Which US swimmer won 8 medals at the 2004 Summer Olympics, 6 of which were gold?

Athens 2004 Summer Olympics - results & video highlights Official Reports arrow Biggest Games A record 201 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in the Olympic Games. The overall tally for events on the programme was 301 (one more than at the Sydney Games in 2000). Most popular Popularity in the Games also soared, as 3.9 billion people had access to the television coverage compared to 3.6 billion for Sydney. This global audience enjoyed coverage of never-before seen sports such as women's wrestling, which was included in the programme for the first time. Records tumble Swimmer Michael Phelps won six gold medals and set a single-Games record with eight total medals. Leontien Ziljaard-van Moorsel became the first female cyclist to earn four career gold medals, reaching a total of six Olympic medals, while canoeist Birgit Fischer became the first athlete in any sport to win two medals in each of five Olympic Games. Memorable champions Runner Hicham El Guerrouj won both the 1500m and the 5000m, while on the women's side Kelly Holmes triumphed in both the 800m and the 1500m. In team play, Argentina won the men's football tournament without conceding a goal, and the US softball team outscored their opponents by an aggregate score of 51-1. NOCs: 201 Athletes: 10,625 athletes (4,329 women, 6,296 men) Events: 301 Media: 21,500 Two new National Olympic Committees Kiribati and Timor Leste entered teams for the first time, although athletes from Timor had competed at the Sydney Olympics as individual Olympic athletes. Iraqi Football Despite continuing warfare back home, the football team from Iraq qualified for the Olympic tournament and made it to the semifinals. United Arab Emirates Double trap shooter Ahmed Almaktoum won the first gold medal for the United Arab Emirates. Thai woman champion Weightlifter Pawina Thongsuk became the first woman from Thailand to earn a gold medal when she won the 75kg category. Greek judoka In the men's 81kg category, Ilias Iliadis won Greece's first-ever gold medal in judo. Tennis breakthroughs Chile and China earned their first medals in tennis as Nicolas Massu and Fernando González (on picture) won the men's doubles championship and Massu also won singles, while Ting Li and Tian Tian Sun took the women's doubles title. Fencing firsts In fencing, women's sabre made its debut with Mariel Zagunis of the United States earning the gold medal. It was the first U.S. victory in fencing. Switzerland also claimed its first fencing gold when Marcel Fischer won the men's individual épée. Greeks in synch Thomas Bimis and Nikolaos Siranidis captured Greece's first medal in diving with an unexpected victory in synchronized springboard. Greece first and last 201 National Olympic Committees marched in the Parade of Nations at the Opening Ceremony. Traditionally Greece leads the parade and the host team goes last. Because Greece was the host, they occupied both positions, as weightlifter Pyrros Dimas opened the parade and the rest of the Greek athletes entered at the end. East African sweep Kenyans runners swept the medals in the 3,000m steeplechase with Ezekiel Kemboi taking the gold, Brimin Kipruto the silver and Paul K. Koech the bronze. Marathon history The marathon races followed the same route as the 1896 race, beginning in Marathon and ending in Athens' Panathenaic Stadium. Vanderlei de Lima of Brazil (on picture) was in the lead of the men's race with less than 7 kilometres to go when a disturbed man pushed him off the course. De Lima held on to earn the bronze medal and was awarded the Pierre de Coubertin Medal in recognition of his Olympic spirit. Olympia The shot put events were held in Olympia, the site of the ancient Olympic Games. Original stadium The archery competitions were staged in the same Panathenaic Stadium that was used for the 1896 Olympics. Women's wrestling debuts Women's wrestling made its debut with competition in four weight categories. Japanese women earned medals in every division, while France and the United States won two medals each. The first gold medal went to Ukraine's


Which king had daughters named Cordelia, Regan and Goneril?

King Lear's Daughters: Names & Character Analysis - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com King Lear's Daughters: Names & Character Analysis Watch short & fun videos Start Your Free Trial Today An error occurred trying to load this video. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. You must create an account to continue watching Register for a free trial Are you a student or a teacher? I am a student Start Your Free Trial To Continue Watching As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you             succeed. Coming up next: King Lear: Character Analysis & Sketch You're on a roll. Keep up the good work! Your next lesson will play in 10 seconds 0:02 Characters and Plot Add to Add to Add to Want to watch this again later? Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. Custom Courses are courses that you create from Study.com lessons. Use them just like other courses to    track progress, access quizzes and exams, and share content. Teachers Organize and share selected lessons with your class. Make planning easier by creating your own custom course. Students Create a new course from any lesson page or your dashboard. From any lesson page: Click "Add to" located below the video player and follow the prompts to name your course and save your lesson. From your dashboard: Click on the "Custom Courses" tab, then click "Create course". Next, go to any lesson page and begin     adding lessons. Edit your Custom Course directly from your dashboard. Personalize: Name your Custom Course and add an optional description or learning objective. Organize: Create chapters to group lesson within your course. Remove and reorder chapters and lessons at any time. Share your Custom Course or assign lessons and chapters. Teacher Edition: Share or assign lessons and chapters by clicking the "Teacher" tab on the lesson or chapter page you want to     assign.     Students' quiz scores and video views will be trackable in your "Teacher" tab. Premium Edition: You can share your Custom Course by copying and pasting the course URL. Only Study.com members will be able to access the     entire course. Create an account to start this course today Try it free for 5 days! Lesson Transcript Instructor: James Fleming In William Shakespeare's tragic play, 'King Lear,' Lear's daughters - Goneril, Regan and Cordelia - serve as dramatic examples of good and evil, characteristics that lead them to either reject or redeem their father. In this lesson, you'll find a synopsis of the play and explore the familial relationships of some of the main characters. Characters and Plot In King Lear, the elderly king of England decides to retire and divide his kingdom evenly between his three daughters: Regan, Goneril and Cordelia. Before dividing his kingdom, Lear asks each of his daughters to demonstrate the extent of their love for him. Much to his delight, Lear's eldest daughters, Regan and Goneril, offer over-the-top assertions of their love. However, Lear's youngest and more beloved daughter, Cordelia, remains silent. Cordelia's response sends King Lear into a fit of rage, and he exiles her from his kingdom. Cordelia accepts an offer of marriage from the King of France and leaves. Not long afterwards, Regan and Goneril betray their father, depriving him of his right to knights and servants. Goneril even drives him out of her house. After fleeing his kingdom, a disheartened and increasingly mad Lear wanders the countryside during a violent thunderstorm with his loyal Fool. Meanwhile, Cordelia sends French forces to England to rescue her father. After English forces subdue the French, Cordelia and Lear, who regrets his previous treatment of her, are imprisoned. Towards the end of the play, the adulterous Goneril poisons Regan and then commits suicide after learning that the philandering Edmund, the man they both love, is dead. When, Cordelia, the daughter who truly loved her father, is ha


Fidelio: The Problem of Beethoven and his Only Opera – Lesson 1 ~ THE MUSICIAN'S LOUNGE Lesson One: Composition and Disastrous Premiere(s) by Luke Howard It might seem strange that one of the most innovative and talented composers in the history of Western music, the man who single-handedly revolutionized the symphony, string quartet, and piano sonata in the early 19th century, should write only one opera. Music seemed to flow naturally from Beethoven. It’s true that, unlike Mozart, his music did not emerge with seemingly effortless facility; we know from his sketchbooks and letters something of the struggles he endured to compose. But it was almost always produced with supreme artistry and, yes, genius. Nobody questions Beethoven’s gift. So why only one opera? And why should he feel the need to revise it so frequently? Why are there four different overtures for the opera? Clearly, the gestation of Fidelio was a challenge that created more than the usual amount of trouble for the composer. Joseph Sonnleithner and Jean-Nicolas Bouilly Beethoven started work on Fidelio in early 1804, but it was not premiered until 1805. It was revised the following year (and performed with almost exactly the same cast), and revised again in 1814. All three versions were published together as his Op. 72. The libretto Beethoven used in the 1805 version was by Joseph Sonnleithner, based on a French libretto by Jean-Nicolas Bouilly for the 1798 opera Léonore, ou L’amour conjugal composed by Pierre Gaveaux. (According to some sources, the original plot is based on a true story.) Bouilly’s libretto also served as the basis for the 1804 opera Leonora by Ferdinando Paer. At some point Beethoven procured a copy of Paer’s score for his own library, but no one is certain whether he had heard Paer’s opera yet or had access to the score while working on his own version. Certainly, he had begun thinking about his own opera before Paer’s was produced in Dresden in October 1804. Pierre Gaveaux and Ferdinando Paer These various versions of the opera tell a roughly similar story. Leonore, disguised as a young (male) prison guard named Fidelio, manages to find her husband, Florestan, who has been kept as a political prisoner under the orders of a malevolent governor. She rescues him just as he is about to be murdered by the governor, and the couple are happily reunited. These kinds of “rescue” operas, very popular in post-revolutionary France, were enjoying a renewed vogue as Napoleon’s army swept across Europe in the first decade of the 19th century. Although the plot is primarily about Leonore’s courage and her love for Florestan, the political undercurrents—highlighted in Beethoven’s version, especially—added some historical depth to the story. Fidelio was premiered at the Theater an der Wien in November 1805, only days after Napoleon and his army had occupied Vienna. With a popular storyline, contemporary political relevance, and nearly two years of effort by Europe’s leading composer of the day, Fidelio seemed to have all the ingredients for a success. But the performances were a disaster, attended by almost no one except for some of the composer’s friends and a handful of stray French soldiers. (Ironically, Beethoven’s Third Symphony, the “Eroica,” which expressed both admiration for and disappointment with Napoleon, had been premiered in the same theater several months earlier in 1805.) Problems with the libretto, and Beethoven’s inherent difficulty with producing convincing music for the stage, were the main issues. When he revised the opera the following year, it was performed by almost the same cast, and was slightly more successful. Beethoven had composed a new overture for the 1806 revision (now known as the “Leonore Overture No. 3”—the original 1805 overture is usually designated “Leonore Overture No. 2”), and tightened up the libretto, especially in the first half of the opera. It would have had a longer run had not Beethoven run into difficulties with the theater management. For a planned 1808 revival in Prague, Beetho


'While we were marching through Georgia' is a song of the American Civil War. Which union general led the march through Georgia in 1864?

"Marching through Georgia" | New Georgia Encyclopedia "Marching through Georgia" Vanessa P. Tome , University of Georgia, 07/23/2010 Last edited by NGE Staff on 11/15/2013 "Marching "Marching through Georgia" through Georgia" is one of the best-known songs of the Civil War (1861-65). Composed by Henry Clay Work and published soon after the war ended in 1865, it commemorates Union general William T. Sherman's march from Atlanta to Savannah in the fall of 1864. The song became very popular in the North and sold more than 500,000 copies in the first twelve years after its publication. Work, a Connecticut native living in Chicago, Illinois, when the war broke out, was a printer by trade as well as a self-taught musician. In 1861 he signed a contract to produce sheet music for Root and Cady, a Chicago publishing firm. The firm's George F. Root was himself a well-known composer of popular music and Civil War songs. "Marching through Georgia" is a five-stanza song with a recurring chorus and was published with a piano accompaniment. Like many Civil War songs, it served as a rallying cry for the North, even though the song did not appear until after the war had ended. Some historians have attributed the song's popularity to its morale-boosting effect as a celebration of the triumphant end of the war. As a testament to freedom and sacrifice, its inspirational lyrics also contain a comic undertone. The first stanza calls for the rallying of the troops with the bugle call. The second stanza contains the line "How the darkies shouted when they heard the joyful sound" and claims that even sweet potatoes popped out of the ground as the "Yankees" approached. The third stanza is a nostalgic account of the Union soldiers as they see their flag raised. In the fourth stanza, the comedic tone returns with reference to "saucy rebels" who did not think the Northern troops could reach the coast. The final stanza describes the 300-mile-long march to the sea, in which the Union army, in a 60-mile-wide column, "made a thoroughfare for freedom and her train." The chorus is written in four-part harmony for soprano, alto, tenor, and bass, to be performed by a group of people in response to a soloist singing the stanzas. While this song remained quite popular in the North and became a standard at veterans' reunions and political rallies, Sherman did not like it and once stated that "if I had thought when I made that march that it would have inspired any one to compose the piece, I would have marched around the state." "Marching through Georgia" became a popular tune for parade bands and inspired later composers, including Charles Ives. In Ives's early-twentieth-century composition for orchestra Three Places in New England, the first movement, "The 'St. Gaudens' in Boston Common," features a medley that interweaves Work's tune with Root's "Battle Cry of Freedom" and an old plantation song, "Old Black Joe." "Marching through Georgia" remains a recognizable song. It may be heard in the film Gone With the Wind (1939) and was used by Ken Burns in his documentary The Civil War (1990). Princeton University, in Princeton, New Jersey, once adopted the tune as its football fight song. The song's lyrics are as follows: Ring the good ol' bugle, boys, we'll sing another song, Sing it with the spirit that will start the world along, Sing it as we used to sing it 50,000 strong While we were marching through Georgia. [Chorus]: Hurrah, hurrah, we bring the jubilee! Hurrah, hurrah, the flag that makes you free! So we sang the chorus from Atlanta to the sea While we were marching through Georgia! How the darkies shouted when they heard the joyful sound! How the turkeys gobbled which our commissary found! How the sweet potatoes even started from the ground While we were marching through Georgia! [Chorus] Yes, and there were Union men who wept with joyful tears When they saw the honored flag they had not seen for years. Hardly could they be restrained from breaking forth in cheers While we were marching through Georgia! [Chorus] "Sherman's dashing Yankee boys will neve


Which Roman road ran from Lincoln to Exeter?

Roman roads in Britain Roman roads in Britain Wheeldale Roman Road, North York Moors When the Romans began their conquest of Celtic Britain in 43AD, they found a haphazard collection of roads and paths, most connecting local fields and hamlets, but also some longer distance trade routes (e.g. along the North Downs in Kent, and the Icknield Way along the Chilterns into Norfolk). The Roman administration, however, needed a better network of roads to connect its new towns and army posts and to speed the flow of both trade goods and troops. In building their network of roads the Romans mostly ignored the Celtic paths, partly because the Roman towns and forts were built on new sites away from the Celtic settlements. The most vital priority was the movement of troops and supplies from the channel ports of Richborough, Dover, and Lympne to the military centres at London, Colchester, and the front-line legionary forts. The first frontier was set up along a road extending from Exeter to Lincoln, running through Bath, Gloucester, and Leicester. This was known as the Fosse Way, the first great Roman road in Britain. The Fosse Way has been largely adapted by modern highways. The next military push established a new frontier between Lincoln and York, Wroxeter and Chester, and Gloucester and Caerleon. After these "front-line" roads had been established. The Romans turned their attention to expanding the network of minor roads within their new possessions, to better aid the flow of trade. By 82AD the Romans had pushed north as far as a line between the Clyde and the Firth of Forth. During this campaign alone the army built over 60 forts and over 1200 miles of roads. The imperial posting service, used by Roman officials, maintained inns and relays of horses at intervals of 30 to 50 kilometres along the roads. The minor roads (sometimes called "economic roads") were also built by the Roman army to link economic centres, such as the Mendip lead mines and the Nene potteries, with administrative capitals like Silchester, and the coastal ports. At a best guess there were between 8000-10,000 miles of roads constructed during the first hundred years of Roman occupation. There was a third level of roads at the local level, connecting villas, temples, farms, and villages to larger roads and market towns. The full extent of this road building is apparent when you consider that according estimates by historians, no village or farm was more than 7 miles from a purpose-built road! It is a fallacy to think that Roman roads are always straight. The Roman engineers were no fools - if there was a natural obstacle in the way, the road naturally deviated to go around it. That said, for the most part Roman roads were laid out in straight lines between sighting landmarks. Small hills were cut through, and wet ground covered by causeways, or timber embankments. So, how did the Romans build these famous roads of theirs? The roads were literally highways, raised up on a cambered bank of material dug from roadside ditches. In general there were 3 layers. The first layer of large stones was covered by a second layer of smaller stones, then a top layer of gravel or small stones. Each layer varied in depth from 2-12 inches. Cross-section of a Roman road showing the layering technique and outer dirches The choice of material depended upon what was locally available; in the chalk areas like the Wessex Downs a mix of chalk, flint, and gravel was used. The paved area was edged with upright stones to provide stability, and the major roads had ditches to each side, about 84 feet apart. Tracing the course of Roman roads can be a fun activity. Large scale maps help, as does the excellent Ordnance Survey map of Roman Britain. Almost any straight stretch of road is a candidate, and often the roads follow parish boundaries or hedges. The best unaltered examples of Roman roads in Britain today exist at Wheeldale Moor (North Yorkshire), Holtye (Sussex), and Blackstone Edge (near Littleborough, Greater Manchester). A clue to the existence of former Roman roads is the prefix "st


In which country was West Indian cricket captain Sir Garfield Sobers born?

Sir Garry Sobers | West Indies Cricket | Cricket Players and Officials | ESPN Cricinfo 1963 - 1974 Profile A cricketing genius, Garry Sobers excelled at all aspects of the game, and few would argue his claim as the finest allround player in modern cricket. His exceptional Test batting average tells little about the manner in which he made the runs, his elegant yet powerful style marked by all the shots, but memorably his off-side play. As a batsman he was great, as a bowler, merely superb, but would have made the West Indies side as a bowler alone. He was remarkably versatile with the ball, bowling two styles of spin - left-arm orthodox and wrist spin, but was also a fine fast-medium opening bowler. His catching close to the wicket may have been equalled but never surpassed, and he was a brilliant fielder anywhere. He was an enterprising captain - at times maybe too enterprising, as when a generous declaration allowed England to win a decisive match at Port-of-Spain. Born with an extra finger on each hand (removed at birth), Sobers excelled at most athletic activities, playing golf, soccer and bastketball for Barbados, and made his first class debut at the age of 16, appearing in Tests a year later. He was played initially mostly as a bowler, but four years later set the Test record for an individual batsman with a mammoth 365 against Pakistan. His achievments are numerous - including the six consecutive sixes hit off an over from the unfortunate Malcolm Nash, a superb innings of 254 for the Rest of the World against Australia in 1971 that earned the praise of Don Bradman, and much more. Like many West Indians, he plied his trade abroad, playing for Nottinghamshire, and South Australia. He was knighted for his services to cricket in 1975. Dave Liverman


What does 'Chipping' indicate in a place name such as Chipping Norton?

Chipping Campden Tourist Information & Travel Guide     Chipping Campden Tourist Information Guide Chipping Campden is one of the loveliest small towns in the Cotswolds and a gilded masterpiece of limestone and craftsmanship. The main street curves in a shallow arc lined with a succession of ancient houses each grafted to the next but each with its own distinctive embellishments. Pevsner described Chipping Campden as ‘the best piece of townscape in Gloucestershire, arguably one of the best in England’. As the name suggests ("Chipping" means market or market place from the old English "Ceping"). Chipping Campden was one of the most important of the medieval wool towns and famous throughout Europe. This legacy of fame and prosperity is everything that give the town its character. Campden was already established in the 7th century and derives its name from the Saxon "Campa-denu" or "Campadene", meaning a valley with fields or enclosures of cultivated land. Chipping Campden's church, St. James, at the north end of the town, is perhaps,          the finest 'wool' church in the Cotswolds, with a magnificent 120ft          (36 metre) tower and a very spacious interior. The church is famed          for having one of the oldest altar tapestries (pre-reformation)         and largest brass in England. In 1970 the High Street and much of the rest of the town was officially designated a conservation area to preserve the ancient town for centuries to come. To day Chipping Campden has a population of circa 2000. Chipping Campden's 17th-century Market Hall (picture below) was built by the town's benefactor, Sir Baptist Hicks . Chipping Campden has become known for its unusual and attractive High Street, said by G.M. Trevelyan (English Historian) to be "the most beautiful village street now left on the island". The High Street is long and broad, and is flanked on either side by an almost unbroken single terrace, made up of many different architectural styles. This house is the oldest in Chipping Campden and was built by William Grevel in about 1380. The house would have been one of the first to have chimneys instead of just holes in the roof. William Grevel was one of the country's most influential wool merchants, a citizen of London and financier to King Richard II. Chipping Campden's wealth came from the Wool Trade . St James church is one of England's finest Wool Churches Featured with four stars in 'England's Thousand Best Churches' by Simon Jenkins". With pinnacles topping the diagonal buttresses and a pierced parapet with ogee arches, the composition soars over the landscape. Most of the church is 500 years old and was built with money from the flourishing wool trade. Each of the lime trees leading from the main entrance to the porch represent an apostle The ancient Market Hall was built in 1627 by Sir Baptist Hicks for a cost of £90.00. It was for the purpose of giving shelter to the local market selling cheese, butter and poultry - not wool as is sometimes thought. Each corner of the building has a pediment, and each gable had a window which is now blocked up. The side arches have stone balustrades and the floor is paved with stone. You can select an alternative Place to Visit from here Interesting Facts The 157 year old railway tunnel, still in use today, that links Chipping Campden with Mickleton was designed and built by Isambard Brunel. In the middle of it's construction 'The War of Mickleton' broke out. In 1851 Brunel decided to seize the site from the Main Contractor who had stopped work claiming he was owed £4300 by the Oxford Worcester & Wolverhampton Railway. The Main Contractor was supported by 100 men armed with clubs, spades and pick-axes, the local police and magistrate from Bretforten (who Read the Riot Act to Brunel) and soldiers from the Gloucestershire Artillery. Brunel surrounded the the tunnel entrance on the Mickleton side with a force of 2000 navvies and the Main Contractor capitulated after sporadic clashes between the two sides. Graham Greene The author and his wife, Viv


The post-modern arts complex, built in Paris in 1977, is named after which French president?

History of the VINCI Group More   VINCI's two core businesses, concessions and contracting, already existed in the 19th century, the era of the industrial revolution that brought profound change to our societies, transforming them from an economy based on agriculture and crafts to one based on commerce and industry. The first concessions were in electricity systems. Group companies built dams and took on operation of transmission and distribution grids. Tramway lines were also developed as concessions, as were regional railways. Later, water and sewer networks became another pillar of VINCI's business: GTM (Grands Travaux de Marseille) was set up in 1890 to build and operate the sewer system in Marseille. The concession-construction model that has structured the company since its inception is a specifically French system. It underpinned the development of several large building and civil engineering groups that expanded in the 20th century, driven by urbanisation and the expansion of transport and energy systems. As major projects flourished, engineers built infrastructure to support a new world. With the spread of the automobile, a new business activity emerged: roadworks. Very early on, the Group's companies focused on the international market (Russia, Asia and Latin America) while in France, following the nationalisation of the electricity companies and railways in the 70s, new concessions were created. First came motorway concessions with the creation of Cofiroute in 1970: the government called on private-sector companies to catch up for the country's lag in motorway construction. Then came car parks, as cars became too numerous to be parked on the street in urban centres. The Group's companies then built a series of major bridges and tunnels under concession contracts, including the Prado Carénage tunnel in Marseille, the second Tagus bridge in Lisbon and the Confederation bridge in Canada. Concessions were then applied to stadiums, including the Stade de France, which was built in record time to host the World Football Cup in 1998. Moving beyond concession projects, the Group's companies also expanded operations in all the contracting business lines: They extended their area of operations in Europe and beyond; they broadened the range of their expertise and built comprehensive business lines that included engineering, production and project management. Alongside the building and civil engineering companies that are now grouped within VINCI Construction, roadworks companies came together in Eurovia, and electrical engineering companies later formed VINCI Energies. In 2000, SGE and GTM merged: the new Group adopted the name VINCI and became a world leader in concessions and construction. Each of VINCI's two core businesses underwent spectacular growth: In concessions, VINCI created VINCI Park in 2001, which became a world leader in parking. In 2006, VINCI, which already held the Cofiroute concession, took over the ASF and Escota networks and set up VINCI Autoroutes to become the leading motorway operator in Europe. In 2011, VINCI branched out into high-speed railway concessions with the South Europe Atlantic high speed line linking Paris and Bordeaux in two hours, one of the largest infrastructure concessions introduced in Europe. In 2015, VINCI became one of the world's top five airport operators, with VINCI Airports operating 34 airports in France and around the world. In contracting, VINCI Energies broadened the range of its expertise through organic growth and a proactive external growth policy. The acquisition of Cegelec in 2001 accelerated its international expansion. In 2014, VINCI Energies acquired Imtech ICT, which specialises in information and communication technologies and operates in several European countries, as well as Electrix, a major player in electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure in Oceania. VINCI Energies offers expertise in its four business areas: energy infrastructure, industry, the service sector (building equipment and maintenance) and information and communication techno


In which American state is the United States military academy at West Point?

Today in History - March 16 | Library of Congress Library of Congress Today in History - March 16 March 16 Listen to this page United States Military Academy at West Point On March 16, 1802, Congress approved legislation establishing the United States Military Academy at West Point External , one of the oldest military service academies in the world. Strategically located on the west bank of the Hudson River approximately fifty miles north of New York City, West Point was first garrisoned in January 1778 and is the oldest continuously occupied military post in America. George Washington transferred his headquarters there in 1779 as a Revolutionary War outpost. In 1780, Benedict Arnold , then in command of the post, tried unsuccessfully to betray it to the British. Looking up the Hudson, West Point , Haines Photo Co., copyright 1909. Panoramic Photographs Colonel Sylvanus Thayer, superintendent at West Point from 1817 to 1833 is credited with instituting the high standards of discipline and scholarship for which the Academy is known today. Under Thayer’s tenure, civil engineering was the foundation of the curriculum. After graduation from West Point, commissioned officers put their technical skills to work for the U.S. government in the construction of canals, roads, railroads, and other infrastructure needed to facilitate westward expansion. The Academic Building , West Point, New York, between 1900-1915. Photographs from the Detroit Publishing Company Both Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee were educated at West Point. Other famous graduates include Union generals George H. Thomas, William Tecumseh Sherman and George A. Custer; president of the Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis; World War I hero General John J. Pershing; and Dwight David Eisenhower , supreme Allied commander at the time of the D-day invasion during World War II and the thirty-fourth U.S. president. Search on the term West Point in The African-American Experience in Ohio, 1850-1920 External to learn more about the experience of African Americans at the Academy. Read, for example, the 1916 article “ Here is List of Colored Men Who Have Studied at West Point External .” Read the Today in History feature about the official creation of the U.S. military on September 29, 1789. James Madison: Father of the Constitution James Madison, “Father of the Constitution” and fourth president of the United States, was born on March 16, 1751. A graduate of the College of New Jersey at Princeton, where he studied the liberal arts, Madison wed his love of learning to a deep sense of civic responsibility to charter and to lead the young United States of America. James Madison . Miniature portrait by Charles Willson Peale, 1783. Rare Book and Special Collections Division in Madison’s Treasures Following the outbreak of the American Revolution , the Second Continental Congress authorized the colonies to adopt new constitutions. Elected in 1776 to help shape Virginia’s constitution, James Madison drafted that document’s guarantee of religious freedom. Years later, in 1785, Madison wrote a Memorial and Remonstrance , one of the most significant American statements on the relationship of government to religion, to defeat a bill proposed by Patrick Henry to provide financial aid to “teachers of the Christian religion.” In its place Madison sponsored and guided to passage an Act for Establishing Religious Freedom written (in 1779) by Thomas Jefferson. This important piece of legislation permanently severed the link between government and religion in Virginia, and paved the way for a national separation of church and state. As a Virginia representative to the Confederation Congress from 1780 to 1783, Madison worked for ratification of the Articles of Confederation and to increase the powers of Congress. He also favored Virginia’s cession of her western territories to Congress, as a bequest to the nation. Madison was appointed a deputy from the Commonwealth of Virginia to the Constitutional Convention that convened in Philadelphia in 1787. The Virginia Plan , presente


In the comedy series 'Rising Damp', what was the Christian name of Miss Jones?

Rising Damp (TV Series 1974–1978) - IMDb IMDb Doctor Strange Confirmed to Appear in ‘Thor: Ragnarok’ 7 hours ago There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Popular sitcom set in a seedy bedsit lorded over by the mean, vain, boastful, cowardly landlord Rigsby. In each episode, his conceits are debunked by his long suffering tenants. Stars: By coincidence Rigsby and Ruth answer the personal ad each has placed in the local paper and meet at the same hotel, both wearing pink carnations for identification purposes. Then a bridal party ... 8.7 A very camp actor called Hilary moves into the house. He has written a play which he wants Ruth and Alan to perform. Rigsby is less than pleased to think that this will allow the long-haired student ... 8.6 Rigsby invests in a white sports car to impress Ruth and takes her to the country club in it. On their return the car is severely dented and carrying part of another car with it. When Rigsby learns ... 8.4 a list of 42 titles created 21 Mar 2011 a list of 35 titles created 27 Sep 2013 a list of 28 titles created 11 months ago a list of 40 titles created 10 months ago a list of 49 titles created 6 months ago Search for " Rising Damp " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Title: Rising Damp (1974–1978) 7.8/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 1 win & 3 nominations. See more awards  » Photos BBC Television comedy detailing the fortunes of Reginald Iolanthe Perrin. Disillusioned after a long career at Sunshine Desserts, Perrin goes through a mid-life crisis and fakes his own ... See full summary  » Stars: Leonard Rossiter, Pauline Yates, John Barron Classic 1960s British comedy series about a middle aged man and his elderly father who run an unsuccessful 'rag and bone' business (collecting and selling junk). Harold (the son) wants to ... See full summary  » Stars: Wilfrid Brambell, Harry H. Corbett, Frank Thornton Stingy English landlord Rigsby manages to scam his lodgers Cooper, an arts student, and Philip, an African jock, making both pay for a room they must share. However Rigsby's favorite lodger... See full summary  » Director: Joseph McGrath Terry and Bob from The Likely Lads (1964) continue their life after Terry arrives home from serving in the Army to discover that Bob is about to marry his girlfriend Thelma. Can Thelma lead... See full summary  » Stars: James Bolam, Rodney Bewes, Brigit Forsyth The prison life of Fletcher, a criminal serving a five-year sentence, as he strives to bide his time, keep his record clean, and refuses to be ground down by the prison system. Stars: Ronnie Barker, Brian Wilde, Fulton Mackay The adventures of two "likely lads" ostensibly set in the North East of England (but filmed in Willesden Junction, London). Terry and Bob have been friends since childhood. Bob is the ... See full summary  » Stars: James Bolam, Rodney Bewes, Don McKillop Alf and Elsie are getting old, Rita's left home, Elsie's confined to a wheelchair. Alf must now do battle with the Social Security system. Stars: Warren Mitchell, Carmel McSharry, Arthur English Accident-prone Frank Spencer fails to navigate the simplest tasks of daily life, while also trying to look after his wife and baby. Stars: Michael Crawford, Michele Dotrice, Jessica Forte A working-class Cockney bigot with a biased and expirienced opinion of everything shares them bluntly and almost carelessly. Stars: Warren Mitchell, Anthony Booth, Una Stubbs Long running BBC comedy show consisting of sketches and humourous musical routines involving the large Ronnie Barker and the small Ronnie Corbett. Most sketches involved both men, but ... See full summary  » Stars: Ronnie Barker, Ronnie Corbett, The Fred Tomlinson Singers This prison comedy is based on the popular British television series of the same name. Long time Slade prison inmate Fle


Calamine is the chief ore of which metallic element?

ore of cadmium ore of cadmium Cadmium mining,cadmium crusher,cadmium ore crushing ... Cadmium Ore propertiesHardness: 2 Composition: CdSO4, Cd(NO3)2, CdCl2, AlCl3 Special quality: soft, malleable, ductile, bluish-white Functional use: 86% of all the cadmium is used in batteries ... SBM has been ... カドミウムの英語・英訳 - 英和辞典・和英辞典 Weblio辞書 Weblio専門用語対訳辞書はプログラムで機械的に意味や英語表現を生成しているため、不適切な項目が含まれて ... カドミウムの鉱石 ore of cadmium - 日本語WordNet Cadmium Processing Plant,Cadmium Ore Beneficiation ... Cathay is a professional supplier for overall solutions for Cadmium Mining Equipment in China. Our Cadmium Ore Processing Machine may be your best choice, please feel free to contact us ... Cadmium Processing ... Cadmium | Define Cadmium at Dictionary.com cad·mi·um / ˈkæd mi əm / Show Spelled [kad-mee-uh m] Show IPA noun a white, ductile divalent metallic element resembling tin, used in plating and in making certain alloys. Symbol: Cd; atomic weight: 112.41; atomic ... cadmium - definition of cadmium in the Medical dictionary - by ... cadmium (Cd) [kad′mē·əm] (Cd) Etymology: Gk, kadmeia, zinc ore, a metallic bluish white element that resembles tin. Its atomic number is 48; its atomic mass is 112.40. Cadmium has many uses in industry and was ... Cadmium Ore Crushing,Cadmium Mining Equipment ... About cadmium Cadmium properties Hardness: 2 Composition: CdSO4, Cd(NO3)2, CdCl2, AlCl3 Special quality: soft, malleable, ductile, bluish-white Functional use: 86% of all the cadmium is used in batteries ... cadmium - definition of cadmium by the Free Online ... [Latin cadm a, calamine (from its being found with calamine in zinc ore) (from Greek kadmeia (g), Theban (earth), from Kadmos, Cadmus; see Cadmus) + -ium.] cad mic (-m k) adj. cadmium [ˈkædmɪəm] n (Chemistry ... Cadmium - Encyclopedia of Earth The cadmium is removed when zinc metal is purified in a refinery. Cadmium is therefore produced in countries where zinc is refined, not necessarily in the countries where zinc ore is mined. China, Japan, and Korea are ... Cadmium Mining|Cadmium Equipment|Cadmium Mining Process Grinding mills including ball mill, raymond mill, T series mill and other mills can act as the grinding machine of cadmium ore. We cadmium crushing plant can make sure the efficient crushing of the cadmium crushing. ... Cadmium | Minerals Education Coalition The cadmium is removed when zinc metal is purified in a refinery. Cadmium is therefore produced in countries where zinc is refined, not necessarily in the countries where zinc ore is mined. China, Japan, and Korea are ... GREENOCKITE (Cadmium Sulfide) - Amethyst Galleries ... Greenockite is a rare mineral and the only real ore of cadmium. It is a much sought after mineral by collectors both for its rarity and for its nice color and crystal habit. Although it is the most common cadmium mineral ... cadmium sulphide - definition of cadmium sulphide by the ... 00, as the company announced the extension of its supply agreements with First Solar for cadmium telluride and cadmium sulphide. cadmium iron ore mining - YouTube 2012/09/11 · USGS Minerals Information: Map:http://ww22.psui.cn/USGS Cadmium Production Countries, Cadmium Production, Manufacture Of Cadmium | Economy:http://ww22.psui.c... Phosphate ore washing by Na2EDTA for cadmium removal ... Photocatalytic properties of transparent TiO2 coatings doped with neodymium The effect of industrial wastes and municipal sewage sludge compost on the quality of ia fanpetals (Sida Hermaphrodita Rusby ... cadmium iron ore mining - YouTube 2012/10/09 · cadmium iron ore mining Home page:http://www.crushermillsupplier.com Hot products:http://www.crushermillsupplier.com/products Crusher mill Knowledge:http://w... Kyono Atsushi Seika 053440 - 住友財団  · PDF 文件 カドミウムによる土壌汚染メカニズムの解明 研究テーマ （欧文） AZ Studies on dissolution of ore minerals and mechanism of cadmium dispersion in soil ｶﾀｶﾅ CC 姓） キョウノ 名） アツシ 研究期間 B 2005 ... Cadmium (Cd) - Chemical properties, Health and ... Cadmium waste streams from the industries mainly end up in soils. The causes of these waste streams are for instance zinc production, phosphat


Which poet wrote 'The Lady of the Lake' in 1810?

Sir Walter Scott: The Lady of the Lake; a Poem. The Lady of the Lake; a Poem. The Lady of the Lake; a Poem. TEXT    BIBLIOGRAPHY    INDEXES    Walter Scott opens his most popular poem with the famous apostrophe to the "harp of the North!," a passage echoed in several later poems in Spenserian stanzas. Compare "An Address to the Harp of Miss C— of Richmond [Virginia]" which opens: "Harp of the South!" The Port Folio S3 6 (December 1811) 604; or George Colman the Younger s's parody, "Lady of the Wreck" in Poetical Vagaries (1812) which begins: "Harp of the Pats! that rotting long hast lain | On the soft bosom of St. Allen's bog." Thirteen prefatory Spenserians stanzas appear in the course of the six cantos of Scott's tangled tale of Highland intrigue. Francis Hodgson : "Why will not Mr. Scott more frequently write in the manly and poetical style of the Introduction to his first canto? 'Harp of the North!  that mouldering long has hung | On the witch-elm of that shades Saint Fillan's spring [...]' This is a measure worthy to try the strength of a poet. The verse of eight feet is boy's play compared to it; although we are happy in bearing testimony to the improvement of the author in the regularity of his verse. His rugged lines are much fewer than in his former poems; — but we must observe a carelessness in suffering similar rhymes to recur much too frequently; and a correct ear would have avoided the homotononous terminations of the first five lines of the above extract" Monthly Review NS 62 (June 1810) 190. Francis Jeffrey: "Of this, upon the whole, we are inclined to think more highly than of either of his former publications. We are more sure, however, that it has fewer faults, than that it has greater beauties; and as its beauties bear a strong resemblance to those with which the public has already been made familiar in these celebrated works, we should not be surprised if its popularity were less splendid and remarkable. For our own parts, however, we are of opinion, that it will be oftener read hereafter than either of them; and that, if it had appeared first in the series, their reception would have been less favourable than that which it has experienced. It is more polished in its diction, and more regular in its versification; the story is constructed with infinitely more skill and address; there is a greater proportion of pleasing and tender passages, with much less antiquarian detail; and, on the whole, a larger variety of characters, more artfully and judiciously contrasted. There is nothing so fine, perhaps, as the battle in Marmion — or so picturesque as some of the scattered sketches in the Lay; but there is a richness and a spirit in the whole piece, which does not pervade either of these poems, — a profusion of incident, and shifting brilliancy of colouring, that reminds us of the witchery of Ariosto, — and a constant elasticity, and occasional energy, which seem to belong more peculiarly to the author now before us" Edinburgh Review 16 (August 1810) 273-74. Monthly Anthology and Boston Review: "The Lady of the Lake, if it should not brighten, can never, we think, tarnish the lustre of those armorial bearings, which, as the finest poet of the age, and a lineal descendant in poetick feeling from Spenser, Mr. Scott may justly challenge for his own, by a better title than letters patent or blood" 9 (November 1810) 340. Port Folio: "And are we after all gravely called upon to prove Mr. Scott a true poet? Shall we attempt to silence the cavils of those who while perspiring under the rays of a summer sun, shortly declare in opposition to the evidence of their own senses, that his beams are only icicles? Some indeed have carried their antipathy to Walter Scott so far as to deny to his page any poetical merit. We wish not to handle the gentle insects that alight on the loveliest blossoms of Parnassus, not to inhale their fragrance, or to batten on their blooms; but to turn away their silky wings in quest of more delicate nutriment. They were not made for the touch, their substance is too fragi


'The Million Dollar Quartet' was an impromptu jam session in December 1956. Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins and Jerry Lee Lewis were three taking part. Who was the fourth?

Tour News - Million Dollar Quartet - Official Site Million Dollar Quartet   ‘Million Dollar’ cast to play library A 40-minute concert performance by the cast of “Million Dollar Quartet” will be held at the Harold Washington Library Center, 400 S. State St., as part of the 100th anniversary celebration of the library’s music information center. Click here to read more ... Opening of ‘Million Dollar Quartet’ is cause to party In life, Jerry Lee Lewis, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, and Johnny Cash didn’t really hang out together, but they did for an entertaining 95 minutes in the musical “Million Dollar Quartet,” at the Citi Emerson Colonial Theatre. Click here to read more ... The jam session that produced a hit — on Broadway On Dec. 4, 1956, four fledgling rock luminaries — Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, and a then-unknown Jerry Lee Lewis — gathered together for an impromptu night of jamming, improvising, hanging out, and playing traditional gospel, blues, and country songs. Click here to read more ... Music, performances of ‘Million Dollar Quartet’ worth every penny It quickly becomes clear that it takes eight people to make the “Million Dollar Quartet” rock off the Century II stage – as it does – in the rousing opening show of the season for Theater League. Click here to read more ... Broadway musical celebrates ‘Million Dollar' jam session On Dec. 4, 1956, an amazing musical harmonic convergence occurred when four of the giants of early rock ’n’ roll and rockabilly just happened to be in the same Memphis studio at the same time. Click here to read more ... 'Million Dollar Quartet' brings Tony Award-winning style, rock energy to New Orleans To bring “Million Dollar Quartet” from Broadway to New Orleans requires the usual stuff: a veteran cast, smart directing and an evocative set. But to get to the heart of the Tony Award-winning musical, said director Eric Schaeffer, you really need a band – and not just any band. Click here to read more ... Million Dollar Quartet recalls historic jam session AUSTIN -- The Broadway show celebrating the day four rock n’ roll pioneers shared a recording studio is coming to Austin. “Million Dollar Quartet” takes the stage at Bass Concert Hall from April 9-14. The Tony award-winning musical was inspired by the day in 1956 when Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins and Elvis Presley jammed at Sun Records in Memphis, TN. Click here to read more ... Million Dollar Quartet on 550KTSA radio Jack Riccardi talks with the cast members of Million Dollar Quartet John Michael Presney (Carl Perkins), David Elkins (Johnny Cash), Ben Goddard (Jerry Lee Lewis) and Cody Slaughter (Elvis Presley). Click here to read more ... 'MILLION DOLLAR QUARTET' AT THE MAJESTIC THEATRE In some ways, this is the world’s easiest review to write: if you admire the music of Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Carl Perkins, and if you like tribute concerts (like the oft-touring Rain: A Tribute to the Beatles), then you’ll enjoy the energetic Million Dollar Quartet, currently lighting up the Majestic downtown. Click here to read more ... BWW Reviews: A Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On in MILLION DOLLAR QUARTET If the Majestic Theatre is a-rockin', you better come a-knockin'! MILLION DOLLAR QUARTET just kicked off an 8-performance in San Antonio. Click here to read more ... Opening night of 'Million Dollar Quartet' rocks the Majestic Theatre There was certainly a "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On" last night at the Majestic Theatre during opening night of 'Million Dollar Quartet.' This jukebox musical dramatizes the Million Dollar Quartet recording session of December 4, 1956 that included Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins and Jerry Lee Lewis for the first and only time. The DuPont Theatre Announces its 2013-2014 Broadway Season The DuPont Theatre, Delaware's Broadway Experience, has announced its 2013-2014 season, guaranteed to offer something for everyone. Click here to read more ... Have ‘Million Dollar Quartet’ for lunch Want a taste of “Million Dollar Quartet,” the hit musical that re-creates t


What name is given to the enclosed courtyard of a medieval castle?

The Parts of a Medieval Castle Definitions and Terms: The Parts of a Medieval Castle   A Medieval castle was a very complex structure and there are lots of things about them that you will recognize. But there are also parts of a medieval castle that you never heard of or maybe heard of but don't really know what they are! Here are some definitions, explanations and drawings of many of the parts of Medieval Castles.   Arrow Loops - These were slots in the walls and structures that were used to shoot arrows through. They came in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Ashlar - Blocks of smooth square stone. They can be of any kind of stone. It is the technique of closely joining them together. A good example of Ashlar can be seen in Bodiam castle. Bailey: This is a courtyard or open space surrounded by walls.The walls that make up the Bailey are also considered to be part of the Bailey. A castle could have several. Sometimes they were called the upper bailey and lower bailey or the west bailey and east bailey.   Barbican: A stone structure that protected the gate of a castle. Think of it as a gatehouse. It usually had a small tower on each side of the gate where guards could stand watch.     Barmkin: A yard surrounded by a defensive wall Bartizan: A small turret at the corner of a tower or wall. It is usually at the top but not always. Bastion: A tower or turret projecting from a wall or at the junction of two walls       Battlements: These are the structures at the tops of the walls surrounding a castle. Picture what you have seen in the movies where archers are at the top of the wall and firing arrows between open slots down on the attackers. These shapes at the top (Where the archers position themselves for battle) are called battlements. They are also referred to as crenellations. For several centuries a license was required in order to fortify a building and make it more castle-like. This was called a crenellation license Buttress: A masonry projection used as additional support for walls. Notre Dame Cathedral is a good examlple of the use of Buttresses. Corbel - A stone projection from a wall. It supports the weight of a battlement. I have pictures and more here   Courtyard - The open area with the curtain walls of a castle. Curtain Wall - The stone walls around a castle. Drawbridge - This was a wooden bridge in front of the main gate of the castle. In the early centuries of castles it was moved horizontal to the ground and in the later centuries it was built so it could raise up in a hinged fashion. Dungeon - A deep dark cell typically underground and underneath a castle. This is a derivative of the word Dunjon. Donjon - this is an old word for a great tower or a keep. Embrasure - An opening in a parapet wall.       GateHouse - A strongly built and fortified main entrance to a castle. It often has a guard house and or living quarters. Hall or GreatHall - This is the major building inside th walls of a castle. Hoarding: a covered wooden gallery above a tower the floor had slats or slots to allow defenders to drop object on besiegers. They could also drop liquids and projectiles.   Keep - This definition changed slightly over the centuries of castle building. In the early years of stone castle building the Keep was a standalone structure that could be defended and often square in shape. Over the centuries these structures were improved upon and built around. Thus a castle was made that was a larger and more complex structure. The main tower that this was built around was still called the Keep and it was usually the tallest and strongest structure in the castle. It was also used as the last line of defense during siege or attack.   Machicolations - The openings between the corbels of a parapet. They form areas that stick out along the top of the wall and defenders inside the castle can drop items like boiling oil and rocks onto attackers. I have pictures and more information about machicolations here: About Machicolations       Moat: A Body of water surrounding the outer wall of a castle. It was often around 5 to 15 feet d


Apart from the Sun, which is the nearest star to our planet?

The Cosmic Distance Scale The Cosmic Distance Scale The Nearest Star About the Image The image on the preceding page was created to demonstrate that Alpha Centauri is not a star , but really a star system. Of the three stars in the system, the dimmest - called Proxima Centauri - is actually the nearest star to the Earth. The two bright stars, called Alpha Centauri A and B form a close binary system; they are separated by only 23 times the Earth - Sun distance. This is slightly greater than the distance between Uranus and the Sun. The Alpha Centauri system is not visible from much of the northern hemisphere. The below image shows this star system and other objects near it in the sky. Image Credit for Alpha Centauri photo: Copyright Akira Fujii / David Malin Images. Distance Information Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our own, is still 40,208,000,000,000 km away.  (Or about 268,770 AU .) When we talk about the distances to the stars, we no longer use the AU, or Astronomical Unit; commonly, the light year is used. A light year is the distance light travels in one year - it is equal to 9.461 x 1012 km. Alpha Centauri A & B are roughly 4.35 light years away from us. Proxima Centauri is slightly closer at 4.25 light years. How Do We Calculate Distances of This Magnitude? The methods astronomers use to measure distances to the stars are pieces of fundamental and active work in astronomy with important implications for how we understand the Universe around us. One of the most accurate methods astronomers use to measure distances to stars is called parallax . If you hold your finger in front of your face and close one eye and look with the other, then switch eyes, you'll see your finger seem to "shift " with respect to more distant objects behind it. This is because your eyes are separated from each other by a few inches - so each eye sees the finger in front of you from a slightly different angle. The amount your finger seems to shift is called its "parallax". Astronomers can measure parallax by measuring the position of a nearby star very carefully with respect to more distant stars behind it, then measuring those positions again six months later when the Earth is on the opposite side of its orbit . If the star is close enough to us, a measurable parallax will be seen: the position of the star relative to the more distant background stars will have shifted. The shift is tiny - less than an arcsecond even for the nearest star. (An arcsecond is 1/60 of an arcminute, which is 1/60 of a degree.) (Imagine the Universe has more information on calculating parallax.) Image Credit: Imagine the Universe, NASA/GSFC Why Are These Distances Important To Astronomers? Stars are not actually stationary objects! The Galaxy is rotating, and the stars are in orbit around its center. Not every star moves at the same rate - how fast they orbit can depend on where the star is located within the Galaxy. Our Sun, being fairly far from the Galactic Center, takes over 200 million years to circle the Galaxy once. Some of the stars near us are moving faster than us, and some slower. As Phil Plaitt, from Bad Astronomy says, "...like cars on a highway, stars continually pass each other as they orbit the Galaxy. They change positions, slowly, but measurably." Image Credit: Frog Rock Observatory, public domain and copyright-free. This animation by Frog Rock Observatory shows the movement of Barnard's Star across the sky from 1985 to 2005. Barnard's Star is approaching the Sun so rapidly that around 11,700 AD, it will be 3.8 light years from the Sun - and thus the closest star to our own! ( Garcia-Sanchez, et al, 2001 ) Travel Time The Voyager 1 spacecraft is on an interstellar mission.  It is traveling away from the Sun at a rate of 17.3 km/s. If Voyager were to travel to Proxima Centauri, at this rate, it would take over 73,000 years to arrive. If we could travel at the speed of light , an impossibility due to Special Relativity , it would still take 4.22 years to arrive! Why Can't We Travel Faster Than the Speed Of Light? According to Special


What was the Christian name of the founder of the Birdseye frozen food company?

History of Birds Eye - Birds Eye View You are here: Birds Eye View > The Wonder of Vegetables > Bird's Eye Roots Bird's Eye Roots Clarence Birdseye was a man of vision, curiosity and persistence. During his travels through the Arctic, he saw Eskimos use ice, wind and temperature to freeze just-caught fish almost instantly to retain its freshness. He envisioned a way to apply this flash freezing process to vegetables—a simple biological concept that would revolutionize the frozen food industry. During flash freezing, vegetables are frozen so fast that only small ice crystals are able to form. The veggies' cell walls aren’t damaged, which protects their maximum flavor, texture and color. Back in the U.S., Birdseye formed the General Seafood Corporation with some wealthy partners who believed in his process. In 1926, the partners' financial support allowed Birdseye to unveil the “Quick Freeze Machine." Birdseye then focused on great food and selling it, including the development of freezer grocery display cases. By 1944, Birdseye's company was leasing refrigerated boxcars to transport frozen foods, making national distribution a reality and Birdseye a legend. Birds Eye® shares our founder's commitment and celebrates his contributions to making delicious, high-quality vegetables accessible to everyone.


Which fruit has varieties called Eureka, Lisbon and Meyer?

Difference in Meyer & Eureka Lemon Trees | Home Guides | SF Gate Difference in Meyer & Eureka Lemon Trees Difference in Meyer & Eureka Lemon Trees Lemons are among the most cold-sensitive of all citrus plants. Lemon trees are part of the citrus genus of plants, and are prized by home gardeners for their lush green foliage and juicy, flavorful fruit. Two common varieties found in home gardens are the eureka lemon tree (Citrus limon 'Eureka') and the Meyer lemon tree (Citrus limon ‘Meyer’). While both make ideal plants for any Mediterranean landscape, they differ in many ways. Origins The Meyer lemon tree is native to China, but was brought to North America more than a century ago, and is believed to be a cross between a lemon tree and some type of tangerine or orange tree. Eureka lemon trees originated in California from seeds that came from Sicily in the late 1850s. Classification Eureka lemon trees are classed as true lemons, along with Lisbon lemon trees. Meyer lemon trees, on the other hand, are not classified as true lemons because they are a hybrid, produced from the crossing of a true lemon with an orange or tangerine cultivar. Climate Both Meyer and eureka lemon trees are hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture hardiness zones 9 and higher, but Meyer lemon trees are more cold-hardy than eureka, which are one of the least cold hardy lemon varieties. When temperatures drop below 20 degrees Fahrenheit, both varieties require protection via covering or a nearby source of heat to prevent cold damage. Growth Habit Eureka lemon trees grow to between 10 and 20 feet tall, with a spreading and open growth habit. They are almost thornless with sparse foliage in comparison to Meyer lemons. Meyer lemon trees are smaller, bushy trees that make ideal container plants and have also been grown as hedges. Meyer lemon is a self-pollinated tree that grows to about 10 feet tall. Fruit Both varieties of lemon trees produce fruit year round when grown in warm climates, but the time each tree shows the heaviest production is different. Eureka lemon trees produce fruit abundantly, with most fruit production occurring during the spring to summer months. Meyer lemon trees bear fruit mainly in fall to winter. Meyer lemons produce orange-yellow fruit that is thinner-skinned than eureka lemons. They resemble a large orange in shape, color and pulp, more than they do a true lemon. Eureka lemon trees produce oblong, juicy fruit that has a medium-gold color, and while the skin is thicker than Meyer lemons, it is softer. Meyer lemons tend to be sweeter and less acidic than eureka. Care and Maintenance Meyer lemon trees are prized as ornamentals because they require little pruning. They also grow well in containers because of their relatively low-maintenance. Eureka lemon trees have less dense foliage, which makes the fruit more prone to wind and sun damage than Meyer lemons. Eureka lemon trees also require more care and monitoring because they’re more susceptible than other lemon varieties to damage caused by insects and poor cultural practices, and tend to be shorter-lived as a result.


A skulk is the group name for which type of mammal?

Arctic Fox | National Geographic An arctic fox photographed at Great Bend Brit Spaugh Zoo in Kansas Photograph by Joel Sartore, National Geographic Photo Ark About the Arctic Fox The arctic fox is an incredibly hardy animal that can survive frigid Arctic temperatures as low as –58°F in the treeless lands where it makes its home. It has furry soles, short ears, and a short muzzle—all-important adaptations to the chilly clime. Arctic foxes live in burrows, and in a blizzard they may tunnel into the snow to create shelter. Arctic Adaptations Arctic foxes have beautiful white (sometimes blue-gray) coats that act as very effective winter camouflage. The natural hues allow the animal to blend into the tundra's ubiquitous snow and ice. When the seasons change, the fox's coat turns as well, adopting a brown or gray appearance that provides cover among the summer tundra's rocks and plants. These colorings help foxes to effectively hunt rodents, birds, and even fish. But in winter prey can be scarce on the ground. At such times, arctic foxes will follow the region's premier predator—a polar bear—to eat the leftover scraps from its kills. Foxes will also eat vegetables when they are available. Like a cat's, this fox's thick tail aids its balance. But for an arctic fox the tail (or “brush”) is especially useful as warm cover in cold weather. Female arctic foxes give birth each spring to a large litter of up to 14 pups. © 1996-2017 National Geographic Society.


On which Greek island are the ruins of Knossos?

Knossos Photographs Knossos Knossos was undeniably the capital of Minoan Crete. It is grander, more complex, and more flamboyant than any of the other palaces known to us, and it is located about twenty minutes south of the modern port town of Iraklio. Knossos was inhabited for several thousand years, beginning with a neolithic settlement sometime in the seventh millennium BC, and was abandoned after its destruction in 1375 BC which marked the end of Minoan civilization. The first palace on the low hill beside the Krairatos river was built around 1900 BC on the ruins of previous settlements. It was destroyed for the first time along with the other Protopalatial palaces around Crete at 1700 BC, probably by a large earthquake or foreign invaders. It was immediately rebuilt to an even more elaborate complex and until its abandonment was damaged several times during earthquakes, invasions, and in 1450 BC by the colossal volcanic eruption of Thera, and the invasion of Mycenaeans who used it as their capital as they ruled the island of Crete until 1375 BC. Arthur Evans, the British Archaeologist who excavated the site in 1900 AD restored large parts of the palace in a way that it is possible today to appreciate the grandeur and complexity of a structure that evolved over several millennia and grew to occupy about 20,000 square meters. Walking through its complex multi-storied buildings one can comprehend why the palace of Knossos was associated with the mythological labyrinth. According to Greek mythology, the palace was designed by famed architect Dedalos with such complexity that no one placed in it could ever find its exit. King Minos who commissioned the palace then kept the architect prisoner to ensure that he would not reveal the palace plan to anyone. Dedalos, who was a great inventor, built two sets of wings so he and his son Ikaros could fly off the island, and so they did. On their way out, Dedalos warned his son not to fly too close to the sun because the wax that held the wings together would melt. In a tragic turn of events, during their escape Ikaros, young and impulsive as he was, flew higher and higher until the sun rays dismantled his wings and the young boy fell to his death in the Aegean sea. The Labyrinth was the dwelling of the Minotaur in Greek mythology, and many associate the palace of Knossos with the legend of Theseus killing the Minotaur . The Greek myth associated with the palace about Theseus and the Minotaur is fascinating, but walking around the ruins of Knossos today it is hard to imagine it to be a place of torment and death. Instead, the palace radiates with joyous exuberance through the elaborate architectural planes and volumes that were clustered around the central courtyard over time. The elegant wall frescoes which decorated the walls speak of a people who approached the subtleties of life and the splendor of nature with a joyous disposition. For the visitor today, the area around the ramp which leads to the main palace, immediately exposes the rich strata of ruins that span millennia. To the left of the entrance ramp three large kouloures in the shape of large round pits reveal in their deep bottom the remains of Prepalatial building ruins . The palace of Knossos was the center of administration of the entire island during Minoan times, and its position as such allowed for unprecedented growth and prosperity as witnessed by the plethora of storage magazines, workshops, and wall paintings. The Throne room with its gypsum throne and benches to accommodate sixteen persons, the central courtyard, and the theater, along with the royal chambers paint a portrait of Knossos as a forum of elaborate rituals and extraordinary historical occurrences. The restorations performed by Evans have been criticized as inaccurate, and there is a feeling that many of the details were reconstituted (to use Evans' term) utilizing at best "educated guesses". For the visitor however, the restorations render the incomprehensible strata of ruins along with their past grandeur a bit more obvious, and bring the m


Which Australian Olympic swimming champion announced her retirement in 1973 at the age of 16 years and 9 months?

Famous Olympians Famous Olympians Olympians ‧ since 1850 ‧ Birthday-Anniversaries Top Surnames This project is a place to list famous and "historic" Olympians and perhaps connect them to Geni profiles. Youngest Olympic Champions in History The youngest athlete to participate at the Modern Olympics was Dimitrios Loundras of Greece who was 10 years, 216 days old when he competed in men's team parallel bars gymnastics at the 1896 Games in Athens. Inge Sørensen of Denmark was 12 yrs, 24 days old when she won a bronze medal in the 200m Breaststroke in 1936. The youngest athlete to win a gold Marjorie Gestring of the United States who was 13 years, 267 days old when she won the women's springboard diving event at the 1936 Summer Games in Berlin. Barbara Pearl Jones won gold at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics. At 15 years old, she is still the youngest track and field gold medalist in history. Marjorie Gestring won gold for the United States diving team in the 1936 Berlin Games when she was only 13 years old. Due to the war, she was unable to defend her title. Nadia Elena Comaneci was the first gymnast to get a perfect score at the Olympics, she was also the youngest to win the all-around title at only 14 years old during the 1976 Montreal Olympic Games. Bob Mathias was able to overcome his inexperience to win the Decathlon at the 1948 London Games easily at just 17-years old, and without knowing many of the rules of the event. Eleanor Simmonds is the youngest Paralympic Champion, winning gold in the 100 and 400-meters swimming competition for England at only 13 years old. Simmonds continues to train in her hometown of Swansea. Fu Minxia Olympic diver - winning a gold medal award while in her teens. She won gold in Barcelona 1992 at just 14 years old. The youngest runner to win the Olympic marathon, as well as the four major marathons, Sammy Wanjiru was only 22 years old when he won in Beijing 2008. He died two years later in an apparent suicide. Tara Lipinksi, figure skater, won the gold medal at the 1998 Winter Games when she was only 15 years old. She is still the youngest gold medalist in the Winter Olympic Game history. Henry Cejudo the youngest ever American wrestling champion (21) at the Beijing 2008 Olympics. He is expected to defend his title in 2012 despite a short lived retirement. Dmitry Nelyubin is the youngest cycler to ever win a gold medal at 17 in Seoul 1988. Unfortunately, Nelybuin would be killed in a street fight in 2005. His attackers were charged with murder. Oldest Olympic Champions in History Oscar Swahn won a gold medal for shooting at the 1912 Olympics, when he was 64 years and 280 days old. At the time of his win, Swahn was 9 months older than Galen Spencer had been when he won his gold medal in 1904. The oldest ever Olympian is Oscar Swahn of Sweden. He was 72 years, 281 days old when he competed at the 1920 Olympics in shooting. He also qualified for the 1924 Olympics but withdrew without competing. Arthur von Pongracz of Austria competed at age 72 in Dressage in 1936, becoming one of the oldest ever competitors at the Olympics. He was born June 25, 1864 and competed on August 12-13, 1936, - 72 years and 49 days old. Hiroshi Hoketsu equestrian rider became the oldest Japanese Olympic representative at age 67in Beijing 2008. Hoketsu first took part in the Olympics in 1964, and he has also made the team for the 2012 Olympics, where he will be 71 years old. Louis, Count du Douet de Graville (69 years, 95 days) competed in Equestrian at the 1900 Olympics. He was born February 27, 1831, competed June 2, 1900. Galen Carter Spencer was an American who competed in archery at the 1904 Summer Olympics. He won the gold medal in the team competition. He was born September 19, 1840, and competed on September 19, 1904, which means he competed on his 64th birthday. Jerry Millner (born July 5, 1847) was a British shooter who represented Great Britain and Ireland at the 1908 Summer Olympics. He won a gold medal in the Free rifle at 1000 yards. At the time he was 61 years and 4 days old. Lorna Johnstone was the oldest wom


Katherina Minola features in the title of which Shakespeare play?

Katerina Minola Essay - 1102 Words Baptista Minola in the Taming of the Shrew Is a Bad Father Essay ...Baptista Minola is a Bad Father The Taming of the Shrew Many people may have their own thoughts on what makes a good parent, what really determines whether or not you are a good mother or father? Well a good parent would treat all their children equally; care about their children’s thoughts and feelings, and finally a good parent would be able to solve conflicts properly. In the play The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare Baptista Minola, the father... 578  Words | 2  Pages Who Is Katherina Minola? Essay ...Gremio     Who is Katherina Minola? As I sat listening to the first read thru of Taming of the Shrew I started hearing answers to this question, through the descriptive words of the other characters. The words were not complimentary. This led to my next question… why is she perceived this way and is it true? This complicated lady I was about to play shows her true nature in her own words (if you listen closely)    The story is that of the wealthy... 984  Words | 4  Pages Katherina Minola Essay ...Katherina Minola agrees to obey Petruchio in the final scene as she claims in her big speech, that once married, women are a property of the husband, like the church is a subject unto Christ, so the wives should be their husbands everything. This is shown in line 155 when Katherina Minola says that “such duty as the subject owes the prince.” She believes in this, as throughout her time with Petruchio, she has not got what she has wanted due to her aggressive... 591  Words | 2  Pages Is Kate Minola tamed by the end of "Taming of the Shrew" by William Shakespeare Research Paper ...IntroductionThe Taming of the Shrew is one of Shakespeares most popular plays. Its wit and comedy revolves around Kate Minola, a strong-willed woman who is seen as a shrew due to her unwillingness to conform to the unwritten rules of lady-hood and Pertruchio who is convinced he was born to tame [Kate]. The most obvious and major question would then be, was Katherine tamed by the end of the play? To be tamed, one would have to be forcibly changed into submissive obedience. A... 1021  Words | 3  Pages


Michael Douglas won Best Actor Oscar in 1987 for which film?

1987 Academy Awards® Winners and History Hope and Glory (1987, UK) Moonstruck (1987) Actor: MICHAEL DOUGLAS in "Wall Street", William Hurt in "Broadcast         News", Marcello Mastroianni in "Dark Eyes", Jack         Nicholson in "Ironweed", Robin Williams in "Good Morning, Vietnam" Actress: CHER in "Moonstruck", Glenn Close in "Fatal Attraction",         Holly Hunter in "Broadcast News", Sally Kirkland in "Anna",         Meryl Streep in "Ironweed" Supporting Actor: SEAN CONNERY in "The Untouchables", Albert Brooks in "Broadcast         News", Morgan Freeman in "Street Smart", Vincent         Gardenia in "Moonstruck", Denzel Washington in "Cry         Freedom" Supporting Actress: OLYMPIA DUKAKIS in "Moonstruck", Norma Aleandro in "Gaby:         a True Story", Anne Archer in "Fatal Attraction",         Anne Ramsey in "Throw Momma From the Train", Ann Sothern         in "The Whales of August" Director: BERNARDO BERTOLUCCI for "The Last Emperor", John Boorman         for "Hope and Glory", Lasse Hallstrom for "My         Life as a Dog", Norman Jewison for "Moonstruck",         Adrian Lyne for "Fatal Attraction" This          was the 60th year of the Academy Awards. The 1987 Best Picture winner was Italian director/co-screenwriter          Bernardo Bertolucci's Oscar-sweeping, big-budget, technically-brilliant          film The Last Emperor (with nine nominations          and nine wins!), filmed both in Italy and China with          a cast of thousands. The spectacular historical epic, shot          in China's Forbidden City (the first ever), dramatized the          life of Pu Yi (played as an adult by John Lone), China's last          Manchu dynasty emperor (beginning at the age of three) who          was deposed only three years later, and used by the Japanese          to be the puppet ruler of Manchukuo. The film featured 19,000          extras and 9,000 costumes. It was the only film produced outside          of America or Britain to have received the ultimate award for          Best Picture; it was not considered a foreign-language film, however, and therefore was not nominated for Best Foreign Language          Film. The visually-striking film's nine Oscar awards          included: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best          Cinematography, Best Art/Set Direction, Best Sound, Best Original          Score, Best Film Editing, and Best Costume Design - but the          Best Picture film did not have a single nomination in          any of the acting categories. Only one other Best Picture film,          the musical Gigi (1958), also scored nine Oscars from          nine nominations. The two films were tied as the third most          honored film in the Academy's history. The           film's nine Oscar wins was the largest victory since West            Side Story (1961) - with ten wins, the second most-honored           film, following after Ben-Hur (1959) ,           with eleven wins. [This would change in future years.] Bertolucci's win as Best Director (his first)          was for his second nomination as Best Director (he was first          nominated as Best Director for Last Tango in Paris (1972)).          It was the first PG-13 rated film to win Best Picture, and          the second of only three partly foreign language films (English/Mandarin)          to win Best Picture (the other two were in 1974 and 2008). The other four nominees in the Best Picture category          were: writer/director/producer James L. Brooks'           indictment of contemporary television journalism in Broadcast News (with seven nominations and no wins) director Adrian Lyne's controversial, shocking           tale


What was Linda McCartney's surname before she married Paul?

Linda McCartney - Biography - IMDb Linda McCartney Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (2) | Trivia  (33) | Personal Quotes  (2) Overview (4) 5' 9" (1.75 m) Mini Bio (1) Linda McCartney was born on September 24, 1941 in New York City, New York, USA as Linda Louise Eastman. She was married to Paul McCartney and Joseph Melville See Jr. She died on April 17, 1998 in Tucson, Arizona, USA. Spouse (2) ( 12 March  1969      - 17 April  1998) (her death) (3 children) Joseph Melville See Jr. Trivia (33) Daughter from her first marriage, pottery designer Heather McCartney . Three children with Paul McCartney : photographer Mary McCartney (Donald), top fashion designer Stella McCartney and musician/sculptor James McCartney . A top photographer whose pictures of rock stars in the 1960s led to her meeting her future husband, Paul McCartney (Sir Paul from 1997). Oscar and Grammy nominee for co-writing the theme song of Live and Let Die (1973) with her husband. Along with Paul McCartney and Denny Laine , performed with the group Wings through the 1970s. A dedicated vegetarian who founded her own successful range of frozen veggie food in the early 1990s. Mother of fashion designer Stella McCartney , who for five years was the head designer for the French haute couture house of Chloe and now designs for her own highly successful label. Took a lot of flak for her ability (or lack thereof) on keyboards; she played along with husband Paul McCartney 's bands because he wanted her there, as with John Lennon 's making Yoko Ono his musical partner. A late starter, taught mostly by Paul, Linda knew her limitations on keyboards; before going back on the road in the 1990s, she took a winter off to build up her chops. Nonetheless, in her own words, "there's high-schoolers who could do better". Actually found John Lennon the most appealing of the Beatles, when they first came on the scene, but liked Paul better in person after they'd met. (She and John got along adequately in private, but took occasional barbs at each other and their spouses, in the media.) Occasionally hinted that she was related to the Eastmans of Eastman-Kodak fame, but her photography career was coincidental. Her father Lee Eastman and brother John Eastman were New York show-business attorneys... and her father changed the family name from its original Epstein. (This wasn't lost for a moment on John Lennon or Allen Klein , who marvelled at the exchange of the late Brian Epstein for another would-be manager of the same name.) Flirted with girl-group singing with school friends in the late 1950s, but didn't make anything of it. She was the only photographer invited to an outing with The Rolling Stones , and she boasted Eric Clapton as a sometime babysitter for daughter Heather McCartney . Her line of vegetarian foods made her independently wealthy, in the years before her death. Her mother Louise died in a plane crash when she was 20 years old. Was a devoted animal rights activist and vegetarian. Her oldest daughter Heather McCartney was adopted by her second husband Paul McCartney in 1969. Divorced her first husband and biological father of daughter Heather McCartney , John Melvin See Jr., after he wanted to move to Africa and take his family with him. Has three siblings John, Laura and Louise. Diagnoised with breast cancer in December 1995. She lost her battle with the disease on April 17, 1998 at the McCartney Family Ranch in Tucson, Arizona. Her husband Paul McCartney and their four children were at her bedside. Born in New York City but raised primarly in Scarsdale, New York. Attended Sarah Lawrence College for a short time, a few years after Yoko Ono . Attended the University of Arizona where she met her first husband John Melvin See Jr. She was studying art history. The 200th episode of The Simpsons (1989), "Trash of the Titans", was dedicated to her memory. In the early 1960s, singers Jan Berry and Dean Torrence , aka Jan and Dean, had a hit song with "Linda". The song was actually written in 1944 by Jack Lawrence, and was about a friend's two-year-old d


Who famously proclaimed 'Ich bin ein Berliner' on 26 June 1963?

The Real Meaning of Ich Bin ein Berliner - The Atlantic The Atlantic See our Newsletters > The Real Meaning of Ich Bin ein Berliner In West Berlin in 1963, President Kennedy delivered his most eloquent speech on the world stage. The director of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum tells the evocative story behind JFK’s words. Associated Press Print Text Size Other than ask not, they were the most-famous words he ever spoke. They drew the world’s attention to what he considered the hottest spot in the Cold War. Added at the last moment and scribbled in his own hand, they were not, like the oratory in most of his other addresses, chosen by talented speechwriters. And for a man notoriously tongue-tied when it came to foreign languages, the four words weren't even in English. Ich bin ein Berliner. These words, delivered on June 26, 1963, against the geopolitical backdrop of the Berlin Wall, endure because of the pairing of the man and the moment. John F. Kennedy’s defiant defense of democracy and self-government stand out as a high point of his presidency. To appreciate their impact, one must understand the history. After World WarII, the capital of Hitler’s Third Reich was divided, like Germany itself, between the communist East and the democratic West. The Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev described West Berlin, surrounded on all sides by East Germany, as “a bone in my throat” and vowed to “eradicate this splinter from the heart of Europe.” Kennedy feared that any future European conflict, with the potential for nuclear war, would be sparked by Berlin. At their summit meeting in Vienna in the spring of 1961, Khrushchev warned Kennedy that he would sign a treaty with East Germany restricting Western access to West Berlin. In response, Kennedy announced a major military buildup. In a television address to the nation on July 25, 1961, he described the embattled city as “the great testing place of Western courage and will” and declared that any attack on West Berlin would be viewed as an attack on the United States. The speech had its desired effect. Khrushchev backed down from signing the treaty, even as thousands of East Germans continued crossing into West Berlin in search of freedom. In the early morning of August 13, 1961, the East German government, with Soviet support, sought to put this problem to rest, by building a wall of barbed wire across the heart of Berlin. Tensions had abated slightly by the time Kennedy arrived for a state visit almost two years later. But the wall, an aesthetic and moral monstrosity now made mainly of concrete, remained. Deeply moved by the crowds that had welcomed him in Bonn and Frankfurt, JFK was overwhelmed by the throngs of West Berliners, who put a human face on an issue he had previously seen only in strategic terms. When he viewed the wall itself, and the barrenness of East Berlin on the other side, his expression turned grim. Kennedy’s speechwriters had worked hard preparing a text for his speech, to be delivered in front of city hall. They sought to express solidarity with West Berlin’s plight without offending the Soviets, but striking that balance proved impossible. JFK was disappointed in the draft he was given. The American commandant in Berlin called the text “terrible,” and the president agreed. So he fashioned a new speech on his own. Previously, Kennedy had said that in Roman times, no claim was grander than “I am a citizen of Rome.” For his Berlin speech, he had considered using the German equivalent, “I am a Berliner.” Moments before taking the stage, during a respite in West Berlin Mayor Willy Brandt’s office, JFK jotted down a few words in Latin and—with a translator’s help—the German version, written phonetically: Ish bin ein Bearleener. Afterward it would be suggested that Kennedy had got the translation wrong—that by using the article ein before the word Berliner, he had mistakenly called himself a jelly doughnut. In fact, Kennedy was correct. To state Ich bin Berliner would have suggested being born in Berlin, whereas adding the word ein implied being a


Who was president of the Confederate States during the American Civil War?

Confederate States of America - American Civil War - HISTORY.com Confederate States of America A+E Networks Introduction During the American Civil War, the Confederate States of America consisted of the governments of 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union in 1860-61, carrying on all the affairs of a separate government and conducting a major war until defeated in the spring of 1865. Convinced that their way of life, based on slavery, was irretrievably threatened by the election of President Abraham Lincoln (November 1860), the seven states of the Deep South (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas) seceded from the Union during the following months. When the war began with the firing on Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861), they were joined by four states of the upper South (Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia). Google Formed in February 1861, the Confederate States of America was a republic composed of eleven Southern states that seceded from the Union in order to preserve slavery, states’ rights, and political liberty for whites. Its conservative government, with Mississippian Jefferson Davis as president, sought a peaceful separation, but the United States refused to acquiesce in the secession. The war that ensued started at Fort Sumter , South Carolina , on April 12, 1861, and lasted four years. It cost the South nearly 500,000 men killed or wounded out of a population of 9 million (including 3 million slaves) and $5 billion in treasure. Did You Know? On July 15, 1870, Georgia became the last former Confederate state to be restored to the Union, more than five years after the Civil War's end. The Confederacy’s eastern military fortunes went well for the first two years, with major victories at First Manassas (Bull Run), ‘Stonewall’ Jackson’s Valley Campaign, and the Seven Days’ Battles, where Gen. Robert E. Lee took command of the main eastern army in June 1862 and cleared Virginia of federal troops by September. His invasion of Maryland was checked at Sharpsburg (Antietam) in mid-September, and he returned to Virginia, where he badly defeated federal forces at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. The main western Confederate forces-commanded by Generals Albert Sidney Johnston , P. G. T. Beauregard, and Braxton Bragg-suffered defeats at Forts Henry and Donelson and Shiloh in Tennessee , and at Corinth, Mississippi , but they held that flank through 1862. Davis formed his government at the first Confederate capital in Montgomery, Alabama . The Confederacy’s Permanent Constitution provided for presidential item veto, debating seats for cabinet members, and six-year terms for the president and vice president (the president was ineligible for successive terms); it prohibited the foreign slave trade and forbade Congress from levying a protective tariff, giving bounties, or making appropriations for internal improvements. After initial problems, Davis’s government grew stronger as he learned to use executive power to consolidate control of the armed forces and manpower distribution. But some Southern governors resisted Davis’s centralization and tried to keep their men and resources at home. Although Davis used authority effectively, the insistence on preserving states’ rights plagued him constantly. Vice President Alexander H. Stephens , an early dissident, for example, sulked in his native Georgia and finally urged its secession from the Confederacy. But nothing gave the government more trouble than its poverty. There was only $27 million worth of specie in the Confederacy, and money remained scarce. A federal blockade gradually shrank Southern foreign trade and drained financial reserves. Christopher G. Memminger, treasury secretary, followed conservative policies. A campaign to raise funds through a domestic loan in February 1861 lagged; a $50 million loan drive launched in May did little better. Finally Congress resorted to a ‘produce loan,’ which allowed planters to pledge produce as security for bonds. Although initially popular, this expedient also failed. The next


What was the Roman name for the city of Bath?

An Introduction To The History of The City of Bath, England ~ History of Bath. Roman  | Tudor | Georgian | Victorian | 20th Century The archaeological evidence shows that the site of the Roman Baths main spring was treated as a shrine by the Celts, and dedicated to the goddess Sulis. The Romans probably occupied Bath shortly after the Roman Invasion of Britain in 43AD. They knew it as Aquae Sulis ('the waters of Sul'), identifying the goddess with Minerva. In Roman times the worship of Sulis Minerva continued and messages to her scratched onto metal have been recovered from the Sacred Spring by archaeologists. These are known as curse tablets. Written in Latin, and usually laid curses on other people, whom they feel had done them wrong. For example, if a citizen had his clothes stolen at the Baths, he would write a curse on a tablet, to be read by the Goddess Sulis Minerva, and also, the "suspected" names would be mentioned. The collection from Bath is the most important found in Britain. During the Roman period grand temples and bathing complexes were built, including the Great Bath. Rediscovered gradually from the 18th century onward, they have become Bath's main tourist attractions. The city was given defensive walls, probably in the 3rd century. From the later 4th century on, the Western Roman Empire and its urban life declined. However, while the great suite of baths at Bath fell into disrepair, some use of the hot springs continued. Post-Roman & Saxon It has been suggested that Bath may have been the site of the Battle of Mons Badonicus (circa 500 AD), where King Arthur is said to have defeated the Saxons, but this is disputed. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle mentions Bath falling to the West Saxons in 577 after the Battle of Deorham. The Anglo-Saxons called the town Baðum, Baðan or Baðon, meaning "at the baths," and this was the source of the present name. In 675, Osric, King of the Hwicce, set up a monastic house at Bath, probably using the walled area as its precinct. King Offa of Mercia gained control of this monastery in 781 and rebuilt the church, which was dedicated to St. Peter. Bath had become a royal possession. The old Roman street pattern was by now lost, and King Alfred laid out the town afresh, leaving its south-eastern quadrant as the abbey precinct. Edgar of England was crowned king of England in Bath Abbey in 973. Norman, Medieval & Tudor Bath King William Rufus granted the city to a royal physician, John of Tours, who became Bishop of Wells and Abbot of Bath in 1088. It was papal policy for bishops to move to more urban seats, and he translated his own from Wells to Bath. He planned and began a much larger church as his cathedral, to which was attached a priory, with the bishop's palace beside it. New baths were built around the three springs. Later bishops, however, returned the episcopal seat to Wells, while retaining the name of Bath in their title. By the 15th century, Bath's abbey church was badly dilapidated and in need of repairs. Oliver King, Bishop of Bath and Wells, decided in 1500 to rebuild it on a smaller scale. The new church was completed just a few years before Bath Priory was dissolved in 1539 by Henry VIII. The abbey church was allowed to become derelict before being restored as the city's parish church in the Elizabethan period, when the city revived as a spa. The baths were improved and the city began to attract the aristocracy. Bath was granted city status by Royal Charter in 1590. Learn more about Medieval Bath here 17th Century Bath During the English Civil War the Battle of Lansdowne was fought on July 5, 1643 on the outskirts of the city at Lansdowne hill. Sally Lunn, (aka Solange Luyon) a Huguenot refugee, came to Bath and found work with a baker in Lilliput Alley (now North Parade Passage), creating the Sally Lunn bun. Sally Lunn's House on our map of Bath where she lived in 1680. In 1668 Thomas Guidott moved to Bath and set up his practice. He was a student of chemistry and medicine at Wadham College Oxford. He became interested in the curative properties of the waters and in