How the Channel Tunnel Was Built and Designed Updated December 04, 2015. What Is the Channel Tunnel? The Channel Tunnel, often called the Chunnel, is a railway tunnel that lies underneath the water of the English Channel and connects the island of Great Britain with mainland France. The Channel Tunnel , completed in 1994, is considered one of the most amazing engineering feats of the 20th century. Dates: Officially opened on May 6, 1994 Also Known As: The Chunnel, the Euro Tunnel Overview of the Channel Tunnel: For centuries, crossing the English Channel via boat or ferry had been considered a miserable task. The often inclement weather and choppy water could make even the most seasoned traveler seasick. It is perhaps not surprising then that as early as 1802 plans were being made for an alternate route across the English Channel. Early Plans This first plan, made by French engineer Albert Mathieu Favier, called for a tunnel to be dug under the water of the English Channel. This tunnel was to be large enough for horse-drawn carriages to travel through. continue reading below our video 10 Best Universities in the United States Although Favier was able to get the backing of French leader Napoleon Bonaparte , the British rejected Favier's plan. (The British feared, perhaps correctly, that Napoleon wanted to build the tunnel in order to invade England.) Over the next two centuries, others created plans to connect Great Britain with France. Despite progress made on a number of these plans, including actual drilling, they all eventually fell through. Sometimes the reason was political discord, other times is was financial problems. Still other times it was Britain's fear of invasion. All of these factors had to be solved before the Channel Tunnel could be built. A Contest In 1984, French president Francois Mitterrand and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher jointly agreed that a link across the English Channel would be mutually beneficial. However, both governments realized that although the project would create much needed jobs, neither country's government could fund such a massive project. Thus, they decided to hold a contest. This contest invited companies to submit their plans to create a link across the English Channel. As part of the contest's requirements, the submitting company was to provide a plan to raise the needed funds to build the project, have the ability to operate the proposed Channel link once the project was completed, and the proposed link must be able to endure for at least 120 years. Ten proposals were submitted, including various tunnels and bridges. Some of the proposals were so outlandish in design that they were easily dismissed; others would be so expensive that they were unlikely to ever be completed. The proposal that was accepted was the plan for the Channel Tunnel, submitted by the Balfour Beatty Construction Company (this later became Transmanche Link). The Design for the Channel Tunnels The Channel Tunnel was to be made up of two, parallel railway tunnels that would be dug under the English Channel. Between these two railway tunnels would run a third, smaller tunnel that would be used for maintenance, including drainage pipes, communication cables, drainage pipes, etc. Each of the trains that would run through the Chunnel would be able to hold cars and trucks. This would enable personal vehicles to go through the Channel Tunnel without having individual drivers face such a long, underground drive. The plan was expected to cost $3.6 billion. Getting Started Just getting started on the Channel Tunnel was a monumental task. Funds had to be raised (over 50 large banks gave loans), experienced engineers had to be found, 13,000 skilled and unskilled workers had to be hired and housed, and special tunnel boring machines had to be designed and built. As these things were getting done, the designers had to determine exactly where the tunnel was to be dug. Specifically, the geology of the bottom of the English Channel had to be carefully examined. It was determined that although the bottom was made


Which British monarch popularized the Homgburg which came from the German town of the same name?

Royal Styles and Titles in England and Great Britain Royal Styles and Titles in England and Great Britain Contents styles and titles in the British royal family England (to 1707) William II (1087) was the first to introduce the consistent use of the style N Dei Gratia Rex Anglorum.   Under king John the phrase changed on the royal seal from "king of the English" to Rex Anglie, "king of England" His successors would add other titles over time: Henry I added dux Normannorum (duke of Normandy) in 1121, Henry II added dux Aquitanorum et comes Andegavorum (duke of Aquitaine and count of Anjou) in 1154 (see the seal of Richard I with the legend "Ricardus Dei gratia rex anglorum" on the obverse and "Richardus dux Normannorum et Aquitanorum comes Andegavorum" on the reverse).  Lord/King of Ireland In 1199, John added dominus Hiberniae (lord of Ireland, a title he held since 1177, perhaps by virtue of a bull of Pope Hadrian II of 1155 giving Henry II permission to subdue Ireland so that "illius terrae populas te recipiat et sicut dominum veneretur").  The style dominus Hyberniae had been used in a royal council by Henry I in his 33d year (Parry 1839, 12).  Under John the royal seal bore the legend : "Iohannes Dei Gratia Rex Anglie Dominus Hibernie | Ioh's Dux Normannie et Aqitannie Comes Andegavie." By Irish statute of 1542 , Henry VIII became king of Ireland. The French possessions England was conquered by a duke of Normandy in 1066.  Although Normandy and England were initially separated after the Conqueror's death in 1086, they were reunited by force under king Henry I in 1106.  After Henry's death the succession was disputed between his daughter Maud and his nephew Stephen.  Maud's husband count Geoffrey of Anjou wrestled away Normandy and gave it to his son Henry Plantagenet, who eventually succeeded Stephen in 1154 and reunited again Normandy and England unde rone ruler  Also, being the husband since 1152 of Alienor duchess of Aquitaine, he considerably enlarged the French holdings of the English kings.  Over the next two centuries, however, the French kings successfully pared down the Angevin empire to a sliver of land along the Atlantic coast around Bordeaux by 1339. The biggest single loss was sustained in 1204, afterPhilip II Augustus of France declared king John of England, his vassal as duke of Normandy and count of Anjou, a rebel (April 28, 1202), and confiscated his lands.  Neither John nor his son and successor Henry III were able to reverse the loss, which was formally accepted by the king of England at the treaty of Paris. The details of the process by which the treaty was drawn up by plenipotentiaries in 1258 and ratified over the course of 1259 are given in Chaplais (1952).  In short, the ratifications were dated Oct. 13, 1259 for the king of England and October 1259 for the king of France, although the treaty did not take effect, according to its clauses, until Henry III gave homage in person to Louis IX as duke of Aquitaine, in Paris on December 4, 1259.  Henry III had a new seal cut, with his new style, in late July or August 1259, and it was used to seal documents sent to France, but not elsewhere, until after the homage of December 4.  Henry III gave orders on Dec. 7 that his new style should be used in his chancery, although (since he had the new seal with him in France) this did not take effect until after his return to England in April 1260.  The last exchequer writs with the old style are dated June 19, and the first ones with the new style June 30.  Thereafter, the king of England's style was Henricus Dei gratia Rex Anglie, dominus Hibernie et dux Aquitannie. King of France (1340-1800) By a writ of April 16, 1340, Edward III publicly assumed the title of king of France, and dropped the title of Duke of Aquitaine (because merged in the French crown): thus his great seal was changed to read : Edwardus Dei Gracia Rex Francie et Anglie et Dominus Hibernie. He dropped it after renouncing his claims at the peace of Brétigny on 24 Oct 1360, which secured to him Aquitaine and Gascony. On 19 July 1362 he grant


Where is the French terminus for the Hoverspeed service?

Hoverspeed Fast Ferries The Hovercraft: End of an Era Archived Article ABOVE: Hoverspeed's Princess Anne carried 396 passengers and 53 cars between Dover and Calais in 35 minutes. On October 1, 2000, Hoverspeed ended more than 32 years of cross-Channel ferry service by hovercraft. The retirement of its two SRN4 Mark III hovercraft, the Princess Margaret and the newer Princess Anne (see photo), completed Hoverspeed's transitition to a Seacat- and Superseacat-based catamaran ferry service. The following archived article, which was written to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Princess Margaret in 1998, describes what it was like to travel from Dover to Calais by hovercraft. By Durant Imboden I n July, 1998, Hoverspeed Fast Ferries celebrated 30 years of service by its first commercial hovercraft, the Princess Margaret (a sister to the Princess Anne, shown above). Both SRN4 Mark III craft remain the largest hovercraft in the world, and they continue to offer frequent daily service on the English Channel's Dover-Calais route. If you've never traveled by hovercraft, you're missing a unique experience. You drive or walk aboard, then settle into an airline-style seat in one of the two passenger cabins that flank the vehicle deck. The car hatches are closed, the four 3,800-hp gas turbines rev up, and air fills the rubber skirts beneath the craft.. Moments later, four huge propellers send the craft blasting across the English Channel at more than 50 knots (58 mph or 98 km/h). You can read a free newspaper, have a cup of coffee, and have duty-free goods delivered to your seat during the brief "flight" (as hovercraft journeys are called). When the channel is rough, you may feel a bit of chop despite the 3m/10-foot air cushion that separates the hovercraft from the water. This shouldn't be a cause for alarm--the craft are approved for operation in 50-knot winds and 3.5-meter or 11.5-foot waves. As you approach the French or English coast, you may experience a moment of alarm as the hovercraft continues to speed ahead in a torrent of spray. But the craft makes a seamless transition from water to land, settling onto the concrete pad of the hoverport after its dramatic arrival. Elapsed time: 35 minutes, making Hoverspeed the fastest connection between England and France. Hovercraft meets Seacat Since 1991, Hoverspeed Fast Ferries has supplemented its hovercraft with fast catamarans. Dover-Calais. The Seacat Isle of Man crosses the channel in 50 minutes, carrying up to 573 passengers and 85 cars. Dover-Ostend. Two state-of-the-art catamarans, the Rapide and the Diamant, traverse this 152-year-old route between England and Belgium in just under two hours. The 81-meter or 266-foot boats feature computerized ride control and carry 674 passengers with 155 cars. Folkstone-Boulogne. The Seacat Great Britain covers this route in 55 minutes. (In 1990, the Great Britain captured the Hales Trophy for the fastest transatlantic sea crossing with a time of 3 days 7 hours 57 minutes. The previous record, set by the S.S. United States, had been unbeaten since 1952.) Newhaven-Dieppe. This newer route has two to three crossings a day, with the journey taking two hours. The Superseacat hauls up to 700 passengers and 175 vehicles across the Channel at speeds exceeding 40 knots. Hovercraft background reading


In which country was the Angel of the North erected in 1998?

Angel of the North (1998) - Antony Gormley - A Unit of Work for Grade 5 Antony Gormley - A Unit of Work for Grade 5 Gallery "Is it possible to make a work with purpose in a time that demands doubt? I wanted to make an object that would be a focus of hope at a painful time of transition for the people of the north-east, abandoned in the gap between the industrial and the information ages."   -   Antony Gormley Angel of the North (1998) Angel of the North (1998) is another major work which is well-known and recognisable. This artwork will be the feature of the second art appreciation and art practice lessons as part of this unit of work. The sculpture is made of steel on a concrete base. The body of the angel is hollow, and is 10 times life-size, or 20 metres high. It is located near the A1 motorway near Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, England. The site on which the sculpture was erected is of the Lower Tyne Colliery following its closure. The closure of this coal mine represents the end of the industrial age in Britain, and the beginning of a new era. For this reason, Gormley created this angel as a symbol of hope for a region in transition. He argues that the sculpture is a witness to the thousands of men who worked beneath it in the closed mine. The sculpture necessarily needed to be large so that it may have an impact in a valley that is wide and expansive, and seen by people driving past on the motorway at high speeds. Antony Gormley official website (2012). Retrieved April 3, 2012 from http://www.antonygormley.com ✕


Switzerland Facts on Largest Cities, Populations, Symbols - Worldatlas.com Ethnicity: German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other 6% GDP total: $362.4 billion (2012 est.) GDP per capita: $54,600 (2012 est.) Language: German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 20.4%, Italian (official) 6.5%, Serbo-Croatian 1.5%, Albanian 1.3%, Portuguese 1.2%, Spanish 1.1%, English 1%, Romansch (official) 0.5%, other 2.8% note: German, French, Italian, and Romansch are all national and official languages Largest Cities: (by population) Zurich, Geneva, Basel, Bern, Lausanne Name: Switzerland's name comes from the German derivative Suito and the Schwyz canton in the central part of the country National Day: August 1 Religion: Roman Catholic 41.8%, Protestant 35.3%, Muslim 4.3%, Orthodox 1.8%, other Christian 0.4%, other 1%, unspecified 4.3%, none 11.1%


Which city was the cultural capital of Europe in 1990?

Glasgow 1990 European City of Culture | Dr Beatriz García Glasgow 1990 European City of Culture November 21, 2002 Cities and Culture Project: Understanding the Long-term Legacies of Glasgow 1990, European City of Culture From January 2002 to December 2005, Dr Beatriz Garcia was the principal investigator of a research project on Cities and Culture, using Glasgow 1990 European City of Culture as a case study. The research was conducted at the  Centre for Cultural Policy Research , University of Glasgow, with support from Matthew Reason (research assistant), Nicola Sneddon (CCPR Information and Resources Administrator), Adrienne Scullion (CCPR Academic Director) and Christine Hamilton (CCPR Director). The main premise for the Cities and Culture project was a recognition of the predominance of the city as a cultural centre and the trend (emerging throughout the 1990s and fully established by 2004) to place the arts and culture at the heart of urban development. In particular, the project was set to explore the nature and effects of emerging bridges between areas such as urban regeneration, place marketing, city tourism and cultural policy. The academic dedication to exploring these bridges was not exclusive to the CCPR. However, up to 2002, much of the existing research focused on studying their economic dimensions and short-term effects, while overlooking the analysis of potential long-term cultural and social legacies. The Cities and Culture project was designed precisely to address this caveat: a key focus of the research was the sustainability of cultural investment in cities. The project was designed to co-ordinate a variety of academic disciplines and test new research methodologies. As such, it incorporated approaches to research drawn from social sciences and the humanities, in particular, urban, leisure, cultural and communication studies, politics and arts history. More information about this project and its outcomes will be available soon. In the meantime, you can access a more detailed  Research Description (2004) below, or can search for relevant blog entries within this site (eg. ‘Glasgow’, European Capital of Culture etc).


In which European country did Spice Girl Victoria Adams marry?

Biography And Marriage of Victoria And David Beckham 7/10/2011: The Beckhams announced the birth of their fourth child, a daughter. Born: David Robert Joseph Beckham: May 2, 1975 in Leytonstone, London, England. Victoria Caroline Adams aka Posh Spice: April 17, 1974 in Hertfordshire, England. How David and Victoria Met: David on meeting Victoria in November 1996: "My wife picked me out of a soccer sticker book. And I chose her off the telly ... It felt straight away like we'd always been meant to be together." Source: David Beckham, Tom Watt. Beckham: Both Feet on the Ground: An Autobiography. continue reading below our video 7 Tips for a Harmonious Divorce 2004. pg. 83. Victoria and David started dating in 1997 by going on low-keyed dates -- driving around, talking, going to a pub, dinner out, going to the movies. They talked a lot on the telephone. David proposed on one knee. They were engaged on January 25, 1998. The Beckham engagement party was held at Rookery Hall in Nantwich. Victoria and David did not cut their engagement cake. Instead, they donated it to a fund raising event for Goostrey Community Primary School in Cheshire. The cake is "a replica of the hall with Victoria sitting at the top and David sitting behind her." Source: BBC.co.uk Wedding Date: With 29 close friends and family members at the wedding ceremony, David and Victoria were married on July 4, 1999 at the 560-acre estate of the 1794, gothic Luttrellstown Castle, Ireland outside Dublin, Ireland. The wedding ceremony was presided over by the Bishop of Cork Paul Colton Victoria was 25 and David was 24 when they married. Gary Neville was their best man and their 4-month old son Brooklyn was their ring bearer . Victoria and David sat on Golden thrones on a raised platform with Brooklyn's crib at their side. The bridesmaid was Victoria's sister Louise. Louise's daughter Liberty and David's niece Georgia were dressed as angels and served as flower girls . "As they became man and wife, a single dove was released as a symbol of their love. Posh Spice -- one of the architects of the 'girl-power' philosophy -- stuck to her principles and did not pledge to 'obey' the Manchester United player. The new Mr. and Mrs. Beckham both shed tears after exchanging vows." Source: BBC.co.uk Wedding Attire: Victoria wore a crown and a tightly fitting ivory wedding dress designed by Vera Weng. Victoria's attire was matched by David's ivory and cream suit. He later changed into a purple suit because Brooklyn threw up on him. Their party outfits were designed by Antonio Berardi. Brooklyn was wearing a purple cowboy hat. Wedding Reception: David and Victoria had an elaborate and expensive wedding reception with 437 staff serving. All guests at the reception were asked to dress in black or white. The menu included Laurent Perrier rose champagne and sticky toffee pudding. Their wedding cake was topped with a nude (except for a few ivy leaves) sculpture of the newlyweds. Guests at the reception numbered approximately 230 and included David and Debbie Seamon, the Spice Girls, and Sir Bobby Charlton. The wedding reception featured an 18-piece orchestra. Guests were able to disco later on in the evening. The reception ended with a fireworks display. David and Victoria didn't want to receive any presents. They preferred to receive shopping vouchers. Children: Victoria and David have three sons and a daughter. Brooklyn Joseph Beckham: Born in 1999 in London, England. His godfather is Elton John and his godmother is Elizabeth Hurley. Romeo James Beckham: Born in 2002 in London, England. His godfather is Elton John and his godmother is Elizabeth Hurley. Cruz David Beckham: Born in 2005 in Madrid, Spain. Harper Seven Beckham: Born in 2011 in Los Angeles, California. Occupations: David: Professional soccer (footballer) player. He owns soccer academies in London and in Los Angeles. Has his own aftershave scent, David Beckham Instinct. Victoria: As "Posh Spice", performed with the Spice Girls, dancer, composer. The Matching Thing: David and Victoria enjoy wearing matching clothes such as b


Free Flashcards about DDG Trivia Places 10 Is Scandinavia in the north or south of Europe? North Which Arctic country's Finnish name is Lapin Li? Lapland The Straight of Gibraltar connects the Atlantic Ocean with which Sea? Mediterranean Which country is also called the Hellenic Republic? Greece What is Europe's most mountainous country? Switzerland In Norway, a fjord is made up largely of what? Water The island of Rhodes belongs to which Mediterranean country? Greece Euro tunnel links which two countries? England and France The Left Bank generally refers to the Left Bank of the Seine in which city? Paris Okinawa is a volcano in which country? Japan What is the largest country in South America? Brazil What was the ancient city, carved out of red rock in Jordan, that was forgotten by Europeans until the 19th century? Petra. Which of the Seven Wonders of the World was a Ephesus? The Temple of Artemis What was the original purpose of the leaning tower of Pisa? Bell Tower What island in San Francisco Bay was the site of an almost escape-proof prison? Alcatraz. What was the former site of the two temples celcbrating Ramses II and Nefertari, before they were moved because of flooding by the waters of the Aswan High Dam? Abu Simbel Where is the Valley of the Kings, the scene of a terrorist attack in 1997? Egypt. What was Ho Chi Minh City before it was called Ho Chi Minh City? Saigon To the nearest thousand, how many islands does Indonesia have? 13,000 Which country contains the Biblical rivers of the Tigris and the EUPHRATES? Iraq What was St. Petersburg called for most of the 20th century? Leningrad. Which country lies to the north of Austria and to the south of Poland? Czech Republic What name is given to the popular holiday area between Marseille and La Spezia? Riviera How tall is the Eiffel Tower? 984 feet. Archaeologists believe they have located the burial site of Boudicca, the British queen who led a bloody revolt against Roman rule in the first century A.D. Where is it? Under Platform 8 of the King's Cross Railway Station in London. What Middle Eastern country's name includes the name of it's first ruler? Saudi Arabia. Ruler Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud unified his dual kingdoms of Hejaz and Nejd and their dependencies under the name Saudi Arabia in 1932. What is the name of Moscow's largest department store? GUM What country has more volcanoes than any other? Indonesia. It has 167 of the 850 active volcanoes known in the world.


What is the oldest university in Northern Ireland called -- founded in 1908?

Education Education 67 Which    is the oldest university in Britain? 64 At what age do children go to    school in Britain? Children in Britain must attend    school from the age of 5 (4 in Northern Ireland) until they are 16. Before    the start of formal schooling, many children attend nursery schools or    nursery classes attached to primary schools. In addition, some parents    elect to send their children to private (fee-paying) nursery schools or    kindergartens. In England and Wales, many primary schools also operate an    early admission policy where they admit children under 5 into what are    called reception classes. Children first attend the infants’ school or    department. At 7 they move to the junior school and the usual age for    transfer from junior to secondary school is 11 (12 in Scotland). In some    areas, however, ‘first’ schools take pupils aged 5 to 8, 9 or 10, and    pupils within the 8 to 14 age range go to ‘middle’ schools.   TOP 65 What are the    different types of secondary school? Over 85 per cent of secondary school pupils go to comprehensive    schools. These take children of all abilities, and provide a wide range of    secondary education for all or most of the children in a district from the    age of 11 to 16 or 18. There are also other types of secondary school.    Grammar schools offer a mainly academic education for the 11 to 18-year    age group. Children enter grammar schools on the basis of their abilities,    first sitting the ‘11’ plus or entrance examination. Grammar schools cater    for four per cent of children in secondary education. A small minority of    children attend secondary modern schools (around four per cent). These    schools provide a more general and technical education for children aged    11-16. City Technology Colleges (CTCs) aim to give boys and girls a    broad secondary education with a strong technological and business slant. They are non-fee-paying independent schools, set up by the Government    with the help of business sponsors who finance a large proportion of the    initial capital costs and develop links with the schools. There are now 15    such colleges in operation in England and Wales. Specialist schools,    which only operate in England, give pupils a broad secondary education    with a strong emphasis on technology, languages, arts or sports. There are    over 250 specialist schools. They charge no fees and any secondary school    can apply for specialist school status.   TOP 66 Why are ï¿½publicï¿½    schools so called? The independent school sector is    separate from the state educational system,and caters for some seven per    cent of all schoolchildren in England and four per cent in    Scotland. Parents of pupils attending    independent schools pay for their education, and in some cases fees can    amount to several thousand pounds a year. Some pupils gain scholarships    and their expenses are covered by the schools. About 250 of the larger independent    shools are known for historical reasons as public schools. Eton, which was    founded in 1440, is said to have been the first grammar schools to be    called a 'public shool' because scholars could come to it from any part of    England and not, as was generally the case, just from the immediate    neighbourhood. Originally, many public schools    stressed a classical education, character training and sports, but the    curriculum is now closely allied to state education. In Northern Ireland there are a few    independent fee paying schools catering for a very small proportion of the    school population; they do not receive any support from public    funds. Schools in Scotland supported by    public funds are also called 'public schools' but they are not fee-paying,    independent schools.   TOP 67 Which is the    oldest university in Britain? The University of Oxford was th


Which British architect was responsible with Renzo Piano for the Famous Pompidou Centre in Paris?

The history – Centre Pompidou The history Home > The Centre Pompidou > The history Le parc de stationnement dans les années 1960 choisi pour accueillir le futur emplacement du Centre Pompidou. © Centre Pompidou Birth of a revolutionary concept In 1969, President Georges Pompidou decided that the vacant site of the Plateau Beaubourg should be used for the construction of a multidisciplinary cultural centre of an entirely new type. The decision gave new impetus to a number of different projects that would now be united in the new centre, with the establishment of a new public reading library in the centre of Paris, the provision of worthy premises for the musée national d’art moderne (MNAM), inadequately housed in one of the wings of the Palais de Tokyo, and the creation of a centre for new music (the IRCAM) inspired by the ideas of French composer Pierre Boulez. In addition to this, the new centre would take over the activities of the centre d’art contemporain in the rue Berryer while also incorporating François Mathey’s team from the musée des Arts Décoratifs, who had developed a dynamic programme of exhibitions of contemporary art. An international architectural competition An architectural competition was announced, the first of its kind in France to be open to architects the whole world over: it attracted 681 competitors from 49 different countries. The international jury chaired by the architect and engineer Jean Prouvé chose a design submitted by a team of three, British architect Richard Rogers and the two Italians Renzo Piano and Gianfranco Franchini, all relatively unknown. Piano and Rogers alone oversaw the management of the project; the two then went on to make separate careers, both later winning the Pritzker Prize, the highest award in the architectural world. Today considered an emblematic 20th-century building, taken to the hearts of the people of Paris and a special favourite of tourists from elsewhere, the new arts centre rising from the Plateau Beaubourg was at first compared by its detractors to an oil refinery. Piano and Rogers’ building continued to be a subject of polemic right through the 1970s, before becoming the icon and exemplar that it is today. Maquette du projet définitif, façade ouest. Renzo Piano et Richard Rogers. 1973. © Centre Pompidou La façade du Centre Pompidou © Philippe Migeat, 2015 A success from the start The Centre Pompidou was inaugurated on 31 January 1977. From the moment it opened to the public on 2 February 1977, it met with immense success, rapidly becoming one of the most popular cultural venues in the world and one of the most visited monuments in France. The late 1970's and the 1980's saw the Centre Pompidou stage highly influential exhibitions that made major contributions to the history of 20th-century art: the series “Paris-New York”, “Paris-Berlin”, “Paris-Moscow” and “Paris-Paris”, “Vienna: Birth of a Century”, “The Immaterials”, “Memories of the Future”, “Maps and Figures of the Earth”, “Magicians of the Earth”. Under the leadership of its directors Pontus Hulten and Dominique Bozo, the collection of the musée national d’art moderne grew considerably and became a world leader in the field of modern and contemporary art. A reorganisation in 1992 saw the creation of a department of cultural development, responsible for a programme of live performance, film screenings, lectures, symposia and debates. The fusion of the modern art museum and the centre for industrial design laid the foundations for an architecture and design collection that in twenty years has become one of the most impressive in the world. After twenty years of activity and having welcomed over 150 million visitors, under president Jean-Jacques Aillagon the Centre Pompidou underwent renovation work that lasted from October 1997 to December 1999. The government provided funding to expand gallery space for the display of the permanent collection and improve facilities for live performance. The whole project saw the renewal and reorganisation of 100 000 m2 of floor space. The Centre Pompidou reopened on 1


In Which European city would you go to the Bardini Museum and the Bargello Museum?

Museo Bardini (Florence, Italy): Top Tips Before You Go - TripAdvisor Neighborhood Profile Piazzale Michelangelo Just outside the ancient walls of Florence, Viale Michelangiolo starts. It is a winding road rimmed by wonderful poplars and holm oaks. The long ascent opens up to the most beautiful and famous panoramic viewpoint of Florence: Piazzale Michelangelo, where an elevated terrace offers visitors an incomparable and breathtaking view of the entire city from above. During good weather, Piazzale Michelangelo provides visitors with a serene space surrounded by the amazing landscape, better if accompanied by a fresh gelato from a local kiosk. During night, visitors will be dazzled by the warm lights of the capital of the Renaissance. Spend a second with the silent Romanesque beauty of the Basilica of San Miniato al Monte: the one that wishes good morning and good night to Florence!


Inishmore (Aran Island) - Review of Inishmore, Ireland - TripAdvisor Review of Inishmore Map updates are paused. Zoom in to see updated info. Reset zoom “Inishmore (Aran Island)” Reviewed July 21, 2010 We have just returned from a vacation in Ireland and I think Inishmore has to be my favorite place we visited this time. What a delightful spot. We toured the island on a horse and cart which was great fun and John our driver, who was born on the island, made our day a very special one. He had a wonderful sense of humour and filled us in on the history of the island. I would love to return and do the island on a bike next time. Helpful? This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. prabedky “Worst experience in Ireland” Reviewed June 13, 2010 In an overall wonderful trip to Ireland, I wasted a day going to Inishmore. For my wife and I the roundtrip ferry from Doolin cost 40 Euro. The trip out took about an hour and a half. You get off the ferry on a wharf crowded with too many other tourists all rushing to see what there is to see. And there is not much. First you pass rusing out ships in the harbor complete with rusting out oil drums on deck. You are immediately confronted with one after another hack trying to get you to rent a horse cart, a mini van, a mini bus or a bicycle to tour the island. We were confronted with probably 25 of these solicitations within the first 15 minutes of being off the boat. We were so disgusted we just decided to walk around awhile. And what I saw made me sick. There is horse dung all over the streets. They make no effort to keep the crap off the streets and do nothing to get it up. And you have to walk through it because there are no sidewalkds. And there is trash everywhere in the streets and along the edges of the roads. The people seem to have no pride in their property. The houses are run down, the grass and weeds are allowed to grow up without any effort to mow. And there are house trailers everywhere. There are a few small shops and some cafes, but nothing of any real interest. I never did take the tour. My wife did and apparently saw some interesting and unique sites. But I was so disgusted by what I saw, I would never consider going back to Inishmore. The trip back on the ferry was even longer. They can't seem to figure out how to make a trip from one point to another. Don't waste your time on Inishmore. Helpful? “Pubs in Kilronan Inishmore.” Reviewed August 30, 2009 A wonderful island with a great 'way out west' atmosphere.It is definately worth staying overnight to get a proper feel for the place.The highlight of theplace is without doubt Dun Aengus Fort overlooking a sheer drop (75metres)into the atlantic.A serious word of warning though, dont just walk out to the edge and look over, or sit on the edge with your legs over the side as I witnessed on my visit.There can be strong breezes up there! Anyway on to the pubs-I'm aware of 4 drinking establishments on the island at present, all in Kilronan.I will rate them in reverse order 4. The Hotel-Not its fault, but you dont really expect the atmosphere of a cozy pub in a hotel lounge-I found the staff to be all friendly. 3. American Bar-Looks good outside but disappoints a bit in atmosphere once you get inside-Girl behind bar working hard. 2. Joe Mc's-good lively and friendly spot with a hostel beside it-The price of a pint of lager at €4.20 seems to be the standard on the island. 1. Joe Wattys-Surrounded by trees and with a nice seating area outside on a grass lawn is definately the most inviting of all the pubs.It also does pub grub-mind you the food prices seem steep-however the dessert portions are very generous and really well presented. Music is nightly at 10.30 ish The staff are all extremely friendly and efficient.Price warning-Pint Bottles of cider are expensive at €5.50 on a recent visit-maybe the recent reductions in price by Bulmers hav'nt been implemented yet!! Helpful? “A group of young people visit Inis Mor” Reviewed June 2, 2009 We visited Inis Mor this past weekend and found t


What is the name of the lake which remained when the Zuider Zee was closed and reclaimed in 1932?

The Seven Mondern Wonders - The Zuiderzee and Delta Works Other: Turned the Zuiderzee from a bay into a lake. Taming the Zuiderzee One of most notable           features of the Netherlands was the Zuiderzee. The name meant           "Southern Sea" in Dutch, but it was actually a shallow bay           of the North Sea that ran 60 miles (100km) inland and was           about 30 miles (50km) wide. Despite its great size covering           almost 2000 square miles it was only about 15 feet deep. While the Zuiderzee           was a resource for fishing and allowed access for trade, it           could become dangerous whenever one of the frequent North           Sea storms would push water through the bay's inlet. Dikes           would fail and the resulting floods would kill hundreds or           even thousands of people. In 1421 a seawall on the Zuiderzee           dike broke during a storm and flooded 72 villages killing           about 10,000 people. In the 17th century           the first plans to address this problem were drawn up. It           wasn't until the 19th century, however, that the technology           to actually do the job was developed. Cornelis Lely, a Dutch           civil engineer, came up with a plan that proposed building           a long dam that would close off the Zuiderzee and turn it           into a lake. The plan also included building four polders           in the lake that would be drained and used mainly for agriculture. Lely became Minister           of Transport and Public Works in 1913 and tried to push his           plan forward. Not everybody agreed with his ideas, however.           Fishermen along the Zuiderzee were concerned that they would           lose their livelihood. Others were worried that such a project           might create higher water levels at other places along the           coast. The government was also alarmed about the enormous           price tag of the project. In 1916 during           a winter storm, however, several dikes gave way along the           Zuiderzee and the result was more damaging floods. After this           disaster Lely's bold plan gained much public support. On June           14, 1918 the Zuiderzee Act was passed and the project was           officially started. Its goals were to protect the region against           floods from the North Sea, increase the country's food supply           by creating polders that could be turned into farmland and           use what remained of the Zuiderzee to improve water management. Construction              on the Afsluitdijk in 1931 The Afsluitdijk The first step           in the plan was to enclose the Zuiderzee by building a 20           mile long dam across the bay. Something like this had never           been done before, so the Dutch engineers made the wise decision           to start by building a much shorter dam out to the island           of Wieringen which would form the first part of the enclosure           of the bay. The experience gained in the exercise was valuable           when the longer dam, the Afsluitdijk, was built from the other           side of Wieringen across the bay to the village of Zurich           in 1927. The engineers found           that a type of material called till (or boulder clay)           made an excellent base for the dam. As the name suggests it           is a mixture of small boulders and clay that was deposited           during the Glacial Period. Fortunately it was readily available           as it could be obtained by simply dredgin


Sullom Voe is famous for exporting which commodity?

Sullom Voe Terminal | Wood Mackenzie Sullom Voe Terminal Information about this report was successfully sent to: Thank you. Your email has been sent. Done Document versions Report summary The BP-operated Sullom Voe oil terminal on the Shetland Islands was initiated in 1975, and received its first production volumes from the Brent field in 1978. One of the largest oil terminals in Europe, Sullom Voe receives a mixture of crude oil and NGL for processing and export. Sullom Voe is the landing point for the Brent and Ninian oil Pipeline Systems, shuttle tankers from Foinaven, and the West of Shetlands Gas pipeline system. In September 2000, the Sullom Voe Terminal became a ... What's included? This report includes 2 file(s) Sullom Voe Terminal XLS - 623.00 KB Description A key driver to the development economics of a project is the pipeline's capacity and accessibility. This Upstream Oil and Gas Pipeline report provides an overview of participation, cost, development, throughput and sales contract information to help if you're considering potential development solutions. Potential investors, governments and companies in the oil and gas sector can use this pipeline report to understand critical issues at pipeline level. You can also use this report to identify potential benefits and risks with the pipeline. Our 500 dedicated analysts are located in the markets they cover. We provide forward-looking analysis backed by our robust proprietary database of trusted research. Proprietary data means a superior level of analysis that is simply not available anywhere else. Wood Mackenzie is the recognised gold standard in commercial data and analysis. West of Shetlands (WoS) Gas System Clair System West of Shetland Gas System Costs Sources of Financial Benefit to the Shetland Islands Council In this report there are 16 tables or charts, including: Key facts Brent System Schematic (not to scale) Development: Table 1 United Kingdom upstream summary Country report | Nov 2016 The UK is an ultra-mature region that has been producing hydrocarbons offshore since 1967. To date 44 billion boe of oil and gas has ... United Kingdom oil supply summary Country report | Jul 2014 The picture for oil/NGL production from the United Kingdom (UK) is broadly similar to that for its North Sea neighbour Norway, although... More Our clients Wood Mackenzie's clients include every major player in the global energy, metals and mining industries. We are recognised as a leading authority by international and national energy, metals and mining companies, leading financial institutions, governments and government agencies. We work with a range of diverse teams within our clients, from strategy and policy makers, business developers and market analysts, through to corporate finance, risk teams and investors. Having Wood Mac analysis is table-stakes. Others are nice to have. Analyst Wood Mac has the highest quality data and is demanded by our staff. Portfolio Manager Integrated Oil Company Others can provide data but we value the quality of the Wood Mac analysis above other sources. Regional Director Europe: +44 131 243 4699 Americas: +1 713 470 1900 Asia Pacific: +61 2 8224 8898 contact us Why Wood Mackenzie? Wood Mackenzie, a Verisk Analytics business, has been a trusted source of commercial intelligence for the world's natural resources sector for more than 40 years, empowering clients to make better strategic decisions with objective analysis and advice. We work across every sector of oil, gas, power, renewables, chemicals, metals and mining, covering more than 150 countries. Our proprietary data and models are at the core of everything we do, ensuring our independent asset and company valuations are thoroughly robust and that we offer an accurate forward-looking view of economic indicators such as market supply, demand and price trends. Our 500+ analysts are based in the regions they cover, cultivating an unrivalled depth of understanding to help clients accurately identify new opportunities, define their strategy and improve business performance. At every stage


Atomium (Brussels, Belgium): Top Tips Before You Go - TripAdvisor “A must see if in Brussels!” Reviewed 4 days ago NEW Just standing outside and looking up at the Atomium is pretty impressive. If you want to avoid queuing, get there early - we got there at 10am and didn't have to wait but queues were building when we left around 12pm. Friendly and polite staff at the ticket counter and in fact, all the staff we encountered were the same.... More  Helpful?


How are Belgian World Airlines also known?

Guitar Guitar Europe Airlines Now on sale. A list of top rated ebay sellers Phoenix 1400 Sky Europe Airlines B737 Ha-lko Ms Europe 2003 Zsuzsann Laky Payment methods accepted Listed in Other Airline Collectibles Category On Sale for 5d 2h 50m Item is listed as Used Shipping type Free cost $0.00 Ships to US Phoenix 1400 located in Wilmington, DE Seller joesfamily Sas Scandinavian Airlines System Original Poster Europe 1950's Otto Nielson Best Offer Listed in Other Airline Collectibles Category On Sale for 14d 2h 51m Item is listed as Used Shipping type Flat cost $5.00 Ships Worldwide Sas Scandinavian located in Saint Paul, MN Seller riffsahoy! Vintage Original 1960s Swissair Travel Poster For Europe Railway Airline Art Air Payment methods accepted Listed in Other Airline Collectibles Category On Sale for 7d 23h 24m Item is listed as Used Shipping type Flat cost $9.95 Ships Worldwide Vintage Original located in Nipomo, CA Seller fscozzari Airlines Europe , New, Free Shipping Payment methods accepted Listed in Other Airline Collectibles Category On Sale for 8d 15h 34m Item is listed as New Shipping type Free cost $0.00 Ships to US Airlines Europe located in USA Seller thecandidcow Airlines Europe, Played Once, Local Pickup Best Offer Listed in Contemporary Manufacture Category On Sale for 5h 22m Item is listed as Used Shipping type FreePickup cost $0.00 Local Pick Up Available Airlines Europe, located in Denton, TX Seller gilfo Listed in Other Airline Collectibles Category On Sale for 25d 21h 9m Item is listed as New Shipping type Free cost $0.00 Ships to US Airlines Europe located in USA Seller daniabodram 1967 Aviation Twa Trans World Airlines Route Maps Usa Europe Africa Asia Payment methods accepted Listed in Other Aviation Collectibles Category On Sale for 25d 38m Item is listed as Shipping type Free cost $0.00 Ships Worldwide 1967 Aviation located in Las Vegas, NV Seller arnelpaper Phoenix Model Sky Europe Airlines Boeing 737-500w Miss Europe 2003 Model 1400 Payment methods accepted Listed in Contemporary Manufacture Category On Sale for 15d 9h 17m Item is listed as New Shipping type Flat cost $7.95 Ships Worldwide Phoenix Model located in Rockledge, FL Seller fl-center Rio Grande Games Airlines Europe Board Game New Payment methods accepted Listed in Contemporary Manufacture Category On Sale for 18d 3h 51m Item is listed as New Shipping type Calculated cost N/A Ships Worldwide Rio Grande located in Wayne, NJ Seller mavericksgameworld American Airlines North America Europe Flight Path Map Chcago Manchester 1988 Best Offer On Sale for 27d 16m Item is listed as Used Shipping type Flat cost $3.95 Ships to US American Airlines located in Dallas, TX Seller herwoldallas Swissair Europe Vintage 1961 Travel Poster Airlines Nikolaus Schwabe Best Offer On Sale for 11d 3h 5m Item is listed as Used Shipping type Flat cost $15.00 Ships Worldwide Swissair Europe located in New York, NY Seller illustractiongallery Phoenix Model Sky Europe Airlines Boeing 737-500w Adriana Diecast Model 1400 Payment methods accepted Listed in Contemporary Manufacture Category On Sale for 15d 9h 16m Item is listed as New Shipping type Flat cost $7.95 Ships Worldwide Phoenix Model located in Rockledge, FL Seller fl-center Northwest Airlines Original Poster World Vacation Europe 1989 Travel Delta Best Offer On Sale for 26d 4h 4m Item is listed as Used Shipping type Flat cost $5.00 Ships Worldwide Northwest Airlines located in Saint Paul, MN Seller riffsahoy! Twa Airlines Seniors Travel To Europe Vintage Grandparents Graphic Advertising Best Offer On Sale for 16d 20h 14m Item is listed as Shipping type FlatDomesticCalculatedInternational cost $0.00 Ships Worldwide Twa Airlines located in Charlestown, MA Seller k-townconsignments Europe Via Moscow - Aeroflot Soviet Airlines - National Airline Of Russia Payment methods accepted Listed in Posters & Prints Category On Sale for 7h 58m Item is listed as New with tags Shipping type Free cost $0.00 Ships to US Europe Via located in Lockbourne, OH Seller art.com Listed in Contemporary Manufacture Ca


Which tourist islands include the lesser known Majorca and Minorca?

Balearic Islands Holiday Villas & Apartments | HomeAway Make a holiday rental, home, or villa on Balearic Islands your home away from home Accommodations on Balearic Islands The Balearic Islands are a province of islands about 100km off the east coast of Spain in the Mediterranean Sea. The area has become a favourite destination for visitors seeking holiday homes alongside beautiful beaches, good food, and an exciting nightlife. There are various islands to choose from, each with their own feel thanks to the area’s history of many occupying forces including the Greeks, Romans, and Moors. With such eclectic influences as well as different landscapes, holiday homes on the Balearic Islands offer something for everyone. The most coveted spots for a holiday rental, home, or villa on Balearic Islands include Mallorca (Majorca), Menorca (Menorca), Ibiza, and Formentera. Places to holiday on Balearic Islands Mallorca - As the largest island of the Balearics, Mallorca is one of Europe's top holiday destinations. Because of its size, holiday homes on the Balearics have so much to offer from gorgeous beaches and exciting nightlife in the busy city centres of the south like Cala Pi and Sa Rapita to beautiful views of mountainous regions in the north like Santa Ponsa , Soller area, and Andratx. Holiday villas in the capital city ofPalma de Mallorca are known for being some of the Mediterranean's most beautiful and luxurious. And while you’re holiday home may be heavenly, be sure to take a boat trip from the south east to the beautiful untouched region of Cabrera. The clear waters are a dream come true for SCUBA divers and snorkellers. Menorca - In the far east of the Balearic Islands, holiday home seekers will find Menorca to be the most tranquil and unspoilt region of the three main islands. Holiday rentals in South and East Menorca are ideal for families looking to escape the wild nightlife that makes the other islands notorious. Instead holiday homes in Menorca offer uncrowded beaches and traditional fishing towns. Visitors travel far and wide to indulge in Menorca’s fresh seafood. Ibiza - the Island closest to the mainland, Ibiza is known as the party capital of Europe. It has some of the biggest and best nightclubs in the world, attracting A-list celebrities and some of Europe’s poshest partygoers. However don’t be fooled into believing that’s all the island has to offer. Visitors staying at holiday homes and villas, a short distance away from the two main club areas of Ibiza town and San Antonio, will easily discover a lesser-known Ibiza with traditional Spanish villages alongside orange and lemon groves and beautiful cliffs and mountains like Sant Agustin and Santa Eulalia. There are also colourful street markets and local fiestas where the locals gather but. Fromentera - An hour ferry ride from Ibiza town, Fromentera is rumoured to be the Mediterranean’s best kept secret. Holiday homes in the area are ideal for nature lovers. Homes are amid a paradise of gorgeous, clean beaches, clear waters, and hidden coves. Things to do on Balearic Islands Because of the range of things to do in the Balearic Islands, visitors staying at holiday homes will find it difficult to be bored. Depending on which island or islands you choose to explore, there is something for everyone. Most activities focus around the various bays, beaches, and rugged landscapes and cliffs. Majorca has the largest mountains of the islands, with some reaching 1,445 metres (Puig Major) and 1,340 metres (Puig de Massanella). The region is also famous for caves of extraordinary beauty, that include the Drach and the Arta caves in Majorca, and Xoroi cave in Minorca. All of the beaches in the area are well known for their exquisite beauty. But be sure to not get stuck lounging around the whole time. Take advantage of the facilities and services on the major islands, including jet skis and parasailing. For golf lovers, the best location is Mallorca, especially in the area of Capdepera . Art historians should check out the Mallorca Museum. It contains important archaeologi


Which country lies to the north of Austria and to the south of Poland?

Europe Europe Andorra Andorra, a tiny landlocked principality in southwestern Europe, is situated in the eastern Pyrenees Mountains, bordered on the north and east by France and on the south and west by Spain. It comprises a region of 7 narrow valleys and the adjacent peaks reaching heights of more than 2,700 meters (about 8,860 feet) above sea level. Armenia Armenia is located in the southwest Caucasus Region, neighboring on Georgia and Azerbaijan to the north, Iran and Turkey to the south, and a separate province of Azerbaijan in the southeast. The total area of the country is 29,800 square kilometers (11,505 square miles), making it about the size of Maryland. Austria Austria is a landlocked country situated in southern Central Europe. Slightly smaller than Maine, it occupies a territory of approximately 84,000 square kilometers (32,000 square miles), which includes much of the mountainous territory of the eastern Alps and the Danube region. Belarus Belarus is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe bordering Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia to the west; Ukraine to the south; and Russia to the east and north. It has a total border of 3,100 kilometers (1,900 miles), with almost one-third of its border (960 kilometers, or 600 miles) touching Russia. Bulgaria The Republic of Bulgaria shares its borders with 5 other countries in southeastern Europe and has a coastline on the Black Sea. Romania lies to the north, Turkey to the southeast, Greece to the south, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to the southwest, and Serbia (with Montenegro part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) to the west. Croatia The Republic of Croatia is located in southeastern Europe, with a long coastline on the Adriatic Sea to the south, and borders with Slovenia and Hungary to the north, and Yugoslavia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the east. It has an area of 56,538 square kilometers (21,829 square miles), approximately the size of West Virginia. Germany Located in western Central Europe, Germany has an area of 357,021 square kilometers (137,810 square miles), which makes it slightly smaller than the state of Montana. The country is bordered by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea to the north; Poland and the Czech Republic to the east; Austria and Switzerland to the south; and France, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands to the west. Greece Greece is located on the southernmost point of the Balkan Peninsula and is flanked by 3 large bodies of water: the Aegean Sea, the Ionian Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea. Greece is bordered to the north by Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (F.Y.R.O.M.), and Bulgaria. Iceland A small volcanic island located between the Greenland Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean in the Arctic, Iceland is the westernmost European country. Found between Greenland and Europe, just northwest of the United Kingdom, Iceland has an area of 103,000 square kilometers (39,768 square miles) of which 100,250 square kilometers (38,707 square miles) is land and 2,750 square kilometers (1,062 square miles) is water. Ireland The Republic of Ireland constitutes 26 out of the 32 counties that make up the island of Ireland, with 6 northern counties under the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom. Situated in Western Europe, it is bordered on the east by the Irish Sea from the United Kingdom and bordered on the west by the North Atlantic Ocean. Latvia Located in the Baltic region of Eastern Europe, Latvia is bordered by Estonia (339 kilometers; 211 miles), Russia (217 kilometers; 135 miles), Belarus (141 kilometers; 88 miles), Lithuania (453 kilometers; 281 miles), and the Baltic Sea (531 kilometers; 330 miles). Slightly larger than the state of West Virginia, Latvia has a total area of 64,589 square kilometers (40,136 square miles). Liechtenstein The independent principality of Liechtenstein is located in central Europe and bordered on the east by Austria and on the south, west, and north by Switzerland. It is one of the smallest countries in the world, with a total area of only 160 square kilometers (62 square miles). Lit


Which European cou8ntry was first this century to give women the vote?

When women won the vote When women won the vote Wed, Oct 17, 2012, 01:00 Leeann Lane     From New Zealand to Saudi Arabia:The representation of People Act, 1918, that granted votes to certain Irish and English women came at a relatively early point in the trajectory of the history of female suffrage in Europe and elsewhere in the world. There were, however, nations that extended that right earlier and other countries, in Europe as well as elsewhere, that did not extend the right until much later into the 20th century. New Zealand was the first nation to grant female suffrage, in 1893, to all adult women, both Maori and pakehas (of European descent). In 1894 women in South Australia were granted the vote and also the right to stand for parliamentary elections. In 1899 women in Western Australia were enfranchised. In 1902 the Commonwealth Franchise Act gave all white women in Australia the vote and the right to stand for election to the Australian Federal Parliament. Aboriginal women in Australia, as well as aboriginal men, did not receive the vote until 1962. In Europe the Nordic countries were pioneers in women’s suffrage. The first European nation to give women the vote was Finland in 1906. Women in the Grand Duchy of Finland, then an autonomous part of the Russian Empire, won the right to be elected members of the eduskunta, the Finnish unicameral parliament, in 1907. Women in Norway received the right in 1913 with Denmark following in 1915. Other Nordic countries, such as Sweden, enfranchised women between 1919 and 1921, women in that country receiving the vote at least a year later than enfranchisement of Irish and English women over the age of 30. The end of the first World War was an important time for the enfranchisement of women in many European nations. Austria, Germany, Poland and Russia granted the vote to women in 1918 with the Netherlands following in 1919. Spanish women received the vote in 1931. However, there were certain countries in Europe in which women did not gain the vote until during or after the second World War. In 1944 French women received the right to vote. In 1945 Italy followed suit. Other European countries were even later to grant women suffrage; Switzerland did not grant the right until 1971 and Portugal not until 1976. ADVERTISEMENT Canadian women, with the exception of Canadian Indians, received the vote in 1917. The latter were not enfranchised until 1960. In the United States women’s suffrage was granted on a local and state level from the late 19th century. In 1920 the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution stated that the right to vote of all citizens could not be denied by the US or any state within on the basis of sex. Elsewhere, Mexico, Pakistan, Japan and Argentina granted female suffrage in 1947. China granted the right two years later in 1949 and India in 1950. Examples of countries in which women have only recently been granted the right to vote are South Africa (black women, 1994), Kuwait (2005) and the United Arab Emirates (2006). Women in Saudi Arabia will not have the vote until 2015.


Where is the Optimisticeskaja Cave, the second longest in the world?

Top Ten Longest Caves in The World Information of the world Top Ten Longest Caves in The World Home » Sciences » Geography » Top Ten Longest Caves in The World A cave is deep space in the earth or water where a human being can enter for exploration. The cave may vary according to its size and formation. Speleology is the science of caves exploration and caves studying. Here is the list of top ten 10 world’s biggest caves with their features and length. Mammoth cave system is the largest or longest natural cave system in the world as well as in North America or USA. Situated in  Kentucky, USA, this longest cave having 567 km of length. It is centered around the Green River, with a tributary and with 145 miles of passageways. Optimisticeskaja cave is a gypsum cave located near the village of korolivka in Ukraine. By some sources it is having about 133 miles of surveyed passageways. This is the second largest or longest cave by area in the world. Also it is regarded as the biggest or largest cave in Europe or EU. Jewel Cave it is the third longest cave in the world, with 108 miles of mapped passageways. It is located in South Dakota’s Black Hills (USA). Jewel cave is open year round. There are some surface trails, while reservations are not required, they are recommended during the summer seasons. Holloch cave is a 166 km long situated between the river Muota and the area of Pragelpass in the valley of Muotha in Switzerland. It is also popular for having a depth of 939m. It was the first cave in the world whose explored length reached 100km.  It is the biggest  cave of Switzerland and the second longest of Europe. Lechuguilla Cave is the fifth longest or largest cave with 161 km length. It is located in New Mexico (USA) and is the most famous for its unusual geology, rare formations and pristine condition. Cavers are greeted by large amount of gypsum and lemon-yellow sulphur deposits in this natural cave. Siebenhengsteholen-system is the longest or biggest cave system of Switzerland, while sixth longest cave of the world with 140 km length. It is famous for its unusual greenery. It presents the most amazing natural scenery with its green routs and vegetation. Fisher Ridge Cave system was discovered in 1981. The central part of Ridge which contains the bulk of the mapped passages on three different levels. It is located in Kentucky (USA) and its length is about 126 km. Wind Cave is one of the world’s longest caves. It is located in South Dakota (USA). It is 126 kilometers long therefore it is regarded as the eigth longest or largest cave in the world and fifth longest in United States Of America. Ozernay it is a small shield volcano located in the southern part of Ukraine. It is most wonderful cave with 111 km length. The passage of this cave is full of amazing natural scenes. This cave is difficult to visit. Gua Air Jernih is tenth longest cave of the world. It is located in Malaysia and it is 109 kilometer long. This cave is the longest cave of Malaysia as well as Asia. Sistemain


What is Europe's second largest city in terms of population?

The 10 largest cities in Europe | Tourist Maker Blog The 10 largest cities in Europe Europe is one of the most densely populated regions in the world. Unlike many other parts of the planet, however, European population is fairly evenly distributed throughout the territory of the continent. More and more cities have multimillion population and gradually „absorb“ closer settlements. Cities are connected to each other via excellent infrastructure and regular transport links. This new form of urban unit is typical of the 20 and 21st century and is called agglomeration. It is a typical phenomenon in more developed parts of the world. Here we have compiled a list of 10 biggest cities (or rather the 10 largest urban agglomerations) in Europe . 1.London. With a population of 14,000,000 inhabitants London is the largest city in the European Union and Europe. Its territory is vast. Only London, not counting the nearby towns has a length of about 60 kilometres from east to west. In fact, the British capital occupies a larger area even from the U.S. metropolis New York . This is not surprising given the endless stream of immigrants who have flocked here from all around the world to seek their fortune. Today, London has become the personification of a world city and urban colour. 2.Paris. The French capital Paris is the second largest city in Europe. Paris urban area has a population of about 12,100,000 inhabitants. For you will be probably hard to imagine such a big city if you have never seen it. The streets are full of people. In the central parts of the city traffic does not stop even during the wee hours of the night. For better or worse, today the quiet and relaxing romantic spirit of the French capital gives a way to dynamism and cosmopolitanism. 3.Istanbul. Unlike London and Paris, the third largest agglomeration in the city rank is not a capital, but in spite of fact it is the largest city in Eastern Europe. This is Istanbul. Situated between Europe and Asia this city with a population of 11,000,000 people flourishes and grows since ancient times. Over the centuries, Istanbul was within the boundaries of different countries and empires, but it has been always equally developed, because this is a city with its own soul and personality. 4.Moscow. The capital of the Russian Federation is the fourth most populous city on the continent. It is home to about 10,500,000 people and is one of the largest cities in the world. The two most distant points in the city are located at approximately 55 kilometres to each other! The richest and most developed city in Russia astounds with its scale. For such a large and busy city metro is the main mode of transport, as driving a car through the busy streets of Moscow sometimes can be really frustrating. The hundreds of kilometres of underground railway lines is a great way to escape from the busy roads of this metropolis. 5.Madrid. Madrid metropolitan area has a population of nearly 6,500,000 people, making Madrid one of the largest agglomerations on the continent. The noise on the city’s overcrowded boulevards does not fade even in the small hours of the day. In recent years the population of this cosmopolitan city increases much faster than ever due to the incessant influx of workers from across Europe. The greater and greater Madrid grows as a snowball while gradually absorb the smaller surrounding settlements. 6. Manchester. The sixth largest city in Europe is located on the territory of the densely populated island of Britain. This is Manchester, which is currently home to about 6,000,000 people. The city has developed a very strong economy and is famous as a world-class educational centre. Manchester is an attractive place for many immigrants who settle on the island each year, seeking a better life. 7.St. Petersburg. With a population of nearly 5,000,000 people St. Petersburg is the seventh largest city in Europe and second in Russia. This is the northern-most megalopolis in the world. Its population is increasing rapidly in spite of the trend of declining of the population in Russia. T


How many independent 'Baltic states' are there?

Baltic Independence from the Soviet Union | OnThisDay.com Baltic Independence from the Soviet Union Baltic Independence by James Graham Under Joseph Stalin the USSR re-annexed the Baltic countries in 1940. The independence the Baltic states had enjoyed since the collapse of the Tsarist empire was over. The pretext for the invasion was the articles of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact that acknowledged Nazi Germany's and the USSR's separate spheres of influence. Stalin promptly invaded Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia and deported or executed anyone who held nationalist beliefs. Without national elites the USSR gained complete control over the Baltic people and the articles formed the basis of the post Second World War Soviet state. The greatest change glasnost made to Soviet culture was the people no longer feared the state. Lithuanian people not only demonstrated but enjoyed their new found liberty. Demonstrators were often punished severely in the USSR and throughout the late eighties there was widespread official warnings of violence. The Lithuanian people were not deterred and the writer estimated 200,000 people risked their lives on that day alone. The demonstration was in the Lithuanian capital Vilnius and marked the founding congress of Sajudis. This demonstration and the dozens like it were as much a celebration of the Lithuanian peoples rebirth of nationalism and pride as a protest against Soviet domination. The two went hand in hand as part of the Soviet suppression was the banning of patriotic songs and poetry. Sajudis as Mr Cornwell states started "as a ginger group for reform" soon grew in popularity and became a national front. It gained support from "old and young", Russians and ethnic Lithuanians alike. The mention of "Stalin's crimes against Lithuania" is particularly interesting. Stalin's crimes were suppressed and officially denied up until Gorbachevs appointment. Only glasnost allowed the sorry tale of horror to become known and openly discussed. The account is one of jubilation and courage by the Lithuanian people and of their pride in finally starting to throw off the Soviet yoke. Lithuania and the other Baltic states Latvia and Estonia set an example of rebellion for the rest of the USSR to follow. In 1988 while the rest of the USSR was relatively calm the Baltic states were in open defiance of the Kremlin. On 24 August 1989 half the adult population of the Baltics formed a human chain stretching the entire length of the three republics to protest against the fiftieth anniversary of Soviet rule. The Soviet authorities such was their loss of touch with the average person viewed the anniversary as a celebration. In the parliamentary elections Sajudis swept the board. They were elected to the Supreme Soviet in Moscow allowing their voices to be heard nationwide through televised coverage. On 11 March 1990 by 124 votes to zero with six abstentions the Lithuanian parliament passed the Act of the Supreme Council on the Restoration of the Independent Lithuanian State. This shocked the Kremlin who replied in the only way they knew how. Tanks were sent in on the 22 March and five days later Soviet troops occupied strategic buildings. Estonia and Latvia were not far behind declaring independence on 30 March and 4 May respectively. Economic sanctions were applied but had no effect just like the military actions before them. The Baltic republics blew a hole in the walls of the Soviet state. They had achieved the unthinkable by use of mere people power, along the way setting an example for the other republics to follow. National fronts were quickly established in most Soviet republics. Lithuania brought into the USSR by force had proved it could leave through mass protests and popular support for independence. The Collapse of The Soviet Union


Which winter sports venue, home of the Cresta Run, has hosted two Olympic Games in the 20th century?

Guide to Meeting & Event Planning in St. Moritz, Switzerland Promotions St. Moritz, Switzerland Meeting Planning Overview Welcome to Cvent's MICE Guide to St. Moritz, a guide for MICE professionals. A luxurious, upscale mountain resort set in the high-lying valley of the Engadin, St. Moritz is known for its style, cosmopolitan flair, and picture-book surroundings. Boasting the perfect location for meetings, conferences, and events set amid unspoiled nature, St. Moritz is surrounded by spectacular landscapes and a seemingly endless lake plateau, and offers a host of team-building and recreational activities, ranging from mineral spring spa visits to bobsledding. Beyond its fantastic year-round recreation, St. Moritz offers cultural highlights, upscale shopping, exclusive hotels, fine dining, and a number of galleries and museums in its village center and along Lake St. Moritz. Situated 125 miles from Zurich, the Alps destination of St. Moritz is served by Zurich Airport and Samedan Regional Airport. Switzerland’s largest and busiest airport for international flight connections, Zurich Airport serves about 24 million passengers each year, while Samedan Regional Airport, located just three miles from St. Moritz, provides regular air and helicopter service for the Engadin region and connections to Zurich, Geneva, Basel, Milan, and Munich. Delegates can hop aboard the Rhaetian Railway (RhB), the largest train operator in the Swiss Alps, at Chur for a journey to Tienfencastel to the Engadin, or travel from Zurich to St. Moritz in about three and a half hours. Delegates may use the Graubunden Congress Ticket to travel individually by train to St. Moritz; the ticket covers return travel from any station in Switzerland, and costs CHF 69 per person for second-class travel or CHF 107 for first-class travel. Furthermore, the Engadin Bus links the villages and ski areas from Pontresina along the lakes of the Upper Engadin across to Maloja and the Bernina Pass, with several routes serving St. Moritz. Delegates frequently meet and hold small- to medium-sized conventions, meetings, banquets, and conferences at the striking Rondo Convention & Event Center, which sits in the nearby picturesque destination of Pontresina. The highest-altitude convention center in Europe, the Rondo Convention & Event Center features 16,040 square feet of meeting and event space spread throughout four floors, including a 500-person auditorium, seven seminar rooms, and three foyers. The center is completely powered by renewable energy and features such spectacular architectural elements as a stone facade made of quartzite from Soglio and large windows that let in plenty of natural light, as well as fantastic mountain and glacier views. Aside from the Rondo Convention & Event Center, the St. Moritz area is home to a number of unique venues and group gathering spaces–making it no surprise that St. Moritz and Pontresina are two of the most appealing conference destinations in the Alps. Groups can gather at the upscale Casino St. Moritz, which features roulette, blackjack, poker, and slots, all housed in the glamorous Grand Hotel des Bains. Groups can tour the surrounding unspoiled countryside aboard the Bernina Express, the highest mountain railway in the Alps, which connects Northern and Southern Europe, passing glaciers on its descent to Italy. The high-rope challenge course at the Pontresina Rope Park presents a fantastic team-building adventure throughout its series of platforms, rope bridges, zip wires, beams, and obstacles, all set in the forest. Groups can also explore hiking, biking, and walking trails, as well as enjoy hands-on natural displays at Zernez National Park, the largest nature preserve in Switzerland. Perfectly suited for more relaxing group activities, the Medical Therapy Centre & Spa utilizes St. Moritz’s famous carbonated mineral waters in its host of wellness treatments. About St. Moritz, Switzerland / Additional Info Beloved for its pioneering spirit, commitment to clean energy and sustainability, awe-inspiring scenery, and year-round rec


What is farther north Hungary, or Bulgaria?

Balkans | Britannica.com Balkans Alternative Titles: Balkan Peninsula, Balkan States Related Topics Bosnia and Herzegovina Balkans, also called Balkan Peninsula, easternmost of Europe’s three great southern peninsulas. There is not universal agreement on the region’s components. The Balkans are usually characterized as comprising Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Kosovo , Macedonia , Montenegro , Romania , Serbia , and Slovenia —with all or part of each of those countries located within the peninsula. Portions of Greece and Turkey are also located within the geographic region generally defined as the Balkan Peninsula, and many descriptions of the Balkans include those countries too. Some define the region in cultural and historical terms and others geographically, though there are even different interpretations among historians and geographers. Moreover, for some observers, the term “Balkans” is freighted with negative connotations associated with the region’s history of ethnic divisiveness and political upheaval. Increasingly in the early 21st century, another pair of definitional terms has gained currency: South East (also styled South-East, Southeast, South-Eastern, or Southeastern) Europe, which has been employed to describe the region in broad terms (though, again, without universal agreement on its component states) and the Western Balkans, which are usually said to comprise Albania, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, and Serbia. An introduction to the Balkan Peninsula. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Generally, the Balkans are bordered on the northwest by Italy , on the north by Hungary , on the north and northeast by Moldova and Ukraine , and on the south by Greece and Turkey or the Aegean Sea (depending on how the region is defined). The Balkans are washed by the Adriatic Sea in the west, the Ionian Sea in the southwest, and the Black Sea in the east. In the north, clear geographic delimitation of the Balkans becomes difficult because the Pannonian Basin of the Great Alfold (Great Hungarian Plain) extends from central Europe into parts of Croatia, Serbia, and Romania. Similar Topics Land’s End Moldova—although located north of the Danube River , which is frequently cited as the region’s northeastern geographic dividing line—is included in the Balkans under some definitions by virtue of its long-standing historical and cultural connections with Romania. However, Moldova is politically and economically oriented more toward other onetime republics of the former Soviet Union than it is to the Balkan states. More often than not, Slovenia is included as a member of the Balkans because of its long historical ties with its neighbours to the southeast and because of its former incorporation in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes and federal Yugoslavia . Greece, because its northern regions of Epirus and Macedonia are often considered parts of the Balkans, also appears on many lists of Balkan states, but it is arguably better characterized as primarily a Mediterranean country. Turkey, too, is sometimes numbered among Balkan countries, as a result of Anatolia ’s presence on the peninsula, and the Ottoman Turks cast a long shadow of political dominance over the region for centuries (earning it the sobriquet “Turkey in Europe” or “European Turkey”). The word Balkan is Turkish and means “mountain,” and the peninsula is certainly dominated by this type of landform, especially in the west. The Balkan Mountains lie east-west across Bulgaria, the Rhodope Mountains extend along the Greek-Bulgarian border, and the Dinaric range extends down the Adriatic coast to Albania. By some definitions the region’s northern boundary extends to the Julian Alps and the Carpathians . Among these ranges extensive areas of good arable land are relatively scarce, though the valleys of the Danube, Sava , and Vardar rivers, eastern Bulgaria, parts of the Aegean Sea coast, and especially the Danubian Plain are exceptions. The mountains have a significant impact on the climate of the peninsula. The northern a


What is Ireland's longest river and greatest source of electric power?

Geography of Ireland REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT Introduction Ireland is an island on the western fringe of Europe between latitude 51 1/2 and 55 1/2 degrees north, and longitude 5 1/2 to 10 1/2 degrees west. Its greatest length, from Malin Head in the north to Mizen Head in the south, is 486 km and its greatest width from east to west is approximately 275 km. Since 1921 the island has been divided politically into two parts. The independent twenty-six county area, comprising 70,282 sq. km, has a population of 3,523,401 (1991). Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom and contains six of the nine counties of the ancient province of Ulster, has a population of 1,569,971 (1991). In 1973 Ireland became a member of the European Union (EU). Physical Landscape The two great mountain systems of Europe, north of the Alps, converge westwards to meet and mingle in Ireland. The older (Caledonian) extends from Scandinavia through Scotland to the north and west of Ireland, where it gives rise to the rugged and mountainous landscapes of Counties Donegal, Mayo and Galway. The higher mountains are of quartzite which weathers into bare, cone-shaped peaks such as Errigal (752 m) in Donegal, Croagh Patrick (765m) in Mayo and the Twelve Bens in Galway. Structures of similar age are responsible for the Wicklow and Blackstairs mountains which extend south-westwards from Dublin Bay for a distance of more than 100 km. In these, long-continued denudation of a great anticlinal structure has exposed a granite core which now forms rounded peat-covered uplands, the crests being notched in places by glacial cirques. The mountains are penetrated by deep glacially modified valleys of which the best known is Glendalough in County Wicklow. The younger structures (Armorican) extend from central Europe through Brittany to southern Ireland, where they reappear as a series of east-west anticlinal sandstone ridges separated by limestone or shale-floored valleys. The hills rise in height westwards culminating in Carrantouhill (1041 m) in the Magillycuddy Reeks, the highest mountain in the country. The famous Upper Lake of Killarney nestles in the eastern slopes of this range. The valleys separating the western extension of these mountains have been flooded by the sea, giving rise to a number of long deep inlets. In north-eastern Ireland basaltic lavas spread widely over the existing rocks in Eocene times and now form the bleak plateau of east Antrim. Westwards the basalt is downwarped and the resultant drift-covered lowland is occupied in part by Lough Neagh, the largest lake in Ireland. The heart of the country is a limestone- floored lowland bounded on the south by the Armorican ridges and on the north and west by the Caledonian mountains. This lowland is open to the Irish Sea for a distance of 90 km between the Wicklow Mountains and the Carlingford peninsula, giving easy access to the country from the east. It also extends westwards to reach the Atlantic Ocean along the Shannon Estuary, in Galway Bay, in Clew Bay and again in Donegal Bay. Numerous hills break the monotony of the lowland which rises westward towards the coast in County Clare where it terminates in the cliffs of Moher, one of the finest lines of cliff scenery in Western Europe. Much of Ireland was covered by ice during the Pleistocene period. This ice finally melted away about twelve thousand years ago, leaving behind evidence of its former presence in most of the minor physical features of the landscape. Throughout the greater part of the lowland the bedrock is hidden by glacial deposits which, in the north central part of the country, form a broad belt of small hills (drumlins). The glacial cover also modified the early drainage pattern and in places created groundwater conditions which facilitated the growth of peat bogs. Rivers The lowland is drained by numerous slow- flowing streams, the largest of which is the River Shannon, 340 km in length. In its middle course this river broadens into a number of attractive lakes but as it approaches the sea its gradient steepens. This is the l


"How many countries does the river ""Danube pass through?"

Through what countries does the Danube River flow? | Reference.com Through what countries does the Danube River flow? A: Quick Answer The Danube River flows through Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine. Its headwaters begin with the confluence of the Brigach and Breg rivers in the town of Donaueschingen in western Germany's mountainous Black Forest region and empties into the Black Sea at the Danube Delta in western Ukraine. Full Answer The Danube River flows for a total of 1,770 miles, making it the European Union's longest river and the European continent's second longest river after the Volga. This river passes through many important cities, including four national capitals: Vienna, Austria; Bratislava, Slovakia; Budapest, Hungary; and Belgrade, Serbia. The Danube's drainage basin covers an area of 315,000 square miles and extends into several more countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Montenegro, Switzerland, Italy, Poland, the Republic of Macedonia and Albania. The Danube was home to some of the earliest human cultures in Europe, and its long navigable length has made it an important highway for trade and war for thousands of years. It was a prize for which the Ottoman, Hungarian and Austrian Empires contended for hundreds of years. Today, it is still a major thoroughfare for trade, and it also provides drinking water for around 20 million people. People also use the Danube for fishing and for tours of the historical riches along its length.


Cash and Currency Tips for Europe by Rick Steves Upon arrival, take a minute to get acquainted with any new currency. By Rick Steves When I first started traveling in Europe, I’d convert my traveler’s checks into cash at American Express — the convivial, welcoming home to American travelers abroad. When changing dollars into francs in Paris, it felt so good to lose money to that smiling, English-speaking person at the desk. Now with ATMs, the euro, and the general shrinking of the economic world, AmExCo is a dinosaur. Leave the traveler’s checks at home. I cashed my last traveler’s check long ago. They’re a waste of time (long lines at slow banks) and money (fees to get them, fees to cash them). ATMs are the way to go. Avoid (or at least minimize) cash exchange. The financial industry does a masterful job of hiding the fact that you lose money each time you change it. On average, at a bank you lose 8 percent when you change dollars to euros or another foreign currency. When you use currency exchange booths such as Forex or Travelex at the airport, you lose around 15 percent. If you must change cash in Europe, the postal banks inside post offices usually have the best rate. Don’t buy foreign currency in advance. Some tourists just have to have euros or pounds in their pockets when they step off the airplane, but smart travelers don’t bother and know better than to get lousy stateside exchange rates. Wait until you arrive at your destination; I’ve never been to an airport in Europe that didn’t have plenty of ATMs. Use local cash. Many Americans exclaim gleefully, “Gee, they accept dollars! There’s no need to change money.” But the happy sales clerk doesn’t tell you that your purchase is costing about 20 percent more because of the store’s terrible exchange rate. Without knowing it, you’re changing money — at a lousy rate — every time you buy something with dollars. Figure out currency conversions. Local currencies are all logical. Each system is decimalized just like ours. There are a hundred “little ones” (cents, pence, groszy, stotinki) in every “big one” (euro, pound, złoty, lev). Only the names have been changed — to confuse the tourist. Examine the coins in your pocket soon after you arrive, and in two minutes you’ll be comfortable with the nickels, dimes, and quarters of each new currency. You don’t need to constantly consult a currency converter. While you can do real-time conversion with a smartphone app, I’ve never bothered. You just need to know the rough exchange rates. I see no need to have it figured to the third decimal. Very roughly determine what the unit of currency (euros, kroner, Swiss francs, or whatever) is worth in American dollars. For example, let’s say the exchange rate is €1 = $1.40. If a strudel costs €5, then it costs five times $1.40, or about $7. Ten euros is about $14, and €250 = $350 (figure about 250 plus a little less than one half). Quiz yourself. Soon it’ll be second nature. Survival on a budget is easier when you’re comfortable with the local currency. Assume you’ll be shortchanged. In banks, restaurants, at ticket booths, everywhere — expect to be shortchanged if you don’t do your own figuring. Some people who spend their lives sitting in booths for eight hours a day taking money from strangers have no problem stealing from clueless tourists who don’t know the local currency. For 10 minutes I observed a man in the Rome subway shortchanging half of the tourists who went through his turnstile. Half of his victims caught him and got their correct change with apologies. Overall, about 25 percent didn’t notice and probably went home saying, “Mamma mia, Italy is really expensive.” Coins can become worthless when you leave a country. Since big-value coins are common in Europe, exporting a pocketful of change can be an expensive mistake. Spend them (on postcards, a newspaper, or food or drink for the train ride), change them into bills, or give them away. Otherwise, you’ve just bought a bunch of souvenirs. Note, however, that while euro coins each have a national side (indicating where they we


Which European country saw one of the major avalanches of the 20th century in December 1916?

Money and Power: America and Europe in the 20th Century | History Today Money and Power: America and Europe in the 20th Century USA , Europe Political , Economic History Money makes the world go around: Kathleen Burk looks at how the Yankee dollar transferred influence from the Old World to the New. The international power of the United States in the twentieth century has been grounded in its economic strength. In 1900, even before the US had much of an army, it was perceived as a power and a future great power. By 1920 it was the supreme financial power in the world, having displaced Great Britain during the First World War. By 1945 it was virtually the only financial power, most others having been devastated by the Second World War. By 1985 it had lost its position as supreme financial power, with Japan succeeding to the crown. It had been a short but action-packed reign. The economic power of the US, as of any country, can be difficult to pin down. Power to do what? After all, economic power is not necessarily transferable to other realms. Power exercised by whom? Does the term 'financial power' refer to private money controlled by bankers and private investors, or public money controlled by governments? Indeed, does 'financial power' exist if abundant private money cannot be directed according to government policy? Certainly these are important questions when considering American relations with Europe, because economic relations, economic aid and economic rivalry have been dominant themes. Yet from the beginning of the century until the advent of Lend-Lease in 1940, the years 1917-19 excepted, the only American money available was private money: power arising from a government's ability to disperse cash was not at issue. It is in the post-war period, with foreign aid and contributions to multi-lateral institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, that this direct governmental pressure becomes possible. But of course, what money can also do is finance an aggressive foreign policy. But here a country needs a will to power and a willingness to accept continuing responsibilities. Only in the post-war period did the US clearly, and more or less steadily, conduct such a foreign and military policy. The fact that she could afford to do so constituted the great difference between the US and the UK, her erstwhile rival and now increasingly- dependent ally. Clear distinctions have to be drawn, therefore, between private and public money, between wartime and peace-time, and between Europe and, for example, Latin America, where American economic power underlay its own informal empire. Within Europe itself, there are distinctions. American relations with the UK are of a different order from those with any other nation. The financial communities, for example, remained close throughout the twentieth century. On the other hand, the trading communities have frequently been great rivals. At the official level, the US saw Britain as a great rival during the whole period from 1.900 to at least 1947: thereafter she gradually took on the colouration of a dependent, a position highlighted if one looks at episodes such as the 1949 devaluation, the Suez crisis, the fight to maintain the pound during the 1960s, or the 1976 IMF crisis. American relations with, for example, France and Germany, have been very different. For a good part of the period, Germany was either an enemy, as during both of the world wars, or a basket case, such as during the Dawes negotiations in 1924 or during the immediate post-Second World War years. Germany's economic miracle and subsequent economic power have meant that Germany could share in the burden of supporting NATO, for example, but she has become increasingly difficult to push around, and lately the American Government has sometimes found this hard to cope with. Nevertheless, Germany since 1945 has never denied the L'S the leadership role it has craved. The same cannot be said for France, which has never acknowledged that the US had any right to tell it what to do. France in her wea


When did Euro Disney, now Disneyland Paris, open?

Paris Attacks: Disneyland Paris Closed | Hollywood Reporter COMMENTS AP Images The decision was taken "in light of the recent tragic events in France and in support of our community and the victims of these horrendous attacks." Disneyland Paris said on Saturday that its two theme parks near the French capital will remain closed Saturday after the deadly attacks on Friday night. "In light of the recent tragic events in France and in support of our community and the victims of these horrendous attacks, Disneyland Paris has decided not to open its theme parks on Saturday 14 November," it said on its website. "Our thoughts and prayers go out to all of those affected by these horrible events." Disney theme parks have closed early or remained closed in the past due to major threats or events. Euro Disney is the operator of Disneyland Paris. The Walt Disney Co. is its largest shareholder with a 40 percent stake. Disneyland Paris, which opened in 1992, is located 20 miles east of the center of Paris in Marne-la-Vallee. It is the most visited theme park in all of France and Europe. A second theme park, Walt Disney Studios Park, opened in 2002 in the same location. For the fiscal year ended Sept. 30, Euro Disney reported 14.8 million theme parks visitors, up from 14.2 million in the year before and down from 14.9 million in the year before that. Tom Wolber, president of Euro Disney, said in recently announcing the figures that they reflect "the benefits of our long-term strategy" of investing in the parks and their attractions. He added: "This strategy also implies incurring higher costs as we continue to improve the guest experience and invest in our cast. This year, we further enriched our guest offerings with new entertainment experiences, such as Frozen Summer Fun and the Jedi Training Academy." Also remaining closed on Saturday will be the Eiffel Tower. Management later in the day said it would remain closed indefinitely. The Louvre museum will be closed as well, according to The Associated Press. A Louvre spokeswoman said the museum opened as normal on Saturday with enhanced security, but was ordered closed by the Culture Ministry after President Francois Hollande called for national day of mourning. The Culture Ministry said "public cultural sites" were closed in the Paris region on Saturday, without specifying.


The Simpleton Tunnel links Italy with which country?

Simplon Pass - Switzerland Tourism Simplon Pass StreetView The Simplon Pass links Brig (Valais) with Domodossola in Northern Italy. Now generally open in winter, it was used as early as the Stone Age, though until the 17th century it was mainly traversed by smugglers and mercenaries as the narrow Gondo Gorge was considered impassable, even by Roman Era architects. Share contents 5 Stars The Simplon Pass was used as early as the Stone Age. But up to the 17th century it was used mainly by smugglers and mercenaries, because the narrow Gondo Gorge was considered by Roman Era architects to be impassable. It was the Brig merchant prince Kaspar Jodok von Stockalper, who began to use the Simplon Pass in the middle of the 17th century for bringing salt on the backs of mules from the Mediterranean. It goes without saying that the trade made him immensely rich. The monumental baroque Stockalper Palace in Brig bears witness to his epoch. The first pass road suitable for vehicular traffic dates back to the time of Napoleon, who wanted to travel southward with his cannons. Over a hundred years later, in 1906, the railway tunnel through the Simplon was opened. At a length of 19 kilometers it was until recently the longest tunnel in the world. Thanks to the railway, cars can be loaded onto trains running between Brig and Iselle even in winter. The Simplon Pass road can be traveled practically all year round, but in spite of many protective terraces, it is possible for the pass road link to become temporarily interrupted. From Brig, the road takes you over lengthy curves up the mountain. Halfway up, the Ganter Bridge crosses the Ganter Valley. The bold design of this modern bridge fits harmoniously into the countryside. At 2005 meters, on the summit of the pass, stands the Hospiz of the Bernardine monks. An eight-meter-high stone eagle reminds visitors of World War II. Looking toward the back, one sees the magnificent panorama of the Bernese Alps with the Bietschhorn and the glacier flanks of the four-thousand-meter giants Fletschhorn and Weissmies. On the southern side of the pass, the road towards Italy passes Simplon Village. The style of the buildings with their typical stone plate roofs reminds visitors of the proximity of Italy. The village square is similar to an Italian piazza. The road continues via galleries and tunnels through the narrow Gondo Gorge that is hemmed in by granite walls. In the village of Gondo, gold mines can be visited. Here one of Switzerland’s most remote valleys, the Zwischbergental, branches off to the west. In Gondo one crosses the border to Italy. Today the Stockalper Trail (Stockalperweg), the 35-kilometer long, fully preserved Simplon mule-trail from the 17th century is the culturally important, historic hiking route from Brig over the Simplon Pass to Gondo. In the renovated Alte Gasthof (”Old Inn”) in Simplon Village, two museums dedicated to the cultural landscape on the Simplon were established. The trail can easily be hiked in three days, with overnights on the Simplon Pass and in Simplon Village. What travelers share