Which Marx Brother didn't appear in any of their films?

Marx Brothers | American actors | Britannica.com American actors art Marx Brothers, American comedy team that was popular on stage, screen, and radio for 30 years. They were celebrated for their inventive attacks on the socially respectable and upon ordered society in general. Five Marx brothers became entertainers: Chico Marx (original name Leonard Marx; b. March 22, 1887, New York, New York, U.S.—d. October 11, 1961, Hollywood, California), Harpo (original name Adolph Marx, later Arthur Marx; b. November 23, 1888, New York City—d. September 28, 1964, Hollywood), Groucho (original name Julius Henry Marx; b. October 2, 1890, New York City—d. August 19, 1977, Los Angeles, California), Gummo (original name Milton Marx; b. October 23, 1892, New York City—d. April 21, 1977, Palm Springs, California), and Zeppo (original name Herbert Marx; b. February 25, 1901, New York City—d. November 30, 1979, Palm Springs). The Marx Brothers—(left to right) Chico, Zeppo, Groucho, and Harpo—in … Paramount Pictures/The Kobal Collection The Marx Brothers were the sons of a tailor and a domineering stage mother, as well as the nephews of vaudeville headliner Al Shean of the popular team Gallagher and Shean . In 1904 Groucho became the first of the brothers to appear onstage, when he joined a singing trio. He was eventually joined by Gummo, Harpo, and Chico in what, after a long series of incarnations, evolved into a comedy act. For several mostly successful years in burlesque and vaudeville, the brothers’ stage act consisted of songs, dances, musical specialities by Harpo (on harp) and Chico (on piano), and the Marx’s own brand of chaotic humour. They scored a major triumph on Broadway with their musical-comedy revue I’ll Say She Is (1924), by which time Zeppo had replaced Gummo. In what proved to be a turning point in their careers, the show endeared them to Alexander Woollcott , the most prominent and influential drama critic of the time. His close friendship with Harpo led to the brothers’ association with members of the Algonquin Round Table and other members of New York’s cultural elite. Although they had little formal education, the Marxes were feted by scholars and intellectuals throughout their lives, and they counted among their personal friends luminaries such as Woollcott, George S. Kaufman, S.J. Perelman, T.S. Eliot, George Gershwin , and several other noted writers and composers. Similar Topics the Three Stooges By 1924 the brothers’ act had evolved into its familiar incarnation. Groucho was the master of wit and verbal timing, and he delivered wisecracks and non sequiturs at a dizzying, relentless pace; his visual trademarks included greasepainted eyebrows and mustache, glasses, tailcoat, and ever-present cigar. Harpo played a mute, clad in rags and battered top hat, who communicated through gestures, whistles, horn-honking, and wild facial expressions; his character is that of pure, unbridled emotion and impulse, devilish and angelic in equal measure. Although he had no formal musical training, Harpo was a proficient harpist, and virtually all Marx Brothers films feature one of his impressive solos. Although Groucho and Harpo are regarded as the comic geniuses of the act, audiences found Chico the most immediately ingratiating. In the manner of dialect comedians of the time, Chico adopted a bogus Italian accent for his character of a somewhat thick-headed shyster with a heart of gold. He was not in Harpo’s league as a musician, but his dexterous “trick” piano playing was an audience favourite. Zeppo, who dropped out of the act after the team’s first five films, played a straight character and was usually given little to do, although certain film scenes (such as the letter-writing routine in Animal Crackers) indicate that he too had a sound sense of comic timing. The success of I’ll Say She Is enabled the brothers to secure Broadway’s most prestigious talents for their next show. As produced by Sam Harris, and with a book by George S. Kaufman and songs by Irving Berlin , The Cocoanuts (1925) ran for more than two years on Broadw


What was the name of the flagship of the English Commander, Lord Howard of Effingham, which faced the Spanish Armada?

Charles Howard Charles Howard Student Activities Charles Howard, the son of Sir William Howard, 1st Baron of Effingham, was born in 1536. In the House of Commons he represented Surrey and in 1569 was named General of the Horse. Howard succeeded to his father's title in 1573. Closely related to Elizabeth I he also became Lord Chamberlain of the Household. Howard was appointed Lord High Admiral in 1585. The following year he was commissioner at the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots and afterwards was a strong advocate of her execution. In July 1588 131 ships in the Spanish Armada left for England. The large Spanish galleons were filled with 17,000 well-armed soldiers and 180 Catholic priests. The plan was to sail to Dunkirk in France where the Armada would pick up another 16,000 Spanish soldiers. On hearing the news Charles Howard held a council-of-war. Lord Howard decided to divide the fleet into squadrons. Howard was commander-in-chief and John Hawkins , Francis Drake and Martin Frobisher were chosen as the three other commanders of the fleet. Howard went in his flagship, the Ark Royal (800 tons and a crew of 250). Frobisher was given command of the largest ship in the fleet, the Triumpth (1,110 tons and a crew of 500 men) whereas Drake was the captain of the Revenge (500 tons and a crew of 250) and Hawkins was aboard the Victory (800 tons and a crew of 250). Spartacus E-Books (Price £0.99 / $1.50) Anne Boleyn Lord Howard decided that the Spanish Armada should be attacked at both ends of the crescent. The Ark Royal attacked the right wing and the Revenge and the Triumph attacked Juan Martinez, de Recalde, commander of the Biscayan squadron on the left. Recalde on board the San Juan de Portugal decided to come out and fight the English ships. He was followed by Gran Grin and the two ships soon got into trouble and had to be rescued by the Duke of Medina Sidonia on board the San Martin. At the end of the first day's fighting, only one ship was sunk. This was Spain's San Salvador when a tremendous explosion tore out its stern castle and killed 200 members of the crew. It was later discovered that a gunner's carelessness resulted in a spark reaching the gunpowder in the rear hold. The following morning Francis Drake and the crew of Revenge captured the crippled Rosario. This included Admiral Pedro de Vales and all his crew. Drake also found 55,000 gold ducats on board. That afternoon Medina Sidonia announced that if any Spanish ship broke formation the captain would be hanged immediately. He also told his captains that they must maintain a tight formation in order to prevent further attacks from the English ships. This decision meant that they could only move towards Dunkirk at the speed of the slowest ship. Constantly harassed by the English ships the slow moving Spanish Armada eventually reached Calais without further loss. The English fleet now dropped anchor half a mile away. Soon afterwards they were joined by Lord Henry Seymour and his squadron of ships that had been controlling the seas off Dunkirk. This increased the English fleet by a third and was now similar in size to that of the Spanish fleet. The Duke of Medina Sidonia now sent a message to the Duke of Parma in Dunkirk: "I am anchored here two leagues from Calais with the enemy's fleet on my flank. They can cannonade me whenever they like, and I shall be unable to do them much harm in return." He asked Parma to send fifty ships to help him break out of Calais. Parma was unable to help as he had less than twenty ships and most of those were not yet ready to sail. That night Medina Sidonia sent out a warning to his captains that he expected a fire-ship attack. This tactic had been successfully used by Francis Drake in Cadiz in 1587 and the fresh breeze blowing steadily from the English fleet towards Calais, meant the conditions were ideal for such an attack. He warned his captains not to panic and not to head out to the open sea. Medina Sidonia confidently told them that his patrol boats would be able to protect them from any fire-ship attack that took place. Medina


Which English author and postal service employee was responsible for the introduction of post boxes to the British Isles?

April | 2015 | virtualstampclub.com [press release] Enduring elegy by Canadian combat surgeon featured in new stamp John McCrae’s In Flanders Fields was written 100 years ago to honour both one close friend and countless war dead Ottawa (Ont.) – Canada Post will issue a stamp to mark the 100th anniversary of the poignant poem that made the poppy an international symbol of wartime sacrifices and has been recited in ceremonies for a century. On May 3, 1915, in the First World War’s Second Battle of Ypres, Canadian combat surgeon John McCrae was grief-stricken at the death of a friend and comrade, and overwhelmed by the sheer carnage and death around him. He wrote In Flanders Fields to express his sorrow and commemorate Lt. Alexis Helmer and the thousands of other soldiers dying in that conflict. In Flanders Fields was first published 100 years ago, in December 1915, in England’s Punch magazine. It became perhaps the most popular poem from the First World War and inspired the choice of the poppy as a symbol of the sacrifices made in that and subsequent wars. To this day, the poem is recited at Remembrance Day services in Canada and around the world. It and its French-language adaptation, Au Champ d’honneur, are engraved on marble plaques in the Memorial Chamber inside the Peace Tower on Parliament Hill. “Both John McCrae and his poem are national treasures,” says the Honourable Lisa Raitt, Minister of Transport and responsible for Canada Post. “The poem has become an emotional touchstone as a means of remembering the sacrifices of those who served so that we may be free.” “Our stamps reveal what is of value to Canadians – including what bonds us from one generation to another. This poem is written indelibly on our hearts in a way that helps us honour those who gave their lives in the service of this country,” says Deepak Chopra, President and CEO, Canada Post. Designed by Janice Carter and Tejashri Kapure of q30, the stamp is based on iconic imagery drawn from the lines of the poem, with images of crosses “row on row,” of singing larks and of the fragile red poppy, which appears with the permission of the Royal Canadian Legion. A five-stamp mini pane features the poem in the author’s handwriting – in a version that varies slightly from that made famous by Punch. Lt. Col. McCrae was himself was an indirect casualty of war; he died on January 28, 1918, of pneumonia and meningitis. In 1968, 50 years after his death, the Post Office Department (now Canada Post) issued a stamp that paid him tribute. About the stamps The pressure sensitive stamps available in booklets of 10 measure 40 mm x 32 mm (vertical), while the five-stamp mini pane (water-activated gum) has 13 + perforations. They are printed by Lowe-Martin on Tullis Russell paper using lithography in six colours. The official first day cover will be cancelled in Guelph, Ont. To purchase philatelic products, please visit canadapost.ca/shop . [press release] Sinclair and Buchanan on stamp as Canada hosts FIFA Women’s World Cup 2015 Canada’s most accomplished women’s soccer player and a rising star on the Canadian squad are both captured in action on a new stamp to mark Canada’s hosting of the FIFA Women’s World Cup Canada 2015™. The stamp, featuring Canada’s Christine Sinclair and Kadeisha Buchanan, will be issued on May 6 in post offices across the country, but currently available for pre-orders online. Canada will be welcoming the top 24 nations in a total of 52 matches in six host cities: Vancouver, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Ottawa, Montréal and Moncton. Canada and China will play in the Opening Match of the FIFA Women’s World Cup Canada 2015™ on Saturday, June 6 in Edmonton, and the Final will be played in Vancouver’s BC Place Stadium on Sunday, July 5. “Women’s soccer has generated memorable and dramatic performances from Canadians giving everything they have at the sport’s highest levels,” says the Honourable Lisa Raitt, Minister of Transport and responsible for Canada Post. “This competition will showcase athleticism and passion for the game – and so do the images on this s


In religion, by what name is the Decalogue better known?

Ten Commandments | Religion-wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia This 1768 parchment (612×502 mm) by Jekuthiel Sofer emulated the 1675 Decalogue at Amsterdam Esnoga synagogue . [1] The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, are a list of religious and moral imperatives that, according to the Hebrew Bible , were spoken by God (referred to in several names ) to the people of Israel from the mountain referred to as Mount Sinai [2] or Horeb , [3] and later authored by God and given to Moses in the form of two stone tablets. They are recognized as a moral foundation in Judaism , Christianity and Islam . [4] In Biblical Hebrew , the commandments are called עשרת הדברים ( transliterated Aseret ha-Dvarîm) and in Rabbinical Hebrew עשרת הדברות (transliterated Aseret ha-Dibrot), both translatable as "the ten words." The English name "Decalogue" is derived from the Greek translation δεκάλογος dekalogos "ten terms", found in the Septuagint at Exodus 34:28 [5] and Deuteronomy 10:4. [6] The phrase "Ten Commandments" is generally used to refer to similar passages in Exodus 20:2–17 [7] and Deuteronomy 5:6–21. [8] Some scholars distinguish between this "Ethical Decalogue" and a different series of ten commandments in Exodus 34:11–27 [9] that they call the " Ritual Decalogue ". Although Exodus 34 contains ten imperative statements, the passages in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 contain fourteen or fifteen. However, the Bible assigns the count of ten to both lists. [10] Various denominations divide these statements into ten in different ways, and may also translate the Commandments differently. Contents [ show ] Text of the Ten Commandments The lists known as the Ten Commandments are given in passages in two books of the Bible: Exodus 20:2–17 , Exodus 34:11–27 and Deuteronomy 5:6–21 . These passages are provided in English below, using the New Revised Standard Version translation and formatting. Various religions and denominations group the commandments differently; see the Division of the Commandments section for a detailed accounting. The Exodus 34 passage is divergent and covered elsewhere . The Ten Commandments 2 I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery; 3 Do not have any other gods before me. 4 You shall not make for yourself an idol, whether in the form of anything that is in heaven above, or that is on the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. 5 You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I the Lord your God am a jealous God, punishing children for the iniquity of parents, to the third and the fourth generation of those who reject me, 6 but showing steadfast love to the thousandth generation of those who love me and keep my commandments. 7 You shall not make wrongful use of the name of the Lord your God, for the Lord will not acquit anyone who misuses his name. 8 Remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy. 9 For six days you shall labour and do all your work. 10 But the seventh day is a Sabbath to the Lord your God; you shall not do any work—you, your son or your daughter, your male or female slave, your livestock, or the alien resident in your towns. 11 For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but rested the seventh day; therefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and consecrated it. 12 Honor your father and your mother, so that your days may be long in the land that the Lord your God is giving you. 13 You shall not murder. 14 You shall not commit adultery. 15 You shall not steal. 16 You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. 17 You shall not covet your neighbor’s house; you shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, or male or female slave, or ox, or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor. 6 I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery; 7 you shall have no other gods before me. 8 You shall not make for yourself an idol, whether in the form of anything that is in heaven above, or that is on the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. 9 You shall not


Bella Wilfer is a character in which of Charles Dickens' books?

Bella Wilfer | Charles Dickens Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Share Bella Wilfer is a character in Our Mutual Friend . Though she was raised in relative poverty, she has been given the opportunity to marry into fortune by Old Mr. Harmon, whose will dictates that John Harmon must marry her in order to receive his inheritance. These hopes of wealth are dashed when John Harmon is found to have drowned, but are restored when Mr. and Mrs. Boffin , who inherit the Harmon estate, invite her to live with them and treat her as a daughter.


Which London building was completed in 1977 from a design by Denys Lasdun?

Denys Lasdun   FOR Members, STUDENTS & Professionals Denys Lasdun Denys Lasdun was winner of the prestigious award the Royal Gold medal in 1977, and is architect to the National Theatre Categories   Royal National Theatre © Pawel Libera / RIBA Library Photographs Collection 1976 The son of an engineer who died when he was a child, Denys Lasdun studied architecture at the Architectural Association in London, during which time he won an award for the design of a student’s hostel. Before the Second World War, Lasdun worked with Wells Coates, one of the founders of the Modern Architecture Research Group (MARS). During the war, Lasdun enlisted with the Royal Engineers Airfield Construction Company, building advance airfields, and was involved in the D-Day landings.   Born: 1914 (-2001) Nationality: British In 1937, after designing and building a house on his own at 32 Newton Road, Paddington, London, Lasdun joined Tecton with Partners Lubetkin, Skinner and Drake. Tecton was dissolved in 1948. In 1952, Lasdun joined Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew to look after their office while they worked on the new capital city of Chandigarh.   © Lasdun Archive / RIBA Library Photographs Collection circa 1990 Denys Lasdun & Partners was established in 1959, with the most significant work being the Royal National Theatre in London. The National Theatre was considered either as an icon of post-war modern architecture or as similar in design to a nuclear power station. In later years, the building was considered to illustrate Lasdun’s work as a pioneer of post-war modernism in Britain who transformed the pre-war white modernism into a richer style. © Lasdun Archive / RIBA Library Photographs Collection 1970 Awards: 32 Newton Road, Paddington, London, 1937 Hallfield Primary School, Paddington, London, 1951 Usk Street housing, Bethnal Green, London, 1957 Keeling House, London, 1959


Which English composer wrote the opera Dido and Aeneas, whose first public performance was in 1684?

PURCELL: Dido and Aeneas Henry PURCELL (1659 - 1695) Dido and Aeneas Although little is known about the origins of Dido and Aeneas we do know that it was performed in 1689 at an annual concert at the well-known Josias Priest's boarding-school for Young Gentlewomen in Chelsea. Despite convincing evidence that the work was conceived for such a performance, some scholars believe that it was in fact first performed at Court some years earlier and that a performance in 1700, when the music was used in revival of Shakespeare's Measure for Measure, more accurately reflected Purcell's original lay-out of voices. The Scholars Baroque Ensemble have opted for an allocation of voices which is probably closer to the 1689 performance. The Sorceress is given to a mezzo-soprano (what a wonderful part for the resident school nurse!), the Witches are sopranos and the Spirit is countertenor. With regard to instrument, the bass violin (slightly larger than a cello) is used instead of the pairing of cello and double-bass, which did not come into practice until after Purcell's death. Not all of Purcell's music for Dido and Aeneas is extant and, in particular, problems arise from the lack of music to end the second act. The libretto calls for a final chorus and dance and something is certainly needed to round off the act and bring the music back to the home key of D. Rather than adapt music from another of Purcell's works, we have chosen the simple but effective device of repeating in instrumental form the chorus from the beginning of the same scene. The two Guitar Dances are improvised as implied in the 1689 libretto as is the "Horrid Music" after the Echo Dance of Furies. A thunder sheet is used after the Triumphing Dance and to accompany the "Horrid Music" as called for in the libretto and has additionally been employed in numbers 26 and 27, as the text seems to cry out for it. The Drunken Sailors' Dance in Act 2 is an arrangement for two violins by William Thorp of Row Well, Ye Mariners, a popular tune which can be found in all editions of John Playford's The English Dancing Master (1651 - c. 1728). David van Asch Dido, Queen of Carthage - Kym Amps (soprano) Belinda, her sister - Anna Crookes (soprano) Second Woman - Ghislaine Morgan (soprano) Sorceress - Sarah Connolly (mezzo-soprano) First Witch - Ghislaine Morgan (soprano) Second Witch - Anna Crookes (soprano) Spirit - Angus Davidson (countertenor) Aeneas, a Trojan prince - David van Asch (bass) First Sailor - Robin Doveton (tenor) David Gould (countertenor), Julian Podger (tenor), Colin Campbell (bass) Henry Purcell, one of the greatest English composers, before English music was overwhelmed by the activities of Handel in the next century, was born in 1659, the son of a musician Thomas Purcell and nephew of Henry Purcell, both of whom served as gentlemen of the Chapel Royal after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. At the age of ten the younger Henry Purcell became a chorister at the Chapel Royal under Captain Henry Cooke, who had been charged with the task of reviving the Chapel after the years of Commonwealth rule under Cromwell. In 1672 Cooke died and was succeeded as Master of the Children of the Chapel Royal by Pelham Humfrey, who had been sent to study abroad in France and Italy, after great success as a boy chorister and composer. Purcell took lessons from Humfrey, and two years later, after the latter's early death, from John Blow, the new Master of the Children. The same year brought the appointment of Purcell, whose voice had by now broken, as organ tuner at Westminster Abbey, where he became organist five years later, in 1679. His position as a composer had already been acknowledged by appointment in 1677 as composer in ordinary for the Twenty-Four Violins of the King, the group of musicians established by Charles II in imitation of the practice of the French court. Purcell's career went on as it had begun, with continuing royal favour, allowing the composition of a series of Welcome Songs and Odes for the celebration of royal occasions and appointment to the King's pri


Peter Dixon provides the voice-over for which T.V. show?

X Factor 2010: Meet Peter Dickson, the Voiceover Man | Daily Mail Online comments Daft, I know, but I thought I might hear Voiceover Man, aka Peter Dickson, arriving before I actually saw him. I hoped he’d walk into the lobby in the Soho hotel he part-owns and boom: ‘It’s time . . . to meet . . . the JOURNALIST!’ - a variation of his X Factor catchphrase he uses to introduce contestants each week. And then, when he was shown through to where I was sitting, that he’d shake my hand and boom to me: ‘How do you DO? Shall we have some CO . . . FFEEEE!’ The voice of Saturday night: Peter Dixon's booming vocals introduce our favourite X Factor contestants onto the stage Dickson has one of the most recognisable voices in Britain. Some 15 million people watch The X Factor each week for three months of the year and the LIVE FI . . . NAL! is this weekend, where Dickson will be whipping up the hysteria with his trademark bellow. So I was really looking forward to meeting the man himself — not least so I could record his voice on my tape recorder and join the likes of Dannii and Louis who have bespoke Voiceover Man greetings on their mobiles, done for them backstage. But in everyday life, Dickson talks quietly with not a block capital in sight (or sound). He arrives, shakes my hand and says modestly he doesn’t consider himself a personality. ‘Not a person . . . ALITY!?’ In our household, he is THE personality. Some evenings, my husband and son speak fluent Dickson for hours on end; ‘It’s time . . . to pass . . . the SALT!’ shouts one. ‘MALDON . . . SEA . . . SALT!’ is the reply. But Dickson is bemused that for me, he is The X Factor incarnate. ‘I’m not famous enough to be asked to do interviews because no one knows my face,’ he says. ‘For instance, I was walking down the Strand the other day and three lads in front of me were all doing my voice.’ Did they know you were there? ‘They had no idea.’ Did you say anything? ‘Nah, what would be the point? Thought about it, but, nah.’ Boom time: Peter has introduced such celebrated X Factor acts as Cher Lloyd and Rebecca Ferguson But imagine if he’d made himself known, suddenly booming: ‘It’s Mary BYRNE!’ As far as I’m concerned, saying you’ve met Voiceover Man is vastly more impressive than boasting you’ve met Simon Cowell. Dickson, of course, meets Cowell every week. Does he witness the angry tension between the judges that we see during the live shows? ‘No, no. I mean, it’s real when they are doing the show, but they are professional enough to behave well the rest of the time. It is a real family feeling backstage.’ He says he had to hold on to both of Mary Byrne’s hands to stop her from shaking before she performed last Saturday. Lucky Mary — to be that close to him before walking on to sing to 15 million viewers — and then, oh dear, to be voted off. ‘But she has a heart of gold,’ says Voiceover Man. ‘Just weeks ago she was on the checkout and look at her now. I will miss her.’ He also seems fond of 17-year-old Cher Lloyd, who seems to be falling apart in front of our eyes. ‘She is fragile, but she has got a bad rap,’ says Dickson. ‘If you put anyone under that sort of pressure the stress will manifest itself in many ways. Basically, she’s nice.’ Another day at the office: Peter gets to meet and work with X Factor judges Louis Walsh, Dannii Minogue, Cheryl Cole and Simon Cowell on a weekly basis, but doesn't consider himself famous He is clearly a caring fellow and preposterously unshowbizzy for so unique a presence. He and Barbara, his wife of almost 30 years whom he met at 19 in their native Belfast (there is not a trace of an accent and Dickson denies having had voice training), have two teenage sons and live in Buckinghamshire near Chequers, from where David Cameron can doubtless hear him rehearsing in the shed at the end of his garden. He says he shouts ‘Rachel ADEDEJI!’ to warm up. She was on The X Factor in 2009 and her name contains the right amount of vowel sounds for Voiceover Man to flex his larynx. How does he protect his voice? ‘I avoid public transport, I wash my hands a


Who was the ruler of England when the War of the Spanish Succession began in 1701?

War of the Spanish Succession War of the Spanish Succession War of the Spanish Succession The Battle of Denain 1712. Oil by Jean Alaux Date Europe and North America Result Treaty of Utrecht: Philip was recognised as King Philip V of Spain, but renounced his place in the French line of succession, thereby precluding the union of the French and Spanish crowns Bavaria Commanders Duke of Marlborough, Eugene of Savoy, Margrave of Baden King Louis XIV, Marshal Villars, Maximilian II Emanuel Strength 220,000 450,000 War of the Spanish Succession Carpi – Chieri – Cremona – Luzzara – Cádiz – Málaga – Friedlingen – Vigo Bay – Höchstädt - Schellenberg – Blenheim – Cassano – Calcinato – Ramillies – Turin – Almansa – Toulon – Oudenarde – Malplaquet – Saragossa – Almenara – Brihuega – Villaviciosa – Denain – Barcelona Charles II was the last Habsburg King of Spain. After his death, the War of the Spanish Succession broke out as France and Austria vied for the Spanish empire. The War of the Spanish Succession ( 1701- 1714) was a major European conflict that arose in 1701 after the death of the last Spanish Habsburg king, Charles II. Charles had bequeathed all of his possessions to Philip, duc d'Anjou - a grandson of the French King Louis XIV - who thereby became Philip V of Spain. The war began slowly, as the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I fought to protect his own dynasty's claim to the Spanish inheritance. As Louis XIV began to expand his territories more aggressively, however, other European nations (chiefly England and the Dutch Republic) entered on the Holy Roman Empire's side to check French expansion (and, in the English case, to safeguard the Protestant succession). Other states joined the coalition opposing France and Spain in an attempt to acquire new territories, or to protect existing dominions. The war was fought not only in Europe, but also in North America, where the conflict became known to the English colonists as Queen Anne's War. The war lasted over a decade, and was marked by the military leadership of notable generals such as the Duc de Villars and the Duke of Berwick for France, the Duke of Marlborough for England, and Prince Eugene of Savoy for the Austrians. The war was concluded by the treaties of Utrecht (1713) and Rastatt (1714). As a result, Philip V remained King of Spain but was removed from the French line of succession, thereby averting a union of France and Spain. The Austrians gained most of the Spanish territories in Italy and the Netherlands. As a consequence, France's hegemony over continental Europe was ended, and the idea of a balance of power became a part of the international order due to its mention in the Treaty of Utrecht. Origins As King Charles II of Spain had been both mentally and physically infirm from a very young age, it was clear that he could not produce an heir. Thus, the issue of the inheritance of the Spanish kingdoms - which included not only Spain, but also dominions in Italy , the Low Countries, and the Americas - became quite contentious. Two dynasties claimed the Spanish throne: the French Bourbons and the Austrian Habsburgs; both royal families were closely related to the late King of Spain. The most direct and legitimate successor would have been Louis, the Grand Dauphin, the only legitimate son of King Louis XIV of France and Spanish princess Maria Theresa, herself King Charles II's elder half-sister. In addition, Louis XIV was a first cousin of his wife Maria Theresa and of King Charles II as his mother was Spanish princess Anne of Austria, the sister of King Philip IV, Charles II's father. The Dauphin, being next in the French line of succession as well, was a problematic choice: had he inherited both the French and the Spanish realms, he would have control of a vast empire that would have threatened the European balance of power. Furthermore, both Anne and Maria Theresa had renounced their rights to the Spanish succession upon their marriages. In the latter case, however, the renunciation was widely seen as invalid, since it had been predicated upon Spain's payment of the


Succeeding Kevin Rudd in 2013, who is the current Prime Minister of Australia?

Rudd sworn in as Australian prime minister - CNN.com Rudd sworn in as Australian prime minister By Laura Smith-Spark. John Raedler and Ben Brumfield, CNN Updated 8:45 PM ET, Wed June 26, 2013 Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds. JUST WATCHED Kevin Rudd sworn in as Australian PM 02:08 Story highlights Kevin Rudd is sworn in as prime minister Julia Gillard resigns as prime minister, says the privilege of serving was "truly humbling" Opposition leader Tony Abbott calls for voters to back his party in upcoming elections Labor Party was not confident it could win a September general election led by Gillard Kevin Rudd returned as prime minister of Australia on Thursday, three years after being replaced in the office by his then-deputy Julia Gillard. Rudd challenged Gillard for leadership of the Labor Party on Wednesday and won a 57-45 vote among fellow Labor members of parliament. In the Australian parliamentary system, the leader of the governing party assumes the position of prime minister and on Thursday morning, in Canberra, Rudd was sworn in for a second time. Gillard resigned after the party vote on Wednesday night and announced she will leave politics. A major factor in Gillard's demise -- and in Rudd's Phoenix-like return -- is the election Australia has to hold by the end of this year. Under Gillard's leadership, Labor was facing overwhelming defeat, according to opinion polls. But the same polls show a Rudd-led Labor Party would fare much better at the ballot box. Australian Governor-General Quentin Bryce oversaw the swearing-in ceremony at Government House in Canberra. The governor-general represents Queen Elizabeth II as head of state. Rudd is widely popular with Australian voters, who go to the polls in September to pick a new parliament and government. JUST WATCHED 2012: Gillard & Rudd: Power struggle 02:39 Gillard had called for the vote herself after months of inner-party friction. Rudd, who was elected in 2007 but was ousted by Gillard in a leadership challenge in 2010, said he returns to the office of prime minister with "humility, with honor and with an important sense of energy and purpose." Julia Gillard: Admired abroad, vilified at home He said the negative politics holding Australia back in recent years "must stop," and that he will strive to achieve this goal as prime minister. He also paid tribute to Gillard as "a woman of extraordinary intelligence, of great strength and great energy," and said she had achieved remarkable reforms despite heading a minority government. In her own news conference, Gillard said she was grateful to have had the opportunity to lead her country. "This privilege was truly humbling. I thank the Australian Labor Party for that privilege and I thank the Australian people for their support," she said. "When I first put myself forward for consideration for Labor leader in 2010, I had the overwhelming support of my colleagues to do so. I thank them for that. And I thank them for giving the opportunity to me not only to serve the nation but to serve as the first female prime minister of this country." Tony Abbott, leader of the official opposition Liberal Party of Australia, accused the ALP of focusing on politics over good government. In a news conference, he said the people of Australia "deserve better than this," and appealed for voters to back his party if they want a strong, stable and unified government. "Just a couple of simple facts," Abbott said. "In 2007, you voted for Kevin and got Julia. In 2010, you voted for Julia and got Kevin. If you vote for the Labor Party in 2013, who knows who you will end up with?" Referring to the upcoming election battle, Rudd said he had finally decided to contest his party's leadership because "it's simply not in my nature to stand idly by and to allow an Abbott government to come to power in this country by default." Reluctant Rudd The internal leadership vote followed months of rivalry and division within the ALP. Rudd's supporters within the ALP circulated a petition calling for him t


Whose image was depicted on the first U.S. postage stamp?

U.S. Postage Stamps U.S. Postage Stamps The Post Office Department issued its first postage stamps on July 1, 1847. Previously, letters were taken to a Post Office, where the postmaster would note the postage in the upper right corner. The postage rate was based on the number of sheets in the letter and the distance it would travel. Postage could be paid in advance by the writer, collected from the addressee on delivery, or paid partially in advance and partially upon delivery. The First Postage Stamps In 1837, Great Britain’s Sir Rowland Hill proposed a uniform rate of postage for mail going anywhere in the British Isles and prepayment by using envelopes with preprinted postage or adhesive labels. On May 6, 1840, the stamp that became known as the Penny Black, covering the one-penny charge for half-ounce letters sent anywhere in the British Isles, became available in postal facilities. United States Postage Stamps Alexander M. Greig’s City Despatch Post, a private New York City carrier, issued the first adhesive stamps in the United States on February 1, 1842. The Post Office Department bought Greig’s business and continued use of adhesive stamps to prepay postage. After U.S. postage rates were standardized in 1845, New York City Postmaster Robert H. Morris, among others, provided special stamps or markings to indicate prepayment of postage. These now are known as Postmasters’ Provisionals. On March 3, 1847, Congress authorized United States postage stamps. The first general issue postage stamps went on sale in New York City, July 1, 1847. One, priced at five cents, depicted Benjamin Franklin. The other, a ten-cent stamp, pictured George Washington. Clerks used scissors to cut the stamps from pregummed, nonperforated sheets. Only Franklin and Washington appeared on stamps until 1856, when a five-cent stamp honoring Thomas Jefferson was issued. A two-cent Andrew Jackson stamp was added in 1863. George Washington has appeared on more U.S. postage stamps than any other person. Postal Stationery The first printed stamped envelopes were issued July 1, 1853. They have always been produced by private contractors and sold at the cost of postage plus the cost of manufacture. With the exception of manila newspaper wrappers used from 1919 to 1934, watermarks have been mandatory for stamped-envelope paper since 1853. The watermarks usually changed with every four-year printing contract to help identify the envelope and paper manufacturers.   Austria issued the first postal card in 1869. The United States followed in May 1873. Postal cards, known today as stamped cards, are produced by the government and carry preprinted postage, unlike privately produced postcards, which do not bear postage. The 1873 Annual Report of the Postmaster General noted:   As predicted, they have been favorably received. They have supplied a public want, and have made a new and remunerative business for the Department.33   Commemorative Stamps In 1893, the first U.S. commemorative stamps, honoring that year’s World Columbian Exposition in Chicago, were issued. The subject — Columbus’s voyages to the New World — and size of the stamps were innovative. Standard-sized stamps were too small for engraved reproductions of paintings that portrayed events connected to Columbus’s voyages. The stamps were 7/8 inches high by 1-11/32 inches wide, nearly double the size of previous stamps.   Over the years, commemorative stamps have been produced in many sizes and shapes, with the first triangular postage stamp issued in 1997 and the first round stamp in 2000.   The first stamp honoring an American woman was the eight-cent Martha Washington stamp of 1902. The first to honor a Hispanic American was the one-dollar Admiral David Farragut stamp in 1903. Native Americans were portrayed in a general way on several earlier stamps, but the first to feature a specific individual was 1907’s five-cent stamp honoring Pocahontas. In 1940, a ten-cent stamp commemorating Booker T. Washington became the first to honor an African American.   Other firsts include the 1993 29-cent stamp


Usually represented by lower case n, which optical property is the ratio of the velocities of light in two adjacent media?

optics | Britannica.com Optics lens Optics, science concerned with the genesis and propagation of light , the changes that it undergoes and produces, and other phenomena closely associated with it. There are two major branches of optics, physical and geometrical. Physical optics deals primarily with the nature and properties of light itself. Geometrical optics has to do with the principles that govern the image-forming properties of lenses, mirrors, and other devices that make use of light. It also includes optical data processing, which involves the manipulation of the information content of an image formed by coherent optical systems. Learn about researchers’ attempts to create invisibility. © American Chemical Society (A Britannica Publishing Partner) Originally, the term optics was used only in relation to the eye and vision. Later, as lenses and other devices for aiding vision began to be developed, these were naturally called optical instruments, and the meaning of the term optics eventually became broadened to cover any application of light, even though the ultimate receiver is not the eye but a physical detector, such as a photographic plate or a television camera. In the 20th century optical methods came to be applied extensively to regions of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum not visible to the eye, such as X-rays, ultraviolet, infrared, and microwave radio waves, and to this extent these regions are now often included in the general field of optics. physics: Optics In the present article the image-forming properties of lenses, mirrors, and other devices that make use of light are considered. The wave and quantum nature of light, its velocity, wavelength , polarization, diffraction, and interference may be found in light. The analysis of light into its component colours by prisms and gratings forms the basis of the extensive field of spectroscopy, the principles of which are discussed in spectroscopy . For information about the reception of light by the retina of the eye and the interpretation of images by the brain, see eye, human . Geometrical optics General considerations The optical image An optical image may be regarded as the apparent reproduction of an object by a lens or mirror system, employing light as a carrier. An entire image is generally produced simultaneously, as by the lens in a camera, but images may also be generated sequentially by point-by-point scanning, as in a television system or in the radio transmission of pictures across long distances in space . Nevertheless, the final detector of all images is invariably the human eye, and, whatever means is used to transmit and control the light, the final image must either be produced simultaneously or scanned so rapidly that the observer’s persistence of vision will give him the mental impression of a complete image covering a finite field of view. For this to be effective the image must be repeated (as in motion pictures) or scanned (as in television) at least 40 times a second to eliminate flicker or any appearance of intermittency. Historical background To the ancients, the processes of image formation were full of mystery. Indeed, for a long time there was a great discussion as to whether, in vision, something moved from the object to the eye or whether something reached out from the eye to the object. By the beginning of the 17th century, however, it was known that rays of light travel in straight lines, and in 1604 Johannes Kepler , a German astronomer, published a book on optics in which he postulated that an extended object could be regarded as a multitude of separate points, each point emitting rays of light in all directions. Some of these rays would enter a lens , by which they would be bent around and made to converge to a point, the “image” of the object point whence the rays originated. The lens of the eye was not different from other lenses, and it formed an image of external objects on the retina , producing the sensation of vision. Industrial Revolution The finite size of the Airy disk sets an inevitable limit to the possib


Which U.S. city saw the foundation in 1903 of the Harley-Davidson motor cycle manufacturer?

Harley-Davidson History | Harley-Davidson USA �� Copyright 2016. Harley-Davidson Museum,�� Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Visit Harley-Davidson.com  |  Terms of use  |  Privacy Policy May-September - Daily: 9 a.m.- 6 p.m. (Thursday, 9 a.m.- 8 p.m.) ��� October-April - Daily: 10 a.m.- 6 p.m. (Thursday, 10 a.m.- 8 p.m.) Harley-Davidson Museum, 400 West Canal Street, Milwaukee, WI 53201. Phone: 1-877-436-8738


In feet, what is the length of a tennis court?

Tennis Court Dimensions & Measurements Bowling Tennis Court Dimensions & Measurements Tennis court dimensions are universal is size.  Below is a diagram  showing tennis court measurements and dimensions.  You can also view our Quick Facts About Tennis Court Measurements . Tennis Court Details Quick Facts About Tennis Court Measurements Q:  What is the length and width of a   tennis court? A:  The width of a tennis court is 78   feet, or 39 feet on each side of the net.  The width is 36 feet   for doubles and 27 feet for singles. Q:  How tall should the net be? A:  It should be on the ground and three feet tall at the   center. Q:  How far should tennis courts be   apart from each other? A:  A minimum of 12 feet.  Q:  How much space should their be   between the court and the fence (backstop)? A:  21   feet is the minimum recommendation. Q:  How far is the pole from the   sideline? A:  Three feet. Q:  How wide should the lines be? A:  Two inches. The History of Tennis:  Yesterday & Today Tennis is a sport played by people of all ages, on all levels of  society.  Basically, anyone who can hold a racquet, even those in  wheelchairs, can play the game of tennis.  It is played by millions  of people recreationally, and it is a popular spectator sport as well. The earliest origins of tennis can be traced back to 12th century  France, where a game was played that involved striking a ball with the  palm of the hand.  It was not until the 16th century that racquets  began being used and the game began to be called "tennis," from the Old  French term tenez, which can be translated as "hold," "receive," or  "take." Tennis then was played largely indoors, and it was actually the  invention of the lawn mower in 1830 which helped eventually move the  sport outside. Between 1859 and 1865, Harry Gem and his friend, Augurio Perera,  developed a game which combined elements of racquets and the Basque ball  game pelota, which they played on Perera's croquet lawn in Birmingham,  England, United Kingdom.  Along with two local doctors, they  founded the world's first tennis club in Leamington Spa in 1872.  Much of the credit for modern tennis, however, goes to Walter Clopton  Wingfield, who patented a similar game in 1873 called sphairistikè.  He even produced a boxed set with a net, poles, racquets, and balls for  playing the game.  U.S. socialite Mary Ewing Outerbridge purchased  one of the sets and eventually helped bring the first American National  championship to Staten Island, New York, in September 1880. The four major championships in tennis today are referred to as the  "Grand Slam." The Grand Slam consists of the Australian Open, the French  Open, Wimbeldon, and the U.S. Open.  Apart from the Olympic Games,  the Davis Cup, the Fed Cup, and the Hopman Cup, they are the only  tournaments regulated by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).  Grand Slam tournaments are the only tour events which feature  mixed-doubles play.  They also carry larger prize funds, are worth  double the number of ranking points to the champion, and feature more  singles players than other tournaments. Tennis is played in every country around the world, making it the  most universal sport in the world.  This universality and  accessibility ranks tennis among the top five most popular sports around  the globe. Terms of Service & Disclaimer:  The measurements, dimensions and layouts   depicted on this site should not be used for official   organizational sporting events, including events sanctioned   by, but not limited to, the NBA, NFL, MLS, MLB, IOC, NCAA, NAIA, or any other   sporting organization that exists.  This site's primary purpose is to provide measurements and   dimensions for general sporting activities and games and should not be   used for official sporting events.  Images on this site may not   be reproduced electronically.  By accessing this website you   agree to our Terms of Service & Disclaimer.


Martha Dandridge was the 1st lady of which American President?

Martha Washington | American first lady | Britannica.com American first lady Alternative Titles: Martha Custis, Martha Dandridge Martha Washington Kurt Gödel Martha Washington, née Martha Dandridge, also called (1749–59) Martha Custis (born June 2, 1731, New Kent county, Virginia [U.S.]—died May 22, 1802, Mount Vernon, Virginia, U.S.), American first lady (1789–97), the wife of George Washington , first president of the United States and commander in chief of the colonial armies during the American Revolutionary War . She set many of the standards and customs for the proper behaviour and treatment of the president’s wife. Martha Washington. Stock Montage/Hulton Archive/Getty Images Daughter of farmers John and Frances Jones Dandridge, Martha grew up among the wealthy plantation families of the Tidewater region of eastern Virginia, and she received an education traditional for young women of her class and time, one in which domestic skills and the arts far outweighed science and mathematics. In 1749, at age 18, she married Daniel Parke Custis, who was 20 years her senior and an heir to a neighbouring plantation. During their life together she bore four children, two of whom died in infancy. Her husband’s death in July 1757 made her one of the wealthiest widows in the region. In the spring of the following year George Washington, then a young plantation owner and commander of the Virginia forces in the French and Indian War , began to court her, and their attachment grew increasingly deep. The couple married at Martha’s home on January 6, 1759, and she and her children joined Washington at Mount Vernon , his plantation on the Potomac River . Washington later resented suggestions, which were undoubtedly true, that his wife’s considerable property had eased his life in the early years of their marriage. Dramatization of George Washington’s pre-Revolutionary life as a Virginia landowner. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. At Mount Vernon Martha became known for her graciousness and hospitality. After George was chosen to command the American forces in the Revolutionary War, Martha spent winters with him at his various military quarters, where she lived simply and encouraged other officers’ wives to help in the war effort by economizing and assisting their husbands. After the war, during which her only surviving son died, Martha virtually adopted two of her grandchildren, and they substituted in many ways for the children she and George never had. In 1789, shortly after her husband’s inauguration as president of the United States, Martha joined him in New York City , then the national capital. Martha was widely hailed and often feted along the route, and she became known to Americans as “Lady Washington.” The couple’s rented home on Broadway also served as the president’s office, exposing her to her husband’s callers and drawing her into political discussions more than would have been the case had home and office been separated. When Philadelphia became the seat of government in 1790 and the Washingtons moved to a house on High Street, Martha’s hospitality became even more elaborate. The first lady took no stands on public issues, but she was criticized by some for entertaining on a scale too opulent for a republican government, and she was only too glad to retire to Mount Vernon after her husband completed his second term of office in 1797. Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent Following George’s death in 1799, Martha continued to reside at Mount Vernon. In 1800 Congress granted her a lifetime franking privilege, which it continued to grant to any president’s widow who applied for it. After Martha died in 1802, there was considerable discussion in Congress about burying the Washingtons in the capital city that bore their name, but instead she was buried beside George in a family tomb at Mount Vernon. As wife of the first president of the United States, Martha Washington had no examples to follow. Although she was reluctant to assume a public role, her willingness to do so contributed to the eventual strength and influen


Which town in Surrey gives its name to the common form of Hydrated Magnesium Sulphate?

Epsom Spa Epsom and Ewell History Explorer Epsom Spa A modern day photo of Epsom Wells From the early seventeenth century, places in Britain were promoted as spas. People flocked to places where such waters were readily available and inns and taverns were required to put up the visitors, while diversions and entertainments for the visitors usually developed as well. One of the earliest of these places was Epsom. Tradition told how the healing powers of the waters were discovered in 1618 or thereabouts. A villager called Henry Wicker was looking after animals on Epsom Common in a dry summer, when there was a shortage of water for cattle. He found a trickle of water in the hollow hoofprint of a cow, and dug a square hole about it before taking the animals home for the night. Returning the next day he found the hole that he had made was full and running over with clear water. But his cattle, however thirsty, would not drink from it because of its mineral taste. Wicker tried the water himself, and was the first person in history to experience the effects of Epsom salts. Enthusiastically, he set about promoting the waters as a medicine. By the Commonwealth period, Epsom already had some of the attractions of a spa town. In 1656, gentlemen from as far away as Rutland and Cornwall were coming to spend a week at Epsom, usually in August when it was most popular. An artist's impression of Epsom Common with an early well building After the Restoration of Charles II a Dutch visitor, William Schellinks, came to the Wells. 'Epsom' he wrote, 'is a very famous and much visited place, very pleasant, and that because of the water which lies not far from there in a valley, which is much drunk for health reasons, having purgative powers, being sent in stoneware jars throughout the land, being a spring, and is with a wall around enclosing a raised well, and the ground paved with bricks. It has in the middle an opening in the ground for the water flow. This well stands at the rear of a small house in which there are some small rooms, and many people come there to drink, also to shelter from the sun. The practice of the drinking of the water is early in the morning and from then until 8, 9, 10 o'clock. It is drunk on an empty stomach from stoneware mugs holding about one pint. Some drink ten, twelve, even fifteen or sixteen pints in one journey, but everyone as much as he can take. And one must then go for a walk, works extraordinarily excellent, with various funny results. Gentlemen and ladies have their separate meeting places, putting down sentinels in the shrub in every direction. It has happened that the well is drunk empty three times in a morning, in hot and dry summers when the water has more strength. And the people who observe this come then in such crowds that the village which is fairly large and can spread at least 300 beds, is still too small and the people are forced to look for lodgings in the neighbourhood. Some stay there on doctor's orders for several weeks continuously in the middle of the summer, drinking daily from this water, and many people take after the drinking some hot meat broth or ale.' A painting of the well building in 1795 In the late 1600s the well was housed in a little building on the Common but a new Lord of the Manor, John Parkhurst, took over in 1707 and had better premises built. The Wells were located in a large light brick built room .There was a coffee house, two rooms for 'gameing' and shops selling' sweetmeates' and 'fruite'. Detail from the 1866 survey OS Map - Click image to enlarge 1692 two London goldsmiths acquired the bowling green site on the corner of South Street and the High Street, and erected premises known as the New Tavern and Assembly Rooms, subsequently Waterloo House. This provided facilities for dining, dancing, gambling and meeting people; there was also a coffeehouse opening onto the street, and in the gardens at the back was the bowling green and a cockpit. The bowling green and cockpit have long gone but the original building has been acquired by Wetherspoons and the name '


The military aircraft, the B29, was better known by what name?

Aerospaceweb.org | Ask Us - Military Aircraft Names Military Aircraft Names Who picks the names for military aircraft? For example, how did the F-14 become the Tomcat or the F-22  become the Raptor? - question from Jim Mead The names of military aircraft are usually chosen by the manufacturer. However, these names are really nothing more than suggestions that the military services may or may not accept as the official name. The service ultimately decides whether to use the name selected by the manufacturer or a different name of its own choice. Last of Grumman's cats, the F-14 Tomcat Until recently, many companies tried to follow a tradition in naming their aircraft to distinguish themselves from competition. For example, Grumman often chose names ending in "cat," including the F4F Wildcat, F6F Hellcat, F7F Tigercat, and F8F Bearcat. Grumman also suggested that the F-14 be named the Tomcat after Admiral Tom Connolly, the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Air at the time. This suggestion was accepted by the Navy and became the official name. Another good example is Boeing's tradition of including the terms "fortress" or "strato" in the names of its military aircraft. Examples include the B-17 Flying Fortress, B-29 Super Fortress, B-47 Stratojet , B-52 Stratofortress and KC-135 Stratotanker . All of these suggested names were accepted by the Air Force. Greatest of all Boeing fortresses, the B-52 Stratofortress Similarly, Republic liked to give its fighters names starting with "thunder," including the F-84 Thunderjet, F-84F Thunderstreak, F-91 Thunderceptor, and F-105 Thunderchief . Lockheed often chose names including the word "star," such as the F-80 Shooting Star, F-94 Starfire, F-104 Starfighter , and C-141 StarLifter . Douglas frequently selected names starting with "sky," like the F-6 Skyray, F-10 Skyknight, and A-4 Skyhawk . McDonnell, meanwhile, preferred names associated with ghoulish creatures like the F-2 Banshee, F-3 Demon, F-4 Phantom II , F-85 Goblin, and F-101 Voodoo. However, the manufacturer's suggestion is not always popular. For example, the F-22 was originally named the Lightning II when Lockheed unveiled the prototype in the early 1990s. The manufacturer chose this name in honor of its P-38 Lightning fighter that gained fame during World War II. The plane was also briefly known as the SuperStar for a time during the mid-1990s to maintain Lockheed's tradition of star-related names. However, the Air Force rejected Lockheed's suggestions and instead named the plane the Rapier, which is a type of small knife. This name too was later dropped when the Air Force took delivery of the first production F-22 in the late 1990s. The service instead chose the name Raptor, in keeping with the service's recent tradition of naming fighters after birds of prey like the F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon . Raptor 01, the first F-22 to be named Raptor A few aircraft have never had official names for most or all of their careers, like the U-2 that was only dubbed Dragon Lady about 40 years after entering service.  Others have not only an official name but also one or more unofficial nicknames that have become even more popular. Examples of these nicknames include the F-16 "Viper," SR-71 "Habu," F-105 "Thud," and F-18 "Bug." Perhaps the most famous example is the A-10 Thunderbolt II that is far better known as the "Warthog." - answer by Joe Yoon , 27 March 2005 Related Topics:


Which B.B.C. children's television programme featured the dolls Hamble and Jemima?

Play Away (TV Series 1971–1984) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Songs, jokes and sketches with Brian Cant and the Play Away crew. Stars: a list of 238 titles created 08 Feb 2012 a list of 864 titles created 07 Dec 2014 Search for " Play Away " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Title: Play Away (1971–1984) 7.6/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Add Image Add an image Do you have any images for this title? Several editions of this series were destroyed as late as the early 1990's. See more » Connections (Ambrosia) – See all my reviews Some time ago, ex-folk singer Toni Arthur was at the Edinburgh festival ( where she'd directed a show ) when a stranger dashed over and, fighting to keep the emotion out of his voice, said: "I love you!". It was Phill Jupitus. I know exactly how he felt. Like loads of kids who grew up in the '70's, I too was bewitched by the husky-voiced Ms.Arthur. She was sexy, funny and a great singer to boot. She and her then-husband Dave appeared in 'Play Away' - a spin-off from the B.B.C. children's show 'Play School' - which graced Saturday afternoons from 1971-84. Whereas 'School' only featured two presenters ( as well as toys such as Big Ted, Little Ted, Jemima, Hamble and the unforgettable Humpty ) and was semi-educational in content, 'Away' had the appearance of a child's birthday party that had been gatecrashed by students weaned on Music Hall humour. Brian Cant, Derek Griffiths, Johnny Ball, Carol Chell, Anne-Marie Hackett and others left no corny gag untouched over the course of the series ( many were prefaced with 'I say, I say, I say...' and were punctuated by the honking of motor horns ). Songs featured too, of course. Jonathan Cohen usually sat at the piano. Several presenters went on to bigger things, including Anita Dobson, Julie Covington, Tony Robinson, and Jeremy Irons. I used to catch the show ( it often followed the B.B.C.-2 afternoon film ) while nervously waiting for Jon Pertwee's 'Dr.Who' to get underway on B.B.C.-1. One could not help but be charmed by its naivety, and what a shame someone cancelled it for being 'old hat' when 'Blue Peter' is still running. With modern-day presenters being barely out of their teens, it makes me glad children's television in those days was largely free of ageism. I recently called at my sister's home and found my seven year old niece watching C.B.B.C. What I saw and heard made my blood run cold. An animated man was playing a tune by simultaneously breaking wind at both ends. This may strike some as hysterical, but I found it unfunny and pathetic, and my niece seemed to think so too. How sad that children's television has descended to this moronic level. There's enough of that kind of rubbish in the so-called 'adult' comedy shows. I share Floella Benjamin's ( now a Lib Dem peer! ) concerns. The genre is trying too hard to compete with computer games. Children are being bombarded with images at a rate that is quite worrying. 'Play Away' made me think the world was a nice place, and in its own silly way injected sunshine into the lives of a lot of children. As she rightly says: "don't give them what they want, give them what they need.". The 'Play Away' title sequence featured an animated plane ( flown by a Biggles-lookalike ) whose vapour trails spelt out the show's name. Oh yes, that theme song went like this: "it doesn't matter if its raining or its fine, as long as you find the time to P-L-A-Y Play Away, Play Away etc.". I watched a complete episode thanks to the B.B.C.'s Archive Trial in 2007 ( now why don't they bring that back? ) and found it had lost none of its appeal. 3 of 3 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes


Which river of Germany flows to the North Sea at Bremerhaven?

Weser - definition of Weser by The Free Dictionary Weser - definition of Weser by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Weser Related to Weser: Elbe , Western Union We·ser  (vā′zər) A river, about 440 km (275 mi) long, of central and northwest Germany, flowing generally northward to the North Sea through a long estuary. Weser (German ˈveːzər) n (Placename) a river in NW Germany: flows northwest to the North Sea at Bremerhaven and is linked by the Mittelland Canal to the Ems, Rhine, and Elbe waterways. Length: 477 km (196 miles) We•ser (ˈveɪ zər) n. a river in Germany, flowing N from S Lower Saxony into the North Sea. ab. 300 mi. (485 km) long. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Weser River Deutschland , FRG , Germany , Federal Republic of Germany - a republic in central Europe; split into East Germany and West Germany after World War II and reunited in 1990 Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Leverkusen up to fourth; European round-up GERMANY In an ironic twist of fate the fame of the Pied Piper, who, according to legend, rid Hamelin of its furry menace in 1284 by leading the rats to their death in the River Weser, was now contributing to a rodent renaissance. Football: Martin in firing line; CIS CUP FINAL: 4 DAYS TO GO Enchanted by his music, they followed him down to the River Weser where they drowned. Tell me a story--Bremen as a symbol of sovereignty In response, Risk Management Solutions (RMS) has introduced its new probabilistic Germany River Flood model Numerically based, long-term rainfall simulation methodologies encompass potential flooding scenarios on the Rhine, Danube, Weser and Elbe Rivers, and factor in such circumstances as the time of year, temperature and soil conditions to portray an accurate picture of loss exposure. High water Tourists visiting Weserbergland, or Weser Hills, can enjoy 350 miles of captivating scenery and fairytale themes all the way from Hamelin to Bremen, either on the Weser itself, by footpath, or along gentle cycle trails.


In which English town will you find the headquarters of McCain foods?

About Us | McCain About Us FAQs About Us At McCain, we’re passionate about potatoes. And with our potato products, we aim to bring joy to everyday meal times. As a family-owned company, we care both about using simple ingredients in our products and about our people who make them. Here you’ll find out everything you need to know about who we are, how we create simple food that tastes good, our sustainability projects and where we – and our potatoes – come from, as well as getting to know the farmers we support and who grow the potatoes we use. If you’re looking for more information on McCain as a global business, head over to mccain.com . In 1957, the McCain brothers founded our company in their hometown of Florenceville, Canada. McCain created the first ever frozen chip and went on to become the world’s largest manufacturer of frozen potato products. Today McCain is still family owned, and has grown to 41 production facilities across six continents, employing over 17,000 across the world. That’s a lot of potato experts. McCAIN IN THE UK We started our business in Yorkshire and we’re still there today. We have four McCain factories across the UK, including our head office in Scarborough, North Yorkshire. As well as a strong network of farmers, we also own a potato seed business in Montrose, Scotland. McCain is the UK’s largest purchaser of British potatoes, buying approximately 15% of the annual potato crop. We work closely with over 300 UK growers to make sure the best potatoes are harvested. We want everyone to enjoy potatoes as part of a healthy, balanced diet. Potatoes are virtually fat free, an energy rich carbohydrate, as well as being full of fibre, vitamin C, potassium and iron. SIMPLE INGREDIENTS, PREPARED WITH CARE How do we make chips? Like our potatoes, we keep it simple. We simply wash, peel and cut our spuds, then lightly fry in sunflower oil. Then we freeze them. And that’s it. Some of our products do have natural coatings or flavourings. The simple truth about McCain: No artificial colours or flavours 97% of our potato products have only green or amber nutritional indicators, meaning they’re low in saturated fat, fat and sugar. Most of our products are low in salt and we’re continually looking to reduce this where possible. We were the first food manufacturer to have front-of-pack, colour coded nutritional labelling on our products. Full nutritional information and reference intake guidance can be found on the back of our packs, and our Product pages also provide specific products’ nutritional values. Freezing also has many benefits and acts as a natural preservative. You can also cook and serve the portion size you need, so there’s less food waste. Frozen food is also convenient to cook, requiring very little preparation. Our expertise goes into every stage of making our products – right up until they’re served on your plate. That’s how we make the delicious food that so many people love and enjoy today. At our potato business in Montrose, Scotland, we grow seed potatoes. To get the best quality and taste, we use 12 different varieties from over 50 specialist seed growers in the North and East of Scotland. As the UK’s largest purchaser of British potatoes, McCain buys approximately 15% of the annual potato crop. We’ve also built close links with over 300 potato growers across the UK, so we can ensure quality even further back in the chain. ALWAYS THE BEST Since day one, we’ve always used the best potatoes, sourced from our trusted partners. We have a thorough quality control process – from checking our potatoes, all the way through to the final taste test. We have traceability right back to each supplier – like our potatoes, which come with their own ‘passport’. This way, we can see the exact field where our potatoes came from. It’s this attention to detail that’s helped us make the nation’s favourite chip. Our potatoes wouldn’t be what they are without our farmers. They’re a natural extension of our business, with some partnerships going back three farming generations. We’re committed to using British p


7. The Minor Prophets | Bible.org 7. The Minor Prophets Introduction The Title The common title for these twelve books of the English Bible is “minor prophets.” This title originated in Augustine’s time (late fourth century A.D.), but they are minor only in that they are each much shorter than the prophecies of Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel (called “major prophets”). In Old and New Testament times, the Old Testament was called “The Law and the Prophets.” This title looked at the Old Testament from the standpoint of its divisions, but it also included the Law, the Prophets, and the Writings, which constituted a 24-book division. The Origin of the Prophetic Office Ultimately, the prophetic office found its origin in God’s purpose for Israel as a nation through whom all the nations could be blessed. When God gave Israel the Law, He promised them that if they would be obedient, they would become “My own possession” (a special treasure of His) for the purpose of becoming a “kingdom of priests and a holy nation” among all the nations (Compare Ex. 19:5-6 with Deut. 4:6-8). This purpose could not happen, however, if they followed the beliefs and ways of the nations. In preparation for their entrance into the land just before the death of Moses, the illegitimate and demonic methods used by the nations to discern the future or the divine will, called divination, was thoroughly condemned by the Lord through Moses (Deut. 18:9-14). So how, then, was God’s will to be known? The true and legitimate means by which God’s will would be delivered to His people is given in the very next verses in Deuteronomy 18:15-22. 15 “The Lord your God will raise up for you a prophet like me from among you, from your countrymen, you shall listen to him.16 “This is according to all that you asked of the Lord your God in Horeb on the day of the assembly, saying, ‘Let me not hear again the voice of the Lord my God, let me not see this great fire anymore, lest I die.’17 “And the Lord said to me, ‘They have spoken well.18 ‘I will raise up a prophet from among their countrymen like you, and I will put My words in his mouth, and he shall speak to them all that I command him.19 ‘And it shall come about that whoever will not listen to My words which he shall speak in My name, I Myself will require it of him.20 ‘But the prophet who shall speak a word presumptuously in My name which I have not commanded him to speak, or which he shall speak in the name of other gods, that prophet shall die.’21 “And you may say in your heart, ‘How shall we know the word which the Lord has not spoken?’22 “When a prophet speaks in the name of the Lord, if the thing does not come about or come true, that is the thing which the Lord has not spoken. The prophet has spoken it presumptuously; you shall not be afraid of him. This revelation forms the biblical origin and reason for the prophetic office. Freeman rightly contends: “… the origin of the prophetic institution in Israel is not to be found in Canaan nor in other Near Eastern cultures as negative criticism contends, but was itself established for the specific purpose of guarding Israel against Canaan’s superstitious practices, as well as those of her neighbors.” 71 Furthermore, so that the nation might fulfill God’s purposes as stated in the Abrahamic Covenant (see Gen. 12:1-3), He gave them specific promises and warnings. These are spelled out in Deuteronomy 28-30 in the blessings and curses of these chapters (sometimes referred to as the Palestinian Covenant). For obedience there would be blessing and if disobedience, then cursing. So how did the prophets fit into the picture? They would come along and say, “Because you broke the covenant, the covenant curses have fallen upon you, or are about to fall upon you.” In other words, it has happened (or is about to) just as God warned you in Deuteronomy 28-30. The prophets’ messages of sin and judgment must be seen in the light of this background and understanding of the Old Testament. However, the prophets did not just proclaim doom and gloom. They also proclaimed a message of salvati


Mocha, a blend of chocolate and coffee made into a drink, originated in which country?

What is Mocha Coffee? (with pictures) What is Mocha Coffee? Originally Written By: Jessica Ellis Revised By: C. Mitchell Last Modified Date: 11 December 2016 Copyright Protected: 10 hilariously insightful foreign words The term “ mocha coffee” is most accurately used to refer to a sort of coffee bean that grows in Yemen and the Arabian Peninsula, but may also describe a type of espresso drink that combines coffee, foamed or steamed milk, and chocolate . The espresso drink is technically called “cafe mocha,” but is often incorrectly labeled “mocha coffee” by people in casual conversation. The bean is frequently held out as having a mild chocolaty flavor, which is likely why these two styles of drink have such similar names. Enjoying Mocha Brew Turning mocha beans into an enjoyable coffee drink is quite a lengthy process, but usually follows a somewhat standard pattern. Once the beans are ripe, they are harvested and then roasted. Roasting helps release the flavor and natural essences. A lot of a coffee beverage’s flavor depends on initial bean characteristics, but heat exposure also matters: too long or too short, and the flavor can suffer. Roasting mocha coffee usually requires a relatively light touch in order to preserve the beans’ natural mellowness. When done properly, the final result will have a smooth, deep flavor that many people say tastes a bit like chocolate. This taste usually comes out best when the beans are freshly ground, then steeped in hot water. Some people will add cream or sugar to the brew, but many experts believe that these will mask the finer flavor subtleties. The purest way to enjoy this sort of drink is plain, or “black.” A bit of sugar is usually considered fine so long as it is not overpowering. The Beans and Their History Mocha coffee beans grow on the hilly terraces of what is today the country of Yemen, and are widely believed to be some of the oldest varieties of beans in the world. They are grown on high hillsides and flourish in the unique climate at the tip of the Arabian Peninsula. Part seacoast and part dry desert, the growing conditions of this region are unusual and difficult to duplicate. The beans take their name from the ancient Yemeni port of Al Mokha, "mocha" being the Anglicized version. It was from this port that the beans were first introduced to Europe and the wider world through trade and export beginning in the 16th century. Yemeni people harvested and brewed these beans for many years before they became known specifically as “mocha," as the name really only attached as a way to distinguish them from other types of coffee that may have been available in European shops at the time. For many years, Yemeni imports were regarded by coffee connoisseurs as being the finest available. Modern coffee authorities tend to distinguish coffees by growing region and plant type rather than by specific country of origin. Mocha beans are still harvested and sold, but usually bear the more common “Arabica” name. People who want specifically Yemeni beans often have to visit specialty shops or order directly from growers or distributors. Espresso Drink Confusion Mocha coffee should not be confused with the cafe mocha, a very different sort of drink that is popular at coffee shops and on espresso menus around the world. This drink is made with espresso beans, which refers more to the style of roast than the actual flavor of the coffee. Espresso is a very dark roast that is brewed under pressure by forcing hot water through coarse grinds. Most of the time espresso is measured in “shots,” with each shot coming in at about 2 ounces (about 59 mL). In order to make a cafe mocha, a coffee preparer or " barista " will add foamed or steamed milk to espresso, then mix in chocolate syrup. The end result is a drink that many describe as somewhere between a cup of coffee and a hot chocolate. The drink is sweet, but also has a kick of caffeine . Many shops serve it topped with whipped cream . Cafe Mocha Variations Cafes and coffee shops have come up with many mocha variations. White or dark chocolate fl


What is the common name of the flowering shrub/tree Syringa?

Top 10 Flowering Shrubs | Flowering Bushes - Birds & Blooms Home > Gardening > Growing Trees, Shrubs & Grasses > Top 10 Flowering Shrubs Top 10 Flowering Shrubs Perennials and annuals aren’t the only plants that provide color in the garden. These flowering shrubs and flowering bushes will add magnificent scents and colors to your yard. Weigela Weigela spp. • Zones 3 to 9 For a pretty shrub with interest from early spring through fall, plant weigela in your borders and flower beds. For a compact shrub with bold pink flowers and burgundy fall foliage, try Fine Wine. RDA-GID French Lilac Syringa vulgaris • Zones 3 to 8 Blooming lilacs are among the most anticipated sights and scents of spring. A deciduous shrub growing up to 22 feet tall and wide, it’s at its best in small groupings or as a specimen plant. RDA-GID Viburnum spp. • Zones 2 to 9 Among the most popular of ornamental flowering shrubs and small trees, viburnum is sought after for three reasons: it’s beautiful, it’s versatile and it’s easy to grow. What’s more, there are three prime features that contribute to the viburnum’s year-round beauty: the flowers, the leaves and the colorful fruits it produces. Bailey Nurseries Forsythia Forsythia • Zones 3 to 9 When this shrub blooms, you’ll be certain that warmer weather is on the way. Forsythia is one of the first plants to flower in spring, a time when its bell-shaped golden blossoms are a most welcome sight. RDA-GID Rhododendron Rhododendron spp. • Zones 4 to 9 Its showy blooms—available in a wide spectrum of colors—and its preference for partial shade have made this flowering shrub one of the most popular in the country. A natural fit in many settings, the rhododendron looks great in woodland gardens or as a single bush in smaller urban landscapes. RDA-GID Rose of Sharon Hibiscus syriacus • Zones 5 to 9 It may be a late bloomer but, as many gardeners know, rose of Sharon is well worth the wait. A member of the hibiscus family, this deciduous shrub bears beautiful trumpet-shaped flowers that bloom from late summer through mid-autumn. Rose of Sharon plants reach 10 feet high and thrive in moist, well-draining soil. Bailey Nurseries Nanking Cherry Prunus tomentosa • Zones 2 to 7 Hardy and fast-growing, the Nanking cherry produces fragrant white flowers in spring. A larger shrub or small ornamental tree, it grows 6 to 10 feet tall and wide. After the spring bloom, you’ll notice small fruits, a favorite of many songbirds. Use Nanking cherry in the landscape for a hedge, border or specimen planting. Proven Winners Hydrangea Hydrangea spp. • Zones 4 to 10 The sight of one of these beauties is sure to conjure up memories of Grandma’s garden. The showy shrub has long been a favorite of gardeners looking for an easy-care plant that flowers even in partial shade. Bigleaf hydrangeas (Hydrangea macrophylla) are perfect for mild climates but usually won’t flower in regions with cold winters. In these areas, try cultivars of sevenbark hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens), which produce huge spheres of densely packed white blooms. RDA-GID Camellia Camellia spp. • Zones 6 to 11 When most garden plants are settling in for a well-earned rest, camellia is just warming up. In fall, this evergreen shows off pink, white, yellow, orange and red blooms that last into winter and even early spring. With varieties ranging from 3 to 20 feet high, camellia does best in a partly shady spot that’s protected from hot, dry air and cold, strong winds. RDA-GID


Weddell Sea | sea, Atlantic Ocean | Britannica.com sea, Atlantic Ocean Alternative Title: George IV Sea Related Topics Seymour Island Weddell Sea, deep embayment of the Antarctic coastline that forms the southernmost tip of the Atlantic Ocean . Centring at about 73° S, 45° W, the Weddell Sea is bounded on the west by the Antarctic Peninsula of West Antarctica , on the east by Coats Land of East Antarctica, and on the extreme south by frontal barriers of the Filchner and Ronne ice shelves. It has an area of about 1,080,000 square miles (2,800,000 square km). Seals resting on ice in the Weddell Sea. © Pascaline Daniel/Shutterstock.com The Weddell Sea is usually heavily iced, the pack generally extending north to about 60° S in the western and central sectors in early summer, a factor that severely hindered early ship exploration. On Feb. 23, 1820, the British brig “Williams,” on one of the first attempts at penetration, was stopped by ice off the coast of northeastern Graham Land. In the same year pack ice stopped the Russian ship “Vostok” just south of the South Sandwich Islands . On Feb. 20, 1823, a British explorer and sealer, James Weddell , on the brig “Jane,” found an unusually open route southeastward from the South Orkney Islands and reached a farthest south position of 74°15′ S, 34°17′ W. The name bestowed by Weddell, George IV Sea, was abandoned when, in 1900, it was proposed that the sea be named after its discoverer. Shackleton’s ship, the Endurance, caught in an ice pack in the Weddell Sea off … Courtesy of the Royal Geographical Society; photograph, Underwood and Underwood, New York Few attempts to penetrate the pack’s fringes followed, until 1903 and 1904 when William S. Bruce in the ship “Scotia,” of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902–04), undertook the first oceanographic exploration of the Weddell Sea. Luitpold Coast of western Coats Land was charted by the “Deutschland” on the German South Polar Expedition of 1910–12 under Wilhelm Filchner , and the ice shelf was seen that now bears his name. While attempting to leave a party off for a first crossing of Antarctica, the “Endurance” of the British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1914–17) under Ernest Shackleton was trapped in pack ice off Luitpold Coast on Jan. 18, 1915, and eventually crushed. Although the ship was destroyed, its entire crew escaped to be later rescued from Elephant Island. During 1956–58, a number of bases for the International Geophysical Year were established along the southern and southeast coast. Similar Topics


Who, in 1907, was the first woman to become a member of the Order of Merit?

Florence Nightingale: The Order of Merit The Order of Merit The Order of Merit is a British honorary institution founded by Edward VII in 1902 to reward those who provided especially eminent service in the armed forces or particularly distinguished themselves in science, art, literature, or the promotion of culture. The order is limited to only 24 members, although the British monarch can appoint foreigners as "honorary members." The order carries no title of knighthood, but a member is entitled to add "O.M." after his name. It has a civilian and a military division. Both men and women are admitted into the order; Florence Nightingale was the first woman awarded the honour (1907), and not another woman received the order until the induction of Dorothy Hodgkin in 1965. The badge of the order portrays a crown with the motto "For Merit." An Indian Order of Merit (no longer in existence) was established in 1837. The badge of the Order of Merit is worn suspended by a ribbon at the collar. (After: E. C. Joslin, Spink's Catalog of British Orders, Decorations and Medals, 1983). The ribbon displays the colors of the Order. The blue represents the Order of the Garter and the Red, the Order of the Bath.


Who is the only English footballer to have won league titles in four countries?

World Football: Ranking the Top 50 Most Influential Teams on the Planet | Bleacher Report World Football: Ranking the Top 50 Most Influential Teams on the Planet By Callum D'Souza , Senior Writer Apr 12, 2011 Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse the slideshow Julian Finney/Getty Images 114 Comments Football. Arguably the greatest game to grace the world. Watched, adored and played in every aspect of every continent, mankind simply cannot live without the beautiful game. Whether it's played in alleyways with paper bags rolled tightly into a spherical ball, to Saturday morning madness with children to freezing winter nights with the snow trickling down, football is an addiction. What makes it more exciting though are the professional teams. Literally every country has some form of professional league that fans week in week out look forward to. When played at the highest level with the highest calibre, football becomes a devastating art that is caressed by money. With such leagues as the English Premier League, Spain's La Liga, Italy's Serie A and the French Ligue 1, millions of people worldwide watch their beloved team to escape the hazards of everyday and to be engulfed by the overwhelming excitement it produces. But just who are the most influential teams on this planet? With so many leagues and so many teams, which teams captivate and motivate their fans? Bleacher Report attempts to establish and rank the top 50 most influential teams in modern day society. 50. Sadd Sports Club (Al-Saad Club)—Qatar Dino Panato/Getty Images Easily Qatar's most successful, admired and popular team in the Qatar National First Division. Established in 1969, Al-Zeem which translates to the Boss, have won the Championship 11 times and in 2007 completed the quadruple of all four domestic titles, a feat yet to be challenged. Situated in Doha, the capital of Qatar, Al-Saad are the dominant force with the most fans and support in Qatar. This is highlighted by their state of the art stadium, Jassin Bin Hamad Stadium, which holds 18,000 people and is the predominant ground for the Qatar national team. Also, an ever present force in the Asian Champions League and Club World Championships, Al-Saad Club bring joy to the mostly struggling Asian nation, and will be forever renowned as the greatest Qatari club to play football. 49. Kashima Antlers—Japan Koichi Kamoshida/Getty Images Kashima Antlers are the most successful club in the history of the J-League, as well as one of the most respected and polished outfits in Asia. Kashima have won the Japanese title seven times since the J-League's establishment in 1993, alongside the exciting J-League Cup and Emperor's Cup three times. The Antlers have competed in every J-League since it began, and in 2007 became the first team in Japan to have won 10 domestic titles. A strong Brazilian community, the Japanese giants exhibit and exciting brand of football which accomadates their 40,000 seat Kashima Stadium that is considered one of the best stadiums in Japan. A well presented, well respected side that continues to uphold Japanese football. 48. Club Deportivo Guadalajara (C.D Guadalajara)—Mexico Victor Decolongon/Getty Images With 11 first division titles, seven Campeón de Campeones and two Copa México, Guadalajara are one of the most successful clubs in Mexican football history. Furthermore, the Chivas (goats) is one of the 10 founding members of the Mexican First Division and along with longstanding rivals Club America, the Mexican giants have never been relegated . The club has a rich history and has endured traumatic financial phases since being established in 1906. Predominantly wearing red, white and blue, Guadalajara is one of the best breeding grounds for Mexican youngsters with the likes of  Arsenal 's Carlos Vela and Manchester United 's Javier Hernandez both progressing through Les Chivas's famous academy. Possessing an almost 50,000 seat stadium as well as an intense rivalry with Club America, Guadalajara are one of the strongest Mexican teams and one of the most popular. 46. FC Steaua Bucureşti—Rom


In which US state are the cities of Spokane, Tacoma and Yakima?

Heroin - Washington Drug Threat Assessment Washington Drug Threat Assessment H eroin Heroin poses a significant problem to Washington,    particularly in larger cities such as Seattle, Tacoma, and Yakima. The    drug is readily available, and heroin abuse is a significant problem.    Violence associated with heroin distribution and abuse is a concern to law    enforcement officials. Mexican black tar heroin is the predominant type    available in the state. Mexican criminal groups are the dominant    transporters of heroin into and through the state. These groups transport    the drug primarily from Mexico and California into Washington and are the    primary wholesale heroin distributors in the state. Mexican local    independent dealers are the primary retail heroin distributors. Abuse Heroin abuse is a significant problem in Washington,    particularly in larger cities such as Seattle, Tacoma, and Yakima.    According to the Washington Division of Alcohol and Substance Abuse, the    number of treatment admissions for heroin abuse to publicly funded    facilities increased each year from 2,083 in SFY1994 to 3,664 in SFY2000,    then deceased to 3,172 in SFY2001. Admission rates per 100,000 population    also increased each year from 39 to 62.2 in SFY2000, then deceased to 53.1    in SFY2001. According to TEDS data, the number of heroin-related treatment    admissions to publicly funded facilities in Washington increased each year    from 6,118 in 1997 to 6,889 in 1999, then decreased to 5,965 in 2001.    (Disparities between state and federal reporting regarding admissions to    substance abuse treatment programs are likely a result of differences in    data collection and reporting methodologies.) In the Seattle metropolitan area, heroin-related ED    mentions have decreased over the past several years. The number of    heroin-related ED mentions decreased from 2,894 in 1997 to 1,927 in 2001.    The Seattle metropolitan area ranked ninth in the number of heroin-related    ED mentions per 100,000 population among the 21 metropolitan areas    reporting to DAWN in 2001. The number of deaths in which heroin was a factor in the Seattle metropolitan area also decreased from 150 in 1996 to 118 in 2000,    according to DAWN mortality data. In spite of this decrease, heroin was a    factor in more drug-related deaths in 2000 than any other illicit drug. Of    the heroin-related deaths reported in 2000, 16 were heroin-induced    (overdoses). A significant number of adult male arrestees in Seattle    and Spokane abused heroin in 2001. According to ADAM data, 10.3 percent of    adult male arrestees tested positive for heroin use in Seattle in 2001,    and 8.1 percent tested positive in Spokane. In 1999 the percentage of Seattle high school students who    reported having abused heroin at least once in their lifetime was    comparable to the national percentage. According to responses to the 1999    YRBS, 2.8 percent of high school students in Seattle reported that they    had used heroin at least once during their lifetime compared with 2.4    percent nationally. In addition, the percentage (3.1%) of female high    school students in Seattle who reported that they had used heroin at least    once during their lifetime was higher than the percentage (2.1%) of males. Availability Heroin is readily available throughout Washington,    particularly in Seattle, Tacoma, and Yakima. Mexican black tar heroin is    the predominant type. Approximately 95 percent of heroin purchased in    Seattle in 2000 under the auspices of the DEA Domestic Monitor Program (DMP)    was Mexican black tar. Mexican brown powdered, Southeast Asian, and    Southwest Asian heroin also are available, but in very limited quantities. The amount of heroin seized in Washington has fluctuated    in recent years. According to respondents to the 2002 Northwest HIDTA    Threat Assessment survey, state and local law enforcement offic


Which Romanian car manufacturer was bought by Renault in 1999?

Dawn of the Dacia: how Romania’s no-thrills car maker raced ahead | Business | The Guardian Automotive industry Dawn of the Dacia: how Romania’s no-thrills car maker raced ahead Once the butt of car jokes, demand for cheap, reliable vehicles have helped Dacia become Europe’s fastest-growing brand Romania’s Dacia Sandero Ambiance dCi 90. The brand is a source of national pride for many. Photograph: Simon Stuart-Miller /Guardian Tuesday 21 October 2014 11.17 EDT Last modified on Tuesday 21 October 2014 19.02 EDT Share on Messenger Close Walking through the assembly plant at Dacia’s sprawling factory complex in Mioveni, 80 miles north-west of Bucharest, Cristian Negoita talks proudly of the factory’s output. “We make about 65 cars an hour, 1,389 a day,” says the 25-year company veteran and deputy chief of the assembly plant. “Before we joined Renault we were making 110,000 cars a year here with 30,000 workers, today it’s 340,000 cars, with 14,000 workers.” Nearby, new cars roll off the assembly line, destined for showrooms across Europe . In recent years, as other car manufacturers have lost billions of euros in sales in the aftermath of the global recession, Romania’s Dacia has seen sales soar. The former communist state-owned company, bought by Renault in 1999, is Europe’s fastest-growing car brand, with sales on the continent rising 35% in the first six months of this year, according to the European Automobile Manufacturers Association, fuelled by a high demand for cheap but reliable cars. Pinterest In the first eight months of 2014, sales of Dacia cars in the UK grew by 69.7%. Photograph: Andrei Pungovschi/Guardian Last year, in its first 12 months in the UK market, Dacia sold 17,146 cars, a record for a UK car brand launch, with its entry-level Dacia Sandero – the butt of so many Top Gear jokes – selling for £5,995. Dacia’s success in recent years has raised its already considerable profile in Romania: its €4.48bn (£3.5bn) turnover in 2013 represented about 2.9% of the country’s GDP, with the company responsible for an estimated 130,000 jobs in Romania across its supply chain and 8% of the country’s total exports. All of which is impressive for a car brand that few in Europe had heard of until recently and that was failing badly just a decade and a half ago. “Dacia has found a space in the market, it was the first to see and exploit this low-cost sector,” says Tim Urquhart, principal analyst at IHS Automotive, who predicts that Dacia will sell 461,000 vehicles this year, and 604,000 by 2021. Dacia was founded in 1966, in the first years of the Ceaușescu regime. It was meant to be a powerful symbol of the country’s industrial strength, named after the Dacians, the early inhabitants of the region. During the 1960s-90s, the company primarily launched licensed versions of cars such as the Renault 12, renamed the Dacia 1300. Though they were notoriously unreliable, Dacias were often the only cars on the Romanian market, so locals eventually became adept at roadside fixes. After the 1989 revolution, Dacia struggled against the tide of foreign cars entering Romania, with the brand failing to improve on outdated designs, equipment and working conditions. “We didn’t have heating or hot meals. I worked without heat in the winter for nine years between 1990 and 1999,” says Ionela Ghenescu, 43, taking a break from her morning shift in the stamping department. Pinterest The Dacia 1300 cruises through Bucharest in 2009. Decades after its launch, Dacia remains the most famous car brand in Romania. Photograph: Daniel Mihailescu/AFP Like many in Mioveni, population 32,000, the company is a family affair for Ghenescu: her husband and son also work at the factory. “Most people in Mioveni work for Dacia,” she says. Sitting in his office on the outskirts of Bucharest, Nicolas Maure, the French chief executive of Dacia Romania, explains Renault’s decision to buy the company. “Dacia had an ageing lineup and couldn’t export any more. Volumes were falling and they were looking for a way to recover.” At the time, Renault was considering setting