15 of the Largest Animals in the World «TwistedSifter     The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is a marine mammal belonging to the suborder of baleen whales. At 30 metres (98 ft) in length and 180 metric tons (200 short tons) or more in weight, it is the largest known animal to have ever existed. The Blue Whale’s tongue weighs around 2.7 metric tons (5,952 pounds), about the size of an average Asian Elephant and its heart weighs about 600 kg (1,300 lb) and is the largest known in any animal. Not only is the heart similar size to a mini-cooper car but also comparable in weight.   The Blue Whale is thought to feed almost exclusively on small, shrimp-like creatures called Krill. During the summer feeding season the Blue Whale gorges itself, consuming an astounding 3.6 metric tons (7,900 pounds) or more each day. This means it may eat up to 40 million krill a day with a daily calorie requirement of an adult Blue Whale in the region of 1.5 million. [ Source ]   The Heaviest Land Animal in the World: The African Bush Elephant     The African Bush Elephant is the largest living terrestrial (land) animal, with males reaching 6 to 7.5 metres (19.7 to 24.6 ft) in length, 3.3 metres (10.8 ft) in height at the shoulder, and weighing 6 t (13,000 lb). Females are much smaller, reaching 5.4 to 6.9 metres (17.7 to 22.6 ft) in length, 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) in height at the shoulder, and weighing 3 t (6,600 lb). The adult African bush elephant generally has no natural predators due to its great size, but the calves (especially the newborn) are vulnerable to lion and crocodile attacks, and (rarely) to leopard and hyena attacks. [ Source ]   The Tallest Land Animal in the World: The Giraffe   Photograph by Luca Galuzzi – www.galuzzi.it   The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is an African even-toed ungulate mammal and the tallest living terrestrial animal in the world. It stands 5–6 m (16–20 ft) tall and has an average weight of 1,600 kg (3,500 lb) for males and 830 kg (1,800 lb) for females. The giraffe has an extremely elongated neck, which can be over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in length, accounting for nearly half of the animal’s vertical height. The long neck results from a disproportionate lengthening of the cervical vertebrae, not from the addition of more vertebrae. [ Source ]   The Largest Carnivora in the World: The Southern Elephant Seal   Photograph by DAVID SHACKELFORD   The Southern elephant seal is the largest carnivore living today. This seals’ size shows extreme sexual dimorphism, possibly the largest of any mammal, with the males typically five to six times heavier than the females. While the females average 400 to 900 kilograms (880 to 2,000 lb) and 2.6 to 3 meters (8.5 to 9.8 ft) long, the bulls average 2,200 to 4,000 kilograms (4,900 to 8,800 lb) and 4.5 to 5.8 meters (15 to 19 ft) long. The record-sized bull, shot in Possession Bay, South Georgia on February 28, 1913, measured 6.85 meters (22.5 ft) long and was estimated to weigh 5,000 kilograms (11,000 lb).   Southern elephant seals dive repeatedly, each time for more than twenty minutes, to hunt their prey—squid and fish— at depths of 400 to 1,000 meters (1,300 to 3,300 ft). The documented diving records for the seals are nearly two hours for the duration, and more than 1,400 meters (4,600 ft) in depth. [ Source ]   The diverse order Carnivora includes over 280 species of placental mammals. Its members are formally referred to as carnivorans, while the word “carnivore” (often popularly applied to members of this group) can refer to any meat-eating organism. Carnivorans are the most diverse in size of any mammalian order, ranging from the least weasel (Mustela nivalis), at as little as 25 grams (0.88 oz) and 11 centimetres (4.3 in), to the polar bear and southern elephant seal. [ Source ]   The Largest Reptile in the World: The Saltwater Crocodile     The saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), is the largest of all living reptiles. It is found in suitable habitats from Northern Australia through Southeast Asia to the eastern coast of India. An adult male saltwater crocodile’s


Eminem - Biography - IMDb Biography Showing all 127 items Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (2) | Trade Mark  (8) | Trivia  (70) | Personal Quotes  (41) | Salary  (1) Overview (4) 5' 8" (1.73 m) Mini Bio (1) Eminem was born Marshall Bruce Mathers III in St. Joseph, Missouri, to Deborah R. (Nelson) and Marshall Bruce Mathers, Jr., who were in a band together, Daddy Warbucks. He is of English, as well as some German, Scottish, and Swiss-German, ancestry. Marshall spent his early childhood being shoved back and forth from Kansas City and Detroit. He settled on the Eastside of Detroit when he was 12. Switching schools every two to three months made it difficult to make friends, graduate and to stay out of trouble. Marshall attended Lincoln High School in Warren, Michigan, 1986-1989. Being a rap fan for most of his life, Marshall began rapping at the early age of 4. Rhyming words together, battling schoolmates in the lunchroom brought joy to what was otherwise a painful existence. At the age of 14, he began to get very serious about his rapping but it wasn't until he was 17 that he actually made a name for himself, becoming M&M, which he would later respell as "Eminem". Being rejected by most fellow rappers because of his race, Marshall grew an anger that flows through his music to this day. After failing the 9th grade for three times in a row, he quit school, but has remarked that he does not consider himself stupid and does not advise that people should follow his example. He says that it just wasn't for him. Forcing himself on radio shows, freestyle battles, Marshall threw himself head first into the rap game, where he was swallowed up most of the time. His very first album was titled "Infinite" and, while the album sold less than a thousand copies, it was the gearing up stages for the rapper who became a millionaire. It was then that his daughter, Hailie Jade Scott, was born on December 25th of 1995 with long time girlfriend Kim Scott. Having nothing to lose at all, flat broke and not knowing where he would be living the next week, Marshall set out to rant about life in general, the set quickly caught the ear of hip-hop's difficult-to-please underground. What came out of this was the Slim Shady EP, the early work for the later Dr. Dre revised Slim Shady LP. Down to nearly his last dime, he went into the 1997 Rap Olympics in Los Angeles, basically hoping to win the $1,500 cash prize which he badly needed. After battling for an hour and throwing back every race diss thrown at him, Marshall made it to second place losing in a slip up. Furious that he had lost, Marshall didn't even notice that he had been spotted. In the crowd were a few producers from Interscope, and they were handed a copy of the "Infinite" tape by way of a demo. Dr. Dre got to hear it and eventually tracked him down. The two instantly hit it off, recording four songs in their first six hours of working - three which made it to his first LP. After the album was finished, Dr. Dre asked Marshall to come work with him on his new album. He helped produce several tracks and was on the best songs of the album. Now officially making it, Marshall and Dre set to make his second LP. The album became the Marshall Mathers LP and won 3 Grammies and was the first rap album ever to be nominated "Album of the Year", selling more than 8 million records in the United States alone. He also stunned critics when he shot down all homophobic remarks by performing "Stan" with Elton John . Eminem made a movie, 8 Mile (2002). Though 2001 was a rough year for the rapper, being charged with weapon offenses, divorcing his wife, and almost going to prison, Marshall has explained his life in one word: "Claimer". - IMDb Mini Biography By: Anonymous and Rod Reece Spouse (2) Often portrays different characters on his albums (i.e. Slim Shady and Ken Kaniff) Trivia (70) His 2000 album, "The Marshall Mathers LP", sold 1.76 million copies in the first week of release in the U.S., a record for a solo artist. His wife Kimberly Mathers was granted physical custody of their 5-year-ol


What's the counterpart of the Tropic of Capricorn?

What is the significance of the Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle? (Beginner) - Curious About Astronomy? Ask an Astronomer The Earth What is the significance of the Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle? (Beginner) The Tropic of Cancer is the circle marking the latitude 23.5 degrees north, where the sun is directly overhead at noon on June 21, the beginning of summer in the northern hemisphere. The Tropic of Capricorn is the circle marking the latitude 23.5 degrees south where the sun is directly overhead at noon on December 21, the beginning of winter in the northern hemisphere. When the lines were named 2000 years ago, the Sun was in the constellation of Capricorn during the winter solstice and Cancer during the summer solstice (hence the names). Now due to the precession of the equinoxes the Sun is no longer in these constellations during these times, but the names remain. The equator is the circle where the Sun is directly overhead at noon on the equinoxes. The Arctic and Antarctic Circles are located at ±66.5 degrees latitude. Note that 66.5 + 23.5 equals 90 degrees. This means that on December 21, when the Sun is directly over the Tropic of Capricorn at noon, it will not be visible from the Arctic Circle. So above the Arctic Circle, there is a period during the winter when the sun remains below the horizon. The same is true of the Antarctic Circle during Southern Hemisphere winter. On June 21st, when the sun is directly over the Tropic of Cancer at noon, it is not visible from below the Antarctic Circle.


More than a dozen US Presidents belonged to what “secret” society?

Secret societies & the New World Order Secret Societies/ New  World Order by Milton William Cooper       History is replete with  whispers of secret societies. Accounts of elders or priests who guarded  the forbidden knowledge of ancient peoples. Prominent men, meeting in  secret, who directed the course of civilization are recorded in the  writings of all people. The oldest is the  Brotherhood of the Snake, also called the Brotherhood of the Dragon, and  it still exists under many different names. It is clear that religion  has always played a significant role in the course of these  organizations. Communication with a higher source, often divine, is a  familiar claim in all but a few. The secrets of these  groups are thought to be so profound that only a chosen, well-educated  few are able to understand and use them. These men use their special  knowledge for the benefit of all mankind. At least that is what they  claim. How are we to know, since their knowledge and actions have been  secret? Fortunately, some of it has become public knowledge. I found it intriguing that  in most, if not all, primitive tribal societies all of the adults are  members. They are usually separated into male and female groups. The  male usually dominates the culture. Surprisingly, this exactly resembles  many civilized secret societies. This can only mean that the society is  working not against established authority, but for it. In fact, could be  said to actually be the established authority. This would tend to remove the validity of any argument that all secret  associations are dedicated to the "destruction of properly constituted  authority." This can only apply, of course, where the secret society  makes up the majority or entirety of any people which it affects. Only a  very few fall into this category. Secret societies in fact  mirror many facets of ordinary life. There is always an exclusivity of  membership, with the resultant importance attached to being or becoming  a member. This is found in all human endeavors, even those which are not  secret, such as football teams or country clubs. This exclusivity of  membership is actually one of the secret societies' most powerful  weapons. There is the use of signs, passwords and other tools. These  have always performed valuable functions in man's organizations  everywhere. The stated reason, almost always different from the real  reason, for the societies' existence is important. The comradeship is  especially important. Sharing hardships or secrets has always been a  special thrill to man. No one who undergone the rigors of boot camp is  ever likely to forget the special feeling of belonging and comradeship  that was shared between the victims of the drill sergeant or company  commander. It is an emotion born of initiation. The most potent tool of  any secret society is the ritual and myth surrounding initiation. These  special binding ceremonies have very deep meaning for the participants. Initiation performs  several functions which make up the heart and soul of any true secret  society. Like boot camp, the initiation into the armed forces, important  aspects of human thought that are universally compelling, are merged to  train and maintain the efforts of a group of people to operate in a  certain direction. Initiation bonds the members together in mysticism. Neophytes gain knowledge  of a secret, giving them special status. The ancient meaning of neophyte  is "planted anew or reborn." A higher initiation is in reality a  promotion inspiring loyalty and the desire to move up to the next rung.  The goals of the society are reinforced, causing the initiated to act  toward those goals in everyday life. That brings about a change in the  political and social action of the member. The change is always in the best interest of the goals of the leaders of  the secret society. The leaders are called adepts. This can best be  illustrated by the soldier trained to follow orders without


What country controlled Macau prior to 1999?

Exploring Chinese History :: East Asian Region :: Macau - Macau -   Macau or Macao (Chinese Aomen), territory of China, once administered by Portugal, on the southeastern coast of China, west of Hong Kong. Portuguese traders first traveled to the South China coast in the early 1500s, and in 1556 they established a settlement at Macau. The government of China did not formally recognize Portuguese control of Macau until 1887. Macau is scheduled to return to Chinese administration in December 1999, when it will become a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China with a status similar to that of Hong Kong after its transfer from British to Chinese rule in 1997. As an SAR of China, a Communist country, Macau will maintain its capitalist economic system for 50 years after 1999, an arrangement China refers to as "one country, two systems." Macau is located west of the mouth of the Zhu Jiang (Pearl River) estuary and borders China's Guangdong Province to the north. It is about 60 km (about 40 mi) southwest of Hong Kong and about 110 km (about 70 mi) south of the city of Guangzhou. The city of Macau is the territory's largest settlement. Macau covers a total land area of 17.4 sq km (6.7 sq mi). It consists of the narrow peninsula of Macau (6.5 sq km/2.5 sq mi) and the islands of Taipa (3.8 sq km/1.5 sq mi) and Coloane (7.1 sq km/2.7 sq mi). Macau's total area is growing as extensive land reclamation projects add new area to the islands and peninsula. This effort is expected to continue because Macau has a scarcity of level land suitable for development. Bridges and a causeway, or raised highway, link the islands to the peninsula. At the north end of the peninsula, where Macau borders Guangdong Province, the land forms a narrow isthmus. Macau's terrain consists of low hills, with no elevation greater than 200 m (650 ft). On the western side of the peninsula, one of the main channels of the Xi He (West River) empties into the South China Sea. Macau has hot, humid summers; cool, dry autumns; and comparatively mild and dry winters with no frost. January temperatures average 16° C (61° F), while temperatures in July average 26° C (79° F). Annual precipitation averages about 2000 mm (about 80 in), with most rainfall occurring during the summer months. Typhoons in summer and early autumn sometimes produce heavy rainfall and flooding that can cause serious damage to crops and other property. The population of Macau in 1991 was 355,693. By 1995 the population increased to an estimated 424,430, yielding a population density of 24,379 persons per sq km (63,159 per sq mi), among the highest in the world. Much of Macau's recent and rapid population growth is a result of increased Chinese migration, largely from Guangdong Province. The peninsula is extremely densely crowded. The Taipa and Coloane Islands contain some undeveloped areas, but these rapidly are becoming urbanized. Most people in Macau are ethnic Chinese and either came from, or their ancestors came from, Guangdong Province. Other groups living in the territory include immigrants from Hong Kong, and Macanese people, who are of mixed Portuguese and Chinese ancestry. Macau has two official languages: Cantonese, the regional Chinese language and the dominant language spoken by Macau residents, and Portuguese. Macanese have both Cantonese and Portuguese language skills. Many locals also speak Putonghua (Mandarin Chinese) and English. Most Chinese people in Macau are Buddhists, and the territory contains several important Buddhist temples. Roman Catholicism, the religion of about 6 percent of the population, is the dominant Christian faith. Education levels in Macau are low. Only about one-quarter of the population has a secondary-level education, and less than 5 percent has a college education. About 10 percent of the people are illiterate. Macau officially has one of the highest standards of living in Asia, estimated at $15,000 per capita in 1996. However, this wealth is concentrated in the hands of a relatively small, educated, and dominant elite. The territory has a much larger nu


Westminster Abbey » Elizabeth I Coronation Date: 15 Jan, 1559 Funeral Date: 28 Apr, 1603 Location in the Abbey: Lady chapel Type of memorial: Tomb Type of material: Marble Queen Elizabeth I was the daughter of King Henry VIII by Anne Boleyn and was born at Greenwich  on 7 September 1533. She succeeded her half-sister Mary I in 1558. Queen Elizabeth was the foundress of the present Collegiate Church of St Peter (the formal title for the Abbey) in 1560 (by charter of 21 May) and her long reign was one of the most brilliant in English history. It is remembered for the defeat of the Spanish Armada, the execution of Mary Queen of Scots and for voyages of exploration and discovery. The colony of Virginia in America was named after the "Virgin Queen". Literature flourished in her reign with writers such as William Shakespeare and Edmund Spenser . Noted for her vanity and love of jewels and dancing she had many admirers but never married. One of her "favourites" Sir Walter Raleigh is buried in St Margaret's Westminster and he is shown with the Queen in the stained glass in the west window there. Coronation She was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 15 January 1559 by Dr Oglethorpe, Bishop of Carlisle.   The Archbishop of Canterbury usually performs this ceremony but the See was vacant at that time and the Archbishop of York had refused to take the service.  The English language was used for the first time within the previously all Latin service.  Burial Her death, at Richmond Palace, on 24 March 1603 was an occasion of universal mourning. For some days the body lay at Richmond and then was brought by barge to Whitehall Palace to lie in state.  Thousands of people turned out to see her funeral procession to the Abbey on 28 April 1603 when there was "such a general sighing, groaning and weeping as the like hath not been seen or known in the memory of man". The coffin, covered in purple velvet, was borne on a chariot drawn by four grey horses with black trappers. The coloured wooden funeral effigy lay on top of the coffin.  Her body was encased in lead within the wooden coffin and first buried in the vault of her grandfather King Henry VII (underneath his monument) in the Abbey.  Funeral effigy The original funeral effigy, by John Colt (brother of Maximilian), that had been carried on her hearse was remade in 1760 with a wax head and new outer clothes. The original, and unique, corset from the 1603 effigy still survives however and after recent conservation was displayed separately from the clothed effigy. In 1606 her coffin was moved to the north aisle of Henry VII's chapel and laid on top of the coffin of her half-sister Mary I under the monument which was erected for Elizabeth by her successor King James I. Monument The large white marble monument (less tall than the monument James later erected for his mother Mary, Queen of Scots in the opposite aisle of the chapel) was made by sculptor Maximilian Colt and painted by Jan de Critz. The recumbent effigy resembles portraits of the Queen in old age. The cost was £1485.  The gilded collar, with a representation of the "Burgundy" or "Three Brothers" pendant, was added in 1975 and made by Mrs H.Hughes. The crown (designed by Janet Arnold). the cross on the orb and the sceptre the Queen holds are also modern replacements, the originals having been stolen centuries ago. These were the gift of Mr Brian Court Mappin. The railing around the tomb (designed by J.Peter Foster in 1983) is another modern replacement for a lost original. Although the effigy is now just white marble a drawing found in Germany, dated 1618-20, shows the queen wearing an ermine lined crimson robe with a blue orb in her hand, a coloured dress and flesh colouring on her face. The four lions at each corner of the effigy were gilded. No trace of this colour now remains. The Latin inscriptions can be translated: "Sacred to memory: Religion to its primitive purity restored, peace settled, money restored to its just value, domestic rebellion quelled, France relieved when involved with intestine divisions; the Netherlands supp


Who was the second person to walk on the Moon?

The man who fell to earth: Buzz Aldrin, the second man to walk on the moon | Science | The Guardian Share on Messenger Close Buzz Aldrin has been on many journeys in his remarkable life, and in some respects the one to the moon was the least challenging. Being the second man to walk on the moon in July 1969, stepping down from the landing craft 20 minutes after Neil Armstrong, gave him eternal name recognition, but it also brought a heap of problems in the decade that followed - alcoholism, depression, two divorces. He was on the moon for two and a half hours; his post-Nasa breakdown lasted for a decade as he looked for something to fill the space left by ... space. But now, praise the Lord and Alcoholics Anonymous, 79-year-old Buzz is sitting in front of me, tanned, alert, as sharp as the Apollo 11 badge pinned to his colourful tie, chiding me for waving the mic around carelessly, telling a fan who is showing him his grandfather's 60s space scrapbook that he doesn't sign autographs, treading the careful divide between ego and generosity, self-regard and fellowship that is essence-of-Buzz. Armstrong lives in near-seclusion at his Ohio farm, so Buzz - off the booze for 30 years - has come to represent the crazy glory of manned space travel, and is in London as part of a global mission to get us interested in space again. He's also flogging a book, Magnificent Desolation, which charts his rise, fall and return to equilibrium. Major Tom eventually made it back to Earth, and has quite a tale to tell. The key thing when interviewing Aldrin is not to get too technical. He is a man who would happily fill the entire hour with a discussion of docking manoeuvres. I also make the mistake of mentioning God - he secretly took communion moments after the module landed on the moon ("My soul didn't belong to Nasa," he says) - and he gives me an impenetrable 10-minute explanation of the evolution of his faith. He is nothing if not systematic, which is great for the meticulous planning of moon landings, less good for quick life surveys. But get him off technicalities and AA-style moral lessons, and he is far more articulate and engaging than most interviewers would have you believe. He has always had problems putting into words the grandeur of that moment 40 years ago. "People want to know what it felt like," he says. "They want us in a few words to generate the enthusiasm that the world had as they contemplated what we were about to do. Well, what it felt like is something that we trained for. We were trying to treat it as calmly as we could and perform to the best of our ability. We tried to repress feelings of exuberance, of disappointment, and be proud and responsible people accomplishing the task that was given to us. That sounds kind of boring. Except that what we did was kind of earth-shaking." I ask him whether he was disappointed to be the second person to set foot on the moon. He tries to have it both ways. "We're dealing with very competitive people who always want to get the most out of the opportunities that come along, even though I did not relish the idea of speeches, celebrations and being on a pedestal as a hero. I didn't enter the space programme to want to do that. Being first outside the spacecraft would bring much more responsibility, and I really wasn't looking for that." I press a little, and you can sense the 40 years of frustration at being labelled second. "I was continually being asked, 'Didn't it bother you?', and always being introduced as the second man on the moon. That is a degrading title right off the bat, instead of being a member of the first landing mission to reach the moon." What comes across most strongly in his description of the mission in the book is its black comedy - and the way that he, Armstrong and Michael Collins, who was orbiting the moon in the command module, really were flying on a wing and a prayer. Aldrin worries that he will close the hatch to the landing craft, locking out him and Armstrong and condemning them to a slow, oxygen-starved death; he frets when he finds it difficult to p


Who was born as “Norma Jeane Mortenson”?

Marilyn Monroe - Biography - IMDb Marilyn Monroe Biography Showing all 282 items Jump to: Overview  (5) | Mini Bio  (2) | Spouse  (3) | Trade Mark  (4) | Trivia  (133) | Personal Quotes  (116) | Salary  (19) Overview (5) 5' 5½" (1.66 m) Mini Bio (2) Marilyn Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson at the Los Angeles County Hospital on June 1, 1926. Her mother Gladys Pearl Baker was a film-cutter at Consolidated Film Industries. Marilyn's father's identity was never known. Because Gladys was mentally and financially unable to care for young Marilyn, Gladys placed her in the care of a foster family, The Bolenders. Although the Bolender family wanted to adopt Marilyn, Gladys was eventually able to stabilize her lifestyle and took Marilyn back in her care when Marilyn was 7 years old. However, shortly after regaining custody of Marilyn, Gladys had a complete mental breakdown and was diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic and was committed to a state mental hospital. Gladys spent the rest of her life going in and out of hospitals and did not have contact with Marilyn ever again. Gladys outlived her daughter, dying in 1984. Marilyn was then taken in by Gladys' best friend Grace Goddard, who, after a series of foster homes, placed Marilyn into the Los Angeles Orphan's Home in 1935. Marilyn was traumatized by her experience there despite the Orphan's Home being an adequate living facility. Grace Goddard eventually took Marilyn back to live with her in 1937 although this stay did not last long as Grace's husband began molesting Marilyn. Marilyn went to live with Grace's Aunt Ana after this incident, although due to Aunt Ana's advanced age she could not care properly for Marilyn. Marilyn once again for the third time had to return to live with the Goddard's. The Goddard's planned to relocated and according to law, could not take Marilyn with them. She only had two choices: return to the orphanage or get married. Marilyn was only 16 years old. She decided to marry a neighborhood friend named James Dougherty; he went into the military, she modeled, they divorced in 1946. She owned 200 books (including Tolstoy, Whitman, Milton), listened to Beethoven records, studied acting at the Actors' lab in Hollywood, and took literature courses at UCLA downtown. 20th Century Fox gave her a contract but let it lapse a year later. In 1948, Columbia gave her a six-month contract, turned her over to coach Natasha Lytess and featured her in the B movie Ladies of the Chorus (1948) in which she sang three numbers : "Every Baby Needs a Da Da Daddy", "Anyone Can Tell I Love You" and "The Ladies of the Chorus" with Adele Jergens (dubbed by Virginia Rees) and others. Joseph L. Mankiewicz saw her in a small part in The Asphalt Jungle (1950) and put her in All About Eve (1950), resulting in 20th Century re-signing her to a seven-year contract. Niagara (1953) and Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953) launched her as a sex symbol superstar. When she went to a supper honoring her in the The Seven Year Itch (1955), she arrived in a red chiffon gown borrowed from the studio (she had never owned a gown). That same year, she married and divorced baseball great Joe DiMaggio (their wedding night was spent in Paso Robles, California). After The Seven Year Itch (1955), she wanted serious acting to replace the sexpot image and went to New York's Actors Studio. She worked with director Lee Strasberg and also underwent psychoanalysis to learn more about herself. Critics praised her transformation in Bus Stop (1956) and the press was stunned by her marriage to playwright Arthur Miller . True to form, she had no veil to match her beige wedding dress so she dyed one in coffee; he wore one of the two suits he owned. They went to England that fall where she made The Prince and the Showgirl (1957) with Laurence Olivier , fighting with him and falling further prey to alcohol and pills. Two miscarriages and gynecological surgery followed. So did an affair with Yves Montand . Work on her last picture The Misfits (1961), written for her by departing husband Miller was interrupted by exhaust


SpongeBob SquarePants (character) | Encyclopedia SpongeBobia | Fandom powered by Wikia List of characters SpongeBob [31] SquarePants [31] (born July 14 , 1986 ; age 30 [32] ) is the main protagonist, and the eponymous character, of the Nickelodeon animated comedy series of the same name . He was designed by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg , and is voiced by Tom Kenny . SpongeBob is a childish, joyful, eccentric sea sponge who lives in a pineapple in the underwater city of Bikini Bottom . He works as a fry cook at the Krusty Krab , a job that he is exceptionally skilled. SpongeBob lacks a lot of knowledge and is a constant annoyance to those around him (especially Squidward Tentacles ), but he is very good-natured. He appears in all of the episodes in the series, except for " The Algae's Always Greener ." He was soon to be Nickelodeon's main mascot. Tom Kenny. [ show ] Description SpongeBob SquarePants is a cute sea sponge, but he is drawn to resemble a kitchen sponge, being rectangular and bright yellow with a dark brown outline. In earlier episodes, he is wider near the top and gets skinnier going further down. However, in episodes that are more recent, he is more of a regular square shape. SpongeBob has large blue eyes, a long, slightly curved nose, a large mouth with two prominent front buck teeth, and dimples with three freckles on each cheek. In the comic strip Eye Drop , his left eye is called Eyebally . He typically wears a white shirt with a red tie, black leather shoes with shoelaces, and brown rectangular pants with a black belt (the entire outfit is sometimes referred to as his "pants," hence his name). While working at the Krusty Krab , he wears a tall, white hat with a small blue anchor on it as a uniform. SpongeBob sometimes sleeps in his underwear, and at other times pajamas (beginning in Season 5). Though SpongeBob has always been voiced by Tom Kenny , his voice has changed over the course of the series; his voice is lower than normal in the pilot episode [31] and after the the first movie , his voice gets slightly higher-pitched. In Season 8, his voice gets lower-pitched again. SpongeBob never passed the driving test at Mrs. Puff's Boating School and is unable to drive a Boatmobile . Personality SpongeBob is a clueless, abnormal, immature, fun loving and hyperactive character with a happy-go-lucky personality. He is an extremely determined person, and will often stop at nothing to accomplish a task. He is also somewhat dramatic to the people who are kind to him, for example, to the mailfish. " Karate Island " He is also over-confident. Sometimes, though, he shows his devious side when trying to get Mr. Krabs and Plankton to work together. He sometimes tends to make mountains out of molehills, such as losing his nametag. " Missing Identity ." SpongeBob is very kind-hearted and innocent, and very rarely acts openly mean to anyone, even his enemies. He is a very selfless and loyal person, especially towards those close to him. His selfless nature is most notably shown in " Best Day Ever ," where he sacrifices his "perfect day" to help his friends. Despite his well-meaning intentions, SpongeBob's actions often annoy and cause trouble for those around him, most notably his next-door neighbor, Squidward Tentacles . SpongeBob can become scared easily and usually panics when frightened. He is afraid of the dark (or what is in the dark) " Night Light " and clowns " Rodeo Daze ." He also hates hot sauce. " Karate Choppers ." Occasionally, SpongeBob is too ignorant to notice impending danger and his unworldly thinking may put himself or others in peril. He also cannot detect lies or malice information as easy as the other characters, mainly due to his naive nature. SpongeBob's innocence also makes him overly trusting and very gullible, and he is easily manipulated by people who intend to use and/or harm him, such as Squidward, Mr. Krabs and Plankton ; most noticeably, he is always easily fooled by Plankton no matter how bizarre or obvious his disguises are. Even though he is generally good-natured


The Beatles - Biography - IMDb The Beatles Jump to: Overview  (1) | Mini Bio  (1) | Trivia  (40) Overview (1) The Fab Four Mini Bio (1) The Beatles were an English rock band that became arguably the most successful act of the 20th century. They contributed to music, film, literature, art, and fashion, made a continuous impact on popular culture and the lifestyle of several generations. Their songs and images carrying powerful ideas of love, peace, help, and imagination evoked creativity and liberation that outperformed the rusty Soviet propaganda and contributed to breaking walls in the minds of millions, thus making impact on human history. In July of 1957, in Liverpool, 'Paul McCartney (I)' met John Lennon . Both were teenagers. Paul impressed John with his mastery of acoustic guitar, and was invited to join Lennon's group, The Quarrymen. George Harrison joined them in February of 1958. In 1959 they played regular gigs at a club called The Casbah. They were joined by vocalist Stuart Sutcliffe, and by drummer Peter Best, whose mother owned The Casbah club. Early incarnations of the band included The Quarrymen, Johnny & the Moon Dogs, and The Silver Beetles. John Lennon dreamed up the band's final name, The Beatles, a mix of beat with beetle. In 1960 The Beatles toured in Hamburg, Germany. There they were joined by Ringo Starr , who previously played with Rory Storm and the Hurricanes. In Hamburg, The Beatles made their first studio work as a backing band for singer Tony Sheridan's recordings for the German Polydor label, however, in the credits the band's name was changed to The Beat Brothers. From February 1961 to August 1963, The Beatles played a regular gig at the Cavern. They were paid five pounds for their first show, rising to three hundred pounds per show in 1963. In two and a half years The Beatles gave 262 shows at the Cavern in Liverpool. Brian Epstein was invited to be the manager of the Beatles in November 1961. His diplomatic way of dealing with the Beatles and with their previous manager resulted in a December 10, 1961, meeting, where it was decided that Epstein would manage the band. A 5-year management contract was signed by four members at then-drummer Pete Best's home on January 24, 1962. Epstein did not put his signature on it, giving the musicians the freedom of choice. At that time McCartney and Harrison were under 21, so the paper wasn't technically legal. None of them realized this and it did not matter to them. What mattered was their genuine trust in Epstein. He changed their early image for the good. Brian Epstein made them wear suits and ties, classic shoes, and newer haircuts. They were advised to update their manners on stage and quit eating and drinking in public. Brian Epstein worked hard on both the Beatles' image and public relations. He improved their image enough to make them accepted by the conservative media. Most if not all of their communication off-stage was managed by Brian Epstein. On January 1, 1962, The Beatles came to London and recorded fifteen songs at the Decca Records. They were not hired, but the material helped them later. During the year 1962, they made several trips to London and auditioned for various labels. In May of 1962 Epstein canceled the group's contract with Tony Sheridan and the German label. Brian Epstein was persistent in trying to sign a record deal for the Beatles, even after being rejected by every major record label in UK, like Columbia, Philips, Oriole, Decca, and Pye. Epstein transferred a demo tape to disc with HMV technician Jim Foy, who liked their song and referred it to Parlophone's George Martin. On June 6, 1962, at the Abbey Road studios, they passed Martin's audition with the exception of Pete Best. George Martin liked them, but recommended the change of a drummer. Being asked by John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and George Harrison; Epstein fired Pete Best. After a mutual decision the band was completed with Ringo Starr , who duly became the fourth Beatle. In September of 1962 The Beatles recorded their first hit Love Me Do, which charted in UK,


Which country was formerly called Ceylon?

History of Sri Lanka - Originally known as Heladiva - Ceylon History of Sri Lanka About Mahavamsa | Mahavamsa Chapters | Mahavamsa Simplified Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. known as Ceylon before 1972 is an island nation in South Asia, located about 31 kilometers (18½ mi) off the southern coast of India. Originally known as Heladiva, it is home to around twenty million people. Sri Lanka is a strategic naval link between West Asia and South East Asia and has been a centre of Buddhist religion and culture from ancient times. Today, Sri Lanka is a multi-religious and multi-ethnic nation, with a fifth of the population following faiths other than Buddhism – notably Hinduism, Christianity and Islam. The Sinhalese community forms the majority of the population (around 78%), with Tamils, who are mostly concentrated in the north and east of the island, forming the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include the Muslim Moors and Malays as well as Burghers. English is widely spoken and is studied as a compulsory secondary language in school. Island has a pleasant tropical climate and average temperature of the low lands ranges between 25-30 degrees Celsius. Famous for the production and export of tea, coffee, rubber and coconuts, Sri Lanka boasts a progressive and modern industrial economy. The natural beauty of Sri Lanka’s tropical forests, beaches and landscape, as well as its rich cultural heritage make it a world famous tourist destination. Sri Lanka’s Per Capita GDP is presently US$ 900 – the highest in South Asia and the Literacy rate is 92% – the highest in South Asia and second highest in Asia. According to the Economic Intelligence Unit (EIU) Forecast 1998, Sri Lanka’s Business Environment ranks 11th in the region, and 42nd in the world, ahead of India, China, Indonesia, Vietnam and Pakistan. After over two thousand years of rule by local kingdoms, parts of Sri Lanka were colonized by Portugal and the Netherlands beginning in the 16th century, before the control of the entire country was ceded to the British Empire in 1815. During World War II Sri Lanka served as an important base for Allied forces in the fight against the Japanese Empire. A nationalist political movement arose in the country in the early 20th century, with the aim of obtaining political independence, which was eventually granted by the British after peaceful negotiations in 1948. Since then Sri Lanka has enjoyed a stable democracy and continuous economic progress, despite the ongoing conflict between the Sri Lankan government and a separatist militant group known as the Tamil Tigers in the northeastern parts of the country.   Naming of Sri Lanka  Known as Lamka, Lankadeepa, taprobane .. etc  In ancient times, Sri Lanka was known by a variety of names: ancient Greek geographers called it Taprobane and Arabs referred to it as Serendib (the origin of the word “serendipity”). Ceilão was the name given to Sri Lanka by the Portuguese when they arrived on the island in 1505, which was transliterated into English as Ceylon. In 1972, the official name of the country was changed to “Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka” whereas the island itself is referred to as lank?va, In 1978 it was changed to “Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka”. The current name is derived from Sanskrit word lamk?, meaning “resplendent land”, which was also the name of the island as described in the ancient Indian epics Mahabharata and the Ramayana.   Brief History Paleolithic human settlements have been discovered at excavations in several cave sites in the Western Plains region and the South-western face of the Central Hills region. Anthropologists believe that some discovered burial rites and certain decorative artifacts exhibit similarities between the first inhabitants of the island and the early inhabitants of Southern India. Recent bioanthropological studies have however dismissed these links, and have placed the origin of the people to the northern parts of India. One of the first written references to the island


Hernán Cortés: Conqueror of the Aztecs Hernán Cortés: Conqueror of the Aztecs By Jessie Szalay, LiveScience Contributor | August 28, 2013 12:33am ET MORE Hernan Cortés invaded Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec Empire. Credit: Public domain. Engraving by W. Holl, 1837. Hernán Cortés is one of the most well-known Spanish conquistadors. He is best remembered for conquering the Aztec empire and claiming Mexico for Spain. He also helped colonize Cuba and became a governor of New Spain. Early life Cortés was born in 1485 in Medellín, Spain. He was the only son of noble, though not wealthy, parents. At age 14, Cortés was sent to study law at the University of Salamanca, but he was restless and unhappy. He became fascinated with tales of Christopher Columbus ’ New World explorations. Columbus had landed at San Salvador and explored the West Indies in 1492, Cortés was a young boy. Cortés wanted to join the excitement of the Age of Exploration. He decided to seek fortune and adventure in Hispaniola (modern-day Dominican Republic and Haiti). In 1504, at age 19, Cortés set sail for the New World. In the Bahamas Cortés spent seven successful years on Hispaniola, living in the new town of Azua and working as a notary and farmer. In 1511 he joined Diego Velasquez’s expedition to conquer Cuba. There, Cortés served as a clerk to the treasurer and later as mayor of Santiago. Despite his success, Cortes was hungry for more power and greater thrills. He convinced Velasquez, the governor of Cuba, to let him lead an expedition to Mexico . Velasquez canceled the voyage at the last minute. Ignoring his orders, Cortés set sail with 11 ships and more than 500 men. Arrival in Mexico In 1519, Cortés’ ships reached the Mexican coast at Yucatan. Mexico had been discovered by the Spanish just a year prior, and they were eager to settle it. At Tabasco, Cortés was met with resistance from natives. He quickly overpowered them, and the natives surrendered. They provided the Europeans with food, supplies and 20 women, including an interpreter called Malintzin (also known as La Malinche or Doña Marina). She became Cortés’s intermediary with the natives and eventually his mistress, eventually mothering his son, Martin. After a few months, Cortés set sail from Yucatan, heading west. On the southeastern coast he founded Veracruz, where he dismissed the authority of Velasquez and declared himself under orders from King Charles I of Spain. He disciplined his men and trained them to act as a cohesive unit of soldiers. He also burned his ships to make retreat impossible. A 1909 painting depicts the Spanish conquistadors entering Tenochtitlán to the sounds of martial music. Credit: Public domain. Book illustration by J.H. Robinson. Conquering the Aztecs Cortés had heard of the Aztecs and knew that they, and their leader Montezuma II, were a primary force in Mexico. Cortés set out to rule them. During the march through Mexico, he encountered a group of natives called the Tlaxcalans, who were enemies of the Aztecs. They became an important ally for Cortés during his siege of Tenochtitlán , the Aztec capital city. Unbeknownst to Cortés, his arrival coincided with an important Aztec prophecy. The Aztec god Quetzalcoatl, whom they credited with the creation of humans among other notable feats, was set to return to Earth. Thinking that Cortés could be Quetzalcoatl, Montezuma greeted the party with great honor. Montezuma sent out envoys to meet the conquistador as he neared. The Aztecs were fascinated by the Spaniards’ light skin and the sight of men on horseback, which they described as beasts with two heads and six legs. The Spanish fired shots, which stunned the natives and further intimidated them. Cortés entered the city. The Spanish soldiers and the Tlaxcalans sacked it, while Cortés took Montezuma hostage. With the help of Doña Marina, Cortés manipulated Montezuma and ruled Tenochtitlán through him. The Siege of Tenochtitlán While Cortés held Tenochtitlán through Montezuma, a Spanish force from Cuba landed on the coast of Mexico. They had been sent by Diego Ve


"Who said ""if the glove doesn't fit, you must acquit?"""

CNN - 'If it doesn't fit, you must acquit' - Sept. 28, 1995 'If it doesn't fit, you must acquit' Defense attacks prosecution's case; says Simpson was framed September 28, 1995 Web Posted at: 12:51 a.m. EDT LOS ANGELES (CNN) -- It all came back to Mark Fuhrman Wednesday night as lead O.J. Simpson defense attorney Johnnie Cochran argued to the jury his client was framed by the former police detective. Cochran implored the jurors to disregard the prosecutions' contention that Fuhrman, who made racist statements, is not important to the case. "He is central to the prosecution, and for them to say he's not important is untrue, and you will not fall for it because as guardians of justice, you can't let it happen," Cochran said. (261 K aiff or wav sound) Later, Cochran said, "Mark Fuhrman is a lying, perjuring genocidal racist, and from that moment on, anytime he could get O.J. Simpson he would do it." Cochran also played on the tarnished reputation of the Los Angeles Police Department. "Anybody, anybody who believes that all police are perfect, that they don't lie, they don't have the same biases and racism that the rest of society has, is living in a dream world." While the prosecution spent most of its closing statement piecing together its theory of how the murders occurred, Cochran emphasized inconsistencies in the state's evidence.  Those included a luggage strap apparently moved before evidence was photographed and a sticky glove that Cochran said should not have been moist with blood seven hours after the murders. Focusing on his client's conduct, Cochran argued that everything Simpson did following the murders was consistent with innocence. (318K aiff or wav sound) Cochran launched his closing arguments Wednesday afternoon by urging jurors to look for flaws in the prosecution's case. "If it doesn't fit, you must acquit," became Cochran's mantra as he tried to convince jurors that the case laid out by prosecutors is inconsistent and full of holes. (91K aiff or wav sound) Cochran colorfully illustrated his theme by donning a black knit cap similar to the one prosecutors claim Simpson wore as a disguise the night of the murders. ( 2.5M QuickTime movie ) "If I put this knit cap on, who am I?" he asked. "I'm still Johnnie Cochran in a knit cap ... and O.J. Simpson in a knit cap from two blocks away is still O.J. Simpson. It's no disguise. It makes no sense. If it doesn't fit. If it doesn't fit, you must acquit." (279K aiff or wav sound) Cochran later pulled on a pair of gloves similar to those the prosecution used to try to link Simpson to the murder scene. The act was a reminder to the jurors of the apparent difficulty Simpson had in getting the gloves to fit during a courtroom demonstration. ( 1.2M QuickTime movie ) Cochran also attacked the prosecution's timeline for the murder, calling it a "tortured window of opportunity."  (176K aiff or wav sound) Simpson simply did not have time to commit murder, Cochran said. He told the jurors if they believe witness Robert Heidstra, who saw a white vehicle speeding way from the crime scene about 10:40 p.m., and if they believe Kato Kaelin heard three thumps on the wall around 10:40, there was no way Simpson could have committed the murders. (261K aiff or wav sound) To disprove the prosecutions' theory that Simpson was angry with his ex-wife the day of the murders, Cochran showed pictures from that day of Simpson smiling and greeting his former in-laws. His voice swelling and subsiding in his trademark cadence, Cochran invoked Cicero, Frederick Douglas and the Bible. Earlier Wednesday, prosecutor Christopher Darden put a spin on the words Simpson spoke in court last week outside of the jury's presence. "We've shown you he would have, could have, and did commit killings. He's a murderer; a hell of a football player, but also a murderer." Darden reminded the jurors of Simpson's brutality by playing one of the 911 calls made by his former wife, Nicole Brown Simpson. Darden suggested Simpson killed his former wife because he c


What is the name of Beyoncé and Jay-Z's daughter?

Beyonc� and Jay-Z Welcome a Baby Daughter?and Her Name Is... | E! News Email Splash News We were so ready for this belly, and now we're so psyched to meet this baby! Beyoncé and Jay-Z welcomed a daughter  Saturday night in New York, the little one's arrival coming via scheduled C-section, mutliple sources confirm to E! News. And the pop 'n' hip-hop princess' name? Drumroll, please... MORE: Jay-Z "Can't Wait" to Be a Dad Blue Ivy Carter ! (At least that's what Jay-Z is telling pals at this point—the couple's reps have not immediately responded to calls seeking comment.) Friend and music mogul Russell Simmons was among the first to celebrate the arrival, tweeting the new parents: "congrats to my good friends Beyonce and Jay-Z." Rihanna gave baby Blue a warm welcome,  tweeting : "Welcome to the world princess Carter! Love Aunty Rih." Hey, we're happy to find out this much, considering Blue's parents didn't even confirm to the world that they were married until...Wait? Did they ever really confirm it? (Public records ultimately told the tale.) Anyway, the "Crazy in Love" duo tied the knot in April 2008 after roughly six years of dating. Considering they waited another three years to have a baby, you can tell this is one couple that thinks things through! Beyoncé memorably revealed that she was pregnant onstage at the MTV Video Music Awards in August. And her hubby certainly seems to be in the right head space, telling E! News in November that he hoped to be the kind of father whose children could talk to him about anything. "Your child could come to you and have any type of conversation. I always hope for that kind of open relationship," he said. Just imagine the rap sessions father and daughter will be having a few years from now! Brazil E! Is Everywhere This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our US edition? E! Is Everywhere This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our Canadian edition? E! Is Everywhere This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our UK edition? E! Is Everywhere This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our Australian edition? E! ist überall Dieser Inhalt ist für internationale Besucher verfügbar. Möchtest du ihn in der deutschen Version anschauen? E! Is Everywhere This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our German edition? E! est partout Une version adaptée de ce contenu est disponible pour notre public international. Souhaitez-vous voir ça dans notre édition française ? E! Is Everywhere This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our French edition? Yes!


What animal are elephants supposedly afraid of?

Elephants Are Afraid of Mice | MythBusters | Discovery Elephants Are Afraid of Mice posted: 04/11/12 As seen in "MythBusters: Shooting Fish in a Barrel." DCL Finding: PLAUSIBLE Explanation: Way back in A.D. 77, Pliny the Elder started the impressively persistent rumor that "the elephant hates the mouse above all other creatures." For millennia, people have taken the Roman philosopher's word for it, but MythBusters Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman figured it was just too far-fetched for an enormous mammal to be frightened by a minuscule mouse. Fully expecting to bust Pliny's myth wide open, the MythBusters traveled to Cape Town, South Africa, to set a few mice loose around wild elephants and see what happened. To slip the mice into elephant territory, Jamie and Adam placed the rodents in mouse-sized holes in the ground and covered them with balls of elephant dung. When a pachyderm approached, they yanked away the dung to reveal the mice. Much to their surprise, the mice stopped the elephants dead in their tracks. Once the lumbering giants noticed a potential critter confrontation, they backed away and plodded off in the other direction. Thinking it might've been the dung-ball disturbance that explained the nervous reaction, the MythBusters tried to scare the elephants by moving the dung without any mice around. But only the presence of mice could sufficiently startle them. So, while the rodents didn't incite any stampedes, the elephants' cautious behavior was enough evidence for Jamie and Adam to declare Pliny's proposition plausible.


Germans invade Poland - Sep 01, 1939 - HISTORY.com Germans invade Poland Publisher A+E Networks At 4:45 a.m., some 1.5 million German troops invade Poland all along its 1,750-mile border with German-controlled territory. Simultaneously, the German Luftwaffe bombed Polish airfields, and German warships and U-boats attacked Polish naval forces in the Baltic Sea. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler claimed the massive invasion was a defensive action, but Britain and France were not convinced. On September 3, they declared war on Germany, initiating World War II. To Hitler, the conquest of Poland would bring Lebensraum, or “living space,” for the German people. According to his plan, the “racially superior” Germans would colonize the territory and the native Slavs would be enslaved. German expansion had begun in 1938 with the annexation of Austria and then continued with the occupation of the Sudetenland and then all of Czechoslovakia in 1939. Both had been accomplished without igniting hostilities with the major powers, and Hitler hoped that his invasion of Poland would likewise be tolerated. To neutralize the possibility that the USSR would come to Poland’s aid, Germany signed a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union on August 23, 1939. In a secret clause of the agreement, the ideological enemies agreed to divide Poland between them. Hitler gave orders for the Poland invasion to begin on August 26, but on August 25 he delayed the attack when he learned that Britain had signed a new treaty with Poland, promising military support should it be attacked. To forestall a British intervention, Hitler turned to propaganda and misinformation, alleging persecution of German-speakers in eastern Poland. Fearing imminent attack, Poland began to call up its troops, but Britain and France persuaded Poland to postpone general mobilization until August 31 in a last ditch effort to dissuade Germany from war. Shortly after noon on August 31, Hitler ordered hostilities against Poland to begin at 4:45 a.m. the next morning. At 8 p.m. on August 31, Nazi S.S. troops wearing Polish uniforms staged a phony invasion of Germany, damaging several minor installations on the German side of the border. They also left behind a handful of dead concentration camp prisoners in Polish uniforms to serve as further evidence of the supposed Polish invasion, which Nazi propagandists publicized as an unforgivable act of aggression. At 4:45 a.m. on September 1, the invasion began. Nazi diplomats and propagandists scrambled to head off hostilities with the Western powers, but on September 2 Britain and France demanded that Germany withdraw by September 3 or face war. At 11 p.m. on September 3, the British ultimatum expired, and 15 minutes later British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain went on national radio to solemnly announce that Britain was at war with Germany. Australia, New Zealand, and India followed suit shortly thereafter. At 5:00 p.m., France declared war on Germany. In Poland, German forces advanced at a dizzying rate. Employing a military strategy known as the blitzkrieg, or “lightning war,” armored divisions smashed through enemy lines and isolated segments of the enemy, which were encircled and captured by motorized German infantry while the panzer tanks rushed forward to repeat the pattern. Meanwhile, the sophisticated German air force–the Luftwaffe–destroyed Polish air capability, provided air support for the blitzkrieg, and indiscriminately bombed Polish cities in an effort to further terrorize the enemy. The Polish army was able to mobilize one million men but was hopelessly outmatched in every respect. Rather than take a strong defensive position, troops were rushed to the front to confront the Germans and were systematically captured or annihilated. In a famously ill-fated strategy, Polish commanders even sent horsed cavalry into battle against the heavy German armor. By September 8, German forces had reached the outskirts of Warsaw, having advanced 140 miles in the first week of the invasion. The Polish armed forces hoped to hold out long enough so th


If you are taking a class called torts, what type of school are you enrolled in?

Note Taking Strategies of Highly Successful Students | The Art of Manliness AutoHotKey (Windows/Mac/Linux) Pen and Paper To keep students from surfing around during class and force them to actually pay attention, some professors are starting to ban the use of laptops during their classes. If you find yourself in one of these classes, you’ll need to use the note-taking tools your dad and grandpa used: good old fashioned pen and paper. Even if your professor doesn’t ban laptops, there are some classes where it’s actually better to take notes by hand. Classes that are heavy on numbers, equations, and formulas–calculus, chemistry, physics, economics, symbolic logic, etc.–are best suited for handwritten notes. It’s just too hard to type out that sort of stuff with a keyboard. I also found that pen and paper works best for language classes. Oftentimes you’ll be copying down conjugation tables from the blackboard, and handwriting these are easier than typing them. Notebook for each class. Have a separate notebook for each class. It keeps things organized. Plus, if you keep all of your classes’ notes in the same notebook and you lose that notebook, you’re pretty much SOL. Write clearly. If you’re going to handwrite your notes, make sure you can read them later. PenMANship. It’s got the word “man” in it, so it’s manly. Before the Lecture: Prepare for Effective Note-Taking Do the assigned reading. The best way to prepare for class is simply doing the assigned reading. Being familiar with the material will better enable you to understand the professor’s lecture and separate out the important points. As you read, take notes of what you think are the main ideas. Highlight, underline, and write in the book’s margins. Write down questions that come up as you’re reading. Arrive 10 minutes before class and review the assigned reading and notes from the previous class. Try to get to class a few minutes early. Grab a seat near the front of the class and get everything ready. Scan through your reading assignment and the notes you made. Write down any questions you had during the reading that you’re hoping to have answered during the professor’s lecture. Turn off wi-fi card or block the internet. Surfing Reddit during class will not help you pay attention. Turn off your computer’s wifi card or use one of the internet blocking tools that we covered in this previous post. During the Lecture: What to Write Down Only write down the main points of the lecture. Don’t write everything down! Your goal isn’t to transcribe your professor’s lecture word for word, rather it’s to extract and record the main points of it. The trick to successful note-taking is learning how to separate the wheat from the chaff. Your professor will likely go off on tangents during the lecture and spout off stuff that won’t be on the exam. You don’t want to waste your time writing down and studying info that you won’t even be tested on. So how do you know what the professor’s main points are? Pay attention to cues your professor gives off either consciously or subconsciously. Here are a few cues your professor may give during the lecture. Whenever you see them, it probably means he’s saying something important, so write it down. Anytime the professor says, “You need to know this,” or “This will be on the test.” Duh. Anytime the professor repeats himself. Anything the professor writes on the board or includes in a Powerpoint slide. Anything the professor repeats very slowly so that it can be taken down word for word. If your professor starts talking more quickly, or loudly, or with more emphasis. Watch for language that shows relationships between ideas. These sorts of points are often where professors get their exam questions from: first, second, third especially, most significant, most important however, on the other hand because, so, therefore, consequently Write the professor’s summary at the end of class and his review at the beginning of the next class. At the end of the class, your professor will often summarize the main takeaway points. Write this down. Your professor


What alien race does Lieutenant Worf belong to?

Lieutenant Worf - Star Trek: The Next Generation Characters - ShareTV Season 4 / Episode 7: - Reunion Captain Jean-Luc Picard: Klingon tradition may hold the son responsible for his father's sin. I cannot. Treason was his father's crime. Duras' crime was to lay that blame on your father. I will not forget that. But you should not forget that you chose to accept the consequences of that lie. Lieutenant Worf: [agrees] To preserve the Empire. Season 4 / Episode 7: - Reunion Lieutenant Worf: Sir, I have acted within the boundaries of Klingon law and tradition. Captain Jean-Luc Picard: The High Council would seem to agree; they consider the matter closed. I don't. Mister Worf, the Enterprise crew currently includes representatives from thirteen planets. They each have their individual beliefs and values and I respect them all. But they have all chosen to serve Starfleet. If anyone cannot perform his or her duty, because of the demands of their society, they should resign. Do you wish to resign? Season 4 / Episode 7: - Reunion Captain Jean-Luc Picard: Mister Worf - isn't it time for the truth about your father's innocence to be told? After all, you only accepted this dishonor to protect the name of Duras and hold the Empire together. Now that he has died in disgrace, what is gained by further silence? Lieutenant Worf: Each member of the Klingon High Council has shared in that lie. They will not be so willing to admit their own dishonor. But the day will come when my brother and I will... convince them to speak the truth. Alexander Rozhenko: Are you my father? Lieutenant Worf: Yes. I am your father. Counselor Deanna Troi: You two have successfully divided the evening between you. Lieutenant Worf: [leaning over to her] I suspect conspiracy. Season 3 / Episode 17: - Sins of the Father Lieutenant Worf: The family of a Klingon warrior is responsible for his actions, and he is responsible for theirs. If I fail in my challenge, I will be executed. - Will you grant my leave, Captain? Captain Jean-Luc Picard: No. If I understand correctly, a Starfleet officer, a respected member of my crew, could be accused of a capital crime. Your actions in this matter will reflect on this ship and on the Federation. Therefore, it seems only appropriate that your Captain should be at your side while you make your challenge. I'm sure you would do no less for me.


How many leap years occurred in the 20th century?

The Greatest Century That Ever Was: 25 Miraculous Trends of the Past 100 Years | Libertarianism.org The Greatest Century That Ever Was: 25 Miraculous Trends of the Past 100 Years Stephen Moore and Julian L. Simon detail the myriad ways in which Americans were better off at the end of the 20th century than at the end of the 19th century. >”We step upon the threshold of 1900 …facing a brighter dawn of civilization.” >—New York Times, January 1, 1900 The central premise of this study is that there has been more improvement in the human condition for people living in the United States in this century than for all people in all previous centuries of human history combined. Gigantic strides have been made in living standards in most other parts of the world as well, but not all. The European Jews, the Russians, and the Chinese experienced dreadful episodes of tyranny under Hitler, Stalin, and Mao. When one considers the age of the planet, the 20th century has been a momentary flash in time. Yet the documentable improvement in the quality of human life in this brief period has been nothing short of miraculous. Although the leap forward in human progress began in the 19th century with the Industrial Revolution, the greatest strides have taken place in the 20th century. Virtually every statistic presented in the pages that follow confirms that we are about to complete what the 1933 World’s Fair in Chicago aptly called “the Century of Progress.” The roughly fourfold rise in the living standards of Americans in this century is particularly impressive when we consider that for thousands of years human progress occurred at a glacial pace. For the thousand years before the Industrial Revolution, incomes were virtually flat, growing by about 0.5 percent per year. Life expectancy was not much greater in 1700 than it was at the time of the Greek and Roman Empires. Throughout most of human history, life was, as Thomas Hobbes famously put it, “nasty, brutish and short.” One way to appreciate the improvements in quality of life over the course of this century is to mentally travel back 100 years. What was life really like? The latter part of the 19th century was an era of tuberculosis, typhoid, sanitariums, child labor, child death, horses, horse manure, candles, 12-hour work days, Jim Crow laws, tenements, slaughterhouses, and outhouses. Lynchings—not just of blacks—were common. (In the South 11 Italians were lynched in one month.) To live to 50 was to count one’s blessings. For a mother to have all four of her children live to adulthood was to beat the odds of nature. One in 10 children died before his or her first birthday. One hundred years ago parents lived in eternal fear of a child’s dying; nowadays, many parents live in eternal fear of their child’s not making the county select soccer team. Industrial cities were typically enveloped in clouds of black soot and smoke. At that stage of the Industrial Revolution, factories belching poisons into the air were regarded as a sign of prosperity and progress. Streets were smelly and filled with garbage before modern sewerage systems and plumbing were put in place. Leading killers of the day included pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhea, and violence. In 1918 pneumonia killed 675,000 Americans. In the first two decades of the 20th century, before the era of acid rain and global warming, pollution killed people—lots and lots of people. Deadly diseases were carried by milk and what then qualified as “drinking water.” Cancer was not one of the primary causes of death as it is today, because most Americans succumbed to infectious diseases and occasional epidemics before their bodies had time to contract cancer. Medical care was astonishingly primitive by today’s standards. Abraham Flexner, writing in the famous Flexner report on medical education in 1910, commented that until then, a random patient consulting a random physician had only a 50-50 chance of benefiting from the encounter. Health historian Theodore Dalrymple notes that until the late 19th century it was often considered “beneath a physic


Lombardy | region, Italy | Britannica.com Lombardy Lombardy, Italian Lombardia, regione of northern Italy . It is bordered on the north by Switzerland and by the Italian regioni of Emilia-Romagna (south), Trentino–Alto Adige and Veneto (east), and Piedmont (west). Administratively, Lombardy consists of the provincie of Bergamo , Brescia , Como , Cremona , Lecco , Lodi , Mantova , Milano, Monza e Brianza, Pavia , Sondrio , and Varese . The capital is Milan . The resort town of Bellagio on Lake Como, Lombardy, Italy. © Index Open Overview of Milan. Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz Lombardy is divided physically into three parts from north to south—a mountainous Alpine and pre-Alpine zone; a zone of gently undulating foothills; and a zone of alluvial plains sloping gently to the Po River in the south. The Alpine division reaches a height of 13,284 feet (4,049 metres) in the Bernina. The foothill zone is partly composed of morainic material and contains a number of scenic lakes. The regione is drained southward by many rivers, all of them tributaries of the Po, including the Ticino , the Adda, and the Oglio, with its affluents the Mella and Chiese, and the Mincio. The regione abounds in lakes and contains all or part of Lakes Garda (Italy’s largest lake), Maggiore, Lugano, Como, Iseo, Idro, and Varese and the lakes of the Brianza (Pusiano, Annone, Alserio, and Segrino). The climate is generally continental, with hot summers and cold winters, and rainfall varies from about 24 inches (610 mm) annually in the area near the Po River to 80 inches (2,032 mm) in the mountainous regions. Lombardy was inhabited by Celtic peoples from the 5th century bce and was conquered by Rome after the Second Punic War (218–201 bce), upon which it became part of Cisalpine Gaul . The region suffered heavily in the barbarian invasions that ended the western Roman Empire, and from 568 to 774 ce it was the centre of the kingdom of the Lombards , a Germanic people who gave their name to the region. The Lombard kingdom ended in 774, and Lombardy became part of the empire of the Frankish king Charlemagne . Frankish rule continued until 887, and after the breakup of the Carolingian empire a number of independent units, mostly towns ruled by counts or bishops, emerged in Lombardy. Similar Topics Abruzzi These towns’ growing prosperity by the 11th century was based on the role of the middle Po River valley as a transit point for trade between the Mediterranean and the trans-Alpine lands. A number of Lombard towns—Milan, Cremona, Brescia, Bergamo—were able to throw off their feudal rulers and evolve into communes (self-governing municipalities) that became the commercial leaders of Europe at the time. The Lombard communes reached the height of their power in the 12th century, when, in an effort to resist encroachments by the emperor Frederick I Barbarossa , they formed the Lombard League ; the league defeated the emperor at the Battle of Legnano in 1176 and forced him to recognize its members’ autonomy in the Peace of Constance (1183). Conflicts within the Lombard communes between Guelfs and Ghibellines were only resolved in the 13th and 14th centuries by the rise of overlords or despots , some of whom, such as the Visconti and Sforza in Milan and the Bonacolsi and Gonzaga in Mantua, founded local dynasties . Milan became the strongest city in Lombardy early in the 14th century and went on to establish its rule over most of the neighbouring towns, though it had to yield Brescia and Bergamo to Venice and the city of Mantua remained independent. Lombardy lost territory to the Swiss, Venetians, and other neighbours in the early 16th century, and in the chaotic wake of the French invasions of Italy, the duchy of Milan came under Spanish Habsburg rule in 1535. Mantua managed to remain independent until 1713, at which time both it and Milan passed to the Austrian Habsburgs. Austrian rule yielded to that of France from 1796 to 1814. In 1815 Lombardy was restored to Austria as part of a newly created Lombardo-Venetian kingdom. In 1859 a Franco-Piedmontese arm


Who was Lord Protector of England, 1653-1658?

Oliver Cromwell: Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector In 1649, after the proclamation of the republican Commonwealth, Cromwell led a punitive expedition into Ireland, especially remembered for the massacre of the royalist garrison at Drogheda. He then initiated a policy of systematic dispossession of the Irish, transferring their lands to Protestant proprietors. In 1650 he invaded Scotland and routed the Scottish royalists at Dunbar; later he defeated the Scots and Charles II himself at Worcester (1651) and left the rest of the conquest of Scotland to Gen. George Monck. Cromwell, now virtual dictator of the Commonwealth, dissolved the Rump Parliament in 1653 after it had failed to effect reforms demanded by the army and had sought to perpetuate its power. His attempt to replace it by the Nominated (Barebone's) Parliament (see Barebone, Praise-God ), appointed by himself from nominations of the Independent congregations, resulted in a reckless, hopelessly divided body that was finally forced to dissolve itself. A group of army officers then drew up the constitutional document known as the Instrument of Government (1653), by which Cromwell became lord protector (see Protectorate ). The Parliament of 1654, which was elected under the terms of the same document, wanted to prepare a new constitution and was soon dissolved. After that Cromwell resorted to open military government, dividing England into 11 districts, each administered by a major-general. Another, more amenable Parliament was summoned in 1656, and in 1657 it presented to Cromwell a new constitution known as the Humble Petition and Advice and offered him the crown. He declined the crown but accepted (with some modifications) the Humble Petition, which further increased his power and set up a second legislative chamber. The second session of this same Parliament, however, challenged the new constitution, and Cromwell dissolved it (1658) seven months before his death. Cromwell's foreign policy was governed by the need to expand English trade and prevent the restoration of the Stuarts, and by the desire to build up a Protestant league and enhance the prestige of the English republic. He approved the Navigation Act of 1651, which led to the first (1652–54) of the Dutch Wars , and he pressed the war against Spain (1655–58) as a means of encroaching on Spanish rights of colonization in America. The Dutch war resulted in several important naval victories for the English under Admiral Robert Blake , but the Spanish war, apart from the sinking of a Spanish fleet (also by Blake), brought only Jamaica and imposed a great strain on English finances. Sections in this article:


"In you are dining ""al fresco"", where are you?"

How to Dine Al Fresco: 5 Steps (with Pictures) - wikiHow How to Dine Al Fresco Community Q&A Al fresco dining is simply "eating outdoors". It adds a lively and enjoyable dimension to dining and gets you out of the house into the fresh, open air, encouraging a good appetite and an appreciation for the slower pace of life. This article provides a few ideas to help you organise outdoor dining successfully. Steps 1 Find a suitable location to set up an outdoor dining area. Ideal features of an outdoor eating area include: Sheltered from winds and fierce sun Spacious so that a large group of people can be accommodated where possible (not always necessary but a nice touch) Comfortable and pleasant - try to avoid facing blank, dull features such as a concrete wall. If you have problem walls, etc., try to enhance these or cover them with plants, decorative items, etc. Near the kitchen for ease of bringing out the food, or at least accessible easily via a pathway, etc. 2 Choose a suitable table and chair setting. The table and chairs should be capable of resisting weather elements such as rain and sun. 3 Decorate simply. A tablecloth, some flowers, a lantern, etc. are the types of items suitable for decorating an outdoor table. Remember that you will have to cart all these items from the inside to outdoors and vice versa, so minimise this by being smart about your decoration choices. Even grabbing a pot plant from outside and placing it on a clean saucer for a feature piece can work well and it's easier to restore to its place after the meal. 4 Select the food. Cold food is often an easier choice than hot food, unless you have a barbecue or warming pad near to the table. A mixture of barbecued food with salads, sliced vegetables/fruit, pasta, cheeses, pâtés, etc., works well for al fresco dining. 5 Use insect deterrents. Place insect repellent herbs near the dining area (e.g., lavender, tansy, pyrethrum, etc.) and burn citronella candles or oil to keep the insects at bay. Community Q&A


James Buchanan was the only President to never do what?

James Buchanan | whitehouse.gov Air Force One James Buchanan James Buchanan, the 15th President of the United States (1857-1861), served immediately prior to the American Civil War. He remains the only President to be elected from Pennsylvania and to remain a lifelong bachelor. Tall, stately, stiffly formal in the high stock he wore around his jowls, James Buchanan was the only President who never married. Presiding over a rapidly dividing Nation, Buchanan grasped inadequately the political realities of the time. Relying on constitutional doctrines to close the widening rift over slavery, he failed to understand that the North would not accept constitutional arguments which favored the South. Nor could he realize how sectionalism had realigned political parties: the Democrats split; the Whigs were destroyed, giving rise to the Republicans. Born into a well-to-do Pennsylvania family in 1791, Buchanan, a graduate of Dickinson College, was gifted as a debater and learned in the law. He was elected five times to the House of Representatives; then, after an interlude as Minister to Russia, served for a decade in the Senate. He became Polk's Secretary of State and Pierce's Minister to Great Britain. Service abroad helped to bring him the Democratic nomination in 1856 because it had exempted him from involvement in bitter domestic controversies. As President-elect, Buchanan thought the crisis would disappear if he maintained a sectional balance in his appointments and could persuade the people to accept constitutional law as the Supreme Court interpreted it. The Court was considering the legality of restricting slavery in the territories, and two justices hinted to Buchanan what the decision would be. Thus, in his Inaugural the President referred to the territorial question as "happily, a matter of but little practical importance" since the Supreme Court was about to settle it "speedily and finally." Two days later Chief Justice Roger B. Taney delivered the Dred Scott decision, asserting that Congress had no constitutional power to deprive persons of their property rights in slaves in the territories. Southerners were delighted, but the decision created a furor in the North. Buchanan decided to end the troubles in Kansas by urging the admission of the territory as a slave state. Although he directed his Presidential authority to this goal, he further angered the Republicans and alienated members of his own party. Kansas remained a territory. When Republicans won a plurality in the House in 1858, every significant bill they passed fell before southern votes in the Senate or a Presidential veto. The Federal Government reached a stalemate. Sectional strife rose to such a pitch in 1860 that the Democratic Party split into northern and southern wings, each nominating its own candidate for the Presidency. Consequently, when the Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln, it was a foregone conclusion that he would be elected even though his name appeared on no southern ballot. Rather than accept a Republican administration, the southern "fire-eaters" advocated secession. President Buchanan, dismayed and hesitant, denied the legal right of states to secede but held that the Federal Government legally could not prevent them. He hoped for compromise, but secessionist leaders did not want compromise. Then Buchanan took a more militant tack. As several Cabinet members resigned, he appointed northerners, and sent the Star of the West to carry reinforcements to Fort Sumter. On January 9, 1861, the vessel was far away. Buchanan reverted to a policy of inactivity that continued until he left office. In March 1861 he retired to his Pennsylvania home Wheatland--where he died seven years later--leaving his successor to resolve the frightful issue facing the Nation. The Presidential biographies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The Presidents of the United States of America,” by Frank Freidel  and Hugh Sidey. Copyright 2006 by the White House Historical Association. Learn more about James Buchanan 's niece who served as First Lady, Harriet Lane .


Most of Mesopotamia is in what modern-day country?

What are the Modern day Mesopotamia Countries New Articles What are the Modern Mesopotamia Countries Modern Mesopotamia is the country now known as Iraq. The region, which once heralded the birth of a very rich civilization, contributed much to the world. It is now a place ravaged by warfare for the last decade. The place formed the cradle of the Assyrian, Babylonian and Sumerian civilizations. In Greek, Mesopotamia means the 'land between the rivers'. Modern Mesopotamia comprises not only modern day Iraq, but also the area around the famous Euphrates and Tigris rivers. Even parts of the north and east of Syria as well as some parts of south east Turkey, is also considered part of what was Mesopotamia in ancient times. In ancient times, groups of hunters and gatherers settled between the two great rivers to form the greatest human civilization. If you turn on your TV, you will find the greatest civilization known to humans is under duress and struggling to stay afloat under repeated foreign and domestic threats. Death and suffering is the order of the day in Iraq which was very much a part of the ancient Mesopotamian civilization. The geographical advantages of Mesopotamia allowed the hunters to give up their nomadic lifestyle and concentrate on creating a stable statehood, law and culture. Triggered future civilizations: The civilization created by the people triggered future civilizations in the west and the east. There were many exchanges during the period which led to a further enrichment of the culture. Civilizations have always prospered on the banks of the famous rivers and ancient Mesopotamia was no exception. The rivers always were a mixed blessing. The strip of land in ancient Mesopotamia known as the Fertile Crescent includes parts of Syria, Lebanon and Israel as well. Rivers not only flooded the region resulting in destruction of crops, but also provided a route for invaders to come in as well. The flooding also deposited silt that always kept the land fertile for a prolonged period. The channel also acted as a convenient route for trade with other countries and communities that prospered in the region and the people soon evolved into famous philosophers, lawmakers and leaders.


What is the name of a receptacle designed to be spat into by tobacco chewers?

Drug Plants Drug Plants Hawaiian    Baby Woodrose   This page discusses the main so called "Taboo Drug Plants". Discussion is mainly kept to the cultivation, chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of these "drug" plants. The cultivation of these plants in most countries is forbidden except by some governments or government licensed companies; mostly as use as the starting materials  for synthetic pharmaceutical drugs; therefore this page is for information purposes only.   Opium If you wish to buy real, high quality Opium Poppy Seeds visit the Ethno botanical Superstore Despite negative stigmas towards opium in the United States, the use of opium derived products in the treatment of chronic pain has been reestablished. As seen in case studies today, the use of opiates in medicine, namely morphine, is seen as a safe and effective form of treatment for pain even if given over longer periods of time in controlled doses. Morphine generally doesnï¿½t impair cognitive function when given in moderate, stable doses, and now is shown to help with neuropathic pain (pain of nerves or neurological diseases), on which it was previously thought to have no effect.   Cultivation of opium poppies for food, anesthesia, and ritual purposes dates back to at least the Neolithic Age (new stone age). The Sumerian, Assyrian, Egyptian, Indian, Minoan, Greek, Roman, Persian and Arab Empires all made widespread use of opium, which was the most potent form of pain relief then available, allowing ancient surgeons to perform prolonged surgical procedures. Anthropologists have speculated ancient priests may have used the drug as a proof of healing power. In Egypt, the use of opium was generally restricted to priests, magicians, and warriors, its invention is credited to Thoth, and it was said to have been given by Isis to Ra as treatment for a headache. A figure of the Minoan "goddess of the narcotics", wearing a crown of three opium poppies, circa 1300 BCE, was recovered from the Sanctuary of Gazi, Crete, together with a simple smoking apparatus. The Greek gods Hypnos (Sleep), Nyx (Night), and Thanatos (Death) were depicted wreathed in poppies or holding them. Poppies also frequently adorned statues of Apollo, Asklepios, Pluto, Demeter, Aphrodite, Kybele and Isis, symbolizing nocturnal oblivion. Opium Poppy Tears. Opium (poppy tears, lachryma papaveris) is the dried latex obtained from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). Opium contains approximately 12% morphine, an alkaloid, which is frequently processed chemically to produce heroin for the illegal drug trade. The latex also includes codeine and non-narcotic alkaloids such as papaverine, thebaine and noscapine. The traditional method of obtaining the latex is to scratch ("score") the immature seed pods (fruits) by hand; the latex leaks out and dries to a sticky yellowish residue that is later scraped off. The modern method is to harvest and process mature plants by machine. The production of opium itself has not changed since ancient times. Through selective breeding of the Papaver somniferum plant, the content of the phenanthrene alkaloids morphine, codeine, and to a lesser extent thebaine, has been greatly increased. In modern times, much of the thebaine, which often serves as the raw material for the synthesis for hydrocodone, hydromorphone, and other semi-synthetic opiates, originates from extracting Papaver orientale or Papaver bracteatum. Globally, opium has gradually been superseded by a variety of purified, semi-synthetic, and synthetic opioids with progressively stronger effects, and by other general anesthetics. This process began in 1804, when Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertï¿½rner first isolated morphine from the opium poppy. The process continued until 1817, when Sertï¿½rner published the isolation of pure morphine from opium after at least thirteen years of research and a nearly disastrous trial on himself and three boys. The great advantage of purified morphine was that a patient could be treated with a known doseï¿½whereas with raw plant material, as Gabriel Fallopius onc


How to Make a Medusa Costume (with Pictures) - wikiHow The Outfit 1 Wear a Grecian-style dress. For the simplest approach, buy a Greek goddess costume from the store or wear a Greek-inspired white dress. A Grecian-style dress is traditionally very long, straight and column-like, but it is made from fabric that drapes well and appears very “flowy”. The dress may come over both shoulders or over one shoulder, and it may or may not have sleeves. It usually has some sort of band across the waist. For a more modern, attractive twist, opt for a one-shoulder dress made of draping, flowing fabric that stops just above the knee. [4] 2 Create a no-sew "peplos" dress. [5] A peplos gown is a type of ancient Greek gown that was long and worn only by women. Fold a white sheet or large piece of material in half. The width should be a little less than twice the length of your arm span, and the length of the material should be equal to your height plus 18 inches (46 cm). Fold it in half so that it reaches from elbow to elbow. Fold the top 18 inches (46 cm) over. Wrap the fabric around you. The folded portion should be just below your arms, and one side should be open. Fasten the fabric at your shoulders. Bring up enough of the fabric on both sides so that it overlaps on each shoulder. Hold it in place by knotting it or by fastening it with decorative brooches or safety pins. Fasten together the open side. Bring the material together so that it overlaps, and hold it in place with safety pins or by knotting it in several places along the side. If desired, you could also tack it in place with a needle and thread. Tie a belt around your waist. You can either use a white sash or a decorative gold metal belt. Pull extra material up so that it hangs gently and loosely over the belt. 3 Sew an easy "chiton" dress. The ancient Greek chiton was worn by men and women, and it could be short or long. Use white material, like a sheet, that is twice the length of your arm span and equal to your height. For a shorter chiton, use material that is a little shorter than your height. Fold the material in half. Fold the width of the material in half so that it extends from fingertip to fingertip. Do not alter the height. Sew along the open seam at your side. Turn the fabric inside-out and use a straight stitch or backstitch to create a sturdy seam along the open side of the garment. Then turn the fabric right-side-out again. Slip it on and secure the open top. While the top is still open, the garment should fall just below your arms. Leave enough of a gap for your arms and head to fit through, but join the rest of the top edge together with brooches, safety pins, or knots. You could also tack the top edge together with a needle and thread at various points. The points at which the top edge come together should be connected to each other by draping arches of fabric, revealing the skin of your shoulders and arms in between each spot. Do not overlap the fabric into a single straight, solid line over your arms. Tie a belt around your waist. Use a white sash or gold metal belt. Pull a little extra material over the belt so that it hangs over slightly. Part 4 The Make-Up and Accessories 1 Highlight your eyes and lips. You can use heavy make-up for this outfit, covering your entire face with thick coats of gray and green greasepaint. Apply large black circles around your eyes, insert yellow fright-contact lenses, and stage blood to your mouth. Keep in mind that Medusa should be as beautiful as she is horrifying. Apply make-up so that it looks freaky, scary, and very morbid. Use green foundation, As one who lived in relative darkness, Medusa would not have had bronze skin or rosy cheeks. Instead, she would have been fairly pale, with cracked skin that is peeling from her face. Draw attention to your eyes by applying more heavy black eyeliner and black mascara. You can use dark eyeshadow to make your eyes look gaunt, or you could use a bolder metallic shade of green or purple for something a little more subdued and crazy. Use either black lipstick or red lipstick. Go


What is the name of both a Native American tribe and a modern hairstyle?

Original Tribal Names Atikamekw , also T�te-de-Boule (French translation.) Baxoje/Pahoja ("gray snow") Ioway (from a word in their language meaning "sleepy," unclear how this came to be a tribal name.) Beothuk (possibly "kinfolk") Unfortunately the Beothuk are extinct today. They were more commonly known as Red Indians (English, after their extensive use of red ochre dye.) Bode'wadmi ("firekeepers," traditional religious role) Potawatomi , from tribal name. Chahta (the name of a legendary tribal chief) Choctaw , from tribal name. Chikasha (the name of a legendary tribal chief) Chickasaw , from tribal name. Dakelh ("water travelers") Carrier (English translation of the Sekani name for them, referring to the tribe's mourning ritual.) Dakota ("the allies.") Band names include Sisseton ("marsh dwellers,") Wahpeton ("forest dwellers,") and Yankton ("living far away.") Dakota Sioux ("Sioux" comes from an Ojibwe word meaning "little snakes.") Degexit'an ("people of this land") Ingalik (from an Inuktitut word for "Indian people.") Dena'ina ("the people") Hare (English, from tribal name.) Kwakwaka'wakw ("speakers of our language") Kwakiutl , from one of their band names. Illiniwek ("the best people"). A band name still in use today is Peoria ("backpack people.") Illini or Illinois Indians (English and French corruptions of tribal name.) Innu ("the people") Innu , also Montagnais (French word for "mountain people") and Naskapi (band name, means "bad dressers" in the Innu language.) Inuit ("the people") Inuit , also Eskimo (from a Cree name for the Inuit meaning either "raw meat eaters" or "snowshoe lacers." ) Iyiniwok/Ininiwok ("the people") or Nehiyawok ("Cree speakers") Cree (from the French word for the tribe, Kristeneaux, of uncertain origin.) Kadohadacho ("true chiefs"/"sharp") or Hasinai ("our own people") Caddo , from tribal name. Kanienkehaka ("people of the flint") Mohawk (from an Algonquian word meaning "man-eaters,") also Iroquois (from an Algonquian word meaning "real snakes.") Kanonsionni ("people of the longhouse"), more recently Haudenosaunee. Iroquois Confederacy (from an Algonquian word meaning "real snakes.") Karok ("upriver") Kiwigapawa ("wanderer," in Shawnee; the Kickapoos split off from the Shawnee tribe.) Kickapoo , from tribal name. Lakota ("the allies") or Teton ("prairie dwellers.") Lakota Sioux ("Sioux" comes from an Ojibwe word meaning "little snakes.") Lenape ("the people"), Lenni Lenape ("true people") Delaware (after the English name for the Delaware River, named after a British nobleman.) L'nu'k ("the people"), Mi'kmaq ("my friends") Menominee (from an Ojibwe word meaning "wild rice people.") Meskwaki ("red earth people") Fox Indian (possibly an English translation of a clan name). Mikasuki ("boar clan") Miccosukee , from tribal name, also Seminole (from a Spanish word meaning "wild.") Minisink ("rocky land") Mohingan ("wolf"--this was probably originally a clan name and became a tribal name later) Mohegan , sometimes mistakenly called Mohican by non-Indians. Muheconneok ("Running Waters," name of a river in their homeland) Mohican , or Stockbridge Indians (the name of a town they settled in temporarily). Muskogee (meaning not known, may originally have been a Muskogee chief's name) Creek (after the English name for a river in their homeland), also Seminole (from a Spanish word meaning "wild.") Myaamia ("allies") Miami or Maumee, from tribal name. Nakoda ("allies") Assiniboine (from an Algonquian Indian word meaning "cooks with stones," or Stoney (English word with the same idea). Nanigansek ("Small Point," a geographical location in their homeland) Narragansett , from tribal name. Apache (from a Zuni word for "enemy.") Niukonska ("middle water") Osage (from Wazhazhe, a band name.) Numakiki ("people") Mandan (from a Sioux word for "riverbank people.") Numinu ("the people") Comanche (from a Ute word meaning "they fight with us.") Nuutsiu or Nunt�zi ("the people") Ute (probably a corruption of their tribal name; it does not mean "mountain" as is popularly believed) Nuxbaaga ("original people") Hidats