The capital of which French island in the West Indies between Dominica and Santa Lucia, St Pierre, was destroyed by an earthquake in 1902 and moved to Fort de France?

How Volcanoes Work - the eruption of Mt. Pelee, Martinique MT. PELÉE ERUPTION (1902) OVERVIEW: The Tropical Paradise of St. Pierre The infamous volcano of Mt. Pelée, shown in this 1987 photo, looms over the village of St. Pierre on the French Caribbean Island of Martinique. This sleepy little village shows little of the grandeur of turn-of-the-century St. Pierre, which was a vibrant colonial city, known to European tourists as the "Paris of the West Indies." With its red-tiled cottages, rambling streets, and tropical vegetation, this prosperous little city was renowned for its beauty. In the official 1894 census, the population of St. Pierre was around 20,000. Although most were native Martiniquans, the wealth and political power were controlled largely by Creoles and a few French colonial officials and civil servants. No one at the time could have predicted the horror that was to descend on this tropical paradise with the reawakening of Mt. Pelée in the Spring of 1902. PARADISE TURNS TO HELL Although in January 1902 Mt. Pelée began to show an abrupt increase in fumarole activity , the public showed little concern. This changed, however, on April 23 when minor explosions began at the summit of the volcano. Over the next few days, St. Pierre was rocked by earth tremors, showered in ash, and enveloped in a thick cloud of choking sulfurous gas. These nightmarish conditions deteriorated further when the city and outlying villages were invaded by ground-dwelling insects and snakes driven from the slopes of Mt. Pelée by the ashfalls and tremors. Horses, pigs, and dogs screamed as red ants and foot-long centipedes crawled up their legs and bit them. Thousands of poisonous snakes joined the fray. An estimated 50 humans, mostly children, died by the snake bites, along with some 200 animals. As the summit eruptions intensified, water in the Etang Sec crater lake was heated to near boiling. On May 5, the crater rim gave way, sending a torrent of scalding water cascading down the River Blanche. The hot water mixed with loose pyroclastic debris to generate a massive lahar with a downslope speed of nearly 100 kilometers per hour. This large volcanic mudflow buried everything in its path. Near the mouth of the river, north of St. Pierre, it overran a rum distillery, killing 23 workmen. The lahar continued into the sea, where it generated a three-meter-high tsunami which flooded the low-lying areas along the waterfront of St. Pierre. THE ELECTION Living near the volcano became increasingly stressful, leading many to consider leaving St. Pierre for Martinique's second city, Fort-de-France. On the day of the lahar, however, Governor Louis Mouttet received a report from a committee of civic leaders who climbed the volcano to assess the danger. The only scientist in the group was a local high school teacher. The report stated that "there is nothing in the activity of Mt. Pelée that warrants a departure from St. Pierre." It concluded that "the safety of St. Pierre is completely assured." The report eased the public's fears, and gave hope to city officials who were particularly anxious that voters remain in the city to cast their ballots for an election that was to be held on May 11. The only people with enough money to leave the island were the wealthy, nearly all of which belonged to the Progressive Party of Governor Mouttet. Mouttet convinced the conservative editor of the daily newspaper Les Colonies to downplay the danger of the volcano, and to lead the effort to encourage people to remain. Still, some residents left the city for Fort-de-France. This prompted Governor Mouttet to send in troops to patrol the road to Fort-de-France, with orders to turn back refugees who were trying to leave. Based on the soothing articles that appeared in Les Colonies, many people in the countryside flocked to St. Pierre thinking that it was the safest place to be. The population ballooned to about 28,000, nearly all of which would perish in the cataclysmic eruption of May 8. THE ERUPTION OF MAY 8, 1902 The election scheduled for May 11 would not take plac


"Who was president of the Society for Constructive Birth Control and Racial Progress in England and the author of books on sexual hygiene published between 1918 and 1935 including ""Married Love"", ""Radiant Motherhood"" and ""Marriage in My Time""?"

CHAPTER 105 CHAPTER 105 ï¿½ EUGENICS: THE DISTILLED ESSENCE OF THE ANTI-LIFE MENTALITY American Life League The partisans of eugenic planning hear that other music, the music      that says that there shall be nothing random in the world, nothing      independent, nothing moved by its own vitality, nothing out of keeping      with some idea: even our children must not be our progeny, but our      creation.                                                                                Charles Frankel.[1] The Anti-Life Philosophy. We have seen more than once that the public welfare may call upon      the best citizens for their lives [in warfare]. It would be strange if      it could not call upon those who already sap the strength of the State      for these lesser sacrifices ... Three generations of imbeciles are      enough. Supreme Court Associate Justice Oliver     Wendell Holmes.[2] The word "eugenics" possesses an entirely undeserved     negative reputation. The science of eugenics is merely the use of     applied genetics to solve the problem of improving the health of the     entire human race by improving the health of individuals. Scaremongers would have us believe that slavering Nazi butchers in     white lab coats are waiting in the wings for just the right moment to     perform their hideous experiments on the unsuspecting. What nonsense! Introduction. The "anti-life mentality" described in Chapter 2 of Volume     I might could just as accurately be called the "eugenics     mentality." The theory of eugenics is the purest distillation of anti-life     thought. And the practice of eugenics is the result of the     anti-life movements in action. The theory and practice of eugenics     covers the entire spectrum of the "slippery slope," from     artificial contraception to abortion to euthanasia to genocide, and also     encompasses many other evils as well. Until about 1985 in this country, eugenics practice had been limited     to dictating that it is we, not God, who determines who will be     born into this world (through the widespread practice of abortion). We     are now at the point where eugenics may very well determine who will remain here (through the growing practices of infanticide, euthanasia, 'medicide'     and 'senicide'). Eugenics certainly did not die with the Third Reich. The eugenics "movement" flourished long before Hitler came to power, and it     is certainly alive and well today. In fact, it is stronger now than it     ever has been. And, since its adherents have learned their lessons     regarding the value of stealth, deception, incrementalism, and     propaganda from long experience, it is far deadlier. Definitions. Positive and Negative Eugenics. In order to be able to understand and discuss the eugenics mentality     and its goals, it is necessary to define the differences between     positive and negative eugenics. These definitions, set forth by a prominent geneticist, are given     below. Eugenics Planned breeding designed to alter the genetic makeup of      future generations. Positive Eugenics the preferential breeding of so-called superior      individuals in order to improve the genetic stock of the human race. Negative Eugenics discouragement or the legal prohibition of      reproduction of individuals carrying genes leading to disease or      disability ... can be achieved by genetic counseling or by      sterilization, either voluntary or enforced.[3] The Christian Response. Several Christian denominations had already clearly perceived the     threat of eugenics to humanity before the beginning of World War II, and     they moved swiftly to condemn it. The best-known of these documents was the Vatican's Decree of the     Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office on Eugenics, issued on March     18, 1931. In question-and-answer format, it held that; Question: "What is thought of the


What was the popular name for the Paris prison at 232 Rue Saint-Antoine that was stormed during the French Revolution in 1789?

Place de la Bastille, Paris 6. Tour de la Liberté 7. Tour de la Bertaudière 8. Tour de la Basinière Aerial view of the Pierre-François Palloy (click to enlarge) The outer stone walls, 15 feet (4.5m) thick at the base, were pierced with narrow slits by which the cells were lighted. In early times, the Bastille had entrances on three sides, but after 1580 only one, with a drawbridge over the moat on the side toward the river, which led to outer courts and a second drawbridge, and wound by a defended passage to an outer entrance opposite the Rue des Tournelles. Close beside the Bastille, to the north, rose the Porte Saint-Antoine  approached over the city fossé (ditch) by its own bridge. At the outer end of this bridge was a triumphal arch, built upon the return of Henri II from Poland in 1573. Both the gate and arch were restored for the triumphal entry of Louis XIV in 1667, but the gate (where Etienne Marcel was killed on July 31, 1358), was pulled down in 1674. Until the 17th century, the fort was used both as a castle and for the safekeeping of the royal treasure. During the first half of the 17th century, the Cardinal Richelieu (under King Louis XIII) converted the royal fortress into a state prison for the upper class  mainly people who committed high treason or some other kind of offense against either the King or the state (which were considered to be essentially the same). In addition to political prisoners, the Bastille also housed religious prisoners, writers of "seditious" and overtly sexual material, and young rakes held at the request of their families. A lettre de cachet, signed by Louis XIV. (Musée Carnavalet, Paris) "Monsieur de Jumilhac, mon intention étant que le nommé Hugonet soit conduit en mon château de la Bastille, je vous écris cette lettre pour vous dire que vous ayez à l'y recevoir lorsqu'il y sera amené et à l'y garder et retenir jusqu'à nouvel ordre de ma part. La présente n'étant à d'autre fin, je prie Dieu qu'il vous ait, Monsieur de Jumilhac, en sa sainte garde. Ecrit à Versailles, le treize janvier 1765, Louis" The very often arbitrary warrant of arrest (known as the lettre de cachet , or letter with the royal seal) made the Bastille fortress one of the darkest symbols of royal despotism, although the conditions of imprisonment were generally quite comfortable. The prisoners could welcome visitors, bring their servants, their furniture, clothes, and books, and the daily ration paid by the state provided them a luxury cuisine. During the reign of Louis XV (1715-1774), the Bastille accommodated more and more ordinary criminals, whose existence there was rather less comfortable. Common prisoners were held within the five- to seven-story towers, each having a room around 4.6 m (15 feet) across and containing various articles of furniture. Thankfully, though, the infamous cachots  the oozing, vermin-infested subterranean cells  were no longer in use by the later half of the 18th century. Voltaire Count Alessandro di Cagliostro As the protectors of the Catholic religion, the king's authorities also imprisoned Protestants and freethinkers, and Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet) was arrested twice during his youth. In the last decades after 1750, many inmates were committed by their own families as insane or because of some shameful carnal deviation. Among the more prominent convicts of the late 1780s were Jean Henri Latude , a notorious and querulous swindler who was recaptured after escaping from prison on three separate occasions; the quack and alchemist Count Cagliostro ; the diplomat and general Charles-François Dumouriez , later to be the hero of the French victory in 1792 at Valmy, but finally in 1793 deserting to the Austrian army; the wallpaper manufacturer Jean-Baptiste Réveillon , who was arrested for his own protection after the riots in the Faubourg St. Antoine in April 1789, when the rumour that he intended to cut his workers' salaries claimed more than 300 lives; and the Marquis de Sade , who however was transferred to the lunatic institution at Charenton on July 4, 1789, after he s


Where was film actor Errol Flynn born in 1909?

Errol Flynn - Filmbug Errol Flynn   Errol Flynn Errol Flynn, stage name of Leslie Thompson, (June 20, 1909 - October 14, 1959) was an actor. Born in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Although he hadn't really planned on an acting career, Flynn become a star with his very first film, Captain Blood, in 1935. He was typecast as a swashbuckler and made several including The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), The Sea Hawk (1940) (like Captain Blood, based on a novel by Rafael Sabatini), and The Adventures of Don Juan (1949). He also played opposite Olivia de Havilland in the western movie Dodge City (1939). During the shooting of The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939), Flynn and co-star Bette Davis had some legendary off-screen fights. His reputation as a womanizer led to the expression "In like Flynn." He was well known for having wild parties and eventually his own reputation had him brought up on a statutory rape charge. He was cleared of the crime, but he suffered both personally and in his career. By the mid 1950s, he was something of a self-parody but still won some acclaim as a drunken ne'er-do-well in The Sun Also Rises, (1957). His autobiography, My Wicked, Wicked Ways, was published just months after his death and contains humorous anecdotes about Hollywood. Flynn wanted to call the book In Like Me, but his publishers refused. Note: This profile was written in or before 2003. Errol Flynn Facts


In botany, what is the word for the scar left on a tree or plant after a leaf falls?

Leaf scar | Define Leaf scar at Dictionary.com leaf scar the mark left on a stem or twig after a leaf falls. Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for leaf scar Expand Trees Worth Knowing Julia Ellen Rogers The leaf scar is protected by a corky change (suberization) in the walls of the exposed cells. Trees Worth Knowing Julia Ellen Rogers leaf scar in Science Expand leaf scar   The mark left on a stem after a leaf falls. Leaf scars can be used to identify tree species in winter or from specimens of their twigs. The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright © 2002. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved. People invent new words all the time, but which ones actually make it? Word of the Day


In March 1918, the capital of Russia was moved to where?

Timeline of the Russian Revolutions: 1918 Timeline of the Russian Revolutions: 1918 Timeline of the Russian Revolutions: 1918 Anti-Bolshevik Volunteers in 1918.  Wikimedia Commons Updated December 08, 2016. January • January 5: The Constituent Assembly opens with an SR majority; Chernov is elected chairman. In theory this is the climax of the 1917's first revolution, the assembly which liberals and other socialists waited and waited for to sort things out. But it has opened entirely too late, and after several hours Lenin decrees the Assembly dissolved. He has the military power to do so, and the assembly vanishes. • January 12: 3rd Congress of Soviets accepts The Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia and creates the new constitution; Russia is declared a Soviet Republic and a federation is to be formed with other soviet states; the previous ruling classes are barred from holding any power. 'All power' is given to workers and soldiers. In practice, all power is with Lenin and his followers. • January 19: The Polish Legion declares war on the Bolshevik government. Poland does not wish to end World War One as part of the German or Russian empires, whoever wins. continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge February • February 1/14: The Gregorian calendar is introduced to Russia, changing February 1st to February 14th and bringing the nation in synch with Europe. • February 23: The 'Workers' and Peasants' Red Army' is officially founded; massive mobilisation follows to counter anti-Bolshevik forces. This Red Army will go on to fight the Russian Civil War, and win. The name Red Army would then go on to be associated with the defeat of the Nazis in World War 2. March • March 3: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk is signed between Russia and the Central Powers, ending WW1 in the East; Russia concedes a massive amount of land, people and resources. The Bolsheviks had argued over how to bring an end to the war, and having rejected fighting (which hadn't worked for the last three governments), they had followed a policy of not fighting, not surrendering, not doing anything. As you might expect, this simply caused a huge German advance and March 3rd marked the return of some common sense. • March 6-8: The Bolshevik party changes its name from Russian Social Democratic Party (Bolsheviks) to Russsian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), which is why we think of Soviet Russia as the 'communists', and not the Bolsheviks. • March 9: Foreign intervention in the revolution begins as British troops land in Murmansk. • March 11: The capital is moved from Petrograd to Moscow, partly because of German forces in Finland. It has never, to this day, gone back to St. Petersburg (or the city under any other name.) • March 15: The 4th Congress of Soviets agrees to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, but the Left SR's leave the Sovnarkom in protest; the highest organ of government is now entirely Bolshevik. Time and again during the Russian Revolutions the Bolsheviks were able to make gains because other socialists walked out of things, and they never realised how utterly stupid and self defeating this was. The process of establishing Bolshevik power, and thus the success of the October Revolution, continued over the next few years as a civil war raged across Russia. The Bolsheviks won and the Communist regime was securely established, but that's the subject for another timeline (The Russian Civil War).


The planet Mercury was photographed in 1974 and 1975 by which spacecraft?

See Amazing Photos of Mercury By a Doomed NASA Spacecraft (Video) See Amazing Photos of Mercury By a Doomed NASA Spacecraft (Video) By Mike Wall, Space.com Senior Writer | April 29, 2015 07:00am ET MORE A new NASA video celebrates the life and accomplishments of the first probe ever to orbit Mercury, just days before the spacecraft ends its landmark mission with a death plunge onto the planet's many-cratered surface. NASA's MESSENGER probe, which has been orbiting Mercury since March 2011, is nearly out of fuel and will smash into the planet on Thursday (April 30), probably around 3:30 p.m. EDT (1930 GMT), space agency officials say. NASA released the new MESSENGER video on Monday (April 27) as a tribute, and a memorial of sorts. The 4 1/2-minute video combines actual MESSENGER imagery with animated views of the spacecraft circling Mercury, bringing the mission's last four years to vivid life. [ Latest Mercury Photos from NASA's MESSENGER ] The $450 million MESSENGER mission , whose name is short for MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging, launched in August 2004 and took a circuitous route to the solar system's innermost planet. On March 18, 2011, MESSENGER became the first probe ever to circle Mercury and just the second to study the planet up close. (NASA's Mariner 10 mission performed three flybys of Mercury in 1974 and 1975.) The closest planet to the sun is also an elusive world, revealing itself in our night sky only fleetingly. But that doesn’t excuse you from knowing some basic facts. Don’t think this’ll be easy, though. 0 of 10 questions complete Planet Mercury: Simple Facts, Tough Quiz The closest planet to the sun is also an elusive world, revealing itself in our night sky only fleetingly. But that doesn’t excuse you from knowing some basic facts. Don’t think this’ll be easy, though. 0 of Start Over | More Quizzes MESSENGER was originally tasked with a one-year mission at Mercury, but NASA granted two extensions to allow the probe to investigate new questions raised by its initial observations. The spacecraft has delivered with a treasure trove of scientific finds, agency officials said. "The mission discovered a surface rich in diverse chemistry, including volatiles. It sensed a bizarrely offset magnetic field," NASA officials wrote in a statement accompanying the new MESSENGER video. "It photographed strange "hollows" where material seems to have boiled away into space under the scorching sun. It mapped vast volcanic deposits, found that the entire planet has shrunk by as much as 7 kilometers [4.3 miles] in radius, and, of all things, uncovered deposits of water ice in the depths of polar craters where the sun never shines." MESSENGER will crash into Mercury while going about 8,750 mph (14,080 km/h). The 10-foot-wide (3 meters) probe will hit at about 54 degrees north latitude, mission team members have said, and will likely gouge out a crater about 52 feet (16 m) across. The impact won't be visible from Earth, and neither will the resulting crater. But the European/Japanese BepiColombo spacecraft, which is scheduled to launch in 2017 and arrive at Mercury in 2024, may well be able to spot and study MESSENGER's grave. Such work could reveal insights about the rate of space weathering at Mercury, mission officials have said. Follow Mike Wall on Twitter  @michaeldwall  and  Google+ . Follow us @Spacedotcom , Facebook  or Google+ . Originally published on  Space.com . Editor's Recommendations


"According to the title of a song from the musical ""The Sound of Music"", who was lonely?"

Everyone Hated ‘The Sound of Music’ - The Daily Beast THE HILLS ALMOST DIED Everyone Hated ‘The Sound of Music’ The Sound of Music premiered to horrific reviews in 1965. Now it’s the most beloved and popular movie musical ever. On its 50th anniversary, how did it climb that mountain? Kevin Fallon 03.02.15 7:35 PM ET As it turns out, twirling around like a maniac at the top of a hill is enough to make a person nauseated. At least, it’s enough to make critics nauseated, many of whom loathed The Sound of Music so much when it first hit theaters in 1965 that their critical bombs were vicious enough to nearly decimate those darned hills completely. The Sound of Music, the now iconic Julie Andrews- and Christopher Plummer-starring movie musical about love, nuns, Nazis, and clothing made out of curtains, celebrates its 50th anniversary Monday. It’s a milestone that celebrates decades of the film’s cultural influence, commercial success, and indisputable status as one of our favorite things. So it’s startling to learn, then, that when The Sound of Music first premiered five decades ago, our beloved classic actually received middling-to-horrible reviews. In fact, many critics despised it. It’s a historical context that adds extra intrigue to the Sound of Music phenomenon. How did a film that was generally derided evolve to be considered the perfect movie musical, with hills so alive after all these years that Lady Gaga stole the Oscars show with her tribute to them? It’s been a steep mountain to climb. Back in 1965, eminent film critic Pauline Kael famously called The Sound of Music “the sugar-coated lie that people seem to want to eat.” Worse, she goes on to say, “We have been turned into emotional and aesthetic imbeciles when we hear ourselves humming the sickly, goody-goody songs.” She was not alone with her lashings. The New York Times’ Bosley Crowther devoted two full columns to his distaste for the film’s unpalatable sweetness and artificial execution, while other prominent critics couldn’t stomach the film’s utterly batty plot. Crowther’s initial review was incensed by what he called the film’s “cosy-cum-corny” direction, calling the plot “romantic nonsense and sentiment.” In a later column written soon after the film’s release, he posited that The Sound of Music would destroy the movie-musical genre, taken to excellence by West Side Story and My Fair Lady, altogether. “Except for Julie Andrews…the cast is generally stiff or mawkish. In the case of Christopher Plummer, it is both,” he wrote. Crowther really didn’t like Plummer in the film. He branded Captain Von Trapp’s poignant crooning of “Edelweiss,” a film scene and performance that’s noted for many of us as the first time we’ve seen a single tear stream down our father’s cheek, with the m-word, too, calling it “a bit too painfully mawkish.” The barbs kept coming. The film? “Saccharine pudding.” The screenplay? “A virtual paraphrase of the musical-comedy book.” The direction? “Staged…so as to wring every drop of sentiment.” As a whole? “It all is sterile. As musical-film, it is not fresh. It is not sound.” Still, Crowther was gracious enough to predict that the grandeur of the film’s sweeping shots of the Swiss Alps, not to mention Julie Andrews’s vigorously radiant performance, would be enough to appeal to the masses and make The Sound of Music a hit—something that Judith Crist, in an all-out-pan for the New York Herald Tribune, did not agree with, ruling that the film was designed for “the five to seven set and all their mommies.” And Crist’s colleague Walter Kerr called the film, “Not only too sweet for words but almost too sweet for music.” The Sound of Music’s director, Robert Wise, addressed the mixed critical reception years later, saying, “The East Coast, intellectual papers and magazines destroyed us, but the local papers and trades gave us great reviews.” (It’s also worth noting that Wise had initially turned down directing the film because he thought it was too saccharine.) Indeed, while critics like Crowther and Crist groaned their way through “The Lonely G


In London, where are the trials of the pyx held?

Trial of the Pyx | Goldsmiths Assay Office in London Trial of the Pyx Contact Trial of the Pyx Since 1871, the annual Trial of the Pyx has taken place at the Hall of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, London. History of the Trial of the Pyx The Trial of the Pyx dates back to the 12th century, making it one of the longest established judicial procedures in the country. Since 1871, the annual Trial of the Pyx has taken place at the Hall of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, London. The Trial of the Pyx dates back to the 12th century, making it one of the longest established judicial procedures in the country. The name Pyx refers to chests in which the coins are transported, and derives from the Latin word ‘pyxis’, meaning small box. For centuries they were stored in the Pyx Chamber in Westminster Abbey, along with other important items of state and church. In the 13th century, the Trial of the Pyx had begun to take the form that we know today. Early trials were held first in Westminster Hall and later in the Exchequer at Westminster.   The Trial taking place in the Livery Hall, 2016 The 1870 Coinage Act, established Goldsmiths' Hall as the new venue for the Trial. This made good sense as The Goldsmiths' Company Assay Office was also located in the Hall, as it is today. It is the Assay Office which has the task of testing the metallic composition of the coins. Former Prime Warden Timothy Schroder The Trial Today The Trial is held annually at London’s Goldsmiths’ Hall in accordance with the Coinage Act of 1971, and is presided over by the Queen’s Remembrancer of the Royal Courts of Justice, the oldest judicial office in the UK, dating back to the twelfth century. Little has changed in the procedure since the reign of Edward I. Throughout the year, coins are randomly selected from every batch of each denomination struck, sealed in bags containing 50 coins each, and locked away in the Pyx boxes for testing at the Trial. Each year, the opening of the Trial is in February. Officials from The Royal Mint bring chests (pyx) to Goldsmiths' Hall, containing coins put aside in the course of manufacture during the previous year. These coins, normally more than 50,000 in total, represent one coin from every batch of each denomination minted. The trial jury, comprising members of the Goldsmiths' Company is a formal court of law. It is summoned to the Hall by the senior judge in the Royal Courts of Justice, known as the Queen's Remembrancer. During the opening proceedings the coins are counted and weighed, and a selection put aside for testing by the Assay Office.  The Company has two months to test the coins. Testing the Coinage The purpose of the annual trial is to check that UK coins produced at The Royal Mint are within the statutory limits for metallic composition, weight and size. The benchmark against which the coins are tested is called a Trial Plate. These metal plates, made of gold, silver, platinum and cupro-nickel, were formerly under the personal charge of the monarch in the Exchequer, and are now the responsibility of Regulatory Delivery, Deptartment of Business, Innovation and Skills, along with the original coin Standard Weights against which the weight of the trial coins are compared. The oldest surviving Trial Plate, now preserved in The Royal Mint museum, is of silver, dating from 1279. Trial Plates today are made from pure metals of platinum, gold, silver, copper, nickel and zinc. Besides the annual Trial of the Pyx, rigorous quality tests are continually carried out during coin production to ensure that all coins produced at The Royal Mint conform to their correct specifications. The Verdict The Delivery of the Verdict, presided over by the Queen's Remembrancer, takes place three months later, after the Assay Office has verified the coins. It is attended by the Chancellor of the Exchequer (the Master of the Mint) or his representative. Former Prime Warden William Parente at the Trial in 2015. Chartered Trading Standards Institute ’s vice-president Robert Wright was the guest of the Prime Warden and Wardens of th


"What object, which had been brought to Westminster Abbey in 1296 and placed under ""St Edward's chair"", was stolen and taken to Scotland in December 1950 and returned the following April?"

Where they shall find the LIA FAIL. -- Ibid, p.206. On to Spain! After staying in the northern parts of Scotland for seven years, Gathelus " plundered the coasts of that country, and thence sailed along the coast of Great Britain, LEAVING IT ON THE RIGHT, until he reached the mouth of the river REN (i.e. the RHINE); thence, SAILING WESTWARD AND SOUTHWARD, he leaves France ON HIS LEFT, and at length LANDS IN BISCAY [a province in the northwest angle of SPAIN, lying on the Atlantic Ocean, and bordering on France]." ("The History of Ireland," by Geoffrey Keating. P.177). The British historian Nennius, speaking of this same voyage, says it TOOK SOME 42 YEARS to complete: "He [Gathelus] was expelled [from Egypt] and HE WANDERED FOR 42 YEARS...and came to SPAIN, and there they lived for many years...." ("Nennius: British History and the Welsh Annals," translated by John Morris. Phillimore and Co. Ltd., London & Chichester. 1980. P.21). A Respite in Spain When Gathelus landed in Spain -- or what is now called PORTUGAL (PORT-OF-GAEL [GATHELUS]) -- he had to overcome the warlike tribes who were harassing his kinsman ITH (ETHAN, BROTHER OF CALCOL), Prince of Breogan. Keating relates the story: Now, when he [Gathelus] had arrived in this land [SPAIN], his kinsmen came to bid him welcome, and they tell him that the Gothi, and several other foreign nations, were harassing both their country and all Spain. Upon hearing this, Miledh [Gathelus] summoned his own partisans throughout Spain, and when they had come together he marched with them, and with the forces he had brought with him in his fleet, against the foreigners and the Gothi; and routed them in fifty-four battles, and thus drove them completely out of Spain. After this, both he and his kinsmen, the sons of Breogan...held the sovereignty of the greater part of that country. -- "The History of Ireland," by Geoffrey Keating. P.178. According to Hector Boece, Gathelus "soon afterward...built a town upon the river of MUNDE, then called BRACHARA -- now BARSALE.... [After a major battle with the Spaniards] they [the Spaniards] therefore asked GATHELUS for a peace conference and quickly gave him...part of their land in the NORTH PART OF SPAIN, NOW CALLED GALYCIA, because they had a prophecy that said a strange people would sometime come to dwell there....with the close collaboration of the inhabitants, [GATHELUS] built the TOWN OF BRYGANCE -- now called COMPESTELLA....Following this GATHELUS NAMED ALL HIS SUBJECTS SCOTS, IN HONOUR AND AFFECTION FOR HIS WIFE, WHO WAS CALLED SCOTA, with whom he had two sonsHIBER AND HEMECUS...." And, peace having been secured, "Gathelus sat in his CHAIR OF MARBLE [STONE] within his city of BRYGANCE [COMPOSTELLA] -- governing his people in justice. This CHAIR OF MARBLE had such fortune and destiny, that wherever it was found in any land, that land would become the native land of the SCOTS...." ("Chronicles of Scotland," Vol. I. William Blackwood & Sons. Pp. 21-24). In view of this, it is not at all surprizing that the apostle JAMES (son of Zebedee, brother of John) should visit GALICIA centuries later and preach the good news of the Kingdom of God to the descendants of Gathelus and his people still living in the area! James also evangelized the area around SARAGOSSA in the EBRO VALLEY (ZARAH-GASSA -- "STRONGHOLD OF ZARAH") which was also colonized by Gathelus. Tradition relates that, after the martyrdom of James, his remains were taken to his beloved Spain and interred in the town of COMPOSTELA -- the very town founded by Gathelus! The possible reason for Jame's interest in the Jewish colonies left behind in Spain by the Milesians is revealed by E.A. Wallis Budge: "According to the Genealogies of the Twelve Apostles Zebedee was of the house of Levi, and his wife of the HOUSE OF JUDAH. Now, because the father of James loved him greatly he counted him among the family of his father Levi, and similarly because the mother of John loved him greatly, she counted him among the family of her father JUDAH. And they w


What instrument is installed in an electrical circuit to vary the resistance?

Devices used for varying the resistance of electrical circuits and the conduction of current in electrical circuits - Piher Navarra, S.A. Title: Devices used for varying the resistance of electrical circuits and the conduction of current in electrical circuits United States Patent 4692805 Abstract: A device forming a potentiometer for varying the resistance of an electrical circuit, and a switch for changing the state of current conduction in the circuit. The switch has a casing fastened to the potentiometer, and the potentiometer has a casing and a plate joined together. The device has a rotatable component having a central protuberance extending through the plate. A first discoidal element is carried by the rotatable component and has a metallic cursor. A resistance track and a metallic collector are stationarily mounted on the plate. The cursor is continuously and simultaneously in contact with the resistance track and the collector. A second discoidal element is mounted in the switch casing for engagement by the protuberance and is releasably coupled to the rotatable component when the switch is coupled to the potentiometer. A fixed contact is mounted on the switch casing and a movable contactor arm is movable mounted on the switch casing. Inventors: Serrano, Jose L. (Tudela, ES) Application Number: Claims: We claim: 1. A device forming a combined potentiometer and switch, comprising: a rotatable component having a central protuberance thereon; a potentiometer portion for varying the resistance of an electrical circuit, said potentiometer portion including a casing and a plate joined together to form a body for said potentiometer, said rotatable component extending into said potentiometer body and having a portion of said central protuberance extending through said plate; a first discoidal component carried by said rotatable component; a metallic cursor connected to said discoidal component; a resistance track stationarily mounted on said plate in said body; a metallic collector stationarily mounted on said plate in said body; said cursor being continuously and simultaneously in contact with said resistance track and said collector; a switch portion for changing the state of current conduction in the electrical circuit, said switch portion including a switch protective casing; a second discoidal component mounted in said switch protective casing for engagement by the portion of said central protuberance which extends out of said potentiometer body; cooperating means on the portion of said central protuberance extending through said plate and on said second discoidal component for releasably coupling said second discoidal component to said rotatable component when said switch portion is coupled to said potentiometer portion whereby said second discoidal component can be rotated by said rotatable component; a fixed contact mounted on said switch protective casing; a movable contactor arm movably mounted on said switch protective casing; a contact means on said movable contactor arm for contacting said fixed contact for establishing electrical connection in the electrical circuit; means for moving said movable contactor arm to move said contact means out of contact with said fixed contact and including means connected to said second discoidal component to move said movable contact arm when said rotatable component is rotated; and further including fastening means for connecting said potentiometer body to said switch protective casing. 2. A device according to claim 1, wherein said housing comprises a pair of metallic strips having first ends extending from said casing and forming terminals of said device, and also having second ends respectively forming said movable contactor arm and a fixed contact point. 3. A device according to claim 1, wherein said second discoidal component has an appendix; said contactor arm having recess means; a metallic sphere in said recess means, and a set of protuberances on said appendix for radially displacing said sphere and thereby actuate said contactor arm. 4. A device according to cla


In the 2009 FA Cup Chelsea v Everton which player received a record 5th winner's medal?

BBC Sport - Football - Chelsea 1-0 Portsmouth Full Time 90:00+3:06 The final whistle goes and the game is over. 90:00+2:14 Michael Brown fouled by Didier Drogba, the ref awards a free kick. Direct free kick taken by David James. 90:00+1:47 Short corner taken by Florent Malouda. 90:00+1:34 Booking The referee cautions Ricardo Rocha for dissent. 90:00+1:15 Booking Jamie O'Hara is given a yellow card. 89:48 Direct free kick taken by Petr Cech. 89:48 Substitution Daniel Sturridge on for Nicolas Anelka. 89:48 Nwankwo Kanu gives away a free kick for an unfair challenge on Juliano Belletti. 89:06 Shot from just outside the box by Frank Lampard misses to the left of the target. 88:25 Nicolas Anelka fouled by Steve Finnan, the ref awards a free kick. Free kick taken by Florent Malouda. 87:03 Placed penalty missed by Frank Lampard. 87:03 Michael Brown gives away a Penalty for an unfair challenge on Frank Lampard. 85:38 Centre by Nadir Belhadj. 84:33 Frederic Piquionne gives away a free kick for an unfair challenge on John Terry. John Terry takes the free kick. 81:49 Jamie O'Hara takes the inswinging corner, Frank Lampard manages to make a clearance. 81:33 Centre by Nadir Belhadj, John Terry gets a block in. 80:19 Jamie O'Hara takes the free kick. 80:19 Substitution Nadir Belhadj joins the action as a substitute, replacing Hayden Mullins. 80:19 Substitution (Portsmouth) makes a substitution, with Nwankwo Kanu coming on for Papa Bouba Diop. 80:19 Free kick awarded for an unfair challenge on Papa Bouba Diop by Didier Drogba. 79:32 Joe Cole delivers the ball, save made by David James. 79:05 Branislav Ivanovic challenges John Utaka unfairly and gives away a free kick. Direct free kick taken by Michael Brown. 77:12 Shot from deep inside the area by Frank Lampard clears the bar. 74:24 Nicolas Anelka produces a right-footed shot from just outside the box that misses to the right of the net. 72:52 Substitution (Portsmouth) makes a substitution, with John Utaka coming on for Kevin-Prince Boateng. 71:07 Didier Drogba takes a shot. Save by David James. Shot from just outside the box by Juliano Belletti goes over the crossbar. 70:04 Substitution Joe Cole on for Salomon Kalou. 69:53 Florent Malouda produces a left-footed shot from long range which goes wide right of the goal. 68:38 Free kick awarded for an unfair challenge on Frederic Piquionne by Alex. Jamie O'Hara takes the direct free kick. 67:22 Foul by Ashley Cole on Papa Bouba Diop, free kick awarded. David James takes the direct free kick. 67:09 Salomon Kalou delivers the ball. 65:52 The ball is swung over by Aruna Dindane, Branislav Ivanovic manages to make a clearance. 65:18 Free kick awarded for an unfair challenge on Aruna Dindane by John Terry. Jamie O'Hara takes the free kick. 64:08 Foul by Florent Malouda on Papa Bouba Diop, free kick awarded. David James restarts play with the free kick. 63:39 Foul by Aruna Dindane on Florent Malouda, free kick awarded. Free kick taken by Juliano Belletti. 62:06 Salomon Kalou produces a right-footed shot from deep inside the penalty box which goes wide of the left-hand post. 59:22 Didier Drogba gives away a free kick for an unfair challenge on Papa Bouba Diop. David James takes the free kick. 58:12 GOAL - Didier Drogba:Chelsea 1 - 0 Portsmouth Free kick scored by Didier Drogba from outside the penalty area to the bottom right corner of the goal. Chelsea 1-0 Portsmouth. 57:00 Foul by Aaron Mokoena on Didier Drogba, free kick awarded. 55:59 Michael Brown takes a inswinging corner. 55:47 A save by Petr Cech from penalty by Kevin-Prince Boateng. Chelsea 0-0 Portsmouth. 54:51 Aruna Dindane fouled by Juliano Belletti, the ref awards a Penalty. 53:24 Branislav Ivanovic concedes a free kick for a foul on Frederic Piquionne. Free kick taken by Frederic Piquionne. 52:39 Foul by Didier Drogba on Papa Bouba Diop, free kick awarded. Michael Brown restarts play with the free kick. 51:49 The ball is swung over by Aruna Dindane, save by Petr Cech. 50:08 Free kick awarded for an unfair challenge on Frederic Piquionne by John Terry. The ball is crossed by Jamie O


"A novel by Frederick Forsythe was ""The (what) of War""?"

The Dogs of War by Frederick Forsyth - AbeBooks The Dogs of War by Frederick Forsyth You Searched For: Results (1 - 30) of 931 1 Published by Bantam Books (1975) Used ISBN 10: 0552099465 ISBN 13: 9780552099462 Used ISBN 10: 0553125737 ISBN 13: 9780553125733 Used ISBN 10: 0670277533 ISBN 13: 9780670277537 Used Hardcover ISBN 10: 0553125737 ISBN 13: 9780553125733 Used ISBN 10: 0670277533 ISBN 13: 9780670277537 Used Hardcover ISBN 10: 0552114995 ISBN 13: 9780552114998 Used ISBN 10: 0670277533 ISBN 13: 9780670277537 Used Hardcover ISBN 10: 0670277533 ISBN 13: 9780670277537 Used Hardcover ISBN 10: 0670277533 ISBN 13: 9780670277537 Used Hardcover Published by Viking Press (1974) Used Published by Viking Press (1974) Used ISBN 10: 0091877342 ISBN 13: 9780091877347 Used ISBN 10: 0091877342 ISBN 13: 9780091877347 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 0091877342 ISBN 13: 9780091877347 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 0553268465 ISBN 13: 9780553268461 Used ISBN 10: 0670277533 ISBN 13: 9780670277537 Used First Edition ISBN 10: 0670277533 ISBN 13: 9780670277537 Used First Edition ISBN 10: 0670277533 ISBN 13: 9780670277537 Used First Edition ISBN 10: 0553268465 ISBN 13: 9780553268461 Used Mass Market Paperback ISBN 10: 0553268465 ISBN 13: 9780553268461 Used Mass Market Paperback ISBN 10: 0553268465 ISBN 13: 9780553268461 Used ISBN 10: 0670277533 ISBN 13: 9780670277537 Used Hardcover ISBN 10: 0670277533 ISBN 13: 9780670277537 Used Hardcover ISBN 10: 0553268465 ISBN 13: 9780553268461 Used Mass Market Paperback ISBN 10: 0553268465 ISBN 13: 9780553268461 Used Mass Market Paperback ISBN 10: 0670277533 ISBN 13: 9780670277537 Used Hardcover ISBN 10: 0670277533 ISBN 13: 9780670277537 Used Hardcover ISBN 10: 0091907322 ISBN 13: 9780091907327 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 0670277533 ISBN 13: 9780670277537 Used Hardcover Results (1 - 30) of 931 1 Sort By  Create a Want Tell us what you're looking for and once a match is found, we'll inform you by e-mail. BookSleuth Can't remember the title or the author of a book? Our BookSleuth is specially designed for you. Mobile View: Available Not Available × FillZ.com Inventory, Repricing and Order Management By using the Web site, you confirm that you have read, understood, and agreed to be bound by the Terms and Conditions . © 1996 - 2017 AbeBooks Inc. All Rights Reserved.         AbeBooks, the AbeBooks logo, AbeBooks.com, "Passion for books." and "Passion for books. Books for your passion." are registered trademarks with the Registered US Patent & Trademark Office.


The third atomic bomb to be dropped from an aeroplane was where?

The third bomb HOME > JAPAN > THIRD BOMB The third bomb [Hyperlinks will take you to the cited book at Amazon, to a review on this site, or to another site with related information.] The question often arises: did the United States have a third bomb ready to drop on Japan, following the Little Boy uranium device that destroyed Hiroshima on August 6 and the Fat Man plutonimium bomb that destroyed Nagasaki three days later? In the Spaatz Papers at the Library of Congress manuscript section, there is much radio traffic generated on Tinian in the second week of August. The U.S. Army Strategic Air Forces wanted the third bomb to be dropped on Tokyo as a wakeup call for the Japanese government, which was stalling on agreeing to the United Nations surrender terms. (That this could have been seriously proposed is an indication of how woefully uninformed USASTAF was about the destructive power of the weapons it had delivered to the Empire.) Back came a message, presumably from Hap Arnold, saying that the decision had already been made that the target would be Sapporo in the northern island of Hokkaido. (I read this material while researching a magazine article in 1995.) In Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May-June 1998, Stanley Goldberg notes that on the morning of August 10, 1945, Robert Bacher of the Environmental Physics Division of Los Alamos National Laboratory was supervising the loading of a plutonium core onto a truck. The core (presumably the casing and other "works" were already on Tinian or en route) was to be flown to San Francisco, thence to Tinian, to finish its journey over the city of Kokura about August 20.  Robert Oppenheimer then appeared and told Balcher to stop loading the core. No further shipments were to be made, Oppenheimer said, without an explicit order from President Truman. (In what seems to me to be a logical leap, Goldberg concludes: "Since Truman could have given such an order at any time between July 24 and August 9, it strongly suggests that the bombing of Nagasaki came as a surprise to him." Goldberg suggests that Major General Leslie Groves alone had directed the bomb's use on Nagasaki, as a bureaucrat anxious to justify the money that gone gone into its development, and also as a military man who wanted to hasten the end of the war.) Al Christman's book, Target Hiroshima: Deak Parsons and the Creation of the Atomic Bomb (Naval Institute 1998), notes that the operational plan in February 1945 "called for the military use in the summer [of 1945] of Little Boy and one or two Fat Man bombs, followed by more if necessary." In July, following the Trinity test of the plutonium bomb, General Groves remarked: "The war is over as soon as we drop two of these on Japan." The cruiser Indianapolis brought Little Boy to Tinian on July 26; Christman makes no mention of Fat Man. On July 28 and 29, four "Green Hornet" transports flew in from the U.S. with the plutonium pieces for Fat Man and the uranium inserts for Little Boy. Elsewhere, Christman notes that "Parsons had planned and organized the Tinian assembly facilities to handle a steady stream of bombs [after Little Boy devastated Hiroshima]. The plutonium production facilities at Hanford continued to work at capacity ... everything needed for the second bomb was present at Tinian, and essential materials for a third bomb would soon be on their way." When the B-29 stand-down went into place, Parsons was about to go home, but Groves stopped him "in order to assure complete readiness to assemble and deliver additional atomic bombs in the event that negotiations with the Japanese broke down." Charles Sweeney published his memoirs as War's End: An Eyewitness Account of America's Last Atomic Mission (Avon, 1997). During the party following the successful Hiroshima drop, he recalled that Paul Tibbets took him aside and told him that he was to command the second atomic mission, with Kokura as the primary and Nagasaki as the secondary target. Timing was important, Tibbets said: "It was vital that [the Japanese


Who was the Puritan leader and first governor of the Pilgrim Fathers, who organised the voyage of the Mayflower to Plymouth, New Hampshire?

Voyage of the "Mayflower" From England to New England - The Voyage of the "Mayflower"                 The first permanent settlers of New England, later known as the Pilgrims, arrived on the English ship the Mayflower at Plymouth, Mass., in 1620. The 180-ton vessel was about 12 years old and had been in the wine trade. It was chartered by John Carver, a leader of the Separatist Puritan congregation at Leiden, Holland, who had gone to London to make arrangements for the voyage to America. The ship was made ready at Southampton with a passenger list that included English Separatists, hired help (among them Myles Standish, a professional soldier, and John Alden, a cooper). Other colonists were to be taken along at the insistence of the London businessmen who were helping to finance the expedition.         In the meantime the Leiden Separatists, who had initiated the venture, sailed for Southampton on July 22, 1620, with 35 members of the congregation and their leaders William Bradford and William BREWSTER aboard the 60-ton Speedwell. Both the Speedwell and the Mayflower, carrying a total of about 120 passengers, sailed from Southampton on August 15, but they were twice forced back by dangerous leaks on the Speedwell. At the English port of Plymouth some of the Speedwell's passengers were regrouped on the Mayflower, and on September 16, the historic voyage began.         This time the Mayflower carried 102 passengers, only 37 of whom were from the Leiden congregation, in addition to the crew. After 65 days, the ship came in sight of Cape Cod on November 19 and sailed south. The colonists had been granted territory in Virginia but probably headed for a planned destination near the mouth of the Hudson River. The Mayflower turned back, however, and dropped anchor at Provincetown on November 21. That day 41 men signed the above Mayflower Compact, a "plantation covenant" modeled after a Separatist church covenant, by which they agreed to establish a "Civil Body Politic" (a temporary government) and to be bound by its laws.         The following is the Mayflower Compact: In the Name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, defender of the Faith, &c. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honor of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the first colony in the northern Parts of Virginia; Do by these Presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions, and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general Good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due Submission and at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord King James of England, France, and Ireland, the eighteenth and of Scotland, the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620 John Carver         Edward Tilley         Degory Priest                     William Bradford     John Tilley         Thomas Williams Edward Winslow     Francis Cooke     Gilbert Winslow William Brewster Isaac Allerton         Thomas   Tinker     Peter Browne Myles Standish     John Rigdale         Richard Britteridge John Alden             Edward Fuller         George Soule Samuel Fuller         John Turner         Richard Clarke Christopher Martin Francis Eaton     Richard Gardiner William Mullins     James Chilton         John Allerton William White     John Crackston         Thomas English Richard Warren     John Billington        Edward Dotey John Howland         Moses   Fletcher     Edward Leister Stephen Hopkins     John Goodman         (John Alden, above, wooed and later married Priscilla Mullins, and was the subject of the famous 1858 poem by William Wadsworth Longfellow, ï¿½The Cour


Which religion has about 119 million known adherents in Japan?

Major Religions Ranked by Size Scientology : 500 thousand Introduction The adherent counts presented in the list above are current estimates of the number of people who have at least a minimal level of self-identification as adherents of the religion. Levels of participation vary within all groups. These numbers tend toward the high end of reasonable worldwide estimates. Valid arguments can be made for different figures, but if the same criteria are used for all groups, the relative order should be the same. Further details and sources are available below and in the Adherents.com main database. A major source for these estimates is the detailed country-by-country analysis done by David B. Barrett's religious statistics organization, whose data are published in the Encyclopedia Britannica (including annual updates and yearbooks) and also in the World Christian Encyclopedia (the latest edition of which - published in 2001 - has been consulted). Hundreds of additional sources providing more thorough and detailed research about individual religious groups have also been consulted. This listing is not a comprehensive list of all religions, only the "major" ones (as defined below). There are distinct religions other than the ones listed above. But this list accounts for the religions of over 98% of the world's population. Below are listed some religions which are not in this listing (Mandeans, PL Kyodan, Ch'ondogyo, Vodoun, New Age, Seicho-No-Ie, Falun Dafa/Falun Gong, Taoism, Roma), along with explanations for why they do not qualify as "major world religions" on this list. This world religions listing is derived from the statistics data in the Adherents.com database. The list was created by the same people who collected and organized this database, in consultation with university professors of comparative religions and scholars from different religions. We invite additional input. The Adherents.com collection of religious adherent statistics now has over 43,000 adherent statistic citations, for over 4,300 different faith groups, covering all countries of the world. This is not an absolutely exhaustive compilation of all such data, but it is by far the largest compilation available on the Internet. Various academic researchers and religious representatives regularly share documented adherent statistics with Adherents.com so that their information can be available in a centralized database. Statistics and geography citations for religions not on this list, as well as subgroups within these religions (such as Catholics, Protestants, Karaites, Wiccans, Shiites, etc.) can be found in the main Adherents.com database. This document is divided into the following sections: Main list of major religions of the world Encyclopedia Britannica's Adherents of All Religions by Six Continents Tigerx.com's Top 10 Religions - A casual but insightful attempt divided along the lines of functional religious cultures rather than classical categorization Minnesota State University's "Religions of the World" website lists the "world's six major religions" as: Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, Animism, Christianity and Hinduism. Read the site's introduction (from: http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/ religion/) here The Classical World Religions List There are twelve classical world religions. This is the list of religions described most often in surveys of the subject, and studied in World Religion classes (some of them more for historical rather than contemporary reasons): Baha'i Shinto Taoism In modern Western thought, the first writers to divide the world into "world religions" were Christians. Originally, three religions were recognized: Christians, Jews and pagans (i.e., everybody else). After many centuries, with the increased Western awareness of Eastern history and philosophy, and the development of Islam, other religions were added to the list. Many Far Eastern ways of thought, in fact, were given the status of "world religion" while equally advanced religious cultures in technologically less developed or pre-literate societies (such as in Australi


Which country is made up of 176 islands, 36 of them inhabited, in 3 groups (called Vava'u, Ha'apai, and Tongatapu) which stretch north-south for 800 kilometers (500 miles)?

Tonga Travel Guide | Tonga Holiday Information Search Tonga Country Guide Tonga is one of the most scenic, virgin islands of the Pacific Island nations, located in the heart of the beautiful South Pacific ocean. New and returning visitors are enticed by the unique experiences that are on offer across the five main island groups. Come and discover the vast beauty, rich culture and relaxing island ways of Tongan life for yourself! Responsible travel in Tonga is still in its early stages, though there are now several great programmes in place! Our Tonga Country Guide will give you all the travel information you need to know to plan your Tonga vacation, while our  Tonga Destination Guide will give you some handy information about some of the exciting things to see and do during your Tonga holiday. Joining a  Tonga tour or activity is an exciting and easy way to explore the country! We recommend you read about travel in Tonga on Go Nomad. Check out the latest travel information from YouTube . Tonga Country Guide Follow the links below or scroll further down the page for some handy details to help you plan your Tonga holiday: Business Hours  Top Offices opening hours are from 8.30am to 4.30pm and from 12.30-1.30pm its lunch time from Monday to Friday. Banks are open from 09.00am to 04.00pm from Monday to Friday and on Saturday bank only open from 09.00am to 12.00pm. Supermarkets are only open from 08.00am until 05.00pm and Restaurants are only open from 09.00am until 10.00pm but some they have their own times for their services. Almost everything closes in Tonga on Sunday for religious observances reasons.   Climate/weather  Top Tonga is blessed with a comfortable subtropical climate, from December to April; the weather is hot and humid, with considerable rainfall.  The cool dry season, with average temperatures of up to 22, runs from May to November.  Trade winds during the season make for pleasant days and cool nights. Visit Tonga from June to November for our Whale seasons where you can experience a day with the whales. Our Tonga Weather page provides information on the best place to visit the beautiful island nation of Tonga and also has a six-day Tonga weather forecast. Currency/Money  Top The currency of Tonga is the Tongan pa'anga. 100 seniti comprise one pa'anga. Each pa'anga is almost equivalent to the Australian dollar although there are fluctuations on different days. Traveler's cheques are exchanged at about 4% higher values than foreign bank notes. Banks require a commission of TOP$ 6 for cash advances on credit cards while hotels charge about 10 % for the same service. Credit card payments are often charged an extra 4.5 %. Consumption Tax (CT) of 15% applies to imports and domestic supplies of goods and services. Negotiating and tipping are not the norm at Tonga. However, fakapale or gifts in cash are quite commonly handed out during cultural performances. Small bills are stuck onto the well oiled shoulders and arms of the dancers. Electricity  Top Electricity in Tonga is 240 volts 50Hz, same as New Zealand, Australia and the UK. Plugs are three pronged, the upper two are angled and flat and the bottom one vertical and flat. Some of the German managed resorts may use European plugs, so you may need a converter. Embassy Locations  Top To view a list of Tongan embassies around the world, as well as foreign embassies within Tonga, check out  http://www.embassy-worldwide.com/. Food & Drink  Top Seafood is a feature of local cuisine. In town, Friends Cafe (+676 22390) is a popular option for breakfast, lunch and dinner. There are a number of options on Vuna Road, including Kaati-Ni Restaurant (+676 28393), the Seaview Lodge and Restaurant (+676 23709), pizzeria Little Italy (+676 25053) and Cottage Breeze Restaurant (+676 28940). At the port end of Vuna Road, the Waterfront Restaurant (+676 24692) provides good fare, as does Fresh Cafe (+676 27808) and Lunarossa Restaurant (+676 26324) with its Italian Cuisine. To experience local food and culture, a dinner show at the Tongan National Centre (+676 23022) is recommende


"Which of the Hindu Trimurti is ""The Creator""?"

Heart of Hinduism: The Trimurti Brahma – the creator (in charge of raja-guna – the quality of passion). Vishnu – the maintainer On charge of sattva-guna – the quality of goodness). Shiva – the destroyer (in charge of tama-guna – the quality of ignorance). In the material world there are three principal deities called the trimurti (literally "three deities").They correspond to God's functions of creation, sustenance and destruction (see also Prakriti and Guna ). God also exists beyond this world, as an impersonal force and/or as the Supreme   Person. Most commonly that transcendent Supreme is identified with Vishnu,   or one of his forms (such as Krishna, Rama, or Narayana). Brahma,   the creator (or secondary creator, since he is born of Vishnu, the original   creator). Direct worship of Brahma is rare, and in India there is only one   major temple dedicated to him in Pushkar, Rajasthan. Some consider him to   be worshipped indirectly through the chanting of the Gayatri mantra, since   Gayatri is one of his consorts. Vishnu, all-pervading yet also a person. He is most often worshipped in his forms as Krishna and Rama (see Twelve Principal Deities ). Shiva, with his carrier, Nandi the bull. Shiva is in charge of universal destruction, though he also has a role in creation. He represents the male principle within this world, while his female counterpart, Shakti, is his consort and the personification of material energy (Mother Nature). Common Misunderstandings The Trimurti is the Hindu Trinity The implied comparison here with Christianity is potentially misleading, and hence the term "Hindu Trinity" is best avoided.


The Wimbledon tennis championships are held in which city?

Wimbledon Getaway Packages in London | Custom Travel in 2017 Debenture seating to your chosen session(s) Your choice of room category at some of London’s finest hotels Access to exclusive in stadium restaurants and bars including The Roof Top bar and The Champions Room restaurant Optional city tours, theatre tickets, dinner reservations Complete 2017 Wimbledon Getaway packages (2-night/1-session) available from  $1,845/person Get ready for the most anticipated grand slam tennis tournament of the year! It’s the jewel in the crown of the grand slam tournaments and the most famous tennis event in the world. For many, summer begins when Wimbledon does. While millions watch from home on their televisions, Roadtrips is Centre Court for the fast-paced tennis action. From the Royal Family to the rich strawberries and cream to the crisp white uniforms of the players, this prestigious tournament is steeped in history and tradition. Wimbledon is just one of those events that needs to be experienced in person to be fully appreciated and 2017 could be your year. Wimbledon always brings the excitement. In 2016, Andy Murray, who was the heavy favorite over Milos Raonic, did not disappoint the home crowd. On the women’s side, Serena Williams defended her title in an impressive win. Next June, allow Roadtrips to be your guide to an authentic British experience to Wimbledon and London. Enjoy exclusive access to the best seating at the All England Lawn Tennis Club, the best restaurants in London, and the finest accommodations in the country. Complete 2017 Wimbledon Getaway packages (2-night/1-session) available from  $1,845/person based on double occupancy. To start planning your trip of a lifetime: Contact one of our sports travel specialists now at 1-800-465-1765 (Monday to Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. CST). Complete the Customize This Package form to receive a custom quote and further information. The Ultimate Wimbledon Experience “The King (or Queen) of all tennis tournaments, the Championships held each Summer at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in London are iconic in both sport and destination.” What a match! Wimbledon and London provide the ultimate backdrop for the best in tennis and a fantastic luxury travel experience that will put you up close to the action and give you exclusive and private access to the best of Her Majesty’s London. Our Ultimate Wimbledon invites you to take in matches between the world’s top players from prime vantage points at Centre Court. Enjoy seating fit for royalty plus exclusive access to in-stadium lounges and restaurants. Then let us guide you gracefully onward into the finest that London can offer including dining with the chefs of Joel Robuchon, private access and butler service at a West End theatre and a very special evening ‘Live at The Ritz’. Your home for it all is one of the newest and best jewels in London’s hotel crown. The Corinthia Hotel has been an instant classic since its inception just a few years ago: classic luxury with every modern convenience, sumptuous bedding, all-marble bathrooms and over-sized rooms are complemented with award-winning restaurants and an amazing urban spa. Get ready to be immersed in privilege, luxury and the world’s best tennis. Below you will find a suggested sample itinerary, please remember we will work with you to completely customize your preferred experience based on your tastes, desires and budget. Day 1 – July 11, 2017 Upon arrival at Heathrow International Airport you will be greeted after customs and escorted to your waiting transfer and chauffeured by Jaguar XL to the luxurious Corinthia Hotel. Your home for the next week is just steps away from Trafalgar, Westminster and the ever-flowing Thames. You’ve no worry of a wait for your room as your early check-in is guaranteed and you will be met and assisted on arrival at the hotel. Freshen up at your leisure and then meet your onsite host in the hotel’s stunning lobby lounge for a short review of your trip and a chance to employ your host’s services for any last minute concierge requests. Take the a


In the words of a song by Simon and Garfunkel, whose words were written on the subway wall?

Simon and Garfunkel - A Poem On The Underground Wall Lyrics | SongMeanings Simon and Garfunkel Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme [Bonus Tracks] The Columbia Studio Recordings, 1964-1970 Live from New York City, 1967 Voices of Intelligent Dissent The last train is nearly due The underground is closing soon And in the dark deserted station Restless in anticipation A man waits in the shadows His restless eyes leap and scratch At all that they can touch or catch And hidden deep within his pocket Safe within its silent socket He holds a colored crayon Now from the tunnel's stony womb The carriage rides to meet the groom And opens wide and welcome doors But he hesitates, then withdraws Deeper in the shadows And the train is gone suddenly On wheels clicking silently Like a gently tapping litany And he holds his crayon rosary Tighter in his hand Now from his pocket quick he flashes The crayon on the wall he slashes Deep upon the advertising A single-worded poem comprised of four letters And his heart is laughing, screaming, pounding The poem across the tracks rebounding Shadowed by the exit light His legs take their ascending flight To seek the breast of darkness and be suckled by the night, ooh "A Poem on the Underground Wall" as written by Paul Simon Lyrics © Universal Music Publishing Group Lyrics powered by LyricFind Oldest First +4 General CommentOnly Paul Simon could make such a beautiful song about some guy writing the word "fuck" on a subway wall. Lovely song. @Maltese +3 General CommentI adore the way Simon turns what most people would see as an act of mindless graffiti into a triumph of artistic expression. The vandal is a hero, and vice versa! @ShineYouDiamond +2 General CommentYes the four-letter word is certainly that lovely "f-word." The idea for this song came from the Wednesday Morning, 3AM album cover. They had taken at least a hundred shots of themselves in front of a wall and finally got the shot they wanted.. They looked a little closer and happened to notice some lucky poet's work had been prominently featured in bold letters. The words of the prophets are written on the subway walls and tenement halls... @fixable +1 General CommentI adore the way Simon turns what most people would see as an act of mindless graffiti into a triumph of artistic expression. The vandal is a hero, and vice versa! @ShineYouDiamond +1 General CommentFixable already touched on this, but here is the direct quote (from Live From New York): “The first album we recorded for Columbia called ‘Wednesday Morning, 3 am’ has a picture on the cover of Paul and myself in the uh subway system in New York here standing at the uh 5th avenue station next to an iron post. If you know the album then you’re familiar with the picture. What you’re not familiar with is the trouble that we went through in order to get that final picture because the original shots that were taken for the ah cover were taken off the uh picture that you see standing against the subway wall at the platform underneath the subway sign and we took about 500 pictures until we were satisfied with the perfect James Dean shot and packed up the cameras and guitars and as we left the station…I took a glance at the subway wall in front of which we had taken all the pictures for the first time that day and noticed that written there-rather legibly-in the baroque style common to New York subway wall writers was the uh the old familiar suggestion.  And rather beautifully illustrated as well. Well we had a conference with Columbia records to decide what to do about this problem and of course we immediately told Columbia that this was exactly what we wanted on the cover of the LP. Forget it. I’m um mentioning this because we have taken a song, it’s now two years later...Paul has written a song fairly recently in London dealing with the uh theme of people who write on subway walls but treating the theme in a rather strange and serious way. The song is called ‘A Poem on the Underground Wall’.”


Atlantic equatorial currents pushed westward by the Trade Winds unite in the Gulf of Mexico and then flow northward. What is the north-flowing current called?

The Recent Global Warming Hiatus May Have Ended, Possibly Due to a Hidden Patch of Warm Water Secrets in the Ice By Yvonne Bang When we think of storing information today, we conjure up rows of giant computer servers that house endless streams of digital data. All the world’s information, it seems, will one day be preserved as ones and zeros in permanent, stable,... READ MORE Terrestrial (land-based) warming never really experienced a hiatus; it was only sea surface temperatures that stalled, and even those didn’t stall everywhere. Most of the hiatus was the result of falling sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific, caused by two decades of unusually strong equatorial trade winds.1 These winds pushed aside warm surface water, causing deeper and colder water to well up in its place, cool the atmosphere above, and reduce global temperature averages. The winds also pushed enormous quantities of warm water westward. This caused a “downwelling” in the western Pacific, as the mass of all this tropically heated water moved the boundary between the warm layer at the ocean’s surface and the cold layer beneath (called the thermocline) to a greater depth. So much warm water was pushed into the region that sea levels began to rise at nearly triple the global rate.2 Even though it’s thousands of miles away, climate scientists suspect this warm pool of playing a role in last year’s sudden temperature spike in the north Pacific, and the potential end of the hiatus. Tom Delworth, a research scientist in National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association’s (NOAA) Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory has built a model that suggests the deep water of the warm pool made its way north and produced the blob. “It doesn’t just stay there,” he says. “It actually begins to spread, particularly into the north Pacific. In our simulations, that warm water re-emerges in the north Pacific after 10 or 20 years.” Even if the unusually strong equatorial trade winds were to continue, Delworth says, the hiatus would not. The warm pool in the west Pacific “isn’t going to stay hidden forever. It comes back.” To definitively answer how, exactly, this might have happened is a rather complicated question. The ocean covers nearly three-quarters of the earth’s surface and contains over 1.3 to 1.4 billion cubic kilometers of water. Keeping track of all that water is not easy. Historically, ocean temperatures were taken from the deck of a ship. Even today, most of what we know about deep ocean conditions comes from shipboard measurements. In recent decades, scientists have deployed thousands of buoys—both anchored and free-floating—and satellites capable of infrared and microwave imaging. These satellites can measure sea surface temperatures and heights, often down to the centimeter, allowing scientists to accurately delineate the boundaries of warm currents and eddies. Total travel time? “Several years to decades,” Timmermann says, “depending on the details.” The ocean’s surface, then, can be measured quite well. It is the ocean depths that are a problem. Infrared satellite imagery only indicates the temperature of the top few millimeters of the ocean. Microwave imagery is only slightly better. The deep ocean is mostly invisible to satellites, and our understanding of its three-dimensional movements is often provisional. What’s more, warm water can lurk for years, undetected, beneath the surface—especially in the higher latitudes. “A really interesting property of sea water,” Delworth says, “is that, at very cold temperatures—near the freezing point—the density of sea water is mainly determined by how much salt there is in it rather than how warm it is.” This means that, instead of a warm layer on the surface and a colder layer below, as is normally the case, at high latitudes you can have a layer of cold fresh water stably stratified over a warm layer of denser salty water. While the story under the ocean’s surface can resist our measurements, we do know quite a bit about surface currents. The most obvious mechanism for moving water from the warm p


Which country returned to a democratic form of government after the death of dictator Juan Vincente Gomez in 1935?

Venezuela - The Century of Caudillismo The Century of Caudillismo Venezuela Table of Contents Two decades of warfare had cost the lives of between one- fourth and     one-third of Venezuela's population, which by 1830 was estimated at     about 800,000. Furthermore, the cocoa-based export economy lay in ruins,     a victim of physical destruction, neglect, and the disruption of trade.     As a result, it was relatively simple for the young nation to shift its     agricultural export activity to the production of coffee, a commodity     whose price was booming in the North Atlantic nations with which     Venezuela was now free to trade. The production of coffee for export     would, along with subsistence agriculture, dominate Venezuela's economic     life until the initiation of the petroleum boom well into the twentieth     century. Venezuela's century-long post-independence era of caudillismo     is perhaps best understood as a competition among various social and     regional factions for the control of the Caracas-based bureaucracy that     served the trade with the North Atlantic nations. The century of the caudillo started auspiciously, with sixteen     relatively peaceful and prosperous years under the authority of General     P�ez. Twice elected president under the 1830 constitution, P�ez, on     the one hand, consolidated the young republic by putting down a number     of armed challenges by regional chieftains. On the other hand, P�ez     usually respected the civil rights of his legitimate political     opponents. Using funds earned during the coffee-induced economic boom,     he oversaw the building of fledgling social and economic     infrastructures. Generally considered second only to Bol�var as a     national hero, P�ez ruled in conjunction with the criollo elite, which     maintained its unity around the mestizo caudillo as long as coffee     prices remained high. In the 1840s, however, coffee prices plunged, and the elite divided     into two factions: those who remained with P�ez called themselves     Conservatives, while his rivals called themselves Liberals. The Liberals     first came to prominence in 1846 with P�ez's surprising selection of     General Jos� Tadeo Monagas as his successor. Two years later, Monagas     ousted all the Conservatives from his government and sent P�ez into     exile, precipitating a decade of dictatorial rule shared with his     brother, Jos� Gregorio. The abolition of slavery in 1854 was the only     noteworthy act by the Monagas brothers. In 1857 they introduced a new     constitution in an obvious attempt to install a Monagas family dynasty.     The regime was ousted the following year in a revolt that included elite     members of both parties. The elite factions failed to agree on a replacement for Monagas,     however, precipitating twelve years of intermittent civil war so chaotic     that few history texts bother to chronicle the details. Between 1858 and     1863, local caudillos engaged in a chaotic power struggle known as the     Federal War, because the Liberals favored federalism. In the end, the     Liberals triumphed and General Juan C. Falc�n was named president. In     practice, federalism was a disaster. Falc�n's general lack of interest     in ruling and his failure to exert strong leadership allowed local     caudillos to exert oppressive authoritarian control over their fiefdoms     even while they continued to pay lip service to the concept of     federalism. Central government authority was finally restored in 1870 by     Falc�n's chief aide, Antonio Guzm�n Blanco, who established a     dictatorship that endured for eighteen years. Unlike his former boss, Guzm�n understood the politics of     federalism. After removing disloyal Conservative regional caudillos by     force, he installed a loyal group of Liberal caudillos in their place.     Thanks to a


What is the name of the index of average daily prices on the New York Stock Exchange?

NYSE - New York Stock Exchange NYSE Dow Jones Industrial Average Index Current 19,826.77 New York Stock Exchange Trading approximately 1.46 billion shares each day, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is the leading stock exchange in the world. The exchange trades stocks for some 2,800 companies, ranging from blue chips to new high-growth companies. Each listed company has to meet strict requirements, as the NYSE strives to maintain its reputation of trading strong, high-quality securities. Dow Jones Intraday Chart Dow Jones 1 Year Chart Operating as a continuous auction floor trading stock exchange, the major players on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange are specialists and brokers. Brokers are employed by investment firms and trade either on behalf of their firm's clients or the firm itself. The broker moves around the floor, bringing 'buy and sell' orders to the specialists. Each specialist stands in one location on the floor and deals in one or several specific stocks, depending on their trading volume. The specialist's job is to accept 'buy and sell' orders from brokers and manage the actual auction. It is also the specialist's job to ensure that there is a market for their specified stocks at all times, meaning they will invest their own firm's capital at times to keep the market active and maintain the shares' liquidity. Specialists and brokers interact to create an effective system that provides investors with competitive prices based on supply and demand. NYSE Stocks


"Who are the two main characters in the TV series ""The Big Bang Theory""?"

List of The Big Bang Theory characters | The Big Bang Theory Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia List of The Big Bang Theory characters 1,132pages on Share The Big Bang Theory cast- Season 9 The following is a list of characters from the American situation comedy The Big Bang Theory created and executive produced by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady , which premiered on CBS on September 24, 2007. It concerns two prodigies in their 20s, one a theoretical physicist and the other an experimental physicist, who work at Caltech and live across the hall from a waitress with show-biz aspirations. Their geekiness and intellect are contrasted by her social skills and common sense. Contents This diagram illustrates the complex relationships between The Big Bang Theory characters [1] . Regular Recurring Main Dr. Leonard Leakey [1] Hofstadter ( Johnny Galecki ) is an experimental physicist with an IQ of 173 who received his Ph.D. when he was 24 years old. He shares an apartment with colleague and friend Sheldon Cooper . The writers have toyed with a romance between him and neighbor Penny , with their unresolved sexual tension being a major force for drama. Leonard dated Penny for most of Season 3, and while they have since broken up, some sexual tension is still apparent, but they rekindle their relationship in mid-Season 5. Previous to Penny, Leonard had romantic relationships with co-worker Dr. Leslie Winkle , physician Dr. Stephanie Barnett , an unnamed French literature PhD, and North Korean spy Joyce Kim . Following his breakup with Penny, Leonard has slept with Raj's sister Priya , and it is implied this also occurred on another occasion when Priya was visiting Raj (before Leonard met Penny). Leonard's family includes three other accomplished scientists: his mother, Dr. Beverly Hofstadter who is a psychiatrist and neuroscientist, his father Dr. Alfred Hofstadter who is an anthropologist and his sister (name unknown) who is a medical researcher, while his brother Michael Hofstadter is a Harvard law professor. Leonard wears glasses and is lactose intolerant. In the penultimate episode of Season 7, Penny and Leonard became engaged and were married in Las Vegas in the premiere episode of Season 9. Later in season 9 they share living accommodations in both Penny's and Sheldon's apartments. Dr. Sheldon Lee Cooper ( Jim Parsons ) is a theoretical physicist with an I.Q. of 187, possessing a B.S. , a M.S. , a M.A. , a Ph.D. , and a Sc.D. Originally from East Texas, he was a child prodigy, starting college at the age of 11, and receiving his first Ph.D. at age 16. He is usually cold, calculating, selfish, immature, condescending and cynical, but also has a softer, loving and caring side as he does care about his friends and loves his mom, grandma and girlfriend Amy even though he can sometimes insult them with either about their intellect levels or different opinions and is also formerly asexual. Sheldon exhibits a strict adherence to routine, a lack of understanding of irony, sarcasm and humor, and a complete lack of humility; these characteristics are the main sources of his character's humor and the center of a number of episodes. Sheldon's family is very different from him; his father, George Sr. , was a former store worker who died before the start of the series, while his mother, Mary , is a devoted Christian, and his twin sister, Missy , is a hostess at Fuddruckers and his older brother George Jr. is certainly no scientist. Sheldon is consistently the geekiest and quirkiest character in the show. Whenever he tells a joke, or plays a prank, he concludes with the word " Bazinga !" to signal that he just told a joke. Sheldon is friends with and then becomes the boyfriend of Amy Farrah Fowler until they break up in season 9, but reconcile later in the season and finally engage in coitus. Penny Hofstadter (family name is not revealed) ( Kaley Cuoco ), (appeared in all but two episodes in season 4, but credited for the episodes in which she did not appear) is Leonard and Sheldon's neighbor across the hallway. Originally from Omaha, Nebraska, she


Where was the first motor race to regularly carry the name Grand Prix, the first of which took place in 1906 on a circuit roughly triangular in shape, each lap covering 105 kilometres (65 miles)?

Map of Grand Prix motor racing - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki Grand Prix motor racing: Map Advertisements Map showing all locations mentioned on Wikipedia article: Grand Prix motor racing has its roots in organised automobile racing that began in France as far back as 1894. It quickly evolved from a simple road race from one town to the next, to endurance tests for car and driver. Innovation and the drive of competition soon saw speeds exceeding , but because the races were held on open roads there were frequent accidents with the resulting fatalities of both drivers and spectators. Grand Prix motor racing eventually evolved into formula racing , and Formula One can be seen as its direct descendant. Each event of the Formula One World Championships is still called a Grand Prix . The origins of organised racing Motor racing was started in France , as a direct result of the enthusiasm with which the French public embraced the motor car. Manufacturers were enthusiastic due to the possibility of using motor racing as a shop window for their cars. The first motor race took place on July 22 , 1894 and was organised by Le Petit Journal , a Parisian newspaper. It was run over the eighty mile (128 km) distance between Paris and Rouen . The race was won by Albert de Dion , although he was not awarded the prize for first place as his car required a stoker and the judges deemed this outside of their objectives. In 1900, James Gordon Bennett, Jr. , the owner of the New York Herald newspaper and the International Herald Tribune , established the Gordon Bennett Cup . He hoped that the creation of an international event would drive automobile manufacturers to improve their cars. Each country was allowed to enter up to three cars, which had to be fully built in the country that they represented and entered by that country's automotive governing body. International racing colours were established in this event. In the United States The first Grands Prix The first event to carry the name Grand Prix was the Grand Prix de Pau in 1901, although this race was a one-off and the term Grand Prix was not in wide usage at the time. The only race at the time to regularly carry the name Grand Prix was organised by the Automobile Club de France (ACF), of which the first took place in 1906. The circuit used, which was based in Le Mans , was roughly triangular in shape, each lap covering 105 kilometres (65 miles). Six laps were to run each day, and each lap took approximately an hour using the relatively primitive cars of the day. The driving force behind the decision to race on a circuit - as opposed to racing on ordinary roads from town to town - was the Paris to Madrid road race of 1903. During this race a number of people, both drivers and pedestrians - including Marcel Renault - were killed and the race was stopped by the French authorities at Bordeaux. Further road based events were banned. From the 32 entries representing 12 different automobile manufacturers, at the 1906 event, the Hungarian -born Ferenc Szisz (1873–1944) won the race in a Renault . This race was regarded as the first Grand Épreuve, which meant "great trial" and the term was used from then on to denote up to the eight most important events of the year. Races in this period were heavily nationalistic affairs, with a few countries setting up races of their own, but no formal championship tying them together. The rules varied from country to country and race to race, and typically centered around maximum (not minimum) weights in an effort to limit power by limiting engine size indirectly (10–15 L engines were quite common, usually with no more than four cylinders, and producing less than 50 hp). The cars all had mechanics on board as well as the driver, and no one was allowed to work on the cars during the race except for these two. A key factor to Renault winning this first Grand Prix was held to be the detachable wheel rims (developed by Michelin), which allowed tire changes to occur without having to lever the tire and tube off and back on the rim. Given the state of the roads, s


Where did Pope Benedict XVI make his first visit as Pope?

From police officer's son to pope: The life of Benedict XVI - CNN.com From police officer's son to pope: The life of Benedict XVI By Greg Botelho, CNN Updated 11:07 AM ET, Tue February 12, 2013 Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds. JUST WATCHED Pope Benedict's German roots 02:50 Story highlights The son of a police officer, Joseph Ratzinger was born in southeastern Germany in 1927 He was briefly in the Hitler Youth and Nazi army, though he eventually deserted He was a theology professor who also rose up the Roman Catholic Church ranks Some called him "Cardinal No" for his strict enforcement of doctrine before becoming pope Before he was Pope Benedict XVI , before he earned the nickname "Cardinal No" as the enforcer of church doctrine, he was Joseph Ratzinger -- the son of Maria and police officer Joseph Ratzinger, learning about life and God in Germany between two world wars. According to Roman Catholic doctrine, Benedict is not only the church's leader but God's representative on earth and infallible. He is also a man -- one who savors his meat and potatoes, an accomplished pianist who loves Mozart, and a teacher who for years commanded university classes. His humanity became apparent Monday, when the Vatican announced he'd resign at month's end "because of advanced age," becoming the first pope in nearly 600 years to do so. After his birth on April 16, 1927, in Marktl am Inn, in southeastern Germany near the Austrian border, Ratzinger's early years were defined by his country and the turbulent times, as well as his faith. Photos: Photos: Pope Benedict XVI Photos: Photos: Pope Benedict XVI Pope Benedict XVI – Pope Benedict XVI waves in St. Peter's Square in the Vatican in December 2012. Benedict, 85, announced on Monday, February 11, that he will resign at the end of February "because of advanced age." The last pope to resign was Gregory XII in 1415. Hide Caption MUST WATCH History of Popes stepping down 01:18 Adolf Hitler rose to power during Ratzinger's adolescent years in Traunstein, in the heavily Catholic region of Bavaria. When he was 14, school officials followed Nazi officials' orders and enrolled him and the rest of his class in the Hitler Youth movement -- against his will, Ratzinger wrote in his memoir. He left the organization shortly thereafter, because he was studying for the priesthood. But in 1943, Ratzinger was brought back into the Nazi fold upon being drafted into the German army. For the next two years, Ratzinger served his country as part of an anti-aircraft unit. But in the waning days of World War II, he deserted -- and was taken prisoner by the U.S. Army. According to CNN Senior Vatican Analyst John Allen, Ratzinger's family was strongly, if quietly, anti-Nazi and his father took a series of less significant jobs to steer clear from what was happening under Hitler. In June 1945, Ratzinger was released from a POW camp. Hitching a ride on a milk truck, he headed home. And life began anew. Opinion: Why pope will be remembered for generations The soldier became a scholar, studying philosophy and theology at the University of Munich and another school in Freising between 1946 and 1951. Two years later, he earned a doctorate in theology, after submitting a thesis titled, "The People and House of God in St. Augustine's Doctrine of the Church." Eventually, he became a professor -- teaching dogma and fundamental theology at four German universities. In 1969, for instance, he was appointed vice president and professor of theology at the University of Regensburg in Germany. "Books are his best friends," Allen said. All the while, he grew more ingrained in the Roman Catholic Church and its hierarchy. In 1962, 11 years after his ordination as a priest, the then-35-year-old was a consultant during Vatican II to Cardinal Josef Frings, a reformer who was archbishop of Cologne, Germany. As a young priest, Ratzinger was on the progressive side of theological debates. But he began to shift right after student revolutions of 1968, according to Allen, also a corres


If you travelled down the Yarra River in Australia, which city would you be in when you reached the ocean?

Best Photos near Melbourne, Australia - Incl. Melbourne City, On The Great Ocean Road - YouTube Best Photos near Melbourne, Australia - Incl. Melbourne City, On The Great Ocean Road Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Jun 3, 2011 http://tripwow.tripadvisor.com/tripwo... The best pictures of Melbourne taken by travel bloggers at TravelPod.com the web's premier travel blogging platform. Slideshow created at TripWow.com by TripAdvisor™. Top Pics of Melbourne - "Jamesryan_sullivan@yahoo.com" by James21 from a blog titled "only the place in melbourne, australia" Excerpt: "just what i expected melbourne is just as similar as sydney....but what i noticed on melbourne is that they " ... - "On the Great Ocean Road" by Fromustoye from a blog titled "Melbourne" Excerpt: "hello everyone how are things? well frans family arrived safe and sound and before they could get over their " ... - "11 Sunset at Noosa Heads" by Kevandsian from a blog titled "Found Nemo, lost Sydney ....... and much more.." Excerpt: "Yes, okay, it's been a while but we found Nemo and you'll be pleased to know he seemed quite happy! We found " ... - "01. Bundeena to Wattamulla Walk" by Mills-mcshea from a blog titled "World Cup and Uni Cities" Excerpt: "With crumbling finances, a world cup to watch and a trip back to England planned, we have tried to keep things " ... - "Melbourne 151" by Swisselle from a blog titled "Melbourne und Great Ocean Road" Excerpt: "Was tut man um 6 Uhr morgens in einer Stadt, die man nicht kennt und mit 25kg Gepaeck beladen ist? Genau. Man " ... - "Melbourne City" by Cristinaw from a blog titled "Melbourne & The Great Ocean Road" Excerpt: "The best things to do in Melbourne and in the area around would be definitely to visit the Twelve Apostles on " ... - "03. Lighthouse from the TV Show Round The Twist!" by Mattmcshane from a blog titled ""Sleeping along the Great Ocean Road..."" Excerpt: "The Great Ocean Road is one of those "you have to do" things. With time rapidly running out on my prize voucher" ... - "012-Erskin Waterfalls" by Onceinalifetime from a blog titled "Road Trip! Everbody in the Van!!!" Excerpt: "So we piled into our campervan in a small suburb of Sydney to start our south-westerly trek to Melbourne and " ... - "Melbourne skyline at night" by Dawn_smedley from a blog titled "Melbourne In Style!" Excerpt: "So our last day with Team Smedders Senior had arrived (boooo!) so we decided to make it one to remember! After " ... - "View from the Rialto towers" by Claireandkaren from a blog titled "Karen's Maw and Paw, our first visitors!!!!" Excerpt: "Our first visitors, yipeee! Very exciting for Karen to have her Maw and Paw here with her, especially over " ... - "Just stunning, eh?!" by Velvetescape from a blog titled "Marvelous Melbourne" Excerpt: "Melbourne is a city with aspirations and you can tell. It's a large city with loads of character, a laid-back " ... - "Yarra River" by Arezzo from a blog titled "He just smiled and gave me a vegemite sandwich." Excerpt: "It feels so good to be back down under! I was last here in January of 2002 and it quickly became one of my " ... - "Sleepy Hollow" by Hughie from a blog titled "Great Ocean Rd - Some Photos" Excerpt: "Hi all, first photos from new digital camera, these are from my two day trip on the Great Ocean Road" ... - "Wilson Promontory" by Carolandthomas from a blog titled "Wilsons Promontory to Melbourne" Excerpt: "Having arrived in Turoa late the night before we didn't actually get to Wilsons Promontory National Park until " ... - "02 A you beaut moment Jim?" by Pidgeandpie from a blog titled "G'dday" Excerpt: "Arrhhh Melbourne, Australia's second largest city finally pokes its head above our road trip horizon. Today " ... - "03 Fairies Tree in Fitzroy Gardens" by Worldofbintang from a