In the legends of Robin Hood what was the profession of Mutch’s father?

Legends Soundestiny albums focus on medieval adventures. Two of the most well- known heroes from medieval times are King Arthur and Robin Hood. Were these men purely mythical or based on real persons. At present, I (Darryl Potter) am interested in one particular historical 'Arthur' of early medieval times who may have been the seed for the legend of King Arthur (perhaps more on this at a later date?). In the meantime, here's my opinion about who Robin Hood may have been. Who was Robin Hood? Early Records Was Robin Hood a mythological character or perhaps based on one (or more) real people from history. The first passing literary reference to him was in 1377 – a throw- away line in a poem called Piers Plowman by William Langland.  However, a great deal more is found in the earliest ballads about Robin Hood written down in the 1400s. These are A Gest (tale) of Robyn Hode (c.1450), Robin Hood and the Monk (c. post- 1450) and Robin Hood and the Potter (c.1500). Two other ballads recorded later (c.1650) but believed to have much earlier origins are Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne and The Death of Robin Hood. In all these ballads, Robin's exploits take place chiefly in the forests of Barnsdale in Southern Yorkshire. Only one (Robin Hood and the Monk) refers to Sherwood (Scherwode) but others contain references to Nottingham (some 50 miles south of Barnsdale) and Sherwood lies between Barnsdale and Nottingham. So, in searching for a real Robin, it would seem we need to locate an outlaw that operated in southern Yorkshire / Nottinghamshire in the early 1300s or before that time. (Robin, Hob, Robart are variations of Robert... and Hode, Hod, Hude similarly of Hood.) So where do we start? Earliest Hood Candidate? Numerous men had names similar to Robin Hood but one of the most promising early candidates to fill his shoes is Robert Hod (sometimes Hobbehod) of Yorkshire. This fellow, a thief and fugitive, was also probably known as Robert of Wetherby. Around 1225 he was being pursued by Eustace of Lowdham who was the Sheriff of Yorkshire and previously had been the Deputy Sheriff of Nottinghamshire. The outlaw was eventually caught by the Sheriff's men and hung. It is likely that the exploits of this outlaw later prompted clerics to assign surnames such as Hobbehod, Robehod and Robinhood to many criminals regardless of their real names. Thus, the term 'Robinhood' became synonymous with 'outlaw'. But was Robert Hod the origin of the popular long- standing legend – the names 'Robert' and 'Hood' being common in those times? Or are some writers correct in stating that the person immortalised in the legend had a different name altogether and just adopted a 'Robin Hood' identity? An Alias or Title Various authors over the years have postulated that Robin Hood was not the outlaw's real name but an alias or perhaps a nickname. The problem with this approach is where to stop. Contenders advanced have included William of Berkshire (1261), Hereward the Wake (1070s), Eustace the Monk (1217), Fulk fitz Warin (1200), William Wallace (1298), Roger Godberd (1260s), Earl David of Huntingdon (1190s), Robert fitz Odo (1196) and so on. But no convincing reasons can be advanced for their adoption of the name Robin Hood. Additionally, if these characters were already recorded in history, it's unlikely they were also recorded in separate histories under a different name. If Robin Hood existed, it is more likely that he had that name (or a variation) and nothing can be gained by putting forward other contenders that can't be substantiated. So was there a real outlaw called Robin Hood, along with other historical individuals with events and a setting, that bear similarities to the legendary stories and ballads? Back to the Ballads The earliest ballads written down in the 1400s refer to Robin Hood and characters such as Little John (John Little), Will Scarlet (Scatheloke, Scarlock, etc), and Much (Midge) the Miller's son. Importantly, they also refer to the king as Edward, not the much earlier King Richard - who didn't enter the stories till 1521. Individuals


The Cape of Storms was the original name of which cape?

Interesting Facts About the Cape of Good Hope | USA Today Interesting Facts About the Cape of Good Hope The Cape of Good Hope was an important landmark for sailors. (Photo: Tom Brakefield/Stockbyte/Getty Images ) Climate in the Cape of Good Hope The Cape of Good Hope is a peninsula just outside the city of Cape Town in South Africa. The Cape of Good Hope itself is a rocky promontory at the tip of the Cape peninsula and in the past marked the point where a ship traveling south from Europe turned east. Today, most of the Cape peninsula, including the Cape of Good Hope, is part of Table Mountain National Park. Name Origins The Cape of Good Hope's name dates from the days of exploration in the 15th century, when the European powers such as Spain and Portugal sent explorers into uncharted places in search of wealth. The first European to see the Cape was Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias, who was searching for the southern limits of the African continent. According to some historical accounts, Dias named the place the "Cape of Storms," but later changed it to "Cape of Good Hope" at the suggestion of King John II of Portugal. Other accounts suggest Dias came up with the name himself. History The Cape plays an important role in South African history as a stopping point for trading ships sailing between Europe and European colonies in the east. Initially the Europeans bartered with the local Khoikhoi people for food and water but in 1652 the Dutch East India Company established a small provision station in the sheltered bay behind the Cape peninsula, forming the first European settlement in the region. Today the small station that provided refreshments to weary sailors has grown into the bustling city of Cape Town. Nature The Cape peninsula is one of eight protected areas in the region, jointly designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO for the richness of its plant life. Although the 553,000 hectares of the Cape Floral Region make up only 0.5 percent of the area of Africa, nearly 20 percent of the continent's plants are represented. Fynbos, meaning "fine bush" are the most common category of plant found here and many of the species are unique to the Cape peninsula. In Table Mountain National Park, you might see park rangers working to remove invading species like the rooikrans, wattle, pine and blue gum that threaten the survival of native plants. Wildlife The Cape peninsula is also rich in wildlife, particularly birds. The shore of the peninsula is home to the cape gannet, the African black oystercatcher and four species of cormorant, but the most famous feathered residents are the colony of jackass penguins at Boulders Beach. Visit the 3,000-strong colony in False Bay to see the birds up close in one of only a small number of mainland colonies. Wheelchair friendly walkways guide you through their environment and if you visit between February and August when the penguins are breeding you might see some fluffy baby birds. References


In which film does Will Smith play a superhero with a drink problem?

Hancock (2008) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC Hancock is a superhero whose ill considered behavior regularly causes damage in the millions. He changes when one person he saves helps him improve his public image. Director: Vincent Ngo (as Vy Vincent Ngo), Vince Gilligan Stars: a list of 27 titles created 29 May 2011 a list of 46 titles created 13 Aug 2013 a list of 42 titles created 07 Oct 2013 a list of 41 titles created 16 Feb 2014 a list of 34 titles created 4 months ago Search for " Hancock " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 4 wins & 11 nominations. See more awards  » Videos In 2035, a technophobic cop investigates a crime that may have been perpetrated by a robot, which leads to a larger threat to humanity. Director: Alex Proyas Years after a plague kills most of humanity and transforms the rest into monsters, the sole survivor in New York City struggles valiantly to find a cure. Director: Francis Lawrence A police officer joins a secret organization that polices and monitors extraterrestrial interactions on Earth. Director: Barry Sonnenfeld King Leonidas of Sparta and a force of 300 men fight the Persians at Thermopylae in 480 B.C. Director: Zack Snyder A paraplegic marine dispatched to the moon Pandora on a unique mission becomes torn between following his orders and protecting the world he feels is his home. Director: James Cameron When bitten by a genetically modified spider, a nerdy, shy, and awkward high school student gains spider-like abilities that he eventually must use to fight evil as a superhero after tragedy befalls his family. Director: Sam Raimi Former United Nations employee Gerry Lane traverses the world in a race against time to stop the Zombie pandemic that is toppling armies and governments, and threatening to destroy humanity itself. Director: Marc Forster Jack Sparrow races to recover the heart of Davy Jones to avoid enslaving his soul to Jones' service, as other friends and foes seek the heart for their own agenda as well. Director: Gore Verbinski An adaptation of Homer's great epic, the film follows the assault on Troy by the united Greek forces and chronicles the fates of the men involved. Director: Wolfgang Petersen While helping his latest client woo the fine lady of his dreams, a professional "date doctor" finds that his game doesn't quite work on the gossip columnist with whom he's smitten. Director: Andy Tennant Peter Parker is beset with troubles in his failing personal life as he battles a brilliant scientist named Doctor Otto Octavius. Director: Sam Raimi Captain Barbossa, Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann must sail off the edge of the map, navigate treachery and betrayal, find Jack Sparrow, and make their final alliances for one last decisive battle. Director: Gore Verbinski Edit Storyline The powerful superhero John Hancock has become a joke because of his alcoholism and clumsiness. He has also become the most hated man in Los Angeles. Though he has saved many lives, he also destroyed a lot of property, costing the city millions every time he goes into action. When he saves the life of PR expert Ray Embrey from an oncoming train, the executive is thankful and believes he can restore Hancock's image as a true superhero. He brings the anti-hero home for dinner and introduces him to his son Aaron, a big fan, and to his wife, Mary. But for some mysterious reason Mary doesn't want Hancock anywhere near her or her family. Written by Rob Marshall, Chicago, IL Bad Behaviour. Bad Attitude. Real Hero. See more  » Genres: Rated PG-13 for some intense sequences of sci-fi action and violence, and language | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 2 July 2008 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: £9,589,095        (UK) (4 July 2008


In 2014 and 2015 for which Formula 1 team did Felipe Massa drive?

Felipe Massa Biography Info Close With his Sauber contract up, Massa’s Ferrari connections came into play ahead of the 2006 season as he was announced as the replacement for fellow Brazilian, the Honda-bound Rubens Barrichello. It gave Massa the opportunity to partner the legendary Michael Schumacher for what would be the German’s final championship campaign with Ferrari. After a tentative start, his season gained ever-increasing momentum.  His first Ferrari points came with fifth place at round two in Malaysia. His maiden podium came at round five, with third at the European Grand Prix. He followed that up with second places in the United States and Germany, before capturing his first Formula One victory in Turkey, where he also took his maiden pole position. He saw out the year in style with another pole in Japan and an emotional home win at the season finale in Brazil. Not surprisingly, Massa was retained by Ferrari for 2007 to partner Schumacher’s replacement, the highly-rated Kimi Raikkonen. With Schumacher, Massa was clearly the number two, but with Raikkonen he had the chance to establish a new team order. However, it was the Finn who had the edge - and the Finn who secured the title - and only the following year did Massa discover the levels of pace and maturity needed to put his team mate in the shade. By the end of 2008 he had taken over as Ferrari’s de facto number one, pushing McLaren’s Lewis Hamilton all the way in the title race and ultimately missing out by just a single point. Major rule changes saw Ferrari off the pace in 2009, but Massa's season was dominated by other matters, namely a life-threatening accident in qualifying for July's Hungarian Grand Prix. Struck on the head by a loose spring from the car of compatriot Barrichello, he suffered a fractured skull. After several days in a medically-induced coma, he spent the rest of the year recuperating, gradually ramping up his driving activity ahead of his 2010 race return alongside new team mate Fernando Alonso. Podium finishes in Bahrain and Australia suggested Massa was bouncing back with a flourish, but the successes didn’t last long and soon he was struggling to match Alonso. Unable to extract as much from the Ferrari F10 as his team mate, Massa was cast in a supporting role and at the German round was even forced to move aside to allow Alonso through. He eventually finished sixth in the standings, over 100 points shy of the Spaniard. After such a tough 2010 season, some voiced suspicions that he might leave the Scuderia ahead of 2011, but a determined Massa stayed in his red overalls. Any kind of a comeback, however, continued to elude him. Not only was the 150° Italia a difficult car but Massa continued to be out-qualified, out-raced and outclassed by Alonso. By the season’s close he hadn’t once made it on to the podium and had scored less than half of the points tally of his team mate. The following season started painfully slowly as he struggled to adapt to Ferrari’s tricky F2012. With team mate Alonso faring much better, Massa came under increased pressure and there was plenty of talk that he would lose his seat when his contract expired at the end of 2012. But the Brazilian’s performances gradually improved and after taking fourth at Silverstone, he returned to the podium for the first time since 2010 at October’s Japanese round. Soon after, Ferrari announced that he would continue to race for the team in 2013. He started that season in good shape, out-qualifying team mate Alonso regularly and scoring solidly, if not spectacularly. He claimed his only podium of the year in Spain, but accidents - two in Monaco - slowed his momentum. In September it was announced that he would be replaced at the Scuderia for 2014 by Raikkonen. The news seemed to light a fire under Massa, whose form improved once more. Convinced that it wasn’t yet time to end his F1 career, he signed to race for Williams in 2014 alongside rising Finnish star Valtteri Bottas. The move rejuvenated the Brazilian. He was the only non-Mercedes driver to take pole during the season,


Gilbert & Sullivan | Ottawa Savoy Society Gilbert & Sullivan Sir W.S. Gilbert William Schwenk Gilbert was born near the Strand in London in 1836. As a young man he tried many professions, including civil servant, soldier and barrister, but discovered that his real talent lay in writing, and he became known for his comic verse and stories, many of them appearing in the magazine Fun (a rival to Punch). His series of comic poems known as theBab Ballads, complete with his own whimsical drawings, remains his best-known work apart from his collaborations with Sullivan. Many of the plots of his operas had their origins in theBab Ballads. Gilbert was also drawn to the theatre, and his early efforts in musical and non-musical productions in London in the 1860s and 1870s lay the foundations for his later success. At the time, London theatrical productions were characterized by pantomimes, farces and burlesques on operatic and dramatic works, replete with low humour and bad puns. Over his career, Gilbert was able to raise the standards of the somewhat disreputable London theatrical world, with his insistence on realistic acting, careful preparation, fidelity to the text, and the avoidance of vulgarity. Gilbert also began to branch out into political satire and social commentary in his plays. Gilbert worked with a number of composers, including Sullivan for the now-lost Thespis in 1871 and the one-act Trial by Jury in 1875. By their third collaboration, The Sorcerer (1877), Gilbert and Sullivan’s partnership solidified under the careful attention of impresario Richard D’Oyly Carte, a partnership that would bring them great fortune and put them at the top of their professions. Gilbert was not only the writer of the dialogue and lyrics – he was also a very exacting stage director, and was heavily involved in almost all other aspects of the production (sets, costumes, stage management, etc.) except the music. During the 1880s, most of Gilbert’s works were successful comic operas written for Sullivan. These were generally known as the Savoy Operas, after the Savoy Theatre where they were premiered, a modern facility built by Carte on the profits from the early G&S works. In 1890 the partnership foundered on a dispute over expenses, although things were patched up for two final collaborations in the 1890s. Gilbert collaborated with other composers, but with none of them did he recreate his success with Sullivan. Even in semi-retirement in a grand estate just outside of London, Gilbert still wrote and produced notable plays, and he returned to the Savoy Theatre to supervise new productions of the Savoy operas beginning in 1906. The following year he was knighted by King Edward VII. Gilbert died of a heart attack in 1911 while saving a drowning woman. Opera and light opera librettists were traditionally afforded little recognition compared to composers, so Gilbert’s standing as Sullivan’s equal is a tribute to the high standard of his librettos. Although he took aim at the foibles of his day, many of Gilbert’s quips are as funny today as they were when they were first delivered. Gilbert is remembered today not only for the Savoy Operas, but for the significant impact he had on the on the London stage of his time and on countless writers in succeeding generations.   Sir Arthur Sullivan Arthur Seymour Sullivan was born in somewhat more modest circumstances in the Lambeth area of London in 1842. His father was a military band master, and Sullivan acquired a talent for music early on, qualifying as a chorister of the Chapel Royal, where he also started to compose music. He attended the Royal Academy of Music and was then sent to Leipzig for musical studies. As a young man, he produced music in many genres – a symphony, a cello concerto, chamber music, overtures, etc. – and he was seen as a great hope for English music. His affable personality made him popular in high society as well, and he became a fixture at the parties of the well-to-do and at the gaming tables. To the chagrin of those who wanted him to focus entirely on “serious” music, Su


Who played the title role in “the Black Pirate”?

SPARROWS / THE BLACK PIRATE | American Cinematheque Doug & Mary 90th Anniversary Double Feature! SPARROWS / THE BLACK PIRATE Presented by the American Cinematheque in association with the Mary Pickford Foundation and Rack Focus 90 years ago today, May 14, 1926, Sid Grauman held a double premiere of the latest films by two of his favorite stars - husband and wife, Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks. Mary Pickford's SPARROWS played first, followed by Douglas Fairbanks in THE BLACK PIRATE! It may well be the only time that a double premiere was ever held at the Egyptian Theatre or anywhere else! Tonight we will recreate Grauman's "Doug and Mary Premiere." First the audience will be moved to tears as Mary, but an adolescent herself, provides the mistreated orphans on a "baby farm," near a swamp infested with alligators, with some maternal care, while Doug swashbuckles on the high seas in the second feature! In keeping with tradition, Doug and May will NOT be in attendance. They wrote a letter to their fans that was published in the program to send regrets that they had to be away on the night of the premiere. These two archival prints will play with live accompaniment by Michael Mortilla. Pickford scholar and author (My First Time In Hollywood, Without Lying Down) Cari Beauchamp will introduce SPARROWS and Fairbanks biographer (The First King of Hollywood) Tracey Goessel will introduce THE BLACK PIRATE. Both speakers will sign books in the lobby before the films and at intermission. The original program for the evening details the Sid Grauman orchestrated prologues. In the spirit of the premiere night 90 years ago, we will present our version of "The Duel Dance of the Buccaneer Beauties" prior to THE BLACK PIRATE - and a few other live performance surprises! Special Ticket Price: $15 General, $13 Student/Senior, $11 Cinematheque Members. No Passes Accepted Pickford scholar Cari Beauchamp will introduce SPARROWS and Fairbanks biographer Tracey Goessel will introduce THE BLACK PIRATE. Archival Print!


If travelling at 30m.p.h. in a car what is the overall stopping distance in feet?

Stopping Distance Explained You will be mistaken to think that the braking distance is the same as the overall stopping distance! Stopping distance is made up of 2 parts: 1) THINKING and 2) BRAKING A lot of learners are caught out during the test, because they aren't aware of the difference! What is thinking distance? Thinking distance is the distance that the car travels after the driver has seen the danger and before the brakes are applied. Some peoples reactions are faster than others, but the average distance it takes before the driver realises the danger ahead is 20 feet, when travelling at 20 mph. What is braking distance? The distance that the car travels whilst braking. With the brakes applied the car slows down, and the average car will travel 20 feet before coming to a complete stop, when travelling at 20 mph. The Overall Stopping Distance is a combination of the 2 above. When trying to visualise a distance it is useful to remember that the length of an average car is approximately 15ft, therefore, 75ft would be about 5 car lengths away. Stopping distance at various speeds:   When travelling at 20mph The Overall stopping distance when travelling at 20mph is 40 feet (12 metres). This is made up of: (thinking distance: 20 ft (6 m)) + (braking distance: 20 ft (6 m))   When travelling at 30mph The Overall stopping distance when travelling at 30mph is 75 feet (23 metres). This is made up of: (thinking distance: 30 ft (9 m)) + (braking distance: 45 ft (14 m))   When travelling at 40mph The Overall stopping distance when travelling at 40mph is 120 feet (36 metres). This is made up of: (thinking distance: 40 ft (12 m)) + (braking distance: 80 ft (24 m))   When travelling at 50mph The Overall stopping distance when travelling at 50mph is 175 feet (53 metres). This is made up of: (thinking distance: 50 ft (15 m)) + (braking distance: 125 ft (38 m))   When travelling at 60mph The Overall stopping distance when travelling at 60mph is 240 feet (73 metres). This is made up of: (thinking distance: 60 ft (18 m)) + (braking distance: 180 ft (55 m))   When travelling at 70mph The Overall stopping distance when travelling at 70mph is 315 feet (96 metres). This is made up of: (thinking distance: 70 ft (21 m)) + (braking distance: 245 ft (75 m))   Please Note! These facts and figures are for a driver who is alert and well rested, in good health and not impaired by alcohol or medication. Weather and road conditions, as well as type of vehicle and weight of load being carried can also affect these stopping distances. Online theory test training. Licensed and regulated by the DVSA. Navigation Menu


What used to clean a big big carpet for less than half a crown?

UK television adverts 1955-1985 It’s all dirt and dust, But don’t you get fussed, The answer is easily found, Remember: Cleans a big, big carpet For less than half a crown! 1001 carpet cleaner (2) One Thousand and One, One Thousand and One Gets rid of that workaday frown, One Thousand and One cleans a big big carpet For less than half a crown! Bright action foam (deep cleans!), brings up carpets like new! One Thousand and One cleans a big big carpet For less than half a crown! 1001 Dry Foam One Thousand and One Dry Foam — Does it right! One Thousand and One Dry Foam — Cleans it bright! A brighter carpet means a brighter home, One Thousand and One Dry Foam. Acdo Washing Powder: 1971 Fragrances that change your world. Airwick air freshener (2): 1970s (Scrooge sits by the fire; Father Christmas arrives and puts up Christmas decorations) The Airwick Winter Collection Two limited edition festive fragrances — Snowy cedars and mulled wine — Guaranteed to bring the spirit of Christmas to any home! Ajax (1) (Two cleaners and a lift operator walk on the wall) Gets floors too clean to walk on! Ajax (2) Power to shift deep-down stains! Ajax (3) Cleans like a white tornado! Ariel (1) With enzymes to digests dirt and stains/tackles the really tough stains that other powders leave behind Ariel (2) The dirt says “hot” the label says “not”. Ariel (3) Do your whites pass the window test? Ariel. Bacofoil: 1970s [Man in apron  roller skates alongside an extra-long wallpapering table, lining up oven-ready chickens on Bacofoil] Man: This is new double-length Bacofoil. I’ve got 30 seconds to show you how much food you can cook and wrap in this lot. I’m using chickens because I like chickens. It doesn’t have to be chickens. This lot will wrap 30 joints of beef, or 13 turkeys, or 65 pounds of cheese, or 104 rounds of sandwiches. [Reaches half-way point] This is where most other foils run out. Voiceover: New double-length Bacofoil. It’s twice the foil, but not twice the price. Man: I told you we needed a minute. Big S He said “You’re mine for ever”, but she got the dirty pans until Brillo freed her for love. She thought marriage was a bed of roses ― until she saw the mess in the kitchen. There were pans ― dirty pans. Yesterday she was a prisoner of dirty pans. Brillo set her free. He swept her into his arms, then dropped her into the sink. It was a lifetime of dirty pans ― then Brillo arrived. He promised her his worldly goods, but all she got was pans ― dirty pans Then one day Brillo broke into her prison. Calgon Washing machines live longer with Calgon. Comfort Softness is a thing called Comfort! Daz (1): 1950s The Daz white knights are coming your way with big cash prizes. We’re hurrying on our way with purses full of prize money. Our first stop could be at your house. We’re off. If we call, just show us a large Daz packet, answer a simple question correctly, and you win £5. If you have two large or one giant size, you can win £10. Daz white knights will be travelling far and wide including [towns varied by television area]. The Daz white nights are coming your way. And here’s another exciting thing to look out for. Our squires are already putting leaflets through almost every door. It gives you an extra chance of winning the same big prizes. Don’t waste this chance to win big prizes: buy Daz tomorrow because we may call on you. And remember, Daz washes so white you can see the difference! Daz (2) Fabulous Fabulon, makes clothes feel like new! Fairy household soap Fanny Cradock and Johnny are in the kitchen where Fanny is giving Johnny a hard time for having dirty cuffs and collars. After Fanny has given the items a good scrubbing with a block of Fairy soap, the stains vanish. Johnny adjusts his monocle and admires the result. Fanny (looking into the camera): Fairy’s a must for collars and cuffs! Fairy Liquid (1): 1961 Now hands that do dishes can feel soft as your face With mild green Fairy Liquid. Fairy Liquid (2): 1965 4-year-old girl using Fairy Liquid bottles to play skittles Mother: Who’s got my Fairy Liquid? Daughter: It’s for my ski


The Stamp Act of the 18th. Century imposed taxes on which area under British rule?

Timeline of British Acts on America The Declaratory Act What was the Declaratory Act? The Declaratory Act was a measure issued by British Parliament asserting its authority to make laws binding the colonists “in all cases whatsoever” including the right to tax. The Declaratory Act was a reaction of British Parliament to the failure of the  as they did not want to give up on the principle of imperial taxation asserting its legal right to tax colonies. When Parliament  it concurrently approved the Declaratory Act to justify its repeal. It also declared all resolution issued by the  null and void. This … Currency Act of 1764 Definition of the 1764 Currency Act The 1764 Currency Act was a law passed by British Parliament to regulate the issue and legal tender status of paper money in the colonial economy. This act was an extension of the  that applied to New England colonies, the 1764 Currency Act applied the same principles to all British colonies in America. Why was the 1764 Currency Act passed? British law banned the minting of coins and the issue of official government money in America. To avoid this restriction colonial governments issued “bills of public credit”, … Currency Act of 1751 What was the Currency Act of 1751? The Currency Act of 1751 prohibited the issue of new bills of credit by New England colonies: Rhode Island, Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire and Connecticut. Parliament decided to enact the Currency Act of 1751 to control currency depreciation against silver and sterling and to ensure its value for payments of debt to British merchants. extended the policy to all British colonies in the Americas increasing more tension between Britain and America. Why was the 1751 Currency Act passed? Most of the hard currency and revenues in … 1774 – Intolerable (Coercive) Acts The Intolerable Acts also known as Coercive Acts were a package of five laws implemented by the British government with the purpose of restoring authority in its colonies. The first four Acts were passed as reprisal for the rebellion against the that led to the Boston Tea Party Protest. The Intolerable Acts were a reprisal to the Boston Tea party rebellion. The first act was The Boston Port Act which came into effect on March 31, 1774; it closed the port of Boston until the East India Tea company was repaid … 1767 – Townshend Acts In 1766 Charles Townshend assumed the position of Chancellor of the Exchequer; he was an ally of Grenville and a strong supporter of colonial taxation, and decided to reattempt the collection of funds from British colonies. In 1767 Townshend proposed a new set of measures known as the Townshend Acts. The Acts were passed in early June with an overwhelming support of parliament, and were to be effective on November 20th.  After the the British had to show the colonies that Britain had the right to tax the colonies, raise … Economic Causes of British Taxation During the early seventeenth century Britain created a mercantile system to maintain close control and regulate trade of its colonies, they tried to make sure all revenues generated from the trade with its American colonies went back to the crown. This system did not allow  its colonies to freely trade with other countries other than Britain. The first of its protective measures was the The law was designed to protect British economic interests in colonial trade and to protect its industry against the rapidly growing Dutch navigation trade, it … 1733 – Molasses Act This was one of the first decisions of British Parliament that gave a real boost to organizers smuggling in New England colonies. Simultaneously it promoted corruption among customs officials. To crack down colonial trade with countries other than Britain, especially France, the government created a new on foreign molasses. The Molasses Act of 1733 was enacted by the British Parliament on the 13 colonies of America with the purpose of protecting its sugar plantations in the West Indies. This act was not designed to raise revenue but it was part of … 1765 – Quartering Act The first in the series of Quar


Which acts affected the ownership of almost 11,000 square miles of common land?

What were the Enclosure Acts during the Industrial Revolution? - Quora Quora Written Aug 7, 2015 Britain used to be full of tracts of land that were considered "common" -- that is, they were not owned by anyone at all, but could be used by the local community for grazing and planting. You paid the local lord of the manor (not the same kind of lord as one in the House of Lords) for the use, and he had the right to say what was allowed on common land -- but generally, his powers over it were quite limited, and it was not his personal property. The Enclosure Acts were acts of Parliament that took away this common land and sold it to someone who wanted to own it outright. The money was divided up among the people who had formerly been entitled to use the land. However, this often did terrible damage to the local economy, as the new owner could charge much higher fees for using it than the old lord of the manor could. And if he wanted to keep people out of it entirely, they could lose their livelihoods -- no longer allowed to plant or graze animals there even if they were willing to pay. There are still quite a few pieces of Common land in the UK, although the vast majority was sold off by the Enclosure Acts. One of the most famous is Greenham Common, the site of an RAF base which was used by the United States for many years for nuclear weapons. Activists protested there for years and years. Although they were not allowed onto the base, it was not possible to exclude them from the common entirely, because it was by definition open to the public. They lived in tents just outside the base fence.


Who was the first U.S. President to wear a full beard in office?

Last President With Facial Hair - Benjamin Harrison By Tom Murse Updated October 12, 2016. It's been more than a century since the last president with facial hair served in office. The last president to wear a full beard  in office was  Benjamin Harrison , who served from March 1889 to March 1893. The last president to wear any facial hair was  William Howard Taft , who sported a mustache during his term in the White House from March 1909 to March 1913. Take a look around halls of power in Washington, D.C.  now, though. Facial hair has all but disappeared from American politicians. There are very few bearded politicians in Congress . Being clean-shaven wasn't always the norm, though. There are plenty of presidents with facial hair in U.S. political history. Where did they all go? What happened to the beard? List of Presidents With Facial Hair At least 11 presidents had facial hair. They are: William Taft , who wore a mustache. Why Modern Day Presidents Don't Wear Facial Hair The last major-party candidate with a beard to even run for president was Republican Charles Evans Hughes in 1916. He lost. The beard, like every fad, fades and re-emerges in popularity. Lincoln, perhaps America's most famous bearded politician, was the first president to wear a beard in office. But he began his candidacy clean-shaven and only grew his facial hair at the request of an 11-year-old schoolgirl, Grace Bedell. Times have changed, though. Very few people beg political candidates, presidents or members of Congress to grow facial hair since the 1800s. The New Statesman summed up the state of facial hair since then: "Bearded men enjoyed all of the privileges of bearded women." Beards, Hippies and Communists In 1930, three decades after the invention of the safety razor made shaving safe and easy, the author Edwin Valentine Mitchell wrote that, "In this regimented age the simple possession of a beard is enough to mark as curious any young man who has the courage to grow one." After the 1960s, when beards were popular among hippies , facial hair grew even more unpopular among politicians, many of whom wanted to distance themselves from the counterculture. There were very few bearded politicians in politics because candidates and elected officials did not want to appear as either Communists or hippies, according to Slate.com's Justin Peters. "For many years, wearing a full beard marked you as the sort of fellow who had Das Kapital stashed somewhere on his person," Peters wrote in 2012. "In the 1960s, the more-or-less concurrent rise of Fidel Castro in Cuba and student radicals at home reinforced the stereotype of beard-wearers as America-hating no-goodniks. The stigma persists to this day: No candidate wants to risk alienating elderly voters with a gratuitous resemblance to Wavy Gravy." Author A.D. Perkins, writing in his 2001 book One Thousand Beards: a Cultural History of Facial Hair, notes that modern-day politicians are routinely instructed by their advisers and other handlers to "remove all traces of facial hair" before launching a campaign for fear of resembling " Lenin and Stalin (or Marx for that matter)." "The beard has been the kiss of death for Western politicians ..." Perkins writes. Bearded Politicians in Modern Day The absence of bearded politicians has not gone unnoticed. In 2013 a group called the Bearded Entrepreneurs for the Advancement of a Responsible Democracy launched a political action committee whose aim is to support political candidates with both "a full beard, and a savvy mind full of growth-oriented policy positions that will move our great nation towards a more lush and magnificent future." The BEARD PAC claimed that "individuals with the dedication to grow and maintain a quality beard are the kinds of individuals that would show dedication to the job of public service." Said BEARD PAC founder Jonathan Sessions: "With the resurgence of beards in popular culture and among today’s younger generation, we believe the time is now to bring facial hair back into politics." The BEARD PAC determines whether to offer financial


Which highly poisonous substance was once known as prussic acid?

Preventing Prussic Acid Poisoning of Livestock | Forage Information System | Oregon State University Preventing Prussic Acid Poisoning of Livestock Les Vough, Extension-Research Agronomist, Oregon State University, Corvallis Sudangrass and sorghum are two of a group of plants that produce cyanide, which can poison livestock under certain conditions. These plants, called cyanogenetic plants, produce cyanogenetic glucosides during their growing stage. Glucosides are compounds that break down or decompose into glucose sugars by hydrolysis-addition of water. In cyanogenetic plants this decomposition process frees the cyanide from its chemical bond, and it becomes toxic hydrocyanic acid, frequently called prussic acid, and abbreviated HCN. The intact, still-bonded cyanide and glucosides are not themselves poisonous, but when certain enzymes are present, they are highly toxic to both man and animal. The enzymes involved in the hydrolysis, or chemical decomposition, usually are present in the same plant--but may be available from other sources. Digestive juices may cause the hydrolysis to occur. Under normal growing conditions, the intact glucoside occurs in the plant. When plants containing such glucosides are eaten by animals, they are readily eliminated before enough concentration occurs to be harmful. However, certain conditions involving climate, fertility, stage of growth, and anything that retards plant growth and development may increase cyanogenetic glucosides in the plants. A rapid regrowth following retardation favors the increase of glucosides. Wilting and frost injury may cause a rapid increase of hydrocyanic acid (prussic acid) in a plant that would otherwise have been nontoxic. Livestock owners should use caution in grazing animals on plants that contain appreciable quantities of this poisonous substance. Sorghum is much higher than sudangrass in prussic acid, and, in general, it is unsafe for pasturing except after plants reach maturity and no new growth is present. Sorghum silage may contain toxic quantities of prussic acid, but it escapes in gaseous form when the silage is moved and fed. Under most circumstances, silage and well-cured stalk residue can be fed with safety. Prussic acid is released very quickly from the glucoside form in frozen leaves, and hence frosted sorghum is very dangerous until it begins to dry out. Usually there is little danger of prussic acid poisoning in grazing most varieties of sudangrass. However, the young growth that follows clipping, drought, frost, or grazing may contain appreciable quantities of prussic acid. If favorable weather for growth follows a killing frost, sudangrass will send forth new shoots and leaves which are apt to be very high in prussic acid and, if pastured, cause prussic acid (cyanide) poisoning. Effect of Prussic Acid on Animals Young plants and leaves of sudangrass and sorghum contain the cyanogenetic glucoside dhurrin (or durrin). Also present in these young plants and leaves is an enzyme called emulsin, which breaks down some of the harmless glucoside dhurrin to release the poison known as "prussic acid" or "hydrocyanic acid" (HCN). If plants are damaged, as by freezing, chewing, or trampling, then emulsin can more easily free larger quantities of the poison; thus the hazard. Various species of animals react differently when fed plants containing these glucosides. These differences are caused by different anatomical structures and different detoxifying abilities of various animals. Cattle and sheep, both being ruminants, are known to be subject to poisoning by cyanogenetic glucosides. The rumen of these animals is neither strongly acid nor alkaline, and it contains a large flora of micro-organisms and considerable quantities of enzymes. An excellent medium is thus provided for the hydrolysis of the glucoside with the liberation of the toxic agent--hydrocyanic acid--which is then rapidly absorbed into the blood. Horses and hogs, being non-ruminants, have only one stomach which is strongly acid due to the presence of hydrochloric acid (HCI). The HCI reacts


Under what name was nitric acid known to alchemists?

nitric acid Encyclopedia  >  Science and Technology  >  Chemistry  >  Compounds and Elements nitric acid nitric acid, chemical compound, HNO3, colorless, highly corrosive, poisonous liquid that gives off choking red or yellow fumes in moist air. It is miscible with water in all proportions. It forms an azeotrope (constant-boiling mixture) that has the composition 68% nitric acid and 32% water and that boils at 120.5°C. The nitric acid of commerce is typically a solution of 52% to 68% nitric acid in water. Solutions containing over 86% nitric acid are commonly called fuming nitric acid. White fuming nitric acid (WFNA) is similar to the anhydrous variety, and red fuming nitric acid (RFNA) has a reddish brown color from dissolved nitrogen oxides. When treated with hydrogen fluoride, both varieties form inhibited fuming nitric acid, which has increased corrosion resistance in metal tanks, e.g., when used as an oxidizer in liquid fuel rockets. Nitric acid is a strong oxidizing agent. It ionizes readily in solution, forming a good conductor of electricity. It reacts with metals, oxides, and hydroxides, forming nitrate salts. Chief uses of nitric acid are in the preparation of fertilizers, e.g., ammonium nitrate , and explosives, e.g., nitroglycerin and trinitrotoluene (TNT). It is also used in the manufacture of chemicals, e.g., in making dyes, and in metallurgy, ore flotation, etching steel, photoengraving, and reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. It is produced chiefly by oxidation of ammonia (the Ostwald process). Small amounts are produced by the treatment of sodium nitrate with sulfuric acid. Nitric acid was known to the alchemists as aqua fortis; the name is used in commerce for impure grades of it. Aqua regia is a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids. Niric acid is a component of acid rain . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.


In which year was Hong Kong handed back to the Chinese government?

BBC ON THIS DAY | 1 | 1997: Hong Kong handed over to Chinese control About This Site | Text Only 1997: Hong Kong handed over to Chinese control Hong Kong has been handed back to the Chinese authorities - ending more than 150 years of British control. The British flag was lowered over Government House - home to the last Governor Chris Patten for the past five years - at midnight last night. The flag was presented to Mr Patten who was then driven off in his official Rolls Royce, before the car was handed over to Tung Chee-hwa, the territory's Chief Executive. In his farewell speech, Mr Patten said: "The story of this great city is about the years before this night and the years of success that will surely follow it." Britain has controlled Hong Kong island since 1842 - apart from a brief period during World War II when the Japanese took over. A huge fireworks display lit up Victoria Harbour at 2000 local time. One hour later, 4,000 guests sat down to a banquet in the Convention Centre on the harbour front, while 509 Chinese troops crossed the land border into Hong Kong. Among the guests for the final handover ceremony at the Convention Centre were Prince Charles, Prime Minister Tony Blair, Foreign Secretary Robin Cook and Chris Patten. Chinese dignitaries included President Jiang Zemin, Premier Li Peng, Foreign Minister Qian Qichen and military leader General Zhang Wannian. Final farewell In Beijing the ceremony was watched on giant screens erected in Tiananmen Square. At the stroke of midnight, the red digits of the countdown clock turned to zero and the handpicked crowd roared its approval. Shortly afterwards, Prince Charles and Mr Patten boarded the Royal Yacht Britannia and waved a final farewell to the strains of Rule Britannia and Land of Hope and Glory. Just half an hour after the handover, there was a demonstration by the Hong Kong Democratic Party outside the Legislative Council building - but it did not delay the inauguration of the new Special Administrative Region government. Tung Chee-hwa was sworn in as Hong Kong's new leader. "This is a momentous and historic day ... Hong Kong and China are whole again," said Mr Tung. But he promised, "We value this empowerment and we will exercise our powers prudently and responsibly."


At which institute was Dolly the Sheep cloned?

cloning dolly the sheep   Cloning Dolly the sheep Dolly the sheep, as the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell, is by far the world's most famous clone. However, cloning has existed in nature since the dawn of life. From asexual bacteria to ‘virgin births’ in aphids , clones are all around us and are fundamentally no different to other organisms. A clone has the same DNA sequence as its parent and so they are genetically identical. Several clones had been produced in the lab before Dolly, including frogs , mice , and cows, which had all been cloned from the DNA from embryos. Dolly was remarkable in being the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell. This was a major scientific achievement as it demonstrated that the DNA from adult cells, despite having specialised as one particular type of cell, can be used to create an entire organism. How Dolly was cloned Animal cloning from an adult cell is much more difficult than from an embryonic cell. So when scientists working at the Roslin Institute in Scotland produced Dolly, the only lamb born from 277 attempts, it was a major news story around the world. To produce Dolly, scientists used an udder cell from a six-year-old Finn Dorset white sheep . They had to find a way to 'reprogram' the udder cells - to keep them  alive but stop them growing – which they achieved by altering the growth medium (the ‘soup’ in which the cells were kept alive). Then they injected the cell into an unfertilised egg cell which had had its nucleus removed, and made the cells fuse by using electrical pulses. The unfertilised egg cell came from a Scottish Blackface ewe. When the research team had managed to fuse the nucleus from the adult white sheep cell with the egg cell from the black-faced sheep, they needed to make sure that the resulting cell would develop into an embryo. They cultured it for six or seven days to see if it divided and developed normally, before implanting it into a surrogate mother, another Scottish Blackface ewe. Dolly had a white face. From 277 cell fusions, 29 early embryos developed and were implanted into 13 surrogate mothers. But only one pregnancy went to full term, and the 6.6 kg Finn Dorset lamb 6LLS (alias Dolly) was born after 148 days. What happened to Dolly? Dolly lived a pampered existence at the Roslin Institute. She mated and produced normal offspring in the normal way, showing that such cloned animals can reproduce. Born on 5 July 1996, she was euthanased on 14 February 2003, aged six and a half. Sheep can live to age 11 or 12, but Dolly suffered from arthritis in a hind leg joint and from sheep pulmonary adenomatosis, a virus-induced lung tumour that is common among sheep which are raised indoors. The DNA in the nucleus is wrapped up into chromosomes, which shorten each time the cell replicates. This meant that Dolly’s chromosomes were a little shorter than those of other sheep her age and her early ageing may reflect that she was raised from the nucleus of a 6-year old sheep. Dolly was also not entirely identical to her genetic mother because the mitochondria, the power plants of the cell that are kept outside the nucleus, were inherited from Dolly’s egg donor mother. Why clone sheep? Dolly the sheep was produced at the Roslin Institute as part of research into producing medicines in the milk of farm animals. Researchers have managed to transfer human genes that produce useful proteins into sheep and cows, so that they can produce, for instance, the blood clotting agent factor IX to treat haemophilia or alpha-1-antitrypsin to treat cystic fibrosis and other lung conditions. Inserting these genes into animals is a difficult and laborious process; cloning allows researchers to only do this once and clone the resulting transgenic animal to build up a breeding stock. The development of cloning technology has led to new ways to produce medicines and is improving our understanding of development and genetics. Since Dolly Since 1996, when Dolly was born, other sheep have been cloned from adult cells, as have cats , rabbits , horses and donkeys, pigs, goat


Which was the first film directed by Tim Burton to star Johnny Depp?

Johnny Depp - Biography - IMDb Johnny Depp Biography Showing all 328 items Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (2) | Trade Mark  (8) | Trivia  (175) | Personal Quotes  (122) | Salary  (16) Overview (4) 5' 10" (1.78 m) Mini Bio (1) Johnny Depp is perhaps one of the most versatile actors of his day and age in Hollywood. He was born John Christopher Depp II in Owensboro, Kentucky, on June 9, 1963, to Betty Sue (Wells), who worked as a waitress, and John Christopher Depp, a civil engineer. Depp was raised in Florida. He dropped out of school when he was 15, and fronted a series of music-garage bands, including one named 'The Kids'. However, it was when he married Lori Anne Allison ( Lori A. Depp ) that he took up the job of being a ballpoint-pen salesman to support himself and his wife. A visit to Los Angeles, California, with his wife, however, happened to be a blessing in disguise, when he met up with actor Nicolas Cage , who advised him to turn to acting, which culminated in Depp's film debut in the low-budget horror film, A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984), where he played a teenager who falls prey to dream-stalking demon Freddy Krueger. In 1987 he shot to stardom when he replaced Jeff Yagher in the role of undercover cop Tommy Hanson in the popular TV series 21 Jump Street (1987). In 1990, after numerous roles in teen-oriented films, his first of a handful of great collaborations with director Tim Burton came about when Depp played the title role in Edward Scissorhands (1990). Following the film's success, Depp carved a niche for himself as a serious, somewhat dark, idiosyncratic performer, consistently selecting roles that surprised critics and audiences alike. He continued to gain critical acclaim and increasing popularity by appearing in many features before re-joining with Burton in the lead role of Ed Wood (1994). In 1997 he played an undercover FBI agent in the fact-based film Donnie Brasco (1997), opposite Al Pacino ; in 1998 he appeared in Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998), directed by Terry Gilliam ; and then, in 1999, he appeared in the sci-fi/horror film The Astronaut's Wife (1999). The same year he teamed up again with Burton in Sleepy Hollow (1999), brilliantly portraying Ichabod Crane. Depp has played many characters in his career, including another fact-based one, Insp. Fred Abberline in From Hell (2001). He stole the show from screen greats such as Antonio Banderas in the finale to Robert Rodriguez 's "mariachi" trilogy, Once Upon a Time in Mexico (2003). In that same year he starred in the marvelous family blockbuster Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), playing a character that only the likes of Depp could pull off: the charming, conniving and roguish Capt. Jack Sparrow. The film's enormous success has opened several doors for his career and included an Oscar nomination. He appeared as the central character in the Stephen King -based movie, Secret Window (2004); as the kind-hearted novelist James Barrie in the factually-based Finding Neverland (2004), where he co-starred with Kate Winslet ; and Rochester in the British film, The Libertine (2004). Depp collaborated again with Burton in a screen adaptation of Roald Dahl 's novel, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), and later in Alice in Wonderland (2010) and Dark Shadows (2012). Off-screen, Depp has dated several female celebrities, and has been engaged to Sherilyn Fenn , Jennifer Grey , Winona Ryder and Kate Moss . He was married to Lori Anne Allison in 1983, but divorced her in 1985. Depp has two children with French singer/actress Vanessa Paradis : Lily-Rose Melody, born in 1999 and Jack, born in 2002. He married actress/producer Amber Heard in 2015. - IMDb Mini Biography By: mikedavies86 and Sidhartha Shankar Spouse (2) Often stars alongside Helena Bonham Carter Frequently plays British characters: Sleepy Hollow (1999), From Hell (2001), the "Pirates of the Caribbean" films, Dark Shadows (2012), etc. Dark, intense eyes and highly defined cheekbones Known for wearing outlandish clothing and numerous tatto


Which darts player was the first to finish a 501 leg in 9 darts live on British TV?

Patrick Chaplin: 9 Darters 9 Darters Who Threw The Very First Nine-Darter? I receive a good number of darts history questions via my web site, but one I  received in February 2003 from a dart fan in the Netherlands really set me  thinking. The question was: ‘Do you know when the first 9-dart finish was thrown in the history of darts?  And I mean ‘In what year?’ I was wondering when that happened.’ What a splendid question! After much thought, a reply was sent. I thought I  would share my answer with visitors to my web page. It reads as follows: The first 9-darter to be  seen on TV was, of course, John Lowe's in 1984, followed by Paul Lim's in 1990,  but who hit the very first 9-darter is not known and - I would suggest - is lost  in history. All I can say is that it is very unlikely that it happened before  the introduction of the tungsten dart. Before that time – the late 1970s - darts were mainly made of brass or wood  and were much wider than tungsten. Thus it made it very difficult to hit a 180,  let alone two 180s in a row! Tungsten darts, being much thinner, brought the  possibility of the ultimate game to reality. John Lowe, when interviewed after his TV 9-darter in 1984, said that he had  hit the magic sequence during exhibition matches but until then never in a major  competition. The question you ask is the same as: Who scored the first 180? The Guinness Book of Records used to include a claim for this, but in my  research I have not been able to trace the pub in which it was said to have been  achieved in the early 1900s or the newspaper in which the event was supposed to  have been reported. Both the first 180 and the first 9-darter will probably never be known. OK,  so I might find a report later on which says that 180 was scored by Mr X in a  pub in London in 1928 or that Mr Y hit a nine-darter in Holland in 1978, but  who's to say that someone else, in a pub, in a private game, hadn't hit one a  lot earlier? So, what do we do? We have to  look at what we actually know for sure has happened and qualify it. So, we  applaud John Lowe as the first man to achieve a 9-darter on TV (recorded), Paul  Lim as the first man to achieve it in the Embassy Championships and Shaun  Greatbatch as the first man to achieve it on 'live' TV. As my research continues I may well find an earlier report than John Lowe's  in 1984 about a nine-darter. That won't prove that that person scored the first  ever 9-darter but it be 'the earliest known 9-darter.' I'm sorry that I have not been able to answer your question exactly as you  might have expected, but I hope that this helps - and also illustrates the  frustrations that research causes this humble Darts Historian. Best wishes Patrick Chaplin So, instead of you asking me a question, I’ll ask you one. Let me throw out a  challenge to all you darters out there. What is the earliest recorded case of a 9-darter and/or a ‘180’? Do YOU know? Frivolous admissions like, “Yeah, my grandfather hit a 9-darter in the White  Horse on Christmas Day 1937 with a set of darts he made in his shed” or “I  remember my Uncle Ted hitting 180 on a paper dartboard which used to hang on the  back of our kitchen door in the 1950s” will not be accepted. The claim must be  backed up by a genuine report of some kind, for example, a press cutting. Either e-mail your information to me or post it to my home address, both of  which appear on my ‘Contact’ page.   How Many Permutations? I immediately knew who to contact when Phil Cook of Cheltenham, England  e-mailed me in August 2008 with the question ‘How many possible permutations of  a 501 nine-dart finish are there?’ Earlier that year I had been in conversation with Bobby George and he had  told me that he had worked out not only the number of combinations for a  nine-dart 501 but also the number of possible sequences. Bobby revealed that there are, according to his calculations, no less than 145 combinations and 3,944 sequences. (Now watch the mathematicians out there whipping out their pencils and paper  and checking


Which was the first film directed by Alfred Hitchcock to star James Stewart?

Alfred Hitchcock and James Stewart Movies Buy from Amazon The first of their four films, the Leopold and Loeb-inspired Rope was also Hitchcock’s first color film and allowed the all-American Stewart to branch out into darker territory. Stewart played Rupert Cadell, a college professor who unwittingly inspires two of his students (Farley Granger and John Dall) to commit murder as an exercise in proving one’s superiority over another. In fact, his discussion of Friedrich Nietzsche’s Übermesch theory is what leads the two men to strangle a former classmate to death. When Rupert suspects something is amiss, he investigates and is shocked to discover that his philosophical conversation with the two was used to rationalize murder. Though not Hitchcock’s best work, Rope was notable for the 10 long continuous takes making up the totality of the film's edits. Check Amazon rating » continue reading below our video Profile of Alfred Hitchcock Buy from Amazon Many have argued which of the four Hitchcock-Stewart collaborations were the best and most will side with either Vertigo or Rear Window. My opinion has always been with Rear Window, mainly because of Hitchcock’s ability to draw maximum tension from a contained setting, Stewart’s believable performance as an overly-obsessive voyeur, and Grace Kelly ’s radiant presence. Stewart played L.B. Jeffries, a globetrotting photographer confined to his apartment after suffering a broken leg, which leaves him nothing to do but watch his neighbors through a pair of binoculars and make up stories about their lives. Jeff sees one neighbor, Lars Thorwald (Raymond Burr), doing something suspicious in the garden late at night, leading him to speculate that the lonely traveling salesman killed his nagging wife and buried her in the backyard. Unable to investigate himself, Jeff convinces girlfriend Lisa (Kelly) to sneak into Thorwald’s apartment and dig up evidence, triggering a chain of events that results in a chilling confrontation with the killer himself. One of Hitch’s all-time masterpiece, Rear Window was a high water mark in only their second collaboration. Check Amazon rating » Universal Studios Buy from Amazon A remake of Hitchcock’s 1934 British-era thriller of the same name, The Man Who Knew Too Much featured Stewart in the classic position of a good man entangled in a web of murder and deceit just for being in the wrong place at the wrong time. Stewart played an American tourist on holiday with his wife ( Doris Day ) and son in French Morocco, where husband and wife witness the murder of a Frenchman (Daniel Gelin) they befriended only hours before. Before dying, the Frenchman tells Stewart about an assassination plot that will occur during a concert performance at London’s famed Albert Hall. But Stewart and Day are unable to do anything about it because a group of mysterious foreign agents have kidnapped their son in order to ensure their silence. Certainly better than the 1934 version, The Man Who Knew Too Much didn’t compare to the effort Stewart and Hitchcock made with Rear Window just two years prior. Check Amazon rating » Universal Studios 4.  ‘Vertigo’ – 1958 Collaborating for the fourth and final time, Stewart and Hitchcock pulled all the stops for this deeply personal thriller about sexual obsession. Stewart starred opposite Kim Novak, certainly one of Hitchcock’s more enigmatic leading ladies , to play Scottie Ferguson, a San Francisco-based private investigator who suffers from vertigo and a fear of heights after watching a police officer fall to his death during a rooftop chase. Scottie is called back into action when an old friend (Tom Helmore) convinces him to follow his wife, Madeleine (Novak), because of her unhealthy obsession with a great-grandmother who committed suicide. As he follows Madeleine around town, Scottie falls in love from afar, only to witness her tragic death when she seemingly jumps into the San Francisco Bay. Only after discovering her virtual twin does Scottie start succumbing to his own obsessive desires while uncovering the mystery surrounding Madel


“Lovers of the stinking Rose” have a fondness for which food?

Lovers of the Stinking Rose | Mississippi Market Lovers of the Stinking Rose Posted on August 3, 2011 by Jan Garlic was not a part of my Minnesota German mother’s cooking, so of course I embraced it ardently when I started cooking on my own—that’s what we did back in the ’60s: tried to make it new. Along with cooking garlic every which way, I joined the Lovers of the Stinking Rose, a very informal Berkeley group devoted to garlic cooking and eating. When Robert Charles opened La Vielle Maison in Truckee, California, in the 1970s, I hopped the first Southern Pacific train I could to chug up there for a five-course, garlic-infused meal. What changes have been rung in the status of garlic here in south-central Minnesota!—now each August, Minnesota has its very own garlic festival, and every fall, Mississippi Market stocks a lively variety of locally grown garlics. This is a very happy time to be a lover of the stinking rose in the North Star state. This year’s Minnesota Garlic Festival —the sixth—will be held at the McLeod County fairgrounds in Litchfield. Chefs from the Twin Cities will offer fabulous garlic-infused food. With any luck, the Minars of Cedar Summit will show up, as they have in past years, with garlic ice cream made in their creamery. Newly harvested local garlic—most of it is hard-necked, and happily lots of it is really firey—will be on sale for Christmas stockings, faux Chanukah gelt, and fall and winter braises. You can sacrifice a head or two to planting for your own harvest in late summer 2012 (Check out our class on the subject). What more can a lover of the stinking rose ask for? It’s fascinating to look over the varieties for sale at the festival; many, if not most, originate in Russia, Siberia, Poland, and other northerly places—I suppose that should come as little surprise. If all you’ve eaten is the conventional, white-skinned, soft-necked garlic that comes from California (and in supermarkets, from China, which exports more than 75% of the world’s soft-necked garlic), you’re in for a surprise. Hard-necked garlics are fuller bodied, more deeply flavored, and sometimes far hotter than standard-issue garlic. Rocambole varieties (for example, Spanish Roja, German Brown, Argentine Red Stripe, Purple Max) offer deep, memorable flavors. Purple-stripes (for example, Metechi, Siberian, Persian Star) become wonderfully sweet when roasted. Porcelains (for example, Georgian Fire, Georgian Crystal, Music, Leningrad, German White, Polish Hardneck, Romanian Red) have few but uniformly sized, usually very large cloves (4–8 per head) and offer the fieriest taste. Once you know what garlic you prefer, harden off some cloves of your favorites and plant them in fall for 2012’s harvest. The chartreuse-green scapes that emerge in spring possess a youthful garlic-y flavor: you can chop them up as you would chives or scallions and use them to add a bit of bite and green flavor to salads, soups, and casseroles. The beautiful flower heads that rise atop lengthy stems in spring are edible and add striking color (blue to purple) to salads and otherwise blandly colored cheese and potato dishes. For a more-than-you-ever-wanted-to-know introduction to garlic lore, cultivation, and cooking, check out Ted Jordan Meredith’s The Complete Book of Garlic: A Guide for Gardeners, Growers, and Serious Cooks (Timber Press, 2008), a book as beautiful as it is comprehensive. For a blast from the past, find yourself a used copy of Lloyd J. Harris’s The Book of Garlic (Holt, Rinehart, 1975)—good recipes, great lore, a tonic reminder that avid interest in food in this country did not start in the 1980s or 1990s. GARLIC FAVORITES Herb Oil This is one of the most versatile foodstuffs I know of. You can use it on pizzas when they come out of the oven; as a salad dressing or marinade for grilling, with a squeeze of fresh lemon; as a wake-me-up for mashed or smashed potatoes. Use it fresh within a day or freeze it for up to six months. If I were stuck on the proverbial desert island, this is the one sauce I would want with me. Ingredients: 2 lar


The motto of which company is “Impossible is nothing”?

The Adidas Slogan: All You Need To Know The Adidas Slogan: All You Need To Know 0 comments Adidas, a company that started off with a core vision to support athletes, has always been true to its positioning that is highlighted by the Adidas slogan, “Impossible is Nothing.” It is one of the greatest slogans for a sports brand and is already part of my 40 Best Advertising Slogans of Modern Brands post that I wrote a couple of months back. A great brand or a company slogan lays out the complete brand philosophy in just one small phrase: it should explain what is the reason behind the very existence of a brand. Though over shadowed by Nike and other sports brands in recent decades, Adidas is a super brand that exists to support athletes in its core sense; and the Adidas slogan did justice to what the brand stands for. Before anyone of you starts judging me, let me clarify that this is not a paid post. This is just my true admiration for the brand and its positioning since its inception. I’ll start with a quick recap about the brand along with a basic history of where the slogan, “Impossible is Nothing” came from. The Beginnings of Adidas Adi Dassler, the founder of Adidas, had three guiding principles for his development work, from the time he made his first canvas training shoe for runners in 1920: To produce the best shoe for the requirements of the sport To protect the athletes from injury To make the shoe durable Adi Dassler, Adidas Founder Since then, the company evolved into a complete sports brand making shoes for football, tennis, sprinting, running, boxing, and many other sports. Adidas & Muhammad Ali It was not until 1974 that Adidas got associated with the slogan, “Impossible is Nothing” that is actually taken from a quote by Muhammad Ali, one of the legendary boxers who ruled the ring: This might have come up as a surprise to many of you, but Muhammad Ali endorsed Adidas at the peak of his era. Now it must be easier to digest how Adidas got affiliated with this slogan: through brand endorsement and smart positioning, Adidas nailed the iron when it was hot. Erich Stamminger, member of the Executive Board of Adidas-Salomon AG, describes “Impossible is Nothing” as a brand and an attitude that is known and shared by all athletes around the world. “Impossible is Nothing” is the concept behind Adidas’ brand positioning “forever sport” that clearly and emotionally communicates our passion for sport. He added, “As an athlete you always strive to go further, break new ground, and surpass your limits. So do we as a brand, to achieve our mission to be the leading sports brand in the world.” In 1974 Adidas launched a series of the “Impossible is Nothing” campaign as short videos featuring the legendary Muhammad Ali. The first in the series was a boxing match between a younger version of Muhammad Ali and his three time female-boxing champion daughter, Laila Ali, at the height of his own boxing career. The second video called the “Long Run,” featured 7 legendary athletes of recent times (Zinedine Zidane, Laila Ali, David Beckham, Tracy McGrady, Ian Thorpe, Haile Gebrselassie and Maurice Green) with a young Muhammad Ali on one of his morning runs in 1974. Both videos were editing master pieces that left a great impact on the audience. Hence, a series of event and celebrity based campaigns around the “Impossible is Nothing” slogan followed for years to strengthen the brand philosophy. Adidas Slogan 2011 Impossible is Nothing has been a powerful Adidas slogan for many years and many people will continue to remember the brand with the same philosophy for times to come. However, as of March 2011, the new Adidas slogan has been changed to “All In,” through a campaign that was claimed to be the most expensive Adidas marketing effort ever. Adidas Slogan 2013


The ancient ritual of bull-leaping took place on which Mediterranean island?

Strange Horizons - Bull-Leaping in Bronze Age Crete Bull-Leaping in Bronze Age Crete comes near the midpoint of the story, on the doomed island of Atlantis. In it, the royal princess Charis takes part in one of the major rituals of her people: bull-leaping. Sir Arthur Evans; image courtesy of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture The idea of acrobats flinging themselves at and over charging bulls was not Lawhead's invention; he took it from Minoan-period Crete. The archaeological record contains many depictions of this activity, and the concept of it has enchanted many people since Sir Arthur Evans first carried out excavations in the palace at Knossos . Since then, however, many scholars have raised questions about it, ranging from the meaning of the activity, to the manner and location of its execution, to who engaged in it. The subject is muddied in part by Evans's own writings; his work at Knossos and elsewhere is the foundation of Minoan archaeology (he was the one to name the period Minoan, after the mythological figure of Minos), and his efforts are laudable, but he approached Crete and its ancient civilization with a romantic light in his eye, and it colored all that he saw. Because his work is the foundation upon which so much else is built, that romantic light has also tinted much later scholarship. Disentangling Evans's biases from his own work and that of others in order to form a clearer picture of this characteristically Minoan activity is not a simple task. What is bull-leaping? The most commonly cited representation of bull-leaping is a well-preserved member of the four-panel grouping known as the "Taureador" or "Bull-Leaping" frescoes found at Knossos. Large portions of the panel are missing, but it seems that many key parts are preserved. The fresco shows three individuals of debatable gender and a bull with its legs outstretched in the common artistic code for a full gallop. One figure, dark-skinned and apparently male, seems to be somersaulting over the bull's back; his legs are in the air and his arms stretch around the bull's sides. At the bull's head another figure stands and seems to grasp the bull's horns, perhaps preparatory to performing the kind of acrobatics the other is currently engaged in. The third figure stands behind the bull, arms outstretched, perhaps in an attitude of reverence, perhaps to catch or steady the individual doing the somersault. The other three panels are similar in composition, with the primary difference being that in two of them the third figure appears to be landing from a leap rather than reaching out to catch the other acrobat. The Taureador Frescoes are far from the only representation of bull-leaping in Minoan wall art. Evans's personal count of their instances may be somewhat inflated; he was capable of looking at a fresco fragment showing the front leg of an animal, most likely a bull, and extrapolating from this an entire bull-leaping scene complete with acrobats. His restorers then obligingly provided him with all the missing pieces. And, unfortunately, reproductions of the frescoes often do not show where the fragments end and the reproductions begin, so that many readers are misled into thinking the entire thing is genuine. Elsewhere, Evans's extrapolations may be better founded, as in one fragment which shows not only the forelegs of a bull but also marks which seem to be locks of hair, which could indicate the presence of an acrobat. Nevertheless, when Evans calls bull-grappling a common motif in Minoan art, that designation must be taken with a grain of salt. Still, the Taureador Frescoes are not alone. A fragment from what Evans called the "Deposit of High Reliefs" shows a man's left arm thrown over a bull's horn; the fist is clenched, but not around the horn itself, and curiously enough the arm is turned in such a direction that it implies the man is facing away from the bull, instead of toward it, as is the case in the Taureador Frescoes. There are, moreover, frescoes from other sites that show the same or similar scenes: Pylos and Tiryns


The Lake District is located in which English county?

Lake District Maps and Orientation: Lake District, Cumbria, England Lake District Maps and Orientation (Lake District, Cumbria, England, UK) Located on the north-westerly side of England and within the spreading county of Cumbria, the Lake District is quite huge, and encompasses a series of different towns and villages. Often referred to simply at the 'Lakeland' or alternatively as 'The Lakes', the Lake District has become a leading English tourist destination and famed for its mountain trails and stunning lakes, such as Coniston, Grasmere, Ullswater and Windermere, amongst many others. Much visited in this area is the Lake District National Park itself, which resides within the very heart of the region and offers some truly breathtaking scenery and recreational attractions. The highest ground tends to be sited within the centre, with numerous valleys, ridges and expansive lakes tending to radiate outwards from this point. Maps and Orientation of the Region The mountains and hills within the Lake District tend to be known locally as the 'Lakeland Fells' and form the only actual mountain range that exists in the whole of England . Although these mountains are not especially tall, the hill walks and trails do boast some endless views, particularly from the very top of Scafell Pike. Bowness, Keswick and Windermere have become the most prominent bases to explore within the Lake District area, although many further destinations are also of note. These include Ambleside, Coniston, Eskdale Green, Glenridding, Grasmere, Hawkshead, Kendal and Penrith. Maps of the Lake District are therefore essential for those planning to explore the area. Alston - north-east


On which TV show did Claude Littner replace Nick Hewer?

From Claude Littner to Roisin Hogan: Who could replace Nick Hewer on The Apprentice? | Metro News From Claude Littner to Roisin Hogan: Who could replace Nick Hewer on The Apprentice? Duncan Lindsay for Metro.co.uk Monday 22 Dec 2014 11:38 am Who could possibly replace Nick Hewer? (Picture: BBC) The Apprentice have been dealt a task more difficult than any of their candidates on the show have ever faced; that of replacing the legend that is Alan Sugar’s right hand man Nick Hewer. The effortless honesty and wry humour of Mr Hewer has always been one of the show’s biggest highlights and filling his boots is an impossibility. However, someone must at least try. Here, we take a look at some of the people who could be in line to advise Sir Alan. From the competent to the ruthless and the hilarious to the utter ridiculous: which of these would you like Lord Sugar to say ‘You’re Hired!’ to? Claude Littner I have always thought Claude to have been a bit wasted being used only for the interview stages. He is notoriously the toughest of Lord Sugar’s candidates to crack and would bring a ruthless and intimidating edge to the boardroom. And his exchanges with Alan on paying attention to women’s hosiery proved that he has that mischievous edge that we will miss from Nick. Claude Littner (Picture: BBC) Margaret Mountford Did my eyes deceive me when I read that Margaret Mountford wasn’t even invited back for the interview round this year? This is a wrong that needs righted, and she has done the job before so knows what she is doing. Margaret has had her rest now, get her re hired! Margaret Mountford (Picture: BBC) Duncan Bannatyne Snap him up while you can! Dragons Den’s most notable face is leaving the show. Duncan has charm, a business head, can take and make a cheeky joke or two and is a distinctive and well known personality who could bring new viewers to The Apprentice. He knows what it’s like to invest his own cash in business newbies so he is arguably the most qualified for the task. Go on Duncan, let’s hear you say ‘I’m in!’ Duncan Bannatyne (Picture: PA) Roisin Hogan I am most certainly not the only one to have felt Roisin was robbed if my Twitter feed was anything to go by. Roisin was arguably one of the show’s strongest ever all round contestants but once the focus was more on the business idea than anything else, she lost out. A consolation prize of Nick’s chair is only fair and, as an accountant, she is ideally placed to ensure that Lord Sugar’s money is going to the right place. Roisin Hogan (Picture: BBC) Ricky Martin One of the few winners to actually still be working successfully for Lord Sugar, Ricky has been through the whole process so would bring a different level of understanding to the show. He proved himself in this year’s interview stages…the Apprentice became the Master. Well, almost. Ricky Martin (Picture: BBC) Dara O Briain Dara is always a hoot and is passionate about the show. Anyone who watches the ‘You’re Fired!’ and ‘You’re Hired’ sections will appreciate that he brings a lighter and more entertaining angle to The Apprentice and the boardroom would be livened up no end with his witty quips and insights. With a mathematical background, he would prove useful to Lord Sugar in more ways than giving us all a good laugh to break the tension. Dara O Briain (Picture: BBC / File) Katie Hopkins Let’s just pretend that The Apprentice was on Channel 5 and it was time to take the series in a whole new car crash style direction. Putting Katie and Alan in the same room would be TV gold, let alone giving her responsibility over his businesses. Failing that, rope in Stella English or Piers Morgan, just for the sheer lolz of course. Come on, not even for a Children In Need special? Katie Hopkins (Picture: Getty Images)


Which Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale features 20 mattresses?

Hans Christian Andersen on iBooks Open iTunes to buy and download books Biography Born in a slum and struggling through his youth to break through Denmark's class structure, Hans Christian Andersen always considered himself an outsider. And so his plays, novels, and especially his fairy tales are populated by outsiders, some of whom do not live happily ever after. The young Andersen initially hoped to rise from his impoverishment as an actor, but a theater director instead raised money to send him to school. In 1829, he gained his first success not as an actor but as a writer, with "A Walk From Holmen's Canal to the East Point of the Island of Amager in the Years 1828 and 1829." Despite its unwieldy travelogue title, this was a tale of fantasy inspired by the work of E.T.A. Hoffmann. Still attached to the theater, Andersen went on to write several plays, few of which were particularly successful. He made his name more as a novelist, with such works as The Improviser (1835) and Only a Fiddler (1837). It was during this early phase of novel writing that Andersen also began turning out original little tales in folk style. The first of what would amount to 156 stories was published in 1835 as Eventyr, or Tales Told for Children. Eventyr was expanded in 1837 and a second volume came out in 1842. Related collections of stories were regularly issued through 1852, with a last publication, New Fairy Tales and Stories, finally arriving in 1872. One key to Andersen's popularity was his style, which was colloquial rather than literary. Yet he refused to write down to children; he introduced dark feelings and sinister turns of events and expressed special sympathy for outcasts, not just heroes and princesses. Some of his tales celebrated the triumph of goodness and were, indeed, overtly Christian, but others were pessimistic in the tradition of German Romanticism. Andersen was also a poet, and his verse has been set to music by such composers as Grieg, Nielsen, and Schumann (notably Der Spielmann). But his fairy tales have made the strongest impression on composers. Among musical adaptations, sometimes quite loose, of Andersen's tales are Prokofiev's song The Ugly Duckling, Mary Rodgers' musical Once Upon a Mattress (based on "The Princess and the Pea"), and Disney's animated feature The Little Mermaid. Top Books


Ringed, Golden and Kentish are all species of which bird?

Kentish Plover - Whatbird.com Kentish Plover Copyright © 2004 - 2017 Mitch Waite Group PHOTOS Photos we are missing. CONSERVATION STATUS The Kentish Plover has a very large range with localized populations found along the coasts and in some inland areas of western Europe, northern Africa, parts of sub-Saharan Africa, the caucus region, the Middle East, central, southern and eastern Asia, and the Americas. This small plover occurs in coastal lagoons, salt pans, dunes, sandy shores, and mudflats. The Kentish Plover has an estimated global population of 300,000 - 460,000, is not included on the IUCN Red List, and is evaluated as Least Concern. IBIRD EXPLORER GENERAL posted on May 13, 2013 07:47 AM PHOTO SHARING AND DISCUSSION posted on January 01, 2017 02:57 PM BIRD PHOTOGRAPHY posted on June 12, 2016 09:03 PM SUMMARY Overview Kentish Plover: Small shorebird with dark gray legs, short black bill, and white underparts. Brown upperparts, pale-brown and black wings with white stripe. White and black striped collar, pale-red-brown crown and nape. White forehead and throat with black eyeline. Brown eyes. Tail black in center and white on sides.   "pyur-ree-et pyur-ree-et", "toeeet" INTERESTING FACTS Breeding birds located in warmer climates are usually sedentary. Birds located northern and inland are migratory and spend their winters south to the tropics. Pairs are usually monogamous over several years. Polyandry and polygyny occasionally occurs if one of the parents leaves early in the season or if a parent hatches the young or loses brood early. They breed on brackish inland lakes and sandy coasts. They are not usually found on fresh water. A group of plovers has many collective nouns, including a "brace", "congregation", "deceit", "ponderance" and "wing" of plovers. SIMILAR BIRDS This map shows how this species is distributed across the Palau islands. FAMILY DESCRIPTION Lapwings and Plovers (Charadriidae) ORDER The taxonomic order CHARADRIIFORMES (pronounced kah-RAH-dree-ih-FOR-meez) is composed of waterbirds such as the auks, gulls, long-toed Jacanas, and the plovers. FAMILY TAXONOMY In the lapwings and plovers family, Charadriidae (pronounced kar-ad-RYE-uh-dee), there are sixty-seven species in ten genera distributed nearly worldwide. SOUTH PACIFIC-PALAU Nine species in three genera have occurred in the South Pacific and Palau. All are migrants. NORTH AMERICA There are eighteen species of lapwings and plovers in three genera in North America. Members of this family include the well- known Killdeer, the pale Piping Plover, and the golden-plovers. KNOWN FOR The Killdeer is known for its distraction displays around its nest. Adult Killdeers noisily feign a broken wing to attract the attention of anyone or anything that comes too close to their nests. PHYSICAL Plovers are small birds with rounded, pigeon-like heads, long, pointed wings for fast flight, and except for the long-tailed Killdeer, short tails. They have fairly long legs with short toes and rather short bills. COLORATION Dull colors such as brown, gray, black, and white are the most frequent colors seen in lapwings and plovers plumages. Dark colors are usually found on the upperparts and white on the underparts with several species having black markings on the head and neck. Exceptions are the handsome breeding plumages of the Black-bellied Plover and golden-plovers (these show black on the underparts), and the Eurasian Dotterel with rufous underparts. GEOGRAPHIC HABITAT The lapwing and plover family occurs throughout North America in non-forest habitats. The most common species, the Killdeer, occupies almost any sort of bare or sparsely vegetated ground from extensive lawns to parking lots and baseball fields. The Mountain Plover of the short grass prairie also prefers little vegetation but is much more particular in habitat choice and much less common. Other plover species occur in wet fields, beaches, mud flats, and salt pans. MIGRATION Plovers are mostly long distance migrants that winter from the southern United States to Argentina in South America. HABITS Lapwi


Which summer visitor to Britain has varieties including Marsh, Grasshopper and Willow?

British Birds Rarities Committee (BBRC) |  Warblers and Long-tailed Tit Warblers and Long-tailed Tit You are here: Home » Species Information » Warblers and Long-tailed Tit Warblers and Long-tailed Tit Cetti’s Warbler Cettia cetti Cetti’s Warbler comprises three subspecies. Nominate cetti occurs across western Europe. It is replaced by orientalis in Turkey, the Caucasus, the Levant and northern Iraq and by albiventris from the Volga delta through southern Central Asia to westernmost China, the latter two known collectively as ‘Eastern Cetti’s Warbler’. Variation is clinal, however, and the boundaries between the forms are not well defined (Cramp et al. 1992). Only nominate cetti is on the British List but orientalis and albiventris are perhaps potential vagrants. The latter are more migratory than nominate cetti and birds resembling albiventris have reached Israel. An eastern bird, potentially orientalis, has been submitted from East Sussex but, although a promising candidate, it was found ‘not proven’. Identification of vagrant subspecies is problematic. Birds become larger and paler towards the east but the differences are minor and only the most extreme examples will be identifiable. Western orientalis resemble nominate cetti but eastern orientalis are more similar to albiventris. Important features of the latter are a larger size/wing length, pale upperparts, pale underparts and virtually white undertail coverts. Biometrics would be useful for a trapped bird. Claims of potential orientalis or albiventris are welcomed if accompanied by detailed notes and good photographs but only trapped birds with full biometrics noted are likely to gain acceptance, if not to a particular subspecies then at least to orientalis/albiventris. A ringing recovery would provide additional evidence. (updated April 2015 AMS). References Cramp, S. et al. 1992. The Birds of the Western Palearctic Vol 6. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Svensson, L. 1992. Identification Guide to European Passerines. Privately published, Stockholm.   Long-tailed Tit Aegithalos caudatus Long-tailed Tit comprises perhaps as many as twenty subspecies. Of relevance here are three of these – rosaceus (‘British Long-tailed Tit’), endemic to Britain and Ireland, europaeus (‘Central European Long-tailed Tit’), breeding in western, central and south-east Europe, and nominate caudatus (‘Northern Long-tailed Tit’), breeding across Scandinavia, European Russia and northern Asia. The subspecies caudatus and europaeus intergrade in a zone stretching from Denmark through eastern Germany and southern Poland to northern Romania and southern Ukraine, resulting in birds of intermediate appearance. This intergrade zone may be shifting southwards. The subspecies europaeus is a contentious form, some authors regarding it as a fully valid (albeit variable) subspecies, others as an intergrade population between caudatus and the darker southern European forms. The vast majority are close to rosaceus (though fractionally paler) but some exhibit caudatus-like characters, including a partially or largely white head. Whether all such birds represent intergrades with caudatus or whether some may represent variability within europaeus remains the subject of debate (Cramp et al. 1993, Harrap & Quinn 1996, Jansen & Nap 2008). The subspecies rosaceus is common in Britain. Nominate caudatus is also on the British List, and although its historical status is a little obscure, it is now recognised as very rare. The subspecies europaeus was formerly on the British List on the basis of a specimen from Kent in 1882 but it has now been removed (BOU 2014). However, this subspecies is known to be dispersive and is a likely vagrant, indeed a number of birds resembling either this subspecies or caudatus x europaeus intergrades have been recorded here. Nominate caudatus is a striking subspecies but it needs to be separated with care from caudatus x europaeus intergrades/’white-headed europaeus’. The key feature is a wholly white head but the pattern of the tertials, scapulars and underparts should also be no


The SYRIZA party won the general election in which European country?

Greece election: Anti-austerity Syriza wins election - BBC News Greece election: Anti-austerity Syriza wins election 26 January 2015 Close share panel Media captionThe BBC's Gavin Hewitt: "Syriza's supporters celebrated into the evening" Anti-austerity Syriza party has won Greece's general election, putting the country on a possible collision course with the EU over its massive bailout. With nearly 75% of the votes counted, Syriza is projected to win 149 seats, just two short of an absolute majority, though that number could change. Left-wing party leader Alexis Tsipras, who wants to renegotiate Greece's debt, said "the Greeks wrote history". The governing centre-right New Democracy has come a distant second. Outgoing Prime Minister Antonis Samaras has admitted defeat and phoned Mr Tsipras to congratulate him. Syriza's result will send shockwaves through Europe, the BBC's Gavin Hewitt in Athens reports. Media captionSyriza leader Alexis Tsipras: "Today the people of Greece wrote history" A majority of voters in Greece have essentially rejected a core policy for dealing with the eurozone crisis as devised by Brussels and Berlin, our correspondent adds. In Germany, Bundesbank President Jens Weidmann said he hoped "the new Greek government will not make promises it cannot keep and the country cannot afford". The election result is expected to be one of the main issues during Monday's meeting of 19 eurozone finance ministers. Belgium's representative Johan Van Overtveld was quoted by VRT network as saying that Greece "must respect the rules of monetary union", although he added that there was room for some - but not much - flexibility. British Prime Minister David Cameron - whose country is not a member of the eurozone - said the result of the Greek election would "increase economic uncertainty across Europe". Meanwhile, the euro fell to $1.1098 against the dollar - the lowest level in more than 11 years. 'Thing of the past' Addressing his jubilant supporters in front of Athens' university, Mr Tsipras said Greek voters gave Syriza "a clear, powerful mandate". Image copyright AP Image caption A large crowd gathered outside the headquarters of the Syriza party in Athens Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Crowds celebrated the victory late into the night in the capital Image copyright AP Image caption Supporters of Prime Minister Antonis Samaras of New Democracy watched with dismay "You are an example of history which is changing... Your mandate is undoubtedly cancelling the bailouts of austerity and destruction. "The troika for Greece is the thing of the past," he added, referring to the country's biggest international lenders - the European Union, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and European Central Bank (ECB). He also promised to negotiate a fair and mutually beneficial financial solution. Mr Tsipras earlier vowed to reverse many of the austerity measures adopted by Greece since a series of bailouts began in 2010. At the scene: BBC's Chris Morris in Athens On Klathmonos Square, the flags were flying high, supporters of Syriza were singing and dancing, there were hugs and tears and broad beaming smiles. This was an extraordinary victory for the radical left in Greece - probably beyond its own expectations. Alexis Tsipras will now try to lead an anti-austerity revolution, backed by a strong democratic mandate. He said in his victory speech that he is willing to negotiate with Greece's European partners. The question is: how much are they prepared to compromise with him? Syriza victory: A turning point? For his part, Mr Samaras said earlier: "The Greek people have spoken and I respect their decision," pointing out that he had inherited a "hot potato" on coming into office and that he and his party had done much to restore his country's finances. The result is being closely watched outside Greece, where it is believed a Syriza victory could encourage radical leftist parties across Europe. "There is an ongoing thriller surrounding the absolute majority," said Michalis Karyotoglou, head of Singular Logic, the software gr