Kigali is the capital of which African country?

Rwanda Map / Geography of Rwanda / Map of Rwanda - Worldatlas.com Print this map Geographically dominated by mountain ranges, the Republic of Rwanda is predominantly rural, and its population relatively young; additionally, its population density is one of the highest in Africa . Humans began inhabiting the region between 8000 BC - 3000BC, and had structured themselves into various clans (Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa) by the 15th century. The Tutsi Nyiginya clan grew to be the more dominant, and during the 19th century, under the reign of King Kigeli Rwabugiri, reached its greatest expansion. The territory of Rwanda was assigned to Germany as part of German East Africa in 1884. Under German ruling, the existing hierarchy remained intact, and power was delegated to the local chiefs. A more direct form of ruling came during World War I when Belgian forces introduced a more centralized power structure. During this time frame Belgium also improved educational, health, and agricultural endeavors. In 1959, three years before independence from Belgium, the majority ethnic group, the Hutus, overthrew the ruling Tutsi king. Over the next several years, thousands of Tutsis were killed, and some 150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The children of these exiles later formed a rebel group known as the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), and began a civil war in 1990. The war, along with numerous other political upheavals, exacerbated ethnic tensions, culminating in April 1994 in the genocide of roughly 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The Tutsi rebels defeated the Hutu regime and ended the killing in July 1994, but approximately 2 million Hutu refugees - many fearing Tutsi retribution - fled to neighboring Burundi , Tanzania , Uganda , and the former Zaire. Since then, most of the refugees have returned to Rwanda, but several thousand remain in neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo . Paul Kagame became President of Rwanda in March 2000. In August of 2003, he won a landslide victory in the first national elections since his government took power in 1994. The country has made a remarkable recovery under the leadership of Kagame, and is now considered to be a model for developing countries. Rwanda has achieved stability, international integration and economic growth. The average income over the past ten years has tripled. The current government is one of the most efficient and honest in Africa  and it is also regarded as the safest country in East and Central Africa . See Also


Ultimately, which Middle Eastern country was the origin of all the UK’s Golden Hamsters?

Your Hamster May Have Surprising Origins – National Geographic Society (blogs) More » Mention hamsters and most people recall a fond childhood memory, often of an escaped pet that’s found with its cute little cheeks stuffed full of loot. Mine involves Chipper, my dwarf Russian hamster, which was bitten by my cat and died a few days later—a lesson to my 11-year-old self to be more cautious. ( Read more about hamsters as pets .) A Syrian or golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) sitting in its subterranean food store of grains and corn. Photograph by Heidi and Hans-Juergen Koch, Minden Pictures/Corbis I hadn’t given hamsters much more thought until recently, when I was asked to research the origins of the popular Syrian hamster—also known as the golden or teddy bear hamster. Only then did I realize these furry pets haven’t always been spinning on wheels in children’s bedrooms. In fact, there are 26 species of wild hamster that run free in parts of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, including Mesocricetus auratus, the Syrian hamster, which comes from the region surrounding Aleppo, Syria —the city currently under siege amid the Middle Eastern country’s ongoing war. (Related pictures: “Syrian Cultural Sites Damaged by Conflict .”) The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the burrowing mammal as vulnerable : It has a small range, possibly less than about 1,900 square miles (5,000 square kilometers). The first mention of the Syrian hamster was in 1797, when physician Alexander Russell came across them in the wild and described the rodents (though didn’t give them a name) in a publication called The Natural History of Aleppo. It would be another 40 years or so until George Robert Waterhouse, curator of the London Zoological Society, formally named the species the golden hamster, according to Peter Logsdail, a hamster expert and author of Hamster Lopaedia. Waterhouse described an animal with soft fur and a silk-like gloss, with white feet and a tail and body colors of yellow and lead gray. Its “moustache”—what we’d call whiskers today—was black and white. That pretty much covers what a modern golden hamster looks like, Logsdail told me, although nowadays there are all kinds of hues, from the chocolate tortoiseshell to the banded cinnamon. That’s why its preferred name these days is Syrian hamster, since a lot of them aren’t golden anymore. Out of the Wild So how did the Syrian hamster get to Western Europe and America? We can thank Israel Aharoni, a zoologist who led a 1930 expedition to look for golden hamsters in Aleppo. He enlisted local Sheikh El-Beled to dig up a wheat field, where they found—at a depth of 8 feet (2.4 meters)—a golden hamster and her 11 young. Aharoni put the family in a box, thinking that the mom would look after them. Instead, “mum did what happens when she’s disturbed—she attacked one of the babies and chewed its head off,” Logsdail said. So the mother was euthanized, leaving Aharoni to raise ten babies by hand. Not surprising to most kids, the babies gnawed their way out of the wooden box, and Aharoni got nine of them back. Once they were ensconced at Jerusalem’s Hebrew University, another five made a jailbreak—leaving Aharoni with just four hamsters, which bred very successfully (the Syrian hamster has the shortest gestation period of any hamster, just 16 days). (Also see “ 5 Jerboa Facts: Explaining Cute Jumping Rodent .”) The offspring were then sent to different universities and institutions, including the London Zoo, in the mid-1930s and into the mid-1940s they had become pets in the U.K. and the U.S. In 1971, another litter of 12 were found in Aleppo and sent to the U.S. The rest, as they say, is hamster history. Considering Syrian hamsters are already rare in the wild, scientists don’t know if any remain. But I hope they’re still there underground doing what hamsters do best: outwitting us humans. Follow Christine Dell’Amore on Twitter and Google+ . Keywords


What nationality was the astronomer Edwin Powell Hubble (1889-1953)?

Edwin Powell Hubble (1889 - 1953) - Genealogy Edwin Powell Hubble Springfield, Greene, Missouri, United States Death: Feb 26 1924 - Los Angeles, California, United States Wife: Sep 28 1953 - Los Angeles, California, USA Father's last name: Nov 20 1889 - Marshfield, Webster, Missouri, USA Death: Sep 28 1953 - San Marino, California Parents: Nov 20 1889 - Marshfield, Webster County, MO, 65706, USA Death: Sep 28 1953 - San Marino, Los Angeles County, CA, USA Parents: John Powell Hubble, Virginia Lee Hubble (born James) Siblings: Henry James Hubble, Lucy Lee Hubble, William Martin Hubble, Virginia Hubble, Helen Hubble, <Private> Hubble, <Private> Hubble Partner: Australian Newspapers Text: "...spares. _ Death Of E. P. Hubble -* NEW YORK, Sept. 29 (A.A.P.). - Dr. Edwin Powell Hubble, one of the astronomers who developed the e... Publication: Sep 30 1953 - Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Page: NewspaperARCHIVE.com Text: ... (AP)—Dr. Edwin P. Hubble, 74, one of the nation's foremost astronomers, died today from effects of a stroke suffered at his home here. O... Date: Circa 1890 - Missouri, United States Residence: 1910 - Shelbyville Ward 4, Shelby, Kentucky, USA Parents: John Hubble, Virginia L Hubble Siblings: John Powell Hubble, Virginia Lee Hubble (born James) Wife: John Powell Hubble, Virginia Lee Hubble (born James) Wife: Nov 28 1889 - Webster, MO Parents: Cause of death: Cerebral thrombosis - Sep 28 1953 - San Marino Parents: John Powell Hubble, Virginia Lee James Wife: United States of America, Louisville, And one more address Nov 20 1889 - Marshfield, Webster County, Missouri, 65706, USA Death: Sep 28 1953 - San Marino, Los Angeles County, California, USA Parents: John Powell Hubble, Virginia Lee Hubble (born James) Siblings: William Hubble, Unknown Hubble, Unknown Hubble, Unknown Hubble Wife: About Edwin Hubble American Astronomer Edwin Powell Hubble was an American Astronomer known for his discovery of galaxies beyond the Milky Way. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_P._Hubble Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer who profoundly changed the understanding of the universe by confirming the existence of galaxies other than the Milky Way. He also considered the idea that the loss in frequency—the redshift—observed in the spectra of light from other galaxies increased in proportion to a particular galaxy's distance from Earth. This relationship became known as Hubble's law. Hubble doubted the Doppler shift interpretation of the observed redshift that had been proposed earlier by Vesto Slipher, whose data he used, and that led to the theory of the metric expansion of space. He tended to believe the frequency of any beam of light could, by some so far unknown means, be diminished ever stronger, the longer the beam travels through space. Biography Hubble was born to an insurance executive, John Powell Hubble, and Virginia Lee James in Marshfield, Missouri and moved to Wheaton, Illinois in 1900. In his younger days he was noted more for his athletic prowess than his intellectual abilities, although he did earn good grades in every subject except for spelling. He won seven first places and a third place in a single high school track and field meet in 1906. That year he also set the state high school record for the high jump in Illinois. Another of his personal interests was dry-fly fishing, and he practiced amateur boxing as well. His studies at the University of Chicago were concentrated on mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy, which led to a bachelor of science degree in 1910. Hubble also became a member of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity (and in 1948 was named the Kappa Sigma "Man of the Year"). He spent the three years at The Queen's College, Oxford after earning his bachelors as one of the university's first Rhodes Scholars, initially studying jurisprudence (instead of science as a promise to his dying father) and later added literature and Spanish, and earning his master's degree. Some of his acquired British mannerisms and dress stayed with him all his life, occasionall


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What is the German name for Lake Constance?

Constance | Define Constance at Dictionary.com Constance noun 1. Lake. German Boden·see . a lake in W Europe, bounded by Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. 46 miles (74 km) long; 207 sq. mi. (536 sq. km). 2. German Konstanz . a city in S Germany, on this lake: important church council 1414–18. 3. Examples from the Web for Constance Expand Contemporary Examples At that moment Constance appeared and grew pale and rosy by turns as Louis bent over her small gloved fingers. Read ‘The King in Yellow,’ the ‘True Detective’ Reference That’s the Key to the Show Robert W. Chambers February 19, 2014 You will never marry Constance now, and if you marry any one else in your exile, I will visit you as I did my doctor last night. Read ‘The King in Yellow,’ the ‘True Detective’ Reference That’s the Key to the Show Robert W. Chambers February 19, 2014 Presently Louis rose with a nod to us and offered his arm to Constance, and they strolled away along the river wall. Read ‘The King in Yellow,’ the ‘True Detective’ Reference That’s the Key to the Show Robert W. Chambers February 19, 2014 Speaking of your legitimate ambition,” he said, “how do Constance and Louis get along? Her words, her look, the tone of her voice touched Constance to the heart. Fan W.H. Hudson (AKA Henry Harford) Remember me to the old servants, and to our friends of Thurgovia and of Constance. Hortense, Makers of History Series John S. C. Abbott You can't help it, Constance, but it's a pity, for you are so nice. British Dictionary definitions for Constance Expand noun 1. a city in S Germany, in Baden-Württemberg on Lake Constance: tourist centre. Pop: 80 716 (2003 est) German name Konstanz 2. Lake Constance, a lake in W Europe, bounded by S Germany, W Austria, and N Switzerland, through which the Rhine flows. Area: 536 sq km. (207 sq miles) German name Bodensee Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for Constance Expand constance n. mid-14c., "steadfastness," from Old French constance "steadfastness, permanence" (14c.), from Latin constantia (source of Italian costanza, Spanish constancia), noun of action from constantem (see constant (adj.)). Obsolete since 17c. except as a given name for a girl, which enjoyed a mild popularity in U.S. c.1945-1955. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper


The Robert Gordon University is located in which Scottish city?

Top Universities in Scotland | Top Universities Top Universities in Scotland This content can be saved to the "My Activity" tab in your user profile. 333 shares This content can be saved to the "My Activity" tab in your user profile. 333 shares Home of haggis, caber-tossing and the largest annual arts festival in the world, Scotland is known for its rich history, cultural diversity, striking and wild natural landscapes, distinctive national traditions and impenetrable local accents. Fancy studying in the northernmost part of the UK? Read on for our guide to the top universities in Scotland, based on the 2016-2017 edition of the  QS World University Rankings® . 1. University of Edinburgh First in our list of top universities in Scotland is the University of Edinburgh , the sixth-oldest university in the English-speaking world and a part of  Scotland’s capital city  since 1583. The ‘old town’, where the university is rooted, is frozen in time with its preserved medieval street plan and reformation-era buildings. Ranked 19th in the world and 5th in the UK, the University of Edinburgh plays a distinct role in the city’s status as both a hub of knowledge and a vibrant cultural center which nurtures fringe theater and comedy ready for the famous Edinburgh Fringe Festival every August. 2. University of Glasgow Home to Scotland’s oldest public museum and the largest Scottish university by student population, the  University of Glasgow  is also the fourth-oldest university in the English-speaking world, having been established in 1451. Ranked joint 63rd in the world, the University of Glasgow is located in the Hillhead neighborhood in Glasgow ’s West End, an area known for fashion and cultural diversity. The city’s Victorian architecture is now modishly outfitted with trendy but down-to-earth bars and clubs which appeal to the Glaswegian sense of fun, allowing it to compete with Edinburgh for the title of Scotland’s cultural capital. 3. University of St Andrews Home to around 8,400 students, the  University of St Andrews  was founded in 1410, making it the oldest of the four ‘ancient universities of Scotland’. It’s ranked 77th in the world in 2016-2017, appearing close behind Glasgow in the overall rankings and placing 14th among  top universities in the UK . A small university town in rural Fife on Scotland’s east coast, St Andrews is famous for its golf course as well as its university, where more than a third of the town’s population either study or work. With the university playing such a central role in local life, the community atmosphere here is hard to beat. 4. University of Aberdeen The  University of Aberdeen  is ranked joint 141st in the QS World University Rankings this year, and again claims a long history, dating back to 1495. Largely thanks to its successful North Sea oil industry, the city of Aberdeen can be just as expensive a place to live as Edinburgh or even London, but it does offer a wealth of experiences and attractions in return – including many that are free to enjoy, such as the Aberdeen Art Gallery and the Maritime Museum. The University of Aberdeen’s main King’s College campus is located two miles north of the city center in the Old Aberdeen district, and boasts an 11-acre botanical garden and a £57 million state-of-the-art library which opened in 2012. 5. University of Dundee Ranked 244th in world, the  University of Dundee  claims to be the ‘Friendliest Campus in Scotland’ and is situated right in the heart of Dundee city center amongst a vibrant culture of music, theatre and history. Many of the university’s facilities are highly modern, thanks to a recent £200 million redevelopment program. Located on the east coast of the central lowlands of Scotland, Dundee’s industrial expansion in the 19th century led to it becoming known as the city of ‘jute, jam and journalism’. Prospective students of the University of Dundee may be interested to hear that Dundee is known as the sunniest city in Scotland and has the mildest climate in the region. 6. University of Strathclyde Scotland’s third-largest universi


The 1898 'Battle of Santiago' on the island of Cuba brought an end to which war?

Santiago Click here to for the biography of Chief Yeoman Ellis, the only American killed at Battle of Santiago Click here for a link to Admiral Cervera's report of the battle (in Spanish) Click here for a link to Robley Evans' (Capt., USS IOWA) account of the battle. GENERAL: When the USS Maine exploded in Havana, Cuba, on February 15th, 1898, it served as the spark that ignited the Spanish-American War.  As the American population was stirred into a frenzy by the popular press, Span knew that it had to protect its possessions in the Caribbean from American aggression.  For while Spain was an empire in decline ï¿½ now merely a shadow of her former glory ï¿½ the United States was a nation on the rise.  The battleship Maine was an early step in the building of a powerful American Navy that would establish the United States as a world power.  American shipbuilders, inexperienced at building modern naval vessels, had many problems in completing the Maine , and her construction took ten years to complete.  When the Maine was launched, she was already obsolete and was designated a ï¿½Second-Class Battleship.ï¿½  Of limited military value, she was the perfect ship to make a ï¿½courtesy callï¿½ to Cuba, and assert American power. But now, the very future of this new steel navy was at risk.  The American people were wondering how it could be that one of the new battleships could be so utterly destroyed, and doubts were cast about the decision to build battleships for the United States Navy in the first place.  And so, in the Navy Department, there arose a need to show just what the newest battleships were capable of ï¿½ to provide a demonstration to the American people of the battleshipsï¿½ worth.  This opportunity would present itself at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, as the bulk of the United Statesï¿½ ï¿½New Navyï¿½ confronted what remained of what had once been the mighty Spanish Navy. OBJECTIVES OF THE COMBATANTS: The objective of the Americans was to protect the United States and her forces, and to eliminate the threat of the Spanish Naval Squadron.  With the declaration of war, the eastern seaboard experienced great anxiety.  Some feared that Spain would steam west and shell coastal cities as the English had done in 1812.  Therefore the ï¿½New Navyï¿½ would be required to protect the entire East Coast of the United States from Maine to Texas.  In addition to this, troops were being assembled at Tampa, Florida, with the intent of supporting the insurrection and attacking the Spanish Army in Cuba.  If the Spanish Navy could be contained, the United States would be able to land an almost unlimited amount of troops and supplies at will.  If the Spanish Navy could not be contained, the United States might be prevented from landing anything at all. And, to be sure, the United States Navy was looking to make a name for itself.  The powerful Union Navy of the American Civil War had rotted away.  It was not until the 1890s that these ships and guns that were considered ï¿½museum piecesï¿½ by other navies were beginning to be replaced by modern vessels.  The Navy finally had strong advocates, and it was now time to prove what was called ï¿½The New Navyï¿½ could do.  Commodore Dewey had already secured a dramatic victory in the Pacific at Manila Bay .  Now it would be up to the most powerful elements of the United States Navy to deploy against Spain in the Atlantic. The Spaniards did not want a war at all, much less a clash between the two Navies.  After the destruction of the Maine, the Spanish rescued and cared for the American wounded.  When popular pressure arose for the United States to place demands upon Spain, virtually all of them short of Cuban independence were granted, in the hopes of averting a war.  But despite the efforts of the Spanish government, the United States did declare war, and now the Spanish had to think about protecting their possessions in the Caribbean, as well as to defending their honor.   THE SHIPS: On paper at least, the United States Navy seemed more than a match for the forces that the Spanish had a


Which Muppet shares his name with members (male & female) of the Roosevelt clan?

Sesame Street Sketch Database | Muppet Central Forum Sesame Street Sketch Database dietrich Member A while ago, I suggested creating a Sesame Street sketch database, Then I found Boober Gorg's website. It helped a great deal. Lets see if we can fill in the missing skits and make it complete. Maybe we can add one for grown-up sketches and animated sketches too! 1969 1.  A letter for Ernie 2.  AM boy talks about backwards 3.  AM cheerleaders: K 4.  Anything Muppets sing about family members 5.  Cookie Monster uses Ernie's telephone (4-part sketch) 6.  E&B: Before and after (eating cookies from the tin) 7.  E&B: Bert asks to use Ernie's umbrella while it's raining 8.  E&B: Bert denies that Beautiful Day Monster has four eyes 9.  E&B: Bert shows Ernie a number 4 and hits him with a pie (2-part sketch) 10. E&B: Bert's nap 11. E&B: Chocolate cake 12. E&B: Cookie reminder 13. E&B: Electric appliance war 14. E&B: Ernie cleans the apartment at top speed 15. E&B: Ernie cleans/messes up the apartment (2-part sketch) 16. E&B: Ernie remembers to put away the basketball 17. E&B: Ernie tells Bert about his day at the zoo 18. E&B: Ernie, the world's greatest counter (edited) 19. E&B: Ernie's A machine 20. E&B: Ernie's barber shop (part 1 of a 3-part sketch) 21. E&B: Ernie's dramatic alphabet story 22. E&B: Ernie's sandbox game 23. E&B: FIRST SKETCH EVER? 2 eyes, 2 ears, 2 noses 24. E&B: kissed by a monster (based on cartoon just seen) 25. E&B: letter X / Cookie Monster eats the X / Ernie erases Cookie Monster 26. E&B: pictures - what happens next? 27. Ernie and Beautiful Day Monster: Broken ukelele (2-part sketch) 28. Ernie & Cookie Monster: four apples - no, three 29. Ernie and Cookie Monster "share" a pillow 30. Ernie and Lefty: 8 31. Ernie and Lefty: R and P (with Caroll Spinney as Lefty) 32. Ernie counts 11 cookies and 1 egg 33. Ernie goes rock hunting 34. Ernie plays the harmonica; Lefty sells him air 35. Ernie presents the letter A 36. Ernie presents the letter U 37. Game Show: Pick Your Pet (Guy Smiley is known as Sonny Friendly here) 38. Gang of monsters: A! 39. Gang of monsters: C? 40. Gordon, Ernie and Cookie Monster: four objects into four boxes 41. Kermit and Tracy: counting to 10 42. Kermit demonstrates happy, angry and sad (with Cookie Monster) 43. Kermit demonstrates same and different (cameo by Cookie Monster) 44. Kermit demonstrates what round is, with the help of two talking balls 45. Kermit talks about different occupations 46. Kermit talks about hair - Frodis #3 (starts a few seconds late) 47. Kermit talks to a boy about here and there 48. Kermit's "what happens next" machine 49. Kermit's B/R/P/F/I lecture 50. Song: A, You're Adorable 51. Song: As I Was Going To St. Ives 52. Song: Five People In My Family 53. Song: Goin' For A Ride 54. Song: Good Morning Starshine (Bob and some AM's) 55. Song: I Am A Fine Musician 56. Song: If I Knew You Were Coming I'd Have Baked a Cake (Ernie) 57. Song: Lulu's Back In Town 58. Song: Mahna Mahna 67. Bert and David (boy): faces 68. Bob reads "The Magic Apple" (with E&B) 69. Cookie Monster and David (boy): "street" sign 70. Cookie Monster and Janelle count to 20 71. Cookie Monster and Melody subtract cookies 72. Cookie Monster and the Bus Stop sign 73. Cookie Monster recites a poem with Howie the Lop 74. Cookie Monster wants to go to school / shows David the SCHOOL sign 75. Cookie Monster: One Of These Things 76. E&B: Bert wraps a present which Ernie thinks is for him 77. E&B: Chocolate ice cream (Oscar cameo) 78. E&B: Ernie eats five cookies 79. E&B: Ernie gives Bert a Figgy Fizz bottle cap 80. E&B: Ernie has a banana in his ear 81. E&B: Ernie imagines that he's Bert 82. E&B: Ernie puts the radio's volume control on Bert 83. E&B: Ernie solves the problem of water dripping by blasting the radio 84. E&B: Ernie takes a bath with precautions 85. E&B: Ernie talks about shapes at night 86. E&B: Ernie waits for the man upstairs to drop his shoes so he can sleep 87. E&B: Important note for Bert 88. E&B: Let's get Bert angry 89. E&B: Pizza and grape juice 90. E&B: string on Ernie's f


Which was the first of Jane Austen's novels completed for publication?

Northanger Abbey by Jane Austen · OverDrive: eBooks, audiobooks and videos for libraries Classic Literature Fiction "Northanger Abbey" was the first of Jane Austen's novels to be completed for publication, though she had previously made a start on "Sense and Sensibility" and "Pride and Prejudice". According to Cassandra Austen's "Memorandum, Susan" (as it was first called) was written circa 1798–99. It was revised by Austen for the press in 1803, and sold in the same year for £10 to a London bookseller, Crosby & Co., who decided against publishing. In the spring of 1816, the bookseller was content to sell it back to the novelist's brother, Henry Austen, for the exact sum—£10—that he had paid for it at the beginning, not knowing that the writer was by then the author of four popular novels. The novel was further revised by Austen in 1816/17, with the intention of having it published. Among other changes, the lead character's name was changed from Susan to Catherine, and Austen retitled the book "Catherine" as a result. Austen died in July 1817. "Northanger Abbey" (as the novel was now called) was brought out posthumously in late December 1817 (1818 given on the title page), as the first two volumes of a four-volume set that also featured another previously unpublished Austen novel, "Persuasion". Neither novel was published under the title Jane Austen had given it; the title "Northanger Abbey" is presumed to have been the invention of Henry Austen, who had arranged for the book's publication.


Who was the female lead in John Wayne's last film, 'The Shootist'?

John Wayne: one last shot before the final farewell - Telegraph Classic Movies John Wayne: one last shot before the final farewell In 1976, battling the cancer that would kill him, John Wayne stepped in front  of the camera for one final face-off. The result was 'The Shootist’, a rich  and elegiac western and, says Philip Horne, a fitting swansong for  Hollywood’s most courageous gunslinger.   Image 1 of 2 His last stand: John Wayne in a scene from 'The Shootist' (1976), made when he was terminally ill with cancer.    John Wayne in The Shootist Photo: PARAMOUNT/ALLSTAR By Philip Horne 5:51PM BST 20 Sep 2010 During the making of The Shootist (1976), Don Siegel’s rich, elegiac western about an ageing gunfighter dying of “a cancer”, its star John Wayne became too ill to film. The actor had had a lung removed twelve years earlier and was now struggling with the stomach cancer that would eventually lead to his death in 1979. A few days later, when Wayne bravely returned to the set, he picked a quarrel with the director, who had carried on filming a gunfight scene in his absence, over the way his character was shown killing a villain. He forced Siegel to redo the scene, declaring: “Whatever the cause, I would never shoot anyone in the back. It’s unthinkable for my image… I spent many years in this business building up my image.” He certainly did – but he wasn’t the only one. The 6ft 4in Marion Morrison was a former USC American football player with a few bit parts to his rather girlie name, when he was spotted carrying an armchair across the Fox Studios lot by legendary director Raoul Walsh (one-eyed, but sharp-eyed). Walsh cast him in The Big Trail (1930) – a western, the genre Wayne would above all be associated with – and renamed him after Revolutionary War general “Mad Anthony Wayne”. But it was director John Ford who turned Wayne into an all-time star, by casting him as the Ringo Kid, in Stagecoach (1939), which is perhaps the definitive western (though based on a Maupassant novel). Wayne’s character makes his first appearance standing on the trail, firing into the air to stop the stagecoach and, as the camera whips in to a breathless close-up, he announces that: “You might need me and this Winchester, Curly!” In his dark placket-front shirt, light army-style braces, bandana and broad white hat, Ringo is a dazzling vision of male beauty and heroism. Wayne was already 32, with 78 films behind him – but the freshness of this “Kid” is unforgettable. Related Articles John Wayne's eye patch up for auction 28 Sep 2011 The Shootist opens with a montage of its hero’s past exploits – taken from Red River (Howard Hawks, 1948), Hondo (John Farrow, 1953), Rio Bravo and El Dorado (Hawks, 1959 and 1966). It’s clear this is a summation of Wayne’s career as well as that of his character in The Shootist, JB Books. Younger film-watchers may not be so aware of the Wayne legend, or of his films – it was against the heroic Wayne, in a sense, that the spaghetti westerns of Sergio Leone (and then Eastwood) were angled; so too were the Seventies anti-westerns of Peckinpah. Wayne’s fame is probably not dissociable, in fact, from the Cold War era – from anxieties about communism (his quite reactionary politics could be ugly) and gender (it’s often clear that his characters, men’s men, are ill at ease with women). But no one who sees a good John Wayne film (and there are many) will forget his complex, dignified presence. He was large, physically powerful, with a rolling gait, increasingly craggy as time went on – but always a careful watcher of others and a man of few words. He had indomitable courage and a basically decent heart, though also a quick temper and a capacity for black, violent rages. The great Wayne films directed by John Ford don’t figure in The Shootist montage – they’re too distinctive and different in tone. It was Hawks (at least according to Hawks) who discovered that Wayne could actually act, making him the ruthless Thomas Dunson of Red River – and in that auteur’s view: “If you try to make a western with somebody besides


If, as is almost impossible now, you had variola, which disease would you have?

Smallpox - Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, San Francisco Department of Public Health Smallpox   What is Smallpox and How do People Get it? Smallpox disease is a serious, highly contagious, and often life-threatening infection marked by a rash of round pox (blisters) on the face, arms, and legs. It is caused by the Variola virus. The last case of smallpox in the United States was in 1949. The last case in the world was in Somalia in 1977. Worldwide vaccine campaigns have wiped out smallpox everywhere. Since the disease no longer occurs naturally anywhere in the world, smallpox vaccination for the general public was stopped because it was no longer necessary. Today, smallpox virus is kept in two approved laboratories in the USA and Russia.   Historically, people got smallpox by touching or breathing in the smallpox virus. This is called being exposed to smallpox. Not everybody who is exposed to smallpox will get sick. But many will, and as the smallpox viruses multiply inside the body, they can cause serious illness.   Smallpox is not spread by insects or animals. There is no naturally-occurring smallpox. Terrorists could use smallpox virus to hurt people on purpose by releasing the virus in public places. If people start to get sick from smallpox, others can be exposed to the virus through: Breathing in the virus from a cough, sneeze, or saliva (spit) of someone with smallpox Touching skin that has smallpox skin blisters Touching contaminated body fluids or objects such as bedding or clothing Breathing in the virus in a room, bus, or train shared with someone who has smallpox Sharing a razor, tableware, or a toothbrush with someone who has smallpox What if there is a Smallpox Emergency in San Francisco? The San Francisco Department of Public Health (SFDPH) has a plan to respond quickly to a smallpox emergency. SFDPH will evaluate the smallpox situation and may recommend ways for people to keep themselves and their family safe. Recommendations may include smallpox vaccine for people who have been exposed and are at risk of illness, and steps to take to minimize the risk of being exposed to smallpox like staying at home or away from crowds of people. SFDPH will also participate in efforts to provide needed medical support and treatment, and to reduce any ongoing sources of smallpox virus.   How can I keep from Getting Smallpox? To lower your risk of getting sick if terrorists release smallpox virus on purpose: Stay informed. Listen to the news to learn how the emergency is affecting your community and what actions SFDPH recommends people take. If you were exposed to a suspicious substance or if you were in an area thought to containsmallpox virus, it may help to wash your skin and hair thoroughly with soap and water. It may also help to change and wash your clothing, or if you cannot wash your clothes immediately, to put them in a plastic bag to keep them separate from your other things. Stay away from, and keep your children away from, anyone who might have smallpox. Avoid being in enclosed areas with others who may be sick, such as buses and trains. Do not touch the skin area where someone had a smallpox vaccine placed. Wash your hands regularly and avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth. Is there a Medicine or Vaccine (shot) to Prevent Smallpox disease? There is no medicine to prevent smallpox. However, the smallpox vaccine (shot) is helpful. Vaccine given within 4-7 days after someone is exposed to smallpox virus will prevent or lessen the disease in most people. Protection against smallpox lasts for about 5 to 10 years. It is not clear whether vaccinations received more than 30 years ago (for example in the early 1970's when smallpox vaccination was routine) would help. Although timely vaccine can prevent smallpox, it can also cause serious side effects in some people. If you have a weakened immune system (from cancer, AIDS, daily steroid use, heart disease, or other drug use that weakens your immune system), if you have eczema or another skin condition, if you are pregnant, or if you are allergic to


What flower was traditionally the symbol of secrecy?

Flower Meanings: The Symbolism of Flowers | 💕 RomanceFromTheHeart.com Flower Meanings: The Symbolism of Flowers Amy Cunningham RomanceFromTheHeart.com Editor Did you know that flowers have their own secret code? All flowers symbolize specific flower meanings. When giving flowers as a gift, you'll likely want to take these flower meanings into consideration. This guide will help you learn the hidden meaning behind each flower. Acanthus - loveliness, excellence, my destiny is in your hands Campanula - emblem of mother's day, I'll never forget you, woman's love Carnation, red - pure and ardent love, disdain Cherry blossom - education, feminine beauty, sexuality, principle and love Chestnut - chivalry, regard, devotion, unrequited love Dahlia - beauty, thoughts of absent friends Gladiolus - devoted affection, bonds of love, fraternal affection Houseleek - friendship, dependence, eternal fidelity, and matrimony, conjugal affection Jasmine - laughter, ardent attachment, an open heart Laurestine - first emotions of love, fastidious Lily, scarlet - return of happiness, purity and humility Lime blossom - love and remembrance, love positive Nasturtium - thinking of you, thoughtful recollection Peach blossom - young love, I can't live without you Queen Anne's lace - magic, trust, and healing, steadfast love Ranunculus - I am dazzled by your charm Rose - A single rose of any color in full bloom means "I love you." Two roses put together to form a single stem means an engagement. Stem leaves are a symbol of hope.


Which herb did the Romans eat with the intention of preventing drunkenness?

History of Spices - McCormick Science Institute History of Spices History of Spices share Abundant anecdotal information documents the historical use of herbs and spices for their health benefits (1). Early documentation suggests that hunters and gatherers wrapped meat in the leaves of bushes, accidentally discovering that this process enhanced the taste of the meat, as did certain nuts, seeds, berries, and bark. Over the years, spices and herbs were used for medicinal purposes. Spices and herbs were also used as a way to mask unpleasant tastes and odors of food, and later, to keep food fresh (2). Ancient civilizations did not distinguish between those spices and herbs used for flavoring from those used for medicinal purposes. When leaves, seeds, roots, or gums had a pleasant taste or agreeable odor, it became in demand and gradually became a norm for that culture as a condiment. Spices were also valuable as items of exchange and trade. For example, the Bible mentions that in 1000 BC, Queen Sheba visited King Solomon in Jerusalem and offered him "120 measures of gold, many spices, and precious stones." (2) Ancient Egypt Historically, culinary spices and herbs have been used as food preservatives and for their health- enhancing properties. Papyri from Ancient Egypt in1555 BC classified coriander, fennel, juniper, cumin, garlic and thyme as health promoting spices (3). Records from that time also note that laborers who constructed the Great Pyramid of Cheops consumed onion and garlic as a means to promote health. Early Chinese influence According to ancient myths, Shen Nung likely wrote “Pen Ts’ao Ching” or “The Classic Herbal” around 2700 BC. The early publication mentioned more than a hundred medicinal plants including the spice cassia, which is similar to cinnamon (called “kwei”). A later, more comprehensive Chinese herbal, “Pen Ts’ao Kang Mu” was published in 1596 by Li Shih Chen. Other historical evidence suggested that cassia was an important spice in south China when the province "Kweilin," meaning "Cassia Forest," was founded around 216 BC. Early on, nutmeg and cloves from Moluccas were brought to China. Anecdotal evidence suggests that Chinese courtiers in the 3rd century BC carried cloves in their mouths so their breath was sweet when addressing the emperor. During the 5th century, ginger plants were grown in pots and carried on long sea voyages between China and Southeast Asia to provide fresh food and to prevent scurvy. Ancient Mesopotamia Ancient cuneiform records noted spice and herb use in Mesopotamia in the fertile Tigris and Euphrates valleys, where many aromatic plants were known. Sumerian clay tablets of medical literature dating from the 3rd millennium BC mention various odoriferous plants, including thyme (5-7) A scroll of cuneiform writing, established by King Ashurbanipal of Assyria (668-633 BC), records a long list of aromatic plants, such as thyme, sesame, cardamom, turmeric, saffron, poppy, garlic, cumin, anise, coriander, silphium, dill, and myrrh. The Ancient Assyrians also used sesame as a vegetable oil. King Merodach-baladan II (721-710 BC) of Babylonia grew 64 different species of plants in his royal garden. He kept records on how to cultivate many spices and herbs (e.g., cardamom coriander, garlic, thyme, saffron, and turmeric). The magic religion of Babylonia involved an ancient medical god of the moon, who controlled medicinal plants. Potent parts of herbs were not allowed sun exposure and were harvested by moonlight. Onions, garlic, and shallots became popular condiments in Persia by the 6th century BC. Records from King Cyrus (559-529 BC) noted a wholesale purchase of 395,000 bunches of garlic. Persians also produced essential oils from roses, lilies, coriander, and saffron. Indian origins Spices and herbs (e.g., black pepper, cinnamon, turmeric, cardamom) have been used by Indians for thousands of years for both culinary and health purposes. Spices indigenous to India (e.g. cardamom and turmeric) were cultivated as early as the 8th century BC in the gardens of Babylon (Sinha, 2003; Taps


In Western tradition, Emerald is a birth stone for which month?

Modern Birthstones: Astrology and Zodiac Signs Modern Birthstones What are the birthstones for each month? The most commonly used birthstone system (based on the birth month) has nothing to do with astrology and signs of the Zodiac. Numerous cultures   have traditionally associated gems with birth dates, and many people have, and still do, consider it good luck to display their birthstone. Since the   signs of the Zodiac change anywhere from the 19th to the 22nd of each month, a list of Zodiac birthstones cannot be based on the months of the calendar   year. Tropical System of Astrology According to the Tropical system of astrology prevalent   in the West, zodiac or birth signs are determined by the position of the Sun in one's horoscope. In the Sidereal system this is determined by the position   of the Moon. But in both systems, the zodiac sign is important, not the month of one's birth. Each sign of the zodiac (rasi) is ruled by one of the   planets and each planet in turn rules over certain gemstones according to their color. Modern verses Traditional Birthstones JANUARY Birthstone Garnet: Garnet is the birthstone for January, and is also the accepted anniversary gemstone for the 2nd year of marriage. The gemstone’s resemblance   to pomegranate seeds earned its name, from the Latin word for the crimson fruit, granatum. Its deep red color symbolizes passionate devotion, friendship,   vitality, and balance. Garnet, derived from the word granatum, means seed, and is called so because of the gemstone's resemblance to a pomegranate   seed. The gemstone dates back to 3100 BC, when the Egyptians used garnets as inlays jewelry. Legend holds that Noah hung a large garnet in the ark   for illumination. It reportedly also gives its wearer guidance in the night, protection from nightmares, and according to Egyptians, is an antidote   for snakebites and food poisoning. Garnets are durable and brilliant and the most popular color of a garnet is reddish-brown, it comes in other colors   such as purple, pink, violet, green, yellow, orange, red, brown, black, and even colorless. FEBRUARY Birthstone Amethyst: Amethyst is the birthstone for February, and is also the accepted anniversary gemstone for the 6th year of marriage. Amethyst symbolizes sincerity   and security. It was believed by ancient Greeks and Romans to ward off intoxicating powers of Bacchus. It is said to have a sobering effect, keeping   the wearer clear-headed and quick witted as well as symbolizing peace, protection and tranquility; and some say it prevents baldness and improves complexion,   as well as protection from treason and deceit. Amethyst purple tones range from deep, dark violet, to the less coveted pale lavender. The gem’s   rich color is associated with royalty and nobility. Amethyst is said to have been Catherine the Great’s favorite gemstone and dark-hued stones   are found in today’s British Crown Jewels. It is important to keep amethysts away from the sun, as heat strips the gem of color and causes it   to turn yellow. Evidence points to the use of amethyst by Egyptian nobility beginning around 3,000 BC. Two birthstones for March are aquamarine and bloodstone. Aquamarine: The name aquamarine was   derived by the Romans, "aqua,"meaning water, and "mare," meaning sea, because it looked like sea water. Aquamarines were believed   to have originated from the jewel caskets of sirens, washed ashore from the depths of the sea. They were considered sacred to Neptune, Roman god of   the sea. It is associated with the sea because of its distinctive blue-green hues, aquamarine symbolizes loyalty, honesty, and beauty,  and was believed to protect sailors as well as to guarantee a safe voyage. Its first documented use was by the Greeks between 480-300   BC. They wore aquamarine amulets engraved with Poseidon (the Greek god of the sea) on a chariot. Victorians gave this jewel to guarantee marital happiness   and devotion. It is also considered to be a universal symbol of youth, hope, and happiness. Aquamarine is a paste


What collective description is used by most of the people we mistakenly call 'Eskimos'?

Native American name controversy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Your continued donations keep Wikipedia running!     Native American name controversy Jump to: navigation , search The Native American name controversy is an ongoing dispute over the acceptable ways to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas and to broad subsets thereof, such as those living in a specific country or sharing certain cultural attributes. Once-common terms like "Indian" remain around, despite political correctness having preferred "Native American" since the 1980s. Much has to do with connotations more than with the meanings of the words. (The naming of individual ethnic groups, such as the Navajo , the Haida , the Cherokee , or the Yanomami , is discussed in their respective articles.) The ongoing debate can provide a useful forum for raising awareness. Many English terms have been used or considered for such purposes, such as American Indians (or simply Indians), Native Americans , First Nations , Indigenous Peoples of America, Amerindians , Amerinds , and more. However, none have found universal acceptance. Typical reasons for contesting a name are: ambiguity or accepted multiple meanings of the words used, like American or indigenous; prior use for a different set of people, as in the case of Indian; existence of unrelated common meanings, like native; conflict with prior legal definitions, like Aboriginal; sentimental attachment to a previous name; that the term is quaint or pejorative , as for Eskimo ; resentment about having a name imposed by outsiders; presumed political implications of the name, as with Native; reluctance of individual groups to be referred to by a collective name; and several others. Further complications arise when translating names between different languages, since even words that are closely related linguistically may have very different cultural loads in the respective speaker communities. "The People", "First Men" and "Original People" are the most common translations for various Indigenous American tribes. [1] In some countries, certain broad names have been defined by law, such as First Nations and Aboriginal Peoples in Canada . Even in those cases, there may be lingering debates on whether certain groups fit the legal definition or not, or whether the name or its definition are adequate. Contents 11 Further reading [ edit ] Endonyms and exonyms Where controversy exists over the naming of a group of people, one solution is to use the name preferred by the people in question themselves. However, this principle applies poorly to large multi-ethnic groups, since different sub-groups often have incompatible preferences. Moreover, every natural language has traditionally ignored this principle, exerting its privilege to invent its own ethnic terms for other peoples. English is no exception, and uses German, Dutch, and Albanian, disregarding the self-appellations and preferences of those subjects. Not surprisingly, English names for the pre-Columbian Americans are largely assigned by tradition, and are not always accepted by the peoples themselves. [ edit ] Meanings of basic terms This article or section may be confusing or unclear for some readers, and should be edited to rectify this. Please improve the article, or discuss the issue on the talk page . A major source of confusion and controversy is that many of the words that are or could be used in naming those peoples are inherently ambiguous or inappropriate. Peter d'Errico of the Legal Studies Department, University of Massachusetts has an insightful and revealing essay that both overarching names, Native American and American Indian, can be useful for perspective on history and culture. [2] d'Errico interviewed Charles Mann , author of 1491 , in the course of which Mann pointed out a crucial change with respect to history, of which naming is something of a bellweather : that until the 1970s Indians were effectively seen as lacking agency , in social science terms. Indians do act, for better and for worse, in all the range of human and social behavi


Which savage European war was ended by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648?

The Treaty of Westphalia | History Today The Treaty of Westphalia Germany Thirty Years War On October 24th 1648, the Treaty of Westphalia was signed, marking the end of the Thirty Years' War. The Westphalia area of north-western Germany gave its name to the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War, one of the most destructive conflicts in the history of Europe. The war or series of connected wars began in 1618, when the Austrian Habsburgs tried to impose Roman Catholicism on their Protestant subjects in Bohemia. It pitted Protestant against Catholic, the Holy Roman Empire against France, the German princes and princelings against the emperor and each other, and France against the Habsburgs of Spain. The Swedes, the Danes, the Poles, the Russians, the Dutch and the Swiss were all dragged in or dived in. Commercial interests and rivalries played a part, as did religion and power politics. Among famous commanders involved were Marshal Turenne and the Prince de Condé for France, Wallenstein for the Empire and Tilly for the Catholic League, and there was an able Bavarian general curiously named Franz von Mercy. Others to play a part ranged from the Winter King of Bohemia to the emperors Ferdinand II and Ferdinand III, Bethlen Gabor of Transylvania, Christian IV of Denmark, Gustavus II Adolphus and Queen Christina of Sweden, the Great Elector of Brandenburg, Philip IV of Spain and his brother the Cardinal-Infante, Louis XIII of France, Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin and several popes. Gustavus Adolphus was shot in the head and killed at the battle of Lutzen in 1632. The increasingly crazed Wallenstein, who grew so sensitive to noise that he had all the dogs, cats and cockerels killed in every town he came to, was murdered by an English captain in 1634. Still the fighting went on. The war was largely fought on German soil and reduced the country to desolation as hordes of mercenaries, left unpaid by their masters, lived off the land. Rapine, pillage and famine stalked the countryside as armies marched about, plundering towns, villages and farms as they went. ‘We live like animals, eating bark and grass,’ says a pitiful entry in a family Bible from a Swabian village. ‘No one could have imagined that anything like this would happen to us. Many people say that there is no God...’ Wenceslas Hollar recorded devastation in the war zone in engravings of the 1630s and starvation reached such a point in the Rhineland that there were cases of cannibalism. The horror became a way of life and when the war finally ended, the mercenaries and their womenfolk complained that their livelihood was gone. The peace conference to end the war opened in Münster and Osnabrück in December 1644. It involved no fewer than 194 states, from the biggest to the smallest, represented by 179 plenipotentiaries. There were thousands of ancillary diplomats and support staff, who had to be given housing, fed and watered, and they did themselves well for close to four years, despite famine in the country around. Presiding over the conference were the Papal Nuncio, Fabio Chigi (the future Pope Alexander VII), and the Venetian ambassador. The first six months were spent arguing about who was to sit where and who was to go into a room ahead of whom. The principal French and Spanish envoys never managed to meet at all because the correct protocol could not be agreed. A special postal system handled reams of letters between the envoys and their principals at a time when it took ten days or more to send a communication from Münster to Paris or Vienna and twenty days or more to Stockholm or Madrid. Slowly deals were hammered out. Even then it took almost three weeks just to organise the signing ceremony, which commenced at two o’clock in the afternoon of Saturday, October 24th, 1648. The treaty gave the Swiss independence of Austria and the Netherlands independence of Spain. The German principalities secured their autonomy. Sweden gained territory and a payment in cash, Brandenburg and Bavaria made gains too, and France acquired most of Alsace-Lorraine. The prospect of a


Ending humiliatingly for Italy, which country did Mussolini try to invade in October 1940?

Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 History of the Rise and Fall of Mussolini Rise of Mussolini   Benito Mussolini came to power in 1922 during a time of corruption, economic depression and labor disputes.  After making himself known, he  was practically invited by the King to step into the position of Prime Minister.  Mussolini used his first years as Prime Minister to establish control of the government and begin improvements within the country.  He implemented changes in agriculture by draining swamp lands and building canals.  He also ensured the rail system worked. After a series of riots in 1922, the king appointed Benito Mussolini as prime minister in an attempt to prevent a communist revolution in Italy. Mussolini headed a coalition of fascists and nationalists and parliamentary government continued until the murder of the socialist leader, Giacomo Matteotti in 1924.  Critics view King Emmanuel as a puppet ruler of the Fascists.  His early actions indicated he was pro-democracy but he allowed Mussolini and the Fascists to take over the country.   In 1920s, the monarchy, the church, the political elite and the voters, for different reasons, felt Mussolini and his regime would provide a political and financial stability that was needed for their country. Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany on January 30, 1933.   Hitler's national socialism closely paralled Italy's fascism.  He built his Nazi Brownshirts along the military lines of the Fascists Blackshirts.  They had a lot in common.  Both men had read Machiavelli.  Both used the fear of Communism to gain power and control.  The Nazis used violence and threats to silence any opposition.  However, Mussolini still did not trust Hitler, especially when it came to the question of Austria's independance.  Mussolini did not want to share a border with Germany.  He regarded Austria's chancellor, Englebert Dollfuss, as his personal friend and Italy was considered an ally of Austria.  Hitler asked Mussolini if they could meet to discuss "international policy".  They met at Venice on  14 June, 1934.  This was their first meeting and, upon the urging of his advisors, Hitler traveled to Italy in civilian clothes, wearing a floppy felt hat and a wrinkled raincoat.  Mussolini met him in all his military regalia which left Hitler a little embarrassed; vowing to never do that again.  At this meeting the two leaders discussed the fate of Austria and persecution of the Jews.  Talking incessantly, Hitler dominated their talks as Mussolini tried to keep pace with his German.  The meeting ended with both leaders thinking the other had compromised to their position. Fifteen days after this meeting, on 25 June, Nazi thugs entered Chancellor Dollfuss's office and shot him at his desk.  This infuriated Mussolini.  He immediately mobilized his troops on the Austrian border and he wired the Austrian government that Italy would defend Austrian independence.   Italy received no support from France or England but it was enough to cause Hitler to stand down.   The world press portrayed Mussolini as a world hero.  With his popularity its peak in Italy and in the world's press, Mussolini took the first step towards ending the uneasy peace. Italy's Colonialism Mussolini began to focus national attention to the small independant monarchy of Abyssinia on Africa's eastern coast.  Mussolini  may have been influenced by Germany's expanionist policies.   Maybe his personal ego was challenged by Hitler's rise to power.   Italy still ranked highest in unemployment, poverty, illiteracy and disease.  But Italians felt it was their destiny to make Abyssinia as a colony.  They also wanted revenge for their defeat there in 1896.  Italy had a small colony in Eritrea, adjacent to Abyssinia.  Mussolini made claims that Haile Selassie was about to invade Eritrea.  Troops were mobilized.  Then on 5 December 1934, a border incident provided justification for invading Abyssinia.   Italian troops were eager to join up and fulfill Italian's destiny.  After the rainy season was over, Mussolini addressed a crowd


Angela Ahrendts is CEO of which UK outfitter and clothing manufacturer loved by 'Chavs'?

burberry : definition of burberry and synonyms of burberry (English) burberry.com Burberry Group plc ( LSE :  BRBY ) is a British luxury fashion house , distributing clothing and fashion accessories and licensing fragrances . Its distinctive tartan pattern has become one of its most widely copied trademarks . Burberry is most famous for its iconic trench coat , which was invented by founder Thomas Burberry . The company has branded stores and franchises around the world, and also sells through concessions in third-party stores. HM Queen Elizabeth II and HRH The Prince of Wales have granted the company Royal Warrants . The Chief Creative Officer is Christopher Bailey . The company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index . According to Business Weekly, Burberry is the 98th most valuable brand in the world. [2] Contents   History   Early years, 19th century Burberry was founded in 1856 when 21-year-old Thomas Burberry , a former draper's apprentice, opened his own store in Basingstoke , Hampshire, England. [3] By 1870, the business had established itself by focusing on the development of outdoors attire. [3] In 1880, Burberry introduced in his brand the gabardine , a hardwearing, water-resistant yet breathable fabric, in which the yarn is waterproofed before weaving. [3] Burberry was the original name, but then the company soon switched to using the name Burberrys, after many customers from around the world began calling it Burberrys of London. This name is still visible on many older Burberry products. In 1891, Burberry opened a shop in the Haymarket , London, which still exists and until recently was the site of Burberry’s corporate headquarters. Now the headquarters are at Horseferry House just behind Houses of Parliament , Westminster (London).   20th century In 1901, the Burberry Equestrian Knight Logo was developed containing the Latin word "Prorsum", meaning forwards, and registered as a trademark. [3] In 1911 they became the outfitters for Roald Amundsen , [3] the first man to reach the South Pole , and Ernest Shackleton , who led a 1914 expedition to cross Antarctica . A Burberry gabardine jacket was worn by George Mallory on his ill-fated attempt on Mount Everest in 1924. In 1914 Burberry was commissioned by the War Office to adapt its officer's coat to suit the conditions of contemporary warfare, resulting in the " trench coat ". [3] After the war, the trench coat became popular with civilians. The iconic Burberry check was created in the 1920s and used as a lining in its trench coats. [3] Burberry also specially designed aviation garments. A. E. Clouston and Mrs Betsy Kirby Green made the fastest flying time to Cape Town from London in 1937 and were sponsored by Burberry. Burberry was an independent company until 1955, when it was taken over by Great Universal Stores (GUS). During the 1970s, the brand became popular with the British casual cult, leading to its being associated with members of football firms by the 1990s and chavs the following decade. [4] [5] Such a shift in a brand's clientele exemplifies prole drift . In 1999, Burberry's changed their marketing name to Burberry. Most of their items changed too, but many accessory items still had the Burberry's name.   21st century   A Burberry store in Tsim Sha Tsui , Hong Kong. Burberry Group plc was initially floated on the London Stock Exchange in July 2002. [6] GUS divested its remaining interest in Burberry in December 2005. [7] In 2006 Rose Marie Bravo , who as Chief Executive had led Burberry to mass market success, retired. [8] She was replaced by current CEO Angela Ahrendts . [9] Burberry first began selling online in the US, followed by the UK in October 2006, and the rest of the EU in 2007. [10] In May 2001, Christopher Bailey joined Burberry as creative director and became Chief Creative Officer in November 2009. [11] [12] Bailey is credited with transforming the fortunes of the company. [11] Burberry has attempted to rebrand itself with advertisements in GQ , Esquire , Vogue , Tatler and Harper's Bazaar ,


Which late Englishman has most often won the accolade 'British Designer of the Year'?

BIOGRAPHY: John Galliano Lifetime twitter BIOGRAPHY John Galliano was born to a Spanish mother and Gibraltarian father, and Spanish heritage remains an integral part of Galliano’s life and work. He spent the first six years of his life submerged in a sensuous wonderland: Mediterranean colour and swirling, woven textile surrounded him at every turn. Such an environment kindled a love of textiles and design in Galliano from an early age, and Latin influences are prevalent in his later work. In 1966, Galliano and his family moved to London. A massive culture shock awaited Galliano, as he was removed from his more vibrant former surroundings. His family prided itself immensely on appearance and each time he left the house as a child, Galliano was immaculately turned out. These standards of dressing, especially when he compared himself with his more slovenly English schoolmates, made him stand out and taught him important standards of dress, which he would require later in life. However, he was not considered an outstanding student. It was not until Galliano reached design school and was around people more like himself that he began to flourish. Once Galliano had graduated from City and East London College, he enrolled at Central Saint Martins, where he made a remarkable impact. His graduation collection, titled ‘Les Incroyables’, made brilliant by his romantic flair and diligence, received huge approval. Indeed, his whole line was hastily snapped up and put into the window of Browns boutique. Galliano left Central Saint Martins in 1983 with a first class degree and a healthy stockpile of critical acclaim. In 1984, Galliano unleashed his own label. More critical approval followed. His daring reinvention of romantic themes and delicate, superbly tailored garments were his trademarks. In 1987, he received the ‘British Designer of the Year’ award. However, critical success was not matched by major financial success. He lost backers and did not have enough money to show for several seasons. In frustration, he quit London for Paris in the early 1990s. This was not an immediate solution. Several times Galliano was almost forced to declare bankruptcy. This was made all the more bitter by the fact that, while he struggled for money, his critical praise continued unabated. Fortunately, the admiration of the fashion community allowed him to continue. Fashion editors and critics were always busy trying to get work for Galliano, and models, like Kate Moss, worked for him out of friendship rather than money. In 1995, Galliano finally got the break he so richly deserved: he became the first Englishman to head a French couture house, when he was put in charge of Givenchy. Immersing himself in the role, he went on to present his first couture show at the helm of the company at the beginning of 1996, impressing those who attended the event at the Stade Francais. The collection was well received, with adulation and praise for his creative genius coming from critics and the fashion media. Impressed by this success and others, luxury goods conglomerate LVMH, which owned Givenchy, had Galliano transferred to Christian Dior less than two years later, where he replaced Italian designer Gianfranco Ferre. He staged his first couture show for the luxury brand in January 1997, the same time the label was celebrating its 50th anniversary. The same year also saw Galliano gain recognition after being declared British Designer of the Year, although he had to share the award with Alexander McQueen, his successor at Givenchy. This was the fourth time he had won the accolade, having triumphed in 1987, 1994 and 1995. His knack for taking themes and styles, often Latin or romantic, from the past, and somehow making them contemporary and edgy, was astonishing. Perhaps just as remarkable was the perseverance and conviction of the man. He managed to keep his talent undiluted through difficult times and emerged with glory and success.  In 1996, Galliano moved to Christian Dior, unveiling his first couture collection for them on January 20th 1997 to coincide with th


Besides Uranium, which extremely radioactive element is extracted from Pitchblende?

Uranium Ore Minerals pegnatiteSee beautiful color photos of the brilliantly colored minerals described in this book here Lindgren defines an ore mineral as "a mineral which may be used for the extraction of one or more metals." A uranium ore mineral is therefore a mineral possessing such physical and chemical properties and occurring in a deposit in such concentrations that it may be used for the profitable extraction of uranium, either alone or together with one or more other metals. There are only a few of the many uranium minerals that meet these qualifications and still fewer in which uranium is the major constituent. Pitchblende and uraninite contain theoretically up to 85 per cent uranium but actually between 50 and 80 per cent; carnotite, torbernite, tyuyamunite, autunite, uranophane, and brannerite, 45 to 60 per cent. In other minerals, uranium is an important but relatively minor constituent the minerals, davidite, samarskite, and euxenite, for example, contain only 1 to 18 per cent. The majority of uranium-bearing minerals, however, contain uranium in small or trace amounts as an accessory to other major constituents. The uranium content of a mineral does not of itself, however, determine whether it is a uranium ore mineral. If the uranium is present in a mineral in such complex combinations with other elements that it is too costly to extract, or if the mineral does not occur in sufficient quantities to make extraction worthwhile, that mineral is not a uranium ore mineral. Thus, the definition for an ore mineral, like that for an ore deposit, is dependent upon economics and time upon the value of uranium and the results of future exploration and metallurgical progress. A uranium mineral that is not an ore mineral today may be one tomorrow. Most of the uranium minerals in pegmatites and placers are refractory; that is, the uranium is present in combinations which are extremely difficult to break down chemically in order to recover the uranium. These minerals also usually occur scattered sparsely throughout the deposit so that recovery difficult and expensive. Therefore, even though some of the individual minerals may contain up to 50 per cent uranium, they are not ore minerals. The fact that only a few of the numerous uranium minerals qualify as uranium ore minerals and form uranium ore deposits, whereas uranium in small amounts is widely spread throughout the rocks of the earth's crust, adds greatly to the problem of uranium exploration. The uranium prospector gets many "nibbles" but few "bites," and to avoid disillusionment and frustration, as well as waste of time, effort, and money, he must know his business well. This is one of the most important factors in searching for uranium, as it is for other metals-the ability to judge the importance of what is found and whether to discard it or follow it up. In this respect, it is of first importance to become familiar with the uranium ore minerals. PRIMARY URANIUM ORE MINERALS Primary uranium minerals have been found most commonly in veins or pegmatites, although in recent years extensive, flat-lying deposits of pitchblende in sedimentary rocks have also been discovered. The refractory primary uranium minerals are also found in placers. The primary uranium minerals are generally black or dark brown, noticeably heavy, and often have a shiny or pitch-like luster. When they are exposed to weathering at or near the surface, they are sometimes altered to form the bright-colored secondary uranium minerals. At the present time, there are only three known primary uranium ore minerals, and the most important of these, uraninite and pitchblende, are really varieties of the same mineral. Uraninite (combined UO2and UO3; 50-85 percent U308)1. Uraninite is a naturally occurring uranium oxide with cubic or octahedral crystal form. It has a specific gravity of 8-10.5 (iron = 7.85), a grayish-black color sometimes with a greenish cast and a hardness2 of 5-6, about the same as steel. Its streak3 is black. Its most widespread occurrence is in pegmatites 4, in which it is found in sm


What is the SI unit of electrical current?

Current definitions of the SI units  Unit of mass  kilogram   The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the    international prototype of the kilogram.  Unit of time  The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between    the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133    atom.  Unit of electric current   ampere The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two    straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible    circular cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would    produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7 newton


What building was home to novelist Mary Fisher in 'The Life and Loves of a She-Devil'?

The Life and Loves of a She-Devil (TV Mini-Series 1986) - IMDb The Life and Loves of a She-Devil  3h 49min Ruth has everything. A large, warty body, a standard house in the suburbs, two whiney children, a dog, a cat and a guinea pig. She also has Bobo, her unfaithful accountant husband who ... See full summary  » Stars: a list of 95 titles created 25 Apr 2011 a list of 2110 titles created 12 Feb 2013 a list of 33 titles created 2 months ago a list of 1822 titles created 2 months ago a list of 28 titles created 2 months ago Title: The Life and Loves of a She-Devil (1986) 8.1/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 5 wins & 7 nominations. See more awards  » Photos Add Image Add an image Do you have any images for this title? A cunning and resourceful housewife vows revenge on her husband when he begins an affair with a wealthy romance novelist. Director: Susan Seidelman The Charmer (TV Mini-Series 1987) Drama A drama series set in 1930s Britain, detailing the exploits of Ralph Gorse, a conman, seducer and murderer. Stars: Nigel Havers, Bernard Hepton, Rosemary Leach The life and times of Quentin Crisp, an outrageous and flamboyant homosexual, coming of age and growing into old age in conservative England. Director: Jack Gold The British Raj: though their position seems secure, thoughtful English men and women know that "their" time in India is coming to an end. The story begins with an unjust arrest for rape, ... See full summary  » Stars: Tim Pigott-Smith, Geraldine James, Wendy Morgan Sinbad and his crew intercept a homunculus carrying a golden tablet. Koura, the creator of the homunculus and practitioner of evil magic, wants the tablet back and pursues Sinbad. Meanwhile... See full summary  » Director: Gordon Hessler The series followed the wavering relationship between two ex-lovers, Penny Warrender, a secretary for an advertising firm, and Vincent Pinner, an ex ice cream salesman turned turf ... See full summary  » Stars: Paul Nicholas, Jan Francis, Sylvia Kay Edit Storyline Ruth has everything. A large, warty body, a standard house in the suburbs, two whiney children, a dog, a cat and a guinea pig. She also has Bobo, her unfaithful accountant husband who resents her very existence. Bobo wants, and is wanted by, Mary Fisher. Mary Fisher lives in a lighthouse by the sea and writes about love. When Bobo leaves Ruth for the novelist, she decides that Mary Fisher doesn't know the first thing about love. Ruth intends to teach her. Written by Renee Ann Byrd <byrdie@wyrdbyrd.org> 8 October 1986 (UK) See more  » Filming Locations: Version of She-Devil  (1989) See more » Soundtracks the best and darkest television has to offer 1 February 1999 | by smeth (United States) – See all my reviews This is some of the best story-telling and acting ever to be seen on the small screen(or the big screen for that matter). A drama with a lot of dark and dry humor. We identify with Ruth, the main character, so thoroughly that we cheer her on as she devises her retribution against her betraying husband and his perfect mistress. But as we watch Ruth take control of her life and we relish her complicated revenge, we become more and more disturbed by the extreme methods she uses. I don't remember when I've encountered another character who was so completely compelling and repelling at the same time. The movie is somewhat slow to start and slow paced, but every minute of this 6 hour mini-series is worth watching. Those of us who were prepared with a vcr are very lucky in that this will not be broadcast very often, nor is it a likely candidate to be released on video. 10 of 10 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes


Which drama featured Michael Pallin, Robert Lindsay, & Julie Walters as Lindsay's mum?

Lindsay Duncan - First thoughts about Lindsay Duncan Lindsay Vere Duncan, CBE (born ) is a Scottish stage, television and film actress. On stage she has won two Olivier Awards, a Tony Award for her performance in Private Lives, and another Tony Award nomination for her role in Les Liaisons Dangereuses. Write here your first thoughts about Lindsay Duncan ... 13 Dec 2016     23:22 //Is it sad I actually liked Beth's TDA win more than Duncan's? Like Brady came and loved her, Lindsay supported her it was great 13 Dec 2016     20:35 If someone said I had enough money and I could take six months of... 12 Dec 2016     19:58 I want to have the career that is my choice - what interests me, what... 11 Dec 2016     21:00 We feel exactly the same way every time we sink our teeth into our delicious biscuits. ð¸: IG: lindsay_duncan 11 Dec 2016     05:47 A certain amount of anger doesn't make us less empathetic, less human... 10 Dec 2016     05:27 My head hurts. Ahmunna go think about how nice Lindsay Duncan looks in 19th century costumes. 10 Dec 2016     04:24 I just rewatched Alice Through the Looking Glass and I think I'm in lahv with Lindsay Duncanð help 10 Dec 2016     03:28 Recently I made the mistake of opening a bundle of reviews that so... 09 Dec 2016     23:55 You're not cast because you're like someone or because you're sym... 09 Dec 2016     17:25 My parents' generation was definitely pre-telly, and they knew *** .. 09 Dec 2016     12:37 I do feel almost violent when I'm watching things that I don't th... 08 Dec 2016     21:56 Lindsay Duncan's Agent: " Hello Darling ! .Fancy a bit of 'Money for Old Rope' " ?? 08 Dec 2016     21:25 Close to the Enemy: why does Callum (Jim Sturgess) have this phoney American accent ? Lindsay Duncan - what is she doing ? It's all barmy 08 Dec 2016     20:58 Right Ms Lindsay Duncan on now. Stop what you're doing 08 Dec 2016     17:18 You always remember the delicacy of the work you do on a new play... 08 Dec 2016     06:43 Agreed. I loved his voice. Had the good fortune to see himnin Private Lives with Lindsay Duncan 08 Dec 2016     01:40 I was the suburban kid of Scottish parents, and the idea of an ac... 07 Dec 2016     19:05 That kind of creaming off the pretty postcard image of the past, I t... 07 Dec 2016     08:01 ... Lindsay Duncan one of my fave actresses and just so happens to be Scottisâ¦ 05 Dec 2016     08:57 I don't perform well in private. Socially, I mean. And I didn't as... 05 Dec 2016     07:19 VCC skip Lindsay Hudyma qualifies for BC Scotties, Jan. 17-22 in Duncan, with a last-end steal in Vernon qualifier. 04 Dec 2016     13:02 I'm perfectly gregarious, but I can also be really happy left to m... 23 Jun 2016     00:33 I'm *this close* to jumping into a fountain in a mess of meltdown a la Lindsay Duncan in Under the Tuscan Sun. 04 Jun 2016     21:13 Since Shooting the Past, Sherlock and Hayfever and a chance, post Grimes encounter at J Sheekey's I have loved Lindsay Duncan 03 Jun 2016     19:43 I've been listening to a new band called Wolf Alice, courtesy of my so... 03 Jun 2016     19:30 Lindsay Duncan quit her job as a banker to start boho clothing line. 03 Jun 2016     12:31 It should b the jazz dance by Jim Broadbent & Lindsay Duncan in Le Week-end (2013) on C 4 last night - brilliant 03 Jun 2016     12:23 Deep down, I think I would be utterly miserable in Hollywood. 02 Jun 2016     22:16 Watching has only reinforced my lack of belief in the institution of marriage. Fab cast though, love Lindsay Duncan 02 Jun 2016     21:53 We watched le Weekend with Lindsay Duncan, Jim Broadbent and Jeff Goldblum a super film, if you missed it sad sad 02 Jun 2016     21:46 When I grow up I want to be Lindsay Duncan 02 Jun 2016     21:34 'Le Week-End' on Loving Lindsay Duncan and Jim Broadbent . Music I believe, by the lovely Jeremy Sams! :) 02 Jun 2016     21:15 Lindsay Duncan is rocking my world in right now. 02 Jun 2016     21:07 Giving a shot on channel 4+1. Jim Broadbent and Lindsay Duncan. 02 Jun 2016     20:35 I love few more than Jim Broadbent and Lindsay Duncan but I'm strugg


What term is given to a buyer of new shares expecting the market will push the price up?

Stock Market Terms - Stock Market Vocabulary: Glossary of Terms | TMXmoney Home > Investor Tools > Other Content:    Stock Market Terms Stock Market Terms Speak the language of the stock market - consult our Stock Market Terms for a glossary of terms and vocabulary that may help you better understand the capital markets. NOTE: Some of the definitions are TSX-specific and, as a result, may differ from standard general definitions. Aa Advanced Companies Companies listed on TSX Venture Exchange that meet higher asset, market value and shareholder distribution requirements than those classified as venture companies. This classification is related to TSX Venture Exchange Tier 1 status. Agent A securities firm is classified as an agent when it acts on behalf of its clients as buyer or seller of a security. The agent does not own the security at any time during the transaction. Alberta Securities Commission (ASC) The provincial regulatory agency responsible for overseeing the capital market in Alberta. All-or-None Order An order that must be filled completely or the trade will not take place. American-Style Options Options that can be exercised any time during their lifetime. These are also known as open options. Annual Report A publication, including financial statements and a report on operations, issued by a company to its shareholders at the company's fiscal year-end. Anonymous Trading Permits Participating Organizations to voluntarily withhold their true broker identities when entering orders and trades on TSX trading systems. Arbitrage The simultaneous purchase of a security on one stock market and the sale of the same security on another stock market at prices which yield a profit. Ask or Offer The lowest price at which someone is willing to sell the security. When combined with the bid price information, it forms the basis of a stock quote. Ask Size The aggregate size in board lots of the most recent ask to sell a particular security. Assets Everything a company or person owns, including money, securities, equipment and real estate. Assets include everything that is owed to the company or person. Assets are listed on a company's balance sheet or an individual's net worth statement. Assignment The notification to the seller of an option by the clearing corporation that the buyer of the option is enforcing the terms of the option's contract. At-the-Money When the price of the underlying equity, index or commodity equals the strike price of the option. Averages and Indices Statistical tools that measure the state of the stock market or the economy, based on the performance of stocks, bonds or other components. Examples are the S&P/TSX Venture Composite Index, the S&P/TSX Composite Index, the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the Consumer Price Index. Averaging Down Buying more of a security at a price that is lower than the price paid for the initial investment. The aim of averaging down is to reduce the average cost per unit of the investment. Bb Basis Point One-hundredth of a percentage point. For example, the difference between 5.25% and 5.50% is 25 basis points. Bear Market A market in which stock prices are falling. Best-Efforts Underwriting A type of underwriting where the investment firm acts as an agent. The firm agrees to use its best efforts to sell the new issue of securities, but does not guarantee the issuing company that the securities to be issued will be sold. Beta A measurement of the relationship between the price of a stock and the movement of the whole market. Better-Price-Limit Orders An order with a limit price better than the best price on the opposite side of the market. A better-priced buy order has a limit price higher than the best offering. A better-priced sell order has a limit price lower than the best bid. These are available only at the opening. Bid The highest price a buyer is willing to pay for a stock. When combined with the ask price information, it forms the basis of a stock quote. Bid Size The aggregate size in board lots of the most recent bid to buy a particular security. Black-Sch


What does the Latin 'Caveat Emptor' mean?

What Does 'Caveat Emptor' Mean? - FindLaw What Does 'Caveat Emptor' Mean? Download article as a PDF Caveat emptor is a Latin term that means "let the buyer beware." Similar to the phrase "sold as is," this term means that the buyer assumes the risk that a product may fail to meet expectations or have defects. In other words, the principle of caveat emptor serves as a warning that buyers have no recourse with the seller if the product does not meet their expectations. The term is actually part of a longer statement: Caveat emptor, quia ignorare non debuit quod jus alienum emit ("Let a purchaser beware, for he ought not to be ignorant of the nature of the property which he is buying from another party.") The assumption is that buyers will inspect and otherwise ensure that they are confident with the integrity of the product (or land, to which it often refers) before completing a transaction. This does not, however, give sellers the green light to actively engage in fraudulent transactions . Caveat Emptor in Practice Under the principle of caveat emptor, for example, a consumer who purchases a coffee mug and later discovers that it has a leak is stuck with the defective product . Had they inspected the mug prior to the sale, they may have changed their mind. A more common example is a used car transaction between two private parties (as opposed to a dealership, in which the sale is subject to an implied warranty). The buyer must take on the responsibility of thoroughly researching and inspecting the car—perhaps taking it to a mechanic for a closer look—before finalizing the sale. If something comes up after the sale, maybe a transmission failure, it is not the seller's responsibility. Garage sales offer another example of caveat emptor, in which all sales are final and nothing is guaranteed.  The Modern Rule: Caveat Venditor Caveat emptor was the rule for most purchases and land sales prior to the Industrial Revolution, although sellers assume much more responsibility for the integrity of their goods in the present day. People consumed far fewer goods and usually from local sources prior to the 18th Century, resulting in very few consumer protection laws (mostly limited to weights and measures). See " Product Liability: Background " for more historical information about the principle of caveat emptor.  Today, most sales in the U.S. fall under the principle of caveat venditor, which means "let the seller beware," by which goods are covered by an implied warranty of merchantability. Unless otherwise advertised (for example, "sold as is") or negotiated with the buyer, nearly all consumer products are guaranteed to work if used for their intended purpose. For example, a consumer who purchases a coffee grinder that lacks the power to grind coffee beans may return the product for a full refund under an implied warranty of merchantability. But if the same buyer purchased a used coffee grinder at a thrift shop marked "sold as is," returning the product later may prove difficult. While caveat emptor is no longer the rule for consumer transactions, it's important to know when the exception applies.  Next Steps


Which world famous beer originated in the Philippines - not Spain as you might expect?

Food & Drink in Spain | Frommer's Food & Drink advertisement Meals are an extremely important social activity in Spain, whether that means eating out late at night or having large family gatherings for lunch. Although Spain is faster paced than it once was, few Spaniards race through a meal on the way to an appointment. The food in Spain is varied; portions are immense, but the prices, by North American standards, are high. Whenever possible, try the regional specialties, particularly when you visit the Basque Country or Galicia. Many restaurants in Spain close on Sunday, so be sure to check ahead. Hotel dining rooms are generally open 7 days a week, and there's always something open in big cities, such as Madrid and Barcelona, or in well-touristed areas, such as the Costa del Sol. Generally, reservations are not necessary, except at popular, top-notch restaurants. Meals Breakfast -- In Spain, the day starts with a continental breakfast of coffee, hot chocolate, or tea, with assorted rolls, butter, and jam. Spanish breakfast might also consist of churros (fried fingerlike doughnuts) and hot chocolate that is very sweet and thick. However, most Spaniards simply have coffee, usually strong, served with hot milk: either a café con leche (half coffee, half milk) or cortado (a shot of espresso "cut" with a dash of milk). If you find it too strong and bitter for your taste, you might ask for a more diluted café americano. Lunch -- The most important meal of the day in Spain, lunch is comparable to the farm-style midday "dinner" in the United States. It usually includes three or four courses, beginning with a choice of soup or several dishes of hors d'oeuvres called entremeses. Often a fish or egg dish is served after this, and then a meat course with vegetables. Wine is always part of the meal. Dessert is usually pastry, custard, or assorted fruit -- followed by coffee. Lunch is served from 1 to 4pm, with "rush hour" at 2pm. Tapas --Tapas bars all over the country offer many of the same dishes, although pa amb tomate (grilled country bread rubbed with tomato, drizzled with olive oil, and dusted with salt) is a Catalan specialty. It sounds simple, but it tastes sublime. Likewise, bars along northern Spain’s Atlantic coast often feature the exquisite tinned seafood of Galicia, and tiny fish fried whole are a specialty on the Andalucían coast. In addition to olives, almonds, and fresh kettle-style potato chips, standard tapas include the following: Albóndigas - Meatballs, usually pork, served in a small casserole dish. Chorizo -Slices of smoked pork sausage seasoned heavily with smoked paprika. Croquetas -Small fritters of thick béchamel sauce with ham, tuna, or cod. Gambas a la plancha -Shrimp grilled in their shells, called gambas al ajillo when grilled with garlic. Jamón ibérico de bellota -Highly prized air-cured mountain ham from Iberian black pigs fed entirely on acorns; the most expensive ham in the world. Jamón serrano - Thin slices of air-cured mountain ham. Morcilla -Cooked slices of spicy blood sausage, served with bread. Patatas bravas - Deep-fried potato chunks with spicy paprika aioli; invented in Madrid and available everywhere tapas are served. Pimientos rellenos - Skinless red peppers usually stuffed with tuna or cod. Queso manchego - Slices of the nutty sheep’s-milk cheese of La Mancha. Tortilla Española - Thick omelet with potato, usually served by the slice. Dinner -- Another extravaganza: A typical meal starts with a bowl of soup, followed by a second course, often a fish dish, and by another main course, usually veal, beef, or pork, accompanied by vegetables. Again, desserts tend to be fruit, custard, or pastries. Naturally, if you had a heavy, late lunch and stopped off at a tapas bar or two before dinner, supper might be much lighter, perhaps some cold cuts, sausage, a bowl of soup, or even a Spanish omelet made with potatoes. Wine is always part of the meal. Afterward, you might have a demitasse and a fragrant Spanish brandy. The chic dining hour, even in one-donkey towns, is 10 or 10:30pm. (In well-touri


Responsible for 1/3 of all tonnage; which country produces more olives than any other?

Olive Oil from Farmhouse B&B near Malaga "Olive Oil from Andalucia" Special Olive Oil from a Special Place Spain is the world largest producer of Olive Oil and in Andalucia we produce 80% of Spanish total production. With over 230 varieties of Olive trees, 3 methods of oil extraction, and 5 major categories of oil, consumers have a bewildering range of choice and understandably there are many misconceptions and misunderstandings about Olive oil. After 5 years of research and trials we have commissioned Cortijo Garay to produce a very Special Oil for Cortijo Valverde. Our Olive Oil delivers the strong flavour, low acidity and is produced by people who are as passionate about quality food as we are. Olive oil production is an ancient tradition that has been passed down from generation to generation. However, not all olive oils are the same and not all production methods are equal, despite the common references to Extra Virgin, Virgin, etc. Our olive oil is produced using traditional production methods whilst delpoying modern technology to enhance the quality of oil wherever possible. How to make a very Special Olive Oil. In order to produce olive oil of highest quality you need to consider many factors including tree variety, pressing method, processing method and also attention to small details that make a vast difference in the quality of the final product. Tree Variety - Breeding Matters! There are many elements that affect the quality of olive and olive oil production. According to research by the University of Cordoba the tree variety accounts for 45% of the final product's flavour, acidity and quality. Each of the over 230 varieties of olive trees have their own unique characteristics. Just like grape verities that produce wine with different character, each type of olive tree has its own unique characteristic and not all types of olive trees are suitable for oil production. In order to achieve balance, intensity and unforgettable flavour, only 3 varieties (Arbequina, Hojiblanca, Picual) of Olive trees are used in the production of our oil. Pressing Method - When “Olive Oil” is not so virgin?! Whilst most people recognise that “Extra Virgin” and “Virgin” are the product of the “first press”, not many people know that the label does not quite tell the full story. The way that the paste is treated can make a significant difference in the quality, flavour, intensity, and acidity of the oil. There are 3 types of oil extraction methods: Cold Press (Virgin) In order to produce “Virgin Olive” oil you must first crush the olives into a paste (Malaxation). The paste is then slowly turned for 1-1.5 hours. Olive oil can only be called Virgin if mechanical pressing has been used for making the paste (Malaxation) of the fruit without any chemicals. Warm Press (Virgin!) You can still call your process “Virgin” even if you heat the paste. In order to reduce costs and increase production many volume producers heat the paste to extract higher levels of oil from the paste. By heating the paste, producers can increase the oil yield by 100%. It is only logical to assume that the higher the volume of oil extracted from a given weight of paste, the lower the intensity of the flavour or quality. Think of it as a trade off between volume and flavour. There is only so much flavour to go around, so you can dilute it to create larger volume or you can reduce the volume to intensify the flavour. Refined It is possible to extract more oil from the paste by adding chemicals as well as heating. Usually the cheaper oil is the product of second press, namely once the producer has extracted as much oil as possible from the first press, the paste is passed through chemicals and additional heat is applied to extract more oil from the same paste. Cortijo Valverde extra virgin olive oil is produced at temperatures below 20C (cold press), which is considered to be the optimum for production of quality “Extra Virgin” oil. No chemical extraction or heat is applied to the paste therefore you get the natural intensity of oil just as Mother Nature intended it


Which N.W. club were thrown out of the FA Cup in 2006 for fielding an ineligible player?

FA Cup: Bradford City kicked out after Curtis Good mix-up - BBC Sport FA Cup: Bradford City kicked out after Curtis Good mix-up 7 Dec 2012 Bradford City have been kicked out of the FA Cup for fielding an ineligible player, sending Brentford through to the third round. The Bantams fielded in last Friday's without registering him by the noon deadline. Their replay on 18 December will be cancelled, with Brentford now visiting Bury or Southend in round three. City have until 17:00 GMT on Friday to appeal. Bradford's cup joy in 2012-13 Bradford have not lost a cup match this season. They are set to face Arsenal in the quarter-finals of the Capital One Cup, and have also qualified for the Northern Area semi-finals of the Johnstone's Paint Trophy. Good, 19, joined the Bantams in November and made his debut in the Brentford match. He also played in the 2-0 Johnstone's Paint Trophy win over Port Vale this week. A club statement read: "The nature of the charge is the playing of one of our loan players deemed ineligible due to the late submission for permission for him to play. "The error was of an administrative technical nature and not one to intentionally break competition rules. "We presented a case of mitigation to the FA on Thursday, 6 December, however the FA panel chose to enforce the full powers of its jurisdiction and have removed the club from the FA Cup competition." The Football Association said in a statement: "Bradford City did not have the necessary written permission for Curtis Good to play in the competition, whilst on loan from Newcastle United, by the 12pm deadline on Friday November 30 prior to the fixture that evening." Bury and Droylsden were kicked out of the Cup, in 2006 and 2008 respectively, for fielding ineligible players, with both clubs losing their appeals.