Which Andre built the first factory to mass-produce rubber tires?

John Dunlop, Charles Goodyear and the History of Tires John Dunlop, Charles Goodyear and the History of Tires John Boyd Dunlop with the first bicycle to have pneumatic tires.  Hulton Archive/Getty Images By Mary Bellis Updated August 10, 2016. The rubber pneumatic tires seen on millions of cars across the world are the result of multiple inventors working across several decades. And those inventors have names that should be recognizable to anyone who's ever bought tires for their car: Michelin, Goodyear, Dunlop. Of these, none had so great an impact on the invention of the tire than John Dunlop and Charles Goodyear.  Charles Goodyear and the Invention of Vulcanized Rubber None of it would have been possible without Charles Goodyear , who in 1844 -- more than 50 years before the first rubber tires would appear on cars -- patented a process known as vulcanization. This process involved heating and removing the sulphur from rubber, thus making the rubber water-proof and winter-proof and allowing it to retain its elasticity. While Goodyear's claim to have invented vulcanization was challenged, he prevailed in court and is today remembered as the sole inventor of vulcanized rubber. And that became hugely important once people realized it would be perfect for making tires. continue reading below our video How to Negotiate Your Bills Lower John Dunlop and the Pneumatic Tire Robert William Thomson (1822 - 1873) invented the actual first vulcanized rubber pneumatic tire. Thomson patented his pneumatic tire in 1845, and his invention worked well, but it was too costly to catch on. That changed with John Boyd Dunlop (1840-1921), a Scottish veterinarian and the recognized inventor of the first practical pneumatic (inflatable) tire. His patent, granted in 1888, wasn't for automobile tires, however: it was intended for use on bicycles (see picture). Later Developments In 1895, André Michelin and his brother Edouard, who had previously patented a removable bike tire, were the first to use pneumatic tires on an automobile . In 1911, Philip Strauss invented the first successful tire, which was a combination tire and air filled inner tube. Strauss' company the Hardman Tire & Rubber Company marketed the tires.  In 1903, P.W. Litchfield of the Goodyear Tire Company patented the first tubeless tire, however, it was never commercially exploited until the 1954 Packard.  In 1904, mountable rims were introduced that allowed drivers to fix their own flats. In 1908, Frank Seiberling invented grooved tires with improved road traction.  In 1910, B.F. Goodrich Company invented longer life tires by adding carbon to the rubber.  Goodrich also invented the first synthetic rubber tires in 1937 made of a patented substance called Chemigum.


Which film actor became mayor of Carmel, California in 1986?

15 Famous Actors Turned Politicians | Backstage 15 Famous Actors Turned Politicians By KC Wright | Posted Sept. 22, 2015, 1 p.m. Share: Shirley Temple Photo Source: Olga Zelenkova/Shutterstock.com The U.S. political climate is heating up as we draw closer to the 2016 elections, and it’s time to honor some fellow actors who made a name for themselves in Hollywood and in Washington. Is a career in politics in your future? Draw inspiration from these 15 performers who served our country in various political seats. Ronald Reagan Certainly the most famous performer-turned-politician in history, actor Reagan became the POTUS in 1981 after serving as the governor of California. Prior to his political career, Reagan had a seven-year contract with Warner Brothers Studios where he worked on numerous films; he also served in the U.S. Army Air Force’s Motion Picture Unit, and was president of the Screen Actors Guild for seven terms between 1947 and 1960!      John Davis Lodge A star of stage and screen from the 1930s to the 1940s (“Little Women,” “The Scarlet Empress”), Lodge made a new name for himself when he was elected into the U.S. House of Representatives in 1947. He later became the Governor of Connecticut from 1951 to 1955, and was a U.S. Ambassador to Spain, Argentina, and Switzerland throughout the next three decades. George Murphy Predating Reagan and Lodge was Murphy, a star of numerous musical movies during the earliest days of talking pictures. Murphy was awarded an honorary Oscar in 1950 for “services in interpreting the film industry to the country at large,” and was SAG President from 1944 to 1946. Murphy became a Republican senator from California in 1964, and is the only senator to date with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Helen Gahagan Douglas This 1920s Broadway actor (and star of the 1935 film “She”) made history as the first Democratic woman to be elected to Congress from the state of California. She served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1945 to 1951, and worked to support women’s and civil rights. She ran for U.S. Senate in 1950 and lost the election to Richard Nixon, but not before gifting him with the enduring nickname “Tricky Dick.” Fred Grandy A popular sitcom actor throughout the 1970s and ’80s—he recurred on “Maude” and played Gopher on “The Love Boat”— Grandy was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1986, where he remained for four terms. He ran for Governor of Iowa in 1994, but lost the election by a small margin. As an actor, Grandy was recently seen on Season 3 of “The Mindy Project.” Ben Jones Once known as Cooter on long running tv show “The Dukes of Hazzard,” Jones had a second career as a Democrat representing Georgia in the U.S. House of Representatives. Jones served from 1989 to 1993, and returned to acting, writing, and other pursuits after losing his seat in 1994. Shirley Temple Black No one could have guessed that this iconic child actor would one day have a reach far beyond her dozens of family films. The great ringlet and tap-shoe-donning star of 1930s and ’40s took a step back from show business around 1950, and began a career in foreign service with the UN General Assembly in 1969. She became a U.S. Ambassador to Ghana in 1974, and was later named the 18th Chief of Protocol of the United States and the U.S. Ambassador to Czechoslovakia. Clint Eastwood A screen legend for decades, this four-time Oscar winner (two for directing) is also a respected politician. Eastwood became mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea in 1986, and was appointed to the California State Park and Recreation Commission in 2001 and the California Film Commission in 2004. Fred Thompson A long-time politician and actor, Thompson’s dual careers worked in tandem in 2002 when he played District Attorney Arthur Branch on “Law & Order” while still serving as a U.S. Senator from Tennessee. He took a break from show business in 2007 to try for the Republican nomination for president, but left the race the following year. He was Chairman of the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs in 2001, and Senator f


Which pop artist died in New York in1987?

The day artist Andy Warhol died at 58 in 1987 - NY Daily News The day Andy Warhol, pop art icon, died at 58 of a heart attack in 1987 The day artist Andy Warhol died at 58 in 1987 NEW YORK DAILY NEWS Pop artist Andy Warhol is shown in this 1987 photo. (AP) NEW YORK DAILY NEWS Monday, February 22, 2016, 10:58 AM (Originally published by the Daily News on Feb. 23, 1987. This story was written by Don Gentile and Mike Santangelo.) Andy Warhol, 58, the pop culture prince who turned images of Campbell’s soup cans and Brillo pads into art, died yesterday of a heart attack at New York Hospital. Warhol was pronounced dead at 6:31 a.m. after a team of doctors tried in vain for an hour to revive him. The death came a day after the artist underwent gallbladder surgery. “We don’t know if the heart attack was related to the operation,” said Diana Goldin, a hospital spokeswoman. “He came through the operation (on Saturday) fine and was in stable condition.” A private nurse was with Warhol in his hospital room when the heart attack occurred about 5:30 a.m. as he slept. She quickly summoned a cardiac-arrest team but its efforts failed. Goldin said an autopsy would be done to determine the exact cause of death. Glitterati shocked Warhol’s death shocked the art community, his friends and the glitterati who surrounded the slender, pallid and soft-spoken celebrity, alway recognizable in his blond wig. “He was a man of genius,” said Mayor Koch. “Any time a man of greatness leaves this world leaving a positive impression, it is something to mourn.” Long-time friend, dance company duenna Martha Graham, 93, was especially saddened. Today, at an 8 p.m. auction in Christie’s art gallery, three recently completed Warhol paintings of Graham as a young dancer will be auctioned off to benefit the Martha Graham Dance Company. Upon hearing of the death, Graham tried to stop the auction but could not. “When Andy first saw me dance, he said it touched him deeply,” said Graham in a statement. “He touched me deeply as well. He was a gifted, strange maverick. It is difficult for me to realize he is gone.” Richard Oldenburg, director of the Museum of Modern Art, said Warhol “was one of the first people to really become a star as an artist.” Born Andrew Warhola, one of three sons of Czech immigrants, Warhol grew up in the industrial city of McKeesport, Pa., near Pittsburgh. A delicate youth, he suffered three nervous breakdowns as a child. His father died when he was 14, but he pulled together the money to attend the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, graduating in 1949 with a bachelor’s degree in pictorial design. He moved to New York City, cut the final vowel from his name and quickly found success as a commercial artist. Filmmaker Andy Warhol checks lighting for picture featuring underground movie star Edie Sedgwick. (John Peodincuk) But Warhol grew restless in the constraints of the work. He began showing drawings in 1956, and began to paint in earnest four years later. Success came quickly to the man who once said, “In the future, everyone will be famous for 15 minutes.” In 1961, a Manhattan department store placed his giant likeness of Dick Tracy in its front window. The next year came “Campbell Soup Cans,” the work that placed him at the head of the Pop movement, and sold for $60,000. At first dismissed by some as a fraud, Warhol attracted fans through representation of commercial items, celebrities and common circumstance as art. Artist Andy Warhol and underground star Ultra Violet. His early subjects - Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, car wrecks, criminals, Brillo boxes - extended society’s view of what it would accept as art. In 1969, he founded Interview magazine, a compendium of jet-set gossip. In the 1970s, he produced images of the famous that filled the fourth floor of the Whitney Museum of American Art in a 1979 show. He also produced films such as “Andy Warhol’s Frankenstein” and spiced them up with scenes of incest and necrophilia. By the 1980s, Warhol moved in new attempts to startle viewers. In one, he produced his “Oxidation” se


How did James F Fixx, promoter of jogging for good health, die in 1984?

People who suffered inappropriate deaths [Archive] - CPFC BBS Gaudi was hit by a tram and died. mik59 04-09-2006, 09:54 PM Originally posted by 917L Wwere you born an arsehole? or do you practice ?:veryangry Why you say that? MD was pointing out that the surname was got wrong, therefore - fickle posterity because less than 24 hours after his death, this happens! Mong! 04-09-2006, 09:56 PM Originally posted by Oddjob The bloke who played Donald 'Flathead' Fisher in Home And Away was run over by a remote control ice cream van in Brisbane last year Jesus, now he's a blast from the past of my youth! m355y 04-09-2006, 10:12 PM Richard Burns - brain tumour. for someone who drove 300bhp cars at 150mph for a living, to have to quit doing what he loved and essentially waste away while the sport went on without him I thought was really sad. He died on the same day as George Best and I was talking to a guy the other day who was totally shocked to hear he'd died - he had no idea. It was really sad. One moment he was challenging for the World Rally Championship (the last English World Champion in any major sport, I believe), the next he was never going to compete again and very likely to die. And aside from the motor racing press nobody really paid much attention. Had he crashed into a tree in the middle of a rally it would have been talked up as a major shock. In the end it was probably better for him in his last months but for such a high profile sportsman it was sad his passing got so little attention. mik59 04-09-2006, 10:21 PM Good call m355y Not famous but a Russian who believed he was immortal after surviving a 10,000-volt electric shock in 1992 died after drinking anti-freeze. Dmitry Butakov, 42, invited journalists to Lipetsk to watch him survive the feat, but after his second half litre he collapsed into a coma and later died. HolmesdaleNomad Nobody heard it. I'm going to stay awake from giggling now, you bugger! m355y 04-09-2006, 10:33 PM Originally posted by Oddjob The bloke who played Donald 'Flathead' Fisher in Home And Away was run over by a remote control ice cream van in Brisbane last year had to check imdb, he's still alive according to that and Wikipedia. Phew. That guy's a crap Oz soap legend! Had me worried. daz_eagle surely everyone's death is 'inappropriate'??? (unless they're a ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½)... Midfieldgeneral Quote 'What the f**k was that! (Mayor of Hiroshima 1945). adrenalin john had to check imdb, he's still alive according to that and Wikipedia. Phew. That guy's a crap Oz soap legend! Had me worried. Wasn't just me then:o hughff 05-09-2006, 01:23 AM George Bernard Shaw died from complications after he fell out of a tree he had climbed so he could trim the branches. He was about 96. hughff 05-09-2006, 01:26 AM The guy who attached weather balloons to his deck chair and floated over the approach corridor to LAX at several thousand feet (he was rescued by being towed to gorund by a helicopter) shot himself. sydney eagle 05-09-2006, 01:47 AM Payne Stewert the golfer and all the crew on his jet were knocked unconcious when the cabin lost pressure and they flew on autopilot for hundreds of miles before running out of fuel and crashing mik59 05-09-2006, 06:51 AM We should really throw Rod Hull into the mix. Down on his luck and living in a borrowed shack he was on the roof fiddling with the TV arial to fix the reception, when he fell. His son was in the house but Rod had insisted he could do it. Ben H 05-09-2006, 06:57 AM Originally posted by DAWSYEAGLE Following the death of Steve Irvine by stingray what other figures in history have suffered death in a manner which you wouldnt expect? I'll start Elvis died on the toilet, straining to hard, didn't he? Psychokiller Originally posted by philsick rod hull nosedived off his roof pissed,adjusting the tv aireal. Let's face it, taking the emu up on the roof with him wasn't the most sensible thing he ever did. Paul the eagle 05-09-2006, 07:08 AM Possibly a bit premature but, Ian Huntley by his own hand instead of being buggered to death by his cell mate. cdm61 05-09-


How was Jean Claude Duvalier known before he ws exiled in 1986?

Jean-Claude Duvalier - The New York Times The New York Times Supported by Jean-Claude Duvalier News about Jean-Claude Duvalier, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times. More Jean-Claude Duvalier, known as Baby Doc, is a former dictator of Haiti . Mr. Duvalier ruled with brutality and corruption for nearly 15 years before being overthrown in 1986. He is the son of François Duvalier , known as Papa Doc, a much feared dictator of Haiti from 1957 to 1971. The younger Mr. Duvalier took power, when he was just 19, following the death of his father. In all, the Duvalier dynasty lasted about three decades and was marked by the family’s harsh repression of its opponents, with the help of a special police unit called the Tontons Macoute . Mr. Duvalier went into exile in France in 1986. In the wake of his ouster, the country turned on his security forces, slaughtering them by the dozens and even desecrating François Duvalier’s mausoleum. His departure ushered in a period of halting democracy that has continued with tumultuous elections. Mr. Duvalier long flirted with returning, telling reporters over the years that he would like to go home. In 2007,  René Préval , the former president of Haiti, said Mr. Duvalier could return but would face justice for the money the government said he had looted from the treasury, as well as for the deaths and torture of political opponents at the hands of the secret police.  In January 2011, Mr. Duvalier returned to Haiti, saying he had come only to help his country, not to get involved in politics. Angry reactions poured in from around the world, with human rights groups demanding that the Haitian government charge Mr. Duvalier with crimes against humanity — including the kidnapping, torture and murder of thousands of his opponents — and with stealing hundreds of millions of dollars from the nation, the poorest in the hemisphere. On the streets, there were signs that Mr. Duvalier’s arrival had started a new cycle of polarization that has crippled the country for decades. Some decried Mr. Duvalier as a vestige of one of the darkest chapters in the country’s history, while others waxed nostalgic about him as the only hope for change in Haiti. On Jan. 18, Haitian prosecutors charged Mr. Duvalier with corruption and embezzlement , and he was taken into police custody. He was released hours later, but was ordered to remain in Haiti while a judge considered whether there was sufficient evidence to send Mr. Duvalier to trial. He has faced threats of prosecution in the past for the many human rights abuses committed during his rule , and for the hundreds of millions of dollars government officials have said he looted from the country . Financial Motive? Mr. Duvalier’s risky return home from France may have been driven by another motivation: money . Though Mr. Duvalier has long been accused of looting $300 million before fleeing, his lawyers and friends have said that much of his money was squandered on a lavish lifestyle of jewelry, chateaus, fancy cars and a very expensive divorce from his ex-wife. But about $4 million still sits frozen in an account in Switzerland, and Mr. Duvalier has publicly vowed to make every effort to get it. Haitian officials, human rights advocates and political analysts believe that Mr. Duvalier came back to the country for the sole purpose of making an end run around a new law that will make it harder for him to do that.


Where did teenager Matthias Rust land his plane in 1987 much to the surprise of the country's authorities?

28 May History: This Date REGIONAL SUMMARIES: Africa — Americas — Asia    and the Pacific — Europe    and Central Asia — Middle    East and North Africa . 2002 NATO and Russia sign a cooperation agreement, in    a military base near Rome. Then US president Bush (Jr.), who, like Russian    president Putin and other leaders was in attendance, visits the Pope.  MORE 2001 In an interview with ABC's correspondent John Miller, Osama Bin Laden makes the following    comment on the fatwa which he issued calling Muslims to kill Americans regardless    of whether they are civilians or military: "Allah ordered us in this    religion to purify Muslim land of all non-believersï¿½ After World War II,    the Americans became more aggressive and oppressive, especially in the Muslim    world. American history does not distinguish between civilians and military,    and not even women and children. They are the ones who used the bombs against    Nagasaki. Can these bombs distinguish between infants and military? America    does not have a religion that will prevent it from destroying all people." (The interview would be broadcast on 10 June 2001). 2000 President Alberto Fujimori "wins" overwhelmingly an election in    Peru which is considered invalid by international observers and by his challenger    Alejandro Toledo who boycotted the election. Fujimori does not know it yet,    but this is the beginning of his downfall. 1998 Two bank mergers       Merger mania sweeps through the financial services industry. The wheeling       and dealing kicks off just minutes after noon, as Republic Security       Financial Corp. signs an agreement to acquire First Palm Beach Bancorp       Inc. The merger, which was consummated with a $279.3 million stock       swap, positioned the West Palm Beach-based Republic Corp. as the prime       independent banking player in Florida.       Things quieted down for a few hours after the Republic-First Palm       deal, but, later in the afternoon, the action picked up again, as       another pair of banks signed off on an even more lucrative merger.       First Hawaiian Inc. and BancWest Corp. joined forces to create a $14       billion banking behemoth based in the western United States. The merger,       which cost around $1 billion, gave First Hawaiian's stockholders a       small majority stake in the new institution. 1996 US President Clinton's former business partners in    the Whitewater land deal, James and Susan McDougal, and Arkansas Gov. Jim    Guy Tucker, were convicted of fraud. 1993 Claudio    Rodríguez, Premio Prï¿½ncipe de Asturias de las Letras. ^ 1991 Addis Ababa       falls to rebels       Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, falls to forces of the Ethiopian       Peopleï¿½s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), ending seventeen       years of Marxist rule,. a week after the country's longtime Marxist       ruler, Mengistu Haile Mariam [1937–], resigned his post and       fled.       On 12 September 1974, Haile       Selassie [23 Jul 1892 – 26 Aug 1975], the emperor of Ethiopia       since 01 April 1930, was deposed in a military coup. Ethiopiaï¿½s new       rulers set up a Marxist regime, executed thousands of their political       opponents, and aligned themselves with the Soviet Union. War with       Somalia and severe droughts during the 1980s brought famine to the       Ethiopian people, leading to considerable internal strife and independence       movements in the regions of Eritrea and Tigre.       In early 1991, the EPRDF, a Tigrean-led coalition of rebel organizations       under the leadership of Meles Zenawi, began to achieve real successes       and defeated the Ethiopian army, forcing military dictator Haile Mariam       Mengistu to flee the country.       On 28 May 1991, in the midst of cease-fire talks, EPRDF tanks enter


Great Briton fought which country over the Falkland Islands?

The Problem with Alliances: Britain and the Falklands | Cato Institute The Problem with Alliances: Britain and the Falklands By Doug Bandow This article appeared in the Daily Caller on April 2, 2010. Washington collects alliances like people collect Facebook “friends.” As the Falklands Islands dispute heats up again, the U.S. finds itself being pressed to take sides. It turns out that collecting allies can be expensive. Nearly 30 years ago Argentina and Great Britain fought an improbable war over the lightly populated British colonial outpost (called the Malvinas by Buenos Aires). The islands likely had been visited by Patagonian Indians but were uninhabited when first discovered by Europeans, probably either the Portuguese or Spanish. France established the first known settlement, followed by Great Britain. The Spanish took over the French claim and demolished the British community. The two countries settled their dispute in 1771 and Britain eventually withdrew. Revolution caused Argentina to supplant Spain. The former established a settlement in 1828, which was attacked by U.S. warships after a seal-hunting dispute. The British returned in 1833 in force and re-established control. So who “owns” the island? The proper answer is: who cares? Alas, fishing rights and possible oil deposits are involved, as well as national pride. Buenos Aires began pressing its claim in 1945 when it signed the United Nations Charter. The two countries negotiated in the 1960s, but no settlement emerged since the Falklands residents wanted to remain British. In 1982 the Argentine military junta invaded the islands, apparently hoping that London would accept the loss. Instead, Britain responded with force, winning a short but sharp war. The junta was swept from power; Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher won a landslide re-election. The two nations renewed diplomatic ties in 1992 but the issue languished, until a British oil company recently began exploratory drilling in island waters. Argentine President Christina Kirchner accused London of violating her nation’s sovereignty. In early February her government blocked departure of a ship with supplies for the drilling operation. Argentina’s foreign minister recently met with United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, who offered to mediate. Moreover, 32 Latin American governments expressed their support for “the legitimate rights of the republic of Argentina in the sovereignty dispute with Great Britain.” The appropriate question for Washington is: what does this have to do with the U.S.? Alas, both Argentina and Britain want America’s support. And out of London has come the plaintive plea: aren’t we allies? The U.S. has no discernible interest in the controversy. England controls the islands, but that doesn’t mean its control is legitimate: Washington’s position has been to support British administration, not sovereignty. Obviously, the dispute should be handled peacefully. But President Barack Obama, whose Kenyan grandfather apparently was tortured by British colonial overlords during the 1950’s “Mau Mau” revolt, has no reason to defend this vestige of Britain’s colonial past. On her recent visit to Buenos Aires Secretary of State Hillary Clinton suggested that the dispute be handled by the UN. Of course, no Western industrialized nation should want its affairs decided by the denizens of Turtle Bay. The secretary was on firmer ground in offering Washington’s “help in facilitating” negotiations. Alas, in London anything other than full-throated support is being treated as disloyalty of the most monstrous character. Officially, the British government expressed its thanks to Secretary Clinton but denied any need for mediation. The private reaction was less restrained. Con Coughlin of the Daily Telegraph wrote that “British officials are angry at what they regard as a cavalier disregard for Britain’s interests at a time when Britain is the only major European power committed significant numbers of combat troops to fight in Afghanistan.” British analyst Nile Gardiner, of the Washington-based Herita


Which oil tanker disastrously ran aground off 'Brittany in 1987?

The Undercurrents Of A Tanker Disaster - tribunedigital-chicagotribune The Undercurrents Of A Tanker Disaster August 10, 1987|By Reviewed by Michael Arndt, A Tribune financial reporter. Superwreck By Rudolph Chelminski William Morrow & Co., 242 pages, $17.95 On March 16, 1978, the Amoco Cadiz, a supertanker weighted with 58 million gallons of crude oil, encountered a late winter gale off the rocky coast of Brittany. Lesser ships weather heavier seas, but the Cadiz was fatally injured. At 9:45 a.m., the ship`s steering mechanism broke. By the end of the day, the foundering ship had run aground and was splitting apart. Oil gushing from its holds coated about 250 miles of coast rich with shellfish and caused an ecological disaster that the French say cost them as much as $1.2 billion--a sum they are still trying to collect in court from Amoco Corp., the ship`s owner. It was history`s worst oil tanker spill. Author Rudolph Chelminski concludes that events needn`t have turned out this way. Despite his book`s subtitle, ``Amoco Cadiz: The Shipwreck That Had to Happen,`` Chelminski makes a case that the spill could have been prevented had Amoco not been so greedy. Amoco executives, Chelminski writes, knew the Cadiz had problems with hydraulic cylinders that controlled its rudder even before it set sail in 1974. Yet repairs were postponed to keep the ship at sea. The reason: The Cadiz earned $28,000 in rental fees every day it ferried oil between the Persian Gulf and Europe. Once the ship lost its rudder, Chelminski argues, more could have been done to avert the grounding. The Cadiz`s captain, Pasquale Bardari, apparently fearful of what bosses in Chicago would say, did not summon help for 1 1/2 hours after losing control of the ship. After a tugboat arrived, he haggled for hours over terms of the tow to save money. Bardari radioed Chicago several times to speak with Amoco superiors but never issued an SOS call until the ship was speared by coastal rocks, the author says. The French were not entirely innocent bystanders, either. Chelminski points out that several French maritime offices carefully monitored the Cadiz as it loomed toward shore but did nothing. Chelminski, a European correspondent for Reader`s Digest, has documented his arguments from court proceedings in Chicago and London, press accounts and his own notes from his coverage of the spill. Descriptions of the tanker, which he compares to a ``bloated and underpowered oilpot,`` and of life in its comfortable cabin, are vivid. At times his writing is grandiloquent, however. Chelminski writes that of the six engineering officers, ``no fewer than four held chief engineer`s licenses.`` Better to say simply that four had engineer`s licenses, if that indeed was the number. There are also a few errors. The initial French claim for damages was 1.9 billion francs, not $1.9 billion, and the pollution headed east along Brittany, not west, which would have been to the open sea. But on the whole, ``Superwreck`` is a solid, in-depth look into the miserable life and infamous death of the Amoco Cadiz. MORE:


Where did the US side of the Band Aid concert take place?

BBC ON THIS DAY | 13 | 1985: Live Aid makes millions for Africa 1985: Live Aid makes millions for Africa The Live Aid concert for the starving in Africa has raised triple the �10m expected. And as the London event draws to a close at Wembley Stadium, Britain had contributed �1,100,000 to the global total of �30m. Described as the Woodstock of the eighties, the world's biggest rock festival was organised by Boomtown Rats singer Bob Geldof to raise money for famine relief in Africa. Wembley was packed with a crowd of 72,000, andTV pictures, co-ordinated at BBC Television Centre, have been beamed to over 1.5 bn people in 160 countries in the biggest broadcast ever known. The transatlantic concert began in London's midday sunshine with a fanfare for Prince Charles and Princess Diana and Status Quo performing Rocking All over the World. Stars were flown in by helicopter into the arena in a line-up that included David Bowie, Wham and royal favourites Dire Straits. Don't go to the pub tonight - please stay in and give us your money Bob Geldof Frequent appeals by Bob Geldof reminded viewers of the motive for the occasion: "Don't go to the pub tonight. Please stay in and give us your money. There are people dying now." He himself took the call from the ruling family in Dubai who made the biggest single donation of �1m. Across the UK eight appeal centres were set up with 200 phone lines to handle - mainly credit card - donations of up to �2,000. In the US 22,000 pledges were received within five minutes of the Beach Boys taking to the stage in the simultaneous concert at JFK Stadium, Philadelphia. The 16-hour music marathon is being completed there tonight with acts including Bob Dylan, Duran Duran and Paul Simon. Nine months after the droughts, disease and famine in north eastern Africa were brought to the media's attention the UN has warned that 160m people are still affected. Governments have begun a global relief operation but there are still problems of distribution in the worst hit areas - mainly Sudan and Ethiopia.


Natan Sharansky was released from prison in the USSR to begin a new life where?

Natan Sharansky - YouTube Natan Sharansky Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Apr 30, 2013 Natan Sharansky A little background: Sharansky was a Soviet refusenik. He became an advocate for human rights in the Soviet Union in the 1970s after he was refused a visa to travel to Israel. He endured 13 years of hard labor and solitary confinement before becoming the first political prisoner released by Gorbachev. He says he kept his sanity in prison by playing blind chess by himself. Sharansky also defeated World Chess champion, Garry Kasparov, in a game during a simultaneous chess exhibition event. Category


Which country celebrated its bicentenary in 1988?

1988: The Bicentenary – Australia Day 2016 Australia Day Message On Australia Day 1988 Sydney Harbour, that 'chief amphitheatre of Australian life', was again the centre of attention. This time the extraordinary spectacle attracting some two million people to its shores was the arrival of Tall Ships from around the world and the First Fleet re-enactment. By contrast, the tent city of the Bicentennial Exhibition travelled the country visiting thirty-four cities and towns to involve Australians in the celebration. That year's journey and the Exhibition's scope showed how far planners of the 1988 event had come from those organising the March to Nationhood pageant in Sydney in 1938 and the three months' celebrations there. The federal government, by taking responsibility for the Bicentenary with the setting up of the Australian Bicentennial Authority (ABA) in 1980, signalled a different approach to the NSW government's two-year preparations for the Sesquicentenary. Even before this event, the federal government had become involved in promoting Australia Day, by taking up the mantle worn by the ANA since the 1880s, especially in Victoria. In 1946 the ANA in Melbourne had begun the transition by prompting the formation of an Australia Day Committee (later known as Australia Day Council), drawn from representatives of many community organisations. Its purpose was to educate the public about the significance of Australia Day. In 1960 it introduced the Australian of the Year award. Similar groups formed in the other states took turns with the Victorian group in acting as the Federal Australia Day Council (FADC). In 1980 the federal government's newly-created National Australia Day Committee, based in the national capital, Canberra, took over that role with the FADC's agreement. The new Committee, set up to help interested groups make future celebrations 'truly national and Australia-wide', adopted a fresh approach to Australia Day. Its forum for state representatives in 1980 agreed that 26 January 1788 'should be seen as a day of contact, not of conquest…the day which began the fusion of Australians'. The theme, 'ONE LAND, ONE PEOPLE', would best reflect 'the spirit of Australia Day'. The Committee and the federal government were struggling with what respected Committee member, Sir Asher Joel, termed 'the crisis of identity…of establishing an Australian identity which will unite each and every one of us, surmounting all the borders, imaginary or real, of race, creed or class status'. Another member, Graham Allan, chairman of the National Youth Advisory Group, argued that the challenge was convincing the young that Australia Day had meaning, especially when 'we are not precisely sure, ourselves what meaning ought to be attributed to it'.  FIGURE 18: View of the crowd at new Parliament House, Canberra for the Canberra leg of the Caltex Bicentennial Bike Ride, ca 1988 — a contrast to the Australian Natives' Association's wheel race in 1897. Source: nla.pic-an24526897, National Library of Australia At the 1981 forum with the theme, 'ONE NATION — ONE FUTURE', speakers looked for ways Australians could find unity in diversity. The composition of Australia's population had changed dramatically since the end of World War II with fewer British people wanting to migrate and increasing numbers of immigrants coming from Europe and later other parts of the world. For a country which had taken pride in being British and white, the change was remarkable. Between 1970 and 1990 the percentage of immigrants in Australia born in the British Isles dropped from 47.3 to 19.4. At the same time Aborigines were pressing ahead in their campaign for citizens' rights, encouraged by the passing of the referendum in 1967 which gave the federal government power to legislate on Aboriginal matters. Radical Aborigines, angered by the federal government's rejection of their land rights, set up a tent embassy in front of Parliament House on the evening of Australia Day 1972 to protest against being treated as outcasts in their own country. The Aboriginal flag desi


The mother of which Monkee invented typewriter correction fluid?

Bette Nesmith Graham Invented Liquid Paper Share By Mary Bellis It was originally called "mistake out", the invention of Bette Nesmith Graham, a Dallas secretary and a single mother raising a son* on her own. Graham used her own kitchen blender to mix up her first batch of liquid paper or white out, a substance used to cover up mistakes made on paper. Background - Bette Nesmith Graham Bette Nesmith Graham never intended to be an inventor; she wanted to be an artist. However, shortly after World War II ended, she found herself divorced with a small child to support. She learned shorthand and typing and found employment as an executive secretary. An efficient employee who took pride in her work, Graham sought a better way to correct typing errors. She remembered that artists painted over their mistakes on canvas, so why couldnt typists paint over their mistakes? Invention of Liquid Paper Bette Nesmith Graham put some tempera waterbased paint, colored to match the stationery she used, in a bottle and took her watercolor brush to the office. continue reading below our video Should I Roll Over my 401K to an IRA? She used this to correct her typing mistakes her boss never noticed. Soon another secretary saw the new invention and asked for some of the correcting fluid. Graham found a green bottle at home, wrote "Mistake Out" on a label, and gave it to her friend. Soon all the secretaries in the building were asking for some, too. Bette Nesmith Graham - The Mistake Out Company In 1956, Bette Nesmith Graham started the Mistake Out Company (later renamed Liquid Paper) from her North Dallas home. She turned her kitchen into a laboratory, mixing up an improved product with her electric mixer. Grahams son, Michael Nesmith (later of The Monkees fame), and his friends filled bottles for her customers. Nevertheless, she made little money despite working nights and weekends to fill orders. One day an opportunity came in disguise. Graham made a mistake at work that she couldnt correct, and her boss fired her. She now had time to devote to selling Liquid Paper, and business boomed. Bette Nesmith Graham and Liquid Paper's Success By 1967, it had grown into a million dollar business. In 1968, she moved into her own plant and corporate headquarters, automated operations, and had 19 employees. That year Bette Nesmith Graham sold one million bottles. In 1975, Liquid Paper moved into a 35,000-sq. ft., international headquarters building in Dallas. The plant had equipment that could produce 500 bottles a minute. In 1976, the Liquid Paper Corporation turned out 25 million bottles. Its net earnings were $1.5 million. The company spent $1 million a year on advertising, alone. Bette Nesmith Graham believed money to be a tool, not a solution to a problem. She set up two foundations to help women find new ways to earn a living. Graham died in 1980, six months after selling her corporation for $47.5 million.


What type of aircraft is the Hawker Siddley Harrier?

Hawker Siddeley Harrier | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia British Aerospace Harrier II The Hawker Siddeley Harrier, known colloquially as the "Harrier Jump Jet", was developed in the 1960s and formed the first generation of the Harrier series of aircraft . It was the first operational close-support and reconnaissance fighter aircraft with vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) capabilities and the only truly successful V/STOL design of the many that arose in that era. The Harrier was produced directly from the Hawker Siddeley Kestrel prototypes following the cancellation of a more advanced supersonic aircraft, the Hawker Siddeley P.1154 . The British Royal Air Force (RAF) ordered the Harrier GR.1 and GR.3 variants in the late 1960s. It was exported to the United States as the AV-8A, for use by the US Marine Corps (USMC), in the 1970s. The RAF positioned the bulk of their Harriers in West Germany to defend against a potential invasion of Western Europe by the Soviet Union ; the unique abilities of the Harrier allowed the RAF to disperse their forces away from vulnerable airbases. The USMC used their Harriers primarily for close air support , operating from amphibious assault ships , and, if needed, forward operating bases . Harrier squadrons saw several deployments overseas. The Harrier's ability to operate with minimal ground facilities and very short runways allowed it to be used at locations unavailable to other fixed-wing aircraft. The Harrier received criticism for having a high accident rate and for a time-consuming maintenance process. In the 1970s the British Aerospace Sea Harrier was developed from the Harrier for use by the Royal Navy (RN) on Invincible-class aircraft carriers . The Sea Harrier and the Harrier fought in the 1982 Falklands War , in which the aircraft proved to be crucial and versatile. The RN Sea Harriers provided fixed-wing air defence while the RAF Harriers focused on ground-attack missions in support of the advancing British land force. The Harrier was also extensively redesigned as the AV-8B Harrier II and British Aerospace Harrier II by the team of McDonnell Douglas and British Aerospace. The innovative Harrier family and its Rolls-Royce Pegasus engines with thrust vectoring nozzles have generated long-term interest in V/STOL aircraft. Similar V/STOL operational aircraft include the contemporary Soviet Yakovlev Yak-38 . A V/STOL variant of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is currently under development. Contents Main article: Hawker Siddeley P.1127 The Harrier's design was derived from the Hawker P.1127 . Prior to developing the P.1127 Hawker Aircraft had been working on a replacement for the Hawker Hunter , the Hawker P.1121 . [2] The P.1121 was cancelled after the release of the British Government's 1957 Defence White Paper , which advocated a policy shift away from manned aircraft and towards missiles. This policy resulted in the termination of the majority of aircraft development projects then underway for the British military. [3] Hawker sought to quickly move on to a new project and became interested in Vertical Take Off/Landing (VTOL) aircraft, which did not need runways. [N 1] According to Air Chief Marshal Sir Patrick Hine this interest may have been stimulated by the presence of Air Staff Requirement 345, which sought a V/STOL ground attack fighter for the Royal Air Force. [5] Design work on the P.1127 was formally started in 1957 by Sir Sydney Camm , Ralph Hooper of Hawker Aircraft and Stanley Hooker (later Sir Stanley Hooker) of the Bristol Engine Company . [6] The close cooperation between Hawker, the airframe company, and Bristol, the engine company, was viewed by project engineer Gordon Lewis as one of the key factors that allowed the development of the Harrier to continue in spite of technical obstacles and political setbacks. [7] Rather than using rotors or a direct jet thrust, the P.1127 had an innovative vectored thrust turbofan engine , the Pegasus . The Pegasus I was rated at 9,000 pounds ([ convert: unit mismatch ]) of thrust and first ran in September


What does the Transalaska Pipeline System transport?

13 billionth  barrel reaches VMT   The Trans-Alaska Pipeline  System was designed and constructed to move oil from the North Slope of Alaska  to the northern most ice- free port- Valdez, Alaska. Length: 800 miles. Crosses three mountain ranges  and over 800 rivers and streams. Cost to build: $8 billion in  1977, largest privately funded construction project at that time. Construction began on March  27, 1975 and was completed on May 31, 1977. First oil moved through the  pipeline on June 20, 1977. Over 14 billion barrels have moved through the Trans Alaska Pipeline System. First tanker to carry crude  oil from Valdez: ARCO Juneau, August 1, 1977. Tankers loaded at Valdez:  16,781 through March 2001. Storage tanks in Valdez- 18  with total storage capacity of  9.1 million barrels total. Gulkana River tiered-arch bridge The consortium of companies that own TAPS today includes:  BP Pipelines (Alaska) Inc. 46.93% ConocoPhillips Transportation Alaska, Inc. 28.29% ExxonMobil Pipeline Company, 20.34% Koch Alaska Pipeline Company, L.L.C., 3.08% Pipeline Operations Operators at the Valdez Operations Control Center monitor the performance of pipeline operations Maximum daily throughput —  2.136 million bbl., avg. (With 11 pump stations operating). Rates exceeding 1,440,000 bbl./day assume  drag reduction agent (DRA) injection. Maximum daily throughput —  2000 (with 7 pump stations operating) — .99 million bbl., avg. Rates exceeding  1,000,000 bbl./day assume DRA injection Fuel required for all  operations (fuel oil equivalent) — 210,000 gal/day (also see fuel requirements  under Pump Stations, and Marine Terminal). Pressure — Operating, maximum — 1,180   psi Pump Station facilities in  original design — 12 pump stations with 4 pumps each. Pump Stations operating, Nov.  1, 1998 — 7: PS 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12. PS 5 is a relief station only.  PS 11 is  a security site.  PS 8 placed in standby June 30, 1996.  PS 10 placed in  standby July 1, 1996.  PS 2 placed in standby July 1, 1997.  PS 6 placed in  standby August 8, 1997.   Pipeline Engineering Cost Approximately $8 billion for construction of entire system, including Terminal and pump stations, at conclusion of initial construction period in 1977. Does not include interest on capital investment, or capital construction after 1977. Concrete weights Pipe coating, river crossings  — 75,000 lbs. per 40-ft. section Saddles, flood plains — 18,500  lbs. each Mainline crossings Road crossings,   refrigerated — Glenn Highway at Glennallen Design modes Selection — Soil sampling and other means were used to determine soil types along the route. Where thaw-stable soils were found, the pipeline was buried in the conventional manner. In areas of thaw-unstable soils, and where heat from the oil in the pipeline might cause thawing and consequent loss of soil foundation stability, the pipeline was insulated and elevated above ground by means of a unique support system. Basic types and miles of each — Above-ground — 420 mi. Refrigerated below-ground — 4  mi. Description — Above-ground —  Specially designed vertical supports were placed in drilled holes or driven  into the ground. In warm permafrost and other areas where heat might cause  undesirable thawing, the supports contain two each, 2-inch pipes called "heat  pipes," containing anhydrous ammonia, which vaporizes below ground, rises and  condenses above-ground, removing ground heat whenever the ground temperature  exceeds the temperature of the air. Heat is transferred through the walls of  the heat pipes to aluminum radiators atop the pipes. Conventional below-ground — The pipe is underlain with a layer of fine bedding material and covered with  prepared gravel padding and soil fill material, in a ditch from 8 ft. to 16  ft. deep in most locations, but up to 49 ft. deep at one location. Zinc  ribbons, which serve as sacrificial anodes to inhibit corrosion of the pipe,  are buried alongside the pipeline. The Atigun pipe replacement section, 8.5  miles in length


What was the name of the world's first nuclear-powered submarine?

History of USS NAUTILUS (SSN 571) History of USS NAUTILUS (SSN 571) Current OIC Biography Construction of NAUTILUS was made possible by  the successful development of a nuclear propulsion plant by a group of  scientists and engineers at the Naval Reactors Branch of the Atomic Energy  Commission, under the leadership of Captain Hyman G. Rickover, USN. In July of 1951, Congress authorized construction of the  world's first nuclear powered submarine. On December 12th of that year, the Navy  Department announced that she would be the sixth ship of the fleet to bear the  name NAUTILUS. Her keel was laid by President Harry S. Truman at the Electric  Boat Shipyard in Groton, Connecticut on June 14, 1952. After nearly 18 months of construction, NAUTILUS was launched  on January 21, 1954 with First Lady Mamie Eisenhower breaking the traditional  bottle of champagne across NAUTILUS' bow as she slid down the ways into the  Thames River. Eight months later, on September 30, 1954, NAUTILUS became the  first commissioned nuclear powered ship in the United States Navy. On the morning of January 17, 1955, at 11 am EST, NAUTILUS'  first Commanding Officer, Commander Eugene P. Wilkinson, ordered all lines cast  off and signaled the memorable and historic message, "Underway On Nuclear  Power." Over the next several years, NAUTILUS shattered all submerged speed and  distance records. On  July 23, 1958, NAUTILUS departed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii under top secret orders to  conduct "Operation Sunshine", the first crossing of the North Pole by a ship. At  11:15 pm on August 3, 1958, NAUTILUS' second Commanding Officer, Commander  William R. Anderson, announced to his crew, "For the world, our country, and the  Navy - the North Pole." With 116 men aboard, NAUTILUS had accomplished the "impossible", reaching the geographic North Pole - 90 degrees North. In May 1959, NAUTILUS entered Portsmouth Naval Shipyard,  Kittery, Maine for her first complete overhaul - the first of any nuclear  powered ship - and the replacement of her second fuel core. Upon completion of  her overhaul in August 1960, NAUTILUS departed for a period of refresher  training, then deployed to the Mediterranean Sea to become the first nuclear  powered submarine assigned to the U.S. Sixth Fleet. Over the next six years, NAUTILUS participated in several fleet  exercises while steaming over 200,000 miles. In the spring of 1966, she again  entered the record books when she logged her 300,000th mile underway. During the  following 12 years, NAUTILUS was involved in a variety of developmental testing  programs while continuing to serve alongside many of the more modern nuclear  powered submarines she had preceded. In the spring of 1979, NAUTILUS set out from Groton,  Connecticut on her final voyage. She reached Mare Island Naval Shipyard,  Vallejo, California on May 26, 1979 - her last day underway. She was  decommissioned on March 3, 1980 after a career spanning 25 years and over half a  million miles steamed. In recognition of her pioneering role in the practical use of  nuclear power, NAUTILUS was designated a National Historic Landmark by the  Secretary of the Interior on May 20, 1982. Following an extensive historic ship  conversion at Mare Island Naval Shipyard, NAUTILUS was towed to Groton,  Connecticut arriving on July 6, 1985. On April 11, 1986, eighty-six years to the day after the birth  of the Submarine Force, Historic Ship NAUTILUS, joined by the Submarine Force  Museum, opened to the public as the first and finest exhibit of its kind in the  world, providing an exciting, visible link between yesterday's Submarine Force  and the Submarine Force of tomorrow.


Which American company pioneered electric ignition in motor cars?

Automobile Ignition System History Automobile History IGNITION SYSTEM Early one September morning in 1908, Ernest Sweet, chief engineer for the Cadillac Motor Car Co., stepped off a train in Dayton, Ohio. He was met by an engineer who worked for National Cash Register. In the five years he had spent at NCR, the younger man -- he was 32 -- had invented an electrically operated cash register that did away with hand cranking. He had also developed OK Charge Phone, the nation's first "automated" credit checking system. This magnetic device, placed in a cash register, allowed a sales person to press register keys and transmit information about a charge customer's purchase to a central office. Approval or disapproval was then telephoned back to the counter. The young man's contemporaries thought him a genius. However, Sweet was not in Dayton to discuss cash registers. At the urging of his boss, Henry M. Leland, he was there to test-drive a Cadillac Roadster owned by the NCR engineer. Leland had received a letter from the Dayton resident describing a "flawless" battery ignition system for motor vehicles. Magneto ignition was the standard in those days because battery ignition just did not work. Sparkplugs fouled, vibrators failed, and batteries often gave out after 500 miles. Brief encounters with battery ignition by other carmakers -- Duryea in 1893, for example -- caused them to return to the reliable magneto. For the next eight hours, Sweet drove the Cadillac over the hills surrounding Dayton, putting the Roadster through every rigorous test he knew. As the young engineer had promised, the ignition system performed flawlessly. As a result of this test, Leland met the NCR engineer several weeks later at Cadillac headquarters in Detroit to personally hand him a contract calling for 8,000 of his battery ignition units -- enough for every Cadillac that would be produced in 1910. The young engineer was Charles Franklin Kettering. In the years ahead, his influence on General Motors would rival even that of Leland. What had Kettering done that allowed a battery ignition to perform reliably? To start with, he combined the standard four induction coils (one for each sparkplug) into one by placing them in a heat-resistant, solidly anchored, armored-steel box and connecting them in series. This did away with the nagging problem of rapid coil failure caused by vibration and heat, and also allowed conservation of power. Battery life was therefore extended. Kettering also eliminated the individual vibrators (also called "tremblers") - - one for each coil -- that made and broke the circuit. He replaced them with a single master set of contact points connected to a condenser. The condenser drew excess current away from the points, contributing to their longevity. Tremblers (steel springs) were susceptible to loosening by vibration. This required motorists to make frequent adjustments. The devices also quickly burned themselves to death as a result of electrical arcing. Kettering's ignition produced a much hotter spark than ever before, using less battery current, which extended component life. The contract Leland handed Kettering enabled him to quit NCR and begin his own business, which he called Dayton Engineering Laboratories Co. -- Delco for short. More important, the contract put Kettering's mind solely on perfecting what was to be the standard auto ignition system -- one that's still with us today -- and on development of the self-starter. Yet, when the 1910 Cadillac Model 30 hit the showrooms , customers found that it possessed two independent ignition systems -- the much-heralded Delco and the standard magneto, installed just in case. Although it was only another two years before dry cells were replaced by storage batteries, it was quite a while longer before storage batteries attained any degree of reliability. As late as 1935, some manufacturers were still placing magnetos into cars. But, for all intents and purposes, the end of the magneto came with the end of the Model T Ford in 1927. Ford refused to trust battery ignition for th


Who invented the world's first photocopier?

History of the Photocopier Machine Articles Photocopier guides History of the Photocopier Machine History of the Photocopier Machine Posted on November 22nd, 2012 · Posted in Photocopier guides In October 1937 Chester Carlson, a patent attorney in New York, invented a process called electro photography. In 1938, this was renamed Xerography and the first known photocopy was the "10-22-38 Astoria". The Xerography copying process went on to become one of the most well known inventions of the 20th century. Carlson received world acclaim and became extremely wealthy as his invention created a billion-dollar industry. It is estimated that Carlson gave away almost $100 million to charity and foundations before his death in 1968. Development of Xerography But Xerography was not, at least at first, a popular invention. In fact, it was ten years before Carlson found a company to develop Xerography. A New York-based photo-paper manufacturer called The Haloid Company took up the challenge. The Haloid Company later went on to become Xerox Corporation. The First Office Copier In 1955, Haloid - by then Haloid Xerox - produced Copyflo, the first automated xerographic machine. However, it wasn't until 22 years after electro photography had first been conceived that the first true  office copier  was produced. 1958 saw the introduction of the first-ever commercial push button photocopier machine the 914. Good Times For Xerox The 914 was a phenomenal success. In just three years, Haloid Xerox's income went from $2 million in 1960 - when the first 914 was sold - to over $22 million by 1963.In 1961, Haloid Xerox shortened its name to Xerox and its stock was listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Their phenomenal success continued as Xerox introduced 24 new products over the next 20 years. Changing Market But Xerox domination was about to change. New manufacturers were appearing on the sidelines, gearing up to challenge Xerox and re-brand what the world knew as a Xerox machine to a  photocopy machine  or photocopier. One of the greatest marketing battles of the 20th century was about to begin. Xerox vs the Copier Ricoh was emerging as a potential competitor to Xerox as early as 1955 when they developed the RiCopy 101 Diazo copier. By 1975 they had developed the prize-winning RiCopy DT 1200 and were starting to challenge Xerox's hold over the market. The next decade would see a surprising change as companies traditionally known for photography began to break into the office equipment market. Brands such as Minolta, Panasonic, Toshiba, Sharp, Konica and Canon started to produce small office copiers that were to challenge Xerox's domination of the business copier market. Meanwhile, even Xerox's domination of the high-volume photocopier market was coming under threat from Kodak and Oce. New Brands Not Trusted Manufacturers quickly found that Xerox held enormous customer loyalty. To break this down, copier dealerships were founded. In each country, small local dealerships emerged that offered a "local service", sold by local people. This classic guerrilla marketing move attacked Xerox in a way they hadn't anticipated. Since Xerox was a global corporation, the one thing they couldn't offer was the intimacy of a small, local business. Canon was probably the most successful copier company to employ this tactic. By 1985, they had become the world's leading  photocopier company . Canon invested heavily in development and went on to produce the first colour copier. Re-branding the Xerox Machine as the Photocopier The Xerox rivals encouraged their dealers to correct customers whenever they referred to their brand of photocopier as a "Xerox machine". Terms such as "Xeroxing" were corrected to "copying" and the "Xerox Machine" became the "photocopier machine". All of this worked at dissolving the impact and hold of the Xerox brand. Copiers Today Today, Xerox continues to be one of the world leaders and a hugely influential and trusted brand name. Despite this, they are no longer the copier market leaders. Whilst the main battle in the photocopier market wa


Where were the 2002 Winter Olympic Games held?

2002 Winter Olympics |                 Utah.com   2002 Winter Olympics The 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City were an astounding success. Now, Utah residents and visitors alike can enjoy Olympic legacy facilities — Utah Olympic Park, Soldier Hollow and Utah Olympic Oval — which offer an array of activities for people of all ages, abilities and aspirations. Whether you are a recreational enthusiast, developing athlete, spectator or tourist, we encourage you to "Get Up & Go!" for a unique Olympic experience. Read more... Discover Snowbasin Additional Information Each venue has been transformed into a community facility, open year-round to the public for post-Games usage. There are introductory Olympic winter sports programs, public skating on "The Fastest Ice On Earth," tours of the Olympic facilities, tubing, cross-country skiing, public bobsled rides, ski jumping and freestyle aerial shows, 2002 Games exhibit and the Joe Quinney Winter Sports Center/Alf Engen Ski Museum. Get Up & Go! Games Overview The XIX Olympic Games took place February 8th through February 24, 2002; afterwards, the VIII Paralympics Winter Games began March 7th, and concluded on March 16, 2002. Salt Lake Olympic Committee's volunteer program had three phases with approximately 8,000 volunteers for pre-Game activities, 18,000 core volunteers for the Olympic Winter Games, and 6,000 volunteers for the Paralympic Winter Games. SLOC accredited approximately 70,000 individuals for the Salt Lake Games. An estimated 2,345 athletes and 1,200 officials came from 80 National Olympic Committees (NOC's). More than 1,100 athletes and officials from 40 regions competed in the Paralympic Olympic Games. Share


"Who wrote the line, ""Do not go gentle into that good night?"

Do not go gentle into that good night - Poems | Academy of American Poets Academy of American Poets The Academy of American Poets is the largest membership-based nonprofit organization fostering an appreciation for contemporary poetry and supporting American poets. For over three generations, the Academy has connected millions of people to great poetry through programs such as National Poetry Month, the largest literary celebration in the world; Poets.org, the Academy’s popular website; American Poets, a biannual literary journal; and an annual series of poetry readings and special events. Since its founding, the Academy has awarded more money to poets than any other organization. browse poems & poets sign up to receive a new poem-a-day in your inbox sign up His Morning Meditations by Jay Parini poetic forms read this poet's poems Dylan Marlais Thomas was born on October 27, 1914, in Swansea, South Wales. His father was an English Literature professor at the local grammar school and would often recite Shakespeare to Thomas before he could read. He loved the sounds of nursery rhymes, foreshadowing his love for the rhythmic ballads of Gerard Manley Hopkins , W. B.  Yeats , and Edgar Allan  Poe . Although both of his parents spoke fluent Welsh, Thomas and his older sister never learned the language, and Thomas wrote exclusively in English. Thomas was a neurotic, sickly child who shied away from school and preferred reading on his own. He read all of D. H. Lawrence 's poetry, impressed by vivid descriptions of the natural world. Fascinated by language, he excelled in English and reading but neglected other subjects. He dropped out of school at sixteen to become a junior reporter for the South Wales Daily Post. By December of 1932, he left his job at the Post and decided to concentrate on his poetry full-time. It was during this time, in his late teens, that Thomas wrote more than half of his collected poems. In 1934, when Thomas was twenty, he moved to London, won the Poet's Corner book prize, and published his first book, 18 Poems (The Fortune press), to great acclaim. The book drew from a collection of poetry notebooks that Thomas had written years earlier, as would many of his most popular books. During this period of success, Thomas also began a habit of alcohol abuse. Unlike his contemporaries, T. S. Eliot and W. H. Auden , Thomas was not concerned with exhibiting themes of social and intellectual issues, and his writing, with its intense lyricism and highly charged emotion, has more in common with the Romantic tradition. Thomas describes his technique in a letter: "I make one image—though 'make' is not the right word; I let, perhaps, an image be 'made' emotionally in me and then apply to it what intellectual & critical forces I possess—let it breed another, let that image contradict the first, make, of the third image bred out of the other two together, a fourth contradictory image, and let them all, within my imposed formal limits, conflict." Two years after the publication of 18 Poems, Thomas met the dancer Caitlin Macnamara at a pub in London. At the time, she was the mistress of painter Augustus John. Macnamara and Thomas engaged in an affair and married in 1937. Despite the passionate love letters Thomas would write to her, the marriage was turbulent, with rumors of both having multiple affairs. About Thomas's work, Michael Schmidt writes: "There is a kind of authority to the word magic of the early poems; in the famous and popular later poems, the magic is all show. If they have a secret it is the one we all share, partly erotic, partly elegiac. The later poems arise out of personality." In 1940, Thomas and his wife moved to London. He had served as an anti-aircraft gunner but was rejected for more active combat due to illness. To avoid the air raids, the couple left London in 1944. They eventually settled at Laugharne, in the Boat House where Thomas would write many of his later poems. Thomas recorded radio shows and worked as a scriptwriter for the BBC. Between 1945 and 1949, he wrote, narrated, or assisted wit


What is Jennifer Jason Leigh's real name?

Jennifer Jason Leigh files for divorce just seven months after giving birth | Daily Mail Online comments It has been just seven months since she gave birth to her son, but Single White Female actress Jennifer Jason Leigh has filed for divorce. She was married to director Noah Baumbach for five years and it is not yet clear why the couple split. Jennifer, whose real name is Jennifer Morrow, produced her only child, Rohmer, late in life at the age of 48. Happier times: Jennifer and her husband Noah Baumbach pictured holding hands in 2007 New mother: The actress, pictured here in 2007, gave birth to a son seven months ago She's seeking alimony and primary custody of their son with visitation rights for Noah. The couple first met in 2001, while working on a production of the Broadway play Proof. Noah certainly seemed to think the marriage was forever. Soon after their wedding, he told People magazine: 'I expect to be with [Leigh] for the rest of my life'. Most recently, the pair co-wrote the Ben Stiller film Greenburg and Jennifer had a supporting role in the film. While Noah is best-known for writing and directing the films Margot at the Wedding and The Squid and the Whale. Jennifer has had her share of tragedy. In 1982, Jennifer's father was accidentally killed during a helicopter stunt on the set of Twilight Zone: The Movie. Following a lawsuit for wrongful death against Warner Brothers and Steven Spielberg, they settled out of court for an undisclosed sum. Named as one of 'America's 10 Most Beautiful Women' by Harper's Bazaar Magazine in 1989, she once dated Eric Stoltz and was romantically linked to Robert Downey Jr. Jennifer became a household name following her role in the 1992 thriller Single White Female. She played the terrifying part of Hedy, a woman who creepily modelled herself on her room mate, Bridget Fonda's dynamic character Allie. The term 'single white female'  became synonymous with the act of copying and emulating a female friend as a result of the film. Jennifer's most recent role was a guest spot on US hit TV show Weeds, starring opposite Mary Louise Parker. Jennifer Jason Leigh in Single White Female


Which musical instrument was found in Bonnie & Clyde's car after they were shot?

Saxophone found in Bonnie & Clyde "Death Car" C Melody Soprano, Contralto & Tenor Saxophone found in Bonnie & Clyde "Death Car" If this is your first visit, be sure to  check out the FAQ by clicking the  link above. You may have to register before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. To start viewing messages,  select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below. Results 1 to 16 of 16 0 Thread(s) Saxophone found in Bonnie & Clyde "Death Car" Legendary outlaw Clyde Barrow is remembered for his love of the Ford V-8, peach ice cream, and a certain female firearms enthusiast. Now, some 7 decades after they met their end in a fusillade of police bullets, their famous Death Car is revealed to have contained a C-melody saxophone among its arsenal. http://cgi.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll...tem=3621102166 The silver-plated Buescher-stencil Supertone is heavily tarnished, but miraculously free of bullet holes. Includes a contour shaped case, ideal for those who double on "Chicago fiddle." Opening bid is $12,250. $14,000 takes it away. For that much money you could probably get a restorable '34 Ford V-8... Tagged 0 Thread(s) Hmmm, I think I'd rather buy an undocumented beater and hang it on the wall with a certificate that states "Similar to the Buescher TrueTone owned by..." and save myself $13,850. Go for The Tone, Tagged 0 Thread(s) C melodies were known to be bullet proof. Now the F saxophone, well that's a different story. :A-Run: maybe the c melody oughta have a couple bullet holes in it for 'documentary evidence'... little BLOOD on it wouldn't hurt, either Re: Saxophone found in Bonnie & Clyde "Death Car&am Originally Posted by paulwl their famous Death Car is revealed to have contained a C-melody saxophone among its arsenal. They used a C-melody as a weapon ? Wow, imagine being bludgeoned to death by one of those I wish I could have heard some of the conversations between Bonnie and Clyde in deciding what weapon to use? "Honey, shall I use the machine gun or play them a few bars of St. Louis Blues ?" ! Billy The Fish 0 Thread(s) C melodies were once classified by the League of Nations as "weapons of mass distraction"... Apparently Clyde really did play while on the lam. A quick web search reveals he was "obsessed" with the horn and carried "reams of music" around with him. Some dedicated model maker has even created a diorama of the ambushed Ford, right down to the bloodstained corpses AND the sax case. Tagged 0 Thread(s) If this piece is real (and I'm not convinced - when I was a kid, there were no fewer than hundreds of 'Bonnie and Clyde death cars' touring small midwestern towns - just old jalopies that someone shot full of holes to make money from), I would worry about the legality. According to the website, it comes from the estate of a police officer - but it belonged to the Barrow estate. A smart lawyer would realize that such a piece is not free of legal claims from other, as yet unspecified, people. Tagged 0 Thread(s) SaxDuck...a smart lawyer wouldn't take the case...maybe the horn...but not the case. And the retainer? 80 year old cork grease? And watch those smart lawyers, they will "pad" their bills. I wonder which reeds he used? Probably hollow tips. We'll have to wait for ballistics. Tagged 0 Thread(s) You have to wonder if he only played hits.  Anyone heard the rare recording of Clyde doing "Killing Me Softly"? 0 Thread(s) Saxduck wrote According to the website, it comes from the estate of a police officer - but it belonged to the Barrow estate. A smart lawyer would realize that such a piece is not free of legal claims from other, as yet unspecified, people. I don't like to malign a man who can't answer back but does anybody think that Clyde actually bought that horn? Maybe the descendents of musical instrument sellers of the time might like to start checking for missing stock. Of course it may have been a gift from his folks before he made a career change. I expect he needed to carry a lot of reeds for those days when it just wasn't convenient to pop down to the store. Imagi


Which album was said to have reflected the end of Bob Dylan's marriage?

Bob Dylan ‘Blood on the Tracks’ 40th Anniversary: Classic Track-by-Track Album Review | Billboard Album Review 0 If Bob Dylan 's 15th studio album must fit in a box, it's his confessional '70s-singer-songwriter record. Released on January 17, 1975 -- 40 years ago today -- Blood on the Tracks landed amid the dissolution of Dylan's marriage to his first wife, Sara, and with its sad, strummy songs about love gone awry, it has all the hallmarks of classic breakup album. Here's the problem with that: Dylan has never been a confessional singer-songwriter, and even when he's writing about himself, there's the question of which "himself" he's being. The rascally Minnesotan born Robert Zimmerman has been playing characters since he came on the scene in the '60s, and his peerless songwriting hinges on allegory, metaphor, and misdirection. His catalog is a feast of breadcrumbs meant to throw you off the trail. Blood on the Tracks teases with approachability. The emotion is so raw, so present, and yet it's safe to say no one really knows what Dylan is singing about. His son Jakob, leader of the Wallflowers , believes the album is "about my parents," as one-time manager Andrew Slater told the New York Times , while papa Bob insists the lyrics are based on the short stories of Anton Chekov. Another influence was artist Norman Raeben, whose 1974 painting tutorials taught Dylan to "put my mind and my hand and my eye together, in a way that allowed me to do consciously what I unconsciously felt," as he told writer Jonathan Cott. Whatever the truth is, there are certain indisputable facts. Blood on the Tracks marked Dylan's return to Columbia Records after two albums on Asylum, and it reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200 , leading many critics to call it a comeback -- not his first and certainly not his last. Also, the album comprises recordings made at two sessions: one in New York City with studio pros assembled by engineer Phil Ramone and a second in Minneapolis organized at the last minute by Bob's brother David. A mini version of the cult devoted to Bob and the Band's storied Basement Tapes surrounds Blood on the Tracks, and four decades later, hardcore Dylanheads debate which versions, NYC or Minneapolis, are superior. One thing most folks agree on is that Blood on the Tracks is a special entry in Bob's canon. Whether inspired by an impending divorce or the work of a Russian dramatist, these 10 songs carry a lot of hurt. There's also humor, regret, anger, tenderness, and even a Wild West potboiler -- all accompanied by some of the prettiest music Dylan has put to tape. Read on to get our track-by-track take on one of Dylan's finest, an album that therefore ranks among the best in rock history. "Tangled Up in Blue": With forward momentum reminiscent of Dylan's "Like a Rolling Stone" and a scattered narrative loaded with geographical references (the North Woods, New Orleans, Brooklyn), the leadoff track sets the tone for an album about homecomings and goodbyes. Seven verses and no choruses, it's the story of a drifter kept from various women -- or perhaps the same one -- by stuck-up would-be in-laws (verse No. 1), good sense (No. 2), and the inherent awkwardness of strip-club convos (No. 4). And that's just the stuff our strumming Odysseus can sort of articulate. "Simple Twist of Fate": Most hear this as a john pining for a prostitute, and the lines about the "strange hotel" with the "beat-up shade" and the woman's retreat to "the waterfront docks" lend credence to such a reading. Whether it was illicit or innocent, the relationship has thrown Dylan's subject for a loop, and he sings truehearted over jingling acoustic chords and warm harmonica that play down the carnality of the rendezvous. The resignation of the final two lines -- "She was born in spring, but I was born too late / Blame it on a simple twist of fate" -- hark back to "Don't Think Twice (It's Alright)," maybe the best song Dylan has written about the disappointment of an affair ending prematurely. "You're a Big Girl Now": Following two fairly abstract tunes, Dylan scales


What was the only Fleetwood Mac track to top the singles charts in the 70s?

1977 - Everything Fleetwood Mac 1977 Apr 09, 2008 at 06:33 PM 1977 Yesterday's Gone The first output from 1976's recording sessions hit the stores at the end of December and immediately began charging up the charts. "Go Your Own Way" and its flip side "Silver Springs" were but a taste of what was to come, and a fine taste they are. "Go Your Own Way" is certainly the strongest rocker the band produced since 1970's "Green Manalishi", featuring Lindsey Buckingham flawless playing which builds to a fever-pitch as the song progresses--and one of the coolest air-guitar songs for many a teenager of that era (including the author)! It's B-side, the beautiful "Silver Springs", is one of Stevie Nicks' finest efforts, with her unerring sense of melody and word-imagery featured throughout. The theme of the lyrics for both songs is one of relationships on the rocks, a fitting theme since that is exactly what the two composers were going through. And they weren't alone. The new album, Rumours , which finally came out in February, followed this theme. Not only was Nicks' and Buckingham's relationship (they were never married) at an end, but also the McVies were splitting up and Mick Fleetwood, who had reunited with his wife Jenny after the Bob Weston debacle, was also on the verge of divorce. To complicate matters further, the actual recording of the album was plagued with technical difficulties throughout. For example, one of the tape machines at one point chewed up a significant amount of material, earning it the nickname "Jaws" and necessitating rerecording the destroyed tape. Situations like this, plus the continued success of the previous album, pushed the release date for Rumours further and further back. It was the first Mac album released on the Warner Bros. label, perhaps indicating the band had been long overdue for a promotion. It debuted in the Billboard charts at number 10, and very quickly made it to Number One where it stayed for six months (May through all of November, a record at the time), and was either Number One or Two for a total of ten months (March 1977 to January 1978). Eventually the album would sell over 25 million copies, becoming one of the top four or five sellers in the whole history of recorded music! There were four Top Ten singles spawned from Rumours . "Silver Springs" was also originally intended for the album, but was dropped at the last minute, ostensibly because there wasn't enough room on the disc. But that explanation sounded alot like a cop-out to its composer, and this issue remained a sore-spot for Stevie Nicks (who was justifiably proud of the song) for a long time to come. The second single, Stevie's ethereal ballad "Dreams", may have eased whatever anxiety she felt, however. It was, after all, the first (and, as of this writing, the only) Fleetwood Mac single to top the Billboard US Hot 100 charts! It was backed by Christine's excellent "Songbird", a piano- solo ode to her breakup with John. "Songbird" was not actually recorded in the studio, but rather it was recorded in the cavernlike emptiness of Zellerback Auditorium (University of California, Berkeley), which very much enhanced the emotionality of the track. The third single was Christine McVie's "Don't Stop", a bouncy song full of hope for the future. So hopeful, in fact, that fifteen years later, in 1992, Bill Clinton chose this song as the theme song for his successful presidential campaign! The U.S. single came dressed in a nice picture sleeve--the first US single so honored--that was essentially a reprint of the album cover photo. The final Rumours single was Christine's "You Make Loving Fun", itself a sort of postscript to 1975's "Say You Love Me". The British and American releases of the "Don't Stop" and "You Make Loving Fun" singles switched B-sides "Gold Dust Woman" and "Never Going Back Again". The album was so chock-full of potential singles that really any one of them could have been hits, prompting one critic to remark that if they had chosen to release the hole in the middle that that too would have gone double-platinum!


Who was the defending champion when Billie Jean King first won Wimbledon singles?

The Most Shocking Upsets in Wimbledon History | Bleacher Report The Most Shocking Upsets in Wimbledon History By Jake Curtis , Featured Columnist Jun 26, 2013 Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse the slideshow Mike Hewitt/Getty Images 45 Comments Rafael Nadal 's stunning straight-sets loss to Steve Darcis in the first round on Monday raises an obvious question: Was that the biggest upset in Wimbledon history? And what about the second-round losses by Roger Federer and Maria Sharapova ? All three are certainly in the discussion. Gauging the magnitude of an upset is a subjective exercise, of course. Even time can affect the status of an upset. When unseeded 18-year-old Billie Jean Moffitt stunned top-seeded Margaret Smith in Smith's opening match of the 1962 Wimbledon tournament, it seemed like a major upset. In retrospect, the result doesn't seem as surprising because Moffitt, who became Billie Jean King, went on to win six Wimbledon singles titles. The bottom line in the determination is this: How shocked were tennis fans by the result? This proposed list of 15 shocking Wimbledon results was quickly expanded by two with the losses by Federer and Sharapova. So here's a countdown of the 17 most stunning upsets in Wimbledon history. 17. Charlie Pasarell over Manuel Santana, 1st Round, 1967 Getty Images/Getty Images Manuel Santana Charlie Pasarell's 10-8, 6-3, 2-6, 8-6 victory over Manuel Santana made the list for one important reason: It was the first time that a defending champion and No. 1 seed had lost in the first round at Wimbledon. Pasarell was no slouch. He was the top-ranked American and had beaten Santana once out of their only two previous meetings before their 1967 Wimbledon matchup, according to an Associated Press report . However, he had not had much success at Wimbledon, never getting past the third round in his four previous attempts. It left him unseeded in 1967. But this attempt was different. "This is the first time I've had an opportunity to come in advance of Wimbledon and practice on grass," Pasarell said after beating Santana, according to Canadian Press . 16. Arthur Ashe over Jimmy Connors, Finals, 1975 Getty Images/Getty Images Arthur Ashe Although Arthur Ashe's 6-1, 6-1, 5-7, 6-4 victory over Jimmy Connors in the 1975 finals may not have been as surprising as other upsets on this list, it deserves a spot because of the significance of the match and the attention it received. Connors was an overwhelming 3-to-20 betting favorite against Ashe, according to an  ESPN article. In fact, he was a 9-to-10 favorite to win in straight sets.   Ashe, then 31, was in the Wimbledon final for the first time, making it as the No. 6 seed following a five-set victory over Tony Roche in the semifinals. The top-seeded 22-year-old Connors had not lost a set en route to the final and had lost only six games while beating Ken Rosewall in the 1974 Wimbledon final. But against Connors, Ashe took the pace off his shots, relying on angles and finesse to frustrate Connors' powerful groundstrokes. The shock value of the victory and the way it was achieved resonated for weeks. 15. Michelle Larcher de Brito over Maria Sharapova, 2nd Round, 2013 Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images Maria Sharapova had issues with her hip. Maria Sharapova was having an outstanding 2013 season before her surprising 6-3, 6-4 second-round loss to  Michelle Larcher de Brito , the world's No. 131 player. Since her loss in the Australian Open semifinals, Sharapova had lost to only one player on the court, Serena Williams . Sharapova had reached the finals of the last five tournaments she had completed and won two of them. Williams beat her in all three of the others. Sharapova has not had great success on the grass at Wimbledon, but she won the event in 2004 and was a finalist in 2011. Sharapova certainly figured to beat de Brito, who had won only two tournament matches all year, both against players ranked outside the top 200. De Brito had lost in qualifying to a player ranked 229th at the grass-court tuneup in Nottingham, England two weeks ago, and her only


In which country did Argentina first win soccer's World Cup?

World Cup winners list: A complete history - SBNation.com World Cup winners list: A complete history Rec Dean Mouhtaropoulos In 1930, thirteen teams participated in the first World Cup held in Uruguay. Since then, the countries of the world have come together every four years (except in the 1940's-yes Germany, looking at you here) to play in the tournament, with 77 countries having participated in 20 tournaments as of 2014. Despite, the large number of countries to participate, only eight of them have enjoyed the glory of actually winning it. Brazil are on the top with five (don't mention this to Brazilians right now, though), and Germany are next on the list with four, their most recent having been secured against Argentina on Sunday. Here's a quick tour of each winning nation. Brazil 2014: Germany Germany became the first ever European team to win a World Cup in South America, and lifted the trophy for the first time since reunification. Fittingly, in a tournament in which nothing was predictable, Germany didn't look completely convincing en route to their final against Argentina, and notably needed extra time to get past the unfavoured Algeria in the first knockout round. However, Die Mannschaft grew into the tournament, and inflicted a historic 7-1 thrashing on tournament hosts Brazil in the semis before Mario Götze's last-gasp extra time strike settled a close final. Argentina captain Lionel Messi earned the Golden Ball as a consolation which was really none at all. South Africa 2010: Spain The Spanish team in 2010 was special, which makes its early exit in Brazil even more of a mystery. In South Africa, Andrés Iniesta scored in the 116th minute agaist the Netherlands to give Spain their first World Cup. Six members of the team, along with their coach Vincente del Bosque, were voted onto the team of the tournament. Iker Casillas, the goalkeeper, won the Golden Glove award (previously the Yashin Award), shutting out his opponents in five of the seven matches. The team also won the FIFA Fair Play Trophy. Germany 2006: Italy Italy's victory over France in the final was one for the memories. Not only did Italy win 5-3 on penalty kicks, but France's captain Zinedine Zidane was red-carded for head-butting Marco Materazzi in extra-time.  Italy's goalkeeper, Gianluigi Buffon won the Yashin Award given to the best goalkeeper, and was one of seven Italian players voted to the All-Star team. The victory gave Italy their fourth World Cup title, then second only to Brazil's five, but matched by Germany this year. Korea-Japan 2002: Brazil This World Cup was Ronaldo's World Cup. The old one. The Brazilian striker won the Golden Boot award (highest scoring player), scoring eight goals in the tournament. Two of those came in the final, as Brazil shut out Germany 2-0 and won their record fifth World Cup. Ronaldo was voted to the team of the tournament along with teammates Rivaldo, Ronaldinho, and Roberto Carlos finished with a 7-0-0 record and a plus-14 goal differential. France 1998: France If you think the header is a typo, you are mistaken! When France won the tournament in France they became the sixth country to win the tournament on home soil. France's goalkeeper won the inaugural Yashin Award, letting in only two goals, and eight French players scored in the tournament. Zinedine Zidane headlined the French attack, as France ended with a plus-13 goal differential. They were also given the FIFA Fair Play Trophy and voted the Most Entertaining Team. USA 1994: Brazil When Brazil faced Italy in the '94 final both teams were looking for their record fourth title. Brazil defeated Italy 3-2 on penalty kicks, becoming the first country to win the final via a shootout. Romário scored five goals and won the Golden Ball award (best player), and Brazil won the FIFA Fair Play Trophy and was voted the Most Entertaining Team. On a side note, the US chose this as the the mascot for the tournament. #Fifa #WorldCup World Cup In honor of this amazing month of soccer, #tbt World Cup '94 with the mascot Striker #b ... pic.twitter.com/ri1nVPC4iT — FI


To the nearest million, what was the population of the USA in 1910?

The Population of Mexico from origins to revolution December 8, 1997   Great triumphs and terrible tragedies mark the population history of Mexico over the millennia. The first great swell of population growth in the Mexican subcontinent began almost ten thousand years ago with the domestication of gourds, squash, corn and beans. The last started less than three-quarters of a century agoï¿½thanks to advances in public health, food production, and mass education. The demographic dynamics of the region that today we know as the "Republic of Mexico" can be conveniently divided into four great epochs: ancient (-1519 AD), colonial (1519-1821), national (1821-1910) and modern (1910-present). These political turning points in the history of this vast region had great demographic significance and therefore should not be discarded or ignored simply because they are political. Each provoked demographic catastrophe to a greater or lesser degree, but each radically transformed basic conditions of life and death in Mexico. The first three periodsï¿½ancient, colonial, and nationalï¿½are discussed in this essay. 1. Ancient Mesoamerica The peopling of ancient Mesoamerica is one of the most complex phenomena in Mexican prehistory. Perhaps because of this it is also one of the most prolifically studied and controversial. When did humans first appear on the Mexican subcontinent? Did the emergence of agriculture spark a demographic revolution? What was the role of demographic pressure in the decay and collapse of many of the great cultural centers, such as La Venta, El Tajín, Cuicuilco, Tula, Teotihuacán, Palenque, Chichén Itzá, and elsewhere? At first contact with Europeans, were Amerindians under a Malthusian threat for exceeding the limits of the carrying capacity of the land or had they achieved instead a harmonious balance with the environment? Answers to these questions are fundamental for understanding the evolution of ancient Mexican culture, politics, society and economy. The Asian origins of the first humans in the Americas is universally accepted by archaeologists and geneticists, but considerable disagreement persists over the date of first originsï¿½ranging from 20 to 70,000 years agoï¿½as well as the number of migration "waves" from Asiaï¿½and whether there was one, two, three or even more. Recent, still tentative mitochondrial DNA research suggests only two: the first some 34,000 years ago followed by a second as recently as 15,000 years ago. The dating of ancient habitational sites is also highly speculative. Human habitation at El Cedral in San Luis Potosí has been placed at 30,000 BP (before the present). Sites at Valsequillo and Tlapacoya are dated to 22,000 BP. An intensive study of the Tehuacán Valley reveals continuous human occupation from 12,000 BP. The Tehuacán Valley site offers a fascinating, if conjectural, sequence of habitational densities from remote antiquity to the moment of European contact. From 9,000 to 7,000 years ago demographic densities in the Valley barely averaged two inhabitants per hundred square kilometers (2.2 inh./100 km2). Later, first gourd, then squash and, after several thousand years, tiny corn cobs appeared in the archaeological recordï¿½two millennia after the presence of corn pollen in the Valley of Oaxaca. Over several thousand years population densities drifted upward, increasing six-fold to 14 inh./100 km2 (5400-4300 BP). Millennia passed, and the agricultural "revolution" continued, but at a pace thousands of years slower than in the Middle East. Diffusion was a multi-millennial process in Mesoamerica, slowed by the fact that expansion was along the more challenging south-north axis rather than east-west. Mesoamerican corn and other cultigens ultimately adapted both to varying day-length as well as climate necessitated for longitudinal diffussion, but this required many centuries of experience and experiment. Demographic conditions scarcely improved with the agricultural "revolution." In Tehuacán, twenty centuries were required for a twenty five-fold increase in population. Change o


In Chaplin's The Great Dictator, which country did the dictator rule?

Charlie Chaplin : The Final Speech from The Great Dictator The Final Speech from The Great Dictator Transcript of Charlie Chaplin’s Final Speech in The Great Dictator I’m sorry, but I don’t want to be an emperor. That’s not my business. I don’t want to rule or conquer anyone. I should like to help everyone - if possible - Jew, Gentile - black man - white. We all want to help one another. Human beings are like that. We want to live by each other’s happiness - not by each other’s misery. We don’t want to hate and despise one another. In this world there is room for everyone. And the good earth is rich and can provide for everyone. The way of life can be free and beautiful, but we have lost the way. Greed has poisoned men’s souls, has barricaded the world with hate, has goose-stepped us into misery and bloodshed. We have developed speed, but we have shut ourselves in. Machinery that gives abundance has left us in want. Our knowledge has made us cynical. Our cleverness, hard and unkind. We think too much and feel too little. More than machinery we need humanity. More than cleverness we need kindness and gentleness. Without these qualities, life will be violent and all will be lost…. The aeroplane and the radio have brought us closer together. The very nature of these inventions cries out for the goodness in men - cries out for universal brotherhood - for the unity of us all. Even now my voice is reaching millions throughout the world - millions of despairing men, women, and little children - victims of a system that makes men torture and imprison innocent people. To those who can hear me, I say - do not despair. The misery that is now upon us is but the passing of greed - the bitterness of men who fear the way of human progress. The hate of men will pass, and dictators die, and the power they took from the people will return to the people. And so long as men die, liberty will never perish. ….. Soldiers! don’t give yourselves to brutes - men who despise you - enslave you - who regiment your lives - tell you what to do - what to think and what to feel! Who drill you - diet you - treat you like cattle, use you as cannon fodder. Don’t give yourselves to these unnatural men - machine men with machine minds and machine hearts! You are not machines! You are not cattle! You are men! You have the love of humanity in your hearts! You don’t hate! Only the unloved hate - the unloved and the unnatural! Soldiers! Don’t fight for slavery! Fight for liberty! In the 17th Chapter of St Luke it is written: “the Kingdom of God is within man” - not one man nor a group of men, but in all men! In you! You, the people have the power - the power to create machines. The power to create happiness! You, the people, have the power to make this life free and beautiful, to make this life a wonderful adventure. Then - in the name of democracy - let us use that power - let us all unite. Let us fight for a new world - a decent world that will give men a chance to work - that will give youth a future and old age a security. By the promise of these things, brutes have risen to power. But they lie! They do not fulfil that promise. They never will! Dictators free themselves but they enslave the people! Now let us fight to fulfil that promise! Let us fight to free the world - to do away with national barriers - to do away with greed, with hate and intolerance. Let us fight for a world of reason, a world where science and progress will lead to all men’s happiness. Soldiers! in the name of democracy, let us all unite! Final speech from The Great Dictator Copyright © Roy Export S.A.S. All rights reserved You might also want to read...