil. After 55% of Scottish voters rejected independence, a higher margin than suggested by the final opinion polls of the campaign, Salmond, who has dominated Scottish politics for the past decade, said he would quit in November. Looking drained after a grueling night, Salmond said it was time to move on. "The last seven years as first minister of Scotland has been the privilege of my life but I think that's a reasonable spell of service, and I think that we have to understand and recognise when it is time to give someone else a chance to move that forward," Salmond said in his resignation statement delivered at the first minister's residence at Bute House, in Edinburgh. The challenge laid down by the result – achieved only after a lastminute series of concessions by the UK political parties – shifted to London. A months-long constitutional battle now seems certain. The Queen i ssued a rare public statement, urging unity after a divisive campaign. After the final tally of votes, the no campaign won 55.3%, compared to 44.7% for yes. Despite the defeat, that figure was a high water mark for the independence movement and the Scottish National party. Pro-union supporters celebrate as Scottish independence referendum results are announced at a 'Better Together' event in Glasgow, Scotland Photograph: Andy Buchanan/AFP/Getty Images David Cameron declared a "clear result" and promised a "devolution revolution" across Britain . "There can be no disputes, no reruns – we have heard the settled will of the Scottish people," the prime minister said. The yes campaign scored four big successes, winning 53% of the vote in Scotland's largest city, Glasgow, 54% in West Dunbartonshire, 57% in Dundee and 51% in North Lanarkshire. However, the no camp was victorious in 28 local authority areas. It won overwhelmingly in regions where it was expected to do well, including Edinburgh, Aberdeenshire and Borders, but also in areas that could have gone to the yes campaign, including Falkirk, Inverclyde, Eilean Siar and Clackmannanshire. In the final count, the no camp clocked up 2,001,926 votes to 1,617,989 for yes. Cameron acted to head off a revolt by rank-and-file Conservative MPs, worried that he had given too many concessions to Scotland in the last days of the campaign. Speaking in Downing Street shortly after 7am, the prime minister announced that the price for further devolution of powers to Scotland must be an agreement that only English MPs should be allowed to vote on legislation that affects England alone. David Cameron: 'We have heard the voice of Scotland and now the millions of voices of England must be heard.' Photograph: Facundo Arrizabalaga/EPA But the Cameron plan angered Scottish nationalists, who had not been told that further powers for the Scottish parliament might be intertwined with constitutional progress over English affairs. Cameron said: "I have long believed a crucial part missing from this national discussion is England. We have heard the voice of Scotland and now the millions of voices of England must also be heard. "The question of English votes for English laws, the so-called West Lothian question, requires a decisive answer, so just as Scotland will vote separately on their issues of tax, spending and welfare, so too England as well as Wales and Northern Ireland should be able to vote on these issues. "All this must take plac


Which civil engineer (1819-1891) was responsible for the creation of a sewer network for central London after Parliament passed an Enabling Act in 1858?

Joseph Bazalgette : definition of Joseph Bazalgette and synonyms of Joseph Bazalgette (English) 9 External links   Beginnings Joseph William Bazalgette was born at Hill Lodge, Clay Hill, Enfield , London , England , the son of Joseph William Bazalgette (1783–1849), a retired captain of the Royal Navy and Theresa Philo, née Pilton (1796–1850) and was grandson of a French Protestant immigrant. He began his career working on railway projects, articled to noted engineer Sir John MacNeill and gaining sufficient experience (some in Ireland ) in land drainage and reclamation works for him to set up his own London consulting practice in 1842. By the time he married, in 1845, Bazalgette was deeply involved in the expansion of the railway network, working so hard that he suffered a nervous breakdown two years later. While he was recovering, London's short-lived Metropolitan Commission of Sewers ordered that all cesspits should be closed and that house drains should connect to sewers and empty into the Thames. As a result, a cholera epidemic (1848–49) then killed 14,137 Londoners. Bazalgette was appointed assistant surveyor to the Commission in 1849, taking over as Engineer in 1852, after his predecessor died of "harassing fatigues and anxieties." Soon after, another cholera epidemic struck, in 1853, killing 10,738. Medical opinion at the time held that cholera was caused by foul air: a so-called miasma . Physician John Snow had earlier advanced a different explanation, which is now known to be correct: cholera was spread by contaminated water. His view was not generally accepted. Championed by fellow engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel , Bazalgette was appointed chief engineer of the Commission's successor, the Metropolitan Board of Works , in 1856 (a post which he retained until the MBW was abolished and replaced by the London County Council in 1889). In 1858, the year of the Great Stink , Parliament passed an enabling act, in spite of the colossal expense of the project, and Bazalgette's proposals to revolutionise London's sewerage system began to be implemented. The expectation was that enclosed sewers would eliminate the stink ('miasma'), and that this would then reduce the incidence of cholera.   Sewer works This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. Specific concerns may be found on the talk page . See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (February 2011)   The old Abbey Mills Pumping Station   Interior of the Octagon at Crossness Pumping Station showing its elaborate decorative ironwork. At the time, the Thames was little more than an open sewer, devoid of any fish or other wildlife, and an obvious health hazard to Londoners. Bazalgette's solution (similar to a proposal made by painter John Martin 25 years earlier) was to construct 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of underground brick main sewers to intercept sewage outflows, and 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of street sewers , to intercept the raw sewage which up until then flowed freely through the streets and thoroughfares of London. The outflows were diverted downstream where they were dumped, untreated, into the Thames. Extensive sewage treatment facilities were built only decades later. The scheme involved major pumping stations at Deptford (1864) and at Crossness (1865) on the Erith marshes, both on the south side of the Thames, and at Abbey Mills (in the River Lea valley, 1868) and on the Chelsea Embankment (close to Grosvenor Bridge ; 1875), north of the river. The system was opened by Edward, Prince of Wales in 1865, although the whole project was not actually completed for another ten years. Bazalgette's foresight may be seen in the diameter of the sewers. When planning the network he took the densest population, gave every person the most generous allowance of sewage production and came up with a diameter of pipe needed. He then said 'Well, we're only going to do this once and there's always the unforeseen' and doubled the diameter to be used. His foresight allowed for the unforeseen increase in population density w


Which musician’s touring schedule has been popularly named The Never Ending Tour’-it started in June 1988?

Jethro Tull · 2017 Tour Dates and Concert Tickets | Thrillcall Track Artist for New Show Alerts Jethro Tull were a British rock group. Having more than 20 official members over the years, their music is characterised by the vocals, acoustic guitar, and flute playing of Ian Anderson, who led the band since its founding, and the guitar work of Marti... Jethro Tull were a British rock group. Having more than 20 official members over the years, their music is characterised by the vocals, acoustic guitar, and flute playing of Ian Anderson, who led the band since its founding, and the guitar work of Martin Barre, who had been with the band since 1969, after he replaced original guitarist Mick Abrahams. Formed in Luton, Bedfordshire, in December 1967, initially playing experimental blues rock, they later incorporated elements of classical music, folk music, jazz, hard rock and art rock into their music. They achieved success early in 1969 with their Top 1 album in UK Stand Up, touring on both sides of the Atlantic and appearing in most of the festivals of 1969–70. But it was with the world-acclaimed album Aqualung (1971) that Jethro Tull established themselves in rock history. Together with Thick as a Brick (1972), the band conquered the annals of Progressive Rock history, making an album that summarises the notion of concept album in the 70's. Maybe the two works that more define the group sounding and the front-man idiosyncrasies would be the Minstrel in the Gallery (1975) and the Songs from the Wood (1977) albums, both with good selling, acceptance between the fans and classics there are played in concerts of all Jethro Tull carrier. Two decades after their founding, the band earned the Grammy for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance, Vocal or Instrumental for their Crest of a Knave (1987) album – which increased and sustained their fame through the years. In this wave of success, Jethro Tull have sold more than 60 million albums worldwide. They have been described by Rolling Stone as "one of the most commercially successful and eccentric progressive rock bands". The last works released as a group were in 2003, though the band continued to tour until 2011. In April 2014, Anderson stated that "Jethro Tull" as a band was no more, wanting to leave the legacy of the name as he continued his solo career. History Origins (1962–68) Ian Anderson started his first band, the Blades, in Blackpool, England in 1962. The group featured Anderson on vocals and harmonica, Jeffrey Hammond on bass, John Evans on drums, and a guitarist named either Hipgrave or Michael Stephans. Drummer Barrie Barlow became a member in 1963 after Evans had switched from drums to piano. By 1964 the band had developed into a seven-piece Blue-eyed soul band called the John Evan Band (later the John Evan Smash). By this point Evans had shortened his surname to "Evan" at the insistence of Hammond, who thought it sounded better and more unusual. In 1967, the band moved to the London area, basing themselves in nearby Luton, where Ian and Cornick lived in the "worst little apartments you ever saw and we were so poor that we would share one can of stew or soup between us each evening", said Glenn, who still aided: "the song 'We Used To Know' from 'Stand Up' as it tells that story". Apart from Luton, they also travelled to Liverpool. However, money remained short and within days of the move most of the band quit and headed back north, leaving Anderson and bassist Glenn Cornick to join forces with blues guitarist Mick Abrahams and his friend, drummer Clive Bunker, both from the Luton-based band McGregor's Engine. At first, the new band had trouble getting repeat bookings and they took to changing their name frequently to continue playing the London club circuit. Band names were often supplied by their booking agents' staff, one of whom, a history enthusiast, eventually christened them "Jethro Tull" after the 18th-century agriculturist. The name stuck because they happened to be using it the first time a club manager liked their show enough to invite them to return. Though Ande