What is the compound, NH4NO3, commonly used in fertilizers and improvised bombs?

Afghan bomb makers shifting to new explosives for IEDs FacebookEmail Twitter Google+ LinkedIn Pinterest Afghan bomb makers shifting to new explosives for IEDs WASHINGTON -- Insurgents in Afghanistan are shifting to a new source for the bombs responsible for two-thirds of U.S. casualties there: the stuff that makes matches catch fire. Potassium chlorate has Post to Facebook Afghan bomb makers shifting to new explosives for IEDs WASHINGTON -- Insurgents in Afghanistan are shifting to a new source for the bombs responsible for two-thirds of U.S. casualties there: the stuff that makes matches catch fire. Potassium chlorate has Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/16wQ03n CancelSend A link has been sent to your friend's email address. Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. 2 To find out more about Facebook commenting please read the Conversation Guidelines and FAQs Afghan bomb makers shifting to new explosives for IEDs Tom Vanden Brook, USA TODAY 10:38 a.m. ET June 25, 2013 Potassium chlorate — the stuff that makes matches catch fire — has surpassed fertilizer as the explosive of choice for insurgents. An Afghan soldier stands guard as colleagues prepare to destroy ammonium nitrate, a fertilizer used to make IEDs. (Photo: Shah Marai, AFP/Getty Images) Story Highlights Pressure on Pakistan has helped limit the flow of fertilizer used as explosive New chemical is cheaper than its predecessor Insurgent bombs from March to May are down 13% from same period in 2013 WASHINGTON — Insurgents in Afghanistan are shifting to a new source of homemade explosives for the bombs responsible for two-thirds of U.S. casualties there: the substance that makes matches catch fire. Potassium chlorate has surpassed fertilizer as the explosive of choice for insurgents, Pentagon research shows. For years, U.S. officials sought to stem the flow of fertilizer from Pakistan. To an extent they succeeded only to see a new source of explosives emerge in what a top Pentagon official calls the "ruthlessly Darwinian conflict." The shift to potassium chlorate is significant because the material is easier to turn into an explosive than fertilizer, is nearly as powerful, and it costs even less. In recent years, U.S. officials have pressed Pakistan to stem the flow of ammonium nitrate fertilizer into Afghanistan. The sale of the fertilizer was banned in some regions bordering Afghanistan, helping reduce the supply available to insurgents. Now, bomb makers have identified an alternative source. For the first time in the 12-year war, potassium chlorate was the most common ingredient, fueling 60% of the IEDs. "What we have seen over the year is its use spreading across the country at an increasing rate," said Al Sweetser, the chief researcher at the Joint IED Defeat Organization, the Pentagon's lead agency for combating makeshift bombs. From March through May, insurgents planted 3,572 improvised explosive devices, a 13% decrease compared with the same period last year. Four in five were powered by homemade explosives, according to JIEDDO. Much of the decrease in bomb attacks can be attributed to the withdrawal of 32,000 U.S. troops from Afghanistan. Potassium chlorate is used legally in Pakistan in the manufacturing of matches and textiles. There are 390 textile mills and 50 factories that make matches there, JIEDDO records show. Imports of potassium chlorate to Pakistan from India, China and Iran have "spiked significantly" in recent years. The document indicates that the Haqqani Network, which is responsible for attacks against U.S. troops in eastern Afghanistan and for staging suicide raids in Kabul, tend to favor potassium chlorate for their bombs. "Sharp increases in its use," the document says, "illustrate a growing comfort level" among Afghan insurgents with potassium chlorate. Insurgents have learned, Sweetser said, to "literally adapt or die." Potassium chlorate is an odorless white crystal or powder that, when combined with a fuel, forms an explosive mixture. Ammonium nitrate fertilizer, meanwhile, requires several steps


What French IT company is engaged (as at 2011) by the UK government in the controversial assessment of work capability of incapacity benefit claimants?

Unacceptable: Government's verdict on company it employs to assess benefit claimants | UK | News | Daily Express UK Unacceptable: Government's verdict on company it employs to assess benefit claimants THE FRENCH company which carries out the controversial "fit for work" tests on disabled people has been given a scathing assessment of its own by the Government. 19:26, Mon, Jul 22, 2013 Atos carries out Work Capability Assessments for the Government It's about time the Government told Atos to smarten up its act. Richard Hawkes, chief executive of disability charity Scope Atos Healthcare, which assesses more than a million sickness benefit claimants, has been accused of an "unacceptable reduction" in the quality of its written reports. The Government has announced it will bring in extra companies to carry out the assessments, but Richard Hawkes, chief executive of disability charity Scope, said: "It's about time the Government told Atos to smarten up its act. "But, it's also strikingly clear to disabled people that the whole £112 million per year system is broken. "The cost of appeals has skyrocketed, assessors have resigned in disgust, and the test has received criticism from the Public Accounts Committee and National Audit Office. "The Government needs to deliver a test that is fit for purpose. "Most disabled people want to work but they face significant barriers, such as a lack of skills and experience, confidence and even negative attitudes from some employers. "The Work Capability Assessment ignores all this. It's a tick-box test of someone's medical condition." Scope have accused the Government of using a 'tick-box' system to measure disability Atos is contracted by the Department for Work and Pensions to carry out Work Capability Assessments for people applying for the sickness benefit Employment and Support Allowance (ESA), as well as people who were on Incapacity Benefit. After an urgent audit of around 400 reports carried out by the company, the Government ordered the retraining and re-evaluation of Atos employees, with those not meeting the required standard having their work audited until they do, or having their approval to carry out assessments withdrawn. Assessors have been accused of making too many mistakes and assessing people as fit for work when they are not, and many disabled people claim to have been wrongly turned down for ESA. The quality of reports produced by Atos following an assessment are graded A-C, with the number of C grades around 41 per cent between last October and March. Employment Minister Mark Hoban Employment Minister Mark Hoban said: "I am committed to ensuring the Work Capability Assessment process is as fair and accurate as possible, with the right checks and balances to ensure the right decision is reached. Where our audits identify any drop in quality, we act decisively to ensure providers meet our exacting quality standards. "Since 2010 we have made considerable improvements to the system we inherited from the previous government. However, it's vital we continue to improve the service to claimants, which is why we are introducing new providers to increase capacity." The company says it carried out one million face-to-face interviews last year, at a rate of more than 11,000 per week. It employs around 1,400 doctors, nurses and physiotherapists. Work and Pensions Secretary Iain Duncan Smith has come in for criticism over the system A statement from Atos said: "Our priority is the quality of our work and, following the recent audit, we quickly put in place a plan to improve the quality of written reports produced following an assessment. "The professional and compassionate service we provide to claimants and the well-being of our people remain our primary consideration. "We are sorry when we do not meet our own high standards but can reassure that a C grade report does not mean the assessment was wrong and there are checks and balances throughout the system so that the correct decision on benefit is made by the department." Labour’s Shadow Work and Pensions Secretary believes Atos h


What metallic element element is named after an asteroid discovered in 1802, itself named after (an alternate name of) the Greek goddess Athene?

Elements: Methods and Compositions by Anthony J Cox PN: &-58-14-56-16-14-1258-34-58 le 12 14263857 (f) FG: BK c Generate line as PDF (using Method Printer ) Element 108 has historically been known as eka-osmium and was called unniloctium (symbol Uno) as a temporary name until the official name was approved. The name hassium was proposed by the German discoverers in 1992, derived from the Latin name for the German state of Hesse where their institute is located. In 1994 a committee of IUPAC recommended that it be named hahnium (Hn), in spite of the long-standing convention to give the discoverer the right to suggest a name. After protests from the German discoverers, the name hassium (Hs) was adopted internationally in 1997 5024 (5472) 108 Surprise Major A J Cox M W H 23456 -  52436 - 2 - 62345 S S  25634 S S  54263 S S  43526 S S  36452 S S - 36245 3  - 23645 Repeat twice, S = 1256 (SM,SW is a 3 lead course where the tenor makes 5ths at the first call) For 5024 omit the three bobs at middle in the last part Music (5024): 102 crus inc 20 56s & 16 65s, 12 8756s, 8 7586s, 7685s, 5867s & 6857s, 6 8765s, 5 7568s, 30 LB4 Off front: 4 5678s, 8 6578s, 56 LB4 Rung at Bristol Cathedral, 29 September 1989 PN: &-58-14.58-58.36-14-58-1256-78 le 12 13527486 (a) FG: B c Generate line as PDF (using Method Printer ) Element 109 has historically been known as eka-iridium and was called unnilennium (symbol Une) as a temporary name until the official name was approved. The name meitnerium (Mt) was suggested in honor of the Austrian physicist Lise Meitner, a co-discoverer of protactinium (with Otto Hahn), and one of the discoverers of nuclear fission, and was adopted as the official name for this element in 1997. 5152 109 Surprise Major A J Cox W 5 4 3 M H 23456 2 34256 -     2 32546 -   S 3  273546  S   3 2 63254 SS     - 26354  S S  2  63425 S     3 23465 S    -  43526 2     - 53246 2     - 23456 Music: 82 crus inc 24 56s & 12 65s, 24 8756s, 40 LB4 Off front: 24 5678s, 18 8765s & 6578s, 6 8756s, 40 LB4, backrounds Rung at Barrow Gurney, 29 November 1989 These courses are true to all methods with falseness groups from B c YZ PN: &-58-14.58-58.16-14-38-36.14.38 le 12 18674523 (d) FG: NS cd 24 course block (arranged A J Cox) B  3 H 23456 S* S S 26534   S S 24563 (SS)  S 24536 Repeat 5 times, omitting S* in parts 1 & 4 and (SS) in first part for 5152. S = 1256. Music (5152): 95 crus, 8 8765s & 8756s, 28 LB4, tittums Off front: 8 8765s & 8756s, 4 5678s & 6578s, 30 LB4 Rung at Barrow Gurney, 19 September 1990 24-course block with 2 fixed in 2nds place and tenors together, true to GHIKNOPRSU cdef XYZ PN: &-58-14.58.12.58.16-14-58-14-78 le 12 13527486 (a) FG: T c Generate line as PDF (using Method Printer ) Actinium, from aktinos or ray, is the first member of the actinide series. It has symbol Ac and atomic number 89. It was discovered in 1899 by André-Louis Debierne, a French chemist, who separated it from pitchblende residues. Actinium is radioactive with the longest-lived isotope having a half-life of less than 22 years. In nature actinium is produced by the decay of uranium. A J Cox 5 B 4 H (42536) S S S* D 26354    D 23645 S   D 25364 D 23546 Repeat 5 times, omitting S* in parts 3 & 6 Snap start and finish, S = 1278, D =123456 For 5152 omit the final two calls in one part Music: 80 crus inc 24 56s & 65s, 24 8765s & 8756s, 64 LB4, tittums Off front: 24 5678s, 6578s, 8765s & 8756s, 64 LB4 Rung at Walkden, 2 July 2009, conducted by George H Campling (composed and first attempted 1986/7) These courses are true to falseness groups EGIMORST abcdef XYZ 5152 Actinium Surprise Major A J Cox W 5 3 M H (42536) S   D 46253    -   26354  S  2 D 32645 3 S   (D 35264    2   45362  S  2   35462   S - D) 32546 3     (32546) Repeat omitting calls in brackets Snap start and finish, S = 1278, D =123456, other calls 14 Music: 79 crus inc 24 56s & 23 65s, 24 8765s & 21 8756s, 58 LB4, tittums Off front: 24 5678s & 8765s, 22 6578s, & 8756s, 59 LB4 Rung at Barrow Gurn


A cruciferous plant has how many petals?

What Are Cruciferous Vegetables: A Complete List Of Cruciferous Vegetables Image by Kristen Taylor By Heather Rhoades The cruciferous family of vegetables have generated a lot of interest in the health world due to their cancer fighting compounds. This leads many gardeners to wonder what are cruciferous vegetables and can I grow them in my garden. Good news! You probably already grow at least one (and likely several) types of cruciferous veggies. What are Cruciferous Vegetables? Broadly, cruciferous vegetables belong to the Cruciferae family, which mostly contains the Brassica genus, but does include a few other genuses. In general, cruciferous vegetables are cool weather vegetables and have flowers that have four petals so that they resemble a cross. In most cases, the leaves or flower buds of cruciferous vegetables are eaten, but there are a few where either the roots or seeds are also eaten. Because these vegetables belong to the same family, they tend to be susceptible to the same diseases and pests. Cruciferous vegetable diseases can include: Imported cabbageworm Nematodes (which cause root-knot) Because the cruciferous family of vegetables are susceptible to the same diseases and pests, it’s best to make sure that you rotate the location of all cruciferous vegetables in your garden each year . In other words, don’t plant a cruciferous vegetable where a cruciferous vegetable was planted last year. This will help to protect them from diseases and pests that can overwinter in the soil. Complete List of Cruciferous Vegetables Below you will find a list of cruciferous vegetables. While you may not have heard the term cruciferous vegetable before, it’s likely that you have grown many of them in your garden. They include:


The stone, flint, is a form of what near-to-pure compound, formula SiO2?

Silica - definition of silica by The Free Dictionary Silica - definition of silica by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/silica  (sĭl′ĭ-kə) n. A white or colorless crystalline compound, SiO2, which in the form of quartz and certain other minerals is a chief component of the earth's crust. Silica sand is used in making a wide variety of materials, such as glass and concrete. [New Latin, from Latin silex, silic-, hard stone, flint.] silica (ˈsɪlɪkə) n 1. (Elements & Compounds) the dioxide of silicon, occurring naturally as quartz, cristobalite, and tridymite. It is a refractory insoluble material used in the manufacture of glass, ceramics, and abrasives 2. (Elements & Compounds) short for silica glass [C19: New Latin, from Latin: silex] sil•i•ca (ˈsɪl ɪ kə) n. the dioxide form of silicon, SiO2, occurring esp. as quartz sand, flint, and agate: used chiefly in the manufacture of glass, water glass, ceramics, and abrasives. [1795–1805; < New Latin, derivative of Latin silex hard stone, flint, boulder] sil·i·ca (sĭl′ĭ-kə) Silicon dioxide, SiO2, a compound that occurs widely in rocks and mineral forms, such as quartz, sand, and flint, and is used to make glass, concrete, and other materials. siliceous (sĭ-lĭsh′əs) adjective


Name the German tribe which settled in Britain during the 5-6th centuries, whose name persists in a region of Denmark?

Germanic People - Tribes and Races The History of The Term Germanic Various etymologies for     Latin Germani are possible. As an adjective, germani is simply the plural     of the adjective germanus (from germen, "seed" or "offshoot"), which has the sense of "related" or "kindred" or "authentic". According to Strabo, the Romans introduced the name Germani, because the Germanic tribes were the authentic Celts (γνησίους Γαλάτας;     gnisíous Galátas). Alternatively, it may refer from this     use based on Roman experience of the Germanic tribes as allies of the Celts.   The ethnonym seems to be attested in the Fasti Capitolini inscription for the year 222,  DE GALLEIS INSVBRIBVS ET GERM(aneis),     where it may simply refer to "related" peoples, namely related to the Gauls. Furthermore, since the inscriptions     were erected only in 17 to 18 BCE, the word may be a later addition to the text. Another early mentioning of the     name, this time by Poseidonios (writing around 80 BCE), is also dubious, as it only survives in a quotation by Athenaios     (writing around 190 CE); the mention of Germani in this context was more likely inserted by Athenaios rather than     by Poseidonios himself. The writer who apparently introduced the name "Germani" into the corpus of classical     literature is Julius Caesar. He uses Germani in two slightly differing ways: one to describe any non-gaulic peoples of     Germania, and one to denote the Germani Cisrhenani, a somewhat diffuse group of peoples in north-eastern Gaul, who     cannot clearly be identified as either Celtic or Germanic.  In this sense, Germani may be a loan from a Celtic exonym applied to the Germanic tribes, based on a word for "neighbour". Tacitus suggests that it might be from a tribe which changed its name after the Romans adapted     it, but there is no evidence for this. The suggestion deriving the name from Gaulish term for "neighbour" invokes Old Irish gair, Welsh ger, "near", Irish gearr, "cut, short" (a short distance), from a Proto-Celtic     root *gerso-s, further related to ancient Greek chereion, "inferior" and English gash. The Proto-Indo-European     root could be of the form *khar-, *kher-, *ghar-, *gher-, "cut", from which also Hittite kar-, "cut",     whence also Greek character. Apparently, the Germanic tribes     did not have a self-designation ("endonym") that included all Germanic-speaking people but excluded all non-Germanic     people. Non- Germanic peoples (primarily Celtic, Roman, Greek, the citizens of the Roman Empire), on the other     hand, were called *walha- (this word lives forth in names such as Wales, Welsh, Cornwall, Walloons, Vlachs etc.). Yet,     the name of the Suebi - which designated a larger group of tribes and was used almost indiscriminately with Germani     in Caesar - was possibly a Germanic equivalent of the Latin name (*swē-ba- "authentic"). The Term of Teutonic or Deutsch Trying to identify a contemporary vernacular term and the associated     nation with a classical name, Latin writers from the 10th century onwards used the learnèd adjective teutonicus     (originally derived from the Teutones) to refer to East Francia ("Regnum Teutonicum") and its inhabitants.     This usage is still partly present in modern English; hence the English use of "Teutons" in reference     to the Germanic peoples in general besides the specific tribe of the Teutons defeated at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae     in 102 BCE. The generic *þiuda- "people" occurs in many personal names such as Thiud-reks and also in the ethnonym of the Swedes from a cognate of Old English     Sweo-ðēod and Old Norse: Sui-þióð (see e.g. Sö Fv1948;289). Additionally, þiuda-     appears in Angel-ðēod ("Anglo-Saxon people") and Gut-þiuda ("Gothic people"). The adjective derived from this noun, *þiudiskaz, "popular", was later used with reference to the language     of the people in contrast to the Latin language (earliest rec


What Buddhist term and title of reverence (typically for a spiritual leader) derives from the Sanskrit words for 'great soul'?

Dharma Fellowship: Library - Glossary of Buddhist and Western Terms for the Practice of Buddhist Yoga Library: Member Essays Glossary of Buddhist and Western Terms for the Practice of Buddhist     Yoga All terms are in Western Alphabetic sequence. The majority are Sanskrit     though some helpful and germane terms from other spiritual traditions     are included. A B C D EF G H I J K L M N OP R S T U V WY A Ābhāsa (Skt., Tib. snang     ba) — shining forth, manifest, appearance, related to relative     and conditioned existence and in tantric sense it is appearance-as-such     void of all superimpositions from klista-manas. Abhiseka(Skt. 'anoint', Tib. dbang     bskur) — Empowerment or Consecration. The term has a meaning     similar to that of baptism, to sprinkle or wash with water. During the     act of devatabhi?ekata the supplicant asks, "Just as all     the Tathagatas have been bathed at the time of birth, so may this being     be baptized in the divine water of purification." However, abhi?eka was the consecration of oil given to king's when they were enthroned,     and this, given a religious or mystical meaning in the Tantras, came to     imply an anointment of divine "grace" (vide: adhi?thana).     The devotee aspires to seek divine empowerment through meditation and     spiritual practice. cf. sadhana . More     specifically, in Yogacara it refers to     mystically awakening the qualities of the Buddha that are innate in every     living being, and a direct capacity to be introduced to the nature of     the mind. Absolute — free of any     admixture, pure, unconditioned, unrestricted, incomparable, actual, ultimately     real, not dependant, nor considered in reference to anything else, opposed     to the relative. That which is absolute is all-encompassing, without limit     and beyond measure; hence, there can not be anything apart or beyond the     Absolute, since that would imply that the Absolute lacked something. There     are a number of words in Sanskrit which describe or imply the Absolute,     such as paramartha, paramadhya, etc., however, in Buddhism the     Absolute as Supreme Being is implied by the term "Samyak-sambuddha," from the roots "bud" meaning Intelligence, or Wisdom,     and "dha" referring to what is complete, limitless,     infinite. Buddha is the state of Absolute Awareness, or Supreme Intelligence,     that the Buddhist adherent aims to realize through means of personal "enlightenment" (bodhi) since it is also affirmed that the Absolute is immanent     in the phenomenal. cf. Cittattva , Svasamvedana . Ācārya (Skt. Tib. slob     dpon) — a preceptor, mentor; an accomplished teacher or instructor     of the Dharma. In established centers of learning, there are a number     of different ecclesiastical offices having the title of "acarya." The most general is a teacher (acarya) in philosophical studies,     or theology. Other "teacher" roles include the Meditation-master     in charge of guiding students in a Retreat Centre (ri-tro). The     three officers in charge of conducting a Ganacakra-puja and other     tantric rites are known, in order of rank, as the Vajracarya ("hierophant"), the Purohit ("priest"), and     the Pujari ("deacon"), each of whom is a type of acarya. Adhisthana (Skt., Tib. byin     brlabs) — grace-waves, from "byin", grace     or holy power, and "rlabs", wave or vibration; in general     a term meaning blessing, the bestowal of sanctification. Adhi?thana is the mysterious power that descends through the lineage of Lamas, from     the primordial Absolute (adi-buddha) itself, to the disciple.     A bestowal of blessing (or grace), a power working for good, as in the     prayer: rgyud gnyen-po bzang-bar, "bless my soul, that it     be of aid [to others]." The sincere practitioner intellectually comprehends the nature of samsara,     its co


The genocide of Tutsi people by Hutu militia in 1994 was in which country?

The History Place - Genocide in the 20th Century: Rwanda 1994 Beginning on April 6, 1994, and for the next hundred days, up to 800,000 Tutsis were killed by Hutu militia using clubs and machetes, with as many as 10,000 killed each day. Rwanda is one of the smallest countries in Central Africa, with just 7 million people, and is comprised of two main ethnic groups, the Hutu and the Tutsi. Although the Hutus account for 90 percent of the population, in the past, the Tutsi minority was considered the aristocracy of Rwanda and dominated Hutu peasants for decades, especially while Rwanda was under Belgian colonial rule. Related Map Central Africa Following independence from Belgium in 1962, the Hutu majority seized power and reversed the roles, oppressing the Tutsis through systematic discrimination and acts of violence. As a result, over 200,000 Tutsis fled to neighboring countries and formed a rebel guerrilla army, the Rwandan Patriotic Front. In 1990, this rebel army invaded Rwanda and forced Hutu President Juvenal Habyalimana into signing an accord which mandated that the Hutus and Tutsis would share power. Ethnic tensions in Rwanda were significantly heightened in October 1993 upon the assassination of Melchior Ndadaye, the first popularly elected Hutu president of neighboring Burundi. A United Nations peacekeeping force of 2,500 multinational soldiers was then dispatched to Rwanda to preserve the fragile cease-fire between the Hutu government and the Tutsi rebels. Peace was threatened by Hutu extremists who were violently opposed to sharing any power with the Tutsis. Among these extremists were those who desired nothing less than the actual extermination of the Tutsis. It was later revealed they had even drawn up lists of prominent Tutsis and moderate Hutu politicians to kill, should the opportunity arise. In April 1994, amid ever-increasing prospects of violence, Rwandan President Habyalimana and Burundi's new President, Cyprien Ntaryamira, held several peace meetings with Tutsi rebels. On April 6, while returning from a meeting in Tanzania, a small jet carrying the two presidents was shot down by ground-fired missiles as it approached Rwanda's airport at Kigali. Immediately after their deaths, Rwanda plunged into political violence as Hutu extremists began targeting prominent opposition figures who were on their death-lists, including moderate Hutu politicians and Tutsi leaders. The killings then spread throughout the countryside as Hutu militia, armed with machetes, clubs, guns and grenades, began indiscriminately killing Tutsi civilians. All individuals in Rwanda carried identification cards specifying their ethnic background, a practice left over from colonial days. These 'tribal cards' now meant the difference between life and death. Amid the onslaught, the small U.N. peacekeeping force was overwhelmed as terrified Tutsi families and moderate politicians sought protection. Among the peacekeepers were ten soldiers from Belgium who were captured by the Hutus, tortured and murdered. As a result, the United States, France, Belgium, and Italy all began evacuating their own personnel from Rwanda. However, no effort was made to evacuate Tutsi civilians or Hutu moderates. Instead, they were left behind entirely at the mercy of the avenging Hutu. Back at U.N headquarters in New York, the killings were initially categorized as a breakdown in the cease-fire between the Tutsi and Hutu. Throughout the massacre, both the U.N. and the U.S. carefully refrained from labeling the killings as genocide, which would have necessitated some kind of emergency intervention. On April 21, the Red Cross estimated that hundreds of thousands of Tutsi had already been massacred since April 6 - an extraordinary rate of killing. The U.N. Security Council responded to the worsening crisis by voting unanimously to abandon Rwanda. The remainder of U.N. peacekeeping troops were pulled out, leaving behind a only tiny force of about 200 soldiers for the entire country. The Hutu, now without opposition from the world community, engaged in genocidal mani


What Japanese word meaning 'person born before another' refers to a teacher or master of a subject, for example martial arts?

JAPANESE TERMINOLOGY JAPANESE TERMINOLOGY SUMO WELCOME MAT JUDO JUJITSU SAMBO     It is important to understand the Japanese terminology and phrases as thoroughly and accurately as possible in order to understand the concepts, theories and technical ideas used in the martial arts.       The people who originally developed the Japanese martial arts were, in fact, Japanese and they obviously thought and conveyed their ideas in the Japanese language.  To better understand why something is done the way it is, or why a technique is named what it is, it is essential to have an accurate understanding of the Japanese words and phrases that describe the techniques, theories, skills and philosophies in the martial disciplines.  This doesn’t mean you have to speak the language fluently, or adopt the customs of Japan, but it does mean that you should understand the words used in the martial arts as accurately and objectively as possible.  If you don’t understand what is being said, you won’t understand why it is being said.       In many combat sports, such as boxing or wrestling, the language of the culture that initially developed them has not been retained as extensively as in the Japanese martial arts.  In some cases, however, these activities have, indeed, retained some of the phrases used by the people who initially developed them.  The sport of fencing uses French terminology in some cases, for instance.  Also, some wrestling skills retain the French names they originally had.  Being in the par terre position is known to just about every wrestler.  Other sports have retained some of the language of the cultures that invented them as well.  The sport of baseball is enormously popular in Japan and the Japanese have adopted words and phrases from English to describe various things associated with that sport.        Part of what makes a sport, job or activity interesting is the unique “language” each has.  The use of terminology is not limited to martial arts or sports.  When two machinists, for instance, get together they most surely sprinkle their conversation with many words and phrases that would perplex the rest of us.  Also, how many times have we had to ask our doctor to explain some medical condition “in language that I can understand?”  The martial arts are no different.  We have our own common language, and if you practice one of the martial arts initially developed in Japan, you know the common use of Japanese terminology is something we do every time we get on the mat.   A BASIC GUIDE TO THE PRONUNCIATION OF JAPANESE WORDS       Here are some basic guidelines to follow when pronouncing the Japanese words used in the martial arts.          An important thing to know that, sometimes, a word or phrase’s first letter is changed if it is used as the second word in a phrase or name.  An example would be:  The “k” in katame (to secure, hold or lock, make strong, to guard and commonly used to describe holds or submission techniques) is changed to “g” when used in the phrase kesa gatame.  When used as the first word in a name such as katame waza, the “k” is retained.  Another example is the word harai (sweeping, to clear away and commonly used to describe the sweeping action of the leg in throwing techniques).  When used as the first word in a name such as harai goshi, the “h” is retained, but if the word is not used as the initial word in a name or phrase such as okuri ashi barai, the “h” has been changed to a “b.”  Another one (of many examples that could be given) is the word shime (to squeeze), commonly used to describe choking or strangling techniques).  When used in the phrase shime waza, the “s” is used.  The “s” hardens to a “j” when the word is used as a secondary word in a name or phrase to be jime.  These are common examples of this grammar rule usually seen in the terminology used in the martial arts.   Aiis pronounced “eye” (as in aikido) Eiis pronounced as a long “a” (as in keiko) Ais pronounced “ah” (as in nage) Aeis pronounced “eye” (as in sasae) Iis pronounced as a long “e”  (as in uki) Eis pronounced “eh” (as


What on a bird has a calamus, rachis and barbs?

Feather evolution Ornithology Feather evolution Among the various integumentary structures of vertebrates, feathers are the most complex. Feathers are unique in their complex branching and impressive variation in size, shape, color, and texture (Prum 1999, Prum and Williamson 2001; Figure 1). Feathers were long considered the defining anatomical feature of birds. However, many specimens of non-avian dinosaurs have been discovered in China that show that feathers are not restricted to birds (Figure 2). Specifically, most non-avian coelurosaurian theropods appeared to have feathers, with coelurosaurs being relatively small (2 – 3 m long), carnivorous dinosaurs that occurred from the mid-Triassic through the early Jurassic (230 – 200 million years ago). Figure 1. The two basic feather types are pennaceous and plumulaceous (or downy). Both types have a calamus. The pennaceous feather also has a rachis (or shaft) from which branches the barbs. Branching off of the barbs (upper right) are barbules. The hooklets of the barbules on the distal side of barbs interlock with the barbules on the proximal side of adjacent barbs. The ‘interlocked’ barbs on each side of the rachis form the feather vanes. The plumulaceous feather has numerous non-interlocked barbs extending from the calamus (From: Prum and Brush 2003). Figure 2. Relationships among theropods, coelurosaurs (feathered dinosaurs), and present-day birds (Source: http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio336/Bio336/Lectures/Lecture5/Overheads.html ).   In taxa more distantly related to birds, such as Sinosauropteryx (Figure 3 below), multiple tufts projecting a few millimeters from the skin have been discovered that resemble hypothesized early stages in avian feather development. These filamentous ‘feathers’ (or ‘protofeathers’; there is some disagreement concerning whether or not these integumentary structures were true feathers, e.g., Unwin 1998, Lingham-Soliar et al. 2007) were about 20 (5-40) mm long and appear to be rather homogenous over the body rather than originating in specific tracts. To some investigators, the filaments appear to be like down feathers and were probably used for insulation. They were hollow, and appeared to have a short shaft with barbs, but no barbules. In 2009, a fossil of another feathered dinosaur, Beipiaosaurus (a coelurosaurian theropod), with even simpler feathers was reported (Xu et al. 2009; Figures 4 and 5 below). These feathers consisted of single broad (about 2 mm wide) filament, were 10 to 15 centimeters long, and only present on the head, neck and tail. In taxa more closely related to birds, such as the oviraptorid Caudipteryx and dromaeosaurid Sinornithosaurus, elongate pinnate wing and tail feathers, structurally identical to the feathers of present-day birds and comprised of a central rachis, branching barbs, and barbules, have been found. In addition, fossils of a Dromaeosaurid (Microraptor) have revealed asymmetrically veined pennaceous feathers on both the forelimbs and hindlimbs (Clarke and Middleton 2006). Figure 3. Restoration of a Sinosauropteryx (Sinosauropteryx prima) with its body covered with feathers that were likely important for thermoregulation (From: Chuong et al. 2001, and based on Chen et al. 1998). Figure 4. The elongated, single filament feathers of Beipiaosaurus. The yellow arrows point to feathers on the head and neck (right) and tail (above) (From: Xu et al. 2009). Figure 5. Artist’s conception of Beipiaosaurus, a dinosaur with broad, single-filament feather (Image: Zhao Chuang and Xing Lida; source: http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2009/01/13/to-attract-mates-this-dino-may-have-shaken-a-tail-feather/). Cladogram illustrating the relationship of birds with major groups of non-avian coelurosaurian theropods. The numbers in circles at each branching node indicate the first appearance of feathers and other key morphological characters. 1, unbranched feathers; 2, uncinate processes on ribs; 3, true branched feathers; 4, retroverted pubis; 5, reversed hallux; 6, asymmetrical flight feathers; 7, pygostyle; 8, horny be


The name of what baby creature is given to a stilleto heel design of two inches or less?

The Feminist Stiletto? The History, and the Future, of the High-Heeled Shoe - The Atlantic What Does It Mean to Wear Heels? You know what? It does. Or, at least, walking in a pair of Thesis stilettos—whose shanks, and heels, are constructed mostly of dense, slightly flexible polymer (“ballistics-grade,” Thesis’s marketing literature points out)—minimized the reflex that walking in heels normally produces in me: the need to adjust my limbs and my overall self to compensate for my unnaturally raised foot. The shoes I’m wearing, Singh told me, are only about 70 percent completed, design-wise; still, even at the prototype stage, you feel that cushion and that give and that reassuring little bounce. You feel the shock of your walk being eased. You definitely would not run in these shoes, in the manner of Carrie Bradshavian fantasy; you could, however, very reasonably walk in them. At least for, you know, a little while. Singh, 37, is a former recruiter at SpaceX, Elon Musk’s rocket engineering firm whose offices in Hawthorne, CA, consist largely of hangar and factory space. She spent much of her time on that job walking—“about 3 to 4 miles a day,” she recalls—on hard floors that were particularly ill-suited to the wearing of heels. She wore them anyway: Working in an industry dominated by men, she appreciated the few extra inches of height the shoes gave her. (And also: the sense of professionalism, and of femininity.) It didn’t take much research to realize that many women, every day, live their own version of that compromise. So, when Singh left SpaceX, she recruited some of its employees—among them, yes, a rocket scientist and a former astronaut—to help solve a problem that is generally not treated as a problem at all so much as an unfortunate fact of ladylife: the insult and occasionally the injury that can come from the wearing of heels. S tripped of their symbolism, heels are, simply, shoes like any other: objects that help to separate the human foot, which is inconveniently soft, from the surface of the earth, which is inconveniently hard. And yet, of course, heels do—heels are—so much more than mere footwear. In their teetering heights, they make audacious assumptions about fashion and feminism and professionalism and sex and privilege and power and its opposite, and about the way all those things, in the early 21st century, chafe against each other. Heels at once lift women up and hold them—hold us—back. And, of course: We choose, day by day and week by week and Special Occasion by Special Occasion , to let them do it. Heels are both a claim of femininity and a test of it. They are the bindings of the willfully bound. “I hate high heels, more than anything.” - Cara Delevingne   In that sense, while Thesis’s comfortable heel represents a small feat, so to speak, it also represents a very large one: a counterargument to a longstanding assumption—rendered in fashion as well as in many other areas of the culture—that womanhood is defined, in part, by the ability to bear pain. Not just in the sense of “suffering for beauty,” as the saying goes, but in the deeper sense that the collision of those two things is integral to feminine experience. It’s an assumption that helps to explain why stilettos have become such quintessential symbols of womanhood; it also helps to explain why they are, as those symbols, so deeply unsettling. Heels hurt. They slow their wearers down. They occasionally trip them up. What Thesis’s work suggests, though, is that the technology of the heel, the manufactured thing that takes its name from the natural one, could change the politics of the heel. The comfortable stiletto Thesis is promising is one that, simply because it hurts its wearers less, also demands less of them—and, by extension, of all of us. Thesis is certainly not the first company to claim to have made a comfortable heel. What makes its approach unique, though, is that it isn’t relying on low heel heights or thick heel widths or wide toe boxes or excessive interior padding—the stuff of dancing shoes and Naturalizers and their ilk—to


University of Portsmouth (UK) psychologists researching the quality of juries determined what to be the optimum number of people for effective debate?

CRAMER_D_Ph.D._2010 | Trust (Social Sciences) | Marketing You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 10 to 90 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 100 to 228 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 238 to 248 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 258 to 323 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 333 to 464 are not shown in this preview.


Explorer, Chrome, Safari and Firefox are among the most globally popular what (in early 2000s)?

Google Chrome Browser Market Share Tops 20%: Leaves Firefox In Its Dust Google Chrome Browser Market Share Tops 20%: Leaves Firefox In Its Dust {{article.article.images.featured.caption}} Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. Full Bio The author is a Forbes contributor. The opinions expressed are those of the writer. Loading ... Loading ... This story appears in the {{article.article.magazine.pretty_date}} issue of {{article.article.magazine.pubName}}. Subscribe popular Chrome browser has overtaken Mozilla's equivalent - Firefox, and gained over 20 % market share for the first time. Market share analysis company Net Applications monitors browser usage as well as operating systems and search engines. Its figures show Chrome overtaking Firefox as the second most popular Internet browser, behind Internet Explorer, as early as April this year. However, it's not until the latest figures for July were added to its database that it was revealed that Chrome now has over 20% market share and is the only major browser to see its share increase every month in the last six months. An alternative to Net Applications, StatCounter has Chrome at a much larger 45% market share, but uses slightly less representative data. Even so, the situation is clear - in less than six years, Chrome has bettered all but Internet Explorer in the browser market share stakes. Source: www.netapplications.com Chrome was launched in 2008 and began a steady rise to fame with its simplistic design appealing to users that found Internet Explorer to be dated and slow. Since then, many veteran Firefox fans have jumped ship too. This has been due to a number of reasons such as stability and speed issues and Chrome's obvious Google-centric design that tapped into its ever-increasing feature sets from Maps to Google Mail. Source: www.netapplications.com As Computerworld has also reported, Mozilla received large sums from Google to have its search engine as the default in the popular address bar search feature - one of Firefox's biggest advantages over earlier versions of Internet Explorer. However, this contract is due to expire this November and the latest figures suggest Google might want to renegotiate its fee, which last time stood at nearly $300m and provided nearly 90% of Mozilla's income that year. Source: www.netapplications.com Internet Explorer's share continues a slow downward trend from 58.2% in January to 58.01% in July, but Firefox has fallen from 18% all the way to 15%, clearly showing that it's haemorrhaging users to Chrome at a fairly alarming rate. Chrome's market share rose substantially from 16.35% to 20.37% in the same period. Interestingly, the two browsers appear to have traded second place twice in the last 18 months, but the latest upward trend for Chrome and downward trend for Firefox is the biggest change to occur in the last two years.


Who led the Muslim army to victory against the Meccans in the Battle of Badr, 624AD?

Battle of Badr | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Army of Usama (Final Expedition) The Battle of Badr (Arabic language: غزوة بدر), fought 13 March 624 CE (17 Ramadan , 2 AH in the Islamic calendar ) in the Hejaz region of western Arabia (present-day Saudi Arabia), was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad 's struggle with his opponents among the Quraish [1] in Mecca. The battle has been passed down in Islamic history as a decisive victory attributable to divine intervention , or by secular sources to the strategic genius of Muhammad. It is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Quran. Most contemporary knowledge of the battle at Badr comes from traditional Islamic accounts, both hadiths and biographies of Muhammad , recorded in written form some time after the battle. [2] Prior to the battle, the Muslims and Meccans had fought several smaller skirmishes in late 623 and early 624, as the Muslim ghazawāt (prophet-led battles) had become more frequent. Badr, however, was the first large-scale engagement between the two forces. Advancing to a strong defensive position , Muhammad's well-disciplined force broke the Meccan lines, killing several important Quraishi leaders including Muslims' chief antagonist Abu Jahl . [3] For the early Muslims the battle was the first sign that they might eventually defeat their enemies among the Meccans. Mecca at that time was one of the richest and most powerful cities in Arabia, fielding an army three times larger than that of the Muslims. [4] The Muslim victory also signalled other tribes that a new power had arisen in Arabia and strengthened Muhammad's position as leader of the often fractious community in Medina. [5] Contents Edit Muhammad was born in Mecca around 571 CE into the Quraish tribe. In 622, to escape persecution of Muslims by the Meccans , Muhammad and many of his followers migrated from Mecca to the neighboring city of Medina. This migration is called the Hijra . Following the Hijra, tensions between Mecca and Medina escalated and hostilities broke out in 623 when the Muslims began a series of raids on Quraishi caravans in order to economically pressurize Mecca who's chief's were plotting and gaining allies against Medina . Since Medina was located just off Mecca's main trade route, the Muslims were in an ideal position to do this. Even though many Muslims were Quraish themselves, they believed that they were entitled to such raids because the Meccans had expelled them from their property, homes and tribes, a serious offense in hospitality-oriented Arabia. [6] It also provided a means for the Muslim community to carve out an independent economic position at Medina, where their political position was far from secure.[ citation needed ] The Meccans obviously took a different view.Their caravns had always been under protection since many tibes saw them as the "Custodians" or "Keepers" of "The House of God" [7] and they saw the Muslim raids as banditry at best, as well as a potential threat to their livelihood and prestige. [8] In late 623 and early 624, the Muslim ghazawāt grew increasingly brazen and commonplace. In September 623, Muhammad himself led a force of 200 in an unsuccessful raid against a large caravan. Shortly thereafter, the Meccans launched their own "raid" against Medina, although its purpose was just to steal some livestock which belonged to the Muslims. [9] In January 624, the Muslims ambushed a Meccan caravan near Nakhlah , only forty kilometers outside of Mecca, killing one of the guards and formally inaugurating a blood feud with the Meccans. [10] Worse, from a Meccan standpoint, the raid occurred in the month of Rajab , a truce month sacred to the Meccans in which fighting was prohibited and a clear affront to their pagan traditions. [8] Battle Edit A map of the Badr campaign In the spring of 624, Muhammad received word from his intelligence sources that one of the richest trade caravans of the year, commanded by Abu Sufyan and guarded by thirty to forty men, was travelling from Syria to Mecca[ citatio


Arthroscopy refers to surgery performed on what parts of the human body?

Arthroscopy | definition of arthroscopy by Medical dictionary Arthroscopy | definition of arthroscopy by Medical dictionary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/arthroscopy   Definition Arthroscopy is the examination of a joint, specifically, the inside structures. The procedure is performed by inserting a specifically designed illuminated device into the joint through a small incision. This instrument is called an arthroscope. The procedure of arthroscopy is primarily associated with the process of diagnosis. However, when actual repair is performed, the procedure is called arthroscopic surgery . Purpose Arthroscopy is used primarily by doctors who specialize in treating disorders of the bones and Arthroscopy is primarily used to help diagnose joint problems. This procedure, most commonly associated with knee and shoulder problems, allows accurate examination and diagnosis of damaged joint ligaments, surfaces, and other related joint structures. The illustration above indicates the most common entry sites, or portals, in knee arthroscopy. (Illustration by Electronic Illustrators Group.) related structures (orthopedics) to help diagnose joint problems. Once described as essential for those who primarily care for athletic injuries, arthroscopy is now a technique commonly used by orthopedic surgeons for the treatment of patients of all ages. This procedure is most commonly used to diagnose knee and shoulder problems, although the elbow, hip, wrist, and ankle may also be examined with an arthroscope. A joint is a complex system. Within a joint, ligaments attach bones to other bones, tendons attach muscles to bones, cartilage lines and helps protect the ends of bones, and a special fluid (synovial fluid) cushions and lubricates the structures. Looking inside the joint allows the doctors to see exactly which structures are damaged. Arthroscopy also permits earlier diagnosis of many types of joint problems which had been difficult to detect in previous years. Precautions Most arthroscopic procedures today are performed in same-day surgery centers where the patient is admitted just before surgery. A few hours following the procedure, the patient is allowed to return home, although usually someone else must drive. Depending on the type of anesthesia used, the patient may be told not to eat for several hours before arriving. Before the procedure, the anesthesiologist will ask if the patient has any known allergies to local or general anesthetics. Airway obstruction is always possible in any patient who receives a general anesthesia. Because of this, oxygen, suction, and monitoring equipment must be available. The patient's cardiac status should always be monitored in the event that any cardiac abnormalities arise during the arthroscopy. Description The arthroscope is an instrument used to look directly into the joint. It contains magnifying lenses and glass-coated fibers that send concentrated light into the joint. A camera attached to the arthroscope allows the surgeon to see a clear image of the joint. This image is then transferred to a monitor located in the operating room at the time of the arthroscopy. This video technology is also important for documentation of the arthroscopic procedure. For example, if the surgeon decides after the arthroscopic examination that a conventional approach to surgically expose or "open" the joint (arthrotomy) must be used, a good photographic record will be useful when the surgeon returns to execute the final surgical plan. The procedure requires the surgeon to make several small incisions (portals) through the skin's surface into the joint. Through one or two of the portals, a large-bore needle, called a cannula, is attached to tubing and inserted into the joint. The joint is inflated with a sterile saline solution to expand the joint and ensure clear arthroscopic viewing. Often, following a recent traumatic injury to a joint, the joint's natural fluid may be cloudy, making interior viewing of the joint difficult. In this condition, a constant flow of the saline solution is necess


Jewish Law - Commentary/Opinion - The Supreme Chutzpah The Supreme Chutzpah THE SUPREME   CHUTZPAH Jack Achiezer Guggenheim Last term something novel occurred at the nation's highest court. A decision of the   U.S. Supreme Court used the word "chutzpah" for the first time. The decision was   written by Justice Antonin Scalia in National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley, and   addressed the interaction between government funding and free speech. Chutzpah is a   Yiddish word connoting brazenness. A federal court in the Northern District of Illinois   noted in a decision a couple of years ago that chutzpah means shameless audacity;   impudence; brass. Leo Rosten's The Joys of Yiddish defines chutzpah as a Yiddish idiom   meaning "gall, brazen nerve, effrontery." But neither English translation can do   the word justice; neither definition can fully capture the audacity simultaneously   bordering on insult and humor which the word chutzpah connotes. As a federal district   court in the District of D.C. noted in 1992 that chutzpah is "presumption-plus-arrogance such as no other word, and no other language can do   justice to.'' Perhaps the classic "legal" definition of chutzpah is the closest; a person   who kills his parents and pleads for the court's mercy on the ground of being an orphan.   However, in defining chutzpah in the context of American jurisprudence it is also   important to note, as a court in the federal district of New Jersey did in 1995, that "Legal chutzpah is not always undesirable, and without it our system of jurisprudence   would suffer.'' Part of the uniqueness of Yiddish words like chutzpah is that their meaning varies   depending on context and degree. In the right circumstances and to the right degree   chutzpah may intimate spunk. But in the wrong situation or to an improper degree, chutzpah   implies insolence. In fact chutzpah can have such negative connotation that the word   itself has occasionally caused litigation. For example, Senator Charles Schumer was sued,   unsuccessfully, on the basis that his statement, "In Brooklyn, we have a word for   something like that - chutzpah" was false and defamatory. The unique shades and subtleties that Yiddish allows has made it a language of choice   in recent American jurisprudence when English fails to provide a word with the proper   connotation. The Seventh Circuit noted in 1995, Yiddishisms such as chutzpah "have   become absorbed into standard English and are now applied to members of all racial and   ethnic groups." According to Judge Alex Kozinski of the Ninth Circuit, Yiddish is   quickly supplanting Latin as the spice in American legal argot. The earliest reported case   that uses a Yiddish word is believed to be a New York surrogate court's decision of 1929.   As Judge Kozinski has noted, more recently the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second   Circuit incorrectly defined a bagel; the word "kibbitz" has appeared in at least   10 decisions; the word "maven" has appeared in at least four decisions; the word "klutz" has appeared in at least three decisions; and the word "schmooze" in at least one decision. Chutzpah made its federal debut in a 1973 opinion. Since then the Court of Federal   Claims has created a "Chutzpah Championship;" the D.C. Circuit a "Chutzpah   Award," and the Federal Circuit a "Chutzpah Doctrine." It was only a matter   of time until the U.S. Supreme Court invoked its own chutzpah. National Endowment for the   Arts v. Finley, a case that addressed the government's right to choose which expression to   sponsor, provided the perfect forum for the Court to exercise its own right to express   itself. It was especially apropos that Justice Scalia used the term. Justice Scalia has been   admired even by his ideological dissenters for his appropriate sense of humor in   discussing deeply important subjects such as religion and politics. Furthermore, Justice   Scalia, a devout Catholic raised in Queens, has repeatedly called for more expressions of   t


What Italian term, adopted into English, refers to a mixed language enabling communication between different national groups?

Global Communication and International Relationis: Changing Paradigms and Policies - Majid Tehranian GLOBAL COMMUNICATION AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: CHANGING PARADIGMS AND POLICIES Majid Tehranian Introduction The purpose of this essay is two-fold: (1) to provide an overview of the impact  of global communication on international relations in the theoretical discourse,  military, diplomatic, economic, scientific, educational, and cultural arenas,  and (2) to draw out the implications in each arena for further policy research  and development. Global communication at the turn of the 21st century has brought about many  effects. On the one hand, it is blurring technological, economic, political,  and cultural boundaries. Print, photography, film, telephone and telegraphy,  broadcasting, satellites, and computer technologies, which developed fairly  independently, are rapidly merging into a digital stream of zeros and ones in  the global telecommunications networks (The Economist, March 10, 1990; October  5, 1991; September 30, 1995). Economically, separate industries that had developed  around each of these technologies are combining to service the new multimedia  environment through a series of corporate mergers and alliances. Politically,  global communication is undermining the traditional boundaries and sovereignties  of nations. Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) is violating national borders by  broadcasting foreign news, entertainment, educational, and advertising programs  with impunity. Similarly, the micro-media of global communication are narrow  casting their messages through audio and videocassette recorders, fax machines,  computer disks and networks, including the Internet and the World Wide Web.  Culturally, the new patterns of global communication are creating a new global  Coca-Colonized pop culture of commodity fetishism supported by global advertising  and the entertainment industry. On the other hand, global communication is empowering hitherto forgotten groups  and voices in the international community. Its channels have thus become the  arena for contestation of new economic, political, and cultural boundaries.  Global communication, particularly in its interactive forms, has created immense  new moral spaces for exploring new communities of affinity rather than vicinity.  It is thus challenging the traditional top-down economic, political, and cultural  systems. In Iran, it facilitated the downfall of a monarchical dictatorship  in 1978-1979 through the use of cheap transistor audiocassette recorders in  conjunction with international telephony to spread the messages of Ayatollah  Khomeini to his followers within a few hours of their delivery from his exile  in Paris (Tehranian, 1979, 1980, 1993). In the Philippines, the downfall of  the Marcos regime in 1986 was televised internationally for all to witness while  alternative media were undermining his regime domestically. In Saudi Arabia,  a BBC-WGBH program on "The Death of a Princess," banned by the Saudi  government as subversive, was smuggled into the country by means of videotapes  the day after its premier showing on television in London. In China, despite  severe media censorship, the democracy movement in Tiananmen Square spread its  message around the world in 1989 via the fax machines. In the Soviet Union,  computer networkers who opposed the Moscow coup of 1991 and were sympathetic  to Yeltsin, transmitted his messages everywhere despite severe censorship of  the press and broadcasting (Ganley & Ganley 1987, 1989; Ganley 1992). In  Mexico, the Zapatista movement managed to diffuse its messages of protest against  the government worldwide in 1994 through the Internet. In this fashion, it solicited  international support while embarrassing the Mexican government at a critical  moment when it was trying to project a democratic image for admission to the  North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). In Burma or Myanmar, as it is officially  known,


Talaq is a form of what under Islamic (sharia) law?

TALAQ | Islamic Sharia Contact Us TALAQ Due to the financial responsibilities which he has to bear, the right to divorce in Islam is primarily given to the husband. A Muslim who wishes to divorce his wife is therefore advised – in the first instance – to ask for an arbitration meeting, arranged by elders of the couple so that a reconciliation may be reached. If such efforts fail and the man sincerely thinks he cannot live a harmonious life with his wife, he may divorce her either verbally or in writing. In both cases, it is recommended for there to be two witnesses present on the occasion of the pronouncement of such a divorce. A man should (a) divorce only once and (b) only during the time when his wife is not on her menses and (c) there has been no sexual contact with her since the time of her last menses. After a divorce is pronounced by a husband, his wife must wait for a given period (‘iddat’). During this period, the wife is allowed to stay in the same house, but they can not have sexual relation amongst them.The man is allowed to take her back either verbally saying “I TAKE YOU BACK“, or physically, by having intimate relation with her. if, after this waiting period, the husband fails to take his wife back, then the wife is completely divorced, and must leave the matrimonial home immediately. It is also recommended to have two witnesses present in the case, where the husband decides to take back (‘ruju’) his wife, before the end of the iddat. Where a man has pronounced three divorces, on three different occasions, he can neither take back his former wife, nor remarry her. The Council issues a divorce certificate on the basis of “talaq nama”, signed by the applicant in the presence of two witnesses. The man is required to pay the dower amount in full to the woman. PROCEDURE FOR TALAQ 1. All new and prospective clients, must download the Talaq Form, fill it in and post or E-Mail to the Islamic Shari’a Council, detailing the main reasons for their (the applicant) seeking a divorce. 2. Upon obtaining a fully completed application form with the relevant details from the applicant – amongst which is included a contact address for the wife, and a copy of the client’s passport, nikkah nama / civil marriage certificate, decree nisi / absolute – the Council will register the application. An application will not be registered if any details or documents requested on the application form are not included on or with a submitted application form. 3. The Council will then send a talaq nama to the husband. He must sign this in front of two witnesses and return it to the Council. 4. The Council keeps the wife of the proceedings by letter. The letter notifies the wife that she has a period of thirty days in which to respond. If the Council receives no response from the wife within this period, the Council will then ask the husband to (a) verify the address of his wife, and (b) ensure that the full amount of dower – agreed at time of marriage – has been paid in full: the Council will only consider the full amount of dower to have been paid by the husband, where this amount is indentical to the full dower amount, as originally specified at the time of marriage. 5. After all of the above stages have been reached, the Council will issue two original copies of Islamic divorce; one will be sent, with the dower amount, by post to the woman, and one copy will be forwarded to the applicant. The Council conducts Islamic divorces only It does not conduct cases as part of the UK legal or judicial systems For advice regarding a civil divorce, please consult a qualified, legal representative.


What is the Latin term for a reigning queen, often shown after first name as a formal title?

Latin phrases glossary and listing - common and interesting Latin       expressions, terminology, translations, meanings, origins glossary, usage in       legal, business, science and English language (with) the defendant being absent (legal term) - in the absence of the accused a capite ad calcem thoroughly/completely/from top to bottom - more                   loosely expressed 'from head to toe' Achilles (Achilles heel) ancient Greek hero weakness - (a Greek word used in Latin - the                   metaphor refers to the legend of the hero Achilles, as a baby held by the heel                   and dipped into the river Styx by his mother Thetis to make him immortal,                   leaving his heel vulnerable, such that when shot there by an arrow he died,                   hence the 'Achilles heel' or simply 'Achilles' is a person's main                   weakness) acta est fabula the drama has been acted out it's all over/it's finished/the end A.D. (anno domini) in the year of the Lord denotes that the year is since Christ's birth in                   the Julian and Gregorian calendars - contrasting with B.C. (Before Christ),                   which signifies years 'Before Christ', which are counted backwards - there is                   no zero year ad hoc improvised/devised/applied spontaneously or purely                   for the purpose ('just for this') a fortiori all the more so, with greater reason ad hominem personally directed - (as when criticizing someone) ad infinitum ad lib (ad libitum) with freedom freely, improvised, spontaneously created - now                   most commonly an instruction or freedom to 'improvise' in performance,                   communication ad litteram precisely/according to the 'letter of the law' ad nauseam to the point of causing nausea/unbearably                   tedious a priori / a posteriori from what comes before/ after (these terms mainly refer to philosophical or                   mathematical assertions) - an 'a priori' fact is self-evident, known without                   need of direct specific experience/evidence (for example 'snow is cold') - an                   'a posteriori' fact is based on observed evidence or experience, etc (for                   example snow fell in Ireland on [a particular date]) ad referendum (ad ref) aged... or 'of the age...' (precedes the age of                   someone/something) affidavit he/she has declared under oath a sworn statement made voluntarily by a person,                   recorded by a qualified person, usually for legal purposes, such as admission                   in a court case agenda (agenda sunt or agendum est) things that must be moved forward list of items for a meeting, order of discussion,                   set of aims, motivational factors - agenda now has a wide range of meanings,                   after initially referring to a meeting schedule Aiax/Ajax a metaphor for size and stength Albion the ancient Greek word for Britain alia iacta est / iacta alia est the die is cast the die is cast - beyond the point of possible                   return, fully committed come what may - see the die is cast and cross the Rubicon in cliches                   origins - the phrase is attributed to Julius Casear, 49BC, on his invasion of                   Rome from Gaul - as with many other Latin phrases the 'i' of iacta is                   alternatively a 'j', so that the word was/is jiacta (although some say Caesar                   spoke this phrase in Greek anyway..) alias dictus (alias) otherwise known as/also known as/aka


What corporation acquired the major UK-based online retailer, The Book Depository, in 2011?

Amazon To Acquire Book Depository GET.com Amazon To Acquire Book Depository Amazon To Acquire Book Depository Amazon.com Inc. (AMZN) has announced that it will acquire UK-based online bookseller, The Book Depository International. The acquisition will add over six million titles to Amazon’s already large stock of books. The cost of the transaction was not revealed and the acquisition is subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory approvals. It is unclear whether The Book Depository will retain its individuality and continue to operate as a separate website or if it will be folded into Amazon.com. But in any case, Amazon will reduce its competition in the e-commerce market as the Book Depository is one of its major rivals. Amazon has an internationally focused website in the United Kingdom and the acquisition of The Book Depository should allow it to increase its exposure in the European market. Additionally, Book Depository is rapidly growing in Australia due to its low prices and free shipping. As a result, this acquisition will diversify and widen Amazon’s international base. Amazon’s earnings of 44 cents per share in the first-quarter of fiscal year 2011 ending March 31, 2011, were 16 cents or 26.7% below the Zacks Consensus Estimate, on revenues that beat the Zacks Consensus by 3.6%. The revenue miss in the last quarter was largely on account of higher operating expenses, as Amazon remains extremely focused on building its infrastructure for expansion, particularly across international markets. The acquisition of The Book Depository, which generated £2.3 million in operating profit in 2010 and had an estimated turnover of almost $200 million (£120 million) in 2011, was likely in furtherance of this international expansion strategy. Given The Book Depository’s recent results, it is clear that the acquisition will improve Amazon’s financial performance in the near future. Amazon is one of the leading players in an extremely fast-growing market. The Book Depository acquisition will increase users, units and partners and help Amazon grow in the attractive U.K. e-commerce market. Of course, competition from eBay Inc. (EBAY), Apple Inc (AAPL) through its iBooks app, Barnes & Noble, Inc. (BKS) and Google Inc. (GOOG) remains as strong as ever. We are maintaining our Neutral rating over the long term (6–12 months) on Amazon. Currently, the stock carries a Zacks #3 Rank, indicating a short-term Hold recommendation.   Tweet Editorial Disclosure: Any personal views and opinions expressed by the author in this article are the author's own and do not necessarily reflect the viewpoint of GET.com. The editorial content on this page is not provided by any of the companies mentioned, and has not been reviewed, approved or otherwise endorsed by any of these entities. Opinions expressed here are author's alone, not those of the companies mentioned, and have not been reviewed, approved or otherwise endorsed by any of these entities. How We Rate Credit Cards How We Rate Credit Cards At GET.com we compare credit cards and rate them objectively based on the credit card's features, interest rates and fees. Cards are rated by our team based primarily on the basis of value for money to the cardholder. The GET.com team rates each card based on its annual fee, rewards, benefits, bonus, introductory APR, ongoing APR, flexibility (in how its benefits can be used and how rewards are earned and redeemed), and other card features. Credit Cards From Partners *


What is the popular technical term for a speech sound or letter 'articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract'?

Translation of Consonant in English 1. a speech sound that is not a vowel (antonym) vowel, vowel sound (hypernym) phone, speech sound, sound (hyponym) alveolar consonant, dental consonant, alveolar 2. a letter of the alphabet standing for a spoken consonant (hypernym) letter, letter of the alphabet, alphabetic character Adjective 1. involving or characterized by harmony (synonym) harmonic, harmonical, harmonized, harmonised, in harmony (similar) harmonious 2. in keeping; "salaries agreeable with current trends"; "plans conformable with your wishes"; "expressed views concordant with his background" (synonym) accordant, agreeable, conformable, concordant (similar) consistent


Dame Evelyn Glennie, who is profoundly deaf, is a world-renowned what?

Dame Evelynn Glennie says ‘I can’ for disability charity campaign Dame Evelynn Glennie says ‘I can’ for disability charity campaign “For me, listening is about more than hearing” Thursday 8 May Tweet - May 08 at 8:43 AM World renowned solo percussionist Dame Evelyn Glennie DBE has joined a number of celebrities, Paralympians and personalities helping to drive a new national campaign. Disability charity Papworth Trust is encouraging everyone to see people for what they can do with its I can campaign, launched yesterday. It features a new television advertisement, as well as posters on billboards and leaflets. Dame Evelyn, who lives in Cambridgeshire, features in the posters along with other inspirational figures fronting the campaign including Professor Stephen Hawking, quadruple amputee and mountaineer Jamie Andrew, and Paralympians Jonnie Peacock, Pam Relph, and Fran Williamson. “Achievement comes from listening. For me, listening is about more than hearing,” is the quote from Dame Evelyn which features on the poster. Dame Evelyn, who is profoundly deaf, has produced acclaimed work in the classical, pop, and avant-garde fields. She performed at the Opening Ceremony of the London 2012 Olympics leading a 1,000-drummer ensemble performing in the Pandemonium segment of the Danny Boyle-directed show. Papworth Trust’s Director of Strategy and Marketing, David Martin said, “We are really proud that Dame Evelyn and so many inspirational people have joined us to spread the message of our I can campaign. Dame Evelyn is a great example of being seen for what she can do and is an inspiration to us all. “What drives us here at Papworth Trust is a passion to create a world where we are seen for what we can do, working together for equality, choice and independence. “We support more than 20,000 people, their families and carers every year. Our services have been created with the people we work with, to support them to live their lives to the full. We aim to achieve our vision by inspiring everyone to try to change our world and work together so that we can make a difference.” Please visit www.papworthtrust.org.uk to find out more about Papworth Trust’s I can campaign and their essential services for disabled and older people.


On a conventionally tuned guitar, what chord is made by fretting just the fifth (A) string on its 2nd fret?

Guitar/Print Version - Wikibooks, open books for an open world Guitar/Print Version Jump to: navigation , search Note: A current version of this book can be found at Guitar The guitar is a very popular stringed musical instrument. This book is mainly concerned with standard six-stringed acoustic or electric guitars; twelve string guitars are also applicable in most cases. It is definitely not necessary to understand music theory to read this book, although it can yield a deeper understanding of the principles contained herein. The purpose of this book is to introduce novice and intermediate players to the basic concepts of good guitar playing. Important techniques are given their own section, and exercises and examples are provided whenever they can. When you have finished reading this book, you should have a good understanding of the fundamentals of guitar, and be on the right track towards mastering the instrument. Table of Contents An Ibanez 440-RS1, with three pickups and a tremolo bar. Getting Started Getting Started Different Types of Guitars Playing different guitars in a music shop is a great way of familiarising yourself with each model's unique qualities but don't forget to take off any objects that could scratch the guitar. A music salesman will let you try as many guitars as you like but may not be too happy about the little scratch your coat button left. Your choice of guitar will usually be based on the type of music you wish to play and the aesthetic appeal of the colour and design. Acoustic Guitars Di Giorgio Amazonia classical guitar There are two types of acoustic guitar namely the steel-string acoustic guitar and the classical guitar. Steel-string acoustic guitars produce a metallic sound that is a distinctive component of a wide range of popular genres. Steel-string acoustic guitars are sometimes referred to as flat tops. The word top refers to the face or front of the guitar which is called the table. Classical guitars have a wider neck than steel-string guitars and are strung with nylon strings. They are primarily associated with the playing of the solo classical guitar repertoire. Classical guitars are sometimes referred to as Spanish guitars in recognition of their country of origin. The acoustic guitar lends itself to a variety of tasks and roles. Its portability and ease of use make it the ideal songwriter's tool. Its gentle harp-like arpeggios and rhythmic chordal strumming has always found favor in an ensemble. The acoustic guitar has a personal and intimate quality that is suited to small halls, churches and private spaces. For larger venues some form of amplification is required. An acoustic guitar can be amplified by placing a microphone in front of the sound hole or by installing a pickup. There are many entry-level acoustic guitar models that are manufactured to a high standard and these are entirely suitable as a first guitar for a beginner. Electric Guitars Electric guitars are solid-bodied guitars that are designed to be plugged into an amplifier. The electric guitar when amplified produces a sound that is metallic with a lengthy decay. The shape of an electric guitar is not determined by the need for a deep resonating body and this had led to the development of contoured and thin bodied electric guitars. The two most popular designs are the Fender Stratocaster and the Gibson Les Paul . Electric guitar strings are thinner than acoustic guitar strings and closer to the neck and therefore less force is needed to press them down. The ease with which you can bend strings, clear access to the twelfth position, the use of a whammy bar and the manipulation of pots and switches whilst playing has led to the development of a lead guitar style that is unique to the instrument. Fret-tapping is a guitar technique for creating chords and melody lines that are not possible using the standard technique of left-hand fretting and right-hand strumming. The sustain, sensitive pick-ups, low action and thin strings of the electric guitar make it an ideal instrument for fret-tapping. Electro-acoustic Guitar


What country controversially won the bid to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup?

BBC Sport - Football - Russia & Qatar will host the 2018 and 2022 World Cups Russia & Qatar will host the 2018 and 2022 World Cups Advertisement The moment Russia won 2018 World Cup bid Russia and Qatar have been chosen to host the 2018 and 2022 World Cup finals respectively after a secret ballot of Fifa's 22 executive members in Zurich. Russia was selected ahead of co-bidders Spain-Portugal and Holland-Belgium and England, which won only two votes. Qatar defeated bids from South Korea, Japan, Australia and the United States. "You have entrusted us with the Fifa World Cup for 2018 and I can promise you will never regret it," said Russian Deputy Prime Minister Igor Shuvalov. Russia received nine votes in the first round of voting and an outright majority of 13 in the second round, while Qatar obtained an outright majority of 14 in the fourth round of voting for 2022. It is the first time that either Russia or Qatar has been chosen as host nation for the World Cup. "Let us make history together," Shuvalov added. Russia's selection comes despite the absence of Prime Minister Valdimir Putin from the vote in Switzerland. Qatar win right to host 2022 World Cup The 58-year-old had been expected to be a prominent figurehead for the Russian bid in the final days of campaigning but instead remained in Moscow. He is now expected to fly to Zurich to thank Fifa for what he described as "a sign of trust" for his country. "Russia loves football, Russia knows what football is and in our country we have everything to conduct the 2018 World Cup on a very worthy level," said Putin in a televised interview. "The decision corresponds with Fifa's philosophy for developing football, especially in those regions of the world where that development is needed." Qatar's Emir Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani was in attendance in Zurich, and he thanked Fifa for "believing in change". "We have worked very hard over past two years to get to this point," Al-Thani continued. "Today we celebrate, but tomorrow, the work begins. "We acknowledge there is a lot of work for us to do, but we also stand by our promise that we will deliver." 2018 VOTING 1st round: England 2 (eliminated), Netherlands-Belgium 4; Spain-Portugal 7; Russia 9 2nd round: Netherlands-Belgium 2; Spain-Portugal 7; Russia 13 (Russia obtain absolute majority) The Spain-Portugal 2018 bid gained seven votes and its managing director Miguel Angel Lopez commented: "Fifa thought it was better to promote football in other latitudes and there we are. The decision is focused on taking football to regions which have never held a World Cup." The Belgium-Netherlands bid picked up four votes in the first round and two in the second. Former Belgian star Marc Wilmots thought the decision was a negative one for football. "Russia is a political choice and Qatar is an economic choice," Wilmots reflected. "You can say that to some extent the sport has been the loser with the decision for these two World Cups." US President Barack Obama said he felt Fifa had made "the wrong decision" in awarding the 2022 tournament to Qatar. The US reached the fourth round of voting before being beaten by Qatar, and US 2022 bid chairman Sunil Gulati stated: "We're disappointed. No way to get around that. We worked very hard. "The country has been behind us in a way we haven't seen. We know it came down to two. Which automatically means it was very close. "But there's a lot of countries in the world that want to host these events. "People have figured out a way to do it and not lose a lot of money, especially if you don't have infrastructure issues. "Certainly in the two winners today there are going to be a lot of infrastructure needs and commitments have been made by the governments." Despite losing out in the first round of voting for 2022, Australia's Football Federation chief executive Ben Buckley thought the Australian bid had strengthened his country's reputation. "We are obviously disappointed at the outcome in Zurich, however we are proud of the efforts we made in trying to secure a World Cup in Australia," Buckley ad


The Al Jazeera broadcasting organization is owned by and headquartered in what country?

Who Really Owns Al Jazeera? And What’s to Become of Current TV’s Hosts? – TheBlaze Tweet Since the news broke earlier this week about the sale of Al Gore’s ultra-liberal Current TV , much has been said about who bought the channel (Al Jazeera) and who tried — but was rejected (Glenn Beck). Beyond that story, the media deal brings many questions to light. Who owns Al Jazeera? That’s a fairly simple question. The network is owned by the Qatari government, which is run by the Al Thani family.  The U.S. State Department describes Qatar this way : Qatar is an hereditary constitutional monarchy governed by the ruling Al Thani family in consultation with a council of ministers, an appointed advisory council and an elected municipal council. It’s a kingdom — complete with a royal family that controls massive wealth from their substantial  oil and gas reserves . Will “Al Jazeera America” (one reported new name of the channel) keep any of the programs from the Current TV lineup? Perhaps a better phrasing of that question would be: Why would Al Jazeera keep any of the programs from the Current TV lineup? Image: Facebook Most reports about the sale have mentioned that the Qatar-owned outlet was buying Current TV not for its programming but for the access to an estimated 42 million cable TV households that carried it. If cable operators allow Al Jazeera to simply slide into Current’s channel position, that increases its potential audience nearly tenfold. However, that plan was also hit with a significant body shot this week: Almost immediately after the sales was announced, cable giant Time Warner — the fourth-largest provider in the country — announced that it was dropping Current TV from its systems. Joy Behar, Stephanie Miller, Elliot Spitzer and others at Current have undoubtedly been aware of the difficulty network has had in establishing an audience. Despite being in almost half of the country’s cable TV households, Current and its programming is virtually unknown to an overwhelming majority of Americans. Most of the awareness came from the hosts promoting their shows on other outlets. Joy Behar could plug her “Say Anything!” show on ABC’s “The View” and radio talkers like Bill Press and Stephanie Miller were able to flog their television efforts on radio, but none of these translated to ratings significant enough to argue for the channel’s survival. It also seems unlikely that Al Jazeera would openly accept some of the shows on Current. After all, the channel is owned by the Qatari government and the country has some very strict rules when it comes to lifestyles and behaviors. The State Department again offers offers some vital information about the network’s new owners: Islamic beliefs and tribal traditions provide an important foundation of the country’s customs, laws and practices. Translation: Shariah law is the standard in Qatar. Current’s new bosses are also not as tolerant of the broad spectrum of “lifestyles” we see here in America. Some of the openly gay hosts, like Stephanie Miller, might have to ask themselves if they could work for a company that would consider them criminals who deserved to be whipped and locked away in prison? Again, we’re quoting the State Department’s public information on Qatar: Homosexual activity is considered to be a criminal offense, and those convicted may be sentenced to lashings, a prison sentence, and/or deportation. Gay lifestyles are not the only problem that Al Jazeera’s owners might have with some of their new employees. People with HIV/AIDS are advised against visiting the country: Qatar does not allow individuals with HIV/AIDS to live in the country. Medical exams are required for all long-term visitors and residents. Individuals who have HIV/AIDS may be subject to deportation The country is also very strict on what women can wear in public. Qatar does not require all women to wear the burqa in public, but it does take issue with many wardrobe choices considered acceptable in America: Foreign visitors are expected to remain sensitive to Islamic beliefs and practices and not dress


To the nearest 1000 metres, how deep is the ocean floor at its deepest?

BBC News - Ocean trench: Take a dive 11,000m down Ocean trench: Take a dive 11,000m down CAMERON'S SUB Film adventure Icy cold, pitch black and with crushing pressures - the deepest part of the ocean is one of the most hostile places on the planet. Only three explorers have made the epic journey there: 11km (seven miles) down to the bottom of the Pacific Ocean's Mariana Trench. As a new wave of deep-sea exploration begins, take a look at the mysterious world that they will be plunging into. Scroll to see the ocean's deepest depths   Operating depth of the oil rig Deepwater Horizon Wreck of the RMS Titanic found at this depth Maximum depth of Russia's two MIR subs   Deepest point in the Atlantic Ocean   m (36,069ft) Challenger Deep is the deepest place on Earth. Don Walsh was in the   first sub to reach the ocean's darkest depth.   Depth reached by film director James Cameron     Sunlight Zone Sunlight or Epipelagic zone, (0-200m). Most of the life in the ocean occurs here, in the warmer surface waters. Approx temp: 12-20C Twilight Zone Twilight or Mesopelagic zone (200-1,000m). With depth, sunlight fades to pitch-darkness and temperatures plunge. Approx temp: 4-13C. Midnight Zone Midnight or Bathypelagic zone (1,000-4,000m). Bioluminescence produced by the animals here is the only light. Approx temp: 4C Lower Midnight Lower Midnight or Abyssal zone (4,000-6,000m). Most of the ocean floor is found in this range. Approx temp: Near freezing The Trenches The Trenches or Hadal zone, 6,000m plus. Food is scarce, but new life is still found in this harsh environment. Approx temp: Just above freezing DEPTH 0 (m) on a single fingernail Pressure Test: Diving 100m down With the help of some polystyrene heads, science reporter Rebecca Morelle finds out what happens at the pressure experienced 100m below sea level. Pressure Test: Diving 1,000m down The BBC's Rebecca Morelle reveals what happens to a polystyrene head as it is subjected to the pressure 1,000m below the waves. Atmospheric diving suit They may look as clunky as a suit of armour but some atmospheric diving suits (ADS) can enable people to reach depths of up to 600-700m. This ADS used by the French navy can reach 250m. Elephant seal - expert diver This southern elephant seal is a fantastic diver and reach depths of up to 2,000m. Large males can weigh as much as four tonnes and live mainly on a diet of fish and squid. Anglerfish, predator in the deep This fearsome predator has a lure above its mouth that flickers with bioluminescent light. It has evolved to catch the attention of prey and draw them near. If they come close enough, the anglerfish will strike. Alvin - deep diving sub The long-serving, US-submersible Alvin is capable of taking up to three people to depths of 4,500m - but an upgrade is under way that will allow it to dive even deeper. Launched in the 1960s Alvin surveyed the wreck of the RMS Titanic and many others. Scavengers that live on the edge of a trench Alan Jamieson, from Oceanlab at the University of Aberdeen, describes the animals that live at the top of an ocean trench. Why 6,000m is a strange zone for life At 6,000m down, the trenches are full of surprises, as Alan Jamieson, from Oceanlab at the University of Aberdeen, explains. Are snailfish the world's deepest fish? Alan Jamieson, from Oceanlab at the University of Aberdeen, says a species called the snailfish is the deepest fish he has seen in the ocean trenches. HMS Challenger - survey vessel The British survey vessel HMS Challenger was the first to sound the depths of the Mariana Trench in 1875. The deepest point in the trench, Challenger Deep, was eventually named after her as was the ill-fated space shuttle. Take a fly-through the Mariana Trench This fly through, created by Jim Gardner from the US Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping, is the most detailed map of the Mariana Trench to date. Prawn-like creatures dominate the deepest ocean In the deepest ocean, scavengers called amphipods dominate, as Alan Jamieson, from Oceanlab at the University of Aberdeen, explains. Pressure Test: Diving 1


The mineral, diamond, is naturally what crystal shape?

Crystal Shape of Minerals: Forms and Types - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com Crystal Shape of Minerals: Forms and Types Watch short & fun videos Start Your Free Trial Today An error occurred trying to load this video. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. You must create an account to continue watching Register for a free trial Are you a student or a teacher? I am a student Start Your Free Trial To Continue Watching As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you             succeed. Coming up next: Mineral Strength: Tenacity, Hardness, Cleavage & Fracture You're on a roll. Keep up the good work! Your next lesson will play in 10 seconds 0:06 Crystals Add to Add to Add to Want to watch this again later? Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. Custom Courses are courses that you create from Study.com lessons. Use them just like other courses to    track progress, access quizzes and exams, and share content. Teachers Organize and share selected lessons with your class. Make planning easier by creating your own custom course. Students Create a new course from any lesson page or your dashboard. From any lesson page: Click "Add to" located below the video player and follow the prompts to name your course and save your lesson. From your dashboard: Click on the "Custom Courses" tab, then click "Create course". Next, go to any lesson page and begin     adding lessons. Edit your Custom Course directly from your dashboard. Personalize: Name your Custom Course and add an optional description or learning objective. Organize: Create chapters to group lesson within your course. Remove and reorder chapters and lessons at any time. Share your Custom Course or assign lessons and chapters. Teacher Edition: Share or assign lessons and chapters by clicking the "Teacher" tab on the lesson or chapter page you want to     assign.     Students' quiz scores and video views will be trackable in your "Teacher" tab. Premium Edition: You can share your Custom Course by copying and pasting the course URL. Only Study.com members will be able to access the     entire course. Create an account to start this course today Try it free for 5 days! Lesson Transcript Instructor: John Simmons John has taught college science courses face-to-face and online since 1994 and has a doctorate in physiology. Did you know that the term crystal can have different meanings in addition to something pretty to look at? A crystal can refer to a regular pattern of molecules within a mineral or the shapes at a macroscopic level. This is also known as the crystal habit. Crystals Crystals have amazed us throughout history. For example, the crystal structure of a diamond reflects light in such a way to mesmerize even the harshest critic. But what is a crystal? The term crystal is used to convey different meanings at the microscopic or macroscopic level. At the microscopic level, a crystal is a solid formed by regularly-repeating patterns of molecules that are connected together. Now, not all solids are crystals. In a non-crystal solid, the arrangement of the molecules is random throughout the material; it's not regular. Still, at the microscopic level, the crystal is characterized by the unit cell, which is a collection of molecules repeated in exactly the same arrangement throughout the entire material. At the macroscopic level, geologists use the term crystal shape, or crystal habit, to refer to the visible external shape of a sample of a material. The shape or habit results from the common or characteristic shape of either a single crystal or aggregate of crystals. In this lesson, we will discuss two general types of crystal habits. The first exists as regular polygons and are thus termed euhedral, where 'eu' means true. The second type doesn't exist in regular geometric forms. Euhedral Crystals Let's look first at the euhedral crystals. Euhedral crystals have flat surfaces


Parts of natural numbers, Section 2 -- A complete course in arithmetic It means that the larger number is not a multiple of the smaller.   100 is not a multiple of 75.  Therefore we say that 75 is parts of 100. It is three fourth parts, or simply three fourths. If the entire figure represents 15, then 5 is the third part of 15, and 10 is two third parts of 15. If the entire figure represents 18, then 6 is the third part of 18, and 12 is two third parts of 18. If the entire figure represents 21, then 7 is the third part of 21, and 14 is two third parts of 21. And so on.  Two thirds of a number are twice as much as one third. Example 1.  Fifths.   Here is 10 divided into fifths, that is, into five equal parts: Each 2 is a Fifth.  Let us count them. 2 is is the fifth part of 10. 4 is two fifth parts of 10. 6 is three fifth parts of 10. 8 is four fifth parts of 10. And 10 is all five of its fifth parts. Example 2.   How much is two thirds of 12? Answer.  To name two thirds of 12, we must first name one third. But to name one third, we can simply divide by 3 . "12 divided by 3 is 4." Two thirds will then be two times 4:  8. We see, then, that to take two thirds of a number, divide it by 3, then multiply times 2. Example 3.   How much is two thirds of 27? Answer.  "3 goes into 27 nine times. Nine times 2 is 18." (One third of 27 is 9. Two thirds are 18.) Example 4.   How much is three fourths of 28? Answer.   "4 goes into 28 seven times. Seven times 3 is 21." We can illustrate this with any number that has a fourth part, namely any multiple of 4.  For example, 12, 40, 100: One fourth of 12 is 3. Three fourths are 9. One fourth of 40 is 10. Three fourths are 30 One fourth of 100 is 25. Three fourths are 75.  6.   Example 5.   How much is four fifths of 15? Answer.  "5 goes into 15 three times..  Three times 4 is 12." Each 3 is a fifth part of 15. 6 is two fifth parts of 15. 9 is three fifth parts of 15. 12 is four fifth parts, or simply four fifths, of 15. Example 6.   In a class of 32 students, five eighths are girls. How many boys are there? Answer.   The whole class is eight eighths. Therefore, if five eighths are girls, then the remaining three eighths are boys. Now, one eighth of 32 -- 32 ÷ 8 -- is 4. Therefore three eighths will be three times 4: 12.  There are 12 boys in the class. Percent: Parts of 100% We have seen that a percent is another way of naming a part.  Since 100% is the whole ( Lesson 4, Question 5 ), and since 50% is half of 100%, then 50% means half.  50% of 40 -- half of 40 -- is 20. Since 25% is a quarter of 100%, then 25% is another way of saying a quarter.  A quarter of 40 -- 25% of 40 -- is 10. Since 75% is three quarters of 100%, then 75% means three quarters.  30 is 75% of 40. Whichever part or parts the percent is of 100%, the percent means that part or those parts. Fifths Let the circle represent 100%, and let us divide it into fifths, that is, into five equal parts -- into 20's.  Each 20% is a fifth of the circle.  Two fifths of the circle -- of 100% -- is 40%  Three fifths is 60%.  Four fifths is 80%. That is what those percents mean: 20% means one fifth. 100% is the whole; it is all five fifths. Example 7.   How much is 60% of 45? Answer.  60% means three fifths. "5 goes into 45 nine times.  Nine times 3 is 27. 60% of 45 is 27. Example 8.   A scarf that sells for $35 is on sale at 40% off. How much do you pay? Answer.  "40% off" means that two fifths of the price will be subtracted. One fifth of 35 is 7.  Therefore, two fifths are 14.  You will pay $14 less: $35 − $14 = $21. You will pay $21. More simply, since 40% of the price will be subtracted, then you will pay 60%.  60% -- or three fifths of $35 -- is three times $7, which is $21. For more on percent, see Lesson 17 . Finally, we will state this theorem: Each number is either a part of a larger number or parts of it. (Euclid, VII.4.) We will illustrate that with each number less than 9.  We will see that each number less than 9 is either a part of 9 or parts of 9. Now, 9 units can be divided either into Ninths or Thirds: (If 9 is