What sort of snake is named after a huge serpent killed by Apollo?

Python | Greek mythology | Britannica.com Greek mythology Dionysus Python, in Greek mythology , a huge serpent that was killed by the god Apollo at Delphi either because it would not let him found his oracle , being accustomed itself to giving oracles, or because it had persecuted Apollo’s mother, Leto , during her pregnancy. In the earliest account, the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, the serpent is nameless and female, but later it is male, as in Euripides’ Iphigenia Among the Taurians, and named Python (found first in the account of the 4th-century-bc historian Ephorus; Pytho was the old name for Delphi). Python was traditionally the child of Gaea (Earth) who had an oracle at Delphi before Apollo came. The Pythian Games held at Delphi were supposed to have been instituted by Apollo to celebrate his victory over Python. Learn More in these related articles: Apollo (Greek mythology) in Greek religion, a deity of manifold function and meaning, after Zeus perhaps the most widely revered and influential of all the Greek gods. Though his original nature is obscure, from the time of Homer onward he was the god of divine distance, who sent or threatened from afar; the god who made... Pythian Games in ancient Greece, various athletic and musical competitions held in honour of Apollo, chiefly those at Delphi. The musicians’ contest there dated from very early times. In 582 bc it was made quadrennial, and athletic events including foot and chariot races were added in emulation of the... Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: December 06, 2007 URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Python-Greek-mythology Access Date: January 16, 2017 Share


Huqiu, Tianchi, Pouchong, Longjing and Songluo are Chinese?

Chinese tea - iSnare Free Encyclopedia Chinese tea This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (September 2015) Click [show] for important translation instructions.   View a machine-translated version of the Japanese article. Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. After translating, {{Translated|ja|中国茶}} must be added to the talk page to ensure copyright compliance . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . Green tea leaves steeping in a gaiwan Chinese tea is a beverage made from the leaves of tea plants ( Camellia sinensis ) and boiled water. Tea leaves are processed using traditional Chinese methods. Chinese tea is consumed throughout the day, including during meals, as a substitute for plain water, for health, or for simple pleasure. Contents See also: History of tea The practice of drinking tea has a long history in China , having originated there. Although tea originated in China, during the Tang Dynasty, Chinese tea generally represents tea leaves which have been processed using methods inherited from ancient China . According to popular legend, tea was discovered by Chinese Emperor Shen Nong in 2737 BCE when a leaf from a nearby shrub fell into water the emperor was boiling. [1] Tea is deeply woven into the history and culture of China. The beverage is considered one of the seven necessities of Chinese life, along with firewood, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce and vinegar. [2] Around 771 BC – 476 BC the Chinese tea is used for medicinal purposes.This period also known as the “Spring and Autumn Period”, it is where Chinese people first enjoyed the juice extracted from the tea leaves that they chewed.[ citation needed ] Chinese tea can be classified into five distinctive categories: white , green , oolong , black and post-fermented . Others add categories for scented and compressed teas. All of these come from varieties of the Camellia sinensis plant. Most Chinese teas are consumed in China and are not exported, except to Chinese-speaking communities in other countries. Green tea is the most popular type of tea consumed in China. Within these main categories of tea are vast varieties of individual beverages. Some researchers have counted more than 700 of these beverages. Others put the number at more than 1,000. Some of the variations are due to different strains of the Camillia plant. The popular Tieguanyin , for example, is traced back to a single plant discovered in Anxi in Fujian province. Other teas draw some of their characteristics from local growing conditions. However, the largest factor in the wide variations comes from differences in tea processing after the tea leaves are harvested. White and green teas are heat-treated ( simplified Chinese : 杀青; traditional Chinese : 殺青) soon after picking to prevent oxidization, often called fermentation, caused by natural enzymes in the leaves. Oolong teas are partially oxidized. Black teas are fully oxidized. Other differences come from variations in the processing steps. Large dragon tea cake Song Dynasty Tea was an important crop during the Song Dynasty . Tea farms covered 242 counties during this time. This included expensive tribute tea, which was tea from Zhejiang and Fujian provinces that was exported to Southeast Asian and Arab countries . In the Song Dynasty, tea started to be pressed into tea cakes . Some were embossed with patterns of the Chinese dragon and the Phoenix , and were called exotic names including: Large Dragon tea cake, Small Dragon tea cake, Surpassing Snow Dragon ball cake, Fine Silver Sprout, Cloud Leaf, Gold Money, Jade Flower, Inch of Gold, Longevity Sprout, Eternal Spring Jade Leaf, Dragon in the Clouds, Longevity Dragon Sprout, Drag


The Koa tree (Acacia Koa) is native and popular in which island group?

Investing in Koa Forest Plantations | Hawaii Forest IndustryHawaii Forest Industry Investing in Koa Forest Plantations Investing in Koa Forest Plantations April 2012 Hawai’i’s koa tree (Acacia koa) is a much beloved and venerated native tree which grows only in Hawai`i.  For centuries Hawaiians have traditionally used the koa tree and its wood extensively to make objects ranging from canoes to personal ornaments.  Its exquisite grain and endlessly varying colors make it one of the world’s most prized and expensive woods.  Unfortunately, much of its native range has been converted to other uses, primarily grazing. The value of high quality koa lumber has created a strong demand for and pressure on the remaining koa forests.  Planting koa trees to date has not kept pace with the use of the tree’s wood.  This webpage is designed to encourage and inform potential planters and investors in koa plantations.  Growing koa has numerous risks and pitfalls, however this gorgeous tree with its spectacular wood could be worth the risk if the planter or investor is fully informed. There is currently strong interest in growing koa both for conservation and utilization.  There has been substantial research conducted, which is ongoing, however there has been limited operational experience.  The Hawai’i Forest Industry (HFIA) believes that growing koa is both environmentally and culturally the right thing to do and it can make financial sense, if the investor is well-informed on growing practices and very cautious with planting costs. 60-year old merchantable second growth Acacia koa tree. Ka`u, Hawai`i Island. Example of prime mature koa tree, naturally seeded.  Note sprawling nature of branches. Forestry Investment 101 Millions of acres of timberland have been planted by or purchased internationally by Timber Investment Management Organizations (TIMOs) starting around 1980. The investors are primarily pension funds such as Hawai`i State Employee Retirement System and education trusts such as the Harvard Trust. As timber and timberland has become a well-known and accepted investment, and with billions of dollars in play, common methods of valuing these assets have become accepted.  The most common metric is to calculate IRR (internal rate of return), which is similar to the interest rate on a bank account or bond. Elements of this calculation are: Purchase price of the asset or planting cost of a new plantation; Costs to hold or manage; Income, normally from tree harvest. Income is the price of standing trees (stumpage) multiplied by volume of logs to be removed. Serious investors rely on current prices and do not speculate on future price changes; and The selling price of the asset, if any, at the end of the investment period. Return on investment is calculated like any other enterprise considering initial cost, cost to maintain, time elapsed, and return at the end. The University of Hawai’i College of Tropical Agriculture & Human Resources (CTAHR) has developed an excellent worksheet to input your own estimated variables for a situation or property of interest.8  In today’s world, investors look for an interest rate around 6%.  In strong financial markets rates can climb to 8%.  If your calculated rates on a proposed investment vary from this range by much, it is a good idea to check the assumptions.   Note: Be careful, be informed.  Globally there are bogus forestry investment schemes.7 Planting Koa It is difficult to forecast koa economic planting outcomes because koa has never successfully been grown in a plantation through to successful harvest.  However, it appears that with current koa pricing and careful attention to establishment costs, koa plantations can be economically viable. Spacing Typically trees are planted about ten feet apart, which will result in 440 trees per acre.  Most of these planted trees will not survive to maturity.  If a tree is planted 10 feet from the next tree, its branches can only grow out five feet until it is touching the next tree’s branches. Koa branches naturally grow much longer than this, giving


24 Sussex Drive, and Harrington Lake in Gatineau Park are the official prime ministerial residences of which nation?

24 Sussex Drive | National Capital Commission 24 Sussex Drive | National Capital Commission http://www.ncc-ccn.gc.ca/places-to-visit/official-residences/24-sussex-drive 24 Sussex Drive 24 Sussex Drive, the official residence of Canada’s prime minister The house at 24 Sussex Drive is the official residence of Canada’s prime minister. Part of the house is reserved for the use of the family. The other part, which is public, belongs to the nation. This is where the prime minister welcomes guests and associates for public functions. These rooms are decorated and furnished in keeping with their important public function. The house was built in 1868. Its first three owners were prominent figures, successful businessmen and members of Parliament. From early on, the house has welcomed the political elite of Canada. Purchased by the government, it was refurbished as an official residence for the prime minister in 1950. The residence is not open to the public. However, there is a virtual tour of the residence. Virtual Tour of 24 Sussex Drive History Place of Peace Canada in the early 19th century was a magnet for young, ambitious immigrants. One of these was young Joseph Merrill Currier from Vermont. He came to Ottawa in 1837 at age 17, and stayed to make a fortune in the lumber trade. In 1868, as a wedding gift to his third wife, Hannah, he built a house near the forests and water that had made his fortune. He called the house Gorffwysfa, which means “place of peace” in Welsh. Politics and business After the death of Hannah Currier in 1901, the house passed into the hands of William Cameron Edwards, member of another prominent lumbering family. Like the first owner, Edwards was both a successful businessman and a prominent politician. From 1893 on, his company owned all the mills east of Rideau Falls, and he turned them into an important wood-manufacturing complex. Edwards also served as a member of Parliament from 1891 to 1900, after which he was appointed senator. When Edwards died in 1921, the house eventually passed to a nephew, Gordon Edwards, who became a member of Parliament for Ottawa in 1926. Expropriation The battle to bring 24 Sussex into public hands was long and hard-fought. By 1943, the federal government owned almost all the land stretching along the Ottawa River from the French Embassy to Earnscliffe (former home of Sir John A. Macdonald). There were fears at the time that the shoreline would be “commercialized,” which the government wanted to prevent at all costs. In 1943, an eviction notice was served on Gordon Edwards, who spent the last few years of his life fighting the order. The government won the dispute but, even after the courts settled the matter in 1946, it seemed uncertain what to do with the house. In 1950, a decision was finally taken to refurbish the property as a residence for the prime minister. This was the era of rampant “modernism” and, during the renovations, many Victorian features of the house — both inside and out — were removed, including bay windows, wood panelling, several fine fireplaces and elaborate wooden trim. Official Life The last thing Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent wanted in 1950 was an official residence. St. Laurent finally consented to move in, however, as long as he could continue to pay rent (a practice that continued until 1971). Since then, the house has been occupied by a succession of government leaders, including John Diefenbaker, Lester B. Pearson and Pierre Elliott Trudeau. The list of visitors is even more glittering: people such as Sir Winston Churchill, Queen Elizabeth II, and John and Jacqueline Kennedy, to name a few. Today The house has changed relatively little since 1950, except for the addition of a windowed sunroom at the back, modernization of the kitchen, and the addition of an enclosed pool and sauna. Since 1986, 24 Sussex Drive has been managed by the NCC, which is now planning a long-term rehabilitation project to ensure that this valuable old heritage building remains in optimal condition. The work will continue in years to come. «


The word gladiator derives from the Latin/Roman word for?

The Gladiators "Caladus,      the Thracian, makes all the girls sigh." (Slogan scrawled on a wall at Pompeii. Gladiators were often sex symbols) The     gladiators who fought in these games were mostly prisoners, slaves and     criminals who trained long and hard in schools like the one Caesar built;     although a few such fighters were paid volunteers. Some of the latter     became involved because they had financial difficulties, and these events offered     generous prize money for the winners. Other volunteers were motivated     by the physical challenge and appeal of danger or the prospect of becoming     popular idols and sex symbols who could have their pick of pretty young     women. Among the graffiti slogans still scrawled on walls at Pompeii,     the famous Roman town preserved under a layer of volcanic ash, are: "Caladus,     the Thracian, makes all the girls sigh," and "Crescens, the     net fighter, holds the hearts of all the girls." The     terms "Thracian" and "net fighter" referred to the     customary division of gladiators into various types and categories. Among     the four main types that had evolved by the early Empire was the heavily     armed Samnite,     later called a hoplomachus or secutor. (The Romans may have recognized     these three as separate and distinct types, but any such distinctions     are now unclear; all employed basically the same weapons and tactics.)     A Samnite carried a sword or a lance, a scutum (the rectangular shield     used by Roman legionary soldiers),a metal helmet, and protective armor     on his right arm and left leg. Another type, the Thracian (so named because     he resembled fighters from Thrace, a region of northern Greece), was not     as elaborately armed. He wielded a curved short sword, the sica, and a     small round shield, the parma. A     third kind of gladiator, the murmillo, or "fishman" (after the     fish-shaped crest on his helmet), was apparently similar to a Samnite     but less heavily armed. A murmillo customarily fought still another kind     of warrior, the retiarius, or "net-man," who wore no armor at     all. A retiarius attempted to ensnare his opponent in his net (or used     the net to trip the other man) and then to stab him with a long, razor-sharp     trident, or three-pronged spear. In     addition to the pairings of these main gladiator types, there were a number     of special and off-beat types and pairings. These included equites, who     fought on horseback using lances, swords, and/or lassoes; the essedarii,     who confronted each other on chariots; and, perhaps the most bizarre of     the lot, the andabatae, who grappled while blindfolded by massive helmets     with no eyeholes. Women gladiators came into vogue under the emperors     Nero and Domitian in thee late first century A.D. Evidence shows that     Domitian sometimes pitted female fighters against male dwarves as well     as against one another. "We     Who Are About to Die Salute You!" On     the eagerly anticipated day when munera were scheduled at the Colosseum     or another amphitheater, the gladiators first entered the arena in a colorful     parade known as the pompa. This was similar in some ways to the procession     of the athletes on opening day of the modern Olympic Games. They     were usually accompanied by jugglers, acrobats, and other performers,     and all kept time to marching music provided by musicians playing trumpets,     flutes, drums, and sometimes a large hydraulic organ. (The organ probably     also played during the actual fighting, producing the same effect as the     background musical score of a movie.) Following     the pompa, the acrobats and other minor performers exited and the gladiators     proceeded, in full public view, to draw lots, which decided who would


According to a study of international Wikipedia articles who did Massachusetts Institute of Technology judge the most famous person of all time (at 2014)?

Rule of law legal definition of rule of law Rule of law legal definition of rule of law http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/rule+of+law Related to rule of law: Separation of powers Rule of Law Rule according to law; rule under law; or rule according to a higher law. The rule of law is an ambiguous term that can mean different things in different contexts. In one context the term means rule according to law. No individual can be ordered by the government to pay civil damages or suffer criminal punishment except in strict accordance with well-established and clearly defined laws and procedures. In a second context the term means rule under law. No branch of government is above the law, and no public official may act arbitrarily or unilaterally outside the law. In a third context the term means rule according to a higher law. No written law may be enforced by the government unless it conforms with certain unwritten, universal principles of fairness, morality, and justice that transcend human legal systems. Rule According to Law The rule of law requires the government to exercise its power in accordance with well-established and clearly written rules, regulations, and legal principles. A distinction is sometimes drawn between power, will, and force, on the one hand, and law, on the other. When a government official acts pursuant to an express provision of a written law, he acts within the rule of law. But when a government official acts without the imprimatur of any law, he or she does so by the sheer force of personal will and power. Under the rule of law, no person may be prosecuted for an act that is not punishable by law. When the government seeks to punish someone for an offense that was not deemed criminal at the time it was committed, the rule of law is violated because the government exceeds its legal authority to punish. The rule of law requires that government impose liability only insofar as the law will allow. Government exceeds its authority when a person is held to answer for an act that was legally permissible at the outset but was retroactively made illegal. This principle is reflected by the prohibition against Ex Post Facto Laws in the U.S. Constitution. For similar reasons, the rule of law is abridged when the government attempts to punish someone for violating a vague or poorly worded law. Ill-defined laws confer too much discretion upon government officials who are charged with the responsibility of prosecuting individuals for criminal wrongdoing. The more prosecutorial decisions are based on the personal discretion of a government official, the less they are based on law. For example, the due process clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments requires that statutory provisions be sufficiently definite to prevent Arbitrary or discriminatory enforcement by a prosecutor. Government officials must not be given unfettered discretion to prosecute individuals for violating a law that is so vague or of such broad applicability that evenhanded administration is not possible. Thus, a Florida law that prohibited Vagrancy was held void for vagueness because it was so generally worded that it encouraged erratic prosecutions and made possible the punishment of normally innocuous behavior (Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville, 405 U.S. 156, 92 S. Ct. 839, 31 L. Ed. 2d 110 [1972]). Well-established and clearly defined laws allow individuals, businesses, and other entities to govern their behavior accordingly (United States v. E.C. Investments, Inc., 77 F. 3d 327 [9th Cir. 1996]). Before the government may impose civil or criminal liability, a law must be written with sufficient precision and clarity that a person of ordinary intelligence will know that certain conduct is forbidden. When a court is asked to shut down a paint factory that is emitting pollutants at an illegal rate, for example, the rule of law requires the government to demonstrate that the factory owner failed to operate the business in accordance with publicly known environmental standards. Rule Under Law The rule of law also requires the g


Clarence Darrow (1857-1938), fictionalized by Tracey, Spacey, and Fonda among others, was a famous American libertarian and?

The American April 2015 Issue 742 by Blue Edge Publishing Ltd. - issuu issuu STAR INTERVIEWS WHAT’S ON EATING OUT REVIEWS ARTS EDUCATION POLITICS AMERICAN SPORTS Michael Urie In London Interviewed On the Magna Carta Trail Part 1 London to Windsor NHL Trade Deadline MLB Season Preview PLUS: OUR EXCLUSIVE US/UK SOCIAL GROUPS GUIDE Watch the ACS film Their moment of discovery At ACS International Schools we see student achievement as a personal experience. Our ethos inspires children to be open-minded and curious, capable of great accomplishments when encouraged and challenged. We realise this through exceptional teaching and a curriculum built on all four IB programmes, AP courses, and the AP Capstone Diploma. These best prepare our graduates to attend and succeed at many of the finest universities around the world. To find out more about us, and our world renowned programmes, please visit www.acs-schools.com. Alternatively call either ACS Cobham +44 (0)1932 869744, ACS Egham +44 (0)1784 430611, ACS Hillingdon +44 (0)1895 818402. ACS schools are non-sectarian and co-educational (day and boarding) for students 2 to 18 years of age. The American ® Issue 742 April 2015 PUBLISHED BY SP MEDIA FOR Blue Edge Publishing Ltd. Old Byre House, East Knoyle, Salisbury SP3 6AW, UK Tel: +44 (0)1747 830520 Departments: News, Article ideas, Press releases: editor@theamerican.co.uk Advertising & Promotions: advertising@theamerican.co.uk Subscriptions: theamerican@blueedge.co.uk The Team: Michael Burland, Content Director + Motors, Music & Sport michael@theamerican.co.uk Sabrina Sully, Content Director & Community Contact sabrina@theamerican.co.uk Daniel Byway, Content Executive dan@theamerican.co.uk Virginia E Schultz, Food & Drink (USA) virginia@theamerican.co.uk Michael M Sandwick, Food & Drink (UK) mms@theamerican.co.uk Mary Bailey, Social mary@theamerican.co.uk Alison Holmes, Politics alison@theamerican.co.uk Jarlath O’Connell, Theater jarlath@theamerican.co.uk ©2015 Blue Edge Publishing Ltd. Printed by Manson Group Ltd., www.mansongroup.co.uk ISSN 2045-5968 Main Cover: Michael Urie ©Joan Marcus; Circular Inset: Devan Dubnyk, Courtesy Minnesota Wild ©Bruce Kluckhohn; Square Inset: Magna Carta @TheAmericanMag M odern Family, Ugly Betty, What’s Your Emergency, Buyer & Cellar... the link? Michael Urie, who’s on the London stage this month playing Barbra Streisand’s shop assistant and told us all about it - read our interview on page 26. We also talk to Oscar and Grammy winner Ryan ‘The Weary Kind’ Bingham about how music became his therapy after personal tragedy. There’s essential advice too, on child relocation, finding a dentist in Britain and UK property & loans, plus major features on the Magna Carta Trails, and the Underground Railroad which saved countless slaves. It’s all go in American sports this month too, with an MLB season preview, NHL trade deadline roundup, an analysis of Tiger Woods’ woes, the business behind the headlines of the America’s Cup and an American Formula 1 team based - where else? - in England. Enjoy your magazine, Michael Burland, Content Director michael@theamerican.co.uk Among this month’s contributors Mathew Barzun The US Ambassador spends a lot of time away from London meeting the people of the Britain. His new favorite city? Leeds in Yorkshire Sir Robert Worcester As a run-up to his coverage of the next US Presidential election which starts here in the Fall, Sir Robert analyses a new biography of Hillary Clinton Tameron McDougall The Partner at Tax Advisory Partnership has some great advice about expatriate property ownership and its American tax implications Read The American online at www.theamerican.co.uk The entire contents of The American and www.theamerican.co.uk are protected by copyright and no part of it may be reproduced without written permission of the publishers. Whilst every effort is made to ensure that the information in The American is accurate, the editor and publishers cannot accept responsibility for any errors or omissions or any loss arising from reliance on it. The views and comments


Badain Jaran, Gobi, Lop, and Taklamakan are major Chinese what?

Are there any deserts in China? | Reference.com Are there any deserts in China? A: Quick Answer China has several deserts. Some deserts of China include the Badain Jaran Desert, Gobi Desert, Gurbantunggut Desert, Hami Desert, Kumtag Desert, Lop Desert and the Taklamakan Desert. Full Answer The Gobi Desert is the fifth largest desert in the world with a tremendous area of over 500,000 square miles. The Gobi Desert continuously expands. Deserts expanding into other land is known as desertification, and it poses a threat to China's environment. The increasing area of the desert causes more sand storms, which is deadly to agriculture. China loses an estimated million acres of land on a yearly basis to cumbersome desertification. The Taklamakan Desert is another ample desert in China. This desert is the second largest shifting sand desert worldwide. Approximately 85 percent of the sand in the Taklamakan consists of shifting sand dunes.


Memphis, in Tennessee, USA, was named in 1819 after the ancient capital city of which modern day nation?

Tennessee - U.S. States - HISTORY.com Bird: Mockingbird Interesting Facts Future President Andrew Jackson founded the city of Memphis on May 22, 1819, along with John Overton and James Winchester. They named it after the ancient Egyptian city of Memphis—meaning “place of good abode”—which was located at the head of the Nile River Delta. William Strickland, the engineer and architect of the Tennessee State Capitol in Nashville, died in 1854 during the building’s construction. At his request, he was entombed within the structure’s walls. In 1878, a yellow fever epidemic swept through Memphis, claiming the lives of around 5,000 people. Although many neighboring towns and cities throughout the South established quarantines to prevent the disease from spreading, a majority of residents fled Memphis after news of the outbreak was first reported. The Grand Ole Opry in Nashville began as a live music show called the “WSM Barn Dance” by announcer George Hay in 1925. One of the state’s most popular tourist attractions, it is also the longest-running radio show in U.S. history. Twenty-four-year-old John Scopes was arrested and put on trial in 1925 for violating Tennessee state law by teaching Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution as part of his public high school curriculum. The “monkey trial,” as it became known, garnered national attention and publicized scientific evidence for evolution, but resulted in a guilty verdict for Scopes, who was fined $100. It was not until 1968 that the Supreme Court asserted that any law banning the teaching of evolution in public schools was unconstitutional. In 1947, the Tennessee legislature adopted the tulip poplar as the state tree in recognition of its widespread use by 18th and 19th century pioneers in the construction of their homes and farms. Great Smoky Mountains National Park is America’s most visited national park, attracting more than 9.4 million people in 2010. Known as the “Salamander Capital of the World,” the park hosts the most diverse population of salamanders in the world: 30 different species. Memphis, Tennessee, is home to Graceland, Elvis Presley’s former estate. It is one of the most visited private residences in America–second only to the White House. Tags


The F1 function key produces what in most computer systems?

Function Keys | Tutorials | Classroom Function Keys Details Written by Sandy Berger One of the biggest differences between a typewriter keyboard and the computer keyboard is the row of keys at the top of the keyboard that are labeled F1 through F12. Commonly referred to as Function Keys, these keys were frequently used in the good old days of DOS programs. In today’s Windows world of computers, you can probably use your computer without ever using one of these keys.   Yet, these function keys provide some interesting shortcuts for common computer functions that can be useful tools in everyday computing. The function keys are frequently used in combination with other keys such as the CTRL key, the ALT key, and the Shift key. This results in a plethora of possible keyboard shortcuts. Here is a brief rundown of the function key and what they can do for you. F1 As a throwback to DOS days, you will find that the F1 key will often bring up a help menu. If you press F1 while working in a program, help for that program will usually appear. If you press F1 while at the Windows desktop or when the Windows Explorer is open, a Windows help screen will pop up. If you happen to be working in a program and would like to see the Windows help screen, simply press the Windows key (the key with the Windows logo on the bottom row of keys) on your keyboard and press F1 at the same time. F2 You can use the F2 key to rename an item when working in Windows. Highlight any folder or file, and press F2. You will then be able to type a new name for the object. After you type the new name, just click outside the name box or press the enter key to make the name change. This works just like right-clicking a file or folder and selecting Rename. F3 When you are working in Windows, the F3 key will open the Find Files window. F4 The F4 key has some very useful functionality. You can press F4 to open the Address bar when working in Internet Explorer. This will allow you to type the address of a Web page for quick access. You can also press the Alt key and the F4 key at the same time to close the open Window that you are currently working on. F5 The F5 key is the refresh key. You can press F5 when viewing a Web page to make sure that you have the most current version of that Web page. You can also use F5 when in Windows to refresh the screen. This can be a handy shortcut. If perhaps you are viewing the contents of a CD and you remove that CD and insert another  CD, your screen will still show the contents of the CD. Just press F5 to refresh the screen and see the contents of the CDyou just inserted. F6 This key is often used to move the cursor around the structure of the program. Pressing it will often cycle you from window to window. In Internet Explorer and Firefox, pressing F6 moves the cursor to the address bar. F7 The F7 key does not have any functionality in Windows. It may, however be used in some individual programs. To find out if it is available in the program you are using, bring up the program’s help screen and type in the words function key. F8 The F8 key can be used to access Safe Mode if pressed during the computer’s boot up process. This is a trouble-shooting mode which will start the computer with minimal drivers. F9 The F9 key does not have any functionality in Windows. It may, however be used in some individual programs. To find out if it is available in the program you are using, bring up the program’s help screen and type in the words function key. F10 F10 is the key that is used to activate the menu bar in many programs. You can use F10 to highlight the first menu choice, and then use the arrow keys to move around the menus. Pressing the Shift key while pressing F10 will bring up the shortcut menu. This is similar to right-clicking on an object. F11 Press F11 when you are working in Internet Explorer and many other programs, and the window will open to full screen mode. This will make all the toolbars disappear and can be useful to see more information on the screen.  Press F11 when you are in full screen mode will toggle you back to y


Lake Titicaca | lake, South America | Britannica.com Lake Titicaca Puno Lake Titicaca, Spanish Lago Titicaca, the world’s highest lake navigable to large vessels, lying at 12,500 feet (3,810 metres) above sea level in the Andes Mountains of South America , astride the border between Peru to the west and Bolivia to the east. Titicaca is the second largest lake of South America (after Maracaibo). It covers some 3,200 square miles (8,300 square km) and extends in a northwest-to-southeast direction for a distance of 120 miles (190 km). It is 50 miles (80 km) across at its widest point. A narrow strait, Tiquina, separates the lake into two bodies of water. The smaller, in the southeast, is called Lake Huiñaymarca in Bolivia and Lake Pequeño in Peru; the larger, in the northwest, is called Lake Chucuito in Bolivia and Lake Grande in Peru. An Aymara Indian poling a reed boat on Lake Titicaca, near the Bolivian shore. The Cordillera Real … © Tony Morrison/South American Pictures Lake Titicaca. © Index Open The meaning of the name Titicaca is uncertain, but it has been variously translated as Rock of the Puma or Crag of Lead. Titicaca lies between Andean ranges in a vast basin (about 22,400 square miles [58,000 square km] in area) that comprises most of the Altiplano (High Plateau) of the central Andes. In the snow-covered Cordillera Real on the northeastern (Bolivian) shore of the lake, some of the highest peaks in the Andes rise to heights of more than 21,000 feet (6,400 metres). The lake averages between 460 and 600 feet (140 and 180 metres) in depth, but the bottom tilts sharply toward the Bolivian shore, reaching its greatest recorded depth of 920 feet (280 metres) off Isla Soto in the lake’s northeast corner. More than 25 rivers empty their waters into Titicaca; the largest, the Ramis, draining about two-fifths of the entire Titicaca Basin, enters the northwestern corner of the lake. One small river , the Desaguadero , drains the lake at its southern end. This single outlet empties only 5 percent of the lake’s excess water; the rest is lost by evaporation under the fierce sun and strong winds of the dry Altiplano. Similar Topics Lake Todos los Santos Titicaca’s level fluctuates seasonally and over a cycle of years. During the rainy season (summer, from December to March) the level of the lake rises, normally to recede during the dry winter months. It was formerly believed that Titicaca was slowly drying up, but modern studies have seemed to refute this, indicating a more or less regular cycle of rise and fall. Titicaca’s waters are limpid and only slightly brackish, with salinity ranging from 5.2 to 5.5 parts per 1,000. Surface temperatures average 56 °F (14 °C); from a thermocline at 66 feet (20 m) temperatures drop to 52 °F (11 °C) at the bottom. Analyses show measurable quantities of sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, and magnesium sulfate in the water. Lake Titicaca’s fish life consists principally of two species of killifish ( Orestias)—a small fish, usually striped or barred with black—and a catfish (Trichomycterus). In 1939, and subsequently, trout were introduced into Titicaca. A large frog ( Telmatobius), which may reach a length of nearly a foot, inhabits the shallower regions of the lake. Forty-one islands, some of them densely populated, rise from Titicaca’s waters. The largest, Titicaca Island (Spanish: Isla de Titicaca, also called Isla del Sol ), lies just off the tip of the Copacabana Peninsula in Bolivia. Isla del Sol, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. Jeremy Woodhouse—Digital Vision/Getty Images Ruins on the lake’s bottom (where the remains of a temple were discovered in 2000), on its shore, and on the islands attest to the previous existence of one of the oldest civilizations known in the Americas. The chief site is at Tiwanaku , Bolivia, at the southern end of the lake. On Titicaca Island ruins of a temple mark the spot where, according to the tradition of the Incas (a Quechuan people of Peru who established an empire about 1100 ce), the legendary founders of the Inca dynasty , Manco Capac and Mama


The word dessert, a sweet pudding, derives from French (desservir) meaning to?

dessert |Usage example sentence, Pronunciation, Web Definition | Google dictionary The sweet course eaten at the end of a meal -                 a dessert of chocolate mousse Web Definitions: a dish served as the last course of a meal In Western culture dessert is a course that typically comes at the end of a meal, usually consisting of sweet food. The word comes from the French language as dessert and this from Old French desservir, "to clear the table" and "to serve. ... (Desserts (film)) Desserts is a 1998 short film directed by Jeff Stark and starring Ewan McGregor. (Desserts) Banana Cream Cheesecake, Cashew Nut Brownies, Frozen Chocolate Pie, Lemon Meringue Pie, Walnut Bars (Desserts) The best thing about these desserts? They’re all one of a kind! (Desserts) come in many varieties and tend to be heavy and fatty because butter and whipped cream are often used. Some popular desserts are listed below: (Desserts) rasogulla of Das mistann, alpahar sweets & desserts from Jain sweets. Desserts are hands-on activities to reinforce and practice reading target objectives. There are a variety of activities, which address students' different learning styles, included in Desserts. ... Saga blue OR Stilton OR Roquefort OR Gorgonzola is the sweet course of a meal: The whole family wanted to have cake for dessert (but see just deserts). (di-ZERT) - Meaning an usually sweet food served as the final course of a meal. The word was first recorded in 1600 and it derives from a French word meaning "to clear the table. ... 1} A confectionary course usually at the end of the meal. 2} The first thing a manager will suggest when there is a problem with a guest. A general term refers to sweets, fruits,puddings etc.served after any meal. is the term that we now use for the banquet course. In the 14th century Le Menagier uses dessert for the separate course of fruit and confections. Its source is "desservir" meaning "to clear the table". ... Dessert is a general term for something normally served at the end of a meal, it can be hot or cold, and includes any number of sweet things such as cakes, pies, ice cream, cookies, pudding, fruits, and soufflés. (1) (2h)[D], POs ><, FOs up, tap unextended FT together. For a QuickTime movie of this sign, see ASL browser - dessert. (2) (2h)[D], POs ><, FOs away, tap unextended FT together. Represents indulgence, celebration and reward. (W) (S dèssêrt) NM dessert [dessert] The reason for eating a meal. mea'ai mama eg;after dinner à sweet food after the meal pudding/sweet/afters


The 'Sandman' character in north European folklore, popularized/originated by Hans Christian Andersen, is said to help children?

Project MUSE - Corporealizing Fairy Tales: The Body, the Bawdy, and the Carnivalesque in the Comic Book Fables The Body, the Bawdy, and the Carnivalesque in the Comic Book Fables Adam Zolkover (bio) Abstract Through a series of inversions of the structure and content of canonical European literary fairy tales, Bill Willingham’s comic book Fables functions, at once, as parody, commentary, and as an ongoing fairy tale in its own right. The classic fairy-tale characters of the Grimms and Charles Perrault are given corporeal form—given sexuality and sensuality in the comic’s pages—and through this transformation are reshaped into a refracting lens for the moral precepts of those collections. The result is a postmodern literary endeavor that is neither condemnation nor celebration of the material from which it draws, but something in between. Historically, there has been little space in the discipline of folkloristics for the study of the American comic book. This was the case in 1980 when Alex Scobie wrote that folklorists “have not evinced the same degree of interest as has been shown by their colleagues in the social sciences” (70). And it is no less true today when, despite an expansion of folkloristics into the realm of popular culture, discussion of sequential art in print remains conspicuously sparse. Aside from Scobie’s “Comics and Folkliterature,” which appeared in Fabula in 1980, the only significant writing on the topic from a folkloristic perspective is Ronald Baker’s 1975 article in the Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin, “Folklore Motifs in the Comic Books of Superheroes”. 1 Here, Baker comments on the replacement of märchen in the popular imagination with an array of mass-mediated entertainments, and then goes on to point out a set of confluences between folktale motifs and tropes from Golden Age superhero books. 2 The waxing of the latter, he suggests, makes up in part for the waning of the former. His article, and Scobie’s as well, provides little more than a few introductory remarks intended to lead us toward a more well developed interest in the topic. Unfortunately, however, folklorists have been reluctant to follow. There are a number of significant reasons, as Scobie points, out, why this should be the case (70–72). Given the kinds of constraints in the past placed on folklorists engaging in the study of folklore in literature, as well as the broader [End Page 38] perception of comic books as marginal and even ultimately harmful, comics could hardly seem like an appealing subject to pursue. Richard M. Dorson’s proclamation in his 1957 article, “The Identification of Folklore in American Literature,” that authors engaging in the study of folklore and literature must be able to prove the orality and traditionality of folklore items and motifs in a given text, severely limits the horizons of scholarly inquiry into comic books. Comics, after all, tend to integrate and reinterpret folklore, or explicitly refer to literary renderings, especially of myths and folktales, leaving the role of oral influences either irrelevant or impossible to determine. And while criticism of Dorson’s methodology—explicitly from Daniel Hoffman, Alan Dundes, and Mary Ellen Brown in the 1960s and 1970s, and implicitly from literary scholars like Stephen Benson more recently—has been voluminous and persuasive, Dorson’s words do still loom large (Hoffman; Dundes, “Study of Folklore”; Lewis; Benson). Further, prevailing attitudes toward comic books and their value, or lack thereof, in American culture seem to limit the possibilities for any kind of serious scholarly discussion of the subject at all. Between 1948 and 1954, psychologist Fredrick Wertham pressed and popularized his claim that comic books “are an important factor in causing juvenile delinquency”—that they are, in part at least, to blame for rising crime and declining morality among young people (Thrasher 195). Comics, he suggested, encourage racism, fascist leanings, and what he termed sexual deviancy, portraying crime, vigilante justice, and thinly veiled homoeroticism i


Gharara and kameez are a common combination of (What?) in the Indian sub-continent?

Indian Salwar Kameez: Variety of Fabrics, Colors & Styles Salwar Kameez The Indian salwar kameez is a world-famous Indian outfit that has gained a lot of popularity among the masses and the classes in recent times. This outfit is worn by women of all ages and cultures across the Indian sub-continent though it is particularly common in the northern regions of India. Both traditional and modern style salwar kamez are available today; with the latter in particular finding many loyal customers amongst the young crowd. The appeal of this garment is no longer limited to the Indian audience as even internationally, many India-loving celebrities have flaunted this garment at multiple occasions. Even reputed international designers are finding a lot of inspiration in Indian salwar suits and you can find elements from their design incorporated into western outfits and vice-versa. The Indian salwar suit is basically a three piece outfit composed of a long shirt or kameez, loose pants called the salwar and an additional scarf called a dupatta. The kameez typically lands just above the knees. The Indian salwar is unique in its design and is one of the most comfortable bottoms around. It is loose and baggy around the thighs and then tapers down towards the bottom; it is fastened using a drawstring or nada. Thus it is both flexible and comfortable, offering a lot of room for movement. Amongst Indian dresses, salwar kameez are considered the most versatile, since they can be adapted into formal, fashionable, high-end garments as well as simple, every-day items. Variety of Colors, Fabrics & Styles Plenty of variety and a plethora of choices in colors and designs are the defining features of Indian fashion; salwar kameez are no exceptions. There are a lot of different styles in the kameez as well as the salwar. Straight fitting kameez are the traditional favorites while the empire waist anarkali is a current fashion favorite. A new favorite style is the floor length kameez; these can be either abaya style kameez inspired by the abaya or part of the Pakistani churidars. In terms of salwars, churidars and pajamas are popular alternates with a slightly different fit. While churidars are closer to tights, pajamas are more loose-fitting. Patialas are enjoying a renaissance at the moment, with this traditional Punjabi style being seen more and more frequently in trendy casual wear wardrobes. Like any type of Indian suits, salwar kameez come in bright colors like saffron, green, maroon, turquoise, magenta, fuchsia and yellow. All the different styles of embroideries and embellishments can be found as well as a wide range of prints, both hand done and machine made. These include western prints like dots, stripes, geometric shapes and abstract designs as well as ethnic patterns like Batik, Madhubani, Warli, block print, gold print and Ikat. While daily wear salwar kamiz come with simpler thread embroideries and patch border work or may even be plain, salwar suits for parties, festivals and weddings are more richly decorated with exotic Indian work including zari, booti, aari, dubka, gota patti, cut dana, mirror, dori, kasab and much more. Each of these has a unique appeal and they can be combined to make a variety of exquisite designs. Though they are considered an Indian dress salwar kameez can in fact be quite modern, utilizing contemporary materials like sequins, stones, beads and zircon to create attractive patterns. This also goes for the types of fabrics used; while popular Indian textiles like silk and cotton may be the most common, modern fabrics like rayon, polyester, crepe, organza and georgette are also frequently seen. Only the most striking and expensive suits, usually seen in designer salwar kameez catalogues, will make use of luxurious fabrics like brocade, lace, satin, net and velvet. This is mainly because a lot of costly techniques and labor goes into the creation of these outfits and the type of fabric used has to match their decadent style. Accessorizing your salwar kameez When properly accessorized, one can look stylish and on


According to a 2014 Time Magazine report what 'fingered' chocolate confectionery bar became the first to be sold in every market of the world?

13 Most Influential Candy Bars of All Time Milky Way Mars, Inc. When this bar debuted in 1923, it was the first to take inspiration from a real dessert: the milky way malted milkshake. (That’s right—it was not named after the galaxy.) Decades later, that same gimmick would spawn products like PowerBar’s Dulce de Leche-flavored snack and Kit Kat’s Strawberry Cheesecake bar in Japan. Replay Baby Ruth Nestlé When this bar launched in 1921, its makers claimed it was named after President Grover Cleveland’s daughter Ruth (who had died 17 years earlier at the age of 12). But at that time, the more obvious association was with new Yankees star Babe Ruth, making this the first candy bar to profit from the success of a public figure—even though he wasn’t being compensated. Replay Nestlé Crunch Nestlé Prior to this bar’s introduction in 1937, candy-bar fillings were somewhat rich: nuts, caramel, etc. By using dirt-cheap puffed rice, however, Nestle helped mainstream the notion that candy could be almost anything you put into chocolate—an idea that brought candy-bar prices down and spawned treats like Krackel and Thingamajig. Replay Cadbury Milk Chocolate Mondelēz International The Cadbury family’s idyllic factory village in Birmingham, England—where these bars were created in 1897—helped inspire Milton S. Hershey’s own facility in Pennsylvania. “It was a sort of social utopia,” explains Deborah Cadbury, a family descendant and author of Chocolate Wars . “The Cadbury brothers as Quakers were the first to really look after their employees and provide pensions and security of employment and a living wage.” Although the Cadburys no longer own the company, its influence still looms large: its Dairy Milk and 5-Star bars are some of the world’s best-selling confections. Replay Scharffen Berger Bill Hogan—Chicago Tribune/MCT/Getty Images The world’s first widely distributed “artisanal” chocolate bar, processed bean-to-bar with a preference for darker chocolate, launched in 1997, capitalizing on shifting tastes that demanded finer products made in smaller batches. Its success—Scharffen Berger was acquired by Hershey in 2005—“set the stage for the artisanal chocolate bar movement,” says Chocolate: The Sweet History author Beth Kimmerle, which spawned Mast Brothers’ black truffle bars , Vosges’ bacon chocolate bars and more. Replay Grenada Chocolate The Grenada Chocolate Company Because chocolate bars are produced mostly in Europe and North America, the farmers that made them possible—by growing cacao in tropical climates—don’t get to reap the full rewards. Grenada Chocolate, founded in 1999 by an American ex-pat, aims to buck that trend: its cocoa beans are grown and processed into bars entirely within its home country, helping boost the economy and providing employment for locals. The model, described as “a true worker-owned co-operative” in the 2012 documentary Nothing Like Chocolate , has since been replicated by companies like Madécasse (in Madagascar) and Pacari (in Ecuador). Replay Chicken Dinner Joe Lacey from the book Classic Candy This bar, which debuted in 1923, was the first chocolate bar to be marketed as nutritious; advertisements touted the nut-packed treats as “candy made good.” Though Sperry’s Chicken Dinner was discontinued in the 1960s, its success helped spawn the power bar industry, paving the way for brands like Clif and Luna, whose bars offer vitamins alongside hearty doses of chocolate, caramel and more. Replay Snickers Mars, Inc. More than 80 years after its launch in 1930, this Mars bar is world’s best-selling international confection. And although it may not have revolutionized candy-bar taste or distribution, it’s unparalleled at selling itself: its star-studded ad campaign “You’re Not You When You’re Hungry” helped sales hit around $3.5 billion in 2012, outpacing M&Ms, Reeses and Kit Kat. Also, says Kimmerle, it helps that Snickers offers the holy trinity of confection: nougat, caramel and peanuts—coated in chocolate, of course. Replay Nestlé Milk Chocolate Joe Lacey—candywrappermuseum.com Prior to this bar’s int


The silk thread of a silkworm cocoon can be up to how many meteres long?

Click on a region in the picture to color it in with the selected color. Click on a color swatch in the palette to select a new color. The currently selected color in the palette is indicated by a black rectangle drawn around it. When you click, the point that you're clicking on is at the tip of the arrow or the tip of the pointing finger. The Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is the caterpillar of a moth whose cocoon is used to make silk; it is not a worm at all. This insect is also called the silkworm-moth and the mulberry silkworm.  It is native to Northern China . Silk: The silk from the silkworm's cocoon is a single, continuous thread.  It is made of a protein that is secreted from two salivary glands in the caterpillar's head. The Chinese have harvested silk from silkworm cocoons for thousands of years . To harvest silk, the silkworm is allowed to spin its cocoon and it is then put in boiling water to kill the pupa and help unravel the thread. Each cocoon contains a single silk thread that is about 300 to 900 meters long. The silkworm has been domesticated to the point where it could no longer survive in the wild. The adult moth cannot eat or fly; it has a fat body and small wings. Lifecycle: The tiny Silkworm larva hatches from a tiny black egg. The larva eats mulberry (Morus alba) leaves almost constantly for 4 to 6 weeks until it is 2 3/4 inches long. The white caterpillar molts its skin many times during this stage. The caterpillar then pupates; it spins a white silk cocoon around itself (in a process taking 3 or more days). The silk covers a hard brown-shelled pupa.  In roughly three weeks, the adult moth emerges. This white moth cannot fly; it reproduces and dies within about five days (the female lays from 200 to 500 lemon-yellow eggs that eventually turn black). Classification: Class Insecta (insects), Order Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Suborder Ditrysia (Moths, Butterflies, Skippers), Superfamily Bombycoidea, Family Bombycidae, Genus Bombyx, Species B. mori.


The Weber and Tesla (standard international) measurement units apply to?

Units: The International System Using the Dictionary The International System of Units (SI) All systems of weights and measures, metric and non-metric, are linked through a network of international agreements supporting the International System of Units. The International System is called the SI, using the first two initials of its French name Système International d'Unités. The key agreement is the Treaty of the Meter (Convention du Mètre), signed in Paris on May 20, 1875. 48 nations have now signed this treaty, including all the major industrialized countries. The United States is a charter member of this metric club, having signed the original document back in 1875. The SI is maintained by a small agency in Paris, the International   Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM, for Bureau   International des Poids et Mesures), and it is updated every few years   by an international conference, the General Conference on Weights and Measures   (CGPM,  for Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures),  attended by representatives of all the industrial countries and international  scientific and engineering organizations. The 24th CGPM met in 2011;  the next meeting will be in 2014. As BIPM states on its web site, "The SI  is not static but evolves to match the world's increasingly demanding requirements  for measurement." At the heart of the SI is a short list of base units defined in an absolute way without referring to any other units. The base units are consistent with the part of the metric system called the MKS system . In all there are seven SI base units: the meter for distance, the mole for amount of  substance, and the candela for intensity of  light. Other SI units, called SI derived units , are defined algebraically in terms of these fundamental units. For example, the SI unit of force, the newton , is defined to be the force that accelerates a mass of one kilogram at the rate of one meter per second per second. This means the newton is equal to one kilogram meter per second squared, so the algebraic relationship is N = kg·m·s-2. Currently there are 22 SI derived units that have special names and symbols. They include: the radian and steradian for plane and solid angles, respectively; the newton for force and the pascal for pressure; the joule for energy and the watt for power; the degree Celsius for  everyday measurement of temperature; units for measurement of electricity: the coulomb (charge), volt (potential), farad (capacitance), ohm (resistance), and siemens (conductance); units for measurement of magnetism: the weber (flux), tesla (flux density), and henry (inductance); the lumen for flux of light and  the lux for illuminance; the hertz for frequency of regular events   and the becquerel for rates of radioactivity   and other random events; the gray and sievert for radiation dose; and the katal , a unit of catalytic  activity used in biochemistry. Future meetings of the CGPM may make additions to this list; the katal was  added by the 21st CGPM in 1999. In addition to the 29 base and derived units, the SI permits the use of certain additional units, including: the traditional mathematical units for measuring angles  ( degree , arcminute, and arcsecond ); the traditional units of civil time ( minute , hour , day ,  and year ); two metric units commonly used in ordinary life: the liter for volume and the tonne (metric  ton) for large masses; the logarithmic units bel and neper (and their multiples, such as  the decibel ); and three non-metric scientific units whose values represent  important physical constants: the astronomical  unit , the atomic mass unit or dalton , and the electronvolt . The SI currently accepts the use of certain other metric and non-metric units traditional in various fields. These units are supposed to be "defined in relation to the SI in every document in which they are used," and "their use is not encouraged." These barely-tolerated units might well be prohibited by future meetings of the CGPM. They include: the nautical mile and knot


The typical maximum permissable velocity of a paintball pellet is how many feet per second?

FAQ FAQ FAQ Paintball – Frequently Asked Questions We hope this FAQ answers all your questions. Just in case it doesn’t please feel free to call or email us with your questions and we’ll be happy to help you in any way we can. Thank you for visiting PaintballWars.com List of commonly used terms in paintball 1. What is paintball?  It’s a sport in which a bunch of adults (loosely defined) go out in the woods and relive our childhood by playing capture the flag. Only, in this game each player has a gun that fires gelatin capsules filled with a water-soluble marking dye. If you’re shot and marked, you’re out of the game and have to wait until the next one starts. The most common variation is two teams at opposite ends of a 5+ acre section of terrain, each with a flag hung at ‘home base.’ The object is to go get the other team’s flag and bring it back to your base. When you encounter people on the other team, you try to tag them out before they get you. Pretty simple and lots of fun. 2. Is it safe?  Like all action sports (football, basket ball, etc.) paintball is very dangerous unless adequate protection is worn and safety rules understood and followed. Most paintball guns shoot a 68 caliber paint pellet. The pellet is a thin plastic shell filled with a water soluble paint. Guns shoot the pellets at a speed of 200 to 300 feet per second. Since the paint pellets are fairly light (only weighing a few grams each), they have little momentum while in flight, and thus are not lethal like the heavy lead projectiles fired from conventional firearms. In addition to using a non-lethal projectile, paintball players *always* wear protective goggles to protect their eyes and usually wear masks covering the rest of their face as well. Safety is highly stressed at Paintball Wars. We require goggles be worn at all times unless in designated areas. We also require that barrel sleeves (sleeves that prevent projectiles from leaving your gun’s barrel) be used while players are in certain areas. Ignoring safety is a good way to get yourself ejected from Paintball Wars. 3. Doesn’t it hurt when you get shot?  The paint pellets break open upon impact, and generally cause very little pain. What pain is experienced is more of a stinging sensation from the pellet’s impact against the skin or through clothing. In my experience, the stinging pain goes away after a few seconds. Of course, the closer you are to the muzzle of the gun, the higher the velocity of the pellet when it hits you. Thus, more pain may be experienced when shot at close range rather than farther away. In general, one can count on coming off the field with a few welts from paintball impacts, but your most annoying injuries are more likely to be scrapes and bruises from the local terrain. 4. Do I have to be on a team?  You don’t have to have an organized team or go to an organized field in order to play. If you have some paintball guns, paintball goggles, and a few friends, you can simply get together and shoot at each other. We offer and allow walk-on games, where anybody can show up and play. 5. How can I play?  Give us a call to reserve your rental or just visit us at our field. 6 How much does it cost to play?  The average person on our fields spends $25 to $45 depending on the type of player and the amount of paint they use throughout the day. Please visit  Rates . 7. What do I need to bring?  Bring old, sturdy, dark clothes and shoes or boots with some sort of ankle support and we will provide the rest. 8. What safety equipment do I need?  The minimum safety equipment necessary is goggles, facemask with ear and throat protection, chest protector, and for men, a protective cup. 9. How can I play safe? Please download our  Rules & Special Requirements  for more info. Do not shoot animals or wildlife. Do not fire your paintgun anywhere except on the field during the game or in the designated chronograph area/shooting range. Inspect the lens of your goggles for cracks or signs of weakness. Make sure your mask is well seated and will not come off during the game. Make sure the velocit


Yahrzeit is a (what?) in Jewish culture?

Yahrzeit: Remembering on the Anniversary of a Death - My Jewish Learning Yahrzeit: Remembering on the Anniversary of a Death When a Jewish Child Dies Yahrzeit is a Yiddish word meaning anniversary of a death. It is the yearly anniversary of a loved one’s death (traditionally the anniversary of the Hebrew date , not the Gregorian date). Jews observe yahrzeit at home by lighting a special long-burning candle in memory of the deceased. Yahrzeit candles are also known as yizkor candles, because they are also lit on behalf of loved ones on the four Jewish holidays (Yom Kippur, Shemini Atzeret, Passover and Shavuot) that include a Yizkor , or Jewish memorial, service. These candles, often packaged inside glass jars, can be purchased at Judaica stores and online . Many supermarkets carry them as well. It is customary the light the yahrzeit candle at sundown on the Hebrew anniversary (Jewish days begin at sundown, rather than midnight). To find out the Hebrew date of your loved one’s death, use  this Hebrew calendar converter  to convert dates from the Gregorian calendar to the Hebrew one and vice versa. When the yahrzeit falls on Shabbat, it is customary to light the yahrzeit candle before lighting Shabbat candles. Traditionally, mourners keep the candle lit for the entire 25 hours from sundown on the eve of the yahrzeit to sunset on the day of the yahrzeit and allow it to burn itself out. If you are concerned about potential fire hazards, use an electric yahrzeit candle . Yahrzeit candles also are lit each day that shiva , the first seven days of mourning, is observed. In the synagogue, yahrzeit is observed by reciting the Mourner’s Kaddish at services. Most synagogues maintain a memorial wall of plaques bearing the names of deceased members or deceased loved ones of current members. These plaques are often sold as a way of raising money for the congregation. Each year the plaque is illuminated on the day or week of the deceased’s yahrzeit. Several websites, such as the National Jewish Memorial Wall  and Virtual Yahrzeit  maintain “virtual” walls and will send yahrzeit reminders for you free of charge. If you belong to a synagogue, you may be able to request annual reminders from the synagogue office. Adapted with permission from Kavod v’Nichum , a nonprofit educational organization that promotes and assists the formation of bereavement committees and chevrah kadisha (Jewish burial society) groups in synagogues and communities throughout North America. By MJL Staff | June 27, 2003 Yahrzeit is a Yiddish word meaning anniversary of a death. It is the yearly anniversary of a loved one’s death (traditionally the anniversary of the Hebrew date , not the Gregorian date). Jews observe yahrzeit at home by lighting a special long-burning candle in memory of the deceased. Yahrzeit candles are also known as yizkor candles, because they are also lit on behalf of loved ones on the four Jewish holidays (Yom Kippur, Shemini Atzeret, Passover and Shavuot) that include a Yizkor , or Jewish memorial, service. These candles, often packaged inside glass jars, can be purchased at Judaica stores and online . Many supermarkets carry them as well. It is customary the light the yahrzeit candle at sundown on the Hebrew anniversary (Jewish days begin at sundown, rather than midnight). To find out the Hebrew date of your loved one’s death, use  this Hebrew calendar converter  to convert dates from the Gregorian calendar to the Hebrew one and vice versa. When the yahrzeit falls on Shabbat, it is customary to light the yahrzeit candle before lighting Shabbat candles. Traditionally, mourners keep the candle lit for the entire 25 hours from sundown on the eve of the yahrzeit to sunset on the day of the yahrzeit and allow it to burn itself out. If you are concerned about potential fire hazards, use an electric yahrzeit candle . Yahrzeit candles also are lit each day that shiva , the first seven days of mourning, is observed. In the synagogue, yahrzeit is observed by reciting the Mourner’s Kaddish at services. Most synagogues maintain a memorial wall of plaque


What religion is represented by the 'Om' symbol (ॐ and bigger below)?

What is the significance of ॐ (Om/Aum)? - Hinduism Stack Exchange What is the significance of ॐ (Om/Aum)? Every mantra begins with the word ॐ (Aum/Om). (Ex. Aum Namho Bhagwate Vasudevaya Namah etc.) ॐ itself is considered a mantra in Ayurveda. My Questions: What is the meaning of ॐ? Why is it given the first place in all (or most) mantras (at least to my knowledge)? What other significance does it have, if any, in Hinduism? Why this specific word? Isn't it OM? full confusion –  Mr_Green Jul 3 '14 at 10:30 1   @Mr_Green Both are correct, see here . Om or Aum is also written ओ३म्... –  Awal Garg Jul 3 '14 at 10:32      @Mr_Green, the pranavam or aum consists of three sounds, the 'akarant', 'ukarant' and the 'makarant'. –  Vineet Menon Jul 3 '14 at 15:11 2   The word UniVerse is made of two words Uni meaning One and Verse meaning a word/sentence. ॐ is a letter, word and sentence. One word/sentence. Also, ॐ is believed to have more than 100 meanings. – user115 Jul 3 '14 at 15:33      First of all ॐ is not a word at all , it is a sound.words are those which are created out of this universe,but ॐ it appears that the entire universe is created out of ॐ . And most importantly its meaning can not be determined rather it can only be experienced by chanting it. even shiva is uncapable of realizing its meaning but chanting it with pure soul can provide the truth to us. –  Hitesh Pathak Feb 25 '15 at 16:02 Om denotes the supreme Brahma: omiti brahma omitīdaṃsarvam [Tait. Up. - 1.8.1] Om is Brahman. Om is everything here. girām asmy ekam akṣaram [BG - 10.25] Of sound vibrations I am the single syllable (OM) But as we know God is threefold is nature, same is the case for the single syllable Om. It consists of three differnt letters A, U, M which are the seed of all other letters, sounds and words. sa vā eṣa omityetadātmābhavat sa tredhātmānaṃ vyākuruta omiti tisro mātrā etābhiḥ [Mait. Up. 6.3] Meaning He(God) came to have Om as his soul. He divided into three parts. So Om is the three units (a,u,m). Significance Now the letters of A,U,M can be signified differently as Brahma, Vishnu, Siva, or creation, preservation, annihilation, or satva(goodness), rajas(passion), tamas(ignorance). The Mandukya Upanishad which deals only the pranava (Om) defines the three units as below: jāgaritasthāno vaiśvānaro'kāraḥ prathamā mātrā [Mandu. Up. - 9] Waking state is the first unit (A) svapnasthānastaijasa ukāro dvitīyā mātrā [Mandu. Up. - 10] Dream state is the second unit (U) suṣuptasthānaḥ prājño makārastṛtīyā mātrā [Mandu. Up. - 11] Sleeping state is the third unit (M) These three states are related to a person. But these are also synonymous to creation, preservation, annihilation and other meanings when analyzed from the universal point of view. Usage of Om at the beginning of mantras Om is the primeval sound from which everything originated. By Om speech is held together: yathā śaṅkunā sarvāṇi parṇāni saṃtṛṇṇānyevamoṃkāreṇa sarvā vāksaṃtṛṇṇoṃkāra [Chg. Up. 2.23.3] Meaning Like with a spike(stem or branch of a tree) all leaves are hold together, through the syllable Om all speech or voice is hold together. So it is said that, without the presence of Om at the beginning all the following letters of the mantra will fall apart and hence won't work. Om at the beginning holds the rest of the mantra together. So on a similar context the Manu Smriti also says: Let the Brahmin always pronounce the syllable Om at the beginning and at the end of (a lesson in) the Veda; (for) unless the syllable Om precedes, (the lesson) will slip away (from him) and unless it follows, it will get scattered. [Manu - 2.74] Om is the seed mantra from which every other letter and mantra originated. Hence, om goes in the beginning of the veda mantras while reciting it. Because chanting of the vedas begin from Om, it is also known as udgitha (chanting of Veda mantra). omityetadakṣaramudgīthamupāsīta [Chg. Up. - 1.1.1] One should worship Om as the udgitha I think this answers all the four questions you asked.      Can you just tell me that if the mool rupa of Aum in hindi (or dev


The highest recorded bird strike by an aircraft is a?

Highest ALT for bird strike? - PPRuNe Forums   PPRuNe Forums Tech Log The very best in practical technical discussion on the web Page 1 of 2 Posts: 100 Highest ALT for bird strike? One possible cause that has been discussed recently involves a bird strike involving a passenger aircraft that recently lost both engines and crashed on approach. What is the highest ALT that a bird strike could take out both engines in a passenger jet? I think the Sully incident in NYC was on takeoff at around 1 or 2 thousand feet; right? Thx... Age: 30 Posts: 49 A bit of googling finds How Fast and High Do Birds Fly? which suggests that migratory birds can typically be found around 5000 - 20000 feet, though I guess it likely depends on the concentrations of birds as to the chances of taking out both engines simultaneously?   Posts: 11 Google and Wikipedia, wonderful tools: Bird strikes happen most often during takeoff or landing , or during low altitude flight. [7] However, bird strikes have also been reported at high altitudes, some as high as 6,000 m (20,000 ft) to 9,000 m (30,000 ft) above the ground. Bar-headed geese have been seen flying as high as 10,175 m (33,383 ft) above sea level. An aircraft over the Cï¿½te d'Ivoire collided with a Rï¿½ppell's Vulture at the astonishing altitude of 11,300 m (37,100 ft), the current record avian height. [8] The majority of bird collisions occur near or on airports (90%, according to the ICAO ) during takeoff, landing and associated phases. According to the FAA wildlife hazard management manual for 2005, less than 8% of strikes occur above 900 m (3,000 ft) and 61% occur at less than 30 m (100 ft).[ citation needed ] J


The old English words 'erst' and 'erstwhile' mean?

Erstwhile | Definition of Erstwhile by Merriam-Webster Examples of erstwhile in a sentence <there's now a store where erstwhile lay green and pleasant pastures> Did You Know? The adverb erstwhile has been part of English since the 16th century, but it is formed from two words that are much older. It comes from the Old English words ær, meaning "early," and hwīl, which has much the same meaning as the modern word while. (The English word ere, meaning "before," is also descendant of ær.) The adjective erstwhile, as in erstwhile enemies, joined the language around 1900. 1569 First Known Use of erstwhile 1569


The term pannier (e.g., motorbike side-box) derives from what sort of basket?

Pedelec and E-Bike Magazine No. 8 by ExtraEnergy - issuu ExtraEnergy The Pedelec and E-Bike Magazine August 2013 € 5.90 AUSTRIA € 6.70 · SWITZERLAND 11.40 sFR BelgiUM, NETHerlandS, Luxemburg € 6.90 Are pedelecs really dangerous? Advertise e-bikes and pedelecs advertising in extraenergy magazine Do you sell or manufacture products in the e-mobility sector? Advertise with ExtraEnergy and address your target audience directly. Each issue of the magazine attracts ca. 40,000 pdf downloads and 40,000 views online. The ExtraEnergy.org website has ca. 930,000 visitors and 5 million hits per year ExtraEnergy Magazine is always placed first on the homepage of ExtraEnergy.org hint: advertise with our combi-offer and banner ads are included! contact Sandra Winkler — email sandra.winkler@extraenergy.org — telephone 0366 46 27 094 www.extraenergy.org CONTENTS Contents Editorial...................................................... 5 Stiftung Warentest & ADAC ................... 8 Stiftung Warentest & ExtraEnergy....12 The ideal legal framework.....................16 Meeting customer wishes ....................18 The toughest test: everyday use..........20 Testing by type........................................22 WLTM: my dream pedelec......................23 The characteristics chart.......................25 Test winners ............................................26 Urban Pedelecs.......................................28 Comfort Pedelecs...................................58 Leisure Pedelecs.....................................68 Transport Pedelecs................................86 Dealer directory......................................94 Overview table........................................98 Credits ....................................................100 FLYER · T7R Deluxe.................................30 GIANT · Twist Freedom 1.......................32 Kettler · Berlin Royal-e..........................34 Kettler · Obra Comfort..........................36 Kettler · Traveller-E Sport....................38 Kettler · Twin Ergo.................................40 MIFA · Cyco E.Bike...................................42 Raleigh · Dover i360 Harmony............44 Saxonette · X-Road 1..............................46 VICTORIA · Mondeville...........................48 FLYER · Vollblut 500...............................50 Haibike · EQ XDURO Trekking S...........52 FLYER · Faltrad Eco R Deluxe................54 Kalkhoff · Sahel Compact i8.................56 Kalkhoff · Pro Connect X27..................60 Grace · Easy..............................................62 Kalkhoff · Tasman Classic i8R..............64 Kalkhoff · Impulse Ergo NuVinci........66 Utopia · Kranich Dual Drive.................70 A2B · Shima..............................................72 Kettler · Layana-e Plus..........................74 Stromer · ST1...........................................76 Bulls · CrossRider....................................78 FOCUS · Jarifa 29R Premium 30G........80 SCOTT · E-Aspect 910.............................82 FLYER · X-Serie(650B) XT Deluxe SE...84 Diamant · Mandara Deluxe +...............88 riese & müller · Kendu hybrid..............90 Sinus · B2..................................................92 ExtraEnergy.org 3 Editorial — PART ONE Dear reader Are pedelecs safe? battery safety standards and the EnergyBus interface standard. Both Many in Germany are now asking themselves this question: are bikes were developed as private industrial standards, but are currently part and pedelecs actually dangerous? Reading magazine reports and of the ISO/IEC or CENELEC harmonisation process. ExtraEnergy has also watching some of the television coverage from the last few weeks, the organised technical seminars since 1995 at which the subject of prodgist was all much the same: that pedelec riding is pretty much tan- uct safety has always formed a major part of proceedings. tamount to certain death. This impression was reinforced by pictures of broken handlebars, failed brakes, burning batteries and collapsed Safety through standards? frames. After 11 years o


Hawaiian, Strombolian, Peléan, Phreatomagmatic and Submarine are types of?

Types of volcanic eruptions | Geology Page Types of volcanic eruptions tweet The image correlates types of volcanoes with their respective eruption, highlighting the differences. Credit: ChiaraCingottini, DensityDesign Research Lab During a volcanic eruption, lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and blocks), and various gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure. Several types of volcanic eruptions have been distinguished by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of behavior has been observed. Some volcanoes may exhibit only one characteristic type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may display an entire sequence of types all in one eruptive series. There are three different meta types of eruptions. The most well-observed are magmatic eruptions, which involve the decompression of gas within magma that propels it forward. Phreatomagmatic eruptions are another type of volcanic eruption, driven by the compression of gas within magma, the direct opposite of the process powering magmatic activity. The last eruptive metatype is the phreatic eruption, which is driven by the superheating of steam via contact with magma; these eruptive types often exhibit no magmatic release, instead causing the granulation of existing rock. Within these wide-defining eruptive types are several subtypes. The weakest are Hawaiian and submarine, then Strombolian, followed by Vulcanian and Surtseyan. The stronger eruptive types are Pelean eruptions, followed by Plinian eruptions; the strongest eruptions are called “Ultra Plinian.” Subglacial and phreatic eruptions are defined by their eruptive mechanism, and vary in strength. An important measure of eruptive strength is Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), an order of magnitude scale ranging from 0 to 8 that often correlates to eruptive types. Eruption mechanisms Volcanic eruptions arise through three main mechanisms: Gas release under decompression causing magmatic eruptions Thermal contraction from chilling on contact with water causing phreatomagmatic eruptions Ejection of entrained particles during steam eruptions causing phreatic eruptions There are two types of eruptions in terms of activity, explosive eruptions and effusive eruptions. Explosive eruptions are characterized by gas-driven explosions that propels magma and tephra.Effusive eruptions, meanwhile, are characterized by the outpouring of lava without significant explosive eruption. Volcanic eruptions vary widely in strength. On the one extreme there are effusive Hawaiian eruptions, which are characterized by lava fountains and fluid lava flows, which are typically not very dangerous. On the other extreme, Plinian eruptions are large, violent, and highly dangerous explosive events. Volcanoes are not bound to one eruptive style, and frequently display many different types, both passive and explosive, even the span of a single eruptive cycle. Volcanoes do not always erupt vertically from a single crater near their peak, either. Some volcanoes exhibit lateral and fissure eruptions. Notably, many Hawaiian eruptions start from rift zones, and some of the strongest Surtseyan eruptions develop along fracture zones. Scientists believed that pulses of magma mixed together in the chamber before climbing upward—a process estimated to take several thousands of years. But Columbia University volcanologists found that the eruption of Costa Rica’s Irazú Volcano in 1963 was likely triggered by magma that took a nonstop route from the mantle over just a few months. Magmatic eruptions Magmatic eruptions produce juvenile clasts during explosive decompression from gas release. They range in intensity from the relatively small lava fountains on Hawaii to catastrophic Ultra Plinian eruption columns more than 30 km (19 mi) high, bigger than the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 that buried Pompeii. Hawaiian Diagram of a Hawaiian eruption. (key: 1. Ash plume 2. Lava fountain 3. Crater 4. Lava lake 5. Fumaroles 6. Lava flow 7. Layers of lava and ash 8. Stratum 9. Sill 10. Magma conduit 11. Magma


According to which religion did the prophets Nephi and Lehi lead people from Jerusalem across the sea to the Americas around 600BC?

What happened to the ships of Nephi ? Did Mulek use them ? - Google Groups What happened to the ships of Nephi ? Did Mulek use them ? Showing 1-33 of 33 messages It is time to leave the events in 1 Nephi, for what they were, the fleeing of the last Jews with Jeremiah from Jerusalem and sailing back with the fleet of Pharaoh Necho from the south of Egypt, Eritrea, to the Caanite coast, still under Necho's sway. When they arrived three years later, Necho had died and was replaced by Pharaoh Apries and Egypt was tributary to Babylon. And the Phoenician ports were under siege by Nebuchadnezzar. So I expect that Lehi had his landfall (land of Lehi) in the same pronounced save Phoenician port of Lycia further westwards in the southwest coast of Anatolia, Shortly after Lehi and Nephi arrived at the promised land, Lehi died and Nephi struggled with his brothers for the leadership and Nephi had to migrate to the land of Nephi. The time of this migration was 547BC, the time of the Persian expansion under Cyrus to Anatolia and the conquest of the capital Sardis of Lydia under king Croesus. This Persian anexation of Greek city states triggered a lot of migration from Greek Thracian to the opposite coast of the Black Sea in Russia, were also the Greek Jews settled, who were so abundant in Jerusalem at the time of Christ. To find the trek of Nephi in real history between those Thracian migrations we should look to the Thracian tribe of the Chalybes, famous gold and weapon smiths, of Excalibur fame, who migrated over land from Greece through the Anatolian planes to Pont, south of the Black Sea. There was another Thracian migration by ship from Teos on the West coast of Anatolia to Theodosia on the Crimea, on the north coast of the Black Sea,were also the many Greek Jews, who where present in Jerusalem at the time of Christ, went to and came from. In Theodosia a ship from 600BC has been found. Than we have the Mulekites, who never went to the promised land, but went straight from captivity in Babylon to Zarahemla. Malk or Malik is a Hebrew word for king used under the Babylonian Jews for king Jehoyakin, the predecessor of Zedekiah, who ruled over the Babylonian Jews from Nehardea. They went over land and by ship from Babylon not to "the promised land" but to Zarahemla, Tsarenheim,a clear indication that they were Russian Jews coming from Babylonia. who went over land to the coast of the Black Sea and sailed north to the Crimea. It looks to me, that the elder Mormon brothers, who we find written without vowels back as the Mermnades in Lydia, inherited the ships of Lehi and did send Nephi crossing Anatolia by foot. On Jul 7, 5:19 pm, Nick Youngh < dejonghn...@hotmail.com > wrote: "What happened to the ships of Nephi ? Did Mulek use them ?" Nephi only had one ship. Another reason to know that he was not your Pharaoh Necho. He sailed it across the Pacific, probably, and landed on the west coast of the Amercas, certainly; Guatemala or El Salvador, probably. The boat sat there until it fell apart. Mulek came in a different boat. There isn't the slightest chance that Mulek used the same boat. Which I assume means you will take it as certain that he did. > It is time to leave the events in 1 Nephi, for what they were, the > fleeing of the last Jews with Jeremiah from Jerusalem and sailing back > with the fleet of Pharaoh Necho from the south of Egypt, Eritrea, to > the Caanite coast, still under Necho's sway. How is it possible that you can still post this drivel after a year of being informed of the facts, over and over and over? > When they arrived three years later, Necho had died and was replaced > by Pharaoh Apries and Egypt was tributary to Babylon. And the > Phoenician ports were under siege by Nebuchadnezzar. > So I expect that Lehi had his landfall (land of Lehi) in the same > pronounced save Phoenician port of Lycia further westwards in the > southwest coast of Anatolia, You are only 11,440 km off. I would have expected better navigation from a Dutchman. Oh well, another legend punctured for me... > Shortly after Lehi and Nephi arrive


Which US office equipment corporation renamed itself (1961) after its branded photocopying technology, from Greek meaning 'dry'?

Copying Machines Plate 6B, Wells Fargo & Co. Copying Press.  Wells Fargo   Museum, San Francisco, CA. Plate 4, Coalbrookdale Press 1851 Plate 5,  Imperial Press 1851 Plate 5A, Shriver's Copying Brush with Reservoir Handle "holding   water enough to dampen one hundred leaves of letter paper," T. Shriver & Co., New York, NY, patented   1867, advertised 1868-86 Plate 5B, Lynch's Patent Paper Moistener, Cutter,   Tower & Co., Boston, 1860 Plate 6,  Barrett Co. Press 1851 Plate 6A, Lightning Copying Press, R E Kidder, Worcester, MA,   patented Nov 4,1884, advertised 1887 Plate 6AA, Very Large Copying Press,  Standard Oil of Ohio, c. 1900. Copying Pad Baths By the late 1870s, an improved method for moistening pages in   copying books had been invented, and by the late 1880s it had been widely adopted. Rather than using a brush or damper to wet the tissues,   the clerk inserted a thin moist cloth or pad between each oil paper and the following   tissue. A supply of moist pads was prepared in advance using a copying bath,   such as Hill's Blotter Bath, patented in 1879 (Plate 6B), or Tatum's Ideal Copying Pad Bath, patented in 1887 (Plate 7). Tatum also produced larger   copying tanks that included wringers to remove excess water from copying   pads. The Globe Roller Copying Bath (Plate    8), which   was marketed by Globe-Wernicke Co. in the early 1900s, is an example of a   copying tank. To   prepare a supply of moist pads using the Ideal bath, the clerk removed the tray from the   bath, poured water into the pan, and replaced the tray. Also, the clerk sprinkled a set of   pads, let them stand overnight, and then placed them in the tray. “The evaporation   from the water underneath will generally be sufficient to keep pads damp enough for   ordinary work.” Plate 8A shows an 1886 Bailey's Letter Copying    Machine with a Moistening Attachment on top. Plate 8D shows a Little Giant Copying Tank, which was priced at $9. Plate 8A, Bailey's Letter Copying Machine with Moistening Attachment, 1886 ad   Plate 8B, Office with Copying Pad Bath in front of Letter Copying    Press Plate 8C, Office with Large Letter Copying Press and Sink with Wringer    for Preparing Moist Pads Plate 6B, Hill's Blotter Bath, B.B.Hill, Springfield, MA, patented   1879.  See U.S. Patent No. 216,738. Plate 7,  Ideal Copying Bath and Instructions, Samuel C. Tatum & Co., patented   and advertised in 1887 Plate 7A, Williams Copying Bath, Williams Typewriter Co.,   patented 1891, advertisement with instructions. Courtesy of the Museum of Business History and Technology Plate 8,  Globe Copying Bath 1909 ad Plate 8D, Little Giant Copying Tank, The Sam'l C. Tatum Co., Cincinnati, OH, 1898 ad Plate 9 shows a letter copying book   with copies of typed letters from 1905. Plate 9, Letter Copying   Book, 1905 Portable Copying Presses Plate 10 shows an 1881 advertisement for an Atmospheric Letter    Copying Press.  The copying book was inserted into a slot on the side    of a narrow wooden case. Pressure was then applied to the book by manual    inflation of a flat balloon inside the case. Plate 10AA shows an    1889 advertisement for the Jewel Copying Press, which was similar in    concept, but pressure was applied by moving a lever. At the 1885 Novelties Exhibition in Philadelphia, Alvah Bushnell    exhibited his Perfect Letter Copying Book, which did not use a press.Plate 10A shows an 1895 advertisement for Bushnell's Perfect Letter    Copying Books; Plate 10A2 shows the cover of one of these books and    instructions. A letter to be copied was    placed in the flexible book, which was then rolled up around a wooden rod    attached to its spine. "The principle of    copying is the same as with a copying press. The covers of our books are    flexible, and sufficient pressure is easily given by rolling them up in    the hands." "Two thin, tough manila sheets of paper are    supplied with each book, to take the place of the stiff oil sheet used    with the copying press,


A normal human eye can distinguish approximately how many different colours/colors?

How many colors and shades can the human eye distinguish in a single scene? - Photography Stack Exchange How many colors and shades can the human eye distinguish in a single scene? up vote 18 down vote favorite 4 How many distinct colors, shades, hues, and tints can the average person distinguish in a single scene? In other words, what's the theoretical bit-depth required to be sure of recording a photograph with all of the visual information a human would perceive? I've seen answers ranging from 200,000 to 20,000,000, and it's hard to sort out authority. And the term "color" is ambiguous — is just hue meant, or are differences in saturation and lightness also included?      I'm sure there's been statistics collected for the "Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue Test." Here's a crappy online version which I am sure is affected by monitor calibration: xrite.com/custom_page.aspx?PageID=77&Lang=en –  Eruditass Mar 30 '11 at 1:48 up vote 19 down vote accepted +100 When discussing the number of colors perceptible to the human eye, I tend to refer to the 2.4 million colors of the CIE 1931 XYZ color space. It is a fairly solid, scientifically founded number, although I do admit it may be limited in context. I think it may be possible for the human eye to be sensitive to 10-100 million distinct "colors" when referring to both chromaticity and luminosity. I'll base my answer on the work done by CIE, which began in the 1930's, and progressed again in the 1960's, with some algorithmic and accuracy improvements to formula over the last couple decades. When it comes to the arts, including photography and print, I think that the work done by the CIE is particularly relevant, as it is the basis of color correction and modern mathematical color models and color space conversion. The CIE, or Commission internationale de l'éclairage , in 1931 established the " CIE 1931 XYZ color space ". This color space was a plot of full purity color, mapped from 700nm (near-infrared red) through 380nm (near-UV), and progressed through all the wavelengths of "visible" light. This color space is based on human vision, which is a tri-stimulus created by the three types of cones in our eyes: short, medium and long wavelength cones, which map to 420-440nm, 530-540nm, and 560-580nm wavelengths. These wavelengths correspond to blue, green, and yellow-red (or orangish-red) primary colors. (The red cones are a bit unique, in that their sensitivity has two peaks, the primary one in the 560-580nm range, and also a second one in the 410-440nm range. This double peaked sensitivity indicates that our "red" cones may actually be "magenta" cones in terms of actual sensitivity.) The tristimulus response curves are derived from a 2° field of view of the fovea, where our cones are most concentrated and our color vision, under medium to high lighting intensity, is at its greatest. The actual CIE 1931 color space is mapped from XYZ tristimulus values, which are generated from red, green, and blue derivatives, which are based on actual red, green, and blue color values (additive model.) The XYZ tristimulus values are adjusted for a "standard illuminant", which is normally a sunlight balanced white of 6500K (although the original CIE 1931 color space was created for three standardized illuminants A 2856K, B 4874K and C 6774K), and weighted according to a "standard observer" (based on that 2° foveal field of view.) The standard CIE 1931 XYZ color plot is horshoe-shaped and filled with a "chromaticity" diagram of pure 'colors', covering the hue range from 700nm through 380nm, and ranging in saturation from 0% centered at the white point to 100% along the periphery. This is a "chromaticity" plot, or color without regard to intensity (or color at maximum intensity, to be most accurate.) This color plot, according to some studies (references pending), represents about 2.38 million colors that the human eye can detect under moderately high intensity lighting approximately the same color temperature and brightness of daylight (not sunlight, which is closer to 5000k, but sunlight + blue sky l