What was the name of Sir Francis Drake’s ship at the start of his circumnavigation of the world in 1577?

THE FAMOUS VOYAGE THE CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF THE WORLD 1577-1580: Sir Francis Drake: A Pictorial Biography by Hans P. Kraus (Rare Book and Special Collections Reading Room, Library of Congress) Bibliography The Famous Voyage: The Circumnavigation of the World, 1577-1580 Drake was noted in his life for one daring feat after another;        his greatest was his circumnavigation of the earth, the first after        Magellan's. He sailed from Plymouth on Dec. 13, 1577. The squadron        consisted of five vessels, the two larger ships being the Pelican,        Drake's own ship, renamed Golden Hind on the voyage,        on August 20, 1578; and the Elizabeth, commanded by        John Winter. Three smaller vessels were the Marigold, Swan,        and Benedict. Only one ship, the Golden Hind, made        the complete voyage, returning on Sept. 26, 1580, "very richly        fraught with gold, silver, pearls and precious stones" (Stow, Annales ,        p. 807). The expedition was financed as a joint venture, the investors        being such high officials as Privy Councilors Robert Dudley, Earl        of Leicester; Sir Francis Walsingham; the Earl of Lincoln, Lord        High Admiral of England; also, Sir Christopher Hatton; Sir William        Winter, Surveyor and Master of Ordnance of the Navy; and John Hawkins,        Drake's former commander. Queen Elizabeth herself may have been        an investor, though this is not quite certain; what is certain        is that she appropriated the lion's share of the proceeds of the        voyage. Drake himself participated to the tune of £1000,        a good sum for that time. These joint venture companies, partnerships, or associations        were a common method of organizing and financing commercial voyages,        military expeditions, and colonizing activities, from the Middle        Ages onwards. They are explained by J. H. Parry ( The Age        of Reconnaissance , pp. 49-50) as "Partnerships for conducting        commercial enterprises...usually not corporations but rather ad        hoc devices for uniting a number of capitalists...or a number        of partners...or active participants in an enterprise...All these        types of associations under various names--commenda, societas,        compagnia, and so forth--were employed in seaborne trade". Parry        mentions also "associations of individuals formed to undertake        particular enterprises--military expeditions for example--on behalf        of the State". The examples cited by Parry are Italian, but he        remarks that "the Dutch and English were to emerge as the Italians'        aptest pupils in this respect". For another example of such a company        or partnership, see the financial papers of the Drake-Norris expedition        of 1589 (pp. 162-164). The little fleet proceeded to the Cape Verde Islands, where,        on January 30, 1578, the Portuguese pilot Nunho da Silva was captured        (see his narrative, pp. 106-109). Thence they sailed across the        Atlantic to the coasts of South America near the River Plate, and        went southwards to Port St. Julian, where Magellan had anchored        58 years previously; they arrived there on June 18, 1578. The Doughty affair was a crisis in Drake's life; on its outcome        depended the success of the circumnavigation, and hence, probably,        the defeat of the Invincible Armada. The tragedy was this: Thomas        Doughty (d. 1578), a friend of Drake, and one well acquainted with        many prominent Englishmen, was an officer on Drake's circumnavigation        voyage. He was accused by Drake of treachery and incitement to        mutiny. He was put on trial at Port St. Julian, where Magellan        had suppressed a conspiracy of som


Which battle between England and France was fought in August 1346?

The Battle of Crecy, August 26, 1346. [Hundred Years' War] The Battle of Crécy, fought between Edward III of England and King Philip VI of France, was one of the most important battles in the Hundred Years' War .  Sources disagree over the size of the armies, the English army cited as numbering 10-34,000 strong, the French army 35-120,000 strong. Due to their organization, their cannons, and their longbowmen, the English won the day.  The new weapons and tactics employed marked an end to the era of the feudal warfare of knights on horseback. —AJ. BATTLE OF CRÉCY (August 26, 1346) The Battle of Crécy (1346).—The first great combat of the long war was the famous battle of Crécy. Edward had invaded France with an army of 30,000 men, made up largely of English bowmen, and had penetrated far into the country, ravaging as he went, when he finally halted, and faced the pursuing French army near the village of Crécy, where he inflicted upon it a most terrible defeat. 1,200 knights, the flower of French chivalry, and 30,000 foot-soldiers lay dead upon the field. The great battle of Crécy is memorable for several reasons. It was here that cannons were first used in open battle, though some time before this rude artillery had been employed by the Spanish Moors in siege operations. The guns used at Crécy were very clumsy affairs, and were described by a French writer as engines "which, with fire, threw little iron balls to frighten the horses."1 It was on this field, too, that the eldest son of Edward III, known, from the color of the armor he wore, as the Black Prince , earned his spurs, the symbol of knighthood, and a fame which the English have loved to keep green. This favorite prince was only sixteen years of age, but his father, notwithstanding, with a confidence in the temper and judgment of the boy which the event showed was not misplaced, entrusted him with the command of one of the main divisions of the army. The king himself took no active part in the battle, but watched the fight from an old windmill which overlooked the field. In the midst of the battle a messenger came in hot haste to the king, beseeching aid for the prince, who, he represented, was hard pressed by the enemy. "Do not send to me so long as my son lives; let the boy win his spurs; let the day be his," was Edward's only reply to the entreaty. And the young prince won both his spurs and the day. The battle of Crécy also derives a certain interest from the fact that there Feudalism and Chivalry received their death-blow. The yeomanry of England there showed themselves superior to the chivalry of France. "The lesson which England had learned at Bannockburn she taught the world at Crécy. The whole social and political fabric of the Middle Ages rested on a military base, and its base was suddenly withdrawn. The churl had struck down the noble; the bondsman proved more than a match, in sheer hard fighting, for the knight. From the day of Crécy, Feudalism tottered slowly but surely to its grave."2 The battles of the world were hereafter to be fought and won, not by mail-clad knights with battle-ax and lance, but by common footsoldiers with bow and gun. The death of the blind king John of Bohemia, Philip's ally, who fell with the chivalry of France on the fatal field, added another incident to the record of the memorable day. The veteran warrior, when he learned that the battle was going hard with the French, ordered his companions to fasten his horse's bridle to theirs, and lead him into the thickest of the fight, where he and his faithful nobles fell dead together. The old king's crest and motto, which consisted of a triple ostrich plume with the legend Ich Dien, "I serve," were adopted by the Prince of Wales , and from that day to this have been worn by his successors. 1. J. R. Green. A Short History of the English People.     New York: Harper & Brothers, 1876. 220. link 2. ibid. 244. link


In 1872, which country played England in the first ever international game of football?

BBC - A Sporting Nation - The first international football match The first international football match © SCRAN Twenty months after the first international rugby match between the two countries, the Auld Enemy met for the first official association football international match. Like its rugby counterpart, the match was played in Scotland on a cricket ground. Whilst the rugby match had taken place in the east, football looked to the west, and Hamilton Crescent, the West of Scotland Cricket Ground, was selected as the venue. Prior to the first official meeting, there had been several unofficial international matches played between the countries at the behest of the English Football Association. Such was their enthusiasm for these fixtures they arranged the venue, the officials, the selection of the English side and, incredibly, the selection of the Scottish side. For these matches, the "Scotland" team was assembled from players in and around London who had Scottish connections. In 1872 League Championships had yet to begin in either country. The FA Cup tournament had completed its inaugural running in England and the Scottish competition would start the following year. For the match on 30 November 1872, St Andrew's Day, the Scotland players were all selected from Queen's Park, the leading Scottish Club of its day. This was not the original intention but the Scots were unable to obtain the services of two countrymen who had competed in the FA Cup final. Arthur F Kinnaird of the Wanderers and Lt Henry Waugh Renny-Tailyour of the Royal Engineers would have to wait until 1873 to play for their country. While Scotland was eventually represented by eleven men drawn from the Queen's Park club, England played the match with players from nine different sources selected by Charles Alcock the English Football Association Secretary and captain of the FA Cup winning Wanderers. Alcock, who was the driving force behind the unofficial matches, was unable to play in the first official meeting due to injury but he participated by running the line. Three England players came from Oxford University but only Reginald Welch played from the successful Wanderers side. Scotland wore dark blue shirts, the then colour of Queen's Park, with a single lion crest badge attached. England, in white, had the badge of the three lions on their shirts. © SCRAN The crowd who gathered to watch the match numbered 4,000 and they paid an entry fee of a shilling, the same price charged by the English Football Association for the first FA Cup final. They endured a twenty-minute delay to the scheduled 2pm kick-off but then settled to watch the contest in the relaxed and enjoyable atmosphere that would accompany the fixture for over one hundred years before the wrong shade of partisan behaviour started to creep in during the 1970s.


The word for which discipline is derived from the Sanskrit word for ‘to unite’ or ‘to join’?

Yoga | Meditation | Yoga/Meditation Our Expertize Yoga and Meditation The word Yoga is derived from Sanskrit root word ‘Yuj’ meaning to unite or to join or yoking. Sage Patanjali, the author of the Yoga Sutra defined Yoga as “Yoga Chittavritti Nirodhaha”. Chitta stands for mind, Vritti are thought impulses, nirodhaha refer to removal. So Yoga is the removal of the fluctuations of the mind. The sages of ancient India explained about Ashtanga Yoga, the eight fold process to attain the purification of body, mind and soul as well as to achieve union with the Supreme Being. They are: Yama (universal ethics), Niyama (principles of self conduct) Asana (Body postures), Pranayama (Breathing Exercises), Pratyahara (withdrawal and control of senses), Dharana(keeping the mind steady and concentrated), Dhyana (meditation), Samadhi(state of higher consciousness). Both Ayurveda and Yoga have their origin from the Vedas, the Indian treaties of wisdom. Yoga and Ayurveda are interrelated in various aspects as both are based on Samkhya philosophy .The uniqueness of both the sciences is that both are completely natural and focus on the individual as a whole considering the status of three humors of the body (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) and of the mind (Satvik, Rajasik and Tamasik). Yoga is the spiritual quest aiming at ultimate freedom. A person who is regularly practicing yoga postures and breathing techniques health, happiness, tranquility, and knowledge. Yoga and meditation are the great way to improve physical and mental well being. One can practice them with comfort and privacy of home if one learns the technique under expert guidance. The positions that are practiced during yoga and meditation gradually increases the flexibility of the body ; relaxes the body and mind. Ayurveda Sanctuary customizes the yogic postures and meditation after deciding individual's unique mind-body constitution (tridosha and triguna). This helps to stay healthy and expand the consciousness and to take yoga practice to a deeper level . Testimonials


What name was given to one of the ten divisions of a legion?

Greek & Roman Mythology - Tools TRIBUNI MILITUM 100.00% The superior officers of the Roman legions, six in number, two of whom always held the command for two months on alternate days. They were appointed before the levy took place, as they themselves had to be in office at that time. Originally they were nominated by the consuls; afterwards partly by them and partly by the people, inasmuch as the people elected twenty-four out of the number of candidates in the comitia tributa for the four legions which were levied regularly every year, while the consuls retained the appointment for the remaining legions. They were not as a rule taken from veteran centurions, but for the greater part from young men of senatorial or equestrian rank, who had served their first campaign in the train or on the staff of a general, and then began their political career with this office. As a mark of distinction, all of them wore the gold ring of the equestrian order. They also wore a narrow or broad purple stripe on their toga, according as they were of equestrian or senatorial rank respectively. In the time of the Empire, they always led the legion on the march and in battle. They did not, however, as under the Republic, rank immediately below the commanders-in-chief, but under the legatus legionis, the commander of the legion and its auxiliary troops.   LEGION 100.00% In the time of Romulus the united armed forces of Rome went by this name. The legion consisted of 300 knights (celeres) under the command of a tribunus celerum, appointed by the king, and 3,000 foot soldiers, under the command of three tribuni militum. Each of the three ancient tribes provided a third of this force and one tribune. With the increase of the military forces of Rome the name of legio was given to each of the sub-divisions equivalent in numbers to the original army. The military system of king Servius Tullius made the infantry the most important part of the military forces, instead of the cavalry as heretofore. The five classes included in the census (q.v.) were obliged to serve in the army at their own expense; those who were not comprised in these classes, viz. the proletarii, were freed from service, and, when they were enlisted, received their equipment from the State. The iuniores, those who were from 17 to 46 years old, were appointed for field service, and the seniores, those from 47 to 60, for the defence of the city. The first and second lines of the legion, drawn up in unbroken order like the Greek phalanx, consisted of citizens of the first class, equipped with helmet, cuirass, round shield (clipeus), and greaves, all of bronze. The third and fourth lines were from the second class, and had no cuirass, but had the helmet and greaves and large oblong shields (scutum). The fifth and sixth were armed similarly, but without greaves, and were drawn from the third class. The fourth class was armed with the scutum as its only weapon of defence, but, like the others, provided with spear (hasta) and sword. It either filled the seventh and eighth lines, or, with the fifth class, formed the rorarii, who opened the battle with slings and other light missiles. An impontant alteration, ascribed to Camillus (about B.C. 390), was the abolition of the phalanx and introduction of the manipular formation, which prevailed till the time of Marius (end of the 2nd century B.C.). In the flourishing days of the Republic, the normal strength of a legion, which could be increased in time of need, consisted of 300 knights (equites), and 4,200 foot soldiers (pedites). In respect to the weapons used, the latter were divided into four kinds, according to their length of service and familiarity with warfare. (1) 1,200 hastati, all in early manhood; (2) 1,200 principes, in the full vigour of life; (3) 600 triarii, who were proved veterans; and (4) 1,200 velites, who were lightly armed, and were drawn from the lowest classes of the census. The three first classes had a bronze helmet (cassis) with a lofty plume of feathers, a scutum, a leathern cuirass (lorica, q.v. ), greaves and a s


Which theatre did David Garrick, the famed actor manage and run from 1747-1776?

Introduction to Theatre -- The Director   Directing is still a relatively new     phenomenon ï¿½ late 19th, early 20th century -- and     still developing. Began to become more prominent during the Industrial Age     and before (Romanticism). Now the director is the dominant figure in theatrical production   Product of Industrial Age and Realism. Some of the director's functions done earlier by other personnel: Ancient Greek: The "choregus" (head of the chorus) often directed / coordinated song and movement. Playwrights probably staged the plays, and probably cast them.          We know too little      to understand if they "unified" the production. Roman: a wealthy citizen organized, but we still do not know to what      extent they "unified." Medieval: the "master of secrets" ï¿½ a special effects expert (and there were many special effects in the medieval      theatre).          "Keeper      of the register" - the "register" was a master      copy of the script ï¿½ a "guild" (group of craftsmen)      could hold on to the register and pass it on from generation to generation. All were primarily managerial skill, rather than     artisticï¿½ With the rise of professional acting companies (during and     after Shakespeareï¿½s time (15-1600ï¿½s) ï¿½ came the "actor / manager". Moliï¿½re ( Jean     Baptiste Poquelin ) ï¿½ a producer, director, writer. David     Garrick ï¿½ actor/manager of the Drury Lane Theatre in London (from 1747-1776) , which still exists today. His innovations: No audience members on stage (had been the practice        for wealthier, higher status folks to be on stage during the performance). "Natural" style of acting (though to us        it would probably still seem stilted). Importance of scene design. Considered a director in his day, but term would not        have been used (even today in Great Britain, the term "producer" is used insteadï¿½) Johann     Wolfgang von Goethe (c. 1796-1807) [pronounced Gerrt'-uh]ï¿½ Weimar Classicismï¿½ very strict,     distrusted othersï¿½ talents. Richard Wagner (1813-1883) [pronounced Vahg'-ner]-- theorist and composer ï¿½ wrote operas     that were fantastic, mythical, and patrioticï¿½ ran the Bayreuth Theatre [pronounced "Bye'-roit"] (1876-1883) (which still exists, run     by Wagnerï¿½s descendants, and until a few years ago did does nothing but     Wagnerï¿½s operas). He wanted total control over the production, and focused on        illusionistic theatre. An important factor in the development of realism, also, but        his operas were not at all realistic George II, Duke of     Saxe-Meiningen (1826-1914)     -- from 1870-1890, his theatrical troupe toured Europe -- known for     unifying the productions. Specialized in historical dramas. Emphasized historical accuracy and realism (particularly in        costumes and settings). Emphasized a pictorial style ï¿½ focus and composition ï¿½ and        was particularly renowned for his crowd scenes and "ensemble." Andrï¿½ Antoine (1858-1943) ï¿½ Théâtre Libre (Free Theatre), Paris,     founded 1886. Fourth-wall realismï¿½real beef onstage for slaughterhouse. Otto Brahm (1856-1912) ï¿½ the Freie Bühne (Free Stage) in Germany. J.T. Grein (1862-1935) -- Independent Theatre, London. Constantin Stanislavsky (1863-1938)     ï¿½ Moscow Art Theatre, 1898. With Vladimir Nemerovich-Danchenko (1858-1943) as co-founder. Edward     Gordon Craig ï¿½ after 1020 ï¿½ a designer ï¿½ wanted "uber-marionettes" ï¿½ so that     he could control variables and unpredictability of actors ï¿½ never realized. Vsevolod Meyerhold (1874-1940)ï¿½ a dictatorial style. THUS ï¿½ by 1900, the term "director" was in wide-spread     use and the primacy of director became clear ï¿½ directors placed themselves     at the center of productionï¿½ David     Belasco ï¿½ American producer and playwright also. Did popular plays ï¿½ sensory spectacle (real food


Which organisation founded in Pulaski Tennessee in December 1865 by 6 former members of the Confederate Army?

KKK founded - Dec 24, 1865 - HISTORY.com KKK founded Publisher A+E Networks In Pulaski, Tennessee, a group of Confederate veterans convenes to form a secret society that they christen the “Ku Klux Klan.” The KKK rapidly grew from a secret social fraternity to a paramilitary force bent on reversing the federal government’s progressive Reconstruction Era-activities in the South, especially policies that elevated the rights of the local African American population. The name of the Ku Klux Klan was derived from the Greek word kyklos, meaning “circle,” and the Scottish-Gaelic word “clan,” which was probably chosen for the sake of alliteration. Under a platform of philosophized white racial superiority, the group employed violence as a means of pushing back Reconstruction and its enfranchisement of African Americans. Former Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest was the KKK’s first grand wizard; in 1869, he unsuccessfully tried to disband it after he grew critical of the Klan’s excessive violence. Most prominent in counties where the races were relatively balanced, the KKK engaged in terrorist raids against African Americans and white Republicans at night, employing intimidation, destruction of property, assault, and murder to achieve its aims and influence upcoming elections. In a few Southern states, Republicans organized militia units to break up the Klan. In 1871, the Ku Klux Act passed Congress, authorizing President Ulysses S. Grant to use military force to suppress the KKK. The Ku Klux Act resulted in nine South Carolina counties being placed under martial law and thousands of arrests. In 1882, the U.S. Supreme Court declared the Ku Klux Act unconstitutional, but by that time Reconstruction had ended and the KKK had faded away. The 20th century witnessed two revivals of the KKK: one in response to immigration in the 1910s and ’20s, and another in response to the African American civil rights movement of the 1950s and ’60s. Related Videos


Which orchestral instrument is known as fagotto in Italian?

fagotti - Wiktionary fagotti Inflection of fagotti ( Kotus type 5/ risti , tt-t gradation) nominative Printable version This page was last modified on 22 July 2016, at 15:32.


In which city did Martin Luther King make his ‘I have a dream’ speech in August 1963?

Avalon Project - I have a Dream by Martin Luther King, Jr; August 28, 1963 I have a Dream by Martin Luther King, Jr; August 28, 1963 Delivered on the steps at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. on August 28, 1963 Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of captivity. But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we have come here today to dramatize an appalling condition. In a sense we have come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check which has come back marked "insufficient funds." But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. So we have come to cash this check -- a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God's children. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the Negro. This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges. But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. W


What two word phrase means the smallest amount of fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction?

nuclear engineering - What is the minimum amount of fissile mass required to acheive criticality? - Physics Stack Exchange What is the minimum amount of fissile mass required to acheive criticality? 1 Wikipedia gives the following definition for critical mass. A critical mass is the smallest amount of fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction. No mention is made of a neutron moderator in this definition. If critical mass is defined like this, then that should allow infinite moderator material to be used if doing so would lead to the minimum amount of fissile material. My question: What is the universally minimum amount of fissile mass needed to achieve a critical configuration (allowing a neutron moderator and no restriction on the moderator) for something like Uranium-235 and what would its configuration be? Uranium-235 has a bare sphere critical mass (BSCM) of around $52 kg$, which is the mass of a critical sphere containing only the fissile material where no neutrons are reflected back into the sphere after leaving the surface. Wikipedia has a good illustration of a bare sphere versus a sphere surrounded by a moderator. Image: First item is a BSCM illustration, 2nd item is a critical sphere that uses less fissile mass than the BSCM due to the introduction of a neutron moderator blanket This example illustrates how a critical configuration can be made with U-235 that uses less than the BSCM, or $52 kg$. It is possible, although unlikely, that the above sphere surrounded by a moderator could be the configuration that answers my question. Alternatives would include a homogenous mixture of the moderator and the fissile material, a mixture of the two that varies radially, or something I have not thought of. The hard part is showing that the particular fissile material/moderator mix can not be improved by any small change. It would also be necessary to show that it can not be improved by adding more than 1 type of moderator (I suspect this could be done with a reasonably short argument). Technical mumbo junbo Everything I write here is just a suggestion, answer however you want to or can Both the moderator and fissile material have a certain density. I would make the simplifying assumption that the density of a homogenous mixture of the fuel and moderator would be a linear combination of their specific volumes, with the understanding that this is not true in real life. Changing the mix changes the macroscopic cross section of both. It might help to note that the BSCM almost exactly determines the macroscopic cross section of the pure fissile material, one over the macroscopic cross section is the path length, which is on the same order of magnitude of the radius. Generally fast and thermal scattering from U-235 is small compared to the fission cross section. I would use 2 neutron energy groups, and assume either diffusion or immediate absorption after scattering to thermal energies. In fact, I would just assume immediate absorption. At that point, all you would need is the scatter to absorption ratio and microscopic cross section at both thermal and fast energies for the moderator and fissile material, in addition to the densities of course. Even then some type of calculus of variations may be necessary (if you're looking for a radially varying mixture) in addition to the fact that it would be hard to describe the fast group without a fairly complicated form of neutron transport. The BSCM is comparatively simple since it has a constant number density of the fissile material and even that is actually pretty complicated. up vote 1 down vote You are correct in assuming that the presence of a moderator (or reflector) can change the mass required for a critical configuration. But there are too many other variables to consider to provide a concise answer to your question. All I can offer is a qualitative explanation: The smallest critical mass would be for a high density spherical core of fissile fuel with a low neutron absorption cross section and high fission cross section surrounded by an in


Which ancient measurement mentioned in the Bible was approximately 18 inches?

Conversion of Biblical Measurements - Cubits and More By Cynthia Astle Biblical Measurements Can Confuse Anyone One of comedian Bill Cosby's most hilarious routines features a conversation between God and Noah about building an ark. After getting detailed instructions, a puzzled Noah asks God: "What's a cubit ?" and God responds that He doesn't know either. Too bad they couldn't get help from archaeologists on how to count their cubits today. Learn the Modern Terms for Biblical Measurements "Cubits," "fingers," "palms," "spans," "baths," "homers," "ephahs" and "seahs" are among ancient forms of biblical measurements. Thanks to decades of archaeological digs, scholars have been able to determine the approximate size of most of these measurements according to contemporary standards. Measure Noah's Ark in Cubits For example, in Genesis 6:14-15, God tells Noah to build the ark 300 cubits long, 30 cubits high and 50 cubits wide. By comparing various ancient artifacts, a cubit has been found to equal about 18 inches, according to National Geographic's atlas, The Biblical World. continue reading below our video 10 Best Universities in the United States So let's do the math: 300 X 18 = 5,400 inches, which amounts to 450 feet or a little more than 137 meters in length; 30 X 18 = 540 inches, or 37.5 feet or just under 11.5 meters in height; 50 X 18 = 900 inches, or 75 feet or slightly less than 23 meters. So by converting biblical measurements, we end up with an ark that's 540 feet long, 37.5 feet high and 75 feet wide. Whether that's large enough to carry two of each species is a question for theologians, science fiction writers, or physicists who specialize in quantum state mechanics. Use Body Parts for Biblical Measurements As ancient civilizations progressed to the need for keeping account of things, people used parts of the body as the quickest and easiest way to measure something. After sizing up artifacts according to both ancient and contemporary measurements, they've discovered that: A "finger" equals about three-quarters of an inch (roughly the width of an adult human finger); A "palm" equals about 3 inches, or the size across a human hand; and A "span" equals about 9 inches, or the width of extended thumb and four fingers. Calculate More Difficult, Biblical Measurements for Volume Length, width and height have been calculated by scholars with some common agreement, but measures of volume have eluded accuracy for some time. For example, in an essay titled "Bible Weights, Measures, and Monetary Values," Tom Edwards writes about how many estimates exist for a dry measure known as a "homer:" "For instance, a Homer's liquid capacity (though normally seen as a dry measure) has been estimated at these various amounts: 120 gallons (calculated from footnote in New Jerusalem Bible); 90 gallons (Halley; I.S.B.E.); 84 gallons (Dummelow, One Volume Bible Commentary); 75 gallons (Unger, old edit.); 58.1 gallons (Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible); and about 45 gallons (Harper's Bible Dictionary). And we need to also realize that weights, measurements, and monetary values often varied from one place to the next, and from one time period to another." Ezekiel 45:11 describes an "ephah" as being one-tenth of a homer. But is that one-tenth of 120 gallons, or 90 or 84 or 75 or ... ? In some translations of Genesis 18: 1-11, when three angels come to visit, Abraham instructs Sarah to make bread using three "seahs" of flour, which Edwards describes as one-third of an ephah, or 6.66 dry quarts. How to Use Ancient Pottery to Measure Volume Ancient pottery offers the best clues for archaeologists to determine some of these biblical volume capacities, according to Edwards and other sources. Pottery labeled "bath" (that was dug up in Tell Beit Mirsim in Jordan) has been found to hold about 5 gallons, comparable to similar containers of the Greco-Roman era with capacities of 5.68 gallons. Since Ezekiel 45:11 equates the "bath" (liquid measure) with the "ephah" (dry measure), the best estimate for this volume would be about 5.8 gallons


Triton is the largest moon of which planet?

Triton (moon) | Space Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Discovery and naming William Lassell, the discoverer of Triton The moon was discovered by British astronomer William Lassell on October 10, 1846, [6] just 17 days after Neptune was discovered by German astronomers Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d'Arrest , who were following coordinates given to them by French astronomer and mathematician Urbain Le Verrier . A brewer by trade, Lassell began making mirrors for his amateur telescope in 1820. When John Herschel received news of Neptune's discovery, he wrote to Lassell suggesting he search for possible moons. Lassell did so and discovered Triton eight days later. [7] [6] Lassell also claimed to have discovered rings. Although Neptune was later confirmed to have rings, they are so faint and dark that it is doubted he actually saw them. [8] Triton is named after the Greek sea god Triton (Τρίτων), the son of Poseidon (the Greek god comparable to the Roman Neptune ). The name was first proposed by Camille Flammarion in his 1880 book Astronomie Populaire, [9] although it was not officially adopted until many decades later. [10] Until the discovery of the second moon Nereid in 1949, Triton was commonly known as simply "the satellite of Neptune". Lassell did not name his own discovery, although he suggested names a few years after his subsequent discovery of an eighth moon of Saturn ( Hyperion ). The third and fourth moons of Uranus ( Ariel and Umbriel ), which Lassell discovered in 1851, were named by John Herschel . [11] Orbit and rotation Triton is unique among all large moons in the Solar System for its retrograde orbit around its planet (i.e., it orbits in a direction opposite to the planet's rotation). Most of the outer irregular moons of Jupiter and Saturn also have retrograde orbits, as do some of Uranus 's outer moons. However, these moons are all much more distant from their primaries, and are quite small in comparison; the largest of them ( Phoebe ) [lower-alpha 1] has only 8% of the diameter (and 0.03% of the mass) of Triton. Triton's orbit is associated with two tilts, the inclination of Neptune's spin to Neptune's orbit, 30°, and the inclination of Triton's orbit to Neptune's spin, 157° (an inclination over 90° indicates retrograde motion). Triton's orbit precesses forward relative to Neptune's spin with a period of about 678 Earth years (4.1 Neptunian years), [12] [13] making its Neptune-orbit-relative inclination vary between 127° and 173°. That inclination is currently 130°; Triton's orbit is now near its maximum departure from coplanarity with Neptune's. Triton is in synchronous rotation with Neptune; it keeps one face oriented toward the planet at all times. Its equator is almost exactly aligned with its orbital plane. [14] At the present time, Triton's rotational axis is about 40° from Neptune's orbital plane, and hence at some point during Neptune's year each pole points fairly close to the Sun, almost like the poles of Uranus. As Neptune orbits the Sun, Triton's polar regions take turns facing the Sun, resulting in seasonal changes as one pole, then the other, moves into the sunlight. Such changes have recently been observed. [15] Triton's revolution around Neptune has become a nearly perfect circle with an eccentricity of almost zero. Viscoelastic damping from tides alone is not thought to be capable of circularizing Triton's orbit in the time since the origin of the system, and gas drag from a prograde debris disc is likely to have played a substantial role. [12] [13] Tidal interactions also cause Triton's orbit, already closer to Neptune than the Moon's to Earth, to slowly decay further; predictions are that some 3.6 billion years from now, Triton will pass within Neptune's Roche limit . [16] This will result in either a collision with Neptune's atmosphere or the breakup of Triton, forming a ring system similar to that found around Saturn . [16] Capture The Kuiper belt (green), in the Solar System's outskirts, is where Triton is thought to have originated. Because moons in retrograde orbits can


How many hurdles must be cleared in Men’s 110m and 400m Hurdles races?

HURDLE RULES AND SPECS 100m 1.067m 0.914m 110m 0.840m 0.762m 400m 0.914m 0.840m 400m 0.762m 0.762m The width of the hurdles shall be from 1.18m to 1.20m. The maximum length of the base shall be 70cm. The total weight of the hurdles shall be not less than 10kg. In each case there shall be a tolerance allowance of 3mm, above and below the standard heights, to allow for variation in the manufacture. 4. The width of the top bar shall be 7cm. The thickness of this bar should be between 1cm and 2.5cm, and the top edges should be rounded. The bar should be firmly fixed at the extremities. 5. The top bar should be painted with white and black stripes, or with other distinctive contrasting colours, such that the lighter stripes, which should be at least 22.5cm wide are on the outside. 6. All races shall be run in lanes and each competitor shall keep to his own lane throughout. 7. A competitor who trails his foot or leg below the horizontal plane of the top of any hurdle at the instant of clearance, or jumps any hurdle not in his own lane, or in the opinion of the Referee deliberately knocks down any hurdle by hand or foot, shall be disqualified. 8. Except as provided in paragraph 7, the knocking down of hurdles shall not result in disqualification nor prevent a record being made. 9. For a World Record all hurdles must comply with the specifications of this Rule.


By what name is Acetylsalicylic Acid better known?

Acetylsalicyclic acid - definition of Acetylsalicyclic acid by The Free Dictionary Acetylsalicyclic acid - definition of Acetylsalicyclic acid by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Acetylsalicyclic+acid  (ăs′pər-ĭn, -prĭn) n. pl. aspirin or as·pi·rins 1. A white, crystalline compound, C9H8O4, derived from salicylic acid and commonly used in tablet form to relieve pain and reduce fever and inflammation. It is also used as an antiplatelet agent. Also called acetylsalicylic acid. 2. A tablet of aspirin. [Originally a trademark.] (ˈæsprɪn) n, pl -rin or -rins 1. (Pharmacology) a white crystalline compound widely used in the form of tablets to relieve pain and fever, to reduce inflammation, and to prevent strokes. Formula: CH3COOC6H4COOH. Chemical name: acetylsalicylic acid 2. (Pharmacology) a tablet of aspirin [C19: from German, from A(cetyl) + Spir(säure) spiraeic acid (modern salicylic acid) + -in; see also spiraea] as•pi•rin (ˈæs pər ɪn, -prɪn) n., pl. -rin, -rins. 1. a white, crystalline substance, C9H8O4, derivative of salicylic acid, used as an anti-inflammatory agent and to relieve pain and fever; acetylsalicylic acid. 2. a tablet of this. [1899; < German, orig. a trademark, =A(cetyl) acetyl + Spir(säure) salicylic acid (see spirea ) + -in -in 1] as·pi·rin (ăs′pər-ĭn, ăs′prĭn) A white crystalline compound derived from salicylic acid and used as a drug to relieve fever and pain. Also called acetylsalicylic acid. Did You Know? The forest may not look like a drugstore. Nevertheless, plants have always provided humans with powerful medicine. For example, we no longer eat the bark of willow trees when we have headaches, but for thousands of years, people in pain did just that. About 100 years ago, scientists studying willow bark figured out how it could be used to make acetylsalicylic acid, better known as aspirin. Aspirin and willow bark get broken down in the stomach to supply us with the same powerful painkiller. Quinine, which people use to control the fevers of the disease malaria, originally came from the cinchona tree. Just recently, researchers developed a new cancer drug, taxol, from the needles of yew trees. In fact, about 45 percent of all cancer drugs are either natural products or slightly altered natural chemicals that scientists tinkered with to make more potent. Researchers still study traditional plant remedies in the hopes of finding even more medicines from nature. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:


Who was the first British Labour Prime Minister?

BBC - History -   British History in depth: Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline On This Day Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline Do you know which prime minister brought 'fallen women' to 10 Downing Street? Or which one fought a duel? Or who was known as 'the Goat'? Take a political journey through nearly 300 years of high ideals and low cunning, from Gordon Brown to the first man to hold prime ministerial powers, Robert Walpole. Margaret Thatcher Conservative, 1979 - 1990 Britain's first female prime minister came to power with the country descending into industrial and economic chaos. A relatively inexperienced politician, she nonetheless adopted a personal style of indomitable self-confidence and brooked no weakness in herself or her colleagues. Derisively dubbed the 'Iron Lady' by the Soviet press, she wore the moniker with pride. Her government's free-market policies included trade liberalisation, deregulation, sweeping privatisation, breaking the power of the unions, focus on the individual and the creation of an 'enterprise culture'. 'Thatcherism' has had a profound and lasting economic and social impact on Britain, and still sharply divides opinion to this day. The first PM to serve three consecutive terms (including two 'landslide' victories) she was eventually toppled by her own party following the disastrous imposition of a 'poll tax'. Nonetheless, she is generally considered to be one of the best peace time prime ministers of the 20th Century. James Callaghan Labour, 1976 - 1979 Callaghan inherited the office of prime minister following the surprise resignation of Harold Wilson. With only a tiny parliamentary majority to support him, he faced an increasingly one-sided confrontation with organised labour in the form of rampant strike action. Things came to a head in the so-called 'Winter of Discontent', a phrase from Shakespeare borrowed by Callaghan himself to describe the events leading up to February 1979. Britain was 'strikebound', with public servants staging mass walk outs, leaving food and fuel supplies undelivered, rubbish uncollected and - most notoriously - bodies unburied. Things became so bad in Hull it was dubbed 'the second Stalingrad'. The tabloid press has since been accused of overstating the severity of the situation (and wrongly quoting him as saying 'Crisis? What Crisis?') but it was enough at the time to sound the death knell for Callaghan's government later in the same year. Harold Wilson Labour, 1974 - 1976 In March 1974, Wilson became prime minister for the third time at the head of a minority government, following the first hung parliament (one where no party holds a majority) for 45 years. Often described as a wily fixer and negotiator, it took all of his skills to hold on to power in the face of economic and industrial turmoil. His party was also sharply divided, with many Labour members of parliament (MPs) bitter about Wilson's manoeuvring against his colleagues. He called another general election in October 1974, thereby ending the shortest parliament since 1681, and was returned to office with a majority of just three seats. He presided over a referendum on Britain's membership of the European Economic Community (EEC), and a collapse in the value of the pound which prompted a humiliating 'rescue operation' by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Exhausted, Wilson resigned saying 'politicians should not go on and on'. Edward Heath Conservative, 1970 - 1974 Heath succeeded in taking Britain into the European Economic Community (EEC), the precursor to the European Union, despite two previous failed attempts by Britain to gain entry, in 1961 and 1967. But his government was dogged by torrid industrial relations and recurrent economic crises. Things came to a head in January 1974, when industry was put on a 'three-day week' to conserve fuel. Fuel was in dangerously short supply following a combination of domestic industrial action (coal miners on 'work-to-rule') and a quadrupling of prices by Middle Eastern oil exporting nations in the wake of Israel's victory in the Yom Kipp


Who wrote the 1932 novel ‘Brave New World’?

Who Wrote “Brave New World” Who Wrote “Brave New World” 16 Nov, 2013 who wrote 0 A “Brave New World” is a well known science fiction (sub genre dystopia) novel first published in 1932. The book features a futuristic society that is unified by a One World Government (the World State) under the principles of the mass production assembly line developed by Henry Ford. Since it was published the book has become one of the most well studied works in English Literature. It has also been a controversial book, mostly because it was considered anti-religion, and it has been censored and banned in many countries. Despite this, it is commonly featured in the top 100 books of all time and in 1999 in was rated by Modern Library as the 5th best English language novel of the 20th century. Let’s find out who wrote this influential, and sometimes controversial, novel. Who wrote “Brave New World”? A “Brave New World” was written by the English author Aldous Huxley in 1931 while he was living in Italy. By this time he was already a well known writer and this was his fifth novel. However, it was his first novel in the dystopia genre. This work was inspired by the utopian novels written by H. G. Wells and Huxley wanted to write a parody of this hopeful vision for the future. His idea for a simple parody blossomed into a fully fledged novel. He described the finished work as a negative utopia and it was influenced by “The Sleeper Awakes” by H. G. Wells and the novels of D. H. Lawrence. The original critical reception was mixed, but the work eventually became a success with the critics and public alike. The novel has inspired many other works and has been adapted for radio and film. Did you know? Huxley has long been accused of plagiarism for the work. In 1982 he was accused of plagiarism by a Polish author. George Orwell, author of the similar work Nineteen Eighty-Four, believed that Huxley had derived part of his work from the Russian novel “We.” Related Articles


Which 1927 musical features the song ‘Old Man River’?

OL' MAN RIVER  1927 w/Original Lyrics Kern-Hammerstein "Show Boat" pl Phil Ohman - YouTube OL' MAN RIVER  1927 w/Original Lyrics Kern-Hammerstein "Show Boat" pl Phil Ohman Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jun 22, 2012 This roll was released in March 1928, and is played by the great Phil Ohman. I hope nobody is going to let a 90 year old piece of paper offend them, and see the song for what it is. Category


The Mount Rushmore National Memorial is in which American state?

Mount Rushmore National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service) Contact Us American History, Alive in Stone... Mount Rushmore National Memorial is visited by nearly three million people each year that come to marvel at the majestic beauty of the Black Hills of South Dakota and learn about the birth, growth, development and preservation of the country. From the history of the first inhabitants to the diversity of America today, Mount Rushmore brings visitors face to face with the rich heritage we all share. Read More


How many Imperial gallons of beer are in a firkin?

Pints, gallons, firkins, barrels and more! The style of glass on the left - with the fetching bulge part way down - is referred to as Nonic.  Then there's the   standard straight-sided type. Other commonly available styles are the Tulip . . .   . . . and the Dimple If you want to strike up an interesting - and long lasting - discussion in a pub, simply ask a couple of the locals which shape of beer glass is best.  That should while away a few happy (or possibly heated!) hours.  And if conversation flags you can always ask them if beer should be served with a good head of foam . . . So if beer comes in casks, don't they use barrels any more?   Well, yes and no . . . Beer is   delivered in casks of firkin or kilderkin size, because those are reckoned to be most convenient for sales purposes -   and in these days of strict Health and Safety rules they are also less   likely to give the drayman or cellarman a hernia! But the old barrel (measuring 36 gallons) still survives in a notional form because that is how   the output of a brewery is assessed - one with a 10 barrel plant can produce   360 gallons. (End of term test - how many pints is that?)   For those who really enjoy the   details - or are simply masochists looking for a quick headache - an Imperial British Gallon was defined as the volume occupied by exactly 10 pounds of water of density   0.988859 gramme per millilitre weighed in air of density 0.001217 gramme per   millilitre against weights of density 8.136 grammes per millilitre - got   that?   And if you still haven't got the   headache you were seeking, be aware that the capacity of a barrel has been   defined in different ways over the years, being 31.5 gallons if it held   wine, but 32 gallons when the contents were classed as ale and 36 gallons   when beer!   Now lets put it all together -   and throw in a few more to make confusion complete. One Fluid Ounce (Fl. oz)  is 1/160 of a Gallon One Gill is 5 Fl. oz  or 1/32 of a Gallon One Pint is 4 Gills or  20 Fl. oz or 1/8 of a Gallon One Quart is 2 Pints or 8 Gills or 40 Fl. oz or 1/4 of a Gallon There is also a Pottle,   which is 2 Quarts or 4 Pints.  I've never heard it used but it's an attractive thought:           "Ho there, mine host, a   pottle of your best ale!" Must try that in my local sometime . . .   One Firkin is 9 Gallons One Kilderkin is 2 Firkins or 18 Gallons One Barrel is 2 Kilderkins or 36 Gallons In the wine trade they still use Hogshead, where it means 63   Gallons, but in the brewing industry it used to refer to 1.5 Barrels=54   Gallons.  Similar disagreement exists with Pipe or Butt (126 Gallons of wine, but 3 Barrels=108 Gallons of beer).  And although   both trades agree that a Tun or Ton is 2 Pipes, that works out at 252 gallons of wine but 216 of beer!


Tony Stark is the real name of which super-hero featured in Marvel comics and later films?

Iron Man (Anthony Stark) - Marvel Universe Wiki: The definitive online source for Marvel super hero bios. Iron Man (Anthony Stark) Anthony Edward "Tony" Stark Aliases "Shellhead," "Golden Avenger," "Tetsujin"; formerly Crimson Dynamo, Iron Knight, Hogan Potts, "Spare Parts Man"; impersonated Cobalt Man (Ralph Roberts) Identity Tales of Suspense #39 (1963) Origin Tales of Suspense #39 (1963) Significant Issues Red and gold armor debuted (Tales of Suspense #48, 1963); traveled to Camelot with Dr. Doom (Iron Man #149-150, 1981); succumbed to alcoholism (Iron Man #167-182, 1983-1984); Jim Rhodes became Iron Man (Iron Man #169-199, 1983-1985); Tony Stark returned as Iron Man in red & silver armor (Iron Man #200, 1985); fought Armor Wars against armored villains (Iron Man #225-231, 1987-1988); traveled to Camelot again with Doom (Iron Man #249-250, 1989); manipulated by Kearson DeWitt in "Armor Wars II" (Iron Man #258-266, 1990 -1991); James Rhodes took over as Iron Man (Iron Man #284, 1992); Tony Stark became Iron Man again (Iron Man #289, 1993); helped form Force Works (Force Works #1, 1994); time traveled with Dr. Doom (Iron Man #11, 1997); returned from Counter-Earth (Iron Man #1, 1998); revealed as member of Hell Fire Club (X-Men #73, 1998); armor became sentient, killed Whiplash (Iron Man #26-30, 2000); Ultron took control of armor (Iron Man #46-49, 2001-2002); became Secretary of Defense (Iron Man #73-78, 2003); infiltrated the Thunderbolts as Cobalt Man (Avengers/Thunderbolts #1-6, 2004); helped form new group of Avengers (New Avengers #1, 2005); became Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. (Civil War #7, 2007) Occupation Adventurer, president emeritus of Stark Industries, founder of Maria Stark Foundation; formerly director of S.H.I.E.L.D., CEO of Stark Industries, Stark Solutions, Stark Enterprises, Circuits Maximus & Stark International, US Secretary of Defense, computer technician Known Relatives Ph.D.s in physics and electrical engineering Physical Attributes 225 lbs.; (in armor) 425 lbs. Eyes Black Powers None; Tony's body had been enhanced by the modified techno-organic virus, Extremis, but it is currently inaccessible and inoperable. Abilities Tony has a genius level intellect that allows him to invent a wide range of sophisticated devices, specializing in advanced weapons and armor. He possesses a keen business mind. Weapons The Iron Man armor includes Tony’s primary energy weapon, repulsor rays, a powerful particle beam which is standard equipment in the palms of his armor; the repulsor ray can repel physical and energy-based attacks, traveling as either a single stream or as a wide-field dispersal. The armor has also been outfitted with pulse bolts (extremely powerful plasma discharges which grow in strength as they seek their target), sonic generators, explosive shell projectiles, mini-missiles, magnetic field generators and a laser torch built into the finger of Tony’s gauntlet. The armor’s surface can generate an electric charge to dispel attackers. Paraphernalia Tony’s most recent armor is protected by an energy-draining shield which expands from the gauntlets, as well as a personal deflector shield. The armor grants Tony superhuman strength (lifting 100 tons at maximum power). Its Jet boots enable flight at Mach 8; he can also hover utilizing a localized gravity field. The armor’s internal air supply lasts more than one hour and can be sealed for travel through low oxygen, underwater or outer space environments. The armor also features a chronometer, radar, sonar, a magnometer, an atom-force microscope, photon, heat, motion and other sensor instruments. The armor contains a subspace/satellite radio communications array which receives local radio and video signals; the armor can also jam transmissions. The chest plate features the unibeam, a powerful searchlight that can project beams in virtually every light spectrum (visible, infrared and ultraviolet); it also features a laser beam projector, an EMP (electromagnetic pulse) generator which can shut down electronic devices within a 50-yard radius, a scanning device t


Who sang the theme tune to Rawhide, the TV series which ran from 1959-1966?

Rawhide - Classic TV Database Rawhide Added to the database on December 15, 2009 Rate Cast & Characters  |  Broadcast History  |  Theme Song  |  DVDs  |  Watch Episodes  |  Photos  |  Trivia  |  Comments Rawhide is a TV western that aired for eight seasons on CBS network from 1959 to 1965 that starred Eric Fleming and Clint Eastwood about adventures of cattle herders in the American West. The hit Western series Rawhide is known for giving future star Clint Eastwood his start. The story revolves around a group of twenty riders looking after a herd of thousands. With so many head of cattle to look after, the riders often ran into trouble, including lack of water, anthrax, wolves, ghost riders, and of course, cattle rustlers. The show was popular for its exciting, often harsh adventures, set in the stunning scenery of the American West. Clint Eastwood as Rowdy Yates Paul Brinegar as Wishbone Steve Raines as Jim Quince Eric Fleming as Gil Favor James Murdock as Mushy Rocky Shahan as Joe Scarlet Robert Cabal as Hey Soos Sheb Wooley as Pete Nolan Charles H. Gray as Clay Forrester (1959-1964) William R. Thompkins as Toothless (1960-1964) John Hart as Narbo Don C. Harvey as Collins (1959-1962) Raymond St. Jacques as Simon Blake (1965) John Cole as Bailey (1959-1964) John Ireland as Jed Colby (1960-1965) First Telecast: January 9, 1959 Last Telecast: December 7, 1965 Original Network: January 1959- Aprl 1959, CBS, Friday 8:00-9:00PM May 1959- September 1963, CBS, Friday 7:30-8:30PM September 1963- September 1964, CBS, Thursday 8:00-9:00PM September 1964- September 1965, CBS, Frida 7:30-8:30PM September 1965- January 1966, CBS, Tuesday 7:30-8:30PM Theme Song Lyrics & Opening Credits {videobox}/media/video/rawhide.mp4{/videobox} Rawhide theme song's lyrics were written by Ned Washington in 1958. It was composed by Dimitri Tiomkin and sung by pop singer Frankie Laine. Rollin' Rollin' Rollin' Keep them doggies movin' Rawhide! Don't try to understand 'em, Just rope and throw and grab 'em, Soon we'll be living high and wide. Boy my heart's calculatin' My true love will be waitin', be waiting at the end of my ride. Move 'em on, head 'em up, Head 'em up, move 'em out, Move 'em on, head 'em out Rawhide! Set 'em out, ride 'em in Ride 'em in, let 'em out, Cut 'em out, ride 'em in Rawhide. Listen to theme song: {mp3}Rawhide{/mp3} Purchase theme song from Amazon.com: Rawhide Trivia Clint Eastwood got his first starring role as Rowdy Yates on Rawhide. While visiting a friend at CBS studios, a studio executive saw him and thought he looked like a cowboy. His first 3 big films "A Fistful Of Dollars", "For A Few Dollars More" and "The Good, The Bad, & the Ugly" were Spanish/Italian/German co-productions and, therefore, not originally produced in English. When those films came to the U.S., Eastwood insisted on dubbing his own voice tracks himself. They must have let the Rawhide cast dress themselves or something because Eric Fleming (as Gil Favor) can be seen wearing jeans that are obviously Wranglers in several episodes. Nobody else, just Fleming! You can see the Wrangler rivets and the "W" on the pockets. Unfortunately, that doesn't conform with the time period of Rawhide as Wranglers weren't sold until 1947! While Clint Eastwood got his first big break on the Rawhide TV show, he never again appeared in a role on television; not even as a guest star! He strictly played roles in movies thereafter. Clint had signed on to play one of the caped crusader's villains named, "Two-face" on the Batman TV show but it got cancelled before his episode came up. Clint Eastwood was elected mayor of Carmel, California in 1986. Sixteen years later (2002) he was sworn in as the State of California's Park Commissioner. He showed the crowd his Commissioner's badge and said, "You're all under arrest". Rawhide won a "Bronze Wrangler" from the "Western Heritage Awards" in 1961, 62, 64, and 65 for the best "Fictional Television Drama"! Eric Fleming left Rawhide at the end of the seventh season and, therefore, so did trail boss Gil Favor. Clint Eastwood really got a chan


Did You Know? - Longest Rivers Did You Know? - Longest Rivers The longest river in Scotland is the Tay (120 miles long) followed by the Spey ("only" 110 miles of water supplying all those whisky stills!). Some people dispute Loch Tay's position as it is only called Tay after it emerges from Loch Tay and that the 25 miles of tidal waters of the Firth (estuary) of the Tay should be excluded, leaving the Spey as the longest river at 110 miles. On the other hand, the Tay is the largest river in the UK (exceeding the Thames and the Severn combined) by volume of discharge due to its catchment area of approximately 2000 square miles. The River Clyde (pictured above) which flows through Glasgow is 106 miles from its source until it goes "Doon the watter" in the Firth of Clyde. After these, the longest rivers are the Tweed (97 miles), Dee (85 miles), Don (82 miles) and the Forth (65 miles). Use the "Back" button on your browser or click here to return to the Index of "Did You Know?" Where else would you like to go in Scotland? Links Pages


Which god was said to be the father of Romulus and Remus the legendary founders of Rome?

Romulus and Remus - Ancient History Encyclopedia Romulus and Remus by Brittany Garcia published on 04 October 2013 In Roman mythology , Romulus and his twin brother Remus were the children of Rhea Silvia and Mars (or in some variations the demi-god hero Hercules ). Romulus and Remus are best known for being the founders of the city of Rome . Their story is recorded by many authors including Virgil who claims their birth and adventures were fated in order for Rome to be founded. The Birth & Parentage of Romulus & Remus Romulus and Remus were the direct descendants of Aeneas, whose fate-driven adventures to discover Italy are described by Virgil in The Aeneid . Romulus and Remus were related to Aeneas through their mother's father, Numitor. Numitor was a king of Alba Longa, an ancient city of Latium in central Italy, and father to Rhea Silvia. Before Romulus' and Remus' conception, Numitor's reign was usurped by Nimitor's younger brother, Amulius. Amulius inherited control over Alba Longa's treasury with which he was able to dethrone Numitor and become king. Amulius, wishing to avoid any conflict of power, killed Nimitor's male heirs and forced Rhea Silvia to become a Vestal Virgin . Vestal Virgins were priestesses of Vesta , patron goddess of the hearth; they were charged with keeping a sacred fire that was never to be extinguished and to take vows of chastity. Remove Ads Advertisement There is much debate and variation as to whom was the father of Romulus and Remus. Some myths claim that Mars appeared and lay with Rhea Silvia; other myths attest that the demi-god hero Hercules was her partner. However, the author Livy claims that Rhea Silvia was in fact raped by an unknown man, but blamed her pregnancy on divine conception. In either case, Rhea Silvia was discovered to be pregnant and gave birth to her sons. It was custom that any Vestal Virgin betraying her vows of celibacy was condemned to death; the most common death sentence was to be buried alive. However, King Amulius, fearing the wrath of the paternal god (Mars or Hercules) did not wish to directly stain his hands with the mother's and children's blood. So, King Amulius imprisoned Rhea Silvia and ordered the twins' death by means of live burial , exposure, or being thrown into the Tiber River. He reasoned that if the twins were to die not by the sword but by the elements, he and his city would be saved from punishment by the gods. He ordered a servant to carry out the death sentence, but in every scenario of this myth, the servant takes pity on the twins and spares their lives. The servant, then, places the twins into a basket onto the River Tiber, and the river carries the boys to safety. The twins were first discovered by a she-wolf or lupa, who suckled them, and they were fed by a wood-pecker or picus. The Discovery of Romulus & Remus The river god Tibernus ensured their safety by calming the river, and he caused their basket to catch in the roots of a nearby fig tree. The tree was located at the base of the Palatine Hill in the Velabrum swamp. The twins were first discovered by a she-wolf or lupa, who suckled them and they were fed by a wood-pecker or picus. Eventually, they were discovered and cared for by a shepherd and his wife: Faustulus and Acca Larentia.The two boys grew up to be shepherds like their adoptive father. One day while they were herding their sheep, they were met by shepherds of King Amulius. These shepherds started a fight with Romulus and Remus in which Remus was captured and taken before King Amulius. Romulus gathered and incited a band of local shepherds to join him in rescuing his brother. King Amulius believed that Rhea Silvia's children were dead; he did not recognize Remus or Romulus. Romulus freed his brother, and in the process killed King Amulius. Romulus & Remus Begin to Quarrel After Amulius' death, the brothers rejected the citizens' offer of the crown of Alba Longa and instead reinstated Nimitor as king. They left Alba Longa seeking to found their own city, and each set out to find the best locale. The brothers quarrelled over


Which Briton won an ice-skating Gold at the 1980 Lake Placid Olympics?

Sochi 2014: Britain used to be good at ice skating – what went wrong? | Richard Williams | Sport | The Guardian Sochi 2014: Britain used to be good at ice skating – what went wrong? Richard Williams The days of Curry, Cousins and Torvill and Dean seem a lifetime away – now we lead the medals table for good commentary Adelina Sotnikova won gold in the women's figure skating final at the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics. Photograph: The World of Sports SC/REX The days of Curry, Cousins and Torvill and Dean seem a lifetime away – now we lead the medals table for good commentary Friday 21 February 2014 10.13 EST First published on Friday 21 February 2014 10.13 EST Share on Messenger Close You think 15 is young to be skating at the Winter Olympics? After all, that's the age of Yulia Lipnitskaya, the Russian prodigy who satisfied the minimum-age requirement only by a matter of weeks in order to compete in Sochi this week. But in 1932 an 11-year-old named Cecilia Colledge represented Britain in the Winter Games at Lake Placid; she finished eighth. Four years later she was back to win a silver, close behind her idol, the immortal Sonja Henie. She went on to win the world championship in 1937, became the first woman to perform a double jump, and invented the layback and camel spin, both still a part of every competitor's repertoire. Britain used to be good at figure skating. Amazingly, we are still ranked fifth in the discipline's all-time Olympic medal table, or fourth if you count Russia and the Soviet Union as a single entity. Only they, the United States and Austria stand ahead of us. It started with Madge Syers, one of the 15 children of a London builder, who won the gold medal in the first Olympic women's singles event, held during the Summer Games in London in 1908. Jeannette Altwegg – already a junior Wimbledon finalist – took gold in Oslo in 1952. Then came John Curry and Robin Cousins, winners in the men's singles events at Innsbruck in 1976 and Lake Placid in 1980 respectively, and Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean, who last week celebrated the 30th anniversary of their triumph in Sarajevo . Their bronze in Lillehammer in 1994, the reward for their brief return to Olympic competition, is Britain's last medal on the rink. Nowadays we're good at commentating on ice skating. That came as a relief this week after the barrage of uncontrolled enthusiasm from the people paid to report on the events at other Olympic venues, for whom "Stonking!" seemed to represent the ultimate term of approbation. However fevered the atmosphere down in the Iceberg skating palace, Sue Barker and Robin Cousins blended decorum with expertise. Crucially, they knew when to keep quiet. When Lipnitskaya fell, there was not even an "Aaah!" Later Cousins told us exactly how it had happened. Barker did remark, apropos of the wonderfully graceful Carolina Kostner, that "she knows how to sell a programme", immediately evoking 50s images of young women in cinema aisles with torches and trays of ice creams. But there was nothing remotely as stupid as this remark from one of the halfpipe commentators, about a competitor in the women's event on Thursday: "She's skiing the equivalent of Fleetwood Mac's Rumours – a seminal album!" Cousins and Barker had a series of wonderful events through which to guide us. In the pairs, a Russian couple performed a complete routine to the sound of wire brushes on a snare drum, interrupted only momentarily by a few semi-abstract phrases from an acoustic guitar. After this startling break from the traditional pattern of selecting music from the era of the mighty Wurlitzer, they were immediately beaten into second place by a couple of their compatriots skating to 42nd Street. In the ice dance, behind the superb USA and Canadian teams, two more Russians won a bronze with a spectacularly moody routine inspired by the film Black Swan. Later it would be suggested in the overseas press that the surprise victory of the 17-year-old Adelina Sotnikova in the women's singles , the first for a Russian skater, had come about through bias among t


In English Common Law, what is the minimum number of people that can constitute a riot?

Riot legal definition of riot Riot legal definition of riot http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/riot Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Medical , Acronyms , Idioms , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . Riot A disturbance of the peace by several persons, assembled and acting with a common intent in executing a lawful or unlawful enterprise in a violent and turbulent manner. Riot, rout, and Unlawful Assembly are related offenses, yet they are separate and distinct. A rout differs from a riot in that the persons involved do not actually execute their purpose but merely move toward it. The degree of execution that converts a rout into a riot is often difficult to determine. An unlawful assembly transpires when persons convene for a purpose that, if executed, would make them rioters, but who separate without performing any act in furtherance of their purpose. For example, when a restaurant owner refused to serve a certain four customers and barred them from entering the establishment, the four men remained in front of the doors of the restaurant and blocked the entrance to all other customers. Although a riot did not result from their actions, the men were arrested and convicted of unlawful assembly. Inciting to riot is another distinct crime, the gist of which is that it instigates a breach of the peace, even though the parties might have initially assembled for an innocent purpose. It means using language, signs, or conduct to lead or cause others to engage in conduct that, if completed, becomes a riot. Conspiracy to riot is also a separate offense. In one case, the leader of a small Marxist group took to the streets preaching revolution and organized resistance to lawful authority. Cursing the police, he spoke about how to fight and kill them and generally advocated violent means to gain political ends. The court ruled that a person who agrees with others to organize a future riot and who commits an Overt Act in conformity with the agreement is guilty, not of riot, but of conspiracy to riot. In legal usage, the term mob is practically synonymous with riot or with riotous assembly. A federal court held that night riders were a mob and that their act of burning a building constituted the crime of riot. Nature and Elements Riot is an offense against the public peace and good order, rather than a violation of the rights of any particular person. It is not commonly applied to brief disturbances, even if malicious mischief and violence are involved in the commotion. For example, a lock company was picketed in a labor dispute. When the police attempted to escort some people through the picket line, a brief general commotion, some scuffling, and an exchange of blows took place. The police testified that the entire fracas lasted about "two or three minutes." The court held that the crime of riot does not apply to brief disturbances, even those involving violence, nor to disturbances that occur during the picketing accompanying a labor dispute. The elements that comprise the offense are determined either by the Common Law or by the statute defining it. In some jurisdictions, the necessary elements are an unlawful assembly, the intent to provide mutual assistance against lawful authority, and acts of violence. Under some statutes, the elements are the use of force or violence, or threats to use force and violence, along with the immediate power of execution. Other statutes provide that the essential elements are an assembly of persons for any unlawful purpose; the use of force or violence against persons or property; an attempt or threat to use force or violence or to do any unlawful act, coupled with the power of immediate execution; and a resulting disturbance of the peace. The element of force or violence required under the common law means a defiance of lawful authority and the rights of other persons. Similarly the force or violence contemplated by the statutes is the united force of the participants acting in concert with the increased capacity to overcome resistance. The statutes further specify that the type of force an


Who was the first left-hander to win the ladies singles title at Wimbledon, doing so in 1969?

Wimbledon Champions: Women's top 25 - Telegraph Wimbledon Champions: Women's top 25 9:41AM BST 28 Jun 2008 Former champion Bjorn Borg reveals his top 25 women while Mark Hodgkinson and Kaz Mochlinski profile the players. Louise Brough 1948-1950, 1955 No player has ever dominated Wimbledon more completely than did Brough in the three Championships between 1948 and 1950. Not only did she collect three of her four singles titles in that time, but she reached the final of every event, winning eight out of nine. The only final she lost was the mixed doubles in the middle year, when she played 117 games in three finals that involved five hours 20 minutes' playing time on Centre Court on the final Saturday of the tournament. Her hard volleying was ideally suited to the Wimbledon grass courts, which she again demonstrated in adding a last singles victory in 1955. It was her 13th title in total at the All England Club and she did not drop a set in winning it. With Margaret du Pont, she also collected a remarkable 12 women's doubles successes in the US Championships. Maria Bueno 1959-1960, 1964 The lithe and elegant Brazilian brought sex appeal to the Wimbledon lawns, improving the SW19 libido. All the men in the Centre Court crowd fell in love with Bueno after she won her first Wimbledon title in 1959, after which she was given a prize of a clothes voucher and then flown back in a presidential jet to a ticker-tape parade in Sao Paolo. In future years she titillated Wimbledon by wearing a white dress with a pink lining, and also won two more titles, in 1960 and 1964. Maureen Connolly 1952-1954 Her first love was horse riding, but Maureen Connolly's mother could not afford the lessons and she turned to tennis. 'Little Mo' snaffled a hat-trick of Wimbledon titles, from 1952-54, and was a popular figure back home in the United States. But that did not stop her from speaking of "the dark destiny" of her tennis career. "I always believed greatness on a tennis court was my destiny, a dark destiny at times, where the court became my secret jungle and I, a lonely, fear-stricken hunter. I was a strange little girl armed with hate, fear and a golden racket," Connolly once said. Margaret Court 1963, 1965, 1970 'Big Marge' dominated the tour in the 1960s and 1970s, winning her first two Wimbledon titles, as Margaret Smith, in 1963 and 1965. She quit the circuit in 1966 to marry and start a family, but returned to the game as Margaret Court, and in 1970 won all four majors to achieve the grand slam. On the Wimbledon leg of that feat, Court and the American Billie Jean King contested what was one of the greatest finals in the tournament's history, with the Australian eventually closing out a 14-12, 11-9 victory. In addition to her three Wimbledon trophies, Court won a further 21 grand slam singles titles, taking her singles tally to 24, and many consider her to be the greatest female player to have ever stepped on Centre Court. Lindsay Davenport 1999 American Lindsay Davenport may have won Wimbledon as well as the US and Australian Opens , plus an Olympic gold medal, in an illustrious career. But her greatest achievement is perhaps showing that it is still possible to succeed in modern tennis as a mother. After giving birth to a baby son 12 months ago, she returned to win two of her three tournaments before the end of the year and has continued to notch up further victories in 2008. She made her breakthrough by winning the women's singles at the Atlanta Olympics in 1996, but she secured full recognition as one of the best players of her generation only when she clinched the Wimbledon title in 1999. In an emotional final Davenport overcame Steffi Graf, who was playing her last major match. To underline her dominance that year, the American added the women's doubles with her compatriot, Corina Morariu, too. Chris Evert 1974, 1976, 1981 Known as the 'Ice Maiden' for having icicles in her veins on court, the American won her first Wimbledon title in 1974. That same year, her fiancé, Jimmy Connors, won the men's crown and the two of them danced toge


In which English county would you find Stonehenge?

STONEHENGE -Wiltshire, England - YouTube STONEHENGE -Wiltshire, England Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Sep 11, 2008 PLEASE click here for NEW HD version http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_n2QNH... PLEASE see my UK Places to visit Playlist here https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list... for mor great historic England,Wales and Scotland Quick guide Age estimated at 3100 BC Location Wiltshire, UK OS Reference SU 122 422 Type of stone Bluestone, Sarsen, Welsh Sandstone Worship Lunar, Solar Access English Heritage - there is a charge to visit the stones Extra notes Except on special occasions, visitors are unable to walk amongst the stones This was created from Audio made for a British Airways audio cassette tour of the UK South of England. Written and narrated by Blain Fairman in 1990. Audio production by Robert Nichol AudioProductions London. pictures added to this version 2008 by Robert Nichol to create a Youtube video Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) west of Amesbury and 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) north of Salisbury. One of the most famous prehistoric sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. Archaeologists believe that the iconic stone monument was erected around 2500 BC, however this was not the first stone structure on the site The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated to about 3100 BC. The site and its surroundings were added to the UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1986 in a co-listing with Avebury henge monument, and it is also a legally protected Scheduled Ancient Monument. Stonehenge itself is owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage while the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust. New archaeological evidence found by the Stonehenge Riverside Project indicates that Stonehenge served as a burial ground from its earliest beginnings The dating of cremated remains found that burials took place as early as 3000 B.C, when the first ditches were being built around the monument. Burials continued at Stonehenge for at least another 500 years when the giant stones which mark the landmark were put up. According to Professor Mike Parker Pearson, head of Stonehenge Riverside Project Stonehenge was a place of burial from its beginning to its zenith in the mid third millennium B.C. The cremation burial dating to Stonehenge's sarsen stones phase is likely just one of many from this later period of the monument's use and demonstrates that it was still very much a domain of the dead. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Category


In which small North Yorkshire market town is the Black Sheep Brewery based?

Masham cottages | Ingrid Flute's Yorkshire Holiday Cottages Masham cottages Masham cottages Masham is a small market town in the heart of North Yorkshire. Located at the Eastern end of Wensleydale, it is an ideal base for exploring the Yorkshire Dales and Moors, as well as the nearby cities and towns of Harrogate, York, Ripon, Leeds and Thirsk. The town itself has a vibrant community feel, and you are guaranteed to feel right at home in Masham. With it’s lovely georgian market place, Masham holds two markets a week, on Wednesdays and Saturdays. The town is also world famous for its beer, Masham has been home to many great breweries through the years such as Black Sheep and Theakstons (both of which offer brewery tours). The town also holds a bi-annual arts festival in St Mary Church, holding workshops and exhibitions that the whole family will enjoy. Masham is surrounded by excellent countryside ideal for walkers of all abilities, from gentle strolls by the side of the river to more challenging hikes on the grouse moors or by Brimham Rocks, there’s plenty of beautiful settings to explore and views to enjoy. For those looking for more adventure, there’s a variety of places to get outside and blow out the cobwebs, from canoeing on the River Ure to gorge walking at How Stean Gorge, Masham provides the perfect base for an exhilarating holiday. Related pages Add to Wishlist Masham - Yorkshire Dales Situated on the edge of an 'Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty' in the Lower Wensleydale, this charming cottage is a walker's paradise with pretty riverside walks nearby, and excellent opportunities for bird-watching. Saturday changeover Equipped with a washing machine Bath towels included Nearest shop: 1.5 miles away Nearest pub: 1.5 miles away 69 miles from the coast Add to Wishlist Leyburn - Yorkshire Dales Willowdene is a 3 bedroom stone built bungalow in the village of Harmby, one mile from the market town of Leyburn, there are views from every rear window over Middleham and towards Penn Hill, Willowdene is exceptionally... Saturday changeover Equipped with a washing machine Bath towels included Equipped with a tumble dryer Nearest shop: 1 mile away Nearest pub: 0.1 mile away 50 miles from the coast Add to Wishlist Middleham - Yorkshire Dales A recently renovated property sleeping seven. Located close to the market square in the popular town of Middleham in The Yorkshire Dales. Saturday changeover Equipped with a washing machine Bath towels included Nearest shop: 0.1 mile away Nearest pub: 0.1 mile away 50 miles from the coast Add to Wishlist Leyburn - Yorkshire Dales Vine Barn has been converted into a beautiful cottage complete with a conservatory and walled garden. Tastefully furnished by the owners and oozing character with beamed ceilings and woodburning stove. Saturday changeover Equipped with a washing machine Bath towels included Equipped with a tumble dryer Nearest shop: 1 mile away Nearest pub: 0.2 mile away 62 miles from the coast Our holiday cottages are booking up quickly - book now to secure your favourite! Add to Wishlist Middleham - Yorkshire Dales Just off the Market Square in historical Middleham, this characterful cosy cottage features period oak furnishings and concealed lighting, views of Middleham Castle and is central for the Yorkshire Dales Saturday changeover Equipped with a washing machine Bath towels included Equipped with a tumble dryer Nearest shop: 0.1 mile away Nearest pub: 0.1 mile away 67 miles from the coast Add to Wishlist Pateley Bridge - Yorkshire Dales Humbug Lodge is a well-equipped property and is on the ground floor of a converted schoolhouse in the market town of Pateley Bridge. Friday changeover Equipped with a washing machine Bath towels included Nearest shop: 0.1 mile away Nearest pub: 0.1 mile away 59 miles from the coast Add to Wishlist Leyburn - Yorkshire Dales This superb cottage, close to Leyburn in the heart of Wensleydale, provides very comfortable accommodation with a lovely cosy feel, original features, and a pretty garden to relax in. Saturday changeover Equipped with a wa


What was the first pitched battle of the English civil War?

Battle of Edgehill - English Civil War Battle of Edgehill English Civil War: Battle of Edgehill English Civil War: Battle of Edgehill Earl of Essex.  Photograph Source: Public Domain Battle of Edgehill - Conflict & Date: The Battle of Edgehill was fought October 23, 1642, during the First English Civil War (1642-1646). Armies & Conflicts Prince Rupert of the Rhine approx. 15,000 men Battle of Edgehill - Background: As the situation between King Charles I and Parliament deteriorated in the summer of 1642, both sides began preparing for hostilities. Moving from his temporary capital at York, Charles unsuccessfully attempted to take Kingston-upon-Hull with the goal of securing its armory. Pressing on to Lincoln and Leicester, he was able to procure arms and on August 22 raised the royal standard at Nottingham. Having effectively declared war on Parliament, he marched west to Chester and Shrewsbury with the hope of gathering additional men from Wales and the Welsh Marches. Aware of Charles' movements, Parliament dispatched its army to block his advance. Led by the Earl of Essex, the army mustered at Northampton and possessed around 20,000 men. From here, it moved northwest towards Worcester. On September 23, part of Essex's vanguard was attacked at Powick Bridge by Royalist cavalry under Prince Rupert of the Rhine. In the resulting action, the Parliamentarian troops were routed. Having assembled his army at Shrewsbury, Charles decided to advance on London with the goal of fighting Essex on favorable ground en route. Contact: On October 22, the Royalist army camped at Edgecote from which it could menace the Parliamentarian garrison at Banbury. Concerned, the garrison called for aid from Essex who had just reached Warwick Castle. Learning of the situation, he began moving the Parliamentarian forces towards Kineton despite the fact that many of his men and the bulk of his artillery had not arrived. That evening, some of his patrols clashed with Royalist troops near the village. These alerted Charles to the enemy's approach and he ordered that his army be formed atop nearby Edgehill escarpment the next morning. Deployments: During the deployment of the army, Charles' commander, the Earl of Lindsey, resigned after a dispute over formations and was replaced by the Earl of Forth. While the Royalist infantry was positioned in the center, the bulk of the cavalry was placed on the right with Rupert in command. As the army formed, the King's Lifeguard was permitted to join Rupert's wing despite the fact that it left the king with no cavalry reserve. The Royalist left consisted of cavalry forces led by Sir Henry Wilmot. Though he had intended to march directly to Banbury on October 23, Essex changed his plans after learning of Charles' army. Advancing on the Royalist position, Essex formed his army for battle to the southeast of Kineton and opposite the escarpment. The Parliamentarians assumed a position similar to their adversaries with Sir John Merrick's infantry in the center and cavalry on the flanks. The bulk of Essex's horse was placed on the left under the command of Sir James Ramsey and was supported by a force of musketeers. Short on cavalry as the remainder of his army was still arriving, Essex assigned only Lord Fielding's regiment to the right and relied on hedgerows and terrain to bolster the defense. The Battle of Edgehill: Two cavalry units were placed in reserve behind the infantry under the leadership of Essex's cavalry commander, Sir William Balfour. With his lines formed, Essex remained on the defensive as he awaited the remainder of his army to arrive on the field. With the Parliamentarians slowly gaining in strength the Royalists descended from the heights and began advancing after a brief artillery exchange. Pushing forward dragoons, Rupert was able to clear the enemy musketeers on his front before launching a large cavalry attack on Ramsey's position. Sweeping forward, the Royalist horsemen crashed through the Ramsey's lines aided by the sudden defection of a troop of Parliamentarian horse. Driving off Ramsey's tr


In which country did the 'Orange’ Revolution take place between 2004 and 2005?

Ukrainian Protests Compared to 2004 Orange Revolution Ukrainian Protests Compared to 2004 Orange Revolution Nov 25, 2013 — 23:00 Spy Games: How The Spectre of Surveillance Impacts Moscow’s Foreigners Protesters squaring off with riot police in front of the Ukrainian Cabinet of Ministers building in Kiev on Monday. Sergei Chuzavkov / AP Protests against the Ukrainian government's decision to delay an association deal with the European Union last week in favor of closer ties with Russia continued in Kiev on Monday, prompting memories of the 2004 Orange Revolution, while the EU issued a statement condemning Russia's actions in the dispute. Just as nine years ago, the protests have been driven by a feud between pro-Western and pro-Russian forces over the future of Ukraine, a key geopolitical prize in eastern Europe. The Kremlin was deeply angered by the outcome of the Orange Revolution, which saw demonstrators protest against the Russian government's favored presidential candidate and current Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych, who then lost to pro-Western politician Viktor Yushchenko in a re-run election. President Vladimir Putin has already accused the EU of being willing to sponsor protests to get its way this time around as well. Russia appears to have the upper hand in this dispute, but the European Union may end up drawing Ukraine into its fold eventually. "There is no geopolitical victory for Russia" in the suspension of EU talks, said Stanislav Belkovsky, head of the National Strategy Institute. "The vector for European integration is irreversible … and the current protests are cementing that vector." According to various estimates, 50,000 to 200,000 people took to the streets in Kiev on Sunday, the largest protests since the Orange Revolution, while smaller rallies took place all over Ukraine. The Kiev protesters set up a protest camp on central square Evropeiska Ploshcha, clashed with police and tried to break a police cordon around the Cabinet building. Most of the people either went home or were dispersed by the police by Monday morning. But some remained, and more protesters poured into central Kiev on Monday, flocked to the Cabinet building again, fought with police and blocked Vulitsya Grushevskogo. The police used batons and tear gas to disperse the demonstrators, and the authorities initiated a criminal case against protesters who clashed with police on Sunday on charges of hooliganism and resisting arrest. In Lviv — the major stronghold of Ukrainian nationalism and pro-Western sentiment — about 10,000 students demonstrated against the government on Monday, and all classes at universities were canceled, Kommersant reported. As the standoff with the government escalated, Ukraine’s center-right Svoboda party urged the parliament to pass a vote of no confidence in the Cabinet, while the liberal Batkivshchina party asked the Prosecutor General’s Office to initiate a criminal case against Prime Minister Mykola Azarov and the Cabinet for allegedly exceeding their authority by suspending the deal with the EU. The EU reacted to the developments in the country by issuing a statement Monday decrying Russia’s actions in relation to Ukraine. “While being aware of the external pressure that Ukraine is experiencing, we believe that short-term considerations should not override the long-term benefits that this partnership would bring,” said European Council President Herman Van Rompuy and European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso in the statement. “It is up to Ukraine to freely decide what kind of engagement they seek with the EU.” “Ukrainian citizens have again shown these last days that they fully understand and embrace the historic nature of the European association,” the EU leaders said, apparently referring to the protests. “We therefore strongly disapprove of the Russian position and actions in this respect. Stronger relations with the EU do not come at the expense of relations between our Eastern partners and their other neighbors, such as Russia. The Eastern Partnership is conceived as a win-win where we