Via Appia is regarded as the first modern what?

Rome Ancient Appian Way, map aerial photos, history, villas for rent Jogging and biking on the Appian Way You can see in the left map of ancient Italy the route of the road. In the initial section, near Rome, it was a highly monumental and scenic road. It then connected thriving towns and regions of Southern Italy, and it finally reached Brindisi, the gateway to Greece and to the East, which where the cradle of Mediterranean civilizations. VILLAS FOR RENT IN THIS AREA Villa in the Appian Way park in Rome : scenic and sophisticated villa with pool, with large garden, ideal for refined parties and weddings, with exquisite catering, for 12-200 persons. It can also host 12 persons in 6 suites. It allows archaeological excursions, and also nearby golf, biking, and tennis. Villa di Fiorano - along the Appian Way near Rome : "Fiorano", an amazing elegant 18th century large             villa, with large park, fountains and swimming pool            - suitable for celebrations, weddings and parties, with fine catering. Only the section near Rome retains the original route and general aspect, after 2,300 years since it was first paved. In this first tract, two parallel contemporary roads run along it, the Appia Pignatelli and the Appia Nuova. Only after the ancient Bovillae (the present Frattocchie) the modern road was paved on the ancient one, and it thus looks like many roads in Italy, although every now and then it is flanked by ancient monuments and ruins. The first, and ancient tract, and its surrounding areas were transformed into an archaeological park, to preserve its historical and natural resources, and its landscape. The park is one of Rome's most acclaimed sights, and it is visited by tourists all year round. With the inception of the park, building within it is strictly forbidden. Only the few pre-existing villas built generally during the 19th and in the early years of the 20th century were condoned and thus authorized to remain. These rare villas are thus highly desirable, as they are surrounded by one of the most spectacular and beautiful parks in the world, rich of archaeological monuments and works of art, practically in Rome's centre. They are rare, and consequently priceless. The above small map gives you an idea of the layout of the archaeological park compared to all Rome's layout. The small brown area is what Romans call "Centro Storico" or "Historical centre", which is encircled by the Aurealian Walls (the "Centre" for tourists). All areas around it within a radius of 3-4 kilometers are still considered "Centre" by Romans. Romans regards all areas within the large ring of Rome still as "Central". To find a villa with garden nowadays you need to go outside the ring. As mentioned, only very few fortunate persons own villas in the Appian Way park, thus not only in the centre, but also surrounded by a most amazing archeological and natural area.   An aerial view of the Circus of Maxentius, and to its left, the House and the Mausoleum of Romulus, the founder of Rome, encircled by rectangular walls. The photo enables a view of the northern area of the park, bordering the "Centro Storico", which is encircled by Marcus Aurelius' Walls. The Appian Way Park appears like a green oasis in Rome's centre.   The right aerial photo shows the Mausoleum of Cecilia Metella, the adjoining Caetani palace, and the ruins of a monastery in front of them (on the other side of the road). The Caetani were a noble family originating from the present Gaeta. They imposed heavy tolls to pass through the Appian Way, which brought over time to the formation of two new parallel roads, the Appia Pignatelli and the Appia Nuova, to bypass the tolls. However, because of this, nowadays we still have a preserved ancient Appian Way.   To the left you can see an aerial view of the Quintilii Villa (Villa dei Quintili). It is situated between the Appian Way road and the present Appia Nuova, on which you find also a museum with the archaeological finds of the area. A team of archaelogists works permanently in this area. N


What was ex-Italian leader Silvio Berlusconi's first criminal conviction (Oct 2012)?

Silvio Berlusconi: Italy's once-untouchable prime minister - BBC News Silvio Berlusconi: Italy's once-untouchable prime minister 14 June 2016 Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Berlusconi dominated Italian politics from the 1990s until 2013 Few Italians have wielded more influence and attracted more notoriety than Silvio Berlusconi, four-time prime minister and billionaire businessman. For years he successfully brushed off sex scandals and allegations of corruption but it was the effects of Italy's burgeoning eurozone debt crisis in 2011 that finally spelt an end to his time at the top table of politics. The charismatic showman was replaced by a technocrat and his centre-right party split. Worse was to come for a man whom many Italians had come to see as untouchable. He was convicted of tax fraud in 2013 and ejected from the Italian Senate. Because of his age, a four-year jail term became a year of community service at a care home near Milan. Another conviction in 2015 and his political career was finally over. For years his looks belied his age, with a little help from hair transplants and plastic surgery. However, after a heart attack that his doctor said could have killed him, he has had heart surgery to replace a defective valve. From crooner to business mogul Berlusconi, 79, remains one of Italy's richest men. He and his family have built a fortune estimated at $6.6bn (£4.6bn; €6.6bn) by US business magazine Forbes . Born on 29 September 1936, Berlusconi lived through the war as a child. Like many Milan children, he was evacuated and lived with his mother in a village some distance from the city. He began his career selling vacuum cleaners and built a reputation as a crooner, first in nightclubs and then on cruise ships. Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Berlusconi's children play a big role in running his business empire: daughter Barbara is vice-president of AC Milan "I had a repertoire of 150 different songs and I took requests from the audience," he told biographer Alan Friedman. He graduated in law in 1961 and then set up Edilnord, a construction company, establishing himself as a residential housing developer around his native Milan. Ten years later he launched a local cable-television outfit - Telemilano - which would grow into Italy's biggest media empire, Mediaset, controlling the country's three largest private TV stations. His huge Fininvest holding company now has Mediaset, Italy's largest publishing house Mondadori, daily newspaper Il Giornale, AC Milan football club and dozens of other companies under its umbrella. His children, Marina, Barbara, Pier Silvio, Eleonora and Luigi all take part in the running of his business empire. Rise and fall of Forza Italia In 1993, Berlusconi founded his own political party, Forza Italia (Go Italy), named after an Italian football chant. The following year he became prime minister, heading a coalition with the right-wing National Alliance and Northern League. Many hoped his business acumen could help revitalise Italy's economy. They longed for a break with the corruption and instability which had marred Italian politics for a decade. Media captionSilvio Berlusconi was a major player in Italian politics for over 20 years But rivalries between the three coalition leaders, coupled with Berlusconi's indictment for alleged tax fraud by a Milan court, confounded those hopes and led to the collapse of the government seven months later. He lost the 1996 election to the left-wing Romano Prodi but by 2001 he was back in power, in coalition once more with his former partners. Having headed the longest-serving Italian government since World War Two, he was again defeated by Mr Prodi in 2006. He returned to office in 2008 at the helm of a revamped party, renamed the People of Freedom (PDL). His support drained away in 2011, as the country's borrowing costs rocketed at the height of the eurozone debt crisis, and he resigned after losing his parliamentary majority. Image copyright AP Image caption He was once hit in the face by a man with psychiatric problems but s


Who created the controversial 66ft statue Verity, loaned to UK seaside town Ilfracombe in 2012?

Mixed reactions on Ilfracombe pier as Damien Hirst's 65ft pregnant woman takes centre stage | Daily Mail Online Share this article Share On one side the woman’s skin is peeled back, revealing her skull, muscles and foetus – bringing accusations that the work is grotesque. It wasn’t long after it arrived that residents took to the internet to voice their opinions. One said: ‘Whatever did Ilfracombe do to deserve this?’ Another added: ‘Why did he have to make her naked? Pregnant women wear clothes most of the time.’ A third said: ‘Melt  it down and get Anthony Gormley to create a suitable sculpture for Ilfracombe, where families spend their holidays.’ Complaints: Some local residents are upset about Verity, calling her obscene and claiming she could encourage teenage pregnancy Crowds: Fascinated people stand and watch as the bronze figure arrived on a huge lorry Gormley’s 66ft Angel of the North was erected in the North-East in 1998. Hirst’s 65ft statue, called Verity, has been loaned to the local authority by the artist for 20 years and will stand by the town’s pier. Dozens  wrote to the council to object, with one saying it would ‘encourage teenage pregnancies’. Another said it was ‘demeaning to women’ while a third claimed it was ‘eccentricity posturing as art’. Resident Jenny Cookson was rather  more blunt: ‘It is a monstrosity,’ she said. Councillors say the statue will boost tourism and improve the town’s image. Verity’s frame is a single piece of stainless steel. The bronze exterior was cast in more than 40 pieces  while the sword and upper arm are made from a single piece of glass fibre reinforced polymer. Standing tall: How the sculpture will look, left, and right, it's controversial artist Damien Hirst, Nearly there: When in place Verity will be taller than the Angel of the North


The attempted assassination of 15 year old Malala Yousafzai by the Taliban, in response to her championing the right of girls to education, took place in what (her home) country?

Malala Yousafzai, Teenage School Activist, Survives Taliban Attack - The New York Times The New York Times Asia Pacific |Taliban Gun Down Girl Who Spoke Up for Rights Search Video Class Dismissed: Malala’s Story A 2009 documentary by Adam B. Ellick profiled Malala Yousafzai, a Pakistani girl whose school was shut down by the Taliban. Ms. Yousafzai was shot by a gunman on Oct. 9, 2012. By Adam B. Ellick and Irfan Ashraf on Publish Date October 9, 2012. . Watch in Times Video » embed KARACHI, Pakistan — At the age of 11, Malala Yousafzai took on the Taliban by giving voice to her dreams. As turbaned fighters swept through her town in northwestern Pakistan in 2009, the tiny schoolgirl spoke out about her passion for education — she wanted to become a doctor, she said — and became a symbol of defiance against Taliban subjugation. On Tuesday, masked Taliban gunmen answered Ms. Yousafzai’s courage with bullets, singling out the 14-year-old on a bus filled with terrified schoolchildren, then shooting her in the head and neck. Two other girls were also wounded in the attack. All three survived, but late on Tuesday doctors said that Ms. Yousafzai was in critical condition at a hospital in Peshawar, with a bullet possibly lodged close to her brain. A Taliban spokesman, Ehsanullah Ehsan, confirmed by phone that Ms. Yousafzai had been the target, calling her crusade for education rights an “obscenity.” “She has become a symbol of Western culture in the area; she was openly propagating it,” Mr. Ehsan said, adding that if she survived, the militants would certainly try to kill her again. “Let this be a lesson.” Advertisement That Ms. Yousafzai’s voice could be deemed a threat to the Taliban — that they could see a schoolgirl’s death as desirable and justifiable — was seen as evidence of both the militants’ brutality and her courage. Photo Pakistani soldiers moved Malala Yousafzai to an army hospital in Peshawar after Pakistani Taliban militants attacked her in the Swat Valley last year. Credit Agence France-Presse — Getty Images “She symbolizes the brave girls of Swat ,” said Samar Minallah, a documentary filmmaker who has worked among Pashtun women. “She knew her voice was important, so she spoke up for the rights of children. Even adults didn’t have a vision like hers.” Ms. Yousafzai came to public attention in 2009 as the Pakistani Taliban swept through Swat, a picturesque valley once famed for its music and tolerance and as a honeymoon destination. Her father ran one of the last schools to defy Taliban orders to end female education. As an 11-year-old, Malala — named after a mythic female figure in Pashtun culture — wrote an anonymous blog documenting her experiences for the BBC. Later, she was the focus of documentaries by The New York Times and other media outlets. “I had a terrible dream yesterday with military helicopters and the Taliban,” she wrote in one post titled “I Am Afraid.” The school was eventually forced to close, and Ms. Yousafzai was forced to flee to Abbottabad, the town where Osama bin Laden was killed last year. Months later, in summer 2009, the Pakistani Army launched a sweeping operation against the Taliban that uprooted an estimated 1.2 million Swat residents. The Taliban were sent packing, or so it seemed, as fighters and their commanders fled into neighboring districts or Afghanistan. An uneasy peace, enforced by a large military presence, settled over the valley. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Ms. Yousafzai grew in prominence, becoming a powerful voice for the rights of children. In 2011, she was nominated for the International Children’s Peace Prize. Later, Yousaf Raza Gilani, the prime minister at the time, awarded her Pakistan’s first National Youth Peace Prize. Photo Malala Yousafzai Credit T. Mughal/European Pressphoto Agency Mature beyond her years, she recently changed her career aspiration to politics, friends said. In recent months, she led a delegation of children’s rights activists, sponsored by Unicef, that made presentations to provincial politicians in Peshawar. “We found her


The astronomical term 'quasi-stellar radio source' is more commonly expressed as what abbreviated word?

AmazingSpace - Glossary Glossary A-B Absolute brightness (absolute magnitude) A measure of the true brightness of an object. The absolute brightness or magnitude of an object is the apparent brightness or magnitude it would have if it were located exactly 32.6 light-years (10 parsecs) away. For example, the apparent brightness of our Sun is much greater than that of the star Rigel in the constellation Orion because it is so close to us. However, if both objects were placed at the same distance from us, Rigel would appear much brighter than our Sun because its absolute brightness is much larger. Absolute zero The coldest possible temperature, at which all molecular motion stops. On the Kelvin temperature scale, this temperature is the zero-point (0 K), which is equivalent to -273°C and -460°F. Absorption The process by which light transfers its energy to matter. For example, a gas cloud can absorb starlight that passes through it. After the starlight passes through the cloud, dark lines called absorption lines appear in the star’s continuous spectrum at wavelengths corresponding to the light-absorbing elements. Absorption line A dark line in a continuous spectrum caused by absorption of light. Each chemical element emits and absorbs radiated energy at specific wavelengths, making it possible to identify the elements present in the atmosphere of a star or other celestial body by analyzing which absorption lines are present. Accelerating universe A model for the universe in which a repulsive force counteracts the attractive force of gravity, driving all the matter in the universe apart at speeds that increase with time. Recent observations of distant supernova explosions suggest that we may live in an accelerating universe. Accretion disk A relatively flat, rapidly rotating disk of gas surrounding a black hole, a newborn star, or any massive object that attracts and swallows matter. Accretion disks around stars are expected to contain dust particles and may show evidence of active planet formation. Beta Pictoris is an example of a star known to have an accretion disk. Active galactic nucleus (AGN) A very bright, compact region found at the center of certain galaxies. The brightness of an active galactic nucleus is thought to come from an accretion disk around a supermassive black hole. The black hole devours matter from the accretion disk, and this infall of matter provides the firepower for quasars, the most luminous type of active galactic nucleus. Active galaxy A galaxy possessing an active galactic nucleus at its center. Advanced Camera For Surveys (ACS) An optical camera aboard the Hubble Space Telescope that uses CCD detectors to make images. The camera covers twice the area, has twice the sharpness, and is up to 10 times more efficient than the telescopes Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2. The ACS wavelength range spans from ultraviolet to near-infrared light. The cameras sharp eye and broader viewing area allow astronomers to study the life cycles of galaxies in the remotest regions of the universe. Astronauts installed the camera aboard the telescope in March 2002, but the camera experienced an electrical short in 2007 that shut down all but one data channel. During Servicing Mission 4 in 2009, astronauts replaced the failed circuit boards and added a new power supply box to restore power to the camera. Afterglow The fading fireball of a gamma-ray burst – a sudden burst of gamma rays from deep space – that is observable in less energetic wavelengths, such as X-ray, optical, and radio. After an initial explosion, an expanding gamma-ray burst slows and sweeps up surrounding material, generating the afterglow, which is visible for several weeks or months. The afterglow is usually extremely faint, making it difficult to locate and study. Alloy A mixture of two or more metals. Brass (a mixture of copper and zinc) and bronze (a mixture of copper and tin) are common alloys. Alpha process A process by which lighter elements capture helium nuclei (alpha particles) to form heavier elements. For example, when a carbon nucleus


The Chalara Fraxinea fungal disease afflicts?

Ash dieback disease discovered in mature woodland in East Anglia | Environment | The Guardian Ash dieback Ash dieback disease discovered in mature woodland in East Anglia Chalara fraxinea found on Woodland Trust land raises fears deadly disease in UK is no longer confined to nursery imports Ash tree in Denmark showing the characteristic signs of dieback caused by the Chalara fraxinea fungus. Photograph: Ditte Christina Olrik Close This article is 4 years old A deadly disease that afflicts ash trees has been discovered for the first time in mature forests in the UK, suggesting it is spreading far faster than expected and raising fears of an outbreak as devastating as the impact of Dutch elm disease in the 1970s and 1990s. The first British cases of ash trees infected by the Chalara fraxinea fungus came to light earlier this year (at sites that included places in Buckinghamshire, Leicestershire and Yorkshire) but these cases were thought confined to nurseries and recent imports, such as saplings received from garden centres. A call went out to ban imports of ash plants and seeds , which experts hoped would contain the disease. But this new discovery dashes those hopes, showing that the disease has gained a toehold in mature forests, which makes it much less likely that the contagion can be held back from spreading across the UK. Conservation campaigners urged the government to hold an emergency summit to discuss how to deal with the problem. Chalara fraxinea causes the leaves of ash trees to turn brown and fall off, and the crown and branches to die back. It is known to kill as many as nine in 10 of the trees it infects, and has devastated forests in other parts of Europe in the past few years, including in Denmark where it has nearly wiped out the ash population, and in Poland where it is believed to have taken hold 20 years ago. Ash is one of the native tree species of the British Isles, making up nearly a third of the forests and other woodland areas. So a disease affecting the species could have a devastating effect on the entire countryside. Two mature woodland areas in the UK are now confirmed to be showing signs of the disease. One is Suffolk on land owned by the Woodland Trust, and one is in Norfolk. The Forestry Commission said it was increasing its efforts to survey other areas for possible evidence of infection. John Morgan, head of the plant health service at the Forestry Commission, said: "We have stepped up our efforts to tackle this disease as a priority. This includes redeploying Forestry Commission staff from their usual duties to survey woods and forests in East Anglia and throughout Great Britain." The Woodland Trust, the conservation charity on whose land one of the infections was found, told the Guardian that ministers should call an emergency summit as soon as possible, to find ways of detecting and then trying to prevent the spread of the fungus. Young plants are most susceptible to the disease, so measures covering the planting of ash and examining saplings should be carried out first. The Forestry Commission has stopped planting ash in its woodlands as a precaution. Morgan said the trees found with the disease could have been infected some time ago, and that further tests were needed. He said: "Scientists from our own Forest Research agency are also carrying out diagnostic tests on a number of other samples from established woodland trees in East Anglia with symptoms indicative of this disease, and we expect the results within a few days. "It is still early days and investigations are continuing, but there is a possibility that the East Anglia outbreak is an isolated one which has been present for some time. This emphasises the importance of preventing spread further afield." As yet, forestry managers are reporting few problems with ash trees. However, the Forestry Commission is sending out more information to ensure managers are aware of the disease and its symptoms. The EU plant health regime is no longer fit for purpose in preventing fatal plant diseases, says the Forestry Commission Published:


The expression 'up to scratch', meaning fit for purpose, derives from a technical rule in what discipline?

Hands Up - definition of Hands Up by The Free Dictionary Hands Up - definition of Hands Up by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Hands+Up n. 1. a. The terminal part of the human arm located below the forearm, used for grasping and holding and consisting of the wrist, palm, four fingers, and an opposable thumb. b. A homologous or similar part in other animals, as the terminal part of the forelimb in certain vertebrates. 2. A unit of length equal to 4 inches (10.2 centimeters), used especially to specify the height of a horse. 3. Something suggesting the shape or function of the human hand, especially: a. Any of the rotating pointers used as indexes on the face of a mechanical clock. b. A pointer, as on a gauge or dial. 4. Printing See index . 5. Lateral direction indicated according to the way in which one is facing: at my right hand. 6. a. A style or individual sample of writing. b. A signature: put my hand to the contract. 7. A round of applause to signify approval. 8. Physical assistance; help: gave me a hand with the bags. 9. hands Sports A hand ball in soccer. 10. Games a. The cards held in a card game by a given player at any time. b. The number of cards dealt each player; the deal. c. A player or participant in a card game: We need a fourth hand for bridge. d. A portion or section of a game during which all the cards dealt out are played: a hand of poker. 11. a. One who performs manual labor: a factory hand. b. One who is part of a group or crew: the ship's hands. 12. A participant in an activity, often one who specializes in a particular activity or pursuit: an old hand at labor negotiations. 13. a. The degree of immediacy of a source of information; degree of reliability: heard the scandalous tale at third hand. b. The strength or force of one's position: negotiated from a strong hand. 14. a. often hands Possession, ownership, or keeping: The books should be in your hands by noon. b. Power; jurisdiction; care: The defendant's fate is in the hands of the jury. Dinner is in the chef's hands. 15. a. Involvement or participation: "In all this was evident the hand of the counterrevolutionaries" (John Reed). b. An influence or effect: The manager had a hand in all major decisions. c. Evidence of craft or artistic skill: can see the hand of a genius even in the lighter poems. 16. An aptitude or ability: I tried my hand at decorating. 17. The aesthetic feel or tactile quality of something, such as a fabric, textile, or carpeting, that indicates its fineness, texture, and durability. 18. A manner or way of performing something: a light hand with makeup. 19. a. Permission or a promise, especially a pledge to wed. b. A commitment or agreement, especially when sealed by a handshake; one's word: You have my hand on that. v. hand·ed, hand·ing, hands v.tr. 1. To give or pass with or as if with the hands; transmit: Hand me your keys. 2. To aid, direct, or conduct with the hands: The usher handed the patron to a reserved seat. 3. Nautical To roll up and secure (a sail); furl. 4. Sports a. To give (the ball) directly to a teammate, as in football. Often used with off. b. To carry, strike, or propel (the ball) with the hand or arm in violation of the rules in soccer. v.intr. Sports To make a handoff, as in football. Often used with off. Phrasal Verbs: 1. To bequeath to one's heirs. 2. To make and pronounce (an official decision, especially a court verdict). hand on To turn over to another. hand out 1. To distribute freely; disseminate. 2. To administer or deal out. hand over To release or relinquish to another. hand up To deliver (an indictment) to a higher judicial authority. Idioms: 2. Soon in time; imminent: Retribution is at hand. 3. Under discussion: Let's keep to the matter at hand. at the hand/hands of By or through the agency of: favors he received at the hands of his uncle. by hand By using the hands; manually. get/lay (one's) hands on To get possession of; acquire or obtain. hand and foot With concerted, never-ending effort: had to wait on them hand and foot. hand in/and glove On intimate terms or in clo


Clawhammer is a playing style most often associated with which instrument?

Clawhammer Banjo - What is it? by Wayne Erbsen - Native Ground 3 Comments I get asked this question now and then, so I thought a little discussion of this vital topic wouldn’t hurt. Used to be, when trying to explain clawhammer banjo, I’d refer to Grandpa Jones, once a star of the TV show Hee Haw. Now that Grandpa Jones has passed on to the barn dance in the sky and Hee Haw is long off the air, it’s hard to think of a national star who plays in this style. But although clawhammer banjo pickers are not found on the front cover of Time or Rolling Stone (not YET anyway), they can be found on front porches and at summer old-time music festivals, usually backing up an old-time fiddler. So what is clawhammer and what distinguishes it from bluegrass banjo? Clawhammer is a rhythmic strumming style whereas bluegrass is a picking style. In clawhammer, the melody is played by the index or middle finger striking down on one or several strings. Following that, the fingers of the right hand strike down on several strings in a three-part rhythm that sounds sort of like the word itself: claw-ham-mer, claw-ham-mer. In bluegrass picking, the fingers pick up on the strings and surround the melody with a swarm of notes called “rolls.” So where did clawhammer banjo come from? The first Americans to play clawhammer banjo (or any banjo style for that matter) were black slaves. They brought both the banjo itself and the way to play it from West Africa. Once in America, the banjo became the instrument most associated with African-Americans. It wasn’t long before White musicians, such as Joel W. Sweeney, were copying the banjo playing styles of African-Americans and teaching them to banjo players far and wide. During this period, clawhammer was often known as the “stroke” style, although it was also known as framming, frailing, banging, thrashing and thumb-cocking the banjo. In the 1840s, a style known as Minstrel Music developed in New York City but soon spread all over the country. Performers such as Daniel D. Emmett dressed in ill-fitting patchwork clothing and smeared their faces with burnt cork to emulate the speech, mannerisms, dances and most importantly, the music of old plantation days. Minstrel shows not only featured banjo picking, but also dances, jokes, stump speeches and skits and was the most popular form of entertainment until well past the turn of the 20th century. Starting in the mid 1920s, on Saturday nights rural folks would hunker down around their old Philco radios to tune in to the most popular program of the day, the Grand Ole Opry. Everybody’s favorite was Uncle Dave Macon, who was billed as  “The Dixie Dewdrop.” A natural-born entertainer, Uncle Dave not only played clawhammer banjo, but he played it in more ways than Carter’s got Little Liver Pills! He picked it, he strummed it, he rapped it, and he even twirled it! Nowadays, most pickers content themselves with playing just one of two styles: clawhammer or bluegrass banjo. Pity. You may be wondering why clawhammer is the poor stepchild of bluegrass banjo pickers, and remains in the shadows of its more famous cousin. There is one short word to explain that: Earl. For those familiar with bluegrass music, “Earl” is short for Earl Scruggs. Starting in the mid-forties, Earl re-energized the banjo with performances on the Grand Ole Opry as part of Bill Monroe’s band, The Blue Grass Boys. After hearing Earl, people from all across the country started to take their grandfather’s old banjo out from under the bed and actually started to play them. Earl’s contribution was in refining and improving a style of three-finger banjo picking that had been played in the early ‘twenties by North Carolina banjo players such as Charlie Poole, Dock Walsh, and others. (See “ The Banjo in North Carolina ” by C.E. Heaton). Earl’s dynamic performances of tunes such as “Foggy Mountain Breakdown” and “Cripple Creek” riveted his fans and started a new wave of interest in picking the banjo with three fingers. In truth, there hasn’t been a banjo player come along in over fifty years who has grabbed p


Accounting for c.30% of total global tax revenues, what form of tax did France introduce in 1954, W Germany 1968, UK 1973 and China 1984?

taxation facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about taxation I. GENERAL Taxation is a general concept for devices used by governments to extract money or other valuable things from people and organizations by the use of law. A tax formula contains at least three elements: the definition of the base, the rate structure, and the identification of the legal taxpayer. The base multiplied by the appropriate rate gives a product, called the tax liability, which is the legal obligation that the taxpayer must meet at specified dates. A tax is identified by the characteristics of its base, such as income in the case of an income tax, the quantity of distilled spirits sold in the case of a liquor tax, and so on. The rate structure may be simple, consisting of one rate applying to the base, such as a specified number of cents per gallon for a tax on gasoline, or complex, for example, varying rates depending upon the size of the base for a tax on personal income. Taxes may be assessed in money or in kind. The government of Communist China imposes taxes on peasants assessed in units of grain produced, and it requires payment in grain itself. In the American Confederacy, because of the deterioration of the Confederate money during the latter phases of the American Civil War, some taxes were assessed and collected in terms of commodities. In American frontier settlements of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the local governments formed by the people in the region commonly imposed taxes by requesting that each adult male work a given number of days constructing community facilities such as roads and schools. The modern-day counterpart of this practice is conscription of men for service in the armed forces, although conscription is not generally considered as a tax. The dominant practice, however, in the contemporary world is the assessment of taxes in money and the settlement of the tax liability by the payment of money. Taxation presupposes private ownership of wealth. If a government owned all wealth in a society, including the wealth embodied in people, it would obtain all income, and there would be nothing to tax. No government has gone to such extremes in concentrating the wealth of a society in its own hands. Even in highly socialized societies, such as the Soviet Union, people are permitted, subject to restrictions, to own themselves, household goods, savings accounts, and money. Taxation therefore becomes feasible. Nevertheless, the more wealth a government itself owns, the less is taxation necessary, because revenue from the management of assets is a substitute for tax receipts. National governments, with the exception of some of the highly socialized countries, typically find themselves on the other side of the ledger, having on balance negative net worths apart from their taxing power. Some local governments in western Europe and the United States have substantial revenues from government-owned facilities such as electric power plants, municipal water facilities, and transport systems. The profits from the management of these facilities are occasionally sufficient to permit a government to dispense with taxation altogether. Taxes are to be distinguished from prices imposed by a government for goods and services that it provides. A price is a money payment made as a condition of obtaining goods or services. It serves as a rationing device provided that the price is positive and provided that the amount of the goods or services the buyer receives in return depends upon the price. If a government supplies water and charges according to the amount of water taken by the buyer, the device is a price and not a tax. Borderline cases arise in two types of circumstances: (1) when a charge is made as a condition of an all-or-none choice, such as a fee for a license for an automobile as a condition of operating the vehicle on any public highway; or (2) when a government imposes a requirement that the citizen use a service and then charges for the service taken, such as a requirement for a passport for for


What make of aircraft is considered the first jet to fly?

1st jet aircraft takes flight, August 27, 1939 | EDN 1st jet aircraft takes flight, August 27, 1939 PRINT PDF EMAIL The turbojet-powered Heinkel He 178, the world's first jet aircraft, took its first flight on August 27, 1939. It was flown by German test pilot Erich Warsitz. The Heinkel He 178 was a private venture by the German Heinkel company in accordance with director Ernst Heinkel's emphasis on developing technology for high-speed flight. The design was based on the work of young engineer Hans von Ohain, who had taken out a patent on using the exhaust from a gas turbine as a means of propulsion. The He 178 was a small, metal aircraft that ran on diesel fuel. The jet intake was in the nose and the plane was fitted with tailwheel undercarriage. The main landing gear was retractable, but remained fixed in "down" position throughout the flight trials. Maximum speed was around 380 mph for the radial-flow turbojet. This maiden flight took place only days before Germany started World War II by invading Poland. The Heinkel company had kept its work secret and expected sales of the aircraft to take off once it made its work publically known. That was not the case. Unbeknownst to the company, the German government had also been working on its own secret projects. It was soon announced that BMW and Junkers were working on "official" axial-flow turbojet engines for the German airforce. Two weeks after Germany invaded Poland, the German airforce ordered aircraft manufacturers to reduce all development work with the exception of development work on jet powered single seaters for fighter aircraft. The He 187 had been moved to an air museum but was destroyed in an air raid in 1943. (See photo of replica above.) Also see:


The process by which cardinals meet to elect a new Pope is called the Papal (what?)?

How Is a New Pope Chosen? How Is a New Pope Chosen?   When a pope dies or resigns, the governance of the Catholic Church passes to the College of Cardinals. Cardinals are bishops and Vatican officials from all over the world, personally chosen by the pope, recognizeable by their distinctive red vestments. Their primary responsibility is to elect a new pope. Following a vacancy in the papacy, the cardinals hold a series of meetings at the Vatican called general congregations. They discuss the needs and the challenges facing the Catholic Church globally. They will also prepare for the upcoming papal election, called a conclave. Decisions that only the pope can make, such as appointing a bishop or convening the Synod of Bishops, must wait till after the election. In the past, they made arrangements for the funeral and burial of the deceased pope. of a bulletin insert on the process of electing a new pope. In the past, 15 to 20 days after a papal vacancy, the cardinals gathered in St. Peter's Basilica for a Mass invoking the guidance of the Holy Spirit in electing a new pope. Only cardinals under the age of 80 are eligible to vote in a conclave. They are known as the cardinal electors, and their number is limited to 120. For the conclave itself, the cardinal electors process to the Sistine Chapel and take an oath of absolute secrecy before sealing the doors. The cardinals vote by secret ballot, processing one by one up to Michelangelo's fresco of the Last Judgment, saying a prayer and dropping the twice-folded ballot in a large chalice. Four rounds of balloting are taken every day until a candidate receives two-thirds of the vote. The result of each ballot are counted aloud and recorded by three cardinals designated as recorders. If no one receives the necessary two-thirds of the vote, the ballots are burned in a stove near the chapel with a mixture of chemicals to produce black smoke. When a cardinal receives the necessary two-thirds vote, the dean of the College of Cardinals asks him if he accepts his election. If he accepts, he chooses a papal name and is dressed in papal vestments before processing out to the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica. The ballots of the final round are burned with chemicals producing white smoke to signal to the world the election of a new pope. The senior cardinal deacon, currently French Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran, announces from the balcony of St. Peter's "Habemus Papam" ("We have a pope") before the new pope processes out and imparts his blessing on the city of Rome and the entire world. ©2017 United States Conference of Catholic Bishops


Macclesfield Pub Quiz League: CUP AND PLATE QUESTIONS FOR TUESDAY 28TH JANUARY CUP AND PLATE QUESTIONS FOR TUESDAY 28TH JANUARY      Questions set by the Waters Green Lemmings and the Bate Horntails. ROUND ONE: Q1: The characters Vladimir and Estragon appear? A: Waiting for Godot. Q2: What relation was Pliny the Younger to Pliny the Elder? A: Nephew. Q3: Which member of the Royal Family is nicknamed “Princess Pushy”?  A: Princess Michael of Kent. Q4: What was the name of Perry Mason’s secretary? A: Della Street. Q5: What famous French film production/newsreel brand, established in 1896, was the first major movie corporation?                                                                                A: Pathé (Pathé Frères - Pathé Brothers) Q6: Which King conferred the title “Royal and Ancient” on the Golf Club at St. Andrews? A: William IV. Q7: In which U.S. state is the vast majority of Yellowstone National Park? A: Wyoming. Q8: Which was the last British group to win the Eurovision Song Contest? A: Katrina and the Waves (in 1997 with Love Shine A Light). Q9: In October 2013, Sebastian Vettel won the F1 Driver’s Championship for the 4th consecutive time, but how many other people have achieved this feat? A: Three: (Juan Manuel Fangio; Alain Prost; Michael Schumacher). Q10: Which country finished third in the 1966 World Cup?                                                                                A: Portugal.                                                       Q11: What was the surname of Art Historian and nun, Sister Wendy?                                                                                A: Becket. Q12: What is the capital of Tajikistan?                                                                                A: Dushanbe. Q13: Which Beatles album followed Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band? A: Magical Mystery Tour. Q14: Which detective was created by W J Burley?  A: Wycliffe. Q15: Which of Enid Blyton’s Famous Five owned Timmy the Dog?                                                                                A: George. Q16: In which prison was the television series “Porridge” set?                                                                                Slade.   Q17: Where in the human body is the radius?                                                                                A: The forearm (accept arm). Q18: To which country do the islands of Spitzbergen belong?                                                                                A: Norway.   Q19: In which year was the Festival of Britain?                                                                                A: 1951. Q20: In whose shop window did Bagpuss sit? A: Emily’s.   Q1: At which English racecourse would you find Devil’s Dyke?                                                                                A: Newmarket. Q2: Which is the largest moon in the Solar System?                                                                                A: Ganymede. Q3: How many Nobel Prizes are usually awarded each year?                                                                                A: Six: (Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, Peace and Economics). Q4: Who was the last King of Italy?


'The Continental Army' became what in 1784?

A Brief Profile of the Continental Army - The Armies of 1783 - 1784 A Brief Profile of the Continental Army © 1999 -- 2008 - John K. Robertson and Bob McDonald THE ARMIES OF 1783 AND 1784 © Don Troiani 1783 would be a year of nearly continuous reductions, reorganizations and unit redesignations. As news, both official and unofficial, of the nearing of peace reached America, the Congress responded by ordering the ongoing contractions of the army. The first day of the new year once again brought the now fully familiar annual reduction. The ever-essential Massachusetts Line remained the largest, being reduced from ten regiments to eight. Its mainstay sister of the Connecticut Line, reduced to only five regiments under the 1781 establishment, now emerged with but three. The once grand Pennsylvania Line, which had exceeded fifteen regiments between 1777 and 1780, had been virtually destroyed by the Morristown mutiny and its bureaucratic mishandling and now remained as only three regiments. Particularly targeted for virtual elimination were the lines serving in the Southern Department. The Delaware Regiment was furloughed with the new year, and the Maryland Line was reduced from three regiments to one. The remnant of the once grand Virginia Line had met virtual elimination, being captured at the disastrous surrender of Charlestown in 1780 and now disappearing entirely with the disbanding of its single regiment at Fort Pitt. The North Carolina Line was similarly slashed from four regiments to only one. Only two months later, a second contraction affected the remaining states� units. Each of these included the differentiation of the battalion, now having a variant meaning from that which the term had had in 1775. Now, a battalion was, essentially, a �demi-regiment�, being designed to reduce a unit below the normal regimental size. The long-traditioned 1st New Hampshire Regiment became The New Hampshire Regiment, while the old 2nd regiment became The New Hampshire Battalion. The Rhode Island Regiment of 1781 was redesignated The Rhode Island Battalion, while the same two modifications made in the New Hampshire Line were made in that of New Jersey. Only three weeks following these March 1 modifications, the final remaining North Carolina regiment was furloughed. Thus, the army which had marched in November 1782 to New Windsor, north of West Point, for its final winter cantonment numbered only about 10,200 officers and men present for duty by the following March. From as early as the mid-summer of 1782, rumors of peace were rife throughout the army. As each proved false, this process of hope and disappointment only added to the boredom and frustration typically associated with the inactivity of a winter cantonment. Even �make busy� projects such as the construction of a major causeway crossing low wetland bisecting the New Windsor camp and of a large meeting hall called the �Temple of Virtue� could not absorb all of the pent-up energy, frustration and irritation of the troops. As to the latter, nearly all the men were at least a year in arrears as to their wages and resultantly had little faith in either the Congress or their home states for restitution. As 1783 progressed, and the rumors of peace became more frequent and apparently believable, the long constrained tensions and animosities increased. In March, the army�s officers corps was brought to intense agitation and to the brink of a coup d�etat by the appearance of two anonymous circulars calling for a final confrontation with the Congress. [For a more thorough discussion of this critical phase of the Revolution, click on this link for �the Newburgh Conspiracy.� ] The General Orders of April 19 issued by the commander -- timed eight years to the day following the Lexington/Concord eruption -- brought the long awaited announcement of peace. The camp along the Hudson burst forth with rejoicing and celebration, inclusive of a fireworks display such as most of the men had never before seen. Now, moreso than previously demonstrated, all cries were for payment


What country has the internet top level domain (TLD) suffix .za?

.CO.ZA Domain Name Registration Glossary .CO.ZA Domains from an ICANN Accredited Domain Registrar We would like to bring to your attention the fact that if you choose to, you will be purchasing a .CO.ZA TLD from a ICANN accredited Registrar Company: LiquidNet LTD (the owner of Resellers panel). Thus you can rest assured that we will be taking a good care of your domain names and you will be getting the best value for your money in terms of support and management for your domain names with us. .CO.ZA Domain History & Purpose .ZA is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for South Africa. It is administered by the ZADNA. The .CO.ZA is a SLD (Second Level Domain name). It is a part of the Country Code Top Level domain for South Africa (.ZA). The .CO.ZA has a general usage primarily commercial. There is no special requirement for this domain name registration. .CO.ZA Domain Registration & Reselling Services You can register a .CO.ZA domain name with Resellers Panel for one year only. You can use this domain name for any of our services: Domain Reselling; Free Resellers Program, cPanel-Reseller Program; VPS (Virtual Private Server); Dedicated Servers and Semi-Dedicated Servers. Having said that the period of registration for .CO.ZA domain names as well as other .ZA domain names such as .ORG.ZAis only one year. Respectively renewals are only allowed few months prior to the expiration and again only for a year. All you have to do is fill in the desired name and click GO to see if the domain name is available for registration. If it is you will be able to go ahead and own this domain name. Note that if you are asked to transfer the domain name this means that you either are not the owner of the domain name since it was registered by someone else, or that you will be changing registrars thus transferring the domain name to Resellers Panel. .CO.ZA Domain Management The .CO.ZA TLD has no special registration requirements and can be owned by everyone. You can see the .CO.ZA domain name management capabilities on our Domain Management page. Period


Who is the famous husband of the also famous Chinese singer Peng Liyuan?

Who is Chinese first lady Peng Liyuan? Who is Chinese first lady Peng Liyuan? Who is Chinese first lady Peng Liyuan? And why should we care? Post to Facebook Who is Chinese first lady Peng Liyuan? Who is Chinese first lady Peng Liyuan? And why should we care? Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/14CkuxU CancelSend A link has been sent to your friend's email address. Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. 8 To find out more about Facebook commenting please read the Conversation Guidelines and FAQs Who is Chinese first lady Peng Liyuan? Maria Puente, USA TODAY 7:05 p.m. EDT June 6, 2013 She's making a splash on the global stage. Why should we care? Mexican first lady Angelica Rivera with Chinese first lady Peng Liyuan in Mexico on June 4. (Photo: Yuri Cortez, AFP/Getty Images) Story Highlights Some observers compare her to first lady Michelle Obama An ex-Chinese opera and folk singer, she's more famous than her husband in China 'Time' magazine ime calls her an "icon" on its list of the 100 most influential people in the world The eyes of the world will be on President Obama and Chinese President Xi Jinping as they meet in California this weekend, but fashion types and celebrity watchers will be looking for any sign of Xi's celeb-in-the-making wife, Peng Liyuan. An ex-Chinese opera and folk singer who's more famous than her husband in China, she has been compared to first lady Michelle Obama and ex-French first lady Carla Bruni, hailed at home and abroad as attractive, stylish and a humanizing face for the new China. She is virtually unknown in the West until now, after a score of high-profile appearances with her husband in three Latin American countries on their current overseas tour. But she might not be so visible in America, their last stop: The couple will be tucked away at Sunnylands, the estate of the late Reader's Digest publisher (and President Reagan's BFF) Walter Annenberg in the Republican precincts of Palm Springs. And she won't be meeting with Michelle Obama.  (Photo: Randal Campos, AFP/Getty Images) Peng arrives here with advance notices as a genuine "celebrity." Fashion editors scrutinized her wardrobe (dark, well-cut trench coat and Tod's look–alike handbag) on the couple's first trip abroad, to Moscow in March. Forbes put her on its list of the World's Most Powerful Women; Time called her an "icon" on its list of the 100 most influential people in the world. It's no accident that the World Health Organization appointed her a goodwill ambassador for HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis in 2011. Before her husband's rise to power, Peng rose to prominence from singing soldier (she was a soprano, attaining the rank of major general in the People's Liberation Army's arts troupe), to the colorfully gowned star for 24 years of the annual Lunar New Year gala on Chinese state television. She married Xi in 1987 after they were introduced by friends. Those who compare Liyan to Michelle Obama say the two share a fashion sensibility, they're about the same age (Obama is 49, Peng is 50), they're both attractive, and both are moms (Peng's daughter is a student at Harvard). Obama also regularly makes the endless magazine lists of powerful, influential or fashionable people. Mrs. O's fashion power is so intense, she often moves product with her choices. Peng's fashion is remarkable in that it's not the drab, uniform-style duds worn by her dour predecessors. Already, her favorite Chinese brand, Exception (maker of the stylish trench coat in Moscow), is seeing stronger sales at home because of her. Still, an American first lady is one of the most famous people in the world, no matter who she is. Before Peng, Chinese first ladies were rarely seen or heard from — ever. That is what makes Peng a standout. In any case, there won't be any way to compare the two side by side. Mrs. Obama is not going to California, opting to stay home with her two daughters, who are finishing the school year this week.  (Photo: Alexander Nemenov, AFP/Getty Images) Perhaps the more apt comparison for Peng is to the late Raisa


What term refers to the (typically prehistoric) method of attaching a sharp stone or bone, etc., to a stick or strap to make a tool or weapon?

Lithics-Net Lithics Glossary Blank See Preform. Blowout A patch of     land in the Great Plains states of North America where     dry soil is blown away by wind leaving heavier rock and     possibly artifacts on the surface. Blunt A point that     abruptly terminates part way up the blade with no true     distal point for piercing. Typically the point is chipped in a mild excurvate or straight edge. Some feel that the     point may have been used in hunting as a     "stunning" weapon. However, most blunts show     signs as being a conserved, former projectile, reworked     into a hand held or hafted scraper. Boatstone A     stone artifact shaped like a watercraft which is thought     to be a type of Atlatl weight or a ceremonial ornament of     some type. Bulbous A term     used to define a stem form that has oval sides and a flat     to slightly rounded basal edge. Bulb of Percussion A bulb resulting from a conchoidal fracture of stone. Bulbar Depression A depression left from the bulb of percussion when a     blade or flake is struck from a core. Burin A tool flaked     into a chisel point for inscribing or grooving bone,     wood, leather, stone or antler. B.P. Before Present.     Where present is define as the year 1950 A.D. Therefore,     1949 B.P. would be the year 1 A.D. and 1951 B.P. would be     the year 1 B.C. Cache A group of     artifacts deposited in the same safe place, usually of     the same type or lithic origin. The point cache is common  in North America. The Cache occurs for all of prehistory.  While the archaeological literature contains numerous explainations,  there is no way to explain any particular cache. Generally, the assumption  is that caches were created to store tools for; some future use, ceremonial  events, tribute, child-to-adult ceremony, and other explainations. Caddo A shortened     form of the tribal name Cadohadacho, referring to three     main Native American tribal groups spread along wide     fertile prairies bordering the great bend in the Red     River. The three cultures are- the Cadohadacho and the     Natchitoches along the Red River, and the Hasinai along     the banks of the upper Neches and Angelina Rivers in East     Texas. Each tribe within these three regional groupings     had an individual identity and was independently     governed, but all had a common language, followed the     same social and religious customs, and shared traditions.     Their direct descendants are listed on the tribal roll of     the Caddo Indian Tribe of Oklahoma in the twentieth     century. (From Caddo Indians: Where We Come From (1995pg4) by Cecile Elkins Carter, Cultural Liaison for     the Caddo Tribes of Oklahoma.) Caddoan A family     of North American Indian languages spoken in the upper     Missouri Valley in North Dakota, in the Platto Valley in     Nebraska, in southwestern Arkansas, and in neighboring     parts of Oklahoma, Texas and Louisiana. Callche A white or     tan calcium deposit that can form on artifacts which are     found in Texas and adjoining states. Celt A thin, ungroved     axe with a sharp edge used for cutting or chopping.     Probably hafted into a wooden handle. Ceramic Of or     pertaining to pottery. Chalcedony A     flint like stone with a waxy appearance, the sources of     which are usually nodular. Channel Flake A long longitudinal percussion flake removed in the     fluting process. Chert A very fine     grained rock formed in ancient ocean sediments. It often     has a semi-glossy finish and is usually white, pinkish,     brown, gray, or blue-gray in color. It can be shaped into     arrowheads and projectile by chipping. It has often been     called flint, but true flint is found in chalk deposits     and is a distinctive blackish color. In North America,     high grade glossy cherts are called "Flint",     while low grade, du


'The Law of the Instrument' referring to having just one 'tool' (i.e., approach or method) and so treating every situation the same is known popularly as 'Maslow's (what)'?

Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and diagrams of Maslow's       motivational theory - pyramid diagrams of Maslow's theory New Free Leadership eLearning Businessballs has partnered with Accipio — an Institute of Leadership and Management (ILM) and Chartered Management Institute (CMI) centre — to offer FREE audio-visual interactive eLearning modules aligned with internationally recognised qualifications (ILM or CMI). Attain learning points for each leadership and management eModule, and gain a Level 3 Award, Certificate or Diploma once you have registered with the awarding body (via Accipio), secured enough learning points and passed the assignments. Accreditation fees apply. Click here to access the eLeadership Academy. maslow's hierarchy of needs Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs motivational model Abraham Maslow developed the Hierarchy of Needs model in 1940-50s               USA, and the Hierarchy of Needs theory remains valid today for understanding               human motivation, management training, and personal development. Indeed,               Maslow's ideas surrounding the Hierarchy of Needs, concerning the responsibility               of employers to provide a workplace environment that encourages and enables               employees to fulfil their own unique potential (self-actualization), are today               more relevant than ever. Abraham Maslow's book Motivation and Personality,               published in 1954 (second edition 1970) introduced the Hierarchy of Needs, and               Maslow extended his ideas in other work, notably his later book Toward A               Psychology Of Being, a significant and relevant commentary, which has been               revised in recent times by Richard Lowry, who is in his own right a leading               academic in the field of motivational psychology. Abraham Maslow was born in New York in 1908 and died in 1970,               although various publications appear in Maslow's name in later years. Maslow's               PhD in psychology in 1934 at the University of Wisconsin formed the basis of               his motivational research, initially studying rhesus monkeys. Maslow later               moved to New York's Brooklyn College. The Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs five-stage model below (structure               and terminology - not the precise pyramid diagram itself) is clearly and               directly attributable to Maslow; later versions of the theory with added               motivational stages are not so clearly attributable to Maslow. These extended               models have instead been inferred by others from Maslow's work. Specifically               Maslow refers to the needs Cognitive, Aesthetic and Transcendence (subsequently               shown as distinct needs levels in some interpretations of his theory) as               additional aspects of motivation, but not as distinct levels in the Hierarchy               of Needs.   Where Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is shown with more than five levels these models have been extended through interpretation of Maslow's work               by other people. These augmented models and diagrams are shown as the adapted               seven and eight-stage Hierarchy of Needs pyramid diagrams and models below. There have been very many interpretations of Maslow's Hierarchy of               Needs in the form of pyramid diagrams. The diagrams on this page are my own               interpretations and are not offered as Maslow's original work. Interestingly in               Maslow's book Motivation and Personality, which first introduced the Hierarchy               of Needs, there is not a pyramid to be seen


The Christian Saint Christopher is most commonly depicted carrying what across a swollen river?

About St Christopher Catholic Saint Medals  > About St Christopher About St Christopher St. Christopher is known as the patron saint of safe travels. This patronage came about because of the legend of St. Christopher carrying the disguised Christ-child across a river. As a result, the name Christopher means “Christ-bearer.”   St. Christopher is perhaps one of the most well-known of the saints, and although he no longer holds a feast day on the Roman calendar, he is highly honored and regarded by Catholics worldwide. Many people wear St. Christopher medals to seek his guidance during travel (including the daily travel through life). Others clip St. Christopher visor clips to their car visors in order to pray for his assistance in their travels along the roadways.   St. Christopher is usually depicted as a tall man with a beard carrying a child on his shoulder across a waterway. He is one of the fourteen holy helpers – saints who have been grouped by the Catholic Church as those whose intercession has been known to be particularly helpful and effective. Patron of Travelers Patron of Motorists and Drivers Patron of Transportation workers St. Christopher, Patron Saint of Travelers and Soldiers   St. Christopher is most commonly regarded as the patron saint of travelers. His protection is sought for drivers, pilots, boaters, and transportation workers. When considering that he lived in the 4th century, this patronage may seem like an odd pairing. So how did it happen?   St. Christopher was not always called by this name. Born in the 300s, some say his original name was Reprobus, whereas others believe his name may have been Offerus. He is described as being about seven and a half feet tall, with a “fearsome face.” He was determined to serve the greatest king of all, and began working for the king of Canaan, which was his homeland. While serving the king, he noticed that when someone would mention the name of the devil, the king would make the sign of the cross. Reprobus thought that if the king was afraid of the devil, that must mean the devil was greater. So, he decided to serve the devil. One day he came across a pack of robbers traveling on the road, one of which claimed to be the devil himself. Reprobus watched as the devil refused to walk on the side of the road that had a cross stuck in the ground. This led him to believe that Christ was greater than the devil. He went in search of Christ, wanting to serve him as the greatest king of all. While looking for Christ, he met a hermit who baptized him and taught him about Christ. His ministry as a Christian was to help people across a very dangerous river, where many people died in their attempt to reach the other side. Due to Christopher’s size, crossing the river was much less of a challenge for him, and he was able to safely see travelers across the raging river.   One day, a small child came to the bank of the river and asked Christopher to help him across. Christopher picked the child up and began to carry him on his shoulder through the waters. As Christopher walked, the child got heavier and heavier, as if made of lead. Christopher could barely carry this small child who weighed so very much. Upon reaching the other side, Christopher remarked to the child that he had grown quite heavy as he carried him. The child then revealed himself to be the Christ Child, and that the weight he felt was the weight of the entire world on his shoulders. Then the Christ Child told Christopher to fix his staff in the bank of the river and come back tomorrow to see what had occurred. This would be the sign to Christopher that the child was truly Christ. When Christopher returned the next day, the staff had become a palm tree, bearing fruit. It is because of this experience that Christopher got his name, for Christopher means “Christ-bearer.”   After this had occurred, Christopher went to the towns of Lycia and Antioch to comfort the Christians who were being martyred for their faith. The king attempted to get Christopher to worship the pagan gods, but Christopher refused. His steadfast


The famous BBC Greenwich Meantime hourly signal 'pips' are closest to which musical note (according to ISO 16)?

Dance Website Template - Class Schedules class schedules contact Beginners Introduction To Modern This website template has been designed by Free Website Templates for you, for free. You can replace all this text with your own text. You can remove any link to our website from this website template, you're free to use this website template without linking back to us. If you're having problems editing this website template, then don't hesitate to ask for help on the Forums . Enrollment:June 4-88am-5pmAges 3-5 Mondays to Fridays: 8am- 5pm Saturdays: 10am-5pm


Name the autonomous region of NE Spain which periodically is subject to strong independence lobbying?

An Evaluation of Lobbying in Spain: Analysis and Proposals by Transparencia Internacional España - issuu issuu Issuu on Google+ AN EVALUATION OF LOBBYING IN SPAIN ANALYSIS AND PROPOSALS Transparency International España is the Spanish chapter of Transparency International, the global civil society organisation committed to fighting corruption in its diverse forms, and to promoting transparency and integrity in public institutions and the private sector. www.transparencia.org.es Lead Researcher and Editor: Manuel Villoria Project Coordinator and Editor: Ana Revuelta English Translator: Arielle Weismann © 2014 Transparency International España. All rights reserved. Printed on 100% recycled paper. Date: December 2014 © Cover photo: iStockphoto/DNY59 Every effort has been made to verify the accuracy of the information contained in this report. All information was believed to be correct as of December 2014. Nevertheless Transparency International Spain cannot accept responsibility for the consequences of its use for other purposes or in other contexts. This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Donor logo Co-funded by the Prevention of and Fight against Crime Programme of the European Union TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHORS AND ADVISORS ................................................................................. 3    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................... 4    GLOBAL AND SECTORAL ANALYSIS OF LOBBYING ..........................................................................5    TOWARDS LOBBY REGULATION ..........................................................................................................6    CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................7    INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 12    DEFINITIONS .........................................................................................................................................15    Case 1. Public lobbying in the Savings banks ....................................................................................17    TYPOLOGY OF RISKS ..........................................................................................................................22    Case 2. Public health: actors and influence strategies .......................................................................24    Case 3. Dispute around the varicella vaccine .....................................................................................27    Case 4. The adoption of anti-tobacco legislation: a case of good practice .........................................29    THE SITUATION OF LOBBYING IN SPAIN .......................................................... 33    POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CONTEXT ..............................................................................................33    REGULATORY CONTEXT .....................................................................................................................37    SOCIAL CONTEXT ................................................................................................................................42    Case 5. The influence of energy companies.......................................................................................44    Case 6. Closing the Garoña nuclear facility ........................................................................................52    INTENSITY AND SCALE OF LOBBYING IN SPAIN ..............................................................................54    Case 7. The Intellectual Property Act .................................................................................................55    Case 8. The Bankia case .....................


DNA evidence supports the idea that what people were the original colonizers of North America?

"Great Surprise"—Native Americans Have West Eurasian Origins "Great Surprise"—Native Americans Have West Eurasian Origins Oldest human genome reveals less of an East Asian ancestry than thought. View Images Native Americans may have a more complicated heritage than previously believed. Photograph by Roland W. Reed, National Geographic Nearly one-third of Native American genes come from west Eurasian people linked to the Middle East and Europe, rather than entirely from East Asians as previously thought, according to a newly sequenced genome. Related Content Here's What the Iceman Was Wearing When He Died 5,300 Years Ago Based on the arm bone of a 24,000-year-old Siberian youth, the research could uncover new origins for America's indigenous peoples, as well as stir up fresh debate on Native American identities, experts say. The study authors believe the new study could also help resolve some long-standing puzzles on the peopling of the New World, which include genetic oddities and archaeological inconsistencies. (Explore an atlas of the human journey .) "These results were a great surprise to us," said study co-author and ancient-DNA specialist Eske Willerslev , of the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. "I hadn't expected anything like this. A genome related to present-day western Eurasian populations and modern Native Americans as well was really puzzling in the beginning. How could this happen?" So what's new? The arm bone of a three-year-old boy from the Mal'ta site near the shores of Lake Baikal in south-central Siberia (map) yielded what may be the oldest genome of modern humans ever sequenced. DNA from the remains revealed genes found today in western Eurasians in the Middle East and Europe, as well as other aspects unique to Native Americans, but no evidence of any relation to modern East Asians. (Related: "Is This Russian Landscape the Birthplace of Native Americans ?") A second individual genome sequenced from material found at the site and dated to 17,000 years ago revealed a similar genetic structure. It also provided evidence that humans occupied this region of Siberia throughout the entire brutally cold period of the Last Glacial Maximum, which ended about 13,000 years ago. Why is it important? Prevailing theories suggest that Native Americans are descended from a group of East Asians who crossed the Bering Sea via a land bridge perhaps 16,500 years ago, though some sites may evidence an earlier arrival. (See "Siberian, Native American Languages Linked—A First [2008]." ) "This study changes this idea because it shows that a significant minority of Native American ancestry actually derives not from East Asia but from a people related to present-day western Eurasians," Willerslev said. "It's approximately one-third of the genome, and that is a lot," he added. "So in that regard I think it's changing quite a bit of the history." While the land bridge still formed the gateway to America, the study now portrays Native Americans as a group derived from the meeting of two different populations, one ancestral to East Asians and the other related to western Eurasians, explained Willerslev, whose research was published in the November 20 edition of the journal Nature . "The meeting of those two groups is what formed Native Americans as we know them." (Learn more about National Geographic's Genographic Project .) What does this mean? Willerslev believes the discovery provides simpler and more likely explanations to long-standing controversies related to the peopling of the Americas. "Although we know that North Americans are related to East Asians, it's striking that no contemporary East Asian populations really resemble Native Americans," he said. "It's not like you can say that they are really closely related to Japanese, Chinese, or Koreans, so there seems to be something missing. But this result makes a lot of sense regarding why they don't fit so well genetically with contemporary East Asians—because one-third of their genome is derived from another population." The findings could also allow reinterpretation of ar


Earliest human use of fire for cooking has been dated at how many years ago?

First Control of Fire by Human Beings--How Early? When was fire first controlled by human beings? So the next question is obvious: How long have fire and cooking been around, then, and how do we know whether that length of time has been long enough for us to have adapted sufficiently? Let's take the question one part at a time. The short answer to the first part of the question is that fire was first controlled by humans anywhere from about 230,000 years ago to 1.4 or 1.5 million years ago, depending on which evidence you accept as definitive. Evidence for very early control of fire is sparse and ambiguous. The earliest evidence for control of fire by humans, in the form of fires at Swartkrans, South Africa and at Chesowanja, in Kenya, suggests that it may possibly have been in use there as early as about 1.4 or 1.5 million years ago. [100] However, the interpretation of the physical evidence at these early sites has been under question in the archaeological community for some years now, with critics saying these fires could have been wildfires instead of human- made fires. They suggest the evidence for human control of fire might be a misreading of other factors, such as magnesium- staining of soils, which can mimic the results of fire if not specifically accounted for. For indisputable evidence of fire intentionally set and controlled by humans, the presence of a hearth or circle of scorched stones is often demanded as conclusive proof, [101] and at these early sites, the evidence tying the fires to human control is based on other factors. Earliest dates for control of fire accepted by skeptical critics. At the other end of the timescale, these same critics who are only willing to consider the most unequivocal evidence will still admit that at least by 230,000 years ago [102] there is enough good evidence at at least one site to establish fire was under control at this time by humans. At this site, called Terra Amata, an ancient beach location on the French Riviera, stone hearths are found at the center of what may have been huts; and more recent sources may put the site's age at possibly 300,000 years old rather than 230,000. [103] Somewhat further back-- from around 300,000 to 500,000 years ago-- more evidence has been accumulating recently at sites in Spain and France [104] that looks as if it may force the ultraconservative paleontologists to concede their 230,000-year-ago date is too stingy, but we'll see. And then there is Zhoukoudian cave in China, one of the most famous sites connected with Homo erectus, where claims that fire may have been used as early as 500,000 to 1.5 million years ago have now largely been discredited due to the complex and overlapping nature of the evidence left by not just humans, but hyenas and owls who also inhabited the cave. (Owl droppings could conceivably have caught fire and caused many of the fires.) Even after discounting the most extreme claims, however, it does seem likely that at least by 230,000 to 460,000 years ago humans were using fire in the cave [105] , and given scorching patterns around the teeth and skulls of some animal remains, it does appear the hominids may have done this to cook the brains (not an uncommon practice among hunting- gathering peoples today). [106] The most recent excavation with evidence for early use of fire has been within just the last couple of years in France at the Menez- Dregan site, where a hearth and evidence of fire has been preliminarily dated to approximately 380,000 to 465,000 years. If early interpretations of the evidence withstand criticism and further analysis, the fact that a hearth composed of stone blocks inside a small cave was found with burnt rhinoceros bones close by has provoked speculation that the rhino may have been cooked at the site. [107] Crux of the question: first control of fire vs. earliest widespread use. Now of course, the crucial question for us isn't just when the earliest control of fire was; it's at what date fire was being used consistently-- and more specifically for cooking, so that more- constant genetic


What is the common name for the chemical process by which glue, varnish, filler, etc., hardens when polymer chains become linked following UV radiation, mixing, heat, etc?

Polymer Materials ~ Artifacts & Shipwrecks ~ New Jersey Scuba Diving Polymers Polymer materials - rubbers, plastics, and silicones - are not really of interest as artifacts. They are, however, among the most important materials to divers: without neoprene, nylon, and a bewildering range of other polymer materials, we would not have most of the equipment that makes diving possible ! A polymer is a chemical compound with high molecular weight consisting of a number of structural units linked together by covalent bonds. The simple molecules that may become structural units are themselves called monomers; two monomers combine to form a dimer, and three monomers, a trimer. A structural unit is a group having two or more bonding sites. A bonding site may be created by the loss of an atom or group, such as H or OH, or by the breaking up of a double or triple bond, as when ethylene, H2C=CH2, is converted into a structural unit for polyethylene, -H2C-CH2- . Polyethylene - the simplest polymer: ---CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2--- Incidentally, stick a hydrogen "H" onto each end of this illustration in place of the squiggly lines, and you have C11H24 - a fairly common form of gasoline ! Many artificial polymers are synthesized from fuel oils; there is no clear delineation between the two. Likewise, many polymers combust just as readily as fuel oils, although often with toxic products, especially those containing chlorine. In a linear polymer, the structural units are connected in a chain arrangement and thus need only be bifunctional, i.e., have two bonding sites. When the structural unit is trifunctional ( has three bonding sites, ) a nonlinear, or branched, polymer results. Ethylene, styrene, and ethylene glycol are examples of bifunctional monomers, while glycerin and divinyl benzene are both polyfunctional. Polymers containing a single repeating unit, such as polyethylene, are called homopolymers. Polymers containing two or more different structural units, such as phenol-formaldehyde, are called copolymers. All polymers can be classified as either addition polymers or condensation polymers. An addition polymer is one in which the molecular formula of the repeating structural unit is identical to that of the monomer, e.g., polyethylene and polystyrene. A condensation polymer is one in which the repeating structural unit contains fewer atoms than that of the monomer or monomers because of the splitting off of water or some other substance, e.g., polyesters and polycarbonates. Many polymers occur in nature, such as silk, cellulose, natural rubber, and proteins. In addition, a large number of polymers have been synthesized in the laboratory, leading to such commercially important products as plastics, synthetic fibers, and synthetic rubber. Polymerization, the chemical process of forming polymers from their component monomers, is often a complex process that may be initiated or sustained by heat, pressure, or the presence of one or more catalysts. Rubber Rubber is any solid substance that upon vulcanization becomes elastic; the term includes natural rubber ( caoutchouc ) and synthetic rubber. The term elastomer is sometimes used to designate synthetic rubber only and is sometimes extended to include caoutchouc as well. Chemistry and Properties Natural Rubber All rubber-like materials are polymers, which are high molecular weight compounds consisting of long chains of one or more types of molecules, such as monomers. Vulcanization ( or curing ) produces chemical links between the loosely coiled polymeric chains; elasticity occurs because the chains can be stretched and the crosslinks cause them to spring back when the stress is released. Natural rubber is a polyterpene, i.e., it consists of isoprene molecules linked into loosely twisted chains. The monomer units along the backbone of the carbon chains are in a cis arrangement and it is this spatial configuration that gives rubber its highly elastic character. In gutta-percha, which is another natural polyterpene, the isoprene molecules are bonded in a trans configuration leading to a crystall


The word sapien in homo sapien refers to being?

Homo sapiens | Define Homo sapiens at Dictionary.com Homo sapiens [hoh-moh sey-pee-uh nz] /ˈhoʊ moʊ ˈseɪ pi ənz/ Spell noun 1. (italics) the species of bipedal primates to which modern humans belong, characterized by a brain capacity averaging 1400 cc (85 cubic in.) and by dependence upon language and the creation and utilization of complex tools. 2. 1795-1805; < New Latin: rational man Dictionary.com Unabridged British Dictionary definitions for Homo sapiens Expand noun 1. the specific name of modern man; the only extant species of the genus Homo. This species also includes extinct types of primitive man such as Cro-Magnon man See also man (sense 5) Word Origin New Latin, from Latin homo man + sapiens wise Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for Homo sapiens Expand n. 1802, in William Turton's translation of Linnæus, coined in Modern Latin from Latin homo "man" (technically "male human," but in logical and scholastic writing "human being;" see homunculus ) + sapiens, present participle of sapere "be wise" (see sapient ). Used since in various Latin or pseudo-Latin combinations intended to emphasize some aspect of humanity, cf. Henri Bergson's Homo faber "man the tool-maker," in "L'Evolution Créatrice" (1907). Homo as a genus of the order Primates is first recorded 1797. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper


QR, Aztec, Cyber, and Data Matrix are types of what?

2D Barcode Overview (PDF417, DataMatrix, QR-Code, Aztec Code, MaxiCode, Codablock F) up to 2725 ASCII or 5450 numeric characters Error recognition 2-44 rows; 4-62 cols; module width X>=0.19mm; row height Y>=8X or Y>=(0.55 * columns)+3; row separator >= X; quiet zone>=10X; bar/space width tolerance Tb = +-(0.4X-0.013mm) Applications Health Industry Barcode (HIBC), used for small labels and secure data. Codablock F is a 2D bar code developed by ELMICRON, as an extension of Code 128. Within its capacities, it is possible to cut a given Code 128 into several pieces and to arrange them in a multi-row symbol. Notes Multi-row symbology conform to Uniform Symbology Specification; symbol characters identical to Code 128; begins with Code 128 Start A; supports all 128 ASCII Characters and numeric compaction (also values 128-255); EAN/UCC application identifier; Number of rows: 2 to 44; Number of symbol characters per row: 4 to 62; maximum symbol characters available for data: 2725 characters; character self-checking; bidirectionally decodable. Aztec Code


Which one of these characters is (at 2012) represented by the three tallest statues in the world?

Top 12 Highest Statues around the World Top 12 Highest Statues around the World Share Share A statue is a sculpture in the round representing one or more people or animals (including abstract concepts allegorically represented as people or animals), normally full-length, as opposed to a bust, and at least close to life-size, or larger. Its primary concern is representational. Many statues are built on commission to commemorate a historical event, or the life of an influential person. Many statues are intended as public art, exhibited outdoors or in public buildings. Some statues gain fame in their own right, separate to the person or concept they represent, as with the Statue of Liberty. Statues are amongst the wonders of the world. Now let’s take a look at 12 Highest Statue in the World. 1. Statue of Peter the Great Statue of Peter the Great The Peter the Great Statue in Moscow was designed by the Georgian designer Zurab Tsereteli to commemorate 300 years of the Russian Navy, which was started by Peter I of Russia. At 94 metres, it is the eighth tallest statue in the world. The designer Zurab Tsereteli is known as a friend and favorite of Moscow’s former Mayor, Yury Luzhkov, and the artist has received many municipal art commissions in recent years, such as the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, the Manege Square ensemble and the War Memorial Complex on Poklonnaya Gora. In November 2008, it was voted the tenth ugliest building in the world by Virtual Tourist. In 2010, it was included in a list of the world’s ugliest statues by Foreign Policy magazine. In October 2010, Moscow authorities offered to relocate the statue to Saint Petersburg, but this offer was refused. Authorities in Arkhangelsk and Petrozavodsk have offered to accept the monument. 2. Sendai Daikanon Sendai Daikanon Sendai Daikannon, located in Japan, is the sixth tallest statue in the world at 100 meters (328 feet). An elevator takes tourists to the top of the statue, which depicts the Japanese Buddhist Bodhisattva Kannon. 3. Statue of Huang Di and Yan Di Statue of Huang Di and Yan Di The sculptures of the Emperors Yan and Huang are the fifth tallest statues in the world at 106 meters. They depict two of the earliest Chinese emperors, Yan Di and Huang Di. The construction lasted 20 years and was completed in 2007. They are located in Zhengzhou, the capital of Henan province, People’s Republic of China. According to experts, the statues commemorate politics and the economy. 4. Guanyin Statue of Hainan Guanyin Statue of Hainan The Guan Yin of the South Sea of Sanya is a 108-metre (354 ft) statue of the bodhisattva Guan Yin, sited on the south coast of China’s island province Hainan near the Nanshan Temple of Sanya. The statue has three aspects; one side faces inland and the other two face the South China Sea, to represent blessing and protection by Guan Yin of China and the whole world. One aspect depicts Guan Yin cradling a sutra in the left hand and gesturing the Vitarka Mudra with the right, the second with her palms crossed, holding a string of prayer beads, and the third holding a lotus. This is currently the fourth tallest statue in the world (many of which are Buddhist statues) and the tallest statue of Guan Yin in the world. The statue took six years to build and was enshrined on April 24, 2005, with the participation of 108 eminent monks from various Buddhist groups in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macao and Mainland China, and tens of thousands of pilgrims. The delegation also included monks from the Theravada and Vajrayana traditions. 5. Ushiku Daibatsu Ushiku Daibatsu The Great Buddha of Kamakura is a monumental outdoor bronze statue of Amitābha Buddha located at the Kōtoku-in Temple in Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. The bronze statue probably dates from 1252, in the Kamakura period, according to temple records. It was preceded by a giant wooden Buddha, which was completed in 1243 after ten years of continuous labor, the funds having been raised by Lady Inadano-Tsubone and the Buddhist priest Jōkō of Tōtōmi. That wooden statue was damaged by a storm in


Trek | Define Trek at Dictionary.com trek verb (used without object), trekked, trekking. 1. to travel or migrate, especially slowly or with difficulty. 2. South Africa. to travel by ox wagon. verb (used with object), trekked, trekking. 3. South Africa. (of a draft animal) to draw (a vehicle or load). noun a journey or trip, especially one involving difficulty or hardship. 5. South Africa. a migration or expedition, as by ox wagon. 6. South Africa. a stage of a journey, especially by ox wagon, between one stopping place and the next. Origin of trek 1815-25; < Afrikaans < Dutch trek (noun), trekken (v.) to draw (a vehicle or load), migrate Related forms Examples from the Web for trek Expand Thanks Bro! Royal Charity Donates £100,000 to Harry's South Pole Mission Tom Sykes May 12, 2013 Historical Examples From the ranch and farm and village they trek to that point in wagons loaded with supplies and holding the entire family. The Peace Negotiations J. D. Kestell Calabas Bridge over the Riet River was reached shortly before midnight, after a trek of 27 miles. Two Years on Trek Louis Eugne du Moulin To meet him and his family on trek is to glimpse an epitome of his life. Pan-Islam George Wyman Bury The soldier on trek and in the trenches constantly talks of his likes and dislikes in the matter of eating and drinking. British Dictionary definitions for trek Expand a long and often difficult journey 2. (South African) a journey or stage of a journey, esp a migration by ox wagon verb treks, trekking, trekked (intransitive) to make a trek 4. (transitive) (South African) (of an ox, etc) to draw (a load) Derived Forms C19: from Afrikaans, from Middle Dutch trekken to travel; related to Old Frisian trekka Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for trek Expand 1849 (n.); 1850 (v.), "to travel or migrate by ox wagon," from Afrikaans trek, from Dutch trekken "to march, journey," originally "to draw, pull," from Middle Dutch trecken (cf. Middle Low German trecken, Old High German trechan "to draw"). Especially in reference to the Groot Trek (1835 and after) of more than 10,000 Boers, who, discontent with the English colonial authorities, left Cape Colony and went north and north-east. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper


In 1515 the Court of Aldermen of the City of London established what trade as top (based on economic/political power) of an enduring list of livery companies?

Full text of "Oranges And Lemons The Rhyme And The Churches" See other formats 942,1 T24o Taylor $2*12 Oranges & Demons.  the Churches   The Rhyme and    0001 034fi7Er5 A   ORANGES AND LEMONS   GLADYS TAYLOR has also written Old (jar dens of London London Squares (in preparation)   Two monks flaying bells with hammers (Worms Bible, 1148)   GLADYS TAYLOR   ORANGES & LEMONS  .THE RHYME AND THE CHURCHES  WITH LINE DRAWINGS BY H, WEISSENBORN   PETER NEVILL   FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1954 BY  PETER NEVILL LTD.  50 OLD BROMPTON ROAD, LONDON, S.W-7 AND 122 EAST 55TH STREET, NEW YORK   PRINTED AND BOUND IN GREAT BRITAIN BT  THE GARDEN CITY PRESS LTD.,  LETCHWORTH   To  THE A^CIE^dT SOCIETT OF COLLEQE TOUTHS  Who have rung the 'Sells  of London Town  since 16)7   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS  I would like to thank sincerely all those who have helped me in compiling this book; the Ancient Society of College Youths, especially Mr. George W. Cecil and Mr. J. Frank Smallwood; A. A, Hughes, Esq., head of the Whitechapel Foundry; the clergy and churchwardens of some of the churches, who have kindly answered inquiries, especially Mr. E. J. Lizars, churchwarden of St. Clement Danes; the Clerk of the Worshipful Company of Pattenrnakers, J. R. Greenop, Esq.; and the assistants at the St. Marylebone and Hampstead Public Libraries; also to Guildhall Library for facilities kindly afforded.  Regarding illustrations, I am indebted to Messrs. B. T. Batsford Ltd. for the steeple of St. Mary-le- Bow; the Worshipful Company of Pattenmakers for their coat-of-arms ; the Whitechapel Bell Foundry for Robert Mot's trade mark; Picture Post Library for the interior of St. Helen; the National Portrait Gallery for the portrait of Sir Christopher Wren; The Times for the site of St. John Zachary; Messrs. Bedford Lemere & Co. for the interiors of St. Clement Danes and St. Ethelburga, Bishopsgate.  I have been unable to get into touch with Mr. Harold Adshead, but am grateful for his poem, On Passing St. Clement Danes, p r^  vi   CONTENTS  PART i: THE BACKGROUND  PAGE  The Music 2  Oranges and Lemons (long version) 3  Oranges and Lemons (short version) 4  1 Gay go up and gay go down 5  2 To ring the bells ... 16  3 ... of London Town 2 8  4 Here comes a candle . . . 40  PART II : THE CHURCHES  5 Oranges and lemons.  Say the bells of St. Clement's 55  6 Bulls'-eyes and targets.  Say the bells of St. Margaret's 69  7 Brickbats and tiles.  Say the bells of St. Giles 81  8 Halfpence and farthings.  Say the bells of St. Martin's 93  9 Pancakes and fritters,  Say the bells of St. Peter's 106  10 Two sticks and an apple,  Say the bells of Whitechapel 1 1 7  vii   Contents PAGE  1 1 Pokers and tongs,  Say the bells of St. John's 125  12 Kettles and pans,  Say the bells of St. Ann's 136  13 Old Father Baldpate,  Say the slow bells of Aldgate 143  14 You owe me ten shillings,  Say the bells of St. Helen's 1 5 1  15 When will you pay me?  Say the bells of Old Bailey 1 64  1 6 When I grow rich,  Say the bells of Shoreditch 175  17 Pray when will that be?  Say the bells of Stepney 185  1 8 Fm sure I don't know, Says the great bell of Bow   EPILOGUE  19 ... to light you to bed 207  Map of the Churches 2 1 o  General Index 211  Churches Index 213  Books Consulted 214   vm   LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS  Two monks playing bells with hammers Frontispiece  PAGE  Bells at the Whitechapel Foundry 1 5  Gothic letter from an old bell 2 7  St. Giles, Cripplegate, and bastion of  Roman Wall 52  St. Peter Vupon-Cofnhill : weathervane  and steeple 54  Parish Boundary Mark of St. Clement  Danes 62  Former Interior of St. Clement Danes opposite 70  Interior of St. Ethelburga's Church 7 1  The Worshipful Company of Patten- makers' Coat-of-Arms 76  Sword-rest in St. Margaret Pattens 78  Sir Christopher Wren opposite 86  Interior of St. Helen's Church, Bishops- gate 86  The Site of St. John Zachary with St.  Alban's Tower 3) 87 Projecting clock on the site of St.  Martin