Which famous term adopted in 1968 was a brief patriotic campaign to boost the British economy which started when five secretaries volunteered to work an extra half hour each day in order to boost productivity and urged others to do the same?

AB UK (June 2012 edition) by ACCA - issuu issuu UK.AB ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS 06/2012 AB ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS UK 06/2012 THE ROAD TO RIO INVESTORS LOOK TO THE EARTH SUMMIT AL GORE’S 2020 VISION CORPORATE REPORTING AND SUSTAINABLE CAPITALISM EURO 2012 FINANCIAL GOALS PRACTICE VIRTUAL FIRMS TECHNICAL UK GAAP UK_front_cover.indd 1 10:38 Page 1 VT Final Accounts is the popular Excel based accounts production package from VT Software. The latest version can be used to generate an iXBRL accounts or tax computation file from any Excel workbook or from the pre-tagged templates contained within the package. A large number of users of VT Final Accounts have already successfully submitted iXBRL files to HMRC. To download a free 60 day trial please visit www.vtsoftware.co.uk/ixbrl Y ONL software 3 Editor’s choice With hard-nosed investors joining in with ever-louder calls for businesses to properly address sustainability issues to ensure their long-term survival and prosperity, we look ahead to the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, later this month. See page 14 FUNNY SIDE UP Humour can be a vote-winner in politics. The appeal of Boris Johnson’s wit and buffoonery, for example, may well have tempted enough Londoners to put their party prejudices aside to give him his whisker-thin victory in London’s mayoral elections last month. Maybe we should see David Cameron’s reference to our profession in The Telegraph last month in the same humorous vein. ‘People want to know,’ he said, ‘that we’re not just a bunch of accountants trying to turn around the British economy as if it were a failing company, but that we are resolutely on their side as we do this work.’ The image of the accountancy profession has moved on a lot in recent years, consigning the famous 1970s Monty Python lion tamer sketch to history. The wave of corporate scandals kicked off by Enron put the profession in the spotlight, which, although uncomfortable, underlined its importance. The same can be said of the banking crisis. At the same time, the business world has become more mainstream. Stories that once would have languished in the City sections of newspapers have leapt forward to the front page, and millions tune into TV shows like Dragon’s Den and The Apprentice. All this has helped drive the increasing appeal of accountancy training to those wanting a route to the heart of business, as has the increasing stature and influence of the CFO. Accountants, in practice, business and the public sector, play critical roles in sound financial management, budgeting, planning, making sure organisations act honestly and ethically, setting strategies and assessing their success. And yes, they also try and turn around failing companies, which can be brutal and difficult, but is something that is valuable and useful to society as a whole. All of these would seem to be useful attributes for running the country – some might say critical. Maybe the prime minister should take another look at the accountancy profession. He might be missing a trick. Read ACCA’s blog at http://blogs.accaglobal.com/theaccablog Chris Quick, chris.quick@accaglobal.com GORE VALUES Al Gore and David Blood look at integrated reporting and the default practice of issuing quarterly earnings guidance. Page 28 UK_B_Edletter.indd 3 TRUE TO YOU For better for worse, for richer for poorer? Entering a business process outsourcing contract is like entering a marriage. Page 48 EXPERT INSIGHTS Join ACCA, IBM and the IIRC for a free, one-hour webinar as we explore how integrated reporting can enhance and consolidate your existing reporting practices. www.accaglobal.com/virtual BIG AMBITIONS? For your next move, check out www.accacareers. com/uk 16/05/2012 12:05 AB UK EDITION CONTENTS JUNE 2012 VOLUME 15 ISSUE 6 Editor-in-chief Chris Quick chris.quick@accaglobal.com +44 (0)20 7059 5966 Asia editor Colette Steckel colette.steckel@accaglobal.com +44 (0)20 7059 5896 International editor Lesley Bolton lesley.bolton@accaglobal.com +44 (0)20 7059 5965 Sub-editors Dean Gurden, Eva Peaty, Vivienne Riddoch Design manager Jack


Three British towns were awarded city status in 2012. Perth and Chelmsford were two, which was the other one?

Three towns win city status for Diamond Jubilee - BBC News BBC News Three towns win city status for Diamond Jubilee 14 March 2012 Close share panel Image caption St Asaph's Cathedral building dates to the 13th Century Chelmsford, Perth and St Asaph are to gain 'city status' to mark this year's Diamond Jubilee. The towns beat off competition from 22 others across the UK to win the "civic honours" accolade. The awards were granted by The Queen under the royal prerogative, following advice from ministers. Events to mark The Queen's 60 years on the throne began last month and come to a head with four days of celebration in the first weekend of June. The grant of city status is purely honorific and confers no additional powers, functions or funding. Local authorities were invited last year to submit bids for their towns to take on city status in a process overseen by the deputy prime minister's office. The winners are Chelmsford in Essex, Perth in Perthshire and St Asaph in Denbighshire. 'High quality' Only one title was expected to be awarded but the government said the awards to towns in England, Scotland and Wales were made "in recognition of the significance of every part of the UK" in Jubilee year, as well as the "high quality" of the bids submitted. Chelmsford, home to Essex County cricket team and Anglia Ruskin University, is one of the fast-growing towns in the south-east of England. The leader of Chelmsford Council, Roy Whitehead, said he was delighted with the announcement, which he called a "tremendous honour". I hope the competition has given the residents of all the places which applied a sense of civic pride Nick Clegg, Deputy Prime Minister Perth, on the banks of the River Tay, is one of Scotland's largest towns and will become the country's seventh city. Pete Wishart, the SNP MP for Perth and North Perthshire, said the award was "fantastic news". St Asaph, which has a population of about 3,500, will become one of the smallest cities in the UK. It is one of the few towns in the UK with a cathedral never to have had city status and it also played an important role in the history of the Welsh language. The priest who translated the bible into Welsh, William Morgan, later became the bishop of St Asaph. In recent times, it is more popularly known as the birthplace of Liverpool striker Ian Rush. The current Bishop of St Asaph, Rt Rev Dr Gregory Cameron, said he was pleased "these decisions are made not on the size of the population but on the quality of community life". St Asaph was chosen ahead of Wrexham, a much larger town in north Wales. The other unsuccessful towns which entered the 2012 contest were: Bolton, Bournemouth, Colchester, Coleraine, Corby, Craigavon, Croydon, Doncaster, Dorchester, Dudley, Gateshead, Goole, Luton, Medway, Middlesbrough, Milton Keynes, Reading, Southend, St Austell, Stockport and Tower Hamlets. 'Civic pride' Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg said the three towns had won out from an "exceptional" field of entrants. "I have been moved by the pride and passion which people have shown in putting their nominations forward," he said. "The standard of application was very high and those who missed out should not be downhearted. I hope the competition has given the residents of all the places which applied a sense of civic pride, of collective ownership and community spirit." There are currently 66 cities in the UK. City status is rarely granted, with only 14 new cities created during the 20th century. In the last contest - held in 2002 for the Queen's Golden Jubilee - Preston, Newry, Lisburn and Newport were among the winners. In 2000, Brighton and Hove, Inverness and Wolverhampton were given the status to mark the new millennium. The government also announced on Wednesday that the right to use the title of Lord Mayor will be bestowed on the city of Armagh in Northern Ireland. It was chosen ahead of 11 other cities.


What 'M' was the name of the farm in the George Orwell book 'Animal Farm'?

SparkNotes: Animal Farm: Plot Overview Plot Overview Context Character List Old Major, a prize-winning boar, gathers the animals of the Manor Farm for a meeting in the big barn. He tells them of a dream he has had in which all animals live together with no human beings to oppress or control them. He tells the animals that they must work toward such a paradise and teaches them a song called “Beasts of England,” in which his dream vision is lyrically described. The animals greet Major’s vision with great enthusiasm. When he dies only three nights after the meeting, three younger pigs—Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer—formulate his main principles into a philosophy called Animalism. Late one night, the animals manage to defeat the farmer Mr. Jones in a battle, running him off the land. They rename the property Animal Farm and dedicate themselves to achieving Major’s dream. The cart-horse Boxer devotes himself to the cause with particular zeal, committing his great strength to the prosperity of the farm and adopting as a personal maxim the affirmation “I will work harder.” At first, Animal Farm prospers. Snowball works at teaching the animals to read, and Napoleon takes a group of young puppies to educate them in the principles of Animalism. When Mr. Jones reappears to take back his farm, the animals defeat him again, in what comes to be known as the Battle of the Cowshed, and take the farmer’s abandoned gun as a token of their victory. As time passes, however, Napoleon and Snowball increasingly quibble over the future of the farm, and they begin to struggle with each other for power and influence among the other animals. Snowball concocts a scheme to build an electricity-generating windmill, but Napoleon solidly opposes the plan. At the meeting to vote on whether to take up the project, Snowball gives a passionate speech. Although Napoleon gives only a brief retort, he then makes a strange noise, and nine attack dogs—the puppies that Napoleon had confiscated in order to “educate”—burst into the barn and chase Snowball from the farm. Napoleon assumes leadership of Animal Farm and declares that there will be no more meetings. From that point on, he asserts, the pigs alone will make all of the decisions—for the good of every animal. Napoleon now quickly changes his mind about the windmill, and the animals, especially Boxer, devote their efforts to completing it. One day, after a storm, the animals find the windmill toppled. The human farmers in the area declare smugly that the animals made the walls too thin, but Napoleon claims that Snowball returned to the farm to sabotage the windmill. He stages a great purge, during which various animals who have allegedly participated in Snowball’s great conspiracy—meaning any animal who opposes Napoleon’s uncontested leadership—meet instant death at the teeth of the attack dogs. With his leadership unquestioned (Boxer has taken up a second maxim, “Napoleon is always right”), Napoleon begins expanding his powers, rewriting history to make Snowball a villain. Napoleon also begins to act more and more like a human being—sleeping in a bed, drinking whisky, and engaging in trade with neighboring farmers. The original Animalist principles strictly forbade such activities, but Squealer, Napoleon’s propagandist, justifies every action to the other animals, convincing them that Napoleon is a great leader and is making things better for everyone—despite the fact that the common animals are cold, hungry, and overworked. Mr. Frederick, a neighboring farmer, cheats Napoleon in the purchase of some timber and then attacks the farm and dynamites the windmill, which had been rebuilt at great expense. After the demolition of the windmill, a pitched battle ensues, during which Boxer receives major wounds. The animals rout the farmers, but Boxer’s injuries weaken him. When he later falls while working on the windmill, he senses that his time has nearly come. One day, Boxer is nowhere to be found. According to Squealer, Boxer has died in peace after having been taken to the hospital, praising the Rebellion w


Found in Venezuela, what is the name of the world's highest uninterupted waterfall?

Angel Falls - The world's highest uninterrupted waterfall - YouTube Angel Falls - The world's highest uninterrupted waterfall Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Nov 30, 2013 Angel Falls is a waterfall in Venezuela. It is the world's highest uninterrupted waterfall, with a height of 979 m (3,212 ft) and a plunge of 807 m (2,648 ft). The waterfall drops over the edge of the Auyantepui mountain in the Canaima National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site in the Gran Sabana region of Bolívar State. The height figure 979 m (3,212 ft) mostly consists of the main plunge but also includes about 400 m (0.25 mi) of sloped cascades and rapids below the drop and a 30-metre (98 ft) high plunge downstream of the talus rapids. The waterfall has been known as the "Angel Falls" since the mid twentieth century; they are named after Jimmie Angel, a US aviator, who was the first person to fly over the falls. Angel's ashes were scattered over the falls on July 2, 1960. The common Spanish name "Salto Ángel" derives from his surname. In 2009, President Hugo Chávez announced his intention to change the name to the purported original indigenous Pemon term ("Kerepakupai Vená", meaning "waterfall of the deepest place"), on the grounds that the nation's most famous landmark should bear an indigenous name. Explaining the name change, Chávez was reported to have said, "This is ours, long before Angel ever arrived there... this is indigenous property."However, he later said that he would not decree the change of name, but only was defending the use of Kerepakupai Vená. Angel Falls is one of Venezuela's top tourist attractions, though a trip to the falls is a complicated affair. The falls are located in an isolated jungle. A flight from Puerto Ordaz or Ciudad Bolívar is required to reach Canaima camp, the starting point for river trips to the base of the falls. River trips generally take place from June to December, when the rivers are deep enough for the wooden curiaras used by the Pemon guides. During the dry season (December to March) there is less water seen than in the other months Music: Highlight Reel by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a CC Attribution 3.0. Category


Whic male member i missing from the following list of the group 'The Osmonds' - Donny, Jimmy, Alan, wayne and Jay?

Marie Osmonds's son Michael Blosil found dead: Is it the family curse? | Daily Mail Online comments They made millions from their holier than thou image - but behind the smiles lurked mental illness, bankruptcy and even sexual abuse. True to form, as she struggles to cope with the grief of her son's suicide at the weekend, Marie Osmond has  - not for the first time  -  locked herself away with her famous family and with God. The shutters have come down, she has asked for privacy and is said to have joined her brother, Donny, in praying long into the night. Meanwhile, her devout singing Mormon brothers are said to be planning to begin an Osmonds concert in Florida tomorrow night with a communal prayer for their distraught sister. Marie herself  -  who is said to be 'beside herself with grief' following the death of her adopted 18-year-old son Michael  -  has cancelled the concerts she was due to perform this week with Donny at a Las Vegas casino. But for the rest of the singing siblings, it appears, the show must go on. Perfect smiles: Donny and Marie Osmond in their heyday It was ever thus for a family that has seen the highs of international fame and fortune, but hidden the trauma of bankruptcy, mental illness, feuds and claims of sexual abuse behind the veneer of Colgate smiles and saccharine pop songs. Marie's son threw himself from the roof of his Los Angeles apartment building on Friday after writing a suicide note saying he wanted to end the 'torment' of his battles with depression, and drink and drugs addiction. His death is just the latest trauma to befall his 50-year-old mother, who admitted four years ago that she had attempted suicide after falling victim to post-natal depression, and who has confessed to suffering sexual assaults at the hands of a family member she has steadfastly refused to name. She has not been alone in having to cope with the demons that have long dogged the performing family, who famously didn't smoke, drink, swear or indulge in pre-marital sex. That holier-than-thou lifestyle won the child stars 80 million record sales, their own TV shows and the adoration of teen fans the world over, but exacted a heavy toll. Donny, the most famous of the six performing Osmond brothers, suffered crippling depression after his once golden career bombed; another brother went bankrupt; one is fighting a brain tumour; and another is stricken with multiple sclerosis. Troubled: Marie and son Michael in 1998. He threw himself off his apartment building on Friday Meanwhile, lurking in the background was the spectre of the brothers' brutal and domineering father, George, who sacrificed his children's childhoods on the altar of fame and fortune. Osmond senior, a devout Mormon, had been an army sergeant during the war and went on to work as an insurance salesman. He and his wife Olive's eldest sons, Virl and Tom, were born deaf, but the four who followed  -  Alan, Wayne, Merrill and Jay  -  began singing as a barbershop quartet to raise money for Mormon missions abroad. Before long, George saw his chance to cash in on his sons' winsome looks and singing talent. In the late Fifties he entered them in a competition at Disneyland, where they were later spotted by the father of singer Andy Williams, who arranged for them to appear on his son's show. The boys were soon joined by six-year-old Donny, with only sister Marie and the baby of the family, Jimmy, climbing aboard a few years later. The reality of life as a member of The Osmonds was far from the apple-pie image of the dream American family. At home, Marie had her own bedroom, but the brothers were forced to sleep on military-style iron beds in a bunk-room built onto the house by their father. Every morning at 5.45 a bugle would sound and the whole family had to jump out of bed, line up and shout out their numbers from one to nine before being put to work on their song-and-dance routines. 'He would shout "head count", and we would all line up and bellow out our number,' recalls Jimmy. Mistakes and bad behaviour were punished by beatings. 'In some cases, the way


Greater Horseshoe, Brandt's and Natterer's are all species of which type of creatures that are found in Britain?

UK Bats - Bat Conservation Trust Bat Conservation Trust Bats and disease UK Bats We are lucky enough to have 18 species of bat in the UK, 17 of which are known to be breeding here - that's almost a quarter of our mammal species. Vagrant species and occasional visitors Every summer, thousands of people venture out to experience the wonder of bats in their natural environment . Sadly, bat populations have suffered severe declines during the past century, but the Bat Conservation Trust and more than 100 local bat groups are working hard to help our bats hang on. Learn more about where to see bats ! Resident bat species Myotis alcathoe Listen to an Alcathoe bat Alcathoe bat The latest addition to the UK bat family, only being confirmed as a resident species in 2010 due to its similarity to the whiskered and Brandt's bat species.


Found in Chile, what is the name of the world's driest desert?

Driest Desert | Atacama Desert, Chile Driest Place: Atacama Desert, Chile Even the Driest Place on Earth has Water These incredibly   dry mountains see an average of less than .004 inches/.01cm of   rain per year. Many times this area will go without rainfall at   all for years. Some places in the Atacama Desert have not   had rainfall for over 400 years. The   Atacama desert is found along the coast of Chile, South America -   right next to the Pacific Ocean - the biggest body of water   in the world. Much of the desert extends up into the Andes mountains   and is very high in elevation. Unlike more familiar deserts, like   the Sahara desert in Africa and the Mojave in California, the Atacama   is actually a pretty cold place, with average daily temperatures ranging   between 0°C and 25°C. The annual rainfall (or lack of it)   defines a desert, but that doesn't mean that it never rains in Atacama.   Every so often a warming effect over the Pacific Ocean around the   equator changes the weather the world over and even places like the   driest desert in the world can become doused with drenching storms.   Even though Atacama gets almost no rainfall, there is water in this   arid place and you'll find it in the following places: Salt Lakes During years   of heavy rainfall in the distant past, enough water accumulated in   basins found throughout the Andes to create lakes. Some of the lakes   got their water from melting glaciers at the end of the last ice age.   But in some lakes in the Andes mountains, such as Atacama, more water   is lost through evaporation than is replaced by rainfall so the lakes   are drying up. As the water evaporates, the mineral salts in the water   become more concentrated, creating very salty water. Snow In the higher     elevations when precipitation comes to Atacama snow falls instead     of rain. There are small patches of unmelted snow in the mountain     tops where in never gets warm enough to melt the snow. Underground Anywhere you   go in the world, regardless of how much or little it rains, there   is always water underground. After it rains, some of the rainwater   evaporates back into the air, but much of it trickles down into the   ground and stays there - even in the desert. How much water and where   depends on a number of things; soil composition, air and soil surface   temperature, amount and frequency of rainfall/precipitation, and drainage.   Since the Andes is a volcanically active mountain range, the magma   beneath the ground will heat the groundwater in certain places causing   geysers to erupt. Fog and Dew This mummy of a girl is from the Atacama Desert. Her remains are      estimated to be about 800 years old. Find out more about mummies. Most of the precipitation that comes to the   Atacama is in the form of fog that blows in the from the Pacific.   Fog is essentially very low clouds, consisting of water vapor cooling   and beginning to condense. If you've ever been in fog you know that   it can leave you a little moist. When the air temperature reaches   dew point the water vapor in the air condenses to leave little droplets   of water behind. The few things that are able to survive in the Atacama live on the combined moisture from fog and dew. Does Anything Live There? Many people     have the view that deserts are places forsaken by Mother Nature and     that no living thing would possibly want to set up camp in a place so     dry. Although it is tough to find anything living in the Atacama there     are isolated pockets and small patches of plants, which support life     for animals and insects. Some plant species have adapted well to this     dry environment by developing tap roots that run very deep into the     ground gathering water from below. There are flocks of flamingos that     live in and around the salt lakes feeding on red algae that grows     in the waters. There are even people livi


Which British town was awarded city status in 1969 so affecting the name of its football league team?

Swansea, Wales | Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing - eBooks | Read eBooks online Swansea ( / ˈ s w ɒ n z i / ; Welsh : Abertawe [abɛrˈtauɛ] , "mouth of the Tawe "), officially known as the City and County of Swansea, is a coastal city and county in Wales . It is Wales' second largest city. Swansea lies within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan . Situated on the sandy South West Wales coast, the county area includes the Gower Peninsula and the Lliw uplands. The City and County of Swansea had a population of 239,000 in 2011, [1] making it the second most populous local authority area in Wales after Cardiff . During its 19th-century industrial heyday, Swansea was a key centre of the copper industry, [2] earning the nickname 'Copperopolis'. [3] Contents Archaeological finds are mostly confined to the Gower Peninsula , and include items from the Stone Age , Bronze Age , and Iron Age . The Romans reached the area, as did the Vikings . Swansea is thought to have developed as a Viking trading post. Its name may be derived from Sveinn's island (Old Norse: Sveinsey) – the reference to an island may refer to a bank at the mouth of the river Tawe, or an area of raised ground in marshes. [4] An alternative explanation is that the name derives from the Norse name 'Sweyn' and 'ey', which can mean inlet. [5] The name is pronounced Swans-y /ˈswɒnzi/), not Swan-sea. [6] The Welsh name first appears in Welsh poems at the beginning of the 13th century, as "Aber Tawy". [7] The earliest known form of the modern name is Sweynesse, which was used in the first charter granted sometime between 1158 and 1184 by William de Newburgh, 3rd Earl of Warwick . The charter gave Swansea the status of a borough , granting the townsmen, called burgesses certain rights to develop the area. A second charter was granted in 1215 by King John. In this charter, the name appears as Sweyneshe. The town seal which is believed to date from this period names the town as Sweyse. [7] [8] Following the Norman Conquest , a marcher lordship was created under the title of Gower. It included land around Swansea Bay as far as the River Tawe, the manor of Kilvey beyond the Tawe, and the peninsula itself. Swansea was designated chief town of the lordship and received a borough charter some time between 1158 and 1184 (and a more elaborate one in 1304). [9] Industrial Revolution The port of Swansea initially traded in wine, hides, wool, cloth and later in coal . [9] As the Industrial Revolution reached Wales, the combination of port, local coal, and trading links with the West Country , Cornwall and Devon , meant that Swansea was the logical place to site copper smelting works. Smelters were operating by 1720 and proliferated. Following this, more coal mines (everywhere from north-east Gower to Clyne and Llangyfelach ) were opened and smelters (mostly along the Tawe valley) were opened and flourished. Over the next century and a half, works were established to process arsenic , zinc and tin and to create tinplate and pottery . The city expanded rapidly in the 18th and 19th centuries, and was termed "Copperopolis". [9] From the late 17th century to 1801, Swansea's population grew by 500% — the first official census (in 1841) indicated that, with 6,099 inhabitants, Swansea had become significantly larger than Glamorgan's county town, Cardiff , and was the second most populous town in Wales behind Merthyr Tydfil (which had a population of 7,705). However, the census understated Swansea's true size, as much of the built-up area lay outside the contemporary boundaries of the borough ; the total population was actually 10,117. Swansea's population was later overtaken by Merthyr in 1821 and by Cardiff in 1881, although in the latter year Swansea once again surpassed Merthyr. [9] Much of Swansea's growth was due to migration from within and beyond Wales — in 1881, more than a third of the borough's population had been born outside Swansea and Glamorgan, and just under a quarter outside Wales. [10] 20th century Through the 20th century, heavy industries in the town declined, lea


Apart from Stanley Matthews in 1963, who is the only Stoke City player to win the award for Football Writer's Player of the Year, doing so in 1972?

Etiam Pila ( Football) Etiam Pila ( Football) UNSUNG LEGENDS Sir Stanley Matthews Sir Stanley Matthews, CBE (1 February 1915 – 23 February 2000) was an English footballer. Often regarded as one of the greatest players of the English game, he is the only player to have been knighted while still playing, as well as being the first winner of both the European Footballer of the Year and the Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year awards. Matthews' nicknames included "The Wizard of the Dribble" and "The Magician". A near-vegetarian teetotaller, he kept fit enough to play at the top level until he was 50 years old. He was also the oldest player ever to play in England's top football division and the oldest player ever to represent the country. He played his final competitive game in 1985, at the age of 70. Matthews was also an inaugural inductee to the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002 to honour his contribution to the English game. He spent nineteen years with Stoke City, playing for the "Potters" from 1932 to 1947, and again from 1961 to 1965. He helped Stoke to theSecond Division title in 1932–33 and 1962–63. In between his two spells at Stoke he spent fourteen years with Blackpool; where he became an FA Cup winner in 1953 (known as the Matthews Final), after he was on the losing side in the 1948 and 1951 finals. Between 1937 and 1957 he won 54 caps for England, playing in the FIFA World Cup in 1950 and 1954, and winning nine British Home Championship titles. Following an unsuccessful stint as Port Vale's general manager between 1965 and 1968, he travelled around the world, coaching enthusiastic amateurs. Most notable of his coaching experiences came when he established an all-black team in Soweto known as "Stan's Men" – this was despite South Africa's harsh apartheid laws at the time. Playing Career Stoke City Despite Port Vale being Matthews' favourite team growing up, and despite rumoured interest from Wolverhampton Wanderers, Birmingham City, Aston Villa, and West Bromwich Albion; Tom Mather convinced his father to allow Matthews to join the Stoke City staff as an office boy on his fifteenth birthday for pay of £1 a week. He played reserve team football in 1930–31, coming up first against Burnley; after the game his father gave his usual realist assessment: "I've seen you play better and I've seen you play worse". He played 22 reserve games in 1931–32, shunning the social scene to focus on improving his game. In one of these games, against Manchester City, he attempted to run at the left-back and take him on with a deft swerve as the defender committed himself to a challenge, rather than follow the accepted wisdom of the day which was to first wait for the defender to run at the attacker – his new technique 'worked a treat'. The national press were already predicting a bright future for the teenager, and though he could have then joined any club in the country, he signed as a professional with Stoke on his seventeenth birthday. Paid the maximum wage of £5 a week (£3 in the summer break), he was on the same wage as seasoned professionals before he even kicked a ball. Despite this his father insisted that Matthews save this money, and only spend any winning bonus money he earned. He made his first team debut against Bury at Gigg Lane on 19 March 1932; the "Potters" won the game 1–0 and Matthews learned how physical and dirty opponents could be – and get away with it. After spending the 1932–33 pre-season training intensely by himself (as opposed to playing golf with his teammates), Mather selected Matthews in fifteen games, enough to earn him in a winners medal after Stoke were crowned Second Division champions, one point ahead of Tottenham Hotspur. On 4 March 1933 he scored his first senior goal in a 3–1 win over local rivals Port Vale at The Old Recreation Ground. He played 29 First Division games in 1933–34, as Stoke secured their top-flight status with a twelfth place finish. He continued to progress in the 1934–35 campaign, and was selected by The Football League for an Inter-League game with the I


Now aged 57, which British scientist is widely accepted as being the inventor of the World Wide Web?

Top 10 British Inventions That Changed the World - Listverse Top 10 British Inventions That Changed the World Phil Bateman July 10, 2012 Great Britain produced many of the most influential scientists, mathematicians and inventors in modern history. With influential people, come influential ideas, theories and inventions, some of which have the potential to change the world forever. This list will look at my pick for the top 10 British inventions which did just that. Note that although a couple of these inventions have been disputed, they are all legally recognized as British inventions. 10 United States of America Let’s open with a little controversy. The United States of America (USA) is a country occupying roughly half the continent of North America, mostly the southern half. As the sole current global superpower (by definition), The USA has been, and continues to be, one of the most influential countries in the world, especially in industry, culture and military power. The USA was formed when British colonies in North America declared independence after continued and growing disputes with the Kingdom of Great Britain (as it was then known) over taxation of the colonies without representation in British parliament. The Revolutionary War lasted 8 years from 1775 to 1783, resulting in victory and independence for the USA with decisive assistance from the French, Spanish and Dutch during the war. However, the fact remains that the colonists were British subjects until the point of victory in 1783, at which time they became independent Americans. By that reasoning, The USA was, at its inception, a British invention. 9 Nearly Every Modern Sport Most popular sports in the modern world trace their history to Britain, at least in terms of standardization of the rulesets and widespread competitive play. The most notable being Football, Cricket, Rugby and Tennis. Many other modern sports trace their history to variations on British sports, such as American Football (derived from Rugby) and Baseball (derived from Rounders). Of course, the British weren’t the first to think of kicking a ball around in a field, but the British standardized the structure and rules of most modern competitive sports as we know them today. 8 Newton’s Laws Isaac Newton was a British physicist and mathematician. Born in 1642, Newton discovered and documented for the first time three laws of motion in regard to physics. Newton’s Laws are as follows – 1st Law: An object at rest tends to stay at rest unless acted upon by an external force and an object in uniform motion tends to remain in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. 2nd Law: An applied force on an object equals the rate of change of its momentum. 3rd Law: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Newton was also the first person to document the mechanics of universal gravitation. Newton’s work is some of the most influential in the history of modern science, many regarding him to be one of the most important scientists in human history. 7 Programmable Computer The first programmable computer was invented by British mathematician and scientist Charles Babbage in the 1820s. Although he is recognized as the inventor of the programmable computer, Babbage did not live to see the machine completed. Babbage began work on a mechanical computer he called the Difference Engine in 1822, working for more than ten years with government funding. The project was eventually abandoned after losing funding after the British government lost faith in the project after prolonged delays. The machine was built for the first time from Babbage’s original designs over 150 years later in 1989. After his work on the difference engine, Babbage went on to invent the Analytical Engine, a far more complex machine than the Difference Engine, it could be programmed using punched cards. The Analytical Engine, although not built in full until 2011 by British researchers, was the first ever working programmable computer, and was the first step in the history of computing as we know it. 6 World Wide Web Not to


Living from 1891 to 1958 which Dane is credited with being the inventor of the toy Lego?

Lego History - Invention of LEGO . LEGOï¿½ In 1932 Ole Kirk     Christiansen, master carpenter and joiner in the village of Billund, Denmark, sets up     business. His firm manufactures stepladders, ironing boards - and wooden toys. In 1934 the     company and its products now take on the name LEGO, which is formed from the Danish words "LEgGOdt" ("play well").  In 1947 the LEGO company is Denmark's     first to buy a plastic injection-molding machine for making toys. In 1949 the company     produces about 200 different plastic and wooden toys, including Automatic Binding Bricks,     a forerunner of the LEGO bricks we know today. They are     sold only in Denmark. In 1955 after further developing the LEGO Bricks, the company     launches the revolutionary "LEGO System of Play": 28 sets and 8 vehicles. It     also sells supplementary elements. In 1958 the current LEGO stud-and-tube coupling system     is invented and patented. The new coupling principle makes models much more stable. The     possible combinations of bricks run into astronomical figures. Introduced     in the United States in 1962, the first LEGOs came in loose sets of bricks. By 1966,     however, LEGO kits were guiding young hard hats in snapping together all kinds of     buildings, trucks, planes, and ships. The LEGO Group expanded its audience with the 1969     addition of the DUPLO line of big bricks for preschoolers and, in 1977, the TECHNIC line     of sophisticated projects for older kids and teens. Within the last decade, an active     online community of LEGO fans has developed new designs and drawing programs in which new     constructions can be recorded. In 1998, LEGO introduced LEGO SCALA Planet, a kit specially     designed for girls that combines the company's traditional construction elements with a     family of dolls and fashion accessories, a magazine, and an interactive Web site. LEGO     came to the United  States during some of the coldest years of the Cold War, a period     that also saw a heightened interest in education and toys that could teach. U.S. leaders     exhorted schools to start turning out scientists and mathematicians, who were seen as key     combatants in the arms and space races with the Soviet Union. In the spirit of the times,     LEGO promised that its bricks would "develop the child's critical judgment, manual     dexterity, and ability to think for himself."  Its no accident that the     words "LEGO" and "imagination" often pop up together. The bright,     colorful plastic bricks can be joined in countless combinations and have been a favorite     with kids, parents, and teachers since their introduction in 1958. Unlike Erector Sets and     Tinkertoys, which appeal more to older children, LEGO bricks are loved by builders of all     ages, even infants more interested in knocking down than in building. TO LEARN MORE


Which Irish stick and ball team sport is almost identical to the game of Hurling except for the fact it is played only by women as opposed to men?

Hurling - Camogie | HockeyGods Hurling - Camogie Tweet Hurling - Iománaíocht - Iomáint is an outdoor team game of ancient  Gaelic  origin, administered by the  Gaelic Athletic Association . The game has  prehistoric  origins, has been played for over 2,000 years, and is arguably the fastest field sport in the world and quite possibly the oldest. One of Ireland's native  Gaelic games . Camogie - Camógaíocht - Camoguidheacht is an  Irish  stick-and-ball team  sport  played by women; it is almost identical to the game of  hurling  played by men. Camogie is played by more than 100,000 women in Ireland  and worldwide, largely among Irish communities. It is organised by the Dublin-based  Camogie Association  and also  An Cumann Camógaíochta . Hurling is played in most Irish counties, though the strongest teams tend to come from Kilkenny, Tipperary, Wexford, Cork, Clare, Offaly, Limerick and Galway. Every year the counties compete over the Summer months in the  All Ireland Championship  , the winner of which receives the Liam McCarthy Cup / The MacCarthy Perpetual Challenge Cup.  Matches in the Championship series attract huge crowds, with over 70,000 typically attending the final each September in Croke Park in Dublin. Hurling is also played throughout the world, and is popular among members of the  Irish diaspora  in North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Argentina.  There is no professional league, so the players today are unpaid amateurs. The object of the game is for players to use a wooden stick called a  hurley  (in Irish a camán)  to hit a small ball called a  sliotar  between the opponents' goalposts either over the crossbar for one point, or under the crossbar into a net guarded by a  goalkeeper  for one goal, which is counted as three points. Points can only be scored by striking the sliotar with the hurley, handpassed scores do not count. A goal is signalled by raising a green flag, placed to the left of the goal. A point is signalled by raising a white flag, placed to the right of the goal. The sliotar can be caught in the hand and carried for not more than four steps, struck in the air, or struck on the ground with the hurley. It can be kicked or slapped with an open hand (the hand pass) for short-range passing. An impressive hurling skill is the ability to bounce or balance the ball on the hurley while running at full speed before finally flipping it high into the air and whacking it over or under the cross bar. A player who wants to carry the ball for more than four steps has to bounce or balance the sliotar on the end of the stick and the ball can only be handled twice while in his possession. Baiting is allowed although  body-checking  or shoulder-charging is illegal. No protective padding is worn by players. A plastic protective helmet with faceguard is mandatory for all age groups, including senior level, as of 2010. Players names are absent from their jerseys and a player's number is decided by their position on the field.     Hurling is played on a pitch approximately 137 meters long and 82 meters wide. The goalposts are the same shape as on a rugby pitch, with the crossbar lower and wider than in rugby, slightly higher and narrower than in soccer.       The playing stick is called a Hurley - Camán (pronounced “kay-maan”) It measures between 70 and 100 cm (28 to 40 inches) long with a flattened, curved blade end (called the bas) which provides the striking surface. At the same end the "heel" of the hurley is the area to the left of the band and at the hurley's edge. It is used to give height to a ball struck on the ground. Steel bands are used to reinforce the flattened end of the hurley though these are not permitted in  camogie  due to increased risk of injury. Bands have been put on hurleys since the beginning; the 8th century  Brehon Laws  permit only a king's son to have a  bronze  band, while all others must use a  copper  band. The rounded area to the right of the band is the "toe" of the hurley and is implicated in the roll lift or jab lift techniques which allow a player t


A 'Lady's Slipper' is a variety of which type of flower?

Pink Lady's Slipper Range map of pink Lady's slipper. States are colored green where the species may be found. Pink Lady's slipper (Cypripedium acaule). Photo courtesy of Susan Trull, U.S. Forest Service. Pink Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium acaule Ait.) By Patricia J. Ruta McGhan Pink lady's slipper is a large, showy wildflower belonging to the orchid family. It has two opposite basal leaves with conspicuous parallel veins and a large flower at the end of an erect stalk. The flower is magenta to whitish-pink; sometimes the whitish pink flowers will have darker pink venation. Rarely the flower may be all white. This plant grows 6 to 15 inches tall and flowers generally between May and July. The species name acaule is Latin, meaning, "stem less", referring to the plant’s leafless flowering stem. Another common name for this plant is moccasin flower. Orchids often have swollen, ball-shaped tubers that were regarded in traditional practices as having medicinal value. The root of lady's slipper was used as a remedy for nervousness, tooth pain, and muscle spasms. In the 1800s and 1900s it, and other orchids, were widely used as a substitute for the European plant valerian for sedative properties. In order to survive and reproduce, pink lady's slipper interacts with a fungus in the soil from the Rhizoctonia genus. Generally, orchid seeds do not have food supplies inside them like most other kinds of seeds. Pink lady’s slipper seeds require threads of the fungus to break open the seed and attach them to it. The fungus will pass on food and nutrients to the pink lady's slipper seed. When the lady’s slipper plant is older and producing most of its own nutrients, the fungus will extract nutrients from the orchid roots. This mutually beneficial relationship between the orchid and the fungus is known as “symbiosis” and is typical of almost all orchid species. Pink lady’s slipper takes many years to go from seed to mature plants.  Seed-bearing harvest of wild lady's slipper root is not considered sustainable. Pink lady's slippers can live to be twenty years old or more. Cypripedium acaule. Photo by Thomas G. Barnes, University of Tennessee Herbarium. Pink lady's slippers also require bees for pollination. Bees are lured into the flower pouch through the front slit, attracted by the flower’s bright color and sweet scent. Once inside, the bees find no reward, and discover that they are trapped, with only one point of escape. Inside the pouch, there are hairs that lead to a pair of exit openings, one beneath each pollen mass. The bee must pass under the stigma, so if it bears any pollen from a visit to another flower, it will be deposited before picking up a fresh load on the way out. Pink lady’s slipper lives in a variety of habitats, growing in mixed hardwood coniferous forests of pine and hemlock on rocky/mossy slopes, and in semi-open or in deep humus and acidic but well-drained soil under birch and other deciduous trees of eastern United States forests.


Which river. approximately 28 miles in length, flows into Morecambe Bay through Fleetwood?

About: River Wyre About: River Wyre An Entity of Type : WikicatRiversOfWyre ,   from Named Graph : http://dbpedia.org ,   within Data Space : dbpedia.org The River Wyre is a river in Lancashire, United Kingdom, which flows into the Irish Sea at Fleetwood. It is approximately 28 miles (45 km) in length. The river is a County Biological Heritage Site. Property The River Wyre is a river in Lancashire, United Kingdom, which flows into the Irish Sea at Fleetwood. It is approximately 28 miles (45 km) in length. The river is a County Biological Heritage Site. (en) Der Wyre ist ein Fluss in Lancashire, England. Der Wyre entsteht aus dem Zusammenfluss von Tarnbrook Wyre und Marshaw Wyre in Abbeystead im Forest of Bowland. In Abbeystead fließt der Wyre durch das 1855 gebaute Abbeystead Reservoir, das heute nicht mehr genutzt wird, jedoch noch klar erkennbar ist. Das Staubecken sollte einst den Wasserstand des Wyre sichern, damit die im weiteren Lauf gelegenen Spinnereien und Webereien ihren Betrieb aufrechterhalten konnten. Seit 1980 gibt es eine Tunnelverbindung durch die Wasser aus dem River Lune von Caton aus bis nach Abbeystead gepumpt werden kann, um die Wasserversorgung im südlichen Lancashire mit der Hilfe des Wyre zu sichern. Der Wyre fließt zunächst in westlicher Richtung bis er bei dem Ort Dolphinholme einen Bogen nach Süden beschreibt. Südlich von Forton kreuzt der Wyre die Autobahn M6 und fließt dann östlich an Garstang vorbei, in dessen Süden er den Lancaster Canal unterquert. Zwischen St Michael’s on Wyre und Thornton fließt der Wyre in westlicher Richtung und dann nach Norden um zwischen den Orten Fleetwood und Knott End-on-Sea in die Morecambe Bay zu münden. (de) La Wyre est un fleuve anglais de 45 km de long qui se jette dans la mer d'Irlande au sud de la baie de Morecambe. (fr) The River Wyre is a river in Lancashire, United Kingdom, which flows into the Irish Sea at Fleetwood. It is approximately 28 miles (45 km) in length. The river is a County Biological Heritage Site. (en) La Wyre est un fleuve anglais de 45 km de long qui se jette dans la mer d'Irlande au sud de la baie de Morecambe. (fr) Der Wyre ist ein Fluss in Lancashire, England. Der Wyre entsteht aus dem Zusammenfluss von Tarnbrook Wyre und Marshaw Wyre in Abbeystead im Forest of Bowland.In Abbeystead fließt der Wyre durch das 1855 gebaute Abbeystead Reservoir, das heute nicht mehr genutzt wird, jedoch noch klar erkennbar ist. Das Staubecken sollte einst den Wasserstand des Wyre sichern, damit die im weiteren Lauf gelegenen Spinnereien und Webereien ihren Betrieb aufrechterhalten konnten. Seit 1980 gibt es eine Tunnelverbindung durch die Wasser aus dem River Lune von Caton aus bis nach Abbeystead gepumpt werden kann, um die Wasserversorgung im südlichen Lancashire mit der Hilfe des Wyre zu sichern. (de)


Who succeeded Jon Pertwee as Doctor Who?

Jon Pertwee - Biography - IMDb Jon Pertwee Biography Showing all 98 items Jump to: Overview  (5) | Mini Bio  (2) | Spouse  (2) | Trade Mark  (4) | Trivia  (53) | Personal Quotes  (27) | Salary  (5) Overview (5) 6' 2½" (1.9 m) Mini Bio (2) Jon Pertwee is best known for his portrayal of the Doctor, on the BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who (1963). He portrayed the Doctor from 1970 to 1974. His 60-year entertainment career included work in radio, films, and cabaret. This was despite the inauspicious beginning of having been thrown out of drama school as a young man and told he had no future as an actor. The BBC announced his death. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Anonymous Jon Pertwee was born John (after the apostle and disciple) Devon (after the county) Roland (after his father) Pertwee (an Anglicised version of the true family name, Perthuis de Laillevault) on 7 July 1919 in the Chelsea area of London. He was the second son of famous playwright, painter and actor Roland Pertwee , and his actress wife Avice - his writer brother Michael Pertwee being three years his senior. The Pertwee family had a long connection with show business and the performing arts, and it was at Wellington House preparatory school in Westgate-On-Sea in Kent that Jon, as a small and rebellious child, was encouraged in that direction. Later, at Frensham Heights co-educational school, Jon had his first taste of "real" theatre with real women in the school stage productions of "Twelfth Night" and "Lady Princess Stream". In 1936 he auditioned for, and was accepted by, the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA). He was later kicked out for refusing to play the part of the wind in a play. Jon Pertwee died on 20 May 1996 of a heart attack. He was survived by his wife Ingeborg Rhoesa, his son Sean Pertwee , a popular and talented actor, and his daughter Dariel Pertwee , an accomplished stage actress. - IMDb Mini Biography By: A. Nonymous Spouse (2) Thick mane of curly grey hair Long, crooked nose Trivia (53) He was the younger brother of Michael Pertwee . Known as a comedy actor until he was cast in a dramatic and action role as the third Doctor in Doctor Who (1963). He was the son of Roland Pertwee . He was the first cousin of Bill Pertwee . He was the father of actress Dariel Pertwee and actor Sean Pertwee . Was well-known for his role in the long-lived BBC Radio comedy series "The Navy Lark", where he played the role of Chief Petty Officer Pertwee (plus Vice-Admiral "Burbly" Burwasher, Commander Weatherby and The Master) from 1959 to 1977. He changed his name from "John" to "Jon" as a young actor. He was told several times when he was young that he would never become a successful actor, due to such problems as a partial lisp and a close resemblance to the American actor Danny Kaye - whom he would actually double in the London location work for Knock on Wood (1954). He knew legendary thespian Laurence Olivier personally when he was a young man because he was a family friend. His closest friend in later life was the broadcaster David Jacobs .. The 60 year old actor added pop star to his repertoire in 1980 when 'Worzel's Song' reached the top 33 in the UK and stayed in the chart for seven weeks. He contacted the BBC about the vacant role of the main character in Doctor Who (1963) in 1969 on the recommendation of his "Navy Lark" colleague Tenniel Evans . Jon was considered for the role of Captain Mainwaring in the BBC series Dad's Army (1968), which eventually went to Arthur Lowe . He claimed that he refused the part as he was working on Broadway at the time, and didn't know what he was being offered back home. Played "Lycus" in the original stage production of "Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, A". The film role was given to Phil Silvers since he had greater name-recognition internationally. He worked hard to bring the character of Worzel Gummidge ( Worzel Gummidge (1979)) to the television screen and counted it as his favourite role. He had been offered the part in the mid-70s for a film version which was never made, and persuaded the wr


The Bio-Bio Valley is a wine producing region in which country?

Chilean Wine Country Regions – Chilean Wine Chilean Wine Country Regions Map of Chilean Wine Country Chile is fortunate to have climate conditions that are ideal for good wine grape growing harvests.  Hot summers, coastal cooling breezes, and moderate rainfall. In this page you will find information on Chile’s principal wine producing regions (valleys) as well as links to some of the vineyards and cellars in that region. If you are looking at visiting Chile’s wine country I recommend you visit my Chile Wine Tour page and my Chilean Map page. Valle del Elqui is the northernmost valley out of the 14 principal valley regions outlined on the map.  This valley has traditionally been known as a Pisco producing zone.  Pisco is Chile’s national non-wine liquor.  Its made from grapes and is usually available in a clear consistency.   Unlike brandy, the taste is usually less sweet.  There are similarities between pisco and some white tequilas. The region’s soil characteristics are rocky with a high level of permeability and small amounts of rainfall.  Sunshine is plentiful year-round.  The weather can reach high level s in the daytime and reach down close to freezing temperatures at night.  Carmerne and Syrah production has done well in this valley. Some of the vineyards you can visit in this valley include:


The frequent absences of King George I from England and Parliament led directly to the creation of which position in government?

Parliamentary Institutions - Canadian Parliamentary Institutions Parliamentary Institutions House of Commons Procedure and Practice Edited by Robert Marleau and Camille Montpetit Historical Perspective The Years Preceding Confederation The history of Canadian parliamentary institutions begins in Nova Scotia. In 1758, the colony was  granted an elected assembly,  [16]   becoming the first Canadian colony to enjoy a representative political institution.  [17]   No limit was set for the duration of a legislature; in fact, the Assembly elected in 1770 sat until  1785. In 1792, legislation was passed limiting the duration to seven years and subsequently to four  years in 1840. Following the example of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island was granted a popular  assembly in 1773  [18]   and the newly designated province of New Brunswick in 1784.  [19]   Each of the three maritime colonies continued to be administered by a British governor and an  appointed executive council. Upper chambers (called “Legislative Councils”) were introduced as  distinct legislative bodies in New Brunswick in 1832 and in Nova Scotia in 1838.  [20]   The situation was considerably different in New France, where there was no legislature and virtually  no popular participation in political affairs. For a short period, residents of the settlements now  known as Quebec City, Montreal and Trois-Rivières elected representatives or “syndics” to sit as  members of the colonial council. The Council, however, remained responsible to the King of France or  the governor of New France, not to the people. The office of syndic was disbanded in 1674 by Jean-Baptiste  Colbert, then secretary of state for colonial affairs.  [21]   In 1760, as a result of the Seven Years’ War between Britain and France, New France was ceded to  England under the terms of the Treaty of Paris.  [22]   In 1763, King George III of England issued a proclamation establishing governments for each of  Britain’s recently acquired territories in the New World, including the territory known as Quebec.  [23]   Chronological Development of Canadian Parliamentary Institutions Date The Northwest Territories’ legislative council (known as the Legislative Assembly after 1976) was fully elected. 1999 Nunavut was created out of the Northwest Territories and given its own legislature effective April 1. A governor was commissioned and authorized to appoint a local executive council and summon a  popular (elected) assembly, modelled on the one in Nova Scotia.  [24]   Together, they were empowered to make laws for the peace, welfare and good government of the  colony.  [25]   However, before they could sit in the assembly, elected representatives were required to swear  allegiance to the British Crown and to make a declaration against transubstantiation,  [26] a fundamental tenet of the Roman Catholic faith.  [27]   Few of the original inhabitants were willing to make the declaration, with the result that no  assembly ever met. The Royal Proclamation also imposed British civil and criminal law,  which upset many of the original inhabitants who had believed their traditional civil and  property rights were secured under the terms of the Treaty of Paris.  [28]   For the next 11 years, the “Province of Quebec”, as it was then known, was ruled by the  Governor General with the assistance of his executive council. In 1774, the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act, which defined a new constitutional  form for Quebec.  [29]   The Act enlarged the boundaries of the province  [30]   and no longer required Roman Catholics to take the oath of abjuration, should they wish to assume  public office. The new Act, however, made no provision for an elected assembly; government was  entrusted to a governor and a legislative council, both appointed by the Crown.  [31]   The council, with the assent of the governor, had the right to make laws but had no authority to  impose taxes or duties except those authorized by local inhabitants for roads and other ordinary  services. The costs of the civil admini


What colour are the seats in the House of Commons?

The Commons Chamber - UK Parliament The Commons Chamber The Commons Chamber The Commons Chamber looks very different to that of the Lords. The current Chamber was rebuilt after the Blitz by the architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott in relatively austere style (although it was less ornate than the Lords Chamber even before 1941). Its benches, as well as other furnishings, are green in colour, a custom which goes back 300 years. The adversarial layout - with benches facing each other - is in fact a relic of the original use of the first permanent Commons Chamber on the site, St Stephen’s Chapel. The previous Commons Chamber on this site was designed by Charles Barry to be smaller and less elaborate than the Lords Chamber. When it opened in May 1852, the Members complained about its inadequate acoustics and insisted that the roof should be remodelled to rise from the sides towards the centre. Barry was forced to redesign the ceiling of the Chamber accordingly, and the roof of the present Chamber retains this general shape. When the Chamber was rebuilt after 1945 at the cost of £2 million, Sir Giles Gilbert Scott designed a steel-framed building of five floors (two taken by the Chamber), with offices both above and below. He also introduced modern heating, light and ventilation and enlarged the galleries to provide many more seats, and especially for the press and public. But because of post-war budget constraints, he provided a simpler and plainer Gothic design for his Chamber. The windows of the new Chamber, for instance, are of plain rather than stained glass, and the walls are decorated only by plain oak panelling. Contributions from the Commonwealth A number of Commonwealth countries also contributed to the cost of materials for the new Chamber: Australia the Speaker’s Chair, Canada the Table of the House, Jamaica the Bar of the House, India and Pakistan the Entrance doors to the Chamber and New Zealand the despatch boxes. Other Commonwealth countries contributed to the cost of fitting out the new ministerial offices in the new block. The new Chamber was used for the first time on 26 October 1950. Biographies


What type of engine powered the first generation of Spitfire fighters in the 1930's ?

Supermarine Spitfire Variants – The Initial Merlin-Powered Line — Variants & Technology | Speed Spitfire | Spitfire Mk. I | Spitfire Mk. II | Spitfire Mk. III | Spitfire Mk. V | Spitfire Mk. VI | Spitfire Mk. XIII Supermarine Spitfire Variants The Initial Merlin-Powered Line Because the Spitfire was one of the few British aircraft produced before, during and after World War II it is an excellent example of ... 1 2 3 4  |  Next » Because the Spitfire was one of the few British aircraft produced before, during and after World War II it is an excellent example of an airframe which evolved and changed to fulfil several combat roles. The need to keep pace with enemy fighter aircraft meant that there was a need for engines which could also evolve to provide more power more efficiently at all altitudes. The Spitfire’s partnership with the Rolls-Royce and the utilisation of their Merlin and Griffon engines was to result in the rapid development of increasingly more powerful engines with a range of superchargers and supercharger settings optimised for different altitude bands. There were 24 marks of Spitfire, but also, as will be seen, many sub-variants within the marks. The entire Spitfire family may be divided by the generation of Rolls-Royce engines which powered the aircraft. Thus the first generation was powered by single-stage Merlins, from Merlin II to Merlin 50 and resulted in Spitfires Mks. I, II and V as the most prominent fighter variants. Two-stage Merlins (meaning the use of two-stage supercharger for increased altitude performance), from Merlin 61 to Merlin 70, provided the basis of mid-war development, Mks. VIII, IX and XVI being the most prolific versions of this family. Finally, the arrival of Rolls-Royce Griffon provided a basis for the final line of Spitfire development, exemplified by Mks. XII, XIV and their post-war derivatives. This article describes the initial Spitfire line powered by single-stage supercharged Merlin engines. It is notable that throughout the entire development process, which took place over twelve years, from 1935 through to 1948, there were no outstanding failures of the basic design: this is a real testament to the original genius of Reginald J Mitchell, his successor Joseph Smith and the design teams they led. Official photograph of a Spitfire Mk. I from contemporary publication. Its shape was instantly recognizable already at the time of its service introduction, but the versatility and development potential of Mitchell’s airframe was yet to come to light. Note that the gun ports have been retouched to conceal the armament of the aircraft, [Crown Copyright] A few initial notes No discussion about the various Spitfire marks can be complete without referring to the different wing types, and indeed such references are made liberally throughout this article. The single-stage Melin Spitfires used four different wing types, A through to D which had the same dimensions and plan but different internal arrangements of armament and fuel tanks. Readers are advised to refer to my previous article Concise Guide To Spitfire Wing Types for an overview of the basic wing types of the Spitfire and the differences between them. Here is but a brief summary. A type The original wing design, the basic structure of which was unchanged until the C type in 1942. The armament to be carried was 8x .303 Browning machine guns with 300 rpg.   B type This was the A-type modified to carry a 20mm Hispano cannon. The alloy covered ailerons were standardised during the production of this wing type. One type of armament could be fitted, comprising two 20 mm drum-fed Hispano Mk II cannon with magazines carrying 60 rounds/gun plus four .303 Browning machine guns with 350 rounds each.   C type, also known as “universal wing”. This wing was structurally modified to reduce labour and manufacturing time plus allowing mixed armament options; A type, B type, or four 20 mm Hispano cannon. The Hispano Mk IIs fitted were now belt-fed from box magazines allowing for 120 rounds each (the “Chattellerault” system). The fairings over t


Which vegetable is usually mixed with potatoes to make the Irish dish, Colcannon?

Irish Colcannon Potato Recipe, Whats Cooking America Irish Colcannon Potato Recipe 0 Mashed Potato with Kale and Bacon Irish Colcannon Potato Recipe is a true Irish soul food.  The dish consists of mashing together buttery mashed potatoes with cooked kale or cabbage and leeks for flavoring.  Once the mixture is mashed together, it is ready to eat or it can be placed in a baking pan and baked in an oven for another 30 minutes.  For this recipe, I used kale sauteed in bacon and mixed in the bacon crumbles (because I love bacon and bacon gives everything a boost!).  I love the color of the dark green kale mixed with the mashed potatoes as well as the flavor of bacon and leeks. It is very common in Ireland, to find the colcannon recipe printed on the back of a bag of potatoes.  There are also many recipe variations.  Some boil the greens and some will saute the greens in bacon for additional flavor.  If your a lover of collard greens, then you should definitely try colcannon to serve at your next family dinner.  You can also enjoy your leftover colcannon for breakfast the next morning as fried patties or fry it up with leftover meat to make Corned Beef Bubble and Squeak .     Check out What’s Cooking America’s  Perfect Mashed Potatoes and also our favorite holiday Make-Ahead Mashed Potatoes .   History of Colcannon: During Medieval times in Europe and Ireland, potatoes, cabbages, and leeks were considered the food of the common man so it was inevitable that a dish would evolve that combines all the ingredients.  The word colcannon is from the Gaelic term “cal ceannann” which means white-headed cabbage.  It is also believed to be a derivative of the old Irish “cainnenin” translated as garlic, onion, or leek. In Ireland, colcannon is served as a special treat with ham or Irish bacon.  The Irish tradition is to serve colcannon as the main dish for Halloween festivities and refer to the evening as “Colcannon Night”.  Colcannon is used for the foretelling of marriages.  Just as Americans have the fun superstition of the single young lady who catches the wedding bouquet will be the next to marry.  Young single Irish women hope to find the ring hidden in their plate of colcannon.  A blindfolded, unmarried woman is to pick the head of cabbage or kale from the garden that is to be cooked in the colcannon dish.  Charms such as rings, thimbles, and coins are wrapped and hidden in bowls of colcannon.  This is a particularly exciting eve for the young men or women.  If a young unmarried girl is lucky enough to find a ring in her bowl, a marriage proposal could be soon waiting for her and she would likely marry within the year before the next Colcannon Night.  Other young maidens would fill their stockings with their first and last spoonfuls of colcannon and hang them from the front door handle.  It is believed that the first man through the door would become their future husband. Irish immigrants that came to the United States, introduced colcannon to American cuisine and you will find it served in America more commonly on Saint Patrick’s Day.  One of the favorite ways to enjoy a plate of colcannon is to make a large mountain shaped pile on your plate, then make a big well or hole in the center of the pile.  A generous pat of butter is placed in the hole which quickly melts.  Then cream is poured around the outside of the colcannon pile.  One is to take a spoonful of colcannon and dip it into the well of melted butter and experience a bite of heaven. 1735 – Earliest reference to mashed potatoes and cabbages is found in the Diary of William Bulkely, of Bryndda, near Amlwch in Anglesey, who made two journeys to Dublin in 1735. 1847 – Mrs. Crowen’s American Lady’s Cookery Book, Mrs. T.J. Crowen [Dick & Fitzgerald: New York] 1847 (p.194) “Cabbage and Potatoes.- Chop cold boiled cabbage and potatoes quite fine; put them together, season with butter, pepper and salt, add a very little vinegar to hopt water, to moisten without making it wet, put it into a stew-pan over the firs, stir it well, that is may be thoroughly heated, but not burn; then


Who played the title role in the long-running detective series Bergerac?

Bergerac (TV Series 1981–1991) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Alcoholic and divorced father of a young daughter, DS Jim Bergerac is a true maverick who prefers doing things his own way, and consequently doesn't always carry out his investigations the way his boss would like. Creator: Philippa Vale is a lady with a reputation as a jewel thief so that, when she comes to Jersey on the eve of George Thomas's private auction of a diamond worth a quarter of a million pounds, Jim is on ... 8.5 Jim is summoned from Jersey to spend Christmas on the Costa Del Sol where a pair of small-time British crooks have tried to muscle in on Charlie's latest business venture. When Jim gets involved he ... 8.4 Philippa Vale returns to the island to recover the stolen diamonds she hid underwater on her last visit, unaware that Jim had anticipated their hiding place and recovered them. Her presence attracts ... 8.4 a list of 39 titles created 29 Sep 2011 a list of 24 titles created 21 Jan 2013 a list of 47 titles created 08 Mar 2013 a list of 25 titles created 5 months ago a list of 33 titles created 3 months ago Search for " Bergerac " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Lovejoy is an irresistible rogue with a keen eye for antiques. The part-time detective scours the murky salerooms, auction halls and stately homes of Britain, always on the lookout for a find. Stars: Ian McShane, Dudley Sutton, Chris Jury The Maryhill CID investigates gruesome murders against the bleak backdrop of the city of Glasgow. Stars: Blythe Duff, Colin McCredie, John Michie Arthur Daley, a small-time conman, hires former boxer Terry McCann to be his 'minder', so Terry can protect him (Arthur) from other, small-time, crooks. While Terry is trying his hardest to... See full summary  » Stars: George Cole, Glynn Edwards, Dennis Waterman Ken Boon and Harry Crawford are two middle-aged ex-firemen who start out in business together, initially in Birmingham and later in Nottingham. During the seven series (1986-1992), Ken ... See full summary  » Stars: Michael Elphick, David Daker, Neil Morrissey A rather naive, middle-class man is admitted to a hospital ward and finds that he is sharing it with a working-class layabout and an upper-class hypochondriac. All three of them cause headaches for the hospital staff. Stars: James Bolam, Peter Bowles, Christopher Strauli The series followed the wavering relationship between two ex-lovers, Penny Warrender, a secretary for an advertising firm, and Vincent Pinner, an ex ice cream salesman turned turf ... See full summary  » Stars: Paul Nicholas, Jan Francis, Sylvia Kay Jacko is a house painter who "appreciates" women, he sees the best in each one of them and they in turn, like him. Will he find true love ? Will he settle down as he gets older ? Stars: Karl Howman, Mike Walling, Jackie Lye Set in Cornwall, Detective Superintendent Charles Wycliffe, who works along with his colleagues DI Doug Kersey and DI Lucy Lane, investigates murder cases with his trademark determination and clinical accuracy. Stars: Jack Shepherd, Helen Masters, Jimmy Yuill The perils of "escaping the rat race" and dropping out of society - to start a farm in Surbiton (and to drive Margo nuts). Stars: Richard Briers, Felicity Kendal, Penelope Keith The adventures of two "likely lads" ostensibly set in the North East of England (but filmed in Willesden Junction, London). Terry and Bob have been friends since childhood. Bob is the ... See full summary  » Stars: James Bolam, Rodney Bewes, Don McKillop The Liverpool-based Boswell family are experts at exploiting the system to get by in life. Despite the fact that none of the Boswells are officially employed, they manage to live a fairly ... See full summary  » Stars: Jean Boht, Nic


Which is the deepest lake in the English Lake District?

A Quick Guide to England's Lake District Updated December 24, 2016. Claims to fame: The Lake District, in England's Northwest, is a vast national park, carved out by glaciers about 15,000 years ago. It has: four mountains over 3,000 feet including England's highest about 50 lakes and tarns, including England's biggest and England's deepest connections with leading literary figures, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and de Quincey. been attracting visitors for hundreds of years - dating back to intrepid lady diarist Celia Fiennes in 1698 inspired England's most famous fell walking guides - The Wainwright Guides.   Lakeland statistics and superlatives: The Lake District is England's only true mountain region. The national park covers 885 square miles (33 miles north to south, 40 miles east to west) - about 85 percent of the area of Rhode Island. Among its outstanding features: Windermere, England's biggest natural lake is 10.56 miles long, a mile wide and about 220 feet deep. Wastwater, England's deepest lake has a surface 200 feet above sea level and a bottom 50 feet below sea level. continue reading below our video Long-Haul Flight Survival Tips Scaffell Pike, at nearly 3,209 feet, is England's highest mountain - called a fell - and considered to be one of the hardest of the UK's high peaks to get to.   Cities, Towns and Roads in the Lake District: Although the Lake District is England's most densely populated national park, there are no cities,large towns or major road routes. The M6 Motorway skirts the eastern edge of the national park and passes through, or near, these regional gateway cities and towns:   Fell Walking in the Lakes: The word fell comes from the Old Norse word fjall for mountain. One of the most popular pastimes in the the Lake District is fell walking. The challenges range from hills around Keswick and Derwentwater that are little more than modest uphill walks of a couple of hundred feet, to difficult scrambling hikes to the top of Scafell Pike. Because the Lakeland fells are virtually bare and preside over vast, U-shaped valleys, the rewards of fell walking are the spectacular views.   Alfred Wainwright and the Lakeland Fells.: Between 1952 and 1966, Alfred Wainwright, considered by many to be the father of fell walking, set out to walk 214 Lake District Peaks and write about them in seven, carefully handwritten and illustrated walking guides. These books have now become British classics.<p> In the summer of 2007, to mark the centenery of Wainwright's birth, six million people watched the BBC2 Series Wainwright Walks. Walking in Wainwright's footsteps opens up some of the best routes and views in the Lakes. A Pictorial Guide To The Lakeland Fells - Compare Prices Wainwright's "Eight Lakeland Walks" is now available as a podcast. Compare Prices   The Lakes are linked to: William Wordsworth - The Gondola on Coniston Water When to go: Summers are crowded in the Lake District. There are few roads and those are narrow and wind through valleys and mountain passes so traffic can be a real problem during July and August. Go, if you can, in spring or autumn, when the color of the landscape is at its best. Winter also has its charms - there is little snow, except on the highest ground and the lakes don't usually freeze. Steamers on Lake Windermere and Ullswater cruise all year round. Keep in mind though that winter fell walking is only for well equipped walkers with plenty of experience. Some of the higher road passes can ice up in winter. Five More Cool Things to Do in the Lakes:


Pitchblende is the chief ore of which metallic element?

pitchblende | mineral | Britannica.com Pitchblende bornite Pitchblende, amorphous , black, pitchy form of the crystalline uranium oxide mineral uraninite ; it is one of the primary mineral ores of uranium, containing 50–80 percent of that element. Three chemical elements were first discovered in pitchblende: uranium by the German chemist Martin Klaproth in 1789, and polonium and radium by the French scientists Pierre and Marie Curie in 1898. Deposits, frequently in association with uraninite or with secondary uranium minerals, are known in Congo (Kinshasa); the Czech Republic; England; the Northwest Territories and Saskatchewan in Canada; and Arizona, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico , and Utah in the United States . Pitchblende. uraninite a major ore mineral of uranium, uranium dioxide (UO 2). Uraninite usually forms black, gray, or brown crystals that are moderately hard and generally opaque. A variety of uraninite ore that is dense and found in granular masses with a greasy lustre is called pitchblende. Uraninite is radioactive... polonium (Po) a radioactive, silvery-gray or black metallic element of the oxygen group (Group 16 [VIa] in the periodic table). The first element to be discovered by radiochemical analysis, polonium was discovered in 1898 by Pierre and Marie Curie, who were investigating the radioactivity of a certain... 3 References found in Britannica Articles Assorted References classification as uraninite  (in uraninite ) discovery by Pierre and Marie Curie  (in Marie Curie ) occurrence of uranium deposits  (in uranium processing: Ores ) External Links Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: August 14, 2008 URL: https://www.britannica.com/science/pitchblende Access Date: January 19, 2017 Share


What is added to whisky and sweet vermouth to make a Bobby Burns cocktail?

Bobby Burns Cocktail Recipe You need to be a member in create and edit lists. Register here Already a member? Login. 1 oz Sweet Red VermouthSweet Red Vermouth () 2 oz Scotch WhiskyScotch Whisky () ¼ oz DOM BenedictineDOM Benedictine () Add to My Bar 1 oz Sweet Red VermouthSweet Red Vermouth 2 oz Scotch WhiskyScotch Whisky ¼ oz DOM BenedictineDOM Benedictine Email the recipe


In which year were One Pound coins introduced?

30 years since the introduction of the pound coin | The Royal Mint Blog The Royal Mint blog by James Owen The pound coin as we know it today is thirty years old this year. That’s a long time, but the value ‘one pound’ has been around a lot longer as it originally  referred to the value of a pound of sterling silver. Today, the pound sterling is still the official currency of the United Kingdom, and the pound coin is the chief coin. At the time it was introduced, demonetising the pound note in favour of a pound coin was a world-leading innovation. The note was progressively withdrawn from circulation from 1985 and eventually demonetised on the 11th March 1988. At the time, the British public were largely receptive to the idea of a new coin and when it arrived it was well received…the chunky size and gold colour proving popular. We still find 1983 pound coins in our change, as well as the more than 20 other designs of one pound coin . But though the coin itself remains as relevant as ever, not everything has aged so gracefully! We have compiled a list of 30 things about 1983 that highlight just how much has changed. The one pound coin is introduced to England and Wales. It acquires the nickname ‘the Maggie’ . The Austin Metro was Britain’s best selling car Children’s ITV (CITV) is launched BBC Breakfast Time – the first breakfast TV show in the UK – is launched shortly to be followed by TV-AM on ITV The compact disc (CD) goes on sale for the first time in the United Kingdom Wheel clamps are first used to combat illegal parking in London Computer tycoon Clive Sinclair becomes Sir Clive Sinclair ITV launches Blockbusters , a gameshow hosted by Bob Holness and featuring sixth formers as its contestants. The best selling pop single was Karma Chameleon by Culture Club which spent 6 weeks at number one The wearing of seatbelts becomes compulsory in the front of passenger cars. Richard Noble, driving the British turbojet-powered car Thrust2 , takes the land speed record to 634.051 mph First heart and lung transplant carried out in Britain The House of Lords votes to allow television broadcast of its proceedings Designer and entrepreneur James Dyson produces his prototype vacuum cleaner The first episode of comedy BlackAdder is broadcast Neil Kinnock becomes leader of the Labour party Terry Pratchett publishes his first DiscWorld novel – ‘The colour of magic’ Amy Winehouse is born The first iPhone was invented The Motorola 8000x, becomes the first mobile phone available for sale Ronald Reagan proposes the development of technology to intercept enemy missiles. This becomes known as “Star Wars” The Conservative government, led by Margaret Thatcher, is re-elected by a landslide majority McDonald’s introduces the  McNugget The De Lorean Motor Company ceases production Star Wars – return of the Jedi is released in cinemas The A-Team premieres on NBC in the USA. Bjorn Borg announces his retirement from tennis


Which European country hasn't been at war since 1814?

Sweden may be at war ‘in a few years’ – top brass in leaked document — RT News Sweden confirms mystery ‘Russian sub’…was in fact a workboat Sweden has not been at war since 1814, when it crushed Norway and forced it to enter a union together. It maintained neutrality during the two world wars of the 20th century and remained unaligned during the Cold War, relying on a system of so-called “total defense” to discourage a possible Soviet invasion. Since the 1990s the Nordic country has been downsizing its military and in 2010 it abolished peacetime conscription in favor of a volunteer-only force. In 2014, the trend was reversed as Russia’s stand-off with the US over the Ukrainian crisis sparked concerns about security in Europe. In 2014 Swedish Navy conducted a costly search for an alleged Russian submarine amid a media hysterics, which ended with no such boats found. The military eventually acknowledged that the photo of the ‘Russian sub’ that triggered the hunt was actually of a workboat. The failure didn’t stop the Swedish military from requesting a US$696 million boost to its budget between 2016 and 2020 to counter the perceived threat of spying Russian submarines. Sweden also indicated that it wants to develop closer ties with NATO or even become a member of the alliance, which Moscow sees a threat to its national security. The possibility of a Russian invasion touted by Brännström remains disputed in the Swedish military. His boss, Supreme Commander Micael Bydén, stated that there was no military threat to Sweden. "We should be aware that we are continuously being exposed to intelligence gathering and campaigns. We also know that areas in our region, the Baltic and increasingly the Arctic, constitute areas of friction between Russia and the West," he told a military conference in Sälen earlier this month.


How many masts does the vessel known as a Ketch have?

Popular Types of Sailboats Illustrated and Described in Detail Site Guide The Different Types of Sailboats If you’re a sailboat fanatic like me, all types of sailboats will attract your attention. Some more so than others admittedly, but all will have something about them that catches your eye. If you’re not a fanatic (not yet, that is) but just an interested observer, then the first thing you’ll notice about a sailboat will be how many masts it has and the configuration of its sails - in other words, its 'rig'. This observation alone will enable you to identify the five main types of sailboats — sloops, cutters, ketches, yawls and schooners - all of which are described here. Most sailboats will have a single hull and are known as monohulls. Other types of sailboats will have two hulls (catamarans) and three hulls (trimarans).  Monohulls are featured here, but you can read about  multihulls  elswhere on this site. Sloops A single-masted sailboat with just two sails — a foresail (aka headsail or jib) and a mainsail — is a sloop, the purest type of sailboat. The sloop rig can also be described as a Bermuda rig, Bermudian rig or Marconi rig. A Cat-Ketch Yawls Yawls have their origins as old-time sail fishing boats, where the small mizzen sail was trimmed to keep the vessel steady when hauling the nets. Much like a ketch, the difference being that the yawl has the mizzen mast positioned aft of the rudder post whereas the ketch has its mizzen mast ahead of the rudder post. You’ll not be surprised to learn that a yawl with a staysail is known as cutter-rigged yawl. A Yawl - mizzen mast aft of the rudder post Schooners A schooner is a two-or-more masted sailboat, in which the aft-most mast - the mainmast - is the same height or taller than the foremast. The one shown here is gaff cutter rigged, with a topsail set on the mainmast. Many sailors agree that of all the different types of sailboats, a schooner under full sail is one of the most beautiful sights afloat. A two-masted Schooner Gaffers Gaffed-rigged sailboats, or 'gaffers', have their mainsail supported by a spar - the 'gaff' - which is hauled up mast by a separate halyard. Often these types of sailboats are rigged with a topsail, as shown here and in the gaff schooner above, which really adds some grunt in light airs. All this comes at a price of course, both in terms of material cost and weight aloft, which is why very few modern yachts are fitted with gaff rigs these days. A Gaff Cutter with topsail All artwork on this page is by Andrew Simpson Examples of the Various Types of Sailboats...


Who was the first woman in space, a feat she achieved in June 1963?

Valentina Tereshkova: First Woman in Space Valentina Tereshkova: First Woman in Space By Tim Sharp, Reference Editor | June 14, 2013 03:48pm ET MORE Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman to fly to space when she launched on the Vostok 6 mission June 16, 1963. Credit: NASA Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman to go into space when she flew Vostok 6 in 1963. She spent almost three days in space and orbited Earth 48 times. That was her only trip into space. Tereshkova later toured the world to promote Soviet science and became involved in Soviet politics. Early life Valentina Vladimirovna "Valya" Tereshkova was born on March 6, 1937, in Maslennikovo, a village near the Volga River about 170 miles (277 kilometers) northeast of Moscow. Her father was a tractor driver and her mother worked in a cotton mill. Tereshkova's father was killed during World War II, leaving her mother to raise three children alone. Valentina didn't start school until she was 8, and had to leave school when she was 16. She became an apprentice at a tire factory and later joined her mother at the mill. She continued her education through correspondence courses. Tereshkova joined the mill's Young Communist League (Komsomol) and soon advanced to the Communist Party. She became interested in parachute jumping after joining the Yaroslavl Air Sports Club. Inspired by Gagarin After Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space in 1961, Tereshkova volunteered for the Soviet space program. Although she did not have any experience as a pilot, she was accepted into the program because of her 126 parachute jumps. At the time, cosmonauts had to parachute from their capsules seconds before they hit the ground on returning to Earth. Along with four other women, Tereshkova received 18 months of training, which included tests to determine how she would react to long periods of time being alone, to extreme gravity conditions and to zero-gravity conditions. Of the five women, only Tereshkova went into space. Tereshkova became the first woman to fly in space on June 16, 1963. Credit: Karl Tate, SPACE.com Infographics Artist Tereshkova was chosen to pilot Vostok 6. It was to be a dual mission. Cosmonaut Valeriy Bykovsky launched on Vostok 5 on June 14, 1963. Two days later, Tereshkova launched. The two spacecraft took different orbits and came within 3 miles (5 km) of each other. The cosmonauts exchanged communications. [ Infographic: How Valentina Tereshkova's 1963 Vostok 6 Flight Worked ] Tereshkova logged more than 70 hours in space and made 48 orbits of Earth. Soviet and European TV viewers saw her smiling face and her logbook floating in front of her. They did not realize that the flight almost turned into tragedy, a fact that was classified for about 40 years. Tragedy averted An error in the spacecraft's automatic navigation software caused the ship to move away from Earth. Tereshkova noticed this and Soviet scientists quickly developed a new landing algorithm. Tereshkova landed safely but received a bruise on her face. She landed in the Altay region near today's Kazakhstan-Mongolia-China border. Villagers helped Tereshkova out of her spacesuit and asked her to join them for dinner. She accepted, and was later reprimanded for violating the rules and not undergoing medical tests first. However, Tereshkova was honored with the title Hero of the Soviet Union. She received the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star Medal. She became a spokesperson for the Soviet Union and while fulfilling this role, she received the United Nations Gold Medal of Peace. Tereshkova never flew in space again. She later became a test pilot and instructor and earned a doctorate in technical sciences. On Nov. 3, 1963, Tereshkova married fellow cosmonaut Andriyan Nikolayev. Their first child, a daughter named Elena, was a subject of medical interest because she was the first child born to parents who had both been exposed to space. Elena later went on to become a medical doctor. Tereshkova and Nikolayev divorced in 1980. Valentina Tereshkova turned 76 on March 6, 2013.


Which Roman goddess was the equivalent of the Greek goddess Nike?

Victoria | Roman goddess | Britannica.com Roman goddess Apollo Victoria, in Roman religion , personification of victory, the equivalent of the Greek goddess Nike . She was often associated with Jupiter , Mars , and other deities and was especially worshipped by the army. In later times she had three or four sanctuaries at Rome, including a temple on the Palatine Hill and an altar in the Senate House. Learn More in these related articles: Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: December 13, 2007 URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Victoria-goddess Access Date: January 18, 2017 Share


What is the term for a triangle with three angles of 60 degrees?

The 30°-60°-90° triangle. Topics in trigonometry.  = ½ . Before we come to the next Example, here is how we relate the sides and angles of a triangle: If an angle is labeled capital A, then the side opposite will be labeled small a.  Similarly for angle B and side b, angle C and side c. Example 3.   Solve the right triangle ABC if angle A is 60°, and side c is 10 cm. Solution.  To solve a triangle means to know all three sides and all three angles.  Since this is a right triangle, and angle A is 60°, then the remaining angle B is its complement, 30°. Now in every 30°-60°-90° triangle, the sides are in the ratio 1 : 2 : , as shown on the right. Whenever we know the ratios of the sides, we can solve the triangle by the method of similar figures . And so in triangle ABC, the side corresponding to 2 has been multiplied by 5.  Therefore every side will be multiplied by 5.  Side b will be 5 × 1, or simply 5 cm, and side a will be 5 cm. Alternatively, we could say that the side adjacent to 60° is always half of the hypotenuse.  Therefore, side b will be 5 cm.  Now, side b is the side that corresponds to 1.  And it has been multiplied by 5.  Therefore, side a must also be multiplied by 5.  It will be 5 cm. Whenever we know the ratio numbers, the student should use this method of similar figures to solve the triangle, and not the trigonometric Table. (In Topic 6 , we will solve right triangles the ratios of whose sides we do not know.) Problem 3.   In the right triangle DFE, angle D is 30°, and side DF is 3 inches.  How long are sides d and f ?    The student should draw a similar triangle in the same orientation. Then see that the side corresponding to . Side f will be 2 . Problem 4.   In the right triangle PQR, angle P is 30°, and side r is 1 cm.  How long are sides p and q ? The side corresponding to 2 has been divided by 2.   Therefore, each side must be divided by 2.  Side p will be ½, and side q will be ½ . Problem 5.   Solve the right triangle ABC if angle A is 60°, and the hypotenuse is 18.6 cm. The side adjacent to 60° is always half of the hypotenuse -- therefore, side b is 9.3 cm. But this is the side that corresponds to 1. And it has been multiplied by 9.3.  Therefore, side a will be multiplied by 9.3. It will be 9.3 Example 4.   ABC is an equilateral triangle whose height AD is 4 cm. Find the length of the side x. Solution 1.   Since the triangle is equilateral, it is also equiangular, and therefore the the angle at B is 60° The height of a triangle is the straight line drawn from the vertex at right angles to the base.  Therefore, triangle ADB is a 30-60-90 triangle. For this problem, it will be convenient to form the proportion with fractional symbols : x r2. That is what we wanted to prove. Problem 10.   Prove:  The angle bisectors of an equilateral triangle meet at a point that is two thirds of the distance from the vertex of the triangle to the base. Let ABC be an equilateral triangle, let AD, BF, CE be the angle bisectors of angles A, B, C respectively; then those angle bisectors meet at the point P such that AP is two thirds of AD. First, triangles BPD, APE are congruent. For, since the triangle is equilateral and BF, AD are the angle bisectors, then angles PBD, PAE are equal and each 30°; and the side BD is equal to the side AE, because in an equilateral triangle the angle bisector is the perpendicular bisector of the base ( Theorem 2 ); angles PDB, AEP then are right angles and equal. Therefore triangles BPD, APE are congruent: Angle-side-angle .   = csc 30° =   2 . Therefore, BP = 2PD. But AP = BP, because triangles APE, BPD are conguent, and those are the sides opposite the equal angles. Therefore, AP = 2PD.      Therefore AP is two thirds of the whole AD. Which is what we wanted to prove. The proof Here is the proof that in a 30°-60°-90° triangle the sides are in the ratio 1 : 2 :  .  It is based on the fact that a 30°-60°-90° triangle is half of an equilateral triangle. Draw the equilateral triangle ABC.  Then each of its equal angles is 60°.  ( Theorems 3 and 9 ) Draw the straight line AD bisecting t