Who wrote the medieval poem 'Piers Plowman'?

About Piers Plowman About Piers Plowman And I shal apparaille me quod Perkyn · in pilgrymes wise And wende wiþ yow I wile · til we fynde truþe (6.59-60). Image: Trinity College, Cambridge, MS R3.14 fol. 1v By permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge about Piers Plowman The Vision of Piers Plowman is a Middle English alliterative poem from the late fourteenth century, attributed to a man named William Langland from the South West Midlands area of England. Three distinct versions exist from the lifetime of the author: the shortest and earliest A Text, the much longer B Text, and the final, probably incomplete revision called the C Text. Multiple manuscripts of each of these versions survive, and each manuscript is unique, making the textual tradition of Piers Plowman one of the most complex and interesting in medieval English literature. The poem is written in alliterative long lines, not in rhyme as Chaucer’s works are. In this verse form it participates in the native English tradition of alliterative poetry that dates back to Anglo-Saxon times but found a particular upsurge in popularity in the late fourteenth century: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and The Alliterative Morte Arthure are other familiar examples from this later era. The lengthy Piers Plowman defies simple genre categorization. It is a largely allegorical poem that follows a narrator named Will on his quest for salvation (readers of Pilgrim’s Progress will be familiar with this form of allegorical narrative). Langland frames the poem as a series of dream visions in that the narrator’s adventures begin (and largely but not exclusively take place) while he sleeps. It is also a satire of contemporary religious corruption, which encouraged radical reformists and later Protestants to consider the poem a manifesto of their own beliefs. In fact, there is some evidence to suggest that Langland created the C Text because he was troubled by the fact that rebels in the uprising of 1381 used Piers the plowman as their rallying cry. The events of the poem vary somewhat from A to B to C Text, but the version most commonly read in university English courses is the B Text. In this version, a man named Will falls asleep on the bank of a stream and has a vision of a "field full of folk." Seeing all the different ways of making a living, Will begins to wonder how people can best live "in the world" and yet still attain eternal salvation. Guided by figures like Holy Church, Conscience, and Scripture, Will sets out to find Truth, and to discover what exactly it means to "Do-Well," "Do-Better," and "Do-Best." Along the way, Will encounters a plowman named Piers, who becomes for Will a spiritual model: Will even thinks at one point that Jesus and Piers are one and the same. After Will and Piers travel together for some time, Will awakes and, after he falls asleep again, continues his journey without the plowman, though Piers is never far from his mind. In the most sublime poetry of the English Middle Ages, Langland celebrates the salvation won for humankind by Jesus’s death and resurrection, but the poem ends with a disturbing vision of a fallen world which foretells a dark present in which human amor habendi undermines Unity and separates Will and his fellow spiritual pilgrims from Piers and from the ultimate object of their quest. Versions of Piers Plowman continued to be copied, read, and commented upon through the sixteenth-century, when it was read as a reformist Protestant text. By the seventeenth century, however, the poem was falling into obscurity, from which it emerged only at the end of the nineteenth century. It now holds an important place in the English literary canon. ©1994-2014 Society for Early English and Norse Electronic Texts (SEENET), All Rights Reserved Updated:


Which actor appeared in the first and the last episodes of 'Grange Hill'?

Grange Hill actor Terry Sue-Patt dies, aged 50 - Telegraph Celebrity news Grange Hill actor Terry Sue-Patt dies, aged 50 The former child star, who played Benny Green in the popular BBC show, has  been found dead at his London home Terry Sue-Patt in 1995 Photo: Rex Features Follow Terry Sue-Patt, who rose to fame after playing Benny Green in the long-running school-based drama Grange Hill, was found dead at his flat in Walthamstow, east London on Friday afternoon. Mr Sue-Patt, who was 50, starred in the iconic BBC show alongside Lee Macdonald, who played Zammo, and Erkan Mustafa, who starred as Roland. Police confirmed that they are not treating the death as suspicious. Some of the actor's former Grange Hill colleagues paid tribute to him on Twitter. R.I.P Terry Sue-Patt the memories of our times together will never be forgotten! Love you FOREVER Xxxxxxxxxxxx pic.twitter.com/tyNBrf5HTi — Lee MacDonald (@leemacdonald) May 22, 2015 So shocked on hearing my good friend and Grange Hill colleague, Terry Sue Patt has passed away. Such a beautiful soul. R.I.P Terry. Legend x — Robert Craig-Morgan (@rcraigmorgan) May 22, 2015 Others recalled their fond memories of Mr Sue-Pratt, who was the first character ever to be seen on the show in 1978. Benny Green. The first pupil we saw walking through the gates of Grange Hill. RIP Terry Sue Patt. pic.twitter.com/i5jkOv5i6w — Cameron Yarde Jnr (@CameronYardeJnr) May 22, 2015 Sad to hear of the death of Terry Sue-Patt. As Grange Hill's Benny Green, he was part of my generation's childhood. pic.twitter.com/6q0OUIbTsJ — Nicholas Pegg (@NicholasPegg) May 22, 2015 A Scotland Yard spokesperson said: "Police were alerted at 12.42pm today to concerns for a man in Walthamstow. "At 13.44pm, officers forced entry to a flat in Northcote Road and found the body of a man in his 50s inside the flat. He was pronounced dead at the scene. "Next of kin have been informed and at this early stage the death is not believed to be suspicious." Grange Hill stars: Where are they now? Peter "Tucker" Jenkins, (played by Todd Carty 1977-1982) After the success of spin-off show Tucker's Luck, joined EastEnders as Mark Fowler in 1990. He was also a regular on The Bill. Sam "Zammo" McGuire (Lee MacDonald 1982-87) Had a car crash that put paid to his dreams of being a boxer. He then started running a keycutting shop in London. Roland Browning (Erkan Mustafa 1982-1987) Mustafa, 37, was last seen on our screens in the BBC comedy series Chef. Suzanne Ross (Susan Tully 1981-1984) Played Michelle Fowler in more than 500 episodes of EastEnders. Also directed The Secret Diary of a Call Girl on ITV.


Which TV cook is married to presenter Fern Britton?

Fern Britton's fake tan makes husband sleep in the spare room - ITV News 25 September 2012 at 4:22am Fern Britton's fake tan makes husband sleep in the spare room Fern Britton and husband Phil Vickery Credit: Yui Mok/PA Wire/Press Association Images TV presenter Fern Britton has revealed that her decision to use spray tan on Strictly Come Dancing has resulted in her husband sleeping in the spare room. Britton, 55, who is married to chef Phil Vickery, said that the couple had their biggest fallout when she first used fake tan several years ago. Britton, who appeared on the Strictly Christmas special in 2010 and is competing against the likes of Olympic star Victoria Pendleton, Kimberley Walsh and Denise Van Outen on the new series of the show, told the Radio Times that she had now insisted on going bronze despite Vickery hating the smell. "The biggest row my husband Phil and I had was when I first put fake tan on. Being a chef he is very sensitive to smells and he can't stand it," she said. "We didn't speak for four days. I have convinced him it's an essential part of the Strictly experience and he will be sleeping in the spare room on spray-tan days." The former This Morning presenter, who met her second husband Vickery on Ready Steady Cook, said that she had embraced Strictly's glamorous wardrobe, and not just the spray tan. Last updated Tue 25 Sep 2012


Who attempted to assassinate Gerald Ford in 1975?

Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum   Image: A6311-09 Description: Upon arriving at McClellan     Air Force Base after the attempt on his life by Lynette “Squeaky”  Fromme     in Sacramento, California, President Ford waits to board Air Force One     and return to Washington. September     5, 1975 Click here for info and hi-res download Image: A6311-26 Description: Jack and Steve Ford meet     President and Mrs. Ford on the White House lawn following their arrival     after the attempt on the President's     life by Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme.  September     5, 1975 Click here for info and hi-res download Image: A6311-33 Description: Surrounded by Secret Service     agents and the press on the South Portico of the White House, President     and Mrs. Ford, with their son Steve, return home following the attempt     on the President's life by Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme. September     5, 1975 Click here for info and hi-res download Image: A6320-23A Description:Secret Service agents rush     President Ford towards the California State Capitol following the attempt     on the President's life by Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, in Sacramento,     California.  September 5, 1975   Click here for info and hi-res download Image: A6332-04 Description: President Ford and First     Lady Betty Ford and their sons Jack and Steve watch television     news coverage of the attempt on the President's life by Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme     in the White House residence. September 5,     1975 Click     here for info and hi-res download Image: A6521-22A Description: President Ford winces at the sound of the gun fired by Sara Jane Moore during the assassination attempt in San Francisco, California.  September 22, 1975 Click here for info and hi-res download Image: A6525-05 Description: First Lady Betty Ford, unaware of Sara Jane Moore’s assassination attempt, greets President Ford inside Air Force One, for the trip back to Washington.  September 22, 1975. Click here for info and hi-res download Image: AV89-26-13 Description: Photograph taken outside the St. Francis Hotel at about the exact time Sara Jane Moore attempted to assassinate President Gerald R. Ford.  September 22, 1975.  Click     here for info and hi-res download Image: AV89-26-14 Description: Reaction of Secret Service agents, police, and bystanders approximately one second after Sara Jane Moore attempted to assassinate President Gerald R. Ford.  September 22, 1975. Click here for info and hi-res download Image: AV89-26-15 Description: Reaction of Secret Service agents, police, and bystanders approximately three seconds after Sara Jane Moore attempted to assassinate President Gerald R. Ford in San Francisco, California.  September 22, 1975.


Thunder & Lightnings - Avro Vulcan - History History Vulcan To The Sky Survivors Profiles Gallery Walkaround Links, References & Credits The Vulcan was designed in response to a specification issued in 1947; a four engined nuclear bomber was required as the growing menace of the Soviet Union made itself felt. Avro's chief designer, Roy Chadwick immediately began an unusual design based on a delta wing concept and a matter of months later, the design had been submitted and had won the contest (along with Handley Page's HP.80 design - later to become the Victor ). The design was changed before the familiar Vulcan layout was settled on; fins on the wingtips became a single conventional fin, and the nose was extended along with the addition of a distinct fuselage section as opposed to the near-flying-wing idea originally envisaged. Tragically, Chadwick was killed in an air accident later in the year, but Stuart Davies, his assistant, survived the crash and continued development on the Avro Type 698 design, taking over as head of Avro's design team. Avro 707C WZ744; via Bill Bielauskas To help gain data for the radical new design, several 'mini-Vulcans' were built; these were the Avro Type 707s. At one point the RAF wanted a twin-seat 707 for use as a Vulcan trainer, but eventually this requirement was dropped and only one such 707, the 707C, was built. Finally, in 1952, the first prototype of what would become the Vulcan (Type 698 VX770), was ready to fly. This was recognisably a Vulcan, but the wings were of a pure delta form with none of the now-familiar kinked leading edges, and there were several other detail differences in the aircraft's overall shape. Aircraft development in the 1950s was very different to modern-day development - whereas nowadays it seems most time and effort is put into complex computer simulations and making sure the flight control software is working before risking a first flight, in the days of the Vulcan's development, rather more primitive methods were used. Type 698 VX770 at the 1952 Farnborough SBAC show; Flight For instance, before the advent of appropriate recording systems, cockpit instruments were filmed with cine cameras and the films were then read by a team of film-readers and transcribed to tabular form. These tables were then plotted on graph paper by any handy apprentices! During a series of tests of emergency braking systems which involved large rubber brake pads carried between the main bogie wheels and extended to contact the runway, the company photographer, Paul Culerne, was actually strapped to the front undercarriage leg to photograph the operation of the pads (no videos in those days!). This was while the aircraft was moving at landing speed - not when stationary! Vulcan production in full swing, 1957; via Garry Lakin Piloted by Wing Commander Roly Falk, VX770 first flew on 30th August 1952 and, watched only by Avro employees and a small band of press, he showed just why he had fought for a fighter- style joystick instead of the traditional yoke. The first flight did not go entirely to plan - two objects were seen to detach from the aircraft and float to the ground. These turned out to be the triangular undercarriage doors attached to the rear of the main gear legs, and the aircraft flew without them for a short time afterwards. In 1953 the Type 698 was officially named the Vulcan, and surely there can not have been a more fitting appellation given to any aircraft? Several spectacular Farnborough appearances followed, including a full roll at the 1955 show (try that in a B-52!). Falk had actually rolled the Vulcan on returning to Avro's Woodford base after a previous Farnborough appearance - that time he did it so low and so noisily that he smashed all the skylight windows in the assembly building! Vulcan B.1s of 617 squadron at RNZAF Ohakea, New Zealand in June 1960; Bob Mitchell The prototype had first flown with Avon engines, as the Rolls-Royce BE.10s (later named Olympus) being developed were not yet ready; it was soon fitted with Armstrong-Siddeley Sapphires instead but


Who wrote the music for the films 'Dancing with Wolves' and 'Out of Africa'?

My Choice - John Barry: Out of Africa (Theme Song) - YouTube My Choice - John Barry: Out of Africa (Theme Song) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Jan 31, 2011 John Barry passed away yesterday, January 30, 2011 - He left behind a wealth of beautiful themes for various films. This is one of them and we use it as a tribute to this great composer. May he rest in peace. The music for the 1986 film Out of Africa was composed and conducted by veteran composer John Barry. The score included a number of outside pieces such as Mozart's Clarinet Concerto and African traditional songs. The soundtrack garnered Barry an Oscar for Best Original Score sits in fifteenth place in the American Film Institute's list of top 25 American film scores. John Barry Prendergast, OBE (3 November 1933 -- 30 January 2011) was an Oscar winning English film score composer. He was best known for composing 11 James Bond soundtracks and was hugely influential on the 007 series' distinctive style. In a career spanning almost 50 years, Barry received a number of awards for his work, including five Academy Awards; two for Born Free, and one each for The Lion in Winter (also won a BAFTA), Out of Africa and Dances with Wolves (which also won a Grammy Award). Music is copyrighted by its corresponding owners. No infringement of copyright is meant and if it does infringe, please message me and I'll remove it. -----------------------------------------------------------


CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Blessed Virgin Mary Home > Catholic Encyclopedia > V > The Blessed Virgin Mary The Blessed Virgin Mary Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download . Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more  all for only $19.99... The Blessed Virgin Mary is the mother of Jesus Christ , the mother of God . In general, the theology and history of Mary the Mother of God follow the chronological order of their respective sources, i.e. the Old Testament , the New Testament , the early Christian and Jewish witnesses. Mary prophesied in the Old Testament The Old Testament refers to Our Blessed Lady both in its prophecies and its types or figures . Genesis 3:15 The first prophecy referring to Mary is found in the very opening chapters of the Book of Genesis (3:15) : "I will put enmities between thee and the woman , and thy seed and her seed; she shall crush thy head, and thou shalt lie in wait for her heel." This rendering appears to differ in two respects from the original Hebrew text : (1) First, the Hebrew text employs the same verb for the two renderings "she shall crush" and "thou shalt lie in wait"; the Septuagint renders the verb both times by terein, to lie in wait; Aquila, Symmachus , the Syriac and the Samaritan translators, interpret the Hebrew verb by expressions which mean to crush, to bruise; the Itala renders the terein employed in the Septuagint by the Latin "servare", to guard; St. Jerome [1] maintains that the Hebrew verb has the meaning of "crushing" or "bruising" rather than of "lying in wait", "guarding". Still in his own work, which became the Latin Vulgate , the saint employs the verb "to crush" (conterere) in the first place, and "to lie in wait" (insidiari) in the second. Hence the punishment inflicted on the serpent and the serpent's retaliation are expressed by the same verb: but the wound of the serpent is mortal, since it affects his head, while the wound inflicted by the serpent is not mortal, being inflicted on the heel. (2) The second point of difference between the Hebrew text and our version concerns the agent who is to inflict the mortal wound on the serpent: our version agrees with the present Vulgate text in reading "she" (ipsa) which refers to the woman , while the Hebrew text reads hu' (autos, ipse) which refers to the seed of the woman . According to our version, and the Vulgate reading, the woman herself will win the victory; according to the Hebrew text , she will be victorious through her seed. In this sense does the Bull "Ineffabilis" ascribe the victory to Our Blessed Lady. The reading "she" (ipsa) is neither an intentional corruption of the original text, nor is it an accidental error ; it is rather an explanatory version expressing explicitly the fact of Our Lady's part in the victory over the serpent , which is contained implicitly in the Hebrew original. The strength of the Christian tradition as to Mary's share in this victory may be inferred from the retention of "she" in St. Jerome's version in spite of his acquaintance with the original text and with the reading "he" (ipse) in the old Latin version. As it is quite commonly admitted that the Divine judgment is directed not so much against the serpent as against the originator of sin , the seed of the serpent denotes the followers of the serpent , the "brood of vipers", the "generation of vipers", those whose father is the Devil , the children of evil , imitando, non nascendo ( Augustine ). [2] One may be tempted to understand the seed of the woman in a similar collective sense, embracing all who are born of God . But seed not only may denote a particular person , but has such a meaning usually, if the context allows it. St. Paul ( Galatians 3:16 ) gives this explanation of the word "seed" as it occurs in the patriarchal promises: "To Abraham were the promises made and to his seed. He saith not, and to his seeds, as of many; but as of one, and to his seed, which is Christ ". Finally the expression "the woman " in the clause "I will put enmi


Which famous London club was founded by Italian Francesco Bianco?

Joining the club | ICAEW Economia Joining the club economia works better with JavaScript enabled. Your current browser is not capable of using this site without JavaScript. Please use an updated browser or enable JavaScript to continue. Life 3 Jan 2013 11:22am Joining the club Once the preserve of the aristocracy, and only the male ones at that, London’s members clubs are now open to most. From leather bound to business chic, Penelope Rance finds one that’s right for you White’s Founded 1693 Address 37 St James’s Street, St James’s Profile The oldest of London’s members clubs, this very British institution was in fact founded by an Italian immigrant, Francesco Bianco (Francis White), as a hot chocolate emporium. He flogged the exclusive beverage under the name Mrs White’s Chocolate Shop, but managed to transition from teashop to exclusive club despite the disapproval of the (understandably) paranoid monarch Charles II, who saw them as nests of dissent. Moving to St James’s Street in 1778, it was at the heart of clubland, renowned for its gaming tables and betting book (which records Lord Alvanley’s famous wager on a raindrop race) and as the unofficial headquarters of the Tory party. Former members include Beau Brummell, Edward VII, Oswald Mosley and David Cameron – who famously resigned over the club’s refusal to admit women, despite having been a member for over 15 years. Entry £1,275, subs: £1,275 Membership requirements Being a man, ideally a Tory, and knowing people in high places at the club. Special because The history of the place. It might be stuffy and elitist, but it has always been that way.   Founded 1836 Address 104-105, Pall Mall, St James’s Profile The palatial, Charles Barry-designed clubhouse is as impressive today as it was in 1841. Although no longer associated with any party, the club was once entirely politically motivated, being made up of the supporters of the Great Reform Act of 1832 – among them Whig peers and radical MPs, effectively making this the headquarters of the Liberal Party. Since the 1920s, however, it has been a social affair, and stated membership requirements are “character, talent and achievement”. JM Barrie and Winston Churchill were members, as was HG Wells. It was also the first members club to accept women on equal terms. You can stay in its “chambers” overnight, but don’t think of working – business papers are not permitted in the public rooms. Play billiards instead. Entry £1,842, subs: £1,416 Membership requirements Must be proposed by two existing members. Special because It is where the wager was conceived and laid for travelling around the world in 80 days. reformclub.com Founded 1887 Address 2 Audley Square, Mayfair Profile Founded as an antidote to the misogyny of the gentlemen’s clubs of the day, the University Women’s Club has survived through more incarnations and addresses than most, and still provides accommodation and a welcoming environment to graduate, professional and business women in London. Owned and managed by the members, it eschews the stuffy vibe of many clubs. The committee makes an effort to create reciprocal relationships with clubs all over the world. One of its boons is the discounts it offers for local spas and beauty salons. Entry £150, subs: £576 Membership requirements Being a woman. Proposal and seconding by current members, although exceptions are made. Special because It’s survived in the face of equality and political correctness. Or perhaps because of them. universitywomensclub.com Founded 1863 Address 40 Dover Street, Mayfair Profile Founded to “facilitate social intercourse” between those interested in art, literature or science, the Arts Club aimed high, and was rewarded with a membership that has included Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, Franz Liszt and Auguste Rodin. It’s a place for socialising and relaxing, rather than working, and networking in a louche, artistic way, and there’s a suitably large number of dining and drinking options. The afternoon tea is really rather special. As one might expect, there’s an impressive art collec


Architect Frank Matcham (1854-1920) specialized in designing which kind of building?

Frank Matcham | Walking London one postcode at a time Walking London one postcode at a time My Aim – a walk in each postcode Search 1 N16 is Stoke Newington or Stokey as some locals call it. It also covers Stamford Hill and Shacklewell, the latter of which has sort of disappeared as a distinct place. But we will focus on Stoke Newington which the writer Iain Sinclair described as follows: “the perfect location in which to stay lost: limboland. London’s interzone. Large shabby properties that ask no questions. Internal exile with a phoney rent book” (from “Lights out for the Territory” (1997) as quoted in the third edition of the London Encyclopedia). We start out walk at Stamford Hill Post Office which is at 82 Stamford Hill. Turn left out of the Post Office and walk along Stamford Hill. Stop 1: Stoke Newington Station Although there has been a station here since 1872, the current street level station building dates from the mid 1970s. This does not look too bad but things go down hill rapidly if you venture down onto the platforms. The staircases have been stripped of their covers and the platforms are also rather forlorn. Not very inviting, even though London Overground have cleaned it up and resigned it since they took over the service. Continue walking along the main road (which is now Stoke Newington High Street). At the next main junction turn left down Northwold Road. Our next stop is a short distance on the left. Stop 2: West Hackney Almshouses The original almshouses were built by a man called Thomas Cooke in 1740, although they were later rebuilt in 1888 and this is what we see today. But what is unusual about these almshouses is the mid 20th century funding stream that was created and which is remembered in this sign. Continue along Northwold Road, over the railway almost to the end of the green area (which is Stoke Newington Common). Our next stop is near the end of the last triangle of green, over to your right. Stop 3: Number 25 Stoke Newington Common The reason we are stopping here is that Marc Bolan, of the band T. Rex and later solo artist, lived at 25 Stoke Newington Common, on the south side, from birth until the age of 15, although he was called Mark Feld then. We saw the spot where he died in a car crash in SW13, but his formative years were spent here. Now return along Northwold Road to Stoke Newington High Street. Our next stop starts immediately across the road at the junction. Stop 4: Abney Park Cemetery Here we are at one of the gates of Abney Park cemetery, one of the so-called Magnificent Seven (we have already seen three: Brompton, Kensal Green and Highgate so far), but this one is slightly different. It opened in 1840 and was originally the grounds of a house. According to the Abney park website http://www.abneypark.org/  , the site was formed from the estates of Fleetwood House and Abney House, the latter of which had been the home of renowned non-conformist and hymn writer Isaac Watts. This association quickly made Abney the foremost burial ground for Dissenters – those practising their religion outside the established church. It was founded on these principles, with a non-denominational chapel at its core, and was open to all, regardless of religious conviction. Uniquely in London, Abney was also originally laid out as an arboretum, with 2,500 varieties of plants. We enter via this unusual entrance way with this Egyptian motif. Go through this gate and head in on the right hand path. It is soon obvious this is not like many of the other big cemeteries. This is more like a wood into which graves have been strewn. Keep going along this path and soon you will reach this sad site – the main chapel, obviously no longer in use. The Chapel is an early example of a non denominational chapel dating from around 1840. Apparently in keeping with its non denominational ethos, this chapel consists inside of four equal arms coming out from the central crossing. The arm nearest the entrance is elongated to allow for a carriage porch. Not surprisingly this building is on the Historic England’s “Heritage A


In science, what is the name given to a substance with characteristic reactions used as a chemical test?

BBC Bitesize - KS3 Chemistry - Types of reaction - Test Chemical reactions and tests Types of reaction Atoms are rearranged during chemical reactions, and are not lost or gained. Chemical reactions can be represented using equations. Catalysts speed up reactions without being used up. When methane burns in oxygen, carbon dioxide and water are made. Which is a reactant? Oxygen Water 2 Copper oxide and carbon dioxide are made when copper carbonate is heated strongly. Which is a product? Heat What name is given to the force that holds atoms together in a compound? Chemical bond What is another name for combustion? Reduction Combustion reactions always release energy. What word can be used to describe them? Endothermic Which of these is found in the fire triangle and is therefore essential for combustion? Oxygen A compound that contains carbon and hydrogen A compound made from carbon and hydrogen only A compound that has been obtained from crude oil 8 What is produced when a hydrocarbon fuel burns in a very good supply of oxygen? Carbon monoxide and water


What name was given to the proletariat of the French Revolution?

1789: France’s bourgeois revolution | The Socialist Party of Great Britain 1789: France’s bourgeois revolution France Up until 1789 France was an Absolutist state ruled by a king who claimed that his total power to rule had been granted him by god. All the top posts in the army, the government, the civil service, the church and the judiciary were reserved for the members of a hereditary nobility. The population was in fact divided into three "orders" or "estates": the clergy, the nobility and the rest – over 95 per cent of course – known simply as the Third Estate. Relics of Feudalism The vast majority of the population – some 22 or 23 million out of a total population of 25 million – were peasants who worked and lived on the land. Very few were serfs actually tied to the land or a master. It has in fact been estimated that between 30 and 40 per cent of the land in pre-1789 France belonged to peasants. But all peasants, whether landowners, tenants or share-croppers, had to pay feudal dues in money and in kind to the lord of the manor as well as tithes, payable in kind, to the church. They were obliged to use the lord’s mill, bread oven and wine press rather than have their own and to allow him to hunt freely on their land. And they were tried and judged in a court presided over by him or his appointee for minor offences and all disputes with him or among themselves concerning land matters. These were all survivals from feudalism, though it would be inaccurate to describe French society on the eve of the revolution as feudalism. Capitalism had long been developing there and in fact many of the lordships of the manor had been bought by rich non-nobles from the towns as an investment for the income this procured them. Nor was the nobility any longer really feudal. By this time they had become transformed into an exclusive group which, by virtue of their noble status, enjoyed various tax exemptions and a privileged access to the top posts in the state, a fact that was particularly resented by rich people of non-noble origin – the bourgeoisie – who were to provide the leadership of the French Revolution. This – the upper echelons of the Third Estate, or non-noble rich people – is the easiest definition that can be given of the bourgeoisie. Some were merchants, others manufacturers, still others professional people, in particular lawyers of various sorts. Below them, in the towns, were the sort of people who in Paris were known as the sansculottes, literally ""those without breeches", or people who wore trousers rather than the knee-breeches and stockings then worn by the rich and those who aped them. These were the small shopkeepers and providers of various services, the master artisans and their journeymen who one day hoped to become masters themselves. Those who were condemned to a life-time of dependence on selling their labour power for a wage to a manufacturing employer were relatively few and were concentrated in certain industries and towns. One estimate puts their number at as low as 600,000. Obstacles to Capitalist Development Pre-1789 France is best described as a country in which capitalism had been developing within a framework of political and social institutions inherited from feudalism, which had become an obstacle to its further development. The question that then arose was: how were these obstacles to be removed? By reform from above or by revolution from below? Some of the king’s advisers and administrators were aware of what was required. The conscious economic aims of the revolution (see inset) had in fact been worked out by a group of French Rationalist Philosophers who called themselves économistes or physiocrates. They held that there were natural laws governing the production and distribution of wealth just as there were other laws of nature and that governments should let these economic laws operate spontaneously. Hence their slogan laissez-faire which strongly influenced the similar idea put forward by Adam Smith in his Wealth of Nations that appeared in 1776. A number of royal officials, including m


Who died on January 5th 1922 whilst on his fourth Antarctic expedition?

BBC - History - Ernest Shackleton z Ernest Shackleton    © Shackleton was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer, best known for leading the 'Endurance' expedition of 1914-16. Ernest Henry Shackleton was born on 15 February 1874 in County Kildare, Ireland. His father was a doctor. The family moved to London where Shackleton was educated. Rejecting his father's wish that he become a doctor, he joined the merchant navy when he was 16 and qualified as a master mariner in 1898. He travelled widely but was keen to explore the poles. In 1901, Shackleton was chosen to go on the Antarctic expedition led by British naval officer Robert Falcon Scott on the ship 'Discovery'. With Scott and one other, Shackleton trekked towards the South Pole in extremely difficult conditions, getting closer to the Pole than anyone had come before. Shackleton became seriously ill and had to return home but had gained valuable experience. Back in Britain, Shackleton spent some time as a journalist and was then elected secretary of the Scottish Royal Geographical Society. In 1906, he unsuccessfully stood for parliament in Dundee. In 1908, he returned to the Antarctic as the leader of his own expedition, on the ship 'Nimrod'. During the expedition, his team climbed Mount Erebus, made many important scientific discoveries and set a record by coming even closer to the South Pole than before. He was knighted on his return to Britain. In 1911, Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen reached the South Pole, followed by Scott who died on the return journey. In 1914, Shackleton made his third trip to the Antarctic with the ship 'Endurance', planning to cross Antarctica via the South Pole. Early in 1915, 'Endurance' became trapped in the ice, and ten months later sank. Shackleton's crew had already abandoned the ship to live on the floating ice. In April 1916, they set off in three small boats, eventually reaching Elephant Island. Taking five crew members, Shackleton went to find help. In a small boat, the six men spent 16 days crossing 1,300 km of ocean to reach South Georgia and then trekked across the island to a whaling station. The remaining men from the 'Endurance' were rescued in August 1916. Not one member of the expedition died. 'South', Shackleton's account of the 'Endurance' expedition, was published in 1919. Shackleton's fourth expedition aimed to circumnavigate the Antarctic continent but on 5 January 1922, Shackleton died of a heart attack off South Georgia. He was buried on the island.


Of what institution was Sir John Houblon the first governor in 1694?

£50 notes withdrawn from circulation as part of fraud crackdown | Meridian - ITV News 29 April 2014 at 3:14pm £50 notes withdrawn from circulation as part of fraud crackdown The £50 banknote carrying the portrait of Sir John Houblon will be withdrawn from circulation tomorrow. Photo: ITV Meridian The £50 banknote carrying the portrait of first governor of the Bank of England Sir John Houblon will be withdrawn from circulation tomorrow. Around 53 million of the notes with a total value of £2.6 billion are still in circulation, despite the Bank of England's announcement in January that they are to be withdrawn. From the end of tomorrow, at midnight, only the £50 note which celebrates the 18th century business partnership of entrepreneur Matthew Boulton and engineer James Watt, who helped forge the Industrial Revolution, will hold legal tender status. The Bank has previously advised people that if they have any Houblon £50 notes, it is best to spend, deposit or exchange them before Wednesday's cut-off point. From next month, retailers are unlikely to accept the Houblon notes as payment, but most banks and building societies will still allow customers to deposit them into their accounts. Agreeing to exchange the notes after April 30 will be at the discretion of individual institutions. Sir John Houblon was appointed as the Bank's first governor in 1694 and the £50 banknote celebrating him was first issued in 1994, to coincide with the Bank's 300th anniversary. The design on the back of the note includes an image of Sir John's house in Threadneedle Street on the site of the Bank's present building. The withdrawal of the Houblon note is part of the Bank's regular review of notes to make them more secure and crack down on fraud. The Bank of England has issued banknotes since it was founded in 1694 and today all Bank of England notes are produced by De La Rue Currency. The company's headquarters are in Basingstoke in Hampshire. Last updated Tue 29 Apr 2014


Since 1066, who was the oldest English monarch to ascend the throne?

Which British monarchs ascended to the throne despite being low in the line of succession? - Quora Quora British Monarchy Which British monarchs ascended to the throne despite being low in the line of succession? Has there ever been a monarch who was once as far as 10th in line (or lower) but eventually became King or Queen due to some circumstances? What is the likelihood of the 5th or 43rd person in the line of succession actually being crowned as the King or Queen? Written Mar 1, 2013 We need a wiki at this point, concerning both Joe Geronimo Martinez and Quora User: Concerning William I (AKA the Bastard), Edward the Confessor, Harold Godwinson: Edward the Confessor died without heir, and truth be told, no one had a really good claim to the throne.  It's also really hard to tell act from fiction.  the Godwins had some claim, by nature of their definite relationship to Edward and the others in the House of Wessex.  Edward, however, liked the Normans, as they fit his genteel nature (read prissy), and a cross-channel monarchy would have made it a formidable European power.  Whoever was going to be king was going to have to be the last man standing, and that last man happened to be William. Richard III almost certainly did not murder the Princes of the Tower (AKA Edward V and the Duke of York) to become king, but it is possible he murdered them later on.  We'll never know for sure, though. The War of the Roses were a big mess otherwise: did the Lancastrians have a better claim, did the Yorks?  Who can tell.  An argument can be made that Henry VII had almost no claim whatsoever, as his House of Tudor was related through an illegitimate line that borders on bastardy. William III was the husband of Princess Mary at the time, who became Queen in her own right, and Parliament recognized his right to the throne by conquest, in a tag-team situation until Mary's death.  William was, upon the Birth of James Frances Edward Stuart, as close as I can tell, fourth in the line of Succession, and was married to Mary, who was was second only to James Stuart, her own half-brother.  William actually considered himself a stronger choice for the English throne as he was the son of two actual Royals (Stadhouder Willem II, Prince of Orange, and Mary, sister of Charles II and James II.  Mary was the daughter of James II, true, but her mother was the former Lady Anne Hyde, daughter of the Edward Hyde, later Earl of Clarendon, a title far below in status to James, and was born a commoner.  James only married Anne Hyde because he got her pregnant.  Charles had been pressuring his brother to marry, and although Hyde was far, far below James's station the last thing the Stuarts  needed was yet another scandal, when Charles II's reign was barely established. Some believe that William married Mary, whom he undoubtedly viewed as below him, in spite of her status as the King's daughter and Heiress Presumptive, to strengthen his own claim. The last monarch to take the throne who was not obviously the heir by right of natural succession was George I, then the Elector of Hanover.  The Act of Settlement of 1701 specifically forbade any Catholic or anyone married to a Catholic to ascend to the throne, and among the line that was chosen, Sophia (Electress of Hanover and George I's mother) was actually the youngest of nine children of Elizabeth, daughter of Charles I.  So not only did George I jump of James Francis Edward (and his sister), the son of the deposed James II, but over several uncles, aunts, and cousins (which may have reached into the dozens). Yes, but not recently, and by usurpation rather than by natural means.   Stephen, the third king after William I, was lower than 10th in the line of succession.  Henry I had one daughter, Matilda (1).  Matilda had two sons (2 and 3).  Henry I's sister was Adela of Normandy (4).  Adela had three sons.  First was William of Blois (5), who had two children (6 and 7).  Second was Theobald of Champagne (8), who had two sons (9 and 10).  Third was Stephen of Blois, who usurped the throne, leading to the Anarcy.  I


Which group had a hit in the 1960's with 'Keep on running'?

The Spencer Davis Group - Keep on Running - YouTube The Spencer Davis Group - Keep on Running Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Nov 10, 2007 Young Steve Winwood


Which number when squared equals half of it cube?

Triangular numbers. Square numbers. The sum of consecutive cubes Problem 1.   Write the first ten triangular numbers. To see the answer, pass your mouse over the colored area. To cover the answer again, click "Refresh" ("Reload"). Do the problem yourself first! 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55. The difference between consecutive triangles increases by 1. A formula for the triangular numbers We will now show that a triangular number -- the sum of consecutive numbers -- is given by this algebraic formula : ½n(n + 1), where n is the last number in the sum. (For example, n = 4 in the last sum above.) To see that, look at this oblong number, in which the base is one more than the height: An oblong number is the product of a number with its successor, which is the one after.  Algebraically, it has the form n(n + 1). In this one, the height n is 4; that is, this oblong number is 4 × 5 = 20. But an oblong is composed of two equal triangles: Therefore each triangle is half of the oblong.  Each one is The sum of consecutive numbers is equal to half the product of the last number in the sum with its successor. Example.   Find the sum of the first 50 numbers -- that is, find the 50th triangular number. Solution.  In the formula , we will put n = 50.  Then n + 1 = 51. Therefore the sum is ½(50 × 51) = ½(2550) = 1275. Problem 2.   What is the 200th triangular number? ½(200 × 201) = ½(40,200) = 20,100. Square numbers Just as a triangular number is a number that can appear as a triangle, so a square number can take the form of a square. 25 is a square number. If we call 1 the first square number, then by adding what gnomons was 25 produced? To 1 we added 3 to produce 4. To 4 we added 5 to produce 9. To 9 we added 7 to produce 16. To 16 we added 9 to produce 25. The gnomons of the squares are the odd numbers. Every square number is a sum of consecutive odd numbers.   36. The sum of consecutive cubes When the same number is repeated as a factor three times -- as 2 × 2 × 2 -- we call the product the 3rd power of that base ; that product is commonly called a cube. (This is analogous to the volume of the solid figure called a cube.) Here is number 4: Upon repeatedly adding it four times -- -- we have the 2nd power, or the square, of 4. Upon repeatedly adding that power four times -- -- we have the 3rd power, or the cube, of 4. It will be convenient for the moment to express the cube of a number with the exponent 3. 13


Britain's first motor bus service started in 1897, in which town or city?

Motor bus | definition of Motor bus by Medical dictionary Motor bus | definition of Motor bus by Medical dictionary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Motor+bus Abbreviation for Bartholin glands, urethra, Skene glands. bus a set of parallel wires in a computer to which the central processing unit and all input-output units are connected. Each separate wire carries the electric current representing 1 bit. Buses interconnect the parts of the computer that communicate with each other, such as a video card or modem. bus The hardware that controls the flow of commands between the main processor and other components—memory, peripherals, etc. BUS buspirone busulfan, see there Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Busquet disease References in periodicals archive ? The three industries are the railroad, truck, and motor bus industries, and the occupations include railroad engineers, conductors, and brakemen/switchmen; truck drivers; and motor bus drivers. Take a ride to the past at festival Alson on this day: 1899: The first petrol-driven motor bus began operating in London; 1940: Birth of Beatle John Lennon; 1947: The first call between a car telephone and a phone in a plane was made above Wilmington, Delaware, in the United States; 1967: Legendary Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara captured and shot in the village of La Higuera near Vallegrande in Bolivia; 1988: Death of England & Newcastle United footballer Jackie Milburn, uncle of the Charlton brothers; 1995: Death of former Prime Minister Lord Home of the Hirsel. ON THIS DAY Also on this day:1513: The Pacific Ocean discovered by Vasco Nunez de Balboa; 1680 Death of poet Samuel Butler; 1818: First blood transfusion took place at Guy's Hospital, London; 1888: The Royal Court Theatre in Sloane Square, London, opened; 1897: Britain's first motor bus service started in Bradford; 1970: Death of German author Erich Maria Remarque; 1972: Norway voted against joining the Common market in a referendum; 1996: Eighty-four Palestinians killed in Ramallah, following unrest across the West Bank. AMWAY ASIA PACIFIC ANNOUNCES SECOND QUARTER DIVIDEND; JOHN CHAN ELECTED TO BOARD OF DIRECTORS WHEN I joined City of Cardiff transport (Cardiff Bus) in the late 1950s there were terminal points all around city centre, St John Square, service 22, Mill Lane service 39/39A and Bute Street by single deck trolleybus, St Mary Street various trolley bus routes, Kingsway and Greyfriars Road all other motor bus routes and Windsor Lane No 5 trolley bus. All change, and not for better; VIEWPOINTS Anniversaries: 1779: The first Luddite riots began in Manchester against the introduction of machinery for spinning cotton; 1899: The first petrol-driven motor bus began operating in London; 1940: Birth of Beatle John Lennon; 1947: The first call between a car telephone and a phone in a plane was made above Wilmington, Delaware, in the United States; 1967: Legendary Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara captured and shot in the village of La Higuera near Vallegrande in Bolivia; 1995: Death of former Prime Minister Lord Home of the Hirsel.


Ernest Shepard was the original illustrator of which children's stories?

Pooh Corner Pooh Corner Warning: Parameter 3 to showItem() expected to be a reference, value given in /home/poohcorn/public_html/includes/Cache/Lite/Function.php on line 100 Information on the Audio Recordings of Peter Dennis The Complete Works of Winnie-the-Pooh The Enchanted Places USA:  1 818 HUM POOH (818 486 7664 ) International: +1 818 486 7664 Contents of this site Copyright ï¿½ 1999 - 2017 Pooh Corner.  All rights reserved worldwide. This website is officially sanctioned by the Trustees of the Pooh Properties Trust, the owners of the copyright in the four books therein described. Reproduction and/or retransmission of all or any part of Winnie-the-Pooh, The House at Pooh Corner, When We Were Very Young and Now We Are Six is prohibited under international copyright law. Users desiring to reproduce or retransmit all or any part of the foregoing titles must first secure the appropriate copyright and other authorization in writing from Curtis Brown Ltd., 28-29 Haymarket, London SW1Y 4S8. Illustrations by Ernest H. Shepard. Illustrations are copyright protected and used by permission of the Executor of E.H. Shepard and the E.H. Shepard


In the 2008 film 'W, directed by Oliver Stone, who played George W. Bush?

W. (2008) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A chronicle of the life and presidency of George W. Bush . Director: a list of 38 titles created 22 Aug 2011 a list of 22 titles created 20 Nov 2011 a list of 25 titles created 01 Oct 2012 a list of 25 titles created 02 Jan 2015 a list of 36 titles created 7 months ago Search for " W. " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 1 win & 7 nominations. See more awards  » Videos A biographical story of former U.S. president Richard Milhous Nixon, from his days as a young boy to his eventual presidency which ended in shame. Director: Oliver Stone Now out of prison but still disgraced by his peers, Gordon Gekko works his future son-in-law, an idealistic stock broker, when he sees an opportunity to take down a Wall Street enemy and rebuild his empire. Director: Oliver Stone A New Orleans DA discovers there's more to the Kennedy assassination than the official story. Director: Oliver Stone Two Port Authority police officers become trapped under the rubble of the World Trade Center. Director: Oliver Stone A young and impatient stockbroker is willing to do anything to get to the top, including trading on illegal inside information taken through a ruthless and greedy corporate raider who takes the youth under his wing. Director: Oliver Stone The biography of Ron Kovic. Paralyzed in the Vietnam war, he becomes an anti-war and pro-human rights political activist after feeling betrayed by the country he fought for. Director: Oliver Stone An American photojournalist gets caught in a political struggle at El Salvador in 1980. Director: Oliver Stone The final movie in Oliver Stone's Vietnam trilogy follows the true story of a Vietnamese village girl who survives a life of suffering and hardship during and after the Vietnam war. As a ... See full summary  » Director: Oliver Stone     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.2/10 X   The story of the famous and influential 1960s rock band The Doors and its lead singer and composer, Jim Morrison , from his days as a UCLA film student in Los Angeles, to his untimely death in Paris, France at age 27 in 1971. Director: Oliver Stone A rude, contemptuous talk show host becomes overwhelmed by the hatred that surrounds his program just before it goes national. Director: Oliver Stone Edit Storyline Oliver Stone's biographical take on the life of George W. Bush, one of the most controversial presidents in USA history, chronicling from his wild and carefree days in college, to his military service, to his governorship of Texas and role in the oil business, his 2000 candidacy for president, his first turbulent four years, and his 2004 re-election campaign. Written by Anonymous Biography  | Drama  | History Motion Picture Rating           ( MPAA ) Rated PG-13 for language including sexual references, some alcohol abuse, smoking and brief disturbing war images | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 17 October 2008 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: $10,505,668        (USA) (17 October 2008) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia Admiral Deb Loewer , who was on President Bush's detail the morning of 9/11, was the film's technical advisor. See more » Goofs Cheney says "Atta met Saddam's intel chief in Czechoslovakia." Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993, ten years earlier. See more » Quotes White House Reporter, John : Mr President. After 9/11 what would you say your biggest mistakes would be and what lessons have you learned from them? George W. Bush : Um... uh... Now, I wish you would have given me this written question beforehand, John, so I... So I could prepare for it. Well... You know, I... I just, uh... uh... John, I'm sure historians will say, "Gosh," you know. "I wish he could have done better." You know, this way or tha


Which is the only fabric in the world, the manufacture of which is governed by an Act of Parliament - specified in a 1993 Act?

FAQ | Cocoon Luxury Wear What is Harris Tweed and why is it so special? Answer Renowned for its quality, warmth and durability, Harris Tweed is the only fabric in the world governed by an act of parliament. The tweed is today still made in the time-honoured way specified in the 1993 Act of Parliament; ‘With 100% pure virgin wool, dyed, spun and finished in the outer Hebrides and woven by hand by the islanders at their own homes on the islands of Lewis, Harris, Uist and Barra.’ This unique Act is policed by The Harris Tweed Authority who monitors all production on the Islands on a daily basis. Every 50 metres of length of fabric is checked by their representatives before being stamped by hand with the ORB which is found in every genuine Harris Tweed garment. No other fabric can call itself Harris Tweed. What size will my cape be? Answer -Our Petite capes are 66.4 cm in length (from the neck down) and have less overall volume. These are perfect for women with a smaller frame. -Our Regular capes are 74 cm in length (from the neck down). -Our Tall capes are 83 cm in length (from the neck down). These vary only in length, not in overall size. Size is same as Regular. Answer We are looking into producing plus sizes. Unfortunately, at the moment we don’t have them available. I am having trouble picking a colour. Can you help? Answer Of course! We will be more than happy to help. Please contact us through Email: support@cocoonluxe.com or Facebook , and share the following with us: Your colour of hair What colours you typically usually wear Would you rather stand out or or blend in? Can the ladies cape collar be worn up and down? Answer Yes the collar is multi functional, you can button it up to be like a funnel neck or wear it down in a more relaxed form. Will I be able to use my hands while wearing my Ladies Cape? Answer Yes indeed you will. Our Ladies cape feature arm slits so you can use your hands if needed or if you are cold and don’t need to use your hands you can hide them away. Ladies Collared Capes are £220 Ladies Hooded Capes are £249 Kids Capes are £99 How can I pay for my cape? Answer You can pay through paypal or using a credit card. We also accept payments over the phone and by email. Phone 44 7474 837 494 or email info@cocoonluxe.com . When do you expect my cape to be delivered? Answer Unless an "out of stock" announcement has been made or if any unforeseen circumstances arise, UK orders are delivered within 2-3 working days. International orders are sent with Royal Mail Signed and are typically delivered within 3 working days (NOTE: International shipments may be subject to customs clearance procedures, which can cause unexpected delays). Answer Return & Exchange Policy All of the products on this site are top quality and authentic, and we are confident that you will be happy with your purchase. We also hand check all orders before they are dispatched to ensure they are to the highest standard. However, if you are unhappy with your items, we will happily replace them or refund your purchase, assuming they are returned within 14 days of receipt of your order, unworn, complete with all original items including tags, presentation box and button box, and in original and resalable condition (dirty/overly creased returns will not be accepted). Returns that do not meet our policy will not be accepted. We reserve the right to issue a partial refund, or refuse return and send item back to customer. For more information, please read through our policies below or contact us if you have any questions. We do everything in our power to make sure you are completely satisfied with your purchase and receive authentic, high quality pieces. Returns: Please note: Items purchased at Cocoon Luxury Wear must be returned or exchanged via our website and online Customer Service representatives, who will provide you with the return shipping address. Customer Service can be reached via info@cocoonluxe.com . • If your item arrives damaged, does not fit you or is not as described, contact us within 5 business days (M-F) of receiving the item


In 1944, in which New Hampshire town was an agreement drawn up to establish the IMF and World Bank?

The IMF and the World Bank: How Do They Differ? The IMF and the World Bank How Do They Differ? David D. Driscoll [ Purposes ]    [ Size and Structure ]    [ Source of Funding ]    [ Recipients of Funding ]    [ World Bank Operations ]    [ IMF Operations ]    [ Cooperation Between Bank and IMF ]    [ IMF and World Bank at a Glance ]      If you have difficulty distinguishing the World Bank from the International Monetary Fund, you are not alone. Most people have only the vaguest idea of what these institutions do, and very few people indeed could, if pressed on the point, say why and how they differ. Even John Maynard Keynes, a founding father of the two institutions and considered by many the most brilliant economist of the twentieth century, admitted at the inaugural meeting of the International Monetary Fund that he was confused by the names: he thought the Fund should be called a bank, and the Bank should be called a fund. Confusion has reigned ever since. Known collectively as the Bretton Woods Institutions after the remote village in New Hampshire, U.S.A., where they were founded by the delegates of 44 nations in July 1944, the Bank and the IMF are twin intergovernmental pillars supporting the structure of the world's economic and financial order. That there are two pillars rather than one is no accident. The international community was consciously trying to establish a division of labor in setting up the two agencies. Those who deal professionally with the IMF and Bank find them categorically distinct. To the rest of the world, the niceties of the division of labor are even more mysterious than are the activities of the two institutions. Similarities between them do little to resolve the confusion. Superficially the Bank and IMF exhibit many common characteristics. Both are in a sense owned and directed by the governments of member nations. The People's Republic of China, by far the most populous state on earth, is a member, as is the world's largest industrial power (the United States). In fact, virtually every country on earth is a member of both institutions. Both institutions concern themselves with economic issues and concentrate their efforts on broadening and strengthening the economies of their member nations. Staff members of both the Bank and IMF often appear at international conferences, speaking the same recondite language of the economics and development professions, or are reported in the media to be negotiating involved and somewhat mystifying programs of economic adjustment with ministers of finance or other government officials. The two institutions hold joint annual meetings, which the news media cover extensively. Both have headquarters in Washington, D.C., where popular confusion over what they do and how they differ is about as pronounced as everywhere else. For many years both occupied the same building and even now, though located on opposite sides of a street very near the White House, they share a common library and other facilities, regularly exchange economic data, sometimes present joint seminars, daily hold informal meetings, and occasionally send out joint missions to member countries. Despite these and other similarities, however, the Bank and the IMF remain distinct. The fundamental difference is this: the Bank is primarily a development institution; the IMF is a cooperative institution that seeks to maintain an orderly system of payments and receipts between nations. Each has a different purpose, a distinct structure, receives its funding from different sources, assists different categories of members, and strives to achieve distinct goals through methods peculiar to itself. Purposes At Bretton Woods the international community assigned to the World Bank the aims implied in its formal name, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), giving it primary responsibility for financing economic development. The Bank's first loans were extended during the late 1940s to finance the reconstruction of the war-ravaged economies of Western Europe. When these nations recov


Aravind Adiga won the Man Booker prize for 2008 - what was the title of the book?

Aravind Adiga wins Booker prize with The White Tiger | Books | The Guardian Close This article is 8 years old After an "emotionally draining" and closely fought final judging session, Aravind Adiga, one of the two debut novelists on the Man Booker shortlist, was last night awarded the £50,000 prize for The White Tiger , a bracingly modern novel about the dark side of the new India. Adiga, 33, is a surprise winner: at long odds he batted aside the claims of veteran writers on the shortlist such as Sebastian Barry and Amitav Ghosh. He is only the fourth first time novelist to win the prize, after Keri Hulme in 1985, Arundhati Roy in 1997 and DBC Pierre in 2003 - and he is the second youngest after Ben Okri, who won in 1991 aged 32. Michael Portillo, the chair of the judges, talked of a final panel meeting characterised by "passionate debate". Adiga's book won by a "sufficient", but by no means unanimous, margin. "It was pretty close," said Portillo, and in the last stages it was down to a battle between The White Tiger and one other book. The White Tiger takes a sharp and unblinking look at the reality of India's economic miracle. Its antihero and narrator, Balram Halwai, is a cocksure, uneducated young man, the son of an impoverished rickshaw driver. By lying, betraying and using his sharp intelligence, Balram makes his ascent into the heady heights of Bangalore's big business. The writing of the novel, said Adiga, had come out of his career as a journalist, and his encounters - as a relatively privileged middle-class man - with members of India's underclass. "Class is a boring topic to write about. Big divides are not what people are interested in. But it's the most pressing concern - because other things spring out of it, like terrorism and instability," he said. "The book has done very well in India - and there is a need for books like this. "Something extraordinary is happening between the rich and the poor. Once, there was at least a common culture between rich and poor, but that has been eroded, and people have noted that." Asked what he would do with the money, he said: "The first thing is to find a bank I can put it in." Portillo said that Adiga "undertakes an extraordinary task - he gains and holds the attention of the reader for a hero who is a thoroughgoing villain". He also praised the work's attention to "important social issues: the division between rich and poor, and issues on a global scale. And it is extremely readable." The main criterion for the prize, he said, was: "Does this book knock my socks off? And this did." The feeling among the judges, Portillo said, was that "here was a book on the cutting edge, dealing with a different aspect of India, unfamiliar perhaps to many readers. What set it apart was its originality. The feeling was that this was new territory." Portillo likened the novel to Macbeth. "It is about ambition realised through murder," he said, "but with a delicious twist. Whereas Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are driven mad by their crime, the hero of this book is only driven mad by the fact that he hesitated and might not have committed his crime." The novel takes the form of seven letters addressed by Balram to the Chinese premier on the eve of a state visit, and its tone is almost Dickensian, as the unpleasant reality of contemporary Indian society is revealed via mordant sketches of characters, from millionaires in their air-conditioned tower blocks to the unfortunates who are trapped in poverty and who live literally below them, catering to their every whim. Kevin Rushby, reviewing the book for the Guardian, called it "a witty parable of India's changing society". Adiga was born in Chennai in 1974 and was raised partly in Australia. Having studied at Columbia and Oxford universities, he became a journalist, and has written for Time magazine and many British newspapers. He lives in Mumbai. The other authors on the shortlist were Philip Hensher for The Northern Clemency, Steve Toltz for A Fraction of the Whole, and Linda Grant for The Clothes on Their Backs. The other judges were Alex Cla


Which organisation has the motto 'Mantiens le droit', which is included in its coat of arms?

Royal Canadian Mounted Police | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Royal Canadian Mounted Police "Mountie" redirects here. For other uses, see Mountie (disambiguation) . "RCMP" redirects here. For the TV series, see R.C.M.P. (TV series) . Royal Canadian Mounted Police Heraldic badge of the RCMP Motto "Defending the Law" [1] [2] Agency overview North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) (May 23, 1873) Employees Approximately 2,400 Auxiliary Constables [4] Legal personality B Division: Newfoundland and Labrador C Division: Quebec L Division: Prince Edward Island M Division: Yukon Canadian Newsmaker of the Year (2007) Website www.rcmp-grc.ca <span id="ibleafn" />Footnotes While a federal agency, the RCMP also provides direct policing to dependant territories. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) (French: Gendarmerie royale du Canada (GRC), literally ‘Royal Gendarmerie of Canada'; colloquially known as The Mounties, and internally as ‘The Force') is both a federal and a national police force of Canada, and one of the most recognized of its kind in the world. It is unique in the world as a national, federal, provincial, and municipal policing body. The RCMP provides policing services to all of Canada at a federal level, and also on a contract basis to the three territories, eight of Canada's provinces (the RCMP does not provide provincial or municipal policing in either Ontario or Quebec), more than 190 municipalities, 184 aboriginal communities, and three international airports. [7] Contents Edit The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) was formed in 1920 by the merger of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police (RNWMP, founded 1873) with the Dominion Police (founded 1868). The former was originally named the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP), and was given the Royal prefix by King Edward VII in 1904. Much of the present-day organization's symbolism has been inherited from its days as the NWMP and RNWMP, including the distinctive Red Serge uniform, paramilitary heritage, and mythos as a frontier force. The RCMP/GRC wording is specifically protected under the Trade-marks Act . [8] RCMP in everyday uniform As the national police force of Canada, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is primarily responsible for enforcing federal laws throughout Canada while general law and order including the enforcement of the Criminal Code and applicable provincial legislation is constitutionally the responsibility of the provinces and territories . Largest cities commonly form their own municipal police departments. The two most populous provinces, Ontario and Quebec, maintain provincial forces: the Ontario Provincial Police and Sûreté du Québec . The other eight provinces contract policing responsibilities to the RCMP. The RCMP provides front-line policing in those provinces under the direction of the provincial governments. When Newfoundland joined the confederation in 1949, the RCMP entered the province and absorbed the then Newfoundland Ranger Force . The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary has reclaimed some responsibilities. In the territories, the RCMP is the sole territorial police force . Many municipalities throughout Canada contract to the RCMP. Thus, the RCMP polices at the federal, provincial, and municipal level. The RCMP is responsible for an unusually large breadth of duties. Under their federal mandate, the RCMP police throughout Canada, including Ontario and Quebec (albeit under smaller scales there). Federal operations include: enforcing federal laws including commercial crime, counterfeiting, drug trafficking, border integrity, organized crime, and other related matters; providing counter-terrorism and domestic security; providing protection services for the Monarch, Governor General, Prime Minister, their families and residences, and other ministers of the Crown , visiting dignitaries, and diplomatic missions; and participating in various international policing efforts. Under provincial and municipal contracts the RCMP provides front-line policing in all areas outside of Ontario and Quebec that do not have an established local police


Who, on 17m October 2008, became the first batsman to score 12,000 runs in Test cricket?

Master Blaster first interview - YouTube Master Blaster first interview Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Oct 12, 2010 Tendulkar is the first player to score fifty centuries in all international cricket combined, he now has 94 centuries in international cricket. On 17 October 2008, when he surpassed Brian Lara's record for the most runs scored in Test Cricket, he also became the first batsman to score 12,000 runs in that form of the game, having also been the third batsman and first Indian to pass 11,000 runs in Test cricket. He was also the first player to score 10,000 runs in one-day internationals, and also the first player to cross every subsequent 1000-run mark that has been crossed in ODI cricket history and 200 runs in a one-day international match. In the fourth Test of the Border-Gavaskar Trophy against Australia, Tendulkar surpassed Australia's Allan Border to become the player to cross the 50-run mark the most number of times in Test cricket history, and also the second ever player to score 10 Test centuries against Australia, after only Sir Jack Hobbs of England more than 70 years previously. Tendulkar passed 30,000 runs in international cricket on 20 November 2009, and has been honoured with the Padma Vibhushan award, India's second highest civilian award, and the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award, India's highest sporting honor. Tendulkar became the first sportsperson and the first personality without an aviation background to be awarded the honorary rank of Group Captain by the Indian Air Force. He won the 2010 Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy for cricketer of the year at the ICC awards. source www.wikipedia.org


Who shared the 1901 Nobel Peace Prize (the first) with Frederic Passy, for his work which inspired the creation of the Red Cross and the Geneva Convention?

Jean Henri Dunant, Nobel Peace Prize, 1901 (1828 - 1910) - Genealogy Jean Henri Dunant, Nobel Peace Prize, 1901 Birthdate: in Heiden, Vorderland, Appenzell Outer Rhodes, Switzerland Place of Burial: May 8 1828 - Genève, 1200, Genève, Région Lémanique, SUISSE Death: Oct 30 1910 - Heiden, 9410, Appenzell Rhodes-Extérieures, Suisse Orientale, SUISSE Parents: Jean Jaques Dunant, Anne Antoinette Dunant (née Colladon) Brother: Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, 1836-1922 Text: ... Cross Society, died last night at Helden, a health resort. Henri Dunant was of Swiss birth ... and there, occasioned by the passing of n... Publication: Compilation of Published Sources Text: ... M. Henri Dunant, of Geneva, founder ... -China. William Henry Brewer, professor emeritus of agriculture in the Sheffield Scientific Scho... Date: Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, 1836-1922 Text: "...of Red Cross Bead. Geneva, Switzerland, Oct. 31. Henri Dunant, founder of the International Red Cross society, died last night at Hei... Publication: Oct 30 1910 - Heiden, Aargau, Suiza Parents: Jean Jacques Dunant, Anne Antoinette Dunant (born Colladon) Brother: May 8 1828 - Geneva, Switzerland Death: Australian Newspapers Text: ... £322 7s. . . . ¡ :,: I fl'ho death ls announced ol :;M; .-'Henri Dunant,, the founder of tho ... confined to tho motno . politan aroa" o... Publication: Nov 1 1910 - Grafton, New South Wales, Australia Page: mother About Henry Dunant, Nobel Peace Prize, 1901 Jean Henri Dunant (May 8, 1828 – October 30, 1910), also known as Henry Dunant, was a Swiss businessman and social activist. During a business trip in 1859, he was witness to the aftermath of the Battle of Solferino in modern day Italy. He recorded his memories and experiences in the book A Memory of Solferino which inspired the creation of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in 1863. The 1864 Geneva Convention was based on Dunant's ideas. In 1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Frédéric Passy. _________________________________________ Founder of the Red Cross In 1859, a battle was raging at the town of Solferino in Northern Italy. There the Swiss businessman Henry Dunant saw thousands of Italian, French and Austrian soldiers killing and maiming each other. On his own initiative, he organized aid work. Later he wrote the book A Memory of Solferino, which contained a plan: all countries should form associations to help the sick and wounded on the battlefield - whichever side they belonged to. The result was the establishment of the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1863, and the adoption of the Geneva Convention in the following year. It laid down that all wounded soldiers in a land war should be treated as friends. Medical personnel would be protected by the red cross in a white field. For Dunant personally, financial difficulties led to poverty and loss of social respect. But the organization he had created grew, and the underlying ideas won gradual acceptance. It pleased the ageing Dunant that the Norwegian Nobel Committee rewarded his life's work with the Nobel Peace Prize. To the 100 year anniversery 1959 of the Red Cross foundation the Royal Post Gouvernement in Sweden edited a stamp with Henri Dunant's portrait. "Henry Dunant - Facts". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 10 Oct 2013. < http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1901/dunant-facts.html > Henry Dunant, Nobel Peace Prize, 1901's Timeline 1828


In 1894, Marks and Spencer opened their first 'Penny Bazaar', in which town or city?

M&S Penny Bazaar sale: 2m items at 1p | This is Money - We report on the pitfalls from the frontline of the M&S 1p sale   For three days from next Wednesday, all 300 main stores will house an Original Penny Bazaar, offering 20 products including jewellery sets, beach balls, knickers, ties and socks. Shoppers will be limited to five items each while extra security staff will be drafted in to prevent a crush. M&S executive chairman Sir Stuart Rose said: 'M&S has now been at the heart of Britain for 125 years and we believe that this is something worth celebrating. 'It's been a tough year for us all but people are fed up with being fed up and we wanted to give our customers a real treat.' He said: 'M&S started off in life as a Penny Bazaar back in 1884. So what better way to share our birthday with our customers than offering them the chance to choose M&S products for just one penny? 'We've got two million one-penny products available, but my best advice to our customers is to get to M&S stores as early as you can, as we are sure this is going to go down a storm.' The full range of special commemorative products consists of five jewellery sets, scarves, purses and knickers; commemorative cufflinks, ties and socks; leather passport holders and leather luggage tags; tea towels and mugs; bags of retro sweets, cans of retro drink, beach toys and beach balls. Every penny raised through the bazaars will go towards the M&S 125 Charity Challenge, which aims to raise £1.25m for local and regional charities between May and September. What a penny could buy you in 1884 Then: M&S's Penny Bazaar in Edgware Road, London, in the early 1900s Marks & Spencer can trace its roots back to Leeds in 1884, and a stall at Kirkgate Market set up by the company's founder Michael Marks, a Russian-born Polish refugee. He sold small household goods and haberdashery beneath a sign proclaiming: 'Don't ask the price - it's a penny!'. Items included wooden spoons, pegs, buttons, mending wools, pins, needles, tapes, tablecloths, socks and stockings. In 1893 he moved the head office of his business to Manchester, where he opened his first shop the following year. It was also in 1894 that he formed a partnership with Tom Spencer, a former cashier from the wholesale company IJ Dewhirst. ...and now: M&S supermodels Noemie Lenoir, Twiggy, Laura Bailey and Erin O'Connor The company went from strength to strength, buying the London Penny Bazaar Company in 1914, extending its influence nationwide. M&S, or 'Marks and Sparks' as it was affectionately known, became such a familiar name that it didn't even need to advertise. The first TV ad for M&S clothing did not appear until the mid-1990s.


In mathematics, what is the correct term for the answer to a multiplication calculation?

The meaning of multiplication. Mental calculation -- A complete course in arithmetic  =  15. 5 is the multiplicand.  We have multiplied it -- repeatedly added it -- as many times as there are ones in 3 -- 3 = 1 + 1 + 1 -- which is the multiplier.  (In the United States we write the multiplier on the left: 3 × 5.)  The product is 15. Multiplication, then, is an abbreviation for repeated addition. "12 × 48" is an abbreviation for the repeated addition of 48 -- twelve times. "48 × 12" is an abbreviation for the repeated addition of 12 -- forty-eight times. (We will come to the most general definition of multiplication in Lesson 27 .) The products that result from repeatedly adding a number are called its multiples. (See Problem 5 at the end of the Lesson.)  Here, for example, are the first few multiples of 6: 6,  12,  18,  24,  30,  36. In practice, of course, to name the product of 5 × 6, the student should not actually add 6 five times -- 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6.  That would not be skillful.  Skill in multiplication depends on knowing the multiplication table -- which is a table of repeated additions.  Not only is skill in written calculation based on knowing that table, it is the basis of mental calculation, as well.  In this Lesson we continue to emphasize problems that do not require a calculator -- problems that an educated person should not have to write. For many problems, mental calculation has always been the quickest and the most practical. Example 1.   A case of fruit juice contains 9 bottles.  How many bottles are there in 4 cases?   Answer.    4 × 9 bottles = 36 bottles. This illustrates that the product will be the same kind of quantity as the multiplicand; in this case, bottles. The multiplier (4) will be a pure number.  It indicates how many times to add the multiplicand. The student of course should know that 4 × 9 = 36 The order property of multiplication a)  What multiplication does this illustrate? Answer.   3 × 6 cm = 18 cm.  6 cm is the multiplicand.  It is being repeatedly added three times. b)  What multiplication does this illustrate? Answer.   6 × 3 cm = 18 cm.  3 cm is the multiplicand.  It is being repeatedly added six times. This illustrates the order property of multiplication.  If we add 3 cm six times, we will get the same number as when we add 6 cm three times.  6 × 3 cm = 3 × 6 cm. Now, 6 and 3 are small numbers, and we know that 6 × 3 = 3 × 6 = 18. But consider 12 × 48  and  48 × 12. If we add 48 twelve times, is it obvious that we will get the same number as when we add 12 forty-eight times? Although it is not obvious, we can prove that it is true -- we can see it. And it has nothing to do with knowing the product of 12 × 48. It will be simpler however to see that 3 × 6 cm = 6 × 3 cm -- and without saying that 3 × 6 = 18. Here again is 3 × 6 cm. Do you see 6 × 3 cm ? Look at the 1st cm in each 6.  Those are 3 cm.  Now look at the 2nd cm.  There's another 3.  And so on, up to the 6th in each group. There are the 6 × 3 cm.  And it was not necessary to name the product. For another look at this, see Lesson 10 . In algebra, "multiplication" is not defined, and therefore algebra cannot prove the basic properties of multiplication. They are stated as laws or axioms. But in arithmetic, we define multiplication, and therefore we can prove its properties. We should prove its properties; specifically, we can prove the order property. And it is only because it is true in arithmetic, that in algebra what is called the commutative law will apply to arithmetic. See Appendix 3, Two Theorems . We now turn our attention to certain skills. The order of any factors When numbers are multiplied, they are called the factors of the product. 2 × 3 × 5 The factors are 2, 3, and 5.   The order of any number of factors does not matter.   2 × 3 × 5 = 5 × 2 × 3 = 5 × 3 × 2 And so on.  If we were to do the multiplications from left to right, then in each case we will get 30.  Therefore we may group factors as we please. Example 2.   Multiply as easily as you can:  7 × 2 × 9 × 5  Solution.   Take advantage of factors


Harmsen Van der Beek is the original illustrator of which books by Enid Blyton?

Heather's Blyton Pages Cecil Stuart Tresilian (1891 - ?) Tresilian is the illustrator of Enid Blyton's popular Adventure series. Cecil Stuart Tresilian was born in Bristol, and studied at the Regent Street Polytechnic School of Art, where he taught for a time (instructing students that include the famous Charles Keeping). Later he was accepted to study at the Royal College of Art. Notably, During World War I he was a prisoner of war in a German camp, drawing throughout his incarceration. These drawings are now exhibited in the Imperial War Museum. Tresilian is very well-known in the art world. He was brother of the Art Workers' Guild (and Master in 1960) in addition to being a member of SGA and also its President from 1962-5. He also wrote a textbook - Human anatomy for art students (Chapman & Hall, 1961). In the 1930's and early 1940's, Tresilian provided illustrations to many magazines, including The Wide World Magazine, Nash’s Pall Mall Magazine, Zoo, The Passing Show, The Wide World Magazine and Britannia and Eve. Stuart tresilian was an accomplished graphic artist and book illustrator, and famously illustrated Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book and associated works. His characters for these books were based on drawings from the London Zoo. He also illustrated Biggles in Borneo Captain WE Johns, as well as several lesser titles by various authors. Images below by Stuart Tresilian (L-R): The Island of Adventure; The Circus of Adventure; interior illustration from The River of Adventure; Biggles in Borneo; Interior illustration from Biggles in Borneo; The Jungle Book, The Second Jungle Book, Cover art of All The Mowgli Stories, Interior illustration from All The Mowgli Stories (note the similarity between this and the cover of The Jungle Book, watercolour entitled The Officers' Quarters at Lager, Rastatt, Baden 1918 (painted at the German camp where he was a prisoner of war), pencil drawing entitled Girl with cat. John Turner John Turner illustrated beautiful sets of pictures to accompany Blyton's Bible Stories - Old Testament (Macmillan, 1949) and Bible Stories - Old Testament (Macmillan, 1952-53). In 1957 and 1960, Macmillan used the full-colour plates from the original set and included them in smaller books alongside Blyton's abridged text. They were published as Old Testament Picture Books (volumes 1 and 2) and New Testament Picture Books (volumes 1 and 2). Turner also illustrated The Secret of the Desert by Coutts Brisbane (Nelson, 1943). It is described as "the thrilling story of an attempted Japanese invasion of Australia", obviously very different to the Biblical paintings he had done for Blyton. Any further information anybody has on this illustrator would be greatly appreciated. Images below by John Turner. Many thanks to Lynn Dack of Lowestoft Suffolk, UK for supplying these prints from both the Old and New Testament picture sets. Eelco Martinus ten Harmsen van der Beek (9 Oct 1897 - 24 Jul 1953) Born in Amsterdam, Holland, Beek's first illustrations were postcards that he sold with his brother as a child. He attended the School of Art in Amsterdam, and became an illustrator for magazines and newspapers. His earliest book illustrations date back to 1920. In the late 1930's Beek created illustrations for an advertising character named Flipje. This character still remains popular in Holland today. Beek's first collaboration with Blyton were his illustrations for The Fourth Holiday Book. However, this was not his claim to fame. Beek is the original and most famous illustrator of the Noddy books by Enid Blyton, the first of which was Noddy Goes to Toyland, published in 1949. Blyton said that Beek had captured the little nodding man exactly as she described, and he continued drawing Noddy until his death in 1953, publishing the first seven in the series of Noddy books. Images below by van der Beek (L-R) Colour plate from The Fourth Holiday Book, Here Comes Noddy Again, The Adventures of Flipje, interior picture from Flipje en zijn vriendjes dated 1939, early illustration by Beek. Isabel Veevers (1897 -


Australian Douglas Mawson, 1882-1958, was famous for exploration on which continent?

Sir Douglas Mawson (1882ï¿½1958) — Australian Antarctic Division Sir Douglas Mawson (1882ï¿½1958) Douglas Mawson, circa 1918 (Photo: Swaine Studios) Mawson’s focus was not for wealth or fame, but to advance objective scientific research and discover the truth. He lamented that tales from Antarctica were told by whalers and sealers motivated by financial gain. He was also disappointed by the personal glory sought by those wanting to be the first to the Pole. Mawson set out to understand the unknown, and saw that his collaboration with John King Davis , whom he met on Shackleton’s expedition, would achieve that: “The task of the geographer is to fill in the details provided by the navigator.” In leading Australia’s first major scientific exploring endeavour beyond the Australian continent, he unintentionally became one of Australia’s most famous and respected heroes. Education and work Two year old Mawson arrived in Australia from Yorkshire, growing up in Glebe. His outstanding academic abilities were obvious in early life, and he gained entrance to geology and engineering at Sydney University aged 16. His teaching career began as a demonstrator in chemistry. While undertaking his doctorate, he had his first Antarctic experience: Shackleton’s 1907–1909 expedition. As a lecturer in mineralogy and petrology at the University of Adelaide, he studied the glacial geology of South Australia and Precambrian rocks. Despite time in Antarctica and the war in Europe, Mawson returned to his lecturing post, becoming Professor of geology and mineralogy in 1921. He supported the Australian Antarctic Research Expeditions and was a long serving member of the Australian Antarctic Executive Planning Committee. Achievements in Antarctica Shackleton’s 1907–1909 expedition While Scott and Shackleton were focused on reaching the South Geographic Pole, Mawson was passionate about advancing science. As members of Shackleton’s 1907–1909 British Antarctic Nimrod expedition, Mawson completed the longest Antarctic man-hauling sledge journey, of 122 days, with his mentor, Professor Edgeworth David . They coped with hunger, hidden crevasses, frostbite and exhaustion and were given the well earned hero’s welcome on their return. Mawson’s Australasian Antarctic Expedition (AAE), 1911–1914 Mawson’s 1911–1914 expedition successfully charted Antarctic coastline, investigated the ocean between Australia and Antarctica and examined Macquarie Island. The Toroa followed the Aurora to Macqurie Island, with supplies, 17 expeditioners, 50 sheep, and a load of coal. The Aurora held materials for living huts, wireless masts, and the motorised air-tractor sledge (originally a monoplane before it crashed). There were 31 men on the Aurora. Five men were to remain on the meteorological and radio base on Macquarie Island; the remainder were divided between Mawson’s coastal Antarctic bases from which to investigate Antarctica’s secrets: Main Base at Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay, and Western Base at Queen Mary Land. Mawson was station leader at Main Base. The Western Base was under the leadership of Yorkshireman Frank Wild , who served on Scott’s National Antarctic Discovery Expedition of 1901–1904, and Shackleton’s 1907–1909 Nimrod expedition. Expeditioners included: Melbourne born Herbert Dyce Murphy, due to his experience of three seasons on Arctic whalers; photographer Frank Hurley ; wireless operator Walter Hannam ; biologist Charles Harrisson ; and chief medical officer Archibald McLean. Tragedy and success Mawson, Mertz and Ninnis’s Far Eastern Journey departed Main Base in November 1912, on what would become a tragic and yet inspiring feat of courage and determination to return with the data and specimens the party set out to collect. Ninnis died from plummeting down a crevasse, with many of the supplies. Mertz perished from physical exertion, starvation and possibly toxicity from eating dogs’ livers. The loss of these popular expeditioners must have taken an enormous emotional toll on Mawson, as he struggled alone for 30 days, arriving at Main Base in February 19


Which British bank issued the first credit card in 1966?

Discover The History of Payment Cards| The UK Cards Association UK domestic cheque guarantee scheme is established. 1972 NatWest, Midland, Lloyds & RBS join together to issue the Access credit card under the Joint Credit Card Company (JCCC). 1972 Lloyds Bank ‘Cashpoint’ is the first on-line verified ATM using payment cards with a magnetic stripe. 1974 Consumer Credit Act (Section 75) provides protection to consumers buying goods costing between £30 and £10,000 (£100 and £30,000 in 2005) on their credit card: if the product turns out to be sub-standard, or fails to be delivered, the cardholder can claim compensation from the card-issuing bank. The Act (Section 84) also limits customer liability to no more than £50 if cards are stolen, and used by someone else. 1977 Barclaycard issues the first UK company card – hitherto cards had been issued only to individuals. 1977 Consumer Credit Act comes into force on July 1st 1977 1980s The UK moves to ‘duality’, i.e. banks begin to issue both Visa and Access cards. Subsequently, the Access consortium begins to break-up, and disappears as a brand as MasterCard gains recognition in the UK. This move brings world-wide acceptance to UK-issued cards. Early/mid 80s saw the introduction of electronic point of sale terminals. 1985/86 LINK cash machine network established (33 members including Abbey National, Nationwide, Co-Operative Bank, Girobank etc), essentially enabled by the 1986 Building Societies Act. 1986 Matrix cash machine network established (A&L, Anglia, Bradford & Bingley, Bristol & West, Leeds, National & Provincial, Woolwich etc) 1987 1987 Debit cards introduced: Barclays were the first UK bank on the scene issuing the Visa Delta card under the Connect brand in June. 1987 Four bank cash machine network established (Barclays, Lloyds, RBS, BoS) 1988 Switch debit card launched by Midland, NatWest and RBS with the first Switch transaction occurring in October 1988. 1988 Visa test the world’s first multi-function chip card, the SuperSmart card, in Japan. 1989 £100 and £250 UK cheque guarantee limits introduced. 1989 MINT cash machine network established (Midland, NatWest, TSB, Clydesdale, Northern Bank). 1989 LINK and Matrix cash machine networks merge. 1990s The early 1990s see increased competition, notably with an influx of card issuers from the USA. Emergence of affinity cards and cards issued by non-financial institutions. 1990 France introduces chip and PIN based upon France-only B0’ standard. (for French domestic use only) 1990 Cashback emerges as a means of acquiring cash (7m transactions in 1990). 1992 MasterCard launch the Maestro brand for its international debit card. 1993 Half of UK adults are regular users of cash machines. 1994 Half of UK adults hold a debit card. 1995 UK debit card volumes exceed credit card volumes for the first time. 1995 Mondex public trials start in Swindon on July 3rd 1995 Product innovation leads to the issuing of gold cards and, eventually, other ‘status symbol’ cards with additional features. 1996 One-billionth cash machine transaction processed by LINK. 1996 The average UK cash machine withdrawal exceeds £50 for the first time. 1996 Visa Electron launched and… 1997 …the Solo card is introduced to offer a closer level of financial management. As every transaction is pre-authorised, banks are able to market the card to a wider range of customers, especially to younger card holders such as students, and to link cards to savings/investment products.1998 UK debit card payments exceed personal cheques, and account for more than half of all non-cash spending in supermarkets. 1997 UK chip trials in Northampton and Dunfermline ran between October 1997, with over 117,000 cards issued, 535 terminals installed in 463 outlets, and 14 ATMs. 1998 UK’s first cash machine not owned by a financial institution installed by Bank Machine. 1998 UK debit card payments exceed personal cheques, and account for more than half of all non-cash spending in supermarkets. 1999 Half of all UK adults hold a credit card. The average value of a credit card purchases exceed