"Who was the first British monarch to be named ""Empress of India""?"

When did the British monarch become an emperor? - History Stack Exchange When did the British monarch become an emperor? up vote 14 down vote favorite 1 When did the British monarch become an Emperor? I know that Queen Victoria became Empress of India, that there is an order of the British Empire, but is there such a thing as a British Emperor? 1   Not entirely sure that I understand the question. Disraeli and Victoria attached the title "Emperor" to the British Monarchy. Thus whoever occupies the throne gets the title (adjusted for gender). Thus when Edward assumed the throne after Victoria, he was "Emperor of India". –  Mark C. Wallace Aug 29 '14 at 12:13      Certainly from the times of James II/VI, Monarch of Britain and Scotland, the Monarchy had the right to the title, but I believe I've seen it even earlier; I just can't remember where I saw it. –  Mark C. Wallace Aug 29 '14 at 14:16 up vote 17 down vote accepted The British were in charge of India from 1858 to 1947. During the period from 1877 to 1947 (or so), the British monarchs also called themselves "Emperor of India" or "Empress of India," in addition to their status as King or Queen. So Victoria signed letters as "Victoria RI," where the R was for "queen" (Regina) and the I was for "empress" (Imperatrix). 7   So, if I understand correctly, there is a British Empire, but no British Emperor (just a British King/Queen that happens to be Emperor elsewhere)? –  Jean-Christophe Dubacq Feb 8 '12 at 23:13 2 That is essentially correct, yes. –  aeismail Feb 8 '12 at 23:55    John was styled Emperor of Ireland. –  Francis Davey Jul 22 '14 at 7:19      Queen Victoria was Empress of India, so she was an Empress. –  Oldcat Aug 29 '14 at 19:18 up vote 5 down vote Victoria and her successors were king/queen of the United Kingdom (England + Scotland + Wales + Ireland) and emperor/empress of India in personal union, in part at least so as not to be outdone by the Hohenzollern (king of Prussia and emperor of Germany) and the Habsburgs (emperor of Austria and king of Hungary). “RI” (regina-imperatrix) is the exact equivalent of “k.u.k.” (kaiserlich und königlich). up vote 4 down vote People talked about the British Empire, but nobody ever actually officially created a British Empire. There was no monarch of the British Empire, no prime minister of the British Empire, not cabinet of the British empire, no parliament of the British Empire, etc. There was merely the United kingdom and a bunch of colonies controlled by it with no central institutions except for those which the United Kingdom already had. 1   This isn't correct—the monarchs were considered to be emperors of India during the period known as the British "Raj" in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. –  aeismail Feb 8 '12 at 12:31 1 Yes, Emperor of India. But King of Great Britian. –  Rory Feb 8 '12 at 19:32      That is correct. Don't know why this answer is down voted. +1 to compensate. Rory, you can perhaps clarify in your answer that Emperor of India and King of Great Britain and Northern Ireland were two different titles. –  Apoorv Khurasia Jul 28 '12 at 16:51      @MonsterTruck. Northern Ireland did not exist as a political entity at that time. –  TRiG Sep 12 '12 at 17:11      @TRiG Before 1927 the title used to be King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/… –  Apoorv Khurasia Sep 13 '12 at 16:05 up vote 2 down vote There is no formal ritual which bestows the title "Emperor". The term doesn't have a legal meaning, there no copyright, nothing to prevent Joshua Norton from declaring himself to be the Emperor of North America. (Pedants may argue that the term derives from Imperator, which does have a formal requirement and bestowal ritual, but since the fall of Rome that title is not relevant.) Arguably the Monarch of the United Kingdom became an Emperor in 1759 after the Battle of Quebec. Great Britain defeated France and inherited title to French lands in North America. That is the event that my teachers asserted made the UK an Empire, although there isn't


What part of Pinocchio's body extended when he told a lie?

'Pinocchio effect': Lying sends nose-tip temperature soaring: scientists - NY Daily News 'Pinocchio effect': Lying sends nose-tip temperature soaring, but size unchanged: scientists 'Pinocchio effect': Lying sends nose-tip temperature soaring: scientists It takes a 'great mental effort' to cool the nose down - says the University of Granada's Emilio Gómez Milán and Elvira Salazar López. They have dubbed the newly-found phenomenon, discovered by using thermal imaging cameras on volunteers, 'The Pinocchio Effect'. (Getty Images) NEW YORK DAILY NEWS Updated: Saturday, November 24, 2012, 9:57 AM Telling a lie may not make your nose grow like Pinocchio but it does send its temperature soaring, according to Spanish scientists. A rise in anxiety will see the tip of the nose heat up - while making a 'great mental effort' will help in cooling it down - says the University of Granada's Emilio Gómez Milán and Elvira Salazar López. They have dubbed the newly-found phenomenon, discovered by using thermal imaging cameras on volunteers,  'The Pinocchio Effect'. It is an homage to Italian writer Carlo Collodi's 19th century literary wooden character whose nose grew when he came under stress - especially when he failed to tell the truth. The pair's doctoral thesis research, released yesterday, indicated the temperature of the nose increases or decreases according to mood, as does the orbital muscle area in the inner corner of the eyes. They claimed that thermal imaging can detect sexual desire and arousal in both men and women, evident by an increase in temperature in the chest and genital areas. And their work also demonstrated that, at a physiological level at least, men and women become aroused at the same time, although women subjectively indicate that they are not. They made their conclusions after finding that, when people lie about their feelings, the brain's insular cortex is altered. The scientists' statement said: 'The insular cortex is involved in the detection and regulation of body temperature, so there is a large negative correlation between the activity of this structure and the magnitude of the temperature change. 'The more activity in the insular cortex (the higher the visceral feeling), lower heat exchange occurs, and vice versa.' Part of the results of their study have been published in scientific journals, while others have not, reported El Mundo newspaper. The pair also found thermal footprints (that is body patterns with specific temperature changes) for aerobic exercise and distinct types of dance, such as ballet. Salazar said: 'When someone dances Flamenco, the temperature in their buttocks lowers and it rises in their forearms. This is the thermal footprint for Flamenco, although each type of dance has its own.'


The didgeridoo is an instrument from which country?

Didgeridoo Facts, Didgeridoo History & Aboriginal Music Knowledgebase | Didgeridoo Breath Australia Didgeridoo Facts and Interesting Information Last Updated: 13/11/2013 Above: Sanshi explains the didgeridoo basics, What is a Didgeridoo and how to make the drone sound If you're interested in buying a didgeridoo, make sure you check out our Didgeridoo Buyers Guide video series. Didgeridoo Facts and Interesting Information 1.    The Didgeridoo is a wind instrument thought to have originated in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia. 2.    Researchers have suggested it may be the world's oldest musical instrument, over 40,000 years old. 3.    There is a little evidence of the didgeridoo being used as far south as the Alice Springs region of Australia, but traditionally never in the southern three quarters of the country. 4.    It has been suggested that the Didgeridoo was an adaptation of traded instruments from India and/or Asia, this is possibly why it was mainly used by coastal tribes of the far North of Australia. 5.    Traditionally didgeridoos were made from eucalyptus tree trunks and limbs hollowed out, while still living, by termites, (a small insect like an ant but a relative of the cockroach) or from bamboo in the far north of Australia. 6.    Traditionally the termite hollowed Didgeridoo was cut to an average length of 130 to 160cm and cleaned out with a stick or sapling. 7.    Today didgeridoos are made from a large variety of materials such as glass, leather, hemp, ceramic, plastic, solid timbers carved out, logs drilled out, dried/hollowed cactus stems, aluminum and other metals and just about any material which can be formed into a hollow tube! 8.    The didgeridoo was traditionally used as an accompaniment along with chants, singers and dancers, often in ceremonies. 9.    Today the didgeridoo is heard in almost every style of music, rock, jazz, blues, pop, hip hop, electronic, techno, funk, punk, rap etc. There are truly no limits to the use of this awesome instrument. 10.    In a few aboriginal groups in certain ceremonies men only played the didgeridoo, but in many groups, outside of ceremony, men, women and children played it. 11.    In the same way the guitar originating in Europe, is now owned, made and played by people across the world, the Australian didgeridoo is now owned, made and played by many people all around the globe. 12.    In the same way guitars and some drums were originally shaped in the form of the female body and were for men to play only in those cultures, men in certain ceremonies often only used the Didgeridoo. Today it would be illegal (and ridiculous) in most countries to even suggest that the guitar, the drums or the Didgeridoo were not to be played anywhere in the world by one sex or another. 13.    The word didgeridoo can be spelt many different ways, none of which are Aboriginal names for the instrument. The word "didgeridoo" was a western word given to the instrument around 100 years ago. For more info see 'The Word Didgeridoo'. Was this article helpful?


Anti-retroviral drugs are used to treat what disease?

HIV/AIDS | NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases share with facebook share with twitter share with linkedin HIV/AIDS HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus, is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). HIV attacks the immune system by destroying CD4 positive (CD4+) T cells, a type of white blood cell that is vital to fighting off infection. The destruction of these cells leaves people infected with HIV vulnerable to other infections, diseases and other complications. As the leading U.S. government institute for HIV/AIDS research, NIAID is committed to conducting the research necessary to successfully end the fight against HIV/AIDS.  Why Is the Study of HIV/AIDS a Priority for NIAID? Nearly 37 million people are living with HIV around the world. In the United States, 1.2 million people are living with HIV, of whom 13 percent are unaware of their diagnosis. Although progress has been made in the global fight against HIV/AIDS, the epidemic continues in the United States and the international community. Globally, AIDS-related deaths have dropped by 45 percent since their peak in 2004. Yet the rate of HIV transmission remains unacceptably high, with 2.1 million new infections occurring worldwide in 2015 alone. How Is NIAID Addressing This Critical Topic? NIAID-supported investigators are conducting an abundance of research on all areas of HIV infection, including developing and testing preventive HIV vaccines, prevention strategies, and new treatments for HIV infection and AIDS-associated opportunistic infections. Through laboratories and clinics on the National Institutes of Health campus in Bethesda, Maryland, and a vast network of supported research at universities, medical centers, and clinical trial sites around the globe, NIAID is working to better understand HIV and how it causes disease, find new tools to prevent HIV infection including a preventive vaccine, develop new and more effective treatments for people infected with HIV, and hopefully, find a cure.


Latvia has a maritime border to the west with what country?

Latvia:   Maps, History, Geography, Government, Culture, Facts, Guide & Travel/Holidays/Cities National Holiday: Independence Day, November 18 Literacy: 99.8% (2011 est.) Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2013 est.):     $38.87 billion; per capita $19,100. Real growth rate: 4%. Inflation: 0.2%. Unemployment: 9.8%. Arable     land: 17.96%. Agriculture: grain, sugar beets, potatoes,     vegetables; beef, pork, milk, eggs; fish. Labor force: 1.022     million; agriculture 8.8%, industry 24%, services 67.2% (2010 est.). Industries: buses, vans, street and railroad cars; synthetic     fibers, agricultural machinery, fertilizers, washing machines, radios,     electronics, pharmaceuticals, processed foods, textiles;     note—dependent on imports for energy and raw materials. Natural resources: peat, limestone, dolomite, amber,     hydropower, wood, arable land. Exports: $12.67 billion (2013 est.): wood and wood products, machinery and equipment, metals,     textiles, foodstuffs. Imports: $15.56 billion (2013     est.): machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, vehicles. Major     trading partners: Germany, Sweden, Lithuania, Estonia, Russia, Finland, Poland, Italy (2011). Communications: Telephones: main lines in     use: 501,000 (2012); mobile cellular: 2.31 million (2012). Broadcast media: several national and regional commercial TV stations are foreign-owned, 2 national TV stations are publicly-owned; system supplemented by privately-owned regional and local TV stations; cable and satellite multi-channel TV services with domestic and foreign broadcasts available; publicly-owned broadcaster operates 4 radio networks with dozens of stations throughout the country; dozens of private broadcasters also operate radio stations (2007). Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 359,604 (2012). Internet     users: 1.504 million (2009). Transportation:     Railways: total: 2,239 km (2008). Highways: total: 72,440     km; paved: 14,707 km; unpaved: 57,733 km (2010). Waterways: 300     km perennially navigable. Ports and harbors: Riga,     Ventspils. Airports: 42 (2032). International disputes: Russia demands better Latvian treatment of ethnic Russians in Latvia; boundary demarcated with Latvia and Lithuania; the Latvian parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over oil exploration rights; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Latvia has implemented the strict Schengen border rules with Russia. Dombrovskis Resigns after Supermarket Collapse Geography Latvia borders Estonia in the north, Lithuania   in the south, the Baltic Sea with the Gulf of Riga in the west, Russia in   the east, and Belarus in the southeast. Latvia is largely a fertile   lowland with numerous lakes and hills to the east. Government Parliamentary democracy. History Baltic tribespeople settled along the Baltic Sea   and, lacking a centralized government, fell prey to more powerful peoples.   In the 13th century, they were overcome by the Livonian Brothers of the   Sword, a German order of knights whose mission was to conquer and   Christianize the Baltic region. The land became part of the state of   Livonia until 1561. Germans composed the ruling class of Livonia and   Baltic tribes made up the peasantry. German was the official language of   the region. Poland conquered the territory in 1562 and   occupied it until Sweden took over the land in 1629, ruling until 1721.   The land then passed to Russia. From 1721 until 1918, the Latvians   remained Russian subjects, although they preserved their language,   customs, and folklore. The Russian Revolution of 1917 gave Latvia the   opportunity for freedom, and the Latvian republic was proclaimed on Nov.   18, 1918. The republic lasted little more than 20 years. Plagued by   political instability, Latvia essentially became a dictatorship under   President Karlis Ulmanis. The country was occupied by Russian troops in 1939 and   incorporated into


In which city's opera house does The Phantom lurk?

THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA | Feb 8-19, 2017 | Theater League PRESENTED BY BROADWAY ACROSS AMERICA AT THE MUSIC HALL THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA February 8-19, 2017 Tuesday Members Attend: Tuesday, February 14. DESCRIPTION Cameron Mackintosh’s spectacular new production of Andrew Lloyd Webber’s THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA will come to Kansas City as part of a brand new North American Tour. Critics are raving that this breathtaking production is “bigger and better than ever before” and features a brilliant new scenic design by Paul Brown, Tony Award®-winning original costume design by Maria Björnson, lighting design by Tony Award®-winner Paule Constable, new choreography by Scott Ambler, and new staging by director Laurence Connor. The production, overseen by Matthew Bourne and Cameron Mackintosh, boasts many exciting special effects including the show’s legendary chandelier. The beloved story and thrilling score – with songs like “Music of the Night,” “All I Ask Of You,” and “Masquerade” – will be performed by a cast and orchestra of 52, making this PHANTOM one of the largest productions now on tour. WHY YOU SHOULD SEE IT Worldwide, THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA has been seen by more than 140 million people and won more than 70 major theater awards. RUNNING TIME TOTAL RUN TIME: 2:45 INTERMISSION: 0:20 The performance will begin promptly at the advertised curtain time. Latecomers will be held outside of the theater until the company approved entrance time. SHOW-TIMES Wednesday, February 8, 2017: 7:30pm – 10:15pm Thursday, February 9, 2017: 2:00pm – 4:45pm Thursday, February 9, 2017: 7:30pm – 10:15pm Friday, February 10, 2017: 7:30pm – 10:15pm Saturday, February 11, 2017: 2:00pm – 4:45pm Saturday, February 11, 2017: 7:30pm – 10:15pm Sunday, February 12, 2017: 1:00pm – 3:45pm Sunday, February 12, 2017: 6:30pm – 9:15pm Tuesday, February 14, 2017: 7:30pm – 10:15pm Wednesday, February 15, 2017: 7:30pm – 10:15pm Thursday, February 16, 2017: 7:30pm – 10:15pm Friday, February 17, 2017: 7:30pm – 10:15pm Saturday, February 18, 2017: 2:00pm – 4:45pm Saturday, February 18, 2017: 7:30pm – 10:15pm Sunday, February 19, 2017: 1:00pm – 3:45pm Sunday, February 19, 2017: 6:30pm – 9:15pm   PHANTOM F.A.Q. Q. How is the new production of THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA “new”? A. Following the 25th Anniversary of THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA, producer Cameron Mackintosh chose to honor PHANTOM’s worldwide success and its many fans with a new production. He chose a new creative team, including director Laurence Connor (co-director of the New 25th Anniversary Production of Les Misérables) and allowed them the freedom to tell this beloved story utilizing advances in theatrical wizardry. The production retains the beloved music, script, lyrics, and the Tony Award-winning costume design by Maria Björnson. Critics have hailed this new PHANTOM as “bigger and better than ever before.” Q. Is this new production of THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA still the PHANTOM I know and love? A. Absolutely! The show, from original producer Cameron Mackintosh, retains the beloved story and score by Andrew Lloyd Webber. The sets, lighting, and sound have been redesigned for this new production, while retaining the original Tony Award-winning costumes. This PHANTOM is as grand and enormous a spectacle as the original and brings a fresh, new design to the stage. This production travels in 20 trucks with a cast and orchestra of 52, making this PHANTOM one of the largest touring productions of a Broadway musical. Q. Is there a chandelier? What will it do? Will it fall? A. YES – There is a chandelier which incorporates advances in theatrical technology since 1986, when the original London production opened. The chandelier and the scene where the Phantom exacts his revenge have been conceived in an exciting new way, utilizing elements on the stage and in the theater house, including the famous plunge over the heads of the audience, but with new surprises. Q. Are there other special effects in the new production of THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA – such as the boat, candles, etc? A. Christine’s journey into the Ph


Which country's dissolution in 1993 was known as the Velvet Divorce?

The Velvet Divorce in European History European History Expert By Robert Wilde The Velvet Divorce was the unofficial name given to the separation of Czechoslovakia into Slovakia and the Czech Republic in the early 1990s, earned because of the peaceful manner in which it was achieved. The State of Czechoslovakia At the end of the First World War the German and Austrian / Hapsburg empires fell apart, enabling a set of new nation states to emerge. One of these new states was Czechoslovakia. Czechs made up around fifty per cent of the initial population, and identified with a long history of Czech life, thought and statehood; Slovaks comprised around fifteen per cent, had a very similar language to the Czechs which helped bind the country together, but had never been in their ‘own’ country. The rest of the population were German, Hungarian, Polish and others, left by the problems of drawing boundaries to replace a polyglot empire. In the late 1930s Hitler, now in charge of Germany, turned his eye first on Czechoslovakia’s German population, and then on large parts of the country, annexing it. continue reading below our video 10 Best Universities in the United States World War 2 now followed, and this ended with Czechoslovakia being conquered by the Soviet Union; a communist government was soon in place. There were struggles against this regime – the ‘Prague Spring of 1968’ saw a thaw in communist government that bought invasion from the Warsaw Pact and a federalist political structure – and Czechoslovakia remained in the ‘eastern bloc’ of the Cold War . The Velvet Revolution At the end of the 1980s Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev was faced with protests across Eastern Europe, the impossibility of matching the military spending of the west, and the urgent need for internal reforms. His response was as surprising as it was sudden: he ended the Cold War at a stroke, removing the threat of Soviet led military action against former communist vassals. Without Russian armies to support them communist government fells across Eastern Europe, and in the autumn of 1989 Czechoslovakia experienced a widespread set of protests which became known as the ‘Velvet Revolution’ because of their peaceful nature and their success: the communists decided not to use force to hang on and negotiated a new government, and free elections were held in 1990. Private business, democratic parties, and a new constitution followed, and Václav Havek became the President. The Velvet Divorce The Czech and Slovak populations in Czechoslovakia had been drifting apart over the course of the state’s existence, and when the gunpoint cement of communism had gone, and when the newly democratic Czechoslovakia came to discuss the new constitution and how to govern the nation, they found many issues dividing the Czechs and Slovaks. There were arguments over the varying sizes and growth rates of the twin economies, and of the power each side had: many Czechs felt the Slovaks had too much power for their respective numbers. This was exacerbated by a level of local federalist government which had created government ministers and cabinets for each of the two largest populations, effectively blocking full integration. There was soon talk of separating the two into their own states. Elections in 1992 saw Vaclav Klaus become Prime Minister of the Czech region, and Vladimir Meciar Prime Minister of the Slovak one. They had different views on policy and wanted different things from government, and were soon discussing whether to tie the region closer together or split it apart. People have argued that Klaus now took a lead in demanding a division of the nation, while others have argued Meciar was a separatist. Either way a break seemed likely. When Havel encountered resistance he resigned rather than oversee the separation, and there wasn’t a statesman of sufficient charisma, and sufficient support, to replace him as a president of a unified Czechoslovakia. While politicians weren’t sure whether the general public supported such a move negotiations developed, in such a peacefu


Someone who tells lies is said to be what?

Why Do People Lie? Tags: Lying Most everybody, at one time or another, has lied. Tell the truth now: that includes you and me. In fact, some people, sad to say, lie almost all the time. Psychologists call these people compulsive or psychopathic liars. They tell lies even when they don’t have to. Even the youngest of children will lie, especially if they think by doing it they won’t get punished for something. When children first learn how lying works, they lack the moral understanding of when to refrain from doing it. While everybody lies, few understand how destructive it can be, why we do it, or how to stop it. So let’s answer the question, “Why do people lie?” Let’s start with a quick self-evaluation: * How many lies do you think you have told this last week? * Who did you tell the lies to? * Why did you tell the lies? * How do you feel about the lies you told now? Because lying can have such destructive and harmful consequences to both the liar and the one being lied to, I’ve written a series of blogs on lying . There are different kinds of lies , as well as different degrees of lying. It seems so many people I talk to have a problem with lying whether it’s their own, or someone else’s. Let’s begin by defining what lying is: Lying is saying something with the intent of creating a false belief or impression. It’s an attempt to get someone to believe something that is not true. Sometimes a lie might seem unintentional, or it may have been told to save someone else’s feelings. For example, someone may say to another, That sure is a pretty dress!, when the person knows it’s ugly. We all have the capacity to lie. We deceive other people because we think it serves our purposes in some way. Why does the world lie? This is a question with many answers. FEAR – It was Tad Williams who said, “We tell lies when we are afraid… afraid of what we don’t know, afraid of what others will think, afraid of what will be found out about us. But every time we tell a lie, the thing that we fear grows stronger.”People can be so afraid of what might happen if they told the truth. Maybe they have done something wrong and are afraid of the consequences of their actions, so they lie to cover up what they did. As often said about political scandals: It’s not the crime that gets you in trouble, nearly as much as the cover-up. MANIPULATION – Lies are typically motivated by a desire to get other people to either do something or not do something, or to make a decision in the favor of the person doing the lying. Someone might lie to get something they desire such as sex, money, status, power, love, etc. Lori said: “I’m young, but I realized quickly lustful people know how to get what they want, even if it means lying to you about how they feel.” Probably the word love is used in more lies than any other. How often a guy will say to a girl (or vice versa), I love you, simply to get the other person emotionally stirred-up, so they can be more easily manipulated. PRIDE – Many times, a person will lie because of pride. They use it for nothing more than a tool to create a favorable image of themselves. This leads to exaggeration, which is a form of lying. Often people will create fascinating, yet completely false, stories to improve their image. Bottom line: We deceive other people because we think it serves our purposes in some way. And it’s easy! Lying may seem simple and harmless at first, but just like any addiction, you’ll soon find yourself trapped and entangled more than you could have ever imagined. The big problem with lying is that it becomes an addiction. When you get away with a lie it often drives you to continue your deceptions, and in the process, we ruin relationships, hurt others, lose our integrity, and lose our peace. Truth becomes a feared enemy of the liar. It’s a sick and tragic cycle that doesn’t ever have a happy ending. Wouldn’t you like to avoid this cycle? You can make the choice right now to live an honest life. I promise it is the better road…even if you are afraid. Here’s why: When you’re honest, you can feel at peace. Ly


In which country, on June 1, 2001, was there a massacre in the royal palace when King Birendra, Queen Aiswarya, Crown Prince Dipendra and 7 other members of the royal family were killed?

BBC ON THIS DAY | 1 | 2001: Nepal royal family massacred About This Site | Text Only 2001: Nepal royal family massacred The King and Queen of Nepal have been shot dead after the heir to the throne went on the rampage with a gun before turning it on himself. Eleven people died in the incident which started when Crown Prince Dipendra allegedly had a dispute with his mother over his choice of bride. King Birendra, Queen Aishwarya and Prince Niranjan were among the victims of the tragedy at the royal palace in Nepal's capital, Kathmandu. The other victims included three of the King's children, his two sisters and one more member of the family by marriage. Life support machine The King's younger brother was also hurt in the attack, but his condition is not known. The only person left unharmed from the family was the King's middle brother Prince Gyanendra, who was out of the country at the time of the incident. Some reports say the Crown Prince is on a life support machine in hospital. If he lives, he is expected to be declared the successor. Crown Prince Dipendra, who was educated at Eton College, is reported to have been in conflict with his family over his choice of bride, Devyani Rana, for some time. Queen Aishwarya is said to have been the real power behind the throne and allegedly threatened to remove her oldest son from the line of succession, although this would not have been allowed under the constitution. The murders are thought to be the worst mass killing of royalty since the Romanovs were put to death in 1918 during the Russian Revolution. "This is a most unfortunate and shocking event," said Deputy Prime Minister Ram Chandra Paudel. "Shocking is an understatement, we have been orphaned by this loss," said a vegetable seller, Janardan Sharma, who like many in Kathmandu rushed to the royal palace to try to find out more news of the tragedy. Kofi Annan, Secretary General of the UN, issued a statement saying that he was "profoundly shocked" by the killings of King Birendra and other members of his family. He called for calm in the country and said that he was "deeply saddened by this tragedy". King Birendra, 55, ascended the throne in 1972. When nationwide unrest broke out in 1990 he was forced to legalise political parties and accept a parliamentary system. He was the last ruling Hindu monarch.


The island Commonwealth of Dominica sits in which sea or ocean?

Dominica travel guide - Wikitravel Understand[ edit ] It has rugged mountains of volcanic origin rising to the highest point of Morne Diablotin at 1,447m Climate[ edit ] Tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall. Flash floods are a constant threat; destructive hurricanes can be expected during the late summer months. Great for long walks on the beach. History[ edit ] Dominica was the last of the Caribbean islands to be colonised by Europeans, due chiefly to the fierce resistance of the native Caribs. France ceded possession to Great Britain in 1763, which made the island a colony in 1805. In 1980, two years after independence, Dominica's fortunes improved when a corrupt and tyrannical administration was replaced by that of Mary Eugenia Charles, the first female prime minister in the Caribbean, who remained in office for 15 years. Some 3,000 Carib Indians still living on Dominica are the only pre-Columbian population remaining in the eastern Caribbean. Regions[ edit ] Map of Dominica Dominica is too small for Wikitravel to need to divide it up into separate regions, but it is administratively divided into the 10 parishes of Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Joseph, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick, Saint Paul and Saint Peter. Get in[ edit ] Visitors from the United States , Canada , Singapore and European Union nations are granted automatic visas on entry for up to 21 days (with extensions available). Other nations should check with Dominica immigration before travelling. By plane[ edit ] There are two airports in Dominica, Douglas-Charles (formerly known as Melville Hall) ( IATA : DOM) and Canefield (DCF). Most commercial flights land at Douglas-Charles. However, the airport is not able to accommodate jet aircraft. Night Landing has been approved starting at the beginning of October 2010; however, many airlines have not yet adjusted their itineraries to accommodate the added landing hours. The island can be accessed through San Juan , Antigua , Barbados , St. Maarten , Martinique , Guadeloupe and other Caribbean hubs. By boat[ edit ] From Martinique and Guadeloupe ferries on most days of the week. Arrival in Roseau. [3] Cruise ships increasingly visit. A large pier serves many directly in front of the downtown area. If already occupied, ships dock at the industrial port about 1.5 miles away. Get around[ edit ] As far as freedom of movement and exploration a car can be invaluable. Though small the island's tightly turning mountain roads make for relatively long journeys and a hair-raising experience. Driving is on the left hand side of the road and there are various car rental agencies at both airports. Honk horn on hairpin turns especially during the day. Beware of large lorries as their width forces other drivers off the road. Watch for large pot holes and crumbling asphalt as roads can be in very poor condition. Ask directions if lost, the locals are very friendly and informative. When in mountains in torrential rains, consider stopping for a bit or at least going very slowly. A compact is sufficient for most situations but a small 4x4 might also be nice. A large 4x4 would be cumbersome on the small streets. Other travel options include buses. If you are on a low budget and have plenty of time then the bus will be fine (except on Sundays, or weekdays after the early evening, when the only bus running goes between Portsmouth and Roseau), although sitting in a bumpy bus for long trips on winding mountain roads is not the most comfortable thing to do. However, these buses are generally safe and timely; the local drivers know the roads well and are used to all the usual weather conditions. Buses are owned and operated privately and therefore do not have to adhere to any timetables and come and go whenever they are filled to the driver's satisfaction– ask around for approximate departure and arrival times, but know that they vary day to day. Most villages have three to ten buses (Portsmouth is the primary exception– it has dozens, possibly hundreds, of buses that perp


A way of looking at mathematical relationships and operations using abstract symbols instead of specific numbers is called what?

Using Manipulatives - TeacherVision Using Manipulatives Using Manipulatives Manipulatives are physical objects that are used as teaching tools to engage students in the hands-on learning of mathematics. They can be used to introduce, practice, or remediate a concept. Teaching Strategies: Using Manipulatives What Is It? Manipulatives are physical objects that are used as teaching tools to engage students in the hands-on learning of mathematics . They can be used to introduce, practice, or remediate a concept. A manipulative may be as simple as grains of rice or as sophisticated as a model of our solar system. They may be store-bought, brought from home, or teacher- or student-made. They can be used in all areas of math instruction-teaching number and operations, algebra, geometry, measurement, and so on-and across all grade levels. The following are a few manipulatives that might be used at the elementary level. Number and Operations Counters can be used to teach one-to-one correspondence, ordinal numbers, and basic addition and subtraction. Two-sided counters can be used to model one-to-one correspondence, addition and subtraction, or skip-count. Place-value mats can be used to show each digit's place value when using base-10 blocks. Base-10 blocks can be used to model the variety of ways a number can be represented, and to model regrouping when adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing. Money, in coins or bills , can be used to count, skip-count, or model regrouping when adding or subtracting. Fraction strips can be used to show equivalent fractions, to add fractions, to subtract fractions, or to find common denominators. Algebra Pattern blocks can be used to create, find, or extend patterns. Attribute blocks can be used to sort and classify according to shape, color, size, or other attributes. Pan balances or scales can be used with objects or weights to show equivalent values. Geometry Geoboards can be used to identify simple geometric shapes and describe their properties and to develop spatial sense. Geometric-solid models can be used to teach nets or spatial reasoning. Measurement Standard and non-standard rulers and measuring cups can be used to represent length or volume. Tiles can be used to find the area or the perimeter of an object. Data Analysis and Probability Spinners can be used to find the experimental probability of landing on a designated area. Number cubes or dice can be used to find the experimental probability of rolling a certain number or a combination of numbers. Why Is It Important? According to learning theory based on psychologist Jean Piaget's research, children are active learners who master concepts by progressing through three levels of knowledge--concrete, pictorial, and abstract. The use of manipulatives enables students to explore concepts at the first, or concrete, level of understanding. When students manipulate objects, they are taking the necessary first steps toward building understanding and internalizing math processes and procedures. For example, when learning to add fractions , students can use fraction strips to represent each addend. They then add the fractional parts to find the sum. After practicing with these, they can progress to finding sums for problems on paper, represented by pictures with corresponding fraction numerals (pictorial level). Over time, they will devise strategies and apply algorithms so they can find sums when given only the addition expression (abstract level). For a learner to understand and handle a concept a the abstract or symbolic level successfully, he or she must first understand the concept at the other two levels, in the order given-concrete then pictorial. Using concrete manipulatives is the first step to using mental images and models. When students demonstrate understanding with the concept at this physical, or concrete, level then they are ready to move to the next level, where they can apply their knowledge using representations of the objects in place of the objects themselves. Young children often solve addition and subtraction pro


"What language does the word ""chutney"" come from?"

Chutney | Define Chutney at Dictionary.com chutney noun, plural chutneys. 1. a sauce or relish of East Indian origin, often compounded of both sweet and sour ingredients, as fruits and herbs, with spices and other seasoning. Origin of chutney Examples from the Web for chutney Expand Historical Examples The Copy-Cat and Other Stories Mary E. Wilkins Freeman I still have to confess that I do not see what there is to fight about in the matter of chutney. If Indian chutney is served with curry it is a great addition. Allied Cookery Grace Glergue Harrison and Gertrude Clergue British Dictionary definitions for chutney Expand a pickle of Indian origin, made from fruit, vinegar, spices, sugar, etc: mango chutney 2. a type of music popular in the Caribbean Asian community, much influenced by calypso Word Origin C19: from Hindi catni, of uncertain origin Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for chutney Expand


Mike Dee, Ad-Roc and MCA were members of which band?

Adam 'MCA' Yauch of the Beastie Boys dies at 47 - CNN.com Adam 'MCA' Yauch of the Beastie Boys dies at 47 By Michael Pearson, CNN Updated 5:34 PM ET, Fri May 4, 2012 Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds. Photos: Remembering Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys Remembering Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys – Adam "MCA" Yauch of the Beastie Boys performs in 2004 at the VooDoo Music Festival in New Orleans. Hide Caption 1 of 8 Photos: Remembering Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys Remembering Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys – Yauch, left, hangs with fellow Beastie Boys members Mike "Mike D" Diamond and Adam "Ad-Rock" Horovitz. Hide Caption Photos: Remembering Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys Remembering Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys – Yauch appears at a press conference in 1987. Hide Caption 3 of 8 Photos: Remembering Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys Remembering Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys – Horovitz, left, Diamond and Yauch pose at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. Hide Caption 4 of 8 Photos: Remembering Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys Remembering Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys – The Beastie Boys chill with the rap trio Run-DMC in 1987. Hide Caption 5 of 8 Photos: Remembering Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys Remembering Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys – Diamond, left, Yauch and Horovitz were still hanging out in 2004. Hide Caption 6 of 8 Photos: Remembering Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys Remembering Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys – Yauch performs with the Beastie Boys at the Melbourne, Australia, stop of the Good Vibrations Festival 2007. Hide Caption 7 of 8 Photos: Remembering Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys Remembering Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys – Yauch appears at the premiere of "The Social Network" on September 24, 2010, in New York. Hide Caption Stars pay tribute to multifaceted entertainer Adam "MCA" Yauch dies after three-year cancer battle The self-taught musician was a founding member of the pioneering Beastie Boys Yauch was diagnosed with cancer in 2009 Adam "MCA" Yauch, a founding member of the pioneering rap band Beastie Boys, died Friday after a nearly three-year battle with cancer, the band's publicist said. A torrent of Twitter messages from entertainers lauded Yauch, 47, as a visionary musical artist, filmmaker and humanitarian. "He stood for integrity as an artist. What a loss. He was a very good man," said actor Ben Stiller. Yauch revealed in 2009 that he had a cancerous tumor in a salivary gland. As a result, the band canceled its scheduled concerts and delayed the release of an album. Watch Yauch announce he'd been diagnosed with cancer "I started feeling this little lump in my throat, like you would feel if you have swollen glands or something like that, like you'd feel if you have a cold, so I didn't really think it was anything," he said then in a video to fans. Yauch, a self-taught bassist and vocalist, underwent surgery to treat the tumor that year. The Chart: Salivary gland cancer rare with few known risk factors The Beastie Boys, who blended punk and rap, burst on the music scene in 1986 with the album "Licensed to Ill," which included hits such as "(You Gotta) Fight for the Right (to Party"), an anthem to teen angst; "Brass Monkey" and "No Sleep Till Brooklyn." JUST WATCHED MUST WATCH 2009: Springsteen, Beasties at Bonnaroo 02:28 The group came together for the first time to play at Yauch's 17th birthday party, its publicist said. Yauch was the oldest of the Beastie Boys, an only child who grew up in Brooklyn Heights, according to Current Biography magazine. The band, which also featured Michael "Mike D" Diamond and Adam "Adrock" Horovitz, sold more than 40 million records and had four No.1 records. The Beastie Boys' success in hip-hop was notable at a time when the music form was dominated by African-American performers. "The group's music crossed genres and color lines, and helped bring rap to a wider audience," said Neil Portnow, president of the Recording Academy. Yauch was unable to attend the band's induction into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame last m


The endocrine glands secrete their products directly into what rather than through a duct?

Endocrine gland - 必应 Endocrine covers the following leading topics in Endocrinology such as: Neuroendocrinology, Pituitary and hypothalamic peptides, thyroid physiological and … link.springer.com/journal/12020 Endocrine gland: A gland that secretes a substance (a hormone) into the bloodstream. The endocrine glands are "glands of internal secretion." www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=39880


At 2.78 million square kilometres, what is the largest country in Africa?

The Largest Countries in the World - WorldAtlas.com The Largest Countries in the World The worlds largest nations, measured in square kilometers of land area. Rolling Hills and Vast Vistas in Tuscany, Italy From Cape Horn all the way to the Arctic Circle, the world’s largest countries provide a beautiful snapshot of the variety of geography, climate and wildlife on the planet. Collectively, the world’s largest countries contain rainforest and tundra, mountains and valleys, coastline and desert. As this we explore the largest nations, we visit five different continents, some of the world’s most spectacular geography, and every type of climate imaginable. Excitingly, it’s always changing, too: history has taught that geopolitical boundaries shift dramatically as centuries pass. In the next decades, who’s to say which countries will become the world’s largest? When 11.5 percent of all the land in the entire world is claimed by just one country, it’s not surprising to learn that the tenth largest country ( Algeria ) could fit into the largest ( Russia ) seven times over. When all 10 of the world's largest countries are taken together, they total 49% of the earth's entire 149 million square kilometres of land. 10 – Algeria The Algerian Sahara, the largest expanse of Saharan dessert Algeria , at 2.38 million square kilometers, is the tenth-largest country in the world by area and the only African country in the top 10. Situated in Northern Africa, Algeria has a Mediterranean coastline 998 km long. 90 percent of the country is desert, and much of its desert regions are highly elevated. The Tell Atlas mountain range runs along the country’s northern border, while the interior, much of it hundreds of meters above sea level, contains the Algerian portion of the Sahara desert. The massive Algerian Sahara extends all the way to the south of the country past its borders with Niger and Mali . 9 – Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is the world's largest landlocked country Kazakhstan’s 2.72 million square kilometers stretch over vast plains and highlands. A cool and dry, but not quite desert-like, climate prevails for most of the year. Kazakhstanis experience a great range of temperatures throughout the year, though it doesn’t get as cold in Kazakhstan as it does in parts of its northern neighbor, Russia . Formerly part of the USSR, the largest nation in the world for most of the 20th century, Kazakhstan’s current main claim to fame is its status as the largest landlocked country in the world—and the only landlocked country in the top 10. 8 – Argentina Mount Fitz Roy in Patagonia, Argentina Argentina , the world’s 32nd most populous country, is the world’s eighth largest, and the largest Spanish-speaking nation in the world by area. Its 2.78 million square kilometers include some of the most varied geography and climate in the world. Swampy, tropical conditions in the very north give way to freezing glacial regions in the south. Patagonia, one of the most spectacular and dangerous places on the planet, stretches from the southern Andes in the west to the Atlantic Ocean in the east. The southern tip of Argentina, known as Cape Horn, is one of the stormiest locations on the globe. 6 – Australia The Twelve Apostles, Victoria State, Australia The approximately 4.4 million square kilometer difference between Australia and India represents the second-largest size difference between countries ranked consecutively in the top 10. Australia, at around 7.69 million square kilometers, is over twice the size of India . It’s the largest country in Oceania by far. Technically it is so large that it doesn’t even qualify as an island, it is a continental landmass. The vast majority of its population live in coastal cities like Sydney in the east and Perth in the west, and with good reason: the Australian Outback is one of the world’s driest and hottest regions. Along with extreme climate and geography, Australia is known for its spectacular—and often deadly—wildlife. 5 – Brazil Copacabana beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil The largest country in South America at over 8.


The death of which dictator, closely associated with revolution and with World War II, happened in 1953 while he was in office as leader of his country?

Joseph Stalin - Biography - IMDb Joseph Stalin Biography Showing all 95 items Jump to: Overview  (5) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (3) | Trade Mark  (3) | Trivia  (71) | Personal Quotes  (12) Overview (5) 5' 6" (1.68 m) Mini Bio (1) Joseph Stalin (a code name meaning "Man of Steel") was born Iosif (Joseph) Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili in 1879 in Gori, Georgia, the Transcaucasian part of the Russian Empire. His father was a cobbler named Vissarion Dzhugashvili, a drunkard who beat him badly and frequently and left the family when Joseph was young. His mother, Ekaterina Gheladze, supported herself and her son (her other three children died young and Jopseph was effectively an only child) by taking in washing. She managed, despite great hardship, to send Joseph to school and then on to Tiflis Orthodox Theological Seminary in Tbilisi, hoping he would become a priest. However, after three years of studies he was expelled in 1899, for not attending an exam and for propagating communist ideas and the books of Karl Marx . Since 1898, Stalin became active in the Communist underground as the organizer of a powerful gang involved in a series of armed robberies. After robbing several banks in southern Russia, Stalin delivered the stolen money to V.I. Lenin to finance the Communist Party. Stalin's gang was also involved in the murders of its political opponents; Stalin himself was arrested seven times, repeatedly imprisoned, and twice exiled to Siberia between 1902 and 1913. During those years he changed his name twice and became more closely identified with revolutionary Marxism. He escaped many times from prison and was shuttling money between Lenin and other communists in hiding, where his intimacy with Lenin and Bukharin grew, as did his dissatisfaction with fellow Communist leader Leon Trotsky . In 1912 he was co-opted on to the illegal Communist Central Committee. At that time he wrote propaganda articles, and later edited the Communist paper, "Pravda" (Truth). As Lenin's apprentice he joined the Communist majority (Bolsheviks), and was responsible for the consolidation of several secret communist cells into a larger ring. Stalin's Communist ring in St. Petersburg and across Russia played the leading role in the Russian Revolution of 1917. After the revolution the Bolsheviks Communists grabbed the power, then Communists murdered the Tsar and the Russian royal family. Stalin and Lenin took over the Tsar's palaces and used the main one in Kremlin as their private residence. Lenin appointed Stalin the People's Commissar for Nationalities in the first Soviet government and a member of the Communist Politburo, thus giving him unlimited power. Stalin led the "Reds" against anti-Communist forces known as the "Whites" and also in the war with Poland. He also organized "Red Terror" in Tsaritsin (later renamed Stalingrad). With his appointment as General Secretary to the Party Central Committee in 1922, a post he held for the next 30 years, until his death, he consolidated the power that would ensure his control of the country after Lenin's death in 1924. He also took, or gave himself, other key positions that enabled him to amass total power in the Party and Soviet government. Stalin was known for his piercing eyes and terrifying stare, which he used to cow his opponents into submission during private discussions. In 1927 Stalin requested medical help for his insomnia, anger and severe anxiety disorder. His doctors diagnosed him as having "typical clinical paranoia" and recommended medical treatment. Instead, Stalin became angry and summoned his secret service agents. The next day the chief psychiatrist, Dr. Bekhterev, and his assistants died of poisoning. In addition, before the doctors' diagnosis about Stalin's mental condition could become known, he ordered the executions of intellectuals, resulting in the murders of hundreds of thousands of doctors, professors, writers, and others. Stalin's policy of amassing dictatorial power under the guise of building "socialism in the country" resulted in brutal extermination of all real and perceive


What field is Albert Einstein best known for working in?

Albert Einstein - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google Einstein’s Early Life (1879-1904) Born on March 14, 1879, in the southern German city of Ulm, Albert Einstein grew up in a middle-class Jewish family in Munich. As a child, Einstein became fascinated by music (he played the violin), mathematics and science. He dropped out of school in 1894 and moved to Switzerland, where he resumed his schooling and later gained admission to the Swiss Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich. In 1896, he renounced his German citizenship, and remained officially stateless before becoming a Swiss citizen in 1901. Did You Know? Almost immediately after Albert Einstein learned of the atomic bomb's use in Japan, he became an advocate for nuclear disarmament. He formed the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists and backed Manhattan Project scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer in his opposition to the hydrogen bomb. While at Zurich Polytechnic, Einstein fell in love with his fellow student Mileva Maric, but his parents opposed the match and he lacked the money to marry. The couple had an illegitimate daughter, Lieserl, born in early 1902, of whom little is known. After finding a position as a clerk at the Swiss patent office in Bern, Einstein married Maric in 1903; they would have two more children, Hans Albert (born 1904) and Eduard (born 1910). Einstein’s Miracle Year (1905) While working at the patent office, Einstein did some of the most creative work of his life, producing no fewer than four groundbreaking articles in 1905 alone. In the first paper, he applied the quantum theory (developed by German physicist Max Planck) to light in order to explain the phenomenon known as the photoelectric effect, by which a material will emit electrically charged particles when hit by light. The second article contained Einstein’s experimental proof of the existence of atoms, which he got by analyzing the phenomenon of Brownian motion, in which tiny particles were suspended in water. In the third and most famous article, titled “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies,” Einstein confronted the apparent contradiction between two principal theories of physics: Isaac Newton’s concepts of absolute space and time and James Clerk Maxwell’s idea that the speed of light was a constant. To do this, Einstein introduced his special theory of relativity, which held that the laws of physics are the same even for objects moving in different inertial frames (i.e. at constant speeds relative to each other), and that the speed of light is a constant in all inertial frames. A fourth paper concerned the fundamental relationship between mass and energy, concepts viewed previously as completely separate. Einstein’s famous equation E = mc2 (where “c” was the constant speed of light) expressed this relationship. From Zurich to Berlin (1906-1932) Einstein continued working at the patent office until 1909, when he finally found a full-time academic post at the University of Zurich. In 1913, he arrived at the University of Berlin, where he was made director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics. The move coincided with the beginning of Einstein’s romantic relationship with a cousin of his, Elsa Lowenthal, whom he would eventually marry after divorcing Mileva. In 1915, Einstein published the general theory of relativity, which he considered his masterwork. This theory found that gravity, as well as motion, can affect time and space. According to Einstein’s equivalence principle–which held that gravity’s pull in one direction is equivalent to an acceleration of speed in the opposite direction–if light is bent by acceleration, it must also be bent by gravity. In 1919, two expeditions sent to perform experiments during a solar eclipse found that light rays from distant stars were deflected or bent by the gravity of the sun in just the way Einstein had predicted. The general theory of relativity was the first major theory of gravity since Newton’s, more than 250 years before, and the results made a tremendous splash worldwide, with the London Times proclaiming a “Revolution in S


The Kuril island archipelago lies between the Pacific Ocean and which other sea?

Kuril Islands - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Your continued donations keep Wikipedia running!     Kuril Islands Location of Kuril Islands in the Western Pacific . For the political history of the sovereignty conflict, see Kuril Islands dispute . The Kuril Islands IPA : [kʰʊˈɹɪl aɪ̯ləndz] ( Russian : Кури́льские острова́ (/kuˈrʲilskiɪe əstrʌˈva/), Kuril'skie ostrova) or Kurile Islands in Russia 's Sakhalin Oblast region, stretch approximately 1,300 km (700 miles) northeast from Hokkaidō , Japan , to Kamchatka , Russia , separating the Sea of Okhotsk from the North Pacific Ocean. There are 56 islands in total. The Kuril Islands are known in Japanese as the Chishima Islands ( Kanji : 千島列島 / Hepburn Romaji : Chishima rettō /ʧiʃĭmaret:o:/, literally, Thousand Islands Archipelago), also known as the Kuriru Islands ( Kanji : クリル列島 / Hepburn Romaji : Kuriru rettō /kŭrirŭretːoː/, literally, Kuril Archipelago). The name Kuril originates from the autonym of the aboriginal Ainu : "kur", meaning man. It may also be related to names for other islands that have traditionally been inhabited by the Ainu people , such as Kuyi or Kuye for Sakhalin and Kai for Hokkaidō . The Kuril Islands form a volcanic island arc as a result of plate tectonics and are home to over 100 volcanoes, about 35 of which are active. The Kuril Trench is an oceanic trench that runs about 200 km east of the Kuril Islands. The islands themselves are summits of stratovolcanoes that rise from the seabed. There are frequent earthquakes . The islands are renowned for their fogginess, but are rich in seaweed and marine life, such as fish and sea otters. The second northernmost, Atlasov Island (Oyakoba to the Japanese), is an almost perfect volcanic cone rising sheer out of the sea, and has led to many Japanese eulogies in haiku , wood-block prints , etc., extolling its beauty, much as they do the more well-known Mt. Fuji . Contents [ edit ] History The Kuril Islands first came under Japanese administration in the Edo period of Japan, in the form of claims by the Matsumae clan. It is claimed that the Japanese knew of the northern islands 370 years ago. (see "The Kuril Islands", John J Stephan, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1974, pp. 50-56). Trade between these islands and Ezo ( Hokkaidō ) existed long before then. On "Shōhō Onkuko Ezu", a map of Japan made by the Tokugawa shogunate , in 1644, there are 39 large and small islands shown northeast of the Shiretoko peninsula and Cape Nosappu . Russia began to advance into the Kurils in the early 18th century. Although the Russians often sent expedition parties for research and hunted sea otters, they never went south of Urup island. This was because the Edo Shogunate controlled islands south of Iturup and had guards stationed on those islands to prevent incursions by foreigners. In 1811, Captain Golovnin and his crew, who stopped at Kunashir during their hydrographic survey, were captured by retainers of the Nambu clan, and sent to the Matsumae authorities. Because a Japanese seaman, Takataya Kahei, was also captured by a Russian vessel near Kunashir, Japan and Russia entered into negotiations to establish the border between the two countries (1813). The Treaty of Commerce, Navigation and Delimitation was concluded in 1855, and the border was established between Iturup and Urup. This border confirmed that Japanese territory stretched south from Iturup and Russian territory stretched north of Urup. Sakhalin remained a place where people from both countries could live. In 1875 ( Treaty of Saint Petersburg ) Japan relinquished all its rights in Sakhalin in exchange for Russian cession of all its rights in the Kuriles to Japan. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05, Gunji , a retired Japanese military man and local settler in Shumshu , led an invading party to the Kamchatka coast. Russia sent reinforcements to the area to capture and intern this group. After the war was over, Japan received fishing rights in Russian waters as part of the Russo-Japanese fisheries agreement (until 1945). During their armed intervention in Siberia 1


The marshmallow was first created as a medicinal substance when extracts from what part of the marsh mallow plant were used as a remedy for sore throats?

Abutilon and its relatives | Arnold Zwicky's Blog Misreading » Abutilon and its relatives Caught sight of in a neighbor’s (walled) front garden: bits of a pretty vining abutilon, in bloom for a good part of the year. Much like this variety (Firefly):   (#1) And for several years, just around the corner (on the northwest corner of Emerson and Forest in Palo Alto) there used to be a big concrete planter with a sweet upright abutilon growing in it — until the shrub was vandalized to death, and then the planter as well, alas. The color of this one was much like the plant in (#1); here’s a gorgeous deep red variety (Nabob):   (#2) Coming up: discussion of abutilon and the mallow family to which it belongs. Marshmallows and gumbo will eventually appear. Abutilon turns out to be related to an enormous number of familiar plants, including the okra plant. Just from these photos, you might see the resembance to rose of Sharon (#3) and hollyhocks (#4):   (#3) From Wikipedia : Abutilon … is a large genus of approximately 150 species of broadleaf plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus includes annuals, perennials, shrubs, and small trees found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Common names include Chinese bell flower, Chinese lantern, Indian mallow, and Flowering maple (for the maple-like leaves of some species, although the genus is not related to the true maples). … The five-petaled, pendulous flowers also have long, thin stalks, and are usually bell-shaped, especially when first opening. Their stamens are combined into a tube around the style. The flowers come in shades of red, pink, orange, yellow and white. The Sunset New Western Garden Book describes the Abutilon hybrids (like the ones above) as evergreen shrubs with upright, arching growth (up to 8-10 ft. tall, with broad maple-like leaves and drooping bell-like flowers in white, yellow, pink, or red). Their main blooming season is spring, but some forms seem to flower almost continuously. The etymology of the generic name is something of a mystery. From OED3 (Dec. 2011): < post-classical Latin Abutilon (1507 in a translation of Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine) < Arabic ‘wbwṭylwn (a1037 in Avicenna Canon II. ii. xxvii.), a word of uncertain meaning, etymology, and pronunciation (the precise vocalization being uncertain, as only consonants are normally written in the Arabic script). The initial a in the Latin word may be due to a mistranscription of the Arabic word. The post-classical Latin word was also borrowed into other European languages; compare Middle French, French abutilon (1557; also †abutillon (1649)), Spanish abutilón (1606). Now we move up the taxonomic hierarchy to the family, where there’s a new complexity: the taxonomic hierarchy in botany. Here the issue is that though the Linn(a)ean taxonomy came to be associated with an account of the development of taxa (species especially) in a Darwinian framework, other definitions of species, in particular those based on molecular biology, not infrequently run against the Linn(a)en account based on shared flower parts. On the Malvaceaea : The Malvaceae, or the mallows, are a family of flowering plants containing over 200 genera with close to 2,300 species. Well-known members of this family include okra, cotton, and cacao [also baobab, durians, and kola nuts, and a huge number of flowers (see below)]. The largest genera in terms of number of species include Hibiscus (300 species), Sterculia (250 species), Dombeya (225 species), Pavonia (200 species), and Sida (200 species). The circumscription of the Malvaceae is very controversial. The traditional Malvaceae sensu stricto [‘in the strict sense’] comprise a very homogeneous and cladistically monophyletic group. Another major circumscription, Malvaceae sensu lato [‘in the broad sense’] has been more recently defined on the basis that molecular techniques have shown the commonly recognised families Bombacaceae, Tiliaceae, and Sterculiaceae, which have always been considered closely allied to Malvaceae s.s., are not monophyletic groups. Thus, the Ma


"Which playwright wrote the musical ""Mamma Mia""?"

Interview: Catherine Johnson: Writer, Mamma Mia! | How Did They Do It? How Did They Do It? Interview: Catherine Johnson: Writer, Mamma Mia! Photo Courtesy: Exposay.com/Anthony G. Moore/PR Photos By Ashley Coates. Published: 01/11/2012 “My agent called me and told me this idea was going around and we both laughed, you know, “it’s a new musical about the ABBA hits”, we both thought the idea was extraordinarily funny.” The success of Mamma Mia! has come as something of a surprise to its writer, Catherine Johnson, who expected to be returning to write Byker Grove scripts shortly after meeting ABBA composers Benny Andersson and Byjön Ulvaeus. As the show opened in the West End, Catherine was busy looking for the next job, not believing the musical would make very much money. But the production she thought would last three months ended up lasting more than ten years, making it the 10th longest running Broadway musical, grossing over $2 billion worldwide and is now the highest grossing musical film of all time. With the success of the show, Johnson was given her due for an all-consuming addiction to writing that began when she was just six-years-old. Whilst at her Gloucestershire primary school, Catherine “was very well behaved and very keen and eager to please” but as secondary education dragged on, she grew bored of academia, and also found she increasingly needed more time to herself, taking time off lessons to be alone, have a cigarette or read a book. Johnson’s improvised timetable caused a great deal of friction between her and the school, who asked her to leave after a clash with the headmaster. Expelled at the age of 16, Johnson now tried to work for Debenhams in Bristol but found her continuing need for solitude got in the way of her job. She balanced a number of part-time roles whilst writing radio plays and looking after her children. In 1987 a play-writing competition ran by HTV and the Bristol Old Vic caught her eye and she began work on her first play-script. By now Johnson was at the stage where she was seriously considering joining a college and getting qualifications if her writing career did not start to support her. She already had her first child, Hugh, and was expecting another, Myfi. Her first play, ‘Rag Doll’, won the competition and was shown at the Bristol Old Vic. Her reputation improved considerably, but more importantly, she felt she had, at last, found her “calling”. Own the book! This is an abridged version of a series of 30 interviews made for a book exploring successful personalities. All net proceeds go to The Prince’s Trust. BUY NOW:  Amazon.com The Prince’s Trust helps the UK’s most disadvantaged young people change their lives by getting them back into education, training or employment. The total donation is estimated to be £5,000. The Prince’s Trust is a charity registered in England & Wales (1079675) and Scotland (SC041198) When did you first discover your interest in writing? Right at the beginning when I was about six-years-old and we were asked to put forward pieces for a competition. It was the putting together of words, the forming of the story, it just excited me, it’s the feeling of control I suppose. That was the point when I really felt I wanted to be a writer of some sort but it took me an awfully long to think, “ah, it’s scripts, that’s what I should be writing!” So did you close off to other things at that stage, was it definitely writing? No, I had fancies for other things along the way, because I loved going to the theatre, I thought about acting but that wasn’t a very serious thought, I don’t have that level of confidence and I never thought about directing. I guess it was as if “I will always write”, somehow, somewhere, but I didn’t always think it would be a career, it would just be the thing I do because it was so natural to me… It was part of you, rather than a career. Exactly, so I was interested in psychology for instance but I never thought of life without writing something down at some point every day. Your school days were quite a difficult period for you and your te


The River Irwell runs through which English city?

River Irwell River Irwell (The image above is shown         with the generous permission of Chetham's Library ) The river Irwell rises in          the hills above Manchester northeast of Bacup.  It flows for some 39 miles until it merges with the          River Mersey at Irlam.  Along the way it flows          through Manchester forming a natural barrier between          Manchester and its twin city of Salford.  As a          sarcastic reference to Manchester's climate, it has          been referred to as the "Costa del Irwell".  The Irwell was a navigable river in the early years of         the city's development and at the end of Quay Street         there was indeed a quay for unloading goods, that had         come upsteam to the city. During the Industrial Revolution the banks of the Irwell         became home to a wide variety of factories and mills and         the effluent from those establishments transformed the         river.  Whereas once people had fished in the         vicinity of of New Bailey Bridge, in 1862 it was         described as, "The hapless river—a pretty          enough stream a few miles higher up, with trees          overhanging its banks, and fringes of green sedge set          thick along its edges—loses caste as it gets among the          mills and the printworks. There are myriads of dirty          things given it to wash, and whole waggon-loads of          poisons from dye-houses and bleachyards thrown into it          to carry away; steam-boilers discharge into it their          seething contents, and drains and sewers their fetid          impurities; till at length it rolls on—here between          tall dingy walls, there under precipices of red          sandstone—considerably less a river than a flood of          liquid manure, in which all life dies, whether animal          or vegetable, and which resembles nothing in nature,          except, perhaps, the stream thrown out in eruption by          some mud-volcano".  (First         Impressions: The English People," by Hugh Miller) In more recent times efforts to rehabilitate the river         have born fruit and fish and other wildlife have         gradually returned .  Today the river flows through a veritable         canyon of apartments and hotels as it navigates the city         centre. The image above is          shown here with the permission of David           Dixon Below we see the           Irwell as it passes the Manchester Evening News           Arena, Chetham's School and the Cathedral.  In           Victorian times tour boats plied their trade from           landings in this area. Below you can see the            bridge which carried the approach road to the            former Exchange Station. The river moves on westwards from this point            passing first under the Victoria Bridge. Looking back beyond            the Victoria Bridge we see the Cathedral with            Chetham's School of Music beyond. On the Salford side            of the river (left) The Edge apartment building            stands with Blackfriars Bridge just beyond it. At a slight bend in            the river, the Trinity Bridge links the Lowry            Hotel to the Manchester side of the river. The Albert Bridge           carries Manchester's Bridge Street across the Irwell           where it becomes New Bailey Street.  The name           is connected with the New Bailey Prison which once           occupied a site on the Salford bank just beyond the           bridge.  On the left beyond the bridge is the           People's History Museum o


"""The Leader of the Pack"" was a #1 hit record world-wide between 1972 and 1976 for which group?"

lyrics for pc 3 - girl groups THE SHIRELLES -      WILL YOU STILL LOVE ME TOMORROW Tonight you're mine completely You give you love so sweetly Tonight the light of love is in your eyes But will you love me tomorrow? Is this a lasting treasure Or just a moment's pleasure? Can I believe the magic of your sighs? Will you still love me tomorrow? Tonight with words unspoken You say that I'm the only one But will my heart be broken When the night meets the morning sun? I'd like to know that your love Is love I can be sure of So tell me now, and I won't ask again Will you still love me tomorrow? (INSTRUMENTAL) And you hung around and bothered me every night And, when I wouldn't go out with you You said things that weren't very nice My boyfriend's back, and you're gonna be in trouble (Hey la, hey la, my boyfriend's back) When you see him comin', better cut on the double (Hey la, hey la, my boyfriend's back) You've been spreadin' lies that I was untrue (Hey la, hey la, my boyfriend's back) So look out now, 'cause he's comin' after you (Hey la, hey la, my boyfriend's back) Hey, he knows that you've been tryin' And he knows that you've been lyin' He's been gone for such a long time (Hey la, hey la, my boyfriend's back) Now, he's back, and things will be fine (Hey la, hey la, my boyfriend's back) You're gonna be sorry you were ever born (Hey la, hey la, my boyfriend's back) 'Cause he's kind of big and he's awful strong (Hey la, hey la, my boyfriend's back) Hey, he knows I wasn't cheatin' Now, you're gonna get a beatin' What made you think he'd believe all your lies? You're a big man now, but he'll cut you down to size Wait and see! My boyfriend's back; he's gonna save my reputation (Hey la, hey la, my boyfriend's back) If I were you, I'd take a permanent vacation (Hey la, hey la, my boyfriend's back) Hey, I can see him comin' Now, you better start a-runnin' *instrumental* My boyfriend's back; he's gonna save my reputation La, hey la, my boyfriend's back La, hey la, my boyfriend's back   "Leader of the Pack" is a 1964 pop song recorded      by girl group The Shangri-Las. It became number one on the Billboard      Hot 100 on November 28, 1964. The tune was credited to producer George "Shadow" Morton      with Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich. According to Morton[1], he originally      wrote the song for a different group, the Goodies (also known as the      Bunnies[2]), but instead it was needed as a follow-up to the Shangri-Las      hit "Remember (Walking in the Sand)". In July 1964, Morton      recorded the song with the Shangri-Las at the Ultrasonic Sound studio      on the second floor of a Manhattan hotel. Billy Joel, then a young      session musician, has claimed that he played piano on "Leader      of the Pack", but this has been denied by Ellie Greenwich. According to legend, to add the authentic sound of a motorcycle engine,      one was driven through the lobby of the hotel and up to the floor of      the recording studio. No one was arrested, but a ticket was issued[3].      However, in an interview four decades later, Shangri-Las lead singer      Mary Weiss scoffed at this story, and said that the motorcycle sound      was simply taken from an effects record. The Zombies' drummer Hugh      Grundy recalls being the one revving up a real motorcycle backstage,      when the Shangri-Las performed the song on a U.S. tour. In the United Kingdom, the song was refused airplay by the BBC. This      is probably due to its death theme, although some have speculated that      it was because it was considered likely to encourage violence between      mods and rockers. It still charted four times in the UK between 1965      and 1976, peaking at number 3 in 1972 (by which time the BBC ban had      been lifted). The record also reached number 1 in Australia. In 1990,      in featured in the soundtrack of the Martin Scorsese film Goodfellas.      In 2004 Rolling Stone ranked the song among the 500 Greatest Songs


New Zealand celebrates Matariki, Maori New Year in late May or early June, marking the rising in the southern hemisphere of the seven stars of what?

Matariki – Māori New Year – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand What is Matariki? Matariki is the Māori name for the cluster of stars also known as the Pleiades. It rises in mid-winter – late May or early June. For many Māori, it heralds the start of a new year. Matariki literally means the ‘eyes of god’ (mata ariki ) or ‘little eyes’ (mata riki). According to myth, when Ranginui, the sky father, and Papatūānuku, the earth mother, were separated by their children, the god of the winds, Tāwhirimātea, became so angry that he tore out his eyes and threw them into the heavens. Cycles of life and death Traditionally, Matariki was a time to remember those who had died in the last year. But it was also a happy event – crops had been harvested and seafood and birds had been collected. With plenty of food in the storehouses, Matariki was a time for singing, dancing and feasting. Modern Matariki Matariki, or Māori New Year celebrations were once popular, but stopped in the 1940s. In 2000, they were revived. Only a few people took part at first, but in just a few years thousands were honouring the ‘New Zealand Thanksgiving’. A special feature of Matariki celebrations is the flying of kites – according to ancient custom they flutter close to the stars.


The Joad family appear in which novel and 1940 film directed by John Ford?

The Grapes of Wrath (1940) directed by John Ford • Reviews, film + cast • Letterboxd Review by CinemaClown ★★★½ Painting a gritty yet authentic portrait of family life ravaged by economic hardships, The Grapes of Wrath covers the strenuous ordeal faced by one family as it struggles to keep itself together when everything around them is falling apart. Steered by John Ford's assured direction & powered by a couple of stellar performances, it remains one of the most memorable works of its era. Set during the Great Depression, the story of The Grapes of Wrath follows Tom Joad who's out of prison on parole, only to find that his family has been forced off their own land. Managing to reunite with them eventually, Tom & the Joad family set off to California in search for better work, opportunities & a hopeful future… If there was a law, they was workin' with maybe we could take it, but it ain't the law. They're workin' away our spirits, tryin' to make us cringe and crawl, takin' away our decency. -Tom Joad John Ford the man that had made a career off of films depicting the beginning of the American Dream and the conquering of the West, here adapts John Steinbeck 's novel depicting the end of that dream. I'm in awe at how a film that should be just the most depressing viewing experience imaginable could turn out to be so engrossing. One of the primary reasons, but not the only one, is the incredible performance by Henry Fonda as Tom Joad. One of the… August 2016: Scavenger Hunt #17 TASK #29: A film matching at least two of the criteria from tasks 1-28! A great film, based on the great John Steinbeck book of the same name, from one of the considered greatest directors of all time. The Grapes of Wrath is an amazing drama depicting the fall of the American Dream. This is probably one of the most depressing films I've ever seen, but it's depressing in a way that's genuine and emotionally investing, unlike films such as Remember Me, a drama that's depressing for the sake of being depressing. I haven't seen a John Ford film prior to this, but this is one hell of an introduction to his work for me.… 2 **Part of the Best Picture Project** Adapting a classic American novel isn't always easy, but adapting John Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath would be impossible for most filmmakers. So it's up to none other than the legendary John Ford to turn Steinbeck's sprawling novel into a 2 hour film that works in every way the novel does. In fact, everything good about the film can be attributed to Ford's careful direction. While his other films have a breakneck pace, this one opts for a much more slower pace to give way to just how grueling the journey of the Joads is. Nobody could shoot a film like Ford. The lighting work on this film is magnificent (something the Blu Ray helps… Review by Daniel Ohlander ★★★★ One of the most depressing films I've ever seen, from the first scene to the last it's all about misery and the depression in the USA during the early part of the twentieth century. The novel written by John Steinbeck is here adapted to film by one of the best directors of all time, John Ford, whom won an Academy Award for this film. The film stars Henry Fonda as the son of the big Joad family, Jane Darwell plays his mother and won the Oscar for best supporting actress. Fonda got his first Oscars nomination for this film, but had to wait 41 years before he won his first Oscar for "On the Golden Pond". One of the last… Review by Daniel ★★★★ Ich kenne keine schärferer Kapitalismuskritik aus Hollywood. Der Film hatte meine Aufmerksamkeit ab der zweiten Szene gefangen: In dieser tritt der ehemalige Priester Jim Casy auf und erzählt, wie die mit der Weltwirtschaftskrise verbundenen Ungerechtigkeiten ihn haben vom Glauben abfallen lassen. Eine Szene, die gleichzeitig Religion und Markt kritisiert, habe ich zuvor noch nie gesehen. Und genauso geht es weiter: The Grapes of Wrath könnte auch nach der Finanzkrise 2007 spielen. Der Film ist das wesentlich interessantere Gegenstück zu The Big Short. Denn hier sehen wir kleine Leute, die alles verlieren, was


Which name is associated with the IT developments which grew into Apple?

What is Apple? - Definition from WhatIs.com Apple is a prominent hardware and software company best known for its series of personal computers, the iPod and its innovative marketing strategies for its products. Download this free guide How-to guide for managing Macs in a PC world There has recently been a huge influx of Macs in enterprises, meaning IT pros must rethink their traditional OS strategies. This exclusive 22-page guide walks you through the imperative strategies, tools, and techniques you need to master in order to adeptly manage Macs in your enterprise. Start Download You forgot to provide an Email Address. This email address doesn’t appear to be valid. This email address is already registered. Please login . You have exceeded the maximum character limit. Please provide a Corporate E-mail Address. By submitting my Email address I confirm that I have read and accepted the Terms of Use and Declaration of Consent. By submitting your personal information, you agree that TechTarget and its partners may contact you regarding relevant content, products and special offers. You also agree that your personal information may be transferred and processed in the United States, and that you have read and agree to the Terms of Use and the Privacy Policy . Introduced in 1984, the Macintosh was the first widely sold personal computer with a graphical user interface ( GUI ). That feature and others -- such as an improved floppy drive design and a low-cost hard drive that made data retrieval faster and more reliable -- helped Apple cultivate a reputation for innovation, which the company still enjoys today. The Apple headquarters are located in Cupertino, CA, at 1-5 Infinite Loop. Apple borrowed the name for the circular road around their office buildings from programming, where an infinite loop is the term for a code sequence lacking a functional exit. Apple was founded by Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak. Jobs and Wozniak had been friends in high school and in 1975 were members of The Homebrew Computer Club, a now-legendary group where electronics enthusiasts met to discuss the Altair 8800 (the only personal computer available at the time) and other technical topics. Wozniak designed his own microcomputer and offered his plans to Hewlett-Packard , where he was working as an engineering intern. After HP turned him down, Wozniak joined forces with Jobs to manufacture personal computers in Job's garage. That endeavor started out as a shoestring operation, but quickly became successful. The pair introduced a relatively modern-looking computer in a plastic case in 1977 and incorporated as Apple Computer that same year. By 1980 the company had grown to include over 1000 employees. Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 after a succession of CEOs and Macintosh models failed to gain much success in the marketplace in his absence. His introduction of the colorful iMac (which sold over 6 million units) brought the company back to profitability. In 2001, Apple released the first generation of iPods and included media jukebox software called iTunes. Apple introduced an online media store as part of iTunes, initially selling only music for .99 cents per song. Eventually, the iTunes Store grew to include videos, television shows and music videos.  Apple Computer became Apple Inc. in 2007. This was last updated in April 2009 Continue Reading About Apple


What term is used to describe a certain type of documentary?

Defining Documentary Film Defining Documentary Film Henrik Juel Raising a question When I ask the students in my film classes at the university if they can define or at least somehow describe what makes a film a documentary, they usually come up with answers like this: "It is a type of film that is based on the real world and real people, depicting things as they are or telling about historical events in a supposedly truthful or objective manner." Or they say that it has to do with a certain realism of style and that it is "filming on some real location without actors, artificial props or a pre-constructed narrative." Sometimes they also just cite the title of a classic book on the subject saying that it is "representing reality." [1] And often enough, Danish students go on to talk a lot about "facts" and "truth" as a necessary condition for non-fiction film. Some smart guy may even suggest that it is nothing but the opposite of fiction. If they tend to agree too much or too early on this (and I have nothing else prepared for a three-hour lecture), I can usually revitalize the discussion by asking if my cousin can be justified in claiming that he is working on documentary films, when in fact what he does for a living is to install surveillance cameras at gas-stations and supermarkets. After all, this does seem to meet the criteria of representing reality, of filming without the use of actors, and recording as truthfully as possible what is actually there - and it is not fiction. At this point, some students will begin to argue that certainly this mechanical type of recording and displaying video does not make the man a documentary filmmaker; we need to see some artistic point of view, a message of some sort, a moral or ideological ambition with the film made - in short, a wish to make a difference, to change the world, or at least the way in which some relevant audience will look upon the world or themselves. A documentary film director may adopt the so-called "observational" mode of filming or try to be like "a fly on the wall" - but this is a process demanding a lot of choices both in the recording and in the editing phase. It is not just about recording what is there; it is also about selecting and presenting and editing in such a way that we see present conditions as wrong and begin to look for alternatives that should be brought about. Documentary film- making - and also the reception of documentary films - is all about ethics, politics and an aesthetic approach, and as such it is a highly subjective or personal matter, it is now argued. To counter this I can ask whether we could not say the same about most fiction films: are they not all very personal, do they not have some sort of moral or even ideological viewpoint built into their characters, action and location, and are they not intended to qualify as artistic and aesthetic products making the world a little better and the audience a bit more enlightened about human life? Definitions and definitions At this point I have usually caused a lot of confusion in the classroom - and in my own mind as well - about the nature of documentary films. Can the concept be defined, or is it just some slippery term that we happen to apply in many different ways. "And so what?" a student may ask. Well, I still think it is important, at least as an academic exercise, to try to pin down what we mean by "documentary." And not just in academic discussions about film theory does it make a difference how we conceive of a major genre or label a specific film: in everyday life we navigate through the schedules for TV-programs or film festivals using terms like fiction, documentary, drama, reportage, comedy, and nature film. We seem to know quite well and instantaneously what a documentary is and would probably call it ridiculous and feel cheated if someone labeled the recent Disney production Pirates of the Caribbean - Dead Man's Chest a documentary. But why so? After all there were pirates in the Caribbean once, were there not? Definitions can be of many sorts, depending on how strict


Africa is considered to have been part of which early landmass?

Historical perspective [This Dynamic Earth, USGS] Tectonic plates [115 k] The belief that continents have not always been fixed in their present positions was suspected long before the 20th century; this notion was first suggested as early as 1596 by the Dutch map maker Abraham Ortelius in his work Thesaurus Geographicus. Ortelius suggested that the Americas were "torn away from Europe and Africa . . . by earthquakes and floods" and went on to say: "The vestiges of the rupture reveal themselves, if someone brings forward a map of the world and considers carefully the coasts of the three [continents]." Ortelius' idea surfaced again in the 19th century. However, it was not until 1912 that the idea of moving continents was seriously considered as a full-blown scientific theory -- called Continental Drift -- introduced in two articles published by a 32-year-old German meteorologist named Alfred Lothar Wegener. He contended that, around 200 million years ago, the supercontinent Pangaea began to split apart. Alexander Du Toit, Professor of Geology at Witwatersrand University and one of Wegener's staunchest supporters, proposed that Pangaea first broke into two large continental landmasses, Laurasia in the northern hemisphere and Gondwanaland in the southern hemisphere. Laurasia and Gondwanaland then continued to break apart into the various smaller continents that exist today. In 1858, geographer Antonio Snider-Pellegrini made these two maps showing his version of how the American and African continents may once have fit together, then later separated. Left: The formerly joined continents before (avant) their separation. Right: The continents after (aprés) the separation. (Reproductions of the original maps courtesy of University of California, Berkeley.) Wegener's theory was based in part on what appeared to him to be the remarkable fit of the South American and African continents, first noted by Abraham Ortelius three centuries earlier. Wegener was also intrigued by the occurrences of unusual geologic structures and of plant and animal fossils found on the matching coastlines of South America and Africa, which are now widely separated by the Atlantic Ocean. He reasoned that it was physically impossible for most of these organisms to have swum or have been transported across the vast oceans. To him, the presence of identical fossil species along the coastal parts of Africa and South America was the most compelling evidence that the two continents were once joined. In Wegener's mind, the drifting of continents after the break-up of Pangaea explained not only the matching fossil occurrences but also the evidence of dramatic climate changes on some continents. For example, the discovery of fossils of tropical plants (in the form of coal deposits) in Antarctica led to the conclusion that this frozen land previously must have been situated closer to the equator, in a more temperate climate where lush, swampy vegetation could grow. Other mismatches of geology and climate included distinctive fossil ferns (Glossopteris) discovered in now-polar regions, and the occurrence of glacial deposits in present-day arid Africa, such as the Vaal River valley of South Africa. The theory of continental drift would become the spark that ignited a new way of viewing the Earth. But at the time Wegener introduced his theory, the scientific community firmly believed the continents and oceans to be permanent features on the Earth's surface. Not surprisingly, his proposal was not well received, even though it seemed to agree with the scientific information available at the time. A fatal weakness in Wegener's theory was that it could not satisfactorily answer the most fundamental question raised by his critics: What kind of forces could be strong enough to move such large masses of solid rock over such great distances? Wegener suggested that the continents simply plowed through the ocean floor, but Harold Jeffreys, a noted English geophysicist, argued correctly that it was physically impossible for a large mass of solid rock to plow through the ocean fl


According to the Masters of Foxhounds Association of America, the first fox hounds were imported into America in 1650; what nationality was the man who imported them?

Full text of "The fox" See other formats FUR, FEATHER, & FIN SERIES  edited by ALFRED E. T. WATSON   THE FOX   FUR, FEATHER, AND FIN SERIES. EDITED BY A. E. T. WATSON.   Crown 8vo. price 5s. each, cloth ; or 7s. dd. net each, half-bound in leather, with gilt top.  THE PARTRIDGE. NATURAL HISTORY-By the  Rev. H. A. MACPHERSON. SHOOTING By A. J. STUART-  WORTLEY. COOKERY By GEORGE SAINTSBURY. With  11 Illustrations and various Diagrams in the Text.  THE GROUSE. NATURAL HISTORY By the Rev.  H. A. MACPHERSON. SHOOTING By A. J. STUART-  WORTLEY. COOKERY By GEORGE SAINTSBURY. With  13 Illustrations and various Diagrams in the Text.  THE PHEASANT. NATURAL HISTORY By the  Rev. H. A. MACPHERSON. SHOOTING By A. J. STUART-  WORTLEY. COOKERY By ALEXANDER INNES SHAND.  With 10 Illustrations and various Diagrams.  THE HARE. NATURAL HISTORY By the Rev. H. A.  MACPHERSON. SHOOTING By the Hon. GERALD  LASCELLES. COURSING By CHARLES RICHARDSON.  HUNTING By J. S. GIBBONS and G. H. LONGMAN.  COOKERY ByCol. KENNEY HERBERT. With 9 Illustrations.  RED DEER. NATURAL HISTORY By the Rev. H. A.  MACPHERSON. DEER-STALKING By CAMERON OF  LOCHIEL. STAG-HUNTING By VISCOUNT EBRINGTON.  COOKERY By ALEXANDER INNES SHAND. With 10  Illustrations.  THE RABBIT. By JAMES EDMUND HARTING. With a Chapter on COOKERY by ALEXANDER INNES SHAND. With 10 Illustrations.  THE SALMON. By the Hon. A. E. GATHORNE-HARDY. With Chapters on the LAW OF SALMON-FISHING by CLAUD DOUGLAS PENNANT ; COOKERY by ALEXANDER INNES SHAND. With 8 Illustrations.  THE TROUT. By the MARQUESS OF GRANBY. With Chapters on the BREEDING OF TROUT by Col. H. CUSTANCE ; and COOKERY by ALEXANDER INNES SHAND. With 12 Illustra- tions.  PIKE AND PERCH. By WILLIAM SENIOR CRedspinner,' Editor of the Field). With Chapters by ' JOHN BICKERDYKE ' and W. H. POPE ; COOKERY by ALEXANDER INNES SHAND. With 12 Illustrations.  SNIPE AND WOODCOCK. By L. H. DE VISME SHAW. With Chapters on SNIPE AND WOODCOCK IN IRELAND by RICHARD J. USSHER; COOKERY by ALEXANDER INNES SHAND. With 8 Illustrations.  WILD-FOWL. ByL. H. DE VISME SHAW. With Chapters on SHOOTING THE DUCK AND THE GOOSE by W. H. POPE; COOKERY by ALEXANDER INNES SHAND. With 8 Illustrations.  THE FOX. By THOMAS F. DALE. With 8 Illustrations.   LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 39 Paternoster Row, London ; New York and Bombay.   GLEANING AFTER THE SHOOTERS   THE FOX   THOMAS F. DALE s s  JOINT AUTHOR OF 'POLO' IN THE BADMINTON LIBRARY   WITH EIGHT ILLUSTRATIONS BY ARCHIBALD THORBURN AND G. D. GILES   LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.  39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON  NEW YORK AND BOMBAY  IQO6  All rights reserved   PREFACE   THE design of the Fur, Feather, and Fin Series is to present monographs, as complete as they can possibly be made, on the various English birds, beasts and fishes which are generally included under the head of Game.  Books on Natural History cover such a vast number of subjects that their writers necessarily find it impossible to deal with each in a really comprehensive manner ; and it is not within the scope of such works exhaustively to discuss the animals described in the light of objects of sport. Books on sport, again, seldom treat at length of the Natural History of the creatures which are shot or otherwise taken ; and, so far as the Editor is aware, in no book hitherto published on Natural History or Sport has information been given as to the best methods of turning the contents of the bag to account.   vi PREFACE  Each volume of the present Series is, there- fore, devoted to a bird, beast, or fish. The creature's origin is traced, its birth and breeding described, and all the sportsman's methods of dealing with it are set forth. In previous books of the series the subjects have only been left when on the table in the most appetising forms which the delicate science of cookery has dis- covered, but the culinary chapter does not come into the scope of this book : the fox is devoured au nature/.  ALFRED E. T. WATSON.   PREFACE TO 'THE FOX'   MUCH ha