"Who wrote, in translation, ""Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains""?"

”Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains." ”Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains." Email ”Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains." These words were written by none other than the famous French philosopher and playwright Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau meant to argue that we as human beings are born free into this world, and yet from the moment we utter loud cries and take in our first breaths we are shackled by invisible chains. We become subject to the rules of the society we live in, we are given names, identities, races, cultures and perhaps, perhaps if one is lucky enough to be born in a free country like Sweden, he or she are endowed with freedom of choice and speech. One of the inherent freedoms you get in Sweden, where I live, is the freedom of speech. Freedom of speech is an inherent human right to voice one's opinion publicly without fear of censorship or punishment. I could freely tell people that I hate Fredrick Reinfelt, the current Swedish Prime Minister and express my dissent through whatever means that is available to me against his Government, and yet no harm would come my way as we are free to express ourselves as we see fit within the confines of the rule of law in this country. Protection, in this regard is enshrined in the constitution of Sweden. A simple case in point in this regard and the holistic perception and practice of 'free speech' is the 'public' demonstration against the 'so-called ganging up' on Eritrea by the Swedish media that is scheduled to take place in the 7th of October in Stockholm by supporters of the Eritrean government. Some Swedish-Eritreans are planning to demonstrate and protest against the Swedish media. And I am sure they do not expect any threat or harm to come their way for taking part in that protest. They have the Swedish constitution to thank for that. But as a direct contrast to what's being unfolding here, in Eritrea no demonstration has taken place in the past 10 years, and it’s not because Eritreans are content with what goes in their country. They are not content about the fact that the politics of their country has been a one-man-show for the past 20 years. They are not content with a president who publicly states that there won't be elections in Eritrea for the coming 40 years. They are not content with the fact that they are forcibly conscripted into the army for indefinite time. They are not content about the lack of basic provisions and so on. I could go on and on but I'm not so sure if I have enough ink to document all the discontents in Eritrea in this article. In short, in Eritrea, if you express your opposition to the government, if you express your dissent in any way let alone publicly demonstrate, you would be jailed in an undisclosed location, a prison in which even your closest family can't visit you and without access to a lawyer or a court of law. You would languish in jail; perhaps die there too, just like those who have died. It is very important to go backward in to the history of Eritrea to understand what is happening in Eritrea today and look for a solution. The Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF) is the only party that is ruling the country. From its inception was one of the most politically closed movements in the world. As a guerilla movement combating against a conventional army, one may expect a certain degree of closed political culture. However, after Eritrean independence, the closed political culture continued pervasively and intensively. High level government officials, journalists, businessmen, intellectuals, common people from all walks of life, and above all religious leaders – who have nothing to do with politics, were sent to prison and none of them appeared in a court of law. To exacerbate matters further, the Government of Eritrea, fearing for possible criticism from private media outlets, and to keep the general public in darkness, parallel to the mass imprisonment of citizens, closed all private media outlets in September 2001. Thus, the ban of the private media transformed the Eritrea


In Norse mythology, what type of creature was Fenrir?

Fenrir - Norse Mythology for Smart People Norse Mythology for Smart People Fenrir “Odin and Fenrir” by Dorothy Hardy (1909) Fenrir (pronounced “FEN-reer;” Old Norse Fenrir, “He Who Dwells in the Marshes”[1]) is the most infamous of the many wolves in Norse mythology. His importance for the pre-Christian Scandinavians is demonstrated by his being depicted on numerous surviving runestones , not to mention his ubiquity in Old Norse literary sources. He’s the son of the god Loki and the giantess Angrboða, which makes him the brother of the serpent Jormungand and the underworld goddess Hel . As is recounted more fully in the tale The Binding of Fenrir , the Aesir gods raised Fenrir themselves in order to keep him under their control and prevent him from wreaking havoc throughout the Nine Worlds . He grew at an astonishingly fast pace, however, and eventually the troubled gods decided to chain him up. Their first two attempts were unsuccessful; while the cunning gods convinced Fenrir that it was only a game, a test of his strength, he broke through the fetters easily. For their third attempt, the gods had the dwarves forge the strongest chain ever built, which nevertheless gave the appearance of being very light and even soft to the touch. When the gods presented Fenrir with this third fetter, he became suspicious, and he refused to be bound with it unless one of the gods would stick his or her hand in his mouth as a pledge of good faith. Only Tyr was brave enough to do this, knowing that it would mean the loss of his hand. And, sure enough, when Fenrir found himself unable to break free of his bonds, he ripped Tyr’s hand from its arm. The chain was then tied to a boulder and a sword was placed in Fenrir’s jaws to hold them open. As he howled wildly and ceaselessly, a foamy river called “Expectation” (Old Norse Ván) flowed from his drooling mouth.[2] As the river’s ominous name implies, this was not the end of Fenrir. At Ragnarok , he broke free and ran throughout the world with his lower jaw against the ground and his upper jaw in the sky, devouring everything in his path.[3] He even killed the god Odin before finally being put to death by one of Odin’s avenging sons. Fenrir and Other Wolves in Norse Mythology There’s good reason to think that many of the other wolves mentioned in Old Norse literature are actually Fenrir going under different names. One Old Norse poem states that he swallows the sun during Ragnarok,[4] a feat which is elsewhere reserved for another wolf named Sköll (“Mockery”). Another old Norse poem repeatedly mentions a wolf named Garmr who breaks free from chains at Ragnarok; this is almost certainly Fenrir.[5] In another source, we find the wolf who consumes the moon called by the name of “Moon-garmr” (Mánagarmr).[6] Thus, the moon-eating wolf, who is elsewhere called Háti (“Hatred”) would seem to be another extension of Fenrir. It appears that it was ultimately Fenrir who, in addition to killing Odin and destroying much of the world, ate the sun and the moon during Ragnarok. Looking for more great information on Norse mythology and religion? While this site provides the ultimate online introduction to the topic, my book The Viking Spirit provides the ultimate introduction to Norse mythology and religion period. I’ve also written a popular list of The 10 Best Norse Mythology Books , which you’ll probably find helpful in your pursuit. References: [1] Simek, Rudolf. 1993. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Translated by Angela Hall. p. 81. [2] Snorri Sturluson. The Prose Edda. Gylfaginning 34. [3] Ibid. Chapter 51.


Which flower takes its name from the Greek meaning 'gold flower'?

Greek Flower Names | Garden Guides Greek Flower Names Submit The Greek language is a rich source of names that define the genera and the varieties of many flowering plants. Take the example of "chrysanthos" whose elements "chrysos" meaning "gold" and "anthemon" meaning "flower" suggest a "golden flower" better known as the chrysanthemum (Dendranthema x grandiflorum). Some derivations are less obvious and some are rather surprising. Daffodil Narcissus is the genus of the flower referred to as Narkissos in Greek. Narkissos was a mythological hunter, an exceptionally handsome young man who fell in love with his own reflection in a stream. The gods turned him into a flower (likely the daffodil or Narcissus pseudo-narcissus) because of his vanity. "Narkissos" probably derives from the word narkao/narke, meaning "benumb," for the potent properties of the plants and their harmful effects on the nervous system, if applied to open wounds. Despite their potency, daffodils are ideal garden flowers. Daffodils respond best to well-drained soil and full sun. Plant daffodil bulbs in the fall, about 6 inches apart and 8 inches deep, with the pointed ends upwards. Larkspur, Hyacinth The rocket larkspur (Delphinium ajacis) is a flowering annual indigenous to southern Europe. Its blooms are pink, white and blue, growing best in full sun in well-drained soil. Its Greek name, Hyakinthos, is for the Spartan prince of that name whom the gods, Apollo and Zephyros, favored. However, Zephyros in a fit of jealousy, engineered the prince's death from the blow of a disc to his head. An inconsolable Apollo conjured the larkspur from his blood as a tribute. In another legend, Aias/Ajax was a Greek hero of the Trojan War who killed himself over a perceived injustice. The larkspur grew from his blood. In a different version of the same basic legend, the hero is Hyacinthus, from the Greek root word, hyakinthos, and its floral counterpart is the hyacinth (Hyacinthus nonscriptus). Violet The violet (Viola odorata) is "ion" in Greek. According to legend, Iamos was the son of the nymph, Euadne, and Apollo, an Olympian god. Euadne abandoned her newborn son, leaving him on a bed of violets where shepherds found him. They named him Iamos, after the violets.  These scented perennials flower in purple, blue, white and occasionally yellow, usually in April and May. They flourish in rich, moist soil, and they prefer a location in the garden that offers partial shade. When grown under controlled, organic conditions, the petals and the leaves of violets are edible. The petals garnish cakes and pastries and decorate ice cubes, while the leaves enhance green salads. Folklore has it that violets bring good luck, and that dreams of violets foretell a life change for the better. Who Can Help


What was the name of the first nuclear powered civilian vessel, an icebreaker?

Arctic legend: Saving North Pole conqueror (PHOTOS) — RT News Tags Nuclear , Russia , Thrills&Spills , History , Vessels , Navy The ship’s two 171 MW reactors were stalled and dismantled four years ago, ending its 34 years of service. This July, Arktika was deleted from the Russian register of ships and is now slated to be scrapped. Arktika is the world’s second nuclear-powered icebreaker. She was the lead ship of its class, and was followed by five similar vessels. (RIA Novosti / Yury Lushin) But some people, many of them professional arctic seamen, say this fate is not worthy of the icebreaker’s turbulent and heroic history. They want to find funding to make her into a museum ship. Powered by two nuclear reactors, Arktika can break five-meter-thick ice. (RIA Novosti / Mai Nachinkin) Guns for icebreaker The Arktika’s past is full of records broken since her commission in 1975. She was the world’s second nuclear-powered icebreaker and a lead vessel of the class, which still remains the backbone of Russia’s icebreaker fleet. The 148-meter, 23,500-tonne icebreaker was designed primarily for civilian use, but in wartime it could be retrofitted to serve as a coastal defense cruiser. The potential conversion would include arming it with artillery guns and installing extra radar station. Arktika’s helicopter pad allows it to carry a reconnaissance chopper. (RIA Novosti / Roman Denisov) Worthiness for both civilian and military purposes had to be tested before she went into service. The ship was badly wanted in the sea, so the commission in charge decided to do all tests – including practice shooting – in one session. About 700 people, some of them leading specialists in respective areas, crammed into the Arktika’s 125 cabins. Ironically they waited for four days, because the water level in the Neva River’s mouth in then-Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) fell too low for the giant ship. Few ships can carry a living polar bear cub as a mascot like Arktika did in 1975. (RIA Novosti / Roman Denisov) Pole position After the Arktika proved powerful enough to break ice sheets as thick as five meters, she was sent to the most ambitious destination – the North Pole. In August 1977, she carried over 200 crewmembers, scientists and technicians across the frigid Arctic waters to the northernmost point of the planet. The journey was considered quite dangerous. If ice lumps or stress damaged even one of the Arktika’s propellers badly enough, she would lose enough power to get stranded in the ice. Surveying the area for best routes was a challenging task for the pilots of the helicopter the icebreaker had on board. In the worst moments the ship had to traverse ice sheets so thick, that she had to constantly pull back on push forward to break them. Nuclear power enabled the ship to reach the North Pole in 1977, the first surface vessel to do so. (RIA Novosti / Vladimir Vyatkin) Nevertheless, on August 17 the Arktika reached her destination, and the crew set a flag mast to raise the Soviet Hammer and Sickle flag. The official ceremony was preceded by jubilant circling around this literal pole, as explorers joked that they were walking around the world. The ship’s bridge measures 30x5 square meters. With the deck’s high position, crewmembers feel like they’re flying above the ice. (RIA Novosti / Roman Denisov) On that day the ship master faced an unexpected shortage of supplies. One of the technicians made an improvised rubber-stamp postmark saying “North Pole. Nuclear Icebreaker Arktika”, and the number of people wishing to “send a letter” from this address quickly exceeded the reserve of postal envelopes aboard. The improvised postmark indicates the North Pole as the letter’s return address. Name flip-flop In 1982, the icebreaker was rechristened after late Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev. The name, however, didn’t stick, and the ship became Arktika again just four years later. There are two theories about the flip-flop. Arktika traversing icy waters in 1977. (RIA Novosti / Yury Lushin) The more official claims that the renaming resulted fro


From what did Robert the Bruce die in 1329?

King Robert the Bruce of Scotland | Britroyals Name: King Robert the Bruce of Scotland Father: Robert de Brus Mother: Marjory Countess of Carrick Relation to Elizabeth II: 19th great-grandfather House of: Bruce Born: July 11, 1274 at Turnberry Castle, Ayrshire Ascended to the throne: February 10, 1306 aged 31 years Crowned: March 27, 1306 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire Married:(1) Isabella of Mar, 1295 Married:(2) Elizabeth de Burgh, 1302 Children: Marjorie, David, John, Matlida, Margaret plus several illegitimate Died: June 7, 1329, at Cardross, Dumbartonshire, aged 54 years, 10 months, and 26 days Buried at: Dunfermline Abbey (body) and Melrose Abbey (heart) Succeeded by: his son David After Balliol�s abdication in 1296 Scotland was without a monarch for 10 years and ruled remotely by King Edward I of England. Scots national resistance developed into a war of independence in which William Wallace and then Robert Bruce played a leading role. Wallace won a victory over the English at Stirling Bridge in 1297 and proclaimed himself Guardian of Scotland. The following year Edward invaded Scotland again and defeated William Wallace at Falkirk. Wallace went underground but was captured and in 1305, tried and hung in London. In 1298 Robert Bruce took over the title of Guardian of Scotland and, having killed his rival John Comyn, claimed the throne as the great-great grandson of David I and in 1306 had himself crowned king at Scone as Robert I. Independence was made easier by the death of Edward I as he set out to claim back Scotland. Bruce set about removing the English from Scotland and by early 1314 Stirling was the only castle in English hands. An English army sent to break the siege was routed by Bruce�s smaller Scottish force at Bannockburn in June 1314. Six year later in 1320 Bruce and the Scottish nobles issued the Declaration of Arbroath asserting Scottish Independence �For as longs as one hundred of us shall remain alive we shall never in any wise consent to submit to the rule of the English, for it is not for glory that we fight � but for freedom alone.�. However, a truce with Edward II of England failed to stop hostilities which continued until Edward II was deposed in 1327. The Treaty of Edinburgh between Robert I and Edward III in 1328 recognised Scotland's independence, ending the 30 years of Wars of Independence. Edward agreed to the marriage of Robert Bruce�s son David to his younger sister Joan daughter of Edward II. Robert Bruce died at his house in Cardross a year later of a serious illness described by some as leprosy. Timeline for King Robert the Bruce of Scotland Year


Who, starting in 1962, created a series of silkscreen paintings of Marilyn Monroe?

MoMA | Andy Warhol. Gold Marilyn Monroe. 1962 See this work in MoMA’s Online Collection Soon after her tragic death in 1962, Warhol made a series of paintings paying tribute to Marilyn Monroe, the film star and sex symbol who had captured America’s imagination in films like Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and How to Marry a Millionaire. Warhol based this portrait on a publicity still from the 1953 film Niagara. He painted the background gold before  silkscreening  the boldly colored face in the center, adding black to show her features. Even as Warhol canonizes Monroe, he reveals her public persona as a carefully structured illusion. Original publicity still for the 1953 film Niagara A group of artistic, literary, or musical works that are generally accepted as representing a field. Glossary Assembly Line Art? In August 1962, Andy Warhol began to produce paintings using the screenprinting process. He recalls, “The rubber-stamp method I’d been using to repeat images suddenly seemed too homemade; I wanted something stronger that gave more of an assembly-line effect. With silkscreening you pick a photograph, blow it up, transfer it in glue onto silk, and then roll ink across it so the ink goes through the silk but not through the glue. That way you get the same image, slightly different each time. It all sounds so simple—quick and chancy. I was thrilled with it. My first experiments with screens were heads of Troy Donahue and Warren Beatty, and then when Marilyn Monroe happened to die that month (August 1962), I got the idea to make screens of her beautiful face.” (Andy Warhol, Popism, 1980) Multiplying Marilyn Warhol took Marilyn Monroe as his subject in different mediums, silkscreening the actress’s image multiple times in a grid in bright colors and in black and white. By repeating Monroe’s image (and that of other celebrities) over and over again, Warhol acknowledged his own fascination with a society in which personas could be manufactured, commodified, and consumed like products. Multimedia


In the Old Testament, which of the twelve tribes of Israel, to which Moses and Aaron belonged, was not given territory in the Promised Land?

Division of the Promised Land Map of the Children of Israel Asher - Benjamin - Dan - Ephraim - Gad - Isaachar Judah - Manasseh - Naphtali - Reuben - Simeon - Zebulon The twelve tribes listed above, who inherited the promised land , are named after the sons of Jacob. The patriarch had his name changed to Israel after wrestling with and prevailing over an angel (see Genesis 32). One tribe missing from the above list is Levi. Levi's descendants were consecrated, by God, to be his priests . One of their many responsibilities was to serve and maintain the tabernacle in the wilderness , then later the temple in Jerusalem . Instead of receiving territory as an inheritance in the promised land, the Levites received tithes and offerings from the people (Numbers 18, Deuteronomy 18, etc.). Although Joseph was also one of Jacob's sons, he too is usually omitted from lists of the tribes. This is because his two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh , were adopted by Jacob in his stead (Genesis 48). How did they end up in Egypt? Jacob's favorite wife Rachel had a child named Joseph. He became his father's favorite son because he was born when Jacob was old (Genesis 37:3). Joseph was so loved by his father that he received from him a coat of many colors (Genesis 37). Joseph's brothers, envious of his special treatment by their father, wanted to kill him. Reuben, Jacob's firstborn son, kept Joseph from being murdered only to have him sold to slave traders on their way to Egypt . Joseph is soon bought by one of Pharaoh's officers. In Egypt God is with Joseph and blesses him. After a series of events and trials (see Genesis 39-41) he is made ruler over Egypt (see Genesis 41:40-41). After Egypt experiences seven years of bountiful harvests (where Joseph stores extra food) a famine overtakes not only the country but also the land of Canaan where Jacob and his entire family are living. In 1685 B.C. Jacob and his entire household (which includes Joseph's eleven brothers) move to Egypt's land of Goshen in order to survive the famine. Jacob (Israel) lives 17 years in Egypt and dies at the age of 147. Joseph lives to the age of 110.


In Egyptian mythology, what type of animal was Apis?

APIS - the Egyptian fabulous creature (Egyptian mythology) APIS Egyptian fabulous creature Also known as HAAP, HAP, HEP, HEPI We don't want to gore you but this is a load of Egyptian bull. A Memphis bull, to be exact. When a black bull was born bearing a white triangle on its forehead, a flock of excited priests would swoop down and whisk it away for a life of luxury. As long as this mortal incarnation of APIS was happy, everyone’s livestock would prosper. After treating the fortunate animal with the utmost holy attention for precisely 25 years, they would then promptly drown it and look for another one. APIS FACTS AND FIGURES Alternative names : HAAP, HAP, HEP, HEPI Location : Ancient Egypt In charge of : Unknown at present God of : Celebration or Feast Day : Unknown at present Good/Evil Rating : Unknown at present Popularity index : 11610 Cite this Link to this page HTML: To link to this page, just copy and paste the text below into your blog, web page or email. Godchecker entry on APIS, the Egyptian fabulous creature BBCODE: To link to this page in a forum post or comment box, just copy and paste the text below: [url=http://www.godchecker.com/pantheon/egyptian-mythology.php?deity=APIS]Godchecker entry on APIS, the Egyptian fabulous creature[/url] Cite this article Here's the info you need to cite this page. Just copy the text in the box below. Saunders, Chas, and Peter J. Allen, eds. "APIS - the Egyptian fabulous creature (Egyptian mythology)." Godchecker. Godchecker.com / CID, 28 Oct. 2003. Web. 15 January 2017. . 28 October 2003 by the Godchecker Team. Editors: Peter J Allen, Chas Saunders References: Coming soon.


"Who wrote, in translation, ""From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs""?"

“from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs, starting on the first of never.” | Open Economics “from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs, starting on the first of never.” July 17, 2009 by Nick Krafft At Angry Bear, Robert Waldmann has a post putting the commonly quoted Marxian credo in context. He writes, in part, Marx believed that “from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs” to the same extent that he was an anarchist — that he wanted to eliminate the state, that is, rather less than not at all. IIRC Marx wished for the state to seize ownership and control of the means of production, rather a huge expansion of the power of the state than an elimination of same. To make an analogy, I think that Marx considered it a good proposal to eliminate the state *and* give to each according to his abilities to exactly the same extent that Arthur Laffer aims to increase the amount of money the federal government has to spend… Later Marx had this problem that his few German followers (the Eisenachers) decided to join with the Social Democrats who had the inexcusable fault of being led by Ferdinand Lassale not Karl Marx. Hence the Gotha program and its only lasting fruit “The critique of the Gotha program.” The phrase was torn from the context of the proposal that all workers be paid the same equal wage. Marx said that was nonsense. He made an argument which was a bit ahead of his time asking if this mean all workers get the same wage so single workers are rich and large families supporterd by one worker are poor ? Makes no sense (he actually didn’t even mention compensating differentials so he was ahead of his time but behind Smith who was way ahead of his time and, come to think of it, ours). So he was arguing *against* equal wages. He said no way so long as we need wages to convince people to work… I don’t believe Marx’s promises about the withering away of the state and the joy of work (comparing our work efforts one can at least understand how Karl and I have very different views about work). I therefore interpret the Critique of the Gotha Program as implying, in practice, “from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs, starting on the first of never.” He then notes that the only time we really see that phrase, without “not” elided away, is in Acts of the Apostles. Fun stuff. He concludes, OK so history is a prankster and karma is a bitch. Driven by envy and ambition, Marx decided to claim that, when it came to wages, Ferdinand Lasale was an impractical impossiblist extremist just like Simon Peter. As a result, many people have decided that Karl Marx was an impractical impossiblist extremist egalitarian just like Simon Peter. This is crazy. Not quite as crazy as the idea that one can be both a Christian and a crusader or both a Christian and a Republican, but crazy. In closing, I note that I am both an atheist and a reasonable moderate, so I agree with Karl Marx and, like Marx, reject the impractical dreams of St Peter (at least for the foreseeable future). Share this:


What was the name of the first nuclear powered merchant cargo ship?

The World's First Nuclear Merchant Ship - NS Savannah – gCaptain The World’s First Nuclear Merchant Ship – NS Savannah July 13, 2010 by John Konrad The United States’ first and only nuclear-powered merchant vessel was designed in hopes of finding peaceful uses for nuclear energy as part of President Eisenhower’s Atoms for Peace program in the 1950s. The ship was launched on 21 July 1959 at a cost of $46.9 million, which included a $28.3 million nuclear reactor and fuel core. At 596-feet-long she was the pride of the fleet with sleek lines like that of an oceangoing yacht. During her short 5 years of service (1965-1970) she saved over 29 million gallons of fuel oil, but her high maintenance overhead led to her downfall. In 1981, the Savannah was brought back to her cold war glory by re-activating her as a museum ship offering Americans a glimpse into the atomic age. Visitors could walk the ship’s decks and even tour the reactor from an observation window as well as look into staterooms and passenger areas.  In 1994 her charter was terminated. The Maritime Administration, who is responsible for overseeing the Savannah, had the ship moved to Baltimore where she remains under a 3-year, $588,380 U.S. Maritime Administration contract with the Vane Brothers’ shipyard at the Baltimore’s Canton Marine Terminal. The U.S. Maritime Administration “intends to maintain the SAVANNAH in protective storage for some years into the future; however, under current law and regulation the decommissioning process must be completed and theSAVANNAH‘s operating license terminated no later than December 2031.”


From what did Oliver Cromwell die in 1658?

Oliver Cromwell's House About Oliver Cromwell The Man Himself Oliver Cromwell – a name that still divides opinions more than three hundred years after his death.  But who was he and why is he so important to British history?  From the point of view of a Parliamentary Soldier he was one of the greatest military leaders we have ever had.  Without him, Parliament would not have won the Civil War.  However, from the viewpoint of a Cavalier, he was seen as a traitor, as he ordered the King to be beheaded.  A Puritan Gentlemen on the other hand would describe him as a Godly man who ruled this country justly. Such people believed he brought stability back after the war so that we could all live in tolerance and peace. Oliver Cromwell was born in nearby Huntingdon on April 25th 1599.   He was born into what had been one of the wealthiest families in Huntingdonshire but was of a junior branch and although he was a gentleman, he was not a rich one.  His father died in 1617 and Oliver had to leave Sidney Sussex College at Cambridge to look after the estate, his widowed mother and then his wife Elizabeth and ultimately their nine children.  Financially it was a struggle but Oliver’s fortunes changed when he was left leases on various properties in Ely by his uncle; this included the lease on the house in Ely, where Oliver moved to with his family in 1636 and remained for just over ten years. The lease carried with it the responsibility of collecting the local taxes.   Everything changed for Oliver Cromwell when he was in his early 40s.  King Charles I began to make changes to the church in England that were unacceptable to men like Oliver.  During his 20s or 30s, Cromwell had experienced a religious conversion and for the remainder of his life he was a zealous Protestant.  He believed that God had chosen him for a purpose which would at some point be revealed to him.  The changes that the King started to make to the Church were against Cromwell’s beliefs and he was convinced that God’s purpose for him was to prevent them.  He criticised the King in Parliament, his passionate and often angry speeches, driven by his religious zeal.  When war broke out between King and Parliament in 1642, Oliver Cromwell was one of the first MPs to take up arms and fight.  A World Turned Upside Down A Civil War broke out in England in August 1642.� On one side stood King Charles I, and those who supported his rule.� On the other, the men who had come to see him as a tyrant.� Those who took arms against the king included some of the aristocracy as well as small landholders and businessmen from the richest parts of the country, London, the ports, and the cloth and clothing areas of East Anglia, Yorkshire, Lancashire and the southwest.� Men like Oliver Cromwell.� The conflict spread to Scotland, Ireland and Wales and lasted nearly nine years.� Families and friends found themselves on opposite sides but were prepared to fight each other to the death. � Religion also played a part in the collapse of the country into war.� England had become a Protestant country under King Henry VIII but there were some, the Puritans, who thought that the reform of the church had not gone far enough.�� There was a great fear that England would become a Catholic country again and those that feared this most eventually fought against the king. Cromwell goes to War In the summer of 1642, the relationship between the king and Parliament had broken down irretrievably, but war had not yet been declared.� Both sides were trying to win support and raise troops but Oliver Cromwell was one of a very small minority who were prepared to take action.� He left London and went straight to his constituency in Cambridge.� There with a band of supporters, he prevented the Colleges of Cambridge from sending their hoard of silver up to York to help pay for the king�s army.� Cromwell also made sure that none of the weapons in the city left either.� � King Charles raised his standard on August 22nd, declaring war.� Oliver Cromwell was made a captain and spent the autumn raising a troop of about s


In the Old Testament, to which the twelve tribes of Israel did Saul, David, and the prophesied Messiah belong?

The 12 Tribes of Israel The 12 Tribes of Israel The 12 Tribes of Israel Throughout the early chapters of Genesis God deals with mankind through individuals. He created with Adam, He walked with Enoch , He saved Noah, and He called Abraham. In the case of Abraham, God took one man, uprooted him from home and family, moved him hundreds of miles away to a foreign and dangerous land, and established him in that land called Canaan. The death of Abraham in Genesis 25:8 signaled a change in how God would deal with mankind. The Bible next turns to Abraham's son, Isaac. From Isaac comes Jacob. Jacob produces twelve sons, and these twelve sons become the 12 tribes of Israel. God moves in stages over the course of time. The formation of these tribes took place over the course of hundreds of years, starting with the birth of each son of Jacob. The 12 Tribes of Israel Jacob and Esau : The story of Jacob and Esau has fascinated and puzzled scholars for centuries. The struggle between twin brothers would later manifest itself in the struggle between their respective countries; Israel and Edom. Jacob & The Tribes of Israel : The triumphs and tragedies of Jacob and his sons in Canaan would lay the foundation for the development of the tribes of Israel. All but one of Jacob's sons were born in Haran. They were foreigners in a foreign land. Organization of the Twelve Tribes of Israel : The twelve tribes of Israel fled Egypt in haste. They possessed no means of settling disputes, maintaining law and order, or set chain of command. God, however, would use the time in the wilderness to establish an organized and efficient government. The Tribe of Manasseh :  The Tribe of Manasseh was the only of the 12 Tribes of Israel to inherit land on both sides of the Jordan River. This was a result of the double-portion inheritance given to Manasseh, the eldest son of Joseph. The oldest son receiving the double portion was a cultural element in many cultures of the Ancient Near East. The Tribe of Reuben : The tribe of Reuben descended from the firstborn son of Jacob and Leah, Reuben. As the firstborn son, Reuben played a prominent role in the early accounts. However, his role as a tribe would diminish significantly as a consequence of transgressions. The Tribe of Simeon : The tribe of Simeon was descended from the second born son of Jacob and Leah, Simeon. This tribe dwelt in relative obscurity, and had very little impact on the history of Israel. The Tribe of Levi : The tribe of Levi was descended from Levi, the third son of Jacob and Leah. Through an act of faithfulness in the wilderness, this tribe would become set apart by God as His priests. The Tribe of Judah : The tribe of Judah became one of the most prominent tribes in all of Israel. The Davidic Dynasty emerged from this tribe, a lineage which culminated in Jesus Christ in the New Testament. Judah was the royal tribe of Israel. The Tribe of Dan : The tribe of Dan is, perhaps, the most enigmatic of the twelve tribes of Israel. The Danites failed to drive out their Philistine and Canaanite neighbors. As a result, they migrated to another land, in the northernmost limits of Canaan.The mighty Judge Samson was from the tribe of Dan. The Tribe of Naphtali : Naphtali was the sixth son of Jacob, and the second son of Bilhah. Naphtali was blessed by Jacob on his deathbed. The tribe of Naphtali was a tribe of great warriors, and took part in some of the Old Testament's most important battles. The Tribe of Gad : Gad was the seventh son of Jacob and Zilpah, Leah's maiden. Gadites were the Marines of the 12 tribes of Israel. They were fierce, athletic, and skillful on the battle field. They played lead roles in the conquest of Sihon and Og, then led the Israelites across the Jordan to Jericho and into Canaan . The Tribe of Asher : The tribe of Asher proved to be a tribe of contradictions. Influenced by the pagan religion of Phoenicia and chastised by Deborah, the tribe also came to the aid of Gideon, and supplied king David with one-third of his army in Hebron. The Tribe o


"Who had a UK No. 1 hit in 1970 with ""Yellow River""?"

Christie - San Bernadino ((Stereo)) 1970 - YouTube Christie - San Bernadino ((Stereo)) 1970 Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Oct 30, 2015 "San Bernadino" is a 1970 pop song by Christie, a UK pop band who had found success with their number-1 hit single "Yellow River" which was number 1 in other countries including France and Italy. San Bernadino was a moderate success, not as successful as their hit debut. It reached number 1 in Germany and reached number 7 in the UK. The song only managed to reach number 100 in the US on 30 January 1971, its only Hot 100 frame. It did moderately well in other countries including a number 10 in Italy and number 15 in Spain. Category


What was the forename of the Czechoslovakian composer Smetana?

Bedrich Smetana | Biography & History | AllMusic google+ Artist Biography               by Joseph Stevenson Bedrich Smetana was one of the great composers of his country's history and one of the leaders of the movement toward musical nationalism. His father was a violin teacher who gave Bedrich his first lessons and referred him to keyboard, harmony, and composition lessons when the boy requested them. His father tried to get Bedrich to apply himself in academics, but Bedrich was too focused on music to be a good student. Bedrich Kittl, director of the Prague Conservatory, in 1844 found Smetana a job as a music teacher to the family of Count Leopold Thun while continuing music studies. He remained with the count for three and a half years, but he quit to undertake a concert tour, which turned out to be a financial failure. Franz Liszt aided Smetana in finding a publisher for some early piano music and in 1848, Smetana founded a successful piano school. Although he established a strong local reputation as a pianist, his piano compositions (mostly lighter works) did not earn him any special distinction as a composer. In 1860, the Austro-Hungarian Empire granted internal political autonomy to Bohemia. A movement began to search for a genuine Czech voice in arts, including the establishment of a national theater. In 1862-1863, Smetana composed The Brandenburgers in Bohemia, his first opera, which was a success at its premiere on January 5, 1866. His next opera was Prodaná nevesta (The Bartered Bride), his most famous and enduring opera today, but a failure when it premiered on May 30, 1866. In 1866, Smetana became conductor of the Provisional Theater, re-forming its administration and attempting to raise standards. His next opera, Dalibor (1871), was criticized for its Wagnerian elements. He had also written Libuse, but could find no producer. But in 1874, he had a large success with a light, popular opera, The Two Widows. However, a severe whistling in the ears (graphically depicted in his autobiographical string quartet From My Life) led to deafness by the end of that year, symptoms of tertiary syphilis. He continued to compose and wrote his orchestral masterpiece Má Vlast (My Country) from 1874 to 1879. Three more operas were premiered successfully, including Libuse, but the last was The Devil's Wall (1882). By now, Smetana was seriously ill. The brain damage from syphilis led to madness, and he was confined to an asylum where he died. National mourning was proclaimed and he was given a burial at the Vyshehrad, one of the national sites depicted in Má Vlast.


Which company manufactured the WW2 plane, the B17, known as the Flying Fortress?

Boeing: Historical Snapshot: B-17 Flying Fortress B-17 Flying Fortress B-17 Flying Fortress Historical Snapshot On July 28, 1935, a four-engine plane took off from Boeing Field in south Seattle on its first flight. Rolling out of the Boeing hangar, it was simply known as the Model 299. Seattle Times reporter Richard Smith dubbed the new plane, with its many machine-gun mounts, the “Flying Fortress,” a name that Boeing quickly adopted and trademarked. The U.S. Army Air Corps designated the plane as the B-17. In response to the Army’s request for a large, multiengine bomber, the prototype, financed entirely by Boeing, went from design board to flight test in less than 12 months. The B-17 was a low-wing monoplane that combined aerodynamic features of the XB-15 giant bomber , still in the design stage, and the Model 247 transport . The B-17 was the first Boeing military aircraft with a flight deck instead of an open cockpit and was armed with bombs and five .30-caliber machine guns mounted in clear “blisters.” The first B-17s saw combat in 1941, when the British Royal Air Force took delivery of several B-17s for high-altitude missions. As World War II intensified, the bombers needed additional armament and armor. The B-17E, the first mass-produced model Flying Fortress, carried nine machine guns and a 4,000-pound bomb load. It was several tons heavier than the prototypes and bristled with armament. It was the first Boeing airplane with the distinctive — and enormous — tail for improved control and stability during high-altitude bombing. Each version was more heavily armed. In the Pacific, the planes earned a deadly reputation with the Japanese, who dubbed them “four-engine fighters.” The Fortresses were also legendary for their ability to stay in the air after taking brutal poundings. Seventy-five years after the B-17’s first flight, an 88 year-old veteran sent The Boeing Company a letter. After explaining how he returned to England after a bombing raid over Germany with 179 flak holes and only two out of the four engines, he wrote: “I’m glad to be alive. Thank you for making such a good airplane.” Gen. Carl Spaatz, the American air commander in Europe, said, “Without the B-17 we may have lost the war.” Boeing Plant 2 built a total of 6,981 B-17s in various models, and another 5,745 were built under a nationwide collaborative effort by Douglas and Lockheed (Vega). Only a few B-17s survive today, featured at museums and air shows; most were scrapped at the end of the war. Technical Specifications


Which fur is traditionally used to trim the robes of peers and judges?

Why Do Judges Wear Black Robes? Why Do Judges Wear Black Robes? Photo courtesy of HuffingtonPost.com by: Meghan Collins, Graphic Designer To wear robes and wigs, or to not wear robes and wigs: that is the question.  When the United States declared its independence from England, the Founding Fathers set out to create a government. It is not surprising that they used English common law as the basis of our society’s laws and proceedings.  Apparently, the Founding Fathers also debated judicial dress. Thomas Jefferson, and a few of his peers, wanted judges to wear suits in order to rid the vestige of the English era. John Adams, on the other hand, wanted to keep the tradition alive.  The Founding Fathers did what they did best, and compromised.  They ditched the itchy powdered wigs and kept the robes. Supreme Court Justices wore scarlet or ermine (fur) robes in keeping with the English tradition. Chief Justice John Marshall declared that “black was the new red” during his swearing in ceremony in 1801. Marshall did not actually say those words but by simply foregoing the scarlet robe that was traditionally worn by Supreme Court Justices, he changed the dress code. [1]   Marshall was quite the trendsetter, because judges in the United States have been wearing black ever since. As with most of our judicial proceedings, the tradition of robes came from the English, but why were the English wearing robes in the first place? The wearing of robes by justices can be dated back to the 15th century. Judges on the King’s Bench wore scarlet, green, violet, and black robes depending on the fashions of the time. In 1635, dress rules established that violet roes should be worn in the summer and black for the winter. The dress rules also established that scarlet robes should be worn on ceremonial occasions and on circuit in criminal court. [2] The origins of wearing the black robe, as is done today, are debated amongst historians. Most historians say that the black robe tradition in England started with the multiple-year mourning of the death of Queen Mary II in 1694. Karen Michalson, an attorney in Massachusetts, found an engraving of a Henry Rolle, Chief Justice from the King’s Bench wearing a black robe, pre-dating 1694. She points out that “black robes were ‘in the mix’ so to speak before Queen Mary II died. It is possible, however, that the official mourning period . . . gave impetus to what was already an existing theme.” [3] Other historians point to the scholarly tradition of wearing togas, and then robes, as the source for judicial wear. Judicial robes are a lot like the gowns worn to graduations, so the scholarly connection may prove superior. Nevertheless, judges wear black robes because of tradition. Some states in the U.S. have rules defining what justices can wear, while most do not.  Former Idaho Supreme Court Justice, Byron Johnson, chose to wear a royal blue robe stating in a letter to his friend that he sat in the “black and blue” court. [4] The black robes will most likely continue in the United States for a long time to come, because we are a country rooted in tradition. However, everyone, especially judges, should take a moment to thank Thomas Jefferson for convincing John Adams to nix those ridiculous powdered wigs. [1] Cliff Sloan and David McKean, The Great Decision: Jefferson, Adams, Marshall, and the Battle for the Supreme Court 47 (Public Affairs 2009). [2] James G. McLaren, Judicial Robes and Idaho’s “Black and Blue” Court, 41 Advoc. 14 (1998). [3] Karen A. Michalson, Nyla asks: Why judges wear black robes? (March 30, 2011). [4] James G. McLaren, Judicial Robes and Idaho’s “Black and Blue” Court, 41 Advoc. 14 (1998).


The main ingredients of the dish vichysoisse are potato and which other vegetable?

Classic Vichyssoise Recipe - Allrecipes.com Miss Fuzzy 3/17/2008 This classic is elegant in its simplicity but the choice of ingredients is critical. Avoid any temptation to substitute lower quality, pre-processed or packaged ingredients for the sake of time... Sara 8/19/2007 This was a great recipe for potato leek soup! The only change I would make is to add some garlic to the leeks next time. I also haven't added the cream yet, because it is cooling, and I'm not ... ~TAYLOR~ 10/13/2006 This is a great basic recipe for Vichyssoise, Priscilla. I used 4 leeks, added a bit more butter, increased the cooking time to 20 minutes in step 1 and to 1 hour in step 2. After the puree stag... Martin Sparks 9/4/2010 Vichyssoise is a classic minimalist recipe (it is American, not French) that should not be altered to make it taste like a baked potato by adding bacon and sour cream. Eesh! Nor is it served h... Suzanne 8/12/2011 Just a note about the history and uses of this basic recipe... Most people believe the chef who invented vichyssoise was French, working in America; his name was Louis Diat, working at the Ritz-... jennybeans 10/6/2008 Our favorite French restaurant had Vichyssoise as the soup d'jour couple of nights ago. I loved it so much that it inspired me to make my own.  This recipe was easy to follow and the soup came... Lin 7/10/2008 EXCELLANT !!! I too, used fresh thyme I have a nice kitchen herb garden... Followed it exactly, served it cold with a nice Caesar salad, as another reveiwer suggested. Wonderful on a hot day, in... EAKE 2/8/2008 This soup was down right elegant!!! I followed the recipe exactly, except that I had fresh thyme, that needed using, so I used 1/2 tsp of that. I tried some at room temperature and then gently ... Cindy Baker 4/14/2008 I served this cold in shot glasses at my french themed coctail party. It was delicous cold. I had the leftovers hot with a salad and bread. YUMMY.


Which King of Great Britain was succeeded by his sister-in-law?

Timeline of the Kings & Queens of England There have been 66 monarchs of England and Britain spread over a period of 1500 years.   SAXON KINGS EGBERT 827 - 839 Egbert (Ecgherht) was the first monarch to establish a stable and extensive rule over all of Anglo-Saxon England. After returning from exile at the court of Charlemagne in 802, he regained his kingdom of Wessex. Following his conquest of Mercia in 827, he controlled all of England south of the Humber. After further victories in Northumberland and North Wales, he is recognised by the title Bretwalda ( Anglo-Saxon , "ruler of the British". A year before he died aged almost 70, he defeated a combined force of Danes and Cornish at Hingston Down in Cornwall. He is buried at Winchester in Hampshire. AETHELWULF 839-856 King of Wessex , son of Egbert and father of Alfred the Great. In 851 Aethelwulf defeated a Danish army at the battle of Oakley while his eldest son Althelstan fought and beat the Danes at sea off the coast of Kent , in what is believed to be the first naval battle. A highly religous man, Athelwulf travelled to Rome with his son Alfred to see the Pope in 855. AETHELBALD 856 - 860 The eldest son of Aethelwulf, Æthelbald was born around 834. He was crowned at Kingston-upon-Thames in southwest London, after forcing his father to abdicate upon his return from pilgrimage to Rome. Following his fathers death in 858, he married his widowed stepmother Judith, but under pressure from the church the marriage was annulled after only a year. He is buried at Sherbourne Abbey in Dorset . AETHELBERT 860 - 866 Became king following the death of his brother Æthelbald. Like his brother and his father, Aethelbert (pictured to the right) was crowned at Kingston-Upon-Thames. Shortly after his succession a Danish army landed and sacked Winchester before being defeated by the Saxons. In 865 the Viking Great Heathen Army landed in East Anglia and swept across England. He is buried at Sherborne Abbey. AETHELRED I 866 - 871 Aethelred succeeded his brother Aethelbert. His reign was one long struggle with the Danes who had occupied York in 866, establishing the Viking kingdom of Yorvik . When the Danish Army moved south Wessex itself was threatened, and so together with his brother Alfred, they fought several battles with the Vikings at Reading, Ashdown and Basing. Aethelred suffered serious injuries during the next major battle at Meretun in Hampshire; he died of his wounds shortly after at Witchampton in Dorset, where he was buried. ALFRED THE GREAT 871 - 899 - son of AETHELWULF Born at Wantage in Berkshire around 849, Alfred was well educated and is said to have visited Rome on two occasions. He had proven himself to be a strong leader in many battles, and as a wise ruler managed to secure five uneasy years of peace with the Danes, before they attacked Wessex again in 877. Alfred was forced to retreat to a small island in the Somerset Levels and it was from here that he masterminded his comeback, perhaps ' burning the cakes ' as a consequence. With major victories at Edington, Rochester and London, Alfred established Saxon Christian rule over first Wessex, and then on to most of England. To secure his hard won boundaries Alfred founded a permanent army and an embryonic Royal Navy. To secure his place in history, he began the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. EDWARD (The Elder) 899 - 924 Succeeded his father Alfred the Great. Edward retook southeast England and the Midlands from the Danes. Following the the death of his sister Aethelflaed of Mercia , Edward unites the kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia. In 923, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles record that the Scottish King Constantine II recognises Edward as "father and lord". The following year, Edward is killed in a battle against the Welsh near Chester . His body is returned to Winchester for burial. ATHELSTAN 924 - 939 Son of Edward the Elder, Athelstan extended the boundaries of his kingdom at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937. In what is said to be one of the bloodiest battles ever fought on British soil, Athelstan defeated a combined army of Scots


In which country would you find the Mato Grosso plateau?

Mato Grosso Plateau | plateau, Brazil | Britannica.com Mato Grosso Plateau Alternative Title: Planalto de Matto Grosso Similar Topics Borborema Plateau Mato Grosso Plateau, Portuguese Planalto De Matto Grosso , part of the Brazilian Highlands of inland Brazil . It is an ancient erosional plateau that occupies much of central Mato Grosso estado (state) and extends from the border of Goiás state westward to the Serra dos Parecis , which lies near the Bolivian border. In the south it gives way to floodplains called the Pantanal; this area consists of often-inundated but rich grazing lands that make up a basin of the upper Paraguay and Cuiabá rivers. The Mato Grosso Plateau, with an average elevation of approximately 2,000 feet (600 m) above sea level, forms the divide between the Amazon River basin to the north and the Paraguay River basin to the south. The plateau is covered with a mixture of savanna grasslands and woodland. The area was explored and partially settled by 17th-century miners, who combed the region in search of gold, diamonds, and other minerals. Although mining is still important in portions of the Mato Grosso Plateau, the primary economic activity is cattle raising. The transportation network is poorly developed, although there are a few highways. Cuiabá, the state capital of Mato Grosso, is the principal urban centre. Learn More in these related articles:


"In the 1966 film ""The Good, The Bad and The Ugly"", who played Tuco, ""the Ugly""?"

The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966) - Synopsis The content of this page was created directly by users and has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff. Warning! This synopsis may contain spoilers See plot summary for non-spoiler summarized description. Visit our Synopsis Help to learn more Synopsis The film tells the story of three men who pursue, often at the expense of others, information about the location of a buried treasure of coins. The first character introduced in the movie is Tuco Benedicto Pacifico Juan Maria Ramirez (the Ugly) - called Tuco - (Eli Wallach), who has a bounty on his head for numerous crimes. Tuco has a partnership with Blondie (The Good, played by Clint Eastwood) in which the latter turns him in for the reward money which the two then split after Blondie saves Tuco from hanging at the last moment. Meanwhile, a third character called Angel Eyes (Lee Van Cleef, playing the Bad) has learned of a hidden trunk of gold owned by a Confederate soldier named Bill Carson. He sets off to find the gold. Soon, Blondie grows tired of his relationship with Tuco, and leaves Tuco in the desert with no water. Tuco survives and is intent on exacting revenge on his former partner. He finds Blondie, and turns the tables by planning to abandon him in the desert. However, before Tuco can complete his torture in the New Mexico desert, a runaway stagecoach full of dead and dying Confederate soldiers appears. Bill Carson, the man with knowledge of the whereabouts of the gold, dying from thirst, persuades Tuco to get him a drink by disclosing the name of the graveyard where the loot is located. As Tuco goes for the water, Carson dies, but not before revealing the name on the grave to Blondie. Dressed in the uniforms of the dead soldiers, Tuco takes Blondie, near death, to a local Catholic mission run by his brother, a priest. While Blondie recovers, Tuco and his brother (Luigi Pistilli) confront each other about the mistakes each has made in life. After leaving the mission, the two, still impersonating Confederate soldiers are captured and taken to a Union prison camp. Angel Eyes has followed the trail of Bill Carson to the prison camp and is posing as a Union Sergeant. Angel Eyes and his colleague Wallace beat and torture Tuco until he reveals the location of the cemetery. When Angel Eyes learns that only Blondie knows the name, he changes tactics. He proposes a partnership, and accompanied by five or six other killers, they leave to find the coins. Tuco escapes while being transported from the camp by train, in the process killing Wallace. At the nearest town, Tuco encounters a bounty hunter (Al Mulock) he had wounded at the beginning of the film, who seeks his revenge. As Tuco shoots the bounty hunter, Blondie, who is in the same town with Angel Eyes, recognizes the sound of Tuco's gun, seeks him out, and he and Tuco resume their old partnership. Together they kill Angel Eyes' gunmen along the main street, but Angel Eyes himself escapes. Tuco and Blondie stumble on a battle between the Union and the Confederates, fighting for a bridge of questionable strategic value. Since the cemetery is on the other side of the bridge, they decide to destroy it and force the soldiers go somewhere else to fight. While they are setting up the dynamite, Tuco reveals that the cemetery is called Sad Hill and Blondie reveals that the coins are buried in a grave marked by the name of Arch Stanton ( Adam S. Gottbetter ). On the other side of the river Tuco deserts Blondie by horseback and finally enters the nearby graveyard. Tuco frantically searches around the graveyard for the grave of Arch Stanton. Eventually Tuco finds it, but before he can begin digging he's held at gunpoint by Blondie, who in turn is held at gunpoint by Angel Eyes, who has finally caught up to both of them. However, Blondie reveals that Arch Stanton's grave contains only a decomposing corpse. Blondie then leads the three of them into an empty patch of land in the middle of the cemetery. He writes the name of the real grave under a stone which he places in the cen


As what was the Isle of Wight known to the Romans?

Isle of Wight Nostalgia Site: Island History Isle of Wight Nostalgia - History Beakers, Romans, Saxons & Danes Around 1900 BC the Beaker people arrived - so called from their distinctive pottery. They called the Island Wiht (weight) meaning raised or what rises over the sea. Then the Romans arrived in 43 AD and translated Wiht into the name Vectis from the Latin veho meaning lifting. The Roman rule started under Vespasian and continued peacefully for over four hundred years. Then followed a period of strife starting with the Saxons under Cerdic and Cynric in 530 AD. Many of the natives were slaughtered and four years after Cerdic's death the government was divided between his two nephews Stuf and Wihtgar. In 544 Wihtgar died and was buried at Carisbrooke. In 661 AD, Wight changed hands again when it was taken by Wulfhure, King of the Mercians, but it was in 686 AD that the West Saxon King, Caedwalla, conquered it and brought Christianity to the Island. For two centuries the people of Wight then led a fairly peaceful life until the Danes arrived this far south. In 897 AD their visits for 'burning and killing' went on for over 100 years so the Islanders lived in constant fear. The Middle Ages At the time of the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror granted overlordship of the Isle of Wight to his relative William FitzOsbern who began the construction of a castle at Carisbrooke. The lordship of the Island passed to the De Redvers family in 1101, with the hereditary rights and privileges that accompanied it, until the Countess Isabella De Fortibus, the last survivor in the family, sold the Island to Edward 1 in 1293 for six thousand marks. The acquisition of full control of the Island by the crown was important because the Island's vulnerability to invasion. The lordship of the Island was now a royal appointment. One of the lords of the Island - Henry Beauchamp, Duke of Warwick - was actually given a title of King to the Isle of Wight in 1444 by Henry V1, who attended the ceremony and placed the crown on his head. During the Hundred Years' War, the Island, like much of the south coast, became a target for marauding French. The Island's only fortification, the Norman Castle at Carisbrooke, assumed a defence role for which it was unsuited owing to its central position; The French could land on the coast and burn and plunder while ignoring the castle. Towns and villages like Yarmouth, Newtown and Newport were sometimes attacked and burned. It is said that in 1377 a party of French fell into an ambush on the outskirts of Newport and were cut to pieces in Dead Man's Lane, now Trafalgar Road. They are supposed to be buried at 'Noddies Hill', now known as Nodehill or Upper St. James' Street. On the same occasion the French besieged the castle, but, according to the legend, retired on the death of their commander, shot from the castle's west wall. Concern about the French attacks is shown in the frequent modifications made to the Castle's defences in the 14th Century. Tudor & Stuart Period The strategic importance of the Island increased with the development of Portsmouth as a permanent naval base. Henry VIII accordingly built additional fortifications on the island at Yarmouth, East & West Cowes and Sandown, sometimes re-using stone from dissolved monasteries as building material. Sir Richard Worsley, Captain of the Island at this time, successfully commanded the resistance to the last of the French attacks in 1545, at the time of the loss of the Mary Rose. During the reign of Elizabeth 1, the Island was again threatened by invasion, this time from Spain. Sir George Carey, cousin of the Queen and Captain of the Island, took up residence at Carisbrooke Castle in 1583 and undertook repairs to the defences. Although the Armada was defeated in 1588, the Spanish threat remained, and the outer fortifications of Carisbrooke Castle were built between 1597 and 1602 in response to the invasion scare. At the outset of the Civil War in 1642, the Parliament assumed control of the Island and retained their control throughout the conflict. In


What was the forename of the Hungarian composer Kodaly?

Zoltan Kodaly | Hungarian composer | Britannica.com Hungarian composer Hector Berlioz Zoltán Kodály, Hungarian form Kodály Zoltán (born December 16, 1882, Kecskemét , Austria-Hungary [now in Hungary]—died March 6, 1967, Budapest), prominent composer and authority on Hungarian folk music . He was also important as an educator not only of composers but also of teachers, and, through his students, he contributed heavily to the spread of music education in Hungary . He was a chorister in his youth at Nagyszombat, Austria-Hungary (now Trnava , Slovakia), where he wrote his first compositions . In 1902 he studied composition in Budapest . He toured his country in his first quest for folk-song sources in the year before his graduation from Budapest University with a thesis (1906) on the structure of Hungarian folk song. After studying for a short time in Paris with the composer-organist Charles Widor , he became teacher of theory and composition at the Budapest Academy of Music (1907–41). With Béla Bartók , whom he met in 1906, he published editions of folk songs (1906–21). Their folk-song collection formed the basis of Corpus Musicae Popularis Hungariae (established 1951). Kodály created an individual style, Romantic in flavour and less percussive than that of Bartók, that was derived from Hungarian folk music, contemporary French music, and the religious music of the Italian Renaissance . His works, many of which are widely performed, include Psalmus Hungaricus (1923), written to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the union of Buda and Pest; Háry János (1926), a comic opera; two sets of Hungarian dances for orchestra , Marosszék Dances (1930) and Dances of Galánta (1933); a Te Deum (1936); a concerto for orchestra (1941); Missa Brevis (1942); an opera , Cinka Panna (1948); Symphony in C Major (1961); and chamber music, including two cello sonatas (1909–10; 1915), two string quartets (1908; 1916–17), and Serenade, for two violins and viola (1919–20). Kodály’s scholarly writings include Die ungarische Volksmusik (1956; Folk Music of Hungary), as well as numerous articles for ethnographic and musical journals. The Selected Writings of Zoltán Kodály, edited by Ferenc Bónis and translated from the Hungarian by Lili Halápy and Fred Macnicol, was published in 1974. Learn More in these related articles:


What name is given in English law to a minor legally placed under the care of a guardian?

Ward | Define Ward at Dictionary.com ward a division or district of a city or town, as for administrative or political purposes. 2. one of the districts into which certain English and Scottish boroughs are divided. 3. a division, floor, or room of a hospital for a particular class or group of patients: a convalescent ward; a critical ward. 4. any of the separate divisions of a prison. 5. a political subdivision of a parish in Louisiana. 6. Mormon Church. one of the subdivisions of a stake, presided over by a bishop. 7. Fortification. an open space within or between the walls of a castle or fortified place: the castle's lower ward. 8. Law. a person, especially a minor, who has been legally placed under the care of a guardian or a court. the state of being under the care or control of a legal guardian. guardianship over a minor or some other person legally incapable of managing his or her own affairs. 9. the state of being under restraining guard or in custody. 10. a person who is under the protection or control of another. 11. a movement or posture of defense, as in fencing. 12. a curved ridge of metal inside a lock, forming an obstacle to the passage of a key that does not have a corresponding notch. 13. the notch or slot in the bit of a key into which such a ridge fits. 14. the act of keeping guard or protective watch: watch and ward. Archaic. a company of guards or a garrison. verb (used with object) 16. to avert, repel, or turn aside (danger, harm, an attack, an assailant, etc.) (usually followed by off): to ward off a blow; to ward off evil. 17. to place in a ward, as of a hospital or prison. 18. Old English 900 before 900; (noun) Middle English warde, Old English weard; (v.) Middle English warden, Old English weardian; cognate with Middle Dutch waerden, German warten; cf. guard Related forms 1. precinct. 10. protégé. 16. parry, prevent. Ward (Aaron) Montgomery, 1843–1913, U.S. merchant and mail-order retailer. 2. [ahr-tuh-muh s] /ˈɑr tə məs/ (Show IPA), 1727–1800, American general in the American Revolution. 3. [ahr-tuh-muh s] /ˈɑr tə məs/ (Show IPA), (Charles Farrar Browne) 1834–67, U.S. humorist. 4. Barbara (Baroness Jackson of Lodsworth) 1914–81, English economist and author. 5. Mrs. Humphry (Mary Augusta Arnold) 1851–1920, English novelist, born in Tasmania. 6. Sir Joseph George, 1856–1930, New Zealand statesman, born in Australia: prime minister 1906–12, 1928–30. 7. Lester Frank, 1841–1913, U.S. sociologist. 8. Nathaniel ("Theodore de la Guard") 1578?–1652, English clergyman, lawyer, and author in America. 9. a native English suffix denoting spatial or temporal direction, as specified by the initial element: toward; seaward; afterward; backward. Origin Expand Middle English; Old English -weard towards; cognate with German -wärts; akin to Latin vertere to turn (see verse ) Usage note Expand Both -ward and -wards occur in such words as backward, forward, upward, and toward. The -ward form is by far the more common in edited American English writing. Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for ward Expand Final Weapon Everett B. Cole You will not wait for poverty to teach you economy, but will learn economy to ward off poverty. Floyd Grandon's Honor Amanda Minnie Douglas He first went to a ward where lay two lads side by side, each with his right leg amputated above the knee. British Dictionary definitions for ward Expand noun 1. (in many countries) a district into which a city, town, parish, or other area is divided for administration, election of representatives, etc 2. a room in a hospital, esp one for patients requiring similar kinds of care: a maternity ward 3. one of the divisions of a prison 4. an open space enclosed within the walls of a castle 5. (law) Also called ward of court. a person, esp a minor or one legally incapable of managing his own affairs, placed under the control or protection of a guardian or of a court guardianship, as of a minor or legally incompetent person 6. the state of being under guard or in custody 7. a person who is under the protection or in the custody of another 8. a m


Which company manufactured the RAF's first operational jet fighter the Meteor?

Jet Aircraft of World War II Airport Codes Jet Aircraft of World War II Prior to 1939, the jet engine existed only in research labs. However, thanks to a few brilliant inventors, jet-powered aircraft soon took to the skies to participate in the aerial combat of World War II. The technology was utilized by both the Allied and Axis forces, and as jet aircraft developed post-war, the engine itself was refined into a proven commercial entity. Today, the jet engine is used in most commercial airplanes, such as the Boeing 707. Who invented the jet? There is some debate over who “officially” invented the jet engine. The prize usually goes to British engineer and officer, Sir Frank Whittle. Whittle developed the concept in 1929, and officially patented the jet engine in 1930. The following decade saw Whittle undergo a lack of support from the Air Ministry and substantial financial strain, so much so that the patent lapsed in 1935 because he couldn’t afford the renewal fee. Whittle’s faith in the development of his idea did eventually pay off - in 1944, the British Gloster Meteor became the first operational Allied fighter jet. Earlier, in 1936, German engineer Hans Von Ohain took a patent on using a gas turbine’s exhaust as a method of propulsion. Heinkel, director of the German Heinkel company, agreed to help develop the new technology. Von Ohain created the first operational jet engine, utilized by the experimental Heinkel He 178 aircraft, which successfully flew on August 24, 1939, powered by Von Ohain’s HeS 38 jet engine. The Jet Engine Jet Aircraft in Action The invention of jet aircraft was not a revolutionary discovery in terms of combat fighting. While jet aircraft were certainly much faster than existing airplanes, they paid for speed with a lack of handling control and a limited range. Jet aircraft also tended to guzzle fuel, which made them expensive to produce and operate. So few planes were made that while a few models saw combat, it wasn’t enough to single-handedly change the course of the war. However, once the war had ended and there was time and money available to develop the technology, jet aircraft revolutionized the aeronautical field with its inclusion in commercial jets and jet bombers. Jet bombers were more frequently used in later wars, such as the Korean War, for active offense. The first fighter jet of World War II was the German Messerschmitt Me 262. It didn’t take to the air until 1944, but compared to its Allied counterparts, it was better in every capacity from speed to offensive arms. It was effective in light fights and as a reconnaissance plane, but was plagued by a massive need for fuel and maintenance issues due to the new technology. Fighting strategy also had to be revised, since the speed of the plane lowered the accuracy of shooting. Direct approaches were substituted with massive dipping maneuvers to slow the speed of the Me 262 in order to safely fire. The aforementioned Gloster Meteor was originally used by the Allied forces as a way of defending against V-1 flying bombs (an early version of cruise missiles). A group of four planes were eventually sent into combat in 1945, but their usage was limited to defense and reconnaissance. World War II and the Jet Engine Allied Aircraft Without question, the British Gloster Meteor is the most famous Allied jet fighter, as it was the first to enter service in 1944. The Meteor was the only Allied jet fighter that participated in combat in World War II, and its creation actually helped develop turboprop power. The UK also developed the de Havilland Vampire, which entered service in 1945 (too late to assist with the war) and was subsequently used for training. The United States also contributed some jet aircraft – namely, the Bell P-59 Airacomet, Ryan FR Fireball, and the Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star – as did the Soviet Union with the Mikoyan-Gurevich I-250. Unfortunately, these planes never saw combat, and some, like the Mikoyan-Gurevich I-250, had too many issues during testing to continue production. History of the Vampire Axis Aircraft Germany had


The main ingredients of the Irish dish colcannon are potato and which other vegetable?

Irish Colcannon Winter Vegetable Casserole) Recipe - Food.com rachel_carson July 03, 2008 Miss Annie, this was yummy! I forgot to buy parsnip, instead I used carrots which also gave the dish a pretty color. I lightly micro-steamed both kale and cabbage for 5 mintues and let it sit, covered until ready to stir into the potatoes. To make the potatoes easier to mash I added the milk used for soaking the leeks. (I warmed the milk, too.) Very easy to put together and hit the spot. Pure comfort food. I also was out of mace, so I used freshly grated nutmeg. Used white pepper, not black to season. Thank you for sharing your recipe with us. cg ;) COOKGIRl April 06, 2006 This was surprisingly good. I had never had Parsnips before and with this dish I discovered a new vegetable that I liked. I was impressed with the different kinds of vegetables used to make this hearty dish. I hate cleaning leeks so I did not use them and I cut the parsley by half. But I was thoroughly impressed to say the least and I will be using this recipe again in the upcoming colder months. Thanks so much for sharing. A simply wonderful companion to almost any meat and would work well as a main dish for a vegetarian dinner or while on a no-meat diet. Would you like to attach a photo to your submission? Browse The image has been attached to your submission. Close Are you sure you want to report this post for review? Yes, report it. You must be logged in to interact with the activity feed. Log in now


Who played Malcolm X in the 1992 film of the same name?

Malcolm X (1992) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Biographical epic of the controversial and influential Black Nationalist leader, from his early life and career as a small-time gangster, to his ministry as a member of the Nation of Islam. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 47 titles created 18 Nov 2014 a list of 30 titles created 04 Dec 2015 a list of 22 titles created 05 Dec 2015 a list of 48 titles created 11 months ago a list of 36 titles created 7 months ago Search for " Malcolm X " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for     2     Oscars. Another    18 wins & 14 nominations. See more awards  » Videos The story of Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, a boxer wrongly imprisoned for murder, and the people who aided in his fight to prove his innocence. Director: Norman Jewison On the hottest day of the year on a street in the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, everyone's hate and bigotry smolders and builds until it explodes into violence. Director: Spike Lee A basketball player's father must try to convince him to go to a college so he can get a shorter sentence. Director: Spike Lee Friends and family of a married black architect react in different ways to his affair with an Italian secretary. Director: Spike Lee Robert Gould Shaw leads the US Civil War's first all-black volunteer company, fighting prejudices of both his own Union army and the Confederates. Director: Edward Zwick Antwone Fisher, a young navy man, is forced to see a psychiatrist after a violent outburst against a fellow crewman. During the course of treatment a painful past is revealed and a new hope begins. Director: Denzel Washington Jazz trumpeter Bleek Gilliam makes questionable decisions in his professional and romantic lives. Director: Spike Lee John Quincy Archibald takes a hospital emergency room hostage when his insurance won't cover his son's heart transplant. Director: Nick Cassavetes A drama based on the true story of Melvin B. Tolson, a professor at Wiley College Texas. In 1935, he inspired students to form the school's first debate team, which went on to challenge Harvard in the national championship. Director: Denzel Washington In 1970s America, a detective works to bring down the drug empire of Frank Lucas, a heroin kingpin from Manhattan, who is smuggling the drug into the country from the Far East. Director: Ridley Scott Edit Storyline Biograpical epic of Malcolm X, the legendary African American leader. Born Malcolm Little, his father (a Garveyite Baptist minister) was killed by the Ku Klux Klan. Malcolm became a gangster, and while in jail discovered the Nation of Islam writings of Elijah Muhammad. He preaches the teachings when let out of jail, but later on goes on a pilgrimage to the city of Mecca, there he converts to the original Islamic religion and becomes a Sunni Muslim and changes his name to El-Hajj Malik Al-Shabazz. He is assassinated on February 21, 1965 and dies a Muslim martyr. Written by Anonymous Rated PG-13 for a scene of violence, and for drugs and some language | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 18 November 1992 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Dolby Digital (35 mm prints)| 70 mm 6-Track (70 mm prints) Color: Richard Pryor was briefly attached to star in the early production stages. See more » Goofs Sarah Vaughan's surname is misspelled as "Vaughn" on the Apollo Theater's marquee. See more » Quotes [first lines] Announcer: In the name of Allah the merciful, all praises due to Allah, Lord of all the worlds. The one God to whom praise is due forever. The one who came to us in the person of Master Fard Muhammad and raised up the Honorable Elijah Muhammad. Amen. [pause] Announcer: How do you feel? Crowd: Good! Announcer: Who do we want to hear? Crowd: Ma


Created in 1903, what became England's first 'garden city'?

The History of British and Irish Towns About The history of British and Irish towns A town is not just an overgrown village . It has its own economy. Goods are made and traded there. So a good site might be on a bend in a navigable river, or beside a river crossing. The development of towns is generally complex. In those of our historic towns not too mangled by Blitz or boom, you can trace the growth from medieval core through belts of Georgian , Victorian and modern buildings, almost like tree rings. Check your conclusions with a series of town maps . The date and magnificence of churches , public buildings and places of entertainment give other clues to the periods of greatest prosperity.ï¿½ City status in England and Wales was traditionally given to towns with cathedrals , but from 1888 size of population became the chief factor in such designations. Roman In the century before the Roman conquest a few tribal centres (oppida) grew up in southern Britain, though only one appears truly urban - Calleva (Silchester), which was laid out c. 25 BC on a grid plan influenced by Roman town planning. Some tribal centres were rebuilt as Roman district capitals after the conquest - Canterbury, Silchester, St Albans and Winchester. Other district capitals, such as Carmarthen, Carlisle, Cirencester, Exeter and Wroxeter, perhaps replaced a tribal meeting-place nearby, but as towns they were Roman creations, as was London, capital of the new province of Britannia. Other towns began life as legionary fortresses with settlements of ex-soldiers, like Caerleon, Chester, Gloucester, Lincoln and York, while Bath and Buxton were Roman spas. Roman towns were laid out on a grid plan, with a forum in the centre forming a market place, surrounded by shops, offices and a basilica . In the 4th century AD many gained defenses . Bibliography . Saxon/Viking Urban life declined drastically after Britannia left the Roman Empire in 410. The early Anglo-Saxon arrivals had no use for Roman towns, living as they did at subsistence level. Even where Romano-British culture continued, the imperial economy which sustained urban life had collapsed. As trade revived in the 7th century, the Anglo-Saxons developed coinage and trading centres, for which they used the term wic (borrowed from Latin vicus). Some were beside former Roman towns well-sited for trade. Lundenwic lay west of the walled Roman Londinium. Hamwic (Southhampton) was downstream of the Roman fort and harbour of Clausentum. Eoforwic (York) was founded outside Roman Eboracum. Fordwich (Kent), Droitwich (Worcestershire) and Ipswich (Suffolk) retain the -wic suffix which provides a clue to their trading status. Urban life blossomed more widely in the 9th century. As the Vikings threatened, Saxon kings were driven to resurrect ruined Roman towns as walled market towns , which would generate income for their own defense (see Alfred's work on Bath and the Charter of Worcester ). They also created new boroughs (burhs), such as Bristol , Hereford, Oxford, Shrewsbury and Wilton. Meanwhile the Vikings were founding their own boroughs. They too made use of Roman defenses where they could - at Leicester, Lincoln and York - but also founded towns like Derby. In Ireland the Vikings built fortified bases to wait out the winter between raiding seasons. A few of these - Cork, Dublin, Limerick, Waterford and Wexford - developed into Ireland's first true towns in the 10th century. Viking Dublin (Dï¿½bh Linn) was a major trading centre. Bibliography. Medieval The 12th century was a time of new town foundation throughout western Europe. The population was rising in a period of bountiful harvests. Kings, barons and churchmen hoped to reap the profits of urban property and markets . 100 new towns were created in England and Wales between 1066 and 1190. Some were to prosper, others to fail. Look for place-names like Newton, Newport and Newmarket. As the Normans pressed into Ireland they founded inland towns, such as Trim, as well as building on Viking foundations along the coast. Meanwhile the first burghs were formed in


Which musical of 1927, with music by Jerome Kern, was based on an Edna Ferber novel of the same name?

Show Boat : definition of Show Boat and synonyms of Show Boat (English) Olivier Award for Best Revival Show Boat is a 1927 musical in two acts, with music by Jerome Kern and book and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II . Based on Edna Ferber 's bestselling novel of the same name, the musical follows the lives of the performers, stagehands, and dock workers on the Cotton Blossom, a Mississippi River show boat , over a span of nearly fifty years, from 1880 to 1927. Its themes include racial prejudice and tragic, enduring love. The musical contributed such classic songs as " Ol' Man River ", " Make Believe ", and " Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man ". The arrival of Show Boat on Broadway was a watershed moment in the history of American musicals. Compared to the trivial and unrealistic operettas , light musical comedies , and "Follies"-type musical revues that defined Broadway in the 1890s and early 20th century, Show Boat "was a radical departure in musical storytelling, marrying spectacle with seriousness." [1] According to The Complete Book of Light Opera: "Here we come to a completely new genre – the musical play as distinguished from musical comedy. Now... the play was the thing, and everything else was subservient to that play. Now... came complete integration of song, humor and production numbers into a single and inextricable artistic entity." [2] The quality of the musical was recognized immediately by the critics, and Show Boat is frequently revived. Awards for Broadway shows did not exist in 1927 when the original production of the show premiered, nor in 1932, when its first revival was staged, but recent revivals of Show Boat have won both the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical (1995) and the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival (2008). Contents 9 External links   Background In doing research for her proposed novel Show Boat , Edna Ferber spent several weeks on the James Adams Floating Palace Theater in Bath, North Carolina , United States, gathering material about a disappearing American entertainment venue, the river showboat . In a few weeks, she gained what she called a "treasure trove of show-boat material, human, touching, true." Jerome Kern was impressed by the novel and, hoping to adapt it as a musical, asked the critic Alexander Woollcott to introduce him to Ferber in October 1926. Woollcott introduced them that evening during the intermission of Kern's latest musical, Criss Cross. [3] Ferber was at first shocked that anyone would want to turn Show Boat into a musical, but after being convinced by Kern that he did not want to adapt the novel into the typical frivolous "girlie" show of the 1920s, granted him and his collaborator Oscar Hammerstein II the rights to set her novel to music. After composing most of the first act songs, Kern and Hammerstein auditioned their material for producer Florenz Ziegfeld , thinking that only he could create the elaborate production necessary for Ferber's sprawling work. [4] Ziegfeld was impressed with the show and agreed to produce it, writing the next day, "This is the best musical comedy I have ever been fortunate to get a hold of; I am thrilled to produce it, this show is the opportunity of my life..." [4] Show Boat, with its serious and dramatic nature, was considered an unusual choice for Ziegfeld, previously known mainly for revues such as the Ziegfeld Follies . Though Ziegfeld anticipated opening his new theatre on Sixth Avenue with Show Boat, the epic nature of the work required an unusually long gestation period and extensive changes during out-of-town tryouts. Impatient with Kern and Hammerstein and worried about their keeping a serious tone (he strongly disliked the songs Ol' Man River and Mis'ry's Comin' Around), Ziegfeld decided to open his theatre in February 1927 with Rio Rita , a musical by Kern's collaborator Guy Bolton . When Rio Rita proved to be a success, Show Boat's Broadway opening was delayed until Rita could be moved to another theater. [5]   Synopsis Note: There is no definitive version of the libretto of Show Boat, although the basic plot


Who was the first American to win the Tour de France?

Tour De France History, Winners & Cartoon Fun by Brownielocks. 2013 Tour de France was the 100th Anniversary! Note: The bicycle in my illustration was obtained from Bicycle Stuff.com free clipart section. I took the liberty of customizing this bike for our bear with the fluffy seat (to help prevent soreness), a light, some streamers, and well, if you notice he carries the Finish Line with him so he always wins! Lance Armstrong, look out! (wink!) July is the month for the now  world-famous Tour de France bicycle race. And it all began due to ego!   The Tour de France goes back to 1903, when 2 Paris sports publications called "Le Velo" and "L'Auto" were competing for readers.  Henri Desgrange was the editor of the "L'Auto" publication and also a former cycling champ.  The "Le Velo" had already organized a 400-mile race called the Bordeaux-to-Paris and the 700-mile Paris-Brest-Paris races.  So Henri decided to create an even more grueling and awesome race that would last an entire month and take it's competitors on a 1,500 mile route through France that begins in Paris and ends in Paris.  The original title was "Le Tour de France Cycliste" and was an instant success, drawing huge crowds and also doing what Henri wanted....doubling the readership of his paper the "L' Auto." The original 1,500 miles is now 2,500 miles and includes some really tough stretches of biking through the Alps, the Massif Central, the Pyrenees mountains and ending at Paris' Arc de Triomphe. What separates the Tour de France from other competitions is it's physical demands and it's format.  The race is divided into 23 timed stages (or legs of the race), covering over a 3-week period with only ONE DAY OF REST! There are 20 teams, with up to 10 riders per team making a total of 200 riders in the race. Some team riders are to "clear the way" for the team's best cyclists.  The best riding teams have members who are specialized in such certain bicycling skills such as sprinting, climbing hills and speed.   Then there are some team members who are the logistics support (along the same lines as a race driver has a pit crew to help him?) in which their sole purpose is to clear a path for the team's leader, even if it means giving him your bike or say tire if need be.   It may seem odd, but a rider could win 4 to 5  of the daily stages and yet still end up finishing behind the actual winner (determined by the cyclist with the lowest cumulative time for ALL stages combined) of the Tour de France.  Ironically, that means that it's also possible to win only one stage or even NO stages of this race, and yet end up winning the race merely by staying close to the daily leaders day by day and wait for either them to mess up somehow and then take the lead or....some other strategy? ;) The race is a stage race, with each stage basically being a day long. (Some stages take more than a day.)  Ranking the riders according to their accumulated time is called "General Classification." The winner is the one who is ranked first in General Classification. The stages have varied through the years.  Today, there's about 20 stages, with each stage being about 50 to 200 miles long. ( The Tour will vary; but, all the stages add up to about 1,800 to 2,500 miles total. ) And, even though it's called the Tour de France, some of the stages are not in France, but are  in Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Belgium, Germany and Luxembourg. The first stage of the Tour de France is called the prologue. It starts in France. And the end of the race is called the Champs-ï¿½lysï¿½es and ends in Paris.  (The entire point system, as well as the different stages to me is extremely complicated and is explained in better detail on the official Tour de France website. ) In brief, the key to winning the Tour de France is consistency.  The winners also become international celebrities.  Some more than others. The most well-known winners are listed chronologically as follows: (1957, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964) Eddie Mercks  (1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974) (From Belgiam and considered by many the world's greatest cycl


Which Pulitzer Prize winning novel, by Alice Walker, was the subject of numerous attempts to have it banned, on the grounds of violence and racism?

Top Ten Most-Banned Classic Novels Top Ten Most-Banned Classic Novels Top Ten Most-Banned Classic Novels Check out this list of some of the most controversial and challenged works Image provided by Vintage Share By Esther Lombardi So you want to read a banned book? You'll have plenty of excellent novels from which to choose. Throughout history, there have been many attempts to suppress or otherwise censor works of literature, even works that have gone on to be culturally significant classics. Authors such as George Orwell, William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, and Toni Morrison have all seen their works banned at one time or another. The list of banned books is massive, and the reasons for their exclusion varies, but banning usually has to do with sexual content, drug use, or violent imagery. Here are the top 10 most-banned classic works of fiction in the 20th century, according to the American Library Association, and a little bit about why each was considered controversial. The Great Gatsby , F. Scott Fitzgerald. Fitzgerald's Jazz Age classic is one of the most-banned books of all time. The tale of playboy Jay Gatsby and the target of his affection, Daisy Buchanan, was "challenged" as recently as 1987, by Baptist College in Charleston, S.C. continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge because of "language and sexual references in the book." The Catcher in the Rye , by J.D. Salinger The stream-of-consciousness story of Holden Caulfield's coming of age has long been a controversial text for young readers. An Oklahoma teacher was fired for assigning Catcher to an 11th grade English class in 1960, and numerous school boards have banned it for its language (Holden goes on a lengthy rant about the "F" word at one point) and sexual content. The Grapes of Wrath , by John Steinbeck John Steinbeck's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel that tells the story of the migrant Joad family has been burned and banned for its language since its release in 1939. It was even banned for a time by Kern County, Calif., which is where the Joads end up, because Kern County residents said it was "obscene" and libelous. To Kill a Mockingbird , by Harper Lee This 1961 Pulitzer-Prize winning story of racism in the Deep South, told through the eyes of a young girl named Scout, has been banned mainly for its use of language, including the "n" word. A school district in Indiana challenged it in 1981, because it claimed the book represented "institutionalized racism under the guise of good literature," according to the ALA. The Color Purple , by Alice Walker This novel's graphic portrayals of rape, racism, violence against women and sex have seen it banned by school boards and libraries since its release in 1982.  Another winner of the Pulitzer Prize, The Color Purple was one of more than a dozen books challenged in Virginia in 2002 by a group calling themselves Parents Against Bad Books in Schools. Ulysses , by James Joyce The stream-of-consciousness epic novel, considered Joyce's masterpiece, was not only banned for what critics viewed as its pornographic nature, but 500 copies were seized and burned by New York postal officials in 1922. The matter ended up in court, where a judge ultimately decided Ulysses should be available, calling it  " a book of originality and sincerity of treatment, ant that it has not the effect of promoting lust." Beloved , by Toni Morrison The story of the freed slave Sethe has been challenged for its scenes of violence and sexual material. It also won the Pulitzer Prize, in 1987. The Lord of the Flies , by William Golding This tale of schoolboys stranded on a desert island is often banned for its "vulgar" language, and violence by its characters. It was challenged at a North Carolina high school in 1981 because it was considered "demoralizing inasmuch as it implies that man is little more than an animal." 1984 , by George Orwell The dystopian future in Orwell's 1949 novel was written to depict what he saw as serious threats from the then-budding Soviet Union. Nevertheless, it was challenged in a Florida scho


What name is given to the arc of bright spots seen during a solar eclipse, and caused by the uneven surface of the moon?

What Is the Ring of Light Around the Moon When There Is a Solar Eclipse? | The Classroom | Synonym What Is the Ring of Light Around the Moon When There Is a Solar Eclipse? by Tammie Painter The ring around the moon in a total eclipse is caused by the sun's corona. Related Articles Does the Moon Have Solar Wind Storms? If you're at the right place at the right time, you might witness a total solar eclipse. During this dramatic event, the moon blocks out the light of the sun to observers on Earth. As the moon covers the sun, rings of light appear from the corona, which appears at the edge of the sun's disk. Careful observers will be able to see the changes in this light during the course of the eclipse. The Corona At totality, a crown of glowing light shines around the moon. This light comes from the sun's outermost region, its corona. Occasionally, red areas of light dot the corona. This event is hydrogen gas, as it travels along loops of the sun's magnetic field caused by the activity of sunspots. First and Second Contact A total eclipse occurs when the moon is in exact alignment between the sun and the earth. During first contact, the moon moves in front of the sun, and the sun changes from a bright, round orb to a crescent. At second contact, the moon covers the sun, and a faint strip of sunlight is visible at the edge of the moon. This strip is caused by the many craters, valleys and mountains that give the moon a rough surface. This strip of light also appears at third contact, when the moon begins to move out of the path of the sun. Baily's Beads Following second contact, bright beads of light appear at the edge of the moon. Called Baily's beads, these dots of lights, like the light strip seen in second contact, are caused by the sun's light peeking through the moon's rough surface. Baily's beads occur at only one edge of the moon; the glow of the sun's corona. appears at the other edge. Diamond Ring & Chromosphere Just before totality, some of the sun's light still peeks past the moon, while the sun's corona begins to form more fully around the moon. At this point, a bright spot of light appears at one edge of the moon. With a thin corona band and the moon's dark circle, it looks like a diamond ring hanging in the sky. Just after the diamond ring appears, watch for a thin strip of red light around the moon. This is the sun's chromosphere. Ring of Fire In a total eclipse, the moon totally covers the surface of the sun. When the moon is at its farthest point from Earth, it can pass in front of the sun but not cover the sun entirely. This event is called an annular eclipse. At the peak of an annular eclipse, a ring of sunlight is still visible behind the moon. The ring glows red, yellow and orange, giving it the name Ring of Fire. References