What is the branch of the Mediterranean Sea between Greece and Asia Minor which contains many Greek islands?

Greece Virtual Jewish History Tour | Jewish Virtual Library SEE ALL CITIES Contact between Greeks                  and Jews outside of Greece began after the Babylonian                   exile of 586-539 B.C.E. When the Persian king Cyrus allowed Jews                  to return to their homeland after the Babylonian exile, they met Greeks                  for the first time. The prophet Ezekiel wrote of the Greek traders of "Javan," Ionia, who                  traded in slaves and worked with bronze. The Greek historian Herodotus                  knew of the Jews, whom he called Palestinian Syrians, and included                  them in his list of those serving in the Persian king Xerxes navy when Xerxes invaded Greece in 480 B.C.E. There may have been isolated Jews living in Greek                  cities as far back as the Babylonian exile, but the first organized                  Jewish communities in Greece were established in approximately 400                  B.C.E. The communities flourished during the reign of Alexander the                  Great and the subsequent Hellenistic period in around 300 B.C.E. Jewish                  immigrants flooded Hellenist cities along the Aegean Coast and the                  Greek mainland. The Greeks were polytheistic and maintained a glamorous                  lifestyle. While most Jews retained their monotheism, many wealthy                  Jews were attracted to Greek culture and created a class of assimilated,                  pro-Greek Jews. Throne of Moses                          in the Synagogue of Delos from 1st Century Greek was the language of commerce, administration                  and secular law in the Hellenistic kingdoms and, slowly, Jewish communities began to forget Hebrew. In around 260 B.C.E., certain books of the                  Bible began appearing in Alexandria in Greek translation. In approximately                  250 B.C.E., the Macedonian-Egyptian king Ptolemy ordered the translation                  of the entire bible into Greek by 70 scholars. This translation became                  known as the Septuagint. The most famous confrontation between Greeks and                  Jews was the Maccabean Revolt of 167-164 B.C.E. The Seleucid king Antiochus IV imposed Greek religious                  customs on the Jews and tried to convert the Jewish temple in Jerusalem into a temple                  to the Greek god, Zeus. The Jewish revolt, led by the Hasmonean Judas Maccabee, defeated the Seleucid armies and recaptured the temple.                  After the revolt, many Hellenized Jews left Judea and moved to Hellenistic                  commercial centers such as Alexandria and Antioch. According to Maccabees I 15:23 and also the Jewish                     historian Philo (c. 30 B.C.E.–c. 45 C.E.), in the years following                     the revolt the Jews built up communities in Sparta, Delos, Sicyon,                     Samos, Rhodes, Kos, Gortynia, Crete, Cnidus, Aegina, Thessaly, Boeotia,                     Macedonia, Aetonia, Attica, Argos, Corinth and Cyprus. When the Christian                     Saint Paul visited Greece during the first century C.E., he found                     well-established Jewish communities in Thessaloniki, Veroia, Athens,                     Corinth and other towns. Synagogue of                          Sardes, c. 350 C.E. The Jews in these communities


What is a collector of coins and medals called?

The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program Whether you’re a beginner or experienced numismatist, these tips will help you enjoy the popular hobby of coin collecting for years to come. Collecting Basics


Which female jazz singer died in December 2008?

BLACK CELEBRITIES WHO DIED WITH LITTLE OR NO FANFARE - Panache Report Sexual orientation: Bisexual Occupation: Actor, Singer Musician David Cole (very top photo, red hair) and Robert Clivillýs formed the musical group C + C Music Factory in 1990. The duo had several hits, including their most popular Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now). They went on to win a Producers Grammy in 1993 for their work on the original soundtrack album "The Bodyguard." In 1995 Cole died of spinal meningitis although rumors persist that he died of AIDS. If you were listening to rap in the early '90s, there's no doubt you heard the provocative Professor X and his New York-based group X-Clan. "Professor X" Carson, whose best-known records are "Funkin' Lesson" and "Fire & Earth (100% Natural)," died in a New York hospital after succumbing to spinal meningitis at the age of 49. Although X-Clan released just two albums and never enjoyed the commercial success of their politically minded contemporaries (particularly Public Enemy), X and his crew still carved out a slice of hip-hop history for themselves with their funky beats and rhymes about afrocentrism and activism. In the 1990s, actress Mabel King (What's Happening!), front row, far right) battled diabetes, and eventually lost both of her legs and an arm to the disease. In 1999, she died from complications of diabetes and a stroke. Her only child, a son, Larry King (from her marriage to Melvin King; no relation to the talk show host) predeceased her by three years. Eugene Record (December 23, 1940  July 22, 2005) was lead vocalist of Chicago based The Chi-Lites during the 1960s and 1970s. He also released three solo albums (entitled Eugene Record, Trying to Get to You, and Welcome to My Fantasy) via the Warner Music Group before rejoining the Chi-Lites in 1980. He wrote and produced many of the group's hits, such as "Have You Seen Her" and "Oh Girl", frequently in collaboration with other songwriters. He also wrote and produced for other artists, including Barbara Acklin, Jackie Wilson, and The Dells. Record left the Chi-Lites again in 1988 before eventually becoming a gospel singer. He died on July 22, 2005, after a long battle with cancer. He was 64. Brock Peters (July 2, 1927  August 23, 2005) was an actor, perhaps best known for the roles in "To Kill a Mockingbird," and "Star Trek VI."  Mr. Peters died in Los Angeles, California of pancreatic cancer on August 23, 2005 at the age of 78. He was survived by his daughter Lise Jo Peters. Julius "Nipsey" Russell (September 15, 1918  October 2, 2005) was an African-American comedian, best known today for his many appearances as a guest panelist on game shows from the 1960s through the 1990s, especially Match Game, Password, Hollywood Squares, To Tell the Truth and Pyramid.  During the 1990s Mr. Russell gained popularity with a new generation of television viewers as a regular on Late Night with Conan O'Brien. Russell would often appear during comedy sketches between scheduled guests and deliver his trademark rhymes. Russell's final TV appearance was as a panelist for one week (specifically, a game show-themed week) on the final season of the Tom Bergeron version of Hollywood Squares. He died at age 87 in New York City, after suffering from stomach cancer. Tyrone Davis made numerous records for the Dakar and Columbia record labels from the 1970s, right through the disco and funk booms, and into the 21st century. Davis' best-known hits were "Turn Back the Hands of Time," "Can I Change My Mind," and "In The Mood." He died in a Chicago hospital in 2005 of complications following a stroke in October 2004, from which he never fully recovered. Natasja Saad (October 31, 1974 - June 24, 2007), also known as Lil T, Little T and Natasja, she was a Danish rapper and reggae singer whose vocals on a popular U.S. and European remix of "Calabria" gained her fame and a number one spot on Billboard's Hot Dance Airplay chart six months after her death in a car accident. Natasja died on June 24, 2007 in a car accident in Spanish Town, Saint Catherine, Jamaica


What sea creature living in the Arctic has a tapering tusk, spirally grooved, 2 to 3 metres (7 to 10 feet) long?

Full text of "Catalogue of the specimens of mammalia in the collection of the British Museum" See other formats -v V   ■"'^'1 >^   ^A*   ■.#■> ^J   *V^   -y'-:-::     ^       FOR THE PEOPLE  FOR EDVCATION  FOR SCIENCE    LIBRARY  OF  THE AMERICAN MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL HISTORY  — .   CAl^ALOGUE   OF THE SPECIMENS OF   MAMMALIA   IN   THE COLLECTION   OF THE   BRITISH MUSEUM.   PART I. - 11  CETACEA. • "^ -suvSbi ,   5. t G-K   OM   LONDON:  PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.  1850.   \1 -'~^^»4S' S- 'S'..*-^^ s~   PRINTED BY RICHARD AND JOHN E. TAYLOR, RED LION COURT. FLEET STREET.   PREFACE.   1 HE chief object in preparing the present Synopsis has been, to give at one view a complete Catalogue of all the specimens of Mammalia, and their Osteological remains, at present in the British Museum Collection, and an account of the species known to exist in other collections, but which are at present desiderata in the British Museum, so as to enable travellers, collectors, and others, to assist in com- pleting the National Collection. For this purpose, a short description has been given of all the genera and species at present known to exist in the different museums and private collections, and at the end of each description is added an enumeration, stating the state, age, country, and other pecu- liarities of each specimen of the kind in the Museum Collec- tion; or when the species is not at present in that Collection, the museum, in which it has been observed, is added after the general habitat of the species.  The different individuals of each species contained in the British Museum Collection are indicated by the letters «, 6, c, &c. When the age of the specimen is not stated, it is to be miderstood that it is full-grown, or nearly so ; when other-   IV PREFACE.   wise, its state is marked immediately after the letter by which it is distinguished ; and if the sexes are known, it is stated to be male or female. These particulars are followed by the habitat, which is given as particularly as the materials pos- sessed by the Museum permit. Those specimens which have been presented to the Museum have the name of the donor marked immediately after the habitat.  When there is no such indication, the specimens have been either purchased or procured in exchange ; and in this case, whenever the place or person from whence they have been received gives authenticity to the specimen, or adds anything to their history, they are noted as being from such or such a collection.  The various synonyma have been given to the different divisions of the class, and to the genera and subgenera and species, and a reference made to the works in which they have been characterized or described.  In the adoption of the names for these divisions and for the names of the genera and species, it has been thought right to use, whenever it was possible, that which was first used for the purpose. As far as regards the specific name, there is comparatively little difficulty in the application of this simple rule ; but ordinal, and especially generic names, have been used by different authors in senses so widely dif- ferent, and the groups which they are intended to designate have been so variously extended and restricted, that it is no easy matter to determine, where several names have been used, which of them ought to be preferred.  As every origmal observer will constantly make use of characters which others may have overlooked, or not thought of so much importance as further researches have shown to belong to it, even when a generic name is used, it will of necessity be often employed in a different sense, or with a   PREFACE.   more restricted, or very rarely a more extended meaning than its original proposer applied to it. If this was not allowed, many nejsv names must be added to the list of genera, which is already so overburdened with synonyma.  In those cases where the two sexes of the same species, or any particular individu


In books by A A Milne, which of the main characters was usually depressed?

List of Winnie the Pooh characters | Winniepedia | Fandom powered by Wikia List of Winnie the Pooh characters 600pages on This is a list of characters appearing in the Winnie-the-Pooh books and the Disney adaptations of the series. Contents Main article: Winnie the Pooh (character) Winnie-the-Pooh, or Pooh for short, is a anthropomorphic teddy bear. Despite being naïve and slow-witted, he is a friendly, thoughtful, smart and sometimes insightful character who is always willing to help his friends and try his best. A prime motivation is his love for honey (sometimes sodas and chocolates), which quite often leads to trouble. He is now Kanga's love interest and Piglet's best friend. In the books, Pooh is a talented poet, and the stories are frequently punctuated by his poems and "hums". He is humble about his slow-wittedness, but comfortable with his creative gifts. Pooh had an heart attack who look close-ups of many insects and marine animals. In the Disney adaptations, Pooh is just the titular protagonist of the franchise. His catchphrases are "Oh, bother!" and "Think, think, think". He has been voiced by Sterling Holloway since 1966 until 1977, Hal Smith (1981-1983) and currently Jim Cummings . Christopher Robin Main article: Christopher Robin Christopher Robin is the sole human character in the story books, he has a cheerful and compassionate personality and is someone that Pooh and the others look up to. Despite being a child, he is much wiser and more mature than many of the other characters. Pooh considers both Christopher Robin and Piglet to be his best friends. Christopher crush on Anne in Now We Are Six . Christopher Robin matures considerably over the course of the books. Several chapters in The House at Pooh Corner are concerned with Christopher Robin beginning to go to school and his increasing book-learning. In the final chapter, Christopher Robin leaves his stuffed animals behind and asks Pooh to understand and to always remember him. In the Disney adaptations, he has been voiced by Bruce Reitherman (1966), Timothy Turner (1974), Jon Walmsley (1968), Kim Christianson (1983), Tim Hoskins (1988-1991), Edan Gross (1991), Brady Bluhm (1997-1999), Tom Attenborough (2000), Tom Wheatley (2003), William Green (2002), Bradley Michael Pierce, Paul Tiesler (2001-2003), Struan Erlenborn (2007-2010) and Jack Boulter (2011–present). Piglet Main article: Piglet Piglet is a timid pig and Pooh's best friend besides Christopher Robin. In the books he is a timorous small animal, who often takes his lead from Pooh unless overcome by fear. But increasingly through the stories he shows himself to be very brave when faced with a crisis and given sufficient encouragement (usually by Pooh). His favorite food acorns. In the Disney series he is kind, gentle and ordinarily quite shy, but with Pooh by his side, he often overcomes his fears. His catchphrase is "Oh, d-d-dear!". Piglet lives in a beech tree that he likes to keep neat and tidy, and can sing very well. He has been voiced by John Fiedler (1966-2005), Phil Baron (1983-1986) and Travis Oates (2005–current). Tigger Main article: Tigger Tigger is an energetic, springy tiger who introduced in 1928 storybook The House at Pooh Corner . He is Pooh's exuberant, happy, less-than-responsible and sometimes trouble-making friend. He loves to bounce, especially bouncing on others. He is full of energy, outgoing, and likes to have fun and is so overconfident that he thinks that any task is "what tiggers do best". He becomes Roo's best friend. He already loved malt extract. In the Disney films, Tigger commonly mispronounces words, like 'ridickerus' (ridiculous) or 'vill-i-an' (villain) and often causes chaos rather than good. However, Tigger is also shown to be tough, fearless, optimistic and resourceful. His main catchphrase is "Hoo hoo hoo hoo!" when he is happy. He starts to annoy Rabbit in his garden. He has been voiced by Paul Winchell since 1968 until 1997, Will Ryan (1983-1986) and currently Jim Cummings . Eeyore Main article: Eeyore Eeyore is a depressed donkey who is Pooh's ever-glum


What is an apparatus consisting of a frame containing a number of parallel wires on which there are rows of beads which can be moved left and right?

Abacuses | Article about abacuses by The Free Dictionary Abacuses | Article about abacuses by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/abacuses Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Financial , Wikipedia . abacus (ăb`əkəs), in architecture, flat slab forming the top member of a capital. In classical orders it varies from a square form having unmolded sides in the Greek Doric, to thinner proportions and ovolo molding in the Greek Ionic, and to sides incurving and corners cut in Roman Ionic and Corinthian examples. In Romanesque work the abacus is heavier in proportion, projects less, and is generally molded and decorated. In Gothic work the form varies, appearing in square, circular, and octagonal forms with molded members. abacus (ăb`əkəs, əbăk`–), in mathematics, simple device for performing arithmetic calculations. The type of abacus now best known is represented by a frame with sliding counters. An elementary abacus might have ten parallel wires strung between two boards on a frame, with nine beads on each wire. Each bead on a given wire has the same value: either ten or some multiple or submultiple of ten. For example, all of the beads on a particular wire may have a value of 1, making this the units wire, or 10, making this wire the tens wire. Numbers are represented and added together on the abacus by grouping beads together. To represent 155, five beads on the units wire are separated from the others on that wire, five beads on the tens wire, and one bead on the hundreds wire. To add 243 to 155, three more beads on the units wire are slid over to join the group of five, four more beads on the tens wire join the five there, and two more beads on the hundreds wire join the one there. The number 398 is now represented on the abacus. Subtraction can be performed by separating groups of beads. More elaborate processes are used to perform multiplication and division. The abacus is used for calculating in the Middle East, Asia, and Russia and for teaching children the elements of arithmetic in many countries. An apparatus of pebbles or other movable counters was known in antiquity to the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Chinese. A special merit of the abacus was that it simplified the addition and subtraction of numbers written in Roman numerals. Another type of abacus includes a board covered with sand or wax to facilitate making and erasing marks. Bibliography See J. M. Pullan, The History of the Abacus (1968); P. H. Moon, The Abacus (1971). Abacus The flat area at the top of a capital, dividing a column from its entablature. It usually consists of a square block, or is enriched with moldings. In some orders the sides are hollowed and the angles at the corner are truncated. Abacus   a device used to carry out arithmetic calculations (Figure 1). Although more advanced calculating machines are now in use, the abacus is still employed in many countries for practical computations. Figure 1. Russian abacus; the number represented is 401.28 The forerunner of the modern Russian abacus was the doshchanyi schet (counting board), which first appeared in Russia in the 16th century. The development of the doshchanyi schet was greatly influenced by the system of taxation used in Russia from the 15th to 17th centuries (see SOSHNOE PIS’MO ). This system required the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division not only of whole numbers but also of fractions, since the unit of taxation, the sokha, was divisible into parts. The doshchanyi schet consisted of two frames that could be folded together. Each frame was divided into two sections (in later types only the lower part of the frame was so divided). The second frame was needed because of the nature of the monetary system. Counters were strung on taut strings or wires running across the frame. Since the decimal number system was used, each whole-number row had nine or ten counters (Figure 2). Operations on fractions were performed on incomplete rows: a row of three counters represented three thirds, and a row of four Figure 2. Note on Figure 2.Doshchanyi


What name is given to the activities of the specially constituted group of British, American, Russian and French judges that tried NAZI Party leaders and German military commanders after World War II?

Lesser Known Facts of WWII 1944, 1945 1944 MONASTERY BLUNDER On February 15, 1944, US bombers dropped 427 tons of bombs on the mountain top monastery of Monte Cassino in Italy. The operation was planned by the US General Ira Eaker at the request of the Allied ground forces, believing the monastery to be a German stronghold. Very few enemy troops were there at the time but over 300 women and children from the town of Cassino, who had fled the fighting and taken refuge in the monastery, were killed. By the time that the Polish 12th Podolski Lancers, under General Anders, raised their regimental flag on the ruins of Monte Cassino at 9.30am their casualty rates were 3,779 killed or wounded. The flag was hastily sewn together from pieces of a Red Cross flag and soldiers' handkerchiefs. The Monastery was rebuilt after the war and reconsecrated by Pope Paul VI in 1964. (General Wladyslaw Anders lies buried in the Polish Cemetery at Monte Cassino.) The ruins of the Saint Benedict Monastery on Monte Cassino. OPERATION ‘JERICHO’ (February 18, 1944) Code name for the bombing of Amiens prison in northern France. Precision-attacked by thirteen Mosquito aircraft, the bombs blasted a hole 3.5 metres wide in the high wall of the prison. Of the 717 inmates a total of 258 escaped. Sadly, 87 prisoners were killed and 182 were recaptured. Many were due to be executed next day, mostly members of the French resistance, which was why the daring attack had to be made exactly when and as it was. The necessary repairs made to the prison wall can still clearly be seen today. INCREDIBLE ESCAPES (1944) On the night of 3/4 May, 1944, RAF Sgt. Jack Worsfold, aged 19, was a tail-gunner on a Lancaster of 101 Squadron.  Its mission was the bombing of German tank concentrations in France prior to D-Day. A total of 300 Lancasters took part and  Worsfolds plane was hit by flak and set on fire. The plane then blew up killing the rest of the crew. The tail section, with Worsfold inside, was seen by civilians on the ground to fall some 7,500 feet, hit some high-tension wires then bounce on to a fir tree before hitting the ground near the village of Aubeterre. Jack Worsfold crawled out with a broken thigh and rib fractures. Captured by German soldiers he spent the rest of the war in prison camps. In a bombing raid against Stuttgart a Lancaster was hit by an 88 mm ack-ack shell which tore through the fuel tank engulfing the fuselage in flaming petrol. The tail-gunner, RAF Sergeant N. Alkamade reached for his parachute only to find it a mass of flames. He had no other option but to jump and threw himself into the night at 18,000 feet. The next thing he remembered was opening his eyes to find himself lying in deep snow in a pine forest. Looking up he noticed broken branches on the trees that had reduced his speed, the snow did the rest. Soon he was taken prisoner by the locals who refused to believe his story. An investigation was carried out and he was released. When he eventually arrived home he carried in his pocket a certificate signed by a German colonel attesting to the fact that he had fallen three and a half miles without a parachute. FIRST GERMAN GENERAL EXECUTED March 22/23, 1944 The first German General executed to be executed after the war was General der Infanterie Anton Dostler. On  during a small scale operation behind enemy lines in northern Italy, a group of 15 Italian-Americans of the US 2677th Headquarters Company were on a mission to blow up an important railway tunnel but were captured and taken prisoner before the mission (Operation 'Ginny') was completed. They were summarily shot on the instructions of 55 year old General Dostler who had simply passed on the order from higher authority (Hitler's Fï¿½frerbefehl of October 18, 1942) which stated that all enemy encountered in Commando actions were to be executed. The plea of "following superior orders" did not save Dostler from the firing squad. After a five day trial he was found guilty of a War Crime and sentenced to death. On November 27, 1944, the Me


What is the name of the seaway through the Arctic from Europe, north of Asia to the Pacific Ocean?

Arctic ambitions: Will US let Russia control shipping in the Far North? - Alaska Dispatch News Arctic ambitions: Will US let Russia control shipping in the Far North? Updated: September 28, 2016 Published June 28, 2015 YAKUTSK, Russia -- In August 1981, our Russian hosts built a campfire on a bluff overlooking the Lena River here, a region most Americans only know from its strategic position in the board game Risk. Under a bright midnight sun, we washed down frozen whitefish, cucumbers, tomatoes, potatoes and stewed horsemeat with numerous toasts of Soviet champagne, vodka and brandy, and dreamed out loud about what could happen in the Arctic. A boat steamed by, headed downstream toward the port of Tiksi on the Arctic Ocean. Wally Hickel, then between his service as U.S. Interior secretary and his second term as Alaska governor, jumped up and waved his arms with excitement, explaining "that ship can turn west and go to Murmansk in Europe, east and go to Vladivostok on the Pacific. These Russians have shown how Arctic shipping can link the continents. The rest of us need to learn there even is an Arctic Ocean!" It no longer takes the reverie of a campfire to envision hundreds, if not thousands, of ship voyages happening each year over the top of the world. For the practical purposes of commerce, the world has a brand-new ocean. Mines and gas fields in Northwest Siberia and the Norwegian Arctic use Russia's Northern Sea Route to expand their market options to the Pacific. Container ship owners -- who currently use canals in Suez and Panama as shortcuts -- are looking to a newly accessible Arctic to link Europe and Asia. China's Overseas Shipping Company (COSCO) made an experimental trans-Arctic container shipment in 2013. That same year, Asia's largest shipping and trading nations -- India, Singapore, China, Korea and Japan -- successfully pressed to join the eight-nation Arctic Council as "observers." Three major changes in the Arctic have occurred in a generation: • Arctic sea ice is thinner; • Icebreaking technology is better; and, • The supply of and demand for Arctic energy and mineral resources is growing. While polar explorers have sought Arctic routes for centuries, nations in our time have an opportunity to work together now to offer a reliable international seaway in the Arctic. The world once coped with lengthy and dangerous shipping around two capes -- Cape Horn and the Cape of Good Hope -- before replacing them with the Panama and Suez canals. Singapore made port investments, based on Lee Kuan Yew's vision in the 1960s, and today it's a major trans-shipment hub of Asia. In the Arctic, coordinated investments in icebreakers, ports and promotion will make a huge difference for global shipping in a generation. The top of the world is no less ripe for infrastructure than the American West was after the Louisiana Purchase and before the transcontinental railroads. Perhaps the most effective model for an Arctic shipping regime is the St. Lawrence Seaway, operated by Canada and the U.S. and linking the Great Lakes to the Atlantic. Last year, the Seaway's 3,900 vessel customers carried 37.1 million metric tons of cargo, mostly grain, iron ore and bulk commodities. Icebreakers provided by the U.S. and Canada ensured the route stayed open 286 days. A Seaway analysis says their infrastructure supports 227,000 jobs, $35 billion in economic activity, and saved shippers $3.6 billion in transport costs. Arctic shipping will happen, but without strong Western participation, it is likely to happen poorly -- with negative consequences for business reliability, the environment, energy access and security. In the last decade, Western nations bent over backward to keep Russia from having more opportunities to "turn off the tap" as pipelines were built to bring oil and gas from the Caspian Region. The Arctic basin contains 13 percent of the world's potential oil and 30 percent of the world's potential gas. Leaving Russia alone to shepherd shipping from the Arctic gives them even more dangerous leverage over global energy supplies.


How many Olympic Games have been cancelled due to World Wars?

Olympic Games Cancellations – History By Zim USS Mason at the Boston Naval Yard, 1944 — Two African American sailors standing in front of the USS Mason at the Boston Navy Yard in 1944. The USS Mason (DE-529) was commissioned on March 20, 1944, with a crew of 150 African-American enlisted men and six officers. The vessel was part of the Evarts-class destroyer escort, with the responsibility of providing protection for other naval vessels [...] Transporting wounded with Weasels, 1945 — M29 Weasels, with their wide tracks, made it easier for medics transporting wounded men back from front lines over snow-covered and rough terrain. Here medical personnel of the 307th Airborne Medical Company use a M29 Weasel to evacuate wounded comrades from the Bulge as Airborne troops moved to take Herresbach, Belgium on January 29, 1945. [...] 19th Century 20th Century Americana Animals California Children Christmas Civil War Family Famous People Film Florida Food Holiday Holidays Hollywood Homefront In Their Words Inventions Korean War Labor Military New York Odd Photograph Photography Presidents Quote Quotes Soldiers Sports The Things People Say Transportation U.S. Army U.S. Navy United States War Washington D.C. Water White House Women World War I World War II WWII Youth Images I do not own the images uploaded here unless otherwise credited. Many of the images on the site are public domain or used fairly for educational reasons. If you see an image here which belongs to you, let me know and I’ll give proper credit. If you object to a photo’s use, please e-mail historybyzim@gmail.com and it will be removed as soon as possible. © History By Zim 2011 – 2016 As the author of this blog, I (Jess Zimmerman) create posts based upon cited sources. If you use information from here please give History By Zim the proper credit.


"Who wrote the music for what he described as ""an American folk opera"", which was set on Catfish Row?"

Top 10 Operas That Make Me Proud to Be an American | The Huffington Post Top 10 Operas That Make Me Proud to Be an American 07/03/2013 04:39 pm ET | Updated Sep 02, 2013 170 Justin Moss Opera Lecturer and Expert AP Opera, which of course originated in Italy, caught on from country to country in its own time and in its own way. French, German, and Italian opera are all different in many ways and these differences reflect the national trends and tastes of their countries. American opera has struggled against its European roots to find a style of its own. Originally brought to America through tours presenting traditional European operas, to the vaudeville interpretation, and the simultaneous development of jazz, blues, and musical theater, opera in America has searched for its own identity. As we celebrate the Fourth of July, here is a brief celebration of operas that make me proud to be an American. 1. Treemonisha Scott Joplin, the extremely popular African-American composer of ragtime, wrote an opera reflecting the experience of black America. The style of his composition reflects other genres developing in the United states such as syncopated dance, barbershop quarter, gospel hymns and, of course, ragtime. In a 1986 production by Houston Grand Opera, here's the opera's final scene. 2. Showboat This might spark debate because this piece walks the thin line between musical theater, operetta, and opera. There is no mistaking the overtly operatic nature of the vocal writing by Jerome Kern. Yes, it contains dialogue but musically speaking it is a great example of American musical trends. Look to the famous recording featuring Jerry Hadley and Frederica von Stade as an example. And what bass hasn't broken out "Ol' Man River" from time to time? Here's Paul Robeson performing this classic tune. 3. Porgy and Bess Again, this particular work sparks controversy over how it should be classified but Gershwin really hit the mark with a brilliant combination of classical training, fused with jazz, blue, gospel, and a story that reflects life on Catfish Row. Again, there is spoken dialogue, but it is the author's belief that "Summertime" and "My Man's Gone Now" are two of the most beautiful and challenging arias in the soprano repertoire. Listen to the iconic Leontyne Price as she sings "Summertime." 4. The Tender Land Aaron Copland and his contemporaries set out to find a truly unique style of American classical composition. While some of his other works such as his ballet Rodeo and instrumental suite Appalachian Spring are his greatest achievements, this sweet opera about rural America and the dreams of youth, simply sounds like a piece of the heartland. "Laurie's Song" is so simple yet speaks volumes about this composer's commitment to finding Americana through music. Although the photo in this video has nothing to do with the musical performance, here's a wonderful rendition of "Laurie's Song" by Dawn Upshaw. 5. The Ballad of Baby Doe The story of life in a Colorado mining town reflects the best of the west and captures the intriguing story of a period in American history. Douglas Moore truly reflects life in the Colorado Rockies through is clever use of large ensembles and the stunning melodies created for his leading lady. Here's a perfect example: Beverly Sills singing "Dearest Mama." 6. Vanessa Samuel Barber's tale, while set in "a northern country," possesses music of such great originality and beauty that it earns its spot on the list in spite of the origin of its story. In Barber you can hear such refinement of harmonic color, his music is almost cinematic in nature. He also blatantly uses jazz/blues influence to create his melodies. "Music the Winter Come So Soon?" has such a wonderfully bluesy quality to it. Ella could have sung it in a club. In a production by L'Opera de Monte Carlo, here's Dame Kiri Te Kanawa in the opera's first act. 7. Susannah Carlisle Floyd's homage to life in Appalachia draws directly on the folk songs of the region giving us a distinct flavor of life along the Appalachian Trail. "The Trees on the


Which calendar was different from its predecessor because leap years did not fall on years divisible by 100 unless they were also divisible by 400?

Watch Glossary | Wempe Jewelers Glossary Watch glossary Benefit from our knowledge and expertise - look up terms and topics that interest you and for which you so far do not know everything. W Analogue Time Display The time is indicated by a pair of hands. The current time is shown by the relative positions of the hour hand and minute hand. With a very few exceptions, nearly all high-quality wristwatches are equipped with analogue time displays. The electronic digital watches that dominated the market in the 1970s have since lost most of their importance. Automatic Winding An additional mechanism that uses the movements of the wearer’s arm as a source of energy to wind the mainspring of a mechanical watch. Abraham Louis Perrelet is credited with the invention of the portable watch with automatic winding. A self-taught watchmaker, Perrelet presented two different automatic winding constructions in 1770: one relied on an oscillating weight; the other on an unlimited turning rotor. Both were designed to make the winding key unnecessary. Automatic winding mechanisms on pocket watches couldn’t work efficiently because these watches don’t undergo sufficient motion, so the popularity of such mechanisms remained limited. Wristwatches, which are worn on one of the most active parts of the body, helped automatic winding to achieve a breakthrough. The beginning of this breakthrough is credited to Parisian watchmaker Léon Leroy in 1922. The first serially manufactured wristwatches with automatic winding were designed by Englishman John Harwood, who patented a corresponding mechanism in 1924. Rolex debuted the first wristwatch with (unidirectional) rotor winding in 1931. Felsa, the ébauche maker, introduced a bidirectionally winding rotor in 1942. Eterna’s ball-borne rotor, which debuted in 1948, blazed a trail for the self-winding systems that followed in ensuing years. After the “quartz crisis” had subsided somewhat, the renaissance of automatically winding wristwatches began in 1983. Annual Calendar Wristwatch which shows the correct date for the year-long interval from March 1 of one year to February 28 of the next year. Adjust The process of setting or regulating a timepiece. Automatic Striking The striking work of a pocket watch or wristwatch is automatic if, unlike the striking work of a repeater watch, it functions entirely without the need for manual intervention. Like a domestic clock, a watch with automatic striking audibly announces the arrival of the hours (petite sonnerie) or both the hours and the quarter hours (grande sonnerie). In response to the push of a button, these elaborate mechanisms can also be triggered to ring out the hours, quarter hours, and minutes. Alarm One of the first additional functions given to mechanical gear train timepieces, the first alarm mechanisms were crafted as early as the 16th century. They emit an audible signal when a preset moment arrives. Eterna patented one of the first alarm wristwatches in 1908. Well-known alarm wristwatches include Vulcain’s “Cricket” (which debuted in 1947), Jaeger-LeCoultre’s “Memovox” (which was introduced in 1951), and Omega’s “Memomatic” (which was launched in 1969). The alarm time on the “Memomatic” can be set with to-the-minute accuracy. Alarm Baguette Caliber An elongated rectangular caliber which was very popular in the 1920s and early 1930s. The ratio of its proportions (length to breadth) must be at least 3:1. Beryllium A silvery white, malleable metal extracted from beryl. Alloys containing beryllium are characterized by their extraordinary hardness, strength, and elasticity. Beryllium bronze is used in watches, e.g. to make balances. See also glucydur. Bicolor Case Watch case crafted from a combination of two differently colored metals, e.g. stainless steel and yellow gold, white gold and yellow gold, or red gold and yellow gold. The yellow parts of some bicolor cases are merely gold-plated. Bimetallic Balance Prior to the invention of the compensating balance spring, high-quality mechanical watches were usually equipped with bimetallic compensating


Where were the first modern Olympic Games held, from 6 to 15 April 1896?

First modern Olympic Games - Apr 06, 1896 - HISTORY.com First modern Olympic Games Publisher A+E Networks On April 6, 1896, the Olympic Games, a long-lost tradition of ancient Greece, are reborn in Athens 1,500 years after being banned by Roman Emperor Theodosius I. At the opening of the Athens Games, King Georgios I of Greece and a crowd of 60,000 spectators welcomed athletes from 13 nations to the international competition. The first recorded Olympic Games were held at Olympia in the Greek city-state of Elis in 776 B.C., but it is generally accepted that the Olympics were at least 500 years old at that time. The ancient Olympics, held every four years, occurred during a religious festival honoring the Greek god Zeus. In the eighth century B.C., contestants came from a dozen or more Greek cities, and by the fifth century B.C. from as many as 100 cities from throughout the Greek empire. Initially, Olympic competition was limited to foot races, but later a number of other events were added, including wrestling, boxing, horse and chariot racing, and military competitions. The pentathlon, introduced in 708 B.C., consisted of a foot race, the long jump, discus and javelin throws, and wrestling. With the rise of Rome, the Olympics declined, and in 393 A.D. the Roman Emperor Theodosius I, a Christian, abolished the Games as part of his efforts to suppress paganism in the Roman Empire. With the Renaissance, Europe began a long fascination with ancient Greek culture, and in the 18th and 19th centuries some nations staged informal sporting and folkloric festivals bearing the name “Olympic Games.” However, it was not until 1892 that a young French baron, Pierre de Coubertin, seriously proposed reviving the Olympics as a major international competition that would occur every four years. At a conference on international sport in Paris in June 1894, Coubertin again raised the idea, and the 79 delegates from nine countries unanimously approved his proposal. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was formed, and the first Games were planned for 1896 in Athens, the capital of Greece. In Athens, 280 participants from 13 nations competed in 43 events, covering track-and-field, swimming, gymnastics, cycling, wrestling, weightlifting, fencing, shooting, and tennis. All the competitors were men, and a few of the entrants were tourists who stumbled upon the Games and were allowed to sign up. The track-and-field events were held at the Panathenaic Stadium, which was originally built in 330 B.C. and restored for the 1896 Games. Americans won nine out of 12 of these events. The 1896 Olympics also featured the first marathon competition, which followed the 25-mile route run by a Greek soldier who brought news of a victory over the Persians from Marathon to Athens in 490 B.C. In 1924, the marathon was standardized at 26 miles and 385 yards. Appropriately, a Greek, Spyridon Louis, won the first marathon at the 1896 Athens Games. Pierre de Coubertin became IOC president in 1896 and guided the Olympic Games through its difficult early years, when it lacked much popular support and was overshadowed by world’s fairs. In 1924, the first truly successful Olympic Games were held in Paris, involving more than 3,000 athletes, including more than 100 women, from 44 nations. The first Winter Olympic Games were also held that year. In 1925, Coubertin retired. The Olympic Games have come to be regarded as the foremost international sports competition. At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, more than 10,000 athletes from 200 countries competed, including nearly 4,000 women. In 2004, the Summer Olympics returned to Athens, with more than 11,000 athletes competing from 202 countries. In a proud moment for Greeks and an exciting one for spectators, the shotput competition was held at the site of the classical Games in Olympia. Related Videos


Which territory has abandoned its capital city of Plymouth and has Brades as a de facto capital?

Montserrat Montserrat 1 Brades (de facto) Official languages English Government British Overseas Territory  -  Queen Elizabeth II  -  Governor Peter Andrew Waterworth  -  Chief Minister Lowell Lewis British overseas territory  -  British control established 1632  Area  -  Total 102 km² ( 219th) 39  sq mi   -  Water  ( % ) negligible Population  -  July 2005 estimate 4,488 2  ( 216th) GDP  ( PPP) 2002 estimate  -  Total $29 million ( not ranked ) HDI  n/a ( unranked ) ( n/a) Currency East Caribbean dollar ( XCD) Time zone ( UTC-4) Internet TLD .ms Calling code +1 664 1 Abandoned in 1997 following a volcanic eruption. Government buildings are currently located in Brades, making it the de facto capital. 2 An estimated 8,000 refugees left the island following the resumption of volcanic activity in July 1995; some have returned. Montserrat (pronounced /ˌmɒntsəˈræt/) is a British overseas territory located in the Leeward Islands, part of the chain of islands called the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea . It measures approximately 16 km (10 miles) long and 11 km (7 miles) wide, giving 40 kilometres (25 mi) of coastline. Montserrat was given its name by Christopher Columbus on his second voyage to the New World in 1493, after its namesake located in Catalonia. Montserrat is often referred to as the Emerald Isle of the Caribbean, due both to its resemblance to coastal Ireland and to the Irish descent of most of its early European settlers. Its Georgian era capital city of Plymouth was destroyed and two-thirds of the island's population forced to flee abroad by an eruption of the previously dormant Soufriere Hills volcano that began on July 18, 1995 . The eruption continues today on a much reduced scale, the damage being confined to the areas around Plymouth including its docking facilities and the former W.H. Bramble Airport. An exclusion zone extending from the south coast of the island north to parts of the Belham Valley has been closed because of an increase in the size of the existing volcanic dome. This zone includes St. George's Hill which provided visitors with a spectacular view of the volcano and the destruction it has wrought upon the capital. A new airport at Gerald's in the northern part of the island opened in 2005. The village of Brades currently serves as the de facto centre of government. History Montserrat was populated by Arawak and Carib people when it was claimed by Christopher Columbus on his second voyage for Spain in 1493, naming the island Santa María de Montserrate, after the Blessed Virgin of the Monastery of Montserrat, which is located on the Mountain of Montserrat, in Catalonia. The island fell under English control in 1632 when a group of Irish fleeing anti- Roman Catholic sentiment in Saint Kitts and Nevis settled there. The import of slaves (including many Irish slaves exiled there from Oliver Cromwell's reign of terror in Ireland), common to most Caribbean islands, mainly coming from West Africa, followed during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and an economy based on sugar , rum, arrowroot and Sea Island cotton was established. In 1782, during the American Revolutionary War , Montserrat was briefly captured by France . It was returned to the United Kingdom under the Treaty of Paris which ended that conflict. A failed slave uprising on 17 March 1798 led to Montserrat later becoming one of only four places in the world that celebrates St Patrick's Day as a public or bank holiday (the others being the Republic of Ireland , Northern Ireland and the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador). Slavery was finally abolished in Montserrat in 1834, presumably as a result of the general emancipation of slaves within the British Empire in that same year. Falling sugar prices during the nineteenth century had an adverse effect on the island's economy and in 1869 the philanthropist Joseph Sturge of Birmingham formed the Montserrat Company to buy sugar estates that were no longer economically viable. The company planted limes starting production of the island's famous lime juice, set up a schoo


"Which band, formed in Newcastle upon Tyne, had the original members of Eric Burdon, Alan Price, Hilton Valentine, John Steel, and ""Chas"" Chandler?"

Eric Burdon and The Animals – When I Was Young (1967) | annakipling Eric Burdon and The Animals – When I Was Young (1967) Anna Kipling ► Home The Animals were an English music group of the 1960s formed in Newcastle upon Tyne during the early part of the decade, and later relocated to London. Known for their gritty, bluesy sound and deep-voiced frontman Eric Burdon — as exemplified by their number one signature song “The House of the Rising Sun” as well as by hits such as “We Gotta Get Out of This Place” and “It’s My Life” — the band balanced tough, rock-edged pop singles against rhythm and blues-oriented album material. They became known in the United States as part of the British Invasion. The Animals underwent numerous personnel changes in the mid-1960s and suffered from poor business management. Under the name Eric Burdon and the Animals, they moved to California and achieved commercial success as a psychedelic rock band, before disbanding at the end of the decade. Altogether, the group had ten Top Twenty hits in both the UK and US. The original lineup had a brief comeback in 1977 and 1983. There have been several partial regroupings of the original era members since then under various names. Eric Victor Burdon (born 11 May 1941) is best known as a founding member and vocalist of The Animals, a rock band formed in Newcastle, England, his funk rock band War and his aggressive stage performance. He was ranked 57th in Rolling Stone’s list – The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time. Formed in Newcastle upon Tyne during 1962 and 1963 when Burdon joined the Alan Price Rhythm and Blues Combo, the original line-up comprised Eric Burdon (vocals), Alan Price (organ and keyboards), Hilton Valentine (electric), John Steel (drums), and Bryan “Chas” Chandler (bass). They were dubbed “animals” because of their wild stage act and the name stuck.[1] The Animals’ moderate success in their hometown and a connection with Yardbirds manager Giorgio Gomelsky motivated them to move to London in 1964, in time to be grouped with the British Invasion. They performed fiery versions of the staple rhythm and blues repertoire, covering songs by Jimmy Reed, John Lee Hooker, Nina Simone, and others. Signed to Columbia Records’ subsidiary of EMI, a rocking version of the standard “Baby Let Me Follow You Down” (retitled “Baby Let Me Take You Home”) was their first single. It was followed in June 1964 by the transatlantic number one hit “House of the Rising Sun”. Burdon’s howling vocals and the dramatic arrangement created arguably the first folk rock hit. Whether the arrangement was inspired by versions by Bob Dylan, folk singer Dave Van Ronk, by blues singer Josh White (who recorded it twice in 1944 and 1949), or by singer/pianist Nina Simone (who recorded it in 1962 on Nina at the Village Gate), remains a dispute. The Animals’ two-year chart career, produced by Mickie Most, featured intense, gritty pop music covers such as Sam Cooke’s “Bring It On Home To Me” and the Nina Simone popularised number “Don’t Let Me Be Misunderstood”. In contrast, their album tracks stayed with rhythm and blues, with John Lee Hooker’s “Boom Boom” and Ray Charles’ “I Believe to My Soul” as notable examples. In November 1964, the group was poised to make their American debut on The Ed Sullivan Show and began a short residency performing everyday in theatres across New York City. The group arrived at New York City’s John F. Kennedy International Airport in a motorcade which featured each member of the band riding in the back seat of a Cadillac with a model. The group drove to their hotel with the occasional shriek of girls who had chased them down once they discovered who they were. The Animals sang “I’m Crying” and “House of the Rising Sun” to a packed audience of hysterical girls screaming throughout both performances. In December the MGM movie Get Yourself a College Girl was released with the Animals singing a Chuck Berry song, “Around and Around” headlining with The Dave Clark Five in the movie. By May 1965 the group was starting to feel internal pressures. Price left due to


Which medium-sized, burrowing, nocturnal mammal, native to Africa, is the sole representative of the mammalian order Tubulidentata?

aardvark - definition - What is ? What is ? aardvark definition : aardvark The aardvark ( ; Orycteropus afer) is a medium-sized, burrowing, nocturnal mammal native to Africa. It is the only living species of the order Tubulidentata, "anteater" (not to be confused with the South American anteater), or the "Cape anteater" (similar origin to the name groundhog). The name Orycteropus means burrowing foot, and the name afer refers to Africa. === Taxonomy === The aardvark is not closely related to the pig; rather, it is the sole extant representative of the obscure mammalian order Tubulidentata, in which it is usually considered to form one variable species of the genus Orycteropus, the sole surviving genus in the family Orycteropodidae. The aardvark is not closely related to the South American anteater, despite sharing some characteristics and a superficial resemblance. Along with the sirenians, hyraxes, elephants, and their extinct relatives, these animals form the superorder Afrotheria. Studies of the brain have shown the similarities with Condylarthra, The ptolemaiidans, a mysterious clade of mammals with uncertain affinities, may actually be stem-aardvarks, either as a sister clade to Tubulidentata or as a grade leading to true tubulidentates. The first unambiguous tubulidentate was probably Myorycteropus africanus from Kenyan Miocene deposits. ===Subspecies=== The aardvark has seventeen poorly defined subspecies listed: ==Description== The aardvark is vaguely pig-like in appearance. Its body is stout with a prominently arched back and is sparsely covered with coarse hairs. The limbs are of moderate length, with the rear legs being longer than the forelegs. The teeth consist of 14 upper and 12 lower jaw molars. Its nose is made up of more turbinate bones than any other mammal, with between 9 and 11, compared to dogs with 4 to 5. The snout resembles an elongated pig snout. The mouth is small and tubular, typical of species that feed on ants and termites. The aardvark has a long, thin, snakelike, protruding tongue (as much as long) The ears, which are very effective, ==Habitat and range== Aardvarks are found in sub-Saharan Africa, where suitable habitat (savannas, grasslands, woodlands and bushland) and food (i.e., ants and termites) is available. They spend the daylight hours in dark underground burrows to avoid the heat of the day. The only major habitat that they are not present in is swamp forest, as the high water table precludes digging to a sufficient depth. They have been documented as high as in Ethiopia. They are present throughout sub-Saharan Africa all the way to South Africa with few exceptions. These exceptions include the coastal areas of Namibia, Ivory Coast, and Ghana. They are not found in Madagascar. the only fruit eaten by aardvarks is the aardvark cucumber. Termite mounds alone don't provide enough food for the aardvark, so they look for termites that are on the move. When these insects move, they can form columns long and these tend to provide easy pickings with little effort exerted by the aardvark. These columns are more common in areas of livestock or other hoofed animals. When it is threatened it will make for one of its burrows. If one is not close it will dig a new one rapidly. This new one will be short and require the aardvark to back out when the coast is clear. ===Reproduction=== Aardvarks pair only during the breeding season; after a gestation period of seven months, Also, some tribes, such as the Margbetu, Ayanda, and Logo, The titular character of Arthur, an animated television series for children based on a book series and produced by WGBH, shown in more than 180 countries, is an aardvark. An aardvark features as the antagonist in the cartoon The Ant and the Aardvark as well as in the Canadian animated series The Raccoons. In the military, the Air Force supersonic fighter-bomber F-111/FB-111 was nicknamed the Aardvark because of its long nose resembling the animal. It also had similarities with its nocturnal missions flown at a very low level employing ordnance that could penetrate deep i


Who is the subject of The Future Is Unwritten, a film by Julien Temple?

Joe Strummer: The Future Is Unwritten (2007) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Joe Strummer: The Future Is Unwritten ( 2007 ) Unrated | As the front man of the Clash from 1977 onwards, Joe Strummer changed people's lives forever. Four years after his death, his influence reaches out around the world, more strongly now than ... See full summary  » Director: From $1.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 43 titles created 30 Dec 2011 a list of 43 titles created 22 Mar 2012 a list of 22 titles created 06 Aug 2012 a list of 47 titles created 24 Nov 2012 a list of 28 titles created 20 Oct 2013 Title: Joe Strummer: The Future Is Unwritten (2007) 7.7/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 1 win & 3 nominations. See more awards  » Videos A career retrospective of British punk band The Clash, featuring exclusive interviews with the entire band. Director: Don Letts A film about the career of the notorious punk rock band, the Sex Pistols. Director: Julien Temple A young British punk and roadie for The Clash navigates life in socially torn 1970s England. Directors: Jack Hazan, David Mingay Stars: Dave Armstrong, Barry Baker, Terry Barry The story of the punk rock band The Ramones. Directors: Jim Fields, Michael Gramaglia Stars: Rick Rubin, Tommy Ramone, Dee Dee Ramone A documentary on the music, performers, attitude and distinctive look that made up punk rock. Director: Don Letts A rather incoherent post-breakup Sex Pistols "documentary", told from the point of view of Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren, whose (arguable) position is that the Sex Pistols in particular ... See full summary  » Director: Julien Temple The story of Dr Feelgood, four men in cheap suits who crashed out of Canvey Island in the early '70s, sandpapered the face of rock'n'roll, leaving all that came before a burnt-out ruin - ... See full summary  » Director: Julien Temple A documentary on the 30th anniversary of Britain's best-known music festival. Director: Julien Temple A feature-length documentary chronicling early 80's punk rock band the Minutemen, from their beginnings in San Pedro, California, to their demise after the death of singer D. Boon in 1985. Director: Tim Irwin A look at the life of activist, musician, and cultural icon Kathleen Hanna, who formed the punk band Bikini Kill and pioneered the "riot grrrl" movement of the 1990s. Director: Sini Anderson The History of American Punk Rock 1980-1986 Director: Paul Rachman Claire and Lisa Walker are neurotic sisters on the run who assume the identities of Internationally renowned poets The Wilding Sisters to take refuge at a Poetry Retreat for the weekend; ... See full summary  » Director: Jamie Adams Edit Storyline As the front man of the Clash from 1977 onwards, Joe Strummer changed people's lives forever. Four years after his death, his influence reaches out around the world, more strongly now than ever before. In "The Future Is Unwritten", from British film director Julien Temple, Joe Strummer is revealed not just as a legend or musician, but as a true communicator of our times. Drawing on both a shared punk history and the close personal friendship which developed over the last years of Joe's life, Julien Temple's film is a celebration of Joe Strummer - before, during and after the Clash. Written by IFC First Take A celebration of Joe Strummer - Before, during and after The Clash Genres: 18 May 2007 (Ireland) See more  » Also Known As: Il futuro non è scritto - Joe Strummer See more  » Box Office $52,751        (USA) (2 November 2007) Gross: (Canada) – See all my reviews I absolutely love The Clash and, because I liked Temple's film about the Sex Pistols, I had high hopes for this. Like many other people, I found the campfire interviews completely unsatisfying, especially since none of the subjects ar


The Rhine flows into the North Sea near which city?

Rhine River History and Maps - Multimap.com mapping web site. RHINE RIVER - Introductory Facts The Rhine River , whose name comes from the Celtic word renos, meaning raging flow, begins at the Rheinwaldhorn Glacier in the Swiss Alps and flows north and east approximately 820 miles (1,320 km). The glacier is located northeast across the mountains from the town of Andermatt in the Uri canton (state/province). The Rhine begins as a tumultuous Alpine stream churning through deep gorges, and although the river's flow is moderated somewhat as it passes through the Lake of Constance (Bodensee), the river remains a torrent westward to Basel. Just south of Chur, Switzerland, the Hinter Rhine, flowing northwesternly from the glacier, joins the Voder Rhine streaming from Lake Tuma, to form the Rhine proper at Reichenau. The river then flows north to Lake Constance and west through Schaffhausen to Basel, Switzerland. Near Schaffhausen it plunges 23 m (75 ft) over a spectacular waterfall, the Rheinfall. At Basel the river turns north and enters the Rhine Graben, a flat-floored rift valley lying between the Vosges Mountains on the west and the Black Forest (Schwarzwald) on the east. Strasbourg, France, a focal point for merging water routes from the Paris Basin, is located at the valley's northern extremity. With the junction of the Main River at Mainz, in Germany, the Rhine's seasonal regime becomes more stabilized. Along its course from Bingen to Bonn is a beautiful stretch of the Rhine Valley. The river has cut the deep, steepsided Rhine Gorge through the Rhineland Plateau and the Rhenish Slate Mountains. This picturesque gorge, with terraced vineyards and castle-lined cliffs, has often been called the "heroic Rhine," renowned in history and romantic literature. It is complete with fairy tale castles and vineyards snuggled in the overhanging rock face, known as the Mittelrhein. The river flows past Bonn, Germany and becomes the Lower Rhine and emerges onto the North German Plain before it empties into the North Sea. Leading cities on the stream's banks are Cologne, D�sseldorf, and Duisburg. At the Netherlands frontier, it divides into two parallel distributaries, the Lek and the Waal, as it crosses a wide, marshy plain and a great delta before entering the North Sea. Much of this area is at or below sea level, but diking contributed to its becoming one of the most densely populated and important economic regions on the continent. Rotterdam, the leading port of continental Europe, is located near the river's mouth. It passes through or borders on the countries of Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, France, and the Netherlands. It is navigable from the North Sea to Basel, Switzerland, a distance of some 500 miles (some 800 km). Eighty percent of it's ship-carrying waters pass through Germany. The entire distance can not support ocean going vessels and they must end their journey in Cologne, Germany. Cologne is located between Koln and Bonn. From there cargo must go by barges pushed by smaller ships until the Rhine reaches the three point intersection of the borders of France, Germany, and Basel, Switzerland. Because of the multi countries and languages, the river has four names. They are: Rhein, Germany; Rhine, France; and Rijn, Netherlands (Dutch); Rhenus, ancient. There are many other important tributaries that flow into the Rhine. In fact, the Rhine splits into two tributaries near Emmerich, Germany and Zevenaar, Netherlands. Those are the Lek on the north and the Waal on the south. Some of the main tributaries are: the Mosselle (Mosel), that runs south west bordering Luxembourg and on into France; the Neckar that flows south east at Manneheim on through Heidelburg, Germany; the Main, flowing east and south from Mainz through Frankfurt, Germany. The principal rivers of Western Europe, including the Seine, Elbe, Ems, Rh�ne, and Sa�ne, are linked to it by canals. East of Frankfurt is where The Rhine-Main-Danube Canal links the Rhine with the Danube River, providing a transcontinental route from the North Sea to the Black Sea near Ode


Which animal character, who first appeared on film in 1933, was conceived by Merian C Cooper and created by Willis O'Brien?

King Kong (1933 film) - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia I Love to read n write about Interesting People King Kong (1933 film) Director  Merian C. Cooper Ernest B. Schoedsack Release date  March 2, 1933 (1933-03-02) Writer  James Ashmore Creelman (screen play), Ruth Rose (screen play), Merian C. Cooper (from an idea conceived by), Edgar Wallace (from an idea conceived by) Directors  Merian C. Cooper, Ernest B. Schoedsack Screenplay  Merian C. Cooper, Edgar Wallace, Ruth Rose, James Ash Creelman Story by  Merian C. Cooper, Edgar Wallace Awards  TV Land Best Movie to Watch at the Drive-In Award Cast  Fay Wray (Ann Darrow), Robert Armstrong (Carl Denham), Bruce Cabot (John 'Jack' Driscoll), Noble Johnson (Skull Island nation leader), Steve Clemente (Witch King), James Flavin (Briggs) Similar movies  King Kong, Jurassic World, Jurassic Park, Barton Fink, 8½, Journey to the Center of the Earth Tagline  A Monster of Creation's Dawn Breaks Loose in Our World Today! King kong 1933 official 1938 re release trailer king kong movie Sponsored Links Actress Ann Darrow (Fay Wray) and director Carl Denham (Robert Armstrong) travel to the Indian Ocean to do location shoots for Denhams new jungle picture. Along the way, the actress meets and falls for rugged First Mate John Driscoll (Bruce Cabot). Upon arriving at a mysterious island, Ann is taken hostage by natives who prepare her as a sacrifice to the enormous ape Kong who rules over their jungle. But when Ann is rescued and Kong is captured, the real trouble begins. King Kong is a 1933 American Pre-Code fantasy monster/adventure film directed and produced by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack. The screenplay by James Ashmore Creelman and Ruth Rose was from an idea conceived by Cooper and Edgar Wallace. It stars Fay Wray, Bruce Cabot and Robert Armstrong, and opened in New York City on March 2, 1933 to rave reviews. The film tells of a gigantic, prehistoric, island-dwelling ape called Kong who dies in an attempt to possess a beautiful young woman. King Kong is especially noted for its stop-motion animation by Willis OBrien and a groundbreaking musical score by Max Steiner. In 1991, it was deemed "culturally, historically and aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. It has been remade twice: in 1976 and in 2005. An adventure film about a film crew in search of a monster on a remote island. The crew finds King Kong and decides to take him back to New York as a money making spectacle. The film is a masterpiece of Stop-Motion in filmmaking history and inspired a line of King Kong films. King kong official trailer 1 jack black movie 2005 hd Plot In New York Harbor, Carl Denham, famous for making wildlife films in remote and exotic locations, charters Captain Englehorns ship Venture for his new project, but he is unable to secure an actress for a female role he reluctantly added. Denham searches the streets of New York for a suitable woman. He meets penniless Ann Darrow and convinces her to join him for the adventure of a lifetime. The Venture quickly gets underway. The surly first mate, Jack Driscoll, gradually falls in love with Ann. After weeks of secrecy, Denham finally tells Englehorn and Driscoll that their destination is Skull Island, an uncharted island shown on a map in Denhams possession. Denham speaks of something monstrous there, a legendary entity known only as "Kong". When they find the island and anchor off its shore, they can see a native village on a peninsula, cut off from the bulk of the island by an enormous stone wall. A landing party, including the filming crew and Ann, witnesses a group of natives about to sacrifice a young maiden as the "bride of Kong". The intruders are spotted and the native chief angrily stops the ceremony. When he sees the blond Ann, he wants to have the "golden woman" replace the native girl as the gift for Kong. He offers to trade six of his women for her. After refusing him, the landing party returns to the Venture. That night, a band of natives kidnaps Ann


Which birds from around Papua New Guinea and brought to Europe were believed never to land and to be kept aloft by their plumes, because native traders had removed the wings and feet from the specimens?

The First Discovery of Australia and New Guinea treasure found hidden with no evidence of ownership   The First Discovery of Australia and New Guinea The Narrative of Portuguese and Spanish Discoveries in the Australasian Regions, between the Years 1492-1606, with Descriptions By George Collingridge De Tourcey, M.C.R.G.S., of Australasia; Hon. Corr. M.R.G.S., Melbourne, Victoria; Hon. Corr. M.N.G.S., Neuchatel, Switzerland; Hon. Corr. M. of the Portuguese G.S.; Hon. Corr. M. of the Spanish G.S.; Founder (with his brother, Arthur Collingridge) and First Vice-President of the Royal Art Society of N.S.W., Australia; Author of "The Discovery of Australia," etc., etc. First published 1906 "Olba a Sunda tao larga que huma banda Esconde para o Sul difficultuoso." CAMOËNS.--Os Lusiadas. 11. Bay of St Peter of Arlanza PREFACE TO GEORGE COLLINGRIDGE'S DISCOVERY OF AUSTRALIA, PUBLISHED IN 1895. Of the many books which have been published on subjects relating to Australia and Australian History, I am not aware of any, since my late friend, Mr. R. H. Major's introduction to his valuable work, "Early Voyages to Terra Australis," which has attempted a systematic investigation into the earliest discoveries of the great Southern Island-Continent, and the first faint indications of knowledge that such a land existed. Mr. Major's work was published in 1859, at a time when the materials for such an enquiry were much smaller than at present. The means of reproducing and distributing copies of the many ancient maps which are scattered among the various libraries of Europe were then very imperfect, and the science of Comparative Cartography, of which the importance is now well recognised, was in its infancy. For these reasons his discussion, useful though it still is, cannot be regarded as abreast of modern opportunities. It is, indeed, after the lapse of more than a third of a century, somewhat out of date. Having, therefore, been led to give close attention during several years to the whole subject, I have thought the time ripe for the present work. The distance from the great centres and stores of knowledge at which I have been compelled to labour will excuse to the candid critic the errors which will no doubt be discovered; yet I feel some confidence that these will prove to be omissions rather than positive mistakes. No pains have been spared in investigating the full body of documents now available. Though unable to examine personally some manuscripts of interest and value, I believe I can truly say that I have read every book and examined every map of real importance to the question which has been produced in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and Dutch. I have corresponded also largely during the past four years with many of the most eminent members of the Geographical Societies of London, Paris, Madrid, Lisbon, Rome, Amsterdam and Neuchatel. To these gentlemen I am deeply indebted for searches which they have made for me in the libraries and museums within their reach, for much information readily and kindly afforded, and for the interest and sympathy which they had at all times manifested in my labours. My thanks are due also to the gentlemen in charge of the Sydney Free Public Library who kindly enriched their collection with many rare, and very useful volumes of permanent importance which I was unable to procure myself, and who aided my researches by every means in their power. I cannot hope that in a subject so vast and interesting, I shall be found to have said the last word, yet I trust that my book may prove to be of value, both in itself, and as directing the attention of others to a field which should be mainly explored by residents of Australia. Such as it is, I now send it forth, with the natural solicitude of a parent, and commend it to the indulgence of the reader, and the kindly justice of the critic. GEORGE COLLINGRIDGE, July, 1895. PUBLISHERS' NOTE. Ten years ago, Mr. George Collingridge published "The Discovery of Australia."--a large quarto volume, bulky, erudite and expensive. It took its place as a valua


What was the name of the meeting that drafted the United States Constitution in 1787?

United States Constitution: Primary Documents of American History (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress) Selected Bibliography Amar, Akhil Reed. America’s            Constitution: A Biography. New York: Random House,            2005. [ Catalog            Record ] Bowen, Catherine Drinker. Miracle            at Philadelphia: The Story of the Constitutional Convention,            May to September, 1787. Boston: Little, Brown, 1986.            [ Catalog            Record ] Collier, Christopher, and James Lincoln Collier. Decision            in Philadelphia: The Constitutional Convention of 1787.            New York: Random House, 1986. [ Catalog            Record ] Maddex, Robert L., The U.S. Constitution            A to Z. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2008. [ Catalog            Record ] Maier, Pauline. Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-1788. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010. [ Catalog           Record ] Monk, Linda R. The Words We Live             By: Your Annotated Guide to the Constitution.             New York: Hyperion, 2003. [ Catalog             Record ] Rakove, Jack N. Original Meanings:            Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution.            New York: A.A. Knopf, 1996. [ Catalog            Record ] Stewart, David O. The Summer of 1787:             The Men Who Invented the Constitution. New York:             Simon & Schuster, 2007.           [ Catalog           Record ] Vile, John R. The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America's Founding. 2 vols. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2005. [ Catalog           Record ] -----. The Men Who Made the Constitution: Lives of the Delegates to the Constitutional Convention. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2013. [ Catalog Record ] Younger Readers Banks, Joan. The U.S. Constitution.            Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2001. [ Catalog            Record ] Bjornlund, Lydia D. The Constitution            and the Founding of America. San Diego, Calif.: Lucent            Books, 2000. [ Catalog            Record ] Collier, Christopher, and James Lincoln Collier. Creating            the Constitution, 1787. New York: Benchmark Books,            1999. [ Catalog            Record ] Faber, Doris, and Harold Faber. We            the People: The Story of the United States Constitution            Since 1787. New York: Scribner's, 1987. [ Catalog            Record ] Fritz, Jean. Shh! We're Writing the            Constitution. New York: Putnam, 1987. [ Catalog            Record ] Orr, Tamra. The Story of the Constitution. Hockessin, Del.: Mitchell Lane Publishers, 2012. [ Catalog           Record ] Shea, Therese. The United States Constitution. New York: Gareth Stevens Publishing, 2014. [ Catalog           Record ] Sonneborn, Liz. The United States Constitution. Chicago: Heinemann Library, 2013. [ Catalog Record ]


Who was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1908 for his work on the chemistry of radioactive substances?

Nobelprize.org Share this: Award Ceremony Speech Presentation Speech by Professor K.B.  Hasselberg, President of the  Royal Academy of Sciences , on December 10, 1908 Your Majesty, Your Royal Highnesses, Ladies  and Gentlemen. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this year (1908) has been  awarded by the Royal Academy of Sciences to Ernest Rutherford,  Professor of Physics at the Victoria University, Manchester (England),  for his researches concerning the disintegration of elements and  the chemistry of radioactive substances. Those researches are closely allied to, and form a worthy  continuation of, work which has already met with recognition from  the Academy in the shape of Nobel Prizes on former occasions,  viz. J.J.  Thomson's theoretical and experimental researches regarding  the passage of electricity through gases, Becquerel's discovery of  spontaneous radioactivity, and M. and Mme. Curie's investigation of those elements that emit uranium rays, or, as  they are also called in honour of the French scientist,  Becquerel-rays. Shortly after Becquerel's discovery of these rays, which - as has  since been shown - are not emitted solely by uranium, but also by several other elements, such as thorium, discovered by Berzelius  80 years ago, radium and polonium discovered by Mme. Curie, etc.,  Rutherford chose them as a subject of very thorough  investigation, evolving exceedingly exact methods for measuring  their intensity, proving the existence of absolutely distinct  types of rays (the so-called a-rays  and b-rays), establishing the more  important characteristics of the two types, and bringing forward,  more especially as regards the a-rays,  unimpeachable proof of their material nature. His investigation of the radiating phenomena that characterize  the element thorium led Rutherford to make the remarkable  discovery that that element emanates a gaseous substance, the  so-called thorium emanation, which has since been shown to be of  elemental nature, and with the agency of liquid air has proved  capable of being condensed into fluid form. In the progress of the work it became clear that the emanation  does not arise directly from thorium, but from the so-called  thorium-X, an intermediate product, that may be separated off  from thorium and which is continuously formed from it, and is  itself in due course continuously disintegrated while the gaseous  emanation is produced. The emanation itself, however, is not  permanent either, for after a short time it is transmuted into  other radioactive substances, which - if the emanation comes into  contact with solid bodies - become deposited on them in the form  of an exceedingly delicate integument, or a so-called active  precipitation. The same conditions as those now described as arising with  thorium, have also shown themselves to exist with radium,  uranium, actinium, polonium, in short, with all the radioactive  elements, and it has been possible to prove, especially with  respect to radium and actinium, the formation of a gaseous emanation in just the same way as with thorium. All these changes accompanying the phenomenon of radiation are  indeed of an entirely different order of dimension than those  occurring during the ordinary chemical reactions, and cannot as a  rule be shown by the balance or even by the spectroscope. On the  other hand they can be traced and measured by the far more  sensitive electroscope with a distinctness and accuracy that does  not leave room for any doubt whatever as to their reality. As will be seen, Rutherford's discoveries led to the highly  surprising conclusion, that a chemical element, in conflict with  every theory hitherto advanced, is capable of being transformed  into other elements, and thus in a certain way it may be said  that the progress of investigation is bringing us back once more  to the transmutation theory propounded and upheld by the  alchemists of old. As an explanation of these remarkable phenomena, Rutherford, in  conjunction with Dr. F. Soddy ,  one of h


What is the Chilean desert between the coast and the Andes?

Atacama Desert @ National Geographic Magazine By Priit J. Vesilind Photographs by Joel Sartore Parts of Chile's Atacama Desert haven't seen a drop of rain since recordkeeping began. Somehow, more than a million people squeeze life from this parched land. Get a taste of what awaits you in print from this compelling excerpt. Stretching 600 miles (1,000 kilometers) from Peru's southern border into northern Chile, the Atacama Desert rises from a thin coastal shelf to the pampasvirtually lifeless plains that dip down to river gorges layered with mineral sediments from the Andes. The pampas bevel up to the altiplano, the foothills of the Andes, where alluvial salt pans give way to lofty white-capped volcanoes that march along the continental divide, reaching 20,000 feet (6,000 meters). At its center, a place climatologists call absolute desert, the Atacama is known as the driest place on Earth. There are sterile, intimidating stretches where rain has never been recorded, at least as long as humans have measured it. You won't see a blade of grass or cactus stump, not a lizard, not a gnat. But you will see the remains of most everything left behind. The desert may be a heartless killer, but it's a sympathetic conservator. Without moisture, nothing rots. Everything turns into artifacts. Even little children. It is a shock then to learn that more than a million people live in the Atacama today. They crowd into coastal cities, mining compounds, fishing villages, and oasis towns. International teams of astronomersperched in observatories on the Atacama's coastal rangeprobe the cosmos through perfectly clear skies. Determined farmers in the far north grow olives, tomatoes, and cucumbers with drip-irrigation systems, culling scarce water from aquifers. In the altiplano, the descendants of the region's pre-Columbian natives (mostly Aymara and Atacama Indians) herd llamas and alpacas and grow crops with water from snowmelt streams. Get the whole story in the pages of National Geographic magazine. Rescued from the cutting room floor is this month's Final Edit, an image of a baby viscacha stretching from tail to toes. In More to Explore the National Geographic magazine team shares some of its best sources and other information. Special thanks to the Research Division. Along much of the coast of northern Chile, rainfall is so scarce that remote communities long had to import water by truckan expensive and inefficient processin order to survive. Finally, however, some coastal residents discovered how to make use of the one form of precipitation they get plenty of: fog. Although rain rarely falls on the Atacama's coastline, a dense fog known as camanchaca is abundant. The fog nourishes plant communities called lomas, isolated islands of vegetation that can contain a wide variety of species, from cactuses to ferns. In the village of Chungungo, human residents now take advantage of the same camanchaca that their botanical neighbors have so successfully exploited. Thanks to Canada's International Development Research Centre and the Canadian Embassy in Santiago, a decade ago the villagers began to gather water using an ingenious system of nets that catch the fog as it rolls over the mountains above their homes. Constructed from a very fine mesh, the nets hang vertically above a series of troughs. As the fog condenses on the nets' surfaces, moisture drips into troughs; pipes then carry the water down to the village. Residents of Chungungo can now take pride in their gardens; they can shower daily. The fog-catchers supply the village with an average of 2,600 gallons  (10,000 liters) of water every day. The success of the Chilean fog-catchers has inspired people in countries such as Peru, Ecuador, South Africa, and Namibia to develop similar systems for their arid-land homes. For more information on the innovative art of fog-catching, go to www.idrc.ca/nayudamma/fogcatc_72e.html . Robin A. Palmer www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/atacama In April 2003 an international team of scientistsmostly from NASA and Carnegie Mellon Universitytraveled to the Atacama


From what does vinegar derive its sour taste ?

The Science of Vinegar The Science of Vinegar This pantry staple is one of the most useful ingredients in your kitchen. Here’s why. by David Joachim, Andrew Schloss fromFine Cooking Issue 116 There are dozens of types of vinegar. Anything that contains sugar, from grapes to rice, can be made into this common ingredient. It’s a two-step process: First, yeast feeds on the sugar and ferments it into alcohol; second, harmless bacteria called Acetobacter feed on the alcohol and ferment it into a sour-tasting byproduct, which the French first dubbed vinaigre, or “sour wine.” That sourness, or acidity, is essential to our enjoyment of food—look no further than a salad dressing, sauce, or marinade to taste why. But aside from enhancing flavor, vinegar also has the unique ability to alter the color and texture of foods. Read on to learn how it works its magic. Why does vinegar taste sour? Acids are volatile molecules that release positive hydrogen ions. These ions have a pro-found effect on the other molecules in foods (more on that later). They can also affect the cells in your body, but fortunately our taste buds help us regulate the amount of free hydrogen ions we eat by making us perceive acids as sour tasting. A small amount makes food taste bright and fresh, while too much tastes unpleasantly sour. Most vinegars don’t just taste sour, though. The acid in vinegar is primarily acetic acid, which makes up 4 to 7 percent of table vinegars. Distilled white vinegar, for example, is 5 percent acetic acid and 95 percent water; it has the harsh sourness of acetic acid alone. In other vinegars, that harshness is tamed by other acids. Red wine vinegar tastes of tartaric acid, the structure-building acid in wine, and apple cider vinegar has the green apple flavor of malic acid. Depending on the variety, vinegar can contribute sweet, buttery, malty, and savory flavors, as well as woody aromas from aging in wooden barrels, evidenced in balsamic and sherry vinegars. How does vinegar affect the color of fruits and vegetables? The hydrogen ions released from vinegar displace magnesium in the chlorophyll molecules of green vegetables, turning bright green chlorophyll a drab olive color. That’s why flavoring broccoli with vinegar discolors it. To keep green vegetables from discoloring, flavor them with non-acidic ingredients instead, such as citrus zest, herbs, and spices. Vinegar has the opposite effect on plant pigments known as anthocyanins: It brightens red fruits and vegetables like sour cherries and red cabbage. Anthocyanins appear red under acidic conditions and turn blue under alkaline conditions. When boiled in alkaline cooking water (urban water is often made alkaline to prevent pipe erosion), red cabbage turns turquoise blue. Similarly, sour cherries develop a blue outer ring in muffins because baking powder makes the batter alkaline. The trick to keeping anthocyanin pigments bright red is to maintain acidic conditions. Cooking red cabbage with vinegar keeps it red; cherries stay red in muffins if there’s a little vinegar (or another acid, like buttermilk) in the batter. Vinegar can also preserve the color of white-fleshed produce like apples and potatoes, which discolor when cut. The cut cells release enzymes that cause phenolic compounds previously held within the cells to bond with oxygen, creating brown-tinted melanin pigments in the flesh. Adding an acid like vinegar slows down the enzyme activity and helps prevent browning. How does vinegar alter the texture of food? Vinegar’s free hydrogen ions interact with proteins and starches, altering their molecular structure and changing their texture and consistency. Here are some of the practical ways vinegar can affect texture: It coagulates protein. Vinegar breaks the chemical bonds that hold protein strings in a twist, causing the proteins to denature or unravel and “tenderize.” This commonly occurs when meat is marinated in a vinegar-based marinade. With continued exposure to acid, the unraveled protein strings eventually bump into each other and form new bonds. These bonds grad


How long was the Hundred Years War, fought between England and France in the 14th and 15th centuries?

How long was the Hundred Years’ War? - Ask History Ask History April 11, 2016 By Laura Schumm Battle of Crécy. (Credit: Public Domain) Share this: How long was the Hundred Years’ War? Author How long was the Hundred Years’ War? URL Google The series of intermittent conflicts between France and England that took place during the 14th and 15th centuries wasn’t classified as the “Hundred Years’ War” until 1823. Traditionally, the war is said to have begun in 1337 when Philip VI attempted to reclaim Guyenne (part of the region of Aquitaine in southwestern France) from King Edward III—who responded by laying claim to the French throne—and to have lasted until 1453 when the French claimed victory over the disputed territory at the Battle of Castillon. By this calculation, the Hundred Years’ War actually lasted 116 years. However, the origin of the periodic fighting could conceivably be traced nearly 300 hundred years earlier to 1066, when William the Conqueror, the duke of Normandy, subjugated England and was crowned king. Technically a vassal of the king of France (as the duke of Normandy), William’s simultaneous new role as king of England ushered in a complex web of dynastic marriages in which descendants of both the French and English kingdoms could arguably lay claim to the same territories. Over time, these overseas possessions resulted in inevitable clashes, and by 1337, Philip VI’s declaration that Edward III had forfeited his right to Guyenne was just the push Edward needed to renew his claim to the French throne as the nephew and closest male relative of King Charles IV, who had died in 1328. From the French perspective, the conventional dates attributed to the Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) marked the beginning and end of English hostilities on French soil. However, the English retained possession of the port city of Calais until 1558 and continued to assert a claim to the French throne until King George III finally relinquished the title in 1800. Tags


What is the highest mountain on the continent of Australia?

Highest Mountain in Asia, Europe, Africa, North America... Highest Mountain On Each Continent Mount Everest: Highest Mountain in Asia Mount Everest as seen from Everest Base Camp, Tibet. Mount Everest is the highest mountain on the Asian continent and the highest mountain in the world. Its summit is 29,035 feet (8,850 meters) above sea level. It is located on the border of Nepal and China. Image of Mount Everest copyright by iStockPhoto and Holger Mette. Mount McKinley: Highest in North America Mount McKinley (also known as Denali) is the highest mountain on the North American continent. Its summit is 20,237 feet (6,168 meters) above sea level. It is located in the USA, in the state of Alaska. Image of Mount McKinley copyright by iStockPhoto and Michael Braun. Mount Aconcagua: Highest in South America Aerial view of Aconcagua mountain in the Andes. Mount Aconcagua is the highest mountain on the South American continent. Its summit is 22,834 feet (6,960 meters) above sea level. It is located in Argentina. Image of Mount Aconcagua copyright by iStockPhoto and Cristian Lazzari. Find it on Geology.com More from Geology.com 100+ Gems - Photos of over 100 beautiful gems ranging from the popular to the obscure. Ant Hill Garnets - tiny garnets that ants haul to the surface and discard on their anthill. Biggest Misconception: Lots of people think that diamonds form from coal. Not True! Geologist Tools: Visit our store for a large selection of field and laboratory tools. US Diamond Mines: Did you know that diamonds can be found in the United States? Gemstones: Fantastic images and articles about colored stones and diamonds. Minerals: Information about ore minerals, gem materials and rock-forming minerals. Troglobites are creatures that have adapted to a permanent life in the darkness of a cave. Mount Kilimanjaro: Highest Mountain in Africa Wildebeest roam the African Savannah in the shadow of Mount Kilimanjaro. Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest mountain on the African continent. Its summit is 19,340 feet (5,895 meters) above sea level. It is located in Tanzania. Image of Mount Kilimanjaro copyright by iStockPhoto and Dan Kite. Mount Elbrus: Highest Mountain in Europe Mount Elbrus is the highest mountain on the European continent. Its summit is 18,510 feet (5,642 meters) above sea level. It is located in Russia. Image of Mount Elbrus copyright by iStockPhoto and Giliazov Artur. Australia: Mount Kosciuszko Mount Kosciuszko is the highest mountain on the Australian continent. Its summit is 7,310 feet (2,228 meters) above sea level. It is located in New South Wales, Australia. Image of Mount Kosciuszko copyright by iStockPhoto and Matej Pribelsky. Vinson Massif: Highest Mountain in Antarctica Vinson Massif is the highest mountain on the Antarctic continent. Its summit is 16,066 feet (4,897 meters) above sea level. It is located in Antarctica. Image of Vinson Massif credit NASA. © 2005-2017 Geology.com. All Rights Reserved. Images, code, and content on this website are property of Geology.com and are protected by copyright law. Geology.com does not grant permission for any use, republication, or redistribution. Images, code and content owned by others are marked on the pages where they appear.


What is the name for an Australian Aboriginal spear-throwing device used to increase the power of a throw?

Woomera Spear on emaze  Why would Aboriginals use this device?  What does increased velocity mean?   How does this device increases spear velocity?  How do you use a woomera spear? Woomera Spear Woomera is a wooden Australian Aboriginal spear-throwing device. It is an extension of the human arm that enables a spear to travel at a greater speed and force than possible with the unaided arm. Records show that the implement began to be used about 5000 years ago! Did you know? How the woomera is used The woomera doubles the length of the throwers arm, greatly increasing the velocity of the spear. The extra energy gained from the woomera's use has been calculated as four times the power from a compound bow. Why did the Indigenous Australians use this device? All about the Woomera Spear Characteristics The woomera spear is normally 61-91 cm long. One end is 8 centimetres wide and possessing a hollow, curved cross-section, while the other is more pointed and has a hook. The woomera was traditionally decorated with incised or painted designs that indicated belonging to a particular linguistic group that it may be returned to if found abandoned. The spear is attached to the top end like a ball and socket joint (spear attaches into a little socket) and then is held as can be seen in the top picture. All about levers  There are three different types of levers: First class -  these levers have the fulcrum placed between the load and the effort. (i.e. seesaw) Second class - these levers have the load between the effort or applied force and the fulcrum. (i.e. wheelbarrow) Third class - these levers have the effort which can be applied in any direction in between the load and fulcrum. (i.e. human forearm)  Question: Which kind of lever is the woomera spear? The woomera spear is what's known as a first class lever. This is because the axis is situated between the force and resistance, this lever is best utilised when the lever is longer to increase the spear's velocity. Velocity is: the rate at which an object changes its position. So for the woomera to increase the spears velocity is needs to make the spear travel a further distance through the air towards the target. Effectively the woomera spear is used to extend the length of the arm when compared to throwing with just the arm. Because there is a greater build up of force and a whipping action the spear will travel at a greater velocity when using the woomera when compared to throwing just with the normal human arm. Velocity How it is increased using the woomera The device in the picture is one you may have seen before, it is called a woomera ball thrower. We have provided one for your use so you can go outside and try it for yourself! You will throw a ball the normal way with your arm/hand motion and record how far the ball was displaced from its original position (velocity). Then throw again with the woomera thrower and record again, see how the thrower facilitates increased spear velocity. Now time to put the woomera into action! What is an Aboriginal woomera?  What are levers and what type of lever is the woomera? How is using the woomera better than throwing normally?  How does the woomera facilitate increased spear velocity? 1


What was the name of the band that Louis Armstrong put together with his wife Lil, Kid Ory, Johnny Dodds and Johnny St. Cyr around 1925 in Chicago?

Louis Armstrong and his Hot Five The Music of the Hot Five and the Hot Seven is considered by most critics to be among the finest recordings in Jazz history. On November 12th, 1925 Louis Armstrong made his first records that bore his name as bandleader. The songs on the Okeh 78 rpm record were "My Heart" , and Cornet Chop Suey . The band was made up mostly of musicians from King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band . The first version of the band featured Johnny Dodds on clarinet, Kid Ory on trombone, Johnny St. Cyr on banjo and Louis's wife, Lil Hardin-Armstrong on piano. These were informal settings that all concerned remember as a good time. Louis picked all the musicians that he wanted to play on the sessions and the record company generally left them alone to do what they wanted.  The song "Heebie Jeebies" is generally the first recorded example of scat singing, although there are several examples on records that predate this recording. On the December of 1927 sides Lonnie Johnson joins the band for three tracks, "I'm Not Rough" , "Hotter Than That" , and "Savoy Blues" . Earl Hines plays piano on all of the 1928 sessions, and the beautiful celeste parts on "Basin Street Blues" . Title