Which forest features in Shakespeare’s As You Like It?

The Forest of Arden | Shakespeare's Globe Blog the forest of arden By Robin Craig, a Researcher at the Globe   As You Like It, performed in Georgian by Marjanishvili Theatre Company © John Haynes  What is the importance of the forest of Arden in As You Like It? It is not Shakespeare’s only play that features a move from the court to the woods – A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Timon of Athens do the same – but in As You Like It the forest takes on a special role as a place of inversion, cross-dressing and unsettled gender roles. The escape from the court changes the characters and creates a space of sexual freedom and chaos, where women take control and men learn lessons in romance. In the comedies, the forest becomes a distorted version of the court where social rules are broken, creating a sense of jovial confusion before a return to civilisation in the final act. ‘Gentlemen flock to him every day, and fleet the time carelessly, as they did in the golden world.’ Act 1.1 The forest can be defined as a 'pastoral space’ that represents the opposite of urban life in the play, representing the division between the city and the country that was beginning to emerge in Shakespeare’s time. The country was often seen as a place of nostalgia for a simpler time, as shown in Duke Senior’s forest court that echoes tales of Robin Hood. The merry court of the forest is an inversion of the court at the beginning of the play, far from the threats of violence and cruel treatment of Duke Frederick. Danger in the forest of As You Like It is never truly life-threatening but, when considering the role of the forest in other plays such as Titus Andronicus, the possibility of violence draws a long shadow over the plot. 'Alas, what danger will it be to us, Maids as we are, to travel forth so far!’ Act 1.3 When Rosalind and Celia decide to enter the forest, they must put on disguises as 'beauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold.’ (1.3) The threat of displaying beauty is underscored by the reputation forests had during Shakespeare’s time as spaces where vagrants lived outside society, presenting a danger of sexual violence for women who wandered there alone. For wealthy women, such as Rosalind and Celia, the threat would be even more pronounced as they would be visibly affluent in a place of extreme poverty, fuelling Celia’s decision to dress in 'poor and mean attire’. (1.3) The forest of Arden is a place of comedy but underlying the play is a sense of unspoken danger, drawing on the role of the forest as a place of tragedy and violence that it assumes in Shakespeare’s other plays. As You Like It, 2009 © John Tramper  'I prithee, pretty youth, let me be better acquainted with thee.’ Act 4.1 Rosalind’s decision to disguise herself as a 'pretty youth’ named Ganymede, rather than mimicking Celia’s peasant dress, allows her a degree of control over her romantic future she would not otherwise have access to as a woman. By leaving the court she leaves behind the pressures of being a noblewoman and is able to express her desire for Orlando, albeit while dressed as a man. That Rosalind must cross-dress in order to express her desires is evidence that the forest can only allow so much freedom: the woman may take control, but only while others believe she is male. Rosalind engages with Orlando in a way that can be seen as homoerotic, creating both the sexual and gender confusion that permeates the forest. Her disguise frees her from womanhood but entraps her in masculinity, meaning she cannot marry Orlando unless she returns to presenting as female. Gender never truly breaks down in the forest, showing how the pastoral space is still linked to societal values that render women subordinate, values that Rosalind plays into when declaring women 'apish, shallow, inconstant.’ (3.2) 'The duke hath put on a religious life And thrown into neglect the pompous court’ Act 5.4 In the final scene of the play Duke Senior vows a return to the court after witnessing the marriages between the lovers, signalling a return to civilisation, heterosexuality and normative gender p


A babirusa is a wild variety of which creature?

Babirusa :: Saint Louis Zoo Saint Louis Zoo swamps and forests around rivers and lakes Scientific Name Threatened Setting the Standard for Bizarre On the small tropical Indonesian island of Sulawesi (formerly Celebes) and at the Saint Louis Zoo, the babirusa sets the standard for bizarre. To see this small, sparsely-haired pig is to realize this immediately. The babirusa is not just another pretty face-but it is an unforgettable one! In 1990, the Saint Louis Zoo acquired a pair of these elusive forest-dwellers through a complex cooperative loan program. A two-and-a-half year old male born at the Bronx Zoo was traded to the Los Angeles Zoo but flown to St. Louis on breeding loan. Los Angeles then sent a replacement male to the Bronx Zoo. An unrelated female babirusa was then selected from the Los Angeles Zoo herd to pair with the new St. Louis resident. The net result was a breeding pair of babirusa owned by the Los Angeles Zoo but managed by the Saint Louis Zoo. Since this time, the Saint Louis Zoo has raised five litters of nine piglets. Little is known about the natural history of the babirusa due to the difficulty of observing it in its thick jungle habitat. This shy pig lives in groups of five to fifteen animals in swamps and forests along rivers and lakes. The babirusa's coloration, torpedo-shaped body and deer-like movements enable it to melt silently into surrounding cover at the slightest disturbance. About That face The most striking feature of a babirusa is its face. Besides being armed with a pair of slashing lower tusks, an impressive pair of upper tusks erupt through the top of the snout and curve back toward the eyes. These upper canines resemble antlers more than they do tusks. Not surprisingly, the translation of "babi-rusa" is "pig-deer." There has been much debate over the purpose of the upper tusks on males. Sulawesi natives are convinced that these tusks hook over low-hanging branches to support the babirusa's head as it rests. A more plausible explanation was proposed by John McKinnon in 1981. His studies suggest that males developed this extraordinary set of upper tusks to protect the eyes and throat from the slashing lower tusks of competing males. This alternative use of the tusks was made possible by the fact that when the babirusa's ancestors arrived on Sulawesi they faced a predator-free environment. Without strong selection pressure to develop and maintain anti-predator mechanisms, the tusks were suddenly "free" to be modified for other uses. The greatest physical threat to the ancestral babirusa boars was no longer predation, but competition. Rival boars armed with dagger-like tusks and surly dispositions posed a serious hazard to the average babirusa boar come-a'courtin. Like all other pig species, babirusa practice a social system in which males fight with other males over the right to breed several females. Violent struggles can occur involving the use of the sharp lower tusks. The frequency of these conflicts, and the inherent risk of serious injury, probably increased dramatically when the babirusa's ancestors first arrived from the mainland to this small, isolated island. This created a new selection measure that favored the development of mechanisms to reduce the risk of injury during the ritual combat between males. The result of this selection pressure was the modification of the babirusa boars' upper tusks. Instead of curving down like other pigs' tusks, they grew straight up through the snout, curving into a spiral that is ideal for catching and deflecting potential blows. Their placement at the top of the snout gives them added protection to the vulnerable eyes. These tusks have evolved to such a degree that boars seem to sprout veritable arsenals! It should be noted that babirusa females have remarkably reduced tusks relative to those of other suid females. This is probably a direct consequence of the lack of predators on the island, coupled with the fact that, in general, sows do not compete with each other in the way that boars do. About Its Family Tree While some paleontologic


Which form of Buddhism is prevalent in Japan?

3 Forms of Buddhism 3 Forms of Buddhism Many forms of Buddhism are actually practiced around the world. Buddhists don’t all follow the same teachings and the same texts. The core principles stay the same but different important aspects are observed in each type. Each form is also subdivided into schools . Map Of Buddhism in the World   Theravada Buddhism is also known as the doctrine of the elders, Southern Buddhism or Ancient Teaching. The main text used by this school is the Pali Canon. The main area of influence includes the following countries: Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Burma (Myanmar). They have about 100 million followers and are gaining ground in Singapore, Vietnam and the Western world. This form of Buddhism is characterized by its orthodoxy. They are considered to be the closest to the teaching of Buddha and the text they use- the Pali Canon- is the oldest surviving Buddhist text. Their beliefs are that each individual can attain enlightenment by himself and the best way to do this is by joining the monastic way of life as it allows for an ideal setting to dedicate one’s life to the Dharma. Lay people have a role to play also and it is partly comprised of Merit Making actions including: offering food and other basic necessities to monks making donations to temples and monasteries burning incense or lighting candles before images of the Buddha chanting verses from the Pali Canon act as trustees or custodians for their temples taking part in the financial planning and management of the temple volunteer significant time in tending to the mundane needs of local monks Monks gain merit by practicing mindfulness, meditation, and chanting. In the Pali Sutra, the Buddha instructs the followers to follow concentration as it is a tool he used to attain nirvana. Thus, the Theravada Buddhist practice these form of meditation: Anapanasati (Green and white on the map) (Green and white on the map) Mahāyāna is also called the Great Vehicle, Bodhisattvayāna or the Bodhisattva Vehicle. It is the larger of the two major traditions of Buddhism existing today, the other being that of the Theravāda school. It is also the origin of the Vajrayana form. It is mostly popular in China, Japan , Korea, Vietnam, and Mongolia and spread very widely in the west. Major traditions of Mahāyāna Buddhism today include Zen (Chán), Pure Land, Tiantai,(Tendai in Japan) Nichiren , and Esoteric Buddhism (Shingon, Tibetan Buddhism (although we further separate them below)). The beliefs: Mahayana Buddhism prones liberation of suffering for all sentient beings. Where Theravada focuses on individual enlightenment, Mahayana preaches that Buddhas and Bodhisattvas are here to help us attain collective illumination. Thus they believe in supernatural bodhisattvas who devote themselves to the perfections, ultimate knowledge, and the liberation of all sentient beings. The Buddha is seen as the ultimate, highest being, present in all times, in all beings, and in all places, and the bodhisattvas come to represent the universal ideal of altruistic excellence. It is difficult to talk about an unified canon for the Mahayana tradition as it is often assimilated by local beliefs and traditions. In Japan, it has incorporated some local Shinto beliefs and some Shamanism. Thus, when observed under this angle, it becomes incorrect to refer Buddhism as a non-religion in the Mahayana tradition because of the gods that were later added and all the powers attributed to the different Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. Vajrayana is in fact part of the Mahayana school but because its emphasis on tantrism, it is often cited as a different school. It is also known as Tantric Buddhism, Tantrayāna, Lamaism, Mantrayāna, Secret Mantra, Esoteric Buddhism and the Diamond Vehicle. It is mostly active in Tibet and Japan , and in China, to some extent. Vajrayana is a school of esoteric knowledge, secret rituals, mudras and mantras. It teaches that in order to access esoteric knowledge, the practitioner requires initiation from a skilled spiritual teacher or guru. Rituals are an important


What word is used by Christians for the suffering and death of Jesus?

The Suffering Jesus: An Example for Every Christian Your selection (topic) has been submitted. We appreciate your help. The Suffering Jesus: An Example for Every Christian 1 Peter 2:21-23 June 4, 1989 60-29 High Quality Audio Right-click (Control-click on the Mac) and select 'Save As...' or similar Low Quality Audio Right-click (Control-click on the Mac) and select 'Save As...' or similar Peter chapter 2 verses 21 to 25, and this is part 2 in our study of the suffering Jesus, the suffering Jesus.  Now the images of Jesus Christ are many.  And if you were to survey various people in our society about images that they have in their minds concerning Jesus Christ, there might be a number of them. Some people would see Him as a baby in a manger, and their image of Christ would be the Christmas image.  Some people would see Him as a little child, perhaps living in a carpenter shop, and on one occasion confounding the religious leaders of Jerusalem.  Some people would see Him as a gentle, loving teacher.  Some people would see Him as a compassionate and powerful healer who could heal the sick and raise the dead.  Some people would see Him as a courageous, bold, and fiery preacher who got great crowds together and spoke to them the Word of God.  Some would see Him as a virtual model of manhood, the model man, the consummate human being.  And all of those images of Christ would to one degree or another be true.  And we can all learn from His life, as we look at the perfections of His person, at His goodness, His kindness, His sympathy, His concern, His care, His tenderness, His forgiveness, His wisdom, His understanding, His trust in God.  As we look at all of those characteristics of Christ, they are images that are instructive for us.  And we can learn from them. But there is an image of Christ that surpasses all of those and, in a sense, is the truest perception of Christ and the one that is most necessary.  Paul summed it up when he said this, "I am determined to know nothing among you except Christ and (what?)  Him crucified."  The proper vision of Christ is as the crucified one.  The truest and purest perspective of the person and work of Christ is found in viewing Him as the suffering Jesus.  That surpasses all the others.  And so, as we look unto Jesus who is the author and finisher of our faith, we must look at Him in His suffering, that's the key.  The focal point for every Christian must be on the suffering Christ. The crucified Christ is our vision. Nowhere do we see Him so clearly as on the cross.  Nowhere do we see His deity so manifest as on the cross.  Nowhere do we see His humanity so manifest as on the cross.  Nowhere do we see His work being accomplished as clearly as on the cross.  There in His suffering He is most completely revealed.  And that is precisely what is in the mind of Peter as he writes, starting in verse 21 of chapter 2.  Let me read it to you.  "For you have been called for this purpose, since Christ also suffered for you leaving you an example for you to follow in His steps, who committed no sin nor was any deceit found in His mouth, and while being reviled He did not revile in return, while suffering He uttered no threats but kept entrusting Himself to Him who judges righteously. And He Himself bore our sins in His body on the cross that we might die to sin and live to righteousness, for by His wounds you were healed, for you were continually straying like sheep but now you have returned to the shepherd and guardian of your souls." Now here Peter talks about the suffering Jesus.  And before we're done with this passage you're going to see Him suffering in three ways, as our standard or model for suffering, as our substitute or sin bearer in suffering, and as our shepherd perfected through suffering.  We see Him them as the model to follow, the substitute who paid the price for our sin, and the shepherd who drew us to Himself.  Here then, Peter focuses on the perspective of the suffering Jesus. Notice then back in verse 21 how he opens this particular portion, "For you have been called for th


To where was Archbishop Makarios exiled by the British in the mid 50s?

Archbishop Makarios Deported from Cyprus | History Today Archbishop Makarios Deported from Cyprus Cyprus Religion , Christianity Richard Cavendish marks the anniversary of the deportation of an important figure in Greek Cypriot nationalist history, on March 9th, 1956. Mikhail Khristodolou Mouskos, born to a Greek Cypriot farming family in 1913, was in his mid-thirties in 1950 when he became primate of the Greek Orthodox Church of Cyprus as Archbishop Makarios III. He took a leading role in the campaign for enosis (union) with Greece. ‘Cyprus is Greek,’ he proclaimed. ‘Cyprus has been Greek since the dawn of history and it will remain Greek.’ The island had been ruled by outside powers for centuries. Part of the Roman Empire and then the Byzantine Empire, it was later governed for three hundred years by a French crusading dynasty, the Lusignans, then seized by Venice and in the 1570s by the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans treated the Greek Orthodox archbishops as ethnarchs, or heads, of the island’s Christian population, which made them key figures in Cypriot politics. The British ran Cyprus from 1878 and annexed it in 1914. After the war demand for enosis began to mount. There were occasional riots and Government House was burned down in 1931. The demand sharpened hostility between Greek Cypriots and the Turkish population (getting on for 20 per cent of the total), with a different language, religion and tradition. In the 1950s Archbishop Makarios brushed aside British talk of independence because he wanted union with Greece and nothing but union with Greece. In 1953 a certain Colonel Grivas started a terrorist organisation, EOKA (National Organization of Cypriot Fighters), which mounted a guerrilla war against the British. The British believed that Archbishop Makarios was deeply involved in EOKA and deported him to ‘an unknown destination’, which turned out to be the Seychelles, along with a bishop, a priest and the editor of a nationalist newspaper. They were held there for a year and then, after EOKA had offered a ceasefire, allowed to leave, but not to go to Cyprus. Makarios left Mahé Island on April 6th for Madagascar on a tanker provided by Aristotle Onassis and the Greek government, and went on to Athens. He eventually returned to Cyprus, dropped or postponed his opposition to independence and in 1960 became president of the new republic of Cyprus, with a Turkish Cypriot as vice-president and a constitution intended to hold a balance between the two nationalities. It failed to work and after more years of violence and turmoil Cyprus was effectively partitioned from 1974. Makarios himself died in Nicosia three years later, a few days before his sixty-fourth birthday.


Who did Jacques Santer replace as President of the European Commission in 1995?

European Union and the Politics of Culture info@brugesgroup.com   The Bruges Group spearheaded the intellectual battle to win a vote to leave the European Union and, above all, against the emergence of a centralised EU state. NOTE! This site uses cookies and similar technologies. If you not change browser settings, you agree to it. Learn more I understand Cookies are a technology which we use to provide you with tailored information on our website. A cookie is a piece of code that is sent to your internet browser and is stored on your system. Please see below for a list of cookies this website uses: Cookie name: _utma, _utmb, _utmc, _utmz Purpose: Google Analytics cookies. Google Analytics is software that lets us analyse how visitors use our site. We use this information to improve our website and provide the best experience to visitors. Function: These cookies collect data in an anonymous form. Please see Google's privacy policy for further information. To opt out of these cookies, please visit Google's website . Cookie name: Sitecore Purpose: Stores information, such as language and regional preferences, that our content management system (the system we use to update our website) relies on to function. Function: This is a session cookie and will be destroyed when you close your browser. This cookie is essential for our website to function. Cookie name: ASP.net_session Purpose: Allows the website to save your session state across different pages. For example, if you have completed a survey, the website will remember that you have done so and will not ask you to complete it again when you view another page on the website. Function: This is a session cookie and will be destroyed when you close your browser. This cookie is essential for our website to function. Cookie name: website#sc_wede Purpose: Indicates whether the user's browser supports inline editing of content. This indicates whether our content management system will work for our website administrators in their internet browsers. Function: This is a session cookie and will be destroyed when you close your browser. This cookie is essential for our website to function. Cookie name: redirected Purpose: Remembers when the site forwards you from one page to another, so you can return to the first page. For example, go back to the home page after viewing a special 'splash' page. Function: This is a session cookie, which your browser will destroy when it shuts down. The website needs this cookie to function. Cookie name: tccookiesprefs Purpose: Remembers when you respond to the site cookie policy, so you do not see the cookie preferences notice on every page. Function: If you choose to remember your preference with a temporary cookie, your browser will remove it when you shut it down, otherwise the cookie will be stored for about a year. Cookie name: _ga Purpose: Additional Google Analytics cookie. Google Analytics is software that lets us analyse how visitors use our site. We use this information to improve our website and provide the best experience to visitors. Function: These cookies collect data in an anonymous form. Please see Google's privacy policy for further information. Cookie name: SC_ANALYTICS_GLOBAL_COOKIE, SC_ANALYTICS_SESSION_COOKIE Purpose: Sitecore Analytics is software that lets us analyse how visitors use our site. We use this information to improve our website and provide the best experience to visitors. Function: These cookies collect data in an anonymous form. When you close your browser, it will delete the 'session' cookie; it will keep the 'global' cookie for about one year. Facebook cookies We use Facebook 'Like' buttons to share site feedback. For further information, see Facebook's cookie policy page. Twitter cookies We use Twitter 'Tweet' buttons to share site feedback. For further information, see Twitter's privacy statement. YouTube cookies We embed videos from our official YouTube channel . YouTube uses cookies to help maintain the integrity of video statistics, prevent fraud and to improve their site experience. If you view a video, You


For which county side does record-breaking batsman Ben Stokes play?

Ben Stokes | England Cricket | Cricket Players and Officials | ESPN Cricinfo Test # 2225 Profile Ben Stokes' potentially life-changing experience on England's Ashes otherwise disastrous 2013/14 tour of Australia did not just fill English cricket with hope for a new era, it was a test for even the most stable personality. England were walloped 5-0 in the Tests, lost 4-1 in the one-day series and were whitewashed again in T20, and when the agony was all over, only Stokes returned to England hailed as a star of the future. Stokes was that rare thing in English cricket: a true allrounder, and what is more a pugnacious as well as talented one, naturally combative, not cowed by confrontation. The maiden Test hundred he produced in Perth from No 6 as England, 2-0 down in the series, resorted to a five-strong attack was a doughty response out of keeping with England's general demeanour throughout the tour. Stokes, the player most under pressure, delivered emphatically, but few others did. It was no wonder that the media and the public took him to their hearts. But he remained a work in progress, albeit an impressive one. A dismal 2014 summer insisted as much. An England run of 43 runs in 12 innings in all formats, with six ducks, at an average of 3.60, revealed a batsman bereft of form. All that followed his recovery from a badly broken wrist suffered during an ill-advised attempt to use a dressing locker as a punchbag in the Caribbean. That anger at his dismissal ruled him out of World Twenty20 in Bangladesh. When he swept Durham to the Royal London One-Day Cup final with a vigorous 164 against Nottinghamshire at Chester-le-Street, and then followed up with an important innings at Lord's to see off Warwickshire, it was as if a weight had lifted. Stokes, from the moment he made his Durham debut, felt very much a product of the north east of England. He was actually born in Christchurch, New Zealand and came from a rich sporting pedigree with his father, Ged, playing international Rugby League for that country. His prodigious talent was clear from an early age: he was just 18 when he signed a two-year contract with Durham in December 2009. A true allrounder, he had been quietly developing in the Durham Academy for some time and had already made his one-day debut for Durham that summer, snaring Mark Ramprakash, a quiet destroyer of county attacks from the day he was born, with his third legal delivery in senior cricket. From there he enjoyed a productive time at the Under-19 World Cup, scoring a century against India, before registering a maiden fifty on his first-class debut for Durham in the pink-ball season opener against MCC. Stokes clearly enjoyed his first full season of Championship cricket, notching up 740 runs at 46.25, but it was in 2011 that he really began to blossom. In April he took 6 for 68 and scored a brilliant hundred that included five sixes in an over against Hampshire, and just over a month later registered his maiden limited-overs ton, cracking 150 not out against Warwickshire in the Clydesdale Bank 40. A broken finger hindered his bowling, but he played for England Lions and made his ODI debut against Ireland in Dublin, going on to play four times against India, albeit with limited impact. Stokes performed better than many with the bat in a damp 2012 season, making 827 runs at 29.53, and coupled with his 37 wickets at 21.47 it was an excellent return. He was called up to the England Lions squad for the tour of Australia in early 2013 but ended up being sent home with three matches remaining after two breaches of discipline. It was a watershed moment. He was rapidly rehabilitated, however, playing a key role in Durham's Championship-winning season and being recalled to England's limited-overs teams. Playing as a third seamer in the one-dayers against Australia, and batting strikingly low at No 8, he took a maiden five-wicket haul and won selection for the 2013-14 Ashes tour that suddenly thrust him to the forefront of many people's attention ESPNcricinfo


Which rugby union side play home games at Kingsholm?

Rugby union: Mike Tindall gave Gloucester the edge against Saracens at Kingsholm | Sport | The Guardian Share on Messenger Close Eddie Jones, the Saracens director of rugby, will this week open talks with Danny Cipriani's agent after admitting his interest in signing the Wasps and England outside-half, who is out of contract at Adams Park at the end of the season. Cipriani, who is seeking a deal worth a reported £350,000 a year, is free to talk to other clubs with less than six months remaining on his Wasps contract. He has been linked with a number of French sides, including Perpignan and Stade Francais, who can exploit the pound's collapse against the euro, but he has said that if he leaves Wasps he would prefer to remain in the London area. Saracens have it all to do to secure the lure of a place in the Heineken Cup; despite conceding a double to Gloucester in an attritional match that only went ahead after a pitch inspection, Jones is confident his side can secure a top-four finish and is looking to recruit up to six players for next season with Cipriani among the targets. "The question for Cipriani is whether he wants to become a really good player and his future comes down to his own motivation," said Jones. "His England ambitions would be best served by remaining in the Premiership , but if money is more important, he will go to France. "I will certainly have a chat with his agent because Cipriani has the potential to be a brilliant player. He can play at full-back as well as outside-half and any player who can appear in more than one position has value. He kicks goals and makes things happen, but if the salary cap drops to £3.5m next season, £350,000 would amount to 10% of it and that is a big chunk on one player." Saracens remain in the bottom half after their sixth defeat in 11 matches, but they led at half-time and were left to rue an early second-half penalty miss by Glen Jackson from 25 yards just to the right of the posts that would have put them six points ahead. The match proved a tight, scrappy encounter that suffered from the breakdown area too often developing into pile-ups. Neither side was able to secure quick ball and both resorted to kicking from their own half, a consequence, lamented Jones, of the experimental law variations "stuffing up the game". If Gloucester had developed a reputation in recent seasons for lacking something in arm-wrestles, they now have a physical edge and muscled their way to victory in the second-half. They supplied the few telling moves of the game and at their hub was Mike Tindall. He created his side's try on 14 minutes, surging through two tackles and freeing Lesley Vainikolo, who stayed on his feet in a challenge from his opposite number, Kameli Ratuvou, to supply Olly Morgan with the pass for the full-back's sixth league try of the campaign. Vainikolo later went off with an achilles-tendon injury that is likely to keep him out for the rest of the season, but Tindall remained, despite picking up a dead leg early on, and nearly supplied the coup de grace when his strong burst into Saracens' 25 ended with Luke Narraway knocking on when trying to pick up Olly Barkley's chip to the line. Tindall has played in every one of Gloucester's games this season, enjoying his best run of fitness since England won the World Cup in 2003, and he merits a recall by England, not least for the experience and form he would bring to a backline that showed its callowness last November. "I spoke to Brian Smith [the England attack coach] after the autumn Tests and I would love to be part of the Six Nations," said Tindall. "The management are restricted in the number of changes they can make to the squad. It makes it harder when things are set in stone, but it is something that has to be dealt with to get the form players into the side."


Who is killed by Kylo Ren in a recently released movie?

Who is Kylo Ren? Meet Star Wars’ Villain Played by Adam Driver | Adam Driver, Star Wars, Star Wars: The Force Awakens : Just Jared Han Solo dies. And it’s a remake of the first Star Wars movie from 1977!! It’s also very, very bad!! Stay away from it!! You have been warned!! 8( Katie Coughlin ❝my neighbor’s aunty is making $98 HOURLY on the internet❞….A few days ago new McLaren F1 subsequent after earning 18,512$,,,this was my previous month’s paycheck ,and-a little over, $17k Last month ..3-5 h/r of work a day ..with extra open doors & weekly paychecks.. it’s realy the easiest work I have ever Do.. I Joined This 7 months ago and now making over $87, p/h..Learn More right Here…. vs…. ➤➤➤ http://Global SuperEmploymentVacanciesReportOnline/GetPaid/$98hourly… ❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦.❦ Big Joey Kylo Rhen kills her father Han Solo at the climax of the movie. The movie is a very bad cheap remake of the original Star Wars movie from 1977, almost scene for scene. Stupid and unwanted!! Riste-ano Conaldo I hear this guy is hot stuff in Hollywood (I haven’t seen any of his movies). But I didn’t see much of it on Star Wars. Too little in fact, I think his character was a bit bland and should have had more hate, should have been more cynical and a lot more expressive, even his dialogues weren’t that good (there was no “you underestimate the power of the dark side” line when he confronted Solo, no madness in his eyes – even though he is probably the weakest Sith of the entire Star Wars saga). His character and Finn were probably the weakest ones in the movie. I hope Abrahms turns him into the best character of episode VIII – but with more doubt, more weaknesses, hopefully a path of his own destruction with the dark side consuming him. CherDionne95 I saw the movie last night….when Kylo Ren took off his mask/head gear and revealed himself to be the actor Adam Driver…I said “EEwwww” out loud in the movie theater and people laughed. He’s so ugly and the movie is really a waste of film. The original movie is so much better. This is a cheap knock off. Listen to the people….don’t listen to critics. Plus, the black actor has a tendency to over act….so annoying. Deana HAHA. Look at these pathetic 30+ year old dweebs dissecting and picking at the movie, as if any of you were qualified to give any sort of real critique. Bunch of LOSERS. It’s getting good reviews and became the top grossing film in history. The movie was fantastic and calling it a “remake” of A New Hope shows how you completely ignored the theme and premise of the movie, it’s fucking STAR WARS. Of course it going to have similarities to the previous films! Also, you dumbasses are the ones who said the prequel were shit (which they are except for Ep III) and now say they are better than TFA. Shut the fuck up, you’re all seriously sad little people. Get another fucking hobbie and stop obsessing like losers. Deana You know what’s annoying, how incredibly pathetic and superficial you are. “He’s so ugly and the movie is really a waste of film.” LMAO, you mad or nah? It doesn’t really matter because it’s getting great reviews from the REAL fans and PROFESSIONAL film reviews. You’re opinion is meaningless and they got the last laugh because the got your money, helping it to the become the top-grossing film in history. fifiwereking han and leia would never have a kid this ugly… fifiwereking how about a fcking spoiler alert…. Susan herondale


Who plays the title role in the film The Lady In The Van?

The Lady in the Van review: 'cosily enjoyable' The Lady in the Van review: 'cosily enjoyable' Star Rating 3 Telegraph Star Rating Dame Maggie Smith plays Miss Shepherd and Alex Jennings plays Alan Bennett in The Lady In The Van Credit: Nicola Dove/Nicola Dove Title The Lady in the Van Title Foreign Title Foreign Title Star Rating 3 Telegraph Star Rating Actors Maggie Smith, Alex Jennings, Dominic Cooper, James Corden, Jim Broadbent Actors Director Nicholas Hytner Director Genre Drama, Biography Genre Synopsis The writer Alan Bennett strikes up an unexpected friendship with a transient woman living in the car she parks in his driveway Synopsis Release Date 13-11-2015 Release Date Duration TBC Duration Rating 12A Rating Country UK Country Tim Robey 12 November 2015 • 11:45am Maggie Smith is a tottering, staggering force of nature in this cherishable adaptation of Alan Bennett's beloved play It’s 16 years since Maggie Smith first played the role of Miss Mary Shepherd, the dilapidated driveway resident at the centre of Alan Bennett’s The Lady in the Van . Curiously, that’s almost the same length of time that the real-life character spent stubbornly parked outside the playwright’s Camden home. The intervening years have only deepened Smith’s ability to connect with this part, and watching her revisit it for Nicholas Hytner’s cosily enjoyable screen adaptation is to feel art being fused with life in all sorts of ways. Bennett’s play, one of the most self-reflexive in a career famously devoted to squinting in the mirror, muses on his love of old ladies – not just Smith’s Shepherd, but his mother, whom he moved into a nursing home at that time. It works as both a detective story and epitaph to the enigma outside his front door for all those years: a former concert pianist reduced to a grumbling, indigent and almost wholly unwashed existence in a Bedford van. Bennett talks, in the film’s opening minutes, of her “odoriferous concerto” with “urine only a minor component” under stifling application of Yardley’s Lavender. That impeccable technician Alex Jennings takes the role of Bennett – or rather, both Bennetts. It’s one of the film’s wittier notions that Alan Bennett tends to sound like an old married couple at all times, and therefore holds dialogue with himself on screen: bickering chit-chat between the writer and the man. Jennings’s nifty, neatly differentiated double performance is a real strength of the screen transfer: constantly sipping tea in his-and-his cardigans, he captures the mannerisms and that grave twinkle very skilfully. Bennett’s acquaintance with Miss Shepherd began with a typically thankless favour – she wanted her van moved down the street to a new berth, until someone’s music lessons irritated her enough to move on again, and again, before installing herself permanently in his off-street parking. Not once, for all the charity, baked goods and Christmas presents given her by Bennett and his well-heeled neighbours over the years, does she utter a single thank you, or even so much as a nod. Bennett sums her up as “bigoted, rank, rude”, but as he gets the measure of her, also comes to reflect on her “vagabond nobility”. Dame Maggie at her Maggiest: The Lady in the Van Credit: NDOVE/Nicola Dove As before, so now, this is a lavish gift of a role for Smith, a layered gateau handed to her on a plate. She makes this hardy troglodyte a tottering, staggering force of nature, determined to owe nothing to anybody. We know that carapace of trademark Maggie Smith rudeness by now like the back of a weathered hand. But it’s her voice that gets the best workout: she whips out those inimitable aggrieved trills, coloratura arias of offence and protest. Mary simply won’t die until she feels like it. It might be the Maggiest of Maggie Smith performances humanly imaginable at this late career stage.  Hytner, porting one of his Bennett stage productions to the screen for the third time, is mostly content to bask in these virtuosic star turns, and that’s fine. There’s something a little self-indulgent about the movie, which can feel


What unofficial title was given to George Hudson MP in 1844?

George Hudson : definition of George Hudson and synonyms of George Hudson (English) 8 External links   Career After a cursory education, at age 15, he was apprenticed to Bell and Nicholson, a firm of drapers in College Street, York. He finished his time in 1820, was taken on as a tradesman, and given a share in the business. The following year he married Nicholson's daughter. When Bell retired, the firm became Nicholson and Hudson. [1] By 1827 the company was the largest drapery, indeed the largest business, in York. [2] In 1827, his great-uncle Matthew Botrill fell ill and Hudson attended at his bedside. In thanks for this, the old man made a will leaving him his fortune of £30,000 [2] From being a Methodist and a Dissenter , Hudson changed his allegiance to become a High Church Tory . In 1833 it became possible for joint stock country banks to conduct their business in the City of London and he took a leading part in the establishment of the York Union Banking Company with its agent in the city being George Carr Glyn .   Railways At about this time the group considered the idea of a railway line to Leeds with Hudson as Treasurer. Hudson subsequently subscribed for 500 shares and was the largest shareholder. They retained John Rennie to survey the line and Hudson accompanied him, learning the practicalities of railway construction and of dealing with landowners. [2] In spite of the success of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway on the other side of the Pennines, Rennie produced plans for a horse-drawn line, and matters fell into abeyance. In 1835 Hudson was elected to the newly reformed York city council (becoming lord mayor in 1837). [1] In the same year he met George Stephenson by chance in Whitby and they became friends and business associates. He learnt of Stephenson's dream of a railway from London, using a junction of the London and Birmingham Railway at Rugby , through Derby and Leeds to Newcastle – but bypassing York! In fact, since 1833, plans had been advanced for three lines – the Midland Counties Railway from Rugby to Derby, the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway from Henley in Arden just outside Birmingham to Derby, and the North Midland Railway from there to Leeds. In 1835 he formed a committee to promote a line to be known as the York and North Midland Railway , [2] This would join the North Midland at Normanton a few miles east of Leeds and received its Act of Parliament in 1837. [1] At this time, of course, each railway was a separate company with its own infrastructure, rolling stock, even stations [3] This meant that, at each stage of the journey it was necessary to change trains and buy a new ticket. With his powerful influence and financial interest in so many railways, it was Hudson who played a great part in setting up the Railway Clearing House in 1842. [2] He also invested in North Midland shares but, with the expense of constructing the line and an economic depression, by 1842 the dividend was a mere 1% and the Lancashire and Yorkshire shareholders took over the board from the Derby members with George Hudson becoming Chairman. The two other lines which connected to London, the MCR and the B&DJR, were also in trouble from having fought a long " war of attrition. " Hudson's intervention led to the three amalgamating in 1844 to become the Midland Railway . Turning his attention to the proliferation of railways, he initiated the Newcastle and Darlington line in 1841. With George Stephenson he planned and carried out the extension of the Y&NMR to Newcastle, and by 1844 had control of over a thousand miles of railway. The mania for railway speculation was at its height, and no man was more courted than the "railway king", a name conferred upon him by Sydney Smith .   Member of Parliament Despite his personal wealth, he was presented with a tribute of £20,000. Deputy-lieutenant for Durham , and thrice lord mayor of York, he was elected the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Sunderland at a by-election in August 1845, [4] holding the seat until his defeat at the 1859 general election . [5]


Which synth pop trio topped the UK singles chart in 2015 with the song ‘King’?

UK Pop Charts for the Week Ending March 14, 2015 UK Pop Charts for the Week Ending March 14, 2015 James Masterton.  Courtesy James Masterton By Bill Lamb It has taken until the middle of March, but here we are with what is only the second brand new Number One single of 2015 on the Official UK Singles chart. Ellie Goulding finally makes way for electropop group Years & Years who fly straight to the top of the charts with brand new single "King". The trio first charted, as is so often the case these days, in conjunction with another act - appearing as the featured performers on "Sunlight" by The Magician which reached Number 7 in October last year. They swiftly followed that up with their own debut hit "Desire" just before Christmas although on that occasion could only reach Number 22. Their ascent to the top of the charts follows their crowning in the new year as the winners of the BBC's Sound Of 2015 poll, an accolade which has proved to be a double-edged sword for some in the past but which on this occasion has appeared to be the anointment they needed as the proverbial next big thing. Royal titles have been a common theme in the past as use as both single titles and artist names. continue reading below our video Celebrity Breakups of 2015 We Didn't See Coming Over the years we have seen all four regal themes used by acts - King, Queen, Prince and Princess all having had chart hits although only the middle two have had Number One singles, notwithstanding the chart-toppers achieved by Ben E King, Kings Of Leon and Storm Queen of course. Years & Years are the third act to have a Number One hit with a song with "king" in the title, following Roger Miller's "King Of The Road" in 1965 and Wamdue Project's "King Of My Castle" in 1999. Britain has also had chart-toppers in the past named for a "Dancing Queen" and a "Queen Of My Heart" as well as a "Prince Charming" but the closest we have ever come to a Princess at Number One was in 2007 when Princess Superstar teamed up with Mason for "Perfect (Exceeder)" and reached Number 3. Watch "King" The second highest debutant of the week is a new solo name, Marlon Roudette debuting with a single that has already been a major success across Europe, the steel drum-infused "When The Beat Drops Out". He is also well known on the continent for his 2012 single "New Age" although British audiences were less impressed at the time, sending the single to a lowly Number 90. The British performer first made his name as one half of hip-hop duo Mattafix, best known for their 2005 single "Inner City Life" which charted at Number 15. Watch "When the Beat Drops Out" Also making a chart debut this week is 21 year old producer Alex Adair who may be just 21 but whose name has appeared on hit remixes of tracks by the likes of Ella Henderson, Ed Sheeran and Jessie Ware. His debut hit single is "Make Me Feel Better" which lands at Number 13. If one can level any criticism at the track it is that it sounds for all the world like a hit from last summer, a blissed-out club track featuring a looped and sampled vocal in very much the same vibe as "Waves" by Mr Probz and other hits of that ilk. Nothing wrong with it at all, just the feeling that we've in all honesty heard it all before. Watch "Make Me Feel Better" After two weeks at Number 5, Kanye West's "FourFiveSeconds" moves annoyingly to Number 3 and thus deprives us of the 4-5-2nd chart run every chart nerd was praying we would see. The single is joined on the charts this week by "All Day", the third in the series of West/McCartney collaborations to have charted since the start of the year and which lands at Number 18. The legendary performer this time around is merely a featured performer and doesn't even receive a chart credit, the single instead listed as being performed by Kanye West alongside Theophilus London and Allan Kingdom. The current series of The Voice UK has now reached the end of the blind auditions and moved last week onto the battle performances stage, a broadcast which resulted in sales spikes for many of the songs featured. None more so t


Which adventurer’s wife kept his head in a velvet bag until she died?

The Strange Executions And Burials Of Sir Walter Raleigh - KnowledgeNuts KnowledgeNuts The Strange Executions And Burials Of Sir Walter Raleigh By Debra Kelly on Sunday, June 22, 2014 “The world is like a ride in an amusement park [. . .] Many people have been on the ride a long time, and they begin to wonder, ‘Hey, is this real, or is this just a ride?’ ” — Bill Hicks, Revelations (1993) In A Nutshell Sir Walter Raleigh was a longtime favorite of Queen Elizabeth, but after she died he found himself facing execution by order of James I. He narrowly dodged his first execution date, sent off to find the mythical city of El Dorado. Failing to find that and being accused of treason did finally get him executed, but that’s not the end of the story. While most of his body was buried, his mourning wife was given his embalmed head in a velvet bag, and kept it with her until she died. The Whole Bushel There’s so much living packed into the story of Sir Walter Raleigh that it doesn’t seem possible that they’re all the deeds of one man. Originally getting the attention of Elizabeth I after helping to put down a rebellion in Ireland, Raleigh eventually ended up marrying one of the queen’s ladies-in-waiting, Elizabeth Throckmorton. When the secret of their marriage came out, they were ultimately imprisoned by the furious queen (Raleigh was apparently very well-liked). After Elizabeth’s death, her successor James I wanted to have absolutely nothing to do with Raleigh. One of his goals as monarch was to achieve peaceful relations with other countries, and someone like Raleigh was doing him no favors. Not long after James I’s ascension to the throne, he had Raleigh arrested for conspiring against the king. The sentence was, of course, death, but this was the first of Raleigh’s scheduled executions. This one was ultimately reduced to a lifetime of imprisonment in the Tower of London. He remained there for 12 years, during which time he tutored the royal children and wrote historical works. Eventually, in 1616, he was released from his imprisonment in the Tower and sent back out on a mission that he’d already been on—and failed at. That was, of course, finding the elusive city of El Dorado. Not surprisingly, Raleigh and his crew didn’t find the mythical city, but what they did find on the way home was the Spanish. Getting into a fight with the Spanish went directly against the king’s orders, and it was that treasonous act for which Raleigh got his second notice of execution. This time, he wouldn’t be able to avoid it. He was executed in October 1618, suffering from a fever, malaria, and dysentery from the unsanitary conditions that prisoners were kept in before being removed from their cells for their execution. It took the executioner two blows to remove his head, and after it had been displayed to the crowd that had assembled for the event, it was placed in a red bag, covered with velvet, and presented to his wife. Lady Raleigh, once Elizabeth Throckmorton, lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth, truly did love her doomed husband. She never remarried, but she did, however, keep her husband with her until the day she died. She had his head embalmed and kept it by her side for the 29 years she outlived him. According to some stories, she kept the head in a glass case in her home, and curiosity seekers and family friends alike would travel to visit and pay their respects to the head. Once she passed away, the head passed on to their son, Carew. That son continued the tradition of keeping the embalmed head, and when he passed away, the head was buried with him in Surrey. The rest of Raleigh’s body was buried more immediately after his execution, buried in St. Margaret’s Church in Westminster. In a private ceremony, he was laid to rest in a place of honor in spite of the accusations of treason that eventually led to his death sentence. For reasons that remain unclear, he was buried in an unmarked grave. Show Me The Proof


Torre Pendente is the local name for what world-famous visitor attraction?

Leaning Tower of Pisa – Italy Travel Guide  in Planning a Trip  tagged leaning tower of pisa / pisa / pisa-guide / Planning a Trip by Jessica I’ve written before about my experience visiting the Leaning Tower of Pisa, and even about how to avoid the lines by buying tickets to climb the tower in advance . But what I haven’t done is posted the most useful visitor’s information. So, without further ado… Pisa ‘s famous Leaning Tower is simply the bell tower for the adjacent cathedral – cathedrals all over Italy have bell towers, and many of them are also leaning for one reason or another. This is one little fact the folks in Pisa would rather you don’t know, but it’s true. Of course, if you try to convince your friends that you’ve seen plenty of leaning towers in Italy, if you haven’t seen the one in Pisa they’re not going to be all that impressed. Besides, you’ve seen everyone else’s pictures of themselves “propping up” the Leaning Tower, why not have one of your own? Construction on the Tower of Pisa, called “La Torre di Pisa” in Italian, began in 1173 and went on more or less for about two hundred years. The ground beneath the tower was soft, and so even before the building was near completion it had already started to tilt. It was noticeable enough that the builders even tried to compensate for it by angling the new construction differently than the old construction – if you look at the tower from the appropriate direction you’ll see it’s not perfectly straight on one angle. The Leaning Tower has been closed to visitors at various times as engineers worked to shore up the base, fearful it would eventually topple completely. If a visit to Pisa won’t be complete for you without climbing the tower, check in advance to make sure it’ll be open when you go. >> Spending more than a couple hours in the city? Browse and book these Pisa hotels and cheap hostels in Pisa . Leaning Tower Opening Hours The opening hours for the Leaning Tower of Pisa are: From November to February: 10:00-17:00 (09:00-18:00 from Dec 25-Jan 1) March: 09:00-18:00 (until the 3rd), 09:00-19:00 (until the 20th), 08:30-20:30 (starting the 21st) From April to September: 08:30-20:30 (until Jun 13 and from Sep 5-30), 08:30-23:00 (from Jun 17) October: 09:00-19:00   The last entry to the Tower of Pisa is a half-hour before closing time. >> It’s been pointed out to me that there are a few days in June not accounted for according to the above list of opening hours. I’ve taken them directly from the website of the governing body which organizes tourism in the Piazza dei Miracoli, and I’ve checked several times – they have, indeed, left a few June days out of their schedule. Another website indicates that the later opening hours, from 08:30-23:00, are from June 14 through September 15, so it’s probably safe to assume that the later opening hours begin on June 14 rather than June 17 – but it doesn’t hurt to double-check with the ticket office in Pisa. Getting to the Leaning Tower of Pisa It’s easy to reach the Leaning Tower from the Pisa train station, either by walking or by taking the bus or a taxi. Bus lines 3 and 4 run from Pisa Centrale, the main station, as does Shuttle Bus A – all of these will drop you near the Tower. Taxis are plentiful as well, and the ride isn’t very long. The buses and taxis are all available across from the train station’s main entrance. If you’re in the mood for a walk, leave Pisa Centrale’s main entrance and go toward Piazza Vittorio Emanuele. Turn onto Via Crispi and go as far as Ponte Solferino. Cross the bridge and continue until you read Via Roma. Turn onto Via Roma and continue until you reach Piazza dei Miracoli – the home of the Leaning Tower. The walk will take you just under a half-hour. If you’ve come into Pisa’s San Rossore train station, however, it’s only a five minute walk from where the subway stops. Take the subway from the train station and get out through Piazza Fancelli. Walk to Via Andrea Pisano, turn left and continue until you reach the Piazza dei Miracoli. Tickets to the Leaning Tower Tickets to climb the Leaning


What was the last Beatles album to be recorded before the band split up?

'Abbey Road' vs. 'Let It Be': Which Was the Beatles' Last Album? - Rolling Stone The 100 Greatest Beatles Songs It's a grey area what counts as a Beatles album and what's merely a Beatles project. (In the 1970s, fans argued over whether Hey Jude and Hollywood Bowl were official Beatles albums. Nobody argues about that anymore.) Capitol, for obvious reasons, would probably like to err on the side of counting projects as albums, although they still show heroic restraint and taste when it comes to respecting the core canon. (Like, they count Magical Mystery Tour as an official album, but they know better than to make claims for The Beatles' Reel Music.) Anyone would have to agree Let It Be is in the grey area, but from my fan perspective, it's on the Hey Jude side of the line, along with Yellow Submarine. If you want to claim the Beatles made 11 studio albums, I can see that, and if you want to claim the Beatles made 13 studio albums, counting Let It Be and Yellow Submarine, I can see that too. I can even see stretching it to 14 with Hey Jude. (That one was a Capitol hodgepodge from early 1970.) Magical Mystery Tour is in the grey area – the Beatles released it as a 6-song U.K. EP, but it got padded into a U.S.-only 1967 album, so it's about as legit as Hey Jude. But it's been a long time since I've heard anyone try to read it out of the canon, and it's a case where sheer quality makes a difference. (Not even a strict-constructionist hardliner would claim the EP is better because it leaves out "Strawberry Fields Forever.") If someone tried to argue the Beatles only made 10 albums, because Magical Mystery Tour, Yellow Submarine and Let It Be are mere footnotes, I would basically assume they were an idiot, regardless of whether or not it's a valid point. (All idiots have a valid point, right? Not having a valid point doesn't make you an "idiot," just a "rock critic.") So let's put it this way. Let It Be is the final Beatles album, not Abbey Road. . . but only if it's a Beatles album. Can you argue that Let It Be is a Beatles album, yet not the Beatles' final album? No, not really, because it includes a tiny amount of music they made in 1970. So here's my reluctant conclusion, at least as of today. I like Abbey Road better. Sentimentally, for me, it's the one I think of as the end. However, unfortunately, Let It Be is the last Beatles album. I would love it if you could change my mind about that. Don’t Miss a Story Sign up for our newsletter to receive breaking news directly in your inbox. We may use your e-mail address to send you the newsletter and offers that may interest you, on behalf of Rolling Stone and its partners. For more information please read our Privacy Policy How we use your email address Trending Ranked on a scale from 1 to 10, the trending score reflects the number of users reading a story in real time. What is this?


In the human body what is the common name for the third molar teeth?

The Teeth (Human Anatomy): Diagram, Names, Number, and Conditions Next The teeth are the hardest substances in the human body. Besides being essential for chewing, the teeth play an important role in speech. Parts of the teeth include: • Enamel: The hardest, white outer part of the tooth . Enamel is mostly made of calcium phosphate, a rock-hard mineral. • Dentin: A layer underlying the enamel. Dentin is made of living cells, which secrete a hard mineral substance. • Pulp: The softer, living inner structure of teeth. Blood vessels and nerves run through the pulp of the teeth. • Cementum: A layer of connective tissue that binds the roots of the teeth firmly to the gums and jawbone. • Periodontal ligament: Tissue that helps hold the teeth tightly against the jaw. A normal adult mouth has 32 teeth, which (except for wisdom teeth ) have erupted by about age 13: • Incisors (8 total): The middlemost four teeth on the upper and lower jaws. • Canines (4 total): The pointed teeth just outside the incisors. • Premolars (8 total): Teeth between the canines and molars. • Molars (8 total): Flat teeth in the rear of the mouth , best at grinding food. • Wisdom teeth or third molars (4 total): These teeth erupt at around age 18, but are often surgically removed to prevent displacement of other teeth. The crown of each tooth projects into the mouth . The root of each tooth descends below the gum line, into the jaw. Teeth Conditions Cavities (caries): Bacteria evade removal by brushing and saliva and damage the enamel and deeper structures of teeth. Most cavities occur on molars and premolars. Tooth decay : A general name for disease of the teeth, including cavities and caries. Periodontitis : Inflammation of the deeper structures of the teeth (periodontal ligament, jawbone, and cementum). Poor oral hygiene is usually to blame. Gingivitis : Inflammation of the surface portion of the gums, around and between the crowns of the teeth. Plaque and tartar buildup can lead to gingivitis . Plaque : A sticky, colorless film made of bacteria and the substances they secrete. Plaque develops quickly on teeth after eating sugary food, but can be easily brushed off. Tartar : If plaque is not removed, it mixes with minerals to become tartar, a harder substance. Tartar requires professional cleaning for removal. Overbite : The upper teeth protrude significantly over the lower teeth. Underbite : The lower teeth protrude significantly past the upper teeth. Rinsing teeth : Rinsing daily with an antiseptic mouthwash kills bacteria that cause bad breath and gum disease . Teeth cleaning : Professional teeth cleaning every six months may help prevent teeth and gum disease. Tooth filling : Drilling out the diseased part of a tooth and packing the space with a mineral filling can prevent a cavity from destroying the tooth. Root canal : The deep pulp of a tooth is drilled out, cleaned, and filled. A root canal is done when damage to the teeth has affected the deep pulp. Tooth extraction : If a tooth is too damaged to repair with a filling or root canal, it may be removed. Wisdom teeth are often extracted to prevent displacement of the other teeth. Braces : An artificial device or system that places teeth under tension for a long period of time. Eventually, braces can help crooked teeth become realigned. Mouth guard : A plastic mouthpiece can provide protection from teeth grinding and injury during sports. Dental sealants : A plastic sealant applied to the teeth can help block bacteria from hiding in crevices on teeth surfaces. Sealants can help prevent cavities. Teeth whitening : Over-the-counter and professional chemical treatments can bleach teeth to a brighter white. Tooth sensitivity is the most common side effect. WebMD Image Collection Reviewed by William Blahd, MD on October 22, 2015 Sources


Who is the French equivalent of our Britannia?

Dictionary of France - M - M6 to Mutuelle - About-France.com Z M 6 -  The sixth French TV channel; a commercial channel, M6 is more youth oriented, innovative and and cheeky than the main channels. Macadam - Monthly magazine sold on the streets of French cities by the homeless ( SDF ) and unemployed. Vendors get to keep at least 1€ from the cover price of 2 €. The French equivalent of Britain's "Big Issue" or Germany's "Asphalt", Macadam is affiliated to the International Network of Street Papers. Macron, Emmanuel. Born 1977, Emmanuel Macron came into the public eye when in 2014 he was appointed economic advisor to President François Hollande. At the start of his career Macron was a senior civil servant in the Inspectorate of Finances at the Ministry of the Economy. He then joined Rothschilds investment bank.  In 2012 he joined President Hollande's team of advisers, and later in 2014 was appointed to the post of Minister of the Economy in the first Valls administration.   His profile as a former investment banker did not go down well with the left wing of Hollande's government, and nor did his liberalising economic policies. His economic reform package that came in in 2015, and is known as the Loi Macron, included rolling back restrictions on Sunday trading, opening up the intercity bus and coach market to private competition, and attacking restrictive practices in France's  regulated professions (legal professions, pharmacists, bailiffs etc.).   In  2015 he founded his own political movement (not a party) called En Marche (perhaps best translated as Just do it) and subsequently announced that he was standing for the presidency as an anti-system independent in the 2017 Presidential elections. Madelin, Alain : Born 1946. Former minister, Alain Madelin is renowned as the most strident defender of economic liberalism in France, during the early 1990s, at a time when " liberalism " was still  the "L" word, even for many French conservatives. A right-wing activist during his student days, virulently anti-Socialist, Madelin later joined Giscard d'Estaing's centre-right UDF party. He held a number of ministerial portfolios, eventually being appointed Minister of Finance and the Economy by prime minister Edouard Balladur in 1995; Balladur however sacked him after three months, judging Madelin too liberal . In reality, Madelin was ahead of his times, and many of his economic ideas - aimed at freeing up the French economy - have since been put in place. In 1997, he became president of the Parti Républicain (PR), which he later renamed Démocratie Libérale (DL): in 2003 DL merged with the mainstream conservative UMP party. Madelin retired from politics in 2007. Maghrébins: People from North Africa, notably from the former French colonies or protectorates of Algeria, Morrocco, and Tunisia. French national censuses do not include questions  about ethnicity, but it is estimated that about 5% of the population of modern Frence (some 3 million people) are partly or fully of Maghreban descent. Magny Cours. French motor racing circuit, near Nevers in the Nièvre department, some 250 km south of Paris, formerly site of French Formula 1 Grand Prix races. MAIF : large  insurance cooperative (friendly society), only open to active or retired employees of the French state education service. The MAIF was reputed to offer very competitive insurance rates; today it is particularly appreciated as an honest insurer and one which pays up quite fast when a claim is made. Maire : Mayor, the chief executive of a Commune, or municipality. Amont the many functions of  French mayors are that of officiating at marriages. Mayors are elected for a six-year term in office, by municipal councillors, following a municipal election. The person chosen is generally the leader of the "list" which gained the majority of seats on the council following the election. Mairie:  Municipal offices, building housing the main administrative office or offices (depending on the size) of a commune or a town. Mairies are responsible for the management of local services and local a


What is the correct name for an ant’s nest?

Ants - Facts About Ants - Types of Ants - PestWorldforKids.org Red Imported Fire Ants There are more than 12,000 species of ants all over the world. An ant can lift 20 times its own body weight. If a second grader was as strong as an ant, she would be able to pick up a car! Some queen ants can live for many years and have millions of babies! Ants don’t have ears. Ants "hear" by feeling vibrations in the ground through their feet. When ants fight, it is usually to the death! When foraging, ants leave a pheromone trail so that they know where they’ve been. Queen ants have wings, which they shed when they start a new nest. Ants don’t have lungs. Oxygen enters through tiny holes all over the body and carbon dioxide leaves through the same holes. When the queen of the colony dies, the colony can only survive a few months. Queens are rarely replaced and the workers are not able to reproduce. Although ants are frustrating when they get into your home or when you’re having a picnic, ants do help the environment. They are social insects, which means they live in large colonies or groups. Depending on the species, ant colonies can consist of millions of ants. There are three kinds of ants in a colony: The queen, the female workers, and males. The queen and the males have wings, while the workers don’t have wings. The queen is the only ant that can lay eggs. The male ant’s job is to mate with future queen ants and they do not live very long afterwards. Once the queen grows to adulthood, she spends the rest of her life laying eggs! Depending on the species, a colony may have one queen or many queens. Ant colonies also have soldier ants that protect the queen, defend the colony, gather or kill food, and attack enemy colonies in search for food and nesting space. If they defeat another ant colony, they take away eggs of the defeated ant colony. When the eggs hatch, the new ants become the "slave" ants for the colony. Some jobs of the colony include taking care of the eggs and babies, gathering food for the colony and building the anthills or mounds. Find information on ant control at the official NPMA website. Species: Linepithema humile Diet: Argentine ants prefer sweet substances but will eat almost anything including meats, eggs, oils and fats. Also, when foraging for food, Argentine ants leave pheromone trails everywhere they go, instead of just from nest to food source. This habit ensures they do not waste time visiting the same area twice. While in other ant species worker ants are primarily responsible for gather food, Argentine queens also assist with foraging for food. Habitat: Argentine ant colonies are located in wet environments near a food source. These colonies can grow to monumental size, sometimes covering entire habitats, such as an entire garden or your whole back yard. Impact: Argentine ants do not pose a health threat, but they can contaminate food by leaving their bodily waste behind.  Prevention: Eliminate standing water. Pests, such as ants, mosquitoes and termites, are attracted to moisture. Keep tree branches and other plants cut back from the house. Sometimes pests use these branches to get into your home. Make sure that there are no cracks or little openings around the bottom of your house. Sometimes pests use these to get into your home. Make sure that firewood and building materials are not stored next to your home. Pests like to build nests in stacks of wood. Species: Camponotus Diet: Carpenter ants do not eat the wood they remove during their nest-building activities, but deposit it outside entrances to the colony in small piles. The diet of carpenter ants includes living and dead insects, meat, fats and sugary foods of all kinds, including honeydew and nectar from plants. Habitat: Carpenter ants build nests anywhere they can find water and moldy or damp wood, such as tree stumps, firewood or in the plants around your house. Carpenter ants also build nests inside, usually entering buildings through wet, damaged wood, although it isn’t uncommon for them to adapt to drier environments.  Impact: Carpenter a


The word tintinnabular relates to the sound of what?

Tintinnabulation | Define Tintinnabulation at Dictionary.com tintinnabulation [tin-ti-nab-yuh-ley-shuh n] /ˌtɪn tɪˌnæb yəˈleɪ ʃən/ Spell the ringing or sound of bells. Origin of tintinnabulation 1825-35, Americanism; < Latin tintinnābul(um) bell (see tintinnabular ) + -ation Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for tintinnabulation Expand Historical Examples The bells were quickly inserted in their ears, and soon the whole village was in tintinnabulation. British Dictionary definitions for tintinnabulation Expand the act or an instance of the ringing or pealing of bells Derived Forms Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for tintinnabulation Expand n. "the ringing of bells," 1831 (perhaps coined by Poe), from Latin tintinnabulum "bell," from tintinnare "to ring, jingle" (reduplicated form of tinnire "to ring," from an imitative base) + instrumental suffix -bulum. Earlier forms in English were tintinnabulary (1787), tintinnabulatory (1827), and tintinnabulum "small bell" (late 14c.). Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper


Momentum momentum Momentum and Its Conservation - Lesson 1 - The Impulse-Momentum Change Theorem Momentum Real-World Applications The sports announcer says, "Going into the all-star break, the Chicago White Sox have the momentum." The headlines declare "Chicago Bulls Gaining Momentum." The coach pumps up his team at half-time, saying "You have the momentum; the critical need is that you use that momentum and bury them in this third quarter." Momentum is a commonly used term in sports. A team that has the momentum is on the move and is going to take some effort to stop. A team that has a lot of momentum is really on the move and is going to be hard to stop. Momentum is a physics term; it refers to the quantity of motion that an object has. A sports team that is on the move has the momentum. If an object is in motion (on the move) then it has momentum. Momentum can be defined as "mass in motion." All objects have mass; so if an object is moving, then it has momentum - it has its mass in motion. The amount of momentum that an object has is dependent upon two variables: how much stuff is moving and how fast the stuff is moving. Momentum depends upon the variables mass and velocity . In terms of an equation, the momentum of an object is equal to the mass of the object times the velocity of the object. Momentum = mass • velocity In physics, the symbol for the quantity momentum is the lower case p. Thus, the above equation can be rewritten as p = m • v where m is the mass and v is the velocity. The equation illustrates that momentum is directly proportional to an object's mass and directly proportional to the object's velocity. The units for momentum would be mass units times velocity units. The standard metric unit of momentum is the kg•m/s. While the kg•m/s is the standard metric unit of momentum, there are a variety of other units that are acceptable (though not conventional) units of momentum. Examples include kg•mi/hr, kg•km/hr, and g•cm/s. In each of these examples, a mass unit is multiplied by a velocity unit to provide a momentum unit. This is consistent with the equation for momentum.   Momentum as a Vector Quantity Momentum is a vector quantity. As discussed in an earlier unit, a vector quantity is a quantity that is fully described by both magnitude and direction. To fully describe the momentum of a 5-kg bowling ball moving westward at 2 m/s, you must include information about both the magnitude and the direction of the bowling ball. It is not enough to say that the ball has 10 kg•m/s of momentum; the momentum of the ball is not fully described until information about its direction is given. The direction of the momentum vector is the same as the direction of the velocity of the ball. In a previous unit, it was said that the direction of the velocity vector is the same as the direction that an object is moving. If the bowling ball is moving westward, then its momentum can be fully described by saying that it is 10 kg•m/s, westward. As a vector quantity, the momentum of an object is fully described by both magnitude and direction.   The Momentum Equation as a Guide to Thinking From the definition of momentum, it becomes obvious that an object has a large momentum if both its mass and its velocity are large. Both variables are of equal importance in determining the momentum of an object. Consider a Mack truck and a roller skate moving down the street at the same speed. The considerably greater mass of the Mack truck gives it a considerably greater momentum. Yet if the Mack truck were at rest, then the momentum of the least massive roller skate would be the greatest. The momentum of any object that is at rest is 0. Objects at rest do not have momentum - they do not have any " mass in motion ." Both variables - mass and velocity - are important in comparing the momentum of two objects. The momentum equation can help us to think about how a change in one of the two variables might affect the momentum of an object. Consider a 0.5-kg physics cart loaded with one 0.5-kg brick and moving with a speed of 2.0 m/s. The total mas


What is the more common name of methanoic acid?

FORMIC ACID (METHANOIC ACID) Material       Safety Data Sheet Local: Formic             acid, also called methanoic acid), is  the simplest             and has the lowest mole weight of the carboxylic acids,             in which a single hydrogen atom is attached to the carboxyl             group (HCOOH). If a methyl group is attached to the             carboxyl group, the compound is acetic acid. It occurs             naturally in the body of ants and in the stingers of             bees. Functionally, it is not only an acid but also             an aldehyde; it reacts with alcohols to form esters             as an acid and it is easily oxidized which imparts some             of the character of an aldehyde. Pure formic acid is             a colorless, toxic, corrosive and fuming liquid, freezing             at 8.4 C and boiling at 100.7 C. It is soluble in water,             ether, and alcohol. It irritates the mucous membranes and blisters the skin. It is prepared commercially from             sodium formate with the reaction of condensed sulfuric             acid. Formic acid is used as a chemical intermediate             and solvent, and as a disinfectant. It is also in processing textiles              and leathers, electroplating and coagulating latex rubber. APPLICATION: It             is used for decalcifier; reducer in dyeing for wool             fast colours; dehairing and plumping hides; tanning;             electroplating; coagulating rubber latex; silage and             grain preservation; aidditive in regenerating old rubber;             solvents of perfume; lacquers;  alkylating agent             for alcohols; carboxylating agent for tertiary compounds.             It is also used as an intermediate for the production             of a wide variety of products in the chemicals and pharmaceutical             industries. GENERAL              DESCRIPTION OF CARBOXYLIC ACID: Carboxylic acid is an organic compound whose molecules contain carboxyl group and have the condensed chemical formula R-C(=O)-OH in which a carbon atom is bonded to an oxygen atom by a solid bond and to a hydroxyl group by a single bond), where R is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or an aryl group. Carboxylic acids can be synthesized if aldehyde is oxidized. Aldehyde can be obtained by oxidation of primary alcohol. Accordingly, carboxylic acid can be obtained by complete oxidation of primary alcohol. A variety of Carboxylic acids are abundant in nature and many carboxylic acids have their own trivial names. Examples are shown in table. In substitutive nomenclature, their names are formed by adding -oic acid' as the suffix to the name of the parent compound. The first character of carboxylic acid is acidity due to dissociation into H+ cations and RCOO- anions in aqueous solution. The two oxygen atoms are electronegatively charged and the hydrogen of a carboxyl group can be easily removed. The presence of electronegative groups next to the carboxylic group increases the acidity. For example, trichloroacetic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid. Carboxylic acid is useful as a parent material to prepare many chemical derivatives due to the weak acidity of the hydroxyl hydrogen or due to the difference in electronegativity between carbon and oxygen. The easy dissociation of the hydroxyl oxygen-hydrogen provide reactions to form an ester with an alcohol and to form a water-soluble salt with an alkali. Almost infinite esters are formed through condensation reaction called esterification between carboxylic acid and alcohol, which produces water. The second reaction theory is the addition of electrons to the electron-deficient carbon atom of the carboxyl group. One more th


Which principle of physics is used in police speed traps?

A speed trap for dark matter | symmetry magazine A speed trap for dark matter 01/19/16 By Manuel Gnida Analyzing the motion of X-ray sources could help researchers identify dark matter signals.   Dark matter or not dark matter? That is the question when it comes to the origin of intriguing X-ray signals scientists have found coming from space. In a theory paper published today in Physical Review Letters , scientists have suggested a surprisingly simple way of finding the answer: by setting up a speed trap for the enigmatic particles. Eighty-five percent of all matter in the universe is dark: It doesn’t emit light, nor does it interact much with regular matter other than through gravity. The nature of dark matter remains one of the biggest mysteries of modern physics. Most researchers believe that the invisible substance is made of fundamental particles, but so far they’ve evaded detection. One way scientists hope to prove their particle assumption is by searching the sky for energetic light that would emerge when dark matter particles decayed or annihilated each other in space. Over the past couple of years, several groups analyzing data from two X-ray satellites —the European Space Agency’s XMM-Newton and NASA’s Chandra X-ray space observatories—reported the detection of faint X-rays with a well-defined energy of 3500 electronvolts (3.5 keV). The signal emanated from the center of the Milky Way; its nearest neighbor galaxy, Andromeda; and a number of galaxy clusters. Some scientists believe it might be a telltale sign of decaying dark matter particles called sterile neutrinos—hypothetical heavier siblings of the known neutrinos produced in fusion reactions in the sun, radioactive decays and other nuclear processes. However, other researchers argue that there could be more mundane astrophysical origins such as hot gases. There might be a straightforward way of distinguishing between the two possibilities, suggest researchers from Ohio State University and the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, a joint institute of Stanford University and the US Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. It involves taking a closer look at the Doppler shifts of the X-ray signal. The Doppler effect is the shift of a signal to higher or lower frequencies depending on the relative velocity between the signal source and its observer. It’s used, for instance, in roadside speed traps by the police, but it could also help astrophysicists “catch” dark matter particles. “On average, dark matter moves differently than gas,” says study co-author Ranjan Laha from KIPAC. “Dark matter has random motion, whereas gas rotates with the galaxies to which it is confined. By measuring the Doppler shifts in different directions, we can in principle tell whether a signal—X-rays or any other frequency—stems from decaying dark matter particles or not.” Researchers would even know if the signal were caused by the observation instrument itself because then the Doppler shift would be zero for all directions Although a promising approach, it can’t just yet be applied to the 3.5-keV X-rays because the associated Doppler shifts are very small. Current instruments either don’t have enough energy resolution for the analysis or they don’t operate in the right energy range. However, this situation may change very soon with ASTRO-H, an X-ray satellite of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, whose launch is planned for early this year. As the researchers show in their paper, it will have just the right specifications to return a verdict on the mystery X-ray line. Dark matter had better watch its speed.


Cape St Vincent is the most southwestern point of which country?

Plan Your Perfect Trip to Portugal | Free Trip Planning Tool | RoutePerfect The southwestern most point in central Europe, the breathtaking cliffs have been visited from Neolithic times through today. Cape St. Vincent Cape St. Vincent by Jasha Plan your perfect trip to Portugal! Easily create an itinerary based on your preferences: Where to visit? For how long? What to do             there? Rome-Florence-Venice Romantic Trip8 to 12 days Tuscany and Umbria Romantic Trip10 to 14 days Italy Highlights Romantic Trip16 to 21 days Northern Italy Tour Romantic Trip12 to 17 days Sicily Exploration Romantic Trip12 to 17 days Southern Italy Tour Romantic Trip12 to 17 days The hotels were very nice Russell Stimatze The trip went very well and the hotels that we stayed in were very nice. I would say the overall experience with RoutePerfect was good and if we go another trip like that we will go back to the website. RoutePerfect worked out... perfectly! Kelsey O'Brien I had an amazing time on my trip and RoutePerfect worked out...perfectly! I cannot express enough how much RoutePerfect helped me plan my perfect trip to Italy. The process was incredibly smooth, the site easy to navigate, and everything was perfect at each hotel and we checked in/out with ease.


Which mountain range stretches from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea?

Black Sea Geography Map courtesy of the      Black Sea Web Project. The Black Sea lies between southeastern Europe and Asia Minor. Excluding      its northern arm, the Sea of Azov, the Black Sea occupies about 168,500      square miles (436,400 square kilometers). It is connected to the Aegean      Sea through the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, and      has been of critical importance to regional commerce throughout the      ages. This major inland sea is bordered by six countries — Romania      and Bulgaria to the west; Ukraine, Russia, and Georgia to the north      and east; and Turkey to the south. Additionally, it is impacted by another      10 nations through the five major rivers that empty into the Black Sea,      the largest of which is the Danube River. The Bordering Countries The following is a brief geographic overview of the nations that border     the Black Sea. Also see the History and     Culture section to learn more about them. Bulgaria. This mostly mountainous      nation, slightly larger than Tennessee, occupies 42,823 square miles      (110,912 sq km) and is home to an estimated 7.6 million people. The      capital city is Sofia. About 85% of the people are ethnic Bulgarians,      and nearly 10% are Turkish. The Golden        Sands Resort along Bulgaria's Black Sea coast. The Balkan Mountains cross the northwestern corner of      Bulgaria to the Black Sea, sloping gradually to a plateau that ends      at the Danube, the country's chief river. The southern side of the mountain      range is bounded by narrow plains, such as the Thracian Plain, an important      agricultural region. Forests cover about a third of Bulgaria, and the      country has a wealth of minerals, mainly iron ore and coal. Bulgaria      has mild summers and cold, snowy winters. In addition to agriculture (primary products: vegetables,      fruits, tobacco, livestock, wine, wheat, barley, sunflowers, sugar beets),      Bulgaria has major industries for the production of electricity, gas      and water, food and beverages, machinery and equipment, base metals,      chemical products, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel. A major emphasis      on the development of heavy industry occurred in the country after World      War II. Chief exports include clothing, footwear, iron and steel, machinery      and equipment, and fuels. Varna ,      the country's largest city, is Bulgaria's principal port on the Black      Sea. Romania. With a total land area of about 91,700 square miles (237,500 sq km), Romania     is slightly larger than the state of Oregon. More than 89% of the country's     22.3 million people are ethnic Romanians. Hungarians are the largest minority     (about 8%), living chiefly in Transylvania. Romania's capital and largest     city is Bucharest. A forest-lined lake fringes       the Black Sea coast at Neptun,       Romania. Romania is shaped roughly like an oval. The central Transylvanian Basin     is separated from the lowlands of Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian     Mountains and from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian     Alps. Wild boar, wolves, bears, and deer may be found in the mountainous     regions. The lowlands serve as important agricultural areas. The country's     most important river, the Danube, flows through a delta in the Dobruja     region into the Black Sea. More than 43% of Romania is cultivated. The chief agricultural products     include wheat, corn, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, potatoes, grapes, eggs,     and sheep. The country's major industries include textiles and footwear,     light machinery and auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials,     metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, and petroleum refining. Constanta is one of Romania's principal Black Sea ports. Monume


Which is the main island of the Greek group the Dodecanese?

Visit Greece | Dodecanese Tweet   The island complex of Dodecanese in south-eastern Aegean is the sunniest corner in Greece. Twelve large islands and numerous smaller ones with crystal clear waters, sandy or pebbly beaches, important archaeological finds, imposing Byzantine and medieval monuments and unique traditional settlements are waiting to be discovered. If you are desperately seeking to discover lesser-known, unspoiled destinations visit Leros or Pserimos. But there is always Rhodes and Kos, larger and more cosmopolitan islands awaiting to offer you strong, and treasured memories. Just take your pick! Welcome to Rhodes , a medieval treasure beautifully preserved throughout the centuries. Wander around its magnificent Old City, surrounded by medieval walls with seven gates, and admire the Palace of the Grand Master, the most awe- inspiring building in the whole island. Take a romantic stroll around the famous Street of the Knights and feel like a holy warrior in shining armour, or a noble princess. Peer into the historic past of the city with a visit to the Archaeological Museum. Mandráki, the (ancient) harbour, is distinguished from the outer harbour by the 3 windmills and the fortifications at the end of the dock. During your quest, you will encounter some of the city’s most remarkable buildings: the National Theatre, the Courts, the City Hall and the Governors Palace. Visit stunning wonders of nature, such as the Seven Springs, the Valley of the Butterflies and Rodíni Park, a green valley with running waters, small bridges and many peacocks, the trademark of the park! Get a deeper insight into the rich history of the island through your visit to the breathtaking Acropolis of Líndos and Ialissós as well as Ancient Kámiros, which were all powerful cities in ancient times. Well-preserved castles, like the ones of Kritinia and Monólithos are also waiting to be discovered!  Don’t forget to come back in spring to attend one of the most famous medieval festivals in Greece, the Sound and Light Festival, a visual extravaganza that you cannot afford to miss. Kos. Sandy beaches, turquoise waters, lush vegetation, ancient and medieval monuments, tree-lined wide roads, large squares, parks, a superb city plan and an extensive bicycle-only routes network are the distinctive characteristics of the third largest island of the Dodecanese, Kos! The island’s trademark is its medieval castle (Nerantziá Castle) situated at the entrance of the port. Wander along the impressive avenue with the Palm Trees, or stroll around famous squares like Platánou Square and Elefthería Square and admire legendary buildings, remains of the Italian rule. Interested in history? Pay a visit to the ancient city of Kos and observe important archaeological finds dating back to the 4th century. Did you actually know that you can sit under the plane tree where Hippocrates himself, the Father of Medicine, used to teach his students and examine his patients? The plane tree must be over 2,500 years old, and it is in fact the oldest in Europe! Don’t miss the 4th century Asclipiion, the Antimáhia 15th century castle with its imposing battle tower, as well as one of the most scenic villages of Kos with a distinctive traditional character, Ziá nestled amongst a dense cedar forest. Kalymnos. Welcome the opportunity to visit the “island of the sea sponge harvesters”, an internationally known alternative tourism destination. Did you know that after WWII Kálymnos remained the only Greek sponge-harvesting industry supplying both domestic and international markets with sea sponges? The first picture to see upon arriving on the island is Póthia, both the capital and the port of Kálymnos, spreading amphitheatrically on two hills. Visit among others the castle of Chrissoheria and the Archaeological Museum. Set out on a day trip to the traditional settlement of Horió, the former capital of the island, and admire interesting Byzantine monuments (like the Great Castle). The early-Christian settlement at Eliniká is a must-see, since it is perhaps the best preserved settlement


In which city were all but six French kings crowned?

The Coronation of the Kings of France in Reims - French Moments You are at: Home » Regions of France » Grand Est » Champagne-Ardenne »The Coronation of the Kings of France in Reims Coronation of Charles VII in Reims in the presence of Joan of Arc. Painting by by E. Lenepveu The Coronation of the Kings of France in Reims Champagne-Ardenne , French History , Reims If you're new here, you may be interested in downloading the guide "10 Amazing Offbeat Places in Paris". Click here to get your free copy now! Thanks for visiting! The coronation of the Kings of France took place inside the Cathedral of Reims , a Gothic art masterpiece which has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991. The Origins of the Coronation In 498-499, the baptism of Clovis by St. Remi was the founding act of the Royal Anointing in Reims Cathedral . However, the first king to be crowned was Pepin the Short at Soissons in 751, then again at St. Denis in 754 by Pope Stephen II. Reims Cathedral was not explicitly held in reference to the baptism of Clovis until Louis the Pious was crowned in 816 and an official document was given to the Archbishop Ebbo by the emperor. Nevertheless, the immediate successors of Louis the Pious did not follow in his footsteps, and it was not until the beginning of the 11th century that the cathedral imposed itself as the coronation site. From then on, all the Kings of France were crowned in Reims by the hands of their archbishop, or at times by another prelate when the metropolitan seat was vacant. However, the coronations of Louis VI and Henri IV were held at Orleans Cathedral and Chartres Cathedral respectively, whereas Louis XVIII and Louis-Philippe were not crowned. The coronation stems from the idea that there is no authority except from God, according to the teachings of St. Paul (“Non est enim potestas nisi a Deo, quæ autem sunt, a Deo ordinatæ sunt”, Romans 13:1). Jurists and absolutist theorists, particularly under the Ancien Régime (Old Regime), did not agree with this at times. For some, the coronation does not make someone the king: he becomes one at the very second his predecessor dies. This follows the famous statement declared by the Chancellor of France: “The King is dead. Long live the King!”. For others, the coronation bestows upon the sovereign his legitimacy. It was this belief that drove Joan of Arc to lead the heir to the throne (her “Gentil Dauphin”) to be crowned in Reims in 1429, despite the fact that Charles VII (1422-1461), residing in Bourges, was the de facto King for seven years already. The Legend of the Holy Ampulla Like the Kings of the Old Testament, the coronation was the sealed alliance between God and the Capetian sovereign: in exchange for divine anointing, the king promises to rule according to the law, to protect his peoples and to support religion. This alliance took shape when the legend of the Holy Ampulla appeared in the 9th century. It was in fact at the coronation of Charles the Bald in Metz that the Archbishop of Reims, Hincmar, recounted in his Vita Remigii, the miracle of the small vial brought to St. Remi by a dove that was sent from God for the anointing of Clovis. From several traditions of Reims, Hincmar exaggerated the discovery of a vial in the tomb of St. Remi, containing herbs used to embalm the body of the prelate. Authenticated by Pope Innocent II in 1131 and entrusted to the care of the Abbey of St. Remi until the Revolution, the Holy Ampulla thus permanently assured Reims Cathedral the privilege of crowning the Kings of France. During the French Revolution on October 7, 1793 in Reims (the present Place Royale), the Holy Ampulla was solemnly broken by the conformist Philippe Rühl, on the pedestal of the statue of Louis XV which was prior to that toppled, broken and meant to be delivered to a foundry for cannons. However, a priest and a municipal officer took out what they could from the contents of the Holy Ampulla and hid it the day before. Moreover, two glass fragments of the vial, on which some of the balm remained, were secretly retrieved during the