What was the name of the official news agency of the USSR before it broke up?

USSR Breakup: Tracing The Collapse Of The World's Last Great Empire (Part 1) USSR Breakup: Tracing The Collapse Of The World's Last Great Empire (Part 1) December 14, 2001 Email to a Friend Print Ten years ago this month, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus met at a hunting lodge near Minsk. On 8 December 1991, they signed the Belovezh Agreement, dissolving the Soviet Union and establishing a Commonwealth of Independent States. Later that month, the crimson flag bearing the hammer and sickle was lowered at the Kremlin for the last time. The USSR died quietly, 74 years after its founders had vowed communism would triumph across the world. In the first of a three-part series, RFE/RL correspondent Jeremy Bransten traces the collapse of the world's last great empire. Prague, 14 December 2001 (RFE/RL) -- When he began his twin campaign of glasnost and perestroika in the late 1980s, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev intended to reform the Soviet Union. But Gorbachev had not counted on the fact that greater freedom would fan the forces of nationalism, and he vastly underestimated the speed of the country's economic decay. Together, these factors led to the rapid disintegration of the world's last major empire. By 1990, Lithuania had declared independence. Armenia and Azerbaijan were at war over Nagorno-Karabakh. The Kremlin was linked to the brutal clampdown on revolts in Tbilisi, Riga, and Vilnius. Shortages of basic household goods and foodstuffs were growing. At times, it felt as if Moscow was losing control. Former Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk, in an interview with RFE/RL, recalled the atmosphere: "The whole country was falling apart before our very eyes and not because we were planning it. The Baltics had left the fold, the war in Armenia, Azerbaijan, the events in Tbilisi. The whole country was waiting in lines. The economy was plummeting, and we needed to find a way out." In December 1990, Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze abruptly resigned, warning of a creeping coup by those opposed to reforms. The rest of the winter, into 1991, was lived in an atmosphere of escalating tension as the leader of the Russian republic, Boris Yeltsin, increased his rhetoric against central Soviet institutions amid discussions of a new union treaty to loosen the bonds of the USSR. Hard-liners -- as Shevardnadze predicted -- spoke out with increasing agitation against what they saw as the country's dissolution. Gorbachev zigzagged in his policies, trying in vain to pick a middle course between the two camps. On 8 March 1991, the Kremlin unveiled a draft union treaty. The document offered the republics greater sovereignty, granting them control of economic and cultural development, and allowing them to establish diplomatic ties, sign international treaties, and join international organizations. A new name for the country was to be discussed, excluding the words "Socialist" and "Soviet." Despite the conciliatory language, six of the USSR's 15 republics chose to ignore a referendum on the issue. Undeterred, Gorbachev continued to work on the treaty. At the start of August, presidential adviser Aleksandr Yakovlev -- called by some the "architect" of perestroika -- resigned, warning his boss of the dangers of a coup. Before that, then-U.S. President George Bush had taken the unprecedented step of telephoning Gorbachev from Washington to warn him of the same. The Soviet president was unfazed, as he recalled in a 1996 interview with RFE/RL: "Bush phoned me, and I said: 'George, you can sleep soundly. Nothing's going to happen.' That's what I said." On 4 August, Gorbachev left with his family for his annual vacation in the Crimea, intending to complete a new version of the union treaty. On 18 August, shortly before five in the afternoon, Gorbachev's chief of staff, accompanied by Politburo member Oleg Shenin and a small clutch of senior government officials, arrived at the presidential dacha. They demanded that Gorbachev sign a decree declaring a state of emergency, or resign. Gorbachev refused to do either. The officials confi


Ashkenazic and Sephardic are the two divisions of what cultire?

Judaism 101: Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews  There are several subgroups of Jews with different culture and traditions: Ashkenazic: Descendants of Jews from France, Germany and Eastern Europe Sephardic: Descendants of Jews from Spain, Portugal, North Africa and the Middle East Mizrachi: Descendants of Jews from North Africa and the Middle East  Other subgroups are Yemenite, Ethiopian and Oriental Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews represent two distinct subcultures of Judaism. We are all Jews and share the same basic beliefs, but there are some variations in culture and practice. It's not clear when the split began, but it has existed for more than a thousand years, because around the year 1000 C.E. , Rabbi Gershom ben Judah issued an edict against polygamy that was accepted by Ashkenazim but not by Sephardim. Who are Ashkenazic Jews? Ashkenazic Jews are the Jews of France, Germany, and Eastern Europe and their descendants. The adjective "Ashkenazic" and corresponding nouns, Ashkenazi (singular) and Ashkenazim (plural) are derived from the Hebrew word "Ashkenaz," which is used to refer to Germany. Most American Jews today are Ashkenazim, descended from Jews who emigrated from Germany and Eastern Europe from the mid 1800s to the early 1900s. The pages in this site are written from the Ashkenazic Jewish perspective. Who are Sephardic Jews? Sephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa and the Middle East and their descendants. The adjective "Sephardic" and corresponding nouns Sephardi (singular) and Sephardim (plural) are derived from the Hebrew word "Sepharad," which refers to Spain. Sephardic Jews are often subdivided into Sephardim, from Spain and Portugal, and Mizrachim, from the Northern Africa and the Middle East. The word "Mizrachi" comes from the Hebrew word for Eastern. There is much overlap between the Sephardim and Mizrachim. Until the 1400s, the Iberian Peninsula, North Africa and the Middle East were all controlled by Muslims, who generally allowed Jews to move freely throughout the region. It was under this relatively benevolent rule that Sephardic Judaism developed. When the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, many of them were absorbed into existing Mizrachi communities in Northern Africa and the Middle East. Most of the early Jewish settlers of North America were Sephardic. The first Jewish congregation in North America, Shearith Israel , founded in what is now New York in 1684, was Sephardic and is still active. Philadelphia's first Jewish congregation, Congregation Mikveh Israel , founded in 1740, was also a Sephardic one, and is also still active. In Israel, a little more than half of all Jews are Mizrachim, descended from Jews who have been in the land since ancient times or who were forced out of Arab countries after Israel was founded. Most of the rest are Ashkenazic, descended from Jews who came to the Holy Land (then controlled by the Ottoman Turks) instead of the United States in the late 1800s, or from Holocaust survivors, or from other immigrants who came at various times. About 1% of the Israeli population are the black Ethiopian Jews who fled during the brutal Ethiopian famine in the late 1980s and early 1990s. What is the difference between Sephardic and Ashkenazic? The beliefs of Sephardic Judaism are basically in accord with those of Orthodox Judaism , though Sephardic interpretations of halakhah (Jewish Law) are somewhat different than Ashkenazic ones. The best-known of these differences relates to the holiday of Pesach (Passover) : Sephardic Jews may eat rice, corn, peanuts and beans during this holiday, while Ashkenazic Jews avoid them. Although some individual Sephardic Jews are less observant than others, and some individuals do not agree with all of the beliefs of traditional Judaism, there is no formal, organized differentiation into movements as there is in Ashkenazic Judaism. Historically, Sephardic Jews have been more integrated into the local non-Jewish culture than Ashkenazic Jews. In the Chris


Which member of the UK Parliament and member of the IRA died on hunger strike while in prison at The Maze near Belfast in 1981?

1000+ images about People on Pinterest | Bobby sands, Irish republican army and Prison Forward May 5, 1981 Irish Republican Army hunger-striker Bobby Sands died at the Maze Prison in Northern Ireland on his 66th day without food. He had just been elected to a seat in Parliament while still serving the last of a 14-year sentence for possession of firearms.  “Our revenge will be our children’s smiles.” - Bobby Sands See More


What is the name of a free improvisatory passage inserted near the end of a composition to create a feeling of suspense before the final cadence?

Notes for the the first half of Unit 1 textbook - Music 10 with David Josephson at Brown University - StudyBlue Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again. Notes for the the first half of Unit 1 textbook Notes for the the first half of Unit 1 textbook Bryan C. File Size: 12 Views: 48 Related Textbooks: Advertisement Advertisement Instruments (string, woodwind, brass, percussion)  Pizzicato- On bowed string instruments it is a method of playing by plucking the strings with the fingers, rather than using the bow. This produces a very different sound from bowing, short and percussive rather than sustained. On a keyboard string instrument, such as the piano, pizzicato may be employed (although rarely seen) as one of the variety of techniques involving direct manipulation of the strings known collectively as "string piano". On the guitar, it is a muted form of plucking, which bears an audible resemblance to pizzicato on a bowed string instrument with its relatively shorter sustain. For details of this technique, see palm mute. Viola - The viola is a bowed string instrument. It is the middle voice of the violin family, between the violin and the cello. The casual observer may mistake the viola for the violin because of their similarity in size, closeness in pitch range (the viola is a perfect fifth below the violin), and nearly identical playing position. However, the viola's timbre sets it apart: its rich, dark-toned sonority is more full-bodied than the violin's. The viola's mellow voice being frequently used for playing inner harmonies, it does not enjoy the wide solo repertoire or fame of the violin. It has a throaty quality in is lowest range range, from middle c down an octive Bass Viol- also called: Bass, string bass and double bass. This deep instrument is used to back up the violin family in the orchestra. However it differs from violins in construction and actually belongs to the viol family Harp- A harp is a stringed instrument which has the plane of its strings positioned perpendicular to the soundboard. As many other non-percussion instruments, it can also be used as a percussion instrument. [2] All harps have a neck, resonator and strings. Some, known as frame harps, also have a forepillar; those lacking the forepillar are referred to as open harps. Depending on its size (which varies considerably), a harp may be played while held in the lap or while stood on the floor. Harp strings can be made of nylon (sometimes wound around copper), gut (more commonly used than nylon), wire, or silk. A person who plays the harp is called a harpist or a harper. Folk and Celtic musicians often use the term "harper," whereas classical/pedal musicians use "harpist." Woodwinds= flute, piccolo, alto flute and bass flute, recorder, Clarinet, Oboe, E flat Clarinet, bsoon, Saxophone Brass= trumpet, French Horne, Trombone, Tuba, Brass Tuba (random ones: fluglhorn, cornet, baritone horne, euphonium, saxhorn, bugle Percussion = Timpani- Timpani (also known commonly as kettledrums or kettle drums) are musical instruments in the percussion family. A type of drum, they consist of a skin called a head stretched over a large bowl traditionally made of copper, and more recently, constructed of more lightweight fiberglass. They are played by striking the head with a specialized drum stick or timpani mallet. Unlike most drums, they are capable of producing an actual pitch when struck, and can be tuned, often with the use of a pedal mechanism to control each drum's range of notes. Timpani evolved from military drums to become a staple of the classical orchestra by the last third of the 18th century. Today, they are used in many types of musical ensembles including concert, marching percussion, and even some rock bands. Glockenspiel Xylophone Marimba Vibraphone Celesta Tubular bells or chimes Unpitched Percussion Cymbals Triangle Tam-tam Snare drum Tenor drum Brass drum Keyboard instrument Piano Harpsicord Clavicord Organ Electronic keyboard instruments Plucked string instrument


"Who released an album in 2005 called ""Confessions on a Dance Floor""?"

Confessions on a Dance Floor - Madonna | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic Confessions on a Dance Floor AllMusic Rating google+ AllMusic Review               by Stephen Thomas Erlewine Given the cold shoulder Madonna 's 2003 album American Life received by critics and audiences alike -- it may have gone platinum, but apart from the Bond theme “Die Another Day,” released in advance of the album, it generated no new Top Ten singles (in fact, its title track barely cracked the Top 40) -- it's hard not to read its 2005 follow-up, Confessions on a Dance Floor , as a back-to-basics move of sorts: after a stumble, she's returning to her roots, namely the discos and clubs where she launched her career in the early '80s. It's not just that she's returning to dance music -- in a way, she's been making hardcore dance albums ever since 1998's Ray of Light , her first full-on flirtation with electronica -- but that she's revamping and updating disco on Confessions instead of pursuing a bolder direction. While it's true to a certain extent that contemporary dance music is still recycling and reinventing these songs -- besides, anything '80s is in vogue in 2005 -- coming from Madonna , it sounds like a retreat, an inadvertent apology that she's no longer on the cutting edge, or at least an admission that she's inching ever closer to 50. And no matter how she may disguise it beneath glistening layers of synths, or by sequencing the album as a nonstop party, Confessions on a Dance Floor is the first album where Madonna seems like a veteran musician. Not only is there a sense of conscious craft to the album, in how the sounds and the songs segue together, but in how it explicitly references the past -- both her own and club music in the larger sense -- the music seems disassociated from the present; Madonna is reworking familiar territory, not pushing forward, in a manner not dissimilar to how her former opening act the Beastie Boys returned to old-school rap on their defiantly old-fashioned 2004 album To the 5 Boroughs . But where the Beasties are buoyed by their camaraderie, Madonna has always been a stubborn individual, working well with collaborators but always, without question, existing on her own terms, and this obstinate nature is calcifying slightly into isolation on Confessions . There's no emotional hook in the music, either in its icy surface or in the lyrics, and the hard-headed intention to deliver a hardcore dance album means that this feels cold and calculated, never warm or infectious. Of course, Madonna has always been calculated in her career, often to great effect, and this calculation does pay some dividends here. Taken on a purely sonic level, Confessions on a Dance Floor does its job: with the assistance of co-producer Stuart Price ( Bloodshy & Avant produce two tracks, Mirwais produces one, while another was originally produced by Anders Bagge and Peer Astrom ), she not only maintains the mood, but keeps the music moving nicely, never letting one track linger any longer than necessary. This is shimmering music falling just short of sexy, yet it's alluring enough on the surface to make for a perfect soundtrack for pitch-black nights. That's what the album was designed to do, and it works well on that level. It works well as a whole, but as a collection of individual tracks it falls apart, since there is a distinct lack of melodic or lyrical hooks. But Confessions wasn't intended to be pop music -- as the title makes clear, it was made for the dance clubs or, in other words, Madonna 's core audience, who will surely be pleased by this sleek slice of style. But the fact that she's making music just for her core audience, not for the mass audience that she's had for 20 years, is yet another indication that Madge is slyly, slowly settling into her new status as a veteran (or perhaps as a survivor), and while she succeeds rather handsomely on those modest terms, it's more than a little odd to hear Madonna scaling back her ambition and settling for less rather than hungering for more. Track Listing


"Who painted ""Red Car Crash"" as a part of his 196263 ""Death and Disaster"" series?"

Andy Warhol Car Crashes | Misssafeera's Blog misssafeera 1:14 pm on February 28, 2011 Permalink Reply   Andy Warhol Car Crashes “Warhol produced both comic and serious works; his subject could be a soup can or an electric chair. Warhol used the same techniques– silkscreens, reproduced serially, and often painted with bright colors – whether he painted celebrities, everyday objects, or images of suicide, car crashes, and disasters, as in the 1962–63 Death and Disaster series. The Death and Disaster paintings included Red Car Crash, Purple Jumping Man, and Orange Disaster.” Taken from Andy Warhol on Wikipedia I have researched Andy Warhol in the past and came across his disturbing paintings of car crashes, but never really gave much thought towards them. I recently realised it was very much related to what I was looking at when I say that ugly things can be made beautiful. Red it a colour which warns us of danger. It also reminds us of blood and when it is paired with fourteen copies of the same car crash, it looks brutal, but also draws you in. It makes you want to look at it for longer. Why is this? Because you like to look at car crashes and people hurt? I don’t think so, it way it is displayed makes us feel as though it’s ok to look at it. It makes us feel attracted to it because it is beautiful in a rare kind of way. It’s something you don’t see very often at all.     Here is another example from Andy Warhol. Removing the actual colours and replacing it with a wash of pink. By taking the colours away, he has removed most of the gruesome facts about the picture and it starts to almost look nice.


Which part of the cardamom plant is used as a spice?

Cardamom. Let's get cooking! Sign up for our free meal planner, click here for more details. Guide to cardamom, an exotic eastern spice that is used in sweet and savoury dishes. Cardamom is a small green pod containing tiny black seeds. The seeds are highly aromatic and the spice is immensely popular in Indian and Scandinavian cuisines in particular. When cooking with cardamom, the seeds are the most important part of the spice and it is the seeds that impart the sweet and spicy flavour. The cardamom pod Cardamom belongs to the same family as ginger and turmeric. The cardamom plant is native to India and Sri Lanka and is also cultivated in Guatemala, Mexico, Indonesia and other areas of southern Asia. advertisement   The cardamom pods are harvested just before they are ripe and they are allowed to dry in the sun or more often than not nowadays, by using drying machines. When purchased from the supermarket, cardamom pods are usually green in colour, however they can also be found in a bleached white form. Avoid any pods that are a black colour - the greener the pod, the better. You can also buy cardamom in a ground form, yet the quality is not as good as using seeds from a whole pod and grinding them yourself. Cardamom is a very expensive spice and sometimes other spices are added to ground cardamom to reduce the cost. Once the pods are opened or if they are ground, the flavour and aroma of the cardamom is lost very quickly, due to the rapid loss of the essential oils. Releasing the cardamom seeds Cardamom seeds will keep much of their flavour for longer if they are stored in airtight containers. To use the pods and seeds in cooking, the pods need to be ground or crushed. This can be managed very easily by using a pestle and mortar. Simply place the cardamom pods in the mortar and lightly pound the pods with the pestle. The pods will burst open and the seeds will ooze out. If you are using cardamom seeds for baked pastries or breads, just scoop the seeds out of the mortar and add them to the required mixture. For curries or stews, the pod can be added to the cooking pot along with the seeds. After a while the pod will dissolve and a little extra flavour is given to the dish. Culinary uses of cardamom Cardamom can be used in sweet or savoury dishes depending on your taste. In Indian, North African and cuisines of the Middle East, cardamom is a popular spice in curries and is often one of the components of their typical spice blends used for all types of savoury dishes. In the Arab world, visitors may be offered a cup of coffee flavoured with cardamom and cream and this is seen as a show of hospitality and welcome. In Scandinavian countries, on the other hand, cardamom is used in all types of sweet pastry and bread dishes and is added to dishes, as we would use cinnamon. Ground cardamom seeds can also be used to flavour other types of foods such as soups, pât&#233s, stews, purées and rice dishes or if you prefer to try cardamom in a sweet dish, try adding some seeds to your homemade rice pudding, ice cream, custard or sprinkle them over a fresh fruit salad. Medicinal uses of cardamom Cardamom has been used medicinally for thousands of years. It was popular in Ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt, India and China. It is renowned for its ability to treat digestive and stomach disorders but is also used to treat other complaints, such as those listed below: Cardamom can help relieve indigestion and intestinal gas. In India it is used for chest disorders such as asthma and bronchitis. Some say that cardamom is an excellent tonic and pick-me-up. It also has diuretic properties. Cardamom can relieve bad breath and can help clear up teeth and gum disorders. advertisement  Cardamom Recipes


What is the currency used in Egypt, Syria and Lebanon?

LBP | Lebanese Pound | OANDA Lebanese Pound Overview The Lebanese Pound is the official currency of Lebanon, signified by £ or L£. The Pound is also known as the Lira in Arabic or the Livre in French, and all notes and coins are written and referred to in both languages. The Pound is sub-divided into 100 piastres, although over time inflation has rendered the piastre obsolete. The Pound is pegged to the US Dollar at 1 USD = 1,507.5 LBP. Economy International emigration has created "commercial networks" throughout the world leading to $8.2 billion dollars of remittances in 2009. The money sent by Lebanese expatriots to their relatives represented 20% of the country's economy. Lebanon has the highest proportion of skilled labor between Arab states. To boost the economy and increase foreign direct investment, the Lebanese government has created an agency to promote domestic investments, IDAL, the Investment Development Authority of Lebanon in 1994. It was established to promote Lebanon as a key investment destination, and the attraction of providing and maintaining investments in the country. In 2001, Law No.360 Investment was enacted to strengthen the mission of the organization, providing a framework for regulating investment activities in Lebanon, and providing local and foreign investors with a series of incentives and services business support. In addition to its role as investment promotion agency, IDAL was given the active promotion and marketing Lebanese exports including but not limited to agricultural and agro products. History The Ottoman Lira was used before World War I. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the currency became the Egyptian Pound in 1918. After seizing control of Syria and Lebanon, the French replaced the Egyptian pound with a new currency in Syria and Lebanon, the Syrian Pound , which was linked to the French Franc at a value of 1 Pound = 20 Francs. Lebanon issued its own coins and banknotes from 1924 from 1925. Lebanon's first banknotes were issued by the Bank of Syria and Greater Lebanon (Banque du Liban) in 1925. Denominations ran from 25 girsha through to 100 pounds. In 1939, the bank's name was changed to the Bank of Syria and Lebanon. In 1939, the Lebanese Pound officially separated from that of Syria, although it was still linked to the French Franc and remained interchangeable with Syrian money. In 1941, after the defeat of France by Nazi Germany, the Lebanese Pound was linked instead to the British Pound Sterling at a rate of 8.83 Lebanese Pounds = 1 Pound Sterling. A link to the French Franc was restored after the war, but was abandoned in 1949. Symbols and Names Piastre = 1/100 of a Pound Denominations Bills: 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, 100,000 pounds Coins: 50, 100, 250, 500 pounds Countries Using This Currency SITE MAP © 1996 - 2017 OANDA Corporation. All rights reserved. "OANDA", "fxTrade" and OANDA's "fx" family of trademarks are owned by OANDA Corporation. All other trademarks appearing on this Website are the property of their respective owners. Leveraged trading in foreign currency contracts or other off-exchange products on margin carries a high level of risk and may not be suitable for everyone. We advise you to carefully consider whether trading is appropriate for you in light of your personal circumstances. You may lose more than you invest. Information on this website is general in nature. We recommend that you seek independent financial advice and ensure you fully understand the risks involved before trading. Trading through an online platform carries additional risks. Refer to our legal section here . Financial spread betting is only available to OANDA Europe Ltd customers who reside in the UK or Republic of Ireland. CFDs, MT4 hedging capabilities and leverage ratios exceeding 50:1 are not available to US residents. The information on this site is not directed at residents of countries where its distribution, or use by any person, would be contrary to local law or regulation. OANDA Corporation is a registered Futures Commission Merchant and Retail Foreign Exch


Traditionally, in rugby, what number appears on the jersey of the fullback?

Rugby Football History All Blacks Barbarians Canada British & Irish Lions Ireland Scotland Springboks USA Wales Wallabies Introduction Originally the number of players in a game of Rugby football was not limited, and there were no formal playing positions. Games at rugby school were simply played by however many boys wanted to play in a particular game. A kind of huge rolling maul developed, moving around the field since there was a very limited amount of space on the field in which to run. As the game began to be played between different schools and clubs a fixed number of players was needed. The first internationals were played 20 a side (Scotland vs. England being the first in 1871). The number of players was reduced to 15 in 1876 after Oxford persuaded Cambridge to play the varsity match with just 15 players in 1874/75. The move was a great success since it opened up the space in which to run with the ball. Most club games used 15 players during 1876 and the first international with fifteen players was England vs. Ireland in 1877. "Numbers are not necessary and they savour of professionalism and the circus" The First Numbers The practice of showing the player's number on the shirt/jersey started in 1897 when New Zealand played Queensland in Brisbane (which was the first New Zealand tour match). The idea was to enable spectators to identify players by placing numbers on their  backs. Match cards (programmes) were sold listing the players' names and their  corresponding numbers, and these proved popular with the public. The numbers used on that tour were 1 to 15 (from full-back to the forwards) for  New Zealand and 16 to 30 for the host teams. The Australians quickly adopted the  practice for their Tests against New Zealand ( the first Trans-Tasman Test, 15th August, 1903) and the British/Irish  (1904) they numbered teams in reverse with the full-back wearing 15, as today. South Africa wore numbers for the first time in 1906 on their tour to the UK. The All Blacks wore numbers when they made their first official tour to Britain,  and for the famous Wales Test at Cardiff on December 16, 1905 both teams were  numbered: 1 for full-back (Wales), but 15 for full-back (New Zealand). 1905 All Blacks vs Midland Counties In 1921 England and Wales brought the matter before the IRB but the conclusion was that this was a matter to be decided by the individual unions. In 1922 England played Wales in Cardiff and both teams used player numbering for the first time in a home nations championship game (Six nations). Some other countries did not adopt it till much later e.g. Scotland who adopted it first in 1928 in a game against France. Interestingly enough the committee consulted a senior cap (John Bannerman) afterwards to elicit the the views of the players and after the feedback was against it, they removed the numbers again until re-introducing them in 1933. When Scotland played England in the Calcutta cup at Twickenham in 1928 King George V asked a former president of the SFU James Aikman Smith (known as Napoleon) why Scotland were not wearing numbers and was told "This sir is a rugby match not a cattle sale". Numbers did not return to Scotland's jerseys until two years after Smith's death. Official programmes were usually very flimsy productions produced by the Union  staging a Test, but there were often "pirate" versions issued by opportunists  out to make a fast buck. The Unions deliberately chopped and changed numbering  methods to outwit the pirates, and the public were warned, in the press and at  grounds, that only the official programmes had the "correct numbers for  players." Edinburgh Academicals and Herriot's College arranged to number their players for the game on Saturday 21st February 1931. The first time two Scottish teams were numbered. By 1950 all the home nations used numbers but England, Scotland and Wales numbered the players starting from the full back (1) and France and Ireland did the reverse with the fullback being 15. By 1960/1 they  had all agreed to use the France/Ireland numbering. The RFU


What is the name for partially decayed vegetable matter that is dug up and used for fuel?

Vegetable matter - definition of vegetable matter by The Free Dictionary Vegetable matter - definition of vegetable matter by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/vegetable+matter 1. vegetable matter - matter produced by plants or growing in the manner of a plant matter - that which has mass and occupies space; "physicists study both the nature of matter and the forces which govern it" peat - partially carbonized vegetable matter saturated with water; can be used as a fuel when dried coal - fossil fuel consisting of carbonized vegetable matter deposited in the Carboniferous period Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: family Psychodidae References in classic literature ? They live on vegetable matter, such as roots and grass; but at Bahia Blanca I have repeatedly seen three or four come down at low water to the extensive mud-banks which are then dry, for the sake, as the Gauchos say, of feeding on small fish. Dozy drug dealer is sent to prison; NEWS IN BRIEF Vultures, like eagles and falcons, are classified as raptors, birds who are obligate carnivores - that means they are primarily meat-eaters by necessity, because they don't possess the physiology to digest vegetable matter - and who have good binocular vision and feet with talons. Raptor Center celebrates much-maligned vulture I assume it is less to do with a lack of desire among the small child demographic to propel small pieces of vegetable matter at other people, and more to do with the strong belief by health and safety professionals that "those things will put someone's eye out".


The early use of the new technology of the wireless telegram helped British police to capture whom on 31 July 1910?

UK TELEPHONE HISTORY UK TELEPHONE HISTORY For BPO Telephone history - click here 1875 Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) of Salem, Massachusetts, USA constructed his first experimental telephone in Boston. Thomas A Watson (1854-1934) assisted Bell in his experiments. Bell was a Scot by birth, and had been born at 16 South Charlotte Street, Edinburgh, UK on 3 March 1847. The Bell family emigrated to Brantford, Ontario, Canada, in 1870 following the deaths of Graham's two brothers from tuberculosis. From here Bell moved to Boston in the United States in 1872 to take up an appointment as a teacher of the deaf. He had inherited an interest in the training of deaf children from his father, Alexander Melville Bell, who had been a teacher of elocution at Edinburgh. Graham Bell's vocation led him to investigate the artificial reproduction of vowel sounds, resulting in a study of electricity and magnetism, and ultimately the development of the telephone. 1876 On 14 February an application was filed in America for a patent for Bell's apparatus for transmitting vocal sounds. Within hours, Elisha Gray of Chicago (1835-1901), a superintendent of the Western Union Telegraph Company, filed a similar application. Bell was granted his patent on 7 March, before Gray. On 10 March Bell reputedly spoke to his assistant Thomas Watson the first recognisable words ever transmitted by telephone, "Mr Watson, come here, I want you". This first articulate sentence was transmitted over 100 feet of wire. Sir William Thompson (later Lord Kelvin) exhibited Bell's telephone to the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Glasgow in September. He described it as "the greatest by far of all the marvels of the electric telegraph". 1877 In July, Mr W H Preece (1834-1913), who later became Sir William Preece, FRS and Engineer-in-Chief of the Post Office, brought to this country the first pair of practical telephones seen in Great Britain. Later in the same year Bell's perfected type of telephone was exhibited at a meeting of the British Association in Plymouth. Also in July, Bell and his financial backers - Thomas Sanders and Gardiner G Hubbard - formed the Bell Telephone Company in the United States. The early demand for the telephone had not been great and prior to forming their company Bell and his partners had struggled in their attempts to promote the new invention. At one point they even offered to sell the Bell patents to the Western Union Telegraph Company - Elisha Gray's employers - for $100,000. At this time the telephone was not seen as a serious rival to the well-established telegraph and the offer was refused. However, following the formation of the Bell Telephone Company, Western Union realised that their telegraph machines were being replaced by Bell's telephones and promptly formed the American Speaking Telephone Company to compete with Bell. The new company employed Thomas A Edison, Elisha Gray and Amos F Dolbear, three leading electrical inventors. 1878 Bell demonstrated the telephone to Queen Victoria on 14 January at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight with calls to London, Cowes and Southampton. These were the first long-distance calls in the UK. The Telephone Company Ltd (Bell's Patents) was formed to market Bell's patent telephones in Great Britain. The company was registered on 14 June with a capital of �100,000. Its premises were at 36 Coleman Street.  It had a capacity for 150 lines and opened with 7 or 8 subscribers.  One of the first telephone lines to be erected in the vicinity of London was from Hay's Wharf, south of the Thames, to Hay's Wharf Office on the north bank. Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) of Milan, Ohio, patented in America a carbon telephone transmitter invented the previous year - a great improvement on Bell's telephone transmitter which worked by means of magnetic current. The first trial of long-distance telephony in Great Britain as a commercial proposition was held on 1 November with a call between Cannon Street in London, and Norwich - a distance of 115 miles - using an Edison transmitter on a telegr


On air, in September 2010, David Letterman asked whom during an interview for $US1 million for the use of a section of his programme in a film?

DDY's Late Show with David Letterman Fan Page | Late Show Episode Guide 2010 1/04/10 [3238]: monologue: Dave has three resolutions for the new year: Sometime this year, 2010, he'd like to come home with a competitive eating trophy. He wants to make a cat video for YouTube. Dave has to comes to terms with the fact that he's living in a man's body. ••• monologue: Record low temperatures are being reported around the world. Dave obtained a recent picture of earth from Ed at NASA. / animation: Our beloved planet is wearing one of those hats with fur ear flaps, and shivering something awful. (x 3) ••• monologue: The New York Jets beat the Bengals in frigid conditions, putting themselves into the playoffs. / video: The player who dumps the Gatorade cooler on the winning coach doesn't realize that the refreshing beverage has become a frozen, orange cylinder. ••• "Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab Mispronunciation Roundup" / video: A bunch of news anchors stumble over the famous terrorist's name. ••• Alan Kalter with Big Show Highlights ••• desk chat: Dave wants to talk about the Balloon Boy story, since he loves doing the Balloon Boy imitation. Also, he's fascinated with terrorist Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab's exploding underpants. How does one convince someone to put on exploding underpants, anyway, and then fly from Amsterdam to Detroit wearing them? ••• after commercial: Yes, it's more on exploding underpants! Can't someone in Amsterdam spot exploding underpants? ••• Top Ten Washington Wizards Explanations ••• Michael Cera plugs Youth in Revolt. / We see Michael's parents in the green room. ••• Act 5 Audience Pan: "Join us tomorrow..." ••• Jenna Elfman plugs Accidentally on Purpose. ••• David Gray sings. 1/05/10 [3239]: It's a very cold week in the USA. / Photoshop fun: All four dudes of Mount Rushmore are wearing fur winter hats with earflaps. ••• Rod Blagojevich is going to be on Donald Trump's The Apprentice. / animation: The hair of both gentlemen is alive and growling at the other. ••• We're now learning that a third person besides Michaele and Tareq Salahi crashed the White House state dinner on November 24, 2009. / surveillance video: It's the famous clip of David Hasselhoff, drunk on the floor. ••• Barack Obama has appointed a transgender person, Amanda Simpson, to the Commerce Department. / interruption: Alan Kalter hollers, "What? Amanda? Amanda used to be a dude? Oh, my God! Oh, my God!" (Alan exits the theater, presumably to urp, or kill himself or commit some other act of desperation.) ••• The U.S. Department of Homeland Security has produced a strange public service announcement in the aftermath of the Nigerian terrorist underpants bomber incident on Christmas day. / video: (clip of New Year's Eve celebration) (voice-over): "The Department of Homeland Security wishes you a happy 2010, and reminds you that especially in light of recent events, New Year's is a great time to replace the batteries in your family's underpants smoke detectors. (clip of an underpants-mounted smoke detector) (voice-over): "The Department of Homeland Security: Glasses in about an hour™." ••• There's a new movie about vampires, and Dave can't get enough of this stuff. / video: (black screen) (voice-over): "Humanity decimated. A world ruled by the undead. If you see one vampire film this year, and you're not sick of vampires after already watching..." (movie posters) (voice-over): "...Twilight: New Moon, Underworld, Underworld: Evolution, Underworld: Revenge of the Lycans, Blade, Blade II, Blade: Trinity, 30 Days of Night, I Am Legend and Trueblood... then see Daybreak. Opens Friday." ••• Alan Kalter with Big Show Highlights ••• desk chat: Dave's stewing about his overeating (like a rabid wolverine, to be exact). He may have a point. For example, he weighed 185 pounds on December 1. The scrim rises to reveal the George Clarke scale with a large, digital display. Dave moseys on over and checks his weight. The numbers stabilize to reveal Dave's early January weight of 365.3 pounds. This is near an all-time high for our host. ••• Top Ten Signs You're


Vemont, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire & Maine are collectively known as what?

New England Guide | USA Travel | Rough Guides North America » USA » New England The states of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine – collectively known as New England – exemplify America at its most nostalgic: country stores that brim with cider and gourds, snow-dusted hillsides, miles of blazing autumn foliage, clam shacks, cranberry bogs and an unruly ocean that distinguishes and defines it all. Scratch just beneath the surface, and you’ll also uncover fiercely independent locals, innovative chefs, some of the country’s best contemporary art museums and a profound sense of history. Boston especially is celebrated as the birthplace of American independence – so many seminal events took place here, or nearby at Lexington and Concord. New England was also home to many of the preeminent figures of American literature, from Mark Twain and Henry Thoreau to Emily Dickinson and Jack Kerouac. The Ivy League colleges – Harvard, Yale, Brown, Dartmouth et al – are the oldest in the country and remain hugely influential, continually channelling new life into towns like Cambridge and New Haven and setting a decidedly liberal tone throughout the region. To the east, the peninsula of Cape Cod flexes off Massachusetts like a well-tanned arm. Here you will find three hundred miles of shoreline, sea roses, tumbling sand dunes and the fantastic isles of Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard . In the western part of the state, the tranquil Berkshires offer the best in summer festivals as well as fascinating art museums. The sights of Connecticut and Rhode Island tend to be urban, but away from I-95 you’ll find plenty of tranquil pockets, particularly in the way of Newport and Block Island, fifty miles south of Providence. Boston is a vibrant and enchanting city from which to set off north, where the population begins to thin out (and the seafood gets better as you go). The rest of Massachusetts is rich in historical and literary sights, while further inland, the lakes and mountains of New Hampshire and Maine offer rural wildernesses to rival any in the nation. Maine is especially known for its coastline, dotted with lighthouses and wild blueberry bushes. The beloved country roads of Vermont offer pleasant wandering through rural towns and serene forests; during your travels, be sure to pick up some maple syrup, a local delicacy, for your pancakes back home. The best time to visit New England is in late September and October, when visitors flock to see the magnificent autumn foliage. Particularly vivid in Vermont, it’s an event that’s not to be missed. New England


What is boiled in water to form gelatine?

Gelatin | Vegease Gelatin …by Jah's hands we all are fed! AMIN Gelatin Gelatine  is an emulsifier or gelling agent Gel Formation (Photo credit: Wikipedia) “Gelatin is a protein substance derived from collagen, a natural protein present in the tendons, ligaments, and tissues of mammals. It is produced by boiling the connective tissues, bones and skins of animals, usually cows and pigs. Gelatin’s ability to form strong, transparent gels and flexible films that are easily digested, soluble in hot water, and capable of forming a positive binding action have made it a valuable commodity in food processing, pharmaceuticals, photography, and paper production.” So that you know where you come into contact with gelatin(e): Foods Gummed candies, jellies, marshmallow, taffy, yoghurt, powdered milk, gelatin desserts and puddings (e.g., “Jello”), cakes, fondant, ice cream, fruit preserve, wine and beer fining or clarification and prepared meat products. Pharmaceutical immunizations,hard and soft capsules, in vitamins as a coating, shampoos, face masks, cosmetics under the name hydrolyzed collagen, nail polish remover, stabilizers for oil emulsions, biological substrate to culture adherent cells and glycerinated gelatin for suppositories Photographic paper coating, plate coatings and as a component in silver halide emulsion coatings Technical Micro-encapsulation, binder in match heads and sandpaper, dying and tanning supplies, some glossy printing papers, artistic papers, playing cards, and it maintains the wrinkles in crepe-paper, bacteriological culture media and in emulsion polymerization Gelatin is also known as E #441 on food ingredients listings, however …you may not see that anymore because instead of an additive, Gelatine has now been classed as food . Check out this blog:  http://realitybloger.wordpress.com/2012/01/08/that-isn-wax-on-your-apple/ Background http://www.ivu.org/faq/gelatine.html Until the mid-nineteenth century, making gelatin was a laborious task. Calves’ feet were loaded into a large kettle that was then placed over a fire. The feet were boiled for several hours after which the liquid was strained and the bones were discarded. After setting for 24 hours, a layer of fat would rise to the top. This was skimmed off and discarded. Sweeteners and or flavorings were added to the liquid and it was poured into molds and allowed again to set. A calf in England, New Forest national park. (“Not afraid of a close-up, but he went running when mother mooed.”) (Photo credit: Wikipedia) By the 1840s, however, some producers were grinding the set gelatin into a fine powder or cutting it into sheets. One of them was Charles B. Knox, a salesman from Johnston, New York, who hit on the idea of making gelatin more convenient after watching his wife Rose make it in their kitchen. Knox packaged dried sheets of gelatin and then hired salesmen to travel door-to-door to show women how to add liquid to the sheets and use it to make aspics, molds, and desserts. In 1896, Rose Knox published Dainty Desserts, a book of recipes using Knox gelatin. The first patent for a gelatin dessert was issued in 1845 to industrialist and inventor Peter Cooper. Cooper had already made a name for himself as the inventor of the Tom Thumb steam engine. He had also made a fortune in the manufacture of glue, a process similar to that for making gelatin. Glue (Photo credit: Wikipedia) In 1897, Pearl B. Wait, a carpenter and cough medicine manufacturer, developed a fruit-flavored gelatin. His wife, May Davis Wait, named his product Jell-O. The new product was not immediately popular and Wait sold the rights to the process to Orator Francis Woodward, owner of the Genesee Food Company, for $450. Sales continued to limp along until 1902 when an aggressive advertising campaign in Ladies Home Journal magazine generated enormous interest. Sales jumped to $250,000. The use of gelatin in food preparation increased six-fold in the 40-year period from 1936-1976. Today, 400 million packages of Jello-O are produced each year. Over a million packages are purchased or eaten e


Compared to playing the string open, placing a finger behind the 12th fret on a guitar finger board raises the note by how much?

Beginning BASSics: The Electric Bass The Electric Bass Intro to the Electric Bass × Anatomy of the Electric Bass Close The electric bass was invented by none other than Leo Fender, the same guy that invented the Stratocaster, in the early 1950's. It was developed to be able to compete with more and more amplification for guitars and other instruments. The traditional acoustic bass was not loud enough to be heard above the other instruments. Using many of the techniques and electronics from building electric guitars, he built the electric bass. The bass Leo built is what all electric basses from then on are based upon. Things like having four strings, 34" between the bridge and nut, the types of pickups, and even the bridge design are standards still in use today. The more popular basses out there are the Fender Precision and Jazz, Gibson, Alembic, Rickenbacker, Spector, and Carvin just to name but a few. They come in many shapes, sizes, sounds, control knobs, number of strings, electronics and pickups. Selecting a Bass Hipshot Bass Xtender Your choice of a bass is going to depend on three main things; sound, feel and budget. And the formula usually works like this, if the budget goes up, the sound and feel go up. If the budget goes down, the sound and feel goes down. Just be realistic and if you are just getting started, there is no reason to invest in an expensive bass. I would suggest starting with a fretted four string bass and working your way up to the five and six string basses and even fretless basses. Fretless basses  are difficult to learn to play. If you go with the five or six strings, they have the low "B" string and they will require a real good amplifier and speakers with a good low end response. That "B" string is very low and many amplifiers can't handle it without distorting or just not producing a good volume. If you need to get lower than "E" try tuning down to "C" or "D". Check out a " Hipshot Bass Xtender ". It is a device that attaches to your "E" string tuning head and allows you to tune down and back up at the flick of a lever. Electronics The electronics on the bass include the pickups, volume controls, tone controls, bass boost or cut, switches and so forth. There are two basic types of electronics on basses. Active electronics or passive electronices. Passive Electronics Passive electronics refers to the type of circuitry used to produce a signal from the strings through the pickups and to the output jack. Most basses made  before about the early to mid '70s had passive electroncs. Most low-cost basses today use passive electronics. The way the signal is created is when the strings vibrate above the magnetic field of the pickups, they distrupt that magnetic field. As the strings vibrate  at a certain frequency (note), the magnetic field of the pickups start to change at the same frequency of the strings. This is in essence the "signal" that is then sent to your tone and volume controls and finnaly to your output jack.  Passive electronics don't use batteries and they don't amplify the signal. The tone controls don't boost as well, they only cut. For instance, the treble knob will not increase the treble but allows the full treble at one end and some amount of reduction in treble at the other end of the turn of the knob. With passive electronics, you don't get as much versatility at the bass in controlling your sound. Typically, you set your bass to one setting and leave it there. The range of tones isn't very large. You don't get as good of a signal when running it direct into the mixing board for recording and such. You will typically need at least a pre-amp to run direct into a mixing-board or recorder. Active Electronics Active electronics require a battery inside the bass to power the electronics. This can be a drag because you usually have to take an access cover off or the pick guard off to get at it. Usually they are activated when you plug the cord into the bass. So, if you leave your cord plugged in overnight, you will probably find that you have a dead battery the


Neophobia Is the Fear of New Things What Is Neophobia? Answer: Neophobia, or the fear of new things, is a relatively complicated phobia . In one sense, humans are creatures of habit. We may spend decades in the same house, working for the same employer, driving the same car and even eating the same thing every Friday night. On the other hand, humans are also adventurers. We long to know what is just around the next bend. We eagerly await raises, promotions and vacations. We constantly strive for knowledge and achievement. Neophobia challenges the human condition. In its mildest forms, it may not even be recognizable as a fear. Some people are bigger risk-takers than others, and there is no crime in preferring a comfortable routine. More serious neophobia is a true phobia that can become life-limiting. Neophobia in Children and the Elderly Small children often demonstrate signs of neophobia. The entire world is new to them, and a resistance to change may just be an innate need to feel like something is constant in their ever-widening worlds. Likewise, many elderly people develop mild neophobia. As the effects of aging catch up to us, we may begin to feel like our days of adventure are over, preferring to remain in comfortable, familiar surroundings. Again, just feeling comfortable in your own surroundings or in a daily routine and being somewhat reluctant to change, doesn't mean you suffer from neophobia. Moderate to Severe Neophobia Regardless of age, moderate to severe neophobia can have a serious impact on your daily life. It is easy to become stuck in a rut, avoiding risks that could lead to greater personal fulfillment or societal impacts. Some people make the conscious decision not to shine at work or school, some refuse to try new vacation destinations and others avoid opportunities to make new friends. Neophobia may be related to the twin fears of success and failure . To truly succeed or fail, it is necessary to take a risk. Both outcomes are potentially life-changing, forcing you to adapt to new circumstances. If you suffer from neophobia, you may feel that the potential benefits of success do not outweigh the potential upheaval to your life. Food Neophobia Food neophobia is especially common in small children. So-called "picky eaters," who are unwilling to eat more than a handful of familiar items, may actually suffer from food neophobia. Most kids outgrow food neophobia as they mature, but those who do not outgrow it by young adulthood may struggle with the fear throughout their lives. Cenophobia Cenophobia, or the fear of new ideas, is a subset of neophobia. The fear halts progress and can ultimately lead to disaster. While it is smart not to accept every snake oil salesman at face value, new ideas and ways of thinking about a situation are critical to success. Source: American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Continue Reading


"""Silks"" is the name used to describe the uniform of a competitor in which sport?"

What Do Jockeys Wear? | eHow What Do Jockeys Wear? Photos.com/Photos.com/Getty Images A person spends years training and apprenticing to become a full fledged jockey and earn his silks. The outfit that a jockey wears has deep meaning and is much more than just an assortment of shirts and pants. It's his protection and his crest, letting the crowd know who he is and colors of the owner he represents. Silks The jockey's uniform is commonly called his silks. Silk's flexibility and airiness made it the perfect choice for the uniform and inspired its nickname. Materials such as Lycra, that provide the same airiness and flexibility along with durability, replaced silk as the preferred materials, but the uniform kept the name. Uniform A jockey's uniform is made up of tight fitting breeches and a shirt, along with a cap. Tailors fit each uniform to its owner and it acts as his protection as well. For example, a jockey's helmet is supposed to protect his head if he falls. The uniform also includes a protective vest that goes under the shirt, boots and a cravat. The uniform style has changed little since the early days of the sport. Colors The colors and designs that make up an important part of the jockey costume are actually associated with the owner of the horse. The jockey uniform is blank. When chosen to ride a horse, the jockey dons the colors and designs of that particular owner. If the jockey changes horse owners, then he changes the color and design of his shirt as well. The Road To Silks The journey to a jockey uniform begins during youth. A prospective jockey begins riding and training horses for a specific owner. Once he turns 16 years old, the prospective jockey apprentices with a full-fledged jockey to learn the ropes of riding a racehorse. He also begins riding a horse in races, but with weight limits. He eventually becomes a journeyman jockey and finally a full-fledged jockey.


Therefore in Latin - English-Latin Dictionary - Glosbe therefore in Latin translation and definition "therefore",     English-Latin Dictionary  online pronunciation: IPA: /ˈðɛəfɔː/  /ˈðɛɹfɔɹ/  , SAMPA: /"DE@fO:/  /"DErfOr/       Translations into Latin: for that or this reason, referring to something previously stated; for that en.wiktionary.org Denotes a logical conclusion |cf. cogito ergo sum|. en.wiktionary.org ex quo factum est, ut igitur    for that or this reason, referring to something previously stated; for that en.wiktionary.org ex quo factum est, ut en.wiktionary.org for that or this reason; for that itaque    for that or this reason, referring to something previously stated; for that en.wiktionary.org ex quo factum est, ut en.wiktionary.org for that or this reason; for that propterea    for that or this reason, referring to something previously stated; for that en.wiktionary.org ex quo factum est, ut en.wiktionary.org for that or this reason; for that autem    for that or this reason, referring to something previously stated; for that en.wiktionary.org for that or this reason; for that ergō    for that or this reason; for that idcirco    Dbnary: Wiktionary as Linguistic Linked Open Data   ex quo factum est, ut inde    Dbnary: Wiktionary as Linguistic Linked Open Data   ex quo factum est, ut ob eam causam    Dbnary: Wiktionary as Linguistic Linked Open Data   ex quo factum est, ut quare    Dbnary: Wiktionary as Linguistic Linked Open Data   ex quo factum est, ut ea de causa    Dbnary: Wiktionary as Linguistic Linked Open Data   ex quo factum est, ut ob eam rem    Dbnary: Wiktionary as Linguistic Linked Open Data   ex quo factum est, ut qua de causa    Dbnary: Wiktionary as Linguistic Linked Open Data   ex quo factum est, ut quae cum ita sint    Dbnary: Wiktionary as Linguistic Linked Open Data   ex quo factum est, ut quam ob rem    Dbnary: Wiktionary as Linguistic Linked Open Data   ex quo factum est, ut quamobrem    Dbnary: Wiktionary as Linguistic Linked Open Data   ex quo factum est, ut quapropter    Dbnary: Wiktionary as Linguistic Linked Open Data   ex quo factum est, ut quocirca    Dbnary: Wiktionary as Linguistic Linked Open Data   ex quo factum est, ut Charlton T. Lewis (adverb,  verb,  verb (ire conjugation)   ) Charlton T. Lewis Dbnary: Wiktionary as Linguistic Linked Open Data ob eas causas    For that or this purpose, referring to something previously stated. plwordnet-defs   as a consequence; "he had good reason to be grateful for the opportunities which they had made available to him and which consequently led to the good position he now held" plwordnet-defs   (used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result; "therefore X must be true"; "the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory"; "we were young and thence optimistic"; "it is late and thus we must go"; "the witness is biased and so cannot be trusted" en.wiktionary.org (conjunctive) For that or this purpose, referring to something previously stated. Luhua (eg.he came then he left ) en.wiktionary.org   (conjunctive) Consequently, by or in consequence of that or this cause; referring to something previously stated. en.wiktionary.2016 Consequently, by or in consequence of that or this cause; referring to something previously stated. omegawiki [A word that expresses that something is or should be the consequence of something else].  more less  cum hoc ergo propter hoc  more less  en I think, therefore I am. tatoeba la Cogito, ergo sum. en "If, therefore, now that fortune has put you in our power, you will take this opportunity to unite with the good citizens, in the defense of the commonwealth, I am determined to give you life and money: therefore speak openly your sentiments.""" latin-ancient la Quos quoniam fortuna in nostram detulit potestatem, si, id quod facere debetis, rem publicam cum optimo quoque defendetis, certum est vobis vitam et pecuniam donare. Quapropter quid sentiatis proloquimini.' en And therefore I denounced to Varus, who then commanded your army, Arminius, the ravisher of my daughter,


What is a voluntary association of mainly former British colonies that co-operate with common values and goals that include the promotion of democracy, human rights, good governance, the rule of law, individual liberty, egalitarianism, free trade, multilateralism and world peace?

A World of War: World III | TheFutureOfEuropes Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia A World of War: World III 3,935pages on A World Of War: World III is the fourth installment of A World of War (Map Game Series) and a sequel to  A World of War: World II (Map Game) Lets revive some map games! Contents Rules Please don't be stupid/OP, if you are OP you will get nerfed. You can join as a vassal however, you will not be able to rebel after playing as the vassal for 5 turns. If your nation is defeated, you can rejoin as another country. One country is allowed per player, and each turn will last 3 days. If you are skipped twice you will be kicked. No Nukes, Chemical Weapons, Carpet Bombing ETC. Alliances are limited to 4 Countries. You cannot switch as another nation while still playing. You can make a massive union with another country (player or NPC) however if neither countries has a similar language or/and culture revolts are way more likely. You can join as rebellions. However these rebellions have to be logical. Only Modern(tech) Nations can colonize.(pisiu pls Flush this out later i am bad at writing in general) You must have at least 1000 edits to be a country in the top 10. You must have at least 500 edits to be a country in the top 20. Extremely short and un-detailed turns will be met by a warning from Admins. Example Confederation Economy : The Example economy drops $5,000 in GDP as the current war against Potato Kingdom forces the government to spend more in the military. Efforts are made to stimulate it, such as buying war bonds. The Exemplar government is looking for any economic assistance. Government : The government focuses heavily on maintaining civil unrest low as the war leaves many families behind. Military : The Military is damaged as the war against the Potato Kingdom kills more soldiers. New research in nanotechnology started in medical research, it could help cells of soldiers on the battlefield heal faster if wounded, maybe even regrowing lost limbs (only for the living part, there won't be any clones growing from a blown off foot). Diplomacy : Example Confederation asks an alliance with Obrikoya to assist them and to counter the Potatoes in the flank in the war, and Exemplars improves relations with Pajan through sending medical aid to the recent Earthquake. Warnings, Kicks and Bans Turn 1 (2016) Republic of Yemen Government: The Yemeni people elect Shakur Bitar, he is a Sunni president which wants to modernize Yemen. Bitar is also more liberal than other Middle Eastern rulers. However the nation is worried that with the UN and NATO fallen apart Saudi Arabia will invade them. The nation is also more free to new things. To stop the civil war, Bitar proposes a new type of Islam which takes elements from Shia and Sunni Islam, therefor Yemeni creates Shunni Islam. Because of this the Shia Rebels and the Sunni rebels can be united despite their differences, and to satisfy the Shias Yemen asks for an alliance with Iran. Laws: The Yemeni government puts new laws to make the nation better. Women's Rights: The new Yemeni government decides to give women some rights, women can now drive cars and are able to go shopping whenever they want. Women are also not required to wear burkas. Freedom of Religion: Anyone is able to practice any religion they want, no matter if its Christianity or Judaism. However religion extremism is banned. LGBT Rights: Not done immediately however with a growing younger population, which will make Yemen more advanced, however while laws banning Homosexuality are not lifted the Yemeni government changes its version of the Quran and makes it so that homosexuality is allowed. Legalization of Weed: The Yemeni government notices that if it starts legalizing Weed, new jobs could be made. Economy: Overall the economy improves. Oil Exports help the economy a lot. GDP: Yemeni GDP raises from 35.5 Billion to 37.2 Billion Military: Yemen expands its military from 66 Thousand to 67.4 Thousand and starts investing more in military in case Saudi Arabia attacks Yemen. Wars and Conflicts: Yemeni-Somali War:


Which musical includes the characters Jean Valjean, Javert, Fantine, Cosette, ponine, Thnardier, Gavroche, Enjolras, Grantaire and Marius?

les miserable character les miserable character Jean Valjean,Cosette,Inspector Javert,ponine,Fantine,Marius Pontmercy,Enjolras,Gavroche,Bishop Myriel,Champmathieu,Thenardier,Courfeyrac,Azelma,Chenildieu,Bamatabois,Madame Baptistine,Madame Thnardier,Toussaint Les Misrables, Characters SparkNotes: Les Misrables: Character L... The Les Misrables characters covered include: Jean Valjean, Cosette, Javert, Fantine, Marius Pontmercy, M. Myriel, M. Thnardier, Mme. Thnardier, Eponine, M. Gillenormand, Gavroche, Colonel Georges Pontmercy, Enjolras, Fauchelevent .. 0 Pages in category "Characters". Cosette. Enjolras. Fantine. ponine Thnardier. Grantaire. Gavroche Thnardier. Marius Pontmercy. Inspector Javert 0 The key to his character is his great humanity and compassion. Jean Valjean is a vocally demanding role with wide range and dynamic control. He is supposed .. 0 One of the world's most iconic and longest-running musicals, Les Misrables tells the story of Jean Valjean, a former convict who spends a lifetime seeking .. 0 Les Misrables Characters - eNotes.... Hugo's Les Misrables includes a huge cast of characters from scoundrels to victims to heroes--including figures like Jean Valjean, who encompass all those ... Les Miserables is the story of four people: Bishop Myriel, Valjean, Fantine, and ... Inspector Javert is nearly as renowned a character as Jean Valjean, perhaps due .. 0 Bisop Myriel: The bishop of the Digne province who prevents his arrest and redeems Jean Valjean's soul by giving him two silver candlesticks. The bishop lives .. 0


Until 1997, the Group of Eight (G8), a forum for powerful governments, was the G7. Which country was the last to join, making it G8?

The Group of Eight (G8) Industrialized Nations - Council on Foreign Relations Council on Foreign Relations The Group of Eight (G8) Industrialized Nations Connect With Us:  Author: Zachary Laub , Senior Copy Editor/Writer Updated: March 3, 2014 Expanding the G8 Introduction The Group of Eight (G8) refers to the group of eight highly industrialized nations—France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, Canada, and Russia—that hold an annual meeting to foster consensus on global issues like economic growth and crisis management, global security, energy, and terrorism. The forum enables presidents and prime ministers, as well as their finance and foreign ministers, to candidly discuss pressing international issues. Its small and static membership, however, excludes emerging powers from important talks concerning the global economy and international security, and as an informal grouping, states have little leverage over other members with which to secure compliance on agreements beyond imposing reputational costs. Share Email Membership When the group was formed in 1975, it was known as the G6, comprising France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The G6 was intended to provide major industrial powers of the noncommunist world a venue in which to address economic concerns, which at the time included inflation and the recession sparked by the oil crisis of the 1970s. Cold War politics invariably entered the group's agenda. Currently, the G8 comprises its six charter members, in addition to Canada, which joined in 1976, and Russia, which became a fully participating member by 1998. The EU is a "nonenumerated" ninth member; represented by the presidents of the European Council and European Commission, the EU participates as an equal. The aggregate GDP of G8 states makes up some 50 percent of the global economy. While there are no formal criteria for membership, member states are expected to be democracies and have highly developed economies. The G8, unlike the United Nations, is not a formal institution, and there is no charter or secretariat. The presidency, a position responsible for planning ministerial meetings and the annual summit, rotates among the member states. Policy proposals are hammered out at ministerial meetings that precede the annual summit. Finance ministers and central bank governors continue to meet as the G7 to discuss matters of international economics; this group comprises all the G8 states except Russia. All G8 states, however, participate in the foreign ministers' meetings. Russia and the G8 Russia formally joined the group in 1998, after steps toward democratization and years of gradual engagement with what was then the G7. With the Cold War over, several world leaders—particularly U.S. president Bill Clinton—encouraged Russia's inclusion as a gesture toward Russian president Boris Yeltsin. Russia had neither a fully liberalized economy nor Western-style democracy, but G7 leaders hoped Russia's inclusion would safeguard its democratic progress. Russia held the G8 presidency for the first time in 2006 and will once again assume the presidency in 2014, with the summit set to be held in Sochi, a Black Sea resort city that was host to the 2014 Winter Olympics. Russia's membership remains contentious. Since the G8 was intended as a forum for like-minded democracies, Russia's backsliding toward authoritarianism has raised concerns among human rights advocates. The issue took on added significance in 2013 as Russia continued to support Syrian president Bashar al-Assad's regime with arms, financing, and diplomatic clout at odds with the positions of other G8 members. Moscow faced renewed criticism in March 2014 on the heels of its invasion of neighboring Ukraine's Crimea region, the home of Russia's Black Sea Fleet and many ethnic Russians, amid political transition in the capital of Kiev. The seven other members of the G8, joined by the presidents of the European Council and European Commission, released a joint statement as the G7 condemning "the Russ


Who is the engineer and inventor of the noise reduction system known as Dolby NR and a co-inventor of video tape recording while at Ampex?

Ray Dolby Ray Dolby Set cemetery Person Ray Milton Dolby OBEh (January 18, 1933 – September 12, 2013) was an American engineer and inventor of the noise reduction system known as Dolby NR. He was also a co-inventor of video tape recording while at Ampex. He was the founder of Dolby Laboratories. He was also a billionaire and a member of the Forbes 400 with an estimated net worth of $2.9 billion in 2008 although as of September 2012 it was estimated to have declined to $2.4 billion.   Dolby (left) being inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame   Biography Dolby was born in Portland, Oregon. He was raised in San Francisco, California and attended Sequoia High School (class of 1951) in Redwood City, California. As a teenager, in the decade following World War II, Dolby held part-time and summer jobs at Ampex in Redwood City, working with their first audio tape recorder in 1949. While at San Jose State University and later at Stanford University (interrupted by two years of Army service), he worked on early prototypes of video tape recorder technologies for Alexander M. Poniatoff and Charlie Ginsburg. As a non degree-holding "consultant", Dolby played a key role in the effort that led Ampex to announce quadruplex videotape in April 1956. In 1957, Dolby received his B.S. in electrical engineering from Stanford. He subsequently won a Marshall Scholarship for a Ph.D. (1961) in physics from Cambridge University, where he was a Research Fellow at Pembroke College. After Cambridge, Dolby acted as a technical advisor to the United Nations in India, until 1965, when he returned to England, where he founded Dolby Laboratories. In that same year, 1965, he officially invented the Dolby Sound System, although his first U.S. patent was not filed until 1969, four years later. Dolby was a Fellow and past president of the Audio Engineering Society. Ray Dolby and his wife Dagmar had two sons, Tom and David. Dolby died of leukemia on September 12, 2013, at his home in San Francisco at the age of 80. Dolby noise reduction The Dolby noise-reduction system works by increasing the volume of low-level high-frequency sounds during recording and correspondingly reducing them during playback. This reduction in high-frequency volume reduces the audible level of tape hiss. Awards and honors 1971 — AES Silver Medal 1983 — SMPTE Progress Medal For his contributions to theater sound and his continuing work in noise reduction and quality improvements in audio and video systems and as a prime inventor of the videotape recorder 1985 — SMPTE Alexander M. Poniatoff Gold Medal 1986 — honorary Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE) 1988 — Eduard Rhein Ring of Honor from the German Eduard Rhein Foundation 1989 — 61st Academy Awards — Academy Award, Scientific or Technical 1989 — Emmy by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS) 1992 — AES Gold Medal 1995 — Special Merit/Technical Grammy Award 1997 — U.S. National Medal of Technology 1997 — IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award 1999 — honorary Doctor degree by the University of York 2000 — honorary Doctor of Science degree from Cambridge University 2003 — Charles F. Jenkins Lifetime Achievement Award by the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences 2004 — inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame and the Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame 2010 — IEEE Edison Medal 2014 — Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame


Which Indonesian volcano erupted in October / November 2010, forcing 70,000 people from their homes?

Indonesian Volcano Releases Biggest Eruption Indonesian Volcano Releases Biggest Eruption November 02, 2010 8:00 PM An Indonesian man watches as Mount Merapi erupts in Kepuharjo, Yogyakarta, 3 Nov. 2010. Share Email to a Friend Print Indonesia's Mount Merapi erupted with renewed force Wednesday, prompting evacuations of residents from emergency shelters to locations even further from the volcano. Indonesian government volcanologist Surano said Wednesday's eruption was three times more powerful than Merapi's first blast on October 26. The volcano sent hot ash and rocks five kilometers into the sky, forcing authorities to widen the evacuation zone around the mountain from 10 kilometers to 15 kilometers. The new eruption happened as Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono visited emergency shelters housing 70,000 evacuees from earlier eruptions. Surano said shelters within the expanded danger zone will be moved further away. It may be weeks before the evacuees can return to their homes. Mount Merapi's eruptions have killed at least 38 people, most from burns and suffocation. There was no immediate word of any casualties from Wednesday's blast. Some information for this report was provided by AP, AFP and Reuters.


What is the name for a group of lines that is repeated throughout a poem or song?

Glossary of Poetry Terms Glossary of Poetry Terms accent The prominence or emphasis given to a syllable or word. In the word poetry, the accent (or stress) falls on the first syllable. alexandrine A line of poetry that has 12 syllables. The name probably comes from a medieval romance about Alexander the Great that was written in 12-syllable lines. alliteration The repetition of the same or similar sounds at the beginning of words: “What would the world be, once bereft/Of wet and wildness?” (Gerard Manley Hopkins, “Inversnaid”) anapest A metrical foot of three syllables, two short (or unstressed) followed by one long (or stressed), as in seventeen and to the moon. The anapest is the reverse of the dactyl. antithesis A figure of speech in which words and phrases with opposite meanings are balanced against each other. An example of antithesis is “To err is human, to forgive, divine.” (Alexander Pope) apostrophe Words that are spoken to a person who is absent or imaginary, or to an object or abstract idea. The poem God's World by Edna St. Vincent Millay begins with an apostrophe: “O World, I cannot hold thee close enough!/Thy winds, thy wide grey skies!/Thy mists that roll and rise!” assonance The repetition or a pattern of similar sounds, especially vowel sounds: “Thou still unravished bride of quietness,/Thou foster child of silence and slow time” (“Ode to a Grecian Urn,” John Keats). ballad A poem that tells a story similar to a folk tale or legend and often has a repeated refrain. “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge is an example of a ballad. ballade A type of poem, usually with three stanzas of seven, eight, or ten lines and a shorter final stanza (or envoy) of four or five lines. All stanzas end with the same one-line refrain. blank verse Poetry that is written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Shakespeare wrote most of his plays in blank verse. caesura A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line. There is a caesura right after the question mark in the first line of this sonnet by Elizabeth Barrett Browning: “How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.” canzone A medieval Italian lyric poem, with five or six stanzas and a shorter concluding stanza (or envoy). The poets Petrarch and Dante Alighieri were masters of the canzone. carpe diem A Latin expression that means “seize the day.” Carpe diem poems urge the reader (or the person to whom they are addressed) to live for today and enjoy the pleasures of the moment. A famous carpe diem poem by Robert Herrick begins “Gather ye rosebuds while ye may…” chanson de geste An epic poem of the 11th to the 14th century, written in Old French, which details the exploits of a historical or legendary figure, especially Charlemagne. classicism The principles and ideals of beauty that are characteristic of Greek and Roman art, architecture, and literature. Examples of classicism in poetry can be found in the works of John Dryden and Alexander Pope, which are characterized by their formality, simplicity, and emotional restraint. conceit A fanciful poetic image or metaphor that likens one thing to something else that is seemingly very different. An example of a conceit can be found in Shakespeare's sonnet “Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?” and in Emily Dickinson's poem “There is no frigate like a book.” consonance The repetition of similar consonant sounds, especially at the ends of words, as in lost and past or confess and dismiss. couplet In a poem, a pair of lines that are the same length and usually rhyme and form a complete thought. Shakespearean sonnets usually end in a couplet. dactyl A metrical foot of three syllables, one long (or stressed) followed by two short (or unstressed), as in happily. The dactyl is the reverse of the anapest. elegy A poem that laments the death of a person, or one that is simply sad and thoughtful. An example of this type of poem is Thomas Gray's “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.” enjambment The continuation of a complete idea (a sentence or clause) from one line or couplet of a poe


Which traditional game is played on the fingers with string?

Traditional Kids Games, Classic Children's Games British Bulldog The play area is usually a large hall or large area of a playing field. There are no limits to the size of the pitch nor the number of players. One or two players are selected as the Bulldogs, and they stand in the middle of the play area. All remaining players stand at one end of the area. The purpose is to get from one end of the pitch to the other (home) whilst avoiding the bulldogs in the middle. The game is initiated by the bulldogs calling "British Bulldogs 1, 2, 3". As the non-bulldog players run from one end of the pitch to the other, the bulldogs must catch as many of them as possible. Once caught the runner then becomes a bulldog and attempts to catch the runners. Once at the home end of the pitch a player is safe. The game then starts another round, home shifts to the opposite end of the pitch and on the call of "British Bulldogs 1, 2, 3" the round begins. The first two caught or last two caught in each game become the Bulldogs for the next one. The method by which a runner is caught varies according to local custom, but can involve physically tackling the runner to the ground, or lifting the runner off the ground; in more supervised games the runners are simply tagged, as obviously unsupervised games can become extremely violent. Bullrush game Bullrush is an energetic game whereby a group of individuals endeavour to rush from one line to another across an open space without being tackled to the ground by participants who have previously been so tackled. The rush from one line to the other continues with the direction being reversed on each rush. The winner of the game is the single individual who manages to be the last person not so tackled. Even so the winner is required to repeat the rush in the hope that he/she too will be brought to the ground. Each time a person loses the rush, they have to join all the other losers in the middle of the open space and join in the tackling activity. Generally the most recent loser is able to call out the name of one of the people not yet tackled to make the rush on their own. If that person succeeds in reaching the opposite line then a bullrush occurs whereby all the remaining non-losers rush together. The game is initiated with a single person selected in some manner to be the first person to stay in the middle (of the open space). This person of course usually selects the weakest person on the line to make the first rush in the hope that they will lose and thereby join the middle. Cat's cradle Cat's cradle is a well known string game or series of string figures. The name of the entire game, the specific figures and their order, and the names of the figures vary. Versions of this game have been found in indigenous cultures all over the world, from the Arctic to the Equatorial zones. In some regions of the US, this game is also known as Jack in the Pulpit. The game begins with one player wrapping a loop of string around that player's own hands (around the fingers or wrists), then taking one side of the string and circling ones hands again. Then this player takes the string which runs on the inside of the left arm onto the first finger of their right hand, then, reaching through the triangle created, the loop on the inside of the right hand is taken onto the first finger of the left hand. This creates two sets of crossed string between both hands. The second player grasps each cross horizontally with their thumb and first finger, pulls this outwards, down under the line which runs below the crosses from the first players wrists, and back up. The first player lets go of the figure and the second player stretches it open by bringing apart their thumbs and fingers. This figure is the "diamonds". A series of other alterations produce more figures, some of which lead back to the diamonds while some are dead ends and cannot be transformed. Cocky Olly Cocky Olly is a children's game similar in style to forty forty. Like forty forty, and unlike other tag games, players in cocky olly are caught when their name is said


What did British comedian Benny Hill use as his signature tune?

Jemima Lewis: Why did the British disown Benny Hill? | The Independent Commentators Jemima Lewis: Why did the British disown Benny Hill? His demise was painful to behold: like watching an elderly uncle being kicked to death by young thugs Friday 26 May 2006 23:00 BST Click to follow The Independent Online I have my reservations about David Cameron - that tiny, cherubic mouth; the way he begins each policy discussion with the words "I want", to which I find myself shouting "Never gets!"- but credit where it's due. Far from being a spineless people-pleaser, Cameron seems to be deliberately courting controversy. How else to explain the Benny Hill thing? On tomorrow's Desert Island Discs, the Tory leader will publicly confess his love for Benny Hill's 1971 hit song "Ernie (The Fastest Milkman in the West)". Radio 4 has been trailing the programme with a clip in which Cameron claims that he knows all 600 words and often sings them as a party piece. If his aim was to generate maximum publicity, he has hit the jackpot. The press could hardly have been more scandalised if he had chosen "The Internationale". Cameron's playlist also includes "This Charming Man" by The Smiths: a song, so far as anyone can tell, about a sexually confused young bicyclist who gets seduced by a man in a big car. Plenty for Conservative traditionalists (and environmentalists) to chew on there, you might think - yet no one has paid it the slightest notice. What is it about Alfred Hawthorn Hill that makes him persona non grata among his own people? The rest of the world adores him; his shows have been sold to 140 countries and still attract audiences in the billions. Yet the British remain deeply embarrassed by their most popular comedy export. It was not always thus. When I was growing up in the 1970s, my father insisted there was nothing on television worth watching except Benny Hill and the Six O'Clock News. My sister and I were too young to understand either, but since there was nothing else on offer, we tried our best. We observed with quiet bafflement how, with the first blast of the "Yackety Sax" theme tune, my mother's eyes would fill with tears of merriment and my father would grasp his corduroy knees in anticipation of the hilarity to come. Admittedly, not everyone shared this enthusiasm. Once, while having tea in front of Crackerjack at a friend's house, I grumbled that we were allowed to watch only Benny Hill at home. My friend's mother gaped at me in horror. "You shouldn't be watching that sexist rubbish," she practically screamed. I blushed until my armpits prickled, partly because she had said something that sounded like "sex", and partly because she seemed to be criticising my parents. After that, I kept our family viewing habits to myself - but I began to feel a protective fondness for Benny. The more unfashionable he became, the more I learnt to love him. In the 1980s, Hill came under concerted attack from feminists and (the killer blow) the new wave of alternative comedians. Ben Elton denounced him as a "dirty old man, tearing the clothes off nubile girls while chasing them round a park". This was not strictly true (Hill thought it was funnier to get the girls to chase him), but it was said in a tone of such moral righteousness that only the most reactionary braveheart dared to question it. The curious thing about the alternative comedians was that they would not brook any alternative. Despite their socialist pretensions, they despised the coarse, working-class, vaudeville tradition from which Hill's comedy derived. Theirs was the humour of the middle-class dinner party: all politics and irony and verbal jousting. The sheer physical exuberance of Hill and his Angels suddenly seemed gauche by comparison. Hill's demise was painful to behold: like watching an elderly, confused uncle being picked on by young thugs. As his ratings slid, he cranked up the bawdiness levels, hoping to give the British public more of what it once loved. But times had changed: comedy had become self-conscious, and young people knew better than to laugh at gags ab


Ranidaphobia is the irrational fear of what?

Phobias: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis - Medical News Today Phobias: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis Written by Christian NordqvistReviewed by Timothy J. Legg, PMHNP-BC, GNP-BC, CARN-AP, MCHES 4 14 A phobia is an irrational fear, a kind of anxiety disorder in which the individual has a relentless dread of a situation, living creature, place, or thing. Individuals with a phobia go to great lengths to avoid a perceived danger which is much greater in their minds than in real life. If confronted with the source of their phobia, the person will suffer enormous distress, which can interfere with their normal function; it can sometimes lead to total panic. For some people, even thinking about their phobia is immensely distressing. A phobia starts when a person begins organizing their lives around avoiding the object of their fear. A phobia is much more serious than a simple fear. People with a phobia have an overpowering need to steer clear of anything which triggers their anxiety. Contents of this article: Fast facts on phobias Here are some key points about phobias. More detail and supporting information is in the main article. Phobias are much more serious than simple fears Over 50 million people in the U.S. have a phobia Females more commonly suffer from phobias than males Despite phobic individuals being aware that their fear is irrational, they cannot control the feelings Symptoms may include sweating, chest pains, and pins and needles Specific brain areas are involved in phobias What is a phobia? The word "phobia" is used for a number of quite different concepts. If the phobia is of something that the phobic person very rarely comes into contact with, such as snakes, their daily lives will not be affected. However, some complex phobias are impossible to avoid, such as agoraphobia (fear of leaving home or being in public places) or social phobia (fear of being among groups of people). There are three main categories of phobias: Specific phobias (simple phobias) A disproportionate fear about specific situations, living creatures, places, activities, or things. Examples include a fear of: Dentists (dentophobia) Birds (ornithophobia) Frogs (ranidaphobia) The two examples below, social phobia and agoraphobia, are known as complex phobias. They are linked to a deep-rooted fear or anxiety about certain situations, incidents, or circumstances, which make them much more disabling than simple phobias. Social phobia Social phobias are now called social anxiety disorder. A person with social phobia finds being in social situations difficult and sometimes unbearable. Going to parties, weddings, functions, or exhibitions cause sufferers anxiety; there is fear of being embarrassed or humiliated in public. It often includes a fear of being judged by other people. People affected with social phobia feel that they will be scrutinized and singled out in the crowd; they prefer to avoid social gatherings altogether. Psychologists say that a high proportion of adults with social phobia start taking measures to avoid social situations during their teenage years. Studies have shown that their progressively isolated lifestyles make them more susceptible to developing depression . Experts emphasize that social phobia is not the same as shyness . Obese people may develop social anxiety disorder , simply because of their weight. Agoraphobia An individual with agoraphobia is frightened of finding themselves in situations where there is no escape; they fear being stuck in a desperate situation with no help. Agoraphobia may include a dread of traveling on buses or trains or going into large shops or shopping malls. When symptoms are severe, the patient may find stepping out of their own home unbearable. Sufferers have an increased risk of also suffering from panic disorder. As with social phobia, crowded and public places are avoided. How common are phobias? In industrial nations, phobias are the most common kind of anxiety disorder. They can affect people of any age, sex, and socioeconomic status. An estimated 19 million Americans have a specific


"Which of king of England was overthrown in the ""Glorious Revolution"" that occurred in Britain in 1688?"

BBC - History -   British History in depth: The Glorious Revolution Print this page Fear of Catholic tyranny The Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 replaced the reigning king, James II, with the joint monarchy of his protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange. It was the keystone of the Whig (those opposed to a Catholic succession) history of Britain. According to the Whig account, the events of the revolution were bloodless and the revolution settlement established the supremacy of parliament over the crown, setting Britain on the path towards constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. But it ignores the extent to which the events of 1688 constituted a foreign invasion of England by another European power, the Dutch Republic. Although bloodshed in England was limited, the revolution was only secured in Ireland and Scotland by force and with much loss of life. England would become merely a satellite state, under the control of an all-powerful Catholic monarch. Moreover, the British causes of the revolution were as much religious as political. Indeed, the immediate constitutional impact of the revolution settlement was minimal. Nonetheless, over the course of the reign of William III (1689-1702) society underwent significant and long-lasting changes. To understand why James II’s most powerful subjects eventually rose up in revolt against him we need to understand the deep-seated fear of 'popery' in Stuart England. 'Popery' meant more than just a fear or hatred of Catholics and the Catholic church. It reflected a widely-held belief in an elaborate conspiracy theory, that Catholics were actively plotting the overthrow of church and state. In their place would be established a Catholic tyranny, with England becoming merely a satellite state, under the control of an all-powerful Catholic monarch, (in the era of the Glorious Revolution, identified with Louis XIV of France). This conspiracy theory was given credibility by the existence of some genuine catholic subterfuge, most notably the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. A new crisis of ‘popery and arbitrary government' erupted in the late 1670s. Public anxieties were raised by the issue of the royal succession. Charles II fathered no legitimate offspring. This meant that the crown would pass to his brother, James, Duke of York, whose conversion to Catholicism had become public knowledge in 1673. Public concern about the succession reached fever pitch in the years 1678-1681. The so-called ‘exclusion crisis’ was provoked by allegations made by Titus Oates, a former Jesuit novice, of a popish plot to assassinate Charles II and place his brother on the throne. The fantastical plot was given credibility by the mysterious death of Sir Edmund Bury Godfrey, the magistrate who first investigated Oates’ claims. Whig politicians within parliament, led by the earl of Shaftesbury, promoted exclusion bills which would have prevented James from succeeding to the throne. But the radical tactics deployed by the king’s opponents, including mass petitions and demonstrations, gradually alienated some initial supporters of exclusion. Charles’s hand was strengthened further by an agreement with France reached in March 1681, by which the king received £385,000 over three years. With this financial support, and with public opinion turning against his critics, Charles was able to dissolve parliament on 28 March 1681. Top Rebellion and revolt James II    © James II’s authority appeared to be secure when he succeeded to the throne in February 1685. The king’s initial promises to defend the existing government in church and state reassured many of those worried by his personal faith. James was well-off financially, with a tax revenue over £1,200,000. The manipulation of borough charters in the last years of Charles II’s reign ensured that James’ first parliament was dominated by loyal Tories. Parliament also voted James considerable emergency sums to suppress the rebellion raised by Charles II’s eldest illegitimate son, the duke of Monmouth in June 1685. James’ army of professio