The Cerrado is a tropical savanna ecoregion in which South American country?

Central South America: Central Brazil, into Bolivia and Paraguay | Ecoregions | WWF x Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas and shrublands Central South America: Central Brazil, into Bolivia and Paraguay The largest savanna region in South America, this ecoregion also contains an amazing about of biodiversity. Located throughout Brazil Paraguay and Bolivia, over 10,400 species of vascular plants are found, fifty of which are endemic. Fauna diversity is very high also with 180 species of reptiles, 113 of amphibians, 837 of birds and 195 of mammals. Major efforts are needed to preserve what is one of the biologically richest savanna in the world, since only one percent of this ecoregion is protected and agriculture development continues to destroy habitat. Scientific Code Description Location and General Description Cerrado is the largest savanna region in South America and biologically the richest savanna in all the world. It encompasses Central Brazil (most of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Tocantins; western Minas Gerais and Bahia; southern Maranhão and Piauí; all Goiás and Distrito Federal; and small portions of São Paulo and Paraná), northeastern Paraguay and eastern Bolivia (Ab'Saber 1983). Because of its central position in South America, Cerrado has borders with the largest South American biomes: the Amazon basin (on north), Chaco and Pantanal (on west), Caatinga (on northeast), and Atlantic forest (on east and south). Several of the major South American rivers (e.g., São Francisco, Tocantins, Araguaia, Xingu, Paraguay) have their headwaters in Cerrado (Ab'Saber 1983). Most of the Cerrado is located on large blocks of crystalline or sedimentary plateaus, whose continuity is broken by an extensive network of peripheral depressions (Brasil & Alvarenga 1989). On plateaus ranging in elevation from 500 to 1,700 m, the landscape is dominated by cerrado vegetation, with narrow fringes of gallery forests along the rivers and streams (Eiten, 1990). On the depressions ranging in elevation from 100 to 500 m, different types of vegetation (broad gallery forest, tropical dry forests, all types of cerrado, and marshlands) are distributed in a mosaic fashion (Silva 1995). The cerrado vegetation covers around 95 percent of the ecoregion (Eiten 1990). It is a savanna-like vegetation that grows on nutrient-poor, often deep and well-drained soils (Furley & Ratter 1988). Throughout its range, cerrado vegetation varies much in physiognomy and composition, from an open field ("campo limpo") to a tall closed forest ("cerradão") (Ribeiro et al. 1983). The climate is tropical seasonal. The dry period, from May through September or October, coincides with the coldest months of the year (Nimer 1979). The average annual rainfall varies between 1,250 and 2,000 mm, and the average annual temperature ranges between 20° and 26° C (Nimer 1979). Cerrado harbors a very distinctive biota, with thousands of endemic species. Every single biogeography analysis in South America has pointed out cerrado as an important and distinctive area of endemism for different groups of organisms (Silva, 1995). Biodiversity Features The biodiversity of cerrado is extraordinary. For instance, for only three orders of insects (Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Isoptera) scientists have recorded 14,425 species, representing at least 47 percent of the species of those orders in Brazil (Cavalcanti 1999). Biodiversity of cerrado is comprised by at least 10,400 species of vascular plants, 780 of fishes, 180 of reptiles, 113 of amphibians, 837 of birds and 195 of mammals (Cavalcanti 1999). Most of these species are restricted to cerrado. The percentage of endemic species varies among taxonomic groups, from 4 percent in birds to 50 percent in vascular plants. Cerrado is also a unique evolutionary theater where species from the largest South American forests (Amazon and Atlantic Forest) and from the largest South American dry habitats (Chaco and Caatinga) intertwine (Silva 1995). Distinctive species include the following, plants: Caryocar brasiliense, Qualea grandiflo


The Yom Kippur War, or October War, took place during which year?

Yom Kippur War - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google 1973 Yom Kippur War: Background Israel’s stunning victory in the Six-Day War of 1967 left the Jewish nation in control of territory four times its previous size. Egypt lost the 23,500-square-mile Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip, Jordan lost the West Bank and East Jerusalem, and Syria lost the strategic Golan Heights. When Anwar el-Sadat (1918-81) became president of Egypt in 1970, he found himself leader of an economically troubled nation that could ill afford to continue its endless crusade against Israel. He wanted to make peace and thereby achieve stability and recovery of the Sinai, but after Israel’s 1967 victory it was unlikely that Israel’s peace terms would be favorable to Egypt. So Sadat conceived of a daring plan to attack Israel again, which, even if unsuccessful, might convince the Israelis that peace with Egypt was necessary. Did You Know? On October 6, 1981, Anwar Sadat was assassinated by Muslim extremists in Cairo while viewing a military parade commemorating the anniversary of Egypt’s crossing of the Suez Canal at the start of the Yom Kippur War. In 1972, Sadat expelled 20,000 Soviet advisers from Egypt and opened new diplomatic channels with Washington , D.C., which, as Israel’s key ally, would be an essential mediator in any future peace talks. He formed a new alliance with Syria, and a concerted attack on Israel was planned. Yom Kippur War: October 1973 When the fourth Arab-Israeli war began on October 6, 1973, many of Israel’s soldiers were away from their posts observing Yom Kippur (or Day of Atonement), and the Arab armies made impressive advances with their up-to-date Soviet weaponry. Iraqi forces soon joined the war, and Syria received support from Jordan. After several days, Israel was fully mobilized, and the Israel Defense Forces began beating back the Arab gains at a heavy cost to soldiers and equipment. A U.S. airlift of arms aided Israel’s cause, but President Richard Nixon (1913-94) delayed the emergency military aid for a week as a tacit signal of U.S. sympathy for Egypt. On October 25, an Egyptian-Israeli cease-fire was secured by the United Nations. Yom Kippur War: Aftermath Israel’s victory came at the cost of heavy casualties, and Israelis criticized the government’s lack of preparedness. In April 1974, the nation’s prime minister, Golda Meir (1898-1978), stepped down. Although Egypt had again suffered military defeat at the hands of its Jewish neighbor, the initial Egyptian successes greatly enhanced Sadat’s prestige in the Middle East and gave him an opportunity to seek peace. In 1974, the first of two Egyptian-Israeli disengagement agreements providing for the return of portions of the Sinai to Egypt were signed, and in 1979 Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin (1913-92) signed the first peace agreement between Israel and one of its Arab neighbors. In 1982, Israel fulfilled the 1979 peace treaty by returning the last segment of the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. For Syria, the Yom Kippur War was a disaster. The unexpected Egyptian-Israeli cease-fire exposed Syria to military defeat, and Israel seized even more territory in the Golan Heights. In 1979, Syria voted with other Arab states to expel Egypt from the Arab League. Tags


An antipyretic drug reduces what in humans?

Antipyretics: mechanisms of action and clinical use in fever suppression. - PubMed - NCBI Antipyretics: mechanisms of action and clinical use in fever suppression. 1Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 23rd Avenue at Pierce, Nashville, TN 37232-6603, USA. Abstract Fever is a complex physiologic response triggered by infectious or aseptic stimuli. Elevations in body temperature occur when concentrations of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) increase within certain areas of the brain. These elevations alter the firing rate of neurons that control thermoregulation in the hypothalamus. Although fever benefits the nonspecific immune response to invading microorganisms, it is also viewed as a source of discomfort and is commonly suppressed with antipyretic medication. Antipyretics such as aspirin have been widely used since the late 19th century, but the mechanisms by which they relieve fever have only been characterized in the last few decades. It is now clear that most antipyretics work by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase and reducing the levels of PGE(2) within the hypothalamus. Recently, other mechanisms of action for antipyretic drugs have been suggested, including their ability to reduce proinflammatory mediators, enhance anti-inflammatory signals at sites of injury, or boost antipyretic messages within the brain. Although the complex biologic actions of antipyretic agents are better understood, the indications for their clinical use are less clear. They may not be indicated for all febrile conditions because some paradoxically contribute to patient discomfort, interfere with accurately assessing patients receiving antimicrobials, or predispose patients to adverse effects from other medications. The development of more selective fever-relieving agents and their prudent use with attention to possible untoward consequences are important to the future quality of clinical medicine. PMID:


In the novel ‘Jane Eyre’ by Charlotte Bronte, what is the name of Mr Rochester’s home?

SparkNotes: Jane Eyre: Character List Character List Plot Overview Analysis of Major Characters Jane Eyre -  The protagonist and narrator of the novel, Jane is an intelligent, honest, plain-featured young girl forced to contend with oppression, inequality, and hardship. Although she meets with a series of individuals who threaten her autonomy, Jane repeatedly succeeds at asserting herself and maintains her principles of justice, human dignity, and morality. She also values intellectual and emotional fulfillment. Her strong belief in gender and social equality challenges the Victorian prejudices against women and the poor. Read an in-depth analysis of Jane Eyre. Edward Rochester -  Jane’s employer and the master of Thornfield, Rochester is a wealthy, passionate man with a dark secret that provides much of the novel’s suspense. Rochester is unconventional, ready to set aside polite manners, propriety, and consideration of social class in order to interact with Jane frankly and directly. He is rash and impetuous and has spent much of his adult life roaming about Europe in an attempt to avoid the consequences of his youthful indiscretions. His problems are partly the result of his own recklessness, but he is a sympathetic figure because he has suffered for so long as a result of his early marriage to Bertha. Read an in-depth analysis of Edward Rochester. St. John Rivers -  Along with his sisters, Mary and Diana, St. John (pronounced “Sinjin”) serves as Jane’s benefactor after she runs away from Thornfield, giving her food and shelter. The minister at Morton, St. John is cold, reserved, and often controlling in his interactions with others. Because he is entirely alienated from his feelings and devoted solely to an austere ambition, St. John serves as a foil to Edward Rochester. Read an in-depth analysis of St. John Rivers. Mrs. Reed  -  Mrs. Reed is Jane’s cruel aunt, who raises her at Gateshead Hall until Jane is sent away to school at age ten. Later in her life, Jane attempts reconciliation with her aunt, but the old woman continues to resent her because her husband had always loved Jane more than his own children. Bessie Lee -  The maid at Gateshead, Bessie is the only figure in Jane’s childhood who regularly treats her kindly, telling her stories and singing her songs. Bessie later marries Robert Leaven, the Reeds’ coachman. Mr. Lloyd -  Mr. Lloyd is the Reeds’ apothecary, who suggests that Jane be sent away to school. Always kind to Jane, Mr. Lloyd writes a letter to Miss Temple confirming Jane’s story about her childhood and clearing Jane of Mrs. Reed’s charge that she is a liar. Georgiana Reed -  Georgiana Reed is Jane’s cousin and one of Mrs. Reed’s two daughters. The beautiful Georgiana treats Jane cruelly when they are children, but later in their lives she befriends her cousin and confides in her. Georgiana attempts to elope with a man named Lord Edwin Vere, but her sister, Eliza, alerts Mrs. Reed of the arrangement and sabotages the plan. After Mrs. Reed dies, Georgiana marries a wealthy man. Eliza Reed -  Eliza Reed is Jane’s cousin and one of Mrs. Reed’s two daughters (along with her sister, Georgiana). Not as beautiful as her sister, Eliza devotes herself somewhat self-righteously to the church and eventually goes to a convent in France where she becomes the Mother Superior. John Reed -  John Reed is Jane’s cousin, Mrs. Reed’s son, and brother to Eliza and Georgiana. John treats Jane with appalling cruelty during their childhood and later falls into a life of drinking and gambling. John commits suicide midway through the novel when his mother ceases to pay his debts for him. Helen Burns -  Helen Burns is Jane’s close friend at the Lowood School. She endures her miserable life there with a passive dignity that Jane cannot understand. Helen dies of consumption in Jane’s arms. Read an in-depth analysis of Helen Burns. Mr. Brocklehurst -  The cruel, hypocritical master of the Lowood School, Mr. Brocklehurst preaches a doctrine of privation, while stealing from the school to support his luxurious lifestyle. After


On a mobile phone keypad, the letters ‘MNO’ are on which number button?

Phone Keyboard uses 12 Keys to Type-Tap, Text Message Faster Internet Access, Text Messaging and Alphanumeric Paging from any Phone in the World Press [*] key to enter Upper-Case Alphabet Mode: 1) Sequential Key Presses 2) Sequential Middle-Mode Key Presses 3) Sequential Most-Use-Mode Key Presses 4) Simultaneous Key Presses 5) Simultaneous Middle-Mode Key Presses 6) Simultaneous Most-Use-Mode Key Presses Press [*] key 2 times to enter Shiftable Alphabet Mode: 7) Sequential Key Presses 8) Sequential Middle-Mode Key Presses 9) Sequential Most-Use-Mode Key Presses 10) Simultaneous Key Presses 11) Simultaneous Middle-Mode Key Presses 12) Simultaneous Most-Use-Mode Key Presses Press [*] key 3 times to enter Multi-Tap Mode: 13) Sequential Key Presses Any 12 key telephone keypad ca be used as a computer terminal keyboard. The speed and efficiency of the Phone Keyboard is faster and easier than all previous data entry methods using any phone or any twelve sensor keypad. All data entered on any standard computer keyboard can be entered using any 12 key phone keypad. A demonstration of the working invention is found on PhoneKeyboard.com . The Phone Keyboard uses the phone in the same standard way. Pressing the desired number keys [1] through [9] and a [0] still produces the numbers 1 - 9 and 0. Pressing the left asterisk [*] key once exits the standard number mode and enters a 2 key Alphabet Mode. Letters are produced in the Alphabet Mode by pressing the desired letter on a number key [1] through [9], followed by one of three position keys: the "left" asterisk [*] key for the left letter, the "middle" zero [0] key for the middle letter or the "right" pound [#] key for the right letter. The [2] key has the letters "A", "B" and "C" located on it. The left "A" is produced by pressing the [2] key followed by the left asterisk [*] key. The middle "B" is produced by pressing the [2] key followed by the middle zero [0] key. The right "C" is produced by pressing the [2] key followed by the right pound [#] key. The phone code uses the "Q", "space" and "Z" located on the [1] key or the "Q - Z" on the [1]. The space can be produced by pressing the [1] key by itself or the middle zero [0] key while in the alphabet mode. Pressing the right pound [#] key followed by the zero [0] key exits the alphabet mode and re-enters the number mode. Pressing the left asterisk [*] key 2 times exits the standard number mode and enters a Shiftable Alphabet Mode. Letters are produced in the Shiftable Alphabet Mode by pressing the desired letter on a number key [1] through [9], followed by one of three position keys: the "left" asterisk [*] key for the left letter, the "middle" zero [0] key for the middle letter or the "right" pound [#] key for the right letter. The [2] key has the letters "A", "B" and "C" located on it. The left "a" is produced by pressing the [2] key followed by the left asterisk [*] key. Pressing the left asterisk [*] key twice produces the capital "A". The middle "b" is produced by pressing the [2] key followed by the middle zero [0] key. Pressing the middle zero [0] key twice produces the capital "B". The right "c" is produced by pressing the [2] key followed by the right pound [#] key. Pressing the right pound [#] key twice produces the capital "C". Pressing the right pound [#] key followed by the zero [0] key exits the alphabet mode and re-enters the number mode. Pressing the left asterisk [*] key 3 times exits the standard number mode and enters a Multi-Tap Mode. Letters are produced in the Multi-Tap Mode by pressing the desired letter on a number key [1] through [9] once, twice or three times. The [2] key has the letters "A", "B" and "C" located on it. The left "A" is produced by pressing the [2] 1 time. The middle "B" is produced by pressing the [2] 2 times. The right "C" is produced by pressing the [2] 3 times. When a device does not have a time delay entry function, the right pound [#] key enters the character choice when the next character choice is on the same key. Pressing the right pound [#] key


The Bank of England was established during the reign of which British monarch?

BBC - History -   British History in depth: The Glorious Revolution Print this page Fear of Catholic tyranny The Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 replaced the reigning king, James II, with the joint monarchy of his protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange. It was the keystone of the Whig (those opposed to a Catholic succession) history of Britain. According to the Whig account, the events of the revolution were bloodless and the revolution settlement established the supremacy of parliament over the crown, setting Britain on the path towards constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. But it ignores the extent to which the events of 1688 constituted a foreign invasion of England by another European power, the Dutch Republic. Although bloodshed in England was limited, the revolution was only secured in Ireland and Scotland by force and with much loss of life. England would become merely a satellite state, under the control of an all-powerful Catholic monarch. Moreover, the British causes of the revolution were as much religious as political. Indeed, the immediate constitutional impact of the revolution settlement was minimal. Nonetheless, over the course of the reign of William III (1689-1702) society underwent significant and long-lasting changes. To understand why James II’s most powerful subjects eventually rose up in revolt against him we need to understand the deep-seated fear of 'popery' in Stuart England. 'Popery' meant more than just a fear or hatred of Catholics and the Catholic church. It reflected a widely-held belief in an elaborate conspiracy theory, that Catholics were actively plotting the overthrow of church and state. In their place would be established a Catholic tyranny, with England becoming merely a satellite state, under the control of an all-powerful Catholic monarch, (in the era of the Glorious Revolution, identified with Louis XIV of France). This conspiracy theory was given credibility by the existence of some genuine catholic subterfuge, most notably the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. A new crisis of ‘popery and arbitrary government' erupted in the late 1670s. Public anxieties were raised by the issue of the royal succession. Charles II fathered no legitimate offspring. This meant that the crown would pass to his brother, James, Duke of York, whose conversion to Catholicism had become public knowledge in 1673. Public concern about the succession reached fever pitch in the years 1678-1681. The so-called ‘exclusion crisis’ was provoked by allegations made by Titus Oates, a former Jesuit novice, of a popish plot to assassinate Charles II and place his brother on the throne. The fantastical plot was given credibility by the mysterious death of Sir Edmund Bury Godfrey, the magistrate who first investigated Oates’ claims. Whig politicians within parliament, led by the earl of Shaftesbury, promoted exclusion bills which would have prevented James from succeeding to the throne. But the radical tactics deployed by the king’s opponents, including mass petitions and demonstrations, gradually alienated some initial supporters of exclusion. Charles’s hand was strengthened further by an agreement with France reached in March 1681, by which the king received £385,000 over three years. With this financial support, and with public opinion turning against his critics, Charles was able to dissolve parliament on 28 March 1681. Top Rebellion and revolt James II    © James II’s authority appeared to be secure when he succeeded to the throne in February 1685. The king’s initial promises to defend the existing government in church and state reassured many of those worried by his personal faith. James was well-off financially, with a tax revenue over £1,200,000. The manipulation of borough charters in the last years of Charles II’s reign ensured that James’ first parliament was dominated by loyal Tories. Parliament also voted James considerable emergency sums to suppress the rebellion raised by Charles II’s eldest illegitimate son, the duke of Monmouth in June 1685. James’ army of professio


Which fraternal organisation has a square and compasses, with or without a letter ‘G’, as its logo?

Gravestone Symbolism Gravestone Symbolism This is a list of symbols I have seen on gravestones while cemetery exploring. More symbols and explanations will be added over time. Please note - all the photos below were taken by me. If you'd like to know which cemetery they were taken at, please e-mail me .   Represents the Lamb of God. Alpha and Omega First and last letters of the Greek alphabet. Symbolizes the beginning and the end. American Legion Found on graves of people who were American Legion members, an organization for veterans. Anchor Hope or eternal life. Often on sailors' graves. Anchors are also a Masonic symbol for well-grounded hope, therefore they are often found on Masons' graves. Angel Saint Matthew, one of the four evangelists, was often represented as a winged man. Ankh An Egyptian symbol of eternal life. Anvil Symbolizes the creation or forging of the universe. Also found on blacksmiths' graves. A.O.U.W. Ancient Order of United Workmen, a fraternal benefit society. Click here for more information (offsite link). Apple Apples represent salvation, sometimes sin. A.R. Arbeiter Ring, an American Jewish fraternal organization committed to social justice. Later became the Workmen's Circle. Arch Arrows symbolize mortality and martyrdom. Artillery Artillery, such as cannons, on a gravestone usually represents military service. Baha'i Symbol of the Baha'i Faith, a monotheistic religion. For more information, please visit their official website . Beehive Often used by the Freemasons and Independent Order of Odd Fellows. It symbolizes human industry, faith, education, and domestic virtues. Bell Often symbolizes a church bell, and therefore religion. Bible or Book Often used on the gravestones of ministers or clergymen. However, it is sometimes found on gravestones of very devoted religious people also. Books may also represent a person's good deeds and accomplishments being recorded in the book of life. Bird Peace, messenger of God. The most common birds found on gravestones are doves. Bones A voyage; crossing over to the other side. B.P.O.E. with Elk B.P.O.E. stands for Benevolent Protective Order of Elks, a fraternal organization. Broken Bud or Branch Someone who died an untimely or premature death. Usually seen on a younger person's gravestone. Broken Chain Link Symbolizes a loss in the family. Broken Wheel Symbolizes the end of life; a break in the circle or wheel of life. BRT with a Train Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen. A fraternal organization for men who worked as trainmen. Butterfly Symbolizes resurrection, and also the soul leaving the body/flesh. Calla Lily Flower that represents beauty. The Canadian Legion of British Empire Service League A Canadian organization formed in the 1920's for war veterans and their dependants. Usually seen with a maple leaf. Century Plant Eternal life - no beginning, no end. Clasped Hands Farewell to earthly existence. Also unity. Often used as a Masonic and I.O.O.F. symbol. Deborah, a website visitor, told me that in the Native American culture clasped hands represent a Delaware grave. Clock Mortality, death; the passage of time. Coffin Symbolizes mortality and death. Cohanim Hands Hands with thumbs (and sometimes forefingers) joined. This is a Jewish symbol that represents members of the priestly tribe of Aaron. Colonial Daughters of the 17th Century An organization for women who descended from an ancestor who rendered service in the Colonial wars from 1607 to 1699. Column Mortality. A draped or broken column represents the break in earthly to heavenly life. The draped arch also symbolizes mourning. Comedy and Tragedy Masks Symbol of drama and theatre. Also known as theatre masks. Corn Rebirth, fertility. Cornucopia Also known as the "Horn of Plenty." Symbolizes an abundant, fruitful life. Also a symbol of the harvest, which in turn symbolizes the end of life. Crooks Shepherds crooks, usually found on graves of Independent Order of Odd Fellows members (a fraternal organization). Symbolizes the opening of earth to the heavens. Cross Eagles are often


How many hoops are in a game of association croquet?

How to play croquet (including rules) How to play croquet Downloadable version Download a brief printable version of the Official Rules of Garden and Golf Croquet rules. - 4 pages. (print on one A4 sheet in colour, actual size, 2 sided) Download the printable version on how to play croquet (includes rules).- 26 pages. The US Croquet Association has created a different edition of the game which uses nine wickets in a double diamond formation. These can be downloaded at: http://www.croquetamerica.com/croquet/rules/ninewicket/index.php      A brief history of croquet A game in which balls were knocked round a course of hoops was played in medieval France. A variation of the game known as "Paille Maille" was played in a field near St James Palace in the sixteenth century, which later became known as Pall Mall. The modern game appears to have started in England in the 1850s and quickly became popular. The Wimbledon All England Croquet Club was founded in 1868 and the National Championships were held there for a number of years until the croquet lawns were transformed into the tennis courts of today. This probably accounts for the fact that the size of a tennis court is exactly half that of a croquet lawn. Croquet was, and still is, one of a few outdoor sports in which ladies can compete on an equal footing with men. Today Croquet is played all over the World with international tournaments being held annually in several countries. Variants of the game are also played in Egypt and Japan. It is encouraging that an increasing number of young players are participating in the game at all levels. In the USA, three forms of the game are played, International Association Croquet, American Six Wicket Croquet and American Nine Wicket Croquet. All of these may use the same lawns and equipment except that Nine Wicket Croquet requires 9 hoops, known as wickets, and two pegs, or stakes. Golf Croquet, which is a greatly simplified version of Association Croquet, is also played in many countries, and has a large following. The purpose of this booklet is to help beginners to learn the basic techniques and rules of the four variations of the game. Association croquet The court A full size croquet lawn measures 35 yards (32m.) by 28 yards (26.6m.). The boundary may be marked by corner pegs and/or flags. An imaginary YARD LINE extends round the perimeter one yard in from the boundary. The four outer hoops are positioned seven yards in from the side and end lines. The CENTRE PEG is placed in the centre of the lawn, with the remaining two hoops seven yards from it on either side along the centre line. Imaginary BAULK LINES extend along the yard lines from corner 1 and corner lll to the centre. Play starts from either baulk line. The course and direction of play is shown on the diagram. Smaller courts may be used, and for home croquet even lawns with some fixed obstructions can make for interesting and challenging games. Equipment Centre Peg. 1 1/2 inches in diameter and 18 inches above the ground. A small removable dowel may be inserted in the top to take clips. Hoops (6). Internal diameter 3 3/4 inches, height 12 inches above ground and painted white. The first hoop (No. 1) has a blue top, and the last hoop (the Rover) has a red top. Balls.(4) Coloured Blue, black, red and yellow. Diameter 3 5/8 inches. Weight 1 lb. Clips. (4). Colored the same as the balls. They are placed on the hoops or peg to indicate the next point for each ball: on the top of the hoop for the first six hoops and on the side for the last six. Clips are important items of equipment. All the players should be able to see at a glance which hoops their, and their competitors', balls are going for next. So it is essential that each time a hoop is run the appropriate clip should be moved to the next hoop. When a player is making a break he may carry his clip with him until his turn ends, when he should immediately put it on his next hoop. Mallets. Must have parallel and identical end-faces made of wood or any other nonmetallic material. There is no restriction on dimensions, size o


The 17th Century ‘Meal Tub Plot’ was against which future king of England?

Learn and talk about Elizabeth Cellier, 17th-century English writers, 17th-century Roman Catholics, Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism, English midwives Life[ edit ] Elizabeth Cellier was a noted London midwife, who came into prominence through the pretended "Meal-Tub Plot" of 1680. Nothing seems known of her life until her marriage with Peter Cellier, a Frenchman, and her conversion from Anglicanism. [1] In 1678 the prisons were filled with Catholics in consequence of the national alarm caused by the fabricated plots of Titus Oates . Mrs. Cellier's charity led her to visit and relieve these prisoners, and as her profession procured for her the acquaintance of many leading Catholic ladies, she often became the channel of their charity towards the prisoners. Among these ladies was the Countess of Powis , whose kindness was shown to, among others, a clever imposter, Thomas Dangerfield . Becoming aware of this man's true character, Lady Powis ceased to assist him further, and he, in revenge, decided to denounce her to the government as concerned in a new Popish Plot . [1] Dangerfield's story was that he had been released from prison through the good offices of Lady Powis and Mrs. Cellier on condition that he assassinate the king, Lord Shaftesbury, and others. He further pretended that he was to be engaged in manufacturing false plots to be foisted on those who were known to be unfavourable to the Catholic cause. One of these shams was to be based on a document which, he alleged, was hidden in a meal-tub in Mrs. Cellier's house. A search was made, and the paper in question was found in a meal-tub. It charged with treason most of the leading Protestants, including the king's natural son, the Duke of Monmouth , the Earl of Shaftesbury , and Sir Thomas Waller , who was the very official charged with the search. Lady Powis and Mrs. Cellier were arrested, as were some other Catholics, among them the Earl of Castlemaine . [1] Mrs. Cellier's trial took place on 11 June 1680. She was charged with high treason, but practically the only evidence against her was that of Dangerfield himself, and she had little difficulty in proving him a witness entirely unworthy of credence. She was found not guilty, and Dangerfield himself was arrested on account of a felony, for which he had been previously outlawed. After her acquittal, she published a brief relation of the whole affair, under the title of "Malice Defeated" in 1680. Dangerfield, while undergoing a public whipping in 1685, was accidentally killed in a scuffle with a barrister, Robert Francis. The publication of Malice Defeated led not only to a long series of pamphlets for and against her, but also to her second prosecution. The charge this time was that of libel against the king and ministry, because she alleged that two witnesses in the Edmund Berry Godfrey case had been tortured. The real object of this prosecution, according to Roger North , was to prevent her from giving evidence in favour of the imprisoned Catholic peers. For this, she was sentenced to pay a fine of £1,000 and to stand three times in the pillory . [1] During the reign of James II , she proposed the foundation of a corporation of skilled midwives and a foundling hospital . The fees would be used to set up parish houses where any woman could give birth. It is stated that she is buried in Great Missenden Church, Buckinghamshire . [1] She wrote: [1] "Malice Defeated; or a brief relation of the Accusation and Deliverance of Elizabeth Cellier" (London, 1680); "A scheme for the Foundation of a Royal Hospital and raising a revenue of £5000 or £6000 a year by and for the maintenance of a Corporation of skilful midwives" (London, 1687), printed in the " Harleian Miscellany " (IV, 142) and in Somers Tracts (II, 243); "To Dr. ______, An answer to his Queries concerning the College of Midwives" (London, 1687–88).


The ram represents which sign of the Zodiac?

Aries Sun Sign - Zodiac Signs - Article by Astrology.com Aries Sun Sign - Zodiac Signs by Astrology.com November 20, 2009 03:22 PM EST Share Share Share Aries is the first sign of the zodiac, and that's pretty much how those born under this sign see themselves: first. Aries are the leaders of the pack, first in line to get things going. Whether or not everything gets done is another question altogether, for an Aries prefers to initiate rather than to complete. Do you have a project needing a kick-start? Call an Aries, by all means. The leadership displayed by Aries is most impressive, so don't be surprised if they can rally the troops against seemingly insurmountable odds -- they have that kind of personal magnetism. An Aries won't shy away from new ground, either. Those born under this sign are often called the pioneers of the zodiac, and it's their fearless trek into the unknown that often wins the day. Aries is a bundle of energy and dynamism, kind of like a Pied Piper, leading people along with its charm and charisma. The dawning of a new day -- and all of its possibilities -- is pure bliss to an Aries. The symbol of Aries is the Ram, and that's both good and bad news. Impulsive Aries might be tempted to ram their ideas down everyone's throats without even bothering to ask if they want to know. It's these times when you may wish Aries' symbol were a more subdued creature, more lamb than ram perhaps. You're not likely to convince the Ram to soften up; these folks are blunt and to the point. Along with those qualities comes the sheer force of the Aries nature, a force that can actually accomplish a great deal. Much of Aries' drive to compete and to win comes from its Cardinal Quality. Cardinal Signs love to get things going, and Aries exemplifies this even better than Cancer, Libra or Capricorn. Aries is ruled by Mars. Taking a peek at Roman mythology, we find that Mars was the God of War. Our man Mars was unafraid to do battle, and much the same can be said for Aries. These folks are bold, aggressive and courageous. They can summon up the inner strength required to take on most anyone, and they'll probably win. Aries do not lack energy or vitality, and they can stay in the game longer than most anyone else. Now that's a winning edge. Rams are also, for the most part, independent and well aware of their own interests in a given situation. This sometimes myopic view may not be for everyone, but it does help Aries get things going. Further, their competitive natures ensure that they will play the game with zeal and vigor. At times, their approach may be construed as arrogant and domineering, but it takes a lot of focus to be a leader (or so an Aries would say). Sadly, Aries won't usually be around for the final victory (defeat? never). These folks will more than likely have bolted to the next project before the first one is done. The element associated with Aries is Fire. Think action, enthusiasm and a burning desire to play the game. Aries love physicality, so they won't sit on the sidelines for long, if at all. They'll jump into the fray full force and will contribute much in the process. Talk about eager beavers! Sure, some of their decisions may later prove to have been hasty, but you'll never find an Aries who regretted taking a shot. Making things happen is what it's all about to these folks. Aries are also unafraid of stepping onto new terrain. The challenge inherent in taking on the unknown is heaven on Earth for Rams. Sure, they may appear arrogant when they take on the world, but they'll be quick to tell you it's the only way to go. While a common Aries refrain might well be 'me first,' there's no point in arguing with them since, in their minds, they are first. Is this unbridled ego? Maybe, but that might be what it takes to blaze a new trail. Oh, and on the subject of arguing, it's the Ram who will have the last word, so save your breath. Aries plays as hard as they work. These folks are happiest in a spirited soccer match or engaging in the martial arts. In the game of love, the Ram's ardor is unquestioned,


Cordwainer | Define Cordwainer at Dictionary.com cordwainer a person who makes shoes from cordovan leather. 2. 1150-1200; Middle English cordewaner < Old French cordewan(i)er. See cordwain , -er 2 Related forms Examples from the Web for cordwainer Expand Historical Examples I was an apprentice to a cordwainer, but my indentures were given up before I left England, sir. Edmund was sent to Concord and became a cordwainer or shoemaker. Ben Comee M. J. (Michael Joseph) Canavan "Both equally necessary members of the body corporate," said Henry, whose father had been a cordwainer. From John O'Groats to Land's End Robert Naylor and John Naylor cordwainer was the old name for "shoemaker," and is still kept in the names of shoemakers' guilds and societies. British Dictionary definitions for cordwainer Expand (archaic) a shoemaker or worker in cordovan leather Derived Forms Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for cordwainer Expand n. "shoemaker, leatherworker," c.1100, from Anglo-French cordewaner, from Old French cordoan "(leather) of Cordova," the town in Spain whose leather was favored by the upper class for shoes. Cf. cordovan , a later borrowing directly from Spanish. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper


In British politics, who was described as ‘The Chingford Skinhead’?

Simon Hoggart's sketch: Chingford skinhead, Prince of Darkness, smiley old gent | Politics | The Guardian Simon Hoggart's sketch Iain Duncan Smith campaigning in Chingford and Woodford Green with his precessor Lord Tebbit. Photograph: Sean Smith Monday 2 May 2005 05.46 EDT First published on Monday 2 May 2005 05.46 EDT Share on Messenger Close The Prince of Darkness arrived back in Chingford. For one of Satan's most senior satraps, he looked surprisingly amiable: white haired and smiling, like a department store Santa who's decided to lose weight during the off-season. He is still in pain from the Brighton bomb in 1984, but he concentrates his energies on his wife, Margaret, who will always be in a wheelchair. "I'm trying to get a platform fitted to the back, so I can ride postilion for her." But I always thought Norman Tebbit's image as a snarling polecat - the "Chingford skinhead" as somebody called him - was largely defensive. "It's not me you don't like," he seemed to be saying, "it's this image I've constructed." And indeed, in this seat which he represented until 1992 when Iain Duncan Smith took over, he seems to be liked and even loved. Mothers ushered their children to be photographed with him, though he can't resist the occasional snarl. Putting his arms round three children while their mother fiddles with the camera, he says: "Course, if I were a schoolteacher, I'd be nicked for having my hands on them." It's true that some people veered away as we approached, though the only harsh words came from a Labour canvasser: "I remember you from years ago. Oh mah gawd!" said with the air of one who has accidentally bitten into a toad sandwich. Tebbit was touring the constituency with Duncan Smith, who's defending a safe majority. It's a lower middle-class area, which elsewhere would have gone Labour in the landslides. North-east London stayed loyal to the Tories, possibly because these are aspirational people, glad to get out of the slums. The Kray family are buried in the cemetery, to the annoyance of residents, since they didn't live here. But like many East Enders, they presumably felt that Chingford was a nice place to end up. The northern part of the seat was the last place Churchill represented; Lawrence of Arabia had a sort of holiday hut here. Immigration is an issue, but mainly they mean British people in social housing. A woman approaches IDS and says it's a pity he was prime minister for such a short time. "Hold that thought!" he replies cheerily. Meanwhile, Tebbit is on to Europe; a very good thing in some ways, he thinks, bringing free trade and lower pollution. We do need to get our fisheries back, and control over our borders. But the bureaucracy ..."They've been debating for two years who to put on a carton of yoghurt." Even immigrants seem to like him. He chats to Mladen Jovcic, who came here from Serbia after the war. "He's as British as I am!" says Tebbit slapping him on the back, though to be fair Mr Jovcic is a Tory councillor. But other new arrivals get the glad hand too. A shy black girl is glad the Tories have opposed the clauses against religious defamation. ("She'll be an evangelical Christian," says Duncan Smith. "They're fighting the Muslims for Afro-Caribbean members and are afraid the new law might stop them.") Two Muslims are grateful for Tebbit's opposition to the anti-terrorism bill, or at least the "bang up the lot" clauses. "I thought we had that sorted 1,000 years ago," he says. He can't even bring himself to be very rude about Tony Blair. "I don't think he's a liar, just a fantasist. He says whatever he likes, and then he believes it." Someone says that there ought to be more like him in British politics, and he agrees. "I'm having myself cloned, so there'll be 650 of me in the House of Commons ." I decide not to hold that thought.


‘Mehefin’ is Welsh for which month of the year?

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Red-billed Quelea (Birds) In Depth Tutorials and Information Red-billed Quelea (Birds) Quelea quelea KEY FEATURES African relative of the sparrow, the quelea feeds and breeds in vast colonies over a million strong Descending on cultivated crops to feed, these huge flocks can devastate farmland Although vigorously persecuted as a pest, it has survived everything that people can throw at it WHERE IN THE WORLD! Ranges across open grassland south of the Sahara, through East Africa and into southern Africa; absent from North Africa and equatorial forests Lifecycle There is almost no such thing as a single red-billed quelea. The flock travels, feeds, roosts and breeds together in one of nature’s most remarkable examples of community. HABITAT A Birds of a feather… sometimes called the “avian locust,” the quelea flocks over arable land and watering holes. The quelea ranges in vast flocks over the grasslands and savannahs of sub-Saharan Africa. It’s at home anywhere there are seeds to eat and trees to provide roosts. It can be found over a vast area of the continent. Although these conditions exclude the dense, equatorial forest belt and semidesert, such as found on the Horn of Africa, the quelea is flexible enough to thrive in humid swampland and dry, acacia-dotted savannah. With large habitat areas being turned over to agriculture, the quelea is being forced to spend more time on arable land. One tree occupied by breeding queleas had 6,000 nests. The total population of the red-billed quelea is estimated at one billion. A feeding quelea’s crop can become so distended, its contents can be identified through the stretched skin. One quelea flock had more than 80 million birds. BREEDING The red-billed quelea breeds in dense colonies. Thousands of pairs rear their young in trees thick with nests. With the onset of the breeding season, the male, in his bright mating plumage, begins building a roughly spherical nest. When half-constructed, he stops work and starts advertising his skills and charms. If a female likes the look of him and his nest, they mate, and he completes the structure. Both parents feed the brood insects and succulent larvae — a diet that ensures a rich supply of protein and vitamins for the fast-developing young. At 2 weeks old, the young are fledged and ready to leave the nest; two weeks after that they are independent. BEHAVIOR Compulsively social, the quelea lives in flocks that can have tens of millions of individuals and darken the sky like a pall of smoke. Wheeling and swirling, the flock-moves together in perfect synchrony like a shoal of fish, billowing across the landscape with a roar of wingbeats. A flock feeding on the ground becomes a sea of tiny, feathered bodies. Early in the morning, the flock sets out to find food, settling down to feed before it gets too hot. After a midday break in the shade, the birds feed again, and then retreat to roost in trees at dusk. A flock may travel 36 miles or more in a day, moving to new sites several times if food is not plentiful. The quelea does not always live in vast numbers everywhere. Where food is scarce, flocks are much smaller. One in a million A tightly packed flock is a good defense against hawks and other aerial predators. A Show house Nest-building is vital to the quelea’s mating display. CONSERVATION Humans have attacked queleas with guns, poisons and even flamethrowers without significant results. However, widespread use of pesticides may be causing real damage. FOOD & FEEDING For thousands of years, these seed-eating birds have exploited the wild grasslands in much the same way as herds of grazing mammals. They descend on a verdant area in huge numbers, eat their fill and then move on. Today, much wild grassland has been cultivated for cereal crops, irresistible pickings for a quelea flock. The quelea’s stout bill is perfect for cracking husks. Worked by strong muscles, its mandible can easily crush tough grass seeds and make light work of softer; cultivated grasses. A visit from a flock of queleas can spell disaster for an African cereal farmer: A F


The island of Feurteventura lies in which body of water?

Why Gran Canaria And The Canary Islands Are Worth A Visit | The Huffington Post Why Gran Canaria And The Canary Islands Are Worth A Visit 04/20/2012 08:53 am ET | Updated Apr 20, 2012 The following is an excerpt from the new book Going Local in Gran Canaria: How to Turn a Holiday Destination into a Home by Matthew Hirtes, out now from Summertime Publishing. Think Gran Canaria, think skyscraper hotels an eyesore '70s "entertainment" complexes. Think again. From the ruggedly charming (in other words, warts-and-all) north coast, dotted with natural swimming pools, to the verdant and mountainous interior, Gran Canaria's so much more than your bog-standard package-tour destination. Peel back its veneer, and there's a whole new world to discover. Which possibly explains why many of its more than 2 million annual visitors decide to return, some even to stay. African in terms of geography but Spanish politically speaking, you'll find Gran Canaria in the Atlantic Ocean, 130 miles off the coast of Africa. Cadiz, the nearest port on the Iberian peninsula, lies 777 miles away. The third largest, despite its name, of the Canaries, the island's sandwiched between Tenerife in the west and Fuerteventura in the east. Las Palmas, located on the northeast tip of Gran Canaria, is its capital. Located in the heart of the Canarian Archipelago, Gran Canaria's as round as a ball. And just as bouncy, with its inhabitants a particularly vivacious bunch. It may not be the largest island in the Canaries but it houses almost half the population. As any hot-spot theorist will tell you, the tectonic-plate splitting of South America from Africa formed the Canary Islands. A mantle plume expelled molten rock to the surface. Gran Canaria's origins date back 15 million years, but it wasn't until another million had elapsed before anything happened above sea level. The Moors once ruled mainland Spain, but the North African influence is as keenly felt on Canarian soil. Not least because of the shortish stretch of water separating the orphan Canaries from Mother Africa. They even import sand from the Sahara to furnish the dunes of Maspalomas, the jewel in the crown of Gran Canaria's beaches. There are more than 80 beaches on the islands. Chances are your average tourists will visit just two, Playa del Ingles and the neighboring Maspalomas. Whilst this pretty pair is not without its merits, the two are just the tip of, to extend the analogy even further, a whole north pole of icebergs. Away from the main resorts, you'll find delights such as Sardina del Norte. When I heard an estate agent trumpeting this area as a "zone of great potential," I thought to myself, Oh, leave it alone, it's perfect. An environmentalist acquaintance of mine, Cuco, is also worried about Sardina. He claims its tiny beach is unable to sustain the number of people who go there. And considering that these are almost exclusively Canarians from the north of the island, I feel slightly guilty even mentioning its name. So, just as there's little grotty about neighboring Lanzarote, Gran Canaria's not just an 18-30 mecca. Instead, to borrow a line from celebrated author Julia Donaldson, it's a land "with fiery mountains and golden sands." One which caters for outdoorsy types with a surfeit of cycling, hiking and mountain-climbing options. Indeed, traveling to the center of the island will fool any sat-nav into identifying you location as Asia with the mountains resembling a collection of mini Everests. For keen sightseers, it's an ideal destination with stunning vistas unfolding before your very eyes. There are miradors, viewing points, aplenty should you wish to pause for a more lingering look. A World Biosphere Reserve, Gran Canaria's an eco-friendly destination. Around 50% of the island makes up this reserve, encompassing six rural towns with a population of over 18,000. Get back to nature on Gran Canaria with a stay in one of the casa rurales, rural houses converted into self-catering establishments and hotels for the benefit of environmental tourism. The Canarian Network of Naturally Prot


Douglas, Fraser and Noble are all which type of tree?

Types of Christmas Trees at our farm | McFee's Christmas Tree Farm McFee's Christmas Tree Farm Our Trees Grand Fir Grand Fir Christmas trees have a vibrant emerald green needle with a silvery underside. The silver underside of Grand Fir needles have two lines of stomatal bloom which reflect light creating a sparkling display. The glossy Grand Fir needles fan out in a single plane on either side of the branch giving the tree an elegant appearance. While similar in appearance to Balsam Fir from the Eastern United States, which historically did not perform well, Western Grand Fir seed sources come from northern Idaho. These seed sources have dramatically improved needle retention and in home performance during the Christmas season. Noble Fir The Noble Fir grows slowly into a Christmas tree with great spacing between it’s strong branches which is the perfect combination for those with many heavy or large ornaments. Their needles are deep green and a little prickly to the touch. Nobles are also known for their excellent needle retention making it a great choice for those who enjoy their Christmas tree all December long. Douglas Fir The Douglas Fir is your classic, traditional Christmas tree that has been the favourite since the 1920′s. It has soft, dark green needles and branches that are closely bunched which release a mellow fragrance. Ensure your Douglas Fir has a constant supply of water for good needle retention. Fraser Fir The Fraser Fir is quite similar to the Noble fir with great spacing and strong branches for ornaments. Frasers have excellent needle retention as well. The most noticeable difference between the Noble and the Fraser fir is how the Fraser’s strong branches are turned upward. Their needles are silvery-green and soft making it a delight to decorate.


Rockhopper Penguins, Rockhopper Penguin Pictures, Rockhopper Penguin Facts -- National Geographic Size relative to a 6-ft (2-m) man Please add a "relative" entry to your dictionary. Rockhopper penguins are distinguished by the irreverent crest of spiky yellow and black feathers that adorns their head. Biologists left little ambiguity about this species’ preferred habitat when assigning its name. Rockhoppers are found bounding—rather than waddling, as most other penguins do—among the craggy, windswept shorelines of the islands north of Antarctica, from Chile to New Zealand. These gregarious marine birds are among the world's smallest penguins, standing about 20 inches (50 centimeters) tall. They have blood-red eyes, a red-orange beak, and pink webbed feet. During annual breeding times, rockhoppers gather in vast, noisy colonies, often numbering in the hundreds of thousands, to construct burrows in the tall tussock grasses near shore. They return to the same breeding ground, and often to the same nest, each year, and usually seek out their previous year's mate. Both parents take turns incubating the eggs, aggressively pecking at anything, big or small, that may stray too close. Rockhoppers ply the frigid waters of their range using strong, narrow, flipper-like wings for propulsion. They usually stick to the shallows, but are capable of diving up to 330 feet (100 meters) in pursuit of fish, crustaceans, squid, and krill. These penguins are among the most numerous on the planet, but their population is in rapid decline. Colonies on the Falkland Islands were once the largest anywhere, but commercial overfishing, pollution, and other factors have cut the penguins' numbers by 90 percent. Breeding colonies on other islands are in trouble as well, and some estimates say rockhopper penguins have declined by more than 30 percent over the past 30 years. They are listed as vulnerable by the IUCN, and if declines continue, they are likely to be uplisted to endangered in the near future.


Braeburn is a variety of which type of fruit?

Washington Apple Commission Honeycrisp Crisp and Distinctly Sweet The Honeycrisp apple’s name says it all! Pleasantly crisp, sweet and juicy, this popular apple features a beautiful bright red skin mottled with pale green. Its complex flavor is subtly tart, and is a versatile ingredient for recipes ranging from sweet to savory. As a snack, Honeycrisp apples burst with juice with every bite, and they are also a delicious addition to salads, pies, sauces, and baked goods. Uses: snacking, salads, baking, beverages, pies, sauce History:


Cuneiform - Ancient History Encyclopedia Cuneiform by Joshua J. Mark published on 28 April 2011 Cuneiform is a system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. 3500-3000 BCE. It is considered the most significant among the many cultural contributions of the Sumerians and the greatest among those of the Sumerian  city of Uruk which advanced the writing of cuneiform c. 3200 BCE. The name comes from the Latin word cuneus for 'wedge' owing to the wedge-shaped style of writing. In cuneiform, a carefully cut writing implement known as a stylus is pressed into soft clay to produce wedge-like impressions that represent word-signs (pictographs) and, later, phonograms or `word-concepts' (closer to a modern day understanding of a `word'). All of the great Mesopotamian civilizations used cuneiform (the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Elamites, Hatti ,  Hittites , Assyrians, Hurrians and others) until it was abandoned in favour of the alphabetic script at some point after 100 BCE. Early Cuneiform The earliest cuneiform tablets, known as proto-cuneiform, were pictorial, as the subjects they addressed were more concrete and visible (a king, a battle , a flood) but developed in complexity as the subject matter became more intangible (the will of the gods, the quest for immortality). By 3000 BCE the representations were more simplified and the strokes of the stylus conveyed word-concepts (honour) rather than word-signs (an honourable man). The written language was further refined through the rebus which isolated the phonetic value of a certain sign so as to express grammatical relationships and syntax to determine meaning. In clarifying this, the scholar Ira Spar writes: Remove Ads Advertisement This new way of interpreting signs is called the rebus principle. Only a few examples of its use exist in the earliest stages of cuneiform from between 3200 and 3000 B.C. The consistent use of this type of phonetic writing only becomes apparent after 2600 B.C. It constitutes the beginning of a true writing system characterized by a complex combination of word-signs and phonograms—signs for vowels and syllables—that allowed the scribe to express ideas. By the middle of the Third Millennium B.C., cuneiform primarily written on clay tablets was used for a vast array of economic, religious, political, literary, and scholarly documents. The great literary works of Mesopotamia such as the famous Epic of Gilgamesh were all written in cuneiform. Development of Cuneiform One no longer had to struggle with the meaning of a pictograph; one now read a word-concept which more clearly conveyed the meaning of the writer. The number of characters used in writing was also reduced from over 1,000 to 600 in order to simplify and clarify the written word. The best example of this is given by the historian Paul Kriwaczek who notes that, in the time of proto-cuneiform: All that had been devised thus far was a technique for noting down things, items and objects, not a writing system. A record of `Two Sheep Temple God Inanna ’ tells us nothing about whether the sheep are being delivered to, or received from, the temple, whether they are carcasses, beasts on the hoof, or anything else about them (63). Cuneiform developed to the point where it could be made clear, to use Kriwaczek's example, whether the sheep were coming or going to the temple, for what purpose, and whether they were living or dead. By the time of the priestess-poet Enheduanna (2285-2250 BCE), who wrote her famous hymns to Inanna in the Sumerian city of Ur , cuneiform was sophisticated enough to convey emotional states such as love and adoration, betrayal and fear, longing and hope, as well as the precise reasons behind the writer experiencing such states. Cuneiform Literature The great literary works of Mesopotamia such as the Atrahasis, The Descent of Inanna, The Myth of Etana, The Enuma Elish and the famous Epic of Gilgamesh were all written in cuneiform and were completely unknown until the mid 19th century CE, when men like the brilliant translator George Smith (1840-18


In humans, hirsutism is an overabundance of what?

Hirsutism | University of Maryland Medical Center Loss of feminine body shape Signs of masculinity, deepening voice, male pattern baldness, enlarged clitoris, enlarged shoulder muscles If hirsutism is caused by Cushing syndrome, signs and symptoms can include: Obesity, especially around the middle section High blood pressure (hypertension) Thinning skin Causes About half of women with hirsutism have high levels of male sex hormones, called androgens. Those high levels can be caused by: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), which may also cause infertility Tumors on the adrenal glands or ovaries Cushing syndrome Medications that can cause hair growth, such as phenytoin (Dilantin), minoxidil (Rogaine), diazoxide (Proglycem), and cyclosporine Anabolic steroids Danazol (Danocrine), used to treat endometriosis Sometimes, women with hirsutism may have normal levels of male hormones. If there is no underlying condition, doctors may not be able to determine what causes hirsutism. Risk Factors The following factors may increase your risk of hirsutism: Genetics, some conditions that cause hirsutism may be inherited. Race and ethnicity, women of European, Middle Eastern, and South Asian ancestry are more likely to develop the condition Diagnosis Your doctor will examine you and take a medical history. You may be asked about your menstrual cycle, what medications you take, and your family history. Your doctor will check you for hair growth and also may do a pelvic examination to check for tumors or cysts on the ovaries. After doing the physical exam, your doctor may order one of the following tests: Blood tests, may show high androgen levels Imaging tests, including CT scan, MRI, pelvic ultrasound, used to find cysts or tumors on the ovaries or adrenal glands Preventive Care Preventing hirsutism depends on the cause. For women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), for example, losing weight through diet and exercise may help. Studies suggest that obese women with PCOS may be less likely to develop hirsutism if they eat a low-calorie diet. Treatment Treatment for hirsutism depends on whether there is an underlying cause, and how severe the hair growth is. For example, if medications are making it worse, you can ask your doctor if you can switch medications. A tumor on the ovaries or adrenal glands can be removed surgically. Overweight women with hirsutism may want to lose weight so their bodies will make less testosterone. If your doctor cannot find a cause, you can try a combination of self care and hair-removal techniques. Psychological support may also help because hirsutism is often a frustrating and embarrassing condition. Lifestyle Being overweight may contribute to hirsutism. Eating a balanced diet and getting enough exercise can help control weight. Medications The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any medications to treat hirsutism. However, some drugs may lower androgen production and reduce hair growth. It can take 6 months or longer for the medications to produce noticeable changes in hair growth. They must be taken long term to keep symptoms under control. These medications include: Birth control pills. Some birth control pills can lower the amount of androgens your body makes. Spironolactone (Aldactone) blocks androgen from being used in the body Eflorinithine (Vaniqa) is a prescription cream for unwanted facial hair. It slows new hair growth but does not get rid of existing hair. Hair comes back if you stop using the cream. Surgery and Other Procedures If a tumor on the ovaries or adrenal glands is causing hirsutism, you may need surgery to remove it. Laser therapy can remove unwanted hair for some women. The laser destroys hair follicles and stops hair from growing. You will need several sessions to reduce hair growth in specific areas, and you may need touch-ups afterward. Laser therapy works best on women with dark hair and light skin. Nutrition and Dietary Supplements Ask your health care provider how to use complementary and alternative therapies (CAM) in your overall treatment plan. Always t


Porphyrophobia is the irrational fear of which colour?

Porphyrophobia: Fear of the Color Purple, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment Porphyrophobia – Fear of the Color Purple Written by admin | September 15, 2012 | 1 What is Porphyrophobia? Form the whole spectrum of colors, if you dread the color purple, you have porphyrophobia. It is an abnormal, persistent fear of the color purple. A person suffering from porphyrophobia will most likely pass his or her waking hours in a state of nervousness. A purple colored car or house can make a porphyrophobic suffer from a panic attack. The color purple is often seen in some vegetables such as brinjal and onion. In many traditions the color purple stands for royal lineage that is used only by those in power. In many schools, purple is the standard color of uniforms. But despite of all the surrounding glory, there is an air of fear around the color, observed by those who have a profound dread for anything that is purple. Know Porphyrophobia Causes Due to past experience with colors, porphyrophobia causes include the fear for colors that is mostly linked to negative incidents and events. The fear can be one that is learned, observed in others or has developed due to personal experience. It has been found to be a part of the conscious or subconscious psyche. This means that there is an extreme association between the purple color and an event or experience that dented a lifelong negative notion. Experts also believe that it can be part of the genetic makeup or be hereditary in nature. In almost all of the cases, the fear of nearly every color is by and large related to negative associations. In some cases, a causative reason may be hard to identify. Identify Porphyrophobia Symptoms An apparent sign of this fear is tensing up of the body that can be seen in a porphyrophobe when presented with the color purple. A phobic personality may try to flee from the color or may freeze in place and start to weep or cry. Here are some of the porphyrophobia symptoms: Fast breathing Become emotional Urge to flee Porphyrophobia symptoms such as emotional disturbances, linked with this irrational fear, can cause a considerable amount of humiliation. Sometimes, porphyrophobia causes a phobic to feel completely helpless when faced with the fear, and as such, responds fearfully to the stimuli. Porphyrophobia Treatment Seeking help of a professional therapist is a positive step towards learning the root cause for your fear on encountering something purple. This can play an important role in porphyrophobia treatment. Exposure therapy, systematic desensitization techniques and cognitive behavioral therapy are some of the porphyrophobia treatment made use of by professional therapists to treat the phobia. In all the methods used, the primary aim is to encourage and enable the patient to respond confidently to changing scenarios when presented with the object of fear. Gradually, with therapy, the patient finds that his or her fear is irrational and the object of fear can in fact cause no harm either mentally or physically and ultimately conquers the fear. Related posts:


What is the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet? - Quora Quora The seventeenth letter of the Greek alphabet is rho. Upper-Case: [math] P [/math] Written Jun 28, 2016 I know about salmonella. That’s why I don’t eat my chicken raw. This question makes no sense. Knowing about salmonella just makes you handle and prepare the chicken correctly. It wouldn’t make any reasonable person stop eating it. Abhijeet Borkar , PhD in Physics (Astrophysics) This example of a levitation trick is very well done. I don't know if there are other ways to do this, but this picture below gives sort of an X-ray view into the most common way. The "levitating" person is actually sitting on a platform (1) that's attached to a steel (or some other strong metal) post (2), which is granted balance and stability by a large, metal base (3). It's a cool trick, and ... Bob Cooke , Special Agent in Charge (ret) CA Dept of Justice, Bureau of Narcotic Enforcement Just once and it still haunts me to this day. I was on duty and in the police station. I was very young in service and you were expected to do more than your fair share, a call came in from the front desk. I can't recall the exact circumstances but a female had attended and for whatever reason, her details were checked on the police national computer (PNC). It showed that she was a failed asylum...


Bezique is a card game for how many players?

How to Play Bezique | HowStuffWorks How to Play Bezique NEXT PAGENEXT   Bezique, the forerunner of the card game Pinochle, was invented in the early 1800s in Sweden. By the 1850s, it was a hit all across Europe, and it soon arrived in America. It's still widely enjoyed in Britain. Over the years there have been many exciting variations of Bezique. In this article, you will. learn how to play classic Bezique, Rubicon Bezique, and Chinese Bezique. Let's get started with traditional Bezique: Number of players: Two Card Term Glossary Here's a quick reference for some of the card language you will find in this article. Follow suit: To play a card of the suit led. Lead: To play the first card to a trick. Marriage: A meld consisting of the king and queen. Meld: A combination of cards with scoring value, generally three or more cards in sequence in one suit or all of the same rank; also, to show or play such a combination. Stock: The undealt cards available for future use. Table: The playing area; also, to lay down a meld on the playing area. Trick: A round of cards played, one from each player's hand. Trump: A suit designated to be higher ranking than any other suit; any card in that suit. Also, to play a trump card on a trick. Upcard: The first card turned up after a deal, often to begin play or initiate a discard pile. For a complete listing of card terminology, click here . Object: To score points by melding and by taking tricks containing aces and 10s (brisques). The cards: Two sets of 32 cards, consisting of aces through 7s, are shuffled together into one 64-card deck. Cards rank -- from high to low -- A-10-K-Q-J-9-8-7. To play: Deal eight cards to each player, in groups of three, two, and three, and then turn up a card. This "upcard" will designate which suit will be trump. Place that card face up and so that it is slightly sticking out from under the draw pile. If the trump upcard is a 7, dealer scores 10 points immediately. Nondealer starts play by leading any card. At this stage of play, and as long as there remain cards to draw, you are not obliged to follow suit; you may play any of your cards. The highest trump in a trick wins it, or, if there is no trump card, the highest card of the suit led wins it. When two identical cards contend for the same trick (for example, two 10s), the first one played wins the trick. The winner of each trick scores 10 points for each ace or 10 (also called a "brisque") it contains, and may also table one meld. (You may tally the 10 points for a 7 of trumps along with a meld, and if you table the first 7 of trumps you may also trade it for the trump upcard.) Tally all points when you meld as you score them (see "Melds in Bezique" table below). Tally brisques at the end of the hand. Both players take a new card from the stock, with the winner of the previous trick drawing first and then leading to the next trick. Melded cards stay on the table until the stock is used up, but you may still play them on tricks. A card you meld one time can be used again, but only in a different meld and only with a winning trick. For example: Q melds with K in a marriage and can also meld later for 60 points with Q-- Q. But it can't meld with a second K -- a completely new pair is needed to score the second marriage. When only the upcard and one draw card remain, the upcard goes to the trick-loser. Put your remaining melded cards back in your hand, with the winner of the previous trick taking the last draw card and leading to the next trick. In the play of the final eight cards, each player must follow suit and also must win a trick whenever possible. Whoever wins the final trick scores an extra 10 points. ©2006 Publications International, Ltd. lead, though it gives opponent the chance to win a brisque. Instead, you could try either J, but as a card of lower rank, it is a more likely loser. Scoring: The first player to accumulate 1,000 points -- or any other agreed-upon sum -- wins. Tips: The play in Bezique has 32 tricks, in which your opponent will try to trump any ace or 10 you lead. Therefore, you sho


Which singer was born Gloria Fowles in September 1948?

Gloria Gaynor - Biography - IMDb Gloria Gaynor Jump to: Overview  (3) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (1) | Trivia  (8) Overview (3) First Lady of Disco Mini Bio (1) Gloria Gaynor was born on September 7, 1949 in Newark, New Jersey, USA as Gloria Fowles. She was previously married to Linwood Simon. Spouse (1) Trivia (8) Singer Her hit single, I Will Survive, has been not only been a disco-themed song frequently played in nightclubs; it has been played frequently for various causes (e.g. benefits for AIDS, or in Gay/Lesbian gatherings). Her 1979 #1 hit "I Will Survive" was awarded the first and only Grammy Award for Best Disco Recording in 1980 (the category was discontinued upon disco's fall into disrepair). Her 1979 disco hit, "I Will Survive", was named the #1 song on VH1's 100 Greatest Dance Songs, while "Never Can Say Goodbye" landed at #51. Song "I Never Knew" with remixes by Hex Hector reached #1 on the Billboard Dance Music/Club Play chart (2002) Song "Just Keep Thinking About You" with remixes by Jonathan Peters and Almighty reached #1 on the Billboard Dance Music/Club Play chart (2001) Gloria Gaynor Day was held in the City of Newark on November 7, 2008. Green Brook, New Jersey [December 2008] See also


Donatien Alphonse Francois were the first names of which French aristocrat, born in 1740?

Marquis de Sade, born Donatien Alphonse François de Sade | Great Thoughts Treasury Marquis de Sade, born Donatien Alphonse François de Sade (1740 - ) French Aristocrat, Revolutionary Politician, Philosopher and Writer famous for his Libertine Sexuality and Lifestyle Videos Quotes Marquis de Sade, born Donatien Alphonse Last Name:  French Aristocrat, Revolutionary Politician, Philosopher and Writer famous for his Libertine Sexuality and Lifestyle Search this author only for specific quotes by keyword: Any TED Videos The images and text provided to Internet users through this web site belong to various parties and are covered by copyright. The copyright holders want you to have online access to these materials, but do not want their other rights compromised. Consequently, permission is granted only for personal viewing by individuals who receive these materials through direct Internet transmission from this website. Copying of pictures or text to disk, paper, or any other medium for use by others is not permitted without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Similarly, retransmission of these on-line materials via any mode of telecommunication without prior written permission is also forbidden. Only the copyright holder can grant permission for other uses. Copyright © 2010-2016 by Alan Smolowe


Tuna Species Guide Tuna Species Guide Please select the required species from this list:   Katsuwonus pelamis Other Languages: Netherlands: Gestreept tonijn, Spain: Listado, Barrilete, Italy: Palometta, Denmark: Bugstribet bonit, Germany: Echter Bonito, Portugal: Palamida, France: Listao, Japan: Katsuo, Indonesia: Cakalang, Papua New Guinea: Tjakalang, China: Then chien, Philippines: Gulyasan, Characteristics: Skipjack Tuna can be distinguished by the presence of four to seven dark, longitudinal stripes on their bellies. Their dark blue backs are accentuated by a clearly defined area of green above the pectoral fin, which fades away towards the middle of the body. They have silvery flanks and bellies, and short fins. These subheadings do not cover the Atlantic or belted bonitos (Sarda sarda), which have oblique bands on their backs. Common Size: Size 110 cm, Weight 30 kg, Age 15 years Biggest Angled Fish: 20 kg - Mexico 1996 by Brian Evan Maturity: 1 year and around 2 kg Female: 42-50 cm 73% Western Pacific Ocean (63% WCPO, 8% SPO, 3% NPO) 7% Eastern Pacific Ocean Mostly purse seining, some pole & line (8%) Share of all Tuna Caught 2012:  About 46% - 2,776,833 M/T Main Processing Nations: Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Ecuador, Ghana, Colombia, Ivory Coast, Senegal, Samoa, Spain, Italy, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Vietnam Flags of Main Fleets: Taiwan, US, China, Japan, Indonesia, Spain Life Cycle: About 3 to 4 years Major Markets: Europe, United States, Arab World, Japan Popular Product Forms: Canned (90%), Pouched, Dried (Katsuobushi), Fillet (Tataki)   Skipjack is the most popular tuna for consumption. It prefers to swim in the upper mixed layers of the ocean waters and is mostly found between 45o N and 40o S. It is highly migratory and can be found all over the world within tropical waters. Large schools sometimes mix with small yellowfin. Normally dolphins do not swim together with small skipjack, which almost makes it a guaranteed dolphin-safe species. Skipjacks also mature around 1 year of age, a characteristic which promotes rapid turnover in skipjack populations. Product characteristics: The meat of the skipjack is darker of color, sometimes even slightly pinkish. It has a relatively tender texture and has somewhat more of a fishy taste than other tuna species. The small size of the fish gives small loins and chunks, making it excellent for canned tuna chunks. Future Supply: In the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO), the biomass of skipjack tuna is very large and estimated to exceed that of the other three main tuna species combined. It is assumed that skipjack in the WCPO is a separate population (for stock assessment and management purposes) to the Eastern Pacific stock. Skipjack is clearly a species that is difficult to overfish because of its highly active reproductive behavior. Local overfishing has been noted, however it should not be harmful to the spawning stock as a whole. Management: Taking into account that tuna is a highly migratory species, how are tuna stocks being managed? The Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) are the bodies responsible for the management of tuna populations; they monitor the activity within fishing countries in the region, setting catch limits in those areas. Tuna RFMOs are also responsible for regulating the fishing fleets and controlling the health of stocks. Currently, these are the active tuna RFMOs in the world: Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT) Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)   Raw frozen loins + steaks   Yellowfin is the second tuna species is terms of volume and popularity. They are found between 45oN and 40oS. They cover enormous distances around the globe and all stocks mingle. It is a big fish which can swim at very high speed. This may be one of the reasons why in some areas, dolphins and large full-grown yellowfin swim together. Th


DIONYSUS (Dionysos) - Greek God of Wine & Festivity (Roman Bacchus) Liber, Bacchus Dionysus riding panther, Greek mosaic from Pella C4th B.C., Pella Archaeological Museum DIONYSOS (Dionysus) was the Olympian god of wine, vegetation, pleasure, festivity, madness and wild frenzy. He was depicted as either an older, bearded god or an effeminate, long-haired youth. His attributes included the thyrsos (a pine-cone tipped staff), a drinking cup and a crown of ivy. He was usually accompanied by a troop of Satyrs and Mainades (wild female devotees). MYTHS Dionysos was a son of Zeus and the princess Semele of Thebes. During the course of her pregnancy, the god's jealous wife Hera tricked Semele into asking Zeus to appear before her in his full glory. Bound by oath, the god was forced to comply and she was consumed by the heat of his lightning-bolts. Zeus recovered their unborn child from her body, sewed him up in his own thigh, and carried him to term. << More >> After his birth from the thigh of Zeus, Dionysos was first entrusted to the care of Seilenos (Silenus) and the nymphs of Mount Nysa, and later to his aunt Ino, Semele's sister, and her husband Athamas. Hera was enraged when she learned of the boy's location and drove the couple mad, causing them to kill both their children and themselves. << More >> The Thrakian king Lykourgos (Lycurgus) attacked Dionysos and his companions as they were travelling through his land and drove them into the sea. As punishment, the god inflicted him with madness causing him to murder his wife and son and mutilate himself with an axe. << More >> King Pentheus of Thebes refused to accept the god's divinity and tried to apprehend him. The god retaliated by driving the king's daughters into a crazed frenzy and they tore him apart limb from limb. << More >> Dionysos instructed the hero Ikarios (Icarius) of Athens in the art of winemaking. However, some shepherds, upon drinking the wine, thought they had been poisoned and killed him. The sorrowful god then set him amongst the stars as the constellation Bootes. << More >> As Dionysos was travelling through the islands of the Aegean Sea he was captured by a band of Tyrrhenian pirates who thought to sell him into slavery. The god infested their ship with phantoms of creeping vines and wild beasts, and in terror the men leapt overboard and were transformed into dolphins. << More >> Dionysos married princess Ariadne of Krete (Crete) whom he discovered abandoned by Theseus on the island of Naxos. << More >> The god launched a campaign against the Indian nation in the farthest reaches of Asia, leading an army composed of Satyrs, Mainades, and demigods. << More >> Dionysos journeyed to the underworld to recover his mother Semele and brought her to Olympos where Zeus transformed into the goddess Thyone. << More >> Many other myths are detailed over the following pages. SYMBOLS & ATTRIBUTES Dionysos' most distinctive attribute was the thyrsos, a pine-cone tipped staff. His other attributes included a drinking-cup (kantharos), fruiting grapevines and a panther. The god was usually clothed in a long robe (chiton) and cloak (himation) and crowned with a wreath of ivy-leaves. Below are some examples of his attributes as depicted in ancient Greek art:- 1. Pine-cone staff (thyrsos); 2. Thyrsos-staff head; 3. Grapevines; 4. Drinking-cup; 5. Wreath of ivy-leaves. SACRED ANIMALS & PLANTS Dionysos' sacred animals were the panther (leopard), tiger, bull and serpent. The god rode on the back of a panther or drove a chariot drawn by a pair of the beasts. His sacred plants were the grapevine, ivy, bindweed (prickly ivy) and pine tree. Devotees of the god wore wreaths of ivy and carried pine-cone tipped staffs. Below are examples of the god's animals as depicted in ancient Greek art and photos of his sacred plants:- 1. Panther; 2. Grapevine; 3. Ivy; 4. Bindweed; 5. Pine tree. DIONYSUS PAGES ON THEOI.COM This site contains a total of 14 pages describing the god, including general descriptions, mythology, and cult. The content is outlined in the Index of Dionysus Pages (le


What is the title of the only film for which actor John Wayne won an Oscar?

John Wayne wins Best Actor Oscar - Apr 07, 1970 - HISTORY.com John Wayne wins Best Actor Oscar Share this: John Wayne wins Best Actor Oscar Author John Wayne wins Best Actor Oscar URL Publisher A+E Networks On this day in 1970, the legendary actor John Wayne wins his first–and only–acting Academy Award, for his star turn in the director Henry Hathaway’s Western True Grit. Wayne appeared in some 150 movies over the course of his long and storied career. He established his tough, rugged, uniquely American screen persona most vividly in the many acclaimed films he made for the directors John Ford and Howard Hawks from the late 1940s into the early 1960s. He earned his first Oscar nomination, in the Best Actor category, for Sands of Iwo Jima (1949). The Alamo (1960), which Wayne produced, directed and starred in, earned a Best Picture nomination. Wayne’s Oscar for True Grit at the 42nd annual Academy Awards in 1970 was generally considered to be a largely sentimental win, and a long-overdue reward for one of Hollywood’s most enduring performers. The Academy had failed to even nominate Wayne for any of his most celebrated performances, in films such as Stagecoach (1939), Red River (1948), The Quiet Man (1952), The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962) and especially Ford’s The Searchers (1956), considered by many to be the greatest Western ever made. In True Grit, Wayne played a drunken, foul-tempered but endearing U.S. marshal named Rooster Cogburn, who becomes an unlikely hero when he helps a young girl avenge the murder of her father. He would reprise the role in the film’s sequel, Rooster Cogburn (1975), opposite Katharine Hepburn. Nominated for seven Oscars at the 42nd annual awards ceremony that night, John Schlesinger’s gritty urban drama Midnight Cowboy won in the Best Picture, Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay categories. The film’s stars, Jon Voight and Dustin Hoffman, were both nominated in the Best Actor category but lost out to Wayne. Richard Burton (as King Henry VIII in Anne of the Thousand Days) and Peter O’Toole (as the beloved schoolmaster Arthur Chipping in Goodbye, Mr. Chips) rounded out the category. It was the fourth of what would be eight career nominations (and no wins) for O’Toole. In 1964, Wayne battled lung cancer, undergoing surgery to remove his entire left lung. He went public with news of his illness in hopes of convincing people to remain vigilant about cancer. In his last movie, The Shootist (1976), Wayne portrayed an aging gunfighter dying of cancer. Three years later, the great actor himself succumbed to stomach cancer at the age of 72 on June 11, 1979. Related Videos


Who designed the Luftwaffe’s Bf-109 fighter plane?

Messerschmitt Bf 109 (Me 109) - History and Pictures of German WW2 Fighter Plane Germany's Memorable Fighter of WWII By Stephen Sherman , July 2003. Updated July 6, 2011. Unwanted at its inception, the Bf 109 became the most widely produced, the most respected, and the most varied Luftwaffe fighter. Over 30,000 of the nine major variants of Willy Messerschmitt's versatile aircraft were built. From its introduction in the Spanish Civil War, until the last Bf 109 model retired from the Spanish (!) Air Force in 1967, the 109 served for thirty years. Background From the late 1920's, Dr. Willy Messerchmitt antagonized Erhard Milch, eventually Hitler's Secretary of State for Aviation, and thus Messerchmitt's company, Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW), could not get much support from the German government. At one point, the Gestapo even called on Messerchmitt to question him about his contracts with the Romanian government. In 1933, his luck changed, when the Luftwaffe invited BFW to design a sports plane for an upcoming international air race. Messerschmitt, under tight deadlines, based his new aircraft on the work he had done for the Romanian sports plane. The resulting Bf 108, the forerunner to the 109, flew in February, 1934, with a top speed over 200 MPH. Its performance at the races showed real promise, but due to Milch's influence, the Luftwaffe's request that year for a fighter was given to Focke-Wulf, Arado, and Heinkel, but not to BFW. By 1935, though, Messerchmitt was granted a development contract, something of a gamble. As a development-only contract, it represented a gamble. Milch made it clear that no production contract would follow. Messerchmitt relied on the superior qualities of his design, the Bf 109, to overcome Milch's opposition. Prototype The prototype Bf 109V-1 was ready in August, 1935, Like its predecessor, the Bf 108, it was a low wing, all metal construction monoplane, with flush rivets, leading edge slats, and retractable landing gear. Its single-seat cockpit had a fully enclosed canopy. While none of the developments were revolutionary in 1935, Messerschmitt first put them all together in the Bf 109. Powered by a 695 HP twelve cylinder Rolls-Royce Kestrel engine, the Bf 109V-1 first flew in September of that year. At first, the Luftwaffe pilots, from Ernst Udet on down, distrusted the aircraft. It seemed frail; its enclosed canopy was disconcerting; it had a very high wing loading; and its narrow track landing gear was prone to failure. (On this last point, their concerns were well founded. Landing gear troubles plagued the 109 its entire career.) But its speed and agility impressed the Luftwaffe skeptics; even Udet came around to support the plane. Even before the results of the competition were known, Messerschmitt pushed on with the second and third models. The Bf 109V-2 was powered by a 610 HP Junkers Jumo 210A but was otherwise similar to the V-1. The V-3, the third prototype, was the first Bf 109 to be armed, carrying two 7.9mm MG17 machine guns and 1000 rounds of ammunition, as called for in the RLM spec. Otherwise similar to the first two examples, its first flight was delayed until May 1936, due to teething problems with the Jumo 210A engine. Meanwhile, the Arado and Focke-Wulfe entries had foundered on poor performance and mechanical problems, and Heinkel’s He 112 could not match Messerschmitt’s entrant. Reports of the technologically advanced British Spitfire development added to the Bf 109's favor. Throughout the 1936 trials, the BFW fighter looked better and better, prompting the RLM to order ten Bf 109s. Udet's stunning performance in a Bf 109 at the Rechlin air show confirmed the decision. In front of Generalfeldmarschall Goering and other Luftwaffe brass, Udet intercepted four He 51s in a mock air battle, "destroyed" them, and then turned on a force of bombers and "destroyed" them as well. In November 1936, the Bf 109V-4 flew. It mounted a third machine gun in the nose and otherwise resembled the V-3. With production now guaranteed, BFW finished the prototyping with two more airplanes


Which metal is obtained from the ore cinnabar?

Cinnabar A mineral is a naturally occuring, homogeneous, solid with a crystalline atomic structure. Crystallinity implies  that a mineral has a definite and limited range of composition, and that the composition is expressible as a chemical  formula. Some definitions of minerals give them as inorganic materials, however both diamonds and graphite are considered  minerals, and both are primarily comprised of carbon, which would make them organic. So this leads me, as an  engineer, to believe that mineralogists do not have a good, precise definition of a mineral, but rather a loose  definition. The definition above, is the most inclusive and would include all substances currently described as minerals.  The key items that make something a mineral are occurring naturally, and the definite crystal structure, that is  expressible as a chemical formula. Rocks that do not meet this criteria are referred to as amorphis - not having a  definite structure or expressible as a chemical formula. Some elements that occur naturally and are minerals are arsenic,  bismuth, platinum, gold, silver, copper, and sulphur. THE DEFINITION OF ORGANIC: Organic chemistry is the study of those substances containing carbon in combination with hydrogen (H), and a few other non metals, namely oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S) and the halogens (F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2). This specemin of Cinnabar Ore is from Nevada. The white crystals are probably Dolomite.   Crystal forms of cinnabar are relatively rare. This is the more common ore of cinnabar, also from nevada. Cinnabar is a major ore for the production of Mercury. Historically, it has been mined as far back as early Roman times, for mercury.  Cinnabar contains as much as 86% Mercury. Mercury is the only common metal that is liquid at room temperature.  It occurs either as native metal or in cinnabar, corderoite,  livingstonite, and other minerals. Mercury has uniform volumetric  thermal expansion, good electrical conductivity, and easily forms   amalgams with almost all common metals except iron.      Most mercury is used for the manufacture of industrial     chemicals and for electrical and electronic applications.* *Source - USGS Mercury Production Cinnabar, a Mercury Sulfide, is the principal mineral of mercury. These minerals occur in veins, wide dissemination of irregular, sporadic mineralization without any pattern. Mercury is easy to recover from Cinnabar.  Ore is crushed to typically 1" to 2" in size then sent to a kiln. Simply heating the ore in a kiln to 1,100 Deg. F, all of the mercury will vaporize into the kiln (mercury vaporizes at 675 deg F). The kiln vapors then must be condensed, by cooling, to recover the mercury, which becomes liquid at temperatures below 675 deg F and freezes solid at 2.8 Deg. F. Some free mercury in the ore can be recovered on Deister wet gravity concentration tables, also. Typical minerals found with cinnabar include silica, calcite, pyrite, marcasite and bitumen. These minerals often comprise the waste material in a mercury mine.


Who played Richard Hillman in the British tv soap ‘Coronation Street’?

Richard Hillman | Coronation Street Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Brian Capron Richard Charles Hillman was a financial advisor and businessman who had been married twice before arriving in Weatherfield . In June 2001 he turned up for Alma Halliwell 's funeral, claiming to be her cousin. He began a relationship with Gail Platt . Richard went into property development with Duggie Ferguson , but the partnership was troubled. Richard left Duggie for dead after he fell from a flight of stairs in The Ridings , a property they were selling, choosing to rob Duggie of his money rather than help him. When Richard was due to marry Gail later in the summer, his ex-wife Patricia came back threatening to tell everyone about what Richard was really like and ruin his business, so Richard killed her with a shovel and buried her body in the foundations of his new flats. Richard began to have financial troubles, and tried to kill his mother-in-law Audrey Roberts after finding out she was wealthy. He made her look like she was going insane and set her house on fire, making it look as if she had caused it. His attempts to kill her proved unsuccessful, so in January 2003 he decided to murder Emily Bishop instead, as he could inherit her house and money. Whilst babysitting for Joshua Peacock . He beat Emily over the head with a crowbar, however he was interrupted by Maxine , so Richard killed her when she started to panic. Emily survived the assault but was unaware that Richard was responsible. Richard confessed his crimes to Gail after she had grown increasingly suspicious of his actions, then fled the Street. He returned two weeks later, and tried to kill the family by tying them up in the car in the garage and gassing them. He then drove the car into Weatherfield Canal ; they were all pulled out alive, but he drowned. Contents Edit Richard meets Gail Platt after Alma's funeral, and they begin a relationship. Richard was a financial advisor and had two previous marriages before arriving in Weatherfield . His first wife was Marion , who wanted to have children, but Richard had to attend to his sick mother. Marion divorced him, as she didn't want to take care of an old pensioner. Following his mother's death he married Patricia . Like Marion, she wanted children but Richard later discovered he couldn't have any children. Believing he made up the story, Patricia also divorced him. In 2001 he turned up at Alma Halliwell 's funeral, claiming to be her cousin. He befriended Gail Platt and they eventually began dating. Before long, he'd moved in with Gail and started winning over her children with expensive presents. Hillman's dealings were questioned by Norris Cole when he learned that elderly people had lost their life savings to Richard. Richard went into business with Duggie Ferguson , converting The Ridings , an old house in Crimea Street , into luxury flats. However, the partnership soon ran into trouble as Duggie happily cut corners. One night in February 2002 , Richard confronted Duggie in one of the flats, angered by the poor workmanship that his partner had overseen. When Duggie leaned on one of the bannisters it gave way and he fell several floors. Duggie was badly injured, and although Richard initially intended to help him, he realised that this was an ideal opportunity to rid himself of his unwanted business partner. Leaving Duggie for dead, Richard took the keys from Duggie's pocket, visited his house and emptied his safe, including the money that Duggie had made from the sale of the Rovers . To cover himself, Richard went to meet Gail at the pub and left a message on Duggie's phone arranging to meet him the next day. The following morning Richard visited the conversion site with Gail, and he was shocked to see Duggie was missing, though he had only crawled into the next room before succumbing to his injuries. 2002-2003: Killer Hillman Edit Richard was due to marry Gail in the summer of 2002, but his ex-wife Patricia turned up, demanding £25,000 for her share of their business, Kellett Holdings . When she threatened to tell the poli