Apart from the USA, Canada and British possessions, which other country from the Americas actively took part in WW2, declaring war on the Axis countries in 1942?

World War II World War II Introduction World War II was the mightiest struggle humankind has ever seen. It killed more people, cost more money, damaged more property, affected more people, and caused more far-reaching changes in nearly every country than any other war in history. The number of people killed, wounded, or missing between September 1939 and September 1945 can never be calculated, but it is estimated that more than 55 million people perished. More than 50 countries took part in the war, and the whole world felt its effects. Men fought in almost every part of the world, on every continent except Antarctica. Chief battlegrounds included Asia, Europe, North Africa, the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and the Mediterranean Sea. The United States hoped to stay out. Drawing on its experience from World War I, Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts between 1935 and 1939, which were intended to prevent Americans becoming entangled with belligerents. Americans in general, however, while not wanting to fight the war, were definitely not neutral in their sympathies and the acts were manipulated, to the frustration of genuine isolationists, to lend more support to the Allies than the Axis. Historians do not agree on the exact date when World War II began. Most consider the German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, to be the beginning of the war. Others say it started when the Japanese invaded Manchuria on September 18, 1931. Others even regard World War I , which culminated in the Peace with the Central Powers in 1921 and World War II as parts of the same conflict, with only a breathing spell in between. War officially began on September 1, 1939, when Germany attacked Poland. Germany then crushed six countries in three months ï¿½ Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, and France ï¿½ and proceeded to conquer Yugoslavia and Greece. Japan`s plans for expansion in the Far East led it to attack Pearl Harbor in December 1941, bringing the United States into the war. By early 1942, all major countries of the world were involved in the most destructive war in history. World War II would go down in the history books as bringing about the downfall of Western Europe as the center of world power, leading to the rise of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.), setting up conditions leading to the Cold War , and opening up the nuclear age. Causes of the war The Great Depression crippled the economies of Europe and the United States. That, combined with the outcome of World War I , led to major repositioning of world power and influence. That was fertile ground for the emergence of various forms of totalitarian governments in the Soviet Union, Japan, Italy, and Germany, as well as other countries. Many countries had liberal democratic governments following World War I, but dictatorship developed during the 1920s and 1930s, which destroyed democratic rights. Many historians trace the roots of World War II to the Treaty of Versailles and other peace agreements that followed World War I. The Germans found it easy to blame the harsh Treaty of Versailles for their troubles. Germany set up a republican form of government in 1919. Many Germans blamed the new government for accepting the hated treaty. People who could not find jobs began to drift into the Communist and National Socialist parties. As the government lost power, Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist or Nazi party grew stronger. Prior to 1914, Britain, France, and Germany were the industrial and financial centers of the world. Following World War I, those countries lost their positions and the United States filled their place. America dominated the world market of food, minerals, and industry. When the stock market crashed on October 29, 1929, the financial crisis had worldwide consequences and the reaction of nations to the dire financial straits of the Depression had a huge impact. After World War I, Germany, Italy, and Japan ï¿½ all anxious to regain or increase their power ï¿½ adopted forms of dictatorship. The League of Nations was unable


Which famous directors last film was 'Family Plot' in 1976?

Family Plot (1976) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Lighthearted suspense film about a phony psychic/con artist and her taxi driver/private investigator boyfriend who encounter a pair of serial kidnappers while trailing a missing heir in California. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON TV a list of 36 titles created 02 May 2011 a list of 27 titles created 12 Jun 2012 a list of 40 titles created 09 Jan 2013 a list of 34 titles created 06 Oct 2013 a list of 40 titles created 05 Jan 2014 Search for " Family Plot " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for     1     Golden Globe. Another    2 wins & 4 nominations. See more awards  » Videos A French intelligence agent becomes embroiled in the Cold War politics first with uncovering the events leading up to the 1962 Cuban Missle Crisis, and then back to France to break up an international Russian spy ring. Director: Alfred Hitchcock A serial murderer is strangling women with a necktie. The London police have a suspect, but he is the wrong man. Director: Alfred Hitchcock An American scientist publicly defects to East Germany as part of a cloak and dagger mission to find the solution for a formula resin before planning an escape back to the West. Director: Alfred Hitchcock Mark marries Marnie although she is a habitual thief and has serious psychological problems, and tries to help her confront and resolve them. Director: Alfred Hitchcock The trouble with Harry is that he's dead, and everyone seems to have a different idea of what needs to be done with his body... Director: Alfred Hitchcock A family vacationing in Morocco accidentally stumble on to an assassination plot and the conspirators are determined to prevent them from interfering. Director: Alfred Hitchcock Aircraft factory worker Barry Kane goes on the run across the United States when he is wrongly accused of starting a fire that killed his best friend. Director: Alfred Hitchcock True story of an innocent man mistaken for a criminal. Director: Alfred Hitchcock A priest who comes under suspicion for murder cannot clear his name without breaking the seal of the confessional. Director: Alfred Hitchcock A young woman discovers her visiting uncle may not be the man he seems to be. Director: Alfred Hitchcock A wealthy San Francisco socialite pursues a potential boyfriend to a small Northern California town that slowly takes a turn for the bizarre when birds of all kinds suddenly begin to attack people. Director: Alfred Hitchcock When a reformed jewel thief is suspected of returning to his former occupation, he must ferret out the real thief in order to prove his innocence. Director: Alfred Hitchcock Edit Storyline The trickster Madam Blanche Tyler lures the elder millionaire Julia Rainbird that believes she is a spiritualist. After a séance, she discovers that Julia is tormented by her past, when she forced her sister and single mother Harriet to deliver her baby for adoption to avoid a family scandal. Julia promises the small fortune of ten thousand-dollar to Blanche if she finds her nephew and heir of her fortune using her phony powers. Blanche asks her boyfriend George Lumley, who is an unemployed actor working as cab driver, to investigate the whereabouts of Julia's nephew. Meanwhile, the greedy jeweler and collector Arthur Adamson kidnaps wealthy people with his girlfriend Fran to increase his collection of diamonds with the ransom. When George concludes that Arthur Adamson might be the heir of Julia Rainbird, the reckless Blanche gets in trouble with the kidnappers. Written by Claudio Carvalho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil You must see it twice! See more  » Genres: 9 April 1976 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia Jack Nicholson couldn't accept the role of George


Which unit of measurement was originally defined as one minute of arc along a meridian of the Earth?

nautical mile | unit of measurement | Britannica.com unit of measurement THIS IS A DIRECTORY PAGE. Britannica does not currently have an article on this topic. Alternative Title: nmi Learn about this topic in these articles:   in mile A nautical mile was originally defined as the length on the Earth’s surface of one minute ( 1/60 of a degree) of arc along a meridian (north-south line of longitude). Because of a slight flattening of the Earth in polar latitudes, however, the measurement of a nautical mile increases slightly toward the poles. For many years the British nautical mile, or...


Whose theme tune was 'Take the A Train'?

Duke Ellington - Take the A Train (Ella Fitzgerald) - YouTube Duke Ellington - Take the A Train (Ella Fitzgerald) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Mar 12, 2007 Duke Ellington Take the A Train (Ella Fitzgerald) Category Standard YouTube License Music


What industrial process was once conducted in Bold St, Liverpool?

The Workhouse in Liverpool, Lancashire Founded in 1732, Liverpool's first parish workhouse was erected at the corner of College Lane and Hanover Street. Liverpool's 1732 workhouse. A new "House of Industry" was built in 1769-72 at Brownlow Hill. A parliamentary report of 1777 recorded Liverpool Borough as having a workhouse that could accommodate up to 600 inmates. In 1796, a fire at the workhouse destroyed one of its wings. The following year, Liverpool was the subject of a report in Eden's 1797 survey of the state of the poor in England: The parish contains 2,102 acres and in 1773 the population was 34,407 ; in 1790, 55,732, of whom 6,780 lived in cellars and 1,220 in the workhouse. The Poor are partly maintained in the Workhouse, and partly relieved at home. The house is well situated on a rising ground in a detached situation, and is in many respects constructed upon an eligible plan. The old people in particular are provided with lodging in a most judicious manner. Each apartment consists of three small rooms, in which are the fire-place and 4 beds, and is inhabited by 8 or 10 persons. These habitations are furnished with beds, chairs, and other little articles of domestic use that the inmates may possess, who being thus detached from the rest of the Poor, may consider themselves as comfortably lodged as in a secluded cottage, and thus enjoy, even in a Workhouse, in some degree, the comfort of a private fireside. The most infirm live on the ground floor; others are distributed through the upper storeys. They all dine together in a large room, which occasionally serves as a chapel. The children are mostly employed in picking cotton, but are too crowded, 70 or 80 working in a small room. About 50 girls are bound apprentices in sprigging muslin. The house receives from 1s. to 2s. 6d. a week for each. A few old men are employed in boat building. Tailor's and other trades are carried on in the house. The number of persons in the house has varied from about 900 to a little less than 1,200 from 1782 to 1794. From a comparison of the house expenses in 1790 to 1794 it is clear that the annual expense of a pauper in the Liverpool Workhouse does not exceed £7, which may be considered moderate when compared with the heavy charges in other parts of England. Weekly bill of fare: Breakfast, every day—Oatmeal, hasty pudding, known as burgo, and milk. Dinner—Monday, Friday—Milk pottage and bread ; Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday—Lobscouse, i.e. beef cut into small pieces and boiled with potatoes; Wednesday, Sunday—Broth, beef and bread. Supper—Monday, Tuesday, Saturday—Milk pottage and bread; Wednesday, Sunday—Broth, beef and bread; Thursday, Friday—Milk and bread. The bread is household bread. According to the table of expenses, 142½lbs. of ale and beer at 1d. per lb. are consumed every day, and about 434 gallons of sweet milk (at 8 lbs. to the gallon) every week. About 2,700 out pensioners are also relieved, at a weekly expense of £56 9s. The committee refuse relief to such Poor as keep dogs. Liverpool House of Industry from the north, c.1800. © Peter Higginbotham. In 1823, three remarkably long-lived workhouse residents died: Ellen Tate aged 110, Francis Dixon aged 105, and Margaret McKenzie aged 104. In 1824, there were 1,073 persons in the workhouse. In 1832, as part of Royal Commission's nationwide investigations into the operation of the poor relief, Assistant Commissioner Gilbert Henderson visited Liverpool workhouse. He was clearly impressed by what he found and by what the governor had achieved through a regime that included segregation of the sexes, a twelve-hour working day, and almost constant confinement to the premises. This, together with a curtailment of out-relief in favour of offering the workhouse, had resulted in the local poor rate in Liverpool for 1832-3 being only 4s. compared to the national; average of 9s.9d. Extracts from Henderson's report is included below. When visited in September, 1832, it contained 1715 inmates, and can accommodate in winter, 1750. The present governor has had the management about twenty


Who wrote the book Whisky Galore in 1947?

Compton Mackenzie - Whisky Galore (1947) | The List Compton Mackenzie - Whisky Galore (1947) Source: List.co.uk comments 100 Best Scottish Books of all Time Compton Mackenzie's timeless text is a triumph. Inspired by the real events of 1941, when a cargo ship ran aground in the channel between Eriskay and South Uist, Whisky Galore is the gentle, comical story of how the booty on board became appropriated by a group of Scottish islanders. As the best known of Mackenzie's work, the novel formed the basis for the 1949 Ealing comedy , directed by Alexander Mackendrick . An innovative text of its time, the book cleverly imagines the dramatic intrusion of the modern world into a small rural Highland community. While the whisky represents the forces of the state and the big business at its core, Mackenzie's wily locals depict with charm and imagination, an image far removed from that of the backward, insular Scot. Considering Mackenzie's multifarious background, there's little surprise that such an idea of identity fascinated him. Born in the late 1800s, Mackenzie studied law but abandoned this career to concentrate on his first play, The Gentleman in Grey, and a series of novels. After serving in World War I, he was recruited by MI6, and became director of the Aegean Intelligence Service in Syria. He moved to Scotland in 1928, settling in Barra, the background for this, his most famous comic tale of Scottish life. In 1932, he published the controversial Greek Memories, an account of his experiences in the secret services. Before Mackenzie died in 1972, he was calling Edinburgh home, was knighted, founded and edited The Gramophone magazine and was president of the Siamese Cat Club. Now there's a CV to raise a wee dram to. 100 Best Scottish Books of all Time


What does 'carpe diem, carpe noctem, carpe vitam' translate to? - Quora Quora Care Diem is a common Latin phrase just like QED (quod erat demonstrandum) or modus operandi. Carpe diem- Sieze the Day Carpe noctem- Sieze the Night Carpe vitam- Sieze the life Literally all in all: “Sieze the Day, Sieze the Night, Sieze the Life.” I do not like the last imperative clause so maybe change it to “Carpe tuam vitam.” Hence: “Seize the Day, Seize the Night, Seize your Life.” 366 Views Related Questions Written Jan 6 There is an old woman who is well-known in the grocery store I work at for acting completely insane. She’ll frequently tell the associates how appalling it is that the black and Hispanic people are allowed to purchase and eat the same food as white people, she believes anyone who disagrees with her is being controlled by aliens, just truly wacky stuff. Well, the first week that I worked there, b...


Who said 'Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun'?

Mao Zedong - Wikiquote Mao Zedong Let a hundred flowers bloom: let a hundred schools of thought contend. All reactionaries are paper tigers. Politics is war without bloodshed, while war is politics with bloodshed. One cannot advance without mistakes... It is necessary to make mistakes. The party cannot be educated without learning from mistakes. Mao Zedong (or Mao Tse-tung in Wade-Giles ; Simplified Chinese : 毛泽东; Traditional Chinese : 毛澤東; December 26 , 1893 – September 9 , 1976 ) was the Chairman of the Communist Party of China from 1943 until his death. He was also a founder of the People's Republic of China . Contents Quotes[ edit ] Our principle is that the Party commands the gun, and the gun must never be allowed to command the Party. The "Cabinet meeting" of the Chinese government is really quick in yielding. Even the fart of foreigners can be taken as "fragrance." The Cabinet meeting lifts the cotton export ban because foreigners want cotton; it orders "all provinces to stop collecting the cigarette tax" because foreigners want to import cigarettes. Let the 400 million compatriots again think it over: Isn't it correct to say that the Chinese government is the bookkeeper of foreigners? "Cigarette Tax," Hsiang-Tao Chou-Pao, no. 38, August 29, 1923, in Collected Works of Mao Tse-Tung (1917-1949) , vol. 1 (United States Joint Publications Research Service, 1978), 48. 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄竞折腰。惜秦皇汉武，略输文采；唐宗宋祖，稍逊风骚。一代天骄，成吉思汗，只识弯弓射大雕。俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。 The country is so beautiful, where so many heroes had devoted their lives into it. Sorry that the Qin Emperor or the Han Wu Emperor lacks a sense for literacy; while the founders of the Tang and Song dynasties came short in style. The great man, Genghis Khan , only knew how to shoot eagles with an arrow. The past is past. To see real heroes, look around you. Qinyuanchun - Snow (沁园春•雪) (1936) Many people think it impossible for guerrillas to exist for long in the enemy's rear. Such a belief reveals lack of comprehension of the relationship that should exist between the people and the troops. The former may be likened to water the latter to the fish who inhabit it. How may it be said that these two cannot exist together? On Guerilla Warfare (1937), Chapter 6 - "The Political Problems of Guerilla Warfare" This is usually aphorized as "The people are the sea that the revolutionary swims in," or an equivalent. Marxism comprises many principles, but in the final analysis they can all be brought back to a single sentence: it is right to rebel. Speech marking the 60th birthday of Stalin (20 December 1939), later revised as "It is right to rebel against reactionaries." "You are dictatorial." My dear sirs, you are right, that is just what we are. All the experience the Chinese people have accumulated through several decades teaches us to enforce the people's democratic dictatorship, that is, to deprive the reactionaries of the right to speak and let the people alone have that right. The People's Democratic Dictatorship , speech (30 June 1949) commemorating the 28th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party 斯大林是我们最伟大的慈父与导师，我谨以中国人民和中国共产党的名义庆祝斯大林同志的七十寿辰，祝福他的健康与长寿！全世界工人阶级和国际共产主义运动的领袖——伟大的斯大林万岁！   ——1949年12月21日毛在莫斯科庆祝斯大林70岁生日大会上的讲话。 Stalin is our greatest father and teacher. In the name of Chinese people and Chinese Communist Party, we celebrate comrade Stalin's seventy birthday. May he be in the best health and live a long life! Leader of both the world's working class and Communist Internationale — Ten thousand years of life to Stalin! Speech on the seventieth birthday of Stalin (21 December 1949) Stalin made mistakes. He made mistakes towards us, for example, in 1927. He made mistakes towards the Yugoslavs too. One cannot advance without mistakes... It is necessary to make mistakes. The party cannot be educated without learning from mistakes. This has great significance. Said to Enver Hoxha , on his visit to China in 1956, as quoted in Hoxha's (1986) The Artful Albanian, (Chatto & Windus, London), ISBN 0701129700 Ours is a people's democratic dictatorship, led by the working class and based on t


b Name one of the 3 'J's for which Dundee is traditionally known?

Learn and talk about History of Dundee, Dundee, History of Dundee, History of Scotland by council area Toponymy[ edit ] The name "Dundee" is of uncertain etymology. It incorporates the place-name element dùn, fort, present in both Gaelic and in Brythonic languages such as Pictish . [1] The remainder of the name is less obvious. One possibility is that it comes from the Gaelic 'Dèagh', meaning 'fire'. Another is that it derives from 'Tay', and it is in this form, 'Duntay' that the town is seen in Timothy Pont 's map (c.1583–1596). [2] Another suggestion is that it is a personal name, referring to an otherwise unknown local ruler named 'Daigh'. [3] Folk etymology , repeated by Boece, claims that the town's name was originally Allectum, and it was renamed Dei Donum 'Gift from God', following David, 8th Earl of Huntingdon 's arrival there on his return from the Holy Land. [4] Early history[ edit ] Dundee and its surrounding area have been continuously occupied since the Mesolithic . A kitchen midden of that date was unearthed during work on the harbour in 1879, and yielded flints, charcoal and a stone axe. [5] A Neolithic cursus , with associated barrows has been identified at the north-western end of the city [6] and nearby lies the Balgarthno stone circle . [7] A lack of stratigraphy around the stone circle has left it difficult to determine a precise age, [8] but it is thought to date from around the late Neolithic /early Bronze age . [9] The circle has been subject to vandalism in the past and has recently been fenced off to protect it. [10] Bronze Age finds are fairly abundant in Dundee and the surrounding area, particularly in the form of short cist burials. [11] From the Iron age , perhaps the most prominent remains are of the Law Hill Fort, [12] although domestic remains are also well represented. [13] Near to Dundee can be found the well-characterised souterrains at Carlungie and Ardestie, which date from around the 2nd century AD. [14] Several brochs are also found in the area, including the ruins at Laws Hill near Monifieth , [15] at Craighill [16] and at Hurley Hawkin, near Liff . [17] Early Middle Ages[ edit ] The Strathmartine Castle Stone, a type I Pictish stone The early medieval history of the town relies heavily on tradition. In Pictish times, the part of Dundee that was later expanded into the Burghal town in the twelfth/13th centuries was a minor settlement in the kingdom of Circinn, later known as Angus . [18] An area roughly equivalent to the current urban area of Dundee is likely to have formed a demesne , centred on Dundee castle. [19] Boece records the ancient name of the settlement as Alectum. [20] While there is evidence this name was being used to refer to the town in the 18th century, [21] its early attribution should be treated with caution as Boece's reliability as a source is questionable. [22] The Chronicle of Huntingdon (c1290) records a battle on 20 July 834 AD between the Scots , led by Alpin (father of Kenneth MacAlpin ), and the Picts , which supposedly took place at the former village of Pitalpin (NO 370 329). The battle was allegedly a decisive victory for the Picts, and Alpin is said to have been executed by beheading. [23] This account, while perhaps appealing, should be treated with caution as the battle's historical authenticity is in doubt. [24] High Middle Ages[ edit ] Tradition names Dundee as the location of a court palace of the House of Dunkeld . [25] However, no physical trace of such a residence remains, [26] and such notions are likely to have been due to a misinterpretation of the ancient name of Edinburgh , Dunedin. [27] Dundee history as a major town dates to the charter in which King William granted the earldom of Dundee to his younger brother, David (later Earl of Huntingdon) in 1179–1182. [28] Earl David is thought to have built Dundee Castle, which formerly occupied the site now occupied by St Pauls Cathedral. [19] Dundee's position on the Tay, with its natural harbour between St Nicholas Craig and Stannergate (now obscured by development) made it an ideal location


Who wrote 'The Birds' in 1952, a short story on which Hitchcock based his film?

‘The Birds’ Turns 50: Alfred Hitchcock Drew Fear From Real-Life Flock ‘The Birds’ Turns 50: Alfred Hitchcock Drew Fear From Real-Life Flock meriah Alfred Hitchcock's 'The Birds,' starring Tippi Hedren, is based on a real event More Three a.m., Aug. 18, 1961. Monterey Bay, California. Residents of the picturesque area are jarred from their slumber as thousands of sea birds begin swooping in and slamming into homes. Sound vaguely familiar? The odd occurrence was not only covered in the local paper the next day but also noted by a nearby homeowner -- none other than famed suspense auteur Alfred Hitchcock. Thursday marks the 50th anniversary of the release of Hitchcock's classic "The Birds" -- inspired by those droves of birds that flew to their own demise in the middle of that summer night in 1961. [Related: Hitchcock haterade is held back as ‘The Birds’ stars celebrate 50 years ] Starring Tippi Hedren, "The Birds" comes across as more campy than scary a half-century later, with its fake-looking (by today's standards) killer flying flocks. Now 83 years old, Hedren recently revealed that the movie's mock birds failed during film production. "That was the first time anybody had seen Alfred in a situation where he didn't know what to do," Hedren said in an interview set to air Thursday night during the film's screening on Encore Suspense at 8 p.m. ET/PT (see the video below). Only On Yahoo! Movies -- Tippi Hedren Discusses Birds On Set: But when "The Birds" first flew into theaters, moviegoers were on the edge of their seats. It was a hit, earning $11.4 million -- just beating the box-office returns on Hitchcock's prior horror classic, "Psycho." 1961 photo of an official examining dead sea birds in Monterey Bay More Hitchcock based the script for "The Birds" on a 1952 short story of the same name by Daphne du Maurier (who also provided the story for Hitch's "Rebecca"). But the director had a home in Scotts Valley, just a few miles from where the real-life 1961 bird invasion took place, and is said to have been first inspired by the actual event before turning to du Maurier's fiction. "Hollywood mystery producer Alfred Hitchcock phoned The Sentinel Saturday to let us know he is using last Friday's edition as research material for his latest thriller," wrote the Santa Cruz Sentinel on Aug. 21, 1961 . For years, marine biologists were stumped as to the reason why so many birds dive-bombed from the sky that night. But now scientists seem pretty confident of the cause: poison. In 1991 marine scientist David Garrison decided to investigate the event and concluded that the birds had eaten anchovies and squid that had consumed toxic algae containing a naturally occurring poison called domoic acid. Experts say the neurotoxin poisons the brain, causing confusion, disorientation, scratching, seizures, coma, and even death. And yeah, other similar, strange bird occurrences have been linked to the ocean-dwelling gunk. Sadly, a handful of human deaths have also been linked to the very neurotoxin that is thought to have scrambled the brains of those birds on that fateful night in 1961. Only On Yahoo! Movies -- Tippi Hedren On 'The Birds' As Her First Film: Follow me on Twitter ( @meriahonfiah ) Reblog


Which Bombay-born former Daily Telegraph journalist is the BBC sports editor?

Gigaom |  Mihir Bose To Write Weekly Interview For London Evening Standard Mihir Bose To Write Weekly Interview For London Evening Standard By Stephen Brook: Former BBC sports news editor Mihir Bose has taken his first job since leaving the corporation earlier this month, joining the London Evening Standard as a contributor. Bose, who resigned from the BBC , will write a weekly interview with a prominent sporting personality. Advertisement “We are absolutely delighted that Mihir will be writing regularly for the paper and be bringing his incisive and brilliant writing to the sports pages,” said the Evening Standard managing editor, Doug Wills. Bose, a former Daily Telegraph journalist, joined the BBC in January 2007 as its first sports news editor. His brief was to expand sports coverage and appear regularly on news bulletins as well as contributing to the BBC1 weekly sports magazine show Inside Sport. Bose worked with the Evening Standard’s deputy editor, Sarah Sands, when they were at the Telegraph together, and when Sands was editing Reader’s Digest she commissioned him to write about an immigrant’s experience of Britain. Bose was born in India and moved to the UK to attend university. Before joining the BBC, he was a print journalist for 30 years, working for the Telegraph and the Sunday Times. He has written 21 books. He started his journalistic career at LBC. This article originally appeared in Â© Guardian News & Media Ltd. . Advertisement


In what make of aircraft did Chuck Yeager break the sound barrier in October 1947?

Yeager breaks sound barrier - Oct 14, 1947 - HISTORY.com Yeager breaks sound barrier Publisher A+E Networks U.S. Air Force Captain Chuck Yeager becomes the first person to fly faster than the speed of sound. Yeager, born in Myra, West Virginia, in 1923, was a combat fighter during World War II and flew 64 missions over Europe. He shot down 13 German planes and was himself shot down over France, but he escaped capture with the assistance of the French Underground. After the war, he was among several volunteers chosen to test-fly the experimental X-1 rocket plane, built by the Bell Aircraft Company to explore the possibility of supersonic flight. For years, many aviators believed that man was not meant to fly faster than the speed of sound, theorizing that transonic drag rise would tear any aircraft apart. All that changed on October 14, 1947, when Yeager flew the X-1 over Rogers Dry Lake in Southern California. The X-1 was lifted to an altitude of 25,000 feet by a B-29 aircraft and then released through the bomb bay, rocketing to 40,000 feet and exceeding 662 miles per hour (the sound barrier at that altitude). The rocket plane, nicknamed “Glamorous Glennis,” was designed with thin, unswept wings and a streamlined fuselage modeled after a .50-caliber bullet. Because of the secrecy of the project, Bell and Yeager’s achievement was not announced until June 1948. Yeager continued to serve as a test pilot, and in 1953 he flew 1,650 miles per hour in an X-1A rocket plane. He retired from the U.S. Air Force in 1975 with the rank of brigadier general. Related Videos


The Seminole native tribe of Indians are indigenous to which American state?

Seminole History - Florida Department of State Seminole History Seminole History The Seminoles of Florida call themselves the "Unconquered People," descendants of just 300 Indians who managed to elude capture by the U.S. army in the 19th century. Today, more than 2,000 live on six reservations in the state - located in Hollywood, Big Cypress, Brighton, Immokalee, Ft. Pierce, and Tampa. The Seminoles work hard to be economically independent. To do this, they've jumped into a number of different industries. Tourism and bingo profits pay for infrastructure and schools on their reservations, while citrus groves and cattle have replaced early 20th-century trade in animal hides and crafts as the tribe's primary revenue sources. While becoming more economically diverse, the Seminoles also maintain respect for the old ways. Some still live in open, palm-thatched dwellings called chickees, wear clothing that is an evolution of traditional styles, and some celebrate the passing of the seasons just as their ancestors did more than two centuries ago. They also visit schools and festivals across the state, performing traditional dance and music to share their history with non-Indians. Creeks Migrate to Florida Seminole history begins with bands of Creek Indians from Georgia and Alabama who migrated to Florida in the 1700s. Conflicts with Europeans and other tribes caused them to seek new lands to live in peace. Groups of Lower Creeks moved to Florida to get away from the dominance of Upper Creeks. Some Creeks were searching for rich, new fields to plant corn, beans and other crops. For a while, Spain even encouraged these migrations to help provide a buffer between Florida and the British colonies. The 1770s is when Florida Indians collectively became known as Seminole, a name meaning "wild people" or "runaway." In addition to Creeks, Seminoles included Yuchis, Yamasses and a few aboriginal remnants. The population also increased with runaway slaves who found refuge among the Indians. At war with the U.S.   Run-ins with white settlers were becoming more regular by the turn of the century. Settlers wanted Indian land and their former slaves back. In 1817, these conflicts escalated into the first of three wars against the United States. Future U.S. President Andrew Jackson invaded then-Spanish Florida, attacked several key locations, and pushed the Seminoles farther south into Florida After passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830, the U.S. government attempted to relocate Seminoles to Oklahoma, causing yet another war -- the Second Seminole War. After defeating the U.S. in early battles of the Second Seminole War, Seminole leader Osceola was captured by the United States in Oct. 20, 1837, when U.S. troops said they wanted a truce to talk peace. By May 8, 1858, when the United States declared an end to conflicts in the third war with the Seminoles, more than 3,000 of them had been moved west of the Mississippi River. That left roughly 200 to 300 Seminoles remaining in Florida, hidden in the swamps. For the next two decades, little was seen of Florida Seminole. At least not until trading posts opened in late 19th century at Fort Lauderdale, Chokoloskee and other places, that's when some Seminoles began venturing out to trade. Seminoles gain more independence In the late 1950s, a push among Indian tribes to organize themselves and draft their own charter began -- this came as a result of federal legislation which allowed Indian reservations to act as entities separate from the state governments in which they were located. After surviving the first half of the 20th century through agriculture and by selling crafts, individuals saw that organizing as a constitutional form of government would be a positive step. The Seminole tribe improved their independence by adopting a constitutional form of government. This allowed them to act more independently. So on July 21, 1957, tribal members voted in favor of a Seminole Constitution which established the federally recognized Seminole Tribe of Florida. In 1970, the Indian Claims Commission award


Which Labour Party leader was described as 'a desiccated adding machine' by Aneurin Bevan?

Aneurin Bevan (1897 - 1960) - Genealogy Aneurin Bevan Share your family tree and photos with the people you know and love Build your family tree online Share photos and videos Apr 2 1911 - 7. Charles Street, Tredegar, Monmouthshire, Wales Parents: Nov 15 1897 - Tredegar, Monmouthshire, Wales Death: July 6 1960 - Asheridge Farm, Chesham, Buckinghamshire, England Wife: Nov 15 1897 - Tredegar, Wales Death: Nov 15 1897 - Tredegar, Monmouthshire, Wales Death: July 6 1960 - Asheridge Farm, Chesham, Buckinghamshire, England Parents: Cause of death: Cancer, Stomach cancer - July 6 1960 - Chesham Parents: Jennie Lee, Baroness Lee of Asheridge Residence: July 6 1960 - Chesham, Buckinghamshire, England Parents: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan Aneurin "Nye" Bevan (pronounced /əˈnaɪrɪn/; Welsh: [aˈnəɨ.rin]; 15 November 1897 – 6 July 1960) was a British Labour Party politician who was the Minister for Health in the post-war Attlee government from 1945 to 1951. The son of a coal miner, Bevan was a lifelong champion of social justice and the rights of working people. He was a long-time Member of Parliament (MP), representing Ebbw Vale in southern Wales for 31 years. He was one of the chief spokesmen for the Labour party’s left wing, and of left-wing British thought generally. His most famous accomplishment came when, as Minister of Health, he spearheaded the establishment of the National Health Service, which was to provide medical care free at point-of-need to all Britons. He resigned when the Attlee government decided to transfer funds from the National Insurance fund to pay for rearmament. Youth Bevan was born in Tredegar, Monmouthshire, in the South Wales Valleys and on the northern edge of the South Wales coalfield, the son of coal miner David Bevan and Phoebe née Prothero, a seamstress. Both Bevan's parents were Nonconformists; his father was a Baptist and his mother a Methodist. One of ten children, Bevan did poorly at school and his academic performance was so bad that his headmaster made him repeat a year. At age 13, Bevan left school and began working in the local Tytryst Colliery. David Bevan had been a supporter of the Liberal Party in his youth, but was converted to socialism by the writings of Robert Blatchford in the Clarion and joined the Independent Labour Party. Aneurin Bevan also joined the Tredegar branch of the South Wales Miners' Federation and became a trade union activist: he was head of his local Miners' Lodge at only 19. Bevan became a well-known local orator and was seen by his employers, the Tredegar Iron & Coal Company, as a troublemaker. The manager of the colliery found an excuse to get him sacked. But, with the support of the Miners' Federation, the case was judged as one of victimisation and the company was forced to re-employ him. In 1919, he won a scholarship to the Central Labour College in London, sponsored by the South Wales Miners' Federation. There, he spent two years studying economics, politics and history. He read Marxism at the college, developing his left-wing political outlook. Reciting long passages by William Morris, Bevan gradually began to overcome the stammer that he had had since he was a child. Bevan was one of the founding members of the "Query Club" with his brother Billy and Walter Conway. The club started in 1920 or 1921 and they met in Tredegar. They would collect money each week for any member who needed it. The club intended to break the hold that the Tredegar Iron and Coal Company had on the town by becoming members of pivotal groups in the community. Upon returning home in 1921, he found that the Tredegar Iron & Coal Company refused to re-hire him. He did not find work until 1924 and his employer, the Bedwellty Colliery, closed down only ten months later. Bevan then had to endure another year of unemployment. In February 1925, his father died of pneumoconiosis. In 1926, he found work again, this time as a paid union official. His wage of £5 a week was paid by the members of the local Miners' Lodge. His new job arrived in time for him to head the local miners again


Facts about Nigeria | Nigeria Facts Death Penalty Statistics Nigeria Facts Nigeria is a country located in West Africa. Find here important facts about Nigeria, including capital city, currency, flag, language, tradition, population, symbols, largest cities, government, history , economy and the like. Where is Nigeria? Nigeria, officially called the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country located in West Africa. What is the capital of Nigeria? The capital of Nigeria is Abuja. Built in the 1980s, Abuja is one of the most well planned cities in the country. It became the capital of Nigeria on December 12, 1991, replacing Lagos. The city is home to major attractions in the country such as the Nigerian National Mosque and the Nigerian National Christian Center. What is the largest city in Nigeria? Lagos is the largest city in Nigeria covering an area of 385.9 square miles. It is the third-most populous city in Africa with an estimated population of 7,937,932. As of now, it is the second-fastest growing city in Africa. It was once the capital of the country, and is the economic and financial capital of the country at present. What countries border Nigeria? Nigeria is bordered by the Republic of Benin on the west, Chad and Cameroon on the east, and by Niger in the north. On the south it borders the Gulf of Guinea How big is Nigeria? Nigeria is a country covering a total area of 356,667 square miles. As of 2011, the country has an estimated population of 167 million; it is the seventh-most populous country in the world. What are the main ethnic groups in Nigeria? Nigeria is a country of rich ethnic diversity composed of over 250 ethnic groups. The three largest ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. The other major tribes in the country include Edo, Ijaw, Kanuri, Ibibio, Ebira Nupe and Tiv. Also there are minority groups of British, American, East Indian, Chinese, white Zimbabwean,Japanese, Greek, Syrian and Lebanese immigrants in Nigeria. What are the administrative divisions of Nigeria? Nigeria is a country comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory. The states are further divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). Who are the political leaders of Nigeria? The government of Nigeria is a presidential federal republic. President - Muhammadu Buhari Vice President - Yemi Osinbajo What currency is used in Nigeria? The Naira denoted by the ISO 4217 code NGN) is the official currency of Nigeria. It is subdivided into 100 kobo. What is the official language of Nigeria? English is the official language of Nigeria and is extensively used for education, business transactions and for official purposes. Despite being the first language, English is not spoken at all in some rural areas. Because the majority of the population of the country stays in rural areas, indigenous languages such as the Yoruba and Igbo are spoken by the majority. A derived language called the Nigerian Pidgin English, also called the 'Pidgin' or Broken English is also a popular lingua-franca in the country. What is the religion of Nigeria? Nigeria is a multi-religious country. Fifty percent of the population practice Islam while the rest adhere to Christianity. The other minority religions in the country include Hinduism, Judaism, the Baha'i Faith, and Chrislam (a syncretic faith that contains elements of Christianity and Islam). What is the economy of Nigeria like? Nigeria has the second-largest economy in Africa. It is classified as an emerging market owing to its rich reserves of natural resources, and well-developed financial and communications sectors. The transportation sector and stock exchange of the country add to the finances. The Nigerian Stock Exchange is the second-largest in Africa. Petroleum is a major product playing a significant role in the economy of the country; it is the twelfth-largest producer of petroleum in the world. Manufactured products like leather, textiles, t-shirts, plastics and processed food enhance the economy of the country. Agriculture is also important, employing almost sixty percent o


Which English football league team's nickname is the Millers?

Official Website of the Millers - Rotherham United FC latest news, photos and videos Rotherham United Business Finder is powered by city-visitor.com & cityvisitor.co.uk By continuing to use the site, you agree to the use of cookies. You can change this and find out more by following this link . Accept Cookies


Which car company produced the Elf and Kestrel models?

1000+ images about Riley Cars on Pinterest | Mk1, Cars and Rally car Vintage Car - Riley Elf [HTD 681B] 110710 Leighton Hall See More


Which company produced the WW1 aircraft the 'Camel'?

World War 1 Aviation: The Rise of Advanced Aircraft - 1917 The Rise of Advanced Aircraft - 1917 By 1917 military aviation tactics and aircraft design had matured into an advanced art. Most of the basic design problems had been bearly solved. Military aviation had come of age and the skies over Europe had become a more dangerous place.. Aircraft engines had evolved into powerful and fairly reliable powerplants allowing for more rugged designs with larger weapon carrying capacity. Some of the best production model combat aircraft were first produced in this year. Later design refinements were to come, but many of the newer models would not be ready for production before the war ended. Britain 1917 Bristol F.2 Fighter - 1917 Bristol Fighter F.2b - 1917 The versatile Bristol Fighter was a maneuverable, heavily armed two-seater biplane designed by Frank S. Barnwell. One of the most successful fighters of the war, it got off to a poor start during "Bloody April" when it was introduced to the Western Front by the inexperienced pilots and observers of 48 Squadron. [ Read more ] The Bristol Fighter was a rugged and dangerous adversery for any German plane that came in contact with it. Some were fitted with twin 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis Guns on a swivel mount, as well as a well protected 0.303 in (7.7 mm) forward-firing Vickers machine gun. This plane's career lasted many years after the conclusion of world war. In the mistaken belief that the Brisfit was structurally weak, pilots were instructed to avoid violent maneuvers during combat. Heeding this advice, the pilots of six Bristol F.2a Fighters encountered Manfred von Richthofen and his flight of five Albatros D.IIIs near Douai. In a fight that lasted almost 30 minutes, four of the Brisfits were shot down. The fight with Jasta 11 almost convinced the British to withdraw this aircraft from service. Manufacturer: British & Colonial Aeroplane Co. Ltd. Entered Service: Early 1917 Powerplant: Rolls-Royce Falcon-III, water cooled in-line 275 hp. (205 kW) Wingspan: 39 ft 3 in (11.96 m) Length: 25 ft 10 in (7.87 m) Height: 9 ft 9 in (2.97 m) Empty Weight: 2,145 lb (975 kg) Loaded Weight: 3,243 lb (1,474 kg) Maximum Speed: 123 mph (107 kn, 198 km/h) at 5,000 ft (1,500 m) Service Ceiling: 18,000 ft (5,500 m) Range: 369 mi (593 km) Crew: 2 Guns: 1× 0.303 in (7.7 mm) forward-firing Vickers machine gun in the upper fuselage 1 or 2× 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis Guns in the observer's cockpit Bombs: 240 lb (110 kg) References Barnes, C.H. "Bristol Aircraft since 1910". London: Putnam, 1964. Bruce, J.M. "The Bristol Fighter". Flight, 7 November 1952, pp. 587-591. Bruce, J.M. "Warplanes of the First World War, Vol. 1". London: Macdonald, 1965. Cheesman, E.F., ed. "Fighter Aircraft of the 1914-1918 War". Letchworth, Harleyford, UK: Aero Publishers, Inc., 1960. Gutman, J. "Bristol F2 Fighter Aces of World War 1". London: Osprey Publishing, 2007. ISBN 978-1-84603-201-1. Kopan'ski, Tomasz Jan. "Samoloty Brytyjskie w Lotnictwie Polskim 1918-1930" (British Aircraft in the Polish Air Force 1918-1930) (in Polish). Bellona, Warsaw: 2001. ISBN 83-11-09315-6. Bristol Aircraft 1918 Bristol Braemar Bristol Braemar Mk.II - 1918 The Bristol Braemar was a British heavy bomber aircraft developed at the end of the First World War for the Royal Air Force. Only two prototypes were constructed. The prototype Braemar was developed in response to the establishment of the Independent Air Force in October 1917, as a bomber capable of the long-range bombing of Berlin if necessary. A large triplane, it had internal stowage for up to six 250 lb (110 kg) bombs. The initial design featured a unique engine installation with a central engine room housing all four engines. The engines were to be geared in pairs and power taken from the engines to the four propellers by power shafts. This design was abandoned early in development, and both the completed Braemars had a conventional engine installation, with the engines in inline tandem pairs, driving pusher and tractor propellers. However, the engine-room design was resurrected late


Which Welsh cathedral is the smallest in Great Britain?

Cathedrals in the UK | Interactive Map Photo Gallery Cathedrals in Britain From the world-famous St Paul's in London to the charming 12th century St David's Cathedral in Wales, simply scroll down to see our interactive map of the Christian cathedrals in Britain. Although we have attempted to be as thorough as possible, please do not hesitate to contact us if you have a cathedral that we have not included on the map. What is a Cathedral? A cathedral is not just a large church. The word 'cathedral' comes from the Latin word cathedra meaning 'seat' or 'chair', and refers to the presence of the bishop's or archbishop's chair or throne. It is the most important church in the diocese. What is a Minster - is it the same as a Cathedral? Sometimes but not always. Minsters were established during Anglo-Saxon times and were the churches attached to a monastery or monasterium. Nowadays the term 'minster' has come to refer more generally to any large or important, often parish, church. Famous minsters include York Minster, Southwell Minster and Westminster in London. Cathedrals in England Aldershot Cathedral Roman Catholic Church The Cathedral Church of St Michael and St George serves as the Roman Catholic cathedral for the Bishopric of the Forces, which provides chaplains to the British Armed Forces. The church was designed in 1892 by two military engineers, originally intended as the principal church for the Anglican chaplaincies of the British Army, it eventually became the seat of the Roman Catholic Bishop of the Forces instead. Arundel Cathedral Roman Catholic Church The Cathedral Church of Our Lady and St Philip Howard, was dedicated in 1873 as the Catholic parish church of Arundel, and designated a cathedral in 1965. The cathedral's location, construction, and design owe much to the Howard family, who, as Dukes of Norfolk and Earls of Arundel, are the most prominent Catholic family in England. The architectural style of the cathedral is French Gothic, a suitable counterpart to their nearby home …Arundel Castle. Birmingham Cathedral Church of England Designed by the English Baroque architect, Thomas Archer, St Philip's was originally built as a parish church in 1715. It became the cathedral of the newly formed Diocese of Birmingham in 1905. Birmingham Cathedral Roman Catholic Church The Metropolitan Cathedral Church and Basilica of Saint Chad was the first Catholic cathedral to be built in England after the English Reformation initiated in 1534 by King Henry VIII. Designed by Augustus Pugin, it was completed in 1841 and raised to cathedral status in 1852. Blackburn Cathedral Church of England One of England's newest cathedrals, with the creation of the Diocese of Blackburn in 1926, the parish church of St Mary the Virgin was elevated to cathedral status. The church, which was built in 1826, now forms the cathedral's nave. Bradford Cathedral Church of England A site of Christian worship since Anglo-Saxon times, a later Norman church stood for 300 years before being destroyed by raiding Scots. During the fourteenth century the church was rebuilt, the oldest parts of the present building were completed in 1458. Brentwood Cathedral Roman Catholic Church The Roman Catholic Cathedral Church of St Mary and St Helen dates from 1861. Originally a parish church built in a gothic style, this relatively small building was elevated to Cathedral status in 1917. Enlarged between 1989-1991, the new cathedral was dedicated on 31 May 1991. Bristol Cathedral Church of England Founded as St Augustine's Abbey in 1140, the Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity became the seat of the bishop and cathedral of the new Diocese of Bristol in 1542. St Edmundsbury Cathedral Church of England A church has stood on the site of the current cathedral for over a 1,000 years. Largely rebuilt in the 16th century St James Church became St Edmundsbury Cathedral in 1914. Canterbury Cathedral Church of England One of the oldest and most famous Christian buidlings in England, the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ at Canterbury, is the seat of t


Which famous.cricket player was born on 7th March 1952 in St Johns, Antigua?

Top 10 Famous Cricketers  of All Time - Part 2 Top 10 Famous Cricketers of All Time – Part 2 1 year ago Add Comment Played and popular in all its three formats; One Day Internationals (ODIs), Test and T20 (Twenty -Twenty); cricket is a game with millions of fans worldwide. A game whose history goes centuries ago; cricket has given numerous moments of joys to its fans. And all that like any other game has been made possible due to some of the players who have been devoted their life to this game and the game in return; has provided them with fame that is timeless. So here is another list enlisting some other gems and jewels of Cricket who are so great that without mentioning them; no discussion about cricket can ever be completed. Here is list of  top 10 Famous Cricketers of All Time 10 Mahendra Singh Dhoni (7th July 1981, Ranchi India) Image Courtesy:  wallpex 34 year old Dhoni is a member of Indian cricket team since 2004. Indian team’s wicket keeper captain in ODIs and T20; he is also known as one of the greatest finishers in the limited over cricket. He holds the record for being the most match winning Indian captain in ODIs and Tests. He holds the record of only captain to win all the 3 trophies (World Cup, World T20 and Champions Trophy) in the limited year format. Now this man might be the youngest and the still playing player in the list of Famous Cricketers ; but his fame can be guessed by the fact the he has received Padma shri, Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award and has been given honorary rank of Lieutenant Colonel by Indian Army. He found place amongst “the most influential people in the world” by Time’s 100 list in the year 2011. 9 Ricky Ponting (19th Dec 1974, Launceston, Australia) Image Courtesy:  ambwallpapers Not only did this 40 year old former Australian captain helped Australia being world champions in 2003 and 2007 but he was also a member of winning squad in 1999 World Cup. Known for leading Australia in both ODIs and Test cricket in its golden era; Ponting holds the record of highest run scorer from Australia after a long career of over 160 tests and 370 ODIs. Not just Australian but one of the most successful captains all over the world ever; while registering 48 victories in 77 tests over the span of about 6 years. Ponting said goodbye to the ODIs and test cricket in the year 2012 but is still way famous than most of the present players. 8 Dennis Lillee (18th July 1949, Subiaco, Western Australia) Image Courtesy:   Cricket Australia Story of this former Australian cricketer is somewhat you can vouch for being inspirational. He made a heroic comeback once his career was considered to be ended and not only that he also was regarded as “outstanding fast bowler of his generation”. There was even a time in 1984 when he held the record of being the highest wicket taker in test cricket at that time. His tuning with wicket keeper Rod Marsh where they made a record of 95 dismissals while Lilllee being the bowler and Marsh as wicketkeeper. Other than being responsible for the Aluminum Bat Controversy; Lille was one of the renowned players ever in Australian cricket history and is still popular in the hearts of fans of that era. 7 Muttiah Muralitharan (17th April 1972, Kandy, Dominion of Ceylon) Image Courtesy: guim Now as far as bowling is considered; this man’s contribution in cricket is incredible. He holds the record for being the highest wicket taker in both the formats of cricket; ODIs and test cricket. Playing 5 world cups from 1996 to 2011; he is second to McGrath with 67 world cup wickets in his account. With an average of around 6 wickets per test; Muralitharan is the best in test cricket. In test cricket; he has taken 5 wickets in an inning for a record 67 times. 6 Shane Warne (13th September 1969, Upper Ferntree Fully, Australia) Image Courtesy:  sportspapa A leg spin Australian bowler who is often regarded as one of the greatest bowlers in the history of the cricket. He is the second highest wicket taker in the test cricket (708 wickets); and played his last test in 2007 against England. With 3,154


What is the name of the system used to determine the winning scores, in rain-interrupted one day cricket matches?

Basics Cricket is a team sport for two teams of eleven players each. A formal game of cricket can last anything from an afternoon to several days. Although the game play and rules are very different, the basic concept of cricket is similar to that of baseball. Teams bat in successive innings and attempt to score runs, while the opposing team fields and attempts to bring an end to the batting team's innings. After each team has batted an equal number of innings (either one or two, depending on conditions chosen before the game), the team with the most runs wins. (Note: In cricket-speak, the word "innings" is used for both the plural and the singular. "Inning" is a term used only in baseball.) The Field A cricket field is a roughly elliptical field of flat grass, ranging in size from about 90 to 150 metres (100-160 yards) across, bounded by an obvious fence or other marker. There is no fixed size or shape for the field, although large deviations from a low-eccentricity ellipse are discouraged. In the centre of the field, and usually aligned along the long axis of the ellipse, is the pitch , a carefully prepared rectangle of closely mown and rolled grass over hard packed earth. It is marked with white lines, called creases, like this: The dimensions are in centimetres (divide by 2.54 for inches). The Play The order in which the teams bat is determined by a coin toss. The captain of the side winning the toss may elect to bat or field first. All eleven players of the fielding team go out to field, two players of the batting team go out to bat. The remainder of the batting team wait off the field for their turn to bat. Each batsman wears protective gear and carries a cricket bat. The game progresses by the bowling of balls. The sequence of events which constitutes a ball follows: The fielding team disperses around the field, to positions designed to stop runs being scored or to get batsmen out. One fielder is the bowler. He takes the ball and stands some distance behind one of the wickets (i.e., away from the pitch). Another fielder is the wicket-keeper, who wears a pair of webbed gloves designed for catching the ball and protective pads covering the shins. He squats behind the opposite wicket. The rest of the fielders have no special equipment - gloves to assist catching the ball are not allowed to anyone but the wicket-keeper. One batsman stands behind each popping crease, near a wicket. The batsman farthest from the bowler is the striker, the other is the non-striker. The striker stands before his wicket, on or near the popping crease, in the batting stance. For a right-handed batsman, the feet are positioned like this: The batsman stands with his bat held down in front of the wicket, ready to hit the ball, which will be bowled from the other end of the pitch. The batsman usually rests the lower end of the bat on the pitch and then taps the bat on the pitch a few times as "warm-up" backswings. The non-striker simply stands behind the other popping crease, waiting to run if necessary. The bowler takes a run-up from behind the non-striker's wicket. He passes to one side of the wicket, and when he reaches the non-striker's popping crease he bowls the ball towards the striker, usually bouncing the ball once on the pitch before it reaches the striker. (The bowling action will be described in detail later.) The striker may then attempt to hit the ball with his bat. If he misses it, the wicket-keeper will catch it and the ball is completed. If he hits it, the two batsmen may score runs (described later). When the runs are completed, the ball is also considered completed. The ball is considered to be in play from the moment the bowler begins his run-up. It remains in play until any of several conditions occur (two common ones were just described), after which it is called dead. The ball is also dead if it lodges in the striker's clothing or equipment. Once the ball is dead, it is returned to the bowler for the next delivery (another name for the bowling of a ball). Between deliveries, the batsmen may leave their creases and confer


Which British Prime Minister was born in Rodney Street, Liverpool?

One of Liverpool's most influential sons - William Gladstone - Liverpool Echo News One of Liverpool's most influential sons - William Gladstone INTERNATIONAL statesman, political reformer, three times Chancellor of the Exchequer and four times British Prime Minister, William Ewart Gladstone was born in Rodney Street, Liverpool on December 29, 1809.  Share Lord Alton with statue of William Gladstone  Share Get daily updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Thank you for subscribing! Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email Peter Elson speaks to Lord David Alton about putting Gladstone on the city’s tourist trail INTERNATIONAL statesman, political reformer, three times Chancellor of the Exchequer and four times British Prime Minister, William Ewart Gladstone was born in Rodney Street, Liverpool on December 29, 1809. And on Tuesday the city will celebrate the 200th Anniversary of the ‘Grand Old Man’s’ birth. A wreath will be laid at his statue in St John’s Gardens and a special Gladstone exhibition opened at St George’s Hall. The statesman is a hero of Lord David Alton who feels now is the time for the city to make more of his birthplace on the tourism trail. He says: “He was born at 62 Rodney Street and brought up in Liverpool and in the palatial Seaforth Hall. So why not package that with the historic links in his home city for visitors? “Once again, Gladstone’s reputation is growing and Liverpool should make the most of its greatest son, especially as this month is the bicentennial of his birth. “The city’s tourism is based on the Beatles and football, for which we’re very grateful, but there is so much more. The place is bursting with potential. “It would have been truly fitting for our Culture year if his home was turned into a museum dedicated to his memory and achievements.” As 62 Rodney Street is now divided into flats, even partial conversion would be difficult. Yet the former Irish Centre, or Wellington Rooms lies derelict. Surely that would be ideal? “Gladstone’s family would have used the Wellington Rooms, which were built in 1815 for assemblies, or gatherings, of Liverpool’s great and good,” says Lord Alton. “Better still for a museum would be St Andrew’s Scottish Presbyterian Church, in Rodney Street, which is one of three churches which Gladstone’s father John built.” John Gladstone, of Scottish Presbyterian stock, embraced his wife’s evangelical Anglicanism and built up a formidable trading empire. High over the town in their Rodney Street mansions these merchant princes could easily see the Mersey – the source of their wealth. “In his childhood reminiscences Gladstone recalled the picturesque nature of the white-winged vessels waiting to catch the winds out of Liverpool,” says Lord Alton. “But these great sailing ships represented something darker; and as the young Gladstone grew up he would have encountered the anti-slavery movement – and its leading figures, Wilberforce, Thomas Clarkson and Granville Sharp.” With the West Indian sugar plantations a major source of the Gladstones’ wealth being worked by slaves, John Gladstone fell out with Liverpool MP William Roscoe who opposed the slave trade. “Young William had his first political encounters at Rodney Street, in 1812,” says Lord Alton. “His father John was one of the merchant princes who invited George Canning to accept the Tory nomination for the Liverpool constituency against Henry Brougham for the Whigs. “They were the two greatest orators of their age. John Gladstone, now alienated by Roscoe’s intellectualism and opposition to the slave trade, deserted the Whigs to support Canning. Every evening the crowds gathered to hear Canning declaim from the Gladstones’ house in Rodney Street. St George’s Hall was the scene of both political triumph and disaster for Gladstone as he lost his South West Lancashire seat in 1868, but kept his Greenwich one and so formed his first premiership. Says Lord Alton: “His support for Irish Catholics, mission to pacify Ireland and desire for Irish Home Rule had put him on collision course with the Tories and the


Which Shakespeare play has the stage direction 'Exit pursued by a bear'?

Exit Pursued By A Bear Meaning | Much Ado About a Bear - tribunedigital-baltimoresun Much Ado About a Bear Center Stage confronts Shakespeare's most troublesome stage direction: 'Exit, pursued by a bear.' February 28, 2002|By Holly Selby | Holly Selby,SUN ARTS WRITER The question, as it always is, is this: What about the bear? At Baltimore's Center Stage, it gallumphs into view, roaring and huffing, a great, blue manifestation of what must be Shakespeare's most bizarre stage direction. Blue? Yes, blue. "Exit, pursued by a bear," instructed Shakespeare in Act III, Scene 3 of The Winter's Tale. What was the Bard thinking? Did he intend for a real bear - or perhaps a man in a costume - to appear on stage? Should it be scary or amusing? Was the playwright who would become the most revered writer in the English language toying with the directors of his day, or toying with us? "The bear is just one of the strangenesses of The Winter's Tale, says Barbara Mowat, director of academic programs at the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington. <script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"></script>");document.close();})();' frameborder="0" scrolling="no" width="614" height="160"> The play, being performed at Center Stage through March 31, is definitely peculiar. Written in about 1610, it is both tragic and funny. Its story begins in Sicily, leaps 16 years, and ends in Bohemia. There's an irrationally jealous king; a beautiful, pregnant queen; a foundling; a prince in disguise; a hilariously dull-witted shepherd; a personification of Time; a satyr who dances; a statue that comes to life. Shakespeare teases us as he spins his tale, encouraging misperceptions and leaping over logic. "The bear makes as much sense as anything else," Mowat says. True, but get the bear right, and things begin to fall into place. "The bear is indicative of the show's entire aesthetic," says Charlotte Stoudt, dramaturg at Center Stage. "It's a narrative pivot point, the turn from tragedy to comedy in the play. It's crazy. It's campy. It's fun. It's scary. You have all these contradictory feelings, which add up to one of the best moments of the play." Debates have swirled around the bear for centuries. Initially, the arguments centered on whether Shakespeare intended for an actual bear to be let loose on stage - or for a man in a costume to act like a bear. "By now almost all the critics would agree that it would have had to be a man in a costume," Mowat says. In Elizabethan England, bears were familiar creatures. Men wagered on bear-baiting contests. Bears symbolized anger and tyranny; some likened them to the king. On the other hand, bears also were seen as nurturing and courageous animals. Though Shakespeare's odd stage direction involving a bear is the most famous, it was not the first, Mowat says. In Mucedorus, a romance originally performed in 1590, its playwright includes this instruction: "Exit somebody pursued by a bear." Over time, the bear in The Winter's Tale has been portrayed as a hand puppet. A rug. A shadow. A man carrying a mask. Sometimes the creature horrifies the audience. Sometimes it evokes laughter. Sometimes it doesn't appear on stage at all. For Brian Kulick, artistic director for the Shakespeare Society of America in New York, the bear represents Leontes, the play's king, who irrationally accuses his pregnant wife of having an affair with his best friend. In a production directed by Kulick at the New York Shakespeare Festival in Central Park, the bear was represented in a dream sequence by Leontes, who has destroyed his wife and children in an indefensible outburst of anger. "In The Winter's Tale, the word `bear' has its own life," Kulick explains. "It's mentioned in the play about 12 times. It starts as a word meaning `take away' as in: `Bear the boy away.' "But by the end of the play, the word `bear' becomes about responsibility for one's actions and bearing them and bearing the weight of guilt. And in between weight and responsibility is the ferocious creature." For clues as to ho


'I am a man more sinned against than sinning' is a quotation from which Shakespeare play?

What's It All About, Shakespeare?: Who Are Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes? | Men More Sinned Against Than Sinning Monday, 13 February 2012 Who Are Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes? | Men More Sinned Against Than Sinning Shakespeare’s tragedies are among the most popular and frequently performed plays in the world, making his tragic heroes some of the most recognised characters. Shakespeare Gives Us Some of The Finest Examples of Tragic Heroes King Lear’s claim that he is “a man more sinn’d against than sinning” can be debated. After all, his ferocious temper and bad judgement are what lead him to running around the stormy British countryside in the nude. And the same can be said of most Shakespearean tragic heroes - not that they run around nude, but that they are, at least in part, responsible for their own downfalls. Whether they are, in fact, more sinned against than sinning really rather depends upon your point of view. What’s a Tragic Hero? However, a traditional, and by that I mean Aristotelian, view of tragic heroes is that they are, without doubt, more sinned against. Aristotle believed that tragic heroes had to be essentially ‘good’ guys. Not saintly, because then an audience would not be able to relate to him. But, he certainly couldn’t be a ‘baddie’, because a tragic hero is never deserving of his fate. If he were, we wouldn’t feel sorry for him. And in this mix of not too good, and not too bad, there is the tragic flaw or hamartia, as Aristotle would call it. This innate character trait is the chink in a tragic hero’s armour, his Achilles heel; it is what makes his fall from grace inevitable. Hamartia, which is now used to refer to any tragic flaw, is a little problematic if used in the way Aristotle intended it to be used, however, because, for Aristotle, it meant a flaw which caused an accidental or unforseen act of horror. Let’s use Aristotle’s favourite tragic hero and poster boy, as an example: Oedipus never intends to kill his father and marry his mother, those are completely unforseen events that occur due to his tragic flaw, which is hubris. How Are Shakespeare’s Tragic Boys Different? When it comes to some of Shakespeare’s tragic heroes, it’s difficult to define their hideous deeds as accidental. Macbeth, for example, doesn’t say, “oops my ambition killed Duncan.” And for Othello, Desdemona’s death cannot be described as an unforseen consequence of his smothering her. Although, I suppose you could argue that he mistakenly thought he was murdering an unfaithful hussy - so that’s where the ‘accident’ comes in. Anyway, without further ado, let’s look at Shakespeare’s tragic heroes; who they are, what they do and why they’re ‘tragic’. Anthony Hopkins as The Fatally Flawed Titus (1999)  Titus: Titus Andronicus was Shakespeare first tragedy (at least the first one we know of). Titus begins the play as a well-respected and recently victorious general in the Roman army. Hamartia -Lack of interpersonal skills and a distinct lack of sympathy. Titus makes two catastrophic errors at the beginning of the play, both caused by the character flaws above: First, he refuses to become emperor (even though the people want him to take the crown) and then he kills Tamora’s sons as a sacrifice. What follows is a cycle of revenge and one of Shakespeare’s bloodiest plays. Romeo: The romantic hero of Romeo and Juliet is a young man with a bright future at the beginning of the play. Hamartia - An impetuous nature, which leads to rash action In almost everything he does, including falling in love, Romeo is a jump-straight-in kind of guy. His inability to be able to test the water level leads him to fall head over heels for Juliet, murder Tybalt and then commit suicide. Caesar: Julius Caesar is unusual among his fellow tragic heroes, because he is murdered at the start of act three, meaning he spends very little time on stage. Although, Caesar is the play’s ‘official’ tragic hero, it could be argued that Anthony and Brutus are also tragic heroes. Hamartia - Hubris Whether Caesar is ambitious, as the conspirators claim, is a subject that


From which musical does the song 'Till There Was You' come?

Till There Was You by The Beatles Songfacts Till There Was You by The Beatles Songfacts Songfacts This was written in 1957 for the Broadway musical The Music Man. It was written by songwriter Meredith Willson, who also wrote "76 Trombones" for the same musical as well as the seasonal favorite " It's Beginning To Look A Lot Like Christmas ." Paul McCartney loved show tunes and wanted to cover this. His favorite version was Peggy Lee's. The Beatles played this song, along with " She Loves You " and "Twist And Shout," at the Royal Command Performance of 1963. Paul credited it to their "Favorite American group, Sophie Tucker." >> Suggestion credit: don - rapid city, SD The Beatles performed this on their first Ed Sullivan Show appearance, February 9, 1964. This was a huge event, as Beatlemania had just come to America. This was the only song they played that night that was not one of their hits - they put it in to appeal to the older audience that was tuned in. As they played, the camera zoomed in on each Beatle and superimposed their first name. When it got to Lennon, it read, "Sorry girls, he's married." This was also performed during the Beatles appearance on the Royal Variety Show on November 4, 1963. It was probably also appealing to the older audience and it provided a break between the up-tempo numbers, "She Loves You" and "Twist and Shout." >> Suggestion credit:


What was the name of the last steam locomotive to be commissioned by British Railways, in 1960?

BBC - Wiltshire - History - Railway Works: 1960s You are in: Wiltshire > History > Archive Films > Railway Works: 1960s Railway Works: 1960s This offering – although not strictly a BBC Points West film – is irresistible for all those who have a passion for steam engines. Filmed at the Swindon loco works in 1963, it shows the launch of the last BR steam locomotive to be made in the UK. It all started when Richard Trevithick built a steam engine to run along a stretch of Welsh railway in 1804. How soon this was followed by small boys and their enthusiasm for train numbers is anyone’s guess. But it was a sad day for those small boys - and a few grown men too no doubt - when British Rail built Britain’s last steam locomotive at the railway works in Swindon in 1960. Youngsters dream of taking the controls Gone was the chance to get coal grit in your eye, or feel a wet blast of super-heated steam on your shins; to smell the grease of the engine and smell the bacon frying on the fireman’s shovel. To think: thousands of youngsters denied such a life-altering experience. So much so it seems somewhat fitting that it was BBC Children’s Newsreel that captured the day steam came to an end in Britain - and since a copy of the film is held securely in the Points West archive, we are proud to present here! Swindon’s famous railway works came to the Wiltshire market town thanks to Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the great railway engineer, and more specifically because of his right-hand engineer, Daniel Gooch, who choose Swindon’s green fields for the Great Western Railway’s new engineering base. Appropriately enough, Swindon’s first steam loco was called ‘Great Western’ and it rolled onto the rails for the first time in 1846 – 114 years before the steam-driven would come to an end. The railway works were not just concerned with steam engines though – they turned out everything a 19th Century railway company needed – from locos and wagons, to rails, platform trolleys, dining car cutlery and even GWR toilet rolls. But for most steam enthusiasts Swindon is best known for designing and building some of the country’s most famous steam engines. For its first forty years the works produced broad gauge locos, then accepted standard gauge and converted or scrapped its original stock and moved into the 20th century with a sharp eye for business and a reputation for building first-class locomotives. In 1904, Swindon’s ‘City of Truro’ became the first locomotive in the world to reach 100mph – just 25mph short of today’s 125 diesels. Under the guidance of George Jackson Churchward, Locomotive, Carriage and Wagon Superintendent – and Truro’s designer - the Swindon works led the way with the development of express steam trains. In the early part of the 20th Century it was ‘full steam ahead’ as Swindon took on 14000 people to turn out its famous Castle, Hall, Manor and mighty King class locos. But in 1946 the town’s heyday was enveloped by nationalisation. Evening Star in 1960 Despite remaining an important centre for engineering under British Rail, the building of the last steam locomotive in 1960 sounded its death knell, and 25 years later British Rail Engineering Limited closed the famous Swindon works. Today, GWR’s engineering heroes – Gooch, Churchward, Collett, Hawksworth - live on in the streets and trading estates that have taken their names. They were inspiring men who, in the true spirit of the Victorian visionary, underlined Britain’s manufacturing might and helped make Swindon a renowned centre for world-class engineering, the remnants of which continue to inspire Swindon’s industrialists today. MORE FILMS FROM POINTS WEST Use the right hand links to other local Where I Live sites to see more archive film from Points West.


The arbalest was a variety of which weapon?

Arbalest | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Share Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Crossbowman cocking an arbalest. The arbalest (also arblast) was a late variation of the medieval European crossbow coming into use during the 12th century. A large weapon , the arbalest had a steel prod ("bow"). Since an arbalest was much larger than earlier crossbows , and because of the greater tensile strength of steel, it had a greater force. The strongest windlass -pulled arbalests could have up to 22 kN (5000 lbf) of force and be accurate up to 300 m. A skilled arbalestier (arblaster) could loose two bolts per minute. The term arbalest is sometimes used interchangeably with crossbow. "Arbalest" is Medieval French corruption from the Roman name arcuballista which was then used for crossbows, though originally used for types of artillery; Modern French uses the word arbalète, which is linguistically one step further from the stem (disappearance of the s phoneme in the last syllable before t). The word applies for both crossbow and arbalest (the latter may be referred to as heavy crossbow, but an actual heavy crossbow may not be the same as an arbalest). In some cases, the word has been used to refer to the people who actually used the weapon. References


In which hospital was the first heart transplant performed?

First human heart transplant - Dec 03, 1967 - HISTORY.com First human heart transplant Publisher A+E Networks On December 3, 1967, 53-year-old Lewis Washkansky receives the first human heart transplant at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. Washkansky, a South African grocer dying from chronic heart disease, received the transplant from Denise Darvall, a 25-year-old woman who was fatally injured in a car accident. Surgeon Christiaan Barnard, who trained at the University of Cape Town and in the United States, performed the revolutionary medical operation. The technique Barnard employed had been initially developed by a group of American researchers in the 1950s. American surgeon Norman Shumway achieved the first successful heart transplant, in a dog, at Stanford University in California in 1958. After Washkansky’s surgery, he was given drugs to suppress his immune system and keep his body from rejecting the heart. These drugs also left him susceptible to sickness, however, and 18 days later he died from double pneumonia. Despite the setback, Washkansky’s new heart had functioned normally until his death. In the 1970s, the development of better anti-rejection drugs made transplantation more viable. Dr. Barnard continued to perform heart transplant operations, and by the late 1970s many of his patients were living up to five years with their new hearts. Successful heart transplant surgery continues to be performed today, but finding appropriate donors is extremely difficult. Related Videos


What is the national currency of Paraguay?

PYG - Paraguayan Guarani rates, news, and tools PYG - Paraguayan Guarani Paraguay, Guarani The Paraguayan Guarani is the currency of Paraguay.   Our currency rankings show that the most popular Paraguay Guarani exchange rate is the USD to PYG rate .   The currency code for Guarani is PYG, and the currency symbol is Gs.   Below, you'll find Paraguayan Guarani rates and a currency converter.   You can also subscribe to our currency newsletters with daily rates and analysis, read the XE Currency Blog ,   or take PYG rates on the go with our XE Currency Apps and website.


In what year did Roald Amundsen reach the South Pole for the first time?

Amundsen Becomes First to Reach South Pole, December 14, 1911 - Scientific American Scientific American Amundsen Becomes First to Reach South Pole, December 14, 1911 Under the command of Roald Amundsen, the South Pole was discovered 100 years ago Advertisement | Report Ad One hundred years ago today the South Pole was reached by a party of Norwegian explorers under the command of Roald Amundsen. The existence of the pole had been known, but the inhospitable landscape presented a barrier until Amundsen’s party made the dangerous trek across ice and snow to stand at the geographical South Pole on this day a century ago. One of Amundsen’s competitors, Robert Falcon Scott and his party, achieved a different kind of fame: they arrived on January 17, 1912 to find they were second in the race to fame, and they perished on their way back north. News of Amundsen’s achievement was telegraphed to the world on March 7, 1912, on his return to Hobart, Australia. From Scientific American, Vol. CV1, No. 11, March 16, 1911 The Discovery of the South Pole It is much too early to give any critical account of Capt. Roald Amundsen's achievement. Many weeks must elapse before we are in complete possession of all his data. Yet even the laconic account, which he has cabled to the press, throws a flood of light on the mystery of Antarctic geography. Amundsen seems to have collected enough evidence to substantiate the theory that the great chain of mountains which extends almost uninterruptedly from Alaska to Patagonia finds its continuation in a ridge connecting Victoria Land and King Edward VII Land, and which, in honor of his queen, he has named "Queen Maude's Range." The ice barrier, which had proved for a century and a half a formidable obstacle to Antarctic exploration, is found to terminate in a bay, lying between the southeast mountain range running from South Victoria Land and a range which is probably a continuation of King Edward the VII Land and which extends in a southwesterly direction. Contrary to his original plan, Amundsen despatched one of his officers, Lieut. Prestud, to survey the Bay of Whales and the great ice barrier and to explore King Edward VII Land, of which practically nothing is known. No doubt the spur of competition played its part in unfolding the secrets of the last unexplored frigid region of the earth. Amundsen and his party at the geographic South Pole, December 14, 1911. CREDIT: PHOTO COURTESY OF NORWEGIAN-U.S. SCIENTIFIC TRAVERSE OF EAST ANTARCTICA No less than four other expeditions were in the Antarctic regions at the time while Amundsen was forcing his way south. Besides Amundsen's, there was the Japanese expedition under Lieut. Shirase, which had to retreat to Australia last spring in order to replenish its supply of dogs, and which Amundsen says landed on January 16th at the Bay of Whales, two weeks before he sailed for home; Dr. Mawson's Australian expedition, for which $215,000 had been raised up to November 1st last, and which was to land three parties between Cape Adare and Gaussberg; the German expedition under Lieut. Filchner in the "Deutschland," elaborately equipped with wireless, magnetic, and meteorological apparatus, full of the hope of establishing a base southwest of Coats Land in as high a latitude as possible; and lastly, Capt. Scott's English expedition in the "Terra Nova," which left New Zealand in November, 1910, badly damaged by stormy weather; so badly, indeed, that the necessary repairs and the cost of making good the stores that had been lost seriously depleted the resources of the party. Amundsen seems to have been helped by exceptionally favorable weather conditions. To be sure, there were storms, but not those frightful hurricanes which thwarted Shackleton. It was cold, so cold that the dogs suffered visibly; yet the average temperature was no lower than that in many an inhabited part of Canada. Amundsen himself states that part of his journey was much like a pleasure trip--"excellent ground, fine sledging, and an even temperature." The glaciers and crevasses make detours necessa


A 9 iron is the modem equivalent of which historical golf club?

History of Golf Clubs . . . An Exciting Adventure A Brief History of Golf Clubs The History of Golf Clubs One of the earlier known references to the game of golf is made when King James II of Scotland banned the playing of the "game" because it kept his subjects from archery practice! Also, it seems that a group of sheep herders who became bored with tending flocks of sheep near St. Andrews became proficient at knocking round stones into rabbit holes with their wooden "crooks" or staffs. Hence, the History of Golf Clubs had it's beginning! Having a creative and inquisitive mind, I began to wonder … Photo courtesy of Buy.com What degree of loft was on the 'Crook-Head'? Maybe because there was no Hosel on the crook they didn't have a problem with shanks! If the shepherds had a professional Crook Fitting? If the typical shepherds 'Crook' was a regular or stiff flex? If the shepherd's 'Crook' was the predecessor to today's All-in-One golf club? (Obviously not adjustable) If they used 'sheep-skin' grips on the 'Crook'? If when they transitioned from the top of the back swing, did they confuse 'Pronation / Supination' and get the 'Crook' caught on their neck, causing a severe 'Crook-in-the-Neck'? In the history of golf clubs the very first documented reference to a set of golf clubs, was in relation to a set of clubs made specifically for King James VI of Scotland by his primary bow maker. His name was William Mayne. Mayne was commissioned to make this first set of matched clubs in the year 1603. Found in the Royal an Ancient Club's museum are ancient golf clubs including a 'Putting Cleek' and and several old wooden-head clubs with wood shafts. The 'Putting Cleek' was crafted in the latter part of the 18th century by a golf club maker by the name of Simon Cossar from Leith. This putter included an iron head attached to a wooden shaft. This was well documented in golf club history. (See a sample below of a Putting Cleek made by Robert Forgan) Early players of the game built their own club sets from a variety of wood species. The golf club heads were carved from hardwoods such as oak, cherry, beech and apple wood. The golf shafts were made from softer, more flexible woods like ash or hazel wood. Basically, these clubs were known as “Hickory Golf Clubs”. According to the History of Golf Clubs, these pioneer golf players used a variety of clubs in playing their game, just like we utilize in these times. The building of golf clubs remained the same until the beginning of the 19th century when Robert Forgan of Scotland in about 1826 changed the way in which golf clubs were made. Forgan started making golf club shafts with American hickory instead of the traditional ash or hazel wood. Forgan's golf clubs then set the standard for golf club makers. Patterned-Faced 'Cleek' putter made by Robert Forgan in 1907. Photo Courtesy of Sport Antiques See charts below for a brief listing of Vintage Golf Clubs with today's modern equivalent and the approximate degree of loft. WOODEN HEADED CLUBS Putter 3-4 Shown below are a few sample Antique Golf Clubs found within the History of Golf Clubs and a brief summary of each: Playclub (Driver): This is a sample of a fine persimmon wood driver with a hickory shaft and a sheepskin grip. This vintage club was made in Robert Simpson's shop in Carnoustie. Robert was born in Earlsferry, Fife in 1862, one of six brothers. Two of his brothers, Jack and Archie were competitive golfers. Robert was better known as a club maker, but he too was a golf player, taking 4th in the Open on two occasions and tying for 2nd in 1893. Photo Courtesy of Sport Antiques Robert was an apprentice club maker to George Forrester, in Elie, from 1878 - 1882. He then moved to St. Andrews and worked for Robert Forgan. According to the History of Golf Clubs, in1883 he filled the vacancy at the Dalhousie Golf Club in Carnoustie as a club and ball maker, also acting as the green keeper. He started his own business making clubs two years later. In the infancy of the firm, brothers Jack and Archie both worked for Robert in Carno


Mrs Fitzherbert was the mistress of which English king?

History Times History: Famous Royal Mistresses – Prinny and Mrs Fitzherbert Monday, 12 December 2011 Famous Royal Mistresses – Prinny and Mrs Fitzherbert When is a famous royal mistress not a royal mistress? When perhaps, like Mrs Fitzherbert, she may actually have been a royal wife? The British Royal Family has been much in the news recently, with the wedding of Prince William to Kate Middleton having just taken place at Westminster Abbey, but members of our Royal Family have throughout history found themselves the centre of attention, written about in newspapers and pamphlets and even finding themselves in the centre of a scandal. One royal who was no stranger to scandal was George, Prince of Wales, the son of King George III and Queen Charlotte, who went on to become Prince Regent and then King George IV. Known to his friends as ‘Prinny’, Prince George led a decadent life at the head of a group of beaus and dandies known as the Carlton House Set, spending his days gambling, drinking, decorating his houses and running up a huge amount of debt. When he was a young man, George was handsome and a great favourite with the ladies, but as he grew older the ravages of his lifestyle caused him to become bloated and pile on the weight, prompting Beau Brummell to utter his famous caustic remark ‘Alvanley, who’s your fat friend?’  Prince George also enjoyed an extensive and varied love life and had many mistresses throughout his life, but perhaps he ever only truly loved one of them? Mrs Fitzherbert The lady in question is known to history as Mrs Fitzherbert, although she was born Maria Ann Smythe on 26th July 1756.  She was the eldest child of William Smythe and Mary Ann Errington, who were Roman Catholics and well-connected with the British aristocracy, as her mother was a half-sister of the Earl of Sefton. She was sent to Paris for her education, but was married at the age of 18 to Edward Weld, a wealthy Catholic landowner who was 16 years her senior. Unfortunately for the young Maria, her new husband was thrown from a horse only three months after their wedding, without having yet made a new will. This left the young widow in dire financial straits and in desperate need of a new husband to support her, so three years later she wed another older man, Thomas Fitzherbert of Swynnerton in Staffordshire. This time she was ten years younger than her spouse, and the couple had one son who tragically died very young. She was widowed again on 7th May 1781, but this time she was more fortunate in the inheritance stakes as she gained a smart house in Park Street, Mayfair and a healthy annual income. When she came out of mourning, Mrs Fitzherbert was sponsored into the glittering whirl of London Society by her uncle Lord Sefton and her half-brother Henry Errington. She was now a very eligible young widow, and probably had many suitors. But in the spring of 1784 she was introduced to the very cream of this Society, when Maria Fitzherbert caught the eye of the 22 year old Prince of Wales when she attended the opera in the company of Lord Sefton. Although, at 27, Mrs Fitzherbert was older than Prince George, the impressionable young prince was smitten and immediately began to pursue her. Rumours soon started flying around Polite Society that Mrs Fitzherbert was the Prince’s latest mistress. The pair seemed to be genuinely in love, and in July 1784 her besotted prince offered her a ring as a gift. The ring was initially refused, but Mrs Fitzherbert finally accepted the gift, after Prince George threatened to commit suicide. The ecstatic Prince believed that this acceptance of his ring meant that Maria Fitzherbert had agreed to marry him,  and knowing that marrying the Prince would be nigh on impossible she escaped to Europe.  Maria Fitzherbert’s whereabouts were eventually traced, and she returned to London in December 1785. It was at this point that the couple underwent a secret marriage ceremony in the drawing room of Mrs Fitzherbert’s house in Park Street. So why was there so much secrecy surrounding this wedding? It was because under Eng


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