The Salk vaccine was developed in 1954 to be used against which disease?

Canada and the Great Salk Vaccine Trial of 1954-55 New! For more Polio History Online Resources, view the updated Polio History pages For an illustrated verison of this article published in another magazine, click here Forty years ago the largest medical experiment in history took place to test a vaccine to prevent the escalating ravages of poliomyelitis. This was the Salk vaccine named after Dr. Jonas Salk of Pittsburgh. Close to two million children across the United States and parts of Canada were involved in this field trial, which was orchestrated by the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP), or March of Dimes. Canadian involvement in this massive experiment went far beyond testing a small amount of vaccine. The Canadian role was fundamental to the entire project, for without Connaught Medical Research Laboratories at the University of Toronto, there would not have been a trial, or a practical vaccine in the first place. The broad and complex problem of polio dominated the first half of the twentieth century. Major research progress was stymied until 1949 when a way was finally found to grow the poliovirus in a test tube, instead of having to rely on monkeys for all research. This Nobel Prize winning advance greatly stimulated polio researchers, including those at Connaught Laboratories. Dr. Andrew J. Rhodes had led a major polio research program at Connaught since 1947, and by 1951 he was also growing poliovirus in test tubes. Yet not enough virus was bein gproduced to be practical for a vaccine until one of Rhodes'associates, Dr. Arthur E. Franklin, tried a new method that involved the nutrient base known as "Medium 199." This medium was a complex and chemically pure mixture of over 60 ingredients that was the first of its kind. "Medium 199" was developed at Connaught in 1949 by Dr. Joseph F. Morgan, originally for studying cell nutrition in cancer research. Morgan and Franklin were close friends and after discussing the problems Franklin was having with growing the poliovirus, Morgan supplied some "199" to Franklin in the fall of 1951 to see if it could help, and to his surprise "199" worked incredibly well. Meanwhile, Salk was confident that an inactivated vaccine could prevent polio in humans as it seemed to in monkeys. However, his vaccine was not yet safe for human use, nor could he make enough for the millions of families who were clamoring for protection from the dreaded disease. It was in solving these two major problems that Connaught made its crucial contributions. Medium 199 provided a chemically pure basis for a safe vaccine, while in 1953, Connaught researcher Dr. Leone Farrell came up with the "Toronto technique" to produce bulk quantities of the poliovirus by using large bottles that were gently rocked in a series of specially designed rocking machines. In early 1952, when the NFIP and Salk first heard about the value of "199," this gave Salk confidence to prepare a vaccine that would now be safe to try on children. In January 1953, the residents of a disabled children's residence near Pittsburgh were the first to get Salk's vaccine. In the meantime, the AmericanM arch of Dimes poured money into Connaught to expand their methods of growing the virus for a large field trial. Connaught had already established a prominent international reputation for making vaccines and other public health products, and since it was a non-commercial manufacturer, a more open and cooperative relationship with Salk and the NFIP was possible. By the summer of 1953, Connaught was asked by the NFIP to provide all the poliovirus fluids required for a national field trial set to begin in the spring of 1954. Through the fall and winter of 1953-54, large bottles full of poliovirus were sent in station wagons from Toronto and over the border to drug companies in Detroit and Indianapolis, where the virus was inactivated and processed into a finished vaccine. Monkey kidneys were necessary for growing the virus and during this time at least 165 monkeys were needed per week to produce the 3,000 litres of virus fluids ne


The Battle of Balaclava was fought during which war?

Crimean War: Battle of Balaclava - Charge of the Light Brigade Crimean War: Battle of Balaclava Crimean War: Battle of Balaclava The Charge of the Light Brigade by Richard Caton Woodville.  Photograph Source: Public Domain Battle of Balaclava Conflict & Date: The Battle of Balaclava was fought October 25, 1854, during the Crimean War (1853-1856). Armies & Commanders: 25,000 men Battle of Balaclava Background: Following their victory over the Russians at the Battle of Alma on September 20, 1854, British and French forces advanced south towards the port of Sevastopol. Rather than assault the city directly the Lord Raglan and Marshal Jacques St. Arnaud elected to lay siege. Slowly moving south, their tardy progress gave Prince Aleksandr Menshikov time to prepare defenses and re-form his beaten army. Passing inland of Sevastopol, the Allies sought to approach the city from the south. To support their operations, the French established a base on the west coast at Kamiesh, while the British took Balaclava in the south. By occupying Balaclava, Raglan committed the British to defending the Allies' right flank, a mission that he lacked the men to accomplish effectively. Located outside of the main Allied lines, work began on providing Balaclava with its own defensive network. To the north of the city were heights which descended into the South Valley. Along the northern edge of the valley were the Causeway Heights across which ran the Woronzoff Road which provided a vital link to the siege operations at Sevastopol. To protect the road, Turkish troops began building a series of redoubts beginning with Redoubt No. 1 in the east on Canrobert's Hill. Above the heights was the North Valley which was bounded by the Fedioukine Hills to the north and the Sapouné Heights to the west. To defend this area, Raglan had only Lord Lucan's Cavalry Division, which was camped at the western end of the valleys, the 93rd Highlanders, and a contingent of Royal Marines. In the weeks since Alma, Russian reserves had reached the Crimea and Menshikov began planning a strike against the Allies. The Russians Rebound: Gathering around 25,000 men, Menshikov instructed General Pavel Liprandi to move to strike Balaclava from the east. Capturing the village of Chorgun on October 18, Liprandi was able to reconnoiter the Balaclava defenses. Developing his plan of attack, the Russian commander intended for a column to take Kamara in the east, while another attacked the eastern end of Causeway Heights and nearby Canrobert's Hill. These assaults were to be supported by Lieutenant General Iv. Ryzhov's cavalry while a column under Major General Zhabokritsky moved onto the Fedioukine Heights. Commencing his attack early on October 25, Liprandi's forces were able to take Kamara and overwhelmed the defenders of Redoubt No. 1 on Canrobert's Hill. Pressing forward, they succeeded in taking Redoubts Nos. 2, 3, and 4, while inflicting heavy losses on their Turkish defenders. Witnessing the battle from his headquarters on the Sapouné Heights, Raglan ordered the 1st and 4th Divisions to leave the lines at Sevastopol to aid the 4,500 defenders at Balaclava. General François Canrobert, commanding the French army, also sent reinforcements including the Chasseurs d'Afrique. Clash of the Cavalry: Seeking to exploit his success, Liprandi ordered forward Ryzhov's cavalry. Advancing across the North Valley with between 2,000 to 3,000 men, Ryzhov crested the Causeway Heights before spotting Brigadier General James Scarlett's Heavy (Cavalry) Brigade moving across his front. He also saw the Allied infantry position, consisting of the 93rd Highlands and the remnants of the Turkish units, in front of the village of Kadikoi. Detaching 400 men of the Ingermanland Hussars, Ryzhov ordered them to clear the infantry. Riding down, the hussars were met with a furious defense by the "Thin Red Line" of the 93rd. Turning the enemy back after a few volleys, the Highlanders held their ground. Scarlett, spotting Ryzhov's main force on his left, wheeled his horsemen and attacked. Halting his troops, Ryz


What is a Spanish nobleman of the highest rank called?

Nobility of Spain Nobility of Spain of The Nobility of Spain The Spanish              nobility are the persons who possess the legal status of nobility, and the system of titles and honours of Spain and              of the former kingdoms that constitute it. Some nobles possess various titles that may be inherited, but the inheritance and              creation of titles is entirely at the grace of the King of Spain. Other nobles have transmitted that status since time              immemorial. Some aristocratic families use the nobiliary particle de before their family name. During the rule of              General Francisco Franco, some new hereditary titles were conceded to individuals, and the titles granted by the Carlist pretenders              were officially recognized. Upon the accession to Spain's throne in the person of Juan Carlos of Spain in 1975,              the court of nobles holding offices attached to the royal household was not restored. Noble titleholders are subjected              to taxation, whereas under Spain's ancien régime they were exempt.   King              Juan Carlos has also created new titles to recognize the merits of politicians and artists. Some of these have been hereditary.              For example, the daughter of longtime dictator Francisco Franco, Carmen Franco y Polo became Duchess of Franco, Adolfo              Suárez became Duke of Suárez, the author Camilo José Cela became Marquis of Iria              Flavia (the Roman name of his birth city) and the classical guitarist Andres Segovia became Marquis of Salobreña.              Both Cela and Segovia's titles are now borne by their sons. He also exceptionally confirmed the title of Count of Barcelona,              a title historically attached to the Crown, but used as a title of pretence by his father Juan de Borbón              during the dynasty's Twentieth Century exile and the subsequent reign of his son.   The Grandes de España Spanish nobles are              classified either as Grandes de España (also called in English grandees), or as titled nobles. Formerly, grandees              were divided into the first, second and third classes, but now, all grandees enjoy the same privileges. An individual may              hold a grandeeship, whether in possession of a title of nobility or not. Normally, however, each grandeeship is attached to              a title, though this was not always the case. Furthermore, a grandeeship is always awarded along with every ducal title, just              as most dukes in France gradually obtained a peerage under its ancien régime. A grandee of any rank outranks              a non-grandee, even if that non-grandee's title is of a higher degree. Thus, a baron-grandee enjoys higher precedence than              a marquis who is not a grandee. Except for dukes and some very ancient titles of marquesses and              counts, most Spanish titles of nobility are not attached to grandeeships. Grandees are entitled to the style of              Most Excellent Lord / Lady or His / Her Excellency. In the days of the old monarchy, Grandees had the privilege of keeping              their hats on in the presence of the sovereign, and of addressing him as "cousin". Titled nobles who are of the              rank of marquis or count use the style Most Illustrious Lord / Lady, while those of the rank of viscount, baron or lord use              simply Lord / Lady.   The Ranks of Spanish              Nobility The titles of Prince of the Asturias, Prince of Gerona and Prince of Viana are              held by the heir apparent of the Spanish crown. The Spanish nobility is divided into six ranks (both the masculine


What nationality was guitarist Django Reinhardt?

Django Reinhardt - Music on Google Play Django Reinhardt About the artist Jean "Django" Reinhardt was a Belgian-born French jazz guitarist and composer of Romani ethnicity regarded as one of the greatest guitar players of all time, having written nearly 100 songs. He was the first and most significant jazz talent to emerge from Europe. Despite having two of his fingers disabled from a fire, he overcame the handicap and went on to forge an entirely new style of jazz guitar technique, which has since become a living musical tradition within French Gypsy culture. Benny Goodman asked him to travel with his band, which he never did, but he did tour the U.S. with Duke Ellington's band in 1946. He died suddenly of a stroke at age 43. With violinist Stéphane Grappelli, Reinhardt formed the Paris-based Quintette du Hot Club de France in 1934, today considered one of the most original bands in the history of recorded jazz. Reinhardt's most popular compositions have become jazz standards, including "Minor Swing", "Daphne", "Belleville", "Djangology", "Swing '42", and "Nuages". According to jazz guitarist Frank Vignola, nearly every major guitarist in the world has been influenced by Django, including Paul McCartney, Keith Richards and Les Paul.


In the UK children's TV series Playschool, what was the name of the black doll which replaced Hamble in the 1980s?

Happy Birthday Play School! 50 amazing facts to celebrate the children's TV stalwart - Mirror Online Happy Birthday Play School! 50 amazing facts to celebrate the children's TV stalwart Celebrate the 50th anniversary of everyone's favourite children's TV show  Share Get celebs updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Thank you for subscribing! Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email You'd be hard pushed to find someone who hasn't got a fond memory of Play School growing up. While many children's show come and go like Teletubbies, the Tweenies and In the Night Garden, there's been one mainstay on British TV since, well, forever - or at least 50 years. Created by Joy Whitby, pre-school series Play School accidentally became the first programme ever to be seen on brand new channel BBC Two after a power cut interrupted the planned schedule. Making its debut on the day after BBC Two’s launch – 21st April 1964 – the series ran for 24 years up until March 1988. It launched the careers of many of its presenters including Brian Cant, Carol Chell, Johnny Ball, Derek Griffiths and Floella Benjamin. Play School was ahead of its time with its cheerful combination of songs, dances and lively presenters, accompanied by a cast of toys and pets.  Play School even holds the distinction of being the first children’s programme ever to be seen in colour on BBC Two and the first children’s programme ever to feature a black host with Paul Danquah. Even Hollywood royalty appeared on the show with Emma Thompson's parents Eric Thompson and Phyllida Law hosting the show. To celebrate the 50th Anniversary, Play School will be part of a special exhibition commemorating Children’s BBC – Here’s One We Made Earlier due to open at The Lowry in Manchester in July.  And campaigning audience advocacy group, the Children’s Media Foundation, are supporting a special reunion for all those who worked on or were involved with the iconic children’s show. “Play School was absolutely ahead of its time in terms of its content, production techniques and presenting style”, says Anna Home, OBE, former head of BBC Children’s, previously a Play School researcher and now chair of the Children’s Media Foundation.  “You only have to look at today’s children’s programming to see how it has inspired generations of presenters and programme-makers way beyond its 24 years on screen.” Eric Thompson and Phyllida Law both appeared on Play School (Photo: Rex)   Check out 50 facts to celebrate Play School's 50th anniversary below Play School was originally commissioned when Michael Peacock, the Chief of Programmes for BBC Two who had two young children of his own, was looking to redress the lack of nursery age programming on air. The thinking behind the programme’s title was that ‘play is the child’s first school’. Play School was the very first programme to appear on BBC Two on 21st April 1964.  Play School only became the first programme to be shown on BBC Two accidentally, after a massive power cut blacked out the previous day’s launch schedule. Play School ran for 24 years, right up until March 1988. There were 5,692 editions of Play School transmitted in total. Only 1,900 editions of Play School have survived in the BBC archives. Play School was the first children’s programme to be shown in colour on BBC Two in May 1968. Play School’s revolutionary mixture of fun, games, songs and live presenters was a big hit. In the seventies it regularly attracted around 5 million viewers. There were a total of 104 presenters – mostly actors, comedians and singers. The Play School presenters always presented as pairs. The programme’s producers frequently mixed up the pairs to provide a different onscreen chemistry. The very first Play School was presented by Virginia Stride and Gordon Rollings. Play School presenters included Brian Cant, Johnny Ball, Floella Benjamin, Derek Griffiths and husband and wife team Eric Thompson and Phyllida Law (the parents of OSCAR winning actress Emma Thompson). The longest serving presenters were Carol Chell (763 episodes), Brian Cant (620), Julie


What type of plastic was made from phenol and formaldehyde?

phenol-formaldehyde resin | chemical compound | Britannica.com Phenol-formaldehyde resin colloid Phenol-formaldehyde resin, also called phenolic resin, any of a number of synthetic resins made by reacting phenol (an aromatic alcohol derived from benzene ) with formaldehyde (a reactive gas derived from methane ). Phenol-formaldehyde resins were the first completely synthetic polymers to be commercialized. In the first decades of the 20th century, Bakelite , a trademarked phenolic plastic , revolutionized the market for molded and laminated parts for use in electrical equipment. Phenolics are still very important industrial polymers, though their most common use today is in adhesives for the bonding of plywood and other structural wood products. The chemical composition of phenol and formaldehyde and their combination into networks of permanently interlinked large molecules are explained briefly in the article aldehyde condensation polymer . Phenol-formaldehyde resins are heat-resistant and waterproof, though somewhat brittle. They are … Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. In industrial practice, there are two basic methods for making the polymer into useful resins. In one method, an excess of formaldehyde is reacted with phenol in the presence of a base catalyst in water solution to yield a low-molecular-weight prepolymer called a resole. The resole, frequently in liquid form or solution, can be cured to a solid thermosetting network polymer by, for instance, sandwiching it between layers of wood veneer and then heating the assembly under pressure to form a plywood. The other method involves reacting formaldehyde with an excess of phenol, using an acid catalyst. This process produces a solid prepolymer called a novolac (or novolak), which resembles the final polymer except that it is of much lower molecular weight and is still thermoplastic (that is, it can be softened by reheating without undergoing chemical decomposition). Curing can be accomplished by grinding the novolac to a powder, mixing it with fillers such as wood flour, minerals, or glass fibres, and then heating the mixture in a pressurized mold. In order to be cured to a thermosetting resin, novolacs require the addition of more formaldehyde or, more commonly, of compounds that decompose into formaldehyde upon heating. Phenol-formaldehyde resins make excellent wood adhesives for plywood and particleboard because they form chemical bonds with the phenol-like lignin component of wood. They are especially desirable for exterior plywood, owing to their good moisture resistance. Phenolic resins, invariably reinforced with fibres or flakes, are also molded into insulating and heat-resistant objects such as appliance handles, distributor caps, and brake linings. Learn More in these related articles:


In which country is the city of Stavanger?

Stavanger – Travel guide at Wikivoyage By plane[ edit ] Stavanger Airport, Sola ( IATA : SVG) is a 20 minute drive from Stavanger. There are frequent domestic services to other major cities in Norway, as well as some services to minor cities and towns. Discounted domestic plane tickets are usually available at reasonable prices if booked well in advance, even during the summer vacation (although frequencies may be reduced). SAS and KLM serve Stavanger multiple times daily from their hubs at Copenhagen and Amsterdam respectively. AirBaltic flies to their hub at Riga twice a week. SAS and British Airways each operate 2 daily flights to Stavanger from London-Heathrow. Norwegian Air Shuttle has 1 daily flight to London-Gatwick. SAS and Norwegian Air Shuttle also operate less frequent flights to a number of other European destinations, including Berlin, Warsaw and leisure destinations in Southern Europe, popular among Norwegians, such as Alicante and Malaga. Airport Shuttle Buses (120 kr one way, 180 kr return, 90 kr child/student/senior/military personnel, 23 minutes) [1] run to downtown Stavanger every 20 minutes (30 minutes during the Easter, Summer, and Christmas holidays). Bus line number 9, direction Stavanger (33 kr, 40 minutes) runs every 30 minutes (60 minutes during the Easter, Summer, and Christmas holidays) weekdays daytime and is cheaper, but slower. Only ONE piece of luggage allowed. Make sure to board the bus in the right direction, or you might end up in Sandnes instead. When returning to the airport, make note of the fact that not all departures on line 9 go all the way to the airport. Search the schedule for the ones that do [2] . Haugesund Airport, Karmøy ( IATA : HAU) [3] (occasionally referred to as Helganes instead of Karmøy) is served by Ryanair from a couple of international destinations, including three times weekly from London-Stansted. Public transport to Stavanger is available through Nor-Way Kystbussen (see section "By bus") which corresponds with the airport coach that departs Haugesund Airport after every Ryanair arrival. Through ticket 180 kr. Traveling from Haugesund Airport to Stavanger should take around two hours (private car)/three hours (airport coach + Kystbussen). There is a ferry crossing on the way, charging 95 kr if you bring a private vehicle up to 6 m. By train[ edit ] In addition to providing a scenic route, train travel may be a cheap alternative to flying with prices starting from 249 kr one way for discounted tickets booked well in advance. Tickets are made available for sale three months before departure. About 8 hours with NSB's train from Oslo via Kristiansand . Reservation is not obligatory on long distance routes. The main train station is located next to the bus terminal. Long distance tickets can be bought at the counter or over the internet, while tickets for local trains can be bought at the main station in Stavanger, at vending machines, or from the conductor. There is a 40 kr surcharge when buying ticket from the conductor if you board the train from a station with a vending machine. The trains are modern and spacious. The trains to Oslo follow the coast. Sleeping compartments with two beds are available on the night train for a fee of 80 kr. By bus[ edit ] Long distance bus services depart from the downtown bus station. Unless you qualify for certain discounts (student, senior, military, etc.) or travel at times when discounted air or train tickets are hard to come by, bus travel is relatively expensive compared to travel by plane or train. It is however often the best alternative for getting "off the beaten track" without renting a car. Lavprisekspressen have a route along the coastal highway to Oslo (8 hours), calling at Kristiansand , Arendal , Sandefjord and others along the road. Booking in advance is mandatory for Lavprisekspressen. Nor-Way Bussekspress operates two routes from Stavanger: Kystbussen runs to Bergen and stops in Haugesund. Departures many times a day. Sør-Vestekspressen runs to Kristiansand. It is possible to catch a connecting bus onward to Osl


Which London Bridge designed by John Rennie was opened in 1817?

OLD WATERLOO BRIDGE | Stories Of London OLD WATERLOO BRIDGE DAVE HILL Postcard showing the Old Waterloo Bridge. The bridge was designed by John Rennie of the Strand Bridge Company and opened in 1817. It was originally a toll bridge. An unusual artistic postcard view of the Old Waterloo Bridge viewed from the south side of the river near to where the National Theatre now stands. The view is upriver to the west and is from the early 1900’s. This was during the heyday of the picture postcard, which was a few years after its introduction. The soaring spires of the National Liberal Club are seen on the right. The Houses of Parliament are seen in the distance on the river’s North Bank, but because of the bends in the river, they appear to be on the South Bank. Initially, the South Bank was to London’s fleshpots once they were outlawed from the City and West End. Later, the South Bank became an industrial site, as indicated by the barges beneath the bridge. Although the river’s barges are now gone, both the National Liberal Club and the Houses of Parliament remain. The tower in front of the Houses of Parliament is one of many shot towers that were once on the South Bank. From the top of the tower liquid lead was dropped into water, forming perfectly spherical lead shot for guns. This shot tower survived the clearance of this area for the temporary installation of the building housing the Festival of Britain in 1951. During the Festival, a radio antenna was mounted atop to broadcast programmes. It was demolished once the Royal Festival Hall , the only permanent building from the Festival, was completed. If one looks closely beneath the clock face of Big Ben, one can see the silhouette of an animal. This was the reflection of the stone lion present above the Red Lion Brewery, which was present on the South Bank at the time. The Lion was cast in nearby Lambeth from Coade stone . This stone was an artificial stone created by Mrs. Eleanor Coade in about 1770. The stone was used widely and is usage may be seen at St. George’s Chapel , Windsor, The Royal Pavilion , Brighton and the Royal Navel College , Greenwich. Coade Stone became obsolete once Portland cement was produced in 1842. The Red Lion Brewery was demolished in 1950 to make way for the Festival buildings The Lion was also removed in 1949 in preparation for the Festival of Britain. It was first moved to Waterloo Station , but was then stored. Apparently, there was some doubt about its future, but eventually it was cleaned of its red paint and installed the south side of Westminster Bridge close to County Hall . The Lion has in fact traveled only about half-a-mile from its original position. Old Waterloo Bridge was built by the engineer John Rennie and was completed in 1817. The bridge was of nine granite arches and was greatly admired. By 1884, problems with the bridge’s foundations had developed. These problems stemmed from the increase in river flow caused by the removal of Old London Bridge in 1831. In 1924 the bridge was closed for several months until a bailey bridge was erected across it. Although London County Council agreed to the construction of a new bridge, its construction was held up as money was tight in the depressed 1930’s. Both Constable (1832) and Monet (1903) have immortalised Old Waterloo Bridge on canvas, as the following collage shows. There were many proposals to replace the old Waterloo bridge, but it was not until 1934 that demolition finally began. The new bridge was planned to be complete by 1940, but this was delayed by the war and the new bridge did not open for traffic until 1942 with the bailey bridge being removed in 1943 after nineteen years of service. According to HP Clunn in his book, The Face of London, published in 1951, parts of the bailey bridge were stored and after D Day transported to the continent where they were available for use when the last bridge across the Rhine (at Remagen) failed. Old Waterloo Bridge with the Bailey Bridge in place The new Waterloo Bridge was completed in 1945 and incidently was the only London bridge to be


What is the common name for solid carbon dioxide?

What Is Dry Ice? What Is Dry Ice? Dry Ice and Carbon Dioxide These pellets of dry ice are sublimating in air.  Richard Wheeler Updated September 19, 2015. Question: What Is Dry Ice? Is It Dangerous? Answer: Dry ice is the common name for the solid form of carbon dioxide. Originally the term ' dry ice ' was a trademark for the solid carbon dioxide produced by Prest Air Devices (1925), but now it refers to any solid carbon dioxide . Carbon dioxide is a natural component of air. Dry ice is safe to use for smoke machines and lab experiments, providing care is taken to avoid frostbite. Why Is it Called Dry Ice? It's called dry ice because it doesn't melt into a wet liquid. Dry ice sublimates, which means it goes from its solid form directly to its gaseous form. Since it's never wet, it must be dry! How Is Dry Ice Made? Dry ice is made by compressing carbon dioxide gas until it liquefies, which is at about 870 pounds per square inch of pressure at room temperature . When the pressure is released, some of the liquid will transition into a gas, cooling some of the liquid into dry ice frost or snow, which can be collected and pressed into pellets or blocks. continue reading below our video 4 Tips for Improving Test Performance This is similar to what happens when you get frost on the nozzle of a CO2 fire extinguisher. The freezing point of carbon dioxide is -109.3°F or -78.5° C, so dry ice won't stay solid for long at room temperature. What Are Some Uses of Dry Ice? Dry ice is used to create smoke and fog special effects . Dry ice is used to freeze and refrigerate items that need to be kept cold. One advantage of using dry ice to cold-pack goods is that it does not melt and make a mess as it warms. Dry ice can blast-clean industrial equipment. Dry ice can be used to seed clouds to induce precipitation.


Who played the Sheriff John T Chance in the 1959 film Rio Bravo?

Rio Bravo (1959) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A small-town sheriff in the American West enlists the help of a cripple, a drunk, and a young gunfighter in his efforts to hold in jail the brother of the local bad guy. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON TV a list of 26 titles created 06 Jun 2013 a list of 32 titles created 06 Dec 2013 a list of 29 titles created 10 Nov 2014 a list of 49 titles created 30 Aug 2015 a list of 25 titles created 5 months ago Search for " Rio Bravo " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won     1     Golden Globe. Another    1 win & 4 nominations. See more awards  » Videos A Civil War veteran embarks on a journey to rescue his niece from an Indian tribe. Director: John Ford A senator, who became famous for killing a notorious outlaw, returns for the funeral of an old friend and tells the truth about his deed. Director: John Ford     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.7/10 X   Cole Thornton, a gunfighter for hire, joins forces with an old friend, Sheriff J.P. Hara. Together with an old Indian fighter and a gambler, they help a rancher and his family fight a rival rancher that is trying to steal their water. Director: Howard Hawks Dunson leads a cattle drive, the culmination of over 14 years of work, to its destination in Missouri. But his tyrannical behavior along the way causes a mutiny, led by his adopted son. Directors: Howard Hawks, Arthur Rosson Stars: John Wayne, Montgomery Clift, Joanne Dru An aging group of outlaws look for one last big score as the "traditional" American West is disappearing around them. Director: Sam Peckinpah A group of people traveling on a stagecoach find their journey complicated by the threat of Geronimo and learn something about each other in the process. Director: John Ford After the Civil War, Cord McNally searches for the traitor whose perfidy caused the defeat of McNally's unit and the loss of a close friend. Director: Howard Hawks A drunken, hard-nosed U.S. Marshal and a Texas Ranger help a stubborn teenager track down her father's murderer in Indian territory. Director: Henry Hathaway A cavalry officer posted on the Rio Grande must deal with murderous raiding Apaches, his son who's a risk-taking recruit and his wife from whom he has been separated for many years. Director: John Ford Ranch owner Katie Elder's four sons determine to avenge the murder of their father and the swindling of their mother. Director: Henry Hathaway At Fort Apache, an honorable and veteran war captain finds conflict when his regime is placed under the command of a young, glory hungry lieutenant colonel with no respect for the local Indian tribe. Director: John Ford A dying gunfighter spends his last days looking for a way to die with a minimum of pain and a maximum of dignity. Director: Don Siegel Edit Storyline Sheriff John T. Chance has his hands full after arresting Joe Burdette for murder. He knows that Burdette's brother Nathan, a powerful rancher, will go to any lengths to get him out of jail. Chance's good friend Pat Wheeler offers to help but within 20 minutes of making the offer is gunned down in the street, shot in the back. That leaves his elderly deputy Stumpy, the town drunk Dude - once a deputy and a pretty good shot when he was sober - and a young hand, Colorado, who used to work for Wheeler. Nathan Burdette meanwhile has a couple of dozen men at his disposal. Chance does his best to prepare all the while romancing a pretty gamblers who goes by the name of Feathers. Written by garykmcd See All (128)  » Taglines: John Wayne The big guy with the battered hat... and Dean Martin the ragged woman-wrecked castoff called Dude... and Ricky Nelson The rockin' babyfaced gunfisted kid... And Time Was Running Out T


In which European city is the San Vittore women's prison?

John Hooper: Jailhouse frock - the Italian prison with designs on fashion | Fashion | The Guardian Share on Messenger Close If there is any city on Earth where people could be persuaded to believe in the idea of redemption through fashion, it is Milan. So it is not surprising that women prisoners there get an opportunity to carve out a future in frocks. A cooperative, known as Alice, operates in the city's jails, turning out garments to the exacting standards of local fashion houses and theatrical and television costume designers. One of the project's most enthusiastic backers is Anna Molinari, the designer behind Blumarine and a force in Milanese fashion since the late 70s. Now the prisoners are intending to give her, and Milan's other designers, some extra competition. This month they marked the cooperative's 15th birthday with a fashion show at the San Vittore prison where lime satin evening dresses, soft daytime shifts and lacy leggings wafted down a catwalk against a backdrop of gridded glass and concrete. They also announced that they would be launching their own brand within months. So far, the prisoners' only independent venture has been a line of T-shirts, the Gatti galeotti, whose black-and-white stripes manage to get across the prison theme while espousing this season's fondness for monochrome. "Since we don't have outlets of our own, they are mostly sold through libraries," says Ida Piermarini, a volunteer who looks after Alice's paperwork. Currently, some 30 dressmakers are involved. Ten or so are being trained (prisoners who attend classes get a token that can be exchanged for, among other things, a packet of cigarettes). About the same number are working either at San Vittore or the Opera prison. The rest are at Alice's headquarters in the centre of Milan, which is staffed by inmates on day release and ex-prisoners who have opted to stay in the cooperative. Alessandro Brevi, its president, says one former prisoner has set up a tailoring and alterations shop. "She has already hired three other ex-inmates to help out." So does redemption through fashion actually work? It seems so. Piermarini says that of the 100-plus women who have joined since Alice was founded "only one has gone back inside".


A detrusor is a muscle which forms a layer on the wall of which part of the human body?

Urinary Bladder - Anatomy and Physiology Home > Urinary System > Urinary System of the Lower Torso > Urinary Bladder Urinary Bladder The urinary bladder is a hollow elastic organ that functions as the body’s urine storage tank. Urine produced by the kidneys flows through the ureters to the urinary bladder, where is it stored before passing into the urethra and exiting the body. The urinary bladder plays an important role in delaying and controlling urination so that the average person only has to urinate several times each day instead of constantly leaking small amounts of urine. The urinary bladder is roughly spherical in shape, although its shape and size vary among individuals and depends greatly upon the volume of urine that it contains.... Move up/down/left/right: Click compass arrows Rotate image: Click and drag in any direction, anywhere in the frame Identify objects: Click on them in the image 2D Interactive 3D Rotate & Zoom Change Anatomical System Change View Angle Full Urinary Bladder Description [Continued from above] . . . It is located in the pelvic cavity anterior to the rectum and superior to the reproductive organs of the pelvis. In females the urinary bladder is somewhat reduced in size and must share the limited space of the pelvic cavity with the uterus that rests superior and posterior to it. During pregnancy the uterus takes up significantly more space and severely limits the expansion of the urinary bladder. Many tiny wrinkles, known as rugae, line the inner surface of the urinary bladder and allow it to stretch as it fills with urine. A pair of ureteral openings on the inferior end of the posterior wall of the urinary bladder allow urine from the left and right ureters to enter the hollow lumen. A small funnel forms at the inferior end of the urinary bladder leading into the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body during urination. The urinary bladder is made of several distinct tissue layers: The innermost layer of the bladder is the mucosa layer that lines the hollow lumen. Unlike the mucosa of other hollow organs, the urinary bladder is lined with transitional epithelial tissue that is able to stretch significantly to accommodate large volumes of urine. The transitional epithelium also provides protection to the underlying tissues from acidic or alkaline urine. Surrounding the mucosal layer is the submucosa, a layer of connective tissue with blood vessels and nervous tissue that supports and controls the surrounding tissue layers. The visceral muscles of the muscularis layer surround the submucosa and provide the urinary bladder with its ability to expand and contract. The muscularis is commonly referred to as the detrusor muscle and contracts during urination to expel urine from the body. The muscularis also forms the internal urethral sphincter, a ring of muscle that surrounds the urethral opening and holds urine in the urinary bladde. During urination, the sphincter relaxes to allow urine to flow into the urethra. The urinary bladder sits in a unique position inferior to the peritoneum, a membrane that lines most of the abdominopelvic cavity. Due to its position, the outermost layer of the superior urinary bladder is made of serous membrane continuous with the peritoneum. Serous membrane provides protection to the bladder from friction between organs in the abdominopelvic cavity. The surface of the lateral and inferior sides of the urinary bladder forms a layer of loose connective tissue known as the adventitia. The adventitia loosely connects the urinary bladder to the surrounding tissues of the pelvis. The urinary bladder functions as a storage vessel for urine to delay the frequency of urination. It is one of the most elastic organs of the body and is able to increase its volume greatly to accommodate between 600 to 800 ml of urine at maximum capacity. Transitional epithelium, elastic fibers, and visceral muscle tissue in the walls of the urinary bladder contribute to its distensibility and elasticity, allowing it to easily stretch and return to its original size several tim


What is the score of 40-all called in a game of tennis?

rules - Points are given in tennis 15-30-40. Why 40? - Sports Stack Exchange Points are given in tennis 15-30-40. Why 40? up vote 71 down vote favorite 10 Tennis scoring goes 15-30-40-game. Why 40? Why not 45? What is the meaning of the points being given in tennis as 15-30-40-game? What is the history of this scoring calculation? up vote 59 down vote accepted The answer to this is a little convoluted and the answer is just what is "believed" to have been the reason behind the scoring numbers, but since tennis is a game that dates back to the 19th century, it's tough to know for sure. Anyway, here goes... Think of a clock face that is divided up into quadrants - which would give you the 15, 30, 45, and 60 intervals. The problem with using that to score tennis games though, is that to win a game, you have to win by 2 points if the score reaches deuce (40-40 or "40 all"). So it is believed that the first 3 points would advance the hand to 15, 30 and 40 - and then the next 2 points would advance the hand by 10 minutes - first to 50, then to 60 - still keeping the game finished at the 60 mark. If the (serving) player failed to win 2 points in a row after deuce, the hand would move back to 40 and the score would be at deuce again. See here for some additional theories behind the scoring nomenclature. up vote 28 down vote The best explanation I could find of this is from Wikipedia : The origins of the 15, 30, and 40 scores are believed to be medieval French. It is possible that a clock face was used on court, with a quarter move of the hand to indicate a score of 15, 30, and 45. When the hand moved to 60, the game was over. However, in order to ensure that the game could not be won by a one-point difference in players' scores, the idea of "deuce" was introduced. To make the score stay within the "60" ticks on the clock face, the 45 was changed to 40. Therefore, if both players have 40, the first player to score receives ten and that moves the clock to 50. If the player scores a second time before the opponent is able to score, they are awarded another ten and the clock moves to 60. The 60 signifies the end of the game. However, if a player fails to score twice in a row, then the clock would move back to 40 to establish another "deuce". It makes very well sense that this is the case. up vote 10 down vote As for the history of tennis scoring, there are two background stories: That it has its origin in medieval numerology. The number 60 was considered to be a "good" or "complete" number back then, in about the same way you'd consider 100 to be a nice round figure today. The medieval version of tennis, therefore, was based on 60--the four points when 15, 30, 45 (which we abbreviate to 40) and 60, or game. The system may be based on the presence of a clock face at the end of the tennis court. A quarter move of the appropriate hand was made after each rest, with the score being called as 15, 30, or 45. As the hand was moved to 60, this was the game. This didn't explain a score of 40, however. up vote 7 down vote The theories of the clock are as I understand it correct in that the score was kept on a clock using the 15, 30 and 45 minute marks ... so why 40? To understand this it is good to realise that this all was established in France and when the scores were called out they would have called quinze (15), trente (30) and quarante-cinq (45) .. however quarante-cinq is a bit of a mouthful (3 syllables instead of one) compared to the other two so it was abbreviated to simply "quarante" or 40. When the rules became standardised in the late 19th century in both the US and Britain ..it became simply ..15, 30 , 40


The July Revolution in 1830 was in which European country?

Revolutions of 1830 | European history | Britannica.com Revolutions of 1830 Netherlands Revolutions of 1830, rebellions against conservative kings and governments by liberals and revolutionaries in different parts of Europe in 1830–32. The movement started in France , prompted by Charles X ’s publication on July 26 of four ordinances dissolving the Chamber of Deputies, suspending freedom of the press, modifying the electoral laws so that three-fourths of the electorate lost their votes, and calling for new elections to the Chamber in September. Strikes and protests were followed by armed confrontations. The royal forces were unable to contain the insurrection; and, after three days of fighting (July 27–29), Charles abdicated the throne and soon afterward fled to England. The radicals wanted to establish a republic, and the aristocracy were loyal to Charles, but the upper-middle class were victorious in their decision to offer the crown to the Duke of Orléans, Louis-Philippe , who had fought for the French Republic in 1792. Louis-Philippe agreed to be “King of the French.” When the “July Revolution” was over, the Chamber of Peers had been transformed from a hereditary body into a nominated house, special tribunals were abolished, the alliance of the monarchy and the Roman Catholic church was ended, and the white flag of the Bourbons was replaced by the tricolour. (See also July Revolution .) Liberals throughout Europe were encouraged to hope for a general social revolution , but most were disappointed. Louis-Philippe did not want a war and, contrary to expectations, did not support the Poles , who had revolted against the Russian tsar . Their revolt was ruthlessly suppressed, and Poland was incorporated into the Russian Empire. Revolts in Italy and the German kingdoms were equally unsuccessful. Belgium declared its independence from the Netherlands , and it was recognized in 1831 as a separate nation. For several years the Greeks had been fighting for their independence from the Ottoman Empire , and in 1832 the European powers recognized Greece as an independent sovereign state. Learn More in these related articles:


Which English poet died of tuberculosis in Rome in 1821?

John Keats (1795 - 1821) - Find A Grave Memorial Citt� Metropolitana di Roma Capitale Lazio, Italy Poet. One of the best loved and most admired of all English poets, his odes, sonnets, and narrative poems frequently find a place in modern anthologies of English poetry, and continue to be popular. Keats died in Rome at the age of 25, from the great killer of the time, tuberculosis, which he had probably contracted from his younger brother Tom, whom he had helped nurse, and who had died of the same disease three years before. He had moved to Rome in the hope that the warmer and gentler climate would help him find a cure, and taken lodgings with the artist Joseph Severn at No. 26, Piazza di Spagna (the famous "Spanish Steps"). Severn proved the best of friends, nursing Keats through his last illness, looking after his affairs, and protecting him from the sordid attentions of the grasping landlady. He helped Keats in every desire he had, except the laudanum overdose by which to end it all. Keats' final days and hours are touchingly preserved in Severn's letters. Nine days before he died, Keats requested that his gravestone should bear the simple words, "Here lies one whose name is writ in water". So little had contemporary reaction caused him to suppose his poetry would live on. Severn almost carried out this request, but one of Keats' executors, Charles Brown, a literary friend of Keats who had felt very bitter about Keats' treatment by the critics, suggested the fuller form which it now has, "This Grave contains all the was Mortal, of a YOUNG ENGLISH POET Who, on his Death Bed, in the Bitterness of his Heart, at the Malicious Power of his Enemies, Desired these Words to be engraven on his Tomb Stone - Here lies One Whose Name was writ in Water, Feb 24th 1821". Above the inscription is the carving of a lyre, with half its strings missing. This was designed by Severn. It is more than significant that Shelley, who drowned with a copy of Keats' 1820 publication in his pocket, and Severn himself, who died long after in 1879, are buried nearby. (Bio by Martin Porter).


What is the name of the strait between mainland Australia and Tasmania?

Tasmania, Australia | Article about Tasmania, Australia by The Free Dictionary Tasmania, Australia | Article about Tasmania, Australia by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Tasmania%2c+Australia Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Wikipedia . Tasmania (tăzmā`nēə), island state (1991 pop. 359,286), 26,383 sq mi (68,332 sq km), SE Commonwealth of Australia. It is separated from Australia by the Bass Strait and lies 150 mi (240 km) south of the state of Victoria. Tasmania includes many offshore islands, among which are Bruny, the Hunter Islands, the Furneaux Group Furneaux Group , about 25 islands, c.900 sq mi (2,330 sq km), Tasmania, SE Australia, in Bass Strait between Tasmania and the Australian mainland. The largest is Flinders Island, and the group forms Flinders municipality. ..... Click the link for more information. , King Island, and Macquarie Island. The Indian Ocean is to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east. Hobart Hobart, city (1990 pop. 127,134), capital and principal port of Tasmania, SE Australia, at the foot of Mt. Wellington (4,166 ft/1,270 m high). Hobart's harbor is one of the finest in the world. ..... Click the link for more information.  is the state capital. The only other city with a population of more than 50,000 is Launceston Launceston , city (1991 pop. 66,747), on Tasmania, SE Australia, where the North Esk and South Esk rivers join to form the Tamar estuary; founded 1806. Launceston is the second most populous city in Tasmania and the main port for trade with the Australian mainland. ..... Click the link for more information. . Tasmania is geologically similar to the Australian continent and was once connected to it. The climate is equable and the rainfall moderate. The island is mountainous with considerable forestation; Legge Tor (5,160 ft/1,573 m) is the highest peak. Great Lake in the interior is the largest lake and the reservoir of an important hydroelectric plant. Tasmania has the highest proportion of national park land of all Australian states; a little less than half the island is protected. Sawmilling and woodchipping industries are important. Agriculture is confined almost exclusively to small farms; among the crops grown are opium poppies for medicinal drugs. The raising of sheep for wool in the east and dairy farming in the northwest are also important. The mining of copper, zinc, tin, lead, and iron has increased in recent years. The state's major manufactures are metals and metal products. Tourism also is growing in significance, due in part to better ferry connections to the continent. The island was explored in 1642 by the Dutch navigator Abel Tasman, who named it Van Diemen's Land. Capt. James Cook visited the island in 1777 and, in 1803, Great Britain took possession and established a penal colony. The indigenous population, which had been on the island some 35,000 years, numbered about 5,000 at the time of colonization; they were subsequently decimated, with only a few mixed-race survivors. Governed by New South Wales until 1825, Tasmania was then constituted as a separate colony. The transportation of convicts ended in 1853 as a result of local opposition. In the 1850s the British established constitutional self-government in the colony and the name was officially changed to Tasmania. In 1901, Tasmania was federated as a state in the Commonwealth of Australia. The nominal head of the state government is the governor, appointed by the British crown on advice of the cabinet; however, actual executive powers are exercised by the premier and the cabinet, who are responsible to the bicameral state parliament. Tasmania   an island off the southeastern coast of Australia, separated from the mainland by Bass Strait. Together with neighboring islands, including King and Flinders, forms a state in the Commonwealth of Australia. Area, 68,300 sq km. Population, 397,100 (1973). The overwhelming majority of the inhabitants of Tasmania are Anglo-Australians, and there are a small number of emigrants from Great Britain, the Netherlands, and several ot


What were the first names of English novelist H E Bates?

Herbert: Meaning Of Name Herbert | Nameberry.com Famous People Named Herbert Please add to or correct the information provided by other members of the Nameberry community. Herbert Clark Hoover, 31st U.S. president Herbert George "H.G." Wells, English novelist Herbert Ernest "H.E." Bates, English novelist Herbert Anthony Stevens IV aka Ab-Soul, American rapper Herbert FrÃ¶hlich, German-born British physicist (Horatio) Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, British field marshal and WWI secretary of war Herbert von Karajan (born Heribert, Ritter von Karajan), Austrian conductor Herbert Spencer, English philosopher Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith, British prime minister Herbert Alexander Simon, American political scientist Herbert Marcuse, German-American philosopher Herbert Louis Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel, British home secretary, first British Jew to lead a political party Herbert Asbury, American journalist and crime writer Saint Herbert, French bishop of Marmoutier and archbishop of Tours Cancel Pop Culture References for the name Herbert Please add to or correct the information provided by other members of the Nameberry community. Herbert, warthog on animated series "64 Zoo Lane" Herbert Pocket, Pip's friend and companion in Dickens' "Great Expectations" Sir Herbert Subboys, old knight in John Marston's play "The Dutch Courtesan" (1605) Herbert Birdsfoot, "Sesame Street" Muppet Herbert, pederast character on TV's "Family Guy" Herbert Travilla, Elsie Dinsmore Travilla's son in Elsie Dinsmore series Herbert Garrison, teacher on TV's "South Park" "Herbert West: Reanimator," story, film and character by H.P. Lovecraft Herbert P. Bear, character from computer game Club Penguin Herbert Carrington, character in Elsie Dinsmore series Herbert Rippinghall, character in G. A. Henty's "Friends Though Divided" Herbert "Bertie" Pelham, 7th Marquess of Hexham, character on TV's "Downton Abbey" Cancel


Braxy is a fatal bacterial infection in which animal?

Braxy | Define Braxy at Dictionary.com braxy [brak-see] /ˈbræk si/ Veterinary Pathology Spell noun 1. Also called bradsot . an acute inflammatory disease of the intestines of sheep, caused by a bacterium, Clostridium septicum. adjective Old English 1775-1785 1775-85; back formation from braxes (brax for bracks (plural of brack, Old English brǣc rheum; akin to break ) + -es plural ending) Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for braxy Expand Domestic Animals Richard L. Allen "Very curious," thought Montaiglon, making poor play with his braxy ham. British Dictionary definitions for braxy Expand noun 1. an acute and usually fatal bacterial disease of sheep characterized by high fever, coma, and inflammation of the fourth stomach, caused by infection with Clostridium septicum Word Origin


Types of Cholla Cacti | Home Guides | SF Gate Types of Cholla Cacti Types of Cholla Cacti Cholla can be a predominant species in a desert plant community. Visit any North American desert and you'll see some kind of cholla cactus (Cylindropuntia spp. or Opuntia spp.) Usually upright shrubby growth is divided into joints of varying lengths, usually covered with formidable-looking brightly-colored spines. Chollas tolerate heat, drought and sun and most have showy spring flowers. Although you need to take care in handling or pruning them, they are useful in drought-tolerant landscaping, cactus gardens and as barrier plants. Cholla Characteristics Each year's growth forms a new joint of the stem. Joints have raised areas called tubercles, each with an areole, which is an area where new branching can occur, that bears a spine cluster. Spines are reduced leaves, and cholla spines have a separate external papery sheath, frequently a different color from the spine. Spines have tiny recurved hooks that grab hold of anything they penetrate. The tubercles can be large and bumpy or small and closely spaced. The stems are supported by an internal cylindrical woody skeleton penetrated with holes. The wide-spread occurrence of hybrid chollas often makes identification of individual plants difficult. The genus Opuntia is a large one, and botanists disagree on how to arrange its members. The most current revisions call chollas Cylindropuntia, but Opuntia is still widely used. Slender-Stemmed Chollas Diamond cholla (Cylindropuntia ramosissima) has slender blue-green stems with very long white spines covered with a yellow sheath that extend at right angles from the stems. It is a shy bloomer, occasionally showing peach to orange flowers. Usually under 3 feet tall in cultivation, plants are native to the Mojave and Sonoran Desert and grow in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zone 7. Pencil cholla (Cylindropuntia arbuscula) has shorter spines and can reach 7 feet tall. Flowers are brownish-yellow followed by a green-purple fruit. Native to the Sonoran Desert, it is hardy in USDA zones 8 through 11. Shrubby Chollas Staghorn cholla (Cylindropuntia versicolor) has a branching habit supposedly resembling deer horns. Stems take on a purplish tint in winter, adding garden interest. Spring flowers have variable colors, from greenish or yellow to red, purple and bronze. Choose plants when they are flowering to get the color you want. Plants get 6 to 12 feet tall in USDA zones 7 through 9. Whipple cholla (Cylindropuntia whipplei) comes from high-altitude deserts and grow in USDA zones 5 through 9. A densely white-spined form is most commonly cultivated, the color contrasting well with bright yellow-green flowers and yellow persistent fruits. Tree-Like Chollas Chain-fruit cholla (Cylindropuntia fulgida) has a central stout trunk when mature, with branches that bear long chains of persistent green fruits. The new season's flowers form on older fruits. Fruits rarely have seeds, with new plants growing from detached joints or fruits. Native to the Sonoran Desert, chain-fruit cholla grows 8 to 10 feet high in USDA zones 8 through 11, and has relatively small magenta flowers. Densely covered with golden to silvery spines that from a distance resemble plush on a stuffed animal, teddy bear cholla (Cylindropuntia bigelovii) almost glows in the landscape. The spines are hold-fast organs that attach to the fur and flesh of passing animals, which transport the easily-detached joints to new localities. Both chain-fruit and teddy bear cholla are sometimes called jumping cholla because stems suddenly appear on clothing of people who pass too close. Greenish-yellow 1 1/2-inch-wide flowers appear in spring on 3- to 8-feet-tall plants hardy in USDA zones 9 through 11.


Which nation was formerly called British Honduras?

Belize - British Honduras - Central America - Nations Online Project Location map of Belize   Destination Belize, a country on the eastern coast of northern Central America , bordering the Caribbean Sea in east. It was known   as British Honduras until 1973. Belize was granted independence on 21 September 1981, it is since then a Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch and head of state. Border countries are Guatemala and Mexico , and it shares maritime borders with Honduras . The country occupies an area of 22,966 km², it is about twice the size of Estonia , or slightly smaller than the U.S. state of Massachusetts . Belize has a population of just 361,000 (census 2015), making it the least populated nation in Central America. Capital city is Belmopan , largest city is Belize City. Spoken languages are English (official), Kriol, Spanish, Garifuna, and Maya. On this page   you will find comprehensive information about   Belize in its diversity: geography, economy, science, people, culture, environment,   government, and history.   Ethnic groups: Mestizo, Creole, Ketchi, Yucatec and Mopan Mayas, Garifuna and East Indian. Religions: Roman Catholic, Anglican, Methodist, other Protestant, Muslim, Hindu, and Buddhist. Languages : English (official), Creole, Spanish, Garifuna, Mayan. Literacy: 76%. Natural resources: Arable land, timber, seafood, minerals. Agriculture Products: Sugar, citrus fruits and juices, bananas, mangoes, papayas, honey, corn, beans, rice, cattle (12.7% of GDP). Industries: Garment production, food processing, tourism, construction. Imports partners: US 26.6%, Mexico 11.7%, Cuba 10.2%, Guatemala 9%, China 7.5%, Trinidad and Tobago 5.6% (2015) Currency: Belizean Dollar (BZD) Note: External links will open in a new browser window.    Official Sites of Belize


The Ashmolean Museum is in which British city?

Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology | museum, Oxford, England, United Kingdom | Britannica.com Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology museum, Oxford, England, United Kingdom Written By: Metropolitan Museum of Art Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, one of the four museums of the University of Oxford and the oldest public museum of art , archaeology , and natural history in Great Britain. It was established to house collections donated to the university in 1677 by Elias Ashmole (1617–92), an antiquarian who had inherited the bulk of the collections from a friend, John Tradescant (1608–62). The museum was opened to the public in 1683 in a building designed by Thomas Wood. Initially the collection was primarily concerned with natural history, and it remained the centre of scientific studies at Oxford for 150 years. In the 19th century, the growth and variety of new acquisitions resulted in the dispersal and rehousing of the collections, with the Ashmolean Museum retaining the archaeological and art collections. The museum has especially rich collections of ancient Egyptian art and Italian Renaissance drawings. The present Ashmolean Museum building was designed in the Neoclassical style by C.R. Cockerell and erected between 1841 and 1845. It houses the collection of art and archaeology, while the old Thomas Wood building has become the Museum of the History of Science . Learn More in these related articles: in Western architecture: Great Britain ...restricting. He felt that he belonged to a continuing Classical tradition that linked ancient Greek architect Ictinus with Baroque architect Francesco Borromini. In his masterpiece, the Ashmolean Museum and Taylor Institution, Oxford (1841–44), he produced a type of Grecian mannerism in which elements from Greek, Roman, Renaissance, and Baroque architecture were united in a... The Ashmolean ...was from Elias Ashmole; containing much of the Tradescant collection, it was made on the condition that a place be built to receive it. The resulting building, which eventually became known as the Ashmolean Museum, opened in 1683. (The Ashmolean later moved to another new building nearby, and its original building is now occupied by the Museum of the History of Science.) From mouseion to museum ...the property of Elias Ashmole, was transferred to the University of Oxford. A building was constructed to receive it, and this, soon after being opened to the public in 1683, became known as the Ashmolean Museum. Although there is some ambivalence in the use of museum in the legislation, drafted in 1753, founding the British Museum, nevertheless the idea of an institution called a... More about Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology 4 References found in Britannica Articles Assorted References Tradescant collection  (in John Tradescant ) External Links The Official Site of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology Attached to the University of Oxford. Antiquities collections range from Palaeolithic to Victorian, from Egypt to Britain. Exhibitions, publications, news. Article History Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology Museum, Oxford, England, United Kingdom Tips for Editing Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final ap


A Dobro is what type of musical instrument?

What Is a Dobro: Definition and Description   Definition  A Dobro is an acoustic guitar with a metal resonator built into its body. This resonator serves as an amplifier. In contrast to acoustic guitars , the placement of the resonator takes the place of the sound hole. Because of this, the shape of the guitar doesn’t tend to have an effect on how the Dobro’s sound is amplified. John Dopyera invented the first resonator guitar circa 1928, and it was first made by the National String Instrument Corporation, owned by Dopyera and George Beauchamp. Dopyera left that company and formed a new company, Dobro Corporation, in 1929 with his brothers. Because of patent issues, Dopyera had to re-invent his resonator, and this time he called it a Dobro. Webster's New World Collegiate Dictionary attributes the name to the first two letters of the inventor's last name and "bro," for brothers. The dictionary also says the name was influenced by the Czech word for "good," which is "dobro." Czech was Dopyera's native language. continue reading below our video Best Vacation Reads of 2015 Dobros sound more like banjos than guitars because of the effect created by the metal strings played over the metal plate. This is made even more prominent by players who use a metal slide rather than fingering chords with their fretting hand, the way an acoustic guitar player does. Dobros add a down-and-dirty sound to the blues and give folk songs some heft. If you've heard the music of Johnny Cash, Earl Scruggs, Alison Krauss and T Bone Burnett, you've been treated to the sound of the Dobro, says the website The Guitar Journal. Types of Dobros There are two types of Dobros: square-neck and round-neck. Round-necks are typically played in blues music . Square-necks, preferred by bluegrass players, have strings that measure 1 centimenter off the fret board and are played on their backs with the strings facing up. In contrast, round-necks are held like a guitar. The Dobro was introduced to the bluegrass line-up in the 1950s by Josh Graves of Flatt & Scruggs, who used the Scruggs picking style on the Dobro, and that is still the way it is popularly picked. Bluegrass players typically tune their dobros to GBDGBD, although some Dobro players veer to other alternate tunings . Pronunciation and Other Facts Also known as: Resonator guitar or resophonic guitar Common misspellings: Dobroe Players: The renowned bluesman B.B. King, who died in 2015, often called King of the Blues, was known for his exceptional skills on the round-neck Dobro. Josh Graves, Gene Wooten, Mike Auldridge and Pete Kirby are the greatest Dobro players of all time, according to The Guitar Journal. The top 20 Dobro players currently living, says The Guitar Journal, are Jerry Douglas, Rob Ickes, David Lindley, Tut Taylor, Stacey Phillips, Lou Wamp, Andrew Winton, Sally van Meter, Ivan Rosenberg,  Naughty Jack, Andy Hall, Jimmy Heffernan, Billy Cardine, Orville Johnson, Martin Gross, Ed Gerhard, Curtis Burch, Johnny Bellar, Bob Brozman and Eric Abernathy.


Whose autobiography is entitled Steps in Time?

Blue Skies Remind Me Blue Skies When Blue Skies opened in the fall of 1946, moviegoers flocked to see it en masse - not just because of the presence of Fred Astaire, Bing Crosby and the music of Irving Berlin, but because everyone knew this was to be Astaire's last picture. As Astaire later wrote in his autobiography Steps in Time: "I made up my mind during the shooting of this film that I wanted to retire on it. Skies measured up to the requirements I considered essential: It looked like a hit... I had made my entrance with Joan Crawford and Clark Gable [in Dancing Lady (1933)] - now coming up was the exit, with Bing Crosby." The reason for the retirement, he wrote simply, was "I felt I had gone about as far as I could, and did not want to run out of gas." Not surprisingly, MGM wasn't thrilled with Astaire's decision. After all, he was still under contract, and Blue Skies, his splashy farewell, wasn't even an MGM film. (The studio had loaned him to Paramount to make it.) But eventually MGM gave Astaire its blessing with the provision that if he ever made a comeback, it would be at MGM. "That was entirely satisfactory," wrote Astaire. "I liked MGM and had no desire to go elsewhere in the unlikely event of my returning." "Unlikely?" Perhaps at the time it seemed so, but in reality, "retirement" lasted less than two years. After Blue Skies, Astaire did enjoy spending time with his family, his stable of racehorses and his plan to open a chain of dance schools, but after a year or so, he started to miss the movies. He was considering calling MGM to get back to work when the studio called him. Gene Kelly had broken his ankle, they said, and would Astaire step in to replace him on Easter Parade (1948)? The answer was yes, and his retirement was over. Blue Skies was based on an idea by Irving Berlin, who wanted a story spanning thirty years set to his songs written over that same time frame in a loose chronological order with a few new songs tossed in. The result was a movie with too little plot (basically a love triangle between Astaire, Crosby and Joan Caulfield) and perhaps too many songs (just under half the running time is comprised of numbers). With Astaire and Crosby singing Berlin tunes in Technicolor, however, the movie could do no wrong and became one of the biggest hits of the era. Thirty-two Irving Berlin songs pop up in one form or another (down from the originally planned 42!), including "Heat Wave," "A Couple of Song and Dance Men," "A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody," "Puttin' on the Ritz," "White Christmas" and "You Keep Coming Back Like a Song," a new tune which was nominated for an Academy Award. It lost to "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe," from The Harvey Girls. Robert Emmett Dolan's score was also nominated but lost to The Jolson Story. Blue Skies may offer an overload of riches for its slender plotline, but there are some fine moments here. In "A Couple of Song and Dance Men," the two stars pull a switch, with Bing dancing and Fred singing. Astaire joked to Time Magazine, "Bing is a wonderful performer. But if I said he was a good dancer, it would be the same as Bing calling me a good singer." By far the best scene in Blue Skies is Astaire's electrifying "Puttin' on the Ritz" number. In fact, it's one of the finest dance routines Astaire ever put on film. Berlin originally wrote the song in 1930 for Harry Richman, a vaudeville artist who used it in a movie entitled Puttin' on the Ritz (1930). Astaire admired Richman and heard him perform the song in a nightclub that same year. Soon thereafter, Astaire recorded it himself. In Blue Skies, Astaire dances while backed up by nine miniature Astaires, accomplished by process shots and split screen photography. Also used was a trick device that makes Astaire's cane seem to leap from the floor to his hand on command. For one portion of the song, he dances in mimed slow motion, and even makes his cane appear to move in slow motion. It's a fascinating "live" effect and more impressive than the camera-induced slow motion he had tried in Carefree (1938) and woul


Mysophobia: the Fear of Germs Mysophobia: the Fear of Germs October 24, 2012 • Contributed by Zawn Villines > + Most people experience some form of irrational fear or anxiety , and many are concerned about germs and disease in particular. Amid a flurry of films and media reports about antibiotic-resistant infections and life-threatening flu strains, it’s easy to understand why some people actively worry about what they touch and breathe. While concern about germs can motivate people to make health-conscious decisions such as frequently washing their hands, a serious germ phobia can drastically alter how a person functions and engages with society. Even actor and television host Howie Mandel concedes he has been unable to shake the grip of mysophobia —the technical term for fear of germs. Phobias are differentiated from general fears by degree. A person who is concerned about germs might wash his or her hands or get a flu shot, but a germ phobia can interfere with every area of life. Phobias are treatable, and people experiencing them should seek medical or psychological assistance. Advanced Search Symptoms The primary symptom of mysophobia is an irrational fear of germs. This can manifest differently in different people. One person, for example, might be fixated on a specific germ or disease, while another person might be afraid of germs and dirt in general. Common behaviors associated with mysophobia include: Compulsive hand washing Excessive use of disinfectants and antibacterial soap Fear of physical contact with others Extreme fear of getting sick Reacting with extreme fear to media reports of new diseases Fear of certain locations, such as doctor’s offices and airplanes, where germs or sick people might be present or confined Effects Mysophobia doesn’t simply inspire fear and avoidance. The phobia can be all-encompassing and life-altering. While people with mysophobia often recognize that their reactions are irrational, they can’t control them. They may avoid going out in public, developing intimate relationships, or eating food they did not cook. Because mysophobia affects so much of a person’s life, it can lead to other mental health issues such as depression , social isolation , and anxiety. Complete avoidance of germs can actually contribute to the development of health problems. Overuse of antibacterial and disinfectant products has been implicated in the spread of new, resistant infections, and children who are not exposed to germs are more likely to develop allergies. Causes No one knows exactly why people develop phobias, but mental health experts have developed a few theories. Some believe that people are more likely to develop phobias that protect from danger. These phobias include germ phobias, fear of large animals, and fear of heights. People who develop phobias may take these natural fears too far and react with extreme anxiety, placing them in danger they are believed to be trying to avoid. Early experiences also can make a person more likely to develop a phobia. Childhood illness, the death of a parent, or painful medical procedures can condition a person to be extremely fearful of germs and to take extreme measures to avoid them. Phobias also tend to run in families; they may be genetic or simply learned from parents. Treatment Phobias are highly treatable and often require only a few sessions with a qualified mental health professional. Cognitive behavioral therapy , which helps people to reframe intrusive and phobic thoughts, can be extremely beneficial. Desensitization, a process whereby a person is slowly exposed to a frightening stimulus, also is highly effective. Some doctors may prescribe anti-anxiety medications to help people with mysophobia cope with their fears during treatment or to enable them to function in public. Some clients also experience success with hypnotherapy , often in only two or three sessions. References: Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G., Byers, B. E. (2008). Biology: Life on earth with physiology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Overcoming your Fear of Germs. (n


What is the food okra commonly known as?

Benefits of Okra for Diabetes Benefits of Okra for Diabetes Benefits of Okra for Diabetes Written by Kathryn Watson Email addresses will not be shared with 3rd parties. See privacy policy Thank you. Your message has been sent. OK We're sorry, an error occurred. We are unable to collect your feedback at this time. However, your feedback is important to us. Please try again later. Close What Is Okra? Highlights Okra belongs to the same plant family as hibiscus and cotton. The term “okra” most commonly refers to the edible seedpods of the plant. Okra contains potassium, vitamin B, vitamin C, folic acid, and calcium. It’s low in calories and has a high dietary fiber content. Popular forms of okra for medicinal purposes include okra water, okra peels, and powdered seeds. Okra, also known as “lady’s fingers” and “gumbo,” is a green flowering plant. Okra belongs to the same plant family as hibiscus and cotton. The term “okra” most commonly refers to the edible seedpods of the plant. Okra has long been favored as a food for the health-conscious. It contains potassium, vitamin B, vitamin C, folic acid, and calcium. It’s low in calories and has a high dietary fiber content. Recently, a new benefit of including okra in your diet is being considered. Okra has been suggested to help manage blood sugar in cases of type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Incidences of diabetes diagnoses are only increasing, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The verdict is out on whether okra can be used successfully as a direct diabetes treatment. However, the okra plant does have many proven health benefits. Read on to see if okra could be a viable part of your diabetes treatment plan. Studies on Okra and Diabetes Medical research on okra for diabetes management is still in early stages. We do know that according to one study , okra water improved the blood sugar levels of pregnant rats that had gestational diabetes. Roasted okra seeds, which have long been used in Turkey to treat diabetes, have also been studied and proven to have a positive effect on lowering blood sugar. Okra Benefit #1: Dietary Fiber Okra is high in fiber. Eight medium-sized pods are estimated to contain 3 grams of fiber. This bulk fiber quality has several benefits. It helps digestion, cuts hunger cravings, and keeps those who eat it fuller for longer. Foods that are high in fiber content are an important part of dietary treatment options for diabetes. Increased dietary fiber intake has been shown to promote better glycemic control and improve insulin sensitivity. Okra Benefit #2: Anti-Stress Effects There is evidence that the seed extracts of okra have an antioxidant, anti-stress effect in the bloodstream of mice. Managing stress levels is an important part of managing diabetes. Long-term, high stress levels can cause blood sugar levels to spike. Mental health should be a part of any diabetes treatment plan, and using okra and its derivative seeds can be a part of that plan. Okra Benefit #3: May Help Lower Cholesterol Okra has been found to lower cholesterol levels in diabetic lab mice. Foods with high fiber content and antioxidant qualities are recommended for those with diabetes because they lower cholesterol. The American Heart Association points out that people with diabetes are more likely to have unhealthy cholesterol levels. When high cholesterol levels are combined with diabetes, the outlook is not good. That’s why it’s so critical to make sure that your diet has healthy cholesterol levels. Okra Benefit #4: Anti-Fatigue Benefit One study indicates that recovery times and “fatigue levels” can be improved by use of the okra plant. By including okra in your diet along with a healthy exercise routine, you may be able to work out for longer and recover more quickly from your exercise. Cardiovascular activity is an essential part of preventing and treating diabetes. This means that the okra plant may contribute to a more active lifestyle. Forms Okra Water Drinking “okra water” is a popular new method of using okra. Some have even suggested that dri


Under the British Coal Mines Act of 1911 what age did a pit pony have to be before going underground?

Pit Ponies | Haig Pit Mining And Colliery Museum. Haig Pit Mining And Colliery Museum. ~ This page is here to show you who we are and what we are about. Search: The Coal Mines Regulation Act of 1887 contained the first national legislation to protect horses working underground. The section referring to the horses was minimal but it allowed mines inspectors to investigate the treatment of horses and consider whether haulageway roofs were high enough to prevent injury to the horses’ backs. Unfortunately injuries to pit ponies were common, and frequently they had to be put down because of broken legs and their feet getting stuck or damaged in the points in the tub rails. The above legislation was not enough and protest groups such as the National Equine Defence League and the Scottish Society to Promote Kindness to Pit Ponies put a lot of pressure on the government resulting in a Royal Commission Report in 1911. This report resulted in major protective legislation. The Pit Ponies’ Charter brought in mandatory rules about:- •       The condition of stablesDaily records had to be kept A competent horse-keeper was required for every 15 horses. •       Ponies had to be at least four years’ old before they could start work underground, Many people, mistakenly believed that pit ponies eventually went blind underground but in fact the use of blind ponies was expressly forbidden by law. Unfortunately some ponies did go blind but it was from old age or they injured their eyes at work before the introduction of effective leather headgear with eye. Later, in 1949 and 1956, further legislation was brought in to regulate working conditions for pit ponies and rules governing their welfare.Now, by law, ponies could only work a maximum of forty-eight hour a week, except in exceptional circumstances. This meant that a pony employed to carry supplies or on repair work frequently worked no more than three or four hours in a shift. A pony was not allowed to work for more than two shifts in 24 hours or more then three shifts in 48 hours.A shift was limited to 7.1/2 hours or less. Each pony had its own driver who was responsible for it and might work with the same pony throughout its working life. Every pony leaving the stables had to be recorded in a Mines and Quarries Act record book. The Chief Horse-keeper had to sign the book each day before sending it to the surface to be initialled by the Colliery Undermanager and Manager. Although life in the coal mines has never been easy for either men or ponies, few working horses have been given better care and respect than the pit pony. The miners also respected the sixth sense that the ponies seemed to have for danger. Many miners were saved from death or injury because their ponies suddenly stopped and refused to go on, then suddenly the roof collapsed in front of them.The task to be done governed the breed and size of the ponies used. •       Ponies up to 1.7 meters high or 16 hands were used close to the shafts, where many tubs had to be kept moving and the roofs of the haulageways were higher. Ponies up to 1.4 meters high or 13 hands were employed in the main haulageways with their higher roofs. •       Ponies around 1.2 m meters high or 11 hands tended to be used near the coal faces. Some stallions were used but geldings were preferred, while mares were very unusual underground.Both Shetland and Welsh ponies were common, as were Dale horses but breeds varied considerably through out the coal fields. During times of high production and pony shortages very high prices could be paid for good animals meaning that ponies could be imported from as far away as the USA, Iceland and Russia.The selection of each pit pony was carefully considered before it was accepted for work in the mines. For preference the pony had to be between 4 and 5 years old, certainly no more than 14 years old. He had to be sure-footed, strong, low set and heavy limbed to cope with the heavy, relentless work, and he needed a low head to cope with low roofs and steep roadways.The temperament of the pony was very important, a good


10 Best Islands in Thailand – Touropia Travel Experts flickr/ stevec77 Ko Lanta is made up of a group of islands off the coast of Thailand in the Krabi province. The largest island of the group is called Ko Lanta Yai also known as simply Ko Lanta. Several beaches on the west coast of Ko Lanta Yai are each strung with a line of resorts and bungalows. This region is an important destination for snorkeling and scuba diving enthusiasts, who come to the islands to view the coral reefs and the ocean life, including manta rays and whales. There is also an abundance of tropical plant life, including the remnants of the ancient rainforests. flickr/ Kris_B Ko Samet is known for being a favorite respite from the bustle of Bangkok. Though the majority of the island is a national park, there are a number of vacation spots located there with different amenities depending on the type of experience sought. One of the great attractions of Ko Samet are its white sand beaches. Visitors can choose from peaceful and relaxing settings or popular beaches with lots of activities. Ao Noina, Ao Phutsa, Au Nuan, and Ao Wai are known for being more serene, and feature cozy accommodations and stunning sunset views. Hat Sai Kaeo and Ao Hin Khok are busier, and visitors to these beaches frequently come to sunbathe, swim, windsurf, or enjoy nightlife. Where to Stay in Ko Samet 7Ko Tarutao Ko Tarutao is one of the 51 islands that belong to the Tarutao National Marine Park archipelago in southern Thailand. This island offers accommodations including campsites and bungalows that can be rented. Tourists to this island can enjoy the pristine and quiet atmosphere of the area, and can also view the rugged mountain and jungle scenery, including the limestone cliffs for which this part of Thailand is famous. Visitors can have a good chance of catching a glimpse at some exotic wildlife, particularly if they visit the beach on the western part of the island, which is frequented by large turtles. 6Ko Samui flickr/ aldask Ko Samui is one of the most visited islands in Thailand. There are abundant accommodations for travelers ranging from small bungalows to exclusive villas on the island. There are several festivals that take place every year on Ko Samui, including the Buffalo Fighting Festival, the Ten Stars Samui Art Party, and several street fairs with vendors selling local delicacies, clothing, and souvenirs. Sailing enthusiasts also gather for the yearly Samui Regatta, and triathletes and their supporters flock to Samui for the annually Triathlon Event. flickr/ kara_vanmalssen Located near the border with Cambodia, Ko Chang is the third largest island in Thailand and the biggest in the Ko Chang Marine Park archipelago. It is a mountainous island known for several waterfalls, thriving coral reefs, rainforests and long white sandy beaches. In less than ten years, Ko Chang has become a major tourist destination in Thailand although still far quieter than islands like Phuket or Ko Samui. White Sand Beach is one of the most popular beaches on the island. Located on the island’s northwestern corner, it’s the longest beach on Ko Chang. The central section of the soft sandy beach is lined with resorts and hotels. flickr/ Jelle Oostrom Ko Tao is fast becoming the favorite destination of those who come to Thailand for recreational purposes. The island’s caters especially to scuba divers, rock climbers, and hikers. Around 7000 new divers get certified on Koh Tao each year making it one of the most popular destinations in the world to learn to dive. Fishing enthusiasts also visit the island in increasing numbers, hoping to catch a specimen of one of the abundant marlin, snapper or barracuda. With the exploding tourist population of Ko Tao, a number of resorts, bars and nightclubs have opened up, though it is still possible for those seeking a more relaxed vacation to find quieter, less developed areas of the island. flickr/ MikeBehnken Ko Phi Phi is a small archipelago in the Krabi Province in Southern Thailand. Ko Phi Phi Don is the largest island of the group, and is th


"Which UK Chancellor of the Exchequer said, ""The difference between tax avoidance and tax evasion is the thickness of a prison wall.""?"

Tax avoidance – Is it legal? - Wise Thoughts Wise Thoughts Tax avoidance – Is it legal? Posted on Tweet The former Chancellor of the Exchequer, Denis Healey explained the difference between tax avoidance and tax evasion in this way:-“The difference between tax avoidance and tax evasion is the thickness of a prison wall.’ Tax avoidance is legal. Tax avoidance is finding ways to ensure that you pay less tax than you would normally be expected to do on earnings, profits or gains, legally. For example, if you have some savings and don’t want to pay tax on the interest from them, you could open an Individual Savings Account or buy National Savings bonds or make deposits into National Savings accounts. If you do this, you don’t pay tax on the interest which accrues. This is a perfectly legally acceptable way of not paying tax. Someone who pays the right amount of tax on money declared is ‘tax compliant’ i.e., that person is paying the amount the law requires. However, he/she is not paying tax on all the money he/she has earned or gained that year. A person who refuses to pay a percentage of tax because of objections on moral grounds of a government’s policies (for example the amount of the defence budget) is known as a “tax protester”. This is not classed as tax evasion or avoidance, but is in a separate class. Tax havens are still operating, and those who make use of them are classed as tax avoiders. Millions of pounds are lost by Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs service because of these tax havens for the wealthy every year. However the UK government has been reluctant to legislate against these over the years. Such havens are the Channel Islands, some of the Caribbean islands and Switzerland. There are also off-shore companies set up by the very wealthy, so that they do not pay tax in Britain, which is higher than taxes in some other countries. In the past there have been ‘tax exiles’ wealthy Britons who have chosen to live in countries outside the UK so that they were not liable to pay high British taxes. When this kind of money leaves the country, economic damage ensues, and so the government tries to make tax laws easier to attract those tax exiles back to Britain as would any government. Of course a lot of planning goes into setting up an off-shore company, and not everyone can do this, but if you consider the case of the entrepreneur Richard Branson, whose money is tied up in his companies, he could retire, liquidate his assets and pay virtually no taxes if he were to move abroad. Of course he may not do this and might willingly pay UK taxes, as the laws might have changed by the time he retires. Independent financial advisers can help you avoid paying taxes, as this is not deemed suspicious. If you earn a lot of money, you may object to paying high taxes. However, those with a social conscience will realise that by avoiding paying taxes they are depriving others of services such as the National Health Service, the police force, etc. This entry was posted in Law . Bookmark the permalink . © Wise Thoughts


The Yas Marina Grand Prix circuit is in which country?

Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi Next Previous 1 / 5 Lewis Hamilton (GBR) Mercedes celebrates his second world championship crown on the podium with Williams duo Felipe Massa (BRA) in second and Valtteri Bottas (FIN) in third. Formula One World Championship, Rd19, Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, Race, Yas Marina Circuit, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Sunday 23 November 2014. Kimi Raikkonen (FIN) Lotus E20 celebrates at the end of the race. Formula One World Championship, Rd18, Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, Race, Yas Marina Circuit, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Sunday 4 November 2012. Lewis Hamilton (GBR) McLaren MP4/26. Formula One World Championship, Rd 18, Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, Practice Day, Yas Marina Circuit, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Friday 11 November 2011. Race winner and 2010 World Champion Sebastian Vettel (GER) Red Bull Racing celebrates in parc ferme. Formula One World Championship, Rd 19, Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, Race, Yas Marina Circuit, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Sunday 14 November 2010. Race action as the sun sets during the inaugural race at Yas Marina. Formula One World Championship, Rd 17, Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, Race, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Sunday 1 November 2009. Abu Dhabi is a city on the move. Not content with enjoying one of the world's richest oil reserves, the region has recently thrown itself into a massive programme of development. And one of the jewels in Abu Dhabi's crown is the 5.55-kilometre Yas Marina Circuit, which on November 1, 2009, hosted the country's inaugural Grand Prix. It was also the first F1 twighlight race, with powerful lighting ensuring a seamless transition from day to night. Located on the spectacular Yas Island, the track is a shining example of modern Formula One circuit design. Boasting top speeds of 325 km/h and average speeds of 190km/h, it features nine right turns and 12 left turns and is one of the few venues on the calendar to run in an anti-clockwise direction. Designed by renowned circuit architect Hermann Tilke, Yas Marina has a waterfront setting scenic enough to rival the likes of Monaco and Singapore. And with the track wrapping itself around the island's glamorous marina, there's plenty of mooring space for the paddock's plethora of yachts.  Its distinctive design also boasts several innovative elements including the iconic five-star, 499-room Yas Viceroy Abu Dhabi hotel, which straddles the circuit; the 60-metre solar powered Sun Tower, which offers unrivalled views for invited guests; and a pit lane which sees the cars exit via a tunnel passing under the track. Another world first is that all of the grandstands, including the massive hairpin seating area, are covered to protect spectators from the desert sun, whilst the state-of-the-art pit building boasts 40 air-conditioned garages. Luxuriant comforts and first-rate views are clearly the watchwords for Abu Dhabi race goers.  The track itself was designed with racing in mind. As well as the waterside marina area, there are high-speed sections (including one of the longest straights on the F1 calendar), tight corners for overtaking, and even a twisty street circuit-style sector. Overall, its diverse elements come together to create one of the longest and most demanding tracks in the world, where close and competitive racing is guaranteed.


Who was the first black man to appear on the cover of American Vogue?

Michael Eboda on the first black man to appear on the cover of American Vogue | Media | The Guardian Share on Messenger Close LeBron James, the David Beckham of US basketball, has become the first black man to appear on the cover of American Vogue. Which may seem like something to celebrate, though not everyone is popping champagne corks. The trouble is, King James, as he is known to his legion of fans, appears on the magazine cover striking a pose reminiscent of King Kong. American commentators have been quick to point out that the Annie Leibovitz picture of the Cleveland Cavaliers superstar holding on to the Brazilian supermodel Gisele Bündchen bears an uncanny resemblance to Emmanuel Fremiet's 1887 statue Gorilla Carrying off a Woman. And to the legendary movie still of the Hollywood ape clambering up the Empire State Building clutching a tiny Fay Wray in his left paw. James is 6ft 9in and muscular, Bundchen 5ft 11in and slender. He is aggressive, growling almost, hunched over, snarling. She is demure and blonde, and her body language, despite a smile, suggests she would rather be somewhere else. A blogger on the African-American entertainment website Concrete Loop wrote: "LeBron is straight up perpetuating a stereotype that helped enslave, lynch and murder hundreds of thousands of our black men for centuries ... and I'm just supposed to be content because he made it onto 'massa's' magazine?!" Vogue claims that there is nothing to it. "Nobody says more about fashion size and shape than Gisele and LeBron," gushed a spokesperson. So is the allusion an illusion? Are the critics trying too hard to find something that is not there? Or when Leibovitz peeped at James through her viewfinder did she decide to reconstruct the stereotypes of the old movie poster? A look at how Vogue treated the pictures of Richard Gere in 1992 and George Clooney in 2000, the only other men to have graced the cover in the fashion magazine's 116-year history, may prove instructive. Gere and Clooney appeared with supermodels, too. In Gere's case, Cindy Crawford; in Clooney's, Bündchen. There the similarities end: unlike James, Gere and Clooney look stylish and classy as they cosy up to their partners. As a blogger at Guanabee.com puts it: "The last time Gisele was on the cover she got to hug the [white guy] back." And that, coupled with the remarkable similarity of the images, is why so many people believe Vogue has quite deliberately made a monkey out of King James.


Which English county cricket team play at the Rose Bowl?

The Ageas Bowl | Hilton Hotel | Event Venue | Hampshire Cricket · The Ageas Bowl Getting Here Cricket The Ageas Bowl is the picture-perfect home of Hampshire Cricket and played host to 46 days of domestic cricketing action in 2016, including seven action-packed NatWest T20 Blast matches as well as three Southern Vipers fixtures. Eoin Morgan's England visited the venue twice in 2016 and will return for three much-anticipated fixtures in 2017, contesting Royal London ODIs against South Africa and the West Indies as well as what's sure to be a thrilling NatWest IT20 against AB De Villiers' South Africa next summer. There really is something for everyone.