The historic (at 2012, three-branch-line) San Francisco cable car system comprises how many actual cables in total?

The Cable Car Home Page - Miscellaneous Newspaper Articles Miscellaneous Newspaper Articles Regarding Cable Cars Collected by Joe Thompson I transcribed these articles, which were published in various newspapers, from microfilm and the internet. The original publishers retain all copyrights. From the Brooklyn Daily Eagle / Sunday, June 3, 1854. Page 3. Before it was famous for trolleys, Brooklyn was famous for horsecars. The work upon the Court street railroad was suspended for a day or two this week, for want of Iron. On Fulton street, near the �ferry, we see that the Company are making arrangements to lay down the track. Go to top of page. First Street Railroad in Brooklyn (2) From the Brooklyn Daily Eagle / Monday, July 3, 1854. Page 2. Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, was an abolitionist, who supported the Free Soil movement in Nebraska. The New Railroads in the City -- Trial Trip. The Railroad Company placed several of the new cars on the routes on Saturday for a trial trip. The stockholders and a number of other gentlemen were invited to join in the experiment. The cars came down Fulton street about three o�clock in the afternoon, the horses decorated with plumes and the cars shining in all the splendor of a first coat of paint. The young democracy were "tickled to death" at the sight of the new vehicles, and as the cars remained some time at the foot of Fulton street the boys evidently believing in the squatter sovereignity (sic - JT) took possession of the cars as Mr. GREELY�s (sic - JT) troop threatened to do with the soil of Nebraska; The gentlemen present entered the cars and the whole number of vehicles, some six or seven, whirled along through Fulton street and Myrtle avenue as far as the track is laid. It will soon extend to Division avenue where the new plank road to Jamaica commences. The people everywhere seemed to regard the cars with wonder and delight; in fact they exhibited as much animation and excitement in crowding the sidewalks and store doors as if they had never seen anything on wheels before, beyond the structure of a wheelbarrow. A smile was on every face, and the babies crowed lustily in the nurses� arms. The trip established the success of all the arrangements and the adaptation of the cars to the rails. The Company proceeded over the Fulton avenue track, the Court street track, Sands street, &c. In some places the gravel lodged around the rails had not been cleared away sufficiently to make the movement perfectly smooth, but a few runs will remedy all that. Never was any public improvement inaugurated amid a more universal feeling of favor than these railroads. Every citizen regards their introduction, the low fare and superior accommodations with marked approbation; and the entire success of the undertaking, in every point of view, is absolutely certain. Every thing seemed to work in favor of the railroads from their commencement; no injunctions, no delays in procuring materials for the work, no rival interest; nothing was to be encountered that tended to thwart the prosecution of the enterprise. The vigor manifested by the Company, and their punctuality in having the work so far completed at the expected time, affords the proof that the interests of the community will never suffer in their hands. Go to top of page. The West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway was the first elevated railway in America. The experimental elevated railway on Greenwich street, New York, will soon be in operation. But a quarter of a mile will be laid at first, but if successful the road will be extended the length of the island. It is expected to carry passengers from one end of the City to the other in half an hour, at a charge of five cents. The experiment will be regarded with interest in this City as well as in New York. At no distant day the rapidly augmenting population of Brooklyn will demand improved travelling facilities, and whatever transportation system proves successful in New York is likely to be adopted here. Go to top of page. West Side and Yonkers/2 From the Brooklyn Eagle / Satur


What modern digital display term is an abbreviated portmanteau word from picture and element?

Portmanteau - TV Tropes Portmanteau You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share — Bob Belcher, Bob's Burgers A portmanteaunote (pronounced \pȯrt-ˈman-(ˌ)tō\ or "port-man-TOE") is a new word formed by joining two others and combining their meanings; "smog" is a blend of "smoke" and "fog"; "motel" is a portmanteau word made by combining "motor" and "hotel". Essentially, the written equivalent of Frankenstein 's monster. The word itself is an obsolete term for a kind of suitcase that opens into two hinged compartments. It was first used to describe blends of words by Lewis Carroll in Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There , when Humpty Dumpty explains to Alice the word "slithy" from the poem " Jabberwocky ": "Well, slithy means lithe and slimy... You see, it's like a portmanteau — there are two meanings packed up into one word." There are two basic types. The first combines the beginning or first syllable of the first word with the ending or last syllable of the other, as in the Goldwyn (Goldfish + Selwyn) Picture Corporation (later part of MGM) and the U.S. Navy's DESRON (destroyer squadron), the second combines the first syllables of the component words, such as in the company name Alcan (Aluminium Company of Canada) and the New York neighborhood Tribeca (Triangle Below Canal Street). The latter type sometimes mixes with first-letter acronyms, e. g. in NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command) and Parufamet, the film distribution firm run by Paramount, the UFA (Universum-Film-Aktiengesellschaft) and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in the Weimar Republic. During the first half of the 20th century the second type was very common in German and Russian, which through examples like Stuka, Gestapo, Flak, Stasi, Gulag, Comintern and Sovnarkom associated it with Communism and National Socialism in British and American eyes, even though the type actually goes back to before World War 1.note  The examples: Sturzkampfflugzeug ("dive combat airplane"), Geheime Staatspolizei ("secret state police"), Flugabwehrkanone ("anti-air cannon", goes back to 1916), Staatssicherheit ("state security"), glavnoye upravleniye ispravityelno-trudovykh lagerey i koloniy ("main administration of corrective labour camps and settlements"), Communist International, and sovyet narodnykh kommissarov ("council of the people's commissars"). "Nazi" itself is not an example, contrary to what some people may tell you. Consequently, fictional totalitarian governments often use them to play on these connotations. Portmanteaus of the second type are still fairly common in Germany to this day. In countries that don't use alphabets, like Japan, this is also still the standard, which is why Portmanteau Series Nickname is full of anime show examples. Incidentally, the original French word "portemanteau" is a portmanteau. "Porte" means carries and "manteau" means coat, so a portemanteau is something that carries your coat. In modern French the word means coat hanger instead of a type of suitcase, and the literary equivalent is called a "mot-valise", or "suitcase-word".     open/close all folders      Animanga (Anime & Manga)  Yaoi = yanma nashi ochi nashi imi nashinote " No plot, no resolution, no meaning ". An alternate (joking) portmanteau for yaoi is "Yamete, oshiri itai!"note "Stop it, my ass hurts!" R.O.D the TV : Joker's codename is a portmanteau of his real name (Joe Carpenter). (Well, or maybe Joe Carpenter is a pseudonym derived from the codename...but either way, portmanteau.) In the Pokï¿½mon note "Pokemon" itself is a portmanteau of "pocket" and "monsters" episode "Short and to the Punch", Clayton the martial artist insists on giving portmanteau nicknames to everyone and coining abbreviations for common phrases . For example, Ash and Buizel are referred to as Ashbui. This trait was carried over largely unchanged from the Japanese version . Many, if not all , of the Pokemon names are portmanteaus. Bulbasaur is "bulb" and "dinosaur". Charmander is "charred" and "salamander". Squirtle is "squirt" and "turtle". And we're


Extraversion/introversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, and Openness to experience and are the 'Big Five' dimensions of what popular acronymically-named personality analysis theory?

The Five-Factor Model Northwestern University This paper examines the five-factor model, a tool used for dimensionally studying personality. Aspects of the model given attention include the specific variables in the model, other related models, and clinical applications of the model. The quality of the model is then evaluated based on five criteria: compatibility, originality, application, taxonomy, and universality. Ultimately, it is evident that the model fits most of the criteria for greatness, but falls somewhat short of being a great theory in personality because it is not truly a theory. The Model One of the long held goals of psychology has been to establish a model that can conveniently describe human personality, and disorders therein, with the intent to use this model in the remedying of personality disorders and improving general understanding of personality. Currently, a handful of models have risen to prominence, and have thus far stood the test of time. Some models are more generally accepted than others. Support for some models seems to come and go in cycles. One of the more prominent models in contemporary psychology is what is known as the five-factor model of personality (Digman, 1990). This theory incorporates five different variables into a conceptual model for describing personality. These five different factors are often referred to as the "Big 5" (Ewen, 1998, p. 140). The five-factor theory is among the newest models developed for the description of personality, and this model shows promise to be among the most practical and applicable models available in the field of personality psychology (Digman, 1990). Thorough critical attention is given to the proposal that the five-factor model is in fact a great theory. The Five Factors As it became evident to many psychologists that, mathematically, combinations of five factors were useful in describing personality, there was a need to clearly define what these factors were. Indeed, this process led to some dissent in the ranks. One dissenter from the five-factor theorists was renowned psychologist H. J. Eysenck. Eysenck felt that, due to overlaps in the five factors and their correlates, in fact a three-factor model was more appropriate and accurate. His theory is called the PEN model (which stand for psychoticism, extroversion, neuroticism) (Eysenck, 1991), or sometimes is even shortened to the two factor E-IN model (extroversion-introversion, neuroticism) (Eysenck, 1991). According to Eysenck, "Factor analysis has improved the situation...but the problem of naming factors is of course still with us" (Eysenck, 1991, p. 775). Many psychologists support Eysenck's PEN model. However, of the major "factor-analytic models...the Big Five dominates the landscape of current psychological research" (Ewen, 1998, p. 141). Through extensive debating and experimenting, there is currently a general consensus in the realms of scholarly psychology as to the identity of the five factors, and their basic interpretations and values to analysis of personality. The five factors are extroversion-introversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness (Ewen, 1998). Extroversion has long been one of the traits that has appeared in factor-analytic models, and is one of the two traits to appear in both the five-factor model and Eysenck's PEN and E-IN models. Extroversion also is sometimes referred to as social adaptability, though the popularity of this term seems to be waning (Zuckerman, 1991). Extroversion is defined as "a trait characterized by a keen interest in other people and external events, and venturing forth with confidence into the unknown" (Ewen, 1998, p. 289). Neuroticism is the other trait to play a role in most of the contemporary factor models for personality. In some studies, adjustment is examined as a factor, instead of neuroticism. In this case, higher scores will indicate a positive result, consistent with the other four factors. This is because the term neuroticism has an inherent negative denotation (Bradshaw, 1997


In early 2013 where was a cat favourite/favorite to replace the shoe or the wheelbarrow?

Monopoly fans vote to add cat, toss iron tokens | Bemidji Pioneer Monopoly fans vote to add cat, toss iron tokens By Associated Press on Feb 6, 2013 at 9:20 a.m. The newest Monopoly token, a cat, rests on a Boardwalk deed next to a die and houses at Hasbro Inc. headquarters, in Pawtucket, R.I., Tuesday, Feb. 5, 2013. Voting on Facebook determined that the cat would replace the iron token. (AP Photo/Steven Senne) Copyright 2013, The Associated Press. PAWTUCKET, R.I. (AP) — Scottie dog has a new nemesis in Monopoly after fans voted in an online contest to add a cat token to the property trading game, replacing the iron, toy maker Hasbro Inc. announced Wednesday. The results were announced after the shoe, wheelbarrow and iron were neck and neck for elimination in the final hours of voting that sparked passionate efforts by fans to save their favorite tokens, and by businesses eager to capitalize on publicity surrounding pieces that represent their products. The vote on Facebook closed just before midnight on Tuesday, marking the first time that fans have had a say on which of the eight tokens to add and which one to toss. The pieces identify the players and have changed quite a lot since Parker Brothers bought the game from its original designer in 1935. Rhode Island-based Hasbro announced the new piece Wednesday morning. Other pieces that contested for a spot on Monopoly included a robot, diamond ring, helicopter and guitar. Fans from more than 120 countries voted. "We put five new tokens out for our fans to vote on and there were a lot of fans of the many different tokens, but I think there were a lot of cat lovers in the world that reached out and voted for the cat to be the new token for Monopoly," said Jonathan Berkowitz, vice president for Hasbro gaming marketing. The Scottie Dog was the most popular of the classic tokens, and received 29% of the vote, the company said. The iron got the least votes and was kicked to the curb. The cat, which has no name, received 31% of votes for new tokens. The online contest to change the tokens was sparked by chatter on Facebook, where Monopoly has more than 10 million fans. The initiative was intended to ensure that a game created nearly eight decades ago remains relevant and engaging to fans today. "Tokens are always a key part of the Monopoly game ... and our fans are very passionate about their tokens, about which token they use while they play," Berkowitz said. Monopoly's iconic tokens originated when the niece of game creator Charles Darrow suggested using charms from her charm bracelet for tokens. The game is based on the streets of Atlantic City, N.J., and has sold more than 275 million units worldwide. To make the game relevant to fans abroad, the names are changed to well-known streets in when it is introduced to a new country. The other tokens are a racecar, a shoe, thimble, top hat, wheelbarrow and battleship. Most of the pieces were introduced with the first Parker Brothers iteration of the game in 1935, and the Scottie dog and wheelbarrow were added in the early 1950s. "I'm sad to see the iron go," Berkowitz said. "Personally, I'm a big fan of the racecar so I'm very relieved it was saved but it is sad to see the iron go." The social-media buzz created by the Save Your Token Campaign attracted numerous companies that pushed to protect specific tokens that reflect their products. That includes garden tool maker Ames True Temper Inc. of Camp Hill, Penn., that spoke out in favor of the wheelbarrow and created a series of online videos that support the tool and online shoe retailer Zappos which pushed to save the shoe, Berkowitz said. "We've even had some companies like Jolly Time Pop Corn reach out and petition to have a popcorn token added to the game, even though that's not one of the new five tokens," he said. Versions of Monopoly with the new token will come out later this year. Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. Explore related topics: entertainment


What model number Boeing plane is called the Dreamliner (after being renamed in 2005)?

Boeing: 787 Dreamliner Connecting the World New Routes and the 787 Dreamliner Family With its unparalleled fuel efficiency and range flexibility, the 787 Dreamliner family is helping airlines open new nonstop routes profitably. At more than 120 new routes and counting, the 787 family is connecting cities and people around the world while meeting passengers’ expectations for direct flights. Connecting the World New Routes and the 787 Dreamliner Family With its unparalleled fuel efficiency and range flexibility, the 787 Dreamliner family is helping airlines open new nonstop routes profitably. At more than 120 new routes and counting, the 787 family is connecting cities and people around the world while meeting passengers’ expectations for direct flights.


Name the Utah USA salt flats famous for land-speed records and a Triumph motorbike model?

IN THE NEWS — THE TRIUMPH INFOR ROCKET STREAMLINER TRIUMPH INFOR ROCKET STREAMLINER BECOMES THE FASTEST EVER TRIUMPH ON THE BONNEVILLE SALT FLATS  TT Legend Guy Martin pilots the Triumph Infor Rocket Streamliner to 274.2 mph on the Bonneville Salt Flats ATLANTA (August 10, 2016) – The Triumph Infor Rocket Streamliner has become the world’s fastest ever Triumph by achieving a speed of 274.2 mph at the Bonneville Salt Flats on 8 August 2016. Piloted by TT legend Guy Martin, the streamliner smashed the previous official Triumph record that stood at 245.667 mph as well as the unofficial Triumph Record of 264mph, both set by Bob Leppan, in the Gyronaut X-1.  Near perfect conditions greeted the team on the final day of the team’s land speed practice week. With confidence high after a successful number of days running on the salt at Bonneville the team’s goal for the day with the Triumph Infor Rocket Streamliner was the Triumph record.  Just after 8:30am Guy Martin and the team set off on the first run of the day, after a steady start, Martin accelerated the sleek looking streamliner to a staggering 274.2 mph, rewriting Triumph history in the process. Just after the two-mile marker Martin came to a controlled stop near to the team’s base camp to be greeted by the news that he had broken the 46-year-old Triumph record.  Today’s record run is further proof of Martin’s growing confidence on the salt and commitment to breaking the World two-wheeled Land Speed record. Throughout the week Martin has continued to impress everyone within the team with the speed in which he has been able to master the Triumph Infor Rocket Streamliner on the salt. Each time Martin has sat in the streamliner on the salt he has been able to achieve the goals set by Crew Chief and the Triumph Infor Rocket Streamliner designer Matt Markstaller and his team with the required level of control.  When asked about becoming the fastest ever Triumph record holder Martin commented: “It’s good and we are moving in the right direction, but it is just one step on the way to what me and team are here to do.” The Triumph Infor Rocket features a carbon Kevlar monocoque construction with two turbocharged Triumph Rocket III engines producing a combined 1,000 bhp at 9,000 rpm. The motorcycle is 25.5 feet long, 2 feet wide and 3 feet tall. Powered by methanol fuel, the bike is competing in the Division C (streamlined motorcycle) category. Triumph has a history of breaking the land speed record, holding the title of ‘World's Fastest Motorcycle’ between 1955 to 1970*. The record-breaking Triumph Streamliners included: Devil's Arrow, Texas Cee-gar, Dudek Streamliner and Gyronaut X1, the former achieving a top speed of 245.667 mph (395.28 km/h). Today's record, held by Rocky Robinson since 2010 riding the Top Oil-Ack Attack streamliner, sits at 376.363 mph (605.697 km/h).  The iconic Bonneville name was conceived following Johnny Allen’s land-speed record runs at the Salt Flats in September 1956, when he reached the record breaking speed of 193.72 mph. The first T120 Bonneville model was unveiled at the Earls Court Bike Show and went on sale in 1959.  To follow the progress of the world land speed record attempt, please visit www.triumphmotorcycles.com . About Triumph Triumph Motorcycles is the British premium, lifestyle motorcycle brand, which produces a wide range of distinctive, cool, and authentic Modern Classic, Adventure, Sport, Cruiser and Touring motorcycles. Also the oldest continually produced motorcycle brand, the first Triumph was manufactured in 1902. The company's global headquarters are located in Hinckley, Leicestershire, England, solely owned by Bloor Holdings Ltd. Triumph Motorcycles America Ltd., its North American subsidiary, is based in Atlanta, Ga., and is home to the motorcycle industry’s first 24/7 Customer Support team. To see the full range of Triumph motorcycles, visit www.TriumphMotorcycles.com .   YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/TriumphNorthAmerica About Infor Infor builds beautiful business applications with last mile functionality and scientif


Operation Serval refers to France's military intervention in which former colony's civil war?

French Military Operation in Mali - Combat Footage (Operation Barkhane and Serval) - YouTube French Military Operation in Mali - Combat Footage (Operation Barkhane and Serval) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Dec 15, 2015 The French mission in Mali 2012 -14 The Northern Mali Conflict, Mali Civil War, or Mali War refers to armed conflicts that started from January 2012 between the northern and southern parts of Mali in Africa. On 16 January 2012, several insurgent groups began fighting a campaign against the Malian government for independence or greater autonomy for northern Mali, an area known as Azawad. The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), an organization fighting to make Azawad an independent homeland for the Tuareg people, had taken control of the region by April 2012. Operation Barkhane is an ongoing anti-terrorist operation in Africa's Sahel region, which commenced 1 August 2014. It consists of a 3,000-strong French force, which will be permanent and headquartered in N’Djamena, the capital of Chad. The operation has been designed with five countries, and former French colonies, that span the Sahel: Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania and Niger. These countries are collectively referred to as the "G5 Sahel.


In 2013, 29% of what meat was found in Tesco's value beefburgers?

Tesco beef burgers found to contain 29pc horse meat - Telegraph UK News Tesco beef burgers found to contain 29pc horse meat Horse meat has been found in burgers on sale in British supermarkets. Tests on  beef products sold in Tesco, Lidl, Aldi, Iceland and Dunnes Stores uncovered  low levels of the animal’s DNA. By Rosa Silverman and Alice Philipson 9:44PM GMT 15 Jan 2013 Comments In Tesco Everyday Value Beef Burgers, horse meat accounted for approximately 29 per cent of the meat. The supermarket announced last night that it was removing all frozen burgers from sale immediately regardless if they had been found to contain horse meat. Tesco Everyday Value Beef Burgers Tim Smith, the group technical director of Tesco, said: “The presence of illegal meat in our products is extremely serious. Our customers have the right to expect that food they buy is produced to the highest standards.” An investigation was carried out by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland. The Food Standards Agency, working with the Irish authorities, established that mainland Britain was part of the area affected. More than a third (37 per cent) of the products tested in Ireland contained horse DNA, while the vast majority (85 per cent) also contained pig DNA. Related Articles Asda clears shelves after horse meat scandal 16 Jan 2013 Horse meat and pig DNA was found in 27 beef burger products. Another 31 foods, including cottage pies, beef curry pies and lasagnes, were analysed, with 21 testing positive for pig DNA. Traces of horse DNA were also detected in batches of raw ingredients. The findings raise concerns about “the traceability of meat ingredients and products entering the food chain”, investigators said. They are also likely to prove worrying to practising Jews and Muslims, who may have unwittingly eaten pig, which is forbidden in their culture. The beef burgers containing horse DNA were produced by two processing plants in Ireland, Liffey Meats and Silvercrest Foods, and one plant in the UK, Dalepak Hambleton in North Yorkshire. They were on sale in Tesco, Dunnes Stores, Lidl, Aldi and Iceland. In nine of the 10 beef burger samples, the levels of horse DNA were very low, however. Prof Alan Reilly, the chief executive of the FSAI, said: “While there is a plausible explanation for the presence of pig DNA in these products, due to the fact that meat from different animals is processed in the same plants, there is no clear explanation for the presence of horse DNA in products emanating from meat plants that do not use horse meat.” An FSA spokesman said: “The FSA has been made aware of the survey results in which equine DNA was identified in some beef burgers and is working with the Food Safety Authority in the Republic of Ireland to investigate the issue. However, at this stage it is not believed to be a food safety risk. “We are aware that investigations are ongoing to ascertain how or why horse meat was used in the products.” A spokesman for Aldi Ireland said they were moving Oakhurst Beef Burgers from sale. Only its Irish branches were affected. Iceland, whose own branded quarter-pounder burgers were found to contain traces of horse meat said they would be 'working closely’ with suppliers to find out how it happened. Liffey Meats said "minute traces of non-beef DNA" had been found in the company's beef burgers. It blamed the contamination on "imported ingredients". A spokesman said: “We sincerely regret that any product produced by the Company would not conform to the highest specifications and sincerely apologise to our customers”. Silvercrest, another company found to have supplied burgers containing horse meat said: "Although the products pose no risk to public health, Silvercrest has taken immediate action to isolate, withdraw and replace all suspect product. "Silvercrest has never purchased or traded in equine product and has launched a full-scale investigation into two continental European third party suppliers who are the suspected source of the product in question.”


White chocolate consists of sugar, milk solids, salt, and specifically what other main ingredient?

Chocolate Recipes: Chocolate Food Recipes Chocolate Chocolate Chocolates are produced from the tropical Theobroma cacao tree (also known as the cocoa tree) which is found in the tropical region of South America. Types of chocolates Chocolates are popular all over the world. There are 5 major types of chocolates: White Chocolate In some countries white chocolate is not considered as chocolate because it contains no cocoa solids. They are actually a chocolate derivative and consist of sugar, cocoa butter, milk solids and salt. White chocolate goes well with bananas, coconut, berries and wafers. Milk Chocolate The main ingredients used to make this type of chocolate is cocoa butter and cocoa and a major quantity of milk solids (thus the name). It is rather sweet to taste and used in making desserts. Dark Chocolate Bitter tasting dark chocolate has a high content of cocoa. Physicians suggest that dark chocolates are good for the heart, and they help reduce cardiovascular ailments as they contain potassium and copper. High in iron content, dark chocolates also cure anemia. Whereas, magnesium prevents high blood pressure, and diabetes. Sweetened Dark Chocolate This type of chocolate has 60-85 percent of cocoa in it and is not very sweet to taste. Also termed as bitter sweet chocolate. Used widely in baking. Unsweetened Chocolate This chocolate has high content of cocoa and does not have sugar at all. It is completely bitter in taste and is not a very popular cooking option. It is has a high content of cocoa butter. Can chocolate be healthy? A new study shows that the flavanols in chocolate can reduce the risk of Alzheimer's and other dementia conditions by protecting brain cells and increasing blood flow around the brain. The cocoa content in chocolates can help reduce stress hormones. Dark chocolates are loaded with antioxidants and lower down the signs of aging and reduce cancer risks. Did you know? The word chocolate was actually been taken from the word 'Xocolatl' which means bitter water. The biggest bar of chocolate was made in the year 2000 and weighed 5000 pounds (2267 kg). The phrase 'death by chocolate' is usually taken as a joke by people but it was actually recorded in the 17th century in Mexico as the bishop in Mexico was actually killed by inducing poison in his chocolate.


Name the form of carbon considered (early 2000s) the strongest material ever, which having a thickness of one atom has just two dimensions?

nanotechnology - National Geographic Society nanotechnology Photograph by Mark Thiessen, National Geographic Nano-Graffiti In 1989, IBM researchers spelled out their company’s logo using 35 xenon atoms. Twenty years later, researchers at Stanford University spelled out “SU” using sub-atomic particles. The letters were so small they could be used to print the 32-volume Encyclopedia Britannica 2,000 times and the contents would fit on the head of a pin. Investing in Nanotech There are many ways of assessing investment in nanotechnology: government funding of research, venture capital funding of start-ups, or the number of new nanotech companies. These nations have made significant investment in nanotechnology. United States Your fingernails grow about one nanometer every second. When a seagull lands on an aircraft carrier, it sinks about one nanometer. A man’s beard grows about a nanometer between the time he picks up a razor and lifts it to his face. Nano-Cartography In 2010, researchers at IBM used nanotechnology to create a 3-D relief map of the world . . . 1/1000 the size of a grain of salt. Researchers used a sophisticated silicon tip in their microscope to carve into a glass substrate. Nano-Soccer Nanosoccer is an event where computer-driven “nanobots” the size of dust mites challenge one another on fields no bigger than a grain of rice. Often sponsored by government laboratories, nanosoccer teams from all over the world compete in events such as the “RoboCup.” See the rules and results of the 2009 nanosoccer tournament here . Nanotechnology involves the understanding and control of matter at the nanometer-scale. The so-called nanoscale deals with dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers.    A nanometer is an extremely small unit of length—a billionth (10-9) of a meter. Just how small is a nanometer (nm)? A single human hair is about 80,000 to 100,000 nm wide.    On the nanometer-scale, materials may exhibit unusual properties. When you change the size of a particle , it can change color, for example. That’s because in nanometer-scale particles, the arrangement of atoms reflects light differently. Gold can appear dark red or purple, while silver can appear yellowish or amber-colored.   Nanotechnology can increase the surface area of a material. This allows more atoms to interact with other materials. An increased surface area is one of the chief reasons nanometer-scale materials can be stronger, more durable , and more conductive than their larger-scale (called bulk) counterparts.    Nanotechnology is not microscopy . "Nanotechnology is not simply working at ever smaller dimensions," the National Nanotechnology Initiative says. "Rather, working at the nanoscale enables scientists to utilize the unique physical, chemical, mechanical, and optical properties of materials that naturally occur at that scale."   Scientists study these properties for a range of uses, from altering consumer products such as clothes to revolutionizing medicine and tackling environmental issues.   There are different types of nanomaterials, and different ways to classify them.    Natural nanomaterials, as the name suggests, are those that occur naturally in the world. These include particles that make up volcanic ash , smoke, and even some molecules in our bodies, such as the hemoglobin in our blood. The brilliant colors of a peacock’s feathers are the result of spacing between nanometer-scale structures on their surface.   Man-made nanomaterials are those that occur from objects or processes created by people. Examples include exhaust from fossil fuel burning engines and some forms of pollution . But while some of these just happen to be nanomaterials—vehicle exhaust, for instance, was not developed as one—scientists and engineer s are working to create them for use in industries from manufacturing to medicine. These are called intentionally produced nanomaterials.   Fullerenes and Nanoparticles   One way to classify nanomaterials is between fullerenes and nanoparticles. This classification includes both naturally occurring and m


What word referring to an organizational disaster derives from Venetian glass-blowing?

5000 FREE SAT Test Prep Words - 5000 Vocabulary Words FREE abase v. To lower in position, estimation, or the like; degrade. ← Many vocabulary words, such as degrade, are repeated in definitions for double learning. abbess n. The lady superior of a nunnery. abbey n. The group of buildings which collectively form the dwelling-place of a society of     monks or nuns.   Free SAT      prep math      notes below vocabulary ↓ abbot n. The superior of a community of monks. abdicate v. To give up (royal power or the like). abdomen n. In mammals, the visceral cavity between the diaphragm and the pelvic floor; the     belly. abdominal n. Of, pertaining to, or situated on the abdomen. abduction n. A carrying away of a person against his will, or illegally. abed adv. In bed; on a bed. aberration n. Deviation from a right, customary, or prescribed course. abet v. To aid, promote, or encourage the commission of (an offense). abeyance n. A state of suspension or temporary inaction. abhorrence n. The act of detesting extremely. abhorrent adj. Very repugnant; hateful. abidance n. An abiding. abject adj. Sunk to a low condition. abjure v. To recant, renounce, repudiate under oath. able-bodied adj. Competent for physical service. ablution n. A washing or cleansing, especially of the body. abnegate v. To renounce (a right or privilege). abnormal adj. Not conformed to the ordinary rule or standard. abominable adj. Very hateful. abominate v. To hate violently. abomination n. A very detestable act or practice. aboriginal adj. Primitive; unsophisticated. aborigines n. The original of earliest known inhabitants of a country. aboveboard adv. & adj. Without concealment, fraud, or trickery. abrade v. To wear away the surface or some part of by friction. abrasion n. That which is rubbed off. abridge v. To make shorter in words, keeping the essential features, leaning out minor      particles. abridgment n. A condensed form as of a book or play. abrogate v. To abolish, repeal. abrupt adj. Beginning, ending, or changing suddenly or with a break. abscess n. A Collection of pus in a cavity formed within some tissue of the body. abscission n. The act of cutting off, as in a surgical operation. abscond v. To depart suddenly and secretly, as for the purpose of escaping arrest. absence n. The fact of not being present or available. absent-minded adj. Lacking in attention to immediate surroundings or business. absolution n. Forgiveness, or passing over of offenses. absolve v. To free from sin or its penalties. absorb v. To drink in or suck up, as a sponge absorbs water. absorption n. The act or process of absorbing. abstain v. To keep oneself back (from doing or using something). abstemious adj. Characterized by self denial or abstinence, as in the use of drink, food. abstinence n. Self denial. abstruse adj. Dealing with matters difficult to be understood. absurd adj. Inconsistent with reason or common sense. abundant adj. Plentiful. abusive adj. Employing harsh words or ill treatment. abut v. To touch at the end or boundary line. abyss n. Bottomless gulf. academic adj. Of or pertaining to an academy, college, or university. academician n. A member of an academy of literature, art, or science. academy n. Any institution where the higher branches of learning are taught. accede v. To agree. accelerate v. To move faster. accept v. To take when offered. access n. A way of approach or entrance; passage. accessible adj. Approachable. accession n. Induction or elevation, as to dignity, office, or government. accessory n. A person or thing that aids the principal agent. acclaim v. To utter with a shout. accommodate v. To furnish something as a kindness or favor. accompaniment n. A subordinate part or parts, enriching or supporting the leading part. accompanist n. One who or that which accompanies. accompany v. To go with, or be associated with, as a companion. accomplice n. An associate in wrong-doing. accomplish v. To bring to pass. accordion n. A portable free-reed musical instrument. accost v. To speak to. account n. A record or statement o


What is the modern-day name of the once colonial nation French Sudan?

French Sudan French Sudan French Sudan ( French : Soudan) was a colony in French West Africa that had two separate periods of existence, first from 1890 to 1899, then from 1920 to 1960, when the territory became the independent nation of Mali . Colonial Establishment It was created as a French territory on September 9, 1880 as "Upper Senegal", and was renamed the "French Sudan Territory" on August 18, 1890, with its capital at Kayes. On October 10, 1899 French Sudan was broken up; 11 southern provinces went to French Guinea , the Côte d'Ivoire and Dahomey , although two were returned in the following year. In 1902 the parts of the colony not organized into military districts became Senegambia and Niger, then Upper Senegal and Niger in 1904, then the old name came back in a reorganization of 1920. When the French Upper Volta was first abolished in 1933 (it was reestablished in 1947), French Sudan picked up some of its provinces. Independence After the 4 October, 1958 French constitutional referendum, the "République Soudanaise" became a member of the French Community, once again with the name French Sudan, and gained complete internal autonomy 25 November 1958. On 4 April 1959, French Sudan was joined with Senegal to form the Mali Federation, which became fully independent within the French Community on June 20 1960. The federation collapsed on August 20 1960, when Senegal seceded. On 22 September, French Sudan proclaimed itself the Republic of Mali and withdrew from the French Community. (Wikipedia)


A burning truckload of 'brunost' - brown (what?) - caused a 5-day fire in a Norwegian road tunnel in Jan 2013?

e-paper pakistantoday 24th January, 2013 by Pakistan Today - issuu Rs 17.00 Vol iii no 208 19 pages Lahore edition thursday, 24 January, 2013 Rabiul awal 11, 1434 NEW PROVINCES IN PUNJAB PPP back to square one After exhausting all options, PPP mulling to table 24th Amendment Bill seeking formation of South Punjab province g Gilani’s planning to promote his kin infuriates other PPP leaders g President unhappy with Gilani, Makhdoom Ahmed’s efforts to convince South Punjab people for one province g Get back to business, SC tells NAB g Apex court stops NAB from halting RPPs probe Takes suo motu notice of Kamran Faisal’s death, forms two-member independent bench to probe alleged suicide g ISLAMABAD ISLAMABAD TAyyAB HuSSAIn KASHIF ABBASI AvING failed in its strategy to name the proposed South Punjab province Bahawalpur Province, the Pakistan People’s Party government has decided to drop Yousaf Raza Gilani’s proposal and decided to submit its previous proposal of South Punjab Province in parliament in the form of 24th Amendment Bill 2013, Pakistan Today has learnt. A source in the PPP said the party wanted to form one province rather than two provinces in southern Punjab and it was most likely that the commission would recommend the formation of South Punjab province, as the party leadership had decided to drop Gilani’s proposal of naming the new province as Bahawalpur and naming Multan as its capital. “The party leadership has now decided to table its previously agreed bill to name the new province as Southern Punjab Province for which the ruling party had full support of its allied parties, including the Pakistan Muslim LeagueQuaid (PML-Q), Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) and the Awami National Party (ANP),” the source added. “As soon as the commission on new provinces finalises its report, it would be tabled in the National Assembly and after its nod, Rejecting a plea by the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) for pending investigation into the multi-billion Rental Power Project scam, the Supreme Court on Wednesday fixed January 29 to hear the case and took suo motu notice of the mysterious death of Kamran Faisal, the NAB official investigating the mega corruption scandal. A three-member bench headed by Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry expressed annoyance with NAB’s progress in RPPs scam and its nonserious attitude regarding the probe into the death of Kamran Faisal. The court constituted a two-member bench to separately hear Faisal’s death case. The bench will be headed by Justice Jawwad S Khawaja and will hear the case today (Thursday). During the course of RPPs hearing, the chief justice read a note submitted by the SC Registrar Office, in which it was mentioned that family members and colleagues of the deceased were not expecting a fair and honest investigation into Faisal’s mysterious death. After reading the note, the chief justice changed it into a suo motu case and constituted a new bench to hear the case separately. In his remarks, the CJ said the court could not ignore Faisal’s death. At the onset of the hearing, the court H the bill would be given a final shape. The commission has taken feedback from scholars, thinkers, NGOs, etc and all aspects, including revenue collection, sustainability of province and historical and geographical aspects would be covered by the commission’s report,” the source said. He added that the PPP had suffered a major blow to its popularity in Bahawalpur due to planning by party’s Senior vice Chairman Yousaf Raza Gilani to get his cousin Makhdoom Ahmed Mahmud appointed as the Pun- jab governor. The move has infuriated Nawab Salahuddin Abbasi, the guru of Bahawalpur’s political dynamics, who contacted the PML-N leadership for a possible alliance between the Nawaz league and Bahawalpur National Awami Party (BNAP). “President Asif Ali Zardari had formed a three-member committee to thrash out a plan to address the issue of the demands of two provinces in southern Punjab that was unacceptable to him. Continued on page 04 did not allow NAB Chairman Fasih Bokhari to address the court.


Beatrix became queen of which European nation in 1980?

Beatrix of the Netherlands - New World Encyclopedia Beatrix of the Netherlands Queen Beatrix in May 2008 Reign April 30, 1980 – April 30, 2013 Full name Queen Juliana Beatrix (Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard) (January 31, 1938 - ) reigned as Queen of the Netherlands from 1980 until her abdication in 2013, after a reign of exactly 33 years. She is the eldest daughter of Queen Juliana and her husband, Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. Upon her mother's accession in 1948, she became heir presumptive. Her mother abdicated on April 30, 1980, as her mother, Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands had abdicated in Juliana's favor. Wilhelmina's mother, Queen Emma, had acted as regent during her childhood so Beatrix followed in the footsteps of four remarkable women. The Netherlands had female heads of state or an acting head of state from the end of the nineteenth century through until the start of the twenty-first, beginning with Emma and ending with Beatrix. Beatrix, however, unlike her two predecessors, has given birth to a male heir, Willem-Alexander. Beatrix has continued to give the Netherlands moral leadership, building on the legacy of her mother and grandmother. The three women steered the nation through loss of its empire , the third largest in the world at the end of the nineteenth century, through the Great Depression, World War I , and World War II and helped to shape the direction that Holland has taken since the end of the last world war as it helped pioneer the European Union to secure peace and has contributed generously to the peace-making missions of the United Nations and to the development of the Third World. Contents 14 Credits Beatrix, who has a degree in law, championed the ideals of democracy and freedom around the world, receiving the gratitude of Nelson Mandela for her nation's role in isolating the white minority regime. [1] "Solidarity," Beatrix says, "is the universally accepted basis of co-existence." [2] She stressed personal responsibility, respect for others including other faiths and cultures so that, through dialogue, balanced solutions can be found to solve the problems that confront the world. Privilege of birth and of wealth has not blinded the Queens of the Netherlands to concern for the welfare of other people, of other nations or for the peace and stability of the world. On Koninginnedag (Queen's Day), April 30, 2013, Beatrix abdicated in favor of her eldest son, Willem-Alexander, who became the first King of the Netherlands in 123 years, and she resumed the title of princess. Early life Princess Beatrix was born as Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard, Princess of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau and Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld on January 31, 1938, at the Soestdijk Palace in Baarn, Netherlands . She is the eldest daughter of Crown Princess Juliana of the Netherlands and Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. [3] Beatrix' five godparents are King Leopold III of Belgium, Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, Princess Elisabeth zu Erbach-Schönberg, Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg, and Countess Allene de Kotzebue. [4] When Beatrix was one year old, in 1939, her first sister, Princess Irene, was born. [3] When World War II broke out in the Netherlands in May 1940, the Dutch Royal Family fled to London , United Kingdom . One month later, Beatrix went to Ottawa, Canada , with her mother, Juliana, and her sister Irene, while her father Bernhard and Queen Wilhelmina remained in London organizing the government in exile and broadcasting weekly to her people in Holland. [3] The family lived at the Stornoway residence. Her second sister Princess Margriet was born in 1943. [3] During their exile in Canada, Beatrix attended nursery and the primary school, [5] Rockcliffe Park Public School. The family returned to the Netherlands on August 2, 1945. Beatrix went to the progressive primary school De Werkplaats in Bilthoven. Her third sister, Princess Christina, was born in 1947. [3] On September 6, 1948, her mother Juliana succeeded her grandmother Wilhelmina as Queen of the Netherlands, and Beatrix became the h


The 1923 Great Kanto earthquake was until 2011 which nation's biggest?

The Great Japan Earthquake of 1923   |   History | Smithsonian Contact Privacy Policy Terms of Use The Great Japan Earthquake of 1923 The powerful quake and ensuing tsunami that struck Yokohama and Tokyo traumatized a nation and unleashed historic consequences A circa 1925 woodcut by Unpo Takashima depicts Tokyo's Ueno district ablaze. "Each new gust of wind," reported Joseph Dahlmann, a Jesuit priest who witnessed the calamity from a hilltop, "gave new impulse to the fury of the conflagration." (Unpo Takashima / Artelino) Smithsonian Magazine              | Subscribe May 2011 The first shock hit at 11:58 a.m., emanating from a seismic fault six miles beneath the floor of Sagami Bay, 30 miles south of Tokyo. A 60- by 60-mile segment of the Philippine oceanic plate ruptured and thrust itself against the Eurasian continental plate, releasing a massive burst of tectonic energy. Down at the docks of Yokohama, Japan’s biggest port and its gateway to the West, hundreds of well-wishers were seeing off the Empress of Australia, a 615-foot luxury steamship bound for Vancouver. “The smiles vanished,” remembered Ellis M. Zacharias, then a young U.S. naval officer, who was standing on the pier when the earthquake hit, “and for an appreciable instant everyone stood transfixed” by “the sound of unearthly thunder.” Moments later, a tremendous jolt knocked Zacharias off his feet, and the pier collapsed, spilling cars and people into the water. From This Story Future Shocks The date was September 1, 1923, and the event was the Great Kanto Earthquake, at the time considered the worst natural disaster ever to strike quake-prone Japan. The initial jolt was followed a few minutes later by a 40-foot-high tsunami. A series of towering waves swept away thousands of people. Then came fires, roaring through the wooden houses of Yokohama and Tokyo, the capital, burning everything—and everyone—in their path. The death toll would be about 140,000, including 44,000 who had sought refuge near Tokyo’s Sumida River in the first few hours, only to be immolated by a freak pillar of fire known as a “dragon twist.” The temblor destroyed two of Japan’s largest cities and traumatized the nation; it also whipped up nationalist and racist passions. And the quake may have emboldened right-wing forces at the very moment that the country was poised between military expansion and an embrace of Western democracy, only 18 years before Japan would enter World War II. The 9.0 earthquake that struck the northeast coast of Honshu this past March is not likely to have such an impact on Japan’s history. Nevertheless, there are parallels. Like the 1923 quake, this one unleashed secondary disasters: a tsunami that washed away dozens of villages; mudslides; fires; and damage to the Fukushima Daiichi reactors that emitted radiation into the atmosphere (and constituted the worst nuclear accident since the Chernobyl disaster in 1986). In both instances, the toll was considerable, with estimated deaths in the 2011 quake approaching 30,000 and damage that could go as high as $310 billion. Fuel, food and water were hard to come by weeks after the earthquake, and the Japanese government acknowledged that it had been ill-prepared for a calamity on this scale. Traditional figures offered words of solace: Crown Prince Hirohito 88 years ago; his son, Emperor Akihito, in 2011. Before the Great Kanto Earthquake struck, Japan was full of optimism. No center symbolized the country’s dynamism more than Yokohama, known as the City of Silk. Founded as Japan’s first “Foreign Settlement” in 1859, five years after U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry forced the shogun to open Japan to the West, Yokohama had grown into a cosmopolitan city of half a million. Attracting entrepreneurs, fugitives, traders, spies and drifters from every corner of the world, the port rose “like a mirage in the desert,” wrote one Japanese novelist. From the waterfront promenade, known as the Bund, to the Bluff, the hillside neighborhood favored by foreign residents, Yokohama was where East met West, and libera


Jumpy, Deafy, Dizzey, Hickey, Wheezy, Baldy, Gabby, Nifty, Sniffy, Swift, Lazy, Puffy, Stuffy, Tubby, Shorty and Burpy were shortlisted to be what in the early 1930s?

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs | Disney Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 40,858pages on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Directed by [Source] Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was America's first feature-length animated film, as well as the first in the Disney Animated Canon . It was also the first one in English, and the first in Technicolor. It was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Walt Disney Productions , premiered on December 21 , 1937 , and was originally released to theaters by RKO Radio Pictures on February 8 , 1938 . The film is an adaptation of the Brothers Grimm fairy tale, in which an evil queen attempts to have her stepdaughter Snow White murdered in jealousy of her beauty, but the girl escapes and is given shelter by seven dwarfs in their cottage in a forest . It is generally considered to be Walt Disney 's most significant achievement, his first-ever animated feature. Snow White was the first major animated feature made in the United States, the most successful motion picture released in 1938 , and, adjusted for inflation, is the tenth highest-grossing film of all time. This historical moment in motion picture history changed the medium of animation. Before 1937 , short cartoons took up the majority of American animation. The movie was adapted by Dorothy Ann Blank, Richard Creedon, Merrill De Maris, Otto Englander, Earl Hurd, Dick Rickard, Ted Sears and Webb Smith and was supervised by David Hand, and directed by William Cottrell, Wilfred Jackson, Larry Morey, Perce Pearce, and Ben Sharpsteen. Snow White is particularly memorable for songs like " Heigh-Ho " and " Some Day My Prince Will Come ", several frightening and intense sequences, and a style influenced by European storybook illustrations. Contents Plot Prologue An ornately decorated book sets the scene: the Evil Queen , who cares only for being "the fairest one of all", is jealous of the beauty of her stepdaughter Snow White . She dresses the princess in rags and forces her to become a scullery maid in her castle. Each morning, she consults her Magic Mirror , asking the spirit within who is the fairest of all. The Mirror tells her that she is the fairest, and for a while, she is content. The Wishing Well One morning, the Mirror tells the Queen that there is a maiden fairer than she: Snow White. Meanwhile, Snow White is in the courtyard, singing " I'm Wishing " to herself as she works. The Prince , riding by the castle, hears her voice and is enchanted by it. He climbs over the castle wall, unseen by Snow White, who is singing to her reflection at the bottom of a well. The Prince joins in the singing, which startles and surprises Snow White; she runs indoors, but when he pleads for her to return she comes to the balcony and listens as he sings " One Song " to her. Unseen by both, the Queen watches from her window high above. Infuriated at Snow White's beauty (and perhaps jealous for the Prince's affections), she closes the curtains in anger. The Prince smiles at Snow White before leaving. The Flight through the Forest The Queen summons the Huntsman , whom she orders to take Snow White far into the forest , and kill her; she demands the girl's heart as proof. The Huntsman is reluctant to do so, but is bound by his orders; he takes Snow White deep into the forest, where he lets her gather flowers. As Snow White helps a baby bird find its parents, the Huntsman unsheathes his dagger and advances on the princess. When Snow White sees him approaching, she screams; however, he is unable to fulfill his orders and drops his dagger. Taking pity on Snow White, he begs for her forgiveness and, warning her of her stepmother's intentions, pleads for her to run away. As Snow White flees through the forest, her fear manifests itself in what she sees around her; eventually, she falls to the ground in fright. She is befriended by the animals of the forest; she sings " With a Smile and a Song " and asks them if they know of a place where she can stay. The Cottage of the Seven Dwarfs The animals lead her to


Which fish became subject to EU fishing quota arguments in 2013 due to its significant movement into Icelandic waters?

What the EU referendum means ... in Scottish fishing ports :: Jenkers What the EU referendum means ... in Scottish fishing ports Personally, I don't see huge risks going forward. I think economically we may have one, two years of tough times outwith the fishing industry but I think well manage to cope with that and grow stronger after it. Like many in the industry, the 40 year olds frustrations stem from the level of quotas allocated to British fishermen. Just how the whole fisheries policy was developed, I think Britain was stitched up a long time ago and we didnt get what we genuinely deserved. I know the Irish feel the same. Their waters are fertile, great waters as well and they havent got anything like the quotas that the Spanish and French to fish in their own waters. Its a crazy situation. The quota system is implemented by the EU as part of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). The aim of the CFP is to ensure that fishing is environmentally, economically and socially sustainable whilst also ensuring that EU citizens receive a healthy supply of food. As fish move across territorial waters, the EU considers them to be a common resource. Historically, British waters would have extended 200 nautical miles from the coastline but this exclusive economic zone is now restricted to 12 miles. The rest of the British waters are now part of the European economic zone which can be fished by any European nation subject to quotas and licenses. The quota system is complex and renegotiated each year according to scientific advice. Introduced as a result of overfishing and declining fish stocks, the system has succeeded in arresting the decline of many stocks and ensuring a return to sustainable fishing. Much of the controversy around the policy stems from the fact that British fleets are allocated quotas far lower than other nations for fish that migrate through former British territorial waters. In the North Sea in 2015 for example, British fishermen were only allocated 5% of mackerel and 4% of sprat quotas. However, they were also allocated 84% of haddock and 81% of monkfish quotas. All in, the UK received 30% of the EUs total quota in 2015. Whilst this means that 70% of the quota is allocated to other member states it is arguably mitigated by the fact that the UK has only 13% of the EUs total sea area yet receives 30% of the quota. Scotland, however, has some of the richest seas in Europe. According to a Scottish government publication released in the lead up to the independence referendum, around four tonnes of fish are taken from each square nautical mile of Scottish waters compared to around 1 tonne on average for EU waters. Therefore, greater access to Scottish waters is more beneficial for fishermen from other EU states. Leiper, who is also a representative of the Association of Processors, believes that British fishermen should have greater allocation of quotas and does not believe that membership of the European Union is necessary to ensure sustainability. I think [sustainability] would be far more maintained in Britain than it is in Europe. Youve seen the Spanish and the French fishing in the west coast in enormous vessels with nets, gill nets stretching [across] huge parts of the west coast - and that doesnt happen in Scotland. We have now got a very small fleet, sustainable. No one can come into the industry because its too expensive to buy quota, its too expensive to buy the boat, its too expensive to buy the license so I think youve got a very sustainable fishery going forward with the Scottish fleet as it is. Andrew Charles, a fish processor based in Aberdeen, however, disagrees. Going forward now were part of the European Union, we have a very well managed fishery out there now, we have a fleet that is expanding, we have a very modern fleet. Weve come from a position where every single commercial stock in the North Sea was under pressure, were now in a position where every single species that is commercially fished out in the North Sea and British waters is now sustainable and in good health. So although its taken


What ingredient causes a can of cola to sink in water, whereas a can of diet cola floats?

Why Does Coke Sink & Diet Coke Float in Water? | LIVESTRONG.COM Why Does Coke Sink & Diet Coke Float in Water? by JACK BRUBAKER Last Updated: Oct 18, 2013 Coke contains 39 g of sugar that Diet Coke does not. Photo Credit Jupiterimages/Comstock/Getty Images Many science teachers perform a demonstration in which they immerse sealed cans of Coke and Diet Coke in a tank of water. The can of Coke immediately sinks, while the can of Diet Coke floats. Some instructors have adapted this demonstration as an experiment to teach students the principles of density and buoyancy. The experiments allow students to conduct measurements so that they can devise a scientific explanation for the observed behavior. Density Density represents the relationship between a substance’s mass and the amount of space it occupies, i.e., its volume. Scientists normally express density in metric units of grams per milliliter, or g/mL. Pure water exhibits a density of 1.00 g/mL. Most other liquids exhibit densities between 0.8 and 1.3 g/mL. Composition of Coke Coca Cola consists mostly of water. But it also contains 39 g of sugars, primarily in the form of high-fructose corn syrup, or HFCS. The HFCS used by Coca-Cola and most other soft drink manufacturers exhibits a relative sweetness of 160 compared to the baseline sweetness of 100 exhibited by sucrose, or table sugar. This relative scale reflects perceived sweetness, which means that HFCS literally tastes 1.6 times sweeter than an equal amount of sucrose. As a result, a drink sweetened with HFCS requires less sweetener to achieve the desired level of sweetness than a drink sweetened with sucrose. Composition of Diet Coke Diet Coke contains an artificial sweetener: aspartame. Aspartame exhibits a perceived sweetness of 180 times that of sugar. Or, for a more direct comparison, aspartame exhibits a sweetness 113 times greater than high fructose corn syrup. As a consequence, Diet Coke only requires 0.35 grams of aspartame to achieve the same level of sweetness as the 39 g of HFCS in Coke. Buoyancy Whether an object sinks or floats depends on its buoyancy. An object placed in water exerts a downward force on the water. The water, however, pushes back. Archimedes’ principle states that the buoyant force exerted by water or any other fluid on an object is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the object. If the weight of displaced water exceeds the weight of the object, the object floats. Otherwise, it sinks. This, in part, explains why metal ships float. It also explains why the can of Diet Coke sinks. Because the two cans exhibit identical shapes and sizes, they displace equal amounts of water when submerged. But the fact that the can of Coke sinks means it must weigh more than the amount of water it displaces, whereas the can of Diet Coke weighs less. Mathematical Explanation Both the Diet Coke and Coke cans contain 12 fluid oz., or 355 milliliters, of liquid. Both beverages consist primarily of water. The primary difference lies in the sweetener. Coke contains about 325 mL of water, with a density of 1.0 g/mL, and 39 g of sugar. The contents of the can therefore weigh 325 g + 39 g = 364 g. The can of Diet Coke, however, contains only 0.3 g of aspartame. It therefore consists almost entirely of water and the can’s contents therefore weigh about 355 g. This difference in weight makes the can of Diet Coke sufficiently buoyant to float. In terms of density, the density of Diet Coke is roughly 1.00 g/mL, the same as water. The Coke, however, exhibits a density of 1.03 g/mL. Related Searches Lose Weight. Feel Great Change your life with MyPlate by LIVESTRONG.COM GOAL Gain 2 pounds per week Gain 1.5 pounds per week Gain 1 pound per week Gain 0.5 pound per week Maintain my current weight Lose 0.5 pound per week Lose 1 pound per week Lose 1.5 pounds per week Lose 2 pounds per week GENDER


(Before Jurassic Park) the word raptor technically refers to what sort of carnivorous creature?

The 5 Baddest Dinos of ‘Jurassic Park’ … and 5 That Should Be in ‘Jurassic Park IV’ The 5 Baddest Dinos of ‘Jurassic Park’ … and 5 That Should Be in ‘Jurassic Park IV’ bryanenk Tweet Share It looks like " Jurassic Park " will be opening its gates in the very near future as Universal has announced a release date of June 13, 2014 for the long in-development fourth installment in the franchise and tapped "Safety Not Guaranteed" director Colin Trevorrow to call the shots. In anticipation of "Jurassic Park IV" and the 3D remix of the original "Jurassic Park," opening April 5, we've gathered the five coolest dinosaurs that we've seen at the sci-fi attraction so far ... and five that we hope to see in next summer's grand re-opening. The 5 Baddest Dinos of the 'Jurassic Park' Trilogy: Tyrannosaurus Rex More 1. Tyrannosaurus Rex The mighty T-Rex is at the center of some of the most memorable (and frightening) moments from the first three "Jurassic Park" adventures, from its first appearance being ominously foreshadowed by the shaking water glass to the "Objects in Mirror Are Closer Than They Appear" gag to causing Julianne Moore to wish she didn't weigh so much as the glass she was laying on splintered and cracked to the point of audience madness. Oh, and let's not forget that toilet scene! This fella was indeed the King of When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth ... until another super-beast showed up and kicked its tail ... Spinosaurus in 'Jurassic Park III' More 2. Spinosaurus The T-Rex gets all the press, but this terrifying creature is actually the largest of all carnivorous dinosaurs, according to recent estimates that put it at 57 feet in length and 12 tons in weight. It made for the most mean-spirited and scariest of the "Jurassic Park" villains, showing up at the most inconvenient times during "Jurassic Park III" and -- in one of the film's showstopper set pieces -- staking its claim as the new heavy-hitter by defeating the mighty T-Rex in a survival-of-the-fittest smackdown that would've made chaos theorist Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum) mutter "I told you so" if he had been there. Velociraptors in 'Jurassic Park' More 3. Velociraptors These things always steal the show, as their comparatively smaller size makes them a much more personal enemy for all the movie stars running around and their ruthlessness and cunning makes them seem somehow smarter than most of their bigger cousins ... and therefore more dangerous ("Clever girl," admits one poor bastard in the first movie before he gets wasted by the worthier hunter). The Raptors were fringe players in the third movie but stole the show in the first two, causing chaos in the kitchen in "Jurassic Park" and showing why you should never venture into the tall grass in "The Lost World: Jurassic Park." Dilophosaurus in 'Jurassic Park' More 4. Dilophosaurus This thing looks cute for a while in true Spielbergian fashion, then it grows bat wings or something on the side of its head, screams its head off and spews some sort of venomous liquid, dousing its victim in viscous goo before tearing it apart. It made short work of poor Newman from "Seinfeld," who thought he could escape the island when even Samuel L. Jackson couldn't. Foolish Newman! Also, beware these things while on the "Jurassic Park" ride at Universal Studios -- that might not be harmless water they're spraying at you. Read More Pteranodon in 'Jurassic Park III' More 5. Pteranodon Technically these flying wonders aren't "dinosaurs" -- they're reptiles, but they don't belong to either of the dinosaur groups of Saurischia and Ornithischia, which exclude pterosaurs. Technically they are awesome, though, and were featured in one of the most intense set pieces of "Jurassic Park III." Man, don't even think of venturing within a mile of the eggs of one of these things! They'll scream and flap and poke and bite and create enough noise and chaos that if its physical attacks don't kill you then a heart attack will. Plus, they can fly. Awesome. The 5 Baddest Dinos That Should Be in 'Jurassic Park IV': More 1. Sinornithosaurus Its name means


What slang word for a sailor derives from old Dutch meaning 'bed companion'?

SAILOR TERMINOLOGY Zero          Dark Thirty   A Ahoy.  A nautical hail, once the dreaded war cry of the Vikings.  Airdale. A naval aviator. It can also refer to any member of the naval aviation     community, officer or enlisted. "Brownshoe" also refers to an officer or chief petty officer in the aviation branch     as they are authorized to wear brown shoes whereas mere mortals in other     branches of naval service are forever tainted as "Blackshoes." Anchor     Clanker.  Slang term for a Boatswain Mate or member of     ship's Deck Department.  Deck Ape is also used as a term of     endearment. Aweigh. The moment a ship's anchor leaves the sea bottom, the anchor is said to     be aweigh.  "Weigh" from the Old English infers     movement.  Anchors "away" is incorrect usage.  But     when a ship weighs anchor it is said to be under way even though it may     or may not be making way (powered). Aye     Aye.  Aye is old English for "yes."  A     bluejacket says, "Aye aye, sir," meaning, "I understand     and I will obey."    B Barge.  An admiral's boat.  Beam.  The width of a ship. Belay [1]Stop an action. "Belay the whistling! You're no boatswain." [2] Make fast. "Belay the line here." The use of a belaying     pin in days of sail most likely is responsible for coining the term. [3]     Disregard an order.  "Right full rudder. Belay my last." Binnacle     List. Listing of the names of crew members excused from duty by the     Medical Officer.  The binnacle supported the ship's compass. Lists     posted thereon were prominent. Bluejacket.  The first uniform that was ever officially sanctioned for sailors in the     Royal Navy was a short blue jacket open in the front.  A generic name for a Navy enlisted person.  Boats.  From the Anglo-Saxon "bat" that stood for a small ship or     vessel.  Also slang for a Boatswain. Boatswain.  From the Saxon word "swein" which meant a boy or servant.  The boat refers to the ship and not to her small boats.  Boatswain     Pipe.  One of the oldest and most distinctive pieces of     nautical equipment, the pipe or flute, was used in Greece and Rome to     keep the stroke of galley slaves.  The pipe was used in the     Crusades to call English cross bowmen on deck for attack.  In time,     the pipe came to be used as a badge of office by commanders.  The     whistle was used for salutes to distinguished persons as well as to pass     orders.     A 1645 publication detailing honors for an admiral,     orders; "The ship's barge to be sent to fetch the visitor having     the cockson with his silver whistle in the stern... Upon the near     approach of the barge the noise of the trumpets are to sound and so to     hold on until the barge comes within less than musket shot, at that time     the trumpets are to cease and all such as carry whistles are to whistle     a welcome three several times."     Originally, a distinctive call on a boatswainï¿½s     whistle sent the crew below decks or down below.  Now to "pipe     down" means to be quiet.    Meals aboard ship are announced by the boatswain pipe. Crew     members who respond immediately to the call are said to have their meals "piping hot."    The four primary parts of the boatswain pipe are the buoy,     gun, keel and shackle.    Boxing     the Compass.  Calling the names of the 32 points of the compass     in order. Bulkhead.  Transverse or longitudinal partition separating portions of a ship.     Landlubbers call it 'a wall.' Bumboat.  A boat selling supplies or provisions to ships.  Derived from "boomboat," signifying boats permitted to lie at the ship's     booms.    C Cannon     Cocker.  A Gunner's Mate or one associated with the Weapon's     Department. Chaplain.  Tradition gives the origin of the title as from the French.  The     legend offers that St. Martin divided his coat with a poor beggar on a     cold wintry day outside of Amiens.  It is re


The Latin term 'per capita' means 'for... The entire population; Each person; Paying customers; or Registered voters?

Gross Domestic Product and Growth - Economics 2.7 with Berry/marsh at American School of Correspondence - StudyBlue Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again. Gross Domestic Product and Growth Gross Domestic Product and Growth Mercedes G. File Size: 15 Views: 16 Advertisement Advertisement StudyBlue printing of Gross Domestic Product and Growth   html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td {  margin: 0;  padding: 0;  border: 0;  outline: 0;  font-size: 100%;  background: transparent; } body {  line-height: 1; } blockquote, q {  quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after {  content: '';  content: none; }  /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus {  outline: 0; }  /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins {  text-decoration: none; } del {  text-decoration: line-through; }  /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table {  border-collapse: collapse;  border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */       .header {  min-width:800px; } .logo {  padding:6px 20px 2px 20px;  margin:0;  font-size:25px;  font-weight:bold;  color:#808285;  position:relative;  border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue {  color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc {  font-weight:normal;  font-size:19px;  color:#cccccc;  margin-top:50px;  position:absolute;  display: none; } .back-button {  position:absolute;  top:20px;  right:20px;  font-size:13px;  line-height:25px;  color:rgb(0,175,225);  font-weight:normal; } .back-button a {  color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions {  padding:0;  margin:0;  width:100%;  position:relative;  color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder {  border-left:1px solid #ededed;  margin-left:20px; } .steps {  padding:15px 0;  float:left;  width:24%;  border-right:1px solid #ededed;  text-align:center; }  .steps-01 { }  .steps-02 { }  .steps-03 { }  .steps-04 { } .label {  padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a {  background-color:rgb(0,175,225);  color:white;  line-height: 19px;  padding:9px 8px 5px 30px;  font-size:14px;  text-decoration:none;  background-image: url(images/printer.png);  background-repeat: no-repeat;  background-position: 7px 50%;  -moz-border-radius: 5px;  -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover {  background-color:black; }  .theNote .content {  width: 8.0in !important;  margin: 5px auto;  padding:20px;  background-color:white;  } .theNote .header {  border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8;   font-size: 17px;   padding: 0 0 10px;   line-height: 19px;   color: #00ADE1;  min-width:500px; } .theNote .body {  font-size: 14px;  line-height: 19px;  padding: 10px 0; }  .theNote{  padding:6px 0;  clear:both;  background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{  color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{  background-color:white;  padding:2px 20px;  width:8.0in !important;  margin: 0 auto;  font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{  padding-top: 10px;  font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{  font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 {  font-size: 14px;  font-weight: normal; }  #options {  border: 3px double #ccc;  padding: 5px 12px;  margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px;  float: left; } #info {  border-top: 1px solid #ccc;  padding-top: 5px;  font-style: italic; } li {  margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li {  list-style: disc; } ol li {  list-style: decimal; } img {  border: 0; } table {  clear: both;  width: 100%;  border: 1px solid #c5c5c5;  border-width: 1px 0;  margin: 0;  page-break-after: always; } table#page {  page-break-after: auto; } td {  text-align: center;  font-size: 12px;  border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5;  height: 1


Pandeiro is a popular example of what in Brazil?

NEA National Heritage Fellowships | NEA NEA National Heritage Fellowships 2011 NEA National Heritage Fellow Los Angeles, CA Tabs Bio Growing up in Rio de Janeiro in the 1940s, Carlinhos de Oliveira (known today as Carlinhos Pandeiro de Ouro) was immersed in samba, a style of music with roots in both Africa and Portugal. Its most famous expression is in the poor and working-class neighborhoods surrounding Rio, called favelas, which host performing associations known as samba schools. These groups compete every year in Rio's spectacular Carnaval parade, with thousands of dancers in feathered costumes and hundreds of drummers playing samba rhythms. One drum that can perform all the rhythms of the samba is the pandeiro, Brazil's national instrument. Similar to the tambourine but played differently, the pandeiro is tunable and with the right technique, a skilled player can sound like a drum set. Carlinhos took up the pandeiro at age seven, starting with one of his mother's cake pans. He practiced all the time and visited the favelas and Mangueira, in particular, one of the greatest samba schools. Carlinhos would join in during rehearsals, and he soon came to the attention of Mangueira's legendary singer, Jamelão, who invited Carlinhos to become a performing member of Mangueira, a high honor. Carlinhos's pandeiro playing became so theatrical, with unprecedented juggling and stunts (known as malabarismo), that it set a new standard for pandeiro playing in Rio's Carnaval parades. Soon Carlinhos was performing professionally, working with every important musician and composer in Rio. In 1966, Brazil held a national contest to find the country's best pandeiro player. Carlinhos out-performed 500 other players to win the first Golden Tambourine award, thereby becoming known as Carlinhos Pandeiro de Ouro. With this recognition, Carlinhos has represented Brazil in performances before the Japanese royal family, the Swedish royal family, and also in a command performance for Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Phillip of England. Carlinhos has had a wide-ranging career as a percussionist, appearing in Brazilian films, on Brazilian television, and performing around the world with Herbie Mann, Sergio Mendes, Sadao Watanabe, Ed Thigpen, Toots Thielemans, Martinho da Vila, BethCarvalho, Maria Bethania, and many more. Carlinhos married an American singer in 1983, moved to Hawaii, and raised a family. For the last three decades, he has led parades, performed with numerous American samba bands, and taught 'classic' Rio-style samba to thousands of students. Today, Carlinhos lives in Los Angeles, performing nationally and teaching locally at the 18th Street Arts Center in Santa Monica. He is a recipient of awards from the Durfee Foundation, the Alliance for California Traditional Arts, and the Department of Cultural Affairs, Los Angeles. Interview Interview by Josephine Reed for the NEA July 20, 2011 Edited by Ann Waller Curtis, Neena Narayanan, and Liz Stark [Simon Carroll also participated in this interview.] NEA: Carlinhos, many congratulations on a very well-deserved award, the National Heritage Fellowship. You received the award for your musicality, for the percussion instruments that you play, but most particularly, for your playing of the pandeiro. Can you tell us what a pandeiro is? Carlinhos Pandeiro de Ouro: It's like what in the United States they call a tambourine. It's a drum that has some jingles. It is a percussion [instrument]. NEA: When did you start playing the pandeiro?    Carlinhos: I started to play the pandeiro in when I was a kid, about, five or seven years old in Brazil. I love it the first time I hold it. I saw it played in the samba school, at Mangueira. And then I start to listen to the meringues and other kind of music. At the time, they didn't play too many sambas in Brazil. My grandma made me play in Brazil for the Salvation Army; she made me play surdo, bass drums, and the cymbals. It was very funny because I was young, very shy. But then I saw the pandeiro and it was making me feel love so I had to learn that. I had a n


Name the UK seaside town famous for jet stone, and whose St Mary's Church featured in Bram Stoker's Dracula?

Dracula church where it's raining bones! Debris from cliff-top graves falls on town after landslide | Daily Mail Online Dracula church where it's raining bones! Debris from cliff-top graves falls on town after landslide Human remains have been collected at the bottom of the cliff and re-buried Residents in Whitby terrified more of the cliff face is about to collapse Bram Stoker used the cemetery for backdrop to Dracula horror scenes The novelist visited the North Yorkshire town in the 1890s comments It is the eerie old church that featured in Bram Stoker’s gothic novel Dracula. Now St Mary’s in Whitby has become the scene of real horror after human bones began to emerge from their  centuries-old graves. The grisly discovery was made when the church cemetery, which dates to 1110AD, began to subside and fall down the cliff last month following heavy rain. Scroll down for video Grave danger: Human bones have crumbled off the side of the cliff where St Mary's Church, in Whitby, stands Ruin: It is feared the legendary St Mary's Church in Whitby could fall if the cliff face crumbles away Many of the ancient graves were exposed – and among the debris tumbling on to the buildings below were a number of human bones, thought to be at least a century old. Stoker was inspired to use the cemetery – which has been closed to the public since 1865 – as the backdrop for some of Dracula’s horror scenes after visiting the North Yorkshire town in the 1890s. Resident Barry Brown, 56, told how he found several bones in the backyard of his kipper smokehouse, which sits under the cliff. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share He said: ‘When the subsidence began I went out and found a few pieces of bone. They’d been buried for God knows how many years because they were soft and yellow from being in the soil. 'I managed to identify one hip bone, two pieces of skull and a large bone that looked like it was part of a leg. ‘It’s quite sad picking that sort of thing up, I expect the people who buried them thought they’d be there for ever. Debris: More cracks have appeared in the cliff face this week following heavy rainfall in Whitby Problems: Reverend Canon David Smith said the church will have to use money earmarked for repairs to pay for the landslide recovery work Historic: In 2000 St Mary's Church in Whitby experienced more landslides close to the edge of the graveyard Iconic: St Mary's church featured in Bram Stoker's classic novel Dracula Goths who flocked to the graveyard because of its links to Dracula were banned from the churchyard in 2011 Horror: Christopher Lee in the 1958 horror film Dracula which was inspired by the novel by Bram Stoker (right) ‘It could have even been one of my relatives, as my family have been here since the early 1800s.’  The bones were collected soon afterwards by church staff and have since been reburied in a more stable spot. It is not known who the bones belonged to, as many of the headstones in the cemetery have been moved around over the centuries. St Mary’s Reverend Canon David Smith said: ‘The cemetery has been closed for over a century, so if any graves are exposed it’s only bones. If anything is exposed we re-inter them.’ The landslide has been blamed on a drainage pipe which became damaged and fell away. This meant recent heavy rainfall saturated the soil, which then began to fall. Rev Smith added: ‘The church has been trying to muck in to get things done and we have had a civil engineer working to sort it out. ‘They’ve been trying to find where the water was coming from and making the cliff edge more secure.’ THE PERFECT SETTING FOR A GOTHIC NOVEL As Bram Stoker sat at his desk overlooking the seaside town of Whitby Bay in 1890 he noticed the huge number of bats flying around St Mary's Church.  Perched on top of a cliff St Mary's, with its rows upon rows of tombstones, looked out onto the stormy North Sea. It was the atmospheric surroundings of Whitby and St Mary's Church which would inspire him to write the classic Gothic novel Dracula published in 1897. The writer happened


Epiglottis Function, Pictures & Definition | Body Maps Your message has been sent. OK We're sorry, an error occurred. We are unable to collect your feedback at this time. However, your feedback is important to us. Please try again later. Close Epiglottis The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped flap of cartilage located behind the tongue, at the top of the larynx, or voice box. The main function of the epiglottis is to seal off the windpipe during eating, so that food is not accidentally inhaled. The epiglottis also helps with some aspects of sound production in certain languages. Swelling of the epiglottis is called epiglottitis. This condition can block airflow to the lungs and is, therefore, potentially life-threatening. Epiglottitis can have many causes, including burns from hot beverages, throat injury, or bacterial infections.


In physics, the elementary exchange particles ('gauge bosons') between quarks are called?

Quark, Quarks, What is a Quark | Physics@TutorVista.com What is a Quark? Back to Top Quark (pronounced as “quork”) is basically an elementary particle of which Hadrons are made of.  It is basically an elementary particle. They cannot exist independently. They are always the constituent particles of matter.There is a Standard theoretical Model which is basically based on the theoretical framework. It basically describes all the elementary particles that are known till date. It also describes the unobserved particles. There are three main Quarks: Up Down Strange The antiparticles corresponding to each flavor of quarks are called Antiquarks. They are denoted by a bar over the symbol for the given quark (q). The corresponding Antiquarks are namely Top Bottom Charm. Similar to the antimatter in general, the Antiquarks have the same mass, the same mean lifetime and the same spin as their corresponding quarks, but the properties like electric charge and other charges have the opposite sign. Quark Binding Particle Quarks bind together with gluons to make composite particles called Hadrons. Baryons and mesons come under Hadrons. Gluons are the quark binding particle. The points summarizing Gluons are: Gluon is the quark binding particle. Gluons basically act as the exchange particles (or gauge bosons) for the strong force between quarks. The Color force is the basic source of interaction between the particles. As we know that Quarks make up the baryons and the mesons and the strong interaction takes place between these baryons and mesons. The gluon is a vector boson. It is like the photon. It possesses a spin of 1. While massive spin -1 particles have three polarization states. Quark Theory Back to Top The Quark Model was proposed by physicists Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig and independently. The year was 1964. Gell-Mann's in 1961 also formulated a particle classification system known as the Eightfold Way. Physicist Yuval Neeman also made a scheme similar to the Eightfold Way at the same time. Gell-Mann and Zweig postulated in the particle zoo that hadrons were not elementary particles and instead made up from the combinations of quarks and antiquark. The model given by them had three flavors of quarks Up quark Down quark Strange quark Extensions and new developments to the Gell-Mann-Zweig model were proposed after a year. The fourth particle was called the fourth flavor of quark and was called Charm Quark and its existence was proposed by Sheldon Lee Glashow and James Bjorken. This development allowed for a better description of the mechanism of weak interaction and was proposed by them. Weak interaction basically allows the decay of quarks. The concept also allowed the equalization of the number of known quarks with the leptons number. The model proposed for the quark particles is called the quark model. The noble work was independently by physicists Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in the year 1964. During 1968 there were certain experiments performed at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). These were called the deep inelastic scattering experiments. As a consequence it was taken into account that the proton contained was not an elementary particle as it contained much smaller, point-like objects. Physicists called them "Partons" and this term was coined by Richard Feynman. They were not called quarks at that time. After a few years this particles that were discovered at the Labs experiments were identified as Quarks. Types of Quarks There are many types of quarks. They are described as below: Up Quark                                           Up Quark The Up quark are the lightest of all the quarks. Due to the lowest mass the stability is maximum. It is symbolized as U. Its antiparticle is denoted as U. The mass of Up quark ranges from 1.7- 3.1 $\frac{MeV}{c^2}$. They are the most abundant and easily found quarks in the universe. They are the least massive of all the quarks. They are the constituents of protons and neutrons. Its Electric charge is $\frac{2}{3}$ e.         Down Quark The Down quar


The six soft alkali metals (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, and francium) react with water to produce what gas?

Alkali metal - 必应 Sign in Alkali metal The alkali metals are a group (column) in the periodic table consisting of the chemical elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K),[note 1] rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs),[note 2] and francium (Fr). This group lies in the s-block of the periodic table of elements as all alkali metals have their outermost electron in an s-orbital: this element/electron configuration results in their characteristic properties. The alkali metals provide the best example of group trends in properties in the periodic table, with elements exhibiting well-characterized homologous behavio ... (展开) our. The alkali metals have very similar properties: they are all shiny, soft, highly reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure and readily lose their outermost electron to form cations with charge +1. They can all be cut easily with a knife due to their softness, exposing a shiny surface that tarnishes rapidly in air due to oxidation by atmospheric moisture and oxygen. Because of their high reactivity, they must be stored under oil to prevent reaction with air, and are found naturally only in salts and never as the free element. In the modern IUPAC nomenclature, the alkali metals comprise the group 1 elements,[note 3] excluding hydrogen (H), which is nominally a group 1 element but not normally considered to be an alkali metal as it rarely exhibits behaviour comparable to that of the alkali metals. All the alkali metals react with water, with the heavier alkali metals reacting more vigorously than the lighter ones. All of the discovered alkali metals occur in nature: in order of abundance, sodium is the most abundant, followed by potassium, lithium, rubidium, caesium, and finally francium , which is very rare due to its extremely high radioactivity; francium occurs only in traces, the product of natural decay chains. Experiments have been conducted to attempt the synthesis of ununennium (Uue), which is likely to be the next member of the group, but they have all met with failure. However, ununennium may not be an alkali metal due to relativistic effects, which are predicted to have a large influence on the chemical properties of superheavy elements; even if it does turn out to be an alkali metal, it is predicted to have some differences in physical and chemical properties from its lighter homologues. Most alkali metals have many different applications. One of the best-known applications of the pure elements the use of rubidium and caesium in atomic clocks, of which caesium atomic clocks are the most accurate and precise representation of time. A common application of the compounds of sodium is the sodium-vapour lamp, which emits very efficient light. Table salt, or sodium chloride, has been used since antiquity. Sodium and potassium are also essential elements, having major biological roles as electrolytes, and although the other alkali metals are not essential, they also have various effects on the body, both beneficial and harmful. 本结果选自431项相关网络资源 Main article: Hydrogen The element hydrogen, with one electron per neutral atom, is usually placed at the top of Group 1 of the periodic table for convenience, but hydrogen is not normally considered to be an alkali metal; when it is considered to be an alkali metal, it is because of its atomic prope... Physical and chemical The physical and chemical properties of the alkali metals can be readily explained by their having an ns1 valence electron configuration, which results in weak metallic bonding. Hence, all the alkali metals are soft and have low densities, melting and boiling points, as well as heats of sublimation, vaporisation, and dissociation:74 They all crystallize in the body-centered cubic crystal structure,:73 and have distinctive flame colours because their outer s electron is very easily excited.:75 The ns1 configuration also results in the alkali metals having very large atomic and ionic radii, as well as high thermal and electrical conductivity.:75 Their chemistry is dominated by the loss of their lone valence electron to form the +1


The Shoemaker-Levy 9 Comet broke up and impacted where, in 1994, to huge astronomical and media interest?

View large Download slide A sequence of images of Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacting Jupiter in 1994, showing evidence for a plume near the terminator at the time of the A impact. During the temporal sequence from top to bottom, the spreading of the bright feature is the plume falling back on to the jovian atmosphere (HST data archive). Forest fires No known impact crater can be linked to the 536 event so, if it were due to a comet collision, then the crater may lie unrecognized in a region such as the seabed (unlikely, given that the seabed has now been very well surveyed), or else the comet must have been destroyed in an airburst. If the airburst had sufficient energy to ignite one or more large-scale forest fires ( Hills and Goda 1993 , Adushkin and Nemchinov 1994 ), we can calculate whether the soot emissions from these fires were sufficient to cause the observed climatic effects. During the Cold War much effort went into modelling the secondary effects of a conflict involving nuclear weapons, including large-scale fires and related atmospheric effects, referred to collectively as a nuclear winter (see, for example, Turco et al. 1983 , 1990 , Crutzen and Birks 1992 ). The basic hypothesis is that the extensive fires started by nuclear explosions would generate a sufficiently large quantity of soot in the upper atmosphere to affect its radiation balance and cause a change in the Earth's albedo. The net result is reduced solar heating at the Earth's surface and hence a lower temperature. This would produce significantly colder summers and hence reduced tree-ring growth. We can use such models to study fires started by a comet impact, since they provide estimates of the soot yields from appropriate masses of relevant flammable materials. We choose the model of Turco et al. (1990 ) to make our comparison. This model finds that ~1011 kg of soot injected into the troposphere is sufficient to produce the effect known as a nuclear winter. It has been found that airbursting comets can start fires more easily than asteroids ( Hills and Goda 1993 ). This occurs because comets tend to dissipate their energy higher in the atmosphere, which has two main effects. The high-altitude energy dissipation allows them to illuminate a much larger area of the Earth. Simultaneously the high altitude of the airburst makes it more difficult for the associated atmospheric shockwaves to reach the Earth's surface and blow out the fire. We note that calculations on the size of an impacting comet required to ignite pine forests show that an object radius of more than 100 m is needed for such an ignition, setting an effective lower limit. Dendrochronological data and historical records indicate that Northern Europe is the most likely geographical location for the impact ( Baillie 1999 ). However, we note that this suggestion is not critical to the model of large-scale fires, and any equivalent land area would suffice, provided that it was appropriately forested. In the sixth century Europe's most flammable species of tree was the pine tree and forests in Northern Europe were largely composed of pine trees ( Rackham 1993 ), so a forest fire there is possible. A study of fire behaviour from large-scale biomass burning ( Einfeld et al. 1991 ) provides the following equation for the amount of smoke injected into the troposphere by large-scale forest fires:   (1) where MX is the mass yield of a particular gaseous or particulate species X, MF is the fuel load in terms of mass per unit area, AB is the area burned, FC is the fractional consumption of the total fuel load and EX is the emission factor for the species of interest. We can use this equation to estimate what size of forest fire would have been required to produce the cooling recorded in the dendrochronological data. To calculate MF we assume one tree per hundred square metres of forest ( Rackham 1993 ), which when combined with a typical tree mass gives a fuel load of MF~ 20 kg m-2. For EX we take a value of 1% ( Turco et al. 1990 ) and for the fractional consumption FC we assume 10%. Inserting these val