'Acorn' and 'Goose' are the two basic types of what, often found on large sea mammals?

Barnacles of British Columbia Acorn Barnacle ( Belanus glandulus ), photo by Aaron Baldwin Reprinted from Ira Cornwall's The Barnacles of British Columbia, published by View our Barnacle Atlas Pages Introduction At first sight, barnacles look like slight projections of the rocks on which they grow, but closer inspection will show that each contains a well developed animal which is wonderfully adapted to its mode of life.  There is not just one kind of barnacle, as a casual observer might think, but there are four or five hundred kinds, or species, in the world.  Some of them have taken strange places in which to live:  one species is found only on the tongue of a certain turtle; another bores holes in soft rock; one species has developed a float; several species are found only in very deep water. Others are found only between high- and low-tide marks, where they grow in such profusion that they appear to be the dominant group of living things in this zone.  Still others live mostly embedded in the skin of whales or attached to the tip of the whale's flipper.  Others again (e.g. Saculina) are whollly parasitic, living upon crabs of several species.  These last are degenerate forms, however, and are not included in this booklet. The question arises:  What is a barnacle?  Simply answered, a barnacle or cirriped is a crustacean, a relative of the crab, lobster and sand-flea, that has attached itself permanently to some object larger than itself.  A shell has developed in which it lives, and its legs have become modified into most efficient sweeps for the capture of the small sea-creatures and organic material on which it feeds.  If a barnacle is examined, it will be seen that the opening at the summit of the shell is closed by four movable plates hinged like folding doors.  When these are opened, the sweep may be protruded; when they are closed, the barnacle is protected from enemies and from drying when exposed to the air.  When one walks over rocks at low tide, a slight grating or bubbling noise may be heard. This is caused by the barnacles closing their doors more tightly, an action which may be induced even by the passing of a shadow. Except in the case of groups such as "acorn barnacles", "goose barnacles", and "whale barnacles", these creatures do not have common or vernacular names. It is necessary therefore to use scientific names for the various species. Types of Barnacles There are two divisions of the barnacles or "Cirripedia", namely the acorn or "sessile", and the goose or "pedunculate". In both of these, the internal anatomy is much the same, but their outside appearance is very different.  The sessile barnacles have calcareous shells fixed directly to some support, while the pedunculate barnacles have the body-chamber, or "capitulum" on the end  of a flexible stem, the "peduncle".  The peduncle, in turn, may be fixed to a floating object, or, in one case, to a float produced by the cement gland. Certain sessile barnacles are to be found on whales, and these are known by the general term 'whale barnacle'. However, two species of the pedunculate barnacle Conchoderma are commonly found attached to certain whale barnacles, and these are often called whale barnacles for convenience. The number of plates forming the shell of the different genera of sessile barnacles varies from eight in Catophragmus (Bermuda, Hawaiian Islands, and New South Wales) to one in Pyrgoma (West Indies), in which all of the plates are fused together to form a solid ring. On the British Columbia coast, there are only two genera of sessile barnacles--Balanus and Chthamalus.  They each have six triangular plates forming the conical shell, but the arrangement of the plates differ. In some sessile barnacles, the plates forming the wall are solid. In others, they are double, being formed by the inner and outer 'lamina', the space between them being filled by the 'parietal' tubes. These tubes run from the 'basal' part of the plates to the 'apex', and in several species they have 'cross septa' dividing the tubes into a series of cells. The 'base' o


Which pop group's first album was 'Piper At The Gates Of Dawn'?

The Piper at the Gates of Dawn - Pink Floyd | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic The Piper at the Gates of Dawn AllMusic Rating google+ AllMusic Review               by Steve Huey The title of Pink Floyd 's debut album is taken from a chapter in Syd Barrett 's favorite children's book, The Wind in the Willows, and the lyrical imagery of The Piper at the Gates of Dawn is indeed full of colorful, childlike, distinctly British whimsy, albeit filtered through the perceptive lens of LSD. Barrett 's catchy, melodic acid pop songs are balanced with longer, more experimental pieces showcasing the group's instrumental freak-outs, often using themes of space travel as metaphors for hallucinogenic experiences -- "Astronomy Domine" is a poppier number in this vein, but tracks like "Interstellar Overdrive" are some of the earliest forays into what has been tagged space rock. But even though Barrett 's lyrics and melodies are mostly playful and humorous, the band's music doesn't always bear out those sentiments -- in addition to Rick Wright 's eerie organ work, dissonance, chromaticism, weird noises, and vocal sound effects are all employed at various instances, giving the impression of chaos and confusion lurking beneath the bright surface. The Piper at the Gates of Dawn successfully captures both sides of psychedelic experimentation -- the pleasures of expanding one's mind and perception, and an underlying threat of mental disorder and even lunacy; this duality makes Piper all the more compelling in light of Barrett 's subsequent breakdown, and ranks it as one of the best psychedelic albums of all time. Track Listing


In the Irish ballad, what did the 'Mountains of Mourne' do?

Discover Northern Ireland | The Mourne Mountains, County Down Explore more of the region on our interactive map Mourne Mountains The Mournes stand true to the words of songwriter Percy French as the place ‘where the Mountains of Mourne sweep down to the sea’. They are not only one of Ireland’s most scenic areas and an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), they are quite simply an adventurer’s paradise.


"Which opera house is found in New York's ""Lincoln Centre""?"

Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center New York, NY: location street map Take the Lincoln Tunnel or Holland Tunnel.  From Lincoln Tunnel  Merge left onto Dyer Avenue. Turn left onto West 42nd Street. Turn right onto 10th Avenue, which becomes Amsterdam Avenue. Turn right onto West 62nd Street and the Lincoln Center parking lot entrance in on the left.  From Holland Tunnel  Follow signs to Exit 1 (Uptown and Canal Street) into Laight Street. Follow Laight Street to West Side Highway (Joe DiMaggio Highway). Follow to 56th Street, staying to the right after 42nd Street. Turn right onto West 56th Street. Turn left onto 11th Avenue. Turn right on West 65th Street. Cross Amsterdam Avenue. Lincoln Center parking lot entrance is on right underneath the overpass.  From Northern New Jersey  Take I-95 North/US-9 North/US 1 North. This becomes I-95 North/Upper Level George Washington Bridge/US-9. Take the Henry Hudson Parkway/178th Street exit. Follow signs to Henry Hudson Parkway South/West Side Highway (Joe DiMaggio Highway). Merge onto Henry Hudson Parkway South. Take the West 79th Street exit. Go east on 79th Street to Broadway. Turn right onto Broadway. At 65th Street bear right onto Columbus Avenue and follow it to West 62nd Street. Turn right onto West 62nd Street. Lincoln Center parking lot entrance is on right.  From Southern Connecticut  Take I-95 South to Cross Bronx Expressway. Take last Manhattan exit on Cross Bronx Expressway (leading towards George Washington Bridge) and take Henry Hudson Parkway South. Take the West 79th Street exit. Go east on 79th Street to Broadway. Turn right onto Broadway. At 65th Street bear right onto Columbus Avenue and follow it to West 62nd Street. Turn right onto West 62nd Street. Lincoln Center parking lot entrance is on right.  From Westchester County  Travel south to get onto Route 9 South (from Saw Mill Parkway). Route 9 becomes Henry Hudson Parkway South/West Side Highway (Joe DiMaggio Highway). Take Henry Hudson Parkway South to the West 79th Street exit. Go east on 79th Street to Broadway. Turn right onto Broadway. At 65th Street bear right onto Columbus Avenue and follow it to West 62nd Street. Turn right onto West 62nd Street. Lincoln Center parking lot entrance is on right.  From Rockland County/Upstate New York  Take New York State Thruway south to Palisades Parkway south to the George Washington Bridge. Cross the bridge and follow signs to Henry Hudson Parkway South/West Side Highway (Joe DiMaggio Highway). Merge onto Henry Hudson Parkway South. Take the West 79th Street exit. Go east on 79th Street to Broadway. Turn right onto Broadway. At 65th Street bear right onto Columbus Avenue and follow it to West 62nd Street. Turn right onto West 62nd Street. Lincoln Center parking lot entrance is on right.  Parking The Lincoln Center “park and lock” parking garage is located underneath Lincoln Center. It is open to the public 24 hours a day.  The entrances are on West 65th Street (between Columbus and Amsterdam Avenues) and West 62nd Street (between Columbus and Amsterdam Avenues).  For more information, please call 1-877-909-PARK. To make parking reservations within three weeks of a performance date, please call Centercharge at 212-721-6500.  Please call 212-874-9021 for reservations if you require a parking space in the “yellow” wheelchair accessible section. The entrance for this section is on Amsterdam Avenue, one hundred feet North of 62nd Street. Please note: The term Metropolitan Opera House as well as all associated graphics, logos, and/or other tradermarks, tradenames or copyrights are the property of the Metropolitan Opera House and are used herein for factual descriptive purposes only. We are in no way associated with or authorized by the Metropolitan Opera House and neither that entity nor any of its affiliates have licensed or endorsed us to sell tickets, goods and or services in conjunction with their events.


How many teeth are there in the first set of human 'milk' teeth?

Facts about Baby Teeth Facts About Baby Teeth (Click Question for Detailed Answer Below.) A. $1.10    [ Return   to top ] Q2. What should I do to a Baby tooth before I place it in the Tooth   Fairy Bank?  A. To preserve the baby tooth, first gently clean it with soap and water or with rubbing   alcohol. Then completely dry it before placing it into the bank.    [ Return   to top ] Q3. How many baby teeth and adult teeth are there and when do they come   in? A . Children have one set of 20 baby (primary) teeth used in early development. (See   illustration below.) These are generally replaced by a second set of 32 larger permanent   teeth. By the age of 6-10 months most infants cut their first tooth. By 10 months to 3   years, infants, toddlers and preschoolers continue to get their lower, then upper primary   teeth starting in the center of the mouth and working backwards. By 3 years of age, most   of a child's 20 primary teeth are in. By the age of 5-6 years children begin to shed their   primary teeth and permanent teeth begin to erupt. By 12-13 years, most baby teeth have   been  shed and almost all permanent teeth are in.    [ Return   to top ] Q4. What are teeth made of? A. Teeth are made of a bonelike substance called dentin. The portion of the tooth that is   visible in the mouth is called the crown, which is covered by enamel, the hardest   substance in the human body. Teeth fall into 3 categories: incisors, which are made for   cutting food, aiding speech and appearance. Behind the incisors are the cuspids, which are   for ripping and tearing food, guiding the lower jaw in its movements and protecting the   other teeth from wear. In the back you'll find molars, which have a flatter surface for   grinding food.        [ Return   to top ] Q5. How should I care for my Baby's First Teeth? A. Once teeth have emerged, start practicing good dental hygiene and be sure to consult   with a dentist. Clean plaque from baby's gums after feedings by wrapping a 2 inch square   gauze pad around your finger and gently massage baby's gums. Toothbrushing should begin   with baby's first teeth. Use a specially designed child's toothbrush to clean baby teeth   but do not use toothpaste until the child is at least 2 years of age. Check with your   dentist to determine the first dental visit.       [ Return   to top ] Please feel free to leave us an e-mail message if you have a question   which you would like answered. Our email address is perfctpres@msn.com. Thank you.  P.O. Box 423 Gladwyne, PA. 19035, USA phone/fax: (610) 642-7634


What was US President Hoover's original profession?

Herbert Hoover | whitehouse.gov Air Force One Herbert Hoover Before serving as America's 31st President from 1929 to 1933, Herbert Hoover had achieved international success as a mining engineer and worldwide gratitude as "The Great Humanitarian" who fed war-torn Europe during and after World War I. Son of a Quaker blacksmith, Herbert Clark Hoover brought to the Presidency an unparalleled reputation for public service as an engineer, administrator, and humanitarian. Born in an Iowa village in 1874, he grew up in Oregon. He enrolled at Stanford University when it opened in 1891, graduating as a mining engineer. He married his Stanford sweetheart, Lou Henry, and they went to China, where he worked for a private corporation as China's leading engineer. In June 1900 the Boxer Rebellion caught the Hoovers in Tientsin. For almost a month the settlement was under heavy fire. While his wife worked in the hospitals, Hoover directed the building of barricades, and once risked his life rescuing Chinese children. One week before Hoover celebrated his 40th birthday in London, Germany declared war on France, and the American Consul General asked his help in getting stranded tourists home. In six weeks his committee helped 120,000 Americans return to the United States. Next Hoover turned to a far more difficult task, to feed Belgium, which had been overrun by the German army. After the United States entered the war, President Wilson appointed Hoover head of the Food Administration. He succeeded in cutting consumption of foods needed overseas and avoided rationing at home, yet kept the Allies fed. After the Armistice, Hoover, a member of the Supreme Economic Council and head of the American Relief Administration, organized shipments of food for starving millions in central Europe. He extended aid to famine-stricken Soviet Russia in 1921. When a critic inquired if he was not thus helping Bolshevism, Hoover retorted, "Twenty million people are starving. Whatever their politics, they shall be fed!" After capably serving as Secretary of Commerce under Presidents Harding and Coolidge, Hoover became the Republican Presidential nominee in 1928. He said then: "We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land." His election seemed to ensure prosperity. Yet within months the stock market crashed, and the Nation spiraled downward into depression. After the crash Hoover announced that while he would keep the Federal budget balanced, he would cut taxes and expand public works spending. In 1931 repercussions from Europe deepened the crisis, even though the President presented to Congress a program asking for creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to aid business, additional help for farmers facing mortgage foreclosures, banking reform, a loan to states for feeding the unemployed, expansion of public works, and drastic governmental economy. At the same time he reiterated his view that while people must not suffer from hunger and cold, caring for them must be primarily a local and voluntary responsibility. His opponents in Congress, who he felt were sabotaging his program for their own political gain, unfairly painted him as a callous and cruel President. Hoover became the scapegoat for the Depression and was badly defeated in 1932. In the 1930's he became a powerful critic of the New Deal, warning against tendencies toward statism. In 1947 President Truman appointed Hoover to a commission, which elected him chairman, to reorganize the Executive Departments. He was appointed chairman of a similar commission by President Eisenhower in 1953. Many economies resulted from both commissions' recommendations. Over the years, Hoover wrote many articles and books, one of which he was working on when he died at 90 in New York City on October 20, 1964. The Presidential biographies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The Presidents of the United States of America,” by Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey. Copyright 2006 by the White House Historical Association. For more information about President Hoover, ple


In which country is the 'Hedgehog' considered sacred?

WARRIORS OF EARTH: The Hedgehog Came to Me, to Share the Sacred Dream! The Hedgehog Came to Me, to Share the Sacred Dream! Image: Photograph by Henry Ausloos, Animals, Earth Scenes   Hedgehog came into my life in the midst of strife   making my life more pleasant   to undo the knot in the rope   so that I can flow and grow into the flower that I am to be fully and totally free I gave you back your breath you give me joy instead   Sung by Southern Season, Song of Heaven   Oct 26, 2010 Southern Season Song of Heaven wrote: Beloved Relatives,   I had a dream. I was with the people where I made the drum. Suddenly Stefan said to me. I have a body of an hedgehog. Do you want it? I said yes. I want to have it. I will honor it. So he put it in a bag. When I did hold the bag he came alive. So I took him out of the bag and took him home.   At home I wanted to take care until he was strong enough to be set free again. But my oldest daughter put him in the water with me while I was taking a bath. I did not notice at first so again he died. I took the little body an did cpr (coronary pulmonary resuscitation) on it ... Again he became alive ... I saw the water coming out of his little mouth and he was shining and so much stronger then before...   Rainbow Warriors of Prophecy Blessed Song I give to you, to know the Sacred Blue. The home that we long to know true, the loving Blue (heart knowing relatives). Where distance is just a call, when you need all that's water fall (tears) and spring will light up inside your heart to find the blue, red illumination's call (finding your spirit) ... aho ah, may your spirit fly from heaven upon rolling hills!   Image by Anastasiya Malakhova, Valley of the Hedgehogs Hedgehog's Wisdom Includes: This little creature packs a powerful symbolic punch with animal symbolism.   Wisdom of the female elders, bonded to Mother Earth Fertility, protector of the garden Resurrection, Victory Second sight "rebirth of vision of the dark space" Gentle Inner Self Understanding weather patterns, knows rain, the element of heavenly tears Spiritual Power, Anointing Perception, Receiving and Allowing Intelligence, Resourcefulness Solar animal symbolism deals with creatures that correspond with the sun - also known as fire sign animals. Roles within the rays of the sun. Fire animals can light up your life and provide ignition to whatever you need set into action. Specifically, invoke solar animal symbolism when you need to:     * Blaze a trail     * Be a beacon in leadership     * Need a spark of inspiration     * Need the flames of passion stoked.     * Outshine the competition in your trade Hedgehog Meanings and Thoughts on Animal Symbolism Related to the Hedgehog. Image by Kerry Hartjen, Rudolph the Red Nosed Hedgehog Tap into the animal symbolism of the hedgehog today!  It's true, big things really do come in small packages and the animal symbolism of the hedgehog proves it. Those with the hedgehog as their animal totem know how to take care of themselves and do so with grace and style. We make this association by observing the hedgehog when it is threatened. It packs itself tightly in a neat little ball, exposing some lethal looking quills. Any predator who takes a bite of this prickly morsel will spit it right back out. Same goes with those who honor the hedgehog as their totem - these people always land on their feet and go through challenges with the same calm, cool practicality as the hedgehog does. The hedgehog is also symbolic of fertility and being connected to the earth. It's belly is close to the Mother (earth, that is) and this close proximity is symbolic of its connection to earth and all that is fertile. The hedgehog's tendency to curl up in the fetal position is also a message of centering, and connecting with the source. Further, central Asia and parts of Iran associated agricultural abundance, fertility and the gift of fire to the hedgehog. In these cultures it is considered a solar* power animal, and is strongly connected to the energy and vitality of the sun. This may be fur


Freddie Mercury, Brian May, Roger Taylor and who, made up the rock band 'Queen'?

Freddie Mercury Freddie Mercury Date Of Birth September 5, 1946 - November 24, 1991 Birthplace Zanzibar, Tanzania Instruments Vocals, piano, guitar, keyboards The life of Frederick Bulsara began on the East African island of Zanzibar on September 5, 1946. 25 years later in London under the name of Freddie Mercury he was fronting the now legendary rock group named Queen. The son of Bomi and Jer Bulsara, Freddie spent the bulk of his childhood in India where he attended St. Peter’s boarding school. He began taking piano lessons at the age of seven. No one could foresee where a love of music would take him. The Bulsara family moved to Middlesex in 1964 and from there Freddie joined up with a blues band called Wreckage while studying graphic design courses at Ealing College of Art. While singing for Wreckage, a fellow student introduced Freddie to Roger Taylor and Brian May, founder members of a band called Smile. Smile metamorphosed into Queen when Freddie joined Roger and Brian as the lead vocalist. The final member of the band, which was to stay together for the next 20 years, was bassist John Deacon, who joined the band on 1st of March 1971. The rest is rock history. EMI Records and Elektra Records signed the band and in 1973 their debut album ‘Queen’ was released and hailed as one of the most exciting developments ever in rock music. The immortal operatically styled single ‘Bohemian Rhapsody’ was released in 1975 and proceeded to the top of the UK charts for 9 weeks. A song that was nearly never released due to its length and unusual style but which Freddie insisted would be played became the instantly recognisable hit. By this time Freddie’s unique talents were becoming clear, a voice with a remarkable range and a stage presence that gave Queen its colourful, unpredictable and flamboyant personality. Very soon Queen’s popularity extended beyond the shores of the UK as they charted and triumphed around Europe, Japan and the USA where in 1979 they topped the charts with Freddie’s song ‘Crazy Little thing Called Love’. Queen was always indisputably run as a democratic organisation. All four members are each responsible for having penned number one singles for the band. This massive writing strength combined with spectacular lights, the faultless sound, a sprinkling of theatricality and Freddie’s balletic movements made up Queen on stage and on film. Through Freddie’s ability to project himself and the band’s music and image to the four corners of 70,000 seater venues they became known as the prime developers of stadium rock, a reputation perpetuated by their pioneering tactics in South America where in 1981 they performed to 231,000 fans in Sao Paulo, a world record at the time. They also became known as the key innovators of pop videos as their catalogue of 3-minute clips became more and more adventurous in style, size and content. Their phenomenal success continued around the globe throughout the 80’s highlighted in 1985 by their show-stealing and unforgettable performance on stage at Live Aid. In the mid 80’s, Freddie started concentrating on his solo career, which was to run in tandem with Queen (“the mothership”) for several albums commencing with the 1985 release of ‘Mr. Bad Guy’. Freddie’s much loved sense of self-parody reached a zenith with his cover version of The Platter’s song ‘The Great Pretender’ in 1987, the video of which recorded him descending a sweeping staircase among acres of identical cardboard cutouts of himself. His first major collaboration outside Queen was with Dave Clark for the recording of London’s West End musical Time, in 1986. This was followed in 1987 with the realisation of one of Freddie’s long-term dreams; to record with the world revered opera diva Montserrat Caballé. The LP’s title song, ‘Barcelona’ went on to become an anthem for Senora Caballé’s home city and the theme for the Olympics in 1992. While most publicly recognised as the front man to one of the most progressive rock bands of the 70’s, Freddie defied the stereotype.  A taste for venturing into new territories – a trait th


Which word, when used in race relations translates to mean separate development?

Introduction to Sociology/Race and Ethnicity - Wikibooks, open books for an open world Introduction to Sociology/Race and Ethnicity From Wikibooks, open books for an open world Jump to: navigation , search In Bulgaria and Guam, I am considered simply as “other.” However, in Australia, I am labeled more specifically as “non-aboriginal other.” In Canada, it is somewhat more complex; I am labeled as “non-aboriginal Southeast Asian who is not a member of an Indian Band or First Nation or a Treaty Indian or Registered Indian as defined by the Indian Act of Canada.” In Mexico, my non-aboriginal background is once again emphasized simply as “non-indigenous.” In Brazil, I am categorized not by my origins, but by my skin tone as “yellow.” Across the Atlantic, I am categorized as “any other Asian background” in England and as “Indian or Asian” in South Africa. In the United States today, recent attempts to be more specific have resulted in giving me the opportunity to indicate that I am a “non-Hispanic Chinese Vietnamese” person. However, in the United States in the past, I would have been forced to exclusively identify as “Chinese” from 1890 to 1970 and “Vietnamese” from 1980 to 1990. These preceding statements are responses to actual census questions on race and ethnicity from different countries around the globe as well as across time in the United States. Why is there so much variation in my racial and ethnic identity if, in fact, race and ethnicity are assumed to be “natural” and “absolute”? The mutability of my racial and ethnic identity over time and space illustrates that race and ethnicity are very much socially-constructed concepts, and that the racial and ethnic options afforded to me are dependent on the circumstances of a particular society at a particular point in time. What about the options for my son who is mixed-race? Will his identity as half-Asian take precedence over his half-white identity in the U.S. given the legacy of the “one-drop rule,” in which the minority status will always take precedence? Take for example, President Barack Obama, who is similar to my son in that he is mixed-race. However, more often than not, President Obama is identified in public discourse simply as black. Likewise, Tiger Woods, who self-identifies as “Cablinasian” in attempt to be recognized as Caucasian, Black, Indian, and Asian by others, is still nonetheless simply labeled as black in mainstream media despite his multi-racial background. The complexity of my identity, in addition to my son’s, Obama’s, and Woods’ identities, exemplifies the need to move beyond mutually-exclusive and inflexible interpretations of race and ethnicity, especially considering that interracial marriages are observably on the rise in the United States. This chapter on race and ethnicity first illustrates the social construction of these two highly-contested concepts, and then discusses the many pitfalls, such as prejudice and discrimination, associated with them. Barack Obama at a campaign stop in New Hampshire in 2007. Despite having a mother from Kansas and a father from Kenya, Barack Obama is almost universally considered "black." Contents 15 External links Race and Ethnicity[ edit ] A race is a human population that is believed to be distinct in some way from other humans based on real or imagined physical differences. [1] Racial classifications are rooted in the idea of biological classification of humans according to morphological features such as skin color or facial characteristics. An individual is usually externally classified (meaning someone else makes the classification) into a racial group rather than the individual choosing where they belong as part of their identity. Conceptions of race, as well as specific racial groupings, are often controversial due to their impact on social identity and how those identities influence someone's position in social hierarchies (see identity politics ). Ethnicity, while related to race, refers not to physical characteristics but social traits that are shared by a human population. Some of the social tr


Which poet invited Maud into the garden?

Come Into The Garden, Maud - Poem by Lord Alfred Tennyson Come Into The Garden, Maud by Lord Alfred Tennyson Come into the garden, Maud, For the black bat, Night, has flown, Come into the garden, Maud, I am here at the gate alone; And the woodbine spices are wafted abroad, And the musk of the roses blown. For a breeze of morning moves, And the planet of Love is on high, Beginning to faint in the light that she loves On a bed of daffodil sky, To faint in the light of the sun she loves, To faint in his light, and to die. All night have the roses heard The flute, violin, bassoon; All night has the casement jessamine stirr'd To the dancers dancing in tune: Till a silence fell with the waking bird, And a hush with the setting moon. I said to the lily, "There is but one With whom she has heart to be gay. When will the dancers leave her alone? She is weary of dance and play." Now half to the setting moon are gone, And half to the rising day; Low on the sand and loud on the stone The last wheel echoes away. I said to the rose, "The brief night goes In babble and revel and wine. O young lordlover, what sighs are those For one that will never be thine? But mine, but mine," so I sware to the rose, "For ever and ever, mine." And the soul of the rose went into my blood, As the music clash'd in the hall; And long by the garden lake I stood, For I heard your rivulet fall From the lake to the meadow and on to the wood, Our wood, that is dearer than all; From the meadow your walks have left so sweet That whenever a March-wind sighs He sets the jewelprint of your feet In violets blue as your eyes, To the woody hollows in which we meet And the valleys of Paradise. The slender acacia would not shake One long milk-bloom on the tree; The white lake-blossom fell into the lake, As the pimpernel dozed on the lea; But the rose was awake all night for your sake, Knowing your promise to me; The lilies and roses were all awake, They sigh'd for the dawn and thee. Queen rose of the rosebud garden of girls, Come hither, the dances are done, In gloss of satin and glimmer of pearls, Queen lily and rose in one; Shine out, little head, sunning over with curls, To the flowers, and be their sun. There has fallen a splendid tear From the passion-flower at the gate. She is coming, my dove, my dear; She is coming, my life, my fate; The red rose cries, "She is near, she is near;" And the white rose weeps, "She is late;" The larkspur listens, "I hear, I hear;" And the lily whispers, "I wait." She is coming, my own, my sweet; Were it ever so airy a tread, My heart would hear her and beat, Were it earth in an earthy bed; My dust would hear her and beat, Had I lain for a century dead; Would start and tremble under her feet, And blossom in purple and red.


What is the name of the Kenyan game reserve set on the Serengeti Plain?

The Serengeti: Plain Facts about National Park & Animals The Serengeti: Plain Facts about National Park & Animals By Kim Ann Zimmermann, Live Science Contributor | September 19, 2012 12:27pm ET MORE The Serengeti is a vast ecosystem in east-central Africa. It spans 12,000 square miles (30,000 square kilometers) giving rise to its name, which is derived from the Maasai language and means “endless plains.” This region of Africa is located in north Tanzania and extends to southwestern Kenya. The Serengeti encompasses Serengeti National Park and a number of protected game reserves and conservation areas maintained by the governments of Tanzania and Kenya. The region hosts the largest mammal migration in the world and is a popular destination for African safaris. Wildebeests and zebras cross the Serengeti Plain in an annual migration. Altitudes in the Serengeti range from 3,020 feet to 6,070 feet (920 meters to 1,850 meters) The usually warm and dry climate is interrupted by two rainy seasons — March to May, and a shorter season in October and November. An acacia tree on the Serengeti Plain. Credit: M Rutherford shutterstock The Serengeti landscape is quite varied with flat-topped acacias (a genre of shrubs and trees), rolling plains and open grasslands that are bordered by hills and rocky formations. Extreme weather conditions plague the area, with harsh winds combining with heat to create a harsh environment. The expansiveness of the Serengeti is interrupted by Ol Doinyo Lengai, the only active volcano in the area and the only volcano that still ejects carbonatite lavas that turn white when exposed to air. When it rains, the ash turns into a calcium-rich material that is as hard as cement. The southeastern area lies in the shadow of the Ngorongoro highlands and is composed of shortgrass treeless plains as this area does get rain. Some 43 miles (70 km) west, acacia woodlands rise suddenly and extend west to Lake Victoria and north to the Loita Plains. The landscape is dotted with a number of granite and gneiss outcroppings known as kopjes, which are large rocky formations that are the result of volcanic activity. The Simba Kopje (Lion Kopje) is a popular tourist stop. Animals of the Serengeti Blue wildebeests, gazelles, zebras and buffalos inhabit the region, along with lions and spotted hyenas familiar to fans of the Disney film “The Lion King.” In the 1890s, droughts and a rinderpest epidemic (also known as cattle plague or steppe murrain) took a serious toll on the animal population of the Serengeti, in particular the wildebeest. By the mid-1970s the wildebeest and the buffalo populations had recovered. Each year the great wildebeest migration begins in December in the Ngorongoro area of the southern Serengeti of Tanzania, which offers rich grasslands for feeding. This is a huge attraction for tourists, and while many think it is an intense and short-lived phenomenon, it is actually a fairly slow trek. It occurs during this time because there plenty of rain-ripened grass available for the 750,000 zebra that precede 1.2 million wildebeest and then the hundreds of thousands of other plains game bringing up the rear of the migration path. A red-headed rock agama displays colorful male territorial markings in Serengeti National Park. Credit: Mogens Trolle shutterstock Wildebeests bear their young in February and March, which sparks predators. Then in May as the plains of the south and east dry out the mass moves on to the north and west crossing the Grumeti River, where there is more grass and more a more reliable water supply. Some 250,000 wildebeest die during the journey from Tanzania to Maasai Mara Reserve in lower Kenya, a total of 500 miles (800 km). Death is usually from thirst, hunger, exhaustion, or predation. But large mammals are not the only ones that make their home in the Serengeti. Gaudy agama lizards and rock hyraxes make themselves comfortable in the numerous granite kopjes, which are formations of huge boulders of sparkling, coarse rock. A full 100 varieties of dung beetle have been recorded, as have 500-plu


"Which member of the group 'Queen' was nicknamed, ""The Truro Trouperdore""?"

About Queen - About the band Queen | Shane's Queen Site About Queen Select Page About Queen This section of Shane’s Queen Site includes some background to the Rock band “Queen” outlining the 4 key members; Freddie Mercury, Brian May, Roger Taylor and John Deacon. Following the death of lead singer Freddie Mercury on November 24th 1991, Queen as a band has continued with Brian May and Roger Taylor leading the fray. The stage show We Will Rock you has brought Queen to a whole new audience and new generation of Queen fans. many of the people listening to Queen were born after the death of Freddie Mercury and never knew what it was like to await the latest Queen album or queue in line for the next amazing live tour. I hope you enjoy the brief Queen Biographies and band history below. Queen Bios Date of Birth: 5th September, 1946 Place of Birth: Stone Town, Zanzibar Died: 24th November, 1991 Studied at : Ealing College of Art Degree: Diploma of Art and Design Pre-Queen Bands: Sour Milk Sea, Wreckage, Hectic, Ibex Name: Brian Harold May Date of Birth: 19 July 1947 Place of Birth: Hampton, Middlesex Studied at: Imperial College, London Degree: Physics (Astronomy) Date of Birth: 19 August 1951 Place of Birth: Leicester Studied at : Chelsea College of Science & Technology, London Degree: Electronics Pre-Queen Bands: The Art Opposition Name: Roger Meddows Taylor Date of Birth: 26 July 1949 Place of Birth: Kings Lynn, Norfolk Studied at: London Hosptial Medical School & Imperial College, London Degree: Biology Pre-Queen Bands: The Reaction, Smile From School to Smile This story of Queen starts with the birth of the oldest member and ultimately the lead singer of the group. Freddie Mercury was born Farookh Bulsara on the spice island of Zanzibar 5th of September 1946. He spent most of his childhood in India, and went to school at St. Peter’s British College School a boarding school in Panchgani near to Mumbai. While he was there he was very good at sports, especially boxing, in which he even entered competitions. Also, it was around this time his friends started calling him Freddie. Freddie was a keen artist and enjoyed and both drawing and music, playing piano at every opportunity, and eventually getting to Grade IV. His first onstage performance was also at St. Peters, with his five-member school band, the Hectics. His family eventually settled in England in 1964, the same year he enrolled at Ealing College of Art. In 1969, Freddie graduated from Ealing with a Diploma in Art and Design. This was to come in useful later, as Freddie designed Queen’s famous lion and phoenix crest. It was a Ealing that Freddie met Tim Staffel, who was in a band called Smile, with Brian May and Roger Taylor. Freddie attended many performances and rehersals with Tim. By this stage Freddie had started to use the name Mercury after the mythical God. Smile eventually get a contract with ‘Mercury Records’ and soon end up in Trident Studios, in London, with producer John Anthony. The result of this recording session was a single called ‘Earth’ written by Tim Staffell and a B-side called ‘Step On Me’ by Brian and Tim. It is released only in the US in August where it failed to sell and they are eventually let go by ‘Mercury Records’. With dreams of becoming a superstar Roger decided to setup a second-hand clothes stall in Kensington Market with Freddie. They reportedly positioned the shall so that they prime view of a womens changing rooms in a nearby shop. Brian also took a job teaching at a comprehensive school in London. Smile hadn’t gone totally, as they were still playing gigs locally. Meanwhile, Freddie joined a band called Ibex (later to become Wreckage), singing and also playing keyboards and Smile often appeared on the same bill as Wreckage – but eventually Smile broke up, with Tim joining another band as things weren’t happening fast enough. Queen – Post Smile Seeing the break-up of Smile, Freddie left ‘Wreckage’ and joined Brian and Roger because he felt the previous band ‘Smile’ had all the elements that he wanted in a band. It was here that histor


What is the name of Kenya's second largest game reserve, who's dramatic setting is the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro?

Places of Interest in Kenya - IITA Country snapshot, interesting facts "The greatest wildlife show on earth" Straddling the Equator on the east coast of Africa, Kenya is one of the most scenically diverse and beautiful countries on the continent, and home to the nomadic Masai and Samburu, the Kikuyu farmers and coastal Swahili tribal peoples. Kenya has two major cities, the high-altitude, colonial-built capital, Nairobi, and the ancient Swahili trading port of Mombasa. But what really draws the tourists is the great outdoors. This is a place for sunbathing, hiking, climbing, diving or riding. Above all, it is a place for safaris. Resorts and excursions Kenya, regarded by many as the "jewel of East Africa", has some of the continent's finest beaches, most magnificent wildlife and scenery, and an incredibly sophisticated tourism infrastructure. It is a startlingly beautiful land, from the coral reefs and white sand beaches of the coast to the summit of Mount Kenya, crowned with clouds and bejewelled by strange giant alpine plants. Between these two extremes are the rolling savanna that is home to game parks such as Tsavo, Amboseli, the Masai Mara, and Samburu; the lush, agricultural highlands with their sleek green coat of coffee and tea plantations; and the most spectacular stretch of the Great Rift Valley, the giant scar across the face of Africa. One-tenth of all land in Kenya is designated as national parks and reserves. Over 50 parks and reserves cover all habitats from desert to mountain forest, and there are even six marine parks in the Indian Ocean. Tourist facilities are extremely good. There are many organized safaris, but visitors with the time and money may choose to hire their own vehicle and camping equipment. Kenya also has a fascinatingly diverse population with around 40 different tribes, all with their own (often related) languages and cultures. The major tribes include the Kikuyu, from the central highlands, the Luyia in the northwest and the Luo, around Lake Victoria. Of them all, however, the most famous are the tall, proud, beautiful red-clad Masai, who still lead a traditional semi-nomadic lifestyle of cattle-herding along the southern border. Kenya does have its down-side as a tourist destination. Rampant corruption means that many of the roads are in poor condition and driving can be a chore. Urban crime is high and continuing inter-tribal skirmishes and banditry are a threat in some areas of the north. More prosaically, the tourist trade has taught people here to think of foreigners as open wallets. Prices for everything from park fees to hotel rooms are set way above the local level. There is enormous pressure to buy anything and everything, often at ridiculously inflated prices, and even taking a photograph in the local market is likely to incur a cost. The Coast Mombassa. The second largest city in Kenya, 500 km (300 miles) from Nairobi, Mombasa town actually sits on an island. Until the ascendancy of the Western powers in the Indian Ocean, Mombasa was second only to Zanzibar as a center for trade with Arabia, India, and the Far East – slaves and ivory were exchanged for spices and small goods, and later for gold dollars. Mombasa is still an important port, prospering from its position at the head of the only railway into the Kenyan interior, but visitors are likely to find the rakish grey forms of foreign warships to be more typical of modern Mombasa than the flotillas of Arab dhows that still collect in the Old Harbour. Mombasa is the headquarters for Kenya's coastal tourist trade, but has none of the fine beaches in the north and south. There are, however, several places of interest: the Old Town retains a strongly Arab flavor, with narrow, crowded streets and street vendors selling all manner of local and imported craftwork; Fort Jesus, built by the Portuguese in 1593 and taken by the Omani Arabs in 1698 after a 33-month seige, is now a museum and worth visiting (open 0830–1830 every day of the year, including son-et-lumière shows); the Old Harbour is an interesting place for early morning


The matriach of the Kennedy family died in January 1995 at the age of 104, what was her name?

Rose Kennedy, Political Matriarch, Dies at 104 - NYTimes.com Rose Kennedy, Political Matriarch, Dies at 104 By ROBERT D. McFADDEN Published: January 23, 1995 Correction Appended Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, the mother of President John F. Kennedy and of two United States Senators, the wife of a fabulously wealthy businessman-ambassador and the matriarch of a family whose political triumphs and personal tragedies she carried with quiet dignity for 80 years, died yesterday at the Kennedy family compound in Hyannis Port, Mass. She was 104. Surrounded by family members at her rambling, white-shingled seaside home on Cape Cod, she died of complications from pneumonia at 5:30 P.M., her son, Senator Edward M. Kennedy of Massachusetts, said. She had been in a wheelchair, partly paralyzed and mostly silent, since 1984, when she suffered the first of a series of debilitating strokes. Mother passed away peacefully today," Senator Kennedy said last night. "She had a long and extraordinary life, and we loved her deeply. To all of us in the Kennedy and Fitzgerald families, she was the most beautiful rose of all." President Clinton extended his condolences last night. "Very few Americans have endured as much personal sacrifice for their country as Rose Kennedy," the President said. "She played an extraordinary role in the life of an extraordinary family. Hillary and I extend our deep-felt sympathy to the Kennedy family." Funeral arrangements were incomplete last night. In recent years, Mrs. Kennedy, a devout Roman Catholic who often said she drew on her faith to cope with sorrows, had remained out of the public eye that followed her nearly all her life. She spent her time reciting the rosary daily, attending Mass celebrated by a priest in her living room on Sundays and sitting on a porch overlooking Nantucket Sound on sunny weekends while her children and grandchildren paid visits and regaled her with their latest adventures. They were the twilight years of a life she once described as a series of agonies and ecstasies, a life born into fortune and politics, wed to ambition, graced by the exhilaration of a son in the White House and others on Capitol Hill, but touched by violent death, illness, scandal and other adversities. Tragedy Intrudes On a Privileged Life Raised in Boston, the daughter of John (Honey Fitz) Fitzgerald, a Boston mayor and Massachusetts Congressman, the young Rose Fitzgerald knew a life most only dream of -- private schools, debutante balls, summers on Cape Cod, winters in Palm Beach, trips to Europe and Asia, and hosts of suitors entranced by her young Irish charm and directness. She was married at 24 to Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., the son of a saloon keeper, and a dynamo who amassed holdings in banking, real estate, liquor, films and Wall Street that grew to an estimated $500 million. Despite controversy over his wealth and isolationist views, he was posted to the Court of St. James's as Ambassador to Britain from 1938 to 1941. There were meetings with kings, presidents and popes, and the satisfaction of children on the national stage, in Congress and in the White House. Although hers was a supporting role, her erect bearing, careful grooming and tireless work in her sons' campaigns, made her a figure of public interest in her own right. She was not a powerful public speaker, but family members called her expert at gauging her audiences. On a single evening, they said, she could don a head scarf and mingle with workmen's wives at a stop in a blue-collar neighborhood, then rush off to campaign at a country club, changing in the back seat of a car into a mink coat and stylish shoes. It was a whirl that led to many successes. But sorrow intruded time and again. Four of her nine children died in their prime. President Kennedy was slain by an assassin in Dallas in 1963. Senator Robert F. Kennedy was shot by another assassin in Los Angeles during the 1968 Presidential campaign. Her eldest son, Joseph Jr., a Navy pilot, was killed when his plane exploded over the English Channel on a mission in World War II. And a daughter, Kath


According to Irish mythology, which great warrior was responsible for the building of the 'Giant's Causeway' to link the shores of Scotland and Ireland?

Fer (Fer Fi) To Fynnodderee (Celtic mythology and folklore) In Depth Tutorials and Information Fer (Fer Fi) To Fynnodderee (Celtic mythology and folklore) Fer (Fer Fi) Irish hero. Possibly originally a god, this magical harper of munster played so beautifully that no one who heard him could resist responding; if he played a sad song, all wept; a happy song, and all would laugh with joy; a lullaby, and everyone would fall sound asleep. He unwittingly caused the enmity between the foster brothers lugaidh mac Conn and eogan when they overheard him practicing outdoors and fell to disputing at whose court he should play. That argument led to a bitter feud that ended with Eogan’s death. Fer ^ in the meantime, became the father of two important fairy queens of Munster, aine and her twin sister grain, suggesting that he was a fairy king or diminished god himself. He was described, in the region around the magically important lough gur in Co. Limerick, as a red-haired dwarf and brother of Aine. He played suantraighe, "sleep music," on his three-stringed harp, which put not only people but the world to sleep, so that the springs that fed Lough Gur froze up and looked like stones beneath the glassy surface. He could also play gentraighe, "laughter music," melodies so light that those who heard them burst into delighted laughter. Fertility Cosmological concept. To people who live close to the land, the question of fertility is the most compelling one they face. Should the land grow sterile, should the herds grow barren, should the rivers not run flush with fish, death from starvation can soon follow. The Irish linked the fertility of the land to the king’s righteousness; they believed that if the king behaved generously and honorably, the goddess of the land’s sovereignty, the king’s spouse, would be happy and bear abundantly. Fertility was thus neither in the domain of the feminine nor of the masculine but existed in the balance struck between them. Among the continental Celts, images of abundance—the cornucopia and the egg—are found with both gods and goddesses. Fetch (feach) Scottish and Irish folkloric figure. Each of us was thought to have a kind of detachable aura, like a shell, around us. It looked exactly like us and could wander like a ghost in places distant from our bodies. Encountering one’s fetch had various meanings: If you met yourself in the morning, it meant good luck was coming; but if you ran into your exact image in the evening or near a graveyard, death was on the way. Those with second sight could see the fetches of other people as well as their own. The fetch was apparently distinct from the co-walker, which could be a fairy or ghost rather than an aura. Fethnat Irish goddess. This obscure member of the magical race, the tuatha de danann, was a gifted musician. Fflur Welsh heroine or goddess. This obscure figure appears in the Welsh triads as the beloved of the hero caswallawn, who fought with Julius Caesar for her hand. Her name suggests that she may be related to the flower-maiden blodeuwedd; the contention of two rulers points to a connection to the goddess of sovereignty; but Fflur’s legend and its meaning are virtually lost. Fiacclach mac Conchinn (Fiacail, Fiachu mac Conga) Irish hero. The vigorous foster father of the Irish hero fionn mac cumhaill, Fiacclach provided Fionn a magical sword that never missed its mark. Fiachna Irish hero. Common in Irish mythology, possibly meaning "raven," this name borne mostly by minor heroes. The exceptions are: • Fiachna of MUNSTER, an incestuous king who fathered a son on his daughter mugain. • Fiachna mac Baetain, whose wife cantigern bought a victory for him by sleeping with the sea god, manannan mac lir, who so desired her that he arranged for Fiachna to win the battle in return for his wife’s favors. This Fiachna may be a historical king, though his genealogical background— he was thought to have been conceived parthenogenetically by his mother—suggests a divinity or totem ancestor. • Fiachna mac Daire, to whom a worm spoke when he snagged it while fishing in Cua


Which political group imposed dictatoriship in France after the revolution?

French Revolution - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google Prelude to the French Revolution: Monarchy in Crisis As the 18th century drew to a close, France’s costly involvement in the American Revolution and extravagant spending by King Louis XVI (1754-1793) and his predecessor had left the country on the brink of bankruptcy. Not only were the royal coffers depleted, but two decades of poor cereal harvests, drought, cattle disease and skyrocketing bread prices had kindled unrest among peasants and the urban poor. Many expressed their desperation and resentment toward a regime that imposed heavy taxes yet failed to provide relief by rioting, looting and striking. Did You Know? Over 17,000 people were officially tried and executed during the Reign of Terror, and an unknown number of others died in prison or without trial. In the fall of 1786, Louis XVI’s controller general, Charles Alexandre de Calonne (1734-1802), proposed a financial reform package that included a universal land tax from which the privileged classes would no longer be exempt. To garner support for these measures and forestall a growing aristocratic revolt, the king summoned the Estates-General (“les états généraux”)–an assembly representing France’s clergy, nobility and middle class–for the first time since 1614. The meeting was scheduled for May 5, 1789; in the meantime, delegates of the three estates from each locality would compile lists of grievances (“cahiers de doléances”) to present to the king. The French Revolution at Versailles: Rise of the Third Estate France’s population had changed considerably since 1614. The non-aristocratic members of the Third Estate now represented 98 percent of the people but could still be outvoted by the other two bodies. In the lead-up to the May 5 meeting, the Third Estate began to mobilize support for equal representation and the abolishment of the noble veto–in other words, they wanted voting by head and not by status. While all of the orders shared a common desire for fiscal and judicial reform as well as a more representative form of government, the nobles in particular were loath to give up the privileges they enjoyed under the traditional system. By the time the Estates-General convened at Versailles, the highly public debate over its voting process had erupted into hostility between the three orders, eclipsing the original purpose of the meeting and the authority of the man who had convened it. On June 17, with talks over procedure stalled, the Third Estate met alone and formally adopted the title of National Assembly; three days later, they met in a nearby indoor tennis court and took the so-called Tennis Court Oath (“serment du jeu de paume”), vowing not to disperse until constitutional reform had been achieved. Within a week, most of the clerical deputies and 47 liberal nobles had joined them, and on June 27 Louis XVI grudgingly absorbed all three orders into the new assembly. The French Revolution Hits the Streets: The Bastille and the Great Fear On June 12, as the National Assembly (known as the National Constituent Assembly during its work on a constitution) continued to meet at Versailles, fear and violence consumed the capital. Though enthusiastic about the recent breakdown of royal power, Parisians grew panicked as rumors of an impending military coup began to circulate. A popular insurgency culminated on July 14 when rioters stormed the Bastille fortress in an attempt to secure gunpowder and weapons; many consider this event, now commemorated in France as a national holiday, as the start of the French Revolution. The wave of revolutionary fervor and widespread hysteria quickly swept the countryside. Revolting against years of exploitation, peasants looted and burned the homes of tax collectors, landlords and the seigniorial elite. Known as the Great Fear (“la Grande peur”), the agrarian insurrection hastened the growing exodus of nobles from the country and inspired the National Constituent Assembly to abolish feudalism on August 4, 1789, signing what the historian Georges Lefebvre later called the “


What was the name of the Kennedy brother who died in World War II, when his plane exploded while on a mission?

MHQ Home Page Though John F. Kennedy emerged from World War II as a national hero, he thought of the war years as a dark period for his family. “It turned [us] upside down and sucked all the oxygen out of our smug and comfortable assumptions,” he said. Joseph P. Kennedy, patriarch of the clan and a fierce isolationist, opposed the war and made several missteps that severely damaged his political career, which once seemed destined to climax in a bid for the White House. Appointed in 1938 as President Franklin Roosevelt’s ambassador to Great Britain, he backed the appeasement policy of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, describing Czechoslovakia and other nations threatened by Hitler as “disposable countries,” according to Edward Renehan Jr.’s The Kennedys at War. During the Battle of Britain, he declared that democracy was “finished” in England and perhaps America, too. In a line from a speech that Roosevelt censored, he said, “I should like to ask you all if you know of any dispute or controversy existing in the world which is worth the life of your son?” That line would haunt Kennedy when the three of his nine children who were of age and able—Joe Jr., Jack, and Kathleen—joined the war effort. Kathleen, the fourth of his nine children, volunteered for the Red Cross in London, in part to be closer to Billy Hartington, a wealthy British aristocrat she’d met while her father was ambassador. She and Hartington married in May 1944, but the groom, a captain in the British Army, was killed in combat three months later. Jack’s near-death misfortune in the Solomons left him in the hospital for months after back surgery. But the biggest Kennedy tragedy of the war was the death of Joe Kennedy Jr. A navy bomber pilot, he flew at D-Day and twice extended his tour of duty in Europe. In August 1944—days before Billy Hartington died—he volunteered for a secret mission testing an experimental drone plane packed with explosives—a weapon the Allies hoped to use as a guided missile. On the first test flight, the explosives detonated prematurely and the plane exploded. Kennedy’s body was never found. His son’s death shattered Joe Kennedy and fueled his rage at Roosevelt for entangling America in the war. “For a fellow who didn’t want this war to touch your country or mine,” he wrote a friend in Britain, “I have had a rather bad dose—Joe dead, Billy Hartington dead, my son Jack in the Naval Hospital. I have had brought home to me very personally what I saw for all the mothers and fathers of the world.” Click For More From MHQ!


'Thumbelina', a tiny girl not half as big as a thumb, was grown from a beggar's gift to a peasant woman. What was the gift?

Children Stories - Little Thumbelina Little Thumbelina THERE was once a woman who wished very much to have a little child. She went to a fairy and said: "I should so very much like to have a little child. Can you tell me where I can find one?" "Oh, that can be easily managed," said the fairy. "Here is a barleycorn; it is not exactly of the same sort as those which grow in the farmers' fields, and which the chickens eat. Put it into a flowerpot and see what will happen." "Thank you," said the woman; and she gave the fairy twelve shillings, which was the price of the barleycorn. Then she went home and planted it, and there grew up a large, handsome flower, somewhat like a tulip in appearance, but with its leaves tightly closed, as if it were still a bud. "It is a beautiful flower," said the woman, and she kissed the red and golden-colored petals; and as she did so the flower opened, and she could see that it was a real tulip. But within the flower, upon the green velvet stamens, sat a very delicate and graceful little maiden. She was scarcely half as long as a thumb, and they gave her the name of Little Thumb, or Thumbelina, because she was so small. A walnut shell, elegantly polished, served her for a cradle; her bed was formed of blue violet leaves, with a rose leaf for a counterpane. Here she slept at night, but during the day she amused herself on a table, where the peasant wife had placed a plate full of water. Round this plate were wreaths of flowers with their stems in the water, and upon it floated a large tulip leaf, which served the little one for a boat. Here she sat and rowed herself from side to side, with two oars made of white horsehair. It was a very pretty sight. Thumbelina could also sing so softly and sweetly that nothing like her singing had ever before been heard. One night, while she lay in her pretty bed, a large, ugly, wet toad crept through a broken pane of glass in the window and leaped right upon the table where she lay sleeping under her rose-leaf quilt. "What a pretty little wife this would make for my son," said the toad, and she took up the walnut shell in which Thumbelina lay asleep, and jumped through the window with it, into the garden. In the swampy margin of a broad stream in the garden lived the toad with her son. He was uglier even than his mother; and when he saw the pretty little maiden in her elegant bed, he could only cry "Croak, croak, croak." "Don't speak so loud, or she will wake," said the toad, "and then she might run away, for she is as light as swan's-down. We will place her on one of the water-lily leaves out in the stream; it will be like an island to her, she is so light and small, and then she cannot escape; and while she is there we will make haste and prepare the stateroom under the marsh, in which you are to live when you are married." Far out in the stream grew a number of water lilies with broad green leaves which seemed to float on the top of the water. The largest of these leaves appeared farther off than the rest, and the old toad swam out to it with the walnut shell, in which Thumbelina still lay asleep. The tiny creature woke very early in the morning and began to cry bitterly when she found where she was, for she could see nothing but water on every side of the large green leaf, and no way of reaching the land. Meanwhile the old toad was very busy under the marsh, decking her room with rushes and yellow wildflowers, to make it look pretty for her new daughter-in-law. Then she swam out with her ugly son to the leaf on which she had placed poor Thumbelina. She wanted to bring the pretty bed, that she might put it in the bridal chamber to be ready for her. The old toad bowed low to her in the water and said, "Here is my son; he will be your husband, and you will live happily together in the marsh by the stream." "Croak, croak, croak," was all her son could say for himself. So the toad took up the elegant little bed and swam away with it, leaving Thumbelina all alone on the green leaf, where she sat and wept. She could not bear to think of living with the old toa


How many fences in the Grand National are jumped twice?

Course and Fences It is illegal for anyone aged under 18 to gamble Grand National Course and Fences The Grand National is the ultimate test of horse and jockey. The race comprises two full circuits of a unique 2ï¿½ mile (3,600 metres) course, where challengers will face 30 of the most testing fences in the world of jump racing. It was originally designed as a cross-country steeplechase when it was first officially run in 1839. The runners started at a lane on the edge of the racecourse and raced away from the course out over open countryside towards the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. The gates, hedges and ditches that they met along the way were flagged to provide them with the obstacles to be jumped along the way with posts and rails erected at the two points where the runners jumped a brook. The runners returned towards the racecourse by running along the edge of the canal before re-entering the course at the opposite end. The runners then ran the length of the racecourse before embarking on a second circuit before finishing in front of the stands. The majority of the race therefore took place not on the actual Aintree Racecourse but instead in the adjoining countryside. That countryside was incorporated into the modern course but commentators still often refer to it as "the country", much to the confusion of millions of once-a-year racing viewers. Nowadays, around 150 tonnes of spruce branches, sourced and transported from forests in the Lake District, are used to dress the Liverpool course's jump fences. Each fence used to be made from a wooden frame and covered with the distinctive green spruce. However, a radical change for the 2013 renewal saw that frame replaced by a softer, more forgiving material known as "plastic birch", for safety reasons. Each of the 16 fences on the course are jumped twice, with the exception of The Chair and the Water Jump, which are jumped on the first circuit only. You can take a jockey's eye view of the Grand National course via the video below: Safety Changes Following safety reviews after both the 2011 and 2012 renewals, a number of changes were made to the course with some reductions in fences or the drop after fences, plus the levelling of landing zones. Since 2013, the start of the race is now 90 yards closer to the first fence, reducing the race to four miles and three-and-a-half furlongs, from four-and-a-half miles, while measures were introduced to stop horses getting caught up in the starting tape. In particular, the start now includes the 'no-go' zone, which is defined by a line on the track, being extended from 15 yards to around 30 yards from the starting tape. The starter's rostrum has been moved to a position between the starting tape and the 'no-go' zone to reduce the potential for horses to go through the starting tape prematurely. The tapes themselves are also more user-friendly, with increased visibility, while there is now a specific briefing between the starters' team and the jockeys on Grand National day. The changes to the start are aimed at slowing the speed the first fence is approached at, while moving the start further away from the crowd reduces noise that can distract the horses. The makeup of all of the fences changed significantly in 2013. The new fences are still covered in spruce, but wooden posts have been replaced by a softer material known as "plastic birch", and on top of that birch there's a minimum of fourteen to sixteen inches of spruce that the horses can knock off. The outward appearance of the fences remains the same. Other measures included ï¿½100,000 being invested in irrigation to produce the safest jumping ground possible and a new bypass and pen around fence four to catch riderless horses. The Start There is a hazard to overcome even before the race starts - the build up, parade and re-girthing prior to the off lasts for around 25 minutes, over double the time it takes for any other race. With 40 starters, riders naturally want a good sight of the first fence and after the long build-up their nerves are stretched to breaking point, which means


Who introduced the science of psychoanalysis, the investigation of the unconscious mind?

Click here to analyze your unconscious mind using ink blots. The ink blot is known as a projective test as the patient 'projects' information from their unconscious mind to interpret the ink blot. However, behavioral psychologists such as B.F. Skinner have criticized this method as being subjective and unscientific. 2) Freudian Slip Unconscious thoughts and feelings can transfer to the conscious mind in the form of parapraxes, popularly known as Freudian slips or slips of the tongue. We reveal what is really on our mind by saying something we didn't mean to. For example, a nutritionist giving a lecture intended to say we should always demand the best in bread, but instead said bed. Another example is where a person may call a friend's new partner by the name of a previous one, whom we liked better. Freud believed that slips of the tongue provided an insight into the unconscious mind and that there were no accidents, every behavior (including slips of the tongue) was significant (i.e. all behavior is determined). 3) Free Association A simple technique of psychodynamic therapy is free association in which a patient talks of whatever comes into their mind.  This technique involves a therapist reading a list of words (e.g. mother, childhood etc.) and the patient immediately responds with the first word that comes to mind.  It is hoped that fragments of repressed memories will emerge in the course of free association. Free association may not prove useful if the client shows resistance, and is reluctant to say what he or she is thinking.  On the other hand, the presence of resistance (e.g. an excessively long pause) often provides a strong clue that the client is getting close to some important repressed idea in his or her thinking, and that further probing by the therapist is called for. Freud reported that his free associating patients occasionally experienced such an emotionally intense and vivid memory that they almost relived the experience.  This is like a "flashback" from a war or a rape experience.  Such a stressful memory, so real it feels like it is happening again, is called an abreaction.  If such a disturbing memory occurred in therapy or with a supportive friend and one felt better--relieved or cleansed--later, it would be called a catharsis. Frequently, these intense emotional experiences provided Freud a valuable insight into the patient's problems. Dream Analysis According to Freud the analysis of dreams is "the royal road to the unconscious". He argued that the conscious mind is like a censor, but it is less vigilant when we are asleep. As a result repressed ideas come to the surface - though what we remember may well have been altered during the dream process. As a result we need to distinguish between the manifest content and the latent content of a dream. The former is what we actually remember. The latter is what it really means. Freud believed that very often the real meaning of a dream had a sexual significance and in his theory of sexual symbolism he speculates on the underlying meaning of common dream themes. Clinical Applications Psychoanalysis (along with Rogerian humanistic counseling) is an example of a global therapy (Comer, 1995, p. 143) which has the aim of helping clients to bring about major change in their whole perspective on life. This rests on the assumption that the current maladaptive perspective is tied to deep-seated personality factors. Global therapies stand in contrast to approaches which focus mainly on a reduction of symptoms, such as cognitive and behavioral approaches, so-called problem-based therapies. Anxiety disorders such as phobias, panic attacks, obsessive-compulsive disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder are obvious areas where psychoanalysis might be assumed to work. The aim is to assist the client in coming to terms with their own id impulses or to recognize the origin of their current anxiety in childhood relationships that are being relived in adulthood.  Svartberg and Stiles (1991) and Prochaska and DiClemente (1984) point out that the evidence for its eff


'Gunfight At The OK Corral' in 1957, Burt Lancaster stars as 'Wyatt Earp'. Who stars as 'Doc Halliday'?

Gunfight at OK Corral (1957) - Read expert review at epinions.com Gunfight at OK Corral (1957) Review by George_Chabot in Books, Musical Instruments, Cars & Motorsports, Home and Garden, Movies in Books, Musical Instruments, Home and Garden, Movies   February, 20 2001 Pros: Lancaster and Douglas, supporting cast, story, photography, direction, score Cons: Theme song a little tedious but typical of the era John Sturges directed this, the greatest of Hollywood?s tributes to the legendary gunfight. The action begins quickly with Wyatt Earp (Burt Lancaster) and Doc Holliday (Kirk Douglas) becoming reluctant allies despite a mutual dislike for each other. You see, Wyatt is the U.S. marshal, and Doc is the town gambler, shootist, and general ne?er do well. Despite the ordinance against carrying guns in town limits, Ed Bailey (Lee Van Cleef) has a small derringer concealed in his boot. Ed is a gunnin? for Doc Holliday who killed his brother in a fair fight. Doc has his back to the bar but is watching Bailey in the mirror. Wyatt had earlier tipped Doc off to the derringer in a verbal fencing match that set up the relationship between the two lead characters. Bailey stands up with the derringer in his hand. Doc whirls around, produces a knife from his collar, and skewers Bailey. The sheriff quickly arrests Doc and incarcerates him in his hotel room under guard. Wyatt pistol whips the guard and helps Doc escape just before the lynch mob gets to the hotel. From this beginning the two men begin a friendship that ripens to a point where either man is willing to risk his life for the other. Wyatt is ready to retire and gets ready to settle down with beautiful lady gambler Laura Denbow (Rhonda Fleming). At that exact second a telegram from brother Virgil arrives. He is in trouble and needs help, now! Virgil Earp is the town marshal of Tombstone, in the Arizona Territory. Wyatt immediately gets his horse, hat, and gun and sets off to meet his date with destiny, much to the chagrin of Ms. Laura Denbow. Along the trail who should show up except Doc Holliday, fresh from a run of busted luck at the poker tables of Wichita. As they stop to camp for the night Wyatt waxes poetic on the virtues of clean mountain air over the stinking saloons that Doc usually inhabits. While they sleep, three villains attempt to assassinate them, but Doc?s ready Colt makes short work of the trio. "Clean mountain air, indeed," fumes Doc. At Tombstone we meet the rest of the Earp clan, including Virgil and Morgan (Deforrest Kelly) and younger brother James (Martin Milner). It is a real homey atmosphere, one that Wyatt and Doc have sorely missed. But the problem is cattle rustling by the Clanton family and their gang of cowboys, who are not going to let the law stand in their way. There is some preliminary maneuvering, but when the Clantons back shoot James, the brothers resolve to settle it the only way the Clantons will understand. The three brothers set off on that October morning at sunrise. As Wyatt gets his shotgun, Doc Holliday appears at his door, willing to come along. This is a good thing because the odds are now only 6 to 4 in the Clanton?s favor. The Clantons are already at the Corral, hiding behind a wagon, when the Earps and Holliday arrive. The Earps scatter and hit the dirt. The gunfight consists of fire and maneuver with the Earps prevailing against the more numerous foes. The Gunfight at OK Corral is the best interpretation of the legendary battle for several reasons: First, the casting of Burt Lancaster as the stern, upright Wyatt Earp and Kirk Douglas as the colorful, rum-soaked Doc Holliday was masterful. Director Sturges eschewed handlebar mustaches in favor of clean shaven Earps, but the power of the leading actors? performances overshadowed that of later versions. The secondary roles were played by competent actors like Earl Holliman, John Ireland, Jo Van Fleet, Jack Elam, and Dennis Hopper. The story, while fictionalized, was accurate as far as the general reasons why the two sides squared off. The dialog was witty, well-written and did not


What is the collective name for the sepals of a flower?

Calyx collective term for the sepals of a flower Petals a - BIOL - 1613 View Full                             Document Petals —a unit of a corolla; it is usually both flattened and colored. Corolla —collective term for the petals of a flower. Perianth —the calyx and corolla of a flower. Stamens —a pollen producing structure of a flower; it consists of an anther and usually  also a filament. Pistil —a female reproductive structure of a flower, composed of one or more carpels and  consisting of an ovary, style, and stigma. Filament —threadlike body of a certain bacteria, algae, and fungi; also the stalk portion of  a stamen. Anther —the pollen bearing part of a stamen. Pollen grains —a structure derived from the microspore of seed plants that develops into a  male gametophyte.  Stigma —the pollen receptive area of a pistil. Style —the structure that connects a stigma and an ovary. Ovary —the enlarged basal portion of a pistil that contains an ovule or ovules and usually  develops into a fruit. Carpels —an ovule bearing unit that is part of a pistil. Superior —an ovary that is free from the calyx, corolla, and other floral parts, so the sepals  and petals appear to be attached at the base. Inferior —an ovary to which the parts of the calyx, corolla, and stamens, have become  more or less united so they appear to be attached at the top of it. Ovules This is the end of the preview. Sign up to                   access the rest of the document. TERM Chapter 4 Outline and definitions Arkansas Plant Biology Chapter 4 Outline I. Tissues a. Meristematic tissues i. Apical Meristem Chapter 4 Outline and definitions


In the film 'Tombstone', Kurt Russell plays Wyatt Earp. Who plays 'Doc Halliday'?

Tombstone (1993) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A successful lawman's plans to retire anonymously in Tombstone, Arizona, are disrupted by the kind of outlaws he was famous for eliminating. Directors: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON TV a list of 21 titles created 14 Oct 2010 a list of 28 titles created 21 Mar 2011 a list of 33 titles created 22 Dec 2013 a list of 32 titles created 05 May 2015 a list of 25 titles created 5 months ago Search for " Tombstone " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Wyatt Earp is a movie about a man and his family. The movie shows us the good times and the bad times of one of the West's most famous individuals. Director: Lawrence Kasdan A former gunslinger is forced to take up arms again when he and his cattle crew are threatened by a corrupt lawman. Director: Kevin Costner A group of young gunmen, led by Billy the Kid, become deputies to avenge the murder of the rancher who became their benefactor. But when Billy takes their authority too far, they become the hunted. Director: Christopher Cain A misfit bunch of friends come together to right the injustices which exist in a small town. Director: Lawrence Kasdan A small-time rancher agrees to hold a captured outlaw who's awaiting a train to go to court in Yuma. A battle of wills ensues as the outlaw tries to psych out the rancher. Director: James Mangold Edit Storyline After success cleaning up Dodge City, Wyatt Earp moves to Tombstone, Arizona, and wishes to get rich in obscurity. He meets his brothers there, as well as his old friend Doc Holliday. A band of outlaws that call themselves The Cowboys are causing problems in the region with various acts of random violence, and inevitably come into confrontation with Holliday and the Earps, which leads to a shoot-out at the OK Corral. Written by Ed Sutton <esutton@mindspring.com> Justice Is Coming See more  » Genres: Rated R for violence | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 25 December 1993 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Duel au soleil See more  » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia The scene in which Wyatt throws an abusive card dealer out of a saloon, was to show that Wyatt was a man who used psychology to intimidate. 'Billy Bob Thornton' (qv's lines in the scene were ad-libbed, as he was only told to "be a bully". See more » Goofs In Tombstone a 50-star US flag is flying from a building (it should have had 38 stars). See more » Quotes [first lines] Narrator : 1879 - the Civil War is over, and the resulting economic explosion spurs the great migration west. Farmers, ranchers, prospectors, killers, and thieves seek their fortune. Cattle growers turn cow towns into armed camps, with murder rates higher than than those of modern day New York or Los Angeles. Out of this chaos comes legendary lawman Wyatt Earp, retiring his badge and gun to start a peaceful life for his family. Earp's friend, John, Doc Holliday, a southern gentlemen turned ... For Birgitta C. See more » Connections See more (Spoiler Alert!) » User Reviews It may not have a deep heart, but its a hell of a lot of fun... 18 January 2004 | by RareSlashersReviewed (London) – See all my reviews The 1990s looked set to be a promising decade for the Western genre after the Oscar darlings Unforgiven and Dances with Wolves cleared up the Academy respectively in 90 and 92. Hot on the heels of those modern-day classics came two individual accounts of Wyatt Earp's legendary life as a lawman. Wyatt Earp boasted an interesting cast in Gene Hackaman, Kevin Costner and Dennis Quaid with strong assistance from an excellent ensemble that included Tom Sizemore and Michael Madsen. Although it was a fairly decent effort, offering a consuming account of the gunslinger's whole life from his


O.J. Simpson's trial for murder monopolised the American media. What was his wife's name?

Robert Kardashian Hid Damning Evidence Against O.J. Simpson: Victim's Dad | The Huffington Post Robert Kardashian Hid Damning Evidence Against O.J. Simpson: Victim's Dad 06/10/2014 05:37 pm ET | Updated Jun 11, 2014 1.4k Simon McCormack Communications Officer at the New York Civil Liberties Union The father of the man O.J. Simpson was accused of killing says Kim Kardashian's dad hid evidence that would have convicted the star football player. In an interview with the Mail Online, Fred Goldman, the father of Ron Goldman, said Robert Kardashian took a bag of damning evidence from Simpson's house the day after his son and Simpson's ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson were killed. Kardashian was indeed seen leaving Simpson's Los Angeles home carrying a suitcase the day after the fatal stabbings, the New York Times reported. "That evidence would have convicted 'the killer,'" Goldman, who refuses to call Simpson by his name, told the Mail. June 12 is the 20th anniversary of the slayings. Robert Kardashian, the father of Kim Kardashian, was a confidant of Simpson's and was one of his defense attorneys at his 1994 murder trial. Simpson was acquitted but subsequently found liable in a wrongful death civil case. Goldman didn't go into detail about what "evidence" he thinks was in the bag, but in a previous interview with Radar Online, Ron Goldman's sister Kim speculated that the bag possibly contained the murder weapon, which was never found. "I have always wondered what was in his luggage bag, and if it did indeed hold the murder weapon that was used to kill my brother and Nicole," Kim Goldman said. The bag was later entered into evidence, but by then it was empty. Kardashian died in 2003 from esophageal cancer. During Simpson's murder trial, Kardashian asserted attorney-client privilege and was not called to testify, according to the New York Times. In a 1996 interview with ABC referenced by the Times, Kardashian admitted he was unsure of his client's innocence. ''I have doubts," Kardashian said. "The blood evidence is the biggest thorn in my side; that causes me the greatest problems. So I struggle with the blood evidence.'' Simpson is currently serving a 9 to 33 year sentence in a Nevada state prison on robbery and kidnapping charges. Also on HuffPost:


What name is given to the joint at which leaves are borne on a stem?

Stems Here is a definition of a plant stem: A stem is the part of a plant from which shoots and buds arise. At first glance, that definition sounds a little clumsy. However, below you'll see that sometimes it's not so easy to distinguish certain kinds of stems from roots. Stems can by tricky. For example, several kinds of stems grow beneath the ground. Sometimes, to figure out whether a plant part is a root or a modified stem, you have to analyze it. You have to notice where the plant's shoots and buds arise. If shoots and buds arise from it, it's a stem. At the right you see a green onion from my garden. The green shoot above it is arising from the spherical bulb, so, remembering our definition, the bulb must be a much-modified stem, right? That's the case, even though the bulb grew below the soil's surface. The white, hairlike things arising from the bulb's bottom are roots. The "classical stem" is a tree trunk, which in a no-nonsense manner simply rises from the ground and supports the tree's leafy branches -- like the Winged Sumac shown at the left. In our backyards, an important variation on this simple theme is that of having multiple stems -- two or more stems arising from the roots, in the manner shown below and to the left by the Chinese Privet bush. Clumps of grass and certain bushes use this strategy. Clumped stems tend to protect one another from cold wind and hot sun, plus, if one stem breaks, it's less loss to the plant because other stems are available. On the other hand, if a plant invests its energy in many stems, then it's unable to grow as high as it could with only one stem, and therefore may receive less sunlight than its taller neighbors. Another important stem variation is the climbing stem. In our vegetable gardens, climbing beans have such stems, as do grapevines and morning-glory vines. At the left you can see Poison Ivy vines climbing up a tree trunk. At the right you can see a Japanese Honeysuckle vine twining around a tree branch. Notice at the top, right in the picture how the vine twists around the tree branch. If you think about it, having a climbing stem is a kind of sneaky adaptation. Essentially it enables the climbing plant to reach toward the sun without having to invest its own energy in building stiff, strong trunks or stems capable of holding themselves erect. Climbing stems typically wrap themselves around their support-host. Prostrate stems merely trail across the ground, clamber over, or lean upon other plants, rocks, fences, or whatever happens to be in the way. Cucumber, winter squash, and sweet potato vines have prostrate stems. Before going any further, let's understand the term "node." The bamboo stem shown above is jointed, right? Well, those two thickened joints  are nodes, and the smooth, slender zones between the nodes are called internodes. Nodes and internodes are important to know about because the vast majority of flowering-plant stems have them, though they're seldom as obvious as on bamboo stems. Also, since leaves, flowers, and fruits generally arise from buds located at nodes, on stems, the interesting stuff happens at nodes. At the left you see an example of  "interesting stuff happening at a node." This is on the stem of a common, herbaceous plant growing in moist to wet soil. It's Polygonum hydropiperoides, sometimes called Water-pepper. The swollen area where the leaf attaches is the node. But notice that on the stem above the node there's a brownish, cellophane-like membrane with obscure, slender, parallel veins. The membrane surrounds the stem like a cylinder. This is a stipular sheath. Such sheaths are typical of a small number of plant families. In other words, if you are trying to identify a plant and you notice that it has stipular sheathes, you can narrow down the possible names drastically. In North America the family most commonly showing stipular sheaths is the Smartweed Family, the Polygonaceae, and Water-pepper is a member of that family. Stipules, behaving like thin coats, protect young plant parts as they emerge. Stipules occur in many families


Which Polish astronomer put forward the theory that the earth revolved around the sun?

International Space Hall of Fame :: New Mexico Museum of Space History :: Inductee Profile Inducted in 1995 Laid the foundation for modern astronomy. Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who put forth the theory that the Sun is at rest near the center of the Universe, and that the Earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the Sun. This is called the heliocentric, or Sun-centered, system. Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, in Thorn (now Torun), Poland. Nicolaus Copernicus is the Latin version of his name, which he chose later in life as was the custom among scientists of the day. His original name may have been Mikolaj Kopernik. After his father died when Copernicus was only ten, his uncle, Bishop Lukasz Watzenrode, took him under his care, and ensured Copernicus received a good education prior to entering the priesthood. From 1491 to 1495, Copernicus attended the Cracow Academy, where he first learned astronomy. For more than a thousand years, astronomy had been based on the Ptolemaic, or Geocentric Model of the Universe, which stated that the Earth was the center of all creation, with the Sun, planets, and stars all orbiting it. Copernicus studied law and medicine at the Universities of Bologna and Padua, then returned to Poland after witnessing a lunar eclipse in Rome in 1500. In 1501 he went back to Italy for further studies at the Universities of Padua and Ferrara, and received a doctorate in canon law from the later in 1502. It was in this period that he probably read ancient Greek theories on the movement of the Earth through the heavens, including some writings that espoused a heliocentric view that all of the planets, including the Earth, orbited the Sun. This was in direct contradiction of the teachings of the Catholic Church, which espoused the Ptolemaic view of the Universe. In 1504, Copernicus began the research that culminated in his heliocentric theory. He had already returned to Poland, taking a position at the Collegiate Church of the Holy Cross in Breslau, Silesia (now Wroclaw, Poland). In 1512, Copernicus became canon in the Ermland Chapter at Frauenburg (now Frombork, Poland). In his new position he was able to devote more time to his study of astronomy, and had an observatory built in one of the towers in the town wall. Until just before his death, Copernicus conducted most of his astronomical observations and calculations there, usually working alone. His observations were made with the "naked eye," as the invention of the telescope would not occur for decades after his death. In 1514, he distributed a hand-written, unpublished manuscript entitled the Little Commentary that included the following axioms: 1) There is no one center in the Universe. 2) The Earth's center is not the center of the Universe. 3) The center of the universe is near the Sun. 4) The distance from the Earth to the Sun is imperceptible compared with the distance to the stars. 5) The rotation of the Earth accounts for the apparent daily rotation of the stars. 6) The apparent annual cycle of movements of the Sun is caused by the Earth revolving around it, and, 7) the apparent retrograde motion of the planets is caused by the motion of the Earth from which one observes. After years of observation and calculations he published his masterpiece, On the Revolutions (De revolutionibus orbium coelestium) , just before his death in 1543. It contained the mathematical and astronomical data that form the basis of the Copernican system. Central to his model is his proposal that the Earth has three distinct motions: a daily axial rotation, an annual rotation about the Sun, and a third motion related to precession (the 25,800-year long cycle reflecting the changing position of the Earth in space). In the book's introduction Copernicus credits his heliocentric hypothesis to the ideas of ancient Greek writers such as Aristarchus and Philolaus. Copernicus had hesitated for years to publish his theory, not because he feared he had contradicted Catholic dogma (though De Revolutionibus was on the Vatica


What name is generally given to unglazed porcelain?

Glaze Glaze Glaze is used on pottery and porcelain to give it a waterproof finish. Glaze may be transparent, opaque or coloured.  The main glazes were lead, tin and salt . Glaze is a form of    glass, consisting basically of glass-forming minerals (silica or boron)    combined with stiffeners (such as clay and fluxes) and melting agents    (such as lead or soda).  In raw form, glaze can    be applied either to the unfired pot or after an initial unglazed, or    biscuit, firing. The pot is then glaze fired; the glaze ingredients must    melt and become glasslike at a temperature that is compatible to that    required for the clay.    For glazing, two main materials were used: Lead: in the form of Lead Sulphide, Galena, was found in Derbyshire and may have been brought from Cumberland and North Wales as well, but Derbyshire was the main source.  Lead glazes are transparent, with traditional types made of sand fused with sulphide or lead oxide. They were used on earthenware by Roman, Chinese, and medieval European potters and are still employed on European earthenware.  Salt: from Cheshire, where at Marbury, near Northwich, salt in the form of brine was mined. Salt glazing was practiced for about 100 years in Staffordshire, so this close source of supply was an important factor.  Tin glazes, opaque and white, were introduced by medieval Islamic potters and were used for Spanish lustreware, Italian maiolica, and European faience and delftware. Eventually the Chinese and Japanese made such glazes for the European market. Metal oxides give colour to glazes (see also the decorative over glaze technique of enameling ). Copper will make a lead glaze turn green and an alkaline glaze turquoise; a reduction kiln will cause the copper to turn red. Iron can produce yellow, brown, grey-green, blue, or, with certain minerals, red.  Feldspars (natural rocks of aluminosilicates) are used in stoneware and porcelain glazes because they fuse only at high temperatures. The effects of specific glazes on certain clay bodies depend both on the composition of each and on the potter's control of the glaze kiln.  Porcelain fired without a glaze, called biscuit porcelain, was introduced in Europe in the 18th century. It was generally used for figures. In the 19th century biscuit porcelain was called Parian ware. Some soft-paste porcelains, which remain somewhat porous, require a glaze. After the body has been fired, the glaze, usually containing lead, was added and fired to vitrify it. Unlike feldspathic glaze, it adheres as a relatively thick coating. Painted decoration on porcelain is usually executed over the fired glaze. Because painting under the glaze-that is, on a fired, unglazed body-must be fired at the same high temperature as body and glaze, many colours would "fire away." Thus underglaze painting on porcelain is largely limited to the extremely stable and reliable cobalt blue found on Chinese blue-and-white wares. Most porcelain colours - called overglaze, enamel, or low-temperature colours - are painted over the fired glaze and fired at a much lower temperature.