Which playwright's works include 'The Madness of George III' and 'The History Boys'?

The History Boys Study Guide from LitCharts | The creators of SparkNotes An interactive data visualization of The History Boys's plot and themes. Brief Biography of Alan Bennett Alan Bennett was born in Leeds, England. He attended Oxford University, and received his undergraduate degree in Medieval History. He co-wrote and performed in a comedy revue called Beyond the Fringe when he was in his mid-twenties, and this launched his theater career. Since then, Bennett has worked in theater, television, and radio. He has been an actor and a director as well as a writer. He is best known for his plays The Madness of George III and The History Boys. Bennett still lives in Britain with his partner, Rupert Thomas. Get the entire History Boys LitChart as a printable PDF. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." -Graham S. Download it! Historical Context of The History Boys The History Boys takes place in 1980s Britain, when Margaret Thatcher was in power. The play does not directly reference the political context of the time, but some of Thatcher’s policies affected Britain’s educational climate. She cut funding significantly for British universities. After her 1988 Education Reform Act, schools had to follow a national curriculum and submit to periodic inspections. Such measures may have contributed to the Headmaster’s insistence on quantifiable results from his teachers, thus creating a backdrop for the play. Other Books Related to The History Boys The History Boys was turned into a movie after it was published, and it was one of many movies produced in the early 2000s that focused on Britain in the 1980s. Others included Son of Rambow, which focuses on two British schoolboys trying to make a film together one summer, and This is England, which examines 1980s skinheads and white nationalism. Alan Bennett has written many other works, including the play The Madness of George III, which he also adapted into a movie with British director Nicholas Hynter. He has often collaborated with Hynter, including on his 2009 play The Habit of Art, which centers on the poet W.H. Auden, who is also referenced in The History Boys. Hynter took over as the Artistic Director of Britain’s National Theater in 2003, just before he staged The History Boys. He produced other new work by British playwrights at around the same time, including Elmina’s Kitchen in 2003 and On the Shore of the Wide World in 2005. Key Facts about The History Boys Full Title: The History Boys When Written: 2004 When Published: First performed in 2004. Literary Period: Contemporary drama Genre: British Realistic Drama Setting: Cutlers’ Grammar School, a fictional boys’ grammar school in Northern Britain, some time in the 1980s. Climax: While taking Irwin home on his motorcycle, Hector has an accident. The crash cripples Irwin and kills Hector. Antagonist: The Headmaster is in some ways the play’s antagonist. He is a strict and inflexible presence at the school, and comes across as anti-intellectual. He seems to care about the boys’ Oxford and Cambridge careers for the wrong reasons. Point of View: Play Extra Credit for The History Boys Re-writing Posner for the stage. Alan Bennett changed and revised his script during the rehearsal process for The History Boys. He had originally written Posner as a boy who matures very late in life (this was based on Bennett’s own experience). In one early draft, the play’s last line was Posner saying, “It’s not all bad news. My voice is breaking.” But the play’s director, Nicholas Hynter, said that it would be too difficult to cast a teenaged actor whose voice had not yet broken. Bennett re-wrote the part to remove this detail. Cheating death. In 1997, Alan Bennett was diagnosed with terminal cancer. He began work on an autobiographical work called Untold Stories, which he expected to publish only posthumously. But the chemotherapy worked, and Bennett’s cancer went into remission. He published Untold Stories, and in 2004, finished The History Boys. Cite This Page


Who was the Irish Premier at the time of the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998?

BBC - History - The Good Friday Agreement Peace deal is done in Northern Ireland Denis Murray reports on the last hours leading up to the Good Friday Agreement in Belfast. The BBC's Ireland correspondent Denis Murray reports on the last, dramatic hours leading up to the Good Friday Agreement in Belfast. More information about: Good Friday Agreement At the beginning of 1998, the prospects for peace in Northern Ireland were poor. To the untrained eye, plenty of positives had begun to emerge: multi-party talks had been established in June 1996; Irish Republican Army (IRA) paramilitaries had restored their ceasefire in July 1997; and, by September of that year, the political representatives of the republican and loyalist paramilitaries were engaged in the talks at Stormont in Belfast. While all were undoubtedly significant breakthroughs in the peace process, problems were still plentiful and a successful outcome appeared remote. Unionism disunited The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), the largest political party in Northern Ireland at the time, refused to engage directly with negotiators from Sinn Féin, the political wing of the IRA. This was because the IRA had yet to give up its weapons – a process known as decommissioning. The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) and the UK Unionist Party (UKUP) had earlier left the talks over the same issue. They also feared the negotiations might weaken Northern Ireland's place within the United Kingdom. Paramilitary problems There was also the very real possibility that negotiators for the loyalist paramilitaries would withdraw from the talks process. On 4 January the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) prisoners in the Maze prison took a vote on the matter, with two thirds in favour of withdrawal. The Ulster Unionist leader David Trimble went to the Maze to talk to them but he was unable to persuade them to change their minds. Remarkably, following a request from the leader of the Ulster Democratic Party (UDP), which represented the UDA, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Mo Mowlam, made the same journey herself. It later transpired that Mowlam did not consult Prime Minister Tony Blair or any of his aides ahead of this unprecedented step. Blair's chief of staff, Jonathan Powell, recalled: "If she had asked us we would certainly have said no. But in the event she was right and we were wrong." Her engagement with the paramilitary prisoners assured them that their concerns were being taken seriously at the highest level and a potentially show-stopping hurdle was overcome. Missed deadline The involvement of the UDA and IRA in further killings in January and February 1998 led to the exclusion of their political representatives, the UDP and Sinn Féin, from negotiations. Talks were stalled yet again. Frustrated at the lack of any real progress, the talks' chairman, former US Senator George Mitchell, concluded that a deadline was crucial to securing a settlement. After persuading all the participants to agree, Mitchell set it at the stroke of midnight on Thursday 9 April. The final week was to prove a hectic and dramatic finale to a process which had begun almost two years earlier. At half past midnight on Tuesday 7 April 1998, Mitchell presented the negotiating teams with a 65-page draft document for consideration as the basis for the final round of negotiations. It was rejected by the unionist parties. This prompted British Prime Minister Tony Blair and the Irish Prime Minister Bertie Ahern to join the negotiating parties at Stormont. The Thursday midnight deadline passed as the parties increased pressure on both governments to get the best possible deal. Agreement In the early hours of Good Friday, the Ulster Unionist team was still unhappy with some of the detail, particularly the sections dealing with the decommissioning of paramilitary weapons and the release of paramilitary prisoners. A personal assurance from Tony Blair to UUP leader David Trimble smoothed these last ripples of discontent. At 5.30pm on Friday 10 April 1998, George Mitchell stated: "I am pleased to announce that the two g


What is the name of Israel's secret service?

✡✡ Israeli Secret Intelligence Service THE MOSSAD | המוסד ✡✡ - YouTube ✡✡ Israeli Secret Intelligence Service THE MOSSAD | המוסד ✡✡ Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on May 30, 2012 New video I've just made about the Mossad! Israeli Mossad - the strongest and most qualitative secret intelligence service in the world. **Credit to Speedy (media) for all the info on the Mossad ops. Category


In Homer's Odyssey, Odysseus had to sail between a monster and a whirlpool. The monster was called Scylla. What was the name of the whirlpool?

Monsters of the Odyssey               Monsters of the Odyssey                      The monsters are numerous and distinct in The Odyssey. They symbolize many things, both in the story and in our lives. They may range from aggressive monsters to human beings much like ourselves; they come in many forms. They may may be mental or physical, and may be decieving or boastful. However, one thing seems clear whether you have read the book or not: they are all very important, each and every one of them. This section of the website describes each monster's importance in both The Odyssey and in our lives. The Monsters Calypso               A nymph who keeps Odysseus on her island of Ogygia for 8 years. Calypso is very fond of Odysseus and even offers to make him immortal because she is very lonely on her island. However, Odysseus wants to go home to Ithaca and see his family. On the 9th year, after Athena persuades Zeus, he sends a message to her, and she lets Odysseus go. Odysseus builds a raft on which she puts food and then he leaves.        In our lives, Calypso is a person holding us back from our goals. She is misleading, selfish, and lonely. She cares only about herself. When you encounter these kinds of people, you should make them understand that there are other people in the world besides them. They are not the center of the universe. Cyclops               The Cyclops, named Polyphemus, traps Odysseus and some of his crew in his cave. He eats six of them and then gets blinded by Odysseus. Odysseus uses his cunning skills to get out of the cave undetected by the Cyclops. He does this by getting the Cyclops drunk. Then, he blinds him with a wooden stake. He and his crew escape from Polyphemus' cave by hiding under sheep.        The Cyclops, because he has only one eye, represents people who see through only one perspective. This is normally not a good quality. You should either avoid these people or attempt to broaden their narrow-mindedness. Circe               A nymph who lives on Aeaea and changes Odysseus' crew into swine. Odysseus then threatens her and makes her turn his crew back into men. She then helps him by telling him that if he wants to go home, he must first go to the Underworld and talk to a seer.        Circe represents wealth. If you abuse it, you will get "turned into pigs". Odysseus' crew saw her lustrous palace and their greed made them go inside without thinking. You should never let your greed control you. The Sirens               Women who live on an island and lure men to thier doom by singing about the men's pasts. Odysseus passes by the their place and listens to their song while tied down. He does this after leaving Circe's island in which the nymph tells him to listen (if he wants to) to the Sirens' songs. The Sirens sing about Odysseus' past (the Trojan War).        The Sirens represent people who try to make you live in the past. When you encounter these kinds of people, you must resist them and force yourself to focus on the future. The future is much more important than the past. Anything bad that happened in the past can be excused by something in the future, and anything good that happened in the past can be ruined by something in the future. The Suitors               Princes and lords who are in Odysseus' palace and want to marry Penelope, Odysseus' loyal wife. They are all killed by Odysseus, along with Telemachus, the cowherd, and the swineherd. For more information about what happened to them, click here . The suitors are basically led by two men: Antinous and Eurymachus.        The Suitors were especially important in The Odyssey but what do they represent in our lives? The Suitors in the book are a big problem faced by Odysseus when he finally gets back to his home, Ithaca. This, therefore, shows that no matter how close you are to your final goal, there will often be an obstacle preventing you from reaching that goal. You must do anything possible (but it still must be reasonable) to remove the obstacle. The Lotus Eaters               People who eat a plant that makes them forget ab


In which county is Greenham Common, scene of the peace camp from 1981 to 2001?

The Danish Peace Academy : Greenham Common Women's Peace Camps Songbooks Introduction by Holger Terp . All files are now at University of Bristol Library Special Collections, Feminist Archive Archive Boxes. DM2123/FA/Arch/24 Greenham Common Peace movement, Peace Collection Books, photographs, Holger Terp Collection, songs from Greenham. Download introduction and songbook as PDF file, 9 MB . When I was a young boy in the early 1960's I got a growing interest in music; the sing able songs of the Beatles led me to the folk music scene with Donovan's version of Universal Soldier (see the Authobiography of Donovan, the Hurdy Gurdy Man, 2005 pp. 59-60 and pp. 97-98), the guitar playing of Bert Jansch and John Renbourn (see Colin Harper: Dazzling Stranger : Berth Jansch and the British folk and blues revival, 2000), further led me to the American folk music and I learned about the music and song texts of Pete Seeger, Joan Baez, Bob Dylan etc., and as the time went by also the older folk singers like Woody Guthrie and the others of his generation. In the young Donovan's version of "Universal soldier" from 1965, there is one sentence I had difficulties to understand, the line: "But without him, how would Hitler have condemned him at Labau?" I did wonder if Donovan knew what he was singing. The transcribed text of the same text from Buffy Sainte-Marie is: "But without him how would Hitler have condemned him at Dachau." This makes the sentence a little more clearly, the German Nazi concentration camp Dachau, but who is him? Listening to Buffy Sainte-Marie's original recording she sings them and not him. This means that Buffy Sainte-Marie is actually singing "But without him how would Hitler have condemned them at Dachau." And this is crystal clear. And an interest of the US history made me go back to the times and work of Anthony Bennezeth; the gentle Quaker teacher who invented the social movements including the peace movements, before the establishing of the peace movement as recorded in the standard text books on the history of the peace movement. During this long process my historical, political and social priorities changed from reading about military and armaments to the question, why do people go to war? The subjects of my studies turned to the history of peace and the history of the peace movement. Lucky I in 1987 was able to buy the files of the Danish journalist and peace activist Ellen Hørup . Going trough her files established the thought that the history of the peace movement was left undone by the established Danish historians and I began to make notes about this. Also much of the history of the international peace movement is left undone by the established historians. By the year 2000 I had established the Danish Peace Academy and all my findings of peace culture was published there. Singing has always been important in social movements and in the summer of 2005 I was told about the songbooks of Greenham Common. These songbooks proved indeed difficult to find. According to Google and Internet deep search engines, there were none online and after long searches in library databases two appeared in the Women's Library in London: Chant down Greenham (and other songs) and Refuse the cruise. By publishing this untitled and mostly hand-written Greenham Common women's peace camps songbook, peace art and documentation I hope to be able to add substance to the struggle against nuclear weapons during the cold war; especially the way women protested against nuclear weapons and against nuclear war. Their songs tell their story, so I only needed to add the frame around the Greenham Common story, which is done by contemporary articles, and make credits to the songs, where it has been possible to do so. Also some recordings of the songs have been found. The women's peace camps at the Greenham Common nuclear base is history now; but their methods of non violent direct action and the weapons they protested against are not. A generation later women are still protesting at military bases. The peace culture created by the many women at G


What is the name of the American former stockbroker and financial advisor who created a $65 billion Ponzi scheme, considered to be the largest financial fraud in US history?

Madoff Ponzi Scheme Category Archives — Stockbroker Fraud Blog Published by Houston, Securities Fraud Lawyers — Shepherd Smith Edwards & Kantas by Shepherd Smith Edwards & Kantas LTD LLP Citco Group Ltd. has agreed to pay $125 million to resolve a lawsuit related to the Bernard Madoff Ponzi Scheme . The plaintiffs in the case are investors of Fairfield Greenwich Ltd. Investors in Fairfield’s funds sued Citco Group and others after Madoff was arrested in 2008 for running a multibillion-dollar Ponzi scam. Citco was a defendant because it was retained by Fairfield to monitor assets, as well as Madoff’s trading activities. The plaintiffs argued that Citco owed them a duty of care. By settling, Citco is not denying or admitting to wrongdoing. It said that it consented to resolve the case to avoid further litigation. The $125 million investor settlement is one of the largest with an administrator or custodian of a Madoff feeder fund. Fairfield placed about $7 billion with Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC. by Shepherd Smith Edwards & Kantas LTD LLP According to Richard Breeden, the special master of the Madoff Victim Fund, about 11,000 more investors who sustained losses in the Bernard Madoff Ponzi scam could recover some of their funds. He also said that the number could possibly double as the U.S. government assesses more of the claims. Breeden said that as of the middle of this month his office had looked at over 34,000 of the more than 63,700 claims it had received from investors who were claiming $77.3 billion of losses. They are from 135 countries. The Madoff Victim Fund is holding $4.05 billion in investor compensation and is separate from the compensation being distributed by Irving Picard, who is the trustee of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC. While Picard has been compensating investors who directly placed their funds with Madoff, Breeden is working to compensate investors who had accounts at feeder funds and other entities that then sent their money to Madoff for investment. by Shepherd Smith Edwards & Kantas LTD LLP Investors who were bilked in Bernard Madoff’s Ponzi scam will be getting back another $93 million. Madoff Trustee Irving Picard said that Defender Limited and related entities have consented to give back that amount, which they received from investing with the Ponzi mastermind. As part of the agreement, the $93 million will be withheld from the over $422 million that Defender is waiting to get back for its own losses in the scam. To date, Picard has gotten back over $10.6 million of investors’ $17.3 billion in principal. This is the latest deal reached between the trustee and a so-called feeder fund. These funds pooled investor money and then sent the cash Madoff’s way. Bogus returns were issued to the funds, which gave the money to their individual investors. Picard contended that the parties behind the Defender fund were aware, or if not then they should have been, that Madoff’s company was a fraud. The $93 million is representative of all the money that Defender withdrew from its fund from its formation in 2007 until the end of 2008 when Madoff liquidation proceedings began. As part of the agreement, parties involved with Defender will cooperate with Picard to get back the $550 million. Picard has also reached deals with feeder funds Premo Fund, Herald Fund SPC, and Senator Fund SPC. by Shepherd Smith Edwards & Kantas LTD LLP A Securities and Exchange Commission administrative law judge says that investment advisers Larry Grossman and Gregory Adams must pay over $6.3M in restitution and fines for misleading clients who invested in hedge funds tied to Ponzi fraud mastermind Bernie Madoff . Administrative law judge Brenda Murray issued her ruling last month. The two investment advisers are Sovereign International Asset Management founder Larry Grossman and Gregory Adams, who agreed to buy Sovereign from Grossman in 2008. The firm filed for bankruptcy four years later. Per the SEC administrative complaint, Grossman did not know that the two hedge funds that he primarily recommend


What was the name of the British art forger who claimed to have faked more than 2,000 paintings by over 100 different artists? He died in 1984.

Worlds 150 most Famous Fakers - Art Forgers, Forgeries, Fake Paintings, Greatest Fakes - Greatest Fakers in the World | Counterfeit art fraud | Freemanart authentication experts 1446-49 Jacopo di Poggibonsi:  (1418-1449)  Italian  There are many contemporary critics at the University of Michigan who label Jacopo di Poggibonsi as a "master forger". This criticism stems from his purported imitation of the works of Fra Filippo Lippi which Cosimo de' Medici in about 1447 realised he had copied elements of, from an Adoration hanging in the Medici Palace. However, many artists of the time engaged in imitations of the earlier styles and after all, in translation from the French renaissance does mean, "rebirth." Clearly, many Renaissance artists not only imitated earlier forms of art, but also each other's recent works. It was standard practise. History according to U of M has it however that Lippi was outraged and is believed to have hired paid muscle to track down di Poggibonsis' studio where more alleged copies were found. A few days later, thirty-one year old Jacopo, is found murdered in his bed. All in all a good story but sadly untrue. Art History Students are advised to check this out very carefully. All may not be as it seems!   Botticelli Copy Piero del Pollaiuolo: (1443-1496) Italian  Made pastiches (copies) of works by artists such as Sandro Botticelli as illustrated here on the right. His, Profile of a woman is a straight copy of Portrait of a Woman (La Bella Simonetta) and this reproduction is now housed in the Museo Poldi-Pezzoli in Milan.   Michaelangelo Self Portrait Michelangelo di Ludovico di Lionardo di Buonarroti Simoni: (1475-1564) Italian  It's widely believed that the worlds greatest sculptor Michaelangelo as a student, forged an "antique" marble cupid for his patron, Lorenzo de' Medici. It is certainly recorded that he  also produced many replicas of the drawings of Italian painter Domenico Ghirlandajo (1449–1494) which were so good that on seeing them Ghirlandajo thought they were from his own hand.       “He also copied drawings of the old masters so perfectly that his copies could not be distinguished from the originals, since he smoked and tinted the paper to give it an appearance of age. He was often able to keep the originals and return the copies in their stead.”  Vasari on Michaelangelo     Colantonio  Neapolitan painter also known as Colantuono was appreciated as an imitator of the Flemish masters such as van Eyck and for making fake drawings by Dürer.   Marcantonio Raimondi: Italian (1480c. - 1534)  Interested in German engraving, he affected copper numerous woodcuts of Albrecht Dürer.  According to Vasari he made 17 copies of Dürer selling them as originals.   Tommaso della Porta (the Elder): Italian (1568  Manufactured fake heads of Greeks and Romans passing them off as authentic. Vasari wrote of him: " He worked marble excellently, and particularly has counterfeited antique heads of marble that were sold to the ancient, and the masks has done so well that no one has compared and I have one of his hand, marble, placed in the chimney of my house at Arezzo, that every one believes the old ... "(VII, p. 550). His only original works are the statues of Faith and Religion for the tomb of Paul IV in S. Maria sopra Minerva (now in the corridor of the sacristy)     Giovanni Cavino and Pirro Ligorio: (1500-83) Italian  Cavino was born in Padua in 1500. He was a goldsmith  who faked medals and coins. Scholar Alessandro Bassiano often assisted. Both Cavino and Ligorio were master 16th century coin counterfeiters which is one of the earliest forms of faking and fraud. Coins have been counterfeited since they were first introduced by King Gyges of Lydia in 670 BC and it was pretty easy to accomplish. Casts could simply be made from original coins and new ones minted!   Terenzio Terenzi - Terenzio from Urbino: Italian (1575-1621)  Was a crafty painter of the late Renaissance. Born near Pesaro, also known as Terence from Urbino or Rondolino. He was a pupil of the painter Federico Barocci. There is


What is the maximum score possible in a game of ten pin bowling?

How to Score a Game of Bowling How to Score a Game of Bowling Erik Rank / Stockbyte / Getty Images By Jef Goodger Updated October 04, 2016. Most bowling alleys are equipped with machines that take care of the scoring for you, but you should still know how the bowling scoring system works. Otherwise, the scores the machine gives you will seem arbitrary and confusing. Bowling-Scoring Basics One game of bowling consists of 10 frames, with a minimum score of zero and a maximum of 300. Each frame consists of two chances to knock down ten pins. Instead of “points” in football or “runs” in baseball, we use “pins” in bowling. Strikes and Spares Knocking down all ten pins on your first ball is called a strike, denoted by an X on the score sheet. If it takes two shots to knock down all ten pins, it’s called a spare, denoted by a /. Open Frames If, after two shots, at least one pin is still standing, it’s called an open frame. Whereas open frames are taken at face value, strikes and spares can be worth more—but not less—than face value. How to Score a Strike A strike is worth 10, plus the value of your next two rolls. continue reading below our video 10 Best Teams in the History of Baseball At a minimum, your score for a frame in which you throw a strike will be 10 (10+0+0). At best, your next two shots will be strikes, and the frame will be worth 30 (10+10+10). Say you throw a strike in the first frame. Technically, you don't have a score yet. You need to throw two more balls to figure out your total score for the frame. In the second frame, you throw a 6 on your first ball and a 2 on your second ball. Your score for the first frame will be 18 (10+6+2). How to Score a Spare A spare is worth 10, plus the value of your next roll. Say you throw a spare in your first frame. Then, in your first ball of the second frame, you throw a 7. Your score for the first frame will be 17 (10+7). The maximum score for a frame in which you get a spare is 20 (a spare followed by a strike) and the minimum is 10 (a spare followed by a gutter ball ). How to Score an Open Frame If you don't get a strike or a spare in a frame, your score is the total number of pins you knock down. If you knock down five pins on your first ball and two on your second, your score for that frame is 7. Putting Everything Together Many people understand the basics but get confused when trying to add everything up. Your total score is nothing more than the sum of each individual frame. If you treat each frame individually, it's much easier to comprehend the scoring system. Breaking Down a Sample Score Frame: 168 Frame-by-Frame Explanation 1. You threw a strike, which is 10 plus your next two shots. In this case, your next two shots (the second frame) resulted in a spare. 10+10=20. 2. You threw a spare, which is 10 plus your next shot. Your next shot (from the third frame) was a 7. The value of this frame is 17 (10+7). Added to the first  frame , you're now at 37. 3. An open frame is worth exactly the number of pins you knocked down. 7+2=9. Added to 37, you're now at 46. 4. Another spare. Adding your next shot (from the fifth frame-a strike), you get 20 (10+10). Added to 46, you're at 66. 5. A strike, followed by two more strikes. 10+10+10=30, putting you at 96. 6. A strike, followed by a strike and a 2. 10+10+2=22. You're now at 118. 7. A strike, followed by a 2 and 3. 10+2+3=15, putting your score at 133. 8. An open frame. 2+3=5. You're now at 138. 9. A spare, followed by a 7 in the tenth frame. 10+7=17, putting you at 155. 10. A spare, followed by a 3. 10+3=13, resulting in a total score of 168. The Tenth Frame In the sample score, three shots were thrown in the tenth frame. This is because of the bonuses awarded for strikes and spares. If you throw a strike on your first ball in the tenth frame, you need two more shots to determine the total value of the strike. If you throw a spare on your first two balls in the tenth frame, you need one more shot to determine the total value of the spare. This is called a  fill ball . If you throw an open frame in the tenth frame, you won'


What was the name of the single issue political party founded by Sir James Goldsmith to fight the 1997 General Election?

How UKIP became a British political force - BBC News BBC News How UKIP became a British political force 3 May 2013 Read more about sharing. Close share panel Winning council seats across England, challenging for victory in Westminster by-elections, overtaking the Lib Dems in the polls - how did UKIP go from the fringes to a force in British politics? The UK Independence Party has, as its name implies, one key policy - to leave the European Union. It is a simple, understandable message, which has led to the party gaining bigger shares of the votes in European elections. But it is also one which means people often dismiss it as a single issue party, unlikely to become a force in Westminster politics. It has spent considerable effort on broadening its appeal. And judging from recent opinion polls its wider policies - grammar schools, curbing immigration and opposing gay marriage - seem to have struck a chord with disenchanted voters from the "big three". In successive Westminster by-elections - and now in local elections - it seems to have become the party of choice for the anti-government and anti-politics vote. Defying predictions It has proved capable of causing upsets in Tory and Lib Dem heartlands in the South of England and, as the South Shields by-election demonstrated, Labour strongholds in the North. It has - to an extent - set out to emulate what the Lib Dems did in the 1980s and 1990s by building a network of local councillors as a springboard to success on the national stage. It has realised the hard way that it is not enough just to pitch up at a by-election with a loud hailer and some media-friendly stunts, it requires months, even years, of groundwork in the local area. The party's campaigning effort has become far more professional and well-funded in the past two years as a result. It is learning the highly specialised discipline, once the domain of the Lib Dems, of winning elections. UKIP's growing share of the vote 1999 Euros: 7% 2010 Gen Election: 3.2% (saved deposit in 100 seats) Candidates must get 5% of votes cast to save their deposit The party has yet to make a breakthrough into Westminster politics - it does not have a single MP - but it came agonisingly close in the Eastleigh by-election last month, where it came within 2,000 votes of victory. And by establishing the beginnings of a power base in local government, something which had so far eluded it, it can concentrate on its aim of winning next year's European elections and its first representation at Westminster in the 2015 general election. But UKIP is no overnight success or, as it can sometimes seem from the ubiquity of leader Nigel Farage on the airwaves, a one-man party. It has had more twists and turns - and splits and schisms - in its 20 year history than a soap opera, with an equally colourful cast of characters. Small parties have a habit of disintegrating into internal warfare or being wiped out by the vagaries of the electoral system and political fashion - British politics has seen a few come and go over the years. UKIP has - so far - managed to keep its show on the road and defy the predictions of those who were ready to write the party off as, in the often quoted words of David Cameron, "fruitcakes and loonies". Modest beginnings The party was founded on 3 September 1993 at the London School of Economics by members of the Anti-Federalist League, which had been founded by Dr Alan Sked in November 1991 with the aim of running candidates opposed to the Maastricht Treaty in the 1992 general election. UKIP's early days were overshadowed by the much higher profile and well-financed Referendum Party, led by Sir James Goldsmith, which was wound up soon after the 1997 election. Image caption Robert Kilroy Silk: Was the public face of the party for the 2004 European elections success The new party's initial successes were all in the proportional representation elections for the European Parliament - winning its first three seats in 1999 with 7% of the vote. It built on that in 2004, winning 12 seats and pushing the Lib Dems into fourth plac


What collective name is applied to the biblical characters Eliphas, Bildad and Zophor?

Job Job Title   This book, like many others in the Old Testament, got its name from the central character in it rather than from its writer. While it is possible that Job may have written it, there is no concrete evidence that he did.   "Job" means "hated" or "much persecuted." Perhaps "Job" was a nickname his friends gave him during his suffering. Job is the title of the book in the Hebrew, Greek (Septuagint), Latin (Vulgate), and English Bibles.   Date   Concerning the time the events recorded took place, there have been many views, ranging from the patriarchal age of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (beginning about 2100 B.C.) to the second century B.C.   Internal evidence suggests that Job lived in the patriarchal period. The length of his life (he lived 140 years after his trials ended, 42:16) is similar to that of Terah (205 years), Abraham (175 years), Isaac (180 years), and Jacob (147 years). The writer measured Job's wealth in terms of his livestock. This is how Moses evaluated the wealth of Abraham and Jacob (1:3; 42:12; cf. Gen. 12:16; 13:2; 30:43; 32:5). The Sabeans and Chaldeans (1:15, 17) were nomads during the patriarchal period, but not later. The Hebrew word for "piece of silver [money]" (qesitah; 42:11) is found elsewhere only in connection with Jacob (Gen. 33:19; cf. Josh 24:32).   Job was the priest of his family (1:5), a custom that became less common when nations in the Near East developed more organization. Names of people and places in the book were also common in the patriarchal age (e.g., Sheba, Tema, Eliphaz, Uz, Job). Genesis, the Mari documents, and the Egyptian Execration texts, all of which refer to life in the Near East at this time, also refer to these names. The preference for the divine name Shaddai, over Yahweh, may indicate a period before the Exodus (cf. Exod. 3:14-15). Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown believed that Job is probably the oldest book in the world. [1]   "The idea that Job has an Edomite background is as old as the LXX, which equates Job with Jobab, king of Edom (Gn. 36:33)." [2]   ". . . the book of Job treats a fundamental question of our common humanity; and the poet has studiously taken his hero not from Israelitish history, but from extra-Israelitish tradition." [3]   If Job lived in the patriarchal period, as the evidence seems to suggest, what clues are there that someone did not write it then or very soon afterwards? The detailed recounting of the conversations that took place certainly suggests a composition date fairly close to that of the actual events. That has been the position of Jewish and Christian scholars for centuries. Critics point to the fact that oral tradition was very exact in the ancient world and that people could have transmitted Job's story by mouth for generations and retained its purity. With the Holy Spirit's superintending work it could have been, but there is no evidence that this is what happened.   Literacy was widespread in the ancient world in the patriarchal period. [4] Critics of an early writing further point out that in the process of social evolution, composition of a work such as this book was more typical at a date much later than the patriarchal period. Yet again there is no evidence that someone wrote it later. The simpler explanation is that someone wrote it early. Since there is no proof that someone wrote it later, many conservative scholars have continued to prefer the traditional early date of composition theory.   "Most recent writers [are not conservative and] are agreed that in its original form the book was of post-exilic origin, and the secondary parts of later composition." [5]   "Fortunately, nothing significant is at stake in our lack of knowledge of an author or a date of composition for the book." [6]   Writer   The book does not identify its writer. Furthermore, the ancient Hebrews could not agree on who wrote it. Consequently many different scholars have made guesses as to who the writer was. Internal evidence has led many careful students of the book to conclude that it was the work of one person. Perhaps someone else


In which cathedral were all but six of the Kings of France crowned?

The Coronation of the Kings of France in Reims - French Moments You are at: Home » Regions of France » Grand Est » Champagne-Ardenne »The Coronation of the Kings of France in Reims Coronation of Charles VII in Reims in the presence of Joan of Arc. Painting by by E. Lenepveu The Coronation of the Kings of France in Reims Champagne-Ardenne , French History , Reims If you're new here, you may be interested in downloading the guide "10 Amazing Offbeat Places in Paris". Click here to get your free copy now! Thanks for visiting! The coronation of the Kings of France took place inside the Cathedral of Reims , a Gothic art masterpiece which has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991. The Origins of the Coronation In 498-499, the baptism of Clovis by St. Remi was the founding act of the Royal Anointing in Reims Cathedral . However, the first king to be crowned was Pepin the Short at Soissons in 751, then again at St. Denis in 754 by Pope Stephen II. Reims Cathedral was not explicitly held in reference to the baptism of Clovis until Louis the Pious was crowned in 816 and an official document was given to the Archbishop Ebbo by the emperor. Nevertheless, the immediate successors of Louis the Pious did not follow in his footsteps, and it was not until the beginning of the 11th century that the cathedral imposed itself as the coronation site. From then on, all the Kings of France were crowned in Reims by the hands of their archbishop, or at times by another prelate when the metropolitan seat was vacant. However, the coronations of Louis VI and Henri IV were held at Orleans Cathedral and Chartres Cathedral respectively, whereas Louis XVIII and Louis-Philippe were not crowned. The coronation stems from the idea that there is no authority except from God, according to the teachings of St. Paul (“Non est enim potestas nisi a Deo, quæ autem sunt, a Deo ordinatæ sunt”, Romans 13:1). Jurists and absolutist theorists, particularly under the Ancien Régime (Old Regime), did not agree with this at times. For some, the coronation does not make someone the king: he becomes one at the very second his predecessor dies. This follows the famous statement declared by the Chancellor of France: “The King is dead. Long live the King!”. For others, the coronation bestows upon the sovereign his legitimacy. It was this belief that drove Joan of Arc to lead the heir to the throne (her “Gentil Dauphin”) to be crowned in Reims in 1429, despite the fact that Charles VII (1422-1461), residing in Bourges, was the de facto King for seven years already. The Legend of the Holy Ampulla Like the Kings of the Old Testament, the coronation was the sealed alliance between God and the Capetian sovereign: in exchange for divine anointing, the king promises to rule according to the law, to protect his peoples and to support religion. This alliance took shape when the legend of the Holy Ampulla appeared in the 9th century. It was in fact at the coronation of Charles the Bald in Metz that the Archbishop of Reims, Hincmar, recounted in his Vita Remigii, the miracle of the small vial brought to St. Remi by a dove that was sent from God for the anointing of Clovis. From several traditions of Reims, Hincmar exaggerated the discovery of a vial in the tomb of St. Remi, containing herbs used to embalm the body of the prelate. Authenticated by Pope Innocent II in 1131 and entrusted to the care of the Abbey of St. Remi until the Revolution, the Holy Ampulla thus permanently assured Reims Cathedral the privilege of crowning the Kings of France. During the French Revolution on October 7, 1793 in Reims (the present Place Royale), the Holy Ampulla was solemnly broken by the conformist Philippe Rühl, on the pedestal of the statue of Louis XV which was prior to that toppled, broken and meant to be delivered to a foundry for cannons. However, a priest and a municipal officer took out what they could from the contents of the Holy Ampulla and hid it the day before. Moreover, two glass fragments of the vial, on which some of the balm remained, were secretly retrieved during the


Which children's author created the character Tracy Beaker?

BBC children's TV character Tracy Beaker to be brought back as an adult | Television & radio | The Guardian Close This article is 7 years old Tracy Beaker, the youngster-in-care character created by Jacqueline Wilson, is to return to television in a new children's BBC drama series - but as an adult carer herself. The new 13-part Tracy Beaker series has been written by Wilson and the CBBC drama team and will be broadcast next year. Dani Harmer, who played Beaker for five years as a youngster, will again take on the role now that the character has moved into adulthood. Harmer, now 20, played the younger Tracy Beaker for five CBBC series between 2002 and 2006. In the new series Beaker is writing a book – The Story of Tracy Beaker – which gives an account of her life as a youngster in care herself. The series will be filmed and set in the north-east of England, in line with the BBC's commitment to boosting out-of-London network programme spend to 50% by 2016. The show is a CBBC production, executive produced by Jo Ward. Wilson, who was made a Dame in the New Year honours list for 2008, said: "So many children ask me what happened to her when she got older. Now we can finally find out." The CBBC controller, Anne Gilchrist, added: "The stories of Tracy help children understand that everyone is different and so are their circumstances. CBBC is working with the best writers, actors, and productions to serve up the best in drama for children." • To contact the MediaGuardian news desk email editor@mediatheguardian.com or phone 020 3353 3857. For all other inquiries please call the main Guardian switchboard on 020 3353 2000. • If you are writing a comment for publication, please mark clearly "for publication".


If the US states were listed in alphabetical order, which would be last?

50 States in Alphabetical Order 50 States in Alphabetical Order   Printer friendly list of states State: a region of the United States that  has its own government for some matters. Each state is a territorial  division of America and elects members to congress to represent their state,  forming a branch of the federal government. There are 48 conterminous states in North America  plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the  Pacific Ocean. States In Alphabetical Order. Click on any state below to visit their official website.   Click on any link above to learn more about that subject.   Scroll down and click on the state outline below to visit that state's Wikipedia page     Perspective It may be hard for some of you to imagine,   but there was a time when we didn't have Cars, Computers, and   Televisions. How did we ever get along without our Tablets, Smart   Phones, or Text Messaging. No iTunes, cd's, or iPads to listen to   our music. What did people do? How did they find their way without a   GPS system, or even a simple map? Yes, we do have an easy   life compared to those who paved the way for America. We should   never forget the struggles and hardships people had to endure in   order to survive, let alone progress. Sometimes people went days   without food or water, things we take for granted today, don't   forget, back then they had no grocery stores or 7-11's. Still, they persevered and explored the world around them,   discovering new lands and opportunities as they went. Allowing us,   in the 21st Century, to live like royalty did in their times; with   an abundance of food, drink, freedom, and entertainment. Be   appreciative of their efforts as you study about the history of   America and the formation of The United States.   The Beginning On a November morning in 1620, just 98 days   out of England, the 180-ton Mayflower completed her rendezvous with   history. She had arrived in America, bearing the bright hopes and   meager possessions of the original Pilgrims, a resolute band of a   hundred-plus men and women pursuing the dream of liberty. While the   party paused at what is now Provincetown on Cape Cod, Captain Miles   Standish went exploring in a large shallop and found a harbor across   the bay. There at Plymouth the Pilgrims settled-and barely in time. In the full fury of that first New England winter, half the   settlers died. Yet those who survived sank their roots deep. And   years later, looking back to the desperate times, their tough-minded   governor, William Bradford, could write: "Thus out of small   beginnings greater things have been produced by His hand that made   all things of nothing, and gives being to all things that are; and,   as one small candle may light a thousand, so the light here kindled   hath shone unto many, yea in some sort to our whole nation." Bradford and his Pilgrims had indeed kindled an extraordinary light   on their barren coasts-a light that was eventually to illumine   something more than the economic sinews of the most fabulously   prolific land ever worked by man. "Those coasts," observed the   prescient Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville in 1835 in his book ' Democracy   in America ', "so admirably adapted for commerce and industry;   those wide and deep rivers; that inexhaustible valley of the   Mississippi...seemed prepared to be the abode of a great nation yet   unborn. In that land the great experiment of the attempt to   construct society upon a new basis was to be made...there, for the   first time...theories hitherto unknown, or deemed impracticable,   were to exhibit a spectacle for which the world had not been   prepared." Now the nation is full-grown, and the westward   movement which brought it to fruition is over. But the Pilgrims'   light nevertheless burns on. "No man" wrote the 20th Century   American poet Archibald MacLeish, "can come to the Pacific coast of   this continent...and feel that he has come to the end of anythin


"In the TV series ""The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perin' what was Reggie's middle name?"

The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin (TV Series 1976–1979) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin  30min BBC Television comedy detailing the fortunes of Reginald Iolanthe Perrin. Disillusioned after a long career at Sunshine Desserts, Perrin goes through a mid-life crisis and fakes his own ... See full summary  » Stars: Reggie asks C.J. for a start-up loan to establish his shop Grot. C.J. thinks it's hush money to keep quiet about his hitting on Elizabeth and lends it to him. Grot sells highly unusual and often ... 9.1 Elizabeth has gone to stay with her sick mother so Reggie uses the opportunity for some afternoon delight with his glamorous secretary Joan, who proves herself to be up for it. Sadly,just as they are... 8.9 Reggie is about to open his fiftieth Grot shop whilst Sunshine Desserts has gone bust and is now a thing of the past. Generously Reggie decides to employ C.J. but makes him wait an extra week for his... 8.8 a list of 46 titles created 12 Jan 2013 a list of 21 titles created 05 Dec 2013 a list of 392 titles created 11 Mar 2014 a list of 26 titles created 13 Sep 2014 a list of 45 titles created 05 Jul 2015 Title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin (1976–1979) 8/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Popular sitcom set in a seedy bedsit lorded over by the mean, vain, boastful, cowardly landlord Rigsby. In each episode, his conceits are debunked by his long suffering tenants. Stars: Leonard Rossiter, Don Warrington, Frances de la Tour Terry and Bob from The Likely Lads (1964) continue their life after Terry arrives home from serving in the Army to discover that Bob is about to marry his girlfriend Thelma. Can Thelma lead... See full summary  » Stars: James Bolam, Rodney Bewes, Brigit Forsyth A working-class Cockney bigot with a biased and expirienced opinion of everything shares them bluntly and almost carelessly. Stars: Warren Mitchell, Anthony Booth, Una Stubbs The adventures of two "likely lads" ostensibly set in the North East of England (but filmed in Willesden Junction, London). Terry and Bob have been friends since childhood. Bob is the ... See full summary  » Stars: James Bolam, Rodney Bewes, Don McKillop Alf and Elsie are getting old, Rita's left home, Elsie's confined to a wheelchair. Alf must now do battle with the Social Security system. Stars: Warren Mitchell, Carmel McSharry, Arthur English Albert Steptoe and his son Harold are junk dealers, complete with horse and cart to tour the neighbourhood. They also live amicably together at the junk yard. But Harold, who likes the ... See full summary  » Director: Cliff Owen Terry is divorced from his German wife and has a Finnish girlfriend Christina. At Thelma's suggestion they join her and Bob on a caravan holiday but due to a mishap the men get separated ... See full summary  » Director: Michael Tuchner A satire show using puppets that are charicatures of major public figures. Stars: Steve Nallon, Kate Robbins, Chris Barrie Bless This House centres on life in Birch Avenue, Putney, where travelling stationery salesman Sid Abbott (Sidney James) and his wife Jean (Diana Coupland) live with their teenagers: Mike (... See full summary  » Stars: Sidney James, Diana Coupland, Sally Geeson Classic 1960s British comedy series about a middle aged man and his elderly father who run an unsuccessful 'rag and bone' business (collecting and selling junk). Harold (the son) wants to ... See full summary  » Stars: Wilfrid Brambell, Harry H. Corbett, Frank Thornton This prison comedy is based on the popular British television series of the same name. Long time Slade prison inmate Fletcher is ordered by Grouty to arrange a football match between the ... See full summary  » Director: Dick Clement Ria, a happily married suburban housew


Which fictional detective made a first appearance in the 1916 novel 'The Mysterious Affair at Styles'?

Collecting The Mysterious Affair At Styles by Christie, Agatha - First edition identification guide Reviews (0) Written in 1916, during World War I, The Mysterious Affair at Styles is Agatha Christie’s first published novel. The story introduces the author’s world-famous Belgian detective, Hercule Poirot, as well as Lieutenant (later Captain) Hastings and Inspector (later Chief Inspector) Japp. The mystery begins with Poirot settling in England near the home of Emily Inglethorp. When Emily is killed, Poirot must apply his detective skills to solve the mystery based on a few seemingly random clues. The book includes maps of the house, the murder scene, and a drawing of a fragment of a will. First edition identification and notes After having been rejected by six publishers, John Lane (US) produced the story in novel form for the first time in October 1920. (The Mysterious Affair at Styles had previously been serialized in the UK’s The Times in February of that year.) The first edition of the novel has a hardcover with 296 pages. Beneath the dustjacket illustrated by Alfred James Dewey, the book is covered in pale brown cloth with dark green lettering on the upper cover and spine. Other collectible or notable editions The Bodley Head, John Lane’s UK company, published the first British edition of The Mysterious Affair at Styles in January of 1921. However, the first Canadian edition, published by Ryerson Press in 1920, actually precedes the first British edition. In 1976, following Christie’s death, Dodd, Mead and Company published a commemorative edition of the novel. Review this book (Want a chance to win $50 ? Log-in or create an account first!) (You'll be automatically entered for a chance to win $50!)


In the Jewish religion what is the Day of Atonement called?

BBC - Religions - Judaism: Yom Kippur - The Day of Atonement Yom Kippur - The Day of Atonement Last updated 2011-10-06 This article looks at the most sacred and solemn day of the Jewish year,Yom Kippur. On this page The Lord said to Moses , "The tenth day of this seventh month is the Day of Atonement. Hold a sacred assembly and deny yourselves, and present an offering made to the LORD by fire. Do no work on that day, because it is the Day of Atonement, when atonement is made for you before the LORD your God." Leviticus 23:26-28 Sealed in the Book of Life Yom Kippur, the most sacred and solemn day of the Jewish year, brings the Days of Repentance to a close. On Yom Kippur, God makes the final decision on what the next year will be like for each person. The Book of Life is closed and sealed, and those who have properly repented for their sins will be granted a happy New Year. The special day is marked by Jews in several ways: They abstain from food or drink for 25 hours They do not wear perfume They don't have sex They don't wear leather shoes In the synagogue The most important part of Yom Kippur is the time spent in the synagogue . Even Jews who are not particularly religious will want to attend synagogue on Yom Kippur, the only day of the year with five services. The first service, in the evening, begins with the Kol Nidre prayer . Kol Nidre's words and music have a transforming effect on every Jew—it's probably the most powerful single item in the Jewish liturgy. The actual words of the prayer are very pedestrian when written down - it's like something a lawyer might have drafted asking God to render null and void any promises that a person might make and then break in the year to come - but when sung by a cantor it shakes the soul. To emphasise the special nature of the service the men in the synagogue will put on their prayer shawls, which are not normally used in an evening service. Another element in the liturgy for Yom Kippur is the confession of sins (vidui). Sins are confessed aloud by the congregation and in the plural. The fifth service is "Neilah", and brings the day to a close as God's judgement is finally sealed. The service beseeches God to hear the prayers of the community. For this service the whole congregation stands throughout, as the doors of the Ark are open. At the end of the service the shofar is blown for the final time. In 2002 Ernie Rea and his guests on Beyond Belief discussed forgiveness, a key part of the Yom Kippur reflections. In order to see this content you need to have both Javascript enabled and Flash installed. Visit BBC Webwise for full instructions A teenager's view Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur today A Jewish teenager explains for BBC Learning the meaning and continued significance for Jews of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.


The Birds (1963) directed by Alfred Hitchcock • Reviews, film + cast • Letterboxd 18 A remarkable specimen of suspense & horror, a marvel of technical filmmaking, and a perfect demonstration of how clueless & unprepared we are against the forces of nature, Alfred Hitchcock's The Birds remains one of the most underappreciated works in cinema history and is one amongst my top 3 favourites from this genius filmmaker. Beginning on a relaxed note which only serves as a deep breath before the plunge, The Birds concerns a wealthy San Francisco socialite who pursues her romantic interest to his small Northern California town where things soon take a turn for the bizarre as its entire community is suddenly & viciously attacked by birds of all kinds for no specified reason. Ingeniously directed by Alfred Hitchcock, the first half… 17 I was anxious to watch The Birds from Alfred Hitchcock as all the other films I had previously seen from him were incredible. I didn't know much about it other than it fit in the horror / thriller genre. Coming from the master of suspense himself, I was expecting to be disturbed and frightened, but that's not that happened here for me unfortunately. Instead of fear, I was overcome with moments of unintentional laughter due to many absurd and unconvincing scenes involving the birds themselves. There were also other instances where I couldn’t help but notice the artificial backdrop scenery, which distracted me a bit. It’s nice that a lot of effort was put into character development, but that also… 8 Why are they doing this? Why are they doing this? They said when you got here the whole thing started. Who are you? What are you? Where did you come from? I think you're the cause of all of this. I think you're evil. EVIL! -Mother in Diner In the five year span of 1958 to 1963, Alfred Hitchcock gave us Vertigo , North by Northwest , Psycho and The Birds while finding time to also direct episodes of his television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents . The quality of his output in those five years alone rivals most director's careers while it inspired them at the same time. The Birds is often called Hitchcock's take on a monster movie, but of course it's… Review by michelle ★★★★ I have a particular fondness for The Birds because it was filmed in California in an area where I grew up and because I had to wrote a very long, not so very good paper on it for a college critical theory class. So, I watched it and rewatched it and read lots of critical essays, especially from Slavoj Žižek. One of my favorite things I discovered writing this paper was his The Pervert's Guide to Cinema, which has a great and very funny analysis of The Birds. One of the main things that I notice when I watch The Birds is that Jessica Tandy is the physical reflection of the character, Melanie, right down to the hairstyle but only…


Vermont - U.S. States - HISTORY.com Bird: Hermit Thrush Interesting Facts On October 5, 1789, congressman Matthew Lyon was indicted under the Sedition Act for criticizing President John Adams in a letter he had written to Spooner’s Vermont Journal. Fined $1,000 and sentenced to four months in jail, Lyon was reelected to Congress while incarcerated. In 1814, Emma Willard began teaching scientific and classical subjects to women out of her home in Middlebury after noticing the large discrepancy in the quality of education between women and men. After her ideas on improving women’s education gained the attention of Thomas Jefferson and John Adams in 1819, she was invited to open a school in New York and later taught at the Troy Female Seminary, which opened in 1821. One of the first ski lifts in the U.S. was developed on a farm in Woodstock in 1934. Designed by Wallace “Bunny” Bertram and powered by an antique Model-T Ford engine, the tow pulled people up a hill while holding onto a moving rope. The first monthly Social Security benefit check was issued to Ludlow, Vermont, resident Ida May Fuller on January 31, 1940. After retiring from her job as a legal secretary, Fuller received her first check in the amount of $22.54—$2.21 less than the total taxes withdrawn from her salary during the three years that she worked under the Social Security program. On May 5, 1978, Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield opened their first Ben & Jerry’s Homemade ice cream shop in a refurbished gas station in Burlington. In 2000, the infamous brand was acquired by Unilever for roughly $326 million in cash. Vermont became the first state to legally recognize civil unions between partners of the same sex in April 2000. Nine years later, the state legislature granted full marriage rights to same-sex couples. Montpelier, with fewer than 9,000 people, is the smallest state capital in the United States. Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, contact us ! Contact Us You're almost done! You will soon receive an activation email. Once you click on the link, you will be added to our list. If you do not receive this email, please contact us . To ensure delivery to your inbox, add us to your address book . Oops, there's a problem. This email address has previously opted out from receiving any emails from HISTORY and/or A+E Networks. If you changed your mind, please contact us . You have already subscribed to this list. If you completed your subscription and still have not received an email, please contact us . Oops, there's a problem.


Which English rugby union club play home matches at Sandy Park?

Exeter Chiefs vs Wasps match report: Emphatic victory sees home play-off battle go down to the wire | The Independent Exeter Chiefs vs Wasps match report: Emphatic victory sees home play-off battle go down to the wire Exeter Chiefs 24 Wasps 3 Sunday 1 May 2016 16:27 BST Click to follow The Independent Online Jack Nowell celebrates after scoring Exeter's third try Getty Exeter climbed above Wasps in the scramble for an Aviva Premiership home play-off after they swept aside their European Champions Cup conquerors at Sandy Park. Tries from Olly Woodburn, his fellow wing Jack Nowell and full-back Phil Dollman underpinned Exeter's emphatic 24-3 victory, which meant they reclaimed second spot from Wasps. Fly-half Gareth Steenson added all three conversions and kicked a penalty, with Chiefs guaranteed a Sandy Park semi-final later this month if they beat Harlequins next weekend, with their play-off opponents likely to be Wasps - home or away. Wasps, who pipped Exeter in a pulsating Champions Cup quarter-final clash three weeks ago, looked a shadow of the team victorious on that occasion, and a long-range Elliot Daly penalty proved their only points from a fruitless trip to Devon. Any slip-up by Exeter against Quins, though, and Wasps could swap positions with them, provided they see off the Premiership's bottom club London Irish when the regular league season concludes in six days' time. Exeter players celebrate after Olly Woodburn scores the opening try (Getty) Exeter named a reshuffled back-row, with Dave Ewers called up at blindside flanker and Don Armand starting at number eight, which meant that Chiefs' top try-scorer this season Thomas Waldrom featured among the replacements. Wasps, meanwhile, replaced concussed scrum-half Dan Robson with Joe Simpson as their solitary change following last weekend's Champions Cup semi-final defeat against Saracens in Reading. Wasps skipper James Haskell was prominent during the early exchanges, but Exeter quickly assumed a degree of territorial dominance and at one stage went through 16 phases of possession before Dollman was forced into touch. Despite playing into a strong breeze, Exeter maintained a grip on the contest, with Ewers - a strong England squad contender to make next month's three-Test Australia tour - proving a go-to player with his power and clever off-loading. Phil Dollman celebrates as he runs in for the Chiefs' second try (Getty) Any kickable penalties Exeter were awarded, they opted for touch to keep Wasps pinned back, and their patience was finally rewarded with a 27th-minute try. The Chiefs pack again made headway, and despite Woodburn having little room to move in, he skipped cleverly outside Wasps wing Frank Halai's challenge and touched down out wide, before Steenson's superb touchline conversion made it 7-0. Exeter thought they had scored again just six minutes later after centre Henry Slade broke brilliantly from inside his own half, finding full-back Dollman, who kicked inside into space, where Chiefs lock Geoff Parling's pass sent Woodburn sprinting clear. Referee Matt Carley, though, rightly ruled that Parling was offside, and disallowed the try, which proved welcome relief for Wasps after they had spent most of the opening 40 minutes in defensive mode. Daly belatedly opened their account with a long-range penalty just before the break, but Exeter's 7-3 advantage meant they changed ends with the elements firmly in their favour. Exeter needed just three minutes of the second period to attempt - and accept - their first kick at goal, with Steenson finding his range from 35 metres to open up a seven-point advantage. Wasps suffered an injury blow during the third quarter when Haskell went off after appearing to suffer a knock around his shoulder area, and Exeter pounced within three minutes of his exit. The impressive Ewers was again Exeter's premier ball-carrier into space, and Nowell worked cleverly off him before enough space was worked for Dollman to go over and touch down, complete with celebratory dive. James Haskell leaves the field after suffering a should


Who is the author of a series of 21 historical novels featuring Jack Aubrey and Stephen Maturin?

Patrick O'Brian | W. W. Norton & Company DONE Patrick O'Brian's acclaimed Aubrey/Maturin series of historical novels has been described as "a masterpiece" (David Mamet, New York Times), "addictively readable" (Patrick T. Reardon, Chicago Tribune), and "the best historical novels ever written" (Richard Snow, New York Times Book Review), which "should have been on those lists of the greatest novels of the 20th century" (George Will). Set in the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars, O'Brian's twenty-volume series centers on the enduring friendship between naval officer Jack Aubrey and physician (and spy) Stephen Maturin. The Far Side of the World, the tenth book in the series, was adapted into a 2003 film directed by Peter Weir and starring Russell Crowe and Paul Bettany. The film was nominated for ten Oscars, including Best Picture. The books are now available in hardcover, paperback, and e-book format. In addition to the Aubrey/Maturin novels, Patrick O'Brian wrote several books including the novels Testimonies, The Golden Ocean, and The Unknown Shore, as well as biographies of Joseph Banks and Picasso. He translated many works from French into English, among them the novels and memoirs of Simone de Beauvoir, the first volume of Jean Lacouture's biography of Charles de Gaulle, and famed fugitive Henri Cherriere's memoir Papillon. O'Brian died in January 2000. Books by Patrick O'Brian


Which monarch wrote A Counterblast to Tobacco?

Education from LVA: Tobacco Counterblast TOBACCO COUNTERBLAST Lesson Images King James, His Counterblast to Tobacco, London, Printed for J. Hancock, 1672, Accession GT3020 .J35 1672a, Special Collections, Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia. ( Transcription ) King James, His Counterblast to Tobacco, London, Printed for J. Hancock, 1672, Accession GT3020 .J35 1672a, Special Collections, Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia. ( Transcription ) Historical Information: Before tobacco became a major cash crop for England and its colonies, many people viewed it as a major social problem in European society. Europeans had been exposed to tobacco as early as 1560 and used it primarily as medicine. At the time people believed that tobacco treated or cured many illnesses, such as headaches, stomach problems, coughs, epilepsy, and cancer. In the following decades, tobacco use among Europeans dramatically increased, not only for medicinal use but also for recreation.  For many rulers in Europe, including King James I, tobacco smoking represented a major social and health problem. English leaders did not make the sale and smoking of tobacco illegal, although many other European countries did, including France, Russia, Sweden, and Switzerland. Instead, King James I tried hard to reduce tobacco usage, even to the point of instituting in 1604 a tax on tobacco of six shillings and eight pence to the existing two shillings per pound tax; this was an increase of 4,000 percent. The price increase, however, did little to reduce English demand for the “noxious weed.” The attitude of the king and members of England's ruling classes changed when tobacco became a cash crop for its colonies. During the early years of English exploration and settlement of North America, only a nominal amount of tobacco was cultivated and exported. For that reason, in 1604, when King James issued this statement, the main suppliers of tobacco to the English were foreign shippers, particularly Spain. Not until the 1620s did the English colonies of Virginia and Maryland began to grow and export significant quantities. Accepting the inevitable King James decided the Crown might as well cash in on the popularity of tobacco and the state took control of the industry. Ironically, tobacco cultivation would lay the foundation for the success of England's American colonies.  This lesson is based on two images. One is the title page of a 1672 reprint of King James I's famous Counterblast to Tobacco, an essay he wrote in 1604 about the evils of tobacco. The second image shows the concluding passages from the same document, which includes the most famous quotation from this tract: “a custom loathsome to the eye, hateful to theNose, harmful to the brain, and dangerous to the Lungs.” Another document, entitled “Selected Excerpts from Tobacco Counterblast,” is a supplement to the images and provides more of the language from the original publication. • adust —dried out or browned because of heat • antidote—an agent that counteracts a poison • aphorism—a short statement of truth or principle • canker—ulceration of the mouth or lips • cholic—from or concerning bile • complexion—the make-up of the body; a person's physical nature • contrarious—difficult; unfavorable • distillations—the evaporation of liquid and subsequent condensation and collection of the vapors as a means of purification or of extraction of a volatile component • gluttony—the act of eating and consuming enormous amounts • malady—illness or sickness • palpitation—the rapid beating of the heart • phlegm—thick, sticky, stringy mucous produced in the respiratory track • preservative—something used to protect from injury or peril • purge—to purify and rid oneself of defilement • rheums—a watery mucous discharge from the eyes or nose • stygian—hellish; dark and gloomy • suffumigation—the application of fumes or smoke • sundry—miscellaneous Lesson Ideas: • How were Europeans first exposed to tobacco? • Tobacco has been an important industry in the United States. Trace its history through the years. • Wh


The island of Trinidad lies off which country?

Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Republic of Trinidad and Tobago COUNTRY OVERVIEW LOCATION AND SIZE. The 2 islands of Trinidad and Tobago are between the Atlantic Ocean and     the Caribbean Sea, northeast of Venezuela. The southern tip of Trinidad     lies only 11 kilometers (7 miles) from the Venezuelan mainland, while     Tobago lies approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) northeast of     Trinidad. The total area of the 2-island state is 5,128 square     kilometers (1,980 square miles), of which Trinidad accounts for 4,828     square kilometers (1,864 square miles) and Tobago 300 square kilometers     (116 square miles). Slightly smaller than Delaware, Trinidad and Tobago     has 362 kilometers (225 miles) of coastline. Its capital and main urban     center, Port of Spain, is on the northwest coast of Trinidad, while     Tobago's capital, Scarborough, lies on the island's     southwest coast. POPULATION. Trinidad and Tobago's population was estimated at 1,175,523 in     July 2000, declining 0.49 percent from the previous year and below the     mid-1996 estimate of 1,263,600. The decline can mostly be explained by a     relatively high level of emigration , estimated at 9.92 persons per 1,000 population in 2000. Most     Trinidadians emigrate to the United States or Canada in search of better     work opportunities and higher wage levels than those available at home.     Because of emigration and government-sponsored birth control programs,     the population is expected to decline to about 1.11 million by 2010. Trinidad and Tobago has one of the most ethnically diverse populations     in the Caribbean. According to the 1990 government census (the most     recent available), 40.3 percent of the people are of "East     Indian" descent. The "East Indians" are descended     from indentured laborers brought to Trinidad in the second half of the     19th century to work on sugar plantations. Some 39.5 percent define     themselves as of African descent, while 18.4 percent are classified as "mixed." There are significant communities of Chinese,     Middle Eastern, Portuguese, and people of other European descent. The     East Indian population tends to be more evenly distributed throughout     rural areas, while the African-descended population is more urban in     character. About one-half of the population lives in an urbanized     east-west corridor stretching from Diego Martin in the west to Arima in     the east. INDUSTRY OIL AND GAS. Petroleum has dominated the economy since the 1950s, when offshore     production began. In 1999, there were 18 international companies     involved in oil and gas exploration and production, while the     state-owned Petroleum Company of Trinidad and Tobago (Petrotrin) was     involved in extraction and refining at its refinery at     Pointe-á-Pierre. The oil and gas sectors are divided between     foreign and national companies, the former paying the government a     royalty on all oil and gas produced. In the 1990s, production of refined     petroleum averaged 125,000 barrels per day. This increased in 1999-2000     when world crude oil prices rose from US$11.64 per barrel in early 1999     to US$17.37 6 months later. In 1998, total oil-related exports,     including crude oil, refined petrol, and gas, earned just over $1     billion, but this was expected to rise from 1999 onwards. Trinidad and Tobago's oil and gas industry appears to have many     years ahead of it, with proven reserves of oil standing at 605 million     barrels in 1999 (with possible reserves estimated at 2.6 billion     barrels) and gas reserves standing at 22.9 billion cubic feet, enough to     last 51 years at current rates of extraction. Recent findings have     suggested that there may be even greater reserves of gas and oil off the     shores of Trinidad. A relatively small amount of Trinidad's gas     is export


The Marina Bay Street Circuit, used in Formula 1 for the first time in 2008, is the venue for which Grand Prix?

Singapore 2016 FORMULA 1 SINGAPORE AIRLINES SINGAPORE GRAND PRIX Singapore Unfortunately, we are unable to play the video at this time. Error Code: UNKNOWN 1:47.187 by Daniel Ricciardo (2016) Fri 16 – Sun 18 Sep 2016 Practice 1 Next Previous 1 / 5 Fireworks. Formula One World Championship, Rd13, Singapore Grand Prix, Race, Marina Bay Street Circuit, Singapore, Sunday 22 September 2013. Race winner Sebastian Vettel (GER) Red Bull Racing RB7 celebrates in parc ferme. Formula One World Championship, Rd 14, Singapore Grand Prix, Race, Marina Bay Street Circuit, Singapore, Sunday 25 September 2011. Fernando Alonso (ESP) Ferrari F10 leads Sebastian Vettel (GER) Red Bull Racing RB6. Formula One World Championship, Rd 15, Singapore Grand Prix, Race, Marina Bay Street Circuit, Singapore, Sunday 26 September 2010. Jenson Button (GBR) Brawn Grand Prix BGP 001. Formula One World Championship, Rd 14, Singapore Grand Prix, Qualifying Day, Marina Bay Street Circuit, Singapore, Saturday 26 September 2009. Lewis Hamilton (GBR) McLaren and Nico Rosberg (GER) Williams celebrate on the podium. Formula One World Championship, Rd 15, Singapore Grand Prix, Race, Singapore, Sunday 28 September 2008. In 2008 Singapore had the honour of hosting the first night-time event in Formula One history. The inaugural Singapore Grand Prix proved a huge hit, staged on a new street circuit, with the city's famous skyline providing a truly spectacular backdrop. The race was announced in May 2007 following the agreement of a five-year deal between Formula One Management CEO Bernie Ecclestone, Singapore entrepreneur Mr Ong Beng Seng, and the Singapore Tourism Board.It instantly established itself as one of the most dramatic and atmospheric races on the calendar. The timing of the event also means it can be broadcast at a convenient time for European television audiences as well as thrilling local fans. Using public roads around the Marina Bay area, the circuit utilises powerful lighting systems to replicate daylight conditions and the most stringent safety protocols ensure driver and spectator safety.  Grandstand seating and hospitality areas lining the track can accommodate more than 80,000 spectators, while a permanent pit area with deluxe paddock facilities is located adjacent to the Singapore Flyer complex. The event is more than just a motor race. "We envision it to be a national festival, and one that presents many opportunities for participation for everyone, both visitors and Singaporeans alike," said Singapore's Minister of State for Trade and Industry, Mr S Iswaran.


First World War.com - Who's Who - Grigory Rasputin What's New Who's Who - Grigory Rasputin Grigory Yefimovich Rasputin (1872-1916)    was the infamous 'holy man' whose ability to heal the Tsar and Tsarina's son    Alexis led to his being adopted as a supreme mystic at court.  Growing    in influence to the point where he effectively dictated policy he was    eventually assassinated by a group of court conspirators in December 1916. Sponsored Links Born in 1872 at Pokrovskoye    in Siberia to a peasant family, Rasputin's limited education left him    without the ability to either read or write.  Even at a young age he    earned himself such a reputation for devoted debauchery that his actual name    of Grigory Yefimovich Novykh was replaced with the surname 'Rasputin' -    Russian for 'debauched one'. Having undergone a form of    religious conversion while aged 18 Rasputin embraced the Khlysty sect.  Happily for Rasputin (given his reputation) the sect preached the notion    that the closest relationship to God could best be achieved while exhausted    from prolonged sexual engagements. Rasputin married at age 19,    to Proskovia Fyodorovna, who bore him four children.  Unsettled,    Rasputin left his wife and travelled, variously to Greece and Jerusalem,    where he established a reputation (self-created) as a holy man. Winding up in St.    Petersburg in 1903 Rasputin met up with the the Bishop of Saratov, Hermogen.  Since the Romanov court at that time was dabbling in mysticism Rasputin was    recommended in 1905 by Hermogen to the royal couple. However Rasputin's rise to    royal influence dates from his summons to the royal palace in an attempt to    try and prevent their son Alexis's continuing loss of blood (as a    haemophiliac).  Where all others had failed Rasputin succeeding in    stemming the boy's loss of blood - probably through hypnotism - and    Rasputin's reputation as a mystic healer was sealed by the immense gratitude    of the Tsar and (especially) the Tsarina. Careful    to maintain his pretence of being a humble if mystically talented peasant    while in the royal couple's presence, Rasputin however lost no time in    indulging his voracious sexual appetite outside the court.  He shortly    afterwards hit upon the satisfying discovery that sexual contact with his    own body imbued a healing effect upon women. The Tsar, informed in    detail of Rasputin's scandalous conduct, initially dismissed the 'mad monk'    from court; however the influence of his wife, Alexandra, ensured his rapid    recall.  Thereafter both Nicholas and Alexandra declined to give    credence to further reports of Rasputin's misbehaviour; indeed, Alexandra    positively discouraged criticism of 'our friend'. Since news of Alexis's    condition was not allowed to be made general knowledge the public at large,    unaware of Rasputin's chief role as a healer at court, assumed that he was    actively seducing Alexandra.  Salacious details of his general conduct,    fed and (if it were possible) exaggerated by his many ill-wishers, became    the subject of public scandal. Rasputin's influence    continued into wartime.  Alexandra sought his opinion on a variety of    policy matters.  Rasputin, generally ready to offer advice,    occasionally offered advice on Russian military strategy, although such    advice never proved beneficial. In one sense Rasputin's    presence, while generally damaging public perception of the Romanovs,    nevertheless benefited the Tsar.  Military calamities were often    attributed by the Russian public to Rasputin's baleful influence: as such it    therefore deflected direct criticism away from the Tsar himself. However with the Tsar's    decision to take personal command of his army from the front (thereby    reliving his uncle, Grand Duke Nikolai , of the    role), disaster beckoned.  Not only was the Tsar the


What is added to whisky to make a whisky mac?

The Whiskey Mac Recipe - SheKnows Recipes Directions Pre-chill a cocktail glass by placing it into the freezer for 5 minutes. Fill the chilled glass with ice cubes and then add the scotch and the ginger wine. Slowly stir the mixture for 20 seconds and then serve immediately.


Who replaced Judas Iscariot as the twelfth disciple?

Who Replaced Judas as the Twelfth Apostle? « Friends of Jehovah’s Witnesses   Where is the real Christmas? » Who Replaced Judas as the Twelfth Apostle? In the very first verse of Romans Paul identifies himself as an Apostle.  Throughout his letters he re-iterates and supports his claim to Apostleship. If Paul was an Apostle, what does that make Matthias, who was chosen by the other eleven Apostles as the Apostle to replace Judas (before Paul’s conversion)?  There are two choices: 1) Matthias was indeed the chosen replacement for Judas, or 2) Paul was the chosen replacement and not Matthias. Perspective One: Matthias was the chosen replacement: When Judas Iscariot defected and died unfaithfully, the twelve apostles became eleven. During the forty days time from Jesus resurrection until his ascension to heaven, Jesus did not appoint another apostle to fill the vacancy left by Judas.  We read about it in Acts 1:1-13 (Act 1:1) The first account I composed, Theophilus, about all that Jesus began to do and teach, (Act 1:2) until the day when He was taken up to heaven, after He had by the Holy Spirit given orders to the apostles whom He had chosen. (Act 1:3) To these He also presented Himself alive after His suffering, by many convincing proofs, appearing to them over a period of forty days and speaking of the things concerning the kingdom of God. (Act 1:4) Gathering them together, He commanded them not to leave Jerusalem, but to wait for what the Father had promised, “Which,” He said, “you heard of from Me; (Act 1:5) for John baptized with water, but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit not many days from now.” (Act 1:9) And after He had said these things, He was lifted up while they were looking on, and a cloud received Him out of their sight. (Act 1:12) Then they returned to Jerusalem from the mount called Olivet, which is near Jerusalem, a Sabbath day’s journey away. (Act 1:13) When they had entered the city, they went up to the upper room where they were staying; that is, Peter and John and James and Andrew, Philip and Thomas, Bartholomew and Matthew, James the son of Alphaeus, and Simon the Zealot, and Judas the son of James. Starting in Acts 2:1 the account of the Holy Spirit being given to the disciples at Pentecost is recorded. During the ten days between the ascension (Acts 1:3) and Pentecost (Acts 2:1), Peter concludes based on two OT scripture sets that another be selected to fill Judas’ place because of Judas’ defection: (Act 1:20) “For it is written in the book of Psalms, ‘LET HIS HOMESTEAD BE MADE DESOLATE, AND LET NO ONE DWELL IN IT’; and, ‘LET ANOTHER MAN TAKE HIS OFFICE.’ The words are a combination of Psa. 69:25 and Psa. 109:8; in which the apostle discerns a greater than David, and a worse than Ahithophel and his fellow conspirators against David. (Psa 69:25) May their camp be desolate; May none dwell in their tents. (Psa 109:8) Let his days be few; Let another take his office. Acts 1:11 lists 11 Apostles, Judas not being named among them. In vs 15-26, Peter presents the argument for filling Judas’ position with another choice, Barsabas or Matthias. The two criterion Peter identifies they must look for is that: • He must have been personally conversant with Jesus from John the Baptist onward, (by implication an eye witness of his works and miracles and a knowledge of his teachings) • He must have been an eyewitness of Jesus’ resurrection, After specifically asking the Lord to direct the decision Matthias was chosen.  (Act 1:24-26) (Act 1:24) And they prayed and said, “You, Lord, who know the hearts of all men, show which one of these two You have chosen (Act 1:25) to occupy this ministry and apostleship from which Judas turned aside to go to his own place.” (Act 1:26) And they drew lots for them, and the lot fell to Matthias; and he was added to the eleven apostles. Matthias is included with the other eleven and received the Holy Spirit at Pentecost along with the other apostles and the many others.  He was involved with the appointment of the seven deacons in Acts 6:1-3. (Act 6:1) Now at this time whil


Which Labour Party shadow cabinet member is married to trade union activist Jack Dromey?

Jack Dromey of the Labour party - bio PARLIAMENT LINK View Parliament profile Bio Jack Dromey (born 21 September 1948) is a British Labour Party politician and trade unionist, who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham Erdington since the 2010 General Election. He was appointed Shadow Minister for Communities and Local Government in the Ed Miliband shadow frontbench and then Shadow Policing Minister in 2013. He was previously the Deputy General Secretary of the Transport and General Workers Union and the Treasurer of the Labour Party. He is married to Harriet Harman, currently the Deputy Leader of the Labour Party and Shadow Culture Secretary. Press Who Shall I Vote For is a free service that helps you to choose the political party that fits your beliefs. Your vote really does count, and it's important that you go to the polls knowing which party is the best one for you. Whether you've got a life-long affiliation towards a party, if you're sitting on the fence, or are new to politics, then let us help you to decide who to vote for when you head for the polling stations on the 7th May 2015. We're not affiliated to any party, and we guarantee that the questions in our quiz are 100% unbiased towards any political party. You don't need to supply an email address and we don't ask you for any personal details. That's our promise to you. Contact Information Shropshire, SY3 7FA. Registered company number 7575287.


Mycology: The Study of Fungi   Mycology: The Study of Fungi Fungi are living things that are one of the five classification systems of organisms. The study of fungi is called mycology. Mycologists look at different types of fungus and categorize them in various specifications, such as those that are helpful and those that cause disease. Mycologists also discover ways to get rid of harmful fungi that have infected people or taken over space; they determine the living conditions to grow fungi; and they look for new uses of fungi to help people. Fungi do not have any way of making their own food, as plants do. In order to continue growing, they then must find a source to get their nutrients. They can grow well in dark places and do not need light as a source of life. Many types of fungi are similar to plants in appearance, but there are also many that do not resemble plants at all. For example, the mushroom is a common fungus that many people think of. Mushrooms look a little bit like plants but they must grow in an area where they can take in food from another source. The source of food can come from almost anywhere. Some fungus, such as mold, grows on surfaces, or is found in food. Another type of fungus, yeast, grows in food by consuming sugar or other nutrients. There have been over 200,000 types of fungi that have been identified and classified, and there are many more that are yet to be discovered. Fungus is found everywhere and serves many interesting purposes. Truffles are considered a delicacy and are dug from the ground in parts of Europe, bringing a very high price for those who want to eat them. Some fungi work naturally in the environment to decompose organic matter, providing people with composting sites and reducing leaves and waste. There are even types of fungi used in ancient Eastern medicines that treat various ailments; their healing properties are so effective they are considered magical. The study of fungi is very diverse and serves to help people in hundreds of different ways. Many people think negatively about fungus. Fungal infections can cause disease in the skin, mouth, or even the bloodstream and the heart. People can get very sick and require medication to eliminate these infections. Fungus can take over parts of our homes, including mold in the walls, requiring cleanup. When food is leftover and not cared for, fungus grows on it in the form of mold and spoils the food. Mold dust also causes allergic reactions in people, making them miserable with symptoms of watery eyes and cough when they are near. Many types of fungus are poisonous when consumed, and people have been known to become very sick by eating a mushroom and assuming it was harmless. Fungi also have many good purposes, too. If it were not for certain types of fungi, many thousands of people would not be alive today. Penicillin was an early type of antibiotic use to treat bacterial infections. Penicillin is named for the mold that it was originally made from. This fungus, Penicillium notatum, was found to impede the growth of bacteria. It later was developed into an antibiotic that saved many lives. Fungi are the bases for other types of medication, such as steroids, which treat different types of illness. Yeast causes bread to rise and allows wine to ferment. Yogurt has fungal culture and is considered a healthy food that also can regulate the digestive system. Fungi are so diverse that they cannot be described in exactly one way. The study of mycology has helped thousands of people and changed many lives because of the fascinating growth of fungus. While nature continues to serve its purposes, growing and changing, there is even more to be discovered about what these are and what they can do. General Fungi Resources


Superintendent Mullet, played by Bruce Alexander, was the boss of which 'TV detective?

Supt. Mullett - A Touch of Frost (UK) Characters - ShareTV Bruce Alexander is an English actor, perhaps most famous for his portrayal of Superintendent Mullet in ... Character Bio Superintendent Norman Mullet (played by Bruce Alexander), a social climber concerned with appearances and ambitious for promotion, is Frost's boss and his constant foil on the job. Mullet has a love-hate relationship with Frost whose detective skills he admires but whose people and political skills he abhors. Mullet frequently threatens to sack Frost but Frost's ability to close cases usually saves him. In addition, receiving the George Cross made Frost "the Chief Constable's blue-eyed boy", thus protecting Frost from being sacked or retired by Superintendent Mullet. Frost's nickname for Mullet is "Horn-rimmed Harry" due to the traditional design his spectacles and Frost also has a plastic, mounted "Grey Mullet" hanging on his office wall (a Grey Mullet is a species of fish commonly found in British coastal waters but not usually eaten as it is regarded as being bland). While, in early seasons, the relationship between Frost and Mullet largely mimicks the hostile and antagonistic one they share in the books, they are portrayed as getting on considerably better in later seasons. This coincides with Mullet himself slowly developing over time to becoming more likeable than when he first appears in the pilot episode. Episode Screenshots


Cynophobia - Fear of Dogs Cynophobia By Lisa Fritscher - Reviewed by a board-certified physician. Updated November 16, 2016 Cynophobia, or fear of dogs, is an extremely common specific phobia. Although snake and spider phobias are even more prevalent, the average person is far more likely to encounter dogs in his daily life. A phobia of dogs can be devastating, limiting the sufferer's contact with dog-owning relatives and curtailing her normal activities. Causes of Cynophobia Like most animal phobias , fear of dogs is most commonly caused by a negative experience with a dog, especially during childhood. Both children and dogs are naturally curious, and most of us have been jumped on by an overexcited puppy or growled at by a large watchdog as we approached a fence. A large dog can make a major impression on a small child, even if no actual attack occurred. The negative experience need not have affected you directly. Many parents warn children about approaching strange dogs. A child's fertile imagination combined with an incomplete or even erroneous understanding of dog behavior could lead to a full-blown phobia of dogs. If a friend or relative was attacked by a dog, or a parent harbored an unhealthy fear, the risk of developing cynophobia is increased. Symptoms of Cynophobia Like all phobias, the fear of dogs can vary dramatically in severity from person to person. You might fear only large breeds. You may be uncomfortable around live dogs but be perfectly content to view dogs in photographs or TV shows. Likewise, the symptoms of cynophobia can also vary. Common reactions include running away, freezing in terror and attempting to hide. You might shake, feel nauseated or disoriented or even begin to cry. Anticipatory anxiety frequently occurs in the days leading up to a known confrontation. Complications of Cynophobia Because dogs are so popular as pets and companions, avoiding them can be nearly impossible. You might find yourself limiting contact with dog owners, even to the point of avoiding family gatherings. You may be unable to enjoy outdoor activities such as hiking or camping, since many outdoor enthusiasts bring their dogs. Over time, your normal routine may become extremely restricted as you attempt to prevent any accidental contact with a dog. This increasing isolation can lead to depression and other anxiety disorders . Some people develop social phobia and even agoraphobia as they become more and more unwilling to leave their homes. Treating Cynophobia Like all animal phobias, the fear of dogs responds quite well to treatment. Cognitive-behavioral techniques such as systematic desensitization and flooding are designed to help remove the fear and encourage more helpful coping skills . Although these techniques are traditionally performed using live dogs, some research indicates that active-imaginal exposure may work just as well. If you are given this type of treatment, you will be encouraged to act out positive behaviors such as approaching and petting a dog. Instead of interacting with a live dog, however, you will vividly imagine the dog. If your phobia is severe, medications might be used in conjunction with therapy. Certain medications can significantly reduce your anxiety, allowing you to focus on the therapeutic techniques. Although cynophobia can be devastating, it is extremely treatable. With a bit of work, there is no reason that you must continue to suffer. References: Rentz, T., Powers, M., Smits, J., Cougle, J., and Telch, M. "Active-imaginal exposure: Examination of a new behavioral treatment for cynophobia (dog phobia)." Behavior Research and Therapy. February 12, 2003. Retrieved October 19, 2009 from https://labs.la.utexas.edu/telch/files/2015/02/Active-Imaginal.pdf American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Continue Reading