Hundreds Attend Saddam Hussein's Burial in Town of Ouja, Where the Dictator Was Born | Fox News Hundreds Attend Saddam Hussein's Burial in Town of Ouja, Where the Dictator Was Born Published        January 01, 2007 Facebook 0 Twitter 0 Email Print BAGHDAD, Iraq –  Hundreds of Iraqis flocked to the village where Saddam Hussein was born on Sunday to see the deposed leader buried in a religious compound 24 hours after his execution. Dozens of relatives and others, some of them crying and moaning, attended the interment shortly before dawn in Ouja . A few knelt before his flag-draped grave. A large framed photograph of Saddam was propped up on a chair nearby. "I condemn the way he was executed and I consider it a crime," said 45-year-old Salam Hassan al-Nasseri, one of Saddam's clansmen who attended the interment in the village just outside Tikrit, 80 miles north of Baghdad. Some 2,000 Iraqis traveled to the village as well. Mohammed Natiq, a 24-year-old college student, said "the path of Arab nationalism must inevitably be paved with blood." "God has decided that Saddam Hussein should have such an end, but his march and the course which he followed will not end," Natiq said. • Obituary: Saddam Hussein, 1937-2006 Police on Saturday blocked the entrances to Tikrit and said nobody was allowed to leave or enter the city for four days. Despite the security precaution, gunmen took to the streets, carrying pictures of Saddam, shooting into the air and calling for vengeance. Saddam was captured in an underground hide-out near Ouja on Dec. 13, 2003, eight months after he fled Baghdad ahead of advancing American troops. His burial place is about two miles from the graves of his sons, Odai and Qusai, in the main town cemetery. The sons and a grandson were killed in a gunbattle with the American forces in Mosul in July 2003. The head of Saddam's Albu-Nassir's clan said the body showed no signs of mistreatment. "We received the body of Saddam Hussein without any complications. There was cooperation by the prime minister and his office's director," the clan chief, Sheik al-Nidaa, told state-run Al-Iraqiya television. "We opened the coffin of Saddam. He was cleaned and wrapped according to Islamic teachings. We didn't see any unnatural signs on his body." On Saturday, Iraqis watched television images of a noose being slipped over Saddam's neck and his white-shrouded body, the pre-dawn work of black-hooded hangmen. They went to bed as new video emerged showing Saddam exchanging taunts with onlookers before the gallows floor dropped away and the former dictator swung from the rope. In Baghdad's Shiite neighborhood of Sadr City on Saturday, victims of his three decades of autocratic rule took to the streets to celebrate, dancing, beating drums and hanging Saddam in effigy. Celebratory gunfire erupted across other Shiite neighborhoods in Baghdad and other predominantly Shiite regions of the country. There was no sign of a feared Sunni uprising in retaliation for the execution, and the bloodshed from civil warfare on Saturday was not far off the daily average — 92 from bombings and death squads. Outside the Sunni insurgent stronghold of Ramadi , west of the capital, loyalists marched with Saddam pictures and waved Iraqi flags. Defying curfews, hundreds took to the streets vowing revenge in Samarra, north of Baghdad. Still, authorities imposed curfews sparingly in contrast to the several-day lockdown put in place after Saddam was sentenced to death Nov. 5. By several accounts, Saddam was calm but scornful of his captors, engaging in a give-and-take with the crowd gathered to watch him die and insisting he was Iraq's savior, not its tyrant and scourge. "He said we are going to heaven and our enemies will rot in hell and he also called for forgiveness and love among Iraqis but also stressed that the Iraqis should fight the Americans and the Persians," Munir Haddad, an appeals court judge who witnessed the hanging, told the British Broadcasting Corp. Another witness, national security adviser Mowaffak al-Rubaie, told The New York Times that


Which website was founded by Steve and Julie Pankhurst in 1999?

Websites that changed the world | Technology | The Guardian The Observer Websites that changed the world Amazon used to be a large river in South America - but that was before the world wide web. This month the web is 15 years old and in that short time it has revolutionised the way we live, from shopping to booking flights, writing blogs to listening to music. Here, the Observer's Net specialist charts the web's remarkable early life and we tell the story of the 15 most influential websites to date. Tell us what you think of our choices here Share on Messenger Close Johannes Gutenberg took the idea of printing by moveable type and turned it into a publishing system. In doing so he changed the world. But he did not live to see the extent of the revolution he had brought about. If you'd told him in 1468 - the year he died - that the Bible he had published in 1455 would undermine the authority of the Catholic church, power the Renaissance and the Reformation, enable the Enlightenment and the rise of modern science, create new social classes and even change our concept of childhood, he would have looked at you blankly. But there lives among us today a man who has done something similar, and survived to see the fruits of his work. He is Tim Berners-Lee, and he conceived a system for turning the internet into a publishing medium. Just over 15 years ago - on 6 August 1991, to be precise - he released the code for his invention on to the internet. He called it the World Wide Web, and had the inspired idea that it should be free so that anyone could use it. And just about everyone did, with the result that the web grew exponentially. Today nobody really knows how big it is. At a recent conference, Yahoo's head of research and development put the size of the public web at 40 billion pages, but the size of the 'deep' web, the area where web pages are assembled on the fly and served up in response to clicked-upon links, is estimated to be between 400 and 750 times greater than the part that is indexed by search engines. Since you started reading this piece, thousands of pages have been added. By any standards, the web represents a colossal change in our information environment. And the strange thing is that it has come about in just 15 years. Actually, most of it has happened in less than that, because the web only went mainstream in 1993, when the first graphical browsers - the computer programs we use to access the web - were released. So these are early days. We can no more envisage the long-term implications of what has happened than dear old Gutenberg could. The strangest thing is how casually we have come to take it for granted. We buy books from Amazon, airline tickets from Easyjet and Ryanair, tickets for theatres and cinemas online, as if doing so were the most natural thing in the world. We check the opening times at the Louvre in Paris or the Museum of Modern Art in New York (or browse their collections) online. We check definitions (and spellings) in online dictionaries, look up stuff in Wikipedia, search for apartments to rent on Craigslist or a host of local lookalikes such as Daft.ie in Ireland. You can buy and sell just about anything (excluding body parts) on eBay. Children seeking pictures for school projects search for them on Google Images (and download them without undue concern for intellectual property rights). Holiday snaps escape from their shoeboxes and are published to the world on Flickr. Home movies likewise on YouTube. And of course anyone with doubts about a prospective blind date can do an exploratory check on Google before committing to an evening out with a total stranger. All this we now take for granted. To get a handle on the scale of what has happened, think back to what the world was like 15 years ago. Amazon was a large river in South America. Ryanair was an Irish airline that flew to places nobody had ever heard of. eBay was a typo. Yahoo was a term from Gulliver's Travels. A googol was a very large number (one followed by a hundred zeroes). Classified ads were densely printed matter in news


Iconic Cats: All 9 Subspecies of Tigers Iconic Cats: All 9 Subspecies of Tigers By Live Science Staff | November 16, 2010 02:39pm ET MORE Sumatran Tiger Credit: © Iorboaz, dreamstime Tigers are the largest members of the cat family (Felidae) and one of the most charismatic endangered species on the planet. Over the last century, tiger numbers have fallen by about 95 percent and tigers now survive in 40 percent less of the area they occupied just a decade ago, according to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Tigers have the species name Panthera tigris. There are nine subspecies of tigers, three of which are extinct. A meeting set to begin in Russia on Sunday (Nov. 21) will examine some of the issues facing tigers in the wild and efforts to better conserve the six surviving tiger subspecies. Here we look at what sets each of these species apart. Amur (or Siberian) tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) Credit: David Lawson / WWF-UK. Amur tigers (also known as Siberian, Manchurian, Ussurian, or Northeast China tigers) are the largest of the tiger subspecies. Males can grow up to more 10.5 feet (3.3 m) from head to tail and weigh up to 660 pounds (300 kilograms). Females are smaller, reaching just 8.5 feet (2.6 m) in length and about 200 to 370 pounds (100 to 167 kilograms) in weight. Amur tigers have paler orange fur than the other tiger species and brown instead of black stripes. They have white chests and bellies and a white ruff of fur around their necks. According to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation's Save the Tiger Fund, wild Amur tigers are found in two main populations in in the Russian Far East, the primary population of about 450 individuals covers 60,000 square miles (156,000 sq km) in Primosky and Khabarovski Krais, and another small population of about 35 individuals occurs on the Russia-China border and into northeast China. Officials representing China's Jilin province and Russia's Primorsky province, areas just north of the Korean peninsula, recently signed an agreement to set up a protected area straddling their countries' common border to safeguard the tiger, which is listed as Endangered on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species. Like many other threatened species, Amur tigers are being bred in zoos around the world to boost their populations and maintain healthy genetic stocks. Amur tiger triplets born in September recently made their public debut at the Pittsburgh Zoo. The Wildlife Conservation Society's Bronx Zoo also has a set of Amur tiger cubs. Indian (or Bengal) tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) Credit: stock.xchng The most numerous of the tiger species, the Bengal tiger is found in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan. India is home to the largest population, estimated to between 2,500 and 3,750 individuals, according to the Save the Tigers Fund. While most Bengal tigers have the coloration typically associated with their species, a recessive gene for coloration causes some to be cream or white in color instead of orange, according to the WWF. These "white" tigers are rarely found in the wild. Wild tigers dwell in dry and wet deciduous forests, grassland and temperate forests and mangrove forests. While this subspecies has more individuals left in the wild than its brethren, it is still listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis) Credit: © Xiaobin Qiu, dreamstime Found in central and eastern China, the South China tiger is listed as Critically Endangered on the Red List one step higher than Endangered. According to the WWF, the South China tiger is estimated to be functionally extinct. Currently 47 South China tigers live in 18 zoos, all in China, the WWF says. Exact numbers of wild tigers, if there are any left, are unknown. Only 40 years ago there were reputed to be more than 4,000 tigers, but the government declared them pests, and they were hunted, according to the Save the Tigers Fund. Field surveys conducted in 1987 and 1990 found evidence of a few tigers in the remote mountains of Guangdong, Hunan, and F


Which type of dolphin is most commonly seen in zoos and aquaria?

The Case Against Marine Mammals in Captivity: The Fourth Revised Edition : Humane Society International The Case Against Marine Mammals in Captivity: The Fourth Revised Edition Humane Society International The captive display industry is not static, and neither is our report, The Case Against Marine Mammals in Captivity—a forceful, evidence-driven argument against the public display of dolphins, whales, and other marine mammals, which The Humane Society of the United States first published in 1995. The fourth edition, released in May 2009, reflects the ever-changing nature of the captive display industry. The industry has evolved over the years; while some display facilities have closed in the United States and Europe, more have opened in the Caribbean and Asia, where there are few or no regulatory restrictions on operators. What's more, Japan's brutal dolphin drive hunts have continued to set aside bottlenose dolphins and other species for sale to display facilities, and promotion by cruise lines is contributing to the expansion of “swim with” activities. These trends, combined with increasing concerns about hurricanes that have damaged display facilities and killed dolphins, as well as a growing body of research on dolphin intelligence, have required us to broaden the focus of the original report. Co-produced by the World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA), the fourth edition features recent capture information (for bottlenose dolphins, beluga whales, and orcas), new text addressing results from a web-based WSPA survey fielded by Harris Interactive, an entirely updated Solomon Islands appendix, an expanded discussion and new references on the inaccuracy or insufficiency of educational material provided by dolphinaria, and an expanded discussion of human-dolphin interactions. For the reader’s reference, there are numerous additions to the report’s Endnotes, where expanded technical discussions and references on points made in the main text are found—among them, many new publications, including studies on stress; expanded discussions of disease transmission risk and trainer injuries; mention of new laws and practices; additional information on dolphin drive fisheries, including an increasing awareness of mercury contamination; and the latest information on the capture, import, rehabilitation and release of various species. Among the report's main findings: Fewer than five percent to ten percent of zoos and aquaria are involved in substantial conservation programs. The amount spent on these programs is a mere fraction of the income generated by the facilities. Simply exhibiting wildlife is not considered conservation. Whale and dolphin captures still occur routinely around the globe, particularly in the Caribbean, Asia, Russia, and the South Pacific. Most of these captures are inhumane and result in numerous deaths. Dolphin sea pen enclosures in Asia and the Caribbean are considered to be at extreme risk from hurricanes and tsunamis. Their construction also degrades coastal habitat, destroying mangroves and damaging coral reefs. Swim-with-the-dolphins encounters are proliferating throughout the Caribbean and Asia. These facilities are largely unregulated—even in the United States, the swim-with regulations have been suspended since 1999—and most of the newest ones are being stocked with wild-caught dolphins from unstudied populations. Bottlenose dolphins face a six-fold increase in risk of mortality immediately after capture from the wild and immediately after every transfer between facilities. They never become accustomed to transport, and the stress they experience can be fatal. The Case Against Marine Mammals in Captivity is the only publication available that discusses virtually all the aspects of this controversy from the viewpoint of those who oppose the practice. If anyone wants to know how or why a reasonable person could disagree with conventional wisdom—that the public display of marine mammals is valuable, and even necessary, because it is educational and supports conservation efforts—they should read


What is the present-day name of the Canadian city known in the early 19th century as York?

Discover Canada Discover Canada The Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship Canada’s History Duration: 41 minutes, 09 seconds. Read by Richard Margison and The Rt. Hon. Adrienne Clarkson . Download this chapter: MP3 You can also download all of Discover Canada as a single file. The audio may take a moment to load. In order to maximize the functionality of this page, please turn on Javascript . Help playing and downloading audio files . Aboriginal Peoples When Europeans explored Canada they found all regions occupied by native peoples they called Indians, because the first explorers thought they had reached the East Indies. The native people lived off the land, some by hunting and gathering, others by raising crops. The Huron-Wendat of the Great Lakes region, like the Iroquois, were farmers and hunters. The Cree and Dene of the Northwest were hunter-gatherers. The Sioux were nomadic, following the bison (buffalo) herd. The Inuit lived off Arctic wildlife. West Coast natives preserved fish by drying and smoking. Warfare was common among Aboriginal groups as they competed for land, resources and prestige. The arrival of European traders, missionaries, soldiers and colonists changed the native way of life forever. Large numbers of Aboriginals died of European diseases to which they lacked immunity. However, Aboriginals and Europeans formed strong economic, religious and military bonds in the first 200 years of coexistence which laid the foundations of Canada. The First Europeans The Vikings from Iceland who colonized Greenland 1,000 years ago also reached Labrador and the island of Newfoundland. The remains of their settlement, l’Anse aux Meadows, are a World Heritage site. European exploration began in earnest in 1497 with the expedition of John Cabot, who was the first to draw a map of Canada’s East Coast. Indian encampment, [  See larger version  ] Struggle for a Continent In 1670, King Charles II of England granted the Hudson’s Bay Company exclusive trading rights over the watershed draining into Hudson Bay. For the next 100 years the Company competed with Montreal-based traders. The skilled and courageous men who travelled by canoe were called voyageurs and coureurs des bois, and formed strong alliances with First Nations. English colonies along the Atlantic seaboard, dating from the early 1600s, eventually became richer and more populous than New France. In the 1700s France and Great Britain battled for control of North America. In 1759, the British defeated the French in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Québec City — marking the end of France’s empire in America. The commanders of both armies, Brigadier James Wolfe and the Marquis de Montcalm, were killed leading their troops in battle. The Province of Quebec Following the war, Great Britain renamed the colony the “Province of Quebec.” The Frenchspeaking Catholic people, known as habitants or Canadiens, strove to preserve their way of life in the English-speaking, Protestant-ruled British Empire. A Tradition of Accommodation To better govern the French Roman Catholic majority, the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act of 1774. One of the constitutional foundations of Canada, the Quebec Act accommodated the principles of British institutions to the reality of the province. It allowed religious freedom for Catholics and permitted them to hold public office, a practice not then allowed in Britain. The Quebec Act restored French civil law while maintaining British criminal law. United Empire Loyalists In 1776, the 13 British colonies to the south of Quebec declared independence and formed the United States. North America was again divided by war. More than 40,000 people loyal to the Crown, called “Loyalists,” fled the oppression of the American Revolution to settle in Nova Scotia and Quebec. Joseph Brant led thousands of Loyalist Mohawk Indians into Canada. The Loyalists came from Dutch, German, British, Scandinavian, Aboriginal and other origins and from Presbyterian, Anglican, Baptist, Methodist, Jewish, Quaker, and Catholic religious backgrounds. About


What is the meaning of the word Beijing?

Beijing | Define Beijing at Dictionary.com Beijing noun, Pinyin. 1. a city in and the capital of the People's Republic of China, in the NE part, in central Hebei province: traditional capital of China. Expand People's Republic of, a country in E Asia. 3,691,502 sq. mi. (9,560,990 sq. km). Capital: Beijing. 2. Republic of. Also called Nationalist China. a republic consisting mainly of the island of Taiwan off the SE coast of mainland China : under Nationalist control since 1948 but claimed by the People's Republic of China . 13,885 sq. mi. (35,960 sq. km). Capital: Taipei. Examples from the Web for Beijing Expand Contemporary Examples About 12,000 athletes from 65 different countries registered for the last Gay Games in Chicago; that's more than Beijing. Teaching ‘The Great Gatsby’ in Chengdu, China Matt Lombardi May 19, 2013 Historical Examples I knew about this, of course—Beijing had been a real struggle for the ad-hocs who built it. British Dictionary definitions for Beijing Expand noun 1. the capital of the People's Republic of China, in the northeast in Beijing municipality (traditionally in Hebei province); the country's second largest city: dates back to the 12th century bc; consists of two central walled cities, the Outer City (containing the commercial quarter) and the Inner City, which contains the Imperial City, within which is the Purple or Forbidden City; many universities. Pop: 10 849 000 (2005 est) Former English name Peking china1 ceramic ware of a type originally from China 2. any porcelain or similar ware 3. (modifier) made of china: a china tea service Word Origin C16 chiny, from Persian chīnī china2 (Brit & South African, informal) a friend or companion Word Origin C19: originally Cockney rhyming slang: china plate, mate China noun 1. People's Republic of China, Communist China, Red China, a republic in E Asia: the third largest and the most populous country in the world; the oldest continuing civilization (beginning over 2000 years bc); republic established in 1911 after the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty by Sun Yat-sen; People's Republic formed in 1949; the 1980s and 1990s saw economic liberalization but a rejection of political reform; contains vast deserts, steppes, great mountain ranges (Himalayas, Kunlun, Tian Shan, and Nan Shan), a central rugged plateau, and intensively cultivated E plains. Language: Chinese in various dialects, the chief of which is Mandarin. Religion: nonreligious majority; Buddhist and Taoist minorities. Currency: yuan. Capital: Beijing. Pop: 1 349 586 000 (2013 est). Area: 9 560 990 sq km (3 691 502 sq miles) 2. Republic of China, Nationalist China, Taiwan, a republic (recognized as independent by only 24 nations) in E Asia occupying the island of Taiwan, 13 nearby islands, and 64 islands of the Penghu (Pescadores) group: established in 1949 by the Nationalist government of China under Chiang Kai-shek after its expulsion by the Communists from the mainland; its territory claimed by the People's Republic of China since the political separation from the mainland; under US protection 1954–79; lost its seat at the UN to the People's Republic of China in 1971; state of war with the People's Republic of China formally ended in 1991, though tensions continue owing to the unresolved territorial claim. Language: Mandarin Chinese. Religion: nonreligious majority, Buddhist and Taoist minorities. Currency: New Taiwan dollar. Capital: Taipei. Pop: 22 610 000 (2003 est). Area: 35 981 sq km (13 892 sq miles) Former name Formosa related Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for Beijing Expand Chinese capital, from bei "north" + jing "capital" (as opposed to Nanking , literally "southern capital"). china n. "porcelain imported from China," 1570s, short for Chinaware, China dishes, etc.; from the country name (see China ). China n. Asian country name, 1550s, of uncertain origin, probably ultimately from Sanskrit Cina


The Good Companions (1929) and Dangerous Corner (1932) were both written by whom?

The Good Companions - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on The Good Companions   Wikis       Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . For other uses, see The Good Companions (disambiguation) . The Good Companions   The Good Companions is a novel by the English author J. B. Priestley . Written in 1929 (in Deal , Kent ), it focuses on the trials and tribulations of a concert party in England between World War I and World War II . It is arguably Priestley's most famous novel, and the work which established him as a national figure. It won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and was adapted twice into film. Contents 5 External links Plot summary The novel is written in picaresque style, and opens with the middle aged, discontented Jess Oakroyd in the fictional Yorkshire town of Bruddersford. He opts to leave his family and seek adventure "on t'road" (throughout the novel Priestley uses dialect for all non- RP speakers of English). He heads south down the Great North Road . Intertwined with the story of Oakroyd's travels are those of Elizabeth Trant and Inigo Jollifant, two similarly malcontented individuals. Miss Trant is an upper- middle class spinster and Jollifant is a teacher at a down-at-heel private school. All three ultimately encounter each other when a failing concert troupe ('The Dinky Doos') are disbanding as a result of their manager running off with the takings. The independently wealthy Miss Trant, against the advice of her relatives, decides to refloat the troupe, now known as 'The Good Companions'. Inigo plays piano, Oakroyd is the odd-job man, and other assorted characters including members of the original troupe: including Jimmy Nunn, Jerry Jerningham and Susie Dean, along with Mr Morton Mitcham (a travelling banjo player whom Inigo met earlier on his own odyssey) have various adventures round the shires of middle England. After a sabotaged performance, the troupe disband: Jerry marries Lady Partlit, a fan; Susie and Inigo become successful and famous in London; Miss Trant gets married; Jess Oakroyd emigrates to Canada and the other performers carry on with their life on the road. Literary significance and reception The Good Companions was an instant hit on publication, but was not particularly well regarded by critics. Despite this, it remained popular for over forty years. It then fell out of favour, not only because the novel was written from a (rather old fashioned) middle class perspective but also because it deals with a phenomenon (a travelling music hall troupe) which no longer exists. Nonetheless, Priestley's ear for dialectical foibles is keen, and many of his constructions (e.g. 'Unkerlathur' for 'Uncle Arthur') are acutely observed. More recently there has been a reappraisal of this and other Priestley works: a new edition of The Good Companions appeared in October 2007 with a foreword by Dame Judi Dench , accompanying a reappraisal of the various versions by Ronald Harwood , Andre Previn and Judy Cornwell amongst others. Dramatic adaptations Advertisements 1931 theatrical adaptation Priestley collaborated with Edward Knoblock on a stage version of his novel, which opened at His Majesty's Theatre , London on 14 May 1931. It ran for nine months, with Edward Chapman , Edith Sharpe and John Gielgud in the cast. 1933 film version The first film version appeared hard on the heels of the book. Produced by Gaumont , it starred John Gielgud as Ingo Jollifant, Jessie Matthews as Susie Dean and Edmund Gwenn as Jess Oakroyd. 1957 film version Main article: The Good Companions (1957 film) A Technicolor remake was directed by J. Lee Thompson for Associated British Picture Corporation , and starred Eric Portman as Oakroyd, Celia Johnson as Miss Trant, Joyce Grenfell as Lady Partlit, Janette Scott as Susie Dean, John Fraser as Inigo Jollifant and Rachel Roberts as Elsie and Effie Longstaff. This version updates the narrative and music to the late f


All My Sons (1947) and The Misfits (1961) are both plays written by whom?

Arthur Miller Biography | List of Works, Study Guides & Essays | GradeSaver Miller, Arthur Biography of Arthur Miller Arthur Miller was one of the leading American playwrights of the twentieth century. He was born in October 1915 in New York City to a women's clothing manufacturer, who lost everything in the economic collapse of the 1930s. Living through young adulthood during the Great Depression, Miller was shaped by the poverty that surrounded him. The Depression demonstrated to the playwright the fragility and vulnerability of human existence in the modern era. After graduating from high school, Miller worked in a warehouse so that he could earn enough money to attend the University of Michigan, where he began to write plays. Miller's first play to make it to Broadway, The Man Who Had All the Luck (1944), was a dismal failure, closing after only four performances. This early setback almost discouraged Miller from writing completely, but he gave himself one more try. Three years later, All My Sons won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award as the best play of 1947, launching Miller into theatrical stardom. All My Sons, a drama about a manufacturer of faulty war materials, was strongly influenced by the naturalist drama of Henrik Ibsen. Along with Death of a Salesman (his most enduring success), All My Sons and The Man Who Had All the Luck form a thematic trilogy of plays about love triangles involving fathers and sons. The drama of the family is at the core of all of Miller's major plays, but nowhere is it more prominent than in All My Sons and Death of a Salesman. Death of a Salesman (1949) secured Miller's reputation as one of the nation's foremost playwrights. In this play, Miller mixes the tradition of social realism that informs most of his work with a more experimental structure that includes fluid leaps in time as the protagonist, Willy Loman, drifts into memories of his sons as teenagers. Loman represents an American archetype: a victim of his own delusions of grandeur and obsession with success, and haunted by a sense of failure. Miller won a Tony Award for Death of a Salesman as well as a Pulitzer Prize. The play has been frequently revived in film, television, and stage versions that have included actors such as Dustin Hoffman, George C. Scott and, most recently, Brian Dennehy in the part of Willy Loman. Miller followed Death of a Salesman with his most politically significant work, The Crucible (1953), a tale of the Salem witch trials that contains obvious analogies to the McCarthy anti-Communist hearings in 1950s America. The highly controversial nature of the politics of The Crucible, which lauds those who refuse to name names, led to the play's mixed response. In later years, however, it has become one of the most studied and performed plays of American theater. Three years after The Crucible, in 1956, Miller found himself persecuted by the very force that he warned against, when he was called to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee. Miller refused to name people he allegedly saw at a Communist writers' meeting a decade before, and he was convicted of contempt. He later won an appeal. Also in 1956, Miller married actress Marilyn Monroe. The two divorced in 1961, one year before her death. That year Monroe appeared in her last film, The Misfits, which is based on an original screenplay by Miller. After divorcing Monroe, Miller wed Ingeborg Morath, to whom he remained married until his death in 2005. The pair had a son and a daughter. Miller also wrote the plays A Memory of Two Mondays and the short A View from the Bridge, which were both staged in 1955. His other works include After the Fall (1964), a thinly veiled account of his marriage to Monroe, as well as The Price (1967), The Archbishop's Ceiling (1977), and The American Clock (1980). His most recent works include the plays The Ride Down Mt. Morgan (1991), The Last Yankee (1993), and Broken Glass (1993), which won the Olivier Award for Best Play. Although Miller did not write frequently for film, he did pen an adaptation for


During World War II what was the German plan to flood Britain with forged currency called?

The Nazis Planned to Bomb Britain With Forged Bank Notes   |   smithsonianmag.com | Smithsonian The Nazis Planned to Bomb Britain With Forged Bank Notes But Operation Bernhard never made it rain This could have been Britain during World War II, but Operation Bernhard was foiled after the Allies learned about the plan. (Andrew Brookes/Corbis) smithsonian.com March 1, 2016 The Second World War may have been the bloodiest war, but it also could be considered the weirdest—a conflict full of foiled plans to do everything from kidnap the pope  and lock him up in a castle to strap miniature bombs on bats  and drop them on Japanese cities. Add one to the “strange, but true list”: as Richard Dunley blogs for Britain’s National Archives , the Nazis planned to bomb Britain with clouds of forged bank notes. Of course, the idea wasn’t intended to "make it rain" for English citizens—rather, writes Dunley, it was designed to destabilize the British economy. But the plot was uncovered when Alfred Naujocks, a German intelligence officer, was captured and interrogated in 1944, Dunley writes. Naujocks was already infamous before his capture: Five years earlier, he had  organized and carried out the so-called Gleiwitz incident, seizing a Polish radio station and transmitting an anti-German speech. Along with other supposedly anti-German events orchestrated by the Germans themselves, the incident gave Germany an excuse to invade Poland and World War II was set into motion. Nanjucks told his interrogators that he was in charge of spearheading a campaign called Operation Bernhard designed to undermine the British economy. Naujocks and other Nazis used 140 Jewish prisoners at Sachsenhausen concentration camp, who they trained to forge British bank notes. They even contracted with a special factory to provide the proper paper for British notes. But CIA historian Kevin Ruffner writes that wartime shortages meant that only about 10 percent of the 134 million British pounds produced by the forgers was good enough to be circulated. This forged British note was made by prisoners at Sachsenhausen concentration camp in Germany during World War II. (Wikimedia Commons) “The instructions came from Hitler himself, who wanted to drop huge quantities of forged bank notes from German aircraft[s],” writes Dunley. Hitler apparently hoped that the scheme would dangerously inflate the British wartime economy and weaken Great Britain, making it an easier target for a German invasion. The Nazis also planned to counterfeit American dollars with the hopes of doing the same across the Atlantic to the United States. Of course, that plot never became real. Though Germany did use some of the forged money to import supplies, Naujocks and his team had to move their top secret forgery center from camp to camp during the rest of the war. Finally, at the end of the war, desperate Nazis burned huge amounts of British “currency” and dumped some of it in a remote Austrian lake. Years later, some of the money was found at the bottom of Lake Toplitz  and was incinerated by British authorities . The forged money may not have done its job, but England didn’t take any chances. After the war, the Bank of England withdrew all notes with a value of more than five pounds as soon as it had designed and printed new paper money. For a scheme that didn’t work, Operation Bernhard sure affected plenty of people—and will go down in history as one of wartime’s most over-the-top secret plots. Like this article?


Which English king is buried in Faversham?

Is King Stephen under Queen Elizabeth’s Grammar School playing fields in Faversham? Is King Stephen under Queen Elizabeth’s Grammar School playing fields in Faversham? 27 March 2015 bbrowning@thekmgroup.co.uk The remains of an English king could be dug up from a Faversham school field. Just days after thousands gathered for the reburial of Richard III, plans to excavate the playing fields at the Queen Elizabeth’s Grammar School (QE) have been unveiled with the hope finding the bones of King Stephen. The body of the medieval king, along with his wife Queen Matilda and son Eustace, were buried in the grounds of the former Faversham Abbey church in 1154. Dr Brain Philip on the suspected site of King Stephen's burial. Picture: Tony Flashman The Abbey was dissolved in 1538 by Henry VIII and most of it was demolished. It was excavated in 1965 by the Kent Archaelogical Society, but remains of the King, who ruled from 1141 until 1154, were never found. “As Richard III has been so celebrated recently, we want to have a big ceremony and a plaque to commemorate King Stephen" - Dr Brian Philp, director of the Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit Mystery has always surrounded King Stephen’s burial, with some suggesting his bones were thrown into the Creek and others speculating his tomb is in St Mary’s Church. But one man has other ideas. Dr Brian Philp, director of the Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit, led the team that discovered the Abbey in Faversham during the 1965 excavation and this week he was back in the town to launch the excavation to find King Stephen. Dr Philp said: “I have now relocated the site of the royal vaults. “We did not find any human bones in 1965 but the vaults were not fully excavated. “We now need to commemorate the royal burials with a ceremony and a permanent plaque. “After all, Stephen was buried 330 years before Richard III and certainly not in a car park.” King Stephen holds Faversham Abbey He visited the site on Monday and said the landscape has changed a lot since he was last there – in 1965 the fields, now used for QE pupils playing sport, were an orchard. Dr Philp said: “Once we have found the exact location, we may be able to find the bones. “As Richard III has been so celebrated recently, we want to have a big ceremony and a plaque to commemorate King Stephen. “We want as many people as possible to be involved. We hope the school and the Faversham Society will have a part in this project. “This is a crucial historical site in Kent.” Stories you might have missed


Queen Joan of Navarre was the wife of which English king?

Joan of Navarre | queen of England | Britannica.com queen of England Alternative Title: Jeanne de Navarre Joan of Navarre James Cook Joan of Navarre, French Jeanne de Navarre (born c. 1370—died July 9, 1437, Havering atte Bowe, Essex, Eng.), the wife of Henry IV of England and the daughter of Charles the Bad , king of Navarre. In 1386 Joan was married to John IV (or V), duke of Brittany; they had eight children. John died in 1399, and Joan was regent for her son John V (or VI) until 1401. During his banishment (1398–99), the future Henry IV resided with Joan and the duke of Brittany , and strong affections developed between Henry and Joan. Following her husband’s death in November 1399, Joan had a proxy marriage to Henry in April 1402; Henry returned to England with Joan in 1403, and they were formally married. The English disapproved of Henry’s French bride and distrusted Joan’s foreign favourites at Henry’s court. Many of the French likewise disapproved of the marriage. After Henry’s death in 1413, Joan received an annuity, but, because of an active anti-French policy in England, she was accused of witchcraft in 1419, imprisoned, and denied access to the revenue from her dowry. She was released in 1422, and the remainder of her life was uneventful. Learn More in these related articles:


In which town or city could you consult Mma Ramotswe of the No 1 Ladies' Detective Agency?

No 1 Ladies Detective Agency: Alexander McCall Smith, Alexander McCall Smith: Trade Paperback: 9781400034772: Powell's Books Publisher Comments THE NO. 1 LADIES’ DETECTIVE AGENCY - Book 1 Fans around the world adore the bestselling No. 1 Ladies’ Detective Agency series, the basis of the HBO TV show, and its proprietor Precious Ramotswe, Botswana’s premier lady detective.  In this charming series, Mma  Ramotswe navigates her cases and her personal life with wisdom, and good humor — not to mention help from her loyal assistant, Grace Makutsi, and the occasional cup of tea. This first novel in Alexander McCall Smith’s widely acclaimed The No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency series tells the story of the delightfully cunning and enormously engaging Precious Ramotswe, who is drawn to her profession to “help people with problems in their lives.” Immediately upon setting up shop in a small storefront in Gaborone, she is hired to track down a missing husband, uncover a con man, and follow a wayward daughter. But the case that tugs at her heart, and lands her in danger, is a missing eleven-year-old boy, who may have been snatched by witchdoctors. The No. 1 Ladies’ Detective Agency received two Booker Judges’ Special Recommendations and was voted one of the International Books of the Year and the Millennium by the Times Literary Supplement. Review "One of the best, most charming, honest, hilarious and life-affirming books to appear in years." The Plain Dealer Review "In the course of her work, Mma Ramotswe offers ample evidence of her country's complexities and contradictions....Practical yet softhearted, inventive yet steeped in convention, Mma Ramotswe is an appealing personality..." Alida Becker, The New York Times Book Review Review "The most entertaining read of the year." The Guardian (London) About the Author Alexander McCall Smith is a professor of medical law at Edinburgh University. He was born in what is now known as Zimbabwe and taught law at the University of Botswana. He is the author of over fifty books on a wide range of subjects, including specialist titles such as Forensic Aspects of Sleep and The Criminal Law of Botswana, children's books such as The Perfect Hamburger, and a collection of stories called Portuguese Irregular Verbs. Reading Group Guide 1. Unlike in most other mysteries, in The No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency Mma Ramotswe solves a number of small crimes, rather than a single major one. How does this affect the narrative pacing of the novel? What other unique features distinguish The No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency from the conventional mystery novel? 2. What makes Precious Ramotswe such a charming protagonist? What kind of woman is she? How is she different from the usual detective? Why does she feel “called” to help her fellow Africans “solve the mysteries of their lives” [p. 4]? 3. What is surprising about the nature of the cases Mma Ramotswe is hired to solve? By what means does Alexander McCall Smith sustain the readers interest, in the absence of the kind of tension, violence, and suspense that drive most mysteries? 4. Mma Ramotswes first client, Happy Bapetsi, is worried that the man who claims to be her father is a fraud taking advantage of her generosity. “All he does,” she says, “is sit in his chair outside the front door and tell me what to do for him next.” To which Mma Ramotswe replies, “Many men are like that” [p. 10]. What is Mma Ramotswes view of men generally? How do men behave in the novel? 5. Why does Mma Ramotswe feel it is so important to include her fathers life story in the novel? What does Obed Ramotswes life reveal about the history of Africa and of South Africa? What does it reveal about the nature and cost of working in the mines in South Africa? 6. Mma Ramotswe purchases a manual on how to be a detective. It advises one to pay attention to hunches. “Hunches are another form of knowledge” [p. 79]. How does intuition help Mma Ramotswe solve her cases? 7. When Mma Ramotswe decides to start a detective agency, a lawyer tells her “Its easy to lose money in business, especially when you


In which county are the Mountains of Mourne?

Discover Northern Ireland | The Mourne Mountains, County Down Explore more of the region on our interactive map Mourne Mountains The Mournes stand true to the words of songwriter Percy French as the place ‘where the Mountains of Mourne sweep down to the sea’. They are not only one of Ireland’s most scenic areas and an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), they are quite simply an adventurer’s paradise.


Edale is the southern end of which walking trail?

Kinder Scout mass trespass walk | National Trust Kinder Scout mass trespass walk Walking trail In 1932 around 500 walkers, mostly from Manchester, trespassed en masse and walked from Hayfield to Kinder Scout to secure access right to open country for all to enjoy forever. So walk in the footsteps of the trespassers and enjoy what others fought so hard for. In partnership with Hayfield, Peak District National Park, Derbyshire Difficulty Challenging Time 5 hours - 6 hours Distance 8 miles (12.8 km) Map Landranger 110; Explorer OL1 Dogs allowed Dog friendly Bowden Bridge car park, grid ref: SK048869 1 From Bowden Bridge car park head towards Kinder Bank on the Kinder Road. The walk starts at Bowden Bridge the rallying point for the trespassers. There's a commemorative plaque here on the quarry wall. In 1932 most of the trespassers arrived on the train but the main protagonists camped in Rowarth, north west of Hayfield, and cycled to avoid the Police who intended to intercept them. 2 Spot the remains of Kinder village in nearby fields. Carry on towards Booth Bridge. 3 Pass Booth Bridge and sheep wash. They were constructed after the valley was flooded to create Kinder Reservoir. The 1932 trespassers would have walked on the road, but we can now use paths either side of the river. 4 Follow a bridleway up hill at White Brow alongside the reservoir until you reach the Snake Path at the foot of William Clough. Alternatively, take the route skirting along the reservoir enclosure wall to the bridge where there's an information panel. 5 From here, follow the path up William Clough, named after a cutler who worked here. Look for signs of iron smelting underfoot. During the mass trespass the ramblers left the path which was originally higher up the slope and became embroiled in scuffles with gamekeepers and water bailiffs. 6 Continue upwards to Ashop Head where the Pennine Way joins the path and turn right. Carry on along the ridge to Sandy Heys. This area was badly damaged by fire in 2003; peat moorland is a high fire risk after long spells of dry weather. All the way along the plateau admire the views over Yorkshire to the north, Cheshire to the west, Wales beyond. These views wouldn't necessarily have been clear in the 1930s due to industrial smokes from mill chimneys and coal fires. In July and August the landscape is colourful with flowering heather. 7 Marvel at the spectacular rock buttresses and cascading water of the Kinder Downfall. On a clear day, this natural amphitheatre can be visible for many miles. Read more Kinder Downfall Kinder Downfall is often shrouded in mists, as the wind blows the tumbling water into the air. On sunny days a series of colourful rainbows arch over the rocks. 8 Continue along the Pennine Way to Kinder Low trig point, rising to over 2,000ft (630m). We're working to prevent the erosion of peat here by planting cotton grass to hold it in place and limiting water run-off. Below and to your right are Cluther Rocks, where roadside millstones used to be quarried. Read more Curious rocks Curious gritstone outcrops can be found on the southern edge of the Kinder plateau. Erosion of the peat soils here has been accelerated by the impact of man through air pollution, accidental fires and overgrazing. 9 Continue to the flag path, following the route to the left, to Edale Road. Turn right through the gate. Edale Road is an old packhorse route. Edale Cross marks the summit of the road. Continue downhill towards Hayfield. Read more Moorland birds Look and listen for moorland birds like the red grouse, curlew, golden plover and ring ouzel (or mountain blackbird). They feed on new heather shoots high up on the moors. 10 Leave the moorland and walk on a path through fields to the tarmac road at Coldwell Clough. Carry on, keeping the stream on your left. 11 Rejoin the metalled road at Ashes Farm and continue to Bowden Bridge car park. End:


Which city hosted the summer Olympic Games of 1912?

Stockholm 1912 Summer Olympics - results & video highlights Official Reports arrow On time The Stockholm Games were a model of efficiency. The Swedish hosts introduced the first Olympic use of automatic timing devices for the track events, the photo finish and a public address system. Last man standing If there was an unofficial theme of the 1912 Games, it was endurance. The course for the cycling road race was 320km (199 miles), the longest race of any kind in Olympic history. In Greco-Roman wrestling, the middleweight semi-final match between Russian Martin Klein and Finland’s Alfred Asikainen lasted 11 hours. Debuts and firsts For the first time, competitors in the Games came from all five continents. It was also the first time Japan participated. The modern pentathlon, women’s swimming and women’s diving all made their Olympic debuts. Mighty Jim Jim Thorpe, a Native American from Oklahoma, won the pentathlon and decathlon by huge margins. He was later disqualified when it was discovered that he had accepted a modest sum to play baseball before the Games. But in 1982, the IOC decided to reinstate him and gave his medals back to his daughter. NOCs: 28 Athletes: 2,407 (48 women, 2,359 men) Events: 102 Media: n/a New technology A well-organised edition of the Olympics, the Stockholm Games saw the first Olympic use of automatic timing equipment, the photo finish and a public address system. Swimming open to women Women's swimming events made their entrance. Japan took part Japan participated for the first time The first art and literature competition Under the nom de plume of Georges Hohrod and M. Eschbach, Baron de Coubertin was awarded first place for his "Ode to sport" which "praises sport in both a literary and sporting way". (Illustration: "Les sports d'hiver" of Carlo Pelligrini, winner of the painting competition of the Concours d'Art) The story of Jim Thorpe A native American from Oklahoma, Jim Thorpe, described by King Gustav V of Sweden as "the greatest athlete in the world", won the pentathlon and decathlon. However, he was disqualified in January 1913 when it was discovered that he had accepted a very modest sum of money to play baseball before the Games. In 1982, the Executive Board of the International Olympic Committee decided to reinstate Jim Thorpe and to give back to his daughter the medals that were rightfully his. His feat was immortalised in the film "The Bronze Man" by Michael Curtiz, with Burt Lancaster in the role of Thorpe. Representation of the five continents For the first time, competitors in the Games came from all five continents. Long live the Games! With the close of the 1912 Olympics, all eyes turned towards the city of Berlin where the next edition of the Games was scheduled to take place. Although World War I made it impossible for plans to proceed, the Games proved their resilience. The 1916 celebration remained in Olympic history as the Games of the VI Olympiad and in 1920 the Olympics were once again held, with the Belgian city of Antwerp acting as Olympic host. Ceremonies Stockholm 1912, Games of the V Olympiad: the Swedish team of women gymnasts parades in the stadium during the Opening Ceremony. Official opening of the Games by: His Majesty The King Gustav V Lighting the Olympic Flame by: A symbolic fire at an Olympic Summer Games was first lit in 1928 in Amsterdam. Olympic Oath by: The athletes’ oath was first sworn at the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. Official Oath by: The officials' oath at an Olympic Summer Games was first sworn in 1972 in Munich. On the obverse, two female figures placing a laurel crown on the head of young victorious athlete. On the reverse, a herald proclaiming the opening of the Games with, on the left, the statue of Ling, the founder of the institutions and the Swedish gym system. All around, the inscription "OLYMPISKA SPELEN STOCKHOLM 1912". More info It represents the parade of nations, each athlete carrying a twirling flag and all going towards a common goal- the Olympic Games. The nudity of the athletes was a reference to the Games of Antiquity, altho


The summer Olympic Games were held in Los Angeles in 1984 and in which other year?

How L.A.'s 1984 Summer Olympics Became the Most Successful Games Ever How L.A.'s 1984 Summer Olympics Became the Most Successful Games Ever Go to permalink It's almost showtime for Sochi, which may or may not have its shit together by the time the opening ceremonies start. While it's too late for Sochi to change its trajectory, perhaps the 2016 host city could jot down a few tips from what are widely considered to be the most successful Olympics ever: L.A., 1984. Can Sochi Get Its Shit Together? Can Sochi Get Its Shit Together? Can Sochi Get Its Shit Together? By all accounts—except maybe Vladimir Putin's—the small Russian resort town of Sochi… Read more Read more In the late 1970s, hosting the Olympics was not a very desirable thing for a city to do. The games were seen as financially risky: Montreal's debt from the 1976 Summer Games totaled $1.5 billion dollars, which wasn't paid off until 2006. Denver was actually awarded the 1976 Winter Games but its voters did not approve public funding, so it went to Innsbruck, Austria. Plus, tensions were high when it came to international athletic competitions. Munich had suffered a deadly hostage crisis in 1972 and the Cold War was brewing. The 1980 games in Moscow were boycotted by the U.S. and other countries, and the U.S.S.R. and many other Eastern European boycotted the 1984 games. An early front-runner, Tehran, pulled out from the 1984 bidding process at the last minute due to social unrest. Advertisement Advertisement In the end, only two cities officially bid to host the 1984 Summer Games: New York City and Los Angeles. Since the U.S. could only recommend one city for the international bid, when they decided on L.A. to represent the U.S., it became the winning city by default. Preparing for challenges The Olympics are essentially a high-profile opportunity for civic rebranding: A chance for a smaller city to put itself on the map or for a larger one to reinvent itself. While L.A. was by no means a tiny hamlet looking for validation, the city was certainly hoping to turn around its reputation as a smoggy, sprawling megalopolis lacking a center or any real civic pride. Detractors were quick to judge the choice of L.A. as too big, too unprepared, and too financially strapped. Plus, L.A. had already hosted the Summer Olympics once, back in 1932. But L.A. did have one real handicap: The 1984 Summer Olympics were the first in history not to be sponsored by the government, as they still are in many countries and had previously been in the U.S. Sponsored This called for a budget-conscious Olympics, headed by local businessman Peter Ueberroth. He organized a committee that functioned more like a corporation, dubbing it LA84 and creating a board consisting of entrepreneurs and other financially savvy leaders. Accordingly, the games would be funded by unprecedented corporate sponsorships, impressive private fundraising, and, for the first time on U.S. soil, television deals. The committee sold the television rights to the broadcast to ABC for $225 million, raising a large amount of money far in advance of the games. Leave it up to the entertainment capital of the world to strike such a smart deal. Ueberroth was named Time's Man of the Year. Budget-minded development L.A.'s fiscally responsible philosophy extended to its innovative architectural strategy. The building frenzy that accompanies a winning bid is often followed by a devastating post-Olympics blow, where the city is left with rotting stadiums and empty transit systems. This is most infamously illustrated in Athens, Greece; there, not only are most of the city's 2004 venues now empty and dilapidated, but it has been theorized that the egregious expenses may have actually contributed to Greece's ongoing financial crisis. Nagano, Japan, also fell into a recession after their 1998 Winter Olympics. Much of this is illustrated in The Olympic City , where Gary Hustwit and Jon Pack traveled to hosting cities to document what happens after the games leave. Advertisement Advertisement Also, as we've seen in Sochi—which is building e


The Real Inspector. Hound (1968) and Jumpers (1972) are plays written by whom?

Tom Stoppard - Literature Literature Biography Playwright Sir Tom Stoppard was born Tomás Straüssler on 3 July 1937 in Zlín, Czechoslovakia. He grew up in Singapore and India during the Second World War and moved to England in 1946 with his mother and stepfather, his own father having been killed in Singapore. Educated at schools in Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire, he became a journalist working for the Western Daily Press (1954-8) and the Bristol Evening World (1958-60), and became theatre critic for Scene magazine in London (1962-3). He began writing plays for radio and television, including The Dissolution of Dominic Boot (1964), A Walk on the Water, televised in 1963, and The Stand-Ins, later revised as The Real Inspector Hound (1968). Albert's Bridge (1968) was first broadcast by BBC Radio in 1967. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1967) premiered at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in 1966. The play came to the attention of Kenneth Tynan, then working for the National Theatre, and it was produced at the National in 1967 and on Broadway in 1967, winning a Tony Award for Best Play (USA) in 1968. The Real Inspector Hound was first staged in 1968, followed by productions of Albert's Bridge and If You're Glad I'll Be Frank, both in 1969. His play Jumpers (1972) was staged at the National Theatre in 1972 and his adaptation of Lorca's The House of Bernarda Alba was first performed in the same year. Travesties (1975) was first staged by the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1974, transferring to New York in 1975 where it won a Tony Award for Best Play. Every Good Boy Deserves Favour (1976), was inspired by his friendship with Viktor Fainberg, who had been imprisoned in Czechoslovakia by the Soviets, and Stoppard began to speak out on behalf of dissidents including the Czech playwright Vaclav Havel, who had been charged with subversion. Professional Foul (1978) was written for Amnesty International's Prisoner of Conscience Year in 1977. On the Razzle (1982), adapted from Johann Nestroy's Einen Jux will er sich machen, was staged at the National Theatre in 1981, followed by The Real Thing (1982) in 1982. He was on the board of the National Theatre from 1989-2003. His trilogy of plays set in 19th century Russia, The Coast of Utopia (2002), was first staged at the National Theatre in 2002. Tom Stoppard was knighted in 1997. He lives in London. His latest plays are Heroes (2005), and Rock n Roll (2006). He has written the screenplay for The Bourne Ultimatum, and a new English version of Chekov's Ivanov (2008). Critical perspective Tom Stoppard is a deceptive dramatist. He is always written about as if he were an intellectual acrobat and dazzling word-spinner delighted by ideas and deficient in emotion. And it is perfectly true that he is unafraid to deal with subjects that would deter many dramatists; from metaphysics and quantum mechanics to moral philosophy and moon landings. But behind the intellectual high jinx there lurks an often passionate humanist whose writing betrays an increasing concern both with the abuse of freedom and the nature of love. Whatever Stoppard is, he is certainly not a cold fish. The key to his work, both formally and intellectually, lies in the idea of collision: as he once told a New York Times interviewer, 'I write plays because writing dialogue is the only respectable way of contradicting myself.' After a peripatetic childhood (born in Czechoslovakia, he was raised in both Singapore and India) and an early career as a Bristol journalist, he gravitated naturally towards drama with its built-in opportunities for dialectic and debate. His early works were brief, ingenious radio dramas but in the mid-60s he sat down to write a substantial novel and play. He was convinced that the novel, Lord Malquist and Mr Moon (1966) would make his name. In the event it was the play, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1967), first produced at the Edinburgh Festival in 1966 and a year later by the National Theatre, that earned him fame and fortune. Both works, however, clearly establish Stoppard's chosen territory. Th


The Birthday Party (1957) and The Dumb Waiter (1957) are plays written by whom?

Harold Pinter - The Dumb Waiter | Theatre | Samuel Beckett Harold Pinter - The Dumb Waiter You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 2 to 3 are not shown in this preview. This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue? CANCEL We've moved you to where you read on your other device. Get the full title to continue Get the full title to continue reading from where you left off, or restart the preview. Restart preview


Who was the first female to be awarded the Order of Merit?

Florence Nightingale: The Order of Merit The Order of Merit The Order of Merit is a British honorary institution founded by Edward VII in 1902 to reward those who provided especially eminent service in the armed forces or particularly distinguished themselves in science, art, literature, or the promotion of culture. The order is limited to only 24 members, although the British monarch can appoint foreigners as "honorary members." The order carries no title of knighthood, but a member is entitled to add "O.M." after his name. It has a civilian and a military division. Both men and women are admitted into the order; Florence Nightingale was the first woman awarded the honour (1907), and not another woman received the order until the induction of Dorothy Hodgkin in 1965. The badge of the order portrays a crown with the motto "For Merit." An Indian Order of Merit (no longer in existence) was established in 1837. The badge of the Order of Merit is worn suspended by a ribbon at the collar. (After: E. C. Joslin, Spink's Catalog of British Orders, Decorations and Medals, 1983). The ribbon displays the colors of the Order. The blue represents the Order of the Garter and the Red, the Order of the Bath.


Which emperor was shot by a firing squad in 1867?

[Execution of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, General Miguel Miramón, and General Tomás Mejia by firing squad] | Library of Congress [Execution of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, General Miguel Miramón, and General Tomás Mejia by firing squad] [ digital image from b&w film copy neg. ] Download: About this Item Title [Execution of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, General Miguel Miramón, and General Tomás Mejia by firing squad] Created / Published -  Title devised by Library staff. -  Written on verso: Death of Maximilian (purported to be). -  Reference copy in BIOG FILE. -  Gift; Oliver Wendell Holmes; 1939 May 19. Medium LOT 13301, no. 36 [P&P] Repository Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Digital Id Library of Congress Control Number 2004678561 LC-USZ62-35251 (b&w film copy neg.) Rights Advisory No known restrictions on publication. Online Format For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources . Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-35251 (b&w film copy neg.) Call Number: LOT 13301, no. 36 [P&P] Access Advisory: --- Obtaining Copies If an image is displaying, you can download it yourself. (Some images display only as thumbnails outside     the Library of Congress because of rights considerations, but you have access to larger size images on     site.) Alternatively, you can purchase copies of various types through Library of Congress Duplication Services . If a digital image is displaying: The qualities of the digital image partially       depend on whether it was made from the original or an intermediate such as a copy negative or       transparency. If the Reproduction Number field above includes a reproduction number that starts       with LC-DIG..., then there is a digital image that was made directly from the original       and is of sufficient resolution for most publication purposes. If there is information listed in the Reproduction Number field above: You can use the reproduction number to purchase a copy from Duplication Services. It will be       made from the source listed in the parentheses after the number. If only black-and-white ("b&w") sources are listed and you desire a copy showing         color or tint (assuming the original has any), you can generally purchase a quality copy of         the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog         record ("About This Item") with your request. If there is no information listed in the Reproduction Number field above: You can generally purchase a quality copy through Duplication Services. Cite the Call Number       listed above and include the catalog record ("About This Item") with your request. Price lists, contact information, and order forms are available on the Duplication Services Web site . Access to Originals Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints   and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is   available, often in the form of a digital image, a copy print, or microfilm. Is the item digitized? (A thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left.) Yes, the item is digitized. Please use the digital image in preference to requesting the original. All images can be         viewed at a large size when you are in any reading room at the Library of Congress. In some         cases, only thumbnail (small) images are available when you are outside the Library of         Congress because the item is rights restricted or has not been evaluated for rights         restrictions. As a preservation measure, we generally do not serve an original item when a digital image         is available. If you have a compelling reason to see the original, consult with a reference         librarian. (Sometimes, the original is simply too fragile to serve. For example, glass and


When did the Chinese leader Mao Tse Tung die?

Mao Zedong | Chinese leader | Britannica.com Chinese leader Zhou Enlai Mao Zedong, Wade-Giles romanization Mao Tse-tung (born December 26, 1893, Shaoshan, Hunan province, China—died September 9, 1976, Beijing), principal Chinese Marxist theorist, soldier, and statesman who led his country’s communist revolution . Mao was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1935 until his death, and he was chairman (chief of state) of the People’s Republic of China from 1949 to 1959 and chairman of the party also until his death. Mao Zedong. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. When China emerged from a half century of revolution as the world’s most populous country and launched itself on a path of economic development and social change , Mao Zedong occupied a critical place in the story of the country’s resurgence. To be sure, he did not play a dominant role throughout the whole struggle. In the early years of the CCP, he was a secondary figure, though by no means a negligible one, and even after the 1940s (except perhaps during the Cultural Revolution ) the crucial decisions were not his alone. Nevertheless, looking at the whole period from the foundation of the CCP in 1921 to Mao’s death in 1976, one can fairly regard Mao Zedong as the principal architect of the new China. Early years Mao was born in the village of Shaoshan in Hunan province, the son of a former peasant who had become affluent as a farmer and grain dealer. He grew up in an environment in which education was valued only as training for keeping records and accounts. From the age of eight he attended his native village’s primary school, where he acquired a basic knowledge of the Wujing (Confucian Classics). At 13 he was forced to begin working full-time on his family’s farm. Rebelling against paternal authority (which included an arranged marriage that was forced on him and that he never acknowledged or consummated), Mao left his family to study at a higher primary school in a neighbouring county and then at a secondary school in the provincial capital, Changsha . There he came in contact with new ideas from the West, as formulated by such political and cultural reformers as Liang Qichao and the Nationalist revolutionary Sun Yat-sen . Scarcely had he begun studying revolutionary ideas when a real revolution took place before his very eyes. On October 10, 1911, fighting against the Qing dynasty broke out in Wuchang , and within two weeks the revolt had spread to Changsha. Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent Enlisting in a unit of the revolutionary army in Hunan, Mao spent six months as a soldier. While he probably had not yet clearly grasped the idea that, as he later put it, “political power grows out of the barrel of a gun,” his first brief military experience at least confirmed his boyhood admiration of military leaders and exploits. In primary school days, his heroes had included not only the great warrior-emperors of the Chinese past but Napoleon I and George Washington as well. The spring of 1912 marked the birth of the new Chinese republic and the end of Mao’s military service. For a year he drifted from one thing to another, trying, in turn, a police school, a law school, and a business school; he studied history in a secondary school and then spent some months reading many of the classic works of the Western liberal tradition in the provincial library. That period of groping, rather than indicating any lack of decision in Mao’s character, was a reflection of China’s situation at the time. The abolition of the official civil service examination system in 1905 and the piecemeal introduction of Western learning in so-called modern schools had left young people in a state of uncertainty as to what type of training, Chinese or Western, could best prepare them for a career or for service to their country. Exploring Korea and China: Fact or Fiction? Mao eventually graduated from the First Provincial Normal School in Changsha in 1918. While officially an institution of secondary level rather than of higher education, the normal school offered a high


The Old Bailey, the Central Criminal Court, in London was opened in 1907. It was built close to the site of which other famous building?

Historical Background - History of The Old Bailey Courthouse - Central Criminal Court History of The Old Bailey Courthouse London's Central Criminal Court, 1673-1913 The Old Bailey, also known as Justice Hall, the Sessions House, and the Central Criminal Court, was named after the street in which it was located, just off Newgate Street and next to Newgate Prison, in the western part of the City of London. Over the centuries the building has been periodically remodelled and rebuilt in ways which both reflected and influenced the changing ways trials were carried out and reported. Contents of this Article Introductory Reading Location The Old Bailey is located about 200 yards northwest of St Paul's Cathedral, just outside the former western wall of the City of London. It is named after the street on which it is located, which itself follows the line of the original fortified wall, or "bailey", of the City. The initial location of the courthouse close to Newgate Prison allowed prisoners to be conveniently brought to the courtroom for their trials. More generally, its position between the City of London and Westminster meant it was a suitable location for trials involving people from all over the metropolis, north of the river Thames. Introductory Reading The Courtroom Although the Old Bailey courthouse was rebuilt several times between 1674 and 1913, the basic design of the courtrooms remained the same. They were arranged so as to emphasise the contest between the accused and the rest of the court. The accused stood at “the bar” (or in “the dock”), directly facing the witness box (where prosecution and defence witnesses testified) and the judges seated on the other side of the room. Before the introduction of gas lighting in the early nineteenth century a mirrored reflector was placed above the bar, in order to reflect light from the windows onto the faces of the accused. This allowed the court to examine their facial expressions assess the validity of their testimony. In addition, a sounding board was placed over their heads in order to amplify their voices. Early in the period the jurors sat on the sides of the courtroom to both the left and the right of the accused, but from 1737 they were brought together in stalls on the defendant's right, sufficiently close together to be able to consult each other and arrive at verdicts without leaving the room. Seated at a table below where the judges sat were clerks, lawyers, and the writers who took the shorthand notes which formed the basis of the Proceedings. Introductory Reading 1673 Open Air Building The medieval courthouse was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666. In 1673 the Old Bailey was rebuilt as a three storey Italianate brick building, described by John Strype in 1720 as "a fair and stately building". In front of the courthouse was the Sessions House Yard, a place where litigants, witnesses, and court personnel could gather. The area inside the wall, where prisoners awaited trial, was called the bail dock. They were separated from the street by a brick wall with spikes on top to keep them from escaping. A surprising feature was that the ground floor of the building, where the courtroom was located, was open on one side to the weather; the upper stories were held up by doric columns. A wall had been left out in order to increase the supply of fresh air to reduce the risk that prisoners suffering from gaol fever (typhus) would infect others in court. On the first floor there was a "stately dining room" for the justices. Inside the courtroom there was a bench for judges at the far end, and, on both sides, partitioned spaces for jurors and balconies for court officers and privileged observers. Other spectators crowded into the yard. The trials attracted a mixed audience of London's more and less respectable inhabitants, and it was alleged that criminals attended in order to devise strategies for defending themselves should they find themselves on trial. The crowd's presence could influence or intimidate the jurors sitting inside. Introductory Reading 1737 Refronti


Who is the author of The Maid of Buttermere and Time to Dance?

The Maid of Buttermere : Melvyn Bragg : 9780340423738 The Maid of Buttermere US$9.95 US$14.22 You save US$4.27 Free delivery worldwide Add to basket Add to wishlist Description Melvyn Bragg's highly-acclaimed bestselling historical novel, the story behind one of the 19th century's greatest scandals. Set in the Lake District in the early 19th century, the riveting story of an imposter, bigamist and fortune hunter who came to grief by falling helplessly in love with the famed 'Maid of Buttermere'. show more Product details 132                   x 198                   x 32mm                                   | 340.19g Publication date Contemporary Fiction Review Text This novel, like others of Bragg's, takes place in the Cumberland country of England, circa 1802, at which time bounder meets beauty, perhaps too late to mend his profligate ways. Alexander Augustus Hope, M.P. Army colonel, aristocrat, arrives in the rustic Lake Country, boasting of wealth and title and bent on seduction. First it's a peasant lass, then a maidservant, then (sights set a bit higher) the daughter of local gentry - a girl rich and pretty but hopelessly bourgeois - to whom Hope proposes marriage. But before said can be accomplished, he's off to neighboring Buttermere, where Mary Robinson, the innkeeper's daughter, famed for her beauty (sung of by Cole-ridge and Wordsworth) and sterling character, is known as "The Beauty of Buttermere." Hope tumbles, so does she, and this time marriage does transpire - shortly thereafter, however, the truth becomes known: Hope is nothing but an imposter, led on by an evil mentor with whom he once sat in jail. Moreover, Hope - actual name, John Hatfield - is a bigamist, philanderer, forger, and commoner, whose ex-wives and abandoned children abound, existing in quiet, ruined misery. Is this to be "Beauty" Mary's fate as well? Slow and complex, densely literary but engaging, cleverly adapted from a true tale, this historical romance is obviously not for all but rather for the discerning - and patient - aficionado. (Kirkus Reviews) show more About Melvyn Bragg Melvyn Bragg is a writer and broadcaster. His novels include The Hired Man, for which he won the Time/Life Silver Pen Award, Without a City Wall, winner of the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize, The Soldier's Return, winner of the WHSmith Literary Award, A Son of War and Crossing the Lines, both of which were longlisted for the Man Booker Prize, A Place in England, which was longlisted for the Lost Man Booker Prize, and most recently Grace and Mary. He has also written several works of non-fiction, including The Book of Books about the King James Bible. He lives in London and Cumbria. show more Follow us


What breed of dog was the royal hunting dog in ancient Egypt?

The Dogs of the Ancient Egyptians Out of Africa, into Your Heart The Greyhound. Affectionate, but not overly demanding. Greyhounds love to be near you or to sit with you on the couch. Body contact is big with these sweet dogs. They develop a strong bond with their person or people. They want to be part of your family and your family activities. Greyhounds are intelligent, independent thinkers. This sweet loving dogs are even mention in the Bible. Background Notes. In Egypt, the ancestors of modern greyhounds were used in hunting and kept as companions. Many Egyptians considered the birth of a such a hound second in importance only to the birth of a son. When the pet hound died, the entire family would go into mourning. The favorite hounds of the upper class were mummified and buried with their owners. The walls of Egyptian tombs often were decorated with images of their hounds. An Egyptian tomb painting from 2200 BC portrays dogs that looks very much like the modern greyhound. Among pharaohs known to own greyhound-type dogs are Tutankhamen, Amenhotep II, Thutmose III, Queen Hatshepsut, and Cleopatra VII. Throughout history, Greyhounds were the pets, hunting dogs and friends of the ancient Egyptians, the Romans, the Greeks and the Medieval European aristocracy. It is only recently that they have been used in the gambling world for racing and are often destroyed as soon as their money-making capabilities are  finished. But We can stop this, adopting a retired Greyhound or donating money to help the organizations would be a big help! If you'd like to adopt a Greyhound, please, research about the breed first, to know if it's suitable for you and your lifestyle. Here are some links that can help you with that! You can find more information about the care of Greyhound in the links below! The Greyhounds on the pictures above are for adoption at reyhounds as Companions. Here are some more organizations that help retired Greyhound get new homes! Here's a page with a great source of information about the rescues in America, find out which is the nearest to you! It also has a lot of information about the care of the breed and more! The Saluki. They were the favorite hounds of the Egyptians, and were known as the Royal Dogs of Egypt. Only nobility were allowed to have them. Many have been found mummified in tombs with their masters, a sign of great favor! There are several good depictions of King Tutenkamen with his favorite salukis. The Egyptians sometimes cropped the hounds' ears -- which you can see in the tomb carvings showing prick-eared, deep chested, long legged hounds. Many of the early salukis were smooths -- identical to their feathered brethren except for the silky hair on ears and tails. For more information about the Saluki, please, visit: Saluki's Rescues: If you have a website with information about any of the breeds above, please Thank you!


The disease hydrophobia is better known as what?

Rabies Rabies byAngie Genesi Disease Rabies is a disease caused by a virus that belongs to the Rhabdoviridae Family and the Lyssavirus genus.   Reservoirs Rabies virus is a zoonoses, which is carried by mammals in particular.  The most common reservoirs are dogs, bats, cats, skunks, raccoons and foxes, although any mammal can contract the disease. In the US, most cases of Rabies are contracted through wildlife not domestic animals. Of the few cases in the US each year, bats are responsible for over half.  Worldwide, dogs are the most common transmitter of Rabies to humans. (11)  Rabies is present in the saliva of rabid animals and it is possible to acquire rabies through open wounds and mucous membranes.  It is extremely rare, but possible to get the infection through aerosolized transmission such as in laboratories or caves.(11)   General Characteristics of MO Rabies is a bullet shaped, RNA virus that is about 400nm long. The virus is a negative strand RNA virus, which means it must carry RNA polymerase to transcribe a positive strand  RNA, which can code for its five proteins.(9)   The viral envelopeï¿½s surface is covered in glycoprotein spikes that may aid in adherence to cell surface proteins.  (3,9)    Key tests for identification       It is possible, but difficult to confirm rabies ante-mortem.  A combination of tests is required to diagnose rabies in a living human.(4)  The Fluorescent Antibody Test can be used to identify isolated viral samples as positive.  This is the most common test done on animals, and is much more accurate when it is done post-mortem. (2,4) Reverse Transcriptase PCR can be used to identify the disease through viral RNA, however these often produce false positives. (2) Serological tests can be used to identify rabies, but are of little use since the development of rabies specific antibodies occurs well after the onset of symptoms.  (2)   Signs and Symptoms Animals:  There are two types of rabies symptoms in animals.  Symptoms attributed to ï¿½dumb Rabiesï¿½ include paralysis, depression, and loss of fear.  Symptoms indicative of ï¿½furious Rabiesï¿½ are better known and include aggression, indiscriminate attacking, and self mutilation.  (11,12) Humans:  Symptoms for rabies can appear anywhere from 30 days to 6 months after exposure.  The first wave of symptoms is very general and includes malaise, fever, sore throat, fatigue, muscle aches, and irritability.  Pain and stinging emanating from the original infection are early rabies specific symptoms.  As the disease progresses, symptoms become more specific.  These can include a high fever, agitation, seizures, hallucinations, hydrophobia, irregular breathing, and coma. More rarely a progressive paralysis develops that leads to death.(4,9,11)   Historical Information       Rabies is one of the oldest documented diseases in the world.  The Sanskrit word ï¿½rabhasï¿½ means ï¿½to do violenceï¿½.  The first documentation of rabies can be traced back to 23rd century Babylon.(1) The first vaccine for rabies was developed by Louis Pasteur.  It was successfully administered to the victim of a rabid dog attack in 1885.  Pasteur also recognized from the characteristics of the disease that the etiological agent was a virus.  This was confirmed in 1936, when the virus was first grown in a lab.  (8)   Virulence       There have only been 6 documented survivors of rabies after the onset of symptoms and only one person has survived that did not receive the post-exposure vaccine.(7)  The virus enters the body and attaches to nerve and muscle cells and enters a period of replication. No symptoms are present at this time.  After the incubation period, the virus travels up the nerve axons and makes its way into the brain tissue, which causes encephalitis.  At this point the disease is too far along to treat with vaccines. The disease then makes its way into the salivary glands and other sites around the body. (9)


Slimbridge Wildlife Reserve was founded by whom?

WWT Consulting » About us Wetland treatment systems and SuDS   We are a subsidiary business of the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT) and these four service areas are derived from our parent company’s success over nearly 70 years of wetland reserve management and the operation of nine UK visitor centres. The consultancy is based at Slimbridge, Gloucestershire, UK, the headquarters of WWT, to whom it returns all profit to assist with wetland research and conservation. You can find out more about WWT on their website. WWT Consulting is committed to the environment, its staff and its clients. We are recognised as an Investor in People, hold ISO14001 certification in recognition of our environmental performance, and ISO9001 certification in recognition of our commitment to quality. Illustrious history The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT) was founded at Slimbridge on the banks of the River Severn by Sir Peter Scott in 1946. The original vision to engage people with wetlands and wildlife has remained at the core of WWT’s aims ever since. 25 years of wetland consulting… In 1989, WWT established a consultancy in response to growing demand for the provision of professional, scientifically sound advice on all issues relating to wetlands, their wildlife and their relationship to people. Known as WWT Consulting since 2006, but previously called the Wetlands Advisory Service, the consultancy employs highly skilled and experienced staff that deliver innovative solutions to its clients. WWT Consulting operates as a subsidiary business of WWT and all profit generated is gifted back to the parent company to assist with wetland research and conservation.


What was established by the Lateran Treaty of 1929?

Text of the Lateran Treaty of 1929 1. CONCILIATION TREATY +     IN the name of the  Most Holy Trinity.     Whereas the Holy See and Italy have  recognized the desirability of eliminating every reason for dissension  existing between them and arriving at a final settlement of their reciprocal  relations which shall be consistent with justice and with the dignity of both  High Contracting Parties, and which by permanently assuring to the Holy See a  position de facto and de jure which shall guarantee absolute  independence for the fulfillment of its exalted mission in the world, permits  the Holy See to consider as finally and irrevocably settled the Roman Question  which arose in 1870 by the annexation of Rome to the Kingdom of Italy, under  the Dynasty of the House of Savoy;     And whereas it was obligatory, for the  purpose of assuring the absolute and visible independence of the Holy See,  likewise to guarantee its indisputable sovereignty in international matters,  it has been found necessary to create under special conditions the Vatican  City, recognizing the full ownership, exclusive and absolute dominion and  sovereign jurisdiction of the Holy See over that City;     His Holiness the Supreme Pontiff Pius XI  and His Majesty Victor Emanuel III, King of Italy, have agreed to conclude a  Treaty, appointing for that purpose two Plenipotentiaries, being on behalf of  His Holiness, His Secretary of State, viz. His Most Reverend Eminence the Lord  Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, and on behalf of his Majesty, His Excellency the Cav.  Benito Mussolini, Prime Minister and Head of the Government; who, having  exchanged their respective full powers, which were found to be in due and  proper form, have hereby agreed to the following articles: Article 1     Italy recognizes and reaffirms the  principle established in the first Article of the Italian Constitution dated  March 4, 1848, according to which the Catholic Apostolic Roman religion is the  only State religion. Article 2     Italy recognizes the sovereignty of the  Holy See in international matters as an inherent attribute in conformity with  its traditions and the requirements of its mission to the world. Article 3     Italy recognizes the full ownership,  exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction of the Holy See  over the Vatican as at present constituted, together with all its appurtenances and endowments, thus creating the Vatican City, for the special  purposes and under the conditions hereinafter referred to.     The boundaries of the said City are set  forth in the map called Annex I of the present Treaty, of which it is forms an  integral part.     It is furthermore agreed that, although  forming part of the Vatican City, St. Peter's Square shall continue to be  normally open to the public and shall be subject to supervision by the Italian  police authorities, which powers shall cease to operate at the foot of the  steps leading to the Basilica, although the latter shall continue to be used  for public worship. The said authorities shall, therefore, abstain from  mounting the steps and entering the said Basilica, unless and except they are  requested to do so by the proper authorities.     Should the Holy See consider it  necessary, for the purpose of special ceremonies, temporarily to prohibit the  public from free access to St. Peter's Square, the Italian authorities shall  (unless specially requested to do otherwise) withdraw to beyond the outer  lines of Bernini's Colonnade and the extension thereof. Article 4     The sovereignty and exclusive  jurisdiction over the Vatican City, which Italy recognizes as appertaining to  the Holy See, forbid any intervention therein on the part of the Italian  Government, or that any authority other than that of the Holy See shall be  there acknowledged. Article 5     For the purpose of the execution of the  provisions of the preceding Article before the present Treaty comes into  force, the Italian Government shal


Which well-known song comes from the masque Alfred composed in 1740?

Rule Britannia mp3 midi free download beach motel Sechelt bed breakfast Britannia, rouse at Heav'n's command! And crown thy native Prince again; Then Peace shall bless thy happy land, And plenty pour in from the rnain: Then shalt thou be - Britannia, thou shalt be From home and foreign tyrants free. Behold, great Charles! thy godlike son, With majesty and sweetness crowned; His worth th'admiring world doth own, And fame's loud trump proclaims the sound. Thy captain him, Britannia, him declare. Of kings and heroes he's the heir. Then, Britons, rouse! with trurnpets' sound Proclaim this solemn, happy day'. Let mirth with cheerful music crowned Drive sullen thoughts and cares away! Come, Britons, sing! Britannia, draw thy sword! And use it for thy rightful lord! Composed by Thomas Augustine Arne in 1740 for his masque Alfred, 'RuIe, Britannia!' was first heard at a performance given at Cliefden House, Maidenhead - then the residence of Frederick, Prince of Wales - when the masque was given to celebrate the accession of George I and the birthday of the Princess Augusta. This most popular of all English national airs was first heard in London in 1745 and achieved instant popularity. So well known was it that Handel even quoted it in his Occasional Oratorio in the following year when it was sung to the words, 'War shall cease, welcome peace!'. Predictably 'Rule, Britannia!' was seized upon by the Jacobites and James Thomson's words were altered accordingly.


Which award was made to the Unknown Warrior who was buried in Westminster Abbey in 1920?

Learn and talk about The Unknown Warrior, 1920 in the United Kingdom, 1920 sculptures, British military personnel killed in World War I, Burials at Westminster Abbey Origins[ edit ] The idea of a Tomb of the Unknown Warrior was first conceived in 1916 by the Reverend David Railton , who, while serving as an army chaplain on the Western Front , had seen a grave marked by a rough cross, which bore the pencil-written legend 'An Unknown British Soldier'. [2] He wrote to the Dean of Westminster in 1920 proposing that an unidentified British soldier from the battlefields in France be buried with due ceremony in Westminster Abbey "amongst the kings" to represent the many hundreds of thousands of Empire dead. The idea was strongly supported by the Dean and the then Prime Minister David Lloyd George . [2] Selection, arrival and ceremony[ edit ] The van in which the body of the Unknown Warrior was carried, before restoration in 2010. Replica Coffin of the Unknown Warrior; interior of the Cavell Van, Bodiam Arrangements were placed in the hands of Lord Curzon of Kedleston who prepared in committee the service and location. Suitable remains were exhumed from various battlefields and brought to the chapel at Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise near Arras , France on the night of 7 November 1920. The bodies were received by the Reverend George Kendall OBE. Brigadier L.J. Wyatt and Lieutenant Colonel E.A.S. Gell of the Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries went into the chapel alone. The remains were then placed in six plain coffins each covered by Union Flags: the two officers did not know from which battlefield any individual soldier had come. Brigadier Wyatt with closed eyes rested his hand on one of the coffins. The other soldiers were then taken away for reburial by Kendall. The coffin of the unknown warrior then stayed at the chapel overnight and on the afternoon of 8 November, it was transferred under guard and escorted by Kendall, with troops lining the route, from Ste Pol to the medieval castle within the ancient citadel at Boulogne . For the occasion, the castle library was transformed into a chapelle ardente : a company from the French 8th Infantry Regiment , recently awarded the Légion d'Honneur en masse, [3] stood vigil overnight. [1] The following morning, two undertakers entered the castle library and placed the coffin into a casket of the oak timbers of trees from Hampton Court Palace . [1] The casket was banded with iron, and a medieval crusader's sword chosen by The King personally from the Royal Collection was affixed to the top and surmounted by an iron shield bearing the inscription 'A British Warrior who fell in the Great War 1914–1918 for King and Country'. [1] The casket was then placed onto a French military wagon, drawn by six black horses. At 10.30 am, all the church bells of Boulogne tolled; the massed trumpets of the French cavalry and the bugles of the French infantry played Aux Champs (the French " Last Post "). [1] Then, the mile-long procession—led by one thousand local schoolchildren and escorted by a division of French troops—made its way down to the harbour. [1] At the quayside, Marshal Foch saluted the casket before it was carried up the gangway of the destroyer, HMS Verdun , and piped aboard with an admiral's call. The Verdun slipped anchor just before noon and was joined by an escort of six battleships. [1] As the flotilla carrying the casket closed on Dover Castle it received a 19-gun Field Marshal 's salute. It was landed at Dover Marine Railway Station at the Western Docks on 10 November. The body of the Unknown Warrior was carried to London in South Eastern and Chatham Railway General Utility Van No.132 , which had previously carried the bodies of Edith Cavell and Charles Fryatt . The van has been preserved by the Kent and East Sussex Railway . [4] The train went to Victoria Station , where it arrived at platform 8 at 8.32 pm that evening and remained overnight. ( A plaque at Victoria Station marks the site: every year on 10 November, a small Remembrance service, organised by The Western Front A