The fact that hot water freezes more quickly than cold water is known as what?

Can hot water freeze faster than cold water? Written Nov, 1998 by Monwhea Jeng (Momo), Department of Physics, University of California Can hot water freeze faster than cold water? Yes — a general explanation Hot water can in fact freeze faster than cold water for a wide range of experimental conditions.  This phenomenon is extremely counterintuitive, and surprising even to most scientists, but it is in fact real.  It has been seen and studied in numerous experiments .  While this phenomenon has been known for centuries, and was described by Aristotle, Bacon, and Descartes [1–3] , it was not introduced to the modern scientific community until 1969, by a Tanzanian high school pupil named Mpemba.  Both the early scientific history of this effect, and the story of Mpemba's rediscovery of it, are interesting in their own right — Mpemba's story in particular providing a dramatic parable against making snap judgements about what is impossible.  This is described separately below. The phenomenon that hot water may freeze faster than cold is often called the Mpemba effect.  Because, no doubt, most readers are extremely skeptical at this point, we should begin by stating precisely what we mean by the Mpemba effect.  We start with two containers of water, which are identical in shape, and which hold identical amounts of water.  The only difference between the two is that the water in one is at a higher (uniform) temperature than the water in the other.  Now we cool both containers, using the exact same cooling process for each container.  Under some conditions the initially warmer water will freeze first.  If this occurs, we have seen the Mpemba effect.  Of course, the initially warmer water will not freeze before the initially cooler water for all initial conditions.  If the hot water starts at 99.9°C, and the cold water at 0.01°C, then clearly under those circumstances, the initially cooler water will freeze first.  However, under some conditions the initially warmer water will freeze first: if that happens, you have seen the Mpemba effect.  But you will not see the Mpemba effect for just any initial temperatures, container shapes, or cooling conditions. This seems impossible, right?  Many sharp readers may have already come up with a common proof that the Mpemba effect is impossible.  The proof usually goes something like this.  Say that the initially cooler water starts at 30°C and takes 10 minutes to freeze, while the initially warmer water starts out at 70°C.  Now the initially warmer water has to spend some time cooling to get to get down to 30°C, and after that, it's going to take 10 more minutes to freeze.  So since the initially warmer water has to do everything that the initially cooler water has to do, plus a little more, it will take at least a little longer, right?  What can be wrong with this proof? What's wrong with this proof is that it implicitly assumes that the water is characterized solely by a single number — its average temperature.  But if other factors besides the average temperature are important, then when the initially warmer water has cooled to an average temperature of 30°C, it may look very different than the initially cooler water (at a uniform 30°C) did at the start.  Why?  Because the water may have changed when it cooled down from a uniform 70°C to an average 30°C.  It could have less mass, less dissolved gas, or convection currents producing a non-uniform temperature distribution.  Or it could have changed the environment around the container in the refrigerator.  All four of these changes are conceivably important, and each will be considered separately below.  So the impossibility proof given above doesn't work.  And in fact the Mpemba effect has been observed in a number of controlled experiments [5,7–14] It is still not known exactly why this happens.  A number of possible explanations for the effect have been proposed, but so far the experiments do not show clearly which, if any, of the proposed mechanisms is the most important one.  While you will often hear confident claims that X is the c


Who, an ironmonger by trade, created the first practical steam engine to pump water from mineshafts?

Thomas Newcomen (Author of Economics of power in Alabama ) edit data Thomas Newcomen (February 1664 – 5 August 1729) was an English inventor who created the first practical steam engine for pumping water, the Newcomen steam engine. He was an ironmonger by trade and a Baptist lay preacher by calling. He was born in Dartmouth, Devon, England, to a merchant family on 24 February 1664. In those days flooding in coal and tin mines was a major problem, and Newcomen was soon engaged in trying to improve ways to pump out the water from such mines. His ironmonger's business specialized in designing, manufacturing and selling tools for the mining industry. Newcomen's great achievement was his steam engine, developed around 1710, combining the ideas of Thomas Savery and Denis Papin. It is likely that Newcomen was alread Thomas Newcomen (February 1664 – 5 August 1729) was an English inventor who created the first practical steam engine for pumping water, the Newcomen steam engine. He was an ironmonger by trade and a Baptist lay preacher by calling. He was born in Dartmouth, Devon, England, to a merchant family on 24 February 1664. In those days flooding in coal and tin mines was a major problem, and Newcomen was soon engaged in trying to improve ways to pump out the water from such mines. His ironmonger's business specialized in designing, manufacturing and selling tools for the mining industry. Newcomen's great achievement was his steam engine, developed around 1710, combining the ideas of Thomas Savery and Denis Papin. It is likely that Newcomen was already acquainted with Savery, whose forebears were merchants in south Devon. Savery also had a post with the Commissioners for Sick and Hurt Seamen, which took him to Dartmouth. Savery had devised a 'fire engine', a kind of thermic syphon, in which steam was admitted to an empty container and then condensed. The vacuum thus created was used to suck water from the sump at the bottom of the mine. The 'fire engine' was not very effective and could not work beyond a limited depth of around thirty feet. Newcomen replaced the receiving vessel (where the steam was condensed) with a cylinder containing a piston based on Papin's design. Instead of the vacuum drawing in water, it drew down the piston. This was used to work a beam engine, in which a large wooden beam rocked upon a central fulcrum. On the other side of the beam was a chain attached to a pump at the base of the mine. As the steam cylinder was refilled with steam, readying it for the next power stroke, water was drawn into the pump cylinder and expelled into a pipe to the surface by the weight of the machinery. Newcomen and his partner John Calley built the first successful engine of this type at the Conygree Coalworks near Dudley in the West Midlands. A working replica of this engine can be seen at the Black Country Living Museum nearby. Newcomen died in 1729, and his body was buried at Bunhill Fields, a cemetery in north London; the exact location of his grave is now not known. By 1733 about 125 Newcomen engines had been installed by Newcomen and others in most of the important mining districts of Britain and on the Continent of Europe: draining coal mines in the Black Country, Warwickshire and near Newcastle upon Tyne; at tin and copper mines in Cornwall; and in lead mines in Flintshire and Derbyshire, amongst other places. There are examples of Newcomen engines in the Science Museum (London) and the Ford Museum, Dearborn amongst other places. In 1964 the Newcomen Society of London arranged for a Newcomen engine at Hawkesbury Junction, Warwickshire to be transferred to Dartmouth, where it can be seen working using a hydraulic arrangement instead of the steam boiler. According to Dr. Cyril Boucher of the Newcomen Society, this Memorial Engine dates from about 1725, with new valve gear and other parts added later. Perhaps the last Newcomen-style engine to be used commercially – and the last still remaining on its original site – is at the Elsecar Heritage Centre, near Barnsley in South Yorkshire. The only Newcomen engines that ca


"What is Canada's national day (""Canada Day"")?"

Canada Day in Canada Home   Calendar   Holidays   Canada   Canada Day Canada Day in Canada On July 1, 1867, Canada became a self-governing dominion of Great Britain and a federation of four provinces: Nova Scotia; New Brunswick; Ontario; and Quebec. The anniversary of this date was called Dominion Day until 1982. Since 1983, July 1 has been officially known as Canada Day. Canadians of all ages can be proud of their heritage on Canada Day, an event widely celebrated throughout the country. Canadians of all ages can be proud of their heritage on Canada Day, an event widely celebrated throughout the country. Illustration based on artwork from ©iStockphoto.com/Carrie Bottomley What Do People Do? In many towns and cities, municipal governments organize a range of events, often outdoors. These include pancake breakfasts, parades, concerts, carnivals, festivals, firework displays and citizenship ceremonies for new Canadian citizens. The celebrations often have a patriotic mood. Canada's national flag is widely displayed and a lot of people paint their faces red and white, which are Canada's national colors. The celebrations in Ottawa, which is Canada’s capital city, are particularly exuberant. In the province of Quebec, many home leases start on July 1 and last for exactly one year. Hence, many people in Quebec spend Canada Day moving their possessions from one house to another. In this province, Canada Day is also known as Moving Day. In the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, July 1 is also Memorial Day. This commemorates the heavy loss of life in the Newfoundland Regiment on the first day of the Battle of the Somme during World War I. In Newfoundland and Labrador, the morning of July 1 is usually somber. Flags are flown at half-mast and memorial services are held at cenotaphs (war memorials). In the afternoon, Canada Day celebrations in the province are similar to those in the rest of the country. Public Life July 1 is a statutory holiday in Canada unless it falls on a Sunday; then it moves to July 2. All provincial governments observe this day. Many organizations, businesses and stores are closed, although some book stores, pharmacies and gas stations may be open. Post offices are closed. As Canada Day falls in the Canadian summer holiday period, all schools are closed. Public transport services may operate to their usual or a reduced timetable. In some areas, extra services are provided for large scale events. Street closures due to concerts, parades and festivals may cause some local disruption to traffic. Background On July 1, 1867, the British North Americas Act created the Dominion of Canada as a federation of four provinces. This event is known as the confederation of Canada. The four original provinces were created from the former British colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and the Province of Canada, which was divided into the provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Canada's boundaries have been extended since 1867. The country now consists of 10 provinces and three territories. On June 20, 1868, the Canada's Governor General proclaimed that Canadians should celebrate the anniversary of the confederation. July 1 became a statutory holiday, known as Dominion Day, in 1879. However, no official celebrations were held until the 50th anniversary in 1917 and the 60th anniversary in 1927. After World War II, Dominion Day was celebrated more frequently and more events were organized by the national government. After the centenary of the confederation in 1967, Dominion Day events became more widespread. July 1 became popularly known as Canada Day. The date was also officially known as Canada Day from 1983 onwards. Since 2006 Canada Day celebrations were also held at London's Trafalgar Square in the United Kingdom. It is expected that these celebrations will be held annually. Depending on the availability of Trafalgar Square, these events may be held just before, on or just after July 1. Symbols Canada's national flag is seen on Canada Day. This consists of two vertical red rectangles separated by a white square. The white squ


Fieldnotes: 7th July 2010 – Badgers and wasps nests | Tales from the Wood - The Diary of a Badger Watching Man Fieldnotes: 7th July 2010 – Badgers and wasps nests July 7, 2010 by Badger Watching Man I must confess that I’ve been taking advantage of the long, warm evenings to sneak out after work for a quick walk around the field behind my house.  I’ve been hoping to find stoat tracks or, even better, catch a glimpse of the stoat itself. Unfortunately I’ve had no luck with the stoat, nor with the tracking.  The ground is baked too hard for me to make out any clear tracks.  I’m pretty hefty, and even I barely leave a mark on the rock-like clay.  I can find patches where the dust has been disturbed but I have no idea what has passed by.  Something as small as a stoat would leave very little trace. But one of things about a field like this is that there’s always something to be seen if you look.  I mentioned that the field is on the regular beat of a badger.  I haven’t seen its tracks lately, but I did find one of its feeding signs – a dug-out wasps’ nest.  Badgers are (as far as I know) the only animals that will do this.  They aren’t after the adult wasps, but the juicy, protein-rich larvae.  Dry spells, like the one we’re in now, aren’t good for badgers.  It’s harder for them to find and dig up worms so they need to look for alternative sources of food.  Wasps’ nests are ideal. This one must have been dug out last night.  I walked past here yesterday evening and there was nothing to see.  There were still some wasps in the nest, but it had been quite comprehensively dug out. I didn’t get too close.  I have no desire to be stung by a wasp.  I suffer from an allergy to wasp stings that makes me swell up like a balloon, which accounts for why I hate the little horrors.  Badgers obviously have no such problems.  Some people have speculated that their thick fur protects them from stings to some extent.  As far as I’m concerned, they can eat all the wasps they want… Share this: Posted in Fieldnotes | Tagged badger , wasp nest , wasps |      8 Comments 8 Responses on July 4, 2011 at 12:58 pm Ian Jolly Just the article we were hoping to see… We had a wasps nest which I was due to deal with, but we looked out of our kitchen window this morning and there was just a big hole. It has happened once before and we suspected badgers, but you have confirmed it. Annoyingly for the badger, (and for us!) a root prevented all the grubs being eaten. Maybe the badger will return… anyway a big thank you to the badger. Badger Watching Man Hi Ian Yes, feeding on wasps’ nests is something that seems to happen at this time of year. One of the badgers’ more useful habits, I think… All the best on July 18, 2011 at 6:46 pm Rob Farrow thanks for the comments about the baders and wasps nest. I discovered a dug out wasps nest this evening and couldnt decide if it was caused by a fox or badger. I have never seen a badger in this area but its encouraging to know they are about. regards Rob on August 4, 2011 at 11:36 pm Atemeles Thanks for the interesting discussions above. I was at “Bellamy’s Bank” yesterday near Tideswell in the Peak District where I live and I came accross two wasps nests which had been dug up and torn to pieces. What animal would be capable of doing this? I thought to myself – Honey Buzzards perhaps, but badgers is the more likely explanation. mike585 I have come across exactly the same thing: wasp nest dug from the ground. I have been wondering, too: fox or badger? The nest I found a couple of weeks ago was within 50 metres of a long line of badger setts. I know that the marsh foxes spend a lot of time around the badger setts, but I haven’t been able to find distinct paw prints to nail the culprit – I think it could be a fox or a badger. If I had to guess, I would say badger. on October 18, 2011 at 3:09 pm Tony Redshaw I have an allotment at meersbrook park in sheffield. In my compost heap there is a wasps nest which I have left alone with the view to dig out the compost in winter when the wasps have died out. Today, October18t


"In golf, what is the term for ""one stroke over par""?"

Meaning of Golf Words - Par, Bogey, Birdie, Eagle, Albatross - Scottish Golf History Bogey to Blow-Up There is quite a history behind the golfing terms bogey, par, birdie, eagle and albatross. Bogey and par were central to the development of handicapping, pioneered by the LGU . The modern meaning of three of the terms - bogey, birdie and eagle - comes from their use in USA. Bogey Par Birdie Eagle Albatross Bogey "Bogey" was the first stroke system, developed in England at the end of the 19th Century. The full history is given in Robert Browning's History of Golf 1955 . In 1890 Mr Hugh Rotherham Secretary of the Coventry Golf Club conceived the idea of standardising the number of shots at each hole that a good golfer should take, which he called the 'ground score.' Great Yarmouth where term Bogey was first coined Dr Browne, Secretary of the Great Yarmouth Club, adopted the idea, and, with the assent of the club's golfers, this style of competition was introduced there for use in match play. During one competition Mr CA Wellman (possibly Major Charles Wellman) exclaimed to Dr Browne that, "This player of yours is a regular Bogey man". This was probably a reference to the eponymous subject of an Edwardian music hall song "Hush! Hush! Hush! Here Comes the Bogey Man", which was popular at that time. So at Yarmouth and elsewhere the ground score became known as the bogey score. A 'bogle' was a Scottish goblin as far back as the 16th Century and a Bogey-man was a widely used term for a goblin or devil. Golfers of the time considered they were playing a Mister Bogey when measuring themselves against the bogey score. This allowed the introduction of bogey competitions, which we would call handicap competitions or stablefords.  On 2nd January 1892, The Field reported that 'a novelty was introduced in the shape of a bogey tournament for a prize. ... Fourteen couples started but the bogey defeated them all.' In 1892, Colonel Seely-Vidal, the Hon Secretary of the United Servic es Club at Gosport, also worked out the 'bogey' for his course. The United Club was a services club and all the members had a military rank. They could not measure themselves against a 'Mister' Bogey or have him as a member, so 'he' was given the honorary rank of Colonel. Thus the term 'Colonel Bogey' was born.  Later, in the middle of 20th century, bogey was used as the term of one above par. Par Par is derived from the stock exchange term that a stock may be above or below its normal or 'par' figure. In 1870, Mr AH Doleman, a golf writer, asked the golf professionals David Strath and James Anderson, what score would win 'The Belt', then the winning trophy for 'The Open', at Prestwick, where it was first held annually from 1861 to 1870. Strath and Anderson said that perfect play should produce a score of 49 for Prestwick's twelve holes. Mr Doleman called this 'par' for Prestwick and subsequently Young Tom Morris won with a score of two strokes 'over par' for the three rounds of 36 holes. Tom Morris Jnr Youngest Open Winner Although the first noted use of the word "par" in golf was in Britain and predates the  bogey, today's rating system does not and the par standard was not further developed until later. It was the Ladies Golf Association, who, from 1893, began to develop a national handicapping system for women . It was largely in place by the end of the Century. The Men's association, founded in 1894, followed suit a few year's later. In 1911, the United States Golf Association (Men) of the day laid down the following very modern distances for determining par: Up to 225 yards Over 601 yards Par 6 As golf developed, scores were coming down, but many old British courses did not adjust their courses or their bogey scores, which meant good golfers and all the professionals were achieving lower than a bogey score. This meant the US had an up-to-date national standard of distances for holes, while the British bogey ratings were determined by each club and were no longer appropriate for professionals. The Americans began referring to one over par as a bogey, much


Sea of Tranquility - Universe Today   Universe Today by John Carl Villanueva The Sea of Tranquility is the landing site of Apollo 11, the mission that gave mankind its first ever walk on the Moon. Walk? Yes, that’s right. The Sea of Tranquility is not actually a sea, so Neil Armstrong didn’t have to walk on water. In fact, there isn’t a single sea on the lunar surface. The Sea of Tranquility is actually a lunar mare. Now, although the plural of ‘mare’, ‘maria’, is a Latin word that means ‘seas’, these maria don’t have water in them. Lunar maria were named as such because early astronomers mistook these areas as seas. You see, when you look at the Moon, particularly its near side (well, we don’t actually get to see the far side), i.e., the side which practically constantly stares at us at night, you’ll notice certain features that are darker than others. Compare the Moon to a grey-scale model of the Earth, and you’ll easily mistake those dark patches for seas. By the way, in case you’ve been reading article titles (not the entire article) on this site lately, you might recall us mentioning water on the Moon. There’s water alright … underneath the surface, so even assuming that they’re plentiful, they don’t qualify as seas. Let’s go back to our main topic. Called Mare Tranquillitatis in Latin, the Sea of Tranquility is found in the Tranquillitatis basin of the Moon and is composed of basalt. Maria are seen from Earth as relatively dark because the lighter colored areas are much elevated than them and hence are better illuminated by light coming from the Sun. Whenever color is processed and extracted from multiple photographs, the Sea of Tranquility gives off a slightly bluish shade. This is believed to be caused by the relatively higher metal content in the area. The actual landing site of Apollo 11’s lunar module is now named Statio Tranquillitatis or Tranquility Base. To the north of that specific area you’ll find three small craters aptly named Aldrin, Collins, and Armstrong, the privileged crew of Apollo 11. The lunar module of Apollo 11 was not the only spacecraft to have landed on the Sea of Tranquility. There was also the Ranger 8 spacecraft … although “crash landed” is a more appropriate term. It wasn’t a failed mission though, since it was really meant to impact the lunar surface after taking pictures throughout its flight before striking the Moon. NASA has a huge collection of reliable links related to the Apollo missions . Episodes about the moon from Astronomy Cast. Lend us your ears!


In the Gospel of Nicodemus, what were the names of the two people were crucified alongside Jesus?

Who were Dismas and Gestas? Who were Dismas and Gestas?   Subscribe to our Question of the Week : Question: "Who were Dismas and Gestas?" Answer: Dismas and Gestas are the names sometimes mentioned as the two thieves crucified on crosses to the right and left of Jesus. In the New Testament accounts of the crucifixion, two men are mentioned, yet their names are never given. The names Dismas and Gestas do not come from the New Testament, but are taken from a pseudepigraphal book not included in the New Testament canon . As a result, whether Dismas and Gestas were the true names of the two men crucified at the time of Jesus is unknown. The names Dismas and Gestas are first found in the apocryphal writing entitled “The Gospel of Nicodemus” that historians typically agree was written in the 4th century. Since this document was written over two centuries after the events and is found in a book containing other disputable information, few argue that much certainty can be attached the these two specific names. Finally, it should be mentioned that Dismas (sometimes spelled Dysmas) was the name associated with the good thief who asked Jesus to remember him in paradise (Luke 23:43), while Gestas was the one who taunted Jesus along with the crowd. In the Roman Catholic tradition, Dismas was canonized as a saint whose feast is celebrated March 25.


Who was the last English king to be executed?

Frequently Asked Questions | Britroyals Frequently Asked Questions When did the last British King fight in         a battle? George II was the last         British King to lead his army in person, during the War of the         Austrian Succession, at the Battle of Dettingen in Bavaria, 27th         June, 1743. The last English King to die in battle was Richard         III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in Leicestershire on 22         August 1485 defeated by Henry Tudor who became Henry VII ending         the Wars of the Roses between the Houses of York and Lancaster         and starting the Tudor dynasty. The last British King to die in         battle was James IV of Scotland killed at the Battle of Flodden Field in Northumberland on 9 September         1513 when the Scots invaded England hoping to take advantage of         Henry VIII's absence in France, but were defeated by English forces         under Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey. How far back can the British Royal Family         trace their roots? Is Queen Elizabeth II really directly descended         from Alfred the Great? She is the 32nd great granddaughter of King         Alfred who 1,140 years ago was the first effective King of         England. He ruled from 871 to 899. I thought that American Independence was         in 1776. Why is it quoted as 1783? The Continental Congress of the 13 American colonies declared         independence in 1776. However, the war continued and independence         from Britain was not achieved until the Treaty of Paris in 1783. Was George III really mad? For most of his reign King         George III was an astute king and politician with a strong         sense of duty. Later in his reign he suffered from recurrent and         eventually permanent mental illness. This baffled medical science         at the time, although it is now generally thought that he suffered         from the inherited blood disease porphyria. He suffered his first         attack in 1788 and by 1810 was unfit to rule. In 1811 his son         George, Prince of Wales, became Regent for 9 years until his father         died in 1820. Who would now be King or Queen if Edward         VIII had not abdicated? Edward VIII abdicated         in 1936 less than a year after becoming King to marry Wallis Simpson.         His younger brother Bertie became King         George VI and was the father of the present Queen         Elizabeth II . He died in 1952, and Edward who had no children         died in 1972. So even if Edward had not abdicated Elizabeth would         now be Queen. She would have come to the throne in 1972 instead         of 1952. Why did Edward VIII have to give up the throne         to marry a divorcee but Prince Charles is still in line to the         throne? Royals who are divorced or marry divorcees do not lose         their position in the line of succession. Edward VIII had a number         of affairs with married women including Wallis Simpson who was         already divorced and still married to her second husband. His         parents King George V and Queen Mary did not approve and refused         to meet her. When George V died Prime Minister Baldwin made it         clear that the Government, popular opinion in the country and the oversees Dominions (now the Commonwealth nations) did not         approve of his plans to marry Wallis. Social attitudes towards         divorce and a women looking for a third marriage were considered         scandalous at the time, and if Edward married against the advice         of his Ministers it would have caused the Government to resign         and a constitutional crisis. Edward chose to


In medicine, which suffix denotes the surgical removal of something, usually from inside the body?

Medical Terminology - Chapter 1 Medical Terminology - Chapter 1 GENERAL RULE:  Slash all words according to how the elements are presented in this class.  Appendix A, Page 483, will be used as this classï¿½s reference point. The purpose of this portion of the course is to provide a vocabulary which will assist you in communicating properly between doctors and patients, and to help in understanding the scientific literature. Medical Term - A medical term is a word or phrase made up of elements to express a specific idea. Element:  A word part used to form a medical term.  All elements in a medical term are essential to its meaning.  Each element is a medical term has its own meaning. The book describes these as Word Roots.  Word Roots are presented in Bold/Magenta in the book. Example:             Element   Element Element   =   Medical Term               Nephr        This   refers to a tumor of glandular material of the kidney.   There are 3 types of elements: ROOT (ELEMENT) - The main element within a Medical Term.  Often there is more than one root element within the medical term.  The root element is always the subject or main topic of the medical term.  Roots frequently refer to a body part. PREFIX (ELEMENT) - An element at the beginning of a medical term which changes in some manner the meaning of the medical term or makes it more specific.  Can refer to Location, Time, Number or Status Example: Prefix     +     Medical Term = Medical term w/ Prefix Hemi       +     gastrectomy  =      hemigastrectomy This refers to surgical   removal of half of the stomach. SUFFIX (ELEMENT) - an element at the end of a medical term (after the root element) which frequently describes a condition of a body part or an action to a body part.  Can also refer to a Procedure, Condition, Disorder or Disease   Additional Medical Terminology Components include:   WORD TERMINAL - a word terminal is a suffix or word ending which denotes the part of speech of the medical term (noun, verb, adjective). COMBINING VOWEL - a combining vowel (usually O or I and less frequently U) is used between two elements of a medical term to make the term easier to pronounce.  Occasionally the other vowels may be used. Example: Without combining vowel: hepatmalacia (hepat/malacia) With combining vowel:      hepatomalacia (hepat/o/malcia) Examples of word terminals:   The following word terminals are used in your everyday vocabulary:  (See Page 483 for full list) Adjective terminals (pertaining to)    Noun Terminals -ic                                      -y -ical                                   -um -ac                                     -is WORD ROOT with Vowels = COMBINING FORM - a combining form is a root with an added combing vowel which the root usually carries when used in combination with another element. Example: Root + combining Vowel + Element   =   Medical Term Gastr             o                      enteric =    gastroenteric   PROBLEMS OF LITERAL INTERPRETATIONS To be certain that you are accurately interpreting a medical term, always refer to an authoritative medical dictionary. Failure to do this may result in the inaccurate in interpretation of medical terms. Example:  cardiectomy (cardi=heart, ectomy=surgical removal of all or part of) Therefore, one might reasonably (but inaccurately) assume that cardiectomy means surgical removal of all or part of the heart.  To quote one authoritative source, cardiectomy means "surgical removal of the upper end of the stomach.) NOTE:  The meaning of this medical term was probably derived from the fact that the upper end of the stomach is the cardiac end or the end toward the heart.  In any case, it clearly emphasizes the importance of referring to an authoritative medical dictionary rather than accepting the literal interpretation of a medical term.   To determine a Medical Termï¿½s meaning by looking at the component pieces, you must first separate it into the individual Elements and Word Roots.  Some tips: Most   people like to start at the end of the word and work towards the beginning; Others


"What 1918 Act of the US Congress forbade the use of ""disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language"" about the US government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view the US government or its institutions with contempt, and allowed the Postmaster General to refuse to deliver mail that met those criteria?"

American History USA CONTACT US Sedition Act of 1918 The Sedition Act of 1918 ( Pub.L. 65–150 , 40  Stat.   553 , enacted May 16, 1918) was an Act of the United States Congress that extended the Espionage Act of 1917 to cover a broader range of offenses, notably speech and the expression of opinion that cast the government or the war effort in a negative light or interfered with the sale of government bonds. It forbade the use of "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view the American government or its institutions with contempt. Those convicted under the act generally received sentences of imprisonment for five to 20 years. The act also allowed the Postmaster General to refuse to deliver mail that met those same standards for punishable speech or opinion. It applied only to times "when the United States is in war." The U.S. was in a declared state of war at the time of passage, involved in the conflict at the time referred to as the Great War but generally later referred to as the First World War . It was repealed on December 13, 1920. Though the legislation enacted in 1918 is commonly called the Sedition Act, it was actually a set of amendments to the Espionage Act. Therefore many studies of the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act find it difficult to report on the two "acts" separately. For example, one historian reports that "some fifteen hundred prosecutions were carried out under the Espionage and Sedition Acts, resulting in more than a thousand convictions." Court decisions do not use the shorthand term Sedition Act, but the correct legal term for the law, the Espionage Act, whether as originally enacted or as amended in 1918.


What weapon is traditionally held in a quiver?

Quiver | Define Quiver at Dictionary.com a case for arrows Word Origin C13: from Old French cuivre; related to Old English cocer, Old Saxon kokari, Old High German kohhari, Medieval Latin cucurum Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for quiver Expand v. "to tremble," late 15c., perhaps imitative, or possibly an alteration of quaveren (see quaver ), or from Old English cwifer- (in cwiferlice "zealously"), which is perhaps related to cwic "alive" (see quick ). Related: Quivered; quivering. As a noun in this sense from 1715, from the verb. n. "case for holding arrows," early 14c., from Anglo-French quiveir, Old French quivre, cuivre, probably of Germanic origin, from Proto-Germanic *kukur "container" (cf. Old High German kohhari, German Köcher, Old Saxon kokar, Old Frisian koker, Old English cocur "quiver"); "said to be from the language of the Huns" [Barnhart]. Related: Quiverful. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper quiver in the Bible Expand the sheath for arrows. The Hebrew word (aspah) thus commonly rendered is found in Job 39:23; Ps. 127:5; Isa. 22:6; 49:2; Jer. 5:16; Lam. 3:13. In Gen. 27:3 this word is the rendering of the Hebrew _teli_, which is supposed rather to mean a suspended weapon, literally "that which hangs from one", i.e., is suspended from the shoulder or girdle. Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary


What private, coeducational, liberal arts college in Poughkeepsie, New York, USA, was founded as a women's college in 1861, and became coeducational in 1969?

Vassar College | college, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States | Britannica.com Vassar College college, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States Written By: Boston College Vassar College, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Poughkeepsie , New York , U.S. , one of the Seven Sisters schools. It is a liberal arts college offering undergraduate studies in the arts, languages and literatures, natural and social sciences, psychology , and other areas. The college also has master’s degree programs in biology , chemistry, and drama. The Frances Lehman Loeb Art Center houses one of the oldest art collections in the United States. Other facilities include an environmental nature centre and an observatory. Total enrollment is approximately 2,300. The college was founded in 1861 by Matthew Vassar, but the American Civil War delayed its opening until 1865. It was then a college for women, dedicated to providing women with the high calibre of education previously only available to men. In 1898, Vassar became the first women’s college to have a chapter of the Phi Beta Kappa honorary society. For a brief time following World War II , the college admitted a small number of male students (all of them being war veterans); however, a permanent coeducational policy was not in place until 1969. Noteworthy alumnae include poets Edna St. Vincent Millay and Elizabeth Bishop , novelist Mary McCarthy , computer technology pioneer Grace Hopper , scientist Christine Ladd-Franklin , publisher Katherine Graham , and actress Jane Fonda . Learn More in these related articles:


"At the 1st World Rowing Championships held at Lucerne in 1962, the International Federation of Rowing Associations did not recognise countries with similar names. Selection trials from 2 countries were held the day before the championships. Which ""country"" was this?"

Tauranga Boys' College Old Boys' Association The TBCOBA Annual Dinner will be held on Friday 9th September 2016 at the College and tickets are now on sale.  Keep the date free and speak to your old school mates now to get a group together! Old Boy of the Year: Steve Saunders A winner of the 2014 Westpac Tauranga Business Awards "Excellence in Business Leadership" Steve is director and founder of Callahan Innovation licensed WNT Ventures, a technology focused business incubator, he is a director of Landcare Research, board member of Tauranga’s Enterprise Angels network, Priority One board member and Managing Director of the Plus Group of companies, a horticultural solutions business that operates a science research facility and robotic technology development centre.    MC & Guest Speaker: James McOnie James is a well known and irreverent sports reporter for SKY TV and for the past 10 years has been a regular contributor to and occasional presenter of Prime TV’s The Crowd Goes Wild. Famed for his suit jacket, tie and shorts ensemble in front of the camera, McOnie’s presence at the dinner promises to liven things up, ensuring the dinner will be a night to remember for everyone present. Tickets will be limited to 200 so get this date in your diaries now & start organising your table for what will be a great night.  Click here to buy your tickets. Ticket price includes: Hi everyone,   It has been some time since the last update, so quite a long edition this time, but hopefully something of interest to all of you. As you see I am in the United Kingdom for the Christmas/New Year period and have an Old Boys event organized for then. If you know Old Boys in that part of the world please let me know contact details so I can get in touch.   OLD BOY EVENTS London Function  The venue is booked and the date set for our first function in London for some time. The Spread Eagle in Camden Town (141 Albert Street, NW1) will host us from 5 p.m on Saturday January 9th with the first drink on TBC  and some finger food provided. Spread the word to your TBC mates across the UK and get together for some great reminiscences. Please drop me an email onThis email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.   to RSVP. Blackstick Andy Hayward is one of the first to say he is a starter!!!!   Old Boys Cricket After 6 weeks in the UK in the heart of winter it will be great to get back to some sunshine and some cricket. The Old Boys matches will be a little later this year with a date set for Sunday February 7th  again at Matapihi. A long weekend and again the opportunity to test those reflexes and catch up with some of your old team mates. Same format as previously with a  BBQ lunch (Max Heimann back on the tongs in 2016) served between two T20 matches. Let me know if you are in! Update #3 - August 2015 Dear all TBC Old Boys' Association members, Term 3 is well under way and there has been a large amount of activity with the Old Boys since my last update.  We have hosted functions prior to the very successful TBC show of Spamalot  as well as in both Auckland and Wellington. As always it was good to catch up with some of you and especially good to see a number of new faces fronting up at these events. Our Annual Dinner is fast approaching  -  Friday  September 11th  -  at which Old Boy and Member of Parliament Todd Muller will be the Guest Speaker as we recognize Bill Holland as our Old Boy of the Year.  Bill’s  support of the school and the Tauranga community has been immense  over a long period of time and this most fitting award  has been recognized with his  being awarded one of five Tindall Foundation awards for Outstanding Community Service.  Bill’s leadership in driving the Acorn Foundation since 2003 has seen $200 million promised for philanthropic purposes to the Community for which he was recognized by the Governor General at Government House. The Annual Winter Tournament week begins August 31st and as usual we have a significant number of students scattered around the  country.  The boys would appreciate y


Where was the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Economic Leaders' Meeting held in the year 2000?

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) | U.S. Chamber of Commerce Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Southeast Asia Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) , a forum consisting of the United States and 20 other economies surrounding the Pacific Rim, facilitates trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region. APEC encompasses some 2.7 billion consumers, over half of the world's GDP, about 60% of U.S. exports, and roughly 50% of world trade. Since it was established in 1989, APEC has sought to open markets, cut tariffs, and reduce other trade barriers across the Pacific region. At their summit in Bogor, Indonesia, in 1994, the groupings' leaders committed to achieving total free trade and investment by 2010 for industrial economies and 2020 for developed economies. APEC promotes regional economic integration, encourages high-quality trade agreements, and is exploring a Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP) as a long term prospect. APEC leaders believe that free trade and investment boosts economic growth, creates jobs, and lowers prices. Protectionism, on the other hand, keeps prices high and creates economic inefficiencies. APEC encourages trade and investment in clean sources of energy. It helps strengthen cargo and port security by working to standardize customs and screening procedures. APEC seeks to prevent threats to public health such as avian influenza and promotes food and product safety. It is creating guidelines to bolster the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights. The annual summit of the 21 leaders is the highest level multilateral gathering in the Asia-Pacific and provides a regular forum for focusing attention on issues of regional importance. APEC ministers responsible for finance, trade, and other economic sectors meet regularly during the year. APEC operates on the basis of open dialogue and non-binding agreements. Decisions are reached by consensus and commitments are undertaken on a voluntary basis. Members have no treaty obligations. APEC's member economies are Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, the Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, the United States, and Vietnam. APEC 2007 was held in Sydney, Australia, from September 2-9, 2007. Chamber CEO and President Tom Donohue and members of the Chamber's Asia team attended the APEC 2007 Business Summit. Click here for a summary of the Chamber's offical meetings and of the key themes highlighted in the APEC leaders meeting. APEC 2008 will be held in Lima, Peru, in November 20-23, 2008. For information on the policy work the Chamber is pursuing within APEC please   click here . The Chamber is a leading representative of the U.S. APEC Business Coalition, which was formed to organize the U.S. business community's engagement in APEC. The coalition includes the Council of the Americas, National Center for APEC, the U.S.-ASEAN Business Council, the U.S.-Asia Pacific Council, U.S.-China Business Council, the U.S.-Japan Business Council, the U.S. Council for International Business. The Chamber is the chair of the coalition for APEC 2008.


"What did Ellen MacArthur achieve with ""B&Q;/Castorama"" on 7 February 2005?"

DAME ELLEN MACARTHUR'S FOUNDATIONS     ELLEN    MACARTHUR - Is not only smaller in the flesh than you expect, but also much mellower. Since her epic record-breaking solo round-the-world sail in 2004 she has taken her foot off the peddle and is making time for other interests. Having seen more of the planet than most, she is deeply concerned by the alarming rate at which we use and abuse the Earthï¿½s natural resources. To that end she has spent nearly three years building a self-sustaining house. ï¿½The boat that always win races is the boat that makes the best use of the available resources ï¿½ wind, tide, manpower, tactics and the boat itself,ï¿½ she says with some feeling. ï¿½And really thatï¿½s no different to the planet. We have to make the best use of what we have got if we are going to survive. I am really passionate about sustainability, it has become a big crusade with me. We are walking around at the moment with our eyes shut.ï¿½    FORTUNE    JANUARY 19 2016 - THE OCEANS WILL CONTAIN MORE PLASTIC THAN FISH BY 2050   By 2050, the ocean is expected to contain more plastic than fish by weight. A new report lays out a solution. The steady leakage of plastic packaging into the oceansï¿½at the rate of one garbage truck full of plastic per    minute - has been aided by the lack of a unified global effort to reuse the plastic produced every year. Currently, only 14% of plastic packaging waste is recycled. But a new initiative, introduced by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation in a report published in advance of the World Economic Forum, proposes creating a circular economy for plastics. The New Plastics Economy presents three key platforms: creating an effective after-use plastics economy by improving global recycling efforts, reducing the leakage of plastic waste into the environment, and decoupling plastic from the fossil fuels used to create it. ï¿½This report demonstrates the importance of triggering a revolution in the plastics industrial ecosystem and is a first step to showing how to transform the way plastics move through our economy,ï¿½ the World Economic Forumï¿½s Dominic Waughray said in a press release. While the report concedes that the New Plastics Economy is not entirely attainable yet, it promises ï¿½an attractive target state for the global value chain and governments to collaboratively innovate towards.ï¿½ But in contrast to the reportï¿½s hopeful plan, the recycling business in the United States is in a period of crisis. With the collapse of global oil prices, the largest recyclers like Waste Management have reported sharp drops in recycling revenue and stagnated recycling rates across the country.   WASTE    MANAGEMENT WORLD 19 JANUARY 2016   There will be more plastic by weight in the ocean than fish by 2050, a new report from the World Economic Forum and the Ellen MacArthur Foundation has warned today.   According to the report, The New Plastics Economy: Rethinking the future of plastics, between $80 and $120 billion of plastic packaging enters the waste stream each year, with significant environmental implications. The report was produced, with McKinsey & Company as a knowledge partner, as part of Project MainStream - a collaboration between the Ellen MacArthur Foundation and the World Economic Forum, with analytical support from McKinsey & Company. According to the authors it provides for the first time a vision of a global economy in which plastics never become waste and outlines concrete steps towards achieving the systemic shift needed. Assessing global plastic packaging flows the report found that most plastic packaging is used only once; 95% of the value of plastic packaging material, worth $80 billion-$120 billion annually, is lost to the economy after a short first use. The ï¿½New Plastics Economyï¿½ outlined in the report envisages a fundamental rethink for plastic packaging and plastics in general ï¿½ a new model based on creating effective after-use pathways for plastics; drastically reducing leakage of plastics into natural systems, in particular oceans; and finding alternativ


What becomes less dense as it soldifies?

phase transition - Besides water, which substances are less dense as solids than as liquids? - Physics Stack Exchange Besides water, which substances are less dense as solids than as liquids? up vote 12 down vote favorite You can read everywhere about water's extraordinary property of expanding when frozen, thus the reason ice floats on liquid water. What other substances do this? There are claims of mercury, silica, germanium, bismuth, and antimony, but I've had trouble tracking down the data to back these up.      Are you asking about specifically elemental substances (all the examples you give except water are elements)? Or any possible compound (in which case giving a list might be a bit broad, could be better to look into why water expands when frozen, then figure out what categories/groups of compounds behave similarly). –  Kyle Oman Jul 31 '13 at 17:58      Looking to find any possible substance--element or compound. If the list is too great, that in itself would be valuable to know. –  Doug Peltz Aug 1 '13 at 18:56      IIRC either liquid 3He or liquid 4He has some similar behavior. –  Ben Crowell Aug 30 '13 at 21:41      I also had some trouble getting reliable data, as nowadays there seems to be nothing published about elements anymore. However, "Handbook of physicochemical properties of the elements" (Samsonov, 1968) is still a valued reference for modern physicists, as I found. Antimony is definitely not one of those substances you seek. –  Jinxed Nov 12 '16 at 22:53


What word is used to describe a grotesque stone carving with a spout designed to convey water from a roof and away from the side of a building?

Gargoyles and Grotesques - Crystalinks Gargoyles ~ Grotesques Gargoyle In architecture, a gargoyle is a carved stone grotesque with a spout designed to convey water from a roof and away from the side of a building. Preventing rainwater from running down masonry walls is important because running water erodes the mortar between the stone blocks. Architects often used multiple gargoyles on buildings to divide the flow of rainwater off the roof to minimize the potential damage from a rainstorm. A trough is cut in the back of the gargoyle and rainwater typically exits through the open mouth. Gargoyles are usually an elongated fantastic animal because the length of the gargoyle determines how far water is thrown from the wall. When Gothic flying buttresses were used, aqueducts were sometimes cut into the buttress to divert water over the aisle walls. The term originates from the French gargouille, originally "throat" or "gullet"; cf. Latin gurgulio, gula, gargula ("gullet" or "throat") and similar words derived from the root gar, "to swallow", which represented the gurgling sound of water (e.g., Spanish garganta, "throat"; Spanish g�rgola, "gargoyle"). It is also connected to the French verb gargariser, which means "to gargle." The Italian word for gargoyle is doccione o gronda sporgente, an architecturally precise phrase which means "protruding gutter." The German word for gargoyle is Wasserspeier, which means "water spewer." The Dutch word for gargoyle is waterspuwer, which means "water spitter" or "water vomiter." A building that has gargoyles on it is "gargoyled." Gargoyles are said to scare off and protect from any evil or harmful spirits. A grotesque figure is a sculpture that does not work as a waterspout and serves only an ornamental or artistic function. These are also usually called gargoyles in layman's terminology, although the field of architecture usually preserves the distinction between gargoyles (functional waterspouts) and non-waterspout grotesques. Chimera Chimeras are creatures that are mixes of different types of animal body parts to create a new creature. Some of the more notable chimeras are griffins , centaurs, harpies , and mermaids. Chimeras often served as a warning to people who underestimated the devil. Grotesques Grotesques are often confused with gargoyles, but the distinction is that gargoyles are figures that contain a water spout through the mouth, while grotesques do not. This type of sculpture is also called a chimera. Used correctly, the term gargoyle refers to mostly eerie figures carved specifically as terminations to spouts which convey water away from the sides of buildings. In the Middle Ages, the term babewyn was used to refer to both gargoyles and grotesques. This word is derived from the Italian word babuino, which means "baboon". History of Gargoyles The term gargoyle is most often applied to medieval work, but throughout all ages some means of water diversion, when not conveyed in gutters, was adopted. Lion Gargoyle at Dendera In Ancient Egyptian architecture, gargoyles showed little variation, typically in the form of a lion's head. Similar lion-mouthed water spouts were also seen on Greek temples, carved or modeled in the marble or terracotta cymatium of the cornice. An excellent example of this are the 39 remaining lion-headed water spouts on the Temple of Zeus. There were originally 102 gargoyles or spouts, but due to the heavy weight (they were crafted from marble), many have snapped off and had to be replaced. Many medieval cathedrals included gargoyles and chimeras. The most famous examples are those of Notre Dame de Paris. Although most have grotesque features, the term gargoyle has come to include all types of images. Some gargoyles were depicted as monks, or combinations of real animals and people, many of which were humorous. Unusual animal mixtures, or chimeras, did not act as rain spouts and are more properly called grotesques. They serve more as ornamentation, but are now synonymous with gargoyles. Both ornamented and unornamented water spouts projecting from roofs


In England, what are Lloyds, Barclays, Westminster, Midland and National Provincial?

Big Four Big Four Here we take a look at the 'Big Four'    high street banks. Nat West photo by Ian    Britton © FreeFoto.com EXIT | Banking |  Barclays | Lloyds | Midland | Nat West | Woolwich | Introduction The foundations of today's banks can be traced back to the eighteenth  century. Over the years, banks have merged to form ever larger companies  who may be better placed to service the demands of a fast changing  market. At the end of the 1960s, the 'big five' players were: Barclays,  Lloyds, Midland, National Provincial and Westminster banks. The newly  merged National Westminster reduced the list to just four by 1970. By  the 1990s, Building Societies were joining forces with the clearing  banks in order to offer an even wider range of services within their  portfolios. Barclays Bank Another of the long established banks. In    1918 the company amalgamated with the London, Provincial and    South Western Bank to become one of the UK's 'big five'    banks.   Lloyds Bank At the sign of the Black Horse. The origins of Lloyds Bank stretch back    to 1765, when John Taylor and Sampson Lloyd set up a private    banking business in Birmingham, England.     On 1st  August 1995, Cheltenham & Gloucester (C&G) joined the Lloyds  Bank Group. And on 28th December 1995, Lloyds Bank Group merged with TSB  Group to form Lloyds TSB Group plc. Following the banking crisis of 2008  a new retail business, known simply as Lloyds, was formed in 2013. M I D L A N D   B A N K   Midland Bank was founded in 1836 "Come and talk to the listening bank." was a latter day    catch phrase together with the animated Griffin of the logo.     In July 1992, HSBC’s acquisition of Midland (valued at £3.9 billion)  created one of the largest financial organisations of its kind in the  world. The HSBC Group is named after its    founding member, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking    Corporation Limited, which was established in 1865 to    finance the growing trade between China and Europe.     From 2002, the HSBC identity carried the strapline of  'The world's local bank', emphasising the Group's experience and  understanding of a great variety of markets and cultures. National Westminster  Bank In 1968 National Provincial Bank    (est.1833) and Westminster Bank (est.1836), merged as    National Westminster Bank. The histories of these banks date    back to the 1650s.      National Westminster Bank commenced trading on 1st January 1970, with  the three-arrowheads symbol as its logo. This was just one of many  mergers as the banking industry looked to find newly affluent customers  with modern business practices. In 1995 the bank was restyled NatWest  Group, to reflect its diversity of business. The Royal Bank of Scotland  aquired NatWest Group in 2000.   Postscript Banking mergers in the early part of the 21st century swept away many  long-established Building Societies. The resulting mega-banks promised  much improved customer service and more flexible tailored products. The  banking crisis of 2008 left the industry with a very tarnished  reputation. In 2015 branch closures and automation continues as the bulk of  transactions move on-line. Lack of competition and poor regulation has  allowed service charges for current accounts to become the norm. Design, images and text compiled by © Light-Straw . Page last updated Dec 2015. All logos and trade marks are the property of their respective owners  and are used on the Light Straw site(s) for review only. Students and  researchers are recommended to make their own independent enquiries as  to the accuracy of the information contained therein.


"In Turkey, what is ""Galatasaray Spor Kulb""?"

Galatasaray tickets - Buy Galatasaray football tickets 2015-2016 Add Galatasaray to Favorites... Galatasaray tickets and Galatasaray Champions League tickets are now for sale at KixFootballTickets.com, your ultimate source for purchasing on-line tickets. Galatasaray Spor Kulubu, commonly known as Galatasaray, is a Turkish professional football club based in Istanbul, Turkey. Galatasaray has won 46 domestic trophies, including a record 19 Super Lig titles, a record 14 Turkish Cups and a record 13 Turkish Super Cups. It is one of three teams to have participated in all seasons of the Turkish Super Lig since 1959 and is the only club to have won the Super Lig in four successive seasons. Internationally, Galatasaray has won the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup in 2000, becoming the first Turkish team to win a European trophy, and one of the few teams in the history of UEFA competitions to become the undefeated winners of a major tournament, losing none of their games in the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup season. In the 1999-2000 season, the club achieved the rare feat of completing a quadruple by winning the Turkish Super Lig, the Turkish Cup, the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Super Cup in a single season. The club has a long-standing rivalry with other major Istanbul teams, namely with Besiktas and Fenerbahce. The derby between Galatasaray and Fenerbahce is dubbed the Kıtalar Arası Derbi (English: Intercontinental Derby) due to the location of their headquarters and stadiums on the European (Galatasaray) and Asian (Fenerbahce) sides of the... Testimonials


Robert and James Adam are associated with which field?

Robert and James Adam, architects of the Age of Enlightenment (Book, 2012) [WorldCat.org] Find more libraries Librarian? Claim your library to Robert and James Adam, architects of the Age of Enlightenment Author:  Print book : Biography : English View all editions and formats Database: WorldCat Summary: During the second half of the eighteenth century British architecture moved away from the dominant school of Classicism in favour of a more creative freedom of expression. At the forefront of this change were architect brothers Robert and James Adam. Without rejecting established architectural tradition, the Adam brothers were modernists, free from dogmatic adherence to a particular style. Architecture has tended to be left out of the historiography of the Enlightenment. While previous studies on the Adam brothers have focused on describing their style and their inspirations, Kondo's work places them within the context of eighteenth-century intellectual thought. Only by examining the Adams' work in this context can the full extent of their contribution to Enlightenment development be understood.  Read more... Rating:


Welcome to the Noël Coward Society Home Welcome Noël Coward? What's On? Join? Events Links Site Index Archive Members' Pages NCMI Administration Chronology This chronology is based on one produced by the Noël Coward Centenary Committee (1999) with additional contributions from Sheridan Morley, Mark Fox, Michael Imison and John Knowles 1899 Born Noël Peirce Coward, (weight seven and a half pounds) at 2.30 am, 16 December at "Helmsdale", Waldegrave Road, Teddington, Middlesex to Arthur Sabin Coward and Violet Agnes (Veitch) Coward. Pet name 'Baba'. 1905 Eric Coward, Coward's brother was born. 1907 July 23rd: Coward's first public appearance at an end of term concert at St Margaret's, Sutton. 1911 Made first stage appearance as Prince Mussel in The Goldfish 1912 The Great Name with Charles Hawtrey and Where The Rainbow Ends. On February 2nd he made his directorial debut with The Daisy Chain. 1913 Played Slightly in Peter Pan. Noël met Gertrude Lawrence. 1914 Out of work for most of the year until Peter Pan again 1915 Where The Rainbow Ends again in a different part. He played his first adult role in Charley's Aunt. He also wrote both music and lyrics for his first song Forbidden Fruit. 1916 Appeared in the Light Blues with Cicely Courtneidge. He made his cabaret debut. 1917 Ida Collaborates (written with Esme Wynne) produced on a British tour. Made first film appearance in W.D.Griffiths' Hearts of the World. This year he served in the army 1918 Coward has his second play produced, Woman and Whiskey (written with Esme Wynne). Wrote The Rat Trap. 1919 He had his first song published: The Baseball Rag with music by Doris Joel. 1920 I'll Leave It To You (1919) produced in England (1923 in America). 1921 Wrote Sirocco. His first trip to America. 1922 The Young Idea (1921) produced in England (1932 in America). A Withered Nosegay was published. 1923 Played Sholto Brent in The Young Idea in the West End. Wrote songs and sketches and appears with Gertrude Lawrence in London Calling! 1924 The Vortex (1923) produced with Coward playing Nicky Lancaster. He became a sensation. Also Fallen Angels enjoyed a West End production. This year he also wrote his first radio sketch. 1925 Coward meets John C. Wilson. Hay Fever (1924) produced in Britain. The Vortex was produced on Broadway with Coward in the lead role. He also made his radio debut and first recording. 1926 The Rat Trap (1918) and The Queen Was In Her Parlour (1922) produced in Britain. Wrote This Was A Man produced in America, The Marquise produced in Britain (America 1927) and Semi-Monde. Easy Virtue at The Duke of York's Theatre. 1927 The first film versions his plays produced; Easy Virtue, The Vortex and The Queen Was In The Parlour. Home Chat produced in Britain (1932 America). Coward composed A Room With A View. Sirocco (1921) produced in London and was a resounding failure, booed on the first night and Coward spat at in the street. 1928 This Year of Grace (1928) was produced in the West End, and on Broadway (with Coward appearing). 1929 Wrote book, lyrics, music and directed Bitter Sweet which was produced in the West End and on Broadway. He also wrote Private Lives this year. 1930 Private Lives was produced in London with Noël and Gertrude Lawrence as Elyot and Amanda. Wrote Post-Mortem and Mad Dogs and Englishmen. 1931 Private Lives was produced on Broadway starring Noël and Gertrude Lawrence. Coward wrote the book, music and lyrics (including Twentieth Century Blues), and directed Cavalcade which was also produced this year at Drury Lane in the West End. Coward met Graham Payn at audition for Words and Music. 1932 The Noël Coward Company formed to perform his plays in repertory. Cavalcade won the Academy Award for Best Picture. For the revue Words and Music Coward wrote book, music and lyrics, including Mad About the Boy. The Queen Was In Her Parlour filmed again as Tonight Is Ours. 1933 Design for Living (1932) was produced on Broadway with Coward and The Lunts (Alfred Lunt & Lynn Fontanne). Design for Living and Bitter-Sweet both filmed. Wrote Don't Put Your Daughter o


The Cyclops computer system, conceived by British inventor Bill Carlton, was first used in international competition in 1980 for which sport?

cyclops computer system : definition of cyclops computer system and synonyms of cyclops computer system (English) Cyclops (computer system)                     The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by adding reliable, secondary sources about the topic. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . (June 2010) Cyclops is a computer system conceived by British inventor Bill Carlton of Malta , [1] which is used on the ATP and WTA professional tennis tours as an electronic line judge to help determine whether a serve is in or out. The system, which must be activated by the service line umpire before each serve, projects five or six infra-red horizontal beams of light along the court 10 mm above the ground. One beam covers the good (short) side of the service line and others cover the fault (long) side. If a served ball hits the first beam, the other beams are turned off, while a long serve will break one of the other beams. A long serve is indicated by an audible signal. Obvious long serves that go beyond Cyclops' beams are called by the service line umpire. The system is tuned before and during each tournament by a representative of the company which rents the system. This representative stays through the tournament and confers with tournament officials afterwards to determine any problems which may have arisen. The system has been constantly refined to improve accuracy, although no statistics on its efficacy are available. [2] [3] The Cyclops computer system was introduced to the Wimbledon Championships in 1980 and the U.S. Open in 1981, and was also used at the Australian Open . In 2007 it was removed from Wimbledon's Centre Court and Court No. 1 to allow the use of the Hawk-Eye system first introduced at the U.S. Open in 2006. [4] At the present time Cyclops is not used in any capacity at any of the Grand Slam events. A famous moment involving Cyclops occurred at Wimbledon in 1980 when Ilie Năstase got down on his hands and knees to talk to the equipment to argue an "out" signal.   Notes


What was a Roman road from York to Scotland near the Firth of Forth?

Dere Street Roman Road   Overview Walk in the footsteps of Roman soldiers on the empire’s main road through the south of Scotland. Dere Street Roman Road was built by occupying Romans in AD 79—81. It was reused during the time of the Antonine Wall, some 60 years later. It also found use in 1298, when King Edward I of England marched his forces north along Dere Street to the Battle of Falkirk. In its complete state, the road started at Corbridge, beside Hadrian’s Wall in England, and wound its way up to Cramond on the Firth of Forth. Share


What is the name for the study of light and the principles underlying light and vision?

Sensation and Perception - Psychology Class Notes a) sensory organs absorb energy from a physical stimulus in the environment. b) sensory receptors convert this energy into neural impulses and send them to the brain. 2) Perception follows: a) the brain organizes the information and translates it into something meaningful. B) But what does "meaningful" mean? How do we know what information is important and should be focused on? 1) Selective Attention - process of discriminating between what is important & is irrelevant (Seems redundant: selective-attention?), and is influenced by motivation. For example - students in class should focus on what the teachers are saying and the overheads being presented. Students walking by the classroom may focus on people in the room, who is the teacher, etc., and not the same thing the students in the class. 2) Perceptual Expectancy - how we perceive the world is a function of our past experiences, culture, and biological makeup.For example, as an American, when I look at a highway, I expect to see cars, trucks, etc, NOT airplanes. But someone from a different country with different experiences and history may not have any idea what to expect and thus be surprised when they see cars go driving by. Another example - you may look at a painting and not really understand the message the artist is trying to convey. But, if someone tells you about it, you might begin to see things in the painting that you were unable to see before. ALL OF THIS IS CALLED Psychophysics C) Psychophysics can be defined as, the study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience. In order to measure these events, psychologists use THRESHOLDS. 1) Threshold - a dividing line between what has detectable energy and what does not. For example - many classrooms have automatic light sensors. When people have not been in a room for a while, the lights go out. However, once someone walks into the room, the lights go back on. For this to happen, the sensor has a threshold for motion that must be crossed before it turns the lights back on. So, dust floating in the room should not make the lights go on, but a person walking in should. 2) Difference Threshold - the minimum amount of stimulus intensity change needed to produce a noticeable change. the greater the intensity (ex., weight) of a stimulus, the greater the change needed to produce a noticeable change. For example, when you pick up a 5 lb weight, and then a 10 pound weight, you can feel a big difference between the two. However, when you pick up 100 lbs, and then 105 lbs, it is much more difficult to feel the difference. 3) Signal-Detection Theory - detection of a stimulus involves some decision making process as well as a sensory process. Additionally, both sensory and decision making processes are influenced by many more factors than just intensity. a) Noise - how much outside interference exists. b) Criterion - the level of assurance that you decide must be met before you take action. Involves higher mental processes. You set criterion based on expectations and consequences of inaccuracy. For example - at a party, you order a pizza...you need to pay attention so that you will be able to detect the appropriate signal (doorbell), especially since there is a lot of noise at the party. But when you first order the pizza, you know it won't be there in 2 minutes, so you don't really pay attention for the doorbell. As the time for the pizza to arrive approaches, however, your criterion changes...you become more focused on the doorbell and less on extraneous noise. II. SIGHT/VISION A) the visual system works on sensing and perceiving light waves. Light waves vary in their length and amplitude: a) wave length (also referred to as frequency, since the longer a wave, the less often/quickly it occurs) - affects color perception (ex., red=approx 700, yellow approx 600) b) wave amplitude (this is the size/height of the wave) - affects brightness perception. B) Structure of The EYE: 1) Cornea - the round, transparent area that allows light to pass into the ey


The killing of 58-year-old Robert Krentz and his dog, shot on 27 March 2010 on his ranch roughly 19 miles (31 km) from the Mexican border, led to increased public support for a bill to combat illegal immigration in which US State?

BEST VIDEO YET ON ILLEGAL MEXICANS: OBAMA AND HOLDER TAKING ON ARIZONA'S SB 1070 ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION LAW >> Four Winds 10 - Truth Winds Arizona SB 1070   The Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act (introduced as Arizona Senate Bill 1070 and thus often referred to simply as Arizona SB 1070) is a legislative Act in the U.S. state of Arizona that at the time of passage in 2010 was the broadest and strictest anti- illegal immigration measure in recent U.S. history. [2] It has received national and international attention and has spurred considerable controversy. [3] [4] U.S. federal law requires all aliens over the age of 14 who remain in the United States for longer than 30 days [5] to register with the U.S. government, [6] and to have registration documents in their possession at all times; violation of this requirement is a federal misdemeanor crime. [7] The Arizona act additionally made it a state misdemeanor crime for an alien to be in Arizona without carrying the required documents, [8] required that state law enforcement officers attempt to determine an individual's immigration status during a "lawful stop, detention or arrest", when there is reasonable suspicion that the individual is an illegal immigrant. [9] [10] The law barred state or local officials or agencies from restricting enforcement of federal immigration laws , [11] and imposed penalties on those sheltering, hiring and transporting unregistered aliens. [12] The paragraph on intent in the legislation says it embodies an "attrition through enforcement" doctrine. [13] [14] Critics of the legislation say it encourages racial profiling , while supporters say the law prohibits the use of race as the sole basis for investigating immigration status. [15] The law was modified by Arizona House Bill 2162 within a week of its signing with the goal of addressing some of these concerns. There have been protests in opposition to the law in over 70 U.S. cities, [16] including boycotts and calls for boycotts of Arizona. [17] Polling has found the law to have majority support in Arizona and nationwide. [18] [19] [20] [21] Passage of the measure has prompted other states to consider adopting similar legislation. [22] The Act was signed into law by Governor Jan Brewer on April 23, 2010. [2] It was scheduled to go into effect on July 29, 2010, ninety days after the end of the legislative session . [23] [24] Legal challenges over its constitutionality and compliance with civil rights law were filed, including one by the United States Department of Justice , that also asked for an injunction against enforcement of the law. [25] The day before the law was to take effect, a federal judge issued a preliminary injunction that blocked the law's most controversial provisions. [26] In June 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on the case Arizona v. United States , upholding the provision requiring immigration status checks during law enforcement stops but striking down three other provisions as violations of the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution . [27] Contents 9 External links Provisions U.S. federal law requires aliens 14 years old or older who are in the country for longer than 30 days to register with the U.S. government [6] and have registration documents in their possession at all times. [7] The Act makes it a state misdemeanor crime for an alien to be in Arizona without carrying the required documents [8] and obligates police to make an attempt, when practicable during a "lawful stop, detention or arrest", [9] to determine a person's immigration status if there is reasonable suspicion that the person is an illegal alien. [11] Any person arrested cannot be released without confirmation of the person's legal immigration status by the federal government pursuant to § 1373(c) of Title 8 of the United States Code . [11] A first offense carries a fine of up to $100, plus court costs, and up to 20 days in jail; subsequent offenses can result in up to 30 days in jail [28] (SB 1070 required a minimum fine of $500 for a first violation, and for a second v


Who played eventual winners Atltico Madrid in the final of the 2010 UEFA Europa League soccer competition?

2010 Europa League Final Live Blog: : Atletico Madrid v Fulham Watch Atletico Madrid v Fulham live online here . Fulham V Atletico Madrid HSH Nordbank Arena – Hamburg, Germany 19:45 GMT – 12 May 2010 Forget the fact that Liverpool failed to finish in the top four for the first time since 2005. Forget the fact that Michael Owen joined ex-rivals Manchster United at the beginning of the season. You can even forget the fact that Ledley King played three consecutive games in the space of nine days for Spurs at the end of the season. The real surprise of the 2009/10 season has been Fulham FC’s European form. Somehow manager Roy Hodgson has carved his way through the likes of Juventus and Wolfsburg to leave Fulham facing the biggest game in their history. Fulham V Atletico Madrid preview Fulham’s European dream began almost a year ago on July 30 2009. No doubt fans at the time will have expected a swift exit from the competition, but, 11 months on, they face something they may have never dreamed of witnessing, their side in a European final. They scored an impressive nine goals over four qualifying legs, conceding only two to put them through to the group stages where they faced daunting opposition in the likes of Basle and Roma , but managed to finish second behind Roma, which set up the near ‘impossible’ task of beating last year’s holders ‘Shakhtar Donetsk, beating them 2-1 at home, and grinding out a 1-1 draw away from home. When they were placed up against Italian giants Juventus, Fans must have seen the dream ending, especially after losing the first leg away from home 3-1. Things got worse after conceding almost instantly in the return leg, but they battled back to win 4-1. This gave fans the belief that their side could go out and beat anyone on their day, and they did jsut that, beating German outfits Wolfsburg and then Hamburg to set up this historic final. No one out there could possibly stand up and declare that a win in the final would be beyond Fulham’s control tomorrow night, and it would certainly be a brave man who would rule them out at any point during the match. However their task has been made much harder after the worry surrounding striker Bobby Zamora’s fitness. The Englishman is Fulham’s joint top scorer in Europe, sitting on 6 goals, along with Zoltan Gera, who has had an outstanding season. However without Zamora upfront, Fulham lack a threatening striker. Whilst Erik Nevland has proven he is able to come off the bench and grab the odd goal, I don’t have confidence in him over 90 minutes. The rest of the goals are spattered across the team. Hangeland and Kamara both have two, whilst Duff, Dempsey and Murphy have bagged one each. Others have contributed, but I would suggest that Fulham will need both Zamora and Gera fit if they are to keep their chances up on the night. Saying that, Hodgson, the typical perfectionist, will have studied every tiny detail of the Atletico side, and will no doubt ensure his players are properly prepared for the match whether Zamora is fit or not. No doubt Atletico Madrid will be keeping a close eye on Zamora’s fitness, but they will want to concentrate more on their own strikers form. Diego Forlan is top scorer for them on four goals, and youngster Sergio Aguero trails him on two goals. Lower tally’s than Fulhams strikers, but lets not forget many of Fulhams goals have been scored in the qualification stages, of which Atletico did not take part. Their league form, just like Fulham’s has suffered slightly this year, as they sit mid-table in La Liga, but their cup form cannot be ignored. They scraped past Valencia on away goals, before brilliantly beating Liverpool, again on away form. With all the hype surrounding Fulham’s giantkilling ability, it would be dangerous to ignore the size of the teams that Atletico have beaten. With league positions average for both sides, their season’s will rest on the result of this match, which is destined to be extremely tight. Don’t expect a goal fest, but it’s likely to be a fiery encounter, and you can follow every minute of it right her


What term is used to describe the layers of smells and aromas perceived in an aged wine?

Glossary of Wine Terminology | The Ultimate Wine Dictionary acidity — the liveliness and crispness in wine that activates our salivary glands aeration — the deliberate addition of oxygen to round out and soften a wine aging — holding wine in barrels, tanks, and bottles to advance them to a more desirable state alcohol — ethanol (ethyl alcohol), the product of fermentation of sugars by yeast anosmia — the loss of smell appellation — a delineated wine producing region particular to France aroma — the smell of wine, especially young wine (different than “bouquet”) astringent — tasting term noting the harsh, bitter, and drying sensations in the mouth caused by high levels of tannin balance — a term for when the elements of wine – acids, sugars, tannins, and alcohol – come together in a harmonious way barrel — the oak container used for fermenting and aging wine barrique  — a 225-litre oak barrel used originally for storing and aging wines, originating in Bordeaux bitter — a taste sensation that is sensed on the back of the tongue and caused by tannins blend —  a wine made from more than one grape varietal body — a tactile sensation describing the weight and fullness of wine in the mouth.  A wine can be light, medium, or full bodied. Bordeaux — the area in Southwest France considered one of the greatest wine-producing regions in the world botrytis — a beneficial mold that pierces the skin of grapes and causes dehydration, resulting in natural grape juice exceptionally high in sugar.  Botrytis is largely responsible for the world’s finest dessert wines.  (see “noble rot”) bouquet — a term that refers to the complex aromas in aged wines breathing — exposing wine to oxygen to improve its flavors  (see “aeration”) brettanomyce —  a wine-spoiling yeast that produces barnyard, mousy, metallic, or bandaid-ish aromas brilliant — a tasting note for wines that appear sparkling clear brut — french term denoting dry champagnes or sparkling wines bung — the plug used to seal a wine barrel bung hole — the opening in a cask in which wine can be put in or taken out chaptalization — adding sugar to wine before or during fermentation to increase alcohol levels.  Chaptalization is illegal in some parts of the world, and highly controlled in others. citric acid — one of the three predominate acids in wine claret — the name the English use when referring to the red wines of Bordeaux class growth — see cru classe closed — term describing underdeveloped and young wines whose flavors are not exhibiting well complex — a wine exhibiting numerous odors, nuances, and flavors cork taint — undesirable aromas and flavors in wine often associated with wet cardboard or moldy basements corked — a term that denotes a wine that has suffered cork taint (not wine with cork particles floating about) cru classé — a top-ranking vineyard designated in the Bordeaux Classification of 1855 crush — the English term for harvest cuvée — in Champagne, a blended batch of wine demi-sec — french term meaning “half-dry” used to describe a sweet sparkling wine dry —  a taste sensation often attributed to tannins and causing puckering sensations in the mouth; the opposite of sweet earthy — an odor or flavor reminiscent of damp soil enology — the science of wine and winemaking (see “oenology”) fermentation — the conversion of grape sugars to alcohol by yeast fining — the addition of egg whites or gelatin (among other things) to clear the wine of unwanted particles finish  — the impression of textures and flavors lingering in the mouth after swallowing wine flavors — odors perceived in the mouth foxy — a term that describes the musty odor and flavor of wines made from vitis labrusca, a common North American varietal fruity — a tasting term for wines that exhibit strong smells and flavors of fresh fruit full-bodied — a wine high in alcohol and flavors, often described as “big” herbaceous — a tasting term denoting odors and flavors of fresh herbs (e.g., basil, oregano, rosemary, etc.) hot — a description for wine that is high in alcohol lees — sediment consisting of dead yeast cells,


"The UK TV series ""Doctor in the House"", based on books by Richard Gordon, was set in which hospital?"

Doctor in the House (TV Series 1969–1970) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error "Doctor in the House" follows the misadventures of medical students Michael Upton, Duncan Waring, Paul Collier and Dick Stuart-Clark. The lads basically mean well, but their habits of ... See full summary  » Creator: It's time for the lads to take their qualifying exams and Michael is so anxious to stay awake for them he takes pep pills - which turn out to be sleeping pills. Thus he falls asleep on the bus on his... 8.6 Upton and Waring have been chosen to observe Loftus on a two week residency in surgery but Upton is terrified and has a nightmare about an operation. When his friends reveal his phobia to the ... 8.0 Waring volunteers to be hypnotized in a class by Dr. Towers but is actually faking it. Later Upton does successfully hypnotize him, getting him to mark at the mention of the word Dog. This annoys ... 7.9 a list of 6928 titles created 12 Jun 2011 a list of 133 titles created 20 Oct 2011 a list of 93 titles created 21 Jul 2014 a list of 33 titles created 15 Oct 2014 a list of 47 titles created 10 months ago Title: Doctor in the House (1969–1970) 7.9/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Add Image Add an image Do you have any images for this title? Doctor at Large (TV Series 1971) Comedy Following his student misadventures in Doctor in the House (1969), Michael Upton ( Barry Evans ) starts out on an equally fun-filled but disaster-prone solo career. He moves through a variety... See full summary  » Stars: Barry Evans, George Layton, Geoffrey Davies The continuing misadventures of Duncan Waring ( Robin Nedwell ), Dick Stuart-Clark ( Geoffrey Davies ) and Paul Collier ( George Layton ) see them move further up the promotion ladder, but no ... See full summary  » Stars: Robin Nedwell, George Layton, Geoffrey Davies Doctor at Sea (TV Series 1974) Comedy The continuing adventures of the boys from "Doctor In The House", "Doctor At Large" and "Doctor In Charge". When Dick (Geoffrey Davies) finally gets himself the sack from St Swithin's, ... See full summary  » Stars: Robin Nedwell, Geoffrey Davies, Ernest Clark Barry Evans plays a put-upon language teacher who tries to make a living by teaching English to immigrants. With pupils from India, France, China, and many other countries, his lessons do ... See full summary  » Stars: Barry Evans, George Camiller, Jacki Harding Duncan ( Robin Nedwell ) and Dick ( Geoffrey Davies ) return from their escapades on the MS Begonia ('"Doctor at Sea" (1974)') and manage to wangle new jobs at St Swithin's Hospital. ... See full summary  » Stars: Robin Nedwell, Geoffrey Davies, Ernest Clark Popular sitcom set in a seedy bedsit lorded over by the mean, vain, boastful, cowardly landlord Rigsby. In each episode, his conceits are debunked by his long suffering tenants. Stars: Leonard Rossiter, Don Warrington, Frances de la Tour The sinister Dr Watt has an evil scheme going. He's kidnapping beautiful young women and turning them into mannequins to sell to local stores. Fortunately for Dr Watt, Detective-Sergeant ... See full summary  » Director: Gerald Thomas Jack-the-lad bus driver and conductor Stan and Jack enjoy the female employees more than their work and Inspector Blake is relentless in his attempts to make their lives a misery. Stars: Anna Karen, Bob Grant, Stephen Lewis The original rapid fire sketch comedy show. Stars: Dan Rowan, Dick Martin, Ruth Buzzi Arthur Daley, a small-time conman, hires former boxer Terry McCann to be his 'minder', so Terry can protect him (Arthur) from other, small-time, crooks. While Terry is trying his hardest to... See full summary  » Stars: George Cole, Glynn Edwards, Dennis Waterman A retired intelligence agent turned private detective helps various threatened clients to e


Who is the next in this series: Julie Stevens, Honor Blackman, Diana Rigg, Linda Thorson ... ?

The Avengers | The Avengers Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia ( view authors) . The Avengers is a spy-fi British television series set in 1960s Britain . The Avengers initially focused on Dr. David Keel ( Ian Hendry ) and his assistant John Steed ( Patrick Macnee ). Hendry left after the first series and Steed became the main character, partnered with a succession of assistants. Steed's most famous assistants were intelligent, stylish and assertive women: Cathy Gale ( Honor Blackman ), Emma Peel ( Diana Rigg ), and later Tara King ( Linda Thorson ). Later episodes increasingly incorporated elements of science fiction and fantasy , parody and British eccentricity. The Avengers ran from 1961 until 1969, screening as one hour episodes its entire run. The Avengers was produced by ABC Television , a contractor within the ITV network. After a merger in July 1968 ABC Television became Thames Television which continued production of the series, although it was still broadcast under the ABC name. By 1969 The Avengers was shown in more than 90 countries. The Avengers was the longest continuously running espionage series until 24 . ITV produced a sequel series The New Avengers (1976–1977) with Patrick Macnee returning as John Steed, and two new partners. In 2007 The Avengers was ranked #20 on TV Guide's Top Cult Shows Ever . [1] Contents The Avengers was marked by different eras as co-stars came and went. The only constant was John Steed, played by Patrick Macnee. 1961: With Dr David Keel (Ian Hendry) Edit The Avengers began with medical doctor, Dr David Keel ( Ian Hendry ), investigating the murder by a drug ring of his fiancée and office receptionist Peggy. A stranger named John Steed, who was investigating the ring, appeared and together they set out to avenge her death in the first two episodes. Afterwards, Steed asked Keel to partner him as needed to solve crimes. The Avengers followed Hendry's Police Surgeon , in which he played police surgeon Geoffrey Brent. [2] While Police Surgeon did not last long, viewers praised Hendry. Hendry was considered the star of the new series, receiving top billing over Macnee, and Steed did not appear in two episodes. As the series progressed, Steed's importance increased, and he carried the final episode solo. While Steed and Keel used wit while discussing crimes and dangers, the series also depicted the interplay — and often tension — between Keel's idealism and Steed's professionalism. As seen in the surviving episode "The Frighteners", Steed also had helpers among the population who provided information, similar to the " Baker Street Irregulars " of Sherlock Holmes . The other regular in the first series was Carol Wilson ( Ingrid Hafner ), the nurse and receptionist who replaced the slain Peggy. Carol assisted Keel and Steed in cases, without being part of Steed's inner circle. Hafner had played opposite Hendry as a nurse in Police Surgeon. [2] The series was shot on 405-line videotape using a multicamera setup . There was little provision for editing and virtually no location footage. As was standard practice at the time, videotapes of early episodes of The Avengers were reused . Of the first series, two complete episodes still exist, as 16 mm film telerecordings . One of the episodes remaining does not feature Steed. The first 15 minutes of the first episode also exists as a telerecording. 1962–64: With Venus Smith (Julie Stevens) and Cathy Gale (Honor Blackman) File:CathyGale.jpg Production of the first series was cut short by a strike. By the time production could begin on the second series, Hendry had quit to pursue a film career. Macnee was promoted to star and Steed became the focus of the series, initially working with a rotation of three different partners. Dr Martin King (Jon Rollason), a thinly disguised rewriting of Keel, saw action in only three episodes produced from scripts written for the first series. King was intended to be a transitional character between Keel and Steed's two new female partners, but while the


The World Surfing Champion title is awarded annually to the best competition surfer for the year, based on points earned for placings at which events?

ASP World Tour | Surferpedia - The Wiki Encyclopedia of Surfing | Fandom powered by Wikia Edit The earliest world titles were amateur events decided by a single event, open to all comers, and were held only intermittently. The first was at [[Manly, New South Wales Manly in Sydney in 1964. The second was held in Lima, Peru in 1965. From 1973 to 1975, there was no amateur championship held. The International Surfing Federation had been unable to establish a format or sponsorship and concurrent with this the new professional era was dawning. 1968 World Champion Fred Hemmings, retired from competition and began his career as an event promoter and ran the Smirnoff Rip Curl World Pro/Am that became the defacto professional World Championship from 1970 through 1975. The winners were; 1970: Nat Young (Australia), 1971: Gavin Rudolph (South Africa), 1972: Paul Neilsen (Australia), 1973: Ian Cairns (Australia), 1974: Reno Abellira (Hawaii) and 1975: Mark Richards (Australia). In 1976 the International Professional Surfing (IPS) organisation was formed by the 1968 champion, turned promoter, Fred Hemmings . It put together an annual tour of 12 events around the world with a points system for event placings to decide a ratings winner at the end. This is the format used today by the ASP. Peter Townend and Ian Cairns devised the points scoring system, shamelessly (as PT put it) appropriating the way Formula One motor racing did it. Townend also ended up the winner that first year (1976) with Cairns finishing in second. In early years the title brought honour but only modest financial rewards in extra sponsorship etc, and not all professional surfers had it as their goal. In 1979 for instance when Mark Richards won he hadn't even attended all the events, reckoning it better to concentrate on his board shaping business than travel for the South African leg. In 1982, following a less than positive experience with the IPS at the new Op Pro, Ian Cairns formed the Association of Surfing Professionals (ASP) which crowned its first champion, Tom Carroll , in 1983. The ASP continues as the worldwide sanctioning body for professional surfing. In 1999, Mark Occhilupo 's win was a remarkable comeback. He'd been on the tour about 10 years earlier but had abandoned it, then returned stronger than ever. In 2001 the ASP cut the tour short after the World Trade Center attacks of 9/11 , on surfers' fears for their safety at competitions. The ratings leader C. J. Hobgood was declared the championship winner. Records Edit As with almost every any sport there's an element of fortune needed in surfing competitions. The competition format, types of waves and human judging all have an effect, which leaves plenty of room for speculation about excellent surfers who never won a title, or could have won more. Mark Richards ' record of 4 titles above and below 1979 to 1983 stood until 1997 when Kelly Slater took his 5th. It was joked that it'd taken so long Richards was scarcely remembered by young fans and was known to them only as "that guy whose record Kelly beat". Slater's 7th win in 2005 made him both the youngest and oldest champion. Frieda Zamba , Wendy Botha and Lisa Anderson all took 4 women's titles. Anderson was followed by dominance and 6 titles by Layne Beachley . Men's World Tour