Who wrote the very last episode of Seinfeld?

Seinfeld | WikiSein | Fandom powered by Wikia [ show ] Overview The show has been famously described as "the show about nothing" (a self-referential phrase from an episode describing Jerry and George's attempt to create a sitcom idea), as most of the comedy was based around the largely inconsequential minutiae of every-day life, and often involved petty rivalries and elaborate schemes to gain the smallest advantage over other individuals. Seinfeld himself notes that his original premise — and the purpose for the standup excerpts that bookended each show — was that the show would be about how a comedian gathers material for his act. The characters have also been described as utterly selfish and amoral; the show stood out by depicting these traits in a comedic fashion. However, it should be noted that a common motif concerns characters' attempts to do nice things for people, only to have them backfire exponentially. In contrast to many other sitcoms, the allowing of scenes to lapse into sentimentality was generally avoided, and Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David's dictum of "no hugging, no learning" gave the show its distinctively cold and cynical tone. However, themes of illogical social graces and customs, neurotic and obsessive behavior, and the mysterious workings of relationships ran in numerous episodes, making it possible to categorize the show as a comedy of manners. The show's creators made a conscious effort to reflect the activities of real people, rather than the idealized escapist characters often seen on television, although many of the show's plots involve intricate, and often cyclical strings of events that converge in the end to form a grand irony. Previous shows on television were almost always family or co-worker driven, but Seinfeld holds itself up as being a then-rare example of a sitcom wherein none of the characters were related by blood or employed in the same building or business. In fact, many characters were not employed at all.        According to Bruce Fretts' 1993 The "Entertainment Weekly" "Seinfeld" Companion, Seinfeld’s audience was, "TV-literate, demographically desirable urbanites, for the most part-who look forward to each weekly episode in the Life of Jerry with a baby-boomer generation's self-involved eagerness." Likewise, in episodes adhering to the original concept, the show featured clips of Seinfeld himself delivering a standup routine at the beginning and end of each episode, the theme of which relates to the events depicted in the plot. By this device the distinction between the actor Jerry Seinfeld and the character who is portrayed by him is deliberately blurred. In later seasons, these standup clips became less frequent. All of the main characters were modeled after Seinfeld's or Larry David's real-life acquaintances. In fact, many of the plot devices are based on real-life counterparts - such as the Soup Nazi (based on Al Yeganeh) and J. Peterman of the J. Peterman Catalog . Another violation of the fiction convention of isolating characters from the actors playing them, and separating the characters' world from the actors' and audience's world, was a story arc that concerned the characters' roles in promoting a television sitcom series named Jerry. Jerry was much like Seinfeld in that Seinfeld played himself, and that the show was "about nothing". Jerry was launched in the 1993 season finale of Seinfeld, in an episode titled "The Pilot". This story arc, along with other examples of self-reference, have led many critics to point out the postmodern nature of the show.        According to Katherine Gantz, this entanglement of character and actor relationships "seems to be a part of the show's complex appeal. Whereas situation comedies often dilute their cast, adding and removing characters in search of new plot possibilities, Seinfeld instead interiorizes; the narrative creates new configurations of the same limited cast to keep the viewer and the characters intimately linked. In fact, it is precisely this concentration on the nuclear set of four personalities that


In 1997 which airline replaced the flag on its tail fin with ethnic designs from around the world?

British Airways relaunches itself with new slogan that nods to its imperial origins | Daily Mail Online comments The ‘world’s favourite airline,’ which once caused a storm by dropping the Union Flag from its tailfins, has harked back to its Imperial past in a re-launch that is part of a £5billion investment programme. After a crippling 18 months of cabin crew strikes and the fall-out from terror attacks in 2001, British Airways says it is now ready to put a turbulent decade behind it and look to the future by starting ‘a new chapter’ . But it has also unashamedly gone back 90 years to its origins and early days as Imperial Airways – covering the four corners of the British Empire - to celebrate its ‘Britishness’ across the globe. Out with the old: BA's new slogan To Fly. To Serve will replace it's former motto 'The World's Favourite Airline' BA will launch a new 90-second TV ‘brand’ campaign on Wednesday  – its first in ten years – with a cinematic TV and internet advert that celebrates its origins from 1919 through to the present day. Ten serving cabin crew members appear in the advert, though neither they nor BA would say whether they worked or walked out during the recent dispute. The mini-film begins amidst flimsy-looking bi-planes and shades of ‘Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines,' before moving on to the pre-WWII days, when passengers could fly from Croydon with Imperial Airways to far flung parts of an Empire on which the sun never set. Nostalgic: BA's re-launch mini film will delight with its potted history of air travel that celebrates the firm's origins from 1919 to the present day. Here a De Haviland 51 bi-plane gets checked over History: A still from the advert sees the pilot of a silver De Haviland Dragon DH89 as used by Imperial Airways from Croydon to the four corners of the British Empire Moving on: The ad also features a Douglas DC-3 Dakota from 1949-50 flown by British European Airways (BEA) from Northolt It then winds through the decades of jet travel to Concorde and the present day. The campaign coincides with a five-year plan to invest £5billion on new aircraft, including the giant Airbus A380 superjumbo, new interiors and new services. BA's former motto of ‘the world’s favourite airline’ will be replaced with the company's coat of arms and the words: ‘To fly, to serve.’ Also appearing: A Vickers VC10 Flying for forerunner British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) in the 1960s from Heathrow On the tarmac: 1960s pilots make their way to the Vickers VC10s during the 'Aviators' advert Retired giant: The ad will also feature Concorde, which made its last flight in 2003 before being retired Modern: A British Airways 747 Jumbo Jet will also feature From bi-planes to whipped cream, Maggie's hankerchief and a merger: BA's 92-year history explained August 25, 1919: BA’s forerunner company, Aircraft Transport and Travel Limited (AT&T) launches first daily international air service between London and Paris, operating a single-engined de Havilland DH4A bi-plane from Hounslow Heath near current Heathrow. It carried a single passenger and cargo including newspapers, Devonshire cream and grouse on two-and-a half-hour cross-Channel journey to Le Bourget. 1924: Four fledgling airlines, including Daimler Airways (a successor to AT&T) merge to form Imperial Airways Limited operating from the new London airport at Croydon to all corners of the British Empire and the Continent. 1939: Imperial Airways nationalised at dawn of second world war and merged with another to form British overseas Airways Corporation BOAC. After the war BOAC continued to operate long-haul and transatlantic while a new company British European Airways (BEA) flew Continental and domestic routes. 1950s-60s: The passenger jet age dawned as BOAC flew the Comet to Johannesburg in 1952 in 23 hours with five stops, and began the first transatlantic jet service to New York on October 1958, days ahead of their American rivals. 1960s: BOAC flies in from Miami Beach and is immortalised in a Beatles song – ‘Back in the USSR’. On another fligh


Anne Frank - World War II - HISTORY.com Google Anne Frank’s Childhood Anne Frank was born Anneliese Marie Frank in Frankfurt, Germany, on June 12, 1929, to Edith Hollander Frank (1900-45) and Otto Frank (1889-1980), a prosperous businessman. Less than four years later, in January 1933, Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany and he and his Nazi government instituted a series of measures aimed at persecuting Germany’s Jewish citizens. Did You Know? In 1960, the building at Prinsengracht 263, home to the Secret Annex, opened to the public as a museum devoted to the life of Anne Frank. Her original diary is on display there. By the fall of 1933, Otto Frank moved to Amsterdam, where he established a small but successful company that produced a gelling substance used to make jam. After staying behind in Germany with her grandmother in the city of Aachen, Anne joined her parents and sister Margot (1926-45) in the Dutch capital in February 1934. In 1935, Anne started school in Amsterdam and earned a reputation as an energetic, popular girl. In May 1940, the Germans, who had entered World War II in September of the previous year, invaded the Netherlands and quickly made life increasingly restrictive and dangerous for Jewish people there. Between the summer of 1942 and September 1944, the Nazis and their Dutch collaborators deported more than 100,000 Jews in Holland to extermination camps. Anne Frank’s Family Goes into Hiding In early July 1942, after Margot Frank received a letter ordering her to report to a work camp in Germany, Anne Frank’s family went into hiding in an attic apartment behind Otto Frank’s business, located at Prinsengracht 263 in Amsterdam. In an effort to avoid detection, the family left a false trail suggesting they’d fled to Switzerland. A week after they had gone into hiding, the Franks were joined by Otto’s business associate Hermann van Pels (1898-1944), along with his wife Auguste (1900-45) and their son Peter (1926-45), who were also Jewish. A small group of Otto Frank’s employees, including his Austrian-born secretary, Miep Gies (1909-2010), risked their own lives to smuggle food, supplies and news of the outside world into the secret apartment, whose entrance was situated behind a movable bookcase. In November 1942, the Franks and Van Pels were joined by Fritz Pfeffer (1889-1944), Miep Gies’ Jewish dentist. Life for the eight people in the small apartment, which Anne Frank referred to as the Secret Annex, was tense. The group lived in constant fear of being discovered and could never go outside. They had to remain quiet during daytime in order to avoid detection by the people working in the warehouse below. Anne passed the time, in part, by chronicling her observations and feelings in a diary she had received for her 13th birthday, a month before her family went into hiding. Addressing her diary entries to an imaginary friend she called Kitty, Anne Frank wrote about life in hiding, including her impressions of the other inhabitants of the Secret Annex, her feelings of loneliness and her frustration over the lack of privacy. While she detailed typical teenage issues such as crushes on boys, arguments with her mother and resentments toward her sister, Frank also displayed keen insight and maturity when she wrote about the war, humanity and her own identity. She also penned short stories and essays during her time in hiding. The Franks are Captured by the Nazis On August 4, 1944, after 25 months in hiding, Anne Frank and the seven others in the Secret Annex were discovered by the Gestapo, the German secret state police, who had learned about the hiding place from an anonymous tipster (who has never been definitively identified). After their arrest, the Franks, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer were sent by the Gestapo to Westerbork, a holding camp in the northern Netherlands. From there, in September 1944, the group was transported by freight train to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination and concentration camp complex in German-occupied Poland. Anne and Margot Frank were spared immediate death in the Auschwi


"According to the British Bishop Mervyn Stockwood, who would ""go to the Follies Bergere and look at the audience?"

Jokes Noop » Doctors Jokes Noop Hippocrates (B.C. 460-370) Greek Physician and “Father of Medicine” AphorismsNatural forces within us are the true healers of disease. —- Galen (129-199? A.D) Greek Physician The physician is Nature’s assistant. —- Aristotle Aristotle (B.C. 384-322) Greek Philosopher The physician heals, Nature makes well. —- Voltaire (1694-1778) (Francois Marie Arouet) French Historian & Writer The art of medicine consists of amusing the patient whilenature cures the disease. —- Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) American Statesman, Scientist and Philosopher God heals, and the doctor takes the fee. —- William Broome (1689-1745)English Scholar and Poet A doctor is a man who writes prescriptions till the patienteither dies or is cured by nature. —- Petronius Arbiter (d. 66 A.D.)Roman Writer Satyricon XLIIA doctor is nothing more than a mental consolation. —- Gilles Menage (1613-1692) age (1613-1692) French Scholar, Lawyer and Cleric Menagiana Medicine may be defined as the art or the science of keeping a patient quiet with frivolous reasons for his illness and amusing him with remedies good or bad until nature kills him or cures him. —- Paracelsus (1493-1541) (T. Bombastus Von Hohenheim) Swiss Philosopher Die grosse WundarzneiMedicine is not only a science; it is also an art.It does not consist of compounding pills and plasters; it deals with the very processes of life, which must be understood beforethey may be guided. OPPOSITES Walt Whitman (1819-1892)American Poet and Writer I love doctors and hate their medicine. —- SPublilius Syrus (fl. B.C. 42) Syrian Born – Roman Writer of Aphorisms There are some remedies worse than the disease. —- Francis Quarles (1592-1644) English Poet Hieroglyphics of the Life of ManPhysicians, of all men, are most happy:whatever good success they have, the world proclaimeth and what faults they commit, the earth covereth. —- Hippocrates (B.C. 460-370) Greek Physician and “Father of Medicine” Physicians are many in title but very few in reality. —- Nicholas de Belleville (1753-1831) If you have a lawsuit, and you get one bad lawyer, you lose your suit, but you can appeal;but if you have one bad doctor, and he kills you,then there can be no appeal. —- Jerome Tarshis Quoted in:Barnes & Noble Book of Quotations The history of medicine is a story of amazing foolishnessand amazing intelligence. —- Ernest L. Wynder Quoted in:The Wit and Wisdom of the 20th Century It should be the function of medicine to have people die young as late as possible. —- Anonymous A doctor is the only man who can suffer from good health. OPPOSITES Finley Peter Dunne (1867-1936)American Humorist and Journalist Mister Dooley SaysI wondher why ye can always read a doctor’s bill an’ yeniver can read his purscription. —- Sir Humphrey D. Rolleston: The Wit of Medicine Medicine is a noble profession but a damn bad business. —- Medicine is a science, acquiring a practice an art. —- Samuel N. Behrman (1893-1973) American Playwright Psychoanalysis makes quite simple people feel they’re complex. —- Karl Kraus (1874-1936)Austrian Satirist, Critic and Poet Psychoanalysis is that mental illness for which it regards itself a therapy. —- Shannon Fife Quoted ineter’s Quotations, Ideas for Our Time Psychiatry is the art of teaching people how to stand on their own feet while reclining on couches. Insight —- Chinese Proverb The superior doctor prevents sickness; The mediocre doctor attends to impending sickness; The inferior doctor treats actual sickness. —- Robert Haven Schauffler (b. 1879) American Musician, Soldier and Poet The ideal doctor is patient. —- James Howard Means (1885-1967) Daedalus, 1963 The custom of giving patients appointments weeks in advance, during which time their illness may become seriously aggravated, seems to me to fall short of the ideal doctor- patient relationship. —- Heaven defend me from a busy doctor. —- The person most often late for a doctor’s appointment is the doctor himself. —- Paul Reznikoff (b. 1896) Quoted in: Familiar Medical Quotations, by M. B. Strauss A physician is judged by the three


In which city was the peace treaty ending the Vietnam war signed?

Paris Peace Accords signed - Jan 27, 1973 - HISTORY.com Paris Peace Accords signed Publisher A+E Networks The United States, South Vietnam, Viet Cong, and North Vietnam formally sign “An Agreement Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam” in Paris. Due to South Vietnam’s unwillingness to recognize the Viet Cong’s Provisional Revolutionary Government, all references to it were confined to a two-party version of the document signed by North Vietnam and the United States—the South Vietnamese were presented with a separate document that did not make reference to the Viet Cong government. This was part of Saigon’s long-time refusal to recognize the Viet Cong as a legitimate participant in the discussions to end the war. The settlement included a cease-fire throughout Vietnam. It addition, the United States agreed to the withdrawal of all U.S. troops and advisors (totalling about 23,700) and the dismantling of all U.S. bases within 60 days. In return, the North Vietnamese agreed to release all U.S. and other prisoners of war. Both sides agreed to the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Laos and Cambodia and the prohibition of bases in and troop movements through these countries. It was agreed that the DMZ at the 17th Parallel would remain a provisional dividing line, with eventual reunification of the country “through peaceful means.” An international control commission would be established made up of Canadians, Hungarians, Poles, and Indonesians, with 1,160 inspectors to supervise the agreement. According to the agreement, South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu would continue in office pending elections. Agreeing to “the South Vietnamese People’s right to self-determination,” the North Vietnamese said they would not initiate military movement across the DMZ and that there would be no use of force to reunify the country. Footnote: The last U.S. serviceman to die in combat in Vietnam, Lt. Col. William B. Nolde, was killed by an artillery shell at An Loc, 60 miles northwest of Saigon, only 11 hours before the truce went into effect. Related Videos


What was Scotland's answer to California's Silicon Valley called?

Silicon Valley History & Future Source: "Education and Tech Entrepreneurship" by Vivek Wadhwa, Richard Freeman, Ben Rissing. Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, 2008 About 60 years ago, Stanford    University had some financial problems. The authorities of university tried to  resolve    these problems by leasing part of the university land to high-tech companies for 99 years. Carolyn Tajnai clarified this point of    Stanford's history in more detail: ' In the 1950's, the idea of building     an industrial park arose. The university had plenty of land over 8,000 acres....but money     was needed to finance the University's rapid postwar growth. The original bequest of his     farm by Leland Stanford prohibited the sale of this land, but there was nothing to prevent     its being leased. It turned out that long-term leases were just as attractive to industry     as out right ownership; thus, the Stanford Industrial Park was founded. The goal was to     create a center of high technology close to a cooperative university. It was a stroke of     genius , and Terman, calling it ``our secret weapon,'' quickly suggested  that leases be limited to high technology companies that might be  benspanananficial to Stanford. In 1951 Varian Associates signed a lease, and in  1953 the company moved into the first building in the park. Eastman  Kodak, General Electric, Preformed Line Products, Admiral Corporation,  Shockley Transistor Laboratory of Beckman Instruments, Lockheed,  Hewlett-Packard, and others followed soon after.' Fred Terman, The father of     Silicon Valley by Carolyn Tajnai, 1995 According to Varian Associates it was a    simple decision: 'Gradually, facilities were      moved from leased quarters in San Carlos to a quiet corner of Stanford land, thus creating      what is today the Company's headquarters site, and incidentally bringingi nto being the      Stanford Industrial Park - the most successful complex of its kind in the      world.'  Source: Varian Associates: An Early History   The First building of Silicon Valley First Varian     Associates building, Stanford Industrial Park, Palo Alto, California, 1953. Source: 'Russell and Sigurd Varian - The Inventor and The Pilot', by Dorothy     Varian. Palo Alto, 1983, p.258. The picture is reproduced here   with Varian Associates permission since 1995. Is it a reasonable doubt or ... just     invitation to the further discussion? Among     the different organizations that were instrumental in the process of creating Silicon     Valley the significant role  was the Stanford Research Institute (SRI): After World War II, a great     industrial push was under way to reinvigorate the economy. Founded by a small group of     business executives in conjunction with Stanford University, Stanford Research Institute     (our founding name) was created in 1946 as a West Coast center of innovation to support     economic development in the region. The world's first digital computer (ENIAC, weighing in     at 30 tons) was introduced, and in what is now known as Silicon Valley a three-bedroom     home sold for $10,000.  Source: SRI Timeline . Perhaps     it was just one of the reasons why at least some of  SRI people appeared to be  very skeptical  about the above photo of Silicon Valley's building #1. Alice     Resnick Senior Director, Corporate and Marketing Communications SRI International     wrote to us concerning this subject  31 Jan 2002 14:41:03 -0800: For example,  SRI had a building in Menlo Park (one that we still     occupy) in 1947, several years before what you call the 'The First building of     Silicon Valley: First Varian Associates building, Stanford Industrial Park, Palo Alto,     California, 1953' on your web page at http://netvalley.com/. In    1995  William Hewlett decided to described in more details his own concept of Silicon    Valley's birth. Supernova   of Silicon Valley:    What does it mean? '...in Ju


What was St. Petersburg called for most of the 20th century?

St-Petersburg: 20th Century St-Petersburg: 20th Century June 24th, 2010 | Author: admin Emperor Alexander III, the “Pacifier”, a mighty man of enviable health, died on 20 October 1894 from a kidney disease at the age of 49. The heir, Tsesarvich Nicholas, a man of average abilities, was not ready to take control of the huge country. Infantile, timid and shy at 26, when he had to inherit the throne, Nicholas was completely lost, and moreover, the political situation was rather difficult indeed when he succeeded the crown. On 14 November 1894 he urgently married Princess Alice of Hesse-Darmstadt, who took the name of Alexandra Fiodorovna after accepting the Orthodox faith. The luxurious and majestic wedding in the church of the Winter Palace was not accompanied by any especial merry-making and their honeymoon passed against the background of funeral visits. The reign of the last Russian Emperor began in a tragic atmosphere – during the coronation of Nicholas II many people were crushed by the jostling crowd. But except for the Khodynka tragedy, the course of life in Russia was still rather steady and quiet in the first years of his reign. Ilya Repin. The Marriage of Nicolas II and Grend Duchess Alexandra Feodorovna in the Winter Palase. 1894 Meanwhile serious changes were ripening. From the second half of the nineteenth century Russia was rapidly catching up with Europe в its industry had an accelerated development. At the turn of the centuries St Petersburg turned into an immense industrial centre. Changes in everyday life were unusually swift: many aristocrats replaced horse-drawn vehicles by cars; telephones, electricity, water supply lines and other modern conveniences were introduced. Modern trends in the design of clothes, hair-styles and a mode of conduct were changing as short-lived fancies. A new type of businessmen – bankers and entrepreneurs who owned large fortunes – have emerged. It was in this period that the last grand style, Art Nouveau, rapidly broke into the city’s architectural silhouette. New buildings at the Petrograd Side and Vasilyevsky Island were so unusual in design that they seemed to implement the early Romanticists’ dream of changing the world by means of beauty. Not only dwelling houses were then designed in the “Northern Art Nouveau” style – sometimes combined with Neo-Classicism – many banks and shops reminiscent of palaces by their richly decorated facades were also erected. The 1910s saw a rise, within this new stylistic movement, of a more experimental trend, Constructivism, that became especially widespread in industrial architecture. A short period dominated by the Art Nouveau style – merely some three decades – was a crucial era in the history of St Petersburg and entire Russia. That was a contradictory time marked by an upsurge of creative activities of the Russian intelligentsia and a presentiment of an imminent catastrophe. The turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century coincided with a decline of old thinking and it was the northern capital that became the focus of intense spiritual quests and the main arena of the so-called Silver Age of Russian culture. The creative destinies of artists, actors, poets and musicians were interwoven no less whimsically than the lines of Art Nouveau itself. The atmosphere of the capital was permeated with mysticism and poetry. Disputes, lectures and editorial tea-drinking parties where writers and poets could meet with their readers were then popular; various ideas connected with the most profound and vital problems of the age were put forward. Nathan Altman. Portrait of Anna Akhmatova, 1914. Russian Museum The uncrowned queen of this bohemian world was the poet Anna Akhmatova who held supreme authority in the Wandering Dog cabaret and became its symbol of a sort. The most notable phenomenon in the artistic life of the capital was the World of Art society, with the artist Alexander Benois as one of its founders. The World of Art members arranged exhibitions, issued a magazine of the same name and eventually formed a new artistic movement. They succ


What is London's biggest airport called?

London travel guide - Wikitravel Understand[ edit ] The Tower of London "When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life; for there is in London all that life can afford" — Samuel Johnson History[ edit ] London has existed in various incarnations for two millennia. The city has been the principal seat of British royal dynasties and of English (later British) governments throughout its history and has survived through fire, invasion and plague. Evidence has been unearthed of Bronze and Iron Age settlement on the present day site of London, though it is unlikely a city existed here before the Roman conquest of Britannia in 43 AD. Londinium, the precursor to the modern city of London, was established in 50 AD. Ten years later it was conquered and destroyed by the Celtic Iceni tribe, led by their queen, Boudica. Soon rebuilt, by the 2nd century AD Londinium was the capital of Roman Britain and its largest city. Around 200 AD, the London Wall was erected to defend the city. The wall stretched for two miles around the ancient City, from Tower Hill in the East to Blackfriars Station in the West. Isolated Roman period remains and traces of the wall are still to be seen within the City of London (now known as the Square Mile). After the end of Roman rule in 410, London experienced a gradual revival under the Anglo-Saxons. A coalition of Angles, Saxons and Jutes from Northern Europe , the Anglo-Saxons ruled in Britain for 500 years until the Norman invasion of 1066. The early Anglo-Saxon trading settlement of Lundenwic was established a mile away from Londinium. London’s British Museum houses the largest collection of Anglo-Saxon artifacts in the world. From the late 8th century, Viking raids were common in Britain. In 871 London was seized by the Danish Norsemen, until it was reclaimed for Britain by King Alfred the Great of Wessex in 886. In 1016 the Danish king Cnut gained control of London and all of England. Westminster Abbey was completed in 1065 during the reign of his stepson Edward the Confessor. Following the Norman Conquest in 1066, the paramount political status of London was confirmed when William the Conqueror was crowned King of England in Westminster. The Normans built fortifications throughout Britain and the Tower of London in particular confirmed their dominance over the existing population. After the Norman Conquest London emerged as a great trading city and with the rise of England to first European then global prominence, London became a great centre of culture, government and industry. During the 12th and 13th centuries it gradually replaced Winchester as the royal capital of England . There have been several plagues in London, notably The Black Death (1348 – 1350) and the Great Plague (1664 – 1666). The plague was followed by the Great Fire of London in 1666 after which the city was largely rebuilt. Georgian London (1714 – 1830) saw the erection of fine Georgian architecture, particularly housing (for example, 10 Downing Street) as the population greatly increased. London's long association with the theatre flourished during the English Renaissance (late 15th to early 17th C). From 1576 indoor and outdoor theatres began to appear in London. The Rose Theatre was built in 1587 in the reign of Elizabeth 1st and was the first purpose-built theatre to stage the plays of Shakespeare. The most famous outdoor theatre was the Globe, built in 1599 by The Lord Chamberlain’s Men. William Shakespeare was their resident playwright. Admission prices ranged from a penny standing charge to sixpence for the most desirable seats. There are currently over forty London theatres in the West End, in an area known as ‘Theatreland’. London’s Victoria and Albert Museum houses a permanent exhibition of the history of British theatre. Hampton Court Palace was built from 1515 to 1530 under the reign of Henry VIII with traditional Renaissance lines. English royal dynasties spanning a millennium have all added to the cultural richness of present day London, from medieval buildings like Westminster Abbey to royal London palaces like th


Which country is locked within Belgium, Germany and France?

EUROPA - Germany | European Union website, the official EU website European Union website, the official EU website Germany Overview:  With a landmass that stretches from the North Sea and the Baltic Sea in the north to the Alps in the south, Germany has the largest population of any EU country. Germany borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, France and Luxembourg to the southwest, and Belgium and the Netherlands to the northwest.  The most important sectors of Germany’s economy in 2015 were industry (25.9 %), public administration, defence, education, human health and social work activities (18.2 %) and wholesale and retail trade, transport, accommodation and food service activities (15.8 %). Germany’s main export partners are France, the US and the UK while its main import partners are the Netherlands, France and China. Capital:  Population as % of total EU:  16 % (2015) Seats in the European Parliament:  96 Euro. Member of the eurozone  since 1 January 1999 Schengen area member?:  Yes, Schengen Area member since 26 March 1995. Presidency of the Council:  Germany has held the revolving  presidency of the Council of the EU  11 times between 1958 and 2007. The next time will be in 2020. Read more:  Germany in the EU European Parliament European Parliament office in Germany Council of the EU In the Council of the EU , national ministers meet regularly to adopt EU laws and coordinate policies. Council meetings are regularly attended by representatives from the German government, depending on the policy area being addressed. Presidency of the Council of the EU The Council of the EU doesn't have a permanent, single-person president (like e.g. the Commission or Parliament). Instead, its work is led by the country holding the Council presidency, which rotates every 6 months. During these 6 months, ministers from that country's government chair and help determine the agenda of Council meetings in each policy area, and facilitate dialogue with the other EU institutions. Dates of German presidencies: Jul-Dec 1958 | Jul-Dec 1961 | Jul-Dec 1964 | Jul-Dec 1967 | Jul-Dec 1970 | Jan-Jun 1974 | Jul-Dec 1978 | Jan-Jun 1983 | Jan-Jun 1988 | Jul-Dec 1994 | Jan-Jun 2007 | July-Dec 2020 More on the current presidency of the Council of the EU . European Commission The Commissioner nominated by Germany to the European Commission is Günther Oettinger , who is responsible for Budget and Human Resources. The Commission is represented in each EU country by a local office, called a "representation". Commission representation in Germany European Economic & Social Committee Germany has 24 representatives on the European Economic and Social Committee . This advisory body – representing employers, workers and other interest groups – is consulted on proposed laws, to get a better idea of the possible changes to work and social situations in member countries. Committee of the Regions Germany has 23 representatives on the Committee of the Regions , the EU's assembly of regional and local representatives. This advisory body is consulted on proposed laws, to ensure these laws take account of the perspective from each region of the EU. Permanent representation to the EU Germany also communicates with the EU institutions through its permanent representation in Brussels. As Germany's "embassy to the EU", its main task is to ensure that the country's interests and policies are pursued as effectively as possible in the EU. Budgets and Funding How much does Germany contribute and receive? Member countries' financial contributions to the EU budget are shared fairly, according to means. The larger your country's economy, the more it pays – and vice versa. The EU budget doesn't aim to redistribute wealth, but rather to focus on the needs of all Europeans as a whole.  Breakdown of Germany's finances with the EU in 2015:  Total EU spending in Germany – € 11.013 billion Total EU spending as % of German gross national income (GNI) – 0.36 % Total German contribution to the EU budget – € 24.283 billion


In which category did Marie Curie win her second Nobel Prize?

Marie Curie - Biographical Marie Curie The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie Share this: Marie Curie - Biographical Marie Curie, née Maria Sklodowska, was born in Warsaw on November  7, 1867, the daughter of a secondary-school teacher. She received  a general education in local schools and some scientific training  from her father. She became involved in a students' revolutionary  organization and found it prudent to leave Warsaw, then in the  part of Poland dominated by Russia, for Cracow, which at that  time was under Austrian rule. In 1891, she went to Paris to  continue her studies at the Sorbonne where she obtained  Licenciateships in Physics and the Mathematical Sciences. She met  Pierre Curie, Professor in the School of Physics in 1894 and in  the following year they were married. She succeeded her husband  as Head of the Physics Laboratory at the Sorbonne, gained her  Doctor of Science degree in 1903, and following the tragic death  of Pierre Curie in 1906, she took his place as Professor of  General Physics in the Faculty of Sciences, the first time a  woman had held this position. She was also appointed Director of  the Curie Laboratory in the Radium Institute of the University of  Paris, founded in 1914. See Also Article about the Curies Her early researches, together with her husband, were often  performed under difficult conditions, laboratory arrangements  were poor and both had to undertake much teaching to earn a  livelihood. The discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in  1896 inspired the Curies in their brilliant researches and  analyses which led to the isolation of polonium, named after the  country of Marie's birth, and radium. Mme. Curie developed  methods for the separation of radium from radioactive residues in  sufficient quantities to allow for its characterization and the  careful study of its properties, therapeutic properties in  particular. Mme. Curie throughout her life actively promoted the use of  radium to alleviate suffering and during World War I, assisted by  her daughter, Irene, she personally devoted herself to this  remedial work. She retained her enthusiasm for science throughout  her life and did much to establish a radioactivity laboratory in  her native city - in 1929 President Hoover of the United States  presented her with a gift of $ 50,000, donated by American  friends of science, to purchase radium for use in the laboratory  in Warsaw. Mme. Curie, quiet, dignified and unassuming, was held in high  esteem and admiration by scientists throughout the world. She was  a member of the Conseil du Physique Solvay from 1911 until her  death and since 1922 she had been a member of the Committee of  Intellectual Co-operation of the League of Nations. Her work is  recorded in numerous papers in scientific journals and she is the  author of Recherches sur les Substances Radioactives (1904), L'Isotopie et les Éléments Isotopes and  the classic Traité' de Radioactivité (1910). The importance of Mme. Curie's work is reflected in the numerous  awards bestowed on her. She received many honorary science,  medicine and law degrees and honorary memberships of learned  societies throughout the world. Together with her husband, she  was awarded half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903, for  their study into the spontaneous radiation discovered by  Becquerel, who was awarded the other half of the Prize. In 1911  she received a second Nobel Prize, this time in  Chemistry , in recognition of her work in radioactivity. She  also received, jointly with her husband, the Davy Medal of the  Royal Society in 1903 and, in 1921, President Harding of the  United States, on behalf of the women of America, presented her  with one gram of radium in recognition of her service to  science. For further details, cf. Biography of Pierre Curie . Mme. Curie  died in Savoy, France, after a short illness, on July 4,  1934. From Nobel Lectures , Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967 This auto


What is the largest inland port in Europe?

International Port Cities International Port Cities International Port Cities The Word's Busiest Ports Cranes and containers are seen at the Port of Shanghai, the world's busiest port based on container weight.  Kim Steele/Getty Images By  Jordan R. Fisher, Geography Intern Ports Linking International Cities Our international trade system is composed of a multitude of developments and processes that work harmoniously to create and support a global economy. The international trade system functions in many ways like the human body, where organs operate in their unique ways to support the growth of a healthy human individual. In many ways, globalization represents a long period of growth and development in the human body. Thus, each country represents one of our body's vital organs and specializes in producing or manufacturing useful goods to be exported and imported abroad. Exports and imports travel down navigable shipping routes that act as the veins that connect our world's countries. These "shipping veins" are connected by large port cities that act like the human heart to pump goods, capital, and services throughout each country. We will focus below on how port cities operate throughout the world as a main function to their geographies of place. continue reading below our video 4 Tips for Improving Test Performance The United States' Ports and Port Cities The United States is one particular country whose large landmass, or size, makes it difficult to transport goods far and wide in an efficient manner. For comparison, the United Kingdom is approximately the size of the state of Oregon and Japan is approximately the size of the state of California. The size of the United States, combined with its amount of production and demand of imported goods, creates the need for multiple, large ports. According to the American Association of Port Authorities, or AAPA, the largest port in the United States, by cargo weight, is the Port of South Louisiana. Also the largest port in the western hemisphere, the Port of South Louisiana sits on the mouth of the Mississippi River and incorporates both port cities of New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The significance of the port city of New Orleans made it the third largest United States city in 1840, behind New York and Baltimore, during the early growth of international and domestic shipping trade. The current size of the port of South Louisiana is unique because it covers two port cities on the Mississippi River , which travels over 2500 miles before ending just before the border of the country of Canada. Today, the port cities of New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, are oddly nowhere near the United State's most populated cities, unlike other countries whose port cities generally serve as their larger metropolises. The port of Houston and the port of New York City rank as the United States second and third largest ports, respectively. Houston and New York City also rank high relative to their population size, such that the port city of Houston is the fourth largest city in the United States and New York City is the most populated city in the U.S. We can see that the amount of trade throughout ports does not necessarily relate to the size of the port cities. This is because port cities are often sprawling industrialized areas where manufacturing and transportation takes place. However, most port cities such as Houston, Texas, usually extend far way from their actual port's piers and into the hinterlands that they serve. A portion of a large populated port city, near the docks or shore, usually harbors the city's industrial or manufacturing area while business and service areas are located elsewhere in near vicinity. The Panama Canal is a shipping route currently maintained by the Panama Government and once owned and operated by the United States, France, and Columbia. The Panama Canal is quite single-handedly the most prolific linkage between man's construction and the world's inherent geography. The canal is a tremendous contributing factor to globalization and the rise of int


Which company manufactured the first car to run on diesel?

View Other Buying Guides Top Recommended Diesels Modern diesel vehicles are cleaner, quieter and more fuel-efficient than ever, so clear your mind of whatever prejudice you might have. Diesel power is all about great fuel economy, and unlike hybrid power it delivers on the highway as well as city streets. Super low-speed torque also makes the diesel very drivable around town. Today's turbocharged diesel engines also burn cleanly, with many models employing a urea injection system that purifies the exhaust stream. What's more, diesel clatter and vibration are largely a thing of the past. The combination of clean-burning low-sulfur fuel, improved control of particulate emissions and refined performance has made the diesel engine popular again in a wide range of vehicles, although our recommended choices pertain only to cars and SUVs. While the Volkswagen Golf TDI is one of the best-selling cars in Europe, it hasn't yet taken U.S. buyers by storm. Part of the reason is its price, since the TDI is the top trim for the Golf. Still, we feel that the car is worth it because it offers a well-rounded package that few cars in its class can match. The Golf has the premium interior of a more upscale vehicle, is easy to load cargo in thanks to its hatchback, has a sporty suspension and is still capable of up to 42 mpg on the highway. The Volkswagen Passat TDI offers the same engine/transmission combination as the Golf TDI, but in a roomier midsize sedan body. The Passat earned top honors in our last 40 MPG Challenge , when it surpassed its own EPA numbers in real-world driving conditions. It is an excellent alternative to the Toyota Camry Hybrid or the Ford Fusion Hybrid . The BMW X5 xDrive35d proves that if you need to drive an SUV, the smarter engine choice is the diesel. This engine puts out more torque and gets better fuel economy than its gasoline counterpart. And while the Mercedes-Benz ML350 Bluetec is a bit more fuel-efficient, we feel that the X5 diesel has sharper handling and is more fun to drive. Diesel engines were once thought to be exclusively for trucks, yet there's nothing trucklike about the X5 and its turbodiesel inline-6. Top Recommended


"In 1939 who described the actions of Russia as ""a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma?"""

A Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside an Enigma - TV Tropes A Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside an Enigma You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share A Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside an Enigma × — The Riddler, The Long Halloween A Stock Phrase typically used to describe something that is immensely puzzling to figure out or extraordinarily complex to fully understand, often relying on hyperbole and, occasionally, sarcasm. The phrase is often open to great interpretation and variation. Its three distinct-yet-related nouns allow for a variety of setups and gags related to The Triple and dependent on the Rule of Three . Frequently, the last item of the phrase is changed to something completely different and irrelevant to mystery for Rule of Funny , and the exact order of what's wrapped and inside what varies with almost every separate occasion the phrase is evoked. Sometimes, one of the three parts may be dropped for gags and line deliveries that require a faster pacing; conversely, additional clauses can be added for greater exaggeration . The trope name originates from a statement made by Sir Winston Churchill in 1939 about what role The Soviet Union might play in World War II : "I cannot forecast to you the action of Russia. It is a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma, but perhaps there is a key. That key is Russian national interest." Not to be confused with Riddle for the Ages . Examples     open/close all folders      American Newspapers  An article from January 2008 in The New York Times that explains why fortune cookies are absent from Chinese restaurants in China was titled "Solving a Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside a Cookie."     Fanfic  At one point in the Homestuck fanfic Moirallegiance Is Science, Vriska is described in this manner. You're complicated. You're like a puzzle, wrapped in a mystery, sealed with obscurity, and shipped through the WTF postal service. That's just the package you come in .''     Films — Animated  In Monsters vs. Aliens , General Monger refers to the top-secret prison Susan is taken to as "an X-File, wrapped in a cover-up, and deep-fried in paranoid conspiracy."     Films — Live-Action  In Oliver Stone's film JFK , David Ferrie refers to the Kennedy Assassination as "a mystery wrapped in a riddle inside an enigma" when trying to convince Jim Garrison to drop his investigation during a paranoia-fueled rant. In Holy Flying Circus , the character Alan Dick uses the phrase "he's a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside a shit" to describe Malcolm Muggeridge's unpredictability.     Literature  From Tiassa , two guardsmen conversing, as rendered by Paarfi of Roundwood: "An Easterner with an Imperial Title!" "Well," said Nill, "this is an enigma wrapped in, ah..." "Another enigma?" "Precisely." In Heat Rises, Jameson Rook claims "What can I say? I'm an enigma inside a conundrum inside a condom." Used by Verin Sedai in The Wheel of Time (namely, in The Dragon Reborn): "Name hidden within name shrouded by name. Secret buried within secret cloaked by secret."     Live-Action TV  In one episode of Seinfeld , Elaine and Jerry get into a discussion about the nature of Newman. Elaine: Maybe he's an enigma—a mystery wrapped in a riddle. Jerry: He's a mystery wrapped in a Twinkie. The Star Trek: Voyager episode "Riddles" sees The Doctor refer to the Vulcan brain as "a puzzle wrapped inside an enigma housed inside a cranium." In the Supernatural episode "Free To Be You And Me," when Sam takes a 10-Minute Retirement and tries to live a "normal" life, a girl curious to learn about Sam's past but at a loss of words to describe his peculiarity gives Sam the opportunity to quip that he's "a riddle wrapped inside an enigma wrapped inside a taco." On Everybody Loves Raymond , Robert once described himself as "an enigma wrapped in a mystery." Ray promptly replied that Robert was more of "an idiot wrapped in a moron." On Eureka , when the characters are trying to shut down an extremely powerful Death Ray Doomsday Device in the episode "Dr. Nobel," Henry calls the weapon


Who was Hitler's Prime Minister in Prussia? View the step-by-step solution to: Who was Hitler's Prime Minister in Prussia? This question was answered on May 24, 2016. View the Answer Who was Hitler's Prime Minister in Prussia? ....................................................................... broadmind720                                                   posted a question · May 24, 2016 at 12:12am Top Answer josewriter23 answered the question · May 24, 2016 at 12:13am Other Answers Attached is a detailed explanation... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29703067) ]} The best way to approach your question... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29703071) ]} The best way to approach your question... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29703087) ]} The way to approach this... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29703096) ]} MrSolution answered the question · May 24, 2016 at 12:15am Hermann Wilhelm Göring ( 12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946) was a German politician, military leader, and leading member... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29703183) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions Need an US History tutor? mathtutor1983 2 US History experts found online! Average reply time is                       less than an hour Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!


Vehicles from which country use the international registration letter L?

Vehicle documents required for international road haulage - GOV.UK GOV.UK Vehicle documents required for international road haulage From: Vehicle documents drivers need to legally cross international borders in a UK-registered vehicle. Contents Further Information When you drive a goods vehicle from one country to another, you must make sure that you have certain documents on board. This guide provides information about the documents you will need as a driver to make sure that your vehicle is legally able to cross international borders. Vehicle registration documents If you take a UK-registered vehicle out of the country for less than 12 months, you must take documentation to show that you are authorised to possess the vehicle. This means you must carry the original Vehicle Registration Certificate (V5C) with you. If you have not received the V5C certificate, or the original has been lost, stolen or defaced, you can download the application for a vehicle registration certificate (V62) . If you take your vehicle out of the UK for more than 12 months (permanent export), you must notify the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency ( DVLA ) by completing the purple section, part 11 (V5C/4) of the VC5. It’s important that you take your registration certificate with you as you may have to hand it to the relevant authority when the vehicle is registered abroad. Read about taking a vehicle out of the UK permanently or temporarily . If your vehicle is hired or leased, the supplier company is unlikely to let you have the original VC5. Instead you can apply for a Vehicle on Hire Certificate (VE103). This certificate is authenticated proof of permission from the owner to take the vehicle abroad. A Vehicle on Hire Certificate is valid for one year and you can buy one from motoring organisations such as: Automobile Association (AA) Road Haulage Association Vehicle insurance documents The basic EU legal requirement is third party vehicle insurance. This covers injury to other people, including your passengers, damage to or loss of other peoples’ property resulting from an accident caused by you. It doesn’t cover any costs incurred by you as a result of an accident. Third party, fire and theft provides the same cover as third party but also includes fire damage and theft of the vehicle. Fully comprehensive provides the same cover as third party, fire and theft and additionally covers any damage to your vehicle. Every motor insurance policy issued in the EU must provide the minimum insurance cover required by law in any other EU country. Green Card In many countries, even those within the EU where a UK insurance certificate is acceptable, you may be asked to produce a Green Card. The Green Card is not an insurance cover. It simply provides proof, in those countries where the Green Card is valid, that the minimum third party liability cover required by law in the visited country is in force. If your insurers aren’t able to issue a Green Card, you can find alternative suppliers on the MIB website . The MIB operates the Green Card system in the UK. Insurance for goods in transit In some countries, you may need to produce a certificate of insurance for the goods carried to avoid paying a premium. See the guide on moving goods by road . It’s also important to ensure that the risk of goods being damaged, delayed, perished, lost or stolen in transit is properly managed. See the guide on transport insurance . Goods vehicle operator’s licence To transport goods abroad in an HGV for hire or reward you must have a standard international operators licence. This allows you to carry goods both in the UK and on international journeys. The licence comes into force once the fee has been paid and the licence documents are issued. Providing the 5 yearly renewal fee is paid and there are no infringements, the licence lasts indefinitely. Identity discs are also issued and must be displayed in each specified motor vehicle. The identity discs show the: operator’s name type of licence Community licences A valid Community Licence is required for all hire or reward op


Where in England is the location of the Glastonbury Festival?

Glastonbury Festival 2017 in Pilton, United Kingdom | Everfest Location Worthy Farm Summer’s arrival is celebrated in small ways around the world, but at the Glastonbury festival , the solstice gets a grand welcome. This music festival has a lineup of some of the world’s most talented artists, from up-and-comers to mega stars, and the crowd is composed of everyone from hippies to hipsters. Pack your rain boots, pitch a tent, and get ready for one of the muddiest, most musical weekends of your life. Glastonbury Festival - A Star is Born What happens when you take a farmer, 14 of his closest friends, the magic of Led Zeppelin and throw them all together? You get the Pilton Festival , the original Glastonbury. Organized by Michael Eavis after he saw the aforementioned band at the Bath Music Festival, the Pilton couldn’t have kicked off on a more auspicious day—September 19, 1970, 2 days after the death of Jimi Hendrix. Modeled after the hippie idealism of festivals like Woodstock and Isle of Wight, the Pilton drew 1,500 attendees and a diverse array of acts including glam rock legend T. Rex. You could say the festival started organically; Eavis paid the bands in installments from his dairy farm’s milk sales. Glastonbury festival has grown since then, and every year on the weekend closest to the summer solstice, as many as 150,000 people create something akin to a small town amidst undeveloped land and dairy farms. Think Coachella , only with more feel-good camaraderie. The festival might be volunteer-run, but it’s organized as strictly as any other major festival and raises millions of dollars for charity. Caught in the Acts At its core, Glastonbury is a music festival, and there’s quite a bit to check out. You’ll catch lineups with big-banner acts like Bob Dylan, David Bowie, Stevie Wonder, and Beyoncé, but don’t miss the chance to discover the next big thing (this is where The Smiths wowed the audience in 1984, catapulting them to fame). The Dance, Other, and Pyramid stages are the most popular; the festival says they’re “like London’s party-going West End on a Saturday night.” Music might be the focus, but there’s a lot more going on in these 900 idyllic countryside acres than just concerts. Revelers can pray at sunrise around a stone circle in a verdant meadow at the Sacred Space, which might be something you’d never do back home, but here it can be a gloriously powerful experience. In Lost Vagueness, you can participate in a mass marriage inside the Chapel of Loathe, or don period clothing before setting off to the Slip Roller Disco or Lost Luck Casino. On the mellower side, check out Jazzworld and the Acoustic stage. The level of production is also worth mentioning. Besides the huge stages with their immense sound and lighting, there are also areas such as Block 9 - specially built by talented teams of creatives to make the whole experience even more immersive and unforgettable. For instance, one of the stages is located inside the facade of a British tower block, which has a London tube train smashed into its front. Insane. Pitch a Tent at Glastonbury Glastonbury is a camping trip for most, and with England’s wet summers, things can get a little muddy. Look at the weather forecast and bring rain gear just in case. If you’re pitching a tent, arrive early so you have options. The best spots are on the uphill side (rain flows downhill, obviously). If you want to be in the middle of things, set up near the Pyramid stage. If you’re looking for a little more tranquility, head south toward the Green Fields. And, don’t forget to mark your camp somehow (lights or a flag work well); when you’ve had a couple drinks, danced all night and it’s dark out, it could mean the difference between sleeping in your tent or on a random patch of grass. The good news about the festival is that it offers something for everyone. The bad news is that it sells out fast. Just try to make sure you're on the ball with this one as it really is not to be missed. This festival page has not been verified. If you are the organizer, verify it here. Everf


The Channel Islands are in which Channel?

Channel Islands National Park (U.S. National Park Service) Contact Us Close to the California Mainland...Yet Worlds Apart Channel Islands National Park encompasses five remarkable islands and their ocean environment, preserving and protecting a wealth of natural and cultural resources. Isolation over thousands of years has created unique animals, plants, and archeological resources found nowhere else on Earth and helped preserve a place where visitors can experience coastal southern California as it once was. Read More


The French region of Grasse is famous for making what?

Grasse France travel and tourism, attractions and sightseeing and Grasse reviews PHOTO GALLERY MAP & PLACES TO VISIT Grasse is situated 16 km north of Cannes in southern Provence. The town was originally best known as a centre for leather tanners, but this gave way to perfume production, for which the town is still famous today. There is an International Museum of Perfume here and four important perfume producers are still based in the town and can be visited. But there is much more to Grasse than perfume... Explore Grasse Grasse is a pleasant and quite a sizable town, with the old town and the region around Place aux Aires a good place to start your visit. The old town is the highlight in Grasse and has numerous ancient buildings and a great deal of character - it is very much a traditional Provencal town despite being such a popular tourist destination,and the old town is one of the most extensive in Provence, not unlike the old town in Nice . Many of the tall narrow houses are painted in pastel orange colours to brighten the narrow streets, and there are numerous shops, cafes and restaurants in the open squares that you will discover as you explore. One slightly curious feature to Grasse - while the town centre is impeccable, if you wander 100 metres off the well-trodden tourist path you find yourself in a different environment, much more 'down to earth' with original 'unpainted' houses along alleys with washing hanging out to dry - a different experience altogether to the 'tourist centre'. It is true that you will also come across rather more run-down areas in the old town and some of the streets are, if not intimidating then at least sufficient to make you think you are in a genuine old town rather than a tourist destination! Among the places of particular historical importance in Grasse are: - the 12th century Cathedral Notre-Dame-de-Puy is worth a visit. It is the most important historical monument in Grasse and dominated by a tall square belltower added in the 18th century. The cathedral also contains three paintings by Rubens. - adjacent to the cathedral is the town hall - don't miss the interior courtyard, with its decorative fountain, and the view across the town centre, while behind the cathedral there are open views north across the surrounding hills - the stone square tower close to here is the Sarrasin tower and was originally the watchtower for Grasse A daily market is held in the main arcaded square in the center of Grasse. There are two Grasse tourist offices but neither is in the old town - both are on the broad boulevard that runs along the north-west side of the historical centre, one near the Palais de Congress and the other a few hundred metres along the same road (remember I told you, otherwise they are hard to find - without the map from the tourist office...!) Unfortunately the map the tourist office  provide is also missing many street and place names and largely incomprehensible because the writing is too small to read...but it does include information about where to find some of the more interesting little highlights so still worth getting hold of. Museums As well as the popular Museum of Perfume there is also a museum celebrating Art in Provence, and others dedicated to Marine activities and the Fragonard perfume company. Grasse Perfume Grasse has had a prospering perfume industry since the end of the 18th century - Grasse is the center of the French perfume industry and is known as the world's perfume capital (la capitale mondiale des parfums). It produces over two-thirds of France's natural aromas (for perfume and for food flavourings). This industry turns over more than 600 million euros a year. Grasse's particular microclimate encouraged the flower farming industry. It is warm and far enough inland to be sheltered from the sea air. There is an abundance of water thanks to its situation in the hills, and the 1860 construction of the Siagne canal for irrigation purposes. The town is 350 m above sea level and 20 km from the Coast (Côte d'Azur). Jasmine, a key ingredient of many perfumes, wa


Which was the last country in mainland Europe to switch from driving on the left?

BBC NEWS | UK | Magazine | Could the UK drive on the right? Could the UK drive on the right? By Tom Geoghegan BBC News Magazine Motorists in Samoa have switched the side of the road they drive on, overnight. It's a move that Britain has considered - but how would it work? It's the kind of interview question that has reduced confident job seekers to quivering wrecks. Imagine you are the minister in charge of the UK's roads and you have to switch the country to driving on the right-hand side. How would you do it? A study of Samoa, in the South Pacific, this week might offer some clues. The country is experiencing its first day of driving on the left on Monday, the start of a special two-day bank holiday to ease Samoans into the new regime. WHY THE RIGHT/LEFT SPLIT? In the pre-industrial era, horses kept to the left so riders could draw their sword Napoleon changed Europe to the right The US followed France See which countries drive where What if the UK were to follow? Driving on the right would make trips to the European mainland easier, when taking or hiring a car. And cars with steering wheels on the left could be cheaper. The idea is not as fanciful as it sounds. Although the Department for Transport says it has no plans to change, it did examine such a plan in the late 1960s, two years after Sweden successfully switched to driving on the right. Its report rejected the idea on grounds of safety and costs. But that was before Britain's entry into the European Union and the opening of the Channel Tunnel, which for the first time established a land link between Britain and the Continent. So, if the UK was to think again about a switch, what would be the key issues? SIGNS & JUNCTIONS Road markings and roadside signs would have to be switched to the other side of the road, but ready in advance of the day of change, in a huge logistical exercise. One-way streets would have to be reconfigured and traffic lights with filters changed, says Paul Watters of the AA. To get an idea of the cost, changing signs from miles to kilometres alone was estimated at £750m, he adds. Japan is also left-hand side The biggest engineering issue would be highway building, says Benjamin Heydecker of the Centre for Transport Studies at University College London. About one in 10 motorway junctions is asymmetric or incomplete, so would need to be dug up and rebuilt. "Motorway signs would have to be turned round and repositioned, so approaches to junctions would not be in the same place." Accident blackspots would all need looking at too, because the signs there are site-specific and so would need to change. ADJUSTING SLIP ROADS "Entrance and exits to motorways are not symmetrical either, so there would be consequences there too," says Mr Heydecker. Slip roads that were deceleration lanes would suddenly be used for accelerating, so their lengths would need to be extended; and vice versa. EDUCATING DRIVERS Although many motorists would be used to driving on the right - thanks to trips abroad - a comprehensive retraining programme would be needed, according to Mr Heydecker. Particular emphasis would be put on negotiating roundabouts (which would run anti-clockwise) and left-hand turns, which would require cutting across oncoming traffic. After years of driving, habits are well entrenched and it might take more than a few lessons to get used to the new arrangements. But where could "learners" practise, before the switch? CAR STEERING WHEELS & BUS DOORS Making life even harder for motorists is the fixed right-hand driver's position of cars sold in the UK - suddenly drivers would find themselves further away from the centre of the road. Over time British drivers would buy cars with left-hand steering, so they would be changing gears with their right hands. The global manufacturing of cars would be simplified if all countries were to opt for left-hand steering, says Mr Heydecker. "If cars were all manufactured the same way, it would reduce the cost of design and improve the quality of vehicles." Public service vehicles like buses would also have to undergo a


By the end of the 80s, what percentage of British households had two cars?

Life in the 20th Century DAILY LIFE IN BRITAIN IN THE 20TH CENTURY By Tim Lambert There were two sides to the 20th century. On the one hand there were severe recessions in the early 1930s and in the 1980s and 1990s. There were also two terrible world wars. On the other hand there was a vast improvement in the standard of living of ordinary people. Life expectancy also rose. In 1900 in Britain it was about 47 for a man and 50 for a woman. By the end of the century it was about 75 and 80. Life was also greatly improved by new inventions. Even during the depression of the 1930s things improved for most of the people who had a job. Real incomes rose significantly during the decade. The same was true of the 1980s. Society in 20th Century Britain British society changed greatly during the 20th century. In 1914 only about 20% of the population was middle class. By 1939 the figure was about 30%. In the late 20th century the number of 'blue collar' or manual workers declined rapidly but the number of 'white collar' workers in offices and service industries increased rapidly. In the 1950s large numbers of West Indians arrived in Britain. Also from the 1950s many Asians came. In the late 20th century Britain became a multi-cultural society. There was another change in British society. In the late 20th century divorce and single parent families became much more common. Also, in the 1950s young people had significant disposable income for the first time. A distinct 'youth culture' emerged, first with teddy boys, then in the 1960s with mods and rockers and in the late 1970s with punks and also with rock music. A revolution in music was led by Elvis Presley and Bill Hayley. The history of English society Women in the 20th Century In 1918 in Britain women over 30 were allowed to vote. More occupations were opened to women during the 20th century. The first policewomen in Britain went on duty in 1914. The 1919 Sex Disqualification Removal Act allowed women to become lawyers, vets and civil servants. (The first female solicitor was Carrie Morrison in 1922). Also in 1922 Irene Barclay became the first female chartered surveyor. Nevertheless in the early 20th century it was unusual for married women to work (except in wartime). However in the 1950s and 1960s it became common for them to do so - at least part-time. New technology in the home made it easier for women to do paid work. Before the 20th century housework was so time consuming married women did not have time to work. Manufacturing became less important and service industries grew creating more opportunities for women. In 1970 the law was changed so women had to be paid the same wages as men. In 1973 women were admitted to the stock exchange. From 1975 it was made illegal to sack women for becoming pregnant. Also in 1975 the Sex Discrimination Act made it illegal to discriminate against women in employment, education and training. In 1984 a new law stated that equal pay must be given for work of equal value. Work and Industry in 20th Century Britain In the years 1900-1914 the British economy was stable and unemployment was quite low. However during the 1920s there was mass unemployment. For most of the decade it hovered between 10% and 12%. Then, in the early 1930s, the British economy was struck by depression. By the start of 1933 unemployment among insured workers was 22.8%. However unemployment fell substantially in 1933, 1934 and 1935. By January 1936 it stood at 13.9%. Unemployment continued to fall and by 1938 it was around 10%. However although a partial recovery took place in the mid and late 1930s there were semi-permanent depression areas in the North of England, Scotland and South Wales. On the other hand new industries such as car and aircraft making and electronics prospered in the Midlands and the South of England where unemployment was relatively low. The problems of depression and high unemployment were only really solved by the Second World War, which started industry booming again. Unemployment remained very low in the late 1940s and the 1950s and 1960s were a lon


In which year did Britain's lease on Hong Kong officially expire? View the step-by-step solution to: In which year did Britain's lease on Hong Kong officially expire? This question was answered on May 23, 2016. View the Answer In which year did Britain's lease on Hong Kong officially expire? masfatjr265                                                   posted a question · May 23, 2016 at 11:34pm Top Answer Attached is a detailed explanation... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29702539) ]} josewriter23 answered the question · May 23, 2016 at 11:34pm Other Answers Here is the answer... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29702534) ]} Here is the solution... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29702597) ]} brainetom answered the question · May 23, 2016 at 11:38pm August 1997. Hong Kong consists of Hong Kong Island (ceded by China to Britain in 1842), the... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29702692) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions which year did the united states of america gain its independence? Recently Asked Questions Need an US History tutor? Ntidai5 8 US History experts found online! Average reply time is                       1 min Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. 890,990,898 Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! 890,990,898 Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!


Which Norwegian explorer did Robert Feary beat to the North Pole? View the step-by-step solution to: Which Norwegian explorer did Robert Feary beat to the North Pole? This question was answered on May 23, 2016. View the Answer Which Norwegian explorer did Robert Feary beat to the North Pole? yemen67                                                   posted a question · May 23, 2016 at 11:31pm Top Answer Here is the answer... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29702502) ]} josewriter23 answered the question · May 23, 2016 at 11:32pm Other Answers Here is a detailed explanation... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29702499) ]} Here is a detailed explanation... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29702515) ]} {[ getNetScore(29702519) ]} brainetom answered the question · May 23, 2016 at 11:33pm Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen ( 16 July 1872 – c. 18 June 1928) was a Norwegian explorer of polar regions. He led... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29702733) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions Need an Ancient History tutor? brightkesenwa 50 Ancient History experts found online! Average reply time is                       1 min Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!


"""A bridge too far"" referred to airborne landings in which country?"

A bridge too far | History Extra Directory A bridge too far On the 65th anniversary of Operation Market Garden Rob Attar looks back at this daring attempt to bring the Second World War to an early end in the Netherlands Sunday 25th October 2009 BBC History Magazine - 5 issues for £5 A young Dutch girl looked up at the sky on the afternoon of Sunday 17 September 1944 and exclaimed in surprise, “Jesus is throwing people out of heaven!” What she was in fact witnessing was one of the parachute drops that kicked off Operation Market Garden, an audacious and ultimately disastrous Allied plan to smash through the German defences in the Netherlands and win the war by Christmas. Having exceeded their expectations for the campaigns in Normandy and liberated Paris, the Allies were keen to finish off Nazi Germany as quickly as possible. Supreme Allied Commander Dwight Eisenhower favoured a broad assault but Field Marshal Montgomery proposed a more nimble thrust through the Netherlands that would enable Allied forces to bypass much of the defensive Siegfried Line and swing into Germany from the north. To achieve success in such an operation, the Allies would require not only to defeat any Germans in the area but also get across the Rhine and other waterways that criss-crossed the Dutch landscape. Montgomery’s ambitious solution was to drop thousands of Allied paratroopers dozens of miles behind enemy lines where they would secure the necessary bridges to allow a simultaneous ground attack to make progress. For the typically cautious Montgomery, it was an uncharacteristically bold idea and one that stunned US General Omar Bradley, who remarked after seeing the proposals: “If the teetotal Montgomery had wobbled into my headquarters reeking of whisky, I couldn’t have been more surprised.” For Montgomery however it offered an opportunity to get himself back into the forefront of the action and for this he was prepared to embark on a risky operation. Eisenhower was sufficiently convinced to allow Market Garden to take priority of supplies. The operation was hastily conceived, ready for execution in mid-September 1944, just over two months after D-Day. It was to be the biggest airborne assault of all time. For the Market half of the operation the American 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions would secure crossings close to the towns of Nijmegen and Eindhoven respectively. Meanwhile the 1st British Airborne Division would be dropped close to Arnhem where they would need to seize the town’s bridge at the furthest extent of the Allied push. The Garden half would involve a surge by the British XXX Corps along the road into the Netherlands to link up first with the American paratroopers and then finally with the British who should be holding the Arnhem bridge. After defeating the Germans in Normandy the Allies were in confident mood prior to the start of the operation. Corporal Bob Allen later recalled: “A little German armour was reputed to be refitting in the Arnhem area. But morale was sky high. Most of us were straining at the leash to get into battle.” Despite Allen’s bullishness, Operation Market Garden was by no means guaranteed to succeed. For such a daring plan to work virtually everything would have to go as planned. Dropping in on the Germans The American 101st Airborne under General Maxwell Taylor were responsible for the Eindhoven area. After landing they secured virtually all their objectives except for the bridge at Son, which was demolished before they could arrive, causing delays while a replacement was hastily erected. Their fellow Americans of the 82nd Airborne were commanded by the youthful General James Gavin. They initially made good progress but were barred from taking the vital road bridge at Nijmegen by strong German resistance. One of the problems was that the paratroopers had been dropped several miles from their targets in order to land them on safer, better ground. This meant that the Germans had extra time to react to the situation and deploy more effective counter-measures. The British 1st Airborne, led by Major Gene


Who founded the Cubism movement with Picasso?

Cubism Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story Resources Quotes "Cubism is not a reality you can take in your hand. It's more like a perfume, in front of you, behind you, to the sides, the scent is everywhere but you don't quite know where it comes from." Pablo Picasso "The goal I proposed myself in making cubism? To paint and nothing more... with a method linked only to my thought.. Neither the good nor the true; neither the useful nor the useless." Pablo Picasso "What greatly attracted me - and it was the main line of advance of Cubism - was how to give material expression to this new space of which I had an inkling. So I began to paint chiefly still lifes, because in nature there is a tactile, I would almost say a manual space... that was the earliest Cubist painting - the quest for space." Georges Braque "If I have called Cubism a new order, it is without any revolutionary ideas or any reactionary ideas... One cannot escape from one's own epoch, however revolutionary one may be." Georges Braque "Cubism is moving around an object to seize several successive appearances, which fused in a single image, reconstitute it in time." Juan Gris "It was a tradition to represent a dancer frozen in a chosen position, like a snapshot. I broke away from this tradition by superimposing postures, blending light and motion and scrambling the planes." Sonia Delaunay "Enormous enlargements of an object or a fragment give it a personality it never had before, and in this way, it can become a vehicle of entirely new lyric and plastic power." Fernand Léger "Let the picture imitate nothing; let it nakedly present its raison d'etre." Jean Metzinger "Whether it is Juan Gris taking objects apart, Picasso replacing them with objects of his own invention, or another who replaces conical perspective by a system based on the relations between perpendiculars, all that only goes to show that Cubism was not at all born out of an authoritative theory [mot d'ordre]; that it only marked among a few painters the will to be finished with an art that never ought to have survived the condemnation pronounced upon it by Pascal." Jean Metzinger "Cubism was an attack on the perspective that had been known and used for 500 years. It was the first big, big change. It confused people: they said, 'Things don't look like that!'" David Hockney "He commenced the long struggle not to express what he could see but not to express the things he did not see, that is to say the things everybody is certain of seeing but which they do not really see." Gertrude Stein, on Picasso's early art "I have transformed myself in the zero of form and fished myself out of the rubbishy slough of Academic Art. I have destroyed the circle of the horizon and escaped from the circle of objects, the horizon-ring that has imprisoned the artist and the forms from nature. The square is not a subconscious form. It is the creation of intuitive reason. The face of the new art. The square is the living, royal infant. It is the first step of pure creation in art." Kazimir Malevich Like The Art Story on Facebook Beginnings A watershed moment for the development of Cubism was the posthumous retrospective of Paul Cézanne's work at the Salon d'Automne in 1907. Cézanne's use of generic forms to simplify nature was incredibly influential to both Picasso and Braque. In the previous year, Picasso was also introduced to non-Western art: seeing Iberian art in Spain, and African-influenced art by Matisse, and at the Trocadero anthropological museum. What drew Picasso to these artistic traditions was their use of an abstract or simplified representation of the human body rather than the naturalistic forms of the European Renaissance tradition. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The Breakthrough: Les Demoiselles d'Avignon These varying influences can be seen in Picasso's groundbreaking work of 1907, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, which is considered a work of proto or pre-Cubism. In its radical distortion of figures, its rendering of volumes


"What is the name shared by the currency units of ""Algeria and Tunisia?"

TND - Tunisian Dinar rates, news, and tools TND - Tunisian Dinar Tunisia, Dinar The Tunisian Dinar is the currency of Tunisia. Our currency rankings show that the most popular Tunisia Dinar exchange rate is the TND to EUR rate . The currency code for Dinars is TND. Below, you'll find Tunisian Dinar rates and a currency converter. You can also subscribe to our currency newsletters with daily rates and analysis, read the XE Currency Blog , or take TND rates on the go with our XE Currency Apps and website.


Mount Toubkai is the highest peak of which range of mountains?

Trekking in Morocco Mt Toubkal 4167m is calling you! We will offer all you need to spend a perfect and a lifetime experience that you have never imagined. We are passionate about trekking in Morocco , and there is no better way to discover Atlas Mountains, its culture, and meet its people, than on foot! Whether you’re travelling in our small guided groups, alone or with friends, our hand picked programs ensure you’ll have an amazing trek!             Come & Trekking in Morocco with us! One of the best trekking areas in Morocco is Toubkal region. As you know, Mt Toubkal is the highest peak in North Africa and in Morocco. It is not that far away from Marrakech city. It takes around 1h30 drive to Imlil valley which is the closer starting point of trekking tours towards this highest peak in Morocco. You would need at least 2 days so as to climb up Mt Toubkal, but this is possible if you are fit enough; otherwise it would be better to opt for the 3 days trek which will give enough time to acclimitize and relax after the climb! In addition to trekking in toubkal, you can do other outdoor activities such as mountain biking which can be done from 1 day trip up to 6 days mountain biking around the high atlas mountains and berber villages & valleys. Moreover, you can do ski touring in the high atlas mountains in winter time from end of December till March; we have off piste skiing tours from 2 days up to 6 days skiing in toubkal area. We have other outdoor activities such as horse riding & camel riding in high atlas mountains; we have days trips or long trips too! Another thing, Toubkal area is not the only region where we run our tours, but there are other nice places too such as Mt Mgoun, Mt Siroua, Mt Saghro, Sahara, and Imperial cities!   HIGH ATLAS MOUNTAINS Morocco Trekking Trekking through Atlas Mountains in Morocco. The High Atlas is one of three components of the chain of the Moroccan's Atlas. This marks a massive climatic border between the lands of the ocean and those of Moroccan desert , because beyond the High Atlas, the arid expanses of the Sahara begins. Highlight and emblematic site in the region, Jebel Toubkal peaks at over 4000 meters altitude, a visible peak from Marrakech! The High Atlas divides itself into various more or less ancient geological areas and landscapes of this region are as rich and varied between spectacular formation born of chaos reliefs to plateaus and valleys cultivated by the Berber population, who inhabited these places for thousands of years. The Moroccan Sahara is mainly made up of a big rocky plain, which runs from the feet of the Atlantis on the North/East almost to the Atlantic coast, south of Agadir. In Morocco, the desert moves smoothly, the Draa Valley or Wadi Ziz strung a string of villages and lush palm groves, before losing in the dunes of the erg (Chebbi or labidia), which lie at the foot highland last relief before Algeria.Even within the desert you can enjoy different landscapes: the dry, thorny plain where jackals and camels live, the Sahara desert: reign of scorpions and snakes or the northern oasis full of bustle and life. The choice is yours. Trekking in Morocco's sahara is a lifetime experience! A trip to the Sahara desert is definitely an experience everyone should do at least once in his life. The beauty of the desert, its contrasts, its colors, its silence, many memories you will never forget. You walk on foot in the desert with camels carrying your luggage and supplies , and a professional guide as well as a cook who prepares delicious food for your everyday. It is a marvellous experience, just give it a try! come & join us in trekking in morocco's desert in winter time!


Which South African politician won the Nobel peace Prize in 1960?

The Nobel Peace Prize 1960 - Presentation Speech Presentation Speech The Nobel Peace Prize 1960 Albert Lutuli Award Ceremony Speech Presentation Speech by Gunnar Jahn * , Chairman of the Nobel Committee This year the Nobel  Committee of the Norwegian Parliament has awarded two Peace  Prizes. The prize for 1960 goes to Albert John Lutuli, and the  prize for 1961 is awarded posthumously to Dag  Hammarskjöld. In many respects these two recipients differ widely. Albert John  Lutuli's life and work have been molded by the pattern of the  African tribal community and by the influence of Christianity,  while Dag Hammarskjöld's were a product of Western culture.  Lutuli's activities have been, and are, confined to his own  country, while Dag Hammarskjöld worked in the international  sphere. Yet despite these differences, they had one thing in  common: both fought to implant the idea of justice in the  individual, in the nation, and among the nations; or we might put  it like this: they fought for the ideals expressed in the  declaration of human rights embodied in the Charter of  the United Nations. Albert John Lutuli was born in 1898. He comes from a long line of  Zulu chiefs, but he was influenced by Christianity in his school  days and in his later education, first in the American mission  school he attended and afterwards during his training as a  teacher. After passing his examination at Adams College in Natal,  he became a faculty member of the college, where he taught, among  other subjects, the history of the Zulu people. During his  seventeen years as a teacher, he took no part in the political  life of South Africa. In 1935 a great change took place in Lutuli's life when he was  called to assume the functions of tribal chief. The choice of a  chief must be approved by the state, which pays his salary. It  was on the basis of this authority that the government was able  to remove him in 1952. His seventeen years as a chief brought him  daily contact with the individual members of the tribal  community, as well as an active part in the work of the Christian  church in South Africa, in India, and in the United States. Both as a teacher and later as a chief, Lutuli did outstanding  work. He took his duties as chief very seriously and in doing so  won the affection of his tribe. He endeavored to blend its  ancient culture with the precepts of Christianity and to promote  its economic welfare in various ways - for example, by  introducing new methods of sugar production. Describing this period of his life, he tells us: "Previous to  being a chief I was a school teacher for about seventeen years.  In these past thirty years or so, I have striven with tremendous  zeal and patience to work for the progress and welfare of my  people and for their harmonious relations with other sections of  our multiracial society in the Union of South Africa. In this  effort I always pursued the path of moderation. Over this great  length of time I have, year after year, gladly spent hours of my  time with such organizations as the church and its various  agencies, such as the Christian Council of South Africa, the  Joint Council of Europeans and Africans, and the now defunct  Native Representative Council." 1 But it was neither as a teacher, nor as a chief, nor as an active  member of various Christian organizations that he took a focal  position in what was to be his great effort in the post war  years. The forces that induced Albert John Lutuli to abandon his  tranquil educational activities and enter politics were unleashed  by the increasing pressure which the ruling white race exerted on  members of other races in South Africa. In 1944 he became a  member of the African National Congress, an organization founded  in 1912. In 1952 he was elected its president, an office he held  until the Congress was banned in 1960. It is first and foremost  for the work he carried on during these years - from the 1940s to  the present - that we honor him today. To get some idea of Lutuli's achievem


"In which township were 69 demonstrators killed by South ""African police in March 1960?"

The 21 March 1960 Sharpeville Massacre The 21 March 1960 Sharpeville Massacre The 21 March 1960 Sharpeville Massacre The Origin of South Africa's Human Rights Day (Original Caption) 3/21/60-Vereeniging, South Africa: The bodies of dead and wounded lie in the street March 21st, after police opened fire on a crowd of stone-throwing South Africans. They were protesting a law that requires them to carry identification passes at all times.  Bettmann Archive / Getty Images By Alistair Boddy-Evans Updated August 21, 2016. On 21 March 1960 at least 180 black Africans were injured (there are claims of as many as 300) and 69 killed when South African police opened fire on approximately 300 demonstrators, who were protesting against the pass laws, at the township of Sharpeville , near Vereeniging in the Transvaal. In similar demonstrations at the police station in Vanderbijlpark , another person was shot. Later that day at Langa, a township outside Cape Town , police baton charged and fired tear gas at the gathered protesters, shooting three and injuring several others. The Sharpeville Massacre , as the event has become known, signaled the start of armed resistance in South Africa, and prompted worldwide condemnation of South Africa's Apartheid policies . Build-up to the Massacre On 13 May 1902 the treaty which ended the Anglo-Boer War was signed at Vereeniging; it signified a new era of cooperation between English and Afrikaner living in Southern Africa. By 1910, the two Afrikaner states of Orange River Colony (Oranje Vrij Staat) and Transvaal (Zuid Afrikaansche Republick) were joined with Cape Colony and Natal as the Union of South Africa. continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge The repression of black Africans became entrenched in the constitution of the new union (although perhaps not intentionally) and the foundations of Grand Apartheid were laid. After the Second World War the Herstigte ('Reformed' or 'Pure') National Party (HNP) came into power (by a slender majority, created through a coalition with the otherwise insignificant Afrikaner Party ) in 1948. Its members had been disaffected from the previous government, the United Party, in 1933, and had smarted at the government's accord with Britain during the war. Within a year the Mixed Marriages Act was instituted – the first of many segregationist laws devised to separate privileged white South Africans from the black African masses. By 1958, with the election of Hendrik Verwoerd , (white) South Africa was completely entrenched in the philosophy of Apartheid. There was opposition to the government's policies. The African National Congress (ANC) was working within the law against all forms of racial discrimination in South Africa. In 1956 had committed itself to a South Africa which "belongs to all." A peaceful demonstration in June that same year, at which the ANC (and other anti-Apartheid groups) approved the Freedom Charter , led to the arrest of 156 anti-Apartheid leaders and the 'Treason Trial' which lasted until 1961. By the late 1950s, some of ANCs members had become disillusioned with the 'peaceful' response. Known as 'Africanists' this select group was opposed to a multi-racial future for South Africa. The Africanists followed a philosophy that a racially assertive sense of nationalism was needed to mobilize the masses, and they advocated a strategy of mass action (boycotts, strikes, civil disobedience and non-cooperation). The Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) was formed in April 1959, with Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe as president. The PAC and ANC did not agree on policy, and it seemed unlikely in 1959 that they would co-operate in any manner. The ANC planned a campaign of demonstration against the pass laws to start at the beginning of April 1960. The PAC rushed ahead and announced a similar demonstration, to start ten days earlier, effectively hijacking the ANC campaign. The PAC called for "African males in every city and village... to leave their passes at home, join demonstrations and, if arrested, [to] offer no bail, no defence, [and] no