In which sport is the position of goal attack found?

Netball playing positions - ActiveSG Netball playing positions File photo credit: Wikipedia By Christabel Yang If you’ve seen a netball game, you’ve probably wondered what the alphabets on those bibs represent and why the players seem to be restricted within certain areas of the court. Well, in this guide we'll help you break them down into layman terms.  There are 7 different playing positions in netball and each of them signify different areas of play. They are namely:  1. Goal Shooter 6. Goal Defence 7. Goal Keeper Each position is confined by certain lines of the court, and if the player moves beyond these lines, you’ll hear the whistle blow followed by a call that says “Offside!”. And that is exactly what we would want to avoid. 1. Goal Shooter (GS) The main role of the Goal Shooter (GS) is to score, by shooting the ball into the hoop. This can only be done within the goal circle. The GS is not allowed to score a goal beyond the perimeters of the goal circle. The outcome of the game depends on the number of shots put in by the GS. Area of play: The opposing team’s goal third, including the goal circle. Common traits: The GS is usually among the taller players of the team, has steady hands and accurate shooting skills. She must also have quick reflexes to catch rebounds. 2. Goal Attack (GA) The Goal Attack (GA) is responsible for setting up offensive plays and scoring goals. She also feeds the ball to the GS to shoot. She works very closely with the GS, and it is not uncommon to see exceptional camaraderie between the duo.  Area of play: The opposing team’s goal third, including the goal circle, and the centre third. Common traits: The GA is usually among the taller players on the team, has strong passing ability and accurate shooting skills.  3. Wing Attack (WA) The Wing Attack (WA) is chiefly responsible for moving the ball down from the centre third to the goal third and for feeding the ball into the shooters’ hands, which includes both the GS and the GA. Their job is to create as many chances to score as possible.  Area of play: The opposing team’s goal third, excluding the goal circle, and the centre third. Common traits: The WA is usually the fastest player on court, has solid passing skills, and excellent footwork and ball handling skills. 4. Centre (C)  The Centre starts and restarts the game from the centre circle each time a goal is scored. She dictates the pace of her team’s play, creates space on court and is depended upon for both attacking and defending. She is required to take the offensive by shifting the ball from the defensive area to the attacking side, and also switches to take a defensive stance when required. She is also required to feed the ball to the shooters in the goal circle.  Area of play: Anywhere except the goal circles of both teams. Common traits: She has an exceptional fitness level, strong passing skills, and the ability to analyse and change her team’s play if necessary. 5. Wing Defence (WD) The Wing Defence (WD) is always on the defensive, unless there’s a turnover and she has to bring the ball down to her attacking side. She is responsible for defending the opposing team’s players, mainly the WA, and for stopping the ball from reaching the goal circle. She is to intercept at any possible chance.  Area of play: The team’s goal third, excluding the goal circle, and the centre third. Common traits: The WD is consistently focused and swift to react. 6. Goal Defence (GD) The chief role of the Goal Defence (GD) is to defend the ball from reaching the opposing shooters in a spot where they are comfortable to shoot. They must always be on the look out for chances to intercept the ball and achieve turnovers. They also keep a close look on the opposing team’s GA.  Area of play: The team’s goal third, including the goal circle and the centre third. Common traits: The GD is usually among the taller players of the team. She must be focused, have quick footwork and be quick to react to catch rebounds. They must also have good anticipation skills so that they can counter their opponent’s set-up


Which famous sportsman lit the torch at the opening ceremony of the 1996 Olympic Games?

Olympic opening ceremony: Muhammad Ali carries the flag in London | Daily Mail Online comments Muhammad Ali was already a part of Olympic history before last night's opening ceremony of the London Games. Not only did he win a gold medal as a young boxer, but he also provided one of the most memorable moments of any opening ceremony when he lit the Olympic flame in Atlanta 16 years ago. And the sporting legend cemented his place in the Olympic story on Friday night, when he helped to carry the official flag to its place in the centre of the arena alongside other humanitarian icons. Hero: Muhammad Ali made an appearance at the Olympics opening ceremony in London last night Famous: Mr Ali lit the Olympic flame at the start of the 1996 games in Atlanta to widespread acclaim Champion: Mr Ali, then known as Cassius Clay, won a gold medal at the 1960 Rome Olympics Mr Ali, widely considered one of the greatest American sportsmen of all time, took the gold medal in the light heavyweight boxing at the Rome Games in 1960. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share At Atlanta in 1996, he was given the honour of lighting the cord which set off a flaming arrow directed at the Olympic torch, marking the official start of the Games. Although he was visibly suffering from Parkinson's Disease, his appearance as an icon of sporting genius and resilience was widely praised. Carrying the flag: The boxer joined other iconic figures in the important ceremonial duty Frail: But Mr Ali nonetheless was met with a raucous reception from the 80,000-strong crowd in the stadium The organisers of the London Games were doubtless hoping to re-capture some of that magic when they invited Mr Ali to appear in last night's ceremony. Dressed in a white suit and tie and wearing sunglasses, he joined the likes of UN secretary general Ban Ki-Moon and conductor Daniel Barenboim in carrying the Olympic flag to its pole. Other flag-bearers included double gold-medal-winner Haile Gebrselassie and Doreen Lawrence, whose teenage son Stephen Lawrence was murdered in a case which later became iconic as a landmark in British history. Sitting down: Mr Ali had his wife Lonnie by his side throughout his ceremonial role Back in time: Mr Ali's appearance in London was reminiscent of his contribution to previous Olympics Mr Ali appeared extremely frail, and was able to walk only the last few steps of the journey with the flag. He was supported by his wife Lonnie, and sat down on a chair while the flag was being raised. Nonetheless, the legendary figure received a raucous reception from the 80,000-strong crowd, delighted to see him on his feet and participating in a great sporting spectacle despite his debilitating illness. Earlier in the week, Mr Ali took part in fundraising for the Muhammad Ali Center and promoted his social media site, generationali.org. He also met with his successors on Team USA, who were doubtless keen to pick up tips for Olympic success.


Which famous race takes place annually between Putney and Mortlake?

Women rowers embark on historic Thames race - CNN.com 8 of 8 (CNN) For more than 150 years, men's rowing crews from Oxford and Cambridge have battled it out for supremacy in the annual University Boat Race on London's River Thames. A lot of water has passed under the bridge since the race was first contested over the four-and-a-quarter mile course between Putney and Mortlake in 1845, but never have two women crews from the UK's oldest universities raced on that same famed waterway. Until now. Follow @cnnsport On Saturday, in a long overdue break with tradition, two female teams will compete in the Women's Boat Race on the route and on the same day as their male counterparts for the first time. "We are all really excited about it happening. It's a really major step for women's rowing bringing the Women's Boat Race to the Tideway (the part of the Thames subjected to tides)," said David Searle, Executive Director of the Boat Race Company , who organize the annual event. It's a really major step for women's rowing bringing the Women's Boat Race to the Tideway. David Searle, Executive Director of the Boat Race Company "It's been on people's wish list to happen for a very long time. It's really very exciting and the fulfillment of loads of different people's ambitions and the efforts of a vast number of people from the organizers to women's clubs to the men's clubs as well who have been very accommodating." Read More The women's race started back in 1927 and during the early years the two crews of eight would race separately down a route with judges marking rowing style as well as speed. Since the 1970s, the race has been run a week before the men's event over a course at Henley-on-Thames, 40 miles west of London. Searle says moving the race to the UK capital this year is the result of several years of planning and a cash injection from boat race sponsors BNY Mellon and Newton . "They realized they couldn't just plonk them straight on the tideway. So they invested in them in total for four years, but really seriously invested for two years," said Searle, who made two Boat Race appearances for Cambridge during the 1970s. Head coach of the Oxford woman's team, Christine Wilson says the cash injection has been invaluable. "What the sponsorship is allowing is for these women to become models of what's possible," Wilson told Bloomberg.com . "As much as this is about athletic performance and boat speed and a standard of athletic achievement, it is also about showing women in the world that this is possible." Saturday's race will also break new ground in terms of distance with both crews having to row nearly 7,000 meters this year, compared to the 2,000 meters they have been used to at Henley. The enormity of the task cannot be underestimated, but Searle says the atmosphere in the build up to the race has been electric. The future is super positive. The race has been in existence since 1927, but this is a new tradition we are establishing here and it's going to be just like the men's race. David Searle, Executive Director of the Boat Race Company "It's a massive deal. I've got to say that the smiles on the faces is actually really good to see because they are enjoying themselves and why wouldn't they -- they're making history and being a part of it is great." The women's race is due off at 15.50 (GMT) on Saturday, an hour before the men who will be competing against each other for the 161st time. The men's race, which began in 1829, has featured a number of famous oarsman down the years including Briton's four-time Olympic gold medalist Matthew Pinsent (Oxford) and actor Hugh Lawrie (Cambridge) with Cambridge leading the historic battle with 81 wins to Oxford's 78. Oxford's men have been in the ascendency in recent years winning seven of the last 10 races and its a similar tale for the women with the dark blues favorite to win for a fourth-year running and further close the gap on Cambridge who lead overall with 41 wins to Oxford's 28. "Oxford are looking very strong I have to say. But you never know in the boat race, things can happ


How is the sport of tauromachy better known?

List of Sports - every sport from around the world basketball Complete Sports List 3D Archery — a form of archery in which the goal is to strike targets in the shape of animals at unknown distances. 3x3 — a variation of basketball played on a half court with just three players in each team. Abseiling — an adventure sport where the participants descend a steep formation using a rope. (not really a sport). Acroski — athletes on snow skis perform various choreographed routines (once called Ski Ballet) Adventure Racing — an event combining two or more endurance disciplines, such as Orienteering, Cross-Country Running, Mountain Biking, Paddling and Climbing. It is also called Expedition Racing. Aerials — a freestyle skiing discipline in which athletes ski along a take-off ramp, then perform various in-air tricks. Aerobatics — sport aerobatics involves aircraft maneuvers such as rolls, loops, stall turns (hammerheads), and tailslides. Acrobatic Gymnastics — team of gymnasts work together to perform acrobatic moves in combination with dance moves. Aerobic Gymnastics — another name for Sport Aerobics . Aeromodeling — activity using remotely controlled flying model aircraft (not really a sport). Aggressive Inline Skating — Aggressive inline skating is a form of inline skating executed on specially designed inline skates with the focus on grinding and spins. Aikido — Shodokan Aikido (also called Sport Aikido) is a style of the martial art Aikido that is used for competitions. Air Hockey — played on an air-hockey table, participants try to hit a puck elevated on a cushion of air into the opponents goal. Air Racing — a sport involving flying airplanes over a fixed course low to the ground. Airsoft — a skirmish sport in which participants eliminate opponents by hitting them with spherical non-metallic pellets from replica firearms. Similar sports are Laser Tag and Paintball . All-Terrain Boarding — another name for Mountainboarding . Alpine Skiing — commonly known as Downhill Skiing, involves racing down snow-covered hills on skis with fixed-heel bindings. There are alpine skiing competitions in disciplines such as slalom, giant slalom, super giant slalom, and downhill. Alpinism — the sport of mountain climbing. American Football — a team sport played on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end. Each team attempts to advance an oval ball down the field into the end zone by running or passing it. It is also known in some parts of the world (outside of the US) as Gridiron. In the US it is referred simply as football. Variations include Arena Football , 6-Man Football . American Handball — players use their hands to hit a small rubber ball against a wall. There are three versions (four-wall handball, three-wall handball and one-wall handball) that can each be played by either two, three or four players. It can be compared to squash without rackets. It is very different from the Olympic sport of (Team) Handball . Angling — often used to refer to fishing, it is the principal method of sport fishing Aquabike — a variation of Triathlon , with no running leg. Athletes swim followed by cycling. Aquajogging — water running competitions, athletes race in water while maintaining an upright position. Aquathlon (1) — an underwater sport where two competitors wearing masks and fins wrestle underwater in an attempt to remove a ribbon from each other's ankle band. It is also known as Underwater Wrestling. Aquathlon (2) — a continuous race involving swimming followed by running. It is usually over a shorter distance than the similar Biathle . Artistic Gymnastics — an Olympic sport  where gymnasts perform short routines on different apparatus, such as the Vault , Floor (men and women), Pommel Horse , Rings , Parallel Bars , High Bar (men), and Uneven Bars , Balance Beam (women). Artistic Pool — a trick shot competition on a pocket billiards table in which players score points for performing 56 preset shots of varying difficulty. Artistic Roller Skating — is a sport which consists of a number of events (Figures, Dance, Freestyl


How many kilometres long is the walk - the longest race in men's athletics?

London 2012 Olympics: athletics guide - Telegraph London 2012 Olympics: athletics guide Read Telegraph Sport's guide to athletics events at the London 2012 Olympics. RUNNING The running and walking disciplines are staged over events ranging from 100m  to 50km. Besides the marathon and race walk events, held on the road, the running will  take place on a 400m oval track inside London’s Olympic stadium. While the majority of races are on the flat, the hurdles and steeplechase  competitions require athletes to jump over barriers en route to the finish  line. JUMPING In long jump, athletes sprint down a runway before propelling themselves as  far as possible into a sand pit. Triple jump is similar in form, although competitors have to complete a hop  and a step before completing the jump. Smooth transitions are essential. For the high jump, the object is to leap over a bar that is then raised with  each successful attempt. Three attempts are possible at every stage and the  winner is the athlete who arches over the bar at the greatest height. Pole  vault adheres to the same rules, but here competitors must use a long,  flexible pole to launch themselves into the air. THROWING The throws are divided into javelin, shot put, discus and hammer. Athletes are given six attempts to throw the object as far as possible into a  field. A delicate balance of speed, technique and explosive power is needed. Events/disciplines Men’s 200 metres, women’s 200 metres, Men’s 400 metres, women’s 400 metres Men’s 800 metres, women’s 800 metres Men’s 1500 metres, women’s 1500 metres Men’s 5,000 metres, women’s 5,000 metres Men’s 10,000 metres, women’s 10,000 metres Men’s 3,000 metre steeplechase, women’s 3,000 metre steeplechase Men’s 110 metre hurdles, women’s 100 metre hurdles Men’s 400 metre hurdles, women’s 400 metre hurdles Men’s 20km race walk, women’s 20k race walk Men’s 50 km race walk Men’s marathon, women’s marathon Men’s 4 x 100 metre relay, wwomen’s 4 x 100 metre relay Men’s 4 x 400 metre relay, women’s 4 x 400 metre relay Men’s decathlon, women’s heptathlon JUMPING Men’s long jump, women’s long jump Men’s triple jump, women’s triple jump Men’s high jump, women’s high jump Men’s decathlon, women’s heptathlon Men’s pole vault, women’s pole vault THROWING Men’s hammer, women’s hammer Men’s shot put, women’s shot put Men’s javelin, women’ javelin Men’s discus, women’s discus Men’s decathlon, women’s heptathlon Gold medals available Image 1 of 17 RUNNING In all running events a good start is imperative, but in sprinting it can be  the difference between winning a medal and just missing out. A smooth, relaxed sprinting style with powerful strides and driving arms  attains maximum speed. Don't forget to lean forward at the finish line in  case of a photo finish. In the longer track events (800m and 1500m) athletes must conserve energy for  a big sprint finish without falling too far behind the rest of the field.  These events are a tactical minefield with everyone wondering what everyone  else is planning. The longest events require stamina and determination to keep going till the  very end. JUMPING Strength and flawless technique are essential in jumping events, in order to  generate as much speed as possible before take-off. In the triple and high jump, an athlete's arms should go forwards and upwards  propelling them as far forward as possible, before they extend their legs as  far in front of themselves as they can for those all important extra  centimetres. In the high jump, the art of arching your back and raising your  hips is key to clear higher heights. A good plant and jump are needed in pole vaulting to transfer the energy  generated in the approach to vertical distance in the jump. Don't forget to  twist your body and keep your arms and legs tucked in when clearing the bar. The decathlon and heptathlon require athletes to be multi-skilled, with strong  running and throwing techniques and unmatchable stamina. Points are awarded  on the basis of certain benchmarks being met, mea


Which three footballers won the BBC Sports Personality Of The Year Award in the 20th century?

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What is Sir Donald Bradman's test cricket batting average?

Donald Bradman Statistics – The Greatest Ever | Bradman Foundation 211 How many Sixes did Don Bradman hit in his Test career? Don hit just six sixes in his Test career, five v. England and one v. India. He also hit two fives and a staggering 618 fours in Test cricket. How many Test wickets did he take? Two. The first was taken in December 1930. A West Indies player, Ivan Barrow, LBW to Bradman for 27 runs, first Test in Adelaide, second innings. The second was when he bowled Walter Hammond for 85 runs in the spiteful third Test in Adelaide, January 1933, second innings. When was Don’s first century? Don Bradman’s first century (115 n.o.) was played when he was 12 ie. the 1920/21 season. The young Don was playing for Bowral School against Mittagong School. The exact date is unknown. Was Don Bradman nervous in his first Test appearance? Don Bradman has been recorded as feeling a great ease when playing cricket, and unlike many others, he has described himself as being fortunate not to suffer nerves like so many other batsman. Fellow teammates have also described his confidence and ability to concentrate his performance particularly when rising to dangers and difficulties at the crease. Walter Hammond, former England Test Captain: “I was forced to admire the cool way Don batted. On one or two occasions, when he was well set, and when he saw me move a fieldsman, he would raise his gloved hand to me in mock salute, and then hit the next ball exactly over the place from which the man had just been moved. Reluctantly I had to admit once more that he was out of the ordinary run of batsmen – a genius!” Bill Brown, former Australian Test batsman: “He could analyse the game much more deeply and quickly than the average player. He controlled the game so much when he was at the wicket.” CB Fry, former England Test cricketer: “This young man owes half his perfection to an outright power of concentration”. Current test records still held by Don Bradman Highest Individual Test Batting Average (minimum 15 innings) 99.94 Highest Test Batting Average for a 5-Test Series 201.50 (v South Africa, Australia, 1931-32) Equal top-scorer of triple centuries (with Lara) 2 5th wicket partnership (with Sid Barnes 1946-47) 405 Only Test batsman to score more than 5,000 runs v an opponent (5,028 v England) 7 times scored 500 or more runs in a Test series (Equal with Lara) Six times scored centuries in an interval (once pre lunch, twice lunch-tea, three times tea-stumps) Scored the most runs in a single day’s play 309 v England, Leeds, 1930 Awards & Honours Knighted in 1949. The only Australian cricketer ever to receive a knighthood and the first Test cricketer so honoured. Received a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1979. Voted the greatest male athlete of the past 200 years by the Australian Confederation of Sport in 1988. Selected as one of only two Australians by International Who’s Who top 100 people who have done the most to shape the 20th century. The other (former) Australian selected was Rupert Murdoch Nominated among the Top Ten sportspeople of the 20th century by the World Confederation of Sport. Named Male Athlete of the Century in 1999 by the Sport Australia Hall of Fame. Ranked the No.1 Australian Athlete of the 20th Century by Sports Illustrated magazine. In 2000 he was voted the greatest cricketer of the 20th century by Wisden Cricket Almanack. This decision was unanimous amongst the 100 judges. Nominated captain of the Australian Cricket Team of the Century Some extra facts about Sir Donald Bradman Did you know…. Don Bradman scored 28,067 runs in First-class cricket at an average of 95.15, with a top score of 452 not out The record for the highest partnership for any wicket by Australia against all countries was established by Don Bradman and Bill Ponsford at The Oval in 1934 (451 for the second wicket) Against India, Don Bradman averaged 178.75 in 6 innings. His average against all countries in 80 innings was 99.94 In his Test career, Don Bradman scored 26% of the team’s total runs Don Bradman described himself as “predominately


As at the start of 2003, what is the make and model of the bestselling car of all time?


The prancing horse is the symbol of which racing car?

History of the Ferrari Prancing Horse Logo History of the Ferrari Prancing Horse Logo Logo Design Resources → The famous symbol of the Ferrari race team is a black prancing stallion on a yellow shield, usually with the letters S F (for Scuderia Ferrari), with three stripes of green, white and red (the Italian national colors) at the top. The road cars have a rectangular badge on the hood, and, optionally, the shield-shaped race logo on the sides of both front wings, close to the door. On June 17, 1923, Enzo Ferrari won a race at the Savio track in Ravenna where he met the Countess Paolina, mother of Count Francesco Baracca, an ace of the Italian air force and national hero of World War I, who used to paint a horse on the side of his planes. The Countess asked Enzo to use this horse on his cars, suggesting that it would bring him good luck. The original "prancing horse" on Baracca's airplane was painted in red on a white cloud-like shape, but Ferrari chose to have the horse in black (as it had been painted as a sign of grief on Baracca's squadron planes after the pilot was killed in action) and he added a canary yellow background as this is the color of the city of Modena, his birthplace. The Ferrari horse was, from the very beginning, markedly different from the Baracca horse in most details, the most noticeable being the tail that in the original Baracca version was pointing downward. Ferrari has used the cavallino rampante on official company stationery since 1929. Since the Spa 24 Hours of July 9, 1932, the cavallino rampante has been used on Alfa Romeos raced by Scuderia Ferrari. The motif of a prancing horse is old, it can be found on ancient coins. A similar black horse on a yellow shield is the Coat of Arms of the German city of Stuttgart, home of Mercedes-Benz and the design bureau of Porsche, both being main competitors of Alfa and Ferrari in the 1930s. The city's name derives from Stutengarten, an ancient form of the German word Gest üt, which translates into English as stud farm and into Italian as scuderia. Porsche also includes the Stuttgart sign in its corporate logo, centred in the emblem of the state of Württemberg. Stuttgart's Rössle has both rear legs firmly planted on the soil, like Baracca's horse, but unlike Ferrari's cavallino. Fabio Taglioni used the cavallino rampante on his Ducati motorbikes, as Taglioni was born at Lugo di Romagna like Baracca, and his father too was a military pilot during WWI (although not part of Baracca's squadron, as is sometimes mistakenly reported). As Ferrari's fame grew, Ducati abandoned the horse- perhaps the result of a private agreement between the two companies. The cavallino rampante is now a trademark of Ferrari. Cavallino Magazine uses the name, but not the logo. However, other companies use similar logos: Avanti, an Austrian company operating over 100 filling stations, uses a prancing horse logo which is nearly identical to Ferrari's, as does Iron Horse Bicycles. Many pay homage to the Ferrari logo, e.g. the Jamiroquai album Travelling Without Moving.


Who designed the first modern petrol-driven internal combustion engine for the car?

Who Invented the Car? - History of the Automobile Who Invented the Car? A Frenchmen made the first automobile, but its evolution was a worldwide effort. History of Cars.  Gaetty Images By Mary Bellis Updated July 01, 2016. The very first self-powered road vehicles were powered by steam engines and by that definition Nicolas Joseph Cugnot of France built the  first automobile  in 1769 - recognized by the British Royal Automobile Club and the Automobile Club de France as being the first. So why do so many history books say that the automobile was invented by either Gottlieb Daimler or Karl Benz? It is because both Daimler and Benz invented highly successful and practical gasoline-powered vehicles that ushered in the age of modern automobiles. Daimler and Benz invented cars that looked and worked like the cars we use today. However, it is unfair to say that either man invented "the" automobile. History of the Internal Combustion Engine - The Heart of the Automobile An internal combustion engine is any engine that uses the explosive combustion of fuel to push a piston within a cylinder - the piston's movement turns a crankshaft that then turns the car wheels via a chain or a drive shaft. continue reading below our video Should I Buy my House or Continue to Rent?  The different types of fuel commonly used for car combustion engines are gasoline (or petrol), diesel, and kerosene. A brief outline of the history of the internal combustion engine includes the following highlights: 1680 - Dutch physicist,  Christian Huygens  designed (but never built) an internal combustion engine that was to be fueled with gunpowder. 1807 - Francois Isaac de Rivaz of Switzerland invented an internal combustion engine that used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen for fuel. Rivaz designed a car for his engine - the first internal combustion powered automobile. However, his was a very unsuccessful design. 1824 - English engineer, Samuel Brown adapted an old Newcomen steam engine to burn gas, and he used it to briefly power a vehicle up Shooter's Hill in London. 1858 - Belgian-born engineer, Jean JosephÉtienne Lenoir invented and patented (1860) a double-acting, electric spark-ignition internal combustion engine fueled by coal gas. In 1863, Lenoir attached an improved engine (using petroleum and a primitive carburetor) to a three-wheeled wagon that managed to complete an historic fifty-mile road trip. (See image at top) 1862 - Alphonse Beau de Rochas, a French civil engineer, patented but did not build a four-stroke engine (French patent #52,593, January 16, 1862). 1864 - Austrian engineer,  Siegfried Marcus *, built a one-cylinder engine with a crude carburetor, and attached his engine to a cart for a rocky 500-foot drive. Several years later, Marcus designed a vehicle that briefly ran at 10 mph that a few historians have considered as the forerunner of the modern automobile by being the world's first gasoline-powered vehicle (however, read  conflicting notes  below). 1873 - George Brayton, an American engineer, developed an unsuccessful two-stroke kerosene engine (it used two external pumping cylinders). However, it was considered the first safe and practical oil engine. 1866 - German engineers, Eugen Langen and Nikolaus August Otto improved on Lenoir's and de Rochas' designs and invented a more efficient gas engine. 1876 - Nikolaus August Otto invented and later patented a successful four-stroke engine, known as the "Otto cycle". 1876 - The first successful two-stroke engine was invented by Sir Dougald Clerk. 1883 - French engineer, Edouard Delamare-Debouteville, built a single-cylinder four-stroke engine that ran on stove gas. It is not certain if he did indeed build a car, however, Delamare-Debouteville's designs were very advanced for the time - ahead of both Daimler and Benz in some ways at least on paper. 1885 - Gottlieb Daimler invented what is often recognized as the prototype of the modern gas engine - with a vertical cylinder, and with gasoline injected through a carburetor (patented in 1887). Daimler first built a two-wheeled vehicle the "R


What make of car featured in the film Back To The Future?

Perfect Replica of BACK TO THE FUTURE Delorean For Sale. Minus Working Flux Capacitor | Collider | Collider Perfect Replica of BACK TO THE FUTURE Delorean For Sale. Minus Working Flux Capacitor SHARE TWEET 0 If you’re a Back to the Future fan, an auction has just gone up on eBay that will make you wish you had an extra $70 grand lying around.  That’s because someone is selling “the most screen accurate Back to the Future Delorean Time Machine replica to ever appear on eBay”.  At least according to the seller.  But after looking over the pictures, I have to say, he might be right.  I am absolutely floored by how accurate the car looks to what was on screen, and I really suggest hitting the jump and looking at some of the pictures.  Also, the key features of the car are incredible. Here’s some of the highlights: – Built on a beautiful, super-clean, stock 1981 5-speed manual transmission DMC-12 with over $16,000 of mechanical work and upgrades performed at DMC California in September of 2008. — Approx. 78K miles on vehicle. — Programmable time circuits which function just like those in the film. — Functioning digital speedometer on the dashboard (reads actual vehicle speed). — Main Time Circuit switch functions just like in the film, with all sound effects. — All interior indicators and switches light up, just like in the film, — Sound effects for door openings. — Includes “Plutonium rods,” which can be loaded in to the “reactor” on the rear of car, just like in the film. — Exterior flux band lighting — Custom “95 MPH” in-dash speedometer like the one mocked up for the film. The stock Delorean   speedometer only goes up to 85MPH. — Screen-accurate “OUTATIME” metal-stamped license plate with 1986 registration tag. — Eagle Goodyear GT tires, as seen in the film (not pictured). Here’s what was written on the eBay page with some of the pictures from the auction.  Check out the actual auction for even more pictures. Well, if you’ve been looking for a Delorean Time Machine, look no further. This is the most screen accurate Back to the Future Delorean Time Machine replica to ever appear on eBay. It is a real masterpiece. You might be asking yourself why it’s so expensive? Well, try to build a super-accurate Delorean Time Machine yourself, and you’ll quickly see how time consuming it is. That last 20% of accuracy takes 500% more time and effort. You also might wonder if you could just try to buy one of the “real” cars from the movie. Well, sadly, the “actual” film cars have been rotting away on the Universal backlot for the last 25 years, being picked apart and neglected. You wouldn’t want it. This car is what you want, a car that looks exactly like what you saw in the film, with all the cool lights, sounds and buttons you thought the car in the film had (but never really did). People are often really disappointed when they see a prop up close. Movie props are designed to be filmed from a distance, but this car truly looks and feels “real” even up close. It is in many ways “better” than the “real” car, as many replica props often are, because the people who build them spend so much more time and effort tending to every last detail. Changes in my life are forcing me to part with this amazing machine, but I’m sure someone out there will appreciate its beauty and unmatched attention to detail. Pictures don’t even really do it justice. I have had a blast owning it, and now it just needs someone else to enjoy the ride. I want you to be thrilled with your purchase just like I was, so please don’t bid if you can’t afford it, or if you don’t know what you’re buying. In the end, this is a 1:1 scale model, and needs to be treated with love and care; I want it to last a lifetime. Offered for sale: 1981 Delorean DMC-12 expertly modified to look exactly like the vehicle featured in the film “Back to the Future.” This incredibly accurate replica of the Delorean Time Machine was painstakingly built by Gary Weaver, owner of www.bttfparts.com, over the course of 2 years, from 2006-2008. This is the only car Gary has ever built on commission, and, o


In which country was the first Audi made?

Audi History | Classic Audi Models | Audi USA Audi history A symbol of progressive engineeringThe four rings It's one of the most multi-faceted stories ever told in the history of the automobile. The Audi emblem with its four rings identifies one of Germany’s oldest-established automobile manufacturers. It symbolizes the amalgamation in 1932 of four previously independent motor-vehicle manufacturers: Audi, DKW, Horch and Wanderer. These companies form the roots of what is today AUDI AG. Pioneering Audi visionaryAugust Horch The story of Audi began in 1899 August Horch founded Horch & Cie. in Cologne. It was there that he helped build his first car. After differences of opinion with the board, August Horch left the company and formed a second car company. Because his surname was already in use and was protected by trademark, he chose its Latin translation for the new company. So "horch!" – or "hark" – became "audi!". It was a brilliant idea that came from the son of one of August Horch's business partners. Thanks to his victorious involvement in the Austrian Alpine Runs, August Horch succeeded in making Audi internationally known in just a few years. After the First World War, August Horch withdrew from the company and moved to Berlin to work as an independent automotive expert. A legend, condensedAudi highlights Take a trip through the storied past of Audi and learn about everything from the production of the first left hand drive vehicle to the invention of legendary Audi quattro® all-wheel drive. Soon, you'll understand why Audi is one of the most hallowed names in any industry.


Behind U.S.A. which country has the second longest road network in the world?

What Is The Longest Road in the United States? - Ask the Rambler - General Highway History - Highway History - Federal Highway Administration Home / Resources / Highway History / General Highway History / Ask the Rambler / What Is The Longest Road in the United States? Ask the Rambler What Is The Longest Road in the United States? Welcome, once again, to the popular feature which allows the Rambler to make up a question he already knows the answer to, pretend he had to do a lot of eye-straining research, and submit a voucher for "travel expenses." Well, he's done it again, and we're not falling for it. But here's his answer anyway. Background The longest road in the United States was once the second longest: U.S. 20 from Boston, Massachusetts, to Newport, Oregon. This map of the Northwest shows the final routing of U.S. 20, U.S. 30, and other U.S. highways as approved by the American Association of State Highway Officials on November 11, 1926. Click for larger version 2 mb When the State and Federal highway officials on the Joint Board on Interstate Highways conceived the U.S. numbered highway system in 1925, they decided that numbers ending in zero would be assigned to the transcontinental or major east-west routes, with the lowest number in the north (U.S. 2 was assigned to the northernmost route to avoid using U.S. 0). The transcontinental or major east-west routes were: U.S. 2:  Houlton, Maine, to Bonners Ferry, Idaho. U.S. 10: Detroit, Michigan, to Seattle, Washington. U.S. 20: Boston, Massachusetts, to Astoria, Oregon. U.S. 30: Atlantic City, New Jersey, to Salt Lake City, Utah. U.S. 40: Wilmington, Delaware, to San Francisco, California. U.S. 50: Annapolis, Maryland, to Wadsworth, Nevada. U.S. 60: Chicago, Illinois, to Los Angeles, California. U.S. 70: Morehead City, North Carolina, to Holbrook, Arizona. U.S. 80: Savannah, Georgia, to Laredo, Texas. U.S. 90: Jacksonville, Florida, to Van Horn, Texas. The description of U.S. 20 in the Joint Board's report of October 30, 1925, read (all spellings as in the original): From Boston, Massachusetts, to Springfield, Pittsfield, Albany, New York, Auburn, Batavia, Buffalo, Erie, Pennsylvania, Cleveland, Ohio, Maumee, South Bend, Indiana, Chicago, Illinois, Rockford, Dubuque, Iowa, Waterloo, Webster City, Sioux City, O'Neill, Nebraska, Chadron, Lusk, Wyoming, Casper, Shoshoni, Greybull, Yellowstone National Park, Idaho Falls, Idaho, Pocatello, Twin Falls, Boise, Payette, Pendleton, Oregon, Umatilla, The Dalles, Portland, Astoria.[Emphasis added] The Secretary of Agriculture forwarded the Joint Board's report to the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) for adoption. This transmittal reflected the fact that the States owned the roads. AASHO asked the States for their concurrence in the Joint Board's proposed plan and numbering. A Numbering Switch On December 30, 1925, Roy A. Klein, Secretary of the Oregon Highway Commission, wrote to William C. Markham, AASHO's Executive Secretary. Klein explained that the northwestern States supported the plan but had a number of concerns, including the routing of U.S. 20 and U.S. 30. On this matter, he said: The Highway Commission of Oregon approves the numbering of the routes in Oregon with the exception of route #20. This route as at present shown on the map makes a long detour to the north through Yellowstone Park, thence south to Pocatello, Idaho and continues on to the Coast via the Columbia River Gateway. Many sections of this road are unimproved and the route is open only a few months in the year during the summer season on account of snow on the high altitude. Further, there is a $7.50 toll charge on entering the Park for all traffic. Because of this fact, Oregon recommends that Pocatello be made the western terminus of route #20, which is approved by Wyoming and Idaho. The Highway Commission of Oregon favors the extension of route #30 through to the Pacific Coast via Ontario and the Columbia River, which would be effective west of Granger and extending through Kemmerer, Wyoming, Montpelier, Idaho, Pocat


According to the Highway Code, passengers of what age and above are responsible for themselves wearing a seatbelt?

Rules for drivers and motorcyclists (89 to 102) - The Highway Code - Guidance - GOV.UK Rules for drivers and motorcyclists (89 to 102) Rules for drivers and motorcyclists (89 to 102) The Highway Code rules for drivers and motorcyclists, including vehicle condition, fitness to drive, alcohol and drugs, what to do before setting off, vehicle towing and loading and seat belts and child restraints. Vehicle condition (rule 89) Rule 89 Vehicle condition. You MUST ensure your vehicle and trailer comply with the full requirements of the Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations and Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations (see ‘ The road user and the law ’). Fitness to drive (rules 90 to 94) Rule 90 Make sure that you are fit to drive. You MUST report to the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) any health condition likely to affect your driving. Rule 91 Driving when you are tired greatly increases your risk of collision. To minimise this risk make sure you are fit to drive. Do not begin a journey if you are tired. Get a good night’s sleep before embarking on a long journey avoid undertaking long journeys between midnight and 6 am, when natural alertness is at a minimum plan your journey to take sufficient breaks. A minimum break of at least 15 minutes after every two hours of driving is recommended if you feel at all sleepy, stop in a safe place. Do not stop on the hard shoulder of a motorway the most effective ways to counter sleepiness are to drink, for example, two cups of caffeinated coffee and to take a short nap (at least 15 minutes) Rule 92 Vision. You MUST be able to read a vehicle number plate, in good daylight, from a distance of 20 metres (or 20.5 metres where the old style number plate is used). If you need to wear glasses (or contact lenses) to do this, you MUST wear them at all times while driving. The police have the power to require a driver to undertake an eyesight test. Slow down, and if necessary stop, if you are dazzled by bright sunlight. Rule 94 At night or in poor visibility, do not use tinted glasses, lenses or visors if they restrict your vision. Alcohol and drugs (rules 95 to 96) Rule 95 Do not drink and drive as it will seriously affect your judgement and abilities. In England and Wales you MUST NOT drive with a breath alcohol level higher than 35 microgrammes/100 millilitres of breath or a blood alcohol level of more than 80 milligrammes/100 millilitres of blood. In Scotland the legal limits are lower. You MUST NOT drive with a breath alcohol level higher than 22 microgrammes/100 millilitres of breath or a blood alcohol level of more than 50 milligrammes/100 millilitres of blood. Alcohol will give a false sense of confidence reduce co-ordination and slow down reactions affect judgement of speed, distance and risk reduce your driving ability, even if you’re below the legal limit take time to leave your body; you may be unfit to drive in the evening after drinking at lunchtime, or in the morning after drinking the previous evening. The best solution is not to drink at all when planning to drive because any amount of alcohol affects your ability to drive safely. If you are going to drink, arrange another means of transport. Laws RTA 1988 sects 4 , 5 & 11(2) , & PLSR Rule 96 You MUST NOT drive under the influence of drugs or medicine. For medicines, check with your doctor or pharmacist and do not drive if you are advised that you may be impaired. You MUST NOT drive if you have illegal drugs or certain medicines in your blood above specified limits. It is highly dangerous so never take illegal drugs if you intend to drive; the effects are unpredictable, but can be even more severe than alcohol and result in fatal or serious road crashes. Illegal drugs have been specified at very low levels so even small amounts of use could be above the specified limits. The limits for certain medicines have been specified at higher levels, above the levels generally found in the blood of patients who have taken normal therapeutic doses. If you are found to have a concentration of a drug above its specified limit in


What was the name of the Volkswagen Beetle which made it's first appearance in The Love Bug?

BBC - Culture - The VW Beetle: How Hitler’s idea became a design icon History The VW Beetle: How Hitler’s idea became a design icon An idea that came from Hitler would become the best-selling car of all time. Jonathan Glancey explains our enduring love for the Volkswagen Beetle. By Jonathan Glancey 21 October 2014 In 1945, a rare and curious Volkswagen car was shipped from its bomb-damaged German factory to England. Here, a commission of leading British motor manufacturers, chaired by Sir William Rootes, inspected the small, streamlined saloon. It would be “quite unattractive to the average motorcar buyer”, the commission reported. “It is too ugly and noisy”, while “to build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise.” This damning judgement proved as ill founded as that of Decca record bosses who, in 1962, declared “The Beatles have no future in show business”, and turned the mop-tops down. Since then, global sales of highly lucrative Beatles’ albums have topped two billion. The Volkswagen Beetle, meanwhile, with its friendly styling by the Austrian designer Erwin Komenda, and innovative engineering by Ferdinand Porsche, became the best-selling car of all time. Production of the Beetle outstripped that of Henry Ford’s Model-T when the 15,007,034th car rolled off the line at Wolfsburg in 1972. The very last Beetles were made in Mexico in 2003 by when more than 21.5 million had been built worldwide. As its name made clear, the Volkswagen was truly a ‘People’s Car’, and, although many modifications were made between 1945 and 2003, the first and last Beetles were clearly peas in the the same mechanical pod. Star vehicle The remarkable thing about the Beetle is not just the sheer number of sales, but the fact that a car developed from an idea of Adolf Hitler’s was to become as loved by Californian surf dudes, college kids and free lovin’ hippies as it was desired by fervent Nazis. Herbie – the anthropomorphic star of six Hollywood movies beginning with The Love Bug in 1968 – was the same car German families had saved up for before Hitler’s invasion of Poland dashed their hopes. Ultimately, the sheer quality, along with the affordability, reliability, economy and distinct look and feel of the Beetle, ensured its success. It had, though, been touch and go for Volkswagen in 1945. Although the car had been on the drawing board since 1934, following a meeting between Hitler and Porsche, the Volkswagen failed to get into production before the war. The idea had been for a small saloon that could carry a German family of five flat-out at 100kph along the country’s new autobahns. It was to have cost 990 Reich Marks, which represented 31 weeks’ pay for the average German worker in 1936, making it cheaper than the £100 Fords being made in England (31 weeks pay for the average British worker in 1936 was about £100). To buy one, however, members of the Volk had to join a special savings scheme run by the organisation KdF (Kraft durch Freude, or Strength through Joy); from 1938, the Volkswagen was officially named the KdF Wagen. There was little joy, though, in rival engineering camps. The Czech car company, Tatra, claimed that Porsche had infringed several design patents, notably those by Hans Ledwinka, an Austrian engineer much admired by Hitler. Tatra took legal action, but Hitler invaded Austria, seized its factory and banned Ledwinka’s VW-like prototypes from public show. In 1961, however, VW made a substantial payment to Tatra through an out-of-court settlement. By then, though, Volkswagen had conquered the world. In 1945, factory and car had been saved by Major Ivan Hirst, a British army officer and engineer. Hirst had witnessed first hand the sheer quality of VW-based military vehicles during the war and believed that, once in production, a peacetime Beetle would have an appeal well beyond Germany. Size matters Sold to the United States in a brilliant ‘Think Small’ advertising campaign launched in 1959 and devised by the New York agency Doyle Dane Bernbach, the Beetle became the biggest selling foreign-made c


In which year did Czechoslovakia become the first country to make seat belts compulsory?

A Brief History of the Czech Republic A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC By Tim Lambert THE FIRST CZECHS From about 400 BC what is now the Czech Republic was inhabited by a Celtic race. The Romans called them the Boii and they gave their name to Bohemia. Then about 100 AD a Germanic people called the Marcomanni conquered the area. The Romans traded with the Marcomanni and sometimes fought with them but they never conquered this part of the world. In the sixth century a Slavic people entered what is now the Czech Republic. According to legend a man called Cech led them. However for centuries they were only a collection of tribes not a single, united people. However in the 9th century a people called the Moravians from the frontier of the Czech Republic and Slovakia created an empire in Central Europe. It was called the Great Moravian Empire and it included what is now the Czech Republic, Slovakia and parts of Germany and Poland. German missionaries began to convert the people of the empire to Christianity. Then the ruler Ratislav (846-870) asked the Byzantine emperor to send missionaries. He sent St Methodius and St Cyril. Wenceslas inherited the throne of Bohemia (Czech Republic) in 921 when he was 14. When he came of age he tried to convert his people to Christianity. However people led by his brother Boleslav opposed him. In 929 Wenceslas was murdered. Afterwards he was canonized (declared a saint). Moreover the march of Christianity could not be stopped and soon all of Bohemia was converted. The Moravian Empire reached a peak under Svatopluk (871-894). However in 896 a fierce people from the east called Magyars invaded. They conquered Slovakia but the Czechs remained independent. THE CZECHS IN THE MIDDLE AGES Furthermore the different tribes in what is now the Czech Republic gradually became united under the Premyslid dynasty. However the Germans overshadowed them. In 950 Bohemia became part of the Holy Roman Empire. What was this empire? The Christian writer Augustine claimed that God created the Roman Empire for the good of mankind. He said there should be one empire led by an emperor just as there was one church led by the pope. In the early 9th century a man named Charlemagne conquered most of western and central Europe. He claimed he was the successor of the old Roman emperors (even though his empire did not include Rome). After his death his empire split into three parts. The eastern part eventually became Germany. However the ruler of the eastern past kept the title emperor. In time his realm became known as the Holy Roman Empire. However it soon became a patchwork quilt of states and the emperor had little power. The Czechs resisted any interference by the emperors in their domestic affairs. In the 13th century Bohemia (Czech Republic) prospered. Silver and gold were discovered and mining became an important industry. German settlers, craftsmen, farmers and miners were encouraged to come and live in Bohemia. Towns and trade flourished. The Premyslid dynasty ended in 1306 when Vaclav III was assassinated. Eventually the Czech nobles offered the throne to John of Luxembourg, husband of Vaclav's sister. The 14th century was a golden age for the Czechs. John, who ruled until 1346 spent most of his time abroad but his son Charles or Karel IV was a great ruler. Under him Bohemia became rich and powerful. In 1355 he was elected Holy Roman Emperor. In 1356 he issued a golden bull which confirmed that the Holy Roman Empire was a commonwealth of sovereign states not a single empire. Charles introduced more efficient farming methods from France. This together with its gold and silver mines made Bohemia prosperous. Charles built many new public buildings and under him the arts flourished. Furthermore in 1348 Charles founded a university in Prague - the first in central Europe. THE HUSSITES By the late 14th century the church was very rich and powerful. It had also fallen into disrepute. The church had split and there were two popes, both claiming to be the 'true' pope. Some people began to demand reform. In England Joh


Which African country has the highest population?

Africa to Record Largest Population Growth Over Next 40 Years Africa to Record Largest Population Growth Over Next 40 Years September 12, 2013 11:13 AM Jennifer Lazuta A woman poses for a photograph with her children in front of house in the slum of Makoko in Lagos, Nigeria, January 22, 2013 Share See comments DAKAR —  A new report predicts that sub-Saharan Africa will record the world's largest population growth between now and 2050. According to the Population Reference Bureau, the world's poorest region will more than double in population, from 1.1 billion to 2.4 billion. By the year 2050, the report states Africa's population is likely to grow by a staggering 1.3 billion people -- the largest growth of any region in the world, including Asia, which currently has about 60 percent of people on the planet. Sub-Saharan Africa, where fertility rates are among the highest in the world, will account for the majority of the increase. In sub-Saharan Africa, the population is expected to grow from 926 million people to nearly 2.2 billion people. Africa's population explosion has the potential to zoom past current estimates, said Carl Haub, a senior demographer at the Population Reference Bureau, a Washington-based non-profit group. “Sub-Saharan Africa has, without a doubt, the greatest population growth potential of any region," said Haub. "The projection today is that it will increase by about two and a half times. But the important thing to remember is that even that projection assumes that the birth ate in sub-Saharan Africa will decrease. And in many of those countries today, it [has] not.” People crowd a street in a market in Lagos, which is expected to overtake Cairo soon as Africa's largest city. The Population Reference Bureau report shows that women in sub-Saharan Africa currently average 5.2 children during their lifetime, compared to averages of 1.6 in Europe and 1.9 in North America. In some African countries, such as Niger, the birth rate is as high as 7.6 children per woman. And even the assumption that this rate will decline steadily over the coming decades, the population of Niger is still expected to nearly quadruple by 2050, according to Haub. In the past, population growth in many African countries was slowed by high rates of HIV/AIDS and infant mortality. But recent improvements in access to health care across the continent mean that people are living longer. While this is a good thing, African countries must now actively work to reduce their fertility rates in order to keep future population growth in check, said Haub. “One of the main things is to include family planning services with maternal health. And inform couples about the different methods and what they can do to either reduce the number of children or to space births out," he said. "It’s much healthier for a woman to have at least two years between the births. And that’s had some success in a few countries. I think it’s fair to say that in many of the other countries, the willingness to do that is really not there.” Haub added that if African populations do grow at projected rates - or even faster - it could lead to many problems, including higher rates of poverty and unemployment, and environmental degradation. That trend might also affect foreign aid from donors, many of whose budgets are already strained by growing numbers of people who need assistance.


As in the famous song Girl From Ipanema, in which country is Ipanema?

The Girl From Ipanema: Brazil's Most Famous Song Share By Carlos Quintana " The Girl From Ipanema ," originally known in Portuguese as "Garota De Ipanema," is the most famous Brazilian song ever recorded in history. This track, which was written in 1962 by Antonio Carlos Jobim (aka Tom Jobim) and Vinicius de Moraes, two of the greatest Brazilian artists of all time, was responsible for providing Brazilian music with an unprecedented worldwide exposure. In the following lines, I will share with you some facts regarding the story and memorable recordings of one of the most enduring tracks in Latin music. The Birth of "Garota De Ipanema" "The Girl From Ipanema" is a good example of the powerful appeal that simple things have in life. The story of this song starts in the 1960s. Back then, Tom Jobim and Vinicius de Moraes used to hang out in a small bar located in the beach of Ipanema, Rio de Janeiro. The two artists, who used to spend their afternoons with a nice glass of whisky, never missed the opportunity to admire the beautiful girls of the area. continue reading below our video Top 5 Grossing Movies of All Time In the winter of 1962, a gorgeous girl who used to stop by the bar on a regular basis caught the attention of the two artists. Her name was Heloisa Eneida Menezes Paes Pinto, a young resident of the Ipanema district. Her good looks and elegance inspired the famous lyrics of this song. From "Garota De Ipanema" to "The Girl From Ipanema" On August 2, 1962, "Garota De Ipanema" was played for the first time in a small night club of Copacabana. For 40 nights, Tom Jobim, Vinicius de Moraes and a talented guitarist named Joao Gilberto played the song for the crowd. People loved it from the very beginning. Besides "Garota De Ipanema," during that gig the legendary trio introduced other famous Bossa Nova songs including tracks like "Samba Do Aviao" and "So Danco Samba". In spite of the fact that "Garota De Ipanema" was already popular among the crowd in Copacabana, the first recording of the song was not produced by Tom Jobim and Vinicius de Moraes. In 1963, the singer Pery Ribeiro became the first artist to record this song. That same year, however, Tom Jobim was able to record the song too. He included an instrumental version of "The Girl From Ipanema" on his first American production entitled The Composer of "Desafinado" Plays. Although this version was well accepted, it did not enjoy the popularity of the next recording. On March 1963, Tom Jobim joined American Jazz saxophonist Stan Getz, Joao Gilberto and Astrud Gilberto to record the first English version of "Garota De Ipanema" for the album Getz/Gilberto . Soon after the release of this production, the song became a worldwide hit. After getting a Grammy award, the song was recorded by the top artists of the time including Frank Sinatra who worked with Tom Jobim in the making of a Bossa Nova album together. Since then, "The Girl From Ipanema" has beem recorded by the best artists in the world. Thanks to "The Girl From Ipanema," Bossa Nova took the world by storm. The popularity of Brazilian music can be divided in two parts: Before and after "The Girl From Ipanema." This song has been recorded over a 500 times by some of the most famous singers in the world including Ella Fitzgerald, Madonna, Cher and, more recently, Amy Winehouse. Trivia Facts "The Girl From Ipanema" was the second most played song in the 20th century just behind The Beatles' hit track "Yesterday." Thanks to this song, the small bar where Tom Jobim and Vinicius de Moraes used to hang out changed its name from Bar Veloso to Bar and Restaurante Garota de Ipanema. Likewise, the nearby street, which was originally called Rua Montenegro changed its name to Rua Vinicius de Moraes. Tom Jobim asked several times Heloisa Eneida Menezes Paes Pinto (Now Helo Pinheiro) to marry him. Because of this, Helo's boyfriend decided to anticipate their wedding.


What is name of the strait that divides New Zealand into Northern and Southern parts?

New Zealand - Cultural life | history - geography | Britannica.com Cultural life William Ferguson Massey Cultural milieu New Zealand’s cultural influences are predominantly European and Maori . Immigrant groups have generally tended to assimilate into the European lifestyle, although traditional customs are still followed by many Tongans, Samoans, and other Pacific peoples. Maori culture suffered greatly in the years of colonization and into the 20th century, and many Maori were torn between the pressure to assimilate and the desire to preserve their own culture. However, since the 1950s there has been a cultural renaissance, with a determined effort to preserve and revive artistic and social traditions. The culture of the pakeha (the Maori term for those of European descent) has come to incorporate many aspects of Maori culture. The biennial Te Matatini festival, first held in 1972, celebrates Maori culture, especially the traditional dance and song performances known as kapa haka . The festival is held over several days, each time in a different region of New Zealand, and culminates in the national kapa haka championship. Maori King Tuheitia Paki sitting on the throne at his coronation at Ngaruawahia, near Hamilton, New … AP The state has moved progressively to assist and encourage the arts. Creative New Zealand, the national agency for arts funding, gives annual grants in support of theatre , music, modern dance and ballet , opera , and literature . In addition, New Zealand was one of the first countries to establish a fund to compensate writers for the loss of royalties on books borrowed from libraries rather than purchased. The national orchestra is supported by the government through the Ministry for Culture and Heritage. The government also provides taxation and other incentives for the motion-picture industry, and New Zealand-made films have received growing international recognition. Daily life and social customs The Maori culture has seen a renaissance in wood carving and weaving and in the construction of carved and decorated meeting houses (whare whakairo). Maori waiata (songs) and dances have become increasingly popular, especially among the young. Maori meetings—whether hui (assemblies) or tangi (funeral gatherings)—are conducted in traditional fashion, with ancient greeting ceremonies strictly observed. Waves of migrants have also brought different cultures that are celebrated in a variety of ways—for example, in annual festivals such as the Chinese Lantern Festival and Lunar New Year and the Indian festival Diwali . Maori performing kapa haka near Wellington, New Zealand. Photograph: Nick Servian Photography. www.nickservian.com Carvings in front of a Maori meetinghouse in New Zealand. © Sam D. Cruz /Shutterstock.com Rakaia River New Zealand cuisine has also been influenced by the foods of immigrants and the expectations of international tourists. It was originally a combination of traditional British dishes with local delicacies. Fresh seafood was popular along the coasts; mutton , venison , and meat pies were common. Pavlova, a sweet meringue dish, was and remains a popular dessert . Food, however, has become more imaginative and cosmopolitan , and there are many restaurants , bistros, and cafés in the major cities and towns that present a range of classic and ethnic menus. A traditional Maori meal is hangi, a feast of meat, seafood, and vegetables steamed for hours in an earthen oven (umu). New Zealand celebrates a number of national public holidays . Waitangi Day —February 6, the anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi (1840)—is considered the country’s national day. Commemorations are centred on Waitangi but are held throughout the country. Public celebrations include Maori ceremonies as well as sporting events, music, and parades. With the increasing attention paid to Maori history and culture, Waitangi Day has also become an occasion for reflection on the historical effects of European settlement on the indigenous people. Another, more sombre, public holiday is ANZAC Day —April 25, the


In which Indian city would you find the Taj Mahal?

7 Wonders of India: Taj Mahal - YouTube 7 Wonders of India: Taj Mahal Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Feb 4, 2009 The Taj Mahal (also "the Taj"), located in Agra, is considered the finest example of Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Persian, Turkish, Indian, and Islamic architectural styles. The focus of the Taj Mahal is the white marble tomb, which stands on a square plinth consisting of a symmetrical building with an iwan, an arch-shaped doorway, topped by a large dome. It was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (1628-1658), grandson of Akbar the great, in the memory of his queen Arjumand Bano Begum, entitled 'Mumtaz Mahal'. The plinth and tomb took roughly 12 years to complete. The remaining parts of the complex took an additional 10 years and were completed in order of minarets, mosque and jawab and gateway. A labour force of 20,000 workers was recruited across northern India. Category


Which country has the longest coastline in the world?

Top 5 Countries with Longest Coastlines | Which Country has the Longest Coastline in the World | WhichCountry.co SHARES   It is very difficult or may be impossible to measure the accurate length of a Coastline. There are several countries having longest coastlines in their boundaries, having differences in their lengths. The World Factbook prepared a ranking list of different countries on the basis of coastline’s length. According to different authentic sources it is clearly proved that Canada has the longest coastline in all over the world  which is covering the total area of  202,080 km Canada is a North American Country consisting on 10 provinces and 3 territories. It covers the total area of 9,984,670 square kilometers and 8.92% by water.Its capital is Ottawa, English and French are the official languages here. List of Top 5 Longest Coastlines in the World


In which year did California become one of the United States of America?

Statehood Dates Statehood Dates Territory by Act of March 3, 1817, effective Aug. 15, 1817. Alaska A district from Oct. 18, 1867, until it became an organized territory Aug. 24, 1912. Arizona Feb. 14, 1912 48 th This region was sometimes called Arizona before 1863, although it was still in the Territory of New Mexico. Arkansas June 15, 1836 25 th The territory was larger than the state. After statehood the leftover area to the west had post offices that continued for some years to use an Arkansas abbreviation in the postmarks, although they were really in the "Indian Country." California Sept. 9, 1850 31 st Ceded by Mexico by the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, concluded Feb. 2, 1848, and proclaimed July 4, 1848. From then until       statehood, California had a military government until Dec. 20, 1849, and then a local civil government. It never had a territorial       form of government. Colorado


What were the first names of the three Bronte sisters?

Literary Names: The Bronte Sisters – Baby Name Blog - Nameberry Nameberry Search for a name or phrase using quick search Find the right name for your baby using our advanced search tool Gender Change your email address and your password Login Literary Names: The Bronte Sisters Posted July 14th, 2011 Share on Pinterest We’ve talked a lot about Shakespearean literary names and characters in Dickens and Jane Austen , but we’ve overlooked three of the best namers in literary history—the sisters Brontë.  We love their own names— Charlotte , Emily and Anne , and we love their initial-appropriate male pen names—Currer, Ellis and Acton .  We even love their surname, which a number of parents have chosen for their daughters. But it is the particularly rich cast of character names in their novels that we love the most.  One of them, in fact, had a considerable effect on baby naming of its era.  Though it’s long been said that it was Shirley Temple who promoted her given name in the 1930s, she wasn’t the first.  In Charlotte Brontë’ second novel, following Jane Eyre, the protagonist of Shirley was given that name because her father had anticipated a boy, and Shirley was a distinctively male name at the time.  The novel’s Father Keeldar made a gender switch that has proven to be permanent. Here is a selection of Brontë bests;  the list isn’t meant to be complete—some of the more common names have not been included. (The initials AB , CB and EB represent Anne , Charlotte and Emily .) GIRLS


Ti Amo means I Love You in which language?

100 Ways to Say 'I Love You' in Italian 100 Ways to Say 'I Love You' in Italian Italian Terms of Love, Affection, and Endearment Sign Up for Our Free Newsletters Thanks, You're in! Health Tip of the Day Recipe of the Day There was an error. Please try again. Please select a newsletter. Please enter a valid email address. Did you mean ? Ti voglio baciare!.  Getty Images/Photodisc/Getty Images Updated February 25, 2016. Whether it's an operatic aria, a love poem, or whispered sweet nothings, many people think that the phrase "I love you" is best voiced in Italian (which is, after all, a romance language ). There are many ways to express the sentiment "I love you" in Italian , so how to choose? Partly it will depend on the relationship and the depth of feeling. Keep in mind, too, that there's a difference between "ti amo" and "ti voglio" —many About.com Italian Language forum members who are native Italian speakers have explained in minute detail the nuances and appropriateness of those two expressions. There are many instances in which expressions of love and commitment are used, such as getting engaged in Italy, marriage vows in Italian and Italian pop lyrics about love, lust, and romance, and, of course, tattoos that express love for Mom . Most important, context is all. In the end, like many linguistic terms, it's best to be less literal and more figurative when considering the most appropriate term continue reading below our video How to Say "I Love You" in Italian 100 Ways to Say I Love You in Italian Here's how to express your love, lust, like, or feigned interest to that certain someone, or how to tell your parents, family members, or friends that you love them. One thing to keep in remember: the translations in English are not always literal, but correspond to the sense—and vice versa. Ti amo! (I love you!) Ti voglio bene. (I love you a lot.) Ti voglio molto bene. (I love you very much.) Mi piaci molto. (I really like you.) Ti adoro. (I adore you.) Ti ammiro. (I admire you.) Sei importante per me. (You are important to me.) Sei tutto per me. (You are everything to me.) Sono innamorato / innamorata di te. (I'm in love with you.) Ho bisogno di te. (I need you.) Ti voglio. (I love you.)) Ti desidero. (I want you.) Mi sento attratto / attratta da te. (I feel attracted attracted to you.) Mi sono infatuato di te. (I'm infatuated with you.) Ho un debole per te. (I'm weak for you.) Significhi tutto per me. (You mean everything to me.) Mi sono affezionato / affezionata a te. (I am fond of you.) Sposami! (Marry me!) Voglio sempre essere con te. (I always want to be with you.) Senza di te non posso più vivere. (I can't live without you.) Ti voglio baciare. (I want to kiss you.) Io sono tuo / tua. (I am yours) Senza di te non sono niente. (Without you I am nothing.) Sei l'uomo / la donna dei miei sogni! (You're the man / woman of my dreams!) Per te farei di tutto! (I would do anything for you!) Sono pazzo / pazza di te. (I'm crazy about you.) Sono abbagliato da te. (I am dazzled by you.) Sei il grande amore della mia vita. (You are the love of my life.) Senza di te la vita non ha più senso. (Without you life has no meaning.) Il mio cuore è solo tuo / tua. (My heart is yours.) Hai conquistato il mio cuore. (You have won my heart.) Giorno e notte sogno solo di te. (Day and night I dream only of you.) Mi hai incantato / incantata. (You have charmed / enchanted me.) Sei l'uomo / la donna della mia vita! (You're the man / woman of my life!) Sei il sole della mia vita. (You are the sunshine of my life.) Sei tutto ciò che voglio. (You're everything I want.) Ti voglio un mondo di bene. (I want a world of good.) Con te voglio invecchiare. (I want to grow old with you.) Ti voglio sempre avere al mio fianco. (I always want you by my side.) Senza di te la vita è un inferno. (Without you life is hell.) Da quando ti conosco la mia vita è un paradiso. (Since I met you my life is a paradise.) Resta sempre con me! (Stay with me always!) Mi hai stregato / stregata. (You have bewitched me.) Potrei guardarti tutto il giorno. (I could watch you al


Which Elvis Presley film has the word love in the title and is the only one in which his character dies?

Elvis Presley - Biography - IMDb Elvis Presley Biography Showing all 302 items Jump to: Overview  (5) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (1) | Trade Mark  (10) | Trivia  (225) | Personal Quotes  (36) | Salary  (24) Overview (5) The King of Rock 'n' Roll Height 5' 11¾" (1.82 m) Mini Bio (1) Elvis Aaron Presley was born on January 8, 1935 in East Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Presley (née Gladys Love Smith) and Vernon Presley (Vernon Elvis Presley). He had a twin brother who was stillborn. In September 1948, Elvis and his parents moved to Memphis, Tennessee where he attended Humes High School. In 1953, he attended the senior prom with the current girl he was courting, Regis Wilson. After graduating from high school in Memphis, Elvis took odd jobs working as a movie theater usher and a truck driver for Crown Electric Company. He began singing locally as "The Hillbilly Cat", then signed with a local recording company, and then with RCA in 1955. Elvis did much to establish early rock and roll music. He began his career as a performer of rockabilly, an up-tempo fusion of country music and rhythm and blues, with a strong backbeat. His novel versions of existing songs, mixing 'black' and 'white' sounds, made him popular - and controversial - as did his uninhibited stage and television performances. He recorded songs in the rock and roll genre, with tracks like "Jailhouse Rock" and "Hound Dog" later embodying the style. Presley had a versatile voice and had unusually wide success encompassing other genres, including gospel, blues, ballads and pop music. Teenage girls became hysterical over his blatantly sexual gyrations, particularly the one that got him nicknamed "Elvis the Pelvis" (television cameras were not permitted to film below his waist). In 1956, following his six television appearances on The Dorsey Brothers' "Stage Show", Elvis was cast in his first acting role, in a supporting part in Love Me Tender (1956), the first of 33 movies he starred in. In 1958, Elvis was drafted into the military, and relocated to Bad Nauheim, Germany. There he met and fell in love with 14-year old army damsel Priscilla Ann Wagner ( Priscilla Presley ), whom he would eventually marry after an eight-year courtship, and with whom he had his only child, Lisa Marie Presley . Elvis' military service and the "British Invasion" of the 1960s reduced his concerts, though not his movie/recording income. Through the 1960s, Elvis settled in Hollywood, where he starred in the majority of his thirty-three movies, mainly musicals, acting alongside some of the most well known actors in Hollywood. Critics panned most of his films, but they did very well at the box office, earning upwards of $150 million total. His last fiction film, Change of Habit (1969), deals with several social issues; romance within the clergy, an autistic child, almost unheard of in 1969, rape, and mob violence. It has recently received critical acclaim. Elvis made a comeback in the 1970s with live concert appearances starting in early 1970 in Las Vegas with over 57 sold-out shows. He toured throughout the United States, appearing on-stage in over 500 live appearances, many of them sold out shows. His marriage ended in divorce, and the stress of constantly traveling as well as his increasing weight gain and dependence upon stimulants and depressants took their toll. Elvis Presley died at age 42 on August 16, 1977 at his mansion in Graceland, near Memphis, shocking his fans worldwide. At the time of his death, he had sold more than 600 million singles and albums. Since his death, Graceland has become a shrine for millions of followers worldwide. Elvis impersonators and purported sightings have become stock subjects for humorists. To date, Elvis Presley is the only performer to have been inducted into three separate music 'Halls of Fame'. Throughout his career, he set records for concert attendance, television ratings and recordings sales, and remains one of the best-selling and most influential artists in the history of popular music. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Ed Stephan and Chris Holland Spouse


Who discovered penicillin on Valentine's Day in 1929?

Penicillin discovered - Feb 14, 1929 - HISTORY.com Penicillin discovered Publisher A+E Networks Sir Alexander Fleming was a young bacteriologist when an accidental discovery led to one of the great developments of modern medicine on this day in 1929. Having left a plate of staphylococcus bacteria uncovered, Fleming noticed that a mold that had fallen on the culture had killed many of the bacteria. He identified the mold as penicillium notatum, similar to the kind found on bread. On February 14, 1929, Fleming introduced his mold by-product called penicillin to cure bacterial infections. Related Videos


What was the name of the car in the film The Love Bug?

The Love Bug | Disney Movies Cancel The Love Bug Herbie, the lovable car with a mind of his own. Dean Jones, Michele Lee, and Buddy Hackett join Herbie in this revved-up comedy classic. Jones plays down-on-his-luck race car driver Jim Douglas, who reluctantly teams up with the little machine. Douglas thinks his sudden winning streak is due to his skill, not Herbie's. He finally realizes the car's worth when a sneaky rival plots to steal Herbie for himself. Herbie, the lovable car with a mind of his own. Dean Jones, Michele Lee, and Buddy Hackett join Herbie in this revved-up comedy classic. Jones plays down-on-his-luck race car driver Jim Douglas, who reluctantly teams up with the little machine. Douglas thinks his sudden winning streak is due to his skill, not Herbie's. He finally realizes the car's worth when a sneaky rival plots to steal Herbie for himself. DVD Special Edition Audio Commentary With Dean Jones, Michele Lee, And Buddy Hackett Cartoon: "Susie -- The Little Blue Coupe" That Lovable Bug The Many Lives Of Herbie Herbie Mania Lost Treasures: Searching For Herbie 1969 Disney Studio Album Love Bug Day At Disneyland The Man Who Gave Herbie His Voice Deleted Scenes: "Used Car Lot" & "Playground" Theatrical Trailer Sound Studio 1: "Herbie On The Rocks" Sound Studio 2: "Thorndyke And The Bear" Production Stills: Production Photos, Concept Art, Storyboards Comic Book Biographies: Dean Jones, Michele Lee, Buddy Hackett, David Tomlinson, Robert Stevenson Advertising: Publicity, Posters, Merchandise, Press Book Documents


Which brothers' last film was called Love Happy?

Love Happy (1949) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The Marx Brothers help young Broadway hopefuls while thwarting diamond thieves. Director: a list of 26 titles created 27 Nov 2011 a list of 23 titles created 29 Jul 2012 a list of 44 titles created 05 Nov 2013 a list of 27 titles created 06 Mar 2015 a list of 29 titles created 11 months ago Search for " Love Happy " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. The Marx Brothers are employed at a hotel in postwar Casablanca, where a ring of Nazis is trying to recover a cache of stolen treasure. Director: Archie Mayo A detective is hired to protect the life of a singer, who has recently inherited a department store, from the store's crooked manager. Director: Charles Reisner The Marx Brothers come to the rescue in the Wild West when a young man, trying to settle an old family feud so he can marry the girl he loves, runs afoul of crooks. Director: Edward Buzzell The Marx Brothers try to help the owner of a circus recover some stolen funds before he finds himself out of a job. Director: Edward Buzzell A penniless theatrical producer must outwit the hotel efficiency expert trying to evict him from his room, while securing a backer for his new play. Director: William A. Seiter Agent has his only client pose as both a French chanteuse and Brazilian bombshell to fool nightclub owner. Director: Alfred E. Green Quincy Adams Wagstaff, the new president of Huxley University, hires bumblers Baravelli and Pinky to help his school win the big football game against rival Darwin University. Director: Norman Z. McLeod During the Florida land boom, the Marx brothers run a hotel, auction off some land, thwart a jewel robbery, and generally act like themselves. Directors: Robert Florey, Joseph Santley Stars: Groucho Marx, Harpo Marx, Chico Marx On a transatlantic crossing, the Marx brothers get up to their usual antics and manage to annoy just about everyone on board the ship. Director: Norman Z. McLeod A veterinarian posing as a doctor, a race-horse owner and his friends struggle to help keep a sanitarium open with the help of a misfit race-horse. Director: Sam Wood Mayhem and zaniness ensue when a valuable painting goes missing during a party in honor of famed African explorer Captain Spaulding. Director: Victor Heerman A 65-year-old printer hatches an elaborate scheme to avoid forced retirement. Director: Harmon Jones Edit Storyline Young hopefuls trying to stage a Broadway show on a shoestring are sustained with food by expert shoplifter Harpo. They little suspect that his donations include the special sardine can hiding the Romanoff diamonds! Slinky Madame Egelichi and her henchmen will do anything to get them back, but the Marx Brothers lead them a merry chase. Written by Rod Crawford <puffinus@u.washington.edu> 3 March 1950 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Mono (Western Electric Sound Recording) Color: Did You Know? Trivia When Harpo is being searched by the Zoto Brothers, and they're pulling things out of his coat, a mailbox is pulled out with the name "Moss Kaufman" on it. This is a play (no pun intended) on the playwrights, Kaufman and Hart (George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart). Kaufman collaborated on both THE COCOANUTS and ANIMAL CRACKERS for the Marx Brothers. Moss Hart & George S. Kaufman wrote THE MAN WHO CAME TO DINNER in which the character Banjo is based upon Harpo Marx. See more » Goofs The theatre's name changes from the Windsor to the Century and then back to the Windsor. See more » Quotes [Sam Grunion tries to follow Madam Egelichi but she halts him at gunpoint] Detective Sam Grunion, narrator of the story : Oh, no. I'm not gonna follow you and get shot. If I was half-shot I'd follow you. Sullen Groucho Fans Are Smearing a Funny


Which film starring Bill Murray includes the line Roses are red, violets are blue, I'm a schizophrenic and so am I?

Birthplace: Wilmette, Illinois Of the many performers to leap into films from the springboard of the television sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live, Bill Murray has been among the most successful and unpredictable, forging an idiosyncratic career allowing him to stretch from low-brow slapstick farce to intelligent adult drama. Born in Wilmette, IL, on September 21, 1950, Murray was an incorrigible child, kicked out of both the Boy Scouts and Little League. At the age of 20, he was also arrested for attempting to smuggle close to nine pounds of marijuana through nearby O'Hare Airport. In an attempt to find direction in his life, he joined his older brother, Brian Doyle-Murray, in the cast of Chicago's Second City improvisational comedy troupe. He later relocated to New York City, joining radio's National Lampoon Hour. Both Murray siblings were also in a 1975 off-Broadway spin-off, also dubbed The National Lampoon Hour; there Murray was spotted by sportscaster Howard Cosell, who recruited him for the cast of his ABC variety program, titled Saturday Night Live With Howard Cosell. On the NBC network, a program also named Saturday Night Live was creating a much bigger sensation; when, after one season, the show's breakout star Chevy Chase exited to pursue a film career, producer Lorne Michaels tapped Murray as his replacement. Murray too became a celebrity, developing a fabulously insincere and sleazy comic persona which was put to good use in his first major film, the 1979 hit Meatballs. He next starred as the famed gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson in the film biography Where the Buffalo Roam, a major disaster. However, 1980's Caddyshack was a masterpiece of slob comedy, with Murray memorable as a maniacal rangeboy hunting the gopher that is slowly destroying his golf course. The film launched him to the ranks of major stardom; the follow-up, the armed services farce Stripes, was an even bigger blockbuster, earning over 40 million dollars at the box office. Murray next appeared, unbilled, in 1982's Tootsie before starring with Dan Aykroyd and Harold Ramis in 1984's Ghostbusters. The supernatural comedy was one of the decade's biggest hits, earning over 130 million dollars and spawning a cartoon series, action figures, and even a chart-topping theme song (performed by Ray Parker Jr.). Murray now ranked among the world's most popular actors, and he next fulfilled a long-standing dream by starring in and co-writing an adaptation of the W. Somerset Maugham novel The Razor's Edge. Few fans knew what to make of his abrupt turn from broad farce to literary drama, however, and as a result the film flopped. Murray spent the next several years in self-imposed exile, making only a cameo appearance in the 1986 musical comedy Little Shop of Horrors. After much deliberation, he finally selected his comeback vehicle -- 1988's Scrooged, a black comic retelling of Dickens' A Christmas Carol. While it performed moderately well, it was not the smash many predicted. Nor was 1989's Ghostbusters II, which grossed less than half of the first picture. The 1990 crime comedy Quick Change, which Murray co-directed with Howard Franklin, was also a disappointment, but 1991's What About Bob? was an unqualified hit. In 1993, Murray earned his strongest notices to date for Groundhog Day, a sublime comedy directed by longtime conspirator Ramis. Beginning with 1994's acclaimed Ed Wood, in which he appeared as a transsexual, Murray's career choices grew increasingly eccentric; in 1996 alone, he starred in the little-seen Larger Than Life as a motivational speaker, co-starred as a bowling champion in Kingpin, and appeared as himself in the family film Space Jam. In 1998, Murray took on a similarly eccentric role in Wes Anderson's Rushmore. Playing a business tycoon competing with an equally eccentric 15-year-old (Jason Schwartzman) for the affections of a first grade teacher (Olivia Williams), Murray did some of his best work in years and won t Photos


In which year did Charles, Duke of Orleans, send the first known Valentine's card?

Saint Valentine's Day: History of the Card Valentine greetings have been popular since the Middle Ages, a time when prospective lovers said or sang their romantic verses. Written valentines began to appear after 1400. Paper valentines originated in the 1500s, being exchanged in Europe and being given in place of valentine gifts and oral or musical valentine greetings. They were particularly popular in England. The first written valentine (formerly known as "poetical or amorous addresses") is traditionally attributed to the imprisoned Charles, Duke of Orleans, in 1415. While confined in the Tower of London after the Battle of Agincourt, the young Duke reportedly passed his time by writing romantic verses for his wife in France. Approximately sixty of the Duke's poems remain and can be seen among the royal papers in the British Museum. They are credited with being the first modern day valentines. By the Sixteenth Century, written valentines were commonplace and by the Seventeenth Century, it was a widespread tradition in England and other Western countries for friends and sweethearts to exchange gifts and notes on February 14. During the early 1700s, Charles II of Sweden brought the Persian poetical art known as the "language of flowers" to Europe and throughout the Eighteenth Century, floral dictionaries were published, permitting the exchange of romantic secrets via a lily or lilac, for example, culminating in entire conversations taking place within a bouquet of flowers. The more popular the flower, the more traditions and meaning were associated with it. The red rose, for instance, believed to be the favored flower of Venus, Roman Goddess of Love, became universally accepted to represent romantic love. Thus, the custom of giving red roses on Valentine's Day quickly gained popularity. Some time after 1723, the popularity of valentine cards in America began to grow with the import from England of valentine "writers." A "writer" was a booklet comprised of a vast array of verses and messages which could be copied onto gilt-edged paper or other type of decorative sheet. One popular "writer" contained not only "be my valentine" types of verses for the men to send to their sweethearts, but also acceptances or "answers" which the ladies could then return. Late Eighteenth Century and Early Nineteenth Century valentines were often religious in nature and it is possible that the "Sacred Heart" often depicted on these cards eventually became the "Valentine Heart" with the customarily accompanying Angel eventually becoming "Cupid." It is believed that the earlier versions of these religious valentines may have been made by nuns who would cut-out the paper lace with scissors. It is thought the process probably took many days since the cards had every appearance of being machine-made. One popular style of early American card from 1840 to approximately 1860 was the "Daguerreotype," a photographic process using old-time tintype in the center of a card surrounded by an ornametal wreath. Another was the "Mirror Valentine," which contained a small mirror placed in the center to reflect the face of the recipient. However, the sending of valentine greetings in America did not become a true tradition until around the time of the Civil War (1861-1865) when valentine cards often depicted sweethearts parting, or a tent with flaps that opened to reveal a soldier. These were known as "windows." In peace time, the "window" would be a church door opening to reveal a bridge and groom. Another Civil War valentine novelty was for the card to have a place for the sender to include a lock of hair. By the early 1800s, valentines began to be assembled in factories. Such early manufactured valentines were rather simplistic, composed of black-and-white pictures painted by the factory workers. Fancy valentines comprised of real lace and ribbons were introduced in the mid-1800s. Paper lace began to be introduced to the cards later in the 1800s, These valentines also contained delicate and artistic messages with pictures of turtledoves, lovers' knots in gold