Who has made the World Cup footballs since 1970?

1970 World Cup ball (adidas Telstar)   THE ARRIVAL OF ADIDAS TO THE WORLD CUPS The German Adidas, founded by Bavarian Adolf (Adi) Dassler, was already famous for its excellent shoes, now adopted by Europe’s most prestigious football teams: the black Adidas boots with the famous three white stripes. Before devoting himself fully to football, Dassler provided running shoes to the black American sprinter Jesse Owens, Olympic hero of Berlin in 1936. In the post war era, he manufactured legendary football boots with cleats for the German national team, which had a crucial share of the German victory over Hungary on a rainy pitch and Germany became World Champions for the first time in Adidas boots. Adidas started to produce footballs in 1963 (their first ball was called Santiago) and the company supplied the official balls for the 1968 European Cup and soon after, the Olympic Games held in Mexico. Due to this, the Mexican federal championship also adopted Adidas balls. Thanks to these positive references and with the recommendation of the Mexican Football Federation, in June of 1969 FIFA decided that the balls to be used in the 1970 World Cup should be made by Adidas and are no longer produced by the host nation. THE OFFICIAL BALL: ADIDAS TELSTAR DURLAST On January 10th 1970, at a conference in Mexico City, Adidas presented three balls: one black and white, one pure white and one pure orange. The black and white one was selected as the official ball of the 1970 World Cup. It was called “Telstar”, coming from the union of two words: television and star. It was said at that time, that this combination and contrast would amplify the visibility of the balls on both colour and black and white televisions, given that the Mexican World Cup was the first World Cup to be broadcast on TV world wide. Telstar was also the name of the satellite which was used in the TV transmissions of this World Cup. This “coincidence” could also be the hypothetical influence which inspired Adidas in selecting the name Telstar. Whatever the true origin of the name, the new Adidas ball represented a real revolution in the manufacturing of footballs. The Telstar consisted of 32 panels (20 white regular hexagonal and 12 black regular pentagonal) of high quality leather, processed, coloured and sewn by hand. Inside the ball the latest generation latex rubber bladder with an air valve was used. On the outer surface, a special plastic coating was applied and called “Durlast”. This helped the ball to protect the leather more than previously on any surface and to help keep it waterproof. The 1970 Telstar was a high quality ball, manufactured with the most modern technology, which guaranteed the best sphericity never before reached by any other football. Adidas introduced the black and white 32 panel ball for the first time in the World Cup and it was destined to become an icon in football history. We still associate football with this classic black and white 32 panel ball. However, adidas were not the first manufacturer to create a 32 panel ball. The first company to apply this structure on footballs was a Danish company called Select, who manufactured this type of ball back in the fifties. These balls were already used in Germany around the 1960’s, and the Swedish ball supplier of the 1958 World Cup ( Sydsvenska Laderoch Remfabriken) presented an identical 32 black and white panel ball in their catalogue, long before the Mexican World Cup. The black and white ball grew in popularity after it was also used in the 1965 European Cup final match in Milan, between Internazionale and Benfica, so again: this design was not invented for the Mexican World Cup by adidas. THE CHILE BALLS At the conference in Mexico City on January 1970, along with the Telstar, Adidas introduced two other single coloured balls: one completely white and one completely orange; both were denominated “Chile”. Just like the Telstar, the two single coloured balls were also made of 20 hexagonal and 12 pentagonal panels sewn by hand and their interior was a modern air chamber made of latex rubber.


The World Cup Qualifiying matches between El Salvador v Honduras in 1969 coincided with what mutual event?

Honduras facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Honduras CAPITAL: Tegucigalpa FLAG: The national flag consists of a white horizontal stripe between two blue horizontal stripes, with five blue stars on the white stripe representing the five members of the former union of Central American provinces. ANTHEM: Himno Nacional, beginning "Tu bandera es un lampo de cielo" ("Thy flag is a heavenly light"). MONETARY UNIT: The lempira (l), also known as the peso, is a paper currency of 100 centavos. There are coins of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 centavos, and notes of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 lempiras. l1 = $0.05285 (or $1 = l18.92) as of 2005. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: The metric system is the legal standard; some old Spanish measures are still used. HOLIDAYS: New Year's Day, 1 January; Day of the Americas, 14 April; Labor Day, 1 May; Independence Day, 15 September; Birthday of Francisco Morazán, 3 October; Columbus Day, 12 October; Army Day, 21 October; Christmas , 25 December. Movable religious holidays include Holy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday. TIME: 6 am = noon GMT. LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT Situated in Central America , Honduras has a total area of 112,090 sq km (43,278 sq mi), with a length of 663 km (412 mi) ene–wsw and 317 km (197 mi) nnw–sse. Comparatively, the area occupied by Honduras is slightly larger than the state of Tennessee . It is bounded on the n and e by the Caribbean Sea , on the s by Nicaragua and the Gulf of Fonseca, on the sw by El Salvador , and on the w by Guatemala , with a total boundary length of 2,340 km (1,454 mi), of which 820 km (509 mi) is coastline. Under the terms of an arbitration award made by Alfonso XIII of Spain in 1906, Honduras received a portion of the Mosquito (Miskito) Coast, or La Mosquitia, north and west of the Coco (Segovia) River. Citing Honduras's failure to integrate the territory, Nicaragua renewed its claim to the entire Mosquito Coast in the 1950s and brought the case to the International Court of Justice (ICJ). In February 1957, Honduras created the new Department of Gracias a Dios, made up of the former Mosquitia territory. The ICJ determined in 1960 that Nicaragua was obligated to accept the 1906 arbitration ruling concerning that country's boundary with Honduras. The judges ruled, by a vote of 14–1, that once a valid arbitration award was made in an international dispute, it became effective, and remained so, despite any lapse of time in carrying it out. The two tiny Swan Islands (Islas del Cisne), lying at 17°23′ n and 83°56′ w in the west Caribbean Sea some 177 km (110 mi) nne of Patuca Point, were officially ceded by the United States to Honduras on 20 November 1971. For administrative purposes, they are included under the Department of Islas de la Bahía, whose capital is Roatán on Roatán Island. The Swan Islands had been effectively held by the United States, which asserted a claim in 1863 to exploit guano, and had housed a weather station and an aviation post. The capital city of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, is located in the south central part of the country. TOPOGRAPHY Honduras is mountainous, with the exception of the northern Ulúa and Aguán river valleys on the Caribbean Sea and the southern coastal area. There are four main topographic regions: the eastern lowlands and lower mountain slopes, with 20% of the land area and no more than 5% of the population; the northern coastal plains and mountain slopes, with 13% of the land and about 20% of the population; the central highlands, with 65% of the area and 70% of the population; and the Pacific lowlands and their adjacent lower mountain slopes, with 2% of the area and 5% of the population. The width of the Caribbean coastal plain varies from practically no shore to about 120 km (75 mi), and the coastal plain of the Gulf of Fonseca is generally narrow. The highest elevations are in the northwest (almost 3,000 m/10,000 ft) and in the south (over 2,400 m/8,000 ft). Many intermontane valleys, at elevations of 910 to 1,370 m (3,000 to 4,500 ft), are settled. The old capital city, Comayagua, l


A white ball was first used in a World Cup in?

The footballs during the FIFA World Cup™ 2014 Brazil The brazuca, which means 'Brazilian' and refers to the Brazilian way of life, is the most-tested adidas ball in history. It was, over a two-and-a-half-year period, tried out by over 600 of the world’s top players or former players including Iker Casillas, Dani Alves, Lionel Messi, Bastian Schweinsteiger and Zinedine Zidane, and 30 teams in ten countries across three continents. The brazuca was also used at a selection of international football matches, albeit with a different design, including a friendly between Sweden and Argentina last February. The brazuca’s colours and ribbon design of the ball panels symbolise the traditional multi-coloured wish bracelets worn in the country, in addition to reflecting the vibrancy and fun associated with football in the South American country. It has a new structural innovation, with a unique symmetry of six identical panels alongside a different surface structure will provide improved grip, touch, stability and aerodynamics on the pitch. 2010 South Africa The adidas Jabulani, which means ‘to celebrate’ in isiZulu, was the official match ball of the 2010 FIFA World Cup™ and is already the 11th edition of adidas's FIFA World Cup balls. The 11 colours that are present on the Jabulani pay tribute to both football and the country in which Africa’s first-ever FIFA World Cup will be held. Grip 'n' groove Jabulani ushers in some major advances in football technology. The grip ’n’ groove’s profile circles twist around round the entire ball in an optimal aerodynamic way and the integrated grooves provide unmatched flight characteristics, making this the most stable and most accurate adidas ball ever. Minimal seam, more perfection As opposed to the flat-paneled molding of previous adidas footballs, Jabulani comprises eight thermally bonded 3D panels that have been, for the first time ever, spherically molded to make this ball a perfectly round football that is more accurate than ever before. 2006 Germany More than three years of extensive research and development were needed to present the adidas +Teamgeist™, the company’s best performing ball ever. Thanks to a revolutionary 14-panel ball configuration, players were able to show their true skills, as the quality and performance characteristics were identical every time they kicked the ball. The adidas Innovation Team (a.i.t) rigorously tested the new ball for the 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany™, first under the toughest laboratory conditions possible, later also with professional players and clubs on the field of play. Scientific tests were conducted together with the Sports Technology Research Group of the University of Loughborough, one of the leading institutions of its kind worldwide. These tests confirmed that the adidas +Teamgeist™ was more round, precise and consistent than any top competitor’s match ball. Italy won their fourth world crown in Germany, beating France on penalties in Berlin. If Zinedine Zidane's red card was the final's defining image, Italy's triumph will be remembered as a team effort, with ten different Azzurri players finding the net during the course of the tournament. 2002 Korea/Japan The ball for the FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan™ was known as the “Fevernova”. It was the result of three years of improvement on the “Tricolore” at the adidas research centre in Scheinfeld in southern Germany. The material consisted of six layers or coatings starting with a natural latex bladder inside, then a three-ply Raschel knitted fabric, syntactic foam, a polyurethane layer, a protected iriodine print and finally transparent polyurethane abrasion-resistant coating. The adidas triad design had now become two single, enlarged triads with the points turning into clockwise arrows in the colours of grey, red and gold. The background was no longer a traditional pure white but more of a champagne colour. Over 2,500 balls were supplied for the finals and an estimated six million of the high-quality match balls and replica-quality balls were sold worldwide. The final was between the two mos


CityPagesKuwait July 2014 Issue by CityPages Kuwait (page 146) - issuu issuu Issuu on Google+ HOMEWORK FOR GROWN UPS EVERYTHING YOU LEARNED AT SCHOOL... BUT CAN YOU REMEMBER? Football Quiz 1.A soccer goal is what dimensions, yards wide and feet high: 8x7; 7x8; 8x8 or 9x8? 2.According to FIFA World Cup rules which flag must be displayed inside each match stadium besides those of FIFA/Fair Play, and the two competing nations? 3.Approximately how many million people play regular organized football in the world (at the early 2000s): 5; 25; 65; or 250? Test Your Vocabulary There is an immediate intervention to control the symptoms, followed by a plan of treatment to help restore strength and flexibility and to address any underlying deficits that might________ the patient to re-injury 1. predispose 4. assuage 4.The word soccer derives from: Sock; Association; Kosher; or Socrates? 6.The 2014 World Cup Finals allocated European and African teams respectively how many places: 3 and 9; 4 and 10; 5 and 13; or 6 and 15? 7.What city/club football rules, which spread widely in the late 1800s, introduced heading, corners, throw-ins, changing ends, and the goal crossbar: Sheffield; Paris; ANSWER: Predispose means to have a tendency toward something. Some people believe that just being born in Canada willpredispose you to love ice hockey. pressure; or Shin guards? Many situations or events can predispose you to have a particular reaction, opinion, or feeling. Being bitten by a dog as a child could predispose you to having a fear of dogs. Having ancestors with great athletic ability might predispose you to enjoy running. If you want to predispose your father to liking your new boyfriend, be sure to tell him about volunteering at the food bank and leave out the bits about his arrest and dropping out of school. drawing meant to be funny. 5.What is not required by the rules of soccer: Goal net; Penalty spot; Specified ball Milan; or Berlin? 8.FIFA's 2014 World Cup Finals/Qualifying rules dictate a match squad of how many players: 18; 23; 26; or 30? 9.In the 2010 World Cup Final, Jo'bulani was the: Winner's national anthem; Winning goalscorer; Ball; or Trumpet-like horn blown by fans? Choose the Right Symbol In a bicycle wheel if there would have been 10 more spokes, the angle between them would have shortened by six degrees. Can you find out the number of spokes in that wheel ? 10.The minimum rest-period between two games for any team at the 2014 World Cup is how many hours: 24; 36; 48; or 72? 11.Soccer rules award what after an 'own goal' directly from a throw-in: Goal; Penalty; Corner; or Drop-ball? 12.The headquarters of FIFA are in Brussels; London; Zurich, or Oslo? 13.Who has made the World Cup footballs since 1970: Adidas; Puma; Umbro; or Nike? 360/(S +10) = A - 6 14.The World Cup Qualifiying matches between El Salvador v Honduras in 1969 360/S = A coincided with what mutual event: Independence; Earthquake; Drought; or War? ANSWER: There are 20 spokes in the given wheel. 15.The first ever ÂŁ100,000 (or above) football transfer, in 1961, was: Bobby Moore; Pele; Dennis Law; or Eusebio? 16.A white ball was first used in a World Cup in: 1930; 1950; 1966; or 1982? 17.The centre circle of a soccer pitch is used only at kick-offs/re-starts, and in which other game feature? 18.Matthias Sammer, Ronaldo, Zinedine Zidane, Rivaldo, and Luis Figo won what between 1990-2002: European Cup; World Cup; Golden Boot; or European Footballer of the Year? JUMBLED WORDS P O N A R R A B O V C E L L O A 19.The first, second and third placed teams at the 2014 World Cup receive how 20.Soccer has been an Olympic event since: 1900; 1964; 1992; or 2002? ANSWERS: 1. 8x8, 2. United Nations, 3. 250 million, 4. Association, 5. Goal net, 6. 5 and 13, 7. Sheffield, 8. 23, 9. Ball, 10. 48, 11. Corner, 12. Zurich (Switzerland), 13. Adidas, 14. War, 15. Dennis Law (from Manchester City to Torino, for ÂŁ110,000, 1961), 16. 1950, 17. Penalty shoot-outs (all non-involved players must be within it when penalties are taken for penalty-shoot-outs in game deciders),


Football - Summer Olympic Sport Football Singapore 2010 adopts new sport formats 12 Aug 2010 Football has its roots in ancient China, while the modern version of the game began on the streets of medieval England before evolving into the most popular sport in the world. Medieval origins Modern football has its origins in the streets of medieval England. Neighbouring towns would play each other in games where a heaving mass of players would struggle to drag a pig’s bladder by any means possible to markers at either end of town. A royal ban Football became so violent in England it was banned by the king for more than 300 years. English public schools are credited with subsequently establishing the modern football codes, thus turning the mob riot into a sport in the 16th century. Olympic history Football first appeared on the programme of the Games of the II Olympiad, Paris 1900. It has been on the programme of each edition of the Games ever since, with the exception of Los Angeles 1932. Europe dominated the competition until after 1992 in Barcelona, where Spain became the last European team to win a gold medal. Since the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, African and South American teams have won all the gold medals. Also in 1996, women’s football was introduced into the Olympic programme. Three times, the USA has been on the highest step of the podium - in 1996, in 2004 in Athens and in 2008 in Beijing. But this team was beaten by the Norwegians in the final of the 2000 Games in Sydney.


Waterloo, the location of Napoleon's 1815 defeat, is in modern-day?

Napoleon defeated at Waterloo - Jun 18, 1815 - HISTORY.com Napoleon defeated at Waterloo Publisher A+E Networks At Waterloo in Belgium, Napoleon Bonaparte suffers defeat at the hands of the Duke of Wellington, bringing an end to the Napoleonic era of European history. The Corsica-born Napoleon, one of the greatest military strategists in history, rapidly rose in the ranks of the French Revolutionary Army during the late 1790s. By 1799, France was at war with most of Europe, and Napoleon returned home from his Egyptian campaign to take over the reigns of the French government and save his nation from collapse. After becoming first consul in February 1800, he reorganized his armies and defeated Austria. In 1802, he established the Napoleonic Code, a new system of French law, and in 1804 was crowned emperor of France in Notre Dame Cathedral. By 1807, Napoleon controlled an empire that stretched from the River Elbe in the north, down through Italy in the south, and from the Pyrenees to the Dalmatian coast. Beginning in 1812, Napoleon began to encounter the first significant defeats of his military career, suffering through a disastrous invasion of Russia, losing Spain to the Duke of Wellington in the Peninsula War, and enduring total defeat against an allied force by 1814. Exiled to the island of Elba in the Mediterranean, he escaped to France in early 1815 and set up a new regime. As allied troops mustered on the French frontiers, he raised a new Grand Army and marched into Belgium. He intended to defeat the allied armies one by one before they could launch a united attack. On June 16, 1815, he defeated the Prussians under Gebhard Leberecht von Blucher at Ligny, and sent 33,000 men, or about one-third of his total force, in pursuit of the retreating Prussians. On June 18, Napoleon led his remaining 72,000 troops against the Duke of Wellington’s 68,000-man allied army, which had taken up a strong position 12 miles south of Brussels near the village of Waterloo. In a fatal blunder, Napoleon waited until mid-day to give the command to attack in order to let the ground dry. The delay in fighting gave Blucher’s troops, who had eluded their pursuers, time to march to Waterloo and join the battle by the late afternoon. In repeated attacks, Napoleon failed to break the center of the allied center. Meanwhile, the Prussians gradually arrived and put pressure on Napoleon’s eastern flank. At 6 p.m., the French under Marshal Michel Ney managed to capture a farmhouse in the allied center and began decimating Wellington’s troops with artillery. Napoleon, however, was preoccupied with the 30,000 Prussians attacking his flank and did not release troops to aid Ney’s attack until after 7 p.m. By that time, Wellington had reorganized his defenses, and the French attack was repulsed. Fifteen minutes later, the allied army launched a general advance, and the Prussians attacked in the east, throwing the French troops into panic and then a disorganized retreat. The Prussians pursued the remnants of the French army, and Napoleon left the field. French casualties in the Battle of Waterloo were 25,000 men killed and wounded and 9,000 captured, while the allies lost about 23,000. Napoleon returned to Paris and on June 22 abdicated in favor of his son. He decided to leave France before counterrevolutionary forces could rally against him, and on July 15 he surrendered to British protection at the port of Rochefort. He hoped to travel to the United States, but the British instead sent him to Saint Helena, a remote island in the Atlantic off the coast of Africa. Napoleon protested but had no choice but to accept the exile. With a group of followers, he lived quietly on St. Helena for six years. In May 1821, he died, most likely of stomach cancer. He was only 51 years old. In 1840, his body was returned to Paris, and a magnificent funeral was held. Napoleon’s body was conveyed through the Arc de Triomphe and entombed under the dome of the Invalides. Related Videos


Name the core specialism of notable Anglo-Danish industrialist Sir Ove Nyquist Arup (1895-1988) and the global (Arup Group) corporation he created?

Index-a What does the workplace flexi-hours acronym TOIL stand for? Waterloo, the location of Napoleon's 1815 defeat, is in modern-day: France; Belgium; Spain; or Russia? G-BOAG, G-BOAC, and F-BVFC and the tragic F-BTSC designated what iconic 20thC invention? Name the core specialism of notable Anglo-Danish industrialist Sir Ove Nyquist Arup (1895-1988) and the global (Arup Group) corporation he created: Pharmacy; Structural engineering; Shipbuilding; or Food canning? The famous guitar maker founded in Kalamazoo, Michigan, in 1902 is: Gibson; Fender; Rickenbacker; or Gretsch? Calabria, flanked by the Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas, is the southern peninsular of which country? In the 1920s Japanese and Austrian physicians Kyusaku Ogino and Hermann Knaus devised the contraceptive method called popularly: Coil; Rhythm; Pill; or Condom? What boom caused gross exploitation of native people of Brazil and adjacent nations by European industrialists c.1879-1912: Rubber; Cotton; Gold; or Silk? What popular Spanish word has various meanings including go, hurry up, come on, let's go, up, upstairs, and above? If a fifth of the charges in a $60 bill  are discounted by 25%, what is the total cost? What punning word is an animal's mother, a barrier, and a biblical expletive? The artists Monet, Manet, Degas and Cezanne are mainly noted for what style of art? Comprising 100 centavos, what is the currency of Brazil? What word, derived from Latin meaning to 'pay against the evil of something' refers to expressing disapproval? Ogilvy & Mather, WWP and James Walter Thompson famously operate in: Law; Advertising; Auditing; or Architectural design? What mathematical term originated from Arabic 'awar', meaning 'damage to goods', evolving through French terminology for an apportionment of shipping liabilities between owners of vessel and cargo? What herb is traditionally associated, besides garlic, with the pickling of a gherkin (US pickle)? Avian refers to: Birds; Bees; Apes; or Vikings? Derived from Latin for 'place', what anglicized French word commonly means 'instead' in formal communications? Which inspirational genius created the landmark film 'Modern Times' and its theme song, 'Smile', released in 1936? Brazil's first ever football match as a national team was in 1914 at Laranjeiras stadium, Rio de Janeiro state, against: Argentina; USA; Prussia; or Exeter City? What is/are 'pince-nez': Cream and wine sauce; Ferry tug-boats; Armless spectacles; or Four-legged trousers for dogs? The Arabic term 'Al-jebr' (reunion of broken parts) is famously associated with: Disaster relief; TV news; Twin skyscrapers; or Algebra? The UHF wireless technology developed by Eriksson in 1994 for data transfer between devices in close proximity is: Silverlip; Bluetooth; Rednose; or Goldeye? What is the '1c Magenta', which (at $20m) became the most expensive man-made object ever in terms of weight to value? A circular partner-swapping ballroom dance, named after a 1700s maritime leader, is the: William Bligh; Paul Jones; Horatio Nelson; or James Hook? The Stone Age was roughly how many years ago: 4-5,000; 50-100,000; 500,000-1million; or 1-2m? Originally a French portmanteau word combining a shoe and boot, what means 'wilfully destroy'? What is the recurring number when two-thirds is expressed as a decimal? A lodestone (or loadstone, from old English meaning 'leading-stone' or 'way-stone') is a naturally occurring what? Which controversial Swiss sports head, accused of racism, sexism and corruption 1990s-2000s, was once president of the World Society of Friends of Suspenders, which advocated women should not replace stockings and suspenders with pantyhose? Bambino is the family trust of which controversial business mogul, subject to criminal proceedings in Germany 2014? Boundary-pushing Dutch media corporation Endemol sought participants in 2014 for a reality show requiring the group to: Marry each other; Marry animals; Have face transplants; or Live indefinitely on Mars? The volcano Olympic Mons, three times taller than Mount Everest, and the highes


Calabria, flanked by the Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas, is the southern peninsular of which country?

Calabria. General Information. Geographia. Population. Nature. Italy. Mediterranean. ITALY MEDITERRANEAN SAILING CRUISING BOATING MEDITERRANEAN ITALIAN MARINAS HARBOUR NAVIGATION MEDITERRANEAN YACHTING MEDITERRANEAN TRAVEL GUIDE WEATHER COUNTRY YACHTS PORT LIGHTS LIGURIA LACIO CALABRIA PUGLIA VENETO TUSCANY CAMPANIA SARDINIA SICILY Calabria.     Italian Marinas. Italy. Collection of marinas and ports of     Mediterranean from www.1yachtua.com. The large information site for the     fans of Yachting and Sailing. Already there are more than 200 plans both     descriptions of marinas and ports. Author's Photo gallery of two     Whitbread Races. General Information Geographical Position Calabria is the tip of the Italian peninsula; it borders with Basilicata and stretches between the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ionian Sea in the direction of Sicily, from which it is divided by the Strait of Messina. Geographically, Calabria has its own distinct individuality, due to its peripherical and almost isolated position, compared with the rest of Italy, its characteristic conformation and morphological structure. The population of this fairly extensive region is slightly over 2 million, with a population density which, though reasonably high, is lower than the national average. The Natural Environment The morphological structure of Calabria is somewhat complex. Most of the mountains are massifs and isolated groups, separated by large valleys or cols. The Pollino massif, culminating in the Serra Dolcedorme (2,267 m.), lies on the Basilicata boundary, and its crests stretch southwest as far as the Passo dello Scalone (740 m.) where the Lucanian Apennines end, and the Calabrian Apennines begin with the Catena Costiera (Castal Chain) (or Paolana), stretching to the lower reaches of the Savuto River, between the jagged Tyrrhenian coast and the deep Vallo del Crati. This last divides the Catena Costiera from the Sila, a large upland area culminating with mt. Botte Donato (1,928 m.). South of the Sila, Calabria narrows at the gulfs of Sant'Eufemia and Squillace, in a low-lying isthmus (the Marcellinara depression, 251 m.), beyond which rise the Serre, two mountains ranges stretching southwest to join directly with the Aspromonte. On the Tyrrhenian side, the granite mount Poro (710 m.) group stands isolated, between the gulfs of Sant'Eufemia and Gioia. South of this vast hollow, lies Aspromonte, whose highest peak is Montalto (1,955 m.). As a result of the elongated shape of the peninsula and the lie of the mountains, the rivers, with the exception of the Crati and the Neto, are not particularly large. The principal lakes are the artificial Cecita, Arvo and Ampollino, in the Sila. In the coastal zones, the climate is Mediterranean, with mild rainy winters and hot dry summers; towards the interior, it becomes progressively continental, particularly on the high mountains. Precipitations are plentiful, especially at an altitude, particularly on the Tyrrhenian flanks, but are scantier on low ground and on the coastal summits. Calabria is one of the most heavily wooded areas in Italy (28.2% of its surface). The chestnut woodlands begin at 700-800 m., stretching up to 1,200 m., where they are succeeded by beechwoods, which give way to the conifer belt, with pines and spruces. The littoral and hills belong to the Mediterranean scrub belt. Protection of the characteristic environment of the Calabrian uplands was undertaken in 1968 with the institution of the Parco Nazionale della Calabria, covering some 17,000 hectares and including the Sila Grande, in Cosenza Province, Sila Piccola in Catanzaro Province and Aspromonte, in the Province of Reggio Calabria. Large forests mantle the mountainsides, mainly stands of Sila pines, elegant trees that give the landscape a Nordic air. These are flanked by stretches of beechwood, with, in a few undisturbed areas, the Scots pine. Of particular interest is a stand of more than fifty pines and sycamores, known as the `giants of the Sila', some forty metres high and two metres in girth, at Falliestro


In the 1920s Japanese and Austrian physicians Kyusaku Ogino and Hermann Knaus devised the contraceptive method called popularly?

Project MUSE - Catholic Birth Control?: Father John O’Brien, Rhythm, and Progressive American Catholicism in 1930s Contraception Discourse Father John O’Brien, Rhythm, and Progressive American Catholicism in 1930s Contraception Discourse Alexander Pavuk (bio) Father John A. O’Brien (1893–1980), longtime Catholic chaplain at the University of Illinois and influential priest-social scientist, engaged both mainline thinkers and other Catholics on key social questions of the interwar era by employing rhetoric heavily seeded with science. Partly hoping to demonstrate Catholic openness to modernity while parrying longstanding accusations of Church obscurantism, O’Brien was one of a small, yet influential, cadre of progressive Catholics who wrote on topics straddling public ethics and public policy by using ground rules favored by non-Catholic, even non-religious, interlocutors. O’Brien thereby sought a via media between the Church and thought currents of the age. In the 1930s, his works on contraception emphasized the newly-configured “rhythm method” as a scientifically infallible way for married couples to separate sex from procreation in good conscience. The manner in which O’Brien argued in favor of rhythm—and the ends he emphasized—may have unintentionally contributed to a broader shift in the public sphere’s framing of the contraception issue. Consequently, contraception became primarily a technical question for scientists to deal with, a question that increasingly did not concern putatively obscurantist churches. Introduction Just as World War II’s nightmare of a scientifically-engineered Nazi utopia was evaporating in the fumes of Adolph Hitler’s bunker, across the Atlantic Ocean Catholic physician J.E. Kempf, Professor of Bacteriology at the University of Michigan School of Medicine, was complaining to Msgr. John Montgomery Cooper (1881–1949) about progressive Catholics’ excessive concessions to scientism in American society. Kempf wrote as a believing scientist to say that the churches had ceded too much [End Page 53] cultural authority to scientists, and the latter, in turn, appointed themselves arbiters of even religious and ethical questions in public culture: “[T]he scientist has set himself up as the final judge on matters where he has not the slightest scientific knowledge. If his convictions disagree with revealed truths, he repudiates the revealed truths. Science has also encroached upon some moral problems, such as birth control….” 1 The anthropologist Cooper and especially his sometime confidante, Father John A. O’Brien of the University of Illinois, was among a small cadre of Catholic priest-social scientists who had worked diligently in the interwar period to connect science to Catholicism in the American mind. In no way did these figures consciously intend to advance the kind of scientism other liberal Christians seemed to endorse, as in the Unitarian Christian Register, which asked in 1930, “What has birth control to do with religion?” opining that it “is fundamentally a hygienic and economic matter.” 2 Instead, figures like O’Brien used the lingua franca of science to engage American intellectual culture on issues they saw as possessed of both moral import and social ramifications calling for psychological, medical, and demographic responses. However, in consistently framing their discourse to fit the scientific categories of debate favored by most American public intellectuals, progressive Catholics like O’Brien helped push the symbolic public construction of birth control away from connections to religion and into a realm of scientific concern subject to controlled human planning. Subject to technical manipulation, conception could thus become a matter for social engineering. American birth control debates in the early 1930s had taken on special importance for Catholics not just because of the Great Depression’s challenge to the family economy but also because of the precedents set by both the Anglican Church’s Lambeth Conference and the American Council of Rabbis in endorsing the practice of artifici


What boom caused gross exploitation of native people of Brazil and adjacent nations by European industrialists c.1879-1912?

Unit Notes Unit Notes AP World History Unit Notes that cover an entire section of World History and not just one particular chapter. These unit notes, along with the World History outlines , vocabulary terms , topic notes , study questions , regional outlines , and glossary terms will help you prepare for the AP World History exam. Subject:  Notes that cover an entire section of World History and not just one particular chapter. Attachment Sternpost rudder – improved steering - Invented in China – Han Dynasty Lateen sails – sail in any direction regardless of wind Astrolabe – measured distance of sun/stars above horizon – latitude Magnetic Compass – Chinese – direction without sight of land Three-Masted Caravels – larger sails, large cargo rooms w/ more provisions Global Interactions Indigenous people had no resistance – developed independently Neighboring states hated Aztecs, more than happy to help Fear of unknown – metal, horseback – seen as God Motivation – acquire gold and spices Superior weapons Malince (Dona Marina) acted as interpreter – Spanish>Aztec Early colonization Tenochititlan – Mexico City – New Spain Conquistadors controlled Western USA – California, Arizona, etc… Pizarro – 1531 – Incas Boost home countries’ power and wealth Exploitation and exploration of raw materials Spread of Roman Catholicism Attempted to use natives, but failed Resorted to importing labor from Africa Differences in empire expansion from earlier empires Existing populations wiped out not allowed to remain intact Huge numbers of people moved in Even Mongols didn’t totally replace population Previous empires merged with, converted, or were converted by existing population Americas – Europeans created new continent in own image – two Europes essenentially Labor/Economic System Creoles – born in colonies to Spanish parents Educated, wealthy Looked down upon by Spanish aristocracy Became leaders of resistance movements later Mestizos – European and Native American ancestry Mulattos – European and African ancestry Native Americans – little to no freedom Worked on estates, in mines Encomienda System – American Feudalism Peninsulares get land and # of slaves/native laborers In exchange, must protect them and convert them Attempts at reform Treatment horrific – Christian missionaries appealed for reform Reduced strain on natives by bringing in Africans Replaced one oppressed group with another Both Africans and Natives ended up at bottom of social hierarchy Difference methods of Colonization Treatment of Native Americans harsh Until recently known as cruelest of colonizers Indians first as slaves, then exploited for cheap labor Kept near bottom of Latin American social scale Importation of African slaves massive More brought to Latin America/Caribbean than United States Primarily brought over males #s only kept up through importation, not reproduction Missionaries/priests – conversion to Catholicism a priority Settled presence of Spanish/Portuguese (large cities) created permanent colonies French Made little effort to create long-term settlements Only 11,000 settlers came from 1608-1763 Attacks from British made it difficult to have long-term settlemensts Hunters, trappers, soldiers – remarkably adept at adapting selves to environment Knew woods, rivers of North America well Learned language of Native Americans – made alliances – Huron English Grew rapidly – men, women and children stayed Cities, communities grew Strong systems of local government Colonists went to escape religious persecution Some colonists were convicts Worked for masters in exchange for payment of voyage over Used African slaves Initially, relationship with Indians relatively peaceful Relationship soured during French/Indian Wars Turned antagonistic violent after But…violence always existed before too Columbian Exchange – most rapid and profound ecological transformations in world history New foods, animals, resources led to massive changes for both regions From Europe/Africa horses, pigs, goats, chili peppers, sugar cane, sheep Increased milk and meat supply in Americas


The artists Monet, Manet, Degas and Cezanne are mainly noted for what style of art?

Edouard Manet Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works | The Art Story Like The Art Story on Facebook Follow The Art Story on Google+ "I paint what I see and not what others like to see." Synopsis Édouard Manet was the most important and influential artist to have heeded poet Charles Baudelaire's call to artists to become painters of modern life. Manet had an upper-class upbringing, but also led a bohemian life, and was driven to scandalize the French Salon public with his disregard for academic conventions and his strikingly modern images of urban life. He has long been associated with the Impressionists; he was certainly an important influence on them and he learned much from them himself. However, in recent years critics have acknowledged that he also learned from the Realism and Naturalism of his French contemporaries, and even from seventeenth century Spanish painting. This twin interest in Old Masters and contemporary Realism gave him the crucial foundation for his revolutionary approach. Key Ideas Manet's modernity lies above all in his eagerness to update older genres of painting by injecting new content or by altering the conventional elements. He did so with an acute sensitivity to historical tradition and contemporary reality. This was also undoubtedly the root cause of many of the scandals he provoked. He is credited with popularizing the technique of alla prima painting. Rather than build up colors in layers, Manet would immediately lay down the hue that most closely matched the final effect he sought. The approach came to be used widely by the Impressionists, who found it perfectly suited to the pressures of capturing effects of light and atmosphere whilst painting outdoors. His loose handling of paint, and his schematic rendering of volumes, led to areas of "flatness" in his pictures. In the artist's day, this flatness may have suggested popular posters or the artifice of painting - as opposed to its realism. Today, critics see this quality as the first example of "flatness" in modern art. Most Important Art Le Dejeuner sur l'Herbe (1863) As the primary talking point of the Salon des Refuses in 1863, it is fairly clear to see why this canvas shocked the bourgeois patrons and the Emperor himself. Manet's composition is influenced by the Renaissance artist Giorgione and by Raimondi's engraving of the Judgment of Paris after Raphael, but these influences are fractured by his disregard for perspective and his use of unnatural light sources. But it was the presence of an unidealized female nude, casually engaged with two fashionably dressed men, that was the focus of the most public outrage. Her gaze confronts the viewer on a sexual level, but through her Manet confronts the public as well, challenging its ethical and aesthetic boundaries. Oil on canvas - Musee d'Orsay Like The Art Story on Facebook Biography Childhood Édouard Manet was born into an upper-middle class Parisian family. His father, August, was a dedicated, high-ranking civil servant and his mother, Eugenie, was the daughter of a diplomat. Along with his two younger brothers, Manet grew up in a bourgeois environment, both socially conservative and financially comfortable. A mediocre student at best, he enrolled at thirteen in a drawing class at The Rollin School. Manet had a passion for art from an early age, but agreed to go to the Naval Academy to appease his father. When he failed the entrance exam, he joined the Merchant Marine to gain experience as a student pilot and voyaged to Rio de Janeiro in 1849. He returned to France the following year with a portfolio of drawings and paintings from his journey, and used it to prove his talent and passion to his father, who was skeptical of Manet's ambitions. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Early Training In 1849, Manet fell in love with his piano teacher, Suzanne Leenhoff. This affair resulted in a boy, Leon (b. 1852), who was passed off to Suzanne's family and, to avoid scandal, was introduced to society as Suzanne's younger brother a


Comprising 100 centavos, what is the currency of Brazil?

ExchangeRate.com - Currency Information Brazilian Real  |  Post  |  View The real (pronounced /reÍäl/ in English) is the present-day currency of Brazil. Its sign is R$ and its ISO code is BRL. It is subdivided into 100 centavos ("hundredths"). In Brazil, the decimal separator is a comma, and a period may be used as thousands separator, as in "R$ 123.456,78". The modern real was introduced in 1994 as part of the Plano Real, a substantial monetary reform package that aimed to put an end to three decades of rampant inflation. At the time it was meant to have approximately fixed 1:1 exchange rate with the United States dollar. It suffered a sudden devaluation to a rate of about 2:1 in 1999, reached almost 4:1 in 2002, then partly recovered and has been approximately 2:1 since 2006. The exchange rate as of June 18, 2010 is approximately BRL 1.77 to USD 1.00. The first official currency of Brazil from 1690 to 1942 was also called real (plural reis, sign Rs$). In Portuguese the word real means both "royal" and "real". The name of the historic real derived from the first sense. The name of the modern currency is generally understood to refer both to the historic unit and to the second sense. The dollar-like sign in the currency's symbol (both historic and modern), and in all the other past Brazilian currencies, is officially written with two vertical strokes () rather than one. However Unicode considers the difference to be only a matter of font design, and does not have a separate code for the two-stroked version. HISTORY The modern real (plural reais) was introduced on July 1, 1994, during the presidency of Itamar Franco, when Fernando Henrique Cardoso was the Minister of Finance, as part of a broader plan to stabilize the Brazilian economy, known as the Plano Real. The new currency replaced the short-lived cruzeiro real (CR$). The reform included the demonetization of the cruzeiro real and required a massive banknote replacement. At its introduction, the real was defined to be equal to 1 unidade real de valor (URV, "real value unit") a non-circulating currency unit. At the same time the URV was defined to be worth 2750 cruzeiros reais, which was the average exchange rate of the U.S. dollar to the cruzeiro real on that day. As a consequence, the real was worth exactly one US dollar as it was introduced. Combined with all previous currency changes in the country's history, this reform made the new real equal to 2.75 x 1018 (2.75 quintillion) of Brazil's first currency, which was also called "real". Soon after its introduction, the real unexpectedly gained value against the U.S. dollar, due to large capital inflows in late 1994 and 1995. During that period it attained its maximum dollar value ever, about US$ 1.20. Between 1996 and 1998 the exchange rate was tightly controlled by the Central Bank, so that the real depreciated slowly and smoothly in relation to the dollar, rising from near 1:1 to about 1.2:1 by the end of 1998. In January 1999 the Central Bank, under its new president Arminio Fraga, released its control. The Real suffered sudden and unexpected maxi-devaluation, to a rate of almost R$2 : US$1. In the following years, the currency's value against the dollar followed an erratic but mostly downwards path from 1999 until late 2002, when the prospect of the election of leftist candidate Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, considered a radical populist by sectors of the financial markets, prompted another currency crisis and a spike in inflation. Many Brazilians feared another default on government debts or a resumption of heterodox economic policies, and rushed to exchange their reais into tangible assets or foreign currencies. In October 2002 the exchange rate reached its historic low of almost R$4 per US$1. The crisis subsided once Lula took office, after he, his finance minister Antonio Palocci, and Arminio Fraga reaffirmed their intention to continue the orthodox macroeconomic policies of his predecessor (including inflation-targeting, primary fiscal surplus and floating exchange rate, as well as continued payments of the pu


What word, derived from Latin meaning to 'pay against the evil of something' refers to expressing disapproval?

5000 FREE SAT Test Prep Words - 5000 Vocabulary Words FREE abase v. To lower in position, estimation, or the like; degrade. ← Many vocabulary words, such as degrade, are repeated in definitions for double learning. abbess n. The lady superior of a nunnery. abbey n. The group of buildings which collectively form the dwelling-place of a society of     monks or nuns.   Free SAT      prep math      notes below vocabulary ↓ abbot n. The superior of a community of monks. abdicate v. To give up (royal power or the like). abdomen n. In mammals, the visceral cavity between the diaphragm and the pelvic floor; the     belly. abdominal n. Of, pertaining to, or situated on the abdomen. abduction n. A carrying away of a person against his will, or illegally. abed adv. In bed; on a bed. aberration n. Deviation from a right, customary, or prescribed course. abet v. To aid, promote, or encourage the commission of (an offense). abeyance n. A state of suspension or temporary inaction. abhorrence n. The act of detesting extremely. abhorrent adj. Very repugnant; hateful. abidance n. An abiding. abject adj. Sunk to a low condition. abjure v. To recant, renounce, repudiate under oath. able-bodied adj. Competent for physical service. ablution n. A washing or cleansing, especially of the body. abnegate v. To renounce (a right or privilege). abnormal adj. Not conformed to the ordinary rule or standard. abominable adj. Very hateful. abominate v. To hate violently. abomination n. A very detestable act or practice. aboriginal adj. Primitive; unsophisticated. aborigines n. The original of earliest known inhabitants of a country. aboveboard adv. & adj. Without concealment, fraud, or trickery. abrade v. To wear away the surface or some part of by friction. abrasion n. That which is rubbed off. abridge v. To make shorter in words, keeping the essential features, leaning out minor      particles. abridgment n. A condensed form as of a book or play. abrogate v. To abolish, repeal. abrupt adj. Beginning, ending, or changing suddenly or with a break. abscess n. A Collection of pus in a cavity formed within some tissue of the body. abscission n. The act of cutting off, as in a surgical operation. abscond v. To depart suddenly and secretly, as for the purpose of escaping arrest. absence n. The fact of not being present or available. absent-minded adj. Lacking in attention to immediate surroundings or business. absolution n. Forgiveness, or passing over of offenses. absolve v. To free from sin or its penalties. absorb v. To drink in or suck up, as a sponge absorbs water. absorption n. The act or process of absorbing. abstain v. To keep oneself back (from doing or using something). abstemious adj. Characterized by self denial or abstinence, as in the use of drink, food. abstinence n. Self denial. abstruse adj. Dealing with matters difficult to be understood. absurd adj. Inconsistent with reason or common sense. abundant adj. Plentiful. abusive adj. Employing harsh words or ill treatment. abut v. To touch at the end or boundary line. abyss n. Bottomless gulf. academic adj. Of or pertaining to an academy, college, or university. academician n. A member of an academy of literature, art, or science. academy n. Any institution where the higher branches of learning are taught. accede v. To agree. accelerate v. To move faster. accept v. To take when offered. access n. A way of approach or entrance; passage. accessible adj. Approachable. accession n. Induction or elevation, as to dignity, office, or government. accessory n. A person or thing that aids the principal agent. acclaim v. To utter with a shout. accommodate v. To furnish something as a kindness or favor. accompaniment n. A subordinate part or parts, enriching or supporting the leading part. accompanist n. One who or that which accompanies. accompany v. To go with, or be associated with, as a companion. accomplice n. An associate in wrong-doing. accomplish v. To bring to pass. accordion n. A portable free-reed musical instrument. accost v. To speak to. account n. A record or statement o


What herb is traditionally associated, besides garlic, with the pickling of a gherkin (US pickle)?

What are the Different Types of Pickles? (with pictures) What are the Different Types of Pickles? Last Modified Date: 19 January 2017 Copyright Protected: Top 10 unbelievable historical concurrencies The food preservation technique we call pickling has been practiced in some form or another for thousands of years. Soft-skinned vegetables such as cucumbers, cabbages, beets and peppers are placed in a special brining solution containing vinegar , salt, water, various peppercorns and spices. After several hours, days or even weeks spent in this salt water bath, much of the vegetable's natural juices have been replaced with an acidic brine that naturally discourages harmful bacterial growth. Most pickles do not require refrigeration because of this natural acidity. When most of us hear the word "pickles," we immediately think of cucumbers, which are by far the most common vegetables used. Other fruits and vegetables can be brined, but only cucumbers are marketed as pickles. Not all cucumbers are used, however; the larger American cucumber variety commonly found in salads does not usually do well during the pickling process. Instead, smaller varieties are grown specifically to become one of the many of types found on grocery shelves. Ad One of the most popular type of pickles are called dills or kosher dills. The brine used to create a dill uses a substantial amount of the dill weed herb, plus a significant amount of garlic . The resulting pickles are commonly found stored in large barrels and served as a side dish with deli sandwiches. Whole ones are crunchy, with a strong hint of garlic and a slightly sour dill weed bite. Sliced versions are commonly placed on hamburgers as a sharp counterpoint to the hearty meat flavor. Smaller ones, called gherkins, may serve as snacks or condiments on a party tray. Dill pickles may also be chopped into a form of relish . Another variety commonly found in grocery stores is called sweet pickles. This type is brined in a solution containing more sugar and less garlic. Smaller cucumbers and gherkins are often used to make them. They are rarely offered as side dishes in delis and restaurants because of their intense flavor. Sweet pickles are more commonly used in cold salads and relishes. Alongside the sweet and dill, you may find bread and butter pickles. Bread and butter types are not quite as sweet as sweet pickles, but they do not have the same sour bite as dill. Many people prefer the taste of this variety on sandwiches or cold salads. It is rare to find a whole ones — they are more likely to be offered in slices or relish cubes. Many home cooks prefer to make their own from organic cucumbers and home recipes. One example of this is called a 14 day pickle, a name referencing the amount of time spent in the brining process. It can be very sweet, with overtones of both the traditional sweet and the bread and butter varieties. There are also specialty pickles for those who enjoy an exotic flavor. Greek peppers called pepperoncinis are often pickled and served as a spicy condiment on sandwiches, pizzas and salads. Mixtures of dills, pearl onions, jalapeños and cauliflower florettes may be brined in a very spicy solution to yield hot mixed pickles. Various fruits may also be pickled in a sweet brine and served year round. Some people even use watermelon rinds. Beets are routinely pickled, as is cabbage to form sauerkraut. Ad


Which inspirational genius created the landmark film 'Modern Times' and its theme song, 'Smile', released in 1936?

1000+ images about Chaplin. on Pinterest | City lights, Actors and Silent film stars Forward Charlie Chaplin in “The Circus” Charlie Chaplin......wrote "Smile" smile, though your heart is aching, smile even though it's breaking, when there are clouds in the sky you'll get by, just smile through your tears and sorrow, smile and maybe tomorrow, you'll see the sun come shining through, if you just smile See More


The traditional generic name of the 1880s bike design which improved the penny-farthing (high-wheel) and basically endures today is the '(What?) bicycle'?

Circus History Message Board 2663. Berta Beeson, high wire Aug 03 archived Current Messages 4691. Great Orlando, 20 Oct 2016 - I have a newspaper clipping found in my late grandmothers belongings. She died in 1965 and the clipping has always had me wondering. There is no newspaper name, but it tells of The Great Orlando who was a trapeze artist with a circus in Hull at the time. He collapsed in the street and was attended by a young lady (I assume as my grandmother kept the clipping it may have been her). I know she lived in Hull when she was young. Any information on him would be good. It's always been told in the family that she wanted to call my father Orlando, but grandad wouldn't have it. HOWEVER. Mix up the letters for Orlando and and it's pretty near Roland which was the name they agreed to in the end. Pamela   Reply to this message , replies go to this board, not to the message sender. Reply: 24 Oct 2016 - Nothing appeared regarding the incident in a simple Google search, New York Clipper, Billboard, Fulton History, etc. Your best chances for discovery would be to search Hull newspapers in the British historical newspapers website. It is accessible at British libraries and at larger city and university libraries in the US. Sometimes the printing on the reverse side of a clipping car serve to date it. Fred Dahlinger Jr., Curator of Circus History, John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota, FL CHS is on Facebook!    Join our online community! - click here 4690. Jordan Circus, 17 Oct 2016 - I recently purchased a collection of handmade wooden trains & toys. The train set has eight cars that are labeled either Jordan Circus and/or Jordan Brothers Circus. The woman I purchased these from said her father and his siblings made and played with these items (assuming from the 1930's-1940's). Her family supposedly was part of the management team. I can not find any reference to the Jordan Brothers Circus in any of my research. Any information if this was an actual circus and any background would greatly be appreciated. They are not affiliated with the Jordan World Circus that currently travels the South/Southwest states. The items were purchased in Northern Illinois. Thank you - Scott   Reply to this message , replies go to this board, not to the message sender.       Replies may not be sent for months, note message number to check for replies in message archives. If someone replies, don't forget a thank you reply. 4689. Sparks Circus, 17 Oct 2016 - I would like to know some history of the Spark's Circus in the 1940's. We live in Stokes Co unity of N.C and understand they wintered here. Too, we had a great aunt that was married to the owner of the circus at one time. She told tales of them wintering in New London, N.C. They repaired costumes etc. Would like to know where to find more information. Too, there use to be tales of an elephant that had to be killed, I think her name was Mary. Would appreciate any information. Thank you, Amie Hampton   Reply to this message , replies go to this board, not to the message sender. Reply: 24 Oct 2016 - The Sparks circus was founded by John H. Wiseman and a man that used the name Charles Sparks. They toured using the name by 1887, though it wasn�t quite a circus until later. They originally were based in East Brady, Pennsylvania. Wiseman and Sparks were married to sisters named Mitchell from East Brady, PA. Perhaps another family member later married someone from Stokes County?     About 1900 Wiseman acquired property near Vade Mecum Springs, Stokes County, NC that he used as a personal retreat, with the likely intention to build it into a complete resort. He died from the effects of an animal bite in 1903 and the property was sold off in 1908. A gentleman named Steve Shelton has been doing important primary research work on the Wiseman presence in Vade Mecum. A 1990 tertiary summary by others can be read here: https://mbasic.facebook.com/notes/stokes-county-historical-society/history-of-vade-mecum-springs/129082183829825/  I don�t know of any specific connection to New Londo


What French railway term refers to the bicycle gear system for shifting the chain between sprockets?

Glossary of Cycling Terms - bikeline.com Glossary of Cycling Terms The American Bicycle Association, the world's largest sanctioning BMX organization. abubaca A trick where the rider goes straight up the ramp and while they are still facing forward they tap the back tire to the coping/obstacle, then drop back down the ramp riding backwards or fakie. The rider's body faces the same direction through the whole trick. adventure race A multi-discipline team race that varies in length and distance from a few hours to several days. Involves multiple sports such as cycling, running, orienteering, boating, rappelling, etc. aero (Say: air - o) - Slang for aerodynamic, streamlined. Anything that helps a cyclist cheat his main opponent, the wind. Aero devices include handlebars, bullet-shaped helmets, even windshields. aero handlebars Handlebars or bolt-on (often called "clip-on") bars made for road riding that put you in a streamlined position for more speed with the same effort. These usually include elbow pads, which support your weight. The bars place your hands in front of the body, where they poke a hole in the air, which decreases wind resistance. Using aero bars and finding an aerodynamically optimum riding position are the best ways to reduce your time in time trials, triathlons, even centuries. Many riders like and use aero bars not for speed but because they provide a relaxed position for cruising the flats. aero helmet A special helmet with a streamlined shape to reduce wind drag and offer an advantage in races against the clock. Often pretty funny looking. aerobic (say: air - o - bick) - Cycling or exercising at a pace that allows breathing comfortably because you're getting enough oxygen. Think of it as a "conversational" pace. If you're breathing too hard to talk, the pace is too fast. aftermarket A component or accessory that wasn't intended to be used as original equipment on stock bicycles. AheadSet Component manufacturer Dia-Compe’s brand name for a headset (the mechanism in the front of the bike that lets the fork turn for steering). This type is designed for forks with threadless steerers (the fork's top tube). air If you like to leap over obstacles or fly off ramps, this is what you're trying to put beneath your wheels, as in, "I got big air." Also, it's what you put in your tires and some suspension forks and shocks so you have nice, soft landings. air shock A suspension that uses air pressure as its spring medium. all mountain As in all-mountain bicycle, this means a bike or ride that encompasses all types of off-road terrain, climbs, descents, technical and jumping. Allen wrench A hexagonally shaped tool for turning the ubiquitous recessed bolts found on bicycles. There are L-shaped Allen wrenches, ones with screwdriver handles and ones with ball-ends so that you can turn bolts in tight spaces. Get a set for your toolbox and on-the-road/trail kit that includes at least 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8mm wrenches, and you'll be prepared to fix most things. alloy A blend of metals. Also slang for "aluminum." Alpe d'Huez A legendary Tour de France climb to the French ski station of the same name, Alpe d'Huez is renowned for its brutal steepness and 21 switchbacks, each bearing the name of a past Tour stage winner. The Alpe became the Tour’s first mountaintop finish when the then-unpaved climb was used in 1952. Fausto Coppi won the first stage to use the 8.6-mile, 7.9%-grade climb with a time of 45 minutes and 22 seconds. Now paved, debate remains as to who holds the record for the fastest ascent of the climber’s crown jewel. Marco Pantani is generally acknowledged to be the fastest at 37’35” with Lance Armstrong a close second at 37’36”. aluminum (Say: aloo - min - um) - A super-light, durable and affordable material that's widely used for bicycle frames and components. anaerobic (Say: an - air - o - bick) - Cycling or exercising at a pace that causes labored breathing because you're struggling to get enough oxygen. Obviously, you can't keep at it for long. anatomic seat Seats scientifically shaped to accommodate the body.


What country produces Flying Pigeon bicycles, at 2010 the most popular mechanical vehicle in history?

Riding China's Flying Pigeon Bicycle | Bicycling Rides travel Riding China's Flying Pigeon Bicycle The most popular and influential bicycle in the world is in a fight for its existence--and, perhaps, the future of cycling itself By dan koeppel April 30, 2010 Matthew Vincent Your Privacy Rights   Canadian Customers Beijing, this drizzly autumn morning, looks like the Beijing I've seen in pictures and movies. A traffic light changes, and cars begin to creep forward, then get swarmed by bicycles. Hundreds of bicycles. Bicycles ridden by middle-aged men in suits; bicycles pedaled by young women carrying schoolbooks in pink plastic rucksacks; bicycles piloted by senior citizens, some wearing smog masks, some carrying tiny dogs in their baskets. I watch one elderly rider, his saddle covered by a grocery bag, glance downward as he lights a smoke, his cadence never faltering. I'm standing atop a pedestrian bridge that overlooks Beijing's second ring road, a bulging rampart around the most frenzied part of this city of 15 million. This is the way it should be, I think. There's no municipality on earth that accommodates, values and relies on bikes more than the Chinese capital. Advertisement Privacy Policy | About Us Then the fantasy dissolves. What I'm viewing is just a single frame in an endless filmstrip of human locomotion. I look around and see dozens of cranes, each signaling the construction of a new skyscraper--part of the most rapid urban expansion in history. Beijing has changed and grown more in the past decade than it had in the previous 700 years, when it became the capital of a unified China in the 13th century. I see a few splashes of green, pocket-size parks where residents practice tai chi routines, newspaper vendors hawk their goods and office workers lug lunch boxes and briefcases. But mostly, I see circulation. Eleven bus stops are visible from where I stand, a dozen pedestrian overpasses, eight intersecting avenues, more than 50 traffic lights and pavement that's been widened and widened again until it now spans 10 lanes, yet is still choked to the horizon with cars. Through it all, cyclists roll forward, as if unstoppable. There are more than 10 million bicycles in Beijing, more than any other city in any other country. Here, the bicycle is not a symbol of fitness or of the user's environmental nobility. Riders use the two-wheeler as it was originally, and perhaps best, conceived: as a simple working machine. After 10 minutes of watching, I see that the cars below me haven't gained 10 feet. But the panorama is deceiving. In Beijing, the bicycle is losing the race for its life. Just as Detroit is America's automotive heart, so is Tianjin China's bicycle city. Every year, factories worldwide produce 100 million new bicycles. One-quarter of those are made in Tianjin. As I step off the train at the city's main station--the ride from Beijing takes just over an hour--I'm surprised at how different this city of five million looks from the one I just left. Central Tianjin looks less like the China you imagine, and more like late-19th century Europe. Apartment houses are adorned with crafted masonry; the schools and old churches appear vaguely Continental. The city is just a few miles from the world's largest artificial harbor, and it has always attracted foreigners. More than a century ago, British and German merchants filled Tianjin with reminders of home such as ornate architecture and street lighting, chamber quartets, spring mattresses--and bicycles. At first, according to Amir Moghaddass Esfehani, who detailed the origins of China's bicycle culture in the 2003 issue of Cycle History, riding was an activity for the leisure class: the Western-emulating journalists, officials and "sons of wealthy families." Even the Chinese word for bicycles was borrowed. Early on, bikes were called weilouxibeida, a soundalike for "velocipede." (The modern term is zixingche, which translates as "self-moving vehicle.") Bikes slowly spread to other Chinese cities, primarily used as vehicles for deliverymen, police officers and--durin


What was a bicycle first called (and still today also any human powered wheeled vehicle), a Latin portmanteau of 'speed' and 'foot'?

Bicycle History Timeline Chronology of the Growth of Bicycling and the Development of Bicycle Technology by David Mozer Note: Many people claim credit for inventing the first bicycle.  The answer to the question often depends upon the nationality of who you ask; the French claim it was a Frenchman, Scots claim a Scotsman, the English an Englishman, and Americans often claim that it was an American.  Since the early 1990's the International Cycling History Conferences , with proceedings Cycle History (San Francisco), has worked to get past the jingoism.  Our current understanding of the history of the bicycle suggests that many people contributed ideas and developments: Date      Development 1418 Giovanni Fontana built the first human powered land vehicle   -- it had four wheels and used an endless rope connected via gears to the   wheels. 1493 Sketches showing a primitive version of a bicycle, purported   drawn by Leonardo da Vinci ,   surfaced in 1974.  Further examination of the drawings indicates these   are not by da Vinci's hand. The speculation that these are a sketch by a   pupil after a lost drawing by da Vinci is also considered false. An age test   was performed, but the library in Milan (belonging to the Vatican) conceals   its negative outcome, see http://www.cyclepublishing.com/history/leonardo%20da%20vinci%20bicycle.html . Experts consider the sketches a hoax. 1791 Comte de Sicrac is credited with building the "celerifer" -   purportedly a hobby horse   with two wheels instead of a rocker.  This is now considered a   patriotic hoax created by a French historian in 1891.  It was debunked   by a French researcher in 1976.  In fact, a Jean Sievrac   (!) of Marseille obtained an import price for a four-wheeled speed coach   called celerifer in 1817. ? Heinrich Mylius' bicycle, the Heimat Museum, Themar, Germany 1817 Variously   called the running machine, velocipede, Draisienne and dandy horse, it was invented by Karl Drais, in response to   widespread starvation and the slaughtering of horses, the consequence of a crop failure the year before (caused by the   eruption of  Tambora). It had a steer-able front wheel. This is the first appearance of the two-wheeler principle   that is basic to cycling and motorcycling and minimizes rolling resistance.   The velocipedes were made entirely of wood and needed to be balanced by   directing the front wheel a bit. People then did not dare to lift the feet   off safe ground, therefore the velocipedes were propelled by pushing off   with the feet.  After the good harvest in   1817 riding velocipedes on sidewalks was forbidden worldwide, since the velocipeders used the sidewalks,   and because they could not balance on the   rutted carriageway, the fad passed. It took nearly 50 years, until a   roller-skating boom created a new public with a better sense of balance.  For more information see: http://www.karldrais.de/?lang=en&sid=bd15ff8c6ef29db0e7dd1d7e6e1680ae 1839 Another entry in bicycle lore: Kirkpatric Mcmillan, a   Scottish blacksmith adapted a treadle-type pedals to a bicycle, is   considered a hoax, see the David Herlihy's book . 1863 Bone Shaker or Velocipede: Made of stiff materials, straight angles and   steel wheels make this bike literally a bone shaker to ride over the cobblestone roads of   the day. The improvement is a front wheel with peddles -- direct drive,   fixed gear, one speed. This machine was known as the   velocipede ("fast foot"), but was popularly known as the bone shaker, They also   became a fad, and indoor riding academies, similar to roller rinks, could be found in   large cities. 1870 Ordinary: These are better know as the "high wheelers". It is   more comfortable to ride than its predecessor, but it requires an acrobat so they   popularity has always been limited. This was the first all metal machine to appeared.   (Previous to this metallurgy was not advanced enough to provide metal which was strong   enough to make small, ligh


A modern 'balance bicycle' is purpose-designed for?

Strider Bicycle Accessories - Modern Bike Strider Strider Bicycle Accessories Find everything from bicycle lights to repair stands in the bicycle accessories section. Use the options on the left side to narrow your search. Refine your search Strong custom Strider rim  Durable No-Flat tire  Will fit on any ST model … read more 4.9 of 5                   ( 7 ) 4.9 of 5 stars average                   ( 7 reviews ) Alloy rims, steel hubs and spokes  12.5x1.75" tires  NOTE: If child is a little older and stronger and can handle the added weight of the pneumatic … read more 4.9 of 5                   ( 7 ) 4.9 of 5 stars average                   ( 7 reviews ) Unique 12.7mm steel handlebar is 43% smaller than standard to allow better control with tiny hands. Custom logo mini-grips are soft urethane with protective … read more 5 of 5                   ( 2 ) 5 of 5 stars average                   ( 2 reviews ) your price $119.99 + ships free Buy PART NUM 764766 Natural method puts the focus on the fundamentals of balancing, leaning, and steering without the distractions and complications of pedals or … read more 4.6 of 5                   ( 5 ) 4.6 of 5 stars average                   ( 5 reviews ) your price $89.99 + ships free Buy PART NUM 533901 Natural method puts the focus on the fundamentals of balancing, leaning, and steering without the distractions and complications of pedals or training … read more 4.6 of 5                   ( 5 ) 4.6 of 5 stars average                   ( 5 reviews ) your price $89.99 + ships free Buy PART NUM 672932 Unique 12.7mm steel handlebar is 43% smaller than standard to allow better control with tiny hands. Custom logo mini-grips are soft urethane with protective … read more 5 of 5                   ( 2 ) 5 of 5 stars average                   ( 2 reviews ) your price $119.99 + ships free Buy PART NUM 734538 Lightweight, pedal-less design allows children to straddle the bike with both feet on the ground and easily propel the bike by walking or running. … read more 5 of 5                   ( 2 ) 5 of 5 stars average                   ( 2 reviews ) your price $119.99 + ships free Buy PART NUM 333127 Strong custom Strider rim  Durable No-Flat tire  Will fit on any ST model  Sold individually … read more 4.9 of 5                   ( 7 ) 4.9 of 5 stars average                   ( 7 reviews ) Unique 12.7mm steel handlebar is 43% smaller than standard to allow better control with tiny hands. Custom logo mini-grips are soft urethane with protective … read more 5 of 5                   ( 2 ) 5 of 5 stars average                   ( 2 reviews ) your price $119.99 + ships free Buy PART NUM 446448 Unique 12.7mm steel handlebar is 43% smaller than standard to allow better control with tiny hands. Custom logo mini-grips are soft urethane with protective … read more 5 of 5                   ( 2 ) 5 of 5 stars average                   ( 2 reviews ) your price $119.99 + ships free Buy PART NUM 475780 your price $169.99 + ships free Buy PART NUM 979292 Unique 12.7mm steel handlebar is 43% smaller than standard to allow better control with tiny hands. Custom logo mini-grips are soft urethane with protective … read more 5 of 5                   ( 2 ) 5 of 5 stars average                   ( 2 reviews ) your price $119.99 + ships free Buy PART NUM 689476 Natural method puts the focus on the fundamentals of balancing, leaning, and steering without the distractions and complications of pedals or training … read more 4.6 of 5                   ( 5 ) 4.6 of 5 stars average                   ( 5 reviews ) your price $89.99 + ships free Buy PART NUM 206495 Natural method puts the focus


In 2013 Dutch cyclist Sebastiaan Bowier set a world speed record for a bicycle (unassisted, human powered vehicle) of what mph? 49; 57; 72 or 83?

The Recumbent Bicycle and Human Powered Vehicle Information Center   The Top Human Powered Achievements for 2013. Foreword: Views and opinions in this list are my own! Factual data is based on my years of keeping statistics on human powered vehicle data. Over this past year I’ve had contact with many of the individuals and teams on this list. I’ve been sent emails and data from some of the European events. I've also attended Battle Mountain, so was a first-hand witness to some of these events. All world or national records that I mention must be considered unofficial until they are recognized by the IHPVA or WHPVA. In all cases where I mention a RECORD its simply my acknowledge that it is the best ever performance in that category, whether or not the category officially exists in the IHPVA/WHPVA. 1) AeroVelo / University of Toronto team members winning the $250,000 Sikorsky prize for Human Powered helicopter flight, something that took 33 years to achieve. They achieved a flight that met the rules requiring a flight of at least one minute duration, a maximum altitude of ten feet at one point during the flight, and stayed within a 10 x 10 meter square to demonstrate control. Students and graduates of University of Toronto designed and built their helicopter, called the Atlas in only 3 months, then spent 9 months testing (and crashing it). Their technological achievements earned them major press in worldwide publications. Their prize achievement was voted the Number 8 technological achievement in the entire world in Dec 2013 (hence its #1 on this list!). Todd Reichert was the pilot on the prize winning flight, as he was on their snowbird human powered flapping wing ornithopter in 2010, another world first. He generated over one horsepower, with peak power required in the first part of the flight to climb to the ten foot altitude. Close to the ground, ground effect from the rotor downwash helped produce lift. Both devices fulfilled 500-year old designs first proposed by Leonardo daVinci of allowing humans to fly. They also relied on the successful teamwork of team members forged during four years of building four human powered streamliners for the ASME student human powered vehicle competition. Todd Reichert and Cameron Robertson are the two founding members of AeroVelo. They had a successful Kickstarter campaign to raise funds necessary to build the Atlas. The team flew at the Toronto indoor soccer center. The four quad rotor Atlas was the largest human powered helicopter ever built, yet was very lightweight. It may be the 2nd largest helicopter ever built. They designed an ingenious control system that pulled on the blades using wires attached to the Cervelo (also a Toronto company) bicycle that the rider sat on in an upright riding position. This was to maintain flight. It was designed almost by accident after an earlier control system wasn't working right. Like other few teams trying for the prize, including Maryland (see #4) below, they had to endure several crashes, and setbacks. In the late 1970’s, human powered flights of the Gossamer Condor and Gossamer Albatross by designed by Paul MacCready and Aerovironment in California and flown by Bryan Allen also generated the same worldwide publicity as the University of Toronto earned with their human powered orintopher in 2010 and now their human powered helicopter 2013 achievements. Such achievements are recognized far beyond the human powered racing community. 2) Human Powered Team Delft (students from TU Delft and the University of Amsterdam) setting a new world speed record of (133.78 kph, 83.13 mph) breaking Team Varna and Sam Whittingham's 13 year reign as the top speed record holder. This was the culmination of three years of work and three different vehicles that TU Delft built, each vehicle going over 80 mph powered by Sebastiaan Bowier. Delft achieved what student teams first did at the beginning of the IHPVA racing, that is get the overall top speed record. This was first accomplished by Northrop University in the late 1970's when they co


A penny-farthing (high-wheel) bicycle is steered by which wheel(s)?

Penny Farthing Bicycle (1860’s) – Mortal Journey   The Penny Farthing Bike By 1870, the designs of the boneshakers began to change with the front wheel of the bicycle being made larger and larger in order to improve the comfort for the rider.  Originally known simply as bicycles or “high-wheels”, people began referring to them as “Penny Farthings” because of their resemblance of its wheel sizes to the largest and smallest English copper coins of the day.  The Penny Farthings were expensive too and thus riders were mostly wealthy young men. The Penny Farthing bicycle construction was similar to the construction of the earlier velocipedes.  A cast iron tube frame followed the circumference of the front wheel and then diverting to the smaller back wheel.  Using solid rubber tires, plain bearings for pedals, steering, and wheels, the Penny Farthing was a direct drive bicycle meaning the cranks and pedals were fixed directly to the wheel hub instead of using gears or chain drives. The front wheel, which was housed in a rigid fork, grew to as much as five feet in diameter.  This larger front wheel allowed the bike to roll more readily over stones, rocks, and bumpy roads. The ride of the Penny Farthing was much more comfortable than earlier Boneshaker bicycles. Moustache handlebars were added to allow the rider’s knees to clear the bars.  A mounting peg was located above the rear wheel. A “spoon brake” was fitted on the top of the front wheel fork and operated by a lever that was attached to one of the handlebars. The Penny Farthing bicycles were very durable and required little maintenance or service.  In fact, when cyclist Thomas Stevens rode one around the world in the 1880’s, he had only a single mechanical problem (which was caused when the local military confiscated his bicycle and damaged the front wheel in the process). One Penny Farthing model was made by Pope Manufacturing Company in 1886.  Located in Hartford, Connecticut, the company began with the introduction of the Columbia High Wheeler Penny Farthing bicycle. It weighed 36 lbs. and had a 60-spoke 53-inch front wheel and a 28-spoke 18-inch rear wheel. The Operation and Dangers of the Penny Farthing Mounting and starting the Penny Farthing required a high level of skill.  The rider placed one foot on the peg above the back wheel then grabbed the handlebar and while rolling, lifted himself into the bicycle seat. Riders dismounted by tipping the bike over or sliding off the back of the seat and running to a stop. Penny Farthing bicycles were considered by the general public to be quite dangerous.  The rider rode nearly on top of the front wheel and their feet could not reach the ground.  Since the rider sat high and nearly over the front axle, when the wheel struck rocks or ruts in the road, or if the rider braked the bicycle too hard, the rider could be pitched forward off the bicycle head first.  Known as “taking a header” or simply “a header”, head first accidents were quite common.  It was not uncommon for a Penny Farthing rider to die from taking a header.  When coasting down hills, the direct drive required the riders take their feet off the pedals and put them over the tops of the handlebars which provided an added advantage of being pitched off the bicycle feet first instead of head first. Regardless of the danger, Penny Farthings were simpler, lighter, and faster than the safer velocipedes of the time.     The Golden Age of Bicycles Continued bicycle innovations and design improvements increased the comfort of the rider which ushered in a second bicycle craze, the 1890’s Golden Age of Bicycles.  Chain drives were introduced allowing improved torque independent of the wheel size.  The pneumatic tire was introduced in 1888.  Later the rear free wheel was developed enabling the riders to coast. This in turn led to coaster brakes. The comfortable and efficient ride previously only possible due to the large front wheel of the Penny Farthing, made the high wheel Penny Farthing bicycle obsolete. Ironically, the nephew of the man responsible for the popularity of t


Slang for an eccentric person, what bicycle part converts reciprocal leg-power into circular wheel motion?

Crank definition by Babylon’s free dictionary Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913), edited by Noah Porter. About hEnglish - advanced version crank \crank\ (kr?nk), n. [oe. cranke; akin to e. cringe, cringle, crinkle, and to crank, a., the root meaning, probably, "to turn, twist." see cringe.] 1. (mach.) a bent portion of an axle, or shaft, or an arm keyed at right angles to the end of a shaft, by which motion is imparted to or received from it; also used to change circular into reciprocating motion, or reciprocating into circular motion. see bell crank. 2. any bend, turn, or winding, as of a passage. so many turning cranks these have, so many crooks. 3. a twist or turn in speech; a conceit consisting in a change of the form or meaning of a word. quips, and cranks, and wanton wiles. 4. a twist or turn of the mind; caprice; whim; crotchet; also, a fit of temper or passion. [prov. eng.] violent of temper; subject to sudden cranks. arlyle. 5. a person full of crotchets; one given to fantastic or impracticable projects; one whose judgment is perverted in respect to a particular matter. [colloq.] 6. a sick person; an invalid. [obs.] thou art a counterfeit crank, a cheater. crank axle (mach.), a driving axle formed with a crank or cranks, as in some kinds of locomotives. crank pin (mach.), the cylindrical piece which forms the handle, or to which the connecting rod is attached, at the end of a crank, or between the arms of a double crank. crank shaft, a shaft bent into a crank, or having a crank fastened to it, by which it drives or is driven. crank wheel, a wheel acting as a crank, or having a wrist to which a connecting rod is attached. crank \crank\ (kr?nk), a. [as. cranc weak; akin to icel. krangr, d. & g. krank sick, weak (cf. d. krengen to careen). cf. crank, n.] 1. sick; infirm. [prov. eng.] 2. (naut.) liable to careen or be overset, as a ship when she is too narrow, or has not sufficient ballast, or is loaded too high, to carry full sail. 3. full of spirit; brisk; lively; sprightly; overconfident; opinionated. he who was, a little before, bedrid, was now crank and lusty. if you strong electioners did not think you were among the elect, you would not be so crank about it. stowe. crank \crank\, v. i. [see crank, n.] to run with a winding course; to double; to crook; to wind and turn. see how this river comes me cranking in. crank English Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia Crank may refer to: Mechanism Crank (mechanism), in mechanical engineering, a bent portion of an axle or shaft, or an arm keyed at right angles to the end of a shaft, by which motion is imparted to or received from it Crankset, the component of a bicycle drivetrain that converts the reciprocating motion of the rider's legs into rotational motion Crankshaft, the part of a piston engine which translates reciprocating linear piston motion into rotation See more at Wikipedia.org... crank! A Record Company is an independent record label which was started by Jeff Matlow in September 1994. The label's first release was a 7" by Vitreous Humor. See more at Wikipedia.org...


Who was stripped of his seven Tour de France titles in October 2012 due to doping?

Lance Armstrong Stripped of 7 Tour de France Titles - The New York Times The New York Times Cycling |Lance Armstrong Is Stripped of His 7 Tour de France Titles Search Continue reading the main story Photo Lance Armstrong, capturing a stage of the Tour de France in 2004. Credit Patrick Kovarik/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images The International Cycling Union announced Monday that it would not appeal the United States Anti-Doping Agency ’s ruling to bar Lance Armstrong for life from Olympic sports for doping and for playing an instrumental role in the team-organized doping on his Tour de France -winning cycling squads. That decision to waive the right to take Armstrong’s case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, the highest court in sports, formally stripped Armstrong of the seven Tour titles he won from 1999 to 2005. “Lance Armstrong has no place in cycling; he deserves to be forgotten in cycling,” Pat McQuaid, the president of the cycling union, known as U.C.I., said in a news conference in Switzerland. “Something like this must never happen again.” McQuaid said he was “sickened” by the facts in the 202-page report the antidoping agency made public two weeks ago regarding the evidence it had in the Armstrong case, and called it mind-boggling how former teammates like the five-time national time-trial champion David Zabriskie were pushed to use performance-enhancing drugs. Photo Details from the investigation of Lance Armstrong by the United States Anti-Doping Agency based on testimony, largely from teammates. Armstrong has denied doping. Credit Joe Ward and Alan McLean/The New York Times McQuaid said that Armstrong’s teams had a “win at all costs” attitude fueled by “deceit, intimidation, coercion and evasion,” and that all of the evidence was there to prove that Armstrong doped. He added that he was sorry the cycling union had not caught Armstrong and his teammates “red handed” so he could have thrown them out of the sport. Continue reading the main story Armstrong, who has vehemently denied ever doping, declined to comment Monday. But in the past, he said that he, his teammates and those riders who competed against him would always know he won those seven Tours. By early Tuesday, his biography on his Twitter page had been changed to no longer say he is the seven-time Tour de France winner. Advertisement Continue reading the main story The antidoping agency applauded the cycling union’s acceptance of the penalties the agency gave Armstrong in August, when Armstrong gave up fighting his case. Back then, the cycling union was battling to gain jurisdiction over the matter. “Today, the U.C.I. made the right decision in the Lance Armstrong case,” Travis Tygart, the antidoping agency’s chief executive, said in a statement. “Despite its prior opposition to Usada’s investigation into doping on the U.S. Postal Service cycling team and within the sport, Usada is glad that the U.C.I. finally reversed course in this case and has made the credible decision available to it.” Photo Lance Armstrong at the end of the 19th stage of the 90th Tour de France in July 2003. Credit Franck Fife/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images Tygart said there was still more to do to clean up cycling because there were “many more details of doping that are hidden, many more doping doctors, and corrupt team directors, and the omerta has not yet been fully broken.” He called for immunity to be given to riders who come forward and confess their doping, so the sport can learn from its mistakes. The World Anti-Doping Agency now has the opportunity to appeal Usada’s decision, and its officials said they were still in the process of reviewing the evidence. The cycling union’s announcement delivered yet another devastating blow to Armstrong, who has unceremoniously fallen from grace within the past two weeks. Last week he stepped down as the chairman of Livestrong, his cancer foundation, and lost nearly all of his sponsors, including Nike and the Trek bicycle company. Oakley sunglasses, one of the companies that had been with Armstrong the longest, announced Mo


What French word commonly refers to a bunch or pack of cyclists?

How To Speak Like A Cyclist - I Love Bicycling I Love Bicycling Home / How To / How To Speak Like A Cyclist How To Speak Like A Cyclist March 16, 2014 by U.M. 30 Comments How to Speak Like a Cyclist So you want to be a cyclist? Then you should probably learn how to speak like a cyclist. Here are some terms you may come across while reading cycling blogs or speaking to your fellow cyclists outside of the normal mechanical jargon. 1. Attack This is most commonly a racing term that means you quickly accelerate with the idea that you’re going to put a gap between you and other riders. 2. Breakaway Similar to attack, breakaway means that you or a small group split off from the front of a larger group and move ahead, leaving a sizable gap behind you. 3. Echelon This is a French word that refers to a line of riders who are trying to hit maximum drafting speed in a cross wind. This results in a diagonal line across the track. 4. Peloton Another French word, a peloton is a large group of cyclists that totals more than twenty riders. 5. Drafting/Slipstreaming This is the process of reducing your wind resistance by basically riding behind another rider. This can reduce your wind resistance so dramatically that it can reduce the amount of energy required to maintain a speed by up to 30%. Slipstreaming is so useful that it is a common feature of most road racing tactics. 6. Keep The Rubber On The Road The equivalent to the theater world’s: Break a leg! It means, “Have a good ride! Don’t crash!” 7. Wonky A term for anything that feels off while you’re riding. This includes mechanical failure or a riding partner’s bad mood. 8. JRA This comes from bike shop humour and means “Just Riding Along”. As in, “I was just riding along and I crashed into a tree and the whole bike fell apart!” How many stories do you think bike repair people hear that start with JRA? 9. Bonking This is when you run out of fuel and your blood sugar becomes incredibly low. There is no more fuel for your brain, muscles, and heart. Besides being dangerous, it makes you feel like $#!%. 10. Road Rash This is caused by crashing. Road rash occurs when your skin slides across the asphalt leaving you with mild to severe skin abrasions. 11. Saddle Sores This is leg-to-seat chaffing. They usually appear in the nether regions and can really hurt. 12. Biff This is slang for a bike crash. 13. Endo This is when a cyclist flips over their handlebars during a crash. As in, “End over end.” 14. Vitamin I This isn’t actually a vitamin, just called one because cyclists use it so much. It’s Ibuprofen. 15. Cadence This is the speed of spinning your pedals. Cadence is measured in revolutions per minute (RPM) and is often a focal point for improving cycling performance. 16. Watts This is a measure of power. Watts are used to find out how much power a cyclist produces. 17. Steed This is what a lot of cyclists call their bikes. It’s a nod to horseback riding lingo. 18. Beater Bike Sometimes called the clunker, this is not the go-to bike but the back-up bike. Usually old and a little out of tune, the beater bike is for lackadaisical days and getting from point A to point B. 19. Chamois This is your padded cycling shorts. They reduce chafing, blisters, and saddle sores. 20. The Brain Bucket It’s just your helmet. Sometimes called the cycling hard hat. 21. Kit This is a reference to cyclists who wear matchy-matchy outfits. Everything is designed to go together from the jersey to the shorts and sometimes even the socks. 22. Grand Tour There are only three Grand Tours in the world: Tour de France, Giro d’Italia, and Vuelta a Espa᷈na. They are all three week long stage races for professionals. A lot of people either watch them or pretend to. 23. Neo-Pro


Drop, Randonneur, Porteur, Aero and Moustache are types of bicycle what?

The Moustache Handlebar The Bridgestone/Nitto/Rivendell Moustache Handlebar 2014 note: This web page is ancient, and I haven't updated it in ages. I'll leave it up for as long as I can, but it's likely very out of date. Enjoy while you can! The following three illustrations and accompanying text (in "Typewriter" style) are Copyright (c) 1993 Bridgestone Cycles (USA) Inc. and Bridgestone Cycle Co. LTD and are reproduced without permission, since I'm too lazy to write a letter to Tokyo, and I'd just end up confusing some poor office serf who probably has better things to do. A fast and very comfortable hand position for relatively smooth roads. The brake-hood tips should be 12 to 13cm apart, and no higher than horizontal. Note: I currently have them set up a bit further than 13cm apart and quite a bit lower than horizontal, and this works great for me. Leave the tape off when you first set them up and be prepared to stop and adjust during your first few rides until you find the brake lever position best for you. Off-road braking is secure, just like on a mountain bike. If you ride steep, bumpy off-road descents, add padding under the tape, inside the curve. Note: I used an old innertube, folded over a few times, and taped to the bar underneath the handlebar tape for padding and it works quite well. Mounting "dummy" levers here gives you another hand position. Tip: Remove the vestigial levers with a 2mm allen key, then saw off the exposed nub and file the edge smooth. This saves 2.2 oz and adds knee clearance. Note: If you look at the picture of my Moustache bars, below , you'll see that I've removed the vestigial levers, but not yet sawed off the nubs. Note 2: This is not a very stable riding position. To test to see if you find this position stable enough, ride the bike that you want to equip with Moustache bars and put both hands on the stem or on the bars real close to the stem. If you find this to be intolerably unstable, either don't put the dummy levers on, or improve your balance by riding rollers. After about 1 hour total time on rollers I could ride with my hands on the dummy levers just fine. Which Style Brake Levers? If you're going to use cantilever brakes, you should definitely consider using non-aero road brake levers. If you're going to use sidepull brakes, you should still use them, because they're out of style, and thus will be cheaper. Dia Compe makes the model 287 cantilever-specific road-style brake levers that folks have said work well with these handlebars. Look at how the cable housing for the front brake goes through about a 120 degree turn, immediately followed by a nearly 90 degree turn. This makes for lousy braking control. Sidepull brakes would be similarly affected, but you have more room from the point where the housing exits the tape until it enters the brake lever, so the turns would be less severe. A longer stem, or one with less rise, would probably reduce the severity of the turns. The rear brake cable housing goes through an acceptably tight turn, but is still improved by the change to... ...non-aero brake levers. Note how the front brake cable housing now follows a gentle arc over the stem, performing only one turn, and an easy one at that. Changing from aero to non-aero levers has significantly improved the feel of the front brake. The rear wasn't really affected much, but it's nice to have them match. Can I buy these? Maybe. Rivendell Bicycle Works used to sell them, and may still, but call to confirm price and availability. Rivendell Bicycle Works 925.933.7304 F 877.269.5847 You can also get any bike shop, online or otherwise, who orders from QBP to order the Nitto bars for you. There are other similar handlebars out there. Redline sells a bike, the 925, with their own version of the Moustache bar. I don't know if you can purchase that version by itself. On-One in the UK makes a version of the Moustache bar that they call the Mungo . Dimension makes a "Double-bend Urban Alum Bar" available from aebike.com, in black or silver , but it doesn't take bar-end shifters, but does take road