What was Genevieve in the 1953 film of the same name?

Film Review - Genevieve (1953) Film Review - Genevieve (1953) Updated on November 12, 2014 Source INTRODUCTION 'Genevieve' is a good old-fashioned British comedy made in 1953, and centred around the famous London to Brighton car rally, one November morning. It tells the tale of two very passionate but eccentric veteran car owners who participate in the rally. The film marries the old mechanical contraptions that passed for cars at the turn of the 20th century, with the middle class English values of the post war years, when the film was set and made. It is innocent comedy at its best, and was made in an era which was considered something of a golden age for British film comedy. The premise of the film is very simple. Two young couples - Alan McKim and his wife Wendy in one car, and arch rival Ambrose Claverhouse and his newly acquired girlfriend Rosalind Peters in another - drive from London to Brighton as part of a true-life rally which takes place annually, starting in London before passing through the English countryside to the south coast town of Brighton. Whilst in Brighton a challenge is made - to race back to London the next day. The two cars they are diving are a 1904 18-horsepower Dutch Spyker and a 1904 12-horsepower French Darracq. The Darracq is named Genevieve. All of my fiilm reviews can be accessed at the following page 100 of the Greatest Movies in History - A Greensleeves Page What makes a great film? Everyone will have their own views, but perhaps the only defining quality is quality itself. This, however, is my list of 100 of the greatest films ever made. The list also includes links to all my film reviews. SPECIAL FEATURE - THE LONDON TO BRIGHTON CAR RUN The London to Brighton veteran car rally is an event held in England once every year on the first Sunday in the month of November. It commemorates the 'Locomotives on the Highway Act' of 1896 which raised the permissible speed limit for the newfangled motor car from 4 mph to 14 mph, allowing such dangerously fast vehicles to drive freely on the open road without the requirement of being proceeded by a pedestrian carrying a red flag! The first formalised rally was held in 1927, and it has been held ever since and is still a popular tourist attraction today. Collectors and enthusiasts of some 500 of the oldest roadworthy cars in the world (all pre-1905) gather in London's famous Hyde Park for the start of the run, before cranking up their cars and heading off with varying rates of progress for the south coast resort of Brighton, 60 miles distant. This event is not a race. It is just an opportunity for admirers of these ancient vehicles to meet up and show off their prized possessions to each other and to the general public, and for the historic cars to do what they were originally built to do - to drive on the open road. WHAT'S THE STORY? Alan McKim is a man with a secret. By day he is a respectable young lawyer in the city. But when he gets home in the evening he climbs out of his suit and dons oily overalls before setting to work on his real passion. Alan's passion is an old car called Genevieve. Make no mistake about it, Genevieve is no magical flying machine like Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, or some freaky car with a mind of its own like Herbie the Volkswagen. Far from it; Genevieve is a rather clapped out old thing which undoubtedly has seen better days and would now probably roll down a slope (with her brakes on) rather faster than she could drive up it. During this film, she seems to be getting slower and slower, whilst gradually falling apart; all of which only goes to make her seem more and more endeariing. Alan's passion reaches its zenith once every year with the annual car run from London to Brighton. Each year he enters Genevieve in the rally, and each year he drags his reluctant wife Wendy along for the ride. This year as usual he is looking forward to a very nice day's driving in the country, coupled with the occasional tinkering under the hood. Only one thing can spoil it for Alan. He has a rival. Kenneth More plays Ambrose Claverhouse, a br


In which UK cathedral is the Whispering Gallery?

Whispering Gallery, St Paul`s Cathedral « Sound Tourism Whispering Gallery, St Paul`s Cathedral (7 Votes, average 3.86) Loading... St Paul’s Cathedral is an iconic building in the centre of London. High up in the central dome is a Whispering Gallery, which I remember visiting as a child. Climb 259 steps inside the dome, stand on one side of the circular gallery and talk very quietly and your speech can be heard quite clearly on the other side some 30m away. St Paul’s is a circular whispering gallery. In this case, sound hugs the walls, allowing it to move from one side of the room to another without getting a lot quieter – the diagram shows some of the paths that the whispers take around the perimeter of the gallery. Sound paths in a circular whispering gallery Location and Logistics St Paul’s Cathedral, St Paul’s Churchyard, London, EC4M 8AD.  Admission information . It’s worth arriving early in the morning and going straight to the Dome, because once the space gets busy it’s hard to pick out the whispering gallery effect amongst the hubbub.


What are Blue Mountain, Caturra, and Mocca types of?

Different Types of Arabica Coffee Different Types of Arabica Coffee Different Types of Arabica Coffee There are different types of Arabica coffee beans called cultivars, all of which are known for their different flavors and attributes. Although some cultivars thrive better under some geographical conditions than others, they do not refer to the region in which the particular coffee is grown. Instead, they are a result of botanical variety when different species or sub species are interbred.  Of the many cultivars that are in existence, some of the most popular ones are mentioned below: Typica: This cultivar can be grown in any coffee producing region. It is the cultivar from which many other cultivars have been developed. Typica coffee trees have a main trunk with secondary trunks that grow slightly slanted. The lateral branches form an angle of about 50–70° with the vertical stem to give the tree an overall conical shape. Although typica coffee trees are low yielding, they nonetheless produce a delicious, high-quality beans. Bourbon: There are many variants of bourbon; like Typica, a lot of cultivars were developed from Bourbon. Originally developed by the French in 1708, this particular plant was cultivated on an island in the Indian Ocean called “Bourbon” now known as Reunion. Bourbon has broader leaves and larger cherries than Typica. Like typica, it is also a conical-shaped plant. Bourbon produces 20–30% more fruit than Typica and it produces a rich tasting brew. Caturra: Discovered in Brazil, and named after the town in which it was discovered, this cultivar is an altered version of Bourbon. Although it was discovered in Brazil, it thrives better in Colombia and South America to produce a vibrant brew with a zesty essence. Like Bourbon, it has broad waxy leaves with wavy edges; however, it is shorter with a thick and bushy appearance. Although Caturra has a higher yield than Bourbon, it produces a lighter brew and requires a lot of care in order to thrive. Catuai: This cultivar was a result of a cross between Caturra and Mundo Novo. Like Caturra, Catuai is a short and bushy plant that produces a high yield. Catuai requires a lot of attention and fertilization to thrive, and it yields yellow or red cherries that produce a fruit-like taste. Mundo Novo: This is a hybrid that was formed in the 1940s as a result of the crossing of Bourbon coffee and Typica coffee. This high yielding cultivar is resistant to many diseases, and its harvest comes a bit later than other types of coffee. Blue Mountain: Grown in Jamaica, this cultivar came about as a variety of Typica coffee and is known for its resistance to the coffee berry disease. Blue Mountain coffee thrives at high altitudes and is commonly grown on the Blue Mountains of Jamaica after which it is named.  JOIN OUR MAILING LIST Get in the Grind with Our Latest News, Special Offers and Coupons! JOIN


What is the monkey species on the Rock of Gibraltar commonly called?

Gibraltar Monkeys - Gibraltar Travel and Holiday Information Guide Gibraltar Monkeys Mar 21st, 2013  |   By admin |   Category: Sightseeing Gibraltar Monkeys – Barbary Macaques Your holiday in Gibraltar, or your relocation to the area of Gibraltar will bring you in contact with a few neighbors you may not know about. Unofficially called the National animal of Gibraltar, the Barbary Macaque is known the length and breadth of the area, and is in most cases, simply referred to as the Gibraltar monkey, or when spoken of in Spanish or the local language, are simply called monos. Scientists believe that the Barbary Macaque population, the proper name of the Monkeys of Gibraltar, the last of such a population on the continent of Europe (although they do thrive in North Africa) was introduced to the area of Gibraltar by the Moors who lived there between 700 and 1492. The Gibraltar Monkeys were likely used as pets by the occupants, however there is another school of thought that believes that the original macaques were holdovers from a population that had spread over southern Europe up to 5 million years ago. One absolute certainty is that before the area became British territory, in the early 1700’s, the macaque population was present there. This is known to be fact in that Portillo wrote, in about 1610 about those very Barbary Macaques, (Gibraltar Monkeys) saying “But now let us speak of other and living producers which in spite of the asperity of the rock still maintain themselves in the mountain, there are monkeys, who may be called the true owners, with possession from time immemorial, always tenacious of the dominion, living for the most part on the eastern side in high and inaccessible chasms.” In 1782 Ayala, another Spanish historian also wrote of the Gibraltar monkeys: “Neither the incursions of Moor, the Spaniards nor the English, nor cannon nor bomb of either have been able to dislodge them.” There are presently about 250 of the Gibraltar Monkeys, divided into five troops that live in the area that is known as the Upper Rock, and once in a while make brief forays into town that sometimes result in a bit of a fright of a little damage to personal property, but most of the locals believe that they are certainly worth the trouble as they are an integral part of Gibraltar and the Monkeys of Gibraltar certainly a draw to the tourists of Gibraltar. Considered by many in the area, and vacationers to be the top attraction of Gibraltar, the Gibraltar monkeys attract attention where ever they are seen. One troop, which is called the Queen’s Gate group, living at Apes Den, are tame enough that they permit people to get exceptionally close to them, and will often come up to the tourists and quite often climb up on them. You are of course encouraged to use caution when this happens, as they are, regardless of how tame they appear, still wild animals and can bite or scratch if they are frightened or upset. The Gibraltar Monkeys, or Barbary Macaques have so much contact with so many, including both tourist and local alike, that their social groups began to break down over time and they became quite dependent upon human interaction to feed them, which encouraged their foraging in the town, and doing damage to both clothing and people, as well as to buildings and automobiles. This resulted in a law in Gibraltar that makes feeding the macaques punishable by law, so that if you are caught feeding the monkeys of Gibraltar you may net yourself a fine of up t £500. The populace of Gibraltar Macaques was taken care of by the British Amry, and later on, by the Gibraltar Regiment, so that from about 1915 to 1991,they were under military supervision, who controlled their population, and appointed an officer who supervised their welfare, including food allowances of such items as fruit, vegetables and nuts, which they included in the budget that was made for the care of the monkeys. The officers also recorded the births of the macaques, and in proper military fashion, every single new infant was named when they were seen, many of them name


The Trachea (Human Anatomy): Picture, Function, Conditions, and More Human Anatomy Picture of the Trachea © 2014 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved. The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a tube about 4 inches long and less than an inch in diameter in most people. The trachea begins just under the larynx (voice box) and runs down behind the breastbone (sternum). The trachea then divides into two smaller tubes called bronchi: one bronchus for each lung. The trachea is composed of about 20 rings of tough cartilage. The back part of each ring is made of muscle and connective tissue. Moist, smooth tissue called mucosa lines the inside of the trachea. The trachea widens and lengthens slightly with each breath in, returning to its resting size with each breath out. Trachea Conditions Tracheal stenosis: Inflammation in the trachea can lead to scarring and narrowing of the windpipe. Surgery or endoscopy may be needed to correct the narrowing (stenosis), if severe. Tracheoesophageal fistula : An abnormal channel forms to connect the trachea and the esophagus. Passage of swallowed food from the esophagus into the trachea causes serious lung problems. Tracheal foreign body: An object is inhaled (aspirated) and lodges in the trachea or one of its branches. A procedure called bronchoscopy is usually needed to remove a foreign body from the trachea. Tracheal cancer: Cancer of the trachea is quite rare. Symptoms can include coughing or difficulty breathing. Tracheomalacia: The trachea is soft and floppy rather than rigid, usually due to a birth defect. In adults, tracheomalacia is generally caused by injury or by smoking. Tracheal obstruction: A tumor or other growth can compress and narrow the trachea, causing difficulty breathing. A stent or surgery is needed to open the trachea and improve breathing. Trachea Tests Flexible bronchoscopy : An endoscope (flexible tube with a lighted camera on its end) is passed through the nose or mouth into the trachea. Using bronchoscopy, a doctor can examine the trachea and its branches. Rigid bronchoscopy : A rigid metal tube is introduced through the mouth into the trachea. Rigid bronchoscopy is often more effective than flexible bronchoscopy, but it requires deep anesthesia. Computed tomography ( CT scan ): A CT scanner takes a series of X-rays, and a computer creates detailed images of the trachea and nearby structures. Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI scan ): An MRI scanner uses radio waves in a magnetic field to create images of the trachea and nearby structures. Chest X-ray : A plain X-ray can tell if the trachea is deviated to either side of the chest. An X-ray might also identify masses or foreign bodies.


Acrophobia | Define Acrophobia at Dictionary.com acrophobia [ak-ruh-foh-bee-uh] /ˌæk rəˈfoʊ bi ə/ Spell a pathological fear of heights. Origin of acrophobia 1890-95; < New Latin; see acro- , -phobia Related forms Examples from the Web for acrophobia Expand Contemporary Examples Contemporary society has gifted us with a phobia potentially as strong as acrophobia or the fear of flying: smartphone anxiety. Do You Suffer From Smartphone Anxiety? (And if So, What the Hell’s Your Problem?) Melissa Fares April 29, 2014 Historical Examples Probably the commonest is acrophobia, so that the detailed consideration of it shows the indications for other dreads. Psychotherapy James J. Walsh British Dictionary definitions for acrophobia Expand abnormal fear or dread of being at a great height Derived Forms Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for acrophobia Expand n. "morbid fear of heights," 1887, medical Latin, from Greek akros "at the end, the top" (see acrid ) + -phobia "fear." Coined by Italian physician Dr. Andrea Verga in a paper describing the condition, from which Verga himself suffered. In this paper, read somewhat over a year ago at the congress of alienists at Pavia, the author makes confession of his own extreme dread of high places. Though fearless of the contagion of cholera, he has palpitations on mounting a step-ladder, finds it unpleasant to ride on the top of a coach or to look out of even a first-story window, and has never used an elevator. ["American Journal of Psychology," Nov. 1888, abstract of Verga's report] Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper


1000+ images about Hever Castle, England on Pinterest | Anne boleyn, Castles and Henry VIII Newly refurbished bedrooms at Hever Castle, Kent, historic for Anne Boleyn's residence. See More


What colours are the flowers of the flax plant?

Flax Flax Linum perenne Look at the delicate little flax plant with its masses of open, silky flowers, often in purest blue, and it's hard to imagine that it can also produce tough linen fibers. Each bloom lasts but a day, but the plant stays in bloom for a while since it produces so many -- not only in blue, but also clear yellow, depending on the variety. Flax must have a light, free-draining soil. Wet feet will kill it. Flax enjoys full sun but will tolerate light shade, especially in the Southern portion of the United States. Oops, we're sorry. Something went wrong. Please try again later. Oops, we're sorry. Something went wrong. Please try again later. Share your take on this idea! Upload your photo here. Under 6 inches to 3 feet Width: Peony Perhaps the best-loved perennials, herbaceous peonies belong in almost every garden. Their sumptuous flowers -- single, semidouble, anemone centered or Japanese, and fully double -- in glorious shades of pinks and reds as well as white and yellow announce that spring has truly arrived. The handsome fingered foliage is usually dark green and remains good-looking all season long. Provide deep rich soil with plenty of humus to avoid dryness, and don't plant the crowns more than 2 inches beneath the surface. But these are hardly fussy plants. Where well suited to the climate, they can thrive on zero care. Shasta daisy Easy, always fresh, and always eye-catching, Shasta daisy is a longtime favorite. All cultivars produce white daisy flowers in various degrees of doubleness and size. The sturdy stems and long vase life make the flowers unbeatable for cutting. Shasta daisy thrives in well-drained, not overly rich soil. Taller sorts may need staking. Veronica Easy and undemanding, veronicas catch the eye in sunny gardens over many months. Some have mats with loose clusters of saucer-shaped flowers, while others group their star or tubular flowers into erect tight spikes. A few veronicas bring elusive blue to the garden, but more often the flowers are purplish or violet blue, rosy pink, or white. Provide full sun and average well-drained soil. Regular deadheading extends bloom time.


History of St. Patrick’s Day - St. Patrick’s Day - HISTORY.com History of St. Patrick’s Day History of St. Patrick’s Day Author History of St. Patrick’s Day URL A+E Networks Introduction St. Patrick’s Day is celebrated on March 17, the saint’s religious feast day and the anniversary of his death in the fifth century. The Irish have observed this day as a religious holiday for over 1,000 years. On St. Patrick’s Day, which falls during the Christian season of Lent, Irish families would traditionally attend church in the morning and celebrate in the afternoon. Lenten prohibitions against the consumption of meat were waived and people would dance, drink and feast–on the traditional meal of Irish bacon and cabbage. Google St. Patrick and the First St. Patrick’s Day Parade Saint Patrick, who lived during the fifth century, is the patron saint and national apostle of Ireland. Born in Roman Britain, he was kidnapped and brought to Ireland as a slave at the age of 16. He later escaped, but returned to Ireland and was credited with bringing Christianity to its people. In the centuries following Patrick’s death (believed to have been on March 17, 461), the mythology surrounding his life became ever more ingrained in the Irish culture: Perhaps the most well known legend is that he explained the Holy Trinity (Father, Son and Holy Spirit) using the three leaves of a native Irish clover, the shamrock. Did You Know? More than 100 St. Patrick's Day parades are held across the United States; New York City and Boston are home to the largest celebrations. Since around the ninth or 10th century, people in Ireland have been observing the Roman Catholic feast day of St. Patrick on March 17. Interestingly, however, the first parade held to honor St. Patrick’s Day took place not in Ireland but in the United States. On March 17, 1762, Irish soldiers serving in the English military marched through New York City. Along with their music, the parade helped the soldiers reconnect with their Irish roots, as well as with fellow Irishmen serving in the English army. Growth of St. Patrick’s Day Celebrations Over the next 35 years, Irish patriotism among American immigrants flourished, prompting the rise of so-called “Irish Aid” societies like the Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick and the Hibernian Society. Each group would hold annual parades featuring bagpipes (which actually first became popular in the Scottish and British armies) and drums. In 1848, several New York Irish Aid societies decided to unite their parades to form one official New York City St. Patrick’s Day Parade. Today, that parade is the world ‘s oldest civilian parade and the largest in the United States, with over 150,000 participants. Each year, nearly 3 million people line the 1.5-mile parade route to watch the procession, which takes more than five hours. Boston, Chicago , Philadelphia and Savannah also celebrate the day with parades involving between 10,000 and 20,000 participants each. St. Patrick’s Day, No Irish Need Apply and the “Green Machine” Up until the mid-19th century, most Irish immigrants in America were members of the Protestant middle class. When the Great Potato Famine hit Ireland in 1845, close to 1 million poor and uneducated Irish Catholics began pouring into America to escape starvation. Despised for their alien religious beliefs and unfamiliar accents by the American Protestant majority, the immigrants had trouble finding even menial jobs. When Irish Americans in the country’s cities took to the streets on St. Patrick’s Day to celebrate their heritage, newspapers portrayed them in cartoons as drunk, violent monkeys. The American Irish soon began to realize, however, that their large and growing numbers endowed them with a political power that had yet to be exploited. They started to organize, and their voting block, known as the “green machine,” became an important swing vote for political hopefuls. Suddenly, annual St. Patrick’s Day parades became a show of strength for Irish Americans, as well as a must-attend event for a slew of political candidates. In 1948, Pre


What is a village without a church called?

Village | Define Village at Dictionary.com village noun 1. a small community or group of houses in a rural area, larger than a hamlet and usually smaller than a town, and sometimes (as in parts of the U.S.) incorporated as a municipality. 2. the inhabitants of such a community collectively. 3. a group of animal dwellings resembling a village: a gopher village. of, relating to, or characteristic of a village: village life. 1350-1400; Middle English < Middle French < Latin villāticum, neuter of villāticus villatic . See -age Related forms The, a city in central Oklahoma. Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for village Expand Contemporary Examples Historical Examples The village was about six miles above the entrance of the Illinois into the Mississippi River. The mass in the village church satisfied the religious instinct. Society Henry Kalloch Rowe British Dictionary definitions for village Expand a small group of houses in a country area, larger than a hamlet 2. the inhabitants of such a community collectively 3. an incorporated municipality smaller than a town in various parts of the US and Canada 4. a group of habitats of certain animals 5. (NZ) a self-contained city area having its own shops, etc 6. (modifier) of, relating to, or characteristic of a village: a village green Derived Forms C15: from Old French, from ville farm, from Latin: villa Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for village Expand n. late 14c., "inhabited place larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town," from Old French village "houses and other buildings in a group" (usually smaller than a town), from Latin villaticum "farmstead" (with outbuildings), noun use of neuter singular of villaticus "having to do with a farmstead or villa," from villa "country house" (see villa ). Village idiot is recorded from 1907. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper


In German mythology what is the name of the siren who lived on a rock and lured boatmen to their deaths?

Mermaids Mythical               Articles Mermaids A mermaid is a mythological                    aquatic creature with a female human head,                    arms, and torso and the tail of a fish.                    A male version of a mermaid is known as                    a "merman" and in general both males and                    females are known as "merfolk". Mermaids What are Mermaids? Mermaids are mythological creatures, that                     are aquatic. Mermaids have a female human                     head, and torso, and they have a tail                     of a fish. Mermaids are thought to be                     enchantresses of the ocean, who lure and                     woo men to their deaths through the sound                     of their songs. It is said that mermaids                     can sometimes foresee the future. Mermaid                     lore is found in societies through out                     the world. The word "mermaid" comes from                     the the French word "mer" meaning                     sea, and the word maid to represent a                     girl or young woman. Legends about mermaids are said to pervade                     almost all cultures around the world. Foreign Names                        for Mermaid Scandanavian: Neck Scottish: Murdachan Other Names: Sea Nymphs, Sirens,                     Sea Sirens, Merfolk, Aphrodites Spawn,                     Water Spirits, Water Babies, Nereid, Naiad,                     Nix, Ocean Nymph, River Nymph,Water Elf,                     Water Sprite, Merpeople, Sea Maids, Sea                     Maiden, Sea People, Sea Queen, Siren Tritons,                     Undersea Folk, Underwater Folk, Water                     Babies, Water Maid, Merlady, Merfish,                     Merpeople, Ben-Varry, Catao History: Many of the mythology                     surrounding mermaids start with a mermaid                     as a water deity. The first known mermaid                     stories developed from Assyria circa 1000                     BC. The story is that the Syrian goddess                     Atargatis dove into a lake to take the                     form of a fish, the powers would not allow                     her to sacrifice her great beauty, so                     only her bottom half became a fish. Iconic Symbols: Iconic symbols                       that are often associated with mermaids                       are a mirror and comb, as well as                       their talent to sing and lure unsuspecting                       sailors and men, with their beauty                       and music. In medieval churches mermaids                       were thought to represent the sin                       of both pride and vanity, and                       the sin of lust. Mermaids are                       thought to be sexy and mysterious. Did You                            Know? The most                            recent reported sighting                            of a mermaid was said to


In what year were dog licences abolished in England?

Should the UK reintroduce compulsory dog licenses? | Pets4Homes Should The Uk Reintroduce Compulsory Dog Licenses? Pin it Did you know that up until 1987, you had to have a licence to own a dog of any kind within Great Britain, and that in Northern Ireland you still need a licence to own a dog? These days, literally almost anyone can legally buy and own a dog, and there are no restrictions on who can or cannot keep a pet, other than people that have been banned from keeping animals due to a conviction for cruelty. But despite over twenty five years having passed since dog licenses were abolished within Britain, many organisations including the RSPCA are lobbying for the re-introduction of a mandatory dog licence for every dog, and claim that this will help to reduce the number of homeless and uncared for dogs in the country and generally improve welfare standards. Are they correct? Why were the original dog licenses introduced, how effective were they and why were they eventually abolished? What would bringing in a new dog licence mean for dog owners today? Read on to find out more! The original British dog licensing system The old system by which all dogs owned within the UK had to be formally licensed, ended in Great Britain in 1987 but is still in place in Northern Ireland. While it is often thought that dog licensing in the UK was a way of monitoring dog ownership and the standard of care dogs received, and so reducing the amount of neglected or abandoned dogs resident in the UK, in fact this was not the case. The dog license was more of less simply a tax upon dog ownership, much like the TV license or any other tax. Under the rules of the old system, all dogs had to wear a collar and tag denoting the details of their legal owner. Any dog found on the streets without a collar and tag could be taken by the dog warden and not returned to their original owner without a license being presented. Why was dog licensing in the UK abolished? Despite it being mandatory to have a licence to own a dog within the UK up until 1987, it was estimated that less than 50% of dog owners actually complied with this law and registered their dogs and paid their license fees. The revenue brought in to the government from dog licensing was simply not matched by the effort, manpower hours and funding it took to follow up on complaints of non-compliance and unregistered dogs. The scheme was abolished in 1987, and replaced in 1989 with the Dangerous Dogs Act (DDA) and additional regulations pertaining to the control of dogs in public places were added to the Environmental Protection Act of 1990. Looking for free pet advice for your Dog?. Click here to join the UKs favourite pet community - PetForums.co.uk Why does the RSPCA think re-introducing dog licensing is a good idea? The RSPCA conducted an investigation in 2010 into the viability of the government re-introducing a type of dog licensing scheme- a mandatory registration system for all dogs, only this time, with the welfare and wellbeing of dogs at the heart of the scheme rather than a revenue-generating tax. The RSPCA believes that such a scheme would make it easier to reunite lost dogs with their owners, help to identify unethical and potentially unhealthy breeding practices such as puppy farming and crowded conditions, and encourage people to take a more responsible approach to lifelong dog ownership. A poll of almost 1,000 people, made up of a mixture of both dog owners and non dog owners found that 76% of people were in favour of a compulsory dog registration scheme for a variety of reasons. While this figure is impressive, that is the only formal survey that has been conducted within the UK, and so may not be representative of general public opinion. The Kennel Club has stated that they are opposed to any mandatory registration system, as they feel that the plan would penalise responsible dog owners. Similarly, The Dogs Trust believes that mandatory registration or licensing of dogs would be unfeasible, and is instead in favour of the compulsory microchipping of all dogs. Could


What type of leaves does a silkworm feed on?

UCSB Science Line UCSB Science Line What kind of leaves do silkworms eat? Answer 1: Silkworms are very picky eaters. They will only eat one thing and lots of it, mulberry leaves. It would take about two fully grown trees to produce just one pound of silk. Answer 2: Silkworms are very picky eaters! They only eat mulberry leaves and lots of them. Mulberry is a type of tree that's found in the warmer areas of Asia, Africa, and North America. Mulberry trees have a fruit that we can eat but silkworms only eat the leaves. Click Here to return to the search form. Copyright © 2015 The Regents of the University of California, All Rights Reserved.


Which UK newspaper had the first colour supplement?

British Newspaper History in the UK Cultural Products >> Historic Commemorative Anniversary Newspapers Milestones in 20th Century Newspaper history in Britain .... The history of newspapers in the UK in the 20th century is a fascinating story of the emergence of new titles, technologies and formats, and the disappearance of old titles, mainly through mergers. Once famous national titles like the Daily Sketch (later to merge with the Daily Mail in 1971) and the News Chronicle are now less known by younger generations. British newspaper history is also almost as much about the stories of the newspaper bosses - the big personalities, such as Lord Rothermere, Lord Northcliffe and Robert Maxwell, amongst others, who had a big impact on the course of this history. Buy an Original Newspaper ... Drawing from the UK's largest            newspaper archive, we can supply a genuine complete            major UK national Newspaper title - not            a copy - from virtually any day over the last            100 years - an ideal gift to commemorate a birthday, anniversary or special occasion: from only:  ï¿½ 39.99 Jan 17 1902 - launch of the Times Literary Supplement. Nov 2 1903 - launch of the Daily Mirror - the first daily newspaper              illustrated exclusively with photographs. The Mirror              was a broadsheet newspaper until the 1950s. March 2 1909 - launch of the Daily Sketch. (merges with the Daily Mail in 1971) Jan 25 1911 - launch of the Daily Herald (1st newspaper to sell two million copies a day) April 12 1913 - New Statesman founded March 11 1914 - First half-tone photo in the Times newspaper: a 4 by 3 inch picture of the Rokeby Venus, damaged in a Suffragette demonstration (the first ever half-tone in a daily newspaper appeared in the New York Graphic in 1880). 1915 - The Daily Mail launches 'Teddy Tail' - first UK comic strip. March 14 1915 - the Sunday Pictorial launched (becomes the Sunday Mirror in 1963). Dec 29 1918 - launch of the Sunday Express. Nov 2 1924 - the Sunday Express publishes first crossword in a British newspaper May 1926 - most newspapers cease publishing during the General Strike. The Government publishes the British Gazette and the TUC publishes the British Worker. Jan 1 1930 - launch of the Daily Worker newspaper (becomes the Morning Star in 1966). Feb 1 1930 - the first Times crossword appears (6 years after the first one appeared in Sunday Express). June 2 1930 - the News Chronicle newspaper is formed by the merger of the Daily News and the Daily Chronicle. (merges with the Daily Mail in 1960). Oct 18 1934 - the Daily Mail publishes the first photograph that was transmitted by beam radio (from Australia to London). Oct 1 1938 - first issue of the Picture Post (last issue in 1957). 1940 - Newsprint rationing is introduced. Nov 26 1940 - death of Lord Rothermere. Aug 24 1959 - the Manchester Guardian changes title to the Guardian, based in London. Feb 5 1961 - launch of the Sunday Telegraph. Feb 4 1962 - first issue of the Sunday Times magazine, known as the Sunday Times Colour Section. 1964 - the Press Council replaces General Council of the Press. Sept 6 1964 - the Observer colour supplement launched. Sept 15 1964 - the Daily Herald becomes the Sun. Sept 25 1964 - first issue of the Daily Telegraph. May 3 1966 - the Times begins printing news on the front page. 1969 the News of the World is bought by Rupert Murdoch. Nov 17 1969 - Rupert Murdoch re-launches the Sun newspaper as a tabloid. 1971 - Dail Sketch merges with the Daily              Mail. Nov 2 1978 - launch of the Daily Star newspaper. Dec 1 1978 - publication of the Times and Sunday Times is suspended for 11 months. Oct 31 1980 - the Evening News ceases publication and leaves London with just one evening newspaper. 1981 - Rupert Murdoch buys the Times and Sunday Times. May 3 1981 - the Sunday Express magazine launched. Sept 6 1981 - first issue of the News of the World Sunday magazine. 1982 - May 2 : the Mail on Sunday is launch


What type of creature is a mouthbrooder?

Mouth Brooding Fish Travel Mouth Brooding Fish A mother cichlid fish protects her young by keeping them in her mouth. But a parasite has evolved a way to use her own defenses against her. X Mouth Brooding Fish A mother cichlid fish protects her young by keeping them in her mouth. But a parasite has evolved a way to use her own defenses against her. Share Link


Which group had three consecutive UK Christmas number ones in 1996, 97 and 98?

No.1 facts and feats from ukcharts.20m.com Fastest #1s | Slowest #1 (artists) | Slowest #1 (records) | Biggest leaps to #1 | Straight in at #1 before 1995 | Climbs to #1 since 1995 | Longest span of #1 hits | Longest gap between #1 hits | Most successful act not to have reached #1 | Shortest career of a #1 act | Ultimate One Hit Wonders | Most #1 hits | Most weeks at #1 by an artist | Most weeks at #1 by a record | Most consecutive number one hits | Records that returned to #1 | First three or more hits at #1 | Drops from the top | #1 in two or more versions | Longest #1 hits | Family connections | Other number one facts and feats FASTEST NUMBER ONE HIT In 1969, The Beatles with Billy Preston debuted at #1 with Get Back. It was their only single to debut at #1 in the official BBC/Record Retailer singles chart and was the debut chart appearence for Preston, who went on to moderate success as a solo artist. Apart from Preston, and Al Martino, who debuted at number one by default in the very first chart, no act aside from charity collectives scored an instant number one hit until Whigfield nearly 42 years later. Here is the list of acts who have started at the very top since then: 17.09.94 Whigfield Saturday Night 20.05.95 Robson Green and Jerome Flynn Unchained Melody / The White Cliffs Of Dover 27.01.96 Babylon Zoo Spaceman 01.06.96 Baddiel and Skinner and The Lightning Seeds Three Lions 21.12.95 Dunblane Knockin' On Heaven's Door / Throw These Guns Away 25.01.97 White Town Abort, Retry, Fail? EP (Your Woman) 07.06.97 Hanson Mmmbop 13.12.97 Teletubbies Teletubbies Say Eh-Oh! 06.06.98 B*Witched C'est la Vie 11.07.98 Billie Because We Want To 24.10.98 Spacedust Gym And Tonic 27.02.99 Britney Spears Baby One More Time 03.04.99 Mr Oizo Flat Beat 01.05.99 Westlife Swear It Again 12.06.99 Baz Luhrmann Presents Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen) - The Sunscreen Song 19.06.99 S Club 7 Bring It All Back 06.05.00 Oxide and Neutrino Bound 4 Da Reload (Casualty) 26.08.00 Spiller Groovejet (If This Ain't Love) 16.09.00 Modjo Lady (Hear Me Tonight) 13.01.01 Rui Da Silva ft Cassandra Touch Me 24.03.01 Hear'Say Pure And Simple 02.06.01 DJ Pied Piper and the Masters Of Ceremonies Do You Really Like It? 18.08.01 So Solid Crew present 21 Seconds 21 Seconds 08.12.01 Daniel Bedingfield Gotta Get Thru This 09.03.02 Will Young Anything Is Possible / Evergreen 30.03.02 Gareth Gates Unchained Melody 11.05.02 Holly Valance Kiss Kiss 10.08.02 Darius Colourblind 09.11.02 DJ Sammy & Yanou ft Do Heaven 28.12.02 Girls Aloud Sound Of The Underground 25.01.03 David Sneddon Stop Living the Lie The Lightning Seeds had, of course, hit in their own right before. Dunblane were a charity ensemble, but unlike previous charity ensembles they were not made up of previously-charting acts. Babylon Zoo and White Town both debuted at #1 with major-label reissues of previously unsuccessful independent singles. Dunblane, Teletubbies and Baz Luhrmann all debuted at number one with their only single releases. So Solid Crew's previous single "Oh No (Sentimental Things)" would have charted at #13 the previous year, but was disqualified for having too many tracks. So Solid Crew members Megaman, Lisa Maffia and Romeo had previously appeared on Oxide & Neutrino's hit "No Good 4 Me". All formats of 21 Seconds consistently give the artist credit as So Solid Crew Present 21 Seconds rather than simply So Solid Crew. The Baz Luhrmann Presents... record has the additional credit "performed by Quindon Tarver" hidden away in the detailed credits. The single is a remix of Tarver's cover of Rozalla's hit Everybody's Free (To Feel Good). Tarver can therefore also legitimately claim to have gone straight in at number one with his first hit. "Featured" artists who have made their chart debuts at number one are: 28.10.95 Coolio featuring LV Gangsta's Paradise 28.06.97 Puff Daddy featuring Faith Evans and 112 I'll Be Missing You 06.02.99 Armand Van Helden featuring Duane Harden You Don't Know Me 10.03.01 Shaggy featuring Rikrok It Wasn't Me 22.03.03 Gareth Gates and The Kumars Spirit In T


In which war was the Battle of Bosworth Field?

Battle of Bosworth Field - Aug 22, 1485 - HISTORY.com Battle of Bosworth Field Publisher A+E Networks In the last major battle of the War of the Roses, King Richard III is defeated and killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field by Henry Tudor, the earl of Richmond. After the battle, the royal crown, which Richard had worn into the fray, was picked out of a bush and placed on Henry’s head. His crowning as King Henry VII inaugurated the rule of the house of Tudor over England, a dynasty that would last until Queen Elizabeth’s death in 1603. In the 1450s, English failures in the Hundred Years War with France, coupled with periodic fits of insanity suffered by King Henry VI, led to a power struggle between the two royal houses whose badges were the Red Rose of Lancaster and the White Rose of York. The War of the Roses left little mark on the common English people but severely thinned the ranks of the English nobility. Among the royalty who perished were Richard of York; Richard Neville; the earl of Warwick; and kings Henry VI and Richard III. In 1486, King Henry VII’s marriage to Elizabeth, the daughter of Edward IV, united the houses of Lancaster and York and formally ended the bloody War of the Roses. Related Videos


The opera novice: Mozart's Così fan tutte - Telegraph Opera The opera novice: Mozart's Così fan tutte While its music has always been adored, Mozart's Così fan tutte has  been accused of being clumsy or even misogynist. But Sameer Rahim  discovers an opera from which all lovers can learn.   Image 1 of 2 Unlucky lovers: Così fan tutte performed at The Royal Opera House. Nikolay Borchev as Guglielmo, Michele Losier as Dorabella, Malin Bystrom as Fiordiligi, Charles Castronovo as Ferrando Photo: Alastair Muir   Image 1 of 2 Così Fan Tutte performed at The Royal Opera House. Thomas Allen as Don Alfonso, Charles Castronovo as Ferrando, Nikolay Borchev as Guglielmo, Rosemary Joshua as Despina  Photo: Alastair Muir By Sameer Rahim , Assistant Books Editor 11:47AM GMT 17 Feb 2012 Follow “We have a certain Abbate da Ponte here,” wrote Mozart to his father in May 1783. “He promised to write me something new…but who knows whether he will keep his word or even wants to! You know these Italian gentlemen, they are very nice to your face…” The Italian gentleman kept his promise. Lorenzo da Ponte and Mozart collaborated on two blockbuster operas: The Marriage of Figaro and Don Giovanni. Their final work together, Così fan tutte, was not a great success. Mozart’s first biographer was puzzled that the composer could “waste his heavenly sweet melodies on such a miserable and clumsy text” and it was not popular until the 20th century. Così fan tutte is rarely given its English name possibly because it’s quite hard to translate. The full title is Così fan tutte, ossia La scuola degli amanti: “Thus do they all [ie women], or The School for Lovers” but the shortened form is usually “They’re all like that” or “All women behave the same”. This slipperiness suits a work known for being cynical about love yet which has wonderful love-music; and that satirises unreliable women while showing men are hardly faultless. Così begins with two young bucks Guglielmo and Ferrando boasting about the loyalty of their lovers Fiordiligi and Dorabella. Their friend Don Alfonso, “an old philosopher”, warns they shouldn’t be so trusting: women are all the same. They settle things with a love-test familiar to anyone who’s read medieval fabliaux or seen the US reality show Cheaters . The young men pretend to go to war only to return disguised as Albanians. Each man woos the other’s lover to see whether they remain true. As you might imagine, their plan doesn’t exactly go smoothly. I had seen Così about 10 years ago at the Hackney Empire but couldn’t remember much about it. This week I went to the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden to see a revival of Jonathan Miller’s “Armani” production . When it was first put on in 1995, you could have described it as being in modern dress. Nearly 20 years later – despite the addition of modern touches like iPhones and Starbucks – it looked more like a period piece. (Having the soldiers disguise themselves as Guns N’ Roses-style rockers, for example, might have seemed dated even in the mid-nineties.) Related Articles The opera novice: passion for Puccini's Tosca 03 Feb 2012 But I must confess I wasn’t in a good position to judge the production – literally. One of Così’s funniest scenes comes at the finale of act one when the men pretend to be dying to get the women’s sympathy. All this happened on the right side of the stage, though, and from my restricted view in seat DD11, I couldn’t see a thing. All I can tell you is that the audience was laughing. Unable to see all the action, I decided to listen more carefully. I have never understood what people meant by saying “the music was so witty” but Così has given me an idea. Take the overture : it begins with lordly violins that correspond to the men’s pompous certainty about their women’s faithfulness; then come the sinuous feminine notes of the English horn. The two call and respond to one another in a way that anticipates the back and forth of the love plot. As the overture ends the music slows and we hear five notes match the five syllables of the title: Co-sì fan tu-te, the


Who is generally credited with having invented the telephone?

Who is credited as inventing the telephone? Was it Alexander Graham Bell, Elisha Gray, or Antonio Meucci? (Everyday Mysteries: Fun Science Facts from the Library of Congress)     Who        is credited as inventing the telephone?     Was it Alexander Graham Bell, Elisha Gray, or     Antonio Meucci?          Alexander Graham Bell is often credited as the inventor of the telephone since he was awarded the first successful patent. However, there were many other inventors such as Elisha Gray and Antonio Meucci who also developed a talking telegraph. Attributing the true inventor or inventors to a specific invention        can be tricky business. Often credit goes to the inventor of the        most practical or best working invention rather than to the original        inventor(s). This happens to be the case of the invention of the        telephone! There is a lot of controversy        and intrigue surrounding the invention of the telephone. There have        been court cases, books, and articles generated about the subject.        Of course, Alexander Graham Bell is the father of the telephone.        After all it was his design that was first patented, however, he        was not the first inventor to come up with the idea of a telephone. Antonio Meucci, an Italian immigrant, began developing the design        of a talking telegraph or telephone in 1849. In 1871, he filed        a        caveat (an announcement of an invention) for his design of a talking        telegraph. Due to hardships, Meucci could not renew his caveat.               His role in the invention of the telephone was overlooked until        the United States House of Representatives passed a Resolution        on        June        11, 2002, honoring Meucci's contributions and work. You can read the resolution (107th Congress, H Res 269) on Congress.gov . To make matters even more interesting some researchers suggest that Elisha Gray, a professor at Oberlin College, applied for a caveat of the telephone on the same day Bell applied for his patent of the telephone- these gentlemen didnï¿½t actually visit the Patent Office, their lawyers did on their behalf. In Historical First Patents: The First United States Patent for Many Everyday Things (Scarecrow Press, 1994), Travis Brown, reports that Bellï¿½s lawyer got to the patent office first. The date was February 14, 1876. He was the fifth entry of that day, while Grayï¿½s lawyer was 39th. Therefore, the U.S. Patent Office awarded Bell with the first patent for a telephone, US Patent Number 174,465 rather than honor Gray's caveat. However, some authors dispute this story and suggest that there was malfeasance by certain individuals at Patent Office, and possibly Bell himself. If someone asks who is credited with inventing the telephone, you can explain the controversy that still surrounds this question. Related          Web Sites Alexander            Graham Bell's Family Papers From the Library of Congress            American Memory Web site, the collection includes "correspondence,            scientific notebooks, journals, blueprints, articles, and            photographs documenting Bell's invention of the telephone            and his involvement in the first telephone company, his            family life, his interest in the education of the deaf,            and his aeronautical and other scientific research. Dates            span from 1862 to 1939, but the bulk of the materials are            from 1865 to 1920." Antonio            Meucci A short history of Antonio Meucci from the Italian            Historical Society of America. Antionio            Meucci Revisited This Web page provides details of Antonio            Meucci's telephone which includes drawings. Elisha            Gray T


What is the US state capital of Arizona?

Did You Know: Capital Of Arizona Moved 4 Times Before Settling In Phoenix | KJZZ Did You Know: Capital Of Arizona Moved 4 Times Before Settling In Phoenix Published: Friday, September 26, 2014 - 12:39pm Updated: Thursday, May 28, 2015 - 11:19am (Photo by Nadine Arroyo Rodriguez - KJZZ) Part of the two-room Arizona history exhibit at the Arizona State Capitol Museum. (Photo by Nadine Arroyo Rodriguez - KJZZ) An exhibit at the Arizona State Capitol Museum. During the 19th century Arizona’s legislative body was a traveling office. It moved between the northern and southern part of the state so often it eventually got a nickname. A two-room exhibit at the Arizona State Capitol Musuem highlights the history of what is often referred to by local historians as the "capital on wheels." The Arizona State Capitol — the building that houses the Legislature — has been located on 17th Avenue and Washington Street for more than 100 years. The Legislature moved into the copper domed structure in 1901. Did you know the capital of Arizona — the city that serves as the central site of government activities — was relocated four times before making Phoenix its final location? “The first state capital of Arizona really depends what side you were on in the Civil War," said Luke Bate from the Arizona State Capitol Museum. “Tucson is if you’re on the confederate side is the first capital of Arizona.” That was in 1862 when the Arizona territory was stacked horizontally below New Mexico and it seceded from the Union to join the confederate cause. No all too happy about this move, the federal government created a new Arizona territory boundary line that looks much like what it is today and identified a new capital. In 1864, the U.S. government named Prescott as the state capital.   “Throughout the Civil War, there are essentially two capitals of Arizona, two different Arizonas. And until the ending of the Civil War that really officially clarifies everything and puts Arizona into the shape that we recognize it is," Batesaid. By 1867, the capital moved again, this time to Tucson. Bate said it was a well-developed city with more resources than any other area in the territory. Bates also said the Arizona Territorial Legislature Assembly saw this as a way to assure Confederate sympathy no longer existed in the southern territory. In 1879, the Legislature decided it was time to move again, and it did. The capital was relocated back to Prescott. “The government now at this point has spent almost an equal amount of time in both areas and so they feel it might be more representative to choose a location that’s half-way between the two point and that would be Phoenix, Arizona.” In 1889, the Territorial Legislature moved to Phoenix and was at city hall while a permanent state capitol building was being constructed where it is today. Bate said the story doesn’t end there. He said in the 1950s there were discussions of moving the state capitol building to a larger site to accommodate the growing assembly. Frank Lloyd Wright designed a structure that he thought would be ideal at Papago Park. But after much discussion, the Legislature at the time decided to just add two buildings on each side of the copper dome — one for the House and one for the Senate. EDITOR'S NOTE: This story has been modified to clarify the difference between the terms capital and capitol.


In which century was the first recorded Viking raid on England?

Hurstwic: Viking Raids Viking Raids The aspect of Norse society that most captures the modern popular imagination is the Viking raids. The historical records of Europe (written for the most part by the educated clergy who often were the victims of these raids) called the raiders "a most vile people".  But the raiders themselves certainly didn't hold that opinion. To them, the raids were a normal and desirable consequence of the pressures on a growing society and of the religious beliefs of the time. It's worth noting that raids similar to those conducted by the Vikings occurred in other parts of Europe during the Viking era. What made the Viking raids so notable was their success (due in large part to the superiority of Viking ships) and their extent (well outside the borders of the Norse lands). In the mind of the Norse people, raiding was very distinct from theft. Theft was abhorrent. According to the Norse mythology as told in Snorra Edda, theft was one of the few acts that would condemn a man to a place of torment after his death. On the other hand, raiding was an honorable challenge to a fight, with the victor retaining all of the spoils. A story from chapter 46 of Egils saga Skalla-Grímssonar illustrates this distinction. While raiding a coastal farm, Egill and his men were captured by the farmer and his family, who bound all of the raiders. In the night that followed, Egill was able to slip his bonds. He and his men grabbed their captors' treasure and headed back to the ship. But along the way, Egill shamefully realized he was acting like a thief, saying, "This journey is terrible and hardly suitable for a warrior. We have stolen the farmerï¿½s money without his knowledge. We should never allow such shame to befall us." So, Egill returned to his captors' house, set it ablaze, and killed the occupants as they tried to escape the fire. He then returned to the ship with the treasure, this time as a hero. Because he had fought and won the battle, he could justly claim the booty. Raiding was a desirable occupation for a young man, although a more mature man was expected to settle down and raise a family. This view of raiding is described by Ketill to his son, ï¿½orsteinn, in chapter 2 of Vatnsdï¿½la saga. Ketill was not pleased that his son had taken no initiative in rooting out a highwayman working nearby who had killed dozens of travelers. Ketill said to his son, "The behavior of young men today is not what it was when I was young." He said that it was once the custom of powerful men to go off raiding, in order to win riches and renown for themselves. Even if sons inherited their family lands, they were unable to sustain their high status unless they put themselves and their men at risk and went into battle, winning wealth and renown for themselves.  Ketill concluded by saying to his son, "You have now reached the age when it would be right for you to put yourself to the test and find out what fate has in store for you." Raiding increased a man's stature in Viking society. A successful raider returned home with wealth and fame, the two most important qualities needed to climb the social ladder. Raiding was often a part-time occupation. Chapter 105 of Orkneyinga saga describes the habits of Sveinn ï¿½sleifarson. In the spring, he oversaw the planting of grain on his farm at Gï¿½reksey. When the job was done, he went off raiding in the Hebrides and Ireland, but he was back to the farm in time to take in the hay and the grain in mid-summer. Then he went off raiding again until the arrival of winter. A Viking raid on a farmhouse is Norway is described in the chapter 1 of Hallfreï¿½ar saga. Sokki, a vicious Viking, came to the house of ï¿½orvaldur, a wealthy farmer. In the night, the Vikings set the house ablaze. ï¿½orvaldur came to the door and called out, asking who was responsible and why he deserved such ill treatment. Sokki replied, "We Vikings are after your life and your goods," and they attacked with fire and with weapons. Some of the household escaped, but most perished. The Vikings took aw


Olfactory relates to which of the senses?

Neuroscience for Kids - Chemical Senses 1. Overview of the smell and taste systems Odor and food molecules activate membrane receptors Sensations from our noses and mouths alert us to pleasure, danger, food and drink in the environment. The complicated processes of smelling and tasting begin when molecules detach from substances and float into noses or are put into mouths. In both cases, the molecules must dissolve in watery mucous in order to bind to and stimulate special receptor cells. These cells transmit messages to brain areas where we perceive odors and tastes, and where we remember people, places, or events associated with these olfactory (smell) and gustatory (taste) sensations. The neural systems for these two chemical senses can distinguish thousands of different odors and flavors. Identification begins at membrane receptors on sensory cells, where odorant or taste molecules fit into molecular slots or pockets with the right "lock and key" fit. This latching together of ligand and membrane receptor leads to the production of an electrical signal, which speeds along a pathway formed by nerve cells (neurons) and their extensions called axons. In this way, information reaches brain areas that perceive and interpret the stimulus. A membrane receptor will respond to several structurally related molecules The activation of receptors by discrete chemical structures is apparently not absolute, for a given membrane receptor will respond to a group of structurally similar compounds. Probably hundreds of odor membrane receptors exist, but many fewer taste receptors, perhaps on the order of 10 or 20 (we only know of about five now). The fact that we can discriminate thousands of smells and tastes is a result of complex substances activating different combinations of odor and taste receptors. Researchers frequently test people or animals with pure chemicals in order to find the best stimulus for a receptor, but in the real world odors and foods consist of many different types of molecules. The neural systems for taste and smell share several characteristics Although the neural systems for taste and smell are distinct from one another, the sensations of flavors and aromas often work together, especially during eating. Much of what we normally describe as flavor comes from food molecules wafting up our noses. Further, these two senses both have connections to brain areas that control emotions, regulate food and water intake, and form certain types of memories. Another similarity between these systems is the constant turnover of olfactory and gustatory receptor cells. After about ten days, taste receptor cells die and are replaced by cells that differentiate from a sort of stem cell in the taste bud. More surprising is the story of olfactory sensory cells. These are not epithelial cells as are taste cells, but neurons, which until recently were not known to be generated in adults. (Recent evidence shows that this can happen, even in the brain ). The olfactory sensory neurons are not only replaced every 60 days or so, but each must also grow an axon to the correct place in the brain. Researchers are investigating how taste perception and odor recognition are maintained in the face of this turnover and new axon growth. 2. Odor receptors are ciliated sensory neurons in the upper nasal cavity Humans can detect on the order of 10,000 "odorants," or substances that stimulate the sense of smell, and can detect some of these at concentrations as low as a few parts per trillion. Special olfactory receptor cells, about fifty million of them, line the upper reaches of the nasal cavity in a sheet of olfactory epithelium. Hair-like cilia dangle from the ends of the cells into the mucous layer covering the epithelium, where odor molecules bind to membrane receptors on the cilia. What is the mechanism for distinguishing aromas? As mentioned in Section 1, membrane receptors contain molecular pockets that accommodate only compounds with certain chemical structures. When an odorant molecule binds to a receptor, an intracellular "seco


What was the name of the bottled water launched by Coca-Cola and then withdrawn?

BBC NEWS | Business | Coke's water bomb Coke's water bomb By Bill Garrett BBC Money Programme Coca Cola is not a company known for making too many mistakes. Its marketing is slick and Coke is the best-selling soft drink in the world. Few would have predicted that Coke's attempt to launch its Dasani bottled water brand in the UK would prove to be a disaster for such an experienced company. In just five weeks, Dasani had come and gone Yet, in March this year, only five weeks after its multi million pound UK launch, red-faced Coke executives were forced to take Dasani off the shelves in the UK. What went wrong? Dasani was launched in the USA in 1999 as a bottled, purified water, and had become a huge success there. Taking that same formula and repeating it for the UK market must have looked like a breeze, but that wasn't quite how it turned out. Unlike most of the bottled water sold in British petrol stations and supermarkets Dasani hadn't come from alpine glaciers or trickled out of a precious natural spring - it had come out of the local tap. True, the company put it through a purification process and added mineral salts, but the source was still tap water. At its launch on 10 February, some people in the drinks industry already knew Dasani's big "secret". Simon Mowbray of The Grocer magazine had mentioned the source of the water in an article, but didn't think anyone else would pick up on it. Now, he sees it more graphically. "It was a bomb waiting to go off," he says. The Real Sting At first, the launch seemed to have go well, and Coke executives thought the public would respond to their new product with its distinctive blue packaging. But everything changed when the Press Association reporter Graham Hiscott saw the reference in the Grocer magazine to the real source of Dasani. The following day, the story was splashed across the daily papers. Headlines like "The Real Sting" a play on Coke's "The Real Thing" slogan and the more obvious "Coke sells tap water for 95p" could hardly have been worse for Coke and their new baby. Coke could make a comeback in the UK The tabloids drew on the uncanny parallel with the episode in the BBC sitcom "Only Fools and Horses", in which Del Boy and Rodney take ordinary tap water from their Peckham flat and bottle it up to sell as Peckham Spring. The irony couldn't have been worse. Dasani was sourced and bottled in a factory in Sidcup, just a few miles down the road from Peckham! The tabloids continued their onslaught. "Are they taking us for plonkers!" yelled the Daily Star. Contaminated Despite the pages of negative press coverage, Coke persisted with Dasani. Executives protested that they had been misunderstood and that the drink was not just tap water but in fact the result of a highly sophisticated process to create the purest drinking water you can get. As far as Coke were concerned, Dasani was a lifestyle drink, a drink you would want to be seen with, the source was all but irrelevant. The fiasco was complete when Dasani was contaminated Then on Thursday 18 March there was even worse news. Something had gone wrong at the Dasani factory and a bad batch of minerals had contaminated the water production with a potentially carcinogenic bromate. Coke admitted defeat. Immediately they withdrew all 500,000 bottles of Dasani in circulation. In just five weeks, Dasani had come and gone, arguably providing more in terms of entertainment than refreshment. The cost to Coke is thought to run into the millions, but behind the financial loss is the possibility of an even more serious problem. After years of heady growth, sales of Coca-Cola are beginning to flatten out. Bottled water, by contrast, is now the fastest-growing of the soft drinks and Coke still need a successful bottled water for the UK and the European market. An organisation the size of Coke, with the marketing strength that has made it the biggest drinks company in the world, is unlikely to give up easily. Astonishingly, Dasani could make a comeback one day. Asked whether the company has any plans to bring Dasani back, Patricia M


Which side of a coin is obverse, heads or tails?

RANDOM.ORG - Coin Flipper Coin Flipper Do you own an iOS or Android device? Check out our app! Coin Flipper This form allows you to flip virtual coins. The randomness  comes from atmospheric noise, which for many purposes is better  than the pseudo-random number algorithms typically used in  computer programs. Flip virtual coin(s) of type It is not always easy to decide what is heads and tails on a  given coin. Numismatics (the  scientific study of money) defines the obverse and  reverse of a coin rather than heads and tails. The obverse  (principal side) of a coin typically features a symbol intended to  be evocative of stately power, such as the head of a monarch or  well-known state representative. In the case of coins that do not  have royalty or state representatives on them, the side that  features the name of the country is usually considered the  obverse. Thanks to lots of helpful  people for donating coin pictures! If you don't see your currency listed here and you have good  quality coin pictures that you would like to donate, feel free to email us . (Remember that you  must own the copyright to the pictures, or they must be in the  public domain.) © 1998-2017 RANDOM.ORG


What word represents the letter K in radio communications?

Military Alphabet - MilitarySpot.com   Military Alphabet The NATO phonetic alphabet is widely used to improve communications when you absolutely have to be clear. Whether it's radio interference or the sound of gun fire, soldiers must be able to effectively communicate. The phonetic alphabet is really a spelling alphabet and not a true phonetic alphabet, lets operators communicate clear regardless of language, noise and other interference. When you are calling for support or an air strike your commands must be clearly understood because the consequences could literally be life or death. Letters often sound the same when spoken and the phonetic alphabet gives us a way to make absolute sure that your orders were relayed exactly as you meant them to be. Use the table below to learn the NATO Phonetic Alphabet or use the widget to the right to automatically convert a phrase. Character ZOO-LOO History of the Phonetic Alphabet The first internationally recognized spelling alphabet was adopted by the ITU during 1927. The experience gained with that alphabet resulted in several changes being made during 1932 by the ITU. The resulting alphabet was adopted by the International Commission for Air Navigation, the predecessor of the ICAO, and was used for civil aviation until World War II.[18] It continued to be used by the IMO until 1965: Amsterdam Baltimore Casablanca Denmark Edison Florida Gallipoli Havana Italia Jerusalem Kilogramme Liverpool Madagascar New_York Oslo Paris Quebec Roma Santiago Tripoli Upsala Valencia Washington Xanthippe Yokohama Zurich British and American armed forces had each developed their spelling alphabets before both forces adopted the ICAO alphabet during 1956. British forces adopted the RAF phonetic alphabet, which is similar to the phonetic alphabet used by the Royal Navy during World War I. The U.S. adopted the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet during 1941 to standardize systems among all branches of its armed forces. The U.S. alphabet became known as Able Baker after the words for A and B. The United Kingdom adapted its RAF alphabet during 1943 to be almost identical to the American Joint-Army-Navy (JAN) one. After World War II, with many aircraft and ground personnel from the allied armed forces, "Able Baker" continued to be used for civil aviation. But many sounds were unique to English, so an alternative "Ana Brazil" alphabet was used in Latin America. But the International Air Transport Association (IATA), recognizing the need for a single universal alphabet, presented a draft alphabet to the ICAO during 1947 that had sounds common to English, French, and Spanish. After further study and modification by each approving body, the revised alphabet was implemented on 1 November 1951 for civil aviation (but it may not have been adopted by any military):[18] Alfa Bravo Coca Delta Echo Foxtrot Golf Hotel India Juliett Kilo Lima Metro Nectar Oscar Papa Quebec Romeo Sierra Tango Union Victor Whisky Extra Yankee Zulu Problems were soon found with this list. Some users believed that they were so severe that they reverted to the old "Able Baker" alphabet. To identify the deficiencies of the new alphabet, testing was conducted among speakers from 31 nations, principally by the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States. Confusion among words like Delta, Nectar, Victor, and Extra, or the unintelligibility of other words during poor receiving conditions were the main problems. After much study, only the five words representing the letters C, M, N, U, and X were replaced. The ICAO sent a recording of the new Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet to all member states in November 1955.[7][6] The final version given in the table above was implemented by the ICAO on 1 March 1956,[18] and the ITU adopted it no later than 1959 when they mandated its usage via their official publication, Radio Regulations.[19] Because the ITU governs all international radio communications, it was also adopted by all radio operators, whether military, civilian, or amateur (ARRL). It was finally adopted by the IMO in 1965. During


Who was the first Plantagenet King of England?

The Plantagenets - Timeline of the Kings and Queens of England British life and culture - England, Scotland and Wales Timeline of the Kings and Queens of England   The Plantagenets 1154 - 1399 The Plantagenets were a huge powerful family not just in England but throughout Europe. The first Plantagenet was King Henry 2nd whose father owned vast  lands in Anjou an area as big as Normandy around the modern town of Tours.  Henry’s wife Eleanor ruled the even larger territory to the south called  Aquitaine. Plantagenet Kings were thus the richest family in Europe and ruled  England and half of France. Their name came from planta genista, the Latin for yellow broom flower, which the Counts of Anjou wore as an emblem on their helmets. This dynasty is normally subdivided into three parts. 1154-1216 - The first Plantagenet kings were the Angevins 1216-1399 - The Plantagenets 1399-1485 - The Houses of Lancaster and of York . Normally separated from main stream Plantagenets because they are considered the first truly English rather than French Kings. Altogether the House of Plantagents ruled for 331 years (includes The Houses of Lancaster and of York ). Angevins King Henry II 1154 - 1189 King Richard I the Lionheart 1189 - 1199 King John 1 1199 - 1216 Angevins King Henry II 1154 - 1189 Henry II, the first 'Plantagenet' king, accedes to the throne. He was not only king of England, but also ruled over most of Wales, Normandy, Anjou, Gascony and other parts of France (acquired through his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine). Age 21-56 Born: 5 March 1133 at Le Mans, France Parents: Geoffrey, Count  of Anjou, and Empress Matilda Ascended to the throne: 25 October 1154 aged 21 years Crowned: 19 December 1154 at  Westminster Abbey Married: Eleanor of Aquitaine, Daughter of William  X, Duke of Aquitaine Children: Five sons including Richard I and John,  three daughters and several illegitimate children Died: 6 July 1189  at Chinon Castle, Anjou, France aged 56 years Buried at: Fontevraud, France Succeeded by: his son Richard Came to the throne at just 21. He ruled for thirty-four years, but spent only fourteen of them in England. Henry owed his Kingship of England to his Norman mother Matilda, daughter of Henry 1st and his vast lands to his father Count of Anjou and his wife Eleanor,  Duchess of Aquitaine and Countess of Poitou. Thomas Becket was Henry II's Chancellor before the king made him Archbishop of Canterbury, even though he had never been a priest. Henry is mostly remembered for his quarrel with Thomas Becket, and Becket's subsequent murder in Canterbury Cathedral on 29th December 1170. Becket was slaughtered in the cathedral by four knights  acting on the rash words of the king, who is said to have proclaimed in a fit of  temper: "Will no one rid me of this turbulent priest?" Henry was devastated and ordered himself to be lashed hundreds of times as  penance.  Henry spent at least £6,440 throughout the 1180s – more than a  quarter of his average annual income – building and furnishing the impressive  keep at Dover Castle in Kent. The great tower is thought to have been  constructed as a show of wealth and power to 'impress' foreign pilgrims and  dignitaries on their way to the shrine of Thomas Becket. Henry's eldest son, also called Henry, died before his father so in 1189 his second son, Richard, succeeded to the throne. Henry introduced trial by Jury for the first time. He also set up civil courts in each county shire. Henry brought the church under the rules of the civil courts. (His arguments  with Beckett.) Prior to this, backed by the Pope, the Church was literally  getting away with murder. Henry introduced the law that no man can be tried for the same offence twice. King Richard I the Lionheart 1189 - 1199 Richard was later nicknamed 'Lionheart' for his bravery in battle. The crusades and the state of his French territories preoccupied Richard, such that he spent less than a year of his 10-year reign in England. Age 31 - 42 Born: 6 September 1157 at Beaumont Place, Oxford Parents: Henry II and Eleano


Which mountain was known as Peak XV until 1865?

Mount Everest Essay, Mount Everest Research papers These lights can be found in the North or South Pole. These light are about 60 to 600 kilometers above the earth's surface. In certain parts like Finnish Lapland, the lights can be seen up to 200 times a year... 4 / 1009 You can not ascend to fast because you will get adema, also known as altitude sickness. You have to stop at 22,000 feet for a few weeks to climatize and you must climb only a few hours a day... 2 / 525 One eruption type contains mostly cinders and ash, and the other type of eruption contains mostly lava. Mount Vesuvius has erupted more than 50 times since 79 A... 2 / 540 Located on the border between Nepal and Tibet, Everest is considered the highest mountain above sea level. Other mountains could technically be called taller mountains but none travel as far into the atmosphere... 6 / 1406 Mount Everest Mount Everest was known as Peak XV by the British until it was given its current English name of Mount Everest in 1865. The mountain was named after Sir George Everest, who served as the Surveyor General of India from 1830 to 1843... 4 / 1022 The recent eruptions that Kilauea has had have been very continuous and many of the lava flows have reached the Pacific Ocean shore. Kilauea has had about 45 different eruptions within the twentieth century... 2 / 332 For example the ash that a volcano spews out covers many square miles of plants and trees. This holds in water and waters plants. The ash also contains many nutrients that plants use... 4 / 1001


Who was the Prime Minister of Britain at the start of the First World War?

First World War.com - Primary Documents - British Prime Minister's Address to Parliament, 6 August 1914 What's New Primary Documents - British Prime Minister's Address to Parliament, 6 August 1914 Reproduced below is the    text of the speech given to the British Parliament by Prime Minister Herbert    Asquith . Sponsored Links Given on 6 August 1914 -    two days after Britain entered the war against Germany in defence of Belgium    - Asquith recounted the background to the outbreak of general war in Europe    in July/August 1914, placing great emphasis on the efforts of the British    Foreign Secretary, Sir Edward Grey , to secure continued peace in the face of    German aggression. Asquith finished his speech    by stating that Britain would throw her entire Empire's resources into the    struggle against Germany in order to ensure victory. British Prime Minister    Herbert Asquith's Address to Parliament, 6 August 1914 With the utmost reluctance    and with infinite regret, His Majesty's Government have been compelled to    put this country in a state of war with what for many years and indeed    generations past has been a friendly Power. The Papers which have since    been presented to Parliament will, I think, show how strenuous, how    unremitting, how persistent, even when the last glimmer of hope seemed to    have faded away, were the efforts of my right hon. Friend the Foreign    Secretary (note: Sir Edward Grey) to secure for Europe an honourable and a    lasting peace. Every one knows in the    great crisis which occurred last year in the East of Europe, it was largely,    if not mainly, by the acknowledgment of all Europe, due to the steps taken    by my right hon. Friend that the area of the conflict was limited, and that    so far as the great Powers are concerned, peace was maintained. If his efforts upon this    occasion have, unhappily, been less successful, I am certain that this House    and the country - and I will add posterity and history - will accord to him    what is, after all, the best tribute that can be paid to any statesman:    that, never derogating for an instant or by an inch from the honour and    interests of his own country, he has striven, as few men have striven, to    maintain and preserve the greatest interest of all countries - universal    peace. The Papers, which are now    in the hands of hon. Members, show something more than that. They show what were the    terms which were offered to us in exchange for our neutrality.  I trust    that not only the Members of this House, but all our fellow-subjects    everywhere will read the communications - will read, learn and mark the    communications which passed only a week ago to-day between Berlin and London    in this matter. The terms by which it was    sought to buy our neutrality are contained in the communication made by the    German Chancellor to Sir Edward Goschen on the 29th July.  I think I    must refer to them for a moment.  After alluding to the state of things    as between Austria and Russia, Sir Edward Goschen goes on: "He [the German     Chancellor] then proceeded to make the following strong bid for British     neutrality.  He said that it was clear, so far as he was able to     judge the main principle which governed British policy, that Great Britain     would never stand by and allow France to be crushed in any conflict there     might be. That, however, was not     the object at which Germany aimed.  Provided that neutrality of Great     Britain were certain, every assurance would be given to the British     Government that the Imperial Government" Let the Committee observe    these words: "aimed at no territorial     acquisition at the expense of France should they prove victorious in any     war that might ensue." Sir Edward Goschen    proceeded to put a very pertinent question:- "I questioned His


How many players does an American Football team normally have on the field at one time?

NFL Beginner's Guide to Football NFL Network Beginner's Guide to Football One 11-man team has possession of the football. It is called the offense and it tries to advance the ball down the          field-by running with the ball or throwing it - and score points by crossing the goal line and getting into an area          called the end zone. The other team (also with 11 players) is called the defense. It tries to stop the offensive team and make it give up         possession of the ball. If the team with the ball does score or is forced to give up possession, the offensive and defensive teams switch roles (the offensive team goes on defense and the defensive team goes on offense).         And so on, back and forth, until all four quarters of the game have been played. In order to make it easier to coordinate the information in this digest,         the topics discussed generally follow the order of the rule book. THE FIELD The field measures 100 yards long and 53 yards wide. Little white markings on the field called yard markers help the players,         officials, and the fans keep track of the ball. Probably the most important part of the field is the end zone.         It's an additional 10 yards on each end of the field. This is where the points add up! When the offense - the team with possession of the ball-gets the ball into the opponent's end zone, they score points. TIMING Games are divided into four 15-minute quarters, separated by a 12-minute break at halftime.         There are also 2-minute breaks at the end of the first and third quarters as teams change ends of the field after every 15 minutes of play.         At the end of the first and third quarters, the team with the ball retains possession heading into the following quarter. That is not the case before halftime.         The second half starts with a kickoff in the same way as the game began in the first quarter. Each offensive team has 40 seconds from the end of a given play until they must snap of the ball for the start of the next play, otherwise they will be penalized. The clock stops at the end of incomplete passing plays, when a player goes out of bounds, or when a penalty is called. The clock starts again when the ball is re-spotted by an official. If a game is tied at the end of regulation, a 15-minute overtime period will be played. In the NFL, this is sudden death and the first team to score wins. Possession is determined before the period begins by a coin toss. THE PLAYERS Each team has 3 separate units: the offense (see section below), those players who are on the field when the team has possession of the ball;         the defense (see section below), players who line up to stop the other team's offense; and special teams that only come in on kicking situations         (punts, field goals, and kickoffs). Only 11 players are on the field from one team at any one time. To see how the players line up click here THE KICKOFF A game starts with the kickoff. The ball is placed on a kicking tee at the defense's 30-yard line, and a special kicker (a "placekicker") kicks the ball to the offense        A kick return man from the offense will try to catch the ball and advance it by running. Where he is stopped is the point from which the offense will begin its drive, or series of offensive plays.        When a kickoff is caught in the offense's own end zone, the kick returner can either run the ball out of the end zone, or kneel in the end zone to signal a touchback - a sign to stop the play.        The ball is then placed on the 20-yard line, where the offense begins play. FIRST DOWN All progress in a football game is measured in yards. The offensive team tries to get as much "yardage" as it can to try and move closer to the opponent's end zone.        Each time the offense gets the ball, it has four downs, or chances, in which to gain 10 yards. If the offensive team successfully moves the ball 10 or more yards, it earns a


What are the two ingredients of a screwdriver cocktail?

Screwdriver Recipe: 6 Ways to Improve the Vodka Drink Stir well . How to Make a Better Screwdriver The Vodka. This is not the place for your best vodka (though use it if you like), but it's also important not to be a complete cheapskate when it comes to the single liquor used in any drink. There are  many great tasting vodkas that are also budget-friendly  on the market today. Explore these options and  find the best 'well' vodka  for your bar and use it in drinks like this. The Orange Juice. If you want the best Screwdriver possible, you should use  fresh-squeezed orange juice.  It is very easy and takes just a few minutes to get enough fresh juice for the drink. If you are going to use a store-bought juice, look for the cleanest, most natural juice available. How to Improve on the Simple Screwdriver While there are only two elements in the Screwdriver, there are a number of other options available that can ramp up your average Screwdriver. Essentially, we're just using the vodka-orange juice base and adding a little to it because sometimes we need to break out of a routine. Here are a few ideas for improving your Screwdriver game... Flavored Vodka - It is the easiest way to add a little spark and flavor contrast. Citrus vodkas would be an obvious option, though something with a little more contrast and will add depth. Try one of the berry vodkas for starters. Either cucumber or vanilla vodkas are amazing here as well. Experiment with your own infusions ; rosemary-strawberry vodka is a very fun base for a Screwdriver. Add a Sweetener - Orange juice has a natural acidity that can be combated with a little sweetener. To keep the flavor profile untouched, add a little simple syrup to your drink. If you want to add another flavor along with sweetness, take a hint from the Tequila Sunrise and add  grenadine or a similar syrup like strawberry or raspberry-lavender . Just a small dollop of syrup will make a world of difference. Add Sparkle - Lighten up your Screwdriver by topping it off with soda . Ginger ale and club soda are two perfect options, though you may also want to consider something a bit more fun like DRY Cucumber or Q Ginger . Also, you can take inspiration from drinks like the Mimosa and add a little sparkling wine. Muddled Fruit - Before pouring your Screwdriver, muddle a few pieces of fresh fruit in your glass. Berries add a nice contrast and kiwi are an easy and fun addition. Lemon, lime, peach, and almost any fruit you can find will add just a little bit of dimension to this simple drink. More Tall Vodka and Orange Juice Cocktails to Enjoy Vodka and orange juice is a favorite combination for many drinkers. If you're looking to step beyond the Screwdriver, give one of these recipes a try. Bocce Ball  - Toss a little amaretto into the mix. Creamsicle  - How about some creamy vanilla? Hairy Navel  - Things get a little peachy in this drink. Harvey Wallbanger  - Top it with a Galliano float. Madras  - Cranberry juice dominates this fruity drink. Related Articles


In February 1967, Ronald Ryan became the last man to be hanged in which country, for murdering a guard while escaping from prison in 1965?

Ronald Ryan - iSnare Free Encyclopedia Ronald Ryan Conviction(s) Murder Ronald Joseph Ryan (21 February 1925 – 3 February 1967) was the last person to be legally executed in Australia. Ryan was found guilty of shooting and killing warder George Hodson during an escape from Pentridge Prison , Victoria, in 1965. Ryan's hanging was met with some of the largest public protests in the history of Australia and led to the end of capital punishment. The death penalty was abolished in 1985. [1] Contents 19 External links Early life Ronald Edmond Thompson was born at the Royal Women's Hospital in Melbourne 's inner suburb of Carlton , to John Ronald Ryan and Cecilia Thompson (née Young). Cecilia already had a son with her first husband George Harry Thompson and was living with John Ryan. Cecilia and George had separated in 1915 when George left to fight in the Great War. The relationship never resumed. Cecilia met John Ryan while working as a nurse in Woods Point where he was suffering lung disease. They formed a relationship in 1924 and later married in 1929, after Thompson's death in 1927 by falling from a tram and getting hit by a car. [2] Ryan then adopted the name Ronald Edmond Ryan. In 1936 Ryan was confirmed in the Roman Catholic Church. He took as his confirmation name Joseph, becoming Ronald Edmond Joseph Ryan. He did not like Edmond and from then on used "Ronald Joseph Ryan". Following the theft of a watch from a neighbour's house at Mitcham in November 1936, the plight of the Ryan children was brought to the attention of the state welfare authorities. Ronald was sent to Rupertswood , the Salesian Order's school for orphaned, wayward and neglected boys in Sunbury . His three sisters were made wards of the state a year later when authorities declared them to be "neglected". His sisters were sent to the Good Shepherd Convent in Collingwood . Ryan absconded from Rupertswood in September 1939 and, with his half-brother George Thompson, worked in and around Balranald , New South Wales ; spare money earned from sleeper cutting and kangaroo shooting was sent to his mother, who was looking after their sick, alcoholic father. [3] [4] At the age of 20, Ryan had saved enough money to rent a house in Balranald. He collected his mother and sisters and they lived together in this house. Ryan's father stayed in Melbourne and died a year later, aged 62, after a long battle with miners' disease, phthisis tuberculosis . [2] [3] [4] Move to Victoria, marriage and children Aged about 22, Ryan decided to join his brother, who was tomato farming near Tatura, Victoria . He started visiting Melbourne on weekends and during one of these weekend trips Ryan met his future wife, Dorothy Janet George. On 4 February 1950, Ryan married Dorothy at St Stephen's Anglican Church in Richmond, Victoria . He converted from Roman Catholicism to the Church of England to marry her. He converted back to Catholicism [5] shortly before his execution. [6] Dorothy was the daughter of the mayor of the Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn . Ryan and Dorothy had three daughters, Janice, Wendy and Rhonda. A fourth baby was stillborn. Later life After spending a few months working for his father-in-law as a trainee mechanic, Ryan decided that more money could be made cutting timber near Marysville and Licola . When it was too wet to cut timber, Ryan got a job painting for the State Electricity Commission . By 1952 the Ryan family was living in Noojee . [7] Trouble with the law started when his rented house burnt down. Ryan was away for the weekend in Melbourne when the arsonist struck. The arsonist was caught and claimed that Ryan had put him up to it in order to claim insurance money. His first appearance in court was in Warragul in 1953 when he was acquitted on a charge of arson . [7] In 1956 Ryan appeared in court for passing bad cheques in Dandenong . He was given a bond. His next appearance in court was after he issued a large number of forged cheques in Warrnambool . His partner was caught with the goods purchased with the bad cheques and handed Ryan over to the police. He


In February 1942, Antonio Oscar Carmona was re-elected as president of which European country?

Portugal > History and Events > Date Table > Second Repubic 12th Period - Second Republic of Portugal (20th Century) 20th C. -- -- Military Administration (1926-1932) 1926 31st May - Josï¿½ Mendes Cabeï¿½adas becomes Provisional President and Prime Minister (1926) 1926 3rd June - Antï¿½nio de Oliveira Salazar appointed Finance Minister 1926 3rd June - Congress of the Republic of Portugal (National Assembly) is dissolved 1926 3rd June - All Heads of Municipalities are substituted 1926 3rd June - The "Carbonï¿½ria" (Police) is banned 1926 3rd June - All political parties are banned 1926 17th June - General Costa da Gomes provokes new military coup 1926 19th June - General Manuel Oliviera Costa da Gomes appointed Prime Minister (1926) 1926 19th June - Antï¿½nio de Oliveira Salazar resigns 1926 19th June - Offices of Republican newspapers are sacked 1926 22nd June - Censorship is instituted 1926 17th June - General Manuel Costa da Gomes becomes President (1926) 1926 9th July - General Costa da Gomes is dismissed and goes into exile 1926 9th July - Army coup places General Antï¿½nio ï¿½scar de Fragosa Carmona as Prime Minister (1926-1928) 1926 9th July - Antï¿½nio ï¿½scar de Fragoso Carmona as President (1926-1951) 1926 15th September - Another failed army coup 1926 16th December - Political police force is created in Lisbon 1926 2nd  November - Offices of Republican Syndicates are sacked 1926 August - Another failed army coup 1926 December 1st - Students in Lisbon demonstrate against military dictatorship 1927 3rd February - Unsuccessful Republican revolt led by Agalï¿½o Lanï¿½a, first in Porto, followed by the Algarve, and finally some days later in Lisbon - some 1000 people arrested and deported to Colonies 1927 March - Political police force created in Porto 1927 April - Communist newspaper offices sacked 1927 May - Minimum school years reduced from six to four and separation of sexes in classrooms 1927 May - Trade Union Associated is dissolved 1927 26th August - Clashes between loyal Government troops and Republican rebels result in 150 killed and 800 injured. 1928 Construction commenced on Basilica de Fï¿½tima 1928 Failed coup by Republicans - Portuguese Communist Party offices closed 1928 February - Propaganda Commission is created 1928 18th April - Josï¿½ Vicente de Freitas becomes Prime Minister (1928-1929) 1928 26th April - Antï¿½nio de Oliveira Salazar appointed Finance Minister for 2nd time and reorganises the national budget 1928 20th July - The commander and his soldiers in the Castelo de Sï¿½o Jorge in Lisbon revolted. This revolt was reflected in other parts of the country but all were quickly dispelled 1929 8th July - Artur Ivens Ferraz becomes Prime Minister (1929-1930) 1929 Catholic religious Orders are again permitted in Portugal 1929 24th October - Beginning of World Economic Depression in the USA. 1929 The Communist Party led by General Bento Gonï¿½alves goes underground 1930 Colonial Act - defines Portuguese status and all its Colonies 1930 30th July - Antï¿½nio de Oliveira Salazar creates his new Party, the "Uniï¿½o Nacional". 1930 Antï¿½nio de Oliveira Salazar presents his first declaration of adapting a dictatorial policy 1930 21st January - Domingos Augusto Alves da Costa e Oliveira becomes Prime Minister (1930-1932) 1931 Spain rejects their monarchy system and becomes a Republic 1931 June - Large shipment of arms for rebels discovered in Lisbon docks 1931 4th April - Inhabitants of Madeira support a General Strike against price of imported grain but are quelled by armed forces - riots spread to the Azores by 7th of April 1931 June - Foundation of "Alianï¿½a Republicana Socialista" party led by General Norton de Matos 1931 26th August - Military and civilians join together and revolt in streets of Lisbon is violently quelled -- "Estado Novo" Administration (1932-1974) 1932 5th July - Antï¿½nio de Oliveira Salazar becomes Prime Minister (1932-1968) 1932 Death of Manuel II still in exile in England 1933 Creation of "Estado Novo" - dictatorship doctrine of Antï¿½nio de Oliveira Salazar with only one Po


What was the nickname of the largest fixed-wing flying boat ever built, the Hughes H-4 Hercules, flown by Howard Hughes in November 1947, for just eight minutes, its only ever flight?

Hughes H-4 / HFB-1 Hercules - transport flying boat Hughes H-4 / HFB-1 Hercules Virtual Aircraft Museum / USA / Hughes    The truly massive Hughes H-4 Hercules flying boat was conceived by reclusive millionaire entrepreneur Howard Hughes in 1942 as a means of delivering massive quantities of men and materiel to various war zones, hence avoiding the submarine menace that presented a constant threat to merchant ships. On 2 November 1947, the Hercules - nicknamed the 'Spruce Goose' because of its wooden construction, although the wood was mainly birch, not spruce - made a short flight of about a mile over Los Angeles roadstead in front of an excited crowd estimated at 50,000 people, rising 21m off the water and reaching a speed of 129km/h. Yet by 1947 the aircraft no longer had any strategic value, and it never flew again. Today, it is on permanent display at the Evergreen Air Venture Museum, McMinnville, Portland, Oregon. It is still the largest aircraft in the world (only by its wingspan). Specification