What structural modification of oxygen is an air pollutant in the lower atmosphere but beneficial in the upper atmosphere?

ENVIRONMENT Jeopardy Template 100 What is CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)? Chemical which enters the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas and oil), solid waste, trees and wood products. It is removed from the atmosphere when it is absorbed by plants as part of the biological carbon cycle. 100 A more common expression for a photovoltaic module. 100 What is GLOBAL WARMING? The observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects. 100 What is POLLUTION? A process which comes in many forms and no matter where you live, you’ve probably seen some form of it - litter on streets, smog that lingers over large cities, plastic trash in the countryside... 100 What is EARTH DAY? An annual event, celebrated on April 22. On this day, events worldwide are held to demonstrate support for environmental protection. Even you can join millions of people across the globe to do at least one thing that will make our planet a better place to live :-) 200 What is OZONE? Structural modification of oxygen, an air pollutant in the lower atmosphere but beneficial in the upper atmosphere. 200 What is LED BULB? An energy saving bulb that will consume 80 percent less energy than its outdated predecessor. Moreover, these bulbs last 25 times longer than traditional ones. 200 What is GREENHOUSE EFFECT? Natural process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere. The mechanism is named after a faulty analogy with the effect of solar radiation passing through glass and warming a greenhouse. 200 What is CLIMATE CHANGE? "A change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns". You might have noticed that the weather’s been hotter than usual, or you might have noticed a drought in your area or conversely, unusual storms. Furthermore, even small temperature changes are causing crops to die, decreasing the amount of food available. On top of all that, higher temps are causing the polar icecaps to melt, flooding certain areas and leading to an imbalance for wildlife. 200 What is REDUCE, REUSE and RECYCLE? The three essential components of environmentally-responsible consumer behavior, also known as waste hierarchy, often shortened to 3R: 1) Reduce the number of purchases that you make in the first place, borrow things instead of buing, walk... 2) Reuse items as much as possible before replacing them, donate things you no longer need, bring cloth sacks to the store with you instead of taking home new paper or plastic bags... 3) Recycle things we use every day, like paper bags, soda cans, and milk cartons. These, are made out of materials that can be recycled. You can also help the environment by buying products that contain recycled materials. 300 Highly toxic element, traditionally used in thermometers, posing a substantial safety and disposal risk. 300 What is a TREE? A plant, which you can easily plant. They give us oxygen, fruits, timber, prevent soil erosion, control floods, provide shelter to wildlife. Massive scale deforestation in last couple of decades has reduced forest area by significant percentage. 300 What is LANDSLIDE? A rapid movement of a large mass of earth and rocks down a hill or a mountainside. It occurs either naturally (erosion, groundwater, earthquake) or is often enhanced by human activity, such as construction, agricultural or forestry activities, deforestation 300 What is DEFORESTATION? Process when trees are cut down and cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements. It has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity (=a severe lack of available water). It has adverse impacts on biosequestration, the capture and storage of the atmospheric greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. 300 What is ECOTOURISM? Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and involves interpretation and education. 400 What is FREON? The DuPont trade name for CFC, a chemical strongly a


In excess of how many gallons of water are lost each day in the USA to leaks, equating to 14% of all 'withdrawals'?

Solar panel 4 Sulphursulfur dioxide and various nitrogen - BUS - 234 View Full Document A photovoltaic module is more commonly known as what?  Solar panel 4. Sulphur/sulfur dioxide and (various) nitrogen oxides are the main contributory factors in what unhelpful  environmental effect: Acid rain; Landfill run-off; Global warming; or Pesticides?  Acid rain 5. What structural modification of oxygen is an air pollutant in the lower atmosphere but beneficial in the upper  atmosphere?  Ozone This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. View Full                             Document 6. Used in various environmental terminology referring to organic life, what prefix derives from the original  Greek meaning 'the course of human life'?  Bio  (from Greek, bios) 7. What is the climate change agreement aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere,  named after the Japanese city in which participating nations agreed its framework in 1997?  Kyoto Protocol 8. Photopollution is a technical alternative word for what sort of pollution?  Light  (specifically artificial light  -  i.e., pollution of the natural light or darkness in the sky or environment, externally and potentially internally,  by artificial light) 9. In excess of how many gallons of water are lost each day in the USA to leaks, equating to 14% of all  'withdrawals': Six million, Sixty million, Six hundred million; or Six billion?  Six billion (According to the US  EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, as at 2011) 10. The UN Stockholm Convention signed in 2001 seeks to limit the production and use of what, abbreviated to  POPs?  Persistent Organic Pollutants  (or more loosely and notably, pesticides , for example DDT,  extending to related chemicals such as herbicides) 11. What colourless/colorless, odourless/odorless, poisonous polluting gas is chiefly emitted by small engines  typically used in lawn-mowers and chainsaws, etc?  Carbon monoxide 12. What highly toxic element was traditionally used in thermometers, posing a substantial safety and disposal  risk?  Mercury 13. The 1987 Montreal Protocol concerns specifically, and includes in its full title, substances that deplete  what?  The Ozone Layer 14. Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and sulphur/sulfur hexafluoride are widely referred to by what  collective metaphorical term?  Greenhouse Gases 15. From the Greek root words for 'house' and 'study of' what term refers to the scientific study of the  relationship between living things, and their natural environment?  Ecology 16. An 'R number' identifies what sort of substance having potentially significant impact on global warming when used in heating/cooling applications?  Refrigerant 17. If electricity costs say 5p (or 5 cents) per kilowatt/hour, how much does a conventional 100W light bulb cost  to run in a year if it is left on permanently?  £43.80  (or  $43.80  - a 365-day year - the calculation is: 0.05p x  This is the end of the preview. Sign up to                   access the rest of the document. TERM activity 6-rhythm of my heart.docx Saint Augustines University Raleigh Activity 6 The Rhythm of My Heart Objectives: 1) Measure and describe your pulse (hea activity 6-rhythm of my heart.docx


What colourless/colorless, odourless/odorless, poisonous polluting gas is chiefly emitted by small engines typically used in lawn-mowers and chainsaws, etc?

What colourless/colorless, odourless/odorless, po... - Brainly.in This Is a Certified Answer × Certified answers contain reliable, trustworthy information vouched for by a hand-picked team of experts. Brainly has millions of high quality answers, all of them carefully moderated by our most trusted community members, but certified answers are the finest of the finest. Carbon Monoxide (CO)


What highly toxic element was traditionally used in thermometers, posing a substantial safety and disposal risk?

Laboratory Safety | Environmental Health, Safety, and Risk Management | Radford University Chemical Hygiene Plan Preface Chemicals are part of many work environments. Approximately 25 million workers nationwide are exposed to 500,000 chemical products in the work place. Hundreds of new chemicals are introduced annually, posing a significant problem to exposed workers. Chemicals must be treated with respect. Exposure to chemicals can cause serious health effects such as skin rashes, burns, organ damage, cancer, sterility, and birth defects. In addition some chemicals are safety hazards with the potential to cause fires, explosions, and other accidents. Because these problems are serious, and there is often a lack of information available to workers concerning chemicals, OSHA has adopted a Hazard Communication Standard and a Laboratory Safety Standard. OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard is intended to protect workers in industrial operations. The Lab Standard is specifically designed to protect workers exposed to chemicals in laboratories. A Chemical Hygiene Plan must be developed to implement the provisions of the Lab Standard. It must include all procedures and policies necessary to protect workers from hazardous chemicals used in laboratories. The goal of both standards is to reduce the incidence of occupational illness and injuries from exposure to hazardous chemicals. Injury to laboratory workers can result from carelessness, unfamiliarity with hazards of chemicals and equipment, or a lack of proper precautions. Accidents involving injuries and illness from exposure to corrosives, toxins, flammable liquids and explosives are far to common in laboratories. To reduce these accidents, personnel must be trained in the hazards of the chemicals they work with and methods to reduce exposures. Individuals must develop good personal safety habits such as wearing proper eye protection and not smoking or eating in areas where chemicals are present. The university is committed to providing students, faculty, and staff an environment that is free from recognized hazards. This manual provides information on chemical hazards and procedures for the safe handling of hazardous chemicals commonly used in laboratories. Physical hazards such as flammable liquids, reactives, explosives, compressed gas cylinders, and cryogenic liquids are covered. Health hazards associated with chemicals such as corrosives, toxins, carcinogens and embryotoxins are included. Information is also presented on personal protective equipment, safety equipment that can reduce exposures and prevent accidents, and protection from other hazards commonly found in laboratories such as electrical equipment. -Back to top- 1.0 Laboratory Facilities Poor design and layout of laboratories and equipment are often the underlying cause of accidents. This aspect of laboratory safety is often the most neglected. A safe laboratory is well designed. It has proper access and the layout is conductive to the free movement of personnel in the event of an emergency. Adequate ventilation and appropriate equipment for the operation of the laboratory are available and well maintained. The laboratory is kept clean and uncluttered. Provisions are made for special hazards. Hazardous areas are posted with the appropriate warning signs and safety equipment is present and conveniently located. Design Approval. New construction and renovations must be approved by Facilities Management and the Safety Office. Organization.  The space within a laboratory should be organized as much as possible to separate areas of high and low risk activities. It should not be necessary to routinely pass through high risk areas. In the event of an emergency, escape routes should be placed through the safest area within the laboratory. Traffic flow should be minimized near equipment that generates fumes, e.g., fume hoods and distillation apparatus. Flammable materials should be separated by as much distance as possible from sources of ignition. Emergency equipment should be readily accessible from every point with


The 1987 Montreal Protocol concerns specifically, and includes in its full title, substances that deplete what?

ETHERIAL CONFLICT: THE FORMATION, PROMOTION, AND DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES' NEGOTIATING POSITION FOR THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER ETHERIAL CONFLICT :THE FORMATION, PROMOTION, AND DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES' NEGOTIATING POSITION FOR THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER CONFLICT RESEARCH CONSORTIUM Working Paper 94-56, February, 1994. By David W. Cook This paper was written in conjunction with the Fall 1993 Natural Resources and Environmental Policy Seminar of the University of Colorado Interdisciplinary Graduate Certificate Program in Environmental Policy. All ideas presented are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Consortium or the University. For more information, contact the Conflict Resolution Consortium, Campus Box 327, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0327. Phone: (303) 492-1635, e-mail: crc@cubldr.colorado.edu. © 1994. David W. Cook. Do not reprint without permission. INTRODUCTION This is a study on the issue of how the world should address the issue of ozone depletion. The focus is on the conflict over the formation of the U.S. position in the negotiations leading up to the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. The issue of ozone depletion arose in the early 1970s and continues today. The debate over the United State's international negotiating position began in the late 1970s and came to a head in 1986. The debate within the Reagan Administration continued until a few months before the protocol was signed September 16, 1987. The aims of the study are to briefly describe the case, apply some of the analytical tools learned in the seminar, and make policy recommendations for conflict resolution in this and other cases based on what is learned.[1] BACKGROUND The basic model of the process of creation and destruction of stratospheric ozone by photodissociation was developed in 1931 by Sydney Chapman (Cagin & Dray, 1993). Early discussion of anthropogenic ozone destruction began in 1965 with English scientist John Hampson's research on the stratospheric environment and intercontinental ballistic missiles. He and Boeing scientist Ted Harrison both raised the possibility that the exhaust from the proposed fleet of supersonic transport planes would deplete the ozone layer (Cagin & Dray, 1993). Harrison published a 1970 article in Nature estimating that the world SST fleet would lead to a 3.8 percent decrease in global ozone (Harrison, 1970).[2] In the mid-1960s, the British scientist James Lovelock invented an "electron capture detector" capable of measuring minute concentrations of gasses in the atmosphere. In 1969 he found measurable concentrations of the stable chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) molecules in the lower atmosphere and notified CFC manufacturers (Lovelock, Maggs, & Wade, 1973), (Williams, 1986). Chlorofluorocarbon had been invented in 1928 by General Electric chemist Thomas Midgley. This new compound was developed as a safe replacement for the hazardous refrigerants then in use in the fledgling refrigerator industry.[3] In 1974, Richard Stolarski, Ralph Cicerone, and Bob Watson began exploring the chemistry of stratospheric ozone destruction by chlorine, though no link was made to CFCs (Stolarski & Cicerone, 1974). Following on earlier concerns over harmful effects of SST exhaust, their concern was with the stratospheric effect of space-shuttle exhaust. However, the origin of the actual CFC-ozone depletion debate was the 1974 publication by Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina in the journal Nature of their theory that CFCs could provide a source of ozone destroying stratospheric chlorine (Molina & Rowland, 1974).[4] THE CASE As word got around about this potential threat to life, the issue was perceived differently by American science, industry, government, the public, and the budding environmental movement. Internationally, the response also varied broadly from country to country (Downing & Kates, 1982). Because the various parties saw the problem differently, they respo


Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and sulphur/sulfur hexafluoride are widely referred to by what collective metaphorical term?

Cymraka Training Design - Documents Documents Share Cymraka Training Design Embed
  Cymraka Training Design
 size(px) Download Cymraka Training Design Transcript CANTAAN YOUTH MARINE RESOURCE ANGELO KING ASSOCIATION (CYMRAKA) Sitio Kibila, Cantaan, Guinsiliban, Camiguin LEADERSHIP TRAINING DESIGN Theme: “CYMRAKA: Transformational Leadership Promoting the 4 P’s (Pilipino, Planet, Peace and Progress) Objectives: Develop leadership skills among the children and youth members of CYMRAKA, along the vision and mission of marine resource conservation, protection and rehabilitation spearheaded by the Cantaan Centennial Multi Purpose Cooperative. Date/Time: October 30, 2011, 8:00 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. Venue: CCMPC Training Center, Sitio Kibila, Cantaan, Guinsiliban, Camiguin Estimated No. of Participants:20 members/beneficiaries Estimated No. of Training Facilitators: 3 CCMPC Officers Budgetary Requirements Collection of registration fee is not necessary as snacks (morning and afternoon) and lunch will be provided by CCMPC. Honorariums and allowances for lecturers and caterers will be shouldered by CCMPC, subject to budgetary constraints, and should be in accordance with accounting standards and audit policies and procedures. Materials for the training will be prepared and provided by CCMPC and training facilitators. Training kit will be provided to participants.  Rationale The Cantaan Youth Marine Resource Angelo King Association is an organization of children and youth of Barangay Cantaan, Guinsiliban, Camiguin. Target participants are members/beneficiaries of Cantaan Centennial MultiPurpose Cooperative, the mother organization responsible for running the research project on Giant Clams Conservation and Coastal Reforestation in the same barangay. These children/youth have been trained on the various aspects of the giant clam project and have been the core group handling the Information, Education Campaign (IEC) of the area. While they have been very well-oriented on IEC regarding marine resource conservation and educational campaign, the need for leadership skills development has been observed and found necessary to further enhance their information dissemination abilities. This will develop these children/youth totally as individuals not only in the communication aspect but also in their capacity to lead and initiate activities related to the mission, vision and objectives of the research and educational facility where they exist. This one-day training will discuss the following areas: I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Overview on Leadership Qualities of a Good Leader Responsibilities of a Good Leader The Leader and the Team Leadership and the Environment Personal Development Tips Training Methods The training will be conducted through lectures, leadership activities, question-and-answer, team building activities as well as interactive games and talent show. Training Evaluation Evaluation sheets will be provided to participants before the closing program to collect feedback and comments/suggestions. The information collected will be used for future trainings and workshops to enhance and improve training procedures and methods.  Prepared by: AHJ/CCMPC finance officer “CYMRAKA: Transformational Leadership Promoting the 4 P’s (Pilipino, Planet, Peace, and Progress)” Leadership Training October 30, 2011 PROGRAM OF ACTIVITIES 8:00 a.m. – 8:15 a.m. 8:15 a.m. – 8:30 a.m. - Registration of Participants - Opening Program (Distribution of training materials, orientation, introduction and grouping of participants.) 8:30 a.m. – 9:30 a.m. - Lecture (Overview on Leadership) (Angustia H. Jadman, CCMPC Finance Officer)


From the Greek root words for 'house' and 'study of' what term refers to the scientific study of the relationship between living things, and their natural environment?

Ecology | Define Ecology at Dictionary.com ecology noun 1. the branch of biology dealing with the relations and interactions between organisms and their environment, including other organisms. 2. Also called human ecology . the branch of sociology concerned with the spacing and interdependence of people and institutions. Expand Greek 1870-1875 1870-75; earlier oecology < German Ökologie < Greek oîk(os) + -o- -o- + German -logie -logy ; term introduced by E. H. Haeckel Related forms [ek-uh-loj-i-kuh l, ee-kuh-] /ˌɛk əˈlɒdʒ ɪ kəl, ˌi kə-/ (Show IPA), ecologic, adjective ecologically, adverb Examples from the Web for ecology Expand Contemporary Examples The lectures have featured such topics as the effect of temperature on chocolate, browning foods, and the ecology of farming. Music Criticism Has Degenerated Into Lifestyle Reporting Ted Gioia March 17, 2014 Historical Examples The new science of ecology occupies an intermediate position between the biography of species and the biography of individuals. British Dictionary definitions for ecology Expand the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment 2. the set of relationships of a particular organism with its environment 3. the study of the relationships between human groups and their physical environment Also called (for senses 1, 2) bionomics Derived Forms C19: from German Ökologie, from Greek oikos house (hence, environment) Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for ecology Expand n. 1873, "branch of science dealing with the relationship of living things to their environments, coined by German zoologist Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) as Okologie, from Greek oikos "house, dwelling place, habitation" (see villa ) + -logia "study of" (see -logy ). In use with reference to anti-pollution activities from 1960s. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper


The DuPont trade name Freon has become an alternative name for which abbreviated compound name strongly associated with global warming?

Pietro Tundo,*,a, b Fabio Aricòa,b, Con Robert McElroyb a Interuniversity Consortium "Chemistry for the Environment"; Via della Industrie 21/8, 30175 Marghera Venice (Italy) b Cà Foscari University; Dept. of Environmental Science, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice Corresponding Author: Prof. Pietro Tundo Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università Cà Foscari di Venezia Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venezia E-mail: tundop@unive.it 1. Introduction: The history of Green Chemistry The first seeds of Green Chemistry were sown in the early 1960s when environmental statutes and regulations began to proliferate at an exponential rate. These regulations established restrictions on the use of chemicals, imposed toxicity tests of chemical substances and finally provided incentives for industry to eventually find replacements, substitutes, or alternatives for polluting reagents. The public’s demand for more information about chemicals had grown rapidly. In the United States, this culminated with the establishment of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), which made public relevant data on chemicals being released to the air, water, and land by industry (1980).1 As a consequence, industry was confronted by tremendous pressure, not only to reduce the release of toxic chemicals into the environment, but also to reduce the use of hazardous chemicals overall. Each of these incentives has combined to make the 1990s the decade during which green chemistry was introduced and it has found implementation and commercialization on a wide industrial scale. In particular, since 1990 in the USA, sustainable chemistry has been a focus area by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),2 involving a great deal of activity in research, symposia, and education. At same time, the scientific community was also strongly involved in exploiting sustainable chemistry. In 1993 P. T. Anastas and C.A. Farris published the first book of the ACS Symposium 1 For further information see http://www.ecy.wa.gov/epcra/ 2 For further information see http://www.epa.gov/ 2 series: Benign by Design, Alternative Synthetic Design for Pollution Prevention.3 The book was based on the symposium “Physical Chemistry and the Environment” sponsored by the Division of Environmental Chemistry at the 206th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Chicago (22-27 August 1993, Illinois). The book provided a great opportunity for several chemists who were pioneers in the field of benign by design chemistry to present their basic research in addition to encouraging many scientists to become involved in environmentally responsible chemistry. In the same year in Italy (1993), the Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale “La Chimica per l’Ambiente”, INCA was established, with the aim to unite the academic groups concerned with chemistry and the environment.4 One of its focus areas being pollution prevention through research for cleaner reactions, products and processes with both academia and industrial applications. Besides, INCA remains constantly involved in the dissemination of Green Chemistry as demonstrated by the numerous book published (Green Chemistry Series)5, school awards for undergraduate students6, publication of a magazine for young green chemists7 and the organization of ten editions of the Summer School in Green Chemistry (Figure 2).8 Figure 1. Picture representing the chemistry at the service of the environment (picture taken from the cover of “Introduzione alla Chimica Verde (Green Chemistry) "eds P. Tundo, S. Paganelli - Lara Clemenza. In Italian).5 3 Anastas, P. T.; Farris C. A.; (Eds) Benign by Design: Alternative Synthetic Design for Pollution Prevention (Acs Symposium Series), Washington: American Chemical Society, 1994. 4 See Interuniversity Consortium Chemistry for the Environment, http://www.incaweb.org/ 5 For the full collection of Green Chemistry Series see http://www.incaweb.org/publications/gcseries.php 6 Further details on http://incaweb.org/green/pgsVed/index.htm (in Italian) 7 Furth


Better to light a candle than curse the darkness.

'It's better to light a candle than curse the darkness' - the meaning and origin of this phrase Literal meaning. Origin Several people are associated with this proverbial saying, notably John F. Kennedy. It was brought to the public's attention by Peter Benenson, the English lawyer and founder of Amnesty International, at a Human Rights Day ceremony on 10th December 1961. The candle circled by barbed wire has since become the society's emblem. Darkness has long been a metaphor for ignorance or evil. The Bible contains hundreds of references to darkness, referring either to the period of ignorance before the realization of faith (that is, prior to 'seeing the light'), death, or to the Devil (The Prince of Darkness); for example, in Romans 13: 13:11 And that, knowing the time, that now it is high time to awake out of sleep: for now is our salvation nearer than when we believed. 13:12 The night is far spent, the day is at hand: let us therefore cast off the works of darkness, and let us put on the armour of light. And it is in a religious context that the phrase is first found in print. The English Wesleyan minister William Lonsdale Watkinson used the expression in The Supreme Conquest, and other sermons preached in America, 1907: But denunciatory rhetoric is so much easier and cheaper than good works, and proves a popular temptation. Yet is it far better to light the candle than to curse the darkness.


Where Do You Want To Go Today? / Microsoft Windows 98 - YouTube Where Do You Want To Go Today? / Microsoft Windows 98 Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Feb 14, 2013 Commercial and introduction movie to Windows '98 from Microsoft's 1998 advertising campaign around the "Where do you want to go today?" tagline. The Wieden+Kennedy agency was in charge of these campaigns from 1995 to 1999. Even though the commercials might not have gathered much response from the wide audience, some videos [like this one] have marked the memories of many who installed the system back in the days. Source: [WIN98CD]:\CDSAMPLE\VIDEOS\INTRO.AVI Category


Omnia Omnibus Ubique. (All Things, For All People, Everywhere.)

207. Omnia Omnibus Ubique, All Things for All People, Everywhere – Roberto Cavalli Blog / 5 Comments /in Events , Fashion , Featured , Lifestyle , Love , Main , Photos , Roberto Cavalli , Videos /by Roberto Cavalli 207. Omnia Omnibus Ubique, All Things for All People, Everywhere Omnia Omnibus Ubique is the motto of the largest department store in Europe. I’m talking about Harrods in London. Harrods is an amazing place. There you can find everything, really everything… I don’t know if you have had the opportunity to visit it, but if you go to London you should pay a visit to Harrods, along with the National Art Gallery, Big Ben, Covent Garden, the British Museum and all those amazing places that only a major capital like London has to offer! In the past I have worked several times with Harrods and when they called me to create a capsule collection of four exclusive gowns I accepted with enthusiasm… I love London, a unique city with all its British charm… so different from Paris, Milan, New York… London is the place where those things destined to change the course of history are born, like the mini skirt… Designing those four gowns was a bit of a challenge. I had to be able to create an item for each occasion and for women of all ages…the colors… the prints… the cut… long… very long… short… low-cut necklines… high-cut necklines… I am happy with the result… very happy… four unique pieces, exclusive pieces… four dreams to wear for that special occasion… four dreams to enhance the beauty and charm of every woman… I abandoned my office schedule just for a day to fly to London and personally present the four gowns in an event at Harrods… During this event I also answered some of your questions that you asked via Twitter #AskCavalli… but unfortunately, because of the lack of time, I could not answer all of you as I wanted.  I invite you to leave your comments on the blog and I promise I will reply from here… So many people attended the event, many London fans of my fashion, journalists, TV stations, many pictures… autographs… invitations… in a pleasantly worldly atmosphere! The opportunity to be in London also allowed me to spend some time with Robin who, as you know , is here to complete his studies. It’s late… I’m very tired… it’s been a long day… but I’m already looking forward to my next mini-vacation… I need two or three days away from everything and everyone at the helm of my bat-zodiac in some remote corner of the Mediterranean… sailing for me is like flying… it gives me an incredible feeling of freedom… Un abbraccio…


Citius, Altius, Fortius. (Faster, Higher, Stronger.)

CITIUS! ALTIUS! FORTIUS! CITIUS! ALTIUS! FORTIUS! Baseball CITIUS! ALTIUS! FORTIUS! 'Faster-Higher-Stronger' reads the urgent Olympic standard, and in Rome last week the best track and field athletes in the world responded superbly to the challenge. A fair share of the glory was won by Americans This is an article from the Sept. 12, 1960 issue Original Layout He had a faintly comic-opera air about him and a look of pure amazement, and somehow he seemed to epitomize these Roman Olympic Games in which so many things have gone so dramatically wrong—at least for the United States. He was applauding—ecstatically—the victory of Italy's Livio Berruti in the 200 meters, an event traditionally American. Berruti is a dark, handsome man who runs, in the poetic words of his coach, like "a lovely, bounding impala." In this race he tied the world record (20.5) and soundly whipped the three American finalists—Les Carney, Stone Johnson and Ray Norton. The day before, the well-drilled and numerous German partisans at the Stadio Olimpico had barked, "Hary, Hary, Hary," in unison to hail the victory of Armin Hary over Norton, Dave Sime and Prank Budd in the 100 meters. Indeed, after four days of track and field competition, this Olympic meet seemed likely to be the worst for the U.S. in modern history. The mighty fell regularly: John Thomas, the nonpareil in the high jump, finished third to two Russians; Norton, the world's fastest—nearly—human, finished last in the finals of both the 100 and 200 meters; Harold Connolly, the world record holder in the hammer throw, could do no better than eighth. There were reasons, and they were advanced eagerly by athletes, officials and the press. The U.S. team had been sent to the Games tourist class. There was a 14-hour trip on a propeller-driven plane from New York to Bern, a track meet in Bern, then a 15-hour train ride to Rome on a crowded, hot train, with the tired athletes jammed six to a compartment. In Rome a good 90% of the U.S. team succumbed to the "Roman skitters," a virulent variety of diarrhea. A smaller, but significant, percentage suffered from an overweening sense of superiority which led them to relax training. One unidentified official was said to have said that he saw a cabload of athletes arrive at the Olympic Village at 2 a.m., in defiance of an 11 p.m. curfew. But the most cogent reason for the American disappointments was the immense improvement in athletic ability in the rest of the world. The two sprint winners—Hary and Berruti—are dramatic examples of this. Hary set a world record in the 100 meters in Zurich on June 21. He is a small, compactly built man with a large ego, a quick temper, and a singularly uningratiating arrogance. Most track experts, who know and dislike him, were prone to think that the record was the result of his jumping the gun. Hary is, indeed, apt to jump the gun whenever he can. But he is also the best sprinter in the world. Asked about his penchant for gun-jumping before the 100-meter final, Hary said, "Rudolph Valentino was called the Thief of Hearts. As far as I know, he was never in prison. So what I do is not a crime. I am the thief of starts. It goes back to the rules of the game, and I'm a born player." The very competent starter assigned to the 100-meter final kept a tight hold on the six-man field. There was one jump in which both Dave Sime and Hary went. But neither was charged with a false start. Then Hary alone anticipated the gun, left his blocks early, and the field was again recalled. Hary was charged with a false start. (Two false starts would have automatically put him out of the competition.) The six finalists went to the blocks again, and the 70,000-odd people in the stands were deathly still. Sime set his feet, saw a rough patch in his lane and reached out and patted it down, hard. The hollow plop, plop, plop of his hand against the dusty red track sounded clearly throughout the stadium. The starter said "via," and the runners raised in their blocks. The quiet hung on. Then, at the shockingly sudden crack of the gun, they were away.


Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation - YouTube Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Mar 5, 2010 The BBC are happily crippling themselves to please arseholes who want them dead. Here's my response. Contains strong language and close-ups of James Murdoch's face. To find the consultation, go to http://bit.ly/aDAvx7 - like I said, if you ever cared about the BBC, fill it in or I WILL kill you. It's in-depth, but worthwhile. You do have the option of writing out your thoughts in a giant letter instead of regimenting them by the questions, as well. Please note I ran out of steam talking about everything the BBC does, it's not close to complete. Don't forget the sport (their Olympic coverage wins awards every time, and would be impossible without the license fee), the movies they make and/or fund, the education services, their partnership with the Open University... I made a very solemn vow a few years back: the two things that make Britain great are the NHS and BBC. If either one of them dies, I'm leaving the country. Not to make a point. Just because I couldn't look it in the eye anymore. Category


Nullius in verba. (On the word of no one.)

Nullius in Verba | Climate Etc. Nullius in Verba The motto of the Royal Society is: Nullius in verba:  on the word of no one “…it is an established rule of the Society, to which they will always adhere, never to give their opinion as a Body upon any subject either of Nature or Art, that comes before them.” The ‘advertisement’ to The Philosophical Transactions, 1753. Andrew Montford’s new report provides a lucid account of the transformation of the UK Royal Society. GWPF has issued a news release : The Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF) is calling on the Royal Society to restore a culture of open-mindedness and balanced assessment of climate science and climate policy. In a new GWPF report, written by science author Andrew Montford, the Royal Society is urged to ensure that genuine controversies are reflected in its public debates and reports and that the full range of reputable scientific views are being considered. “As the Society’s independence has disappeared, so has its former adherence to hard-nosed empirical science and a sober detachment from the political process. Gone are the doubts and uncertainties that afflict any real scientist, to be replaced with the dull certainties of the politician and the public relations man,” said Andrew Montford, author of the new report. In his report, Andrew Montford describes the development of the Royal Society’s role in the climate debates since the 1980s. He shows the Society’s gradual closing of critical scrutiny and scientific impartiality and the emergence of an almost dogmatic confidence that climate science is all but settled. In recent years, the Society has issued a series of highly political statements demanding drastic action on energy and climate policies from policy makers and governments. On the issue of climate change, it has adopted an increasingly political rather than scientific tone. Instead of being an open forum for informed scientific debate, the Society is at risk of turning into a quasi-political campaign group. The GWPF report criticises the Society for being too narrow minded in its assessment of climate change and for failing to take into account views of eminent scientists and policy experts that do not accord with its own position. In his foreword to the report, Professor Richard Lindzen (MIT), one of the world’s most eminent atmospheric scientists, warns that “the legitimate role of science as a powerful mode of inquiry has been replaced by the pretence of science to a position of political authority.” The report can be found [ here ].   Discussions are already underway at BishopHill and ClimateAudit .  Read the whole report, it isn’t long.  The conclusions are reproduced here in full: Conclusions As the Society’s independence has disappeared, so has its former adherence to hard-nosed empirical science and a sober detachment from the political process. Gone is its former focus on natural philosophy as a way to solve the world’s problems and in its place is a new science that seeks to conjure up, in the words of Mencken, ‘an endless series of hobgoblins’ – a stream of apocalyptic visions with which to assail the public. Gone are the doubts and uncertainties that afflict any real scientist, to be replaced with the dull certainties of the politician and the public relations man. As one of the fellows interviewed in the wake of the rebellion of the 43 said: “I can understand why this has happened – there is so much politically and economically riding on climate science that the Society would find it very hard to say ‘well, we are still fairly sure that greenhouse gases are changing the climate’ but the politicians simply wouldn’t accept that level of honest doubt.” The ability to speak scientific truth to the powers that be is the Society’s only raison d’etre, but even this has now been usurped: there is nowadays a network of science advisers throughout the government machine – if the government and the bureaucracy already have scientists’ advice on tap, why should they need the Royal Society? The answer is, of course, that the Royal Society is an


Ursa Major and Ursa Minor are constellations known respectively more commonly as Great and Little what?

Ursa Major and Ursa Minor | Temple of the Earth and Stars Ursa Major and Ursa Minor by Oraia Helene We’ve got a pair of constellations featured in this article – Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, the big and little bears. Each of these constellations is best known for an asterism within it, namely the Big Dipper and Little Dipper, respectively. (If you recall from other articles, an asterism is a pattern of stars that is not “officially” a constellation, but forms a recognizable pattern in the sky. I’ll be going back and forth in this discussion between referring to the Bears and the Dippers, but remember that they aren’t quite the same thing.) We’ll start with the smaller constellation, Ursa Minor, since there is a little less to be said about that one, but it does figure into some of the mythology and lore surrounding both of the Bears together. Ursa Minor’s claim to fame is that it contains Polaris, the current North Pole Star. As I mentioned in the article about Draco , this hasn’t always been the north star, but it has been for about fifteen hundred years. Ursa Minor was first recognized as a constellation in 600 BCE, and though it came to be named the Little Bear, it was sometimes visualized as a dog, with the North Star at its tail. The Greek name for the star was kynosoura, meaning “dog’s tail,” which later gave rise to our word “cynosure,” meaning something that is the center of attention or great interest. After all, from our perspective on Earth’s northern hemisphere, everything else in the sky appears to revolve around this star, making it a cynosure indeed! But although Polaris is the brightest star in Ursa Minor, it is not at all the brightest star in the sky, as many people believe. (It actually ranks about 49th in brightness, with a magnitude of 2.) It is slightly variable, with a faint companion star of magnitude 9 – remember, star magnitudes go “backward,” with larger numbers representing fainter stars. The beta star Kochab, in the bowl of the dipper, is almost as bright as Polaris and is sometimes mistaken for it; just remember that Polaris is at the tip of the handle, not in the bowl. The constellation doesn’t contain many deep-sky objects; the only one of note is a 12th magnitude galaxy called the Ursa Minor Dwarf Galaxy. It appears to be a satellite galaxy of our own Milky Way. The mythology of Ursa Minor is closely bound up with that of Ursa Major. Now, Ursa Major is the third largest constellation in the sky, significantly bigger than the more familiar outline of the Big Dipper, but the dipper itself has been well-known throughout history. The ancient Greeks called this constellation Arktos, the Bear, and this word is the origin of the phrase “Arctic Circle,” because of the way the constellation circles so closely around the northern pole star. Some Greek legends say the bear was originally the maiden Callisto, who was turned into a bear by Hera after Zeus pursued her. (As a point of interest, Callisto was a maiden follower of Artemis, and it was in the form of Artemis that Zeus managed to seduce her.) Her son, Arcas, became Ursa Minor, beside her. Although today the constellation contains other stars, the bear has often been depicted just within the seven stars that make up the Big Dipper, with the dipper’s handle becoming the bear’s tail. And even now, the dipper still forms the hindquarters and tail of the bear, with the other stars forming its head, shoulders, and legs. But the long handle acting as the tail begs the question of why the bear has such an unusually long tail, so in the Greek stories Zeus is sometimes said to have lifted the bears into the sky by their tails, stretching them out. Another Greek story says that Heracles once got rid of a couple of pesky bears by swinging them by their tails and flinging them up into the heavens. A number of Native American tribes (the Algonquins, Narragansets, and Housatonic among them) reportedly also saw a bear in this constellation, with the three stars of the handle being three hunters pursuing the bear. According to the Housatonic legend, the hunt en


What common name is given to medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS)?

Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome | Lifescript.com Osteoporosis Articles Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS; Shin Splints; Medial Distal Tibial Syndrome, MDTS; Medial Tibial Syndrome; Stress-Related Anterior Lower Leg Pain; Spike Soreness) by   Patricia Griffin Kellicker, BSN Should You Dump Dairy? Definition Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is exercise-related pain in the shins. It may be caused by an irritation of the tendons and muscles near the shin bones. MTSS is commonly known as shin splints. This injury is most often seen among runners. Muscle and Bones of Lower Leg Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc. MTSS may be a treatable condition. Contact your doctor if you think you may have MTSS. Causes The exact cause is unknown. MTSS is called an overuse injury. It most commonly occurs from repetitive motion or stress at the shins. Causes may include: Repetitive activity like running, tennis, basketball Bone strain Poor footwear Risk Factors These factors increase your chance of MTSS. Tell your doctor if you have any of these risk factors: Participate in high-impact sports Female runners with amenorrhea (absent menstruation) and osteoporosis Pronation of feet (feet turn inwards) Poor running surfaces Recent increase in workout or miles run Heel cord tightness Symptoms If you have any of these symptoms do not assume it is due to MTSS. These symptoms may be caused by other conditions. Tell your doctor if you have any of these: Shin pain at a very specific point Pain when running Pain when bearing weight on the leg Pain after changing workout intensity or running surface Symptoms do not go away with rest Swelling Diagnosis Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. You may be referred to a specialist. For example, a sports medicine physician focuses on sport injuries. The following test may be administered: X-ray —test that uses radiation to take picture of structures in body, may be used to rule out a fracture Bone scan —test that uses tiny amounts of radioactive material and a camera to take pictures of bones; used to look for bone abnormalities; more sensitive than an x-ray Treatment Crutches      may be given for severe pain Arch supports and shock-absorbing insoles may be recommended When you feel better, slowly return to normal activities. Increase your activity level over several weeks. Your doctor may suggest a different     pair of shoes     . A brace or walking boot may also be needed. Prevention To help reduce your chance of getting MTSS, you may try the following steps: Wear shock-absorbing insoles when running or during other high-impact exercise. Stretch before and after exercising. When starting a new sport or increasing your workout, do so gradually. Choose footwear that is best for the activity and your foot. RESOURCES:


What ancient name applies to the 'days' of hot summer, derived from belief that the star Sirius caused them?

Sirius’s Connection to Human History Sirius’s Connection to Human History Wisdom-Square › Our True History ›  Sirius's Connection to Human History If you don’t know anything about the star Sirius then you are seriously being left in the dark. This may be one of the most important things for us to learn about. I realize that’s a pretty bold statement to make, so why would I say that? Well, if you took a quick look at our history, you’ll start to see something strange. The star Sirius is constantly referenced as being the most important thing to be taught about by various religious teachings spread across practically all civilizations throughout history. You may not have realized that because this has always been regarded as very secretive/esoteric information for only the exclusive few to know and benefit from. Numerous symbols from ancient times contain such esoteric information, which keeps it alive for only those few to know. To make matters worse, the same people that created these symbols would also create an “exoteric” meaning to explain such symbols. This was the modified meaning intended for the general public. An example of this can be seen in ancient Egypt. The priests would tell the surfs (men whom worked the land) that the sun was “god.”  Although most priests believed that the physical sun was not actually the “supreme being” itself, but instead was the spirit which flowed through the physical sun. However, there was even another level that the priests didn’t even know about… and that highest level of priests knew that although spiritual energy goes through the sun, the original source of everything comes from the star Sirius. In other words, just like how the sun keeps our physical world alive, Sirius keeps the spiritual world alive. It’s associated with the divine and even considered as the home of humanity’s “great teachers.” Now you’re probably thinking, “What did these ancient Egyptians know anyway, they must be crazy to believe such a thing… although they produced one of the most advanced civilizations throughout history, they were crazy to believe this.” Well the truth of the matter is if they’re crazy then the rest of this planet is crazy as well. Let’s take a look at why this is something you should care to learn about: Astrology        1. Sirius is the fifth closest start to the solar system. It’s the brightest star in our sky, not the North Star (Sirius is much more south). Actually it’s a binary star system, meaning there are really two stars in which one revolves around the other: Sirius A and Sirius B. Sirius A is a blue-white star 25.4 times bigger than the sun. Its surface temperature is twice as hot as the sun, over 20 times brighter, and it’s mass 2.32 times more. Its companion star Sirius B (which revolves around Sirius A) was the first white dwarf that human beings discovered. In 2005, astronomers confirmed that the diameter of Sirius B was almost equal to that of the earth; although its mass is 98% that of the sun, making it extremely dense. Its 8.6 light years away from our solar system.        2. Our calendar is synchronized to the midpoint meridian of Sirius on January 1st. Likewise the Egyptian calendar system was based on the helical rising of Sirius that occurred just before the annual flooding of the Nile during the summer, which signified the coming of the hot and dry days of July and August, hence the popular term “the dog days of summer” (since Sirius is located in the constellation Canis Major, also known as the “Big Dog,” which is why it’s known as the “Dog Star”). The star’s celestial movement was also observed and revered by ancient Greeks, Sumerians, Babylonians, Mayans, and countless other civilizations. Ancient Egypt        1. The great pyramid was built to synchronize with Sirius by aligning an airshaft that connected to the queen’s chamber. The light of the star would be able to shine into the queen’s chamber to cast a beam upon an initiate during a special ritual (Sirius is associated with the goddess Isis). The King’s chamber is aligned with the star Orion, which is


Of these sedimentary rocks, which one is not organic, being instead 'clastic'?

Sedimentary Structures Mineral Composition Mudrocks  % Sandstones % Clay minerals 60 5 Quartz 30 65 Feldspar 4 10 - 15 Carbonate minerals 3 <1 Organic matter, hematite,  & others <3 <1 The longer a mineral is in the weathering and transportation  cycles of sedimentary rock forming processes, the more likely it is to break  down to a more stable mineral or disappear altogether.  Thus, we can  classify sediments on the basis to which they have achieved mineralogical   maturity. Mineralogically mature sediments and sedimentary rocks consist    entirely of minerals that are stable near the surface.  Such sediment is    considered to have been in the weathering and transportation cycle for a    long amount of time.  Mineralogically immature sediments and sedimentary rocks consist of a    high proportion of unstable minerals. Because such minerals will not    survive for a long time in the weathering and transportation cycles,    sediments and rocks with high proportions of these minerals must not have    been in the weathering/transportation cycle for long periods of time. Grain Size Clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks are classified on the basis   of the predominant grain size of clasts in the rock. The table below shows   the common classification used based on grain size. Name of Particle  Claystone, Mudstone, Shale Grain sorting Sorting refers to the uniformity of grain size   in a sediment or sedimentary rock.  Particles become sorted on the basis of   density because of  the energy of the transporting medium.  High energy   (high velocity) currents can carry larger fragments. As the energy or velocity decreases, heavier particles are deposited and lighter fragments continue to be transported.  This results in sorting due to density.  If the particles have the same density, such as all grains of quartz, then the heavier particles will also be larger, so the sorting will take place on the basis of size.  We can classify this size sorting on a relative basis: well-sorted to poorly-sorted. Beach sands and dune sands tend to be well-sorted because the energy of the waves or wind is usually rather constant.  The coarser grained sediment is not carried in because the wave or wind velocity is too low to carry such large fragments, and the finer grained sediment is kept in suspension by the waves or wind. Mountain streams, because they have many turbulent eddies where the   velocity of the stream changes suddenly usually show poorly-sorted sediment   on the bottom of the stream channel.  Similarly, glacial till, because it is   deposited in place as glacial ice melts, and is not transported by water,   tends to show poor sorting.  Rounding During the transportation process,   grains may be reduced in size due to abrasion.  Random abrasion results in   the eventual rounding off of the sharp corners and edges of grains.  Thus,   the degree of  rounding of grains gives us clues to the amount of time a   sediment has been in the transportation cycle.  Rounding is classified on   relative terms as well.  Note that rounding is not the same a sphericity.  Sphericity is controlled by the original shape of the grain. The longer the   sediment is transported, the more time is available for grains to lose their   rough edges and corners by abrasion.    Structures of Sedimentary Rocks The process of deposition usually imparts variations in   layering, bedforms, or other structures that give clues to environment in   which deposition occurs. Such things as water depth, current velocity, and   current direction can be sometimes be determined from sedimentary   structures.  Thus, it is important to recognize various sedimentary   structures so that we can interpret the clues that they offer to these   conditions.  Also, because sedimentary rocks can be deformed by folding   and faulting long after the deposition process has ended, it is important to   be able to determine which was up in the rock when it was originally


"On the Beaufort Scale of wind force what wind name is given to number 8, which ""...Breaks twigs off trees and impedes progress...""?"

Beaufort Wind Scale Beaufort Wind Scale Developed in 1805 by Sir Francis Beaufort, U.K. Royal Navy Force Sea surface smooth and mirror-like Calm, smoke rises vertically Scaly ripples, no foam crests Smoke drift indicates wind direction, still wind vanes 2 Small wavelets, crests glassy, no breaking Wind felt on face, leaves rustle, vanes begin to move 3 Large wavelets, crests begin to break, scattered whitecaps Leaves and small twigs constantly moving, light flags extended 4 Small waves 1-4 ft. becoming longer, numerous whitecaps Dust, leaves, and loose paper lifted, small tree branches move 5 Moderate waves 4-8 ft taking longer form, many whitecaps, some spray Small trees in leaf begin to sway 6 Larger waves 8-13 ft, whitecaps common, more spray Larger tree branches moving, whistling in wires 7 Sea heaps up, waves 13-19 ft, white foam streaks off breakers Whole trees moving, resistance felt walking against wind 8 34-40 Gale Moderately high (18-25 ft) waves of greater length, edges of crests begin to break into spindrift, foam blown in streaks Twigs breaking off trees, generally impedes progress 9 41-47 Strong Gale High waves (23-32 ft), sea begins to roll, dense streaks of foam, spray may reduce visibility Slight structural damage occurs, slate blows off roofs 10 48-55 Storm Very high waves (29-41 ft) with overhanging crests, sea white with densely blown foam, heavy rolling, lowered visibility Seldom experienced on land, trees broken or uprooted, "considerable structural damage" 11


What notable leader was born in Ranshofen, near Braunau, Austria, in 1889?

Adolf Hitler Visits Austria   Adolf Hitler Visits His Homeland    Hitler visited Austria immediately following the Anschlu�, or union of Germany with Austria, on 12 March 1938. Although the Anschlu� has gone down in history (through hindsight) as being largely unpopular with the Austrian people, this is somewhat of a misconception. It is true that the Austrian government of 1938 opposed the union, but the people of Austria had been in favor of union with Germany since 1919, when the Austria-Hungarian Empire was dissolved by the victorious Allies following World War I. Even the Austrian government supported a customs union, and eventual complete Anschlu�, between the two countries in 1931. This government support cooled after Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, but the popular support for Anschlu� never waned. Certainly, Hitler and the Germans were greeted by huge crowds in places such as Braunau, Linz, Salzburg, and Vienna, all apparently happy to celebrate the Anschlu�.   Adolf Hitler's Birthplace  --   Braunau , Austria Adolf Hitler was born in this   house in Braunau am Inn, Austria, on 20 April 1889. In 1889 the building was the Gasthof    Dafner, and the address was Vorstadt 219 (at some point, when this photo was taken, it   was apparently a gas station). (from Heinrich Hoffmann, Hitler, wie ihn keiner kennt (Hitler, As No-one Knows Him), Berlin, 1932)  ( MapQuest    Map Link ) The house   itself is unmarked today, but a rock memorial stands on the sidewalk in front. For the curious,   the address now is Salzburger Vorstadt 15. According to a 1939-dated    postcard in the author's collection, Hitler was born in the room third from the left on the upper    floor (with the open window in the modern photo). The    U.S. Army CIC (Counterintelligence Corps) had a field office in Hitler's    birth house from 1945-1952 (thanks to Martin Nelson for this info). In late 2016 the Austrian government seized the house    from its owner, and the future of the house is unclear. It may be    demolished, or the front face may be so changed as to make it    unrecognizable from    the appearance shown here.   This view shows the house as it   appeared during much of the Third Reich period, decorated with garlands and   swastikas.  (from "Adolf Hitler,"  Cigaretten-Bilderdienst, 1936) This colorized period photo shows   an SA parade past the house, which is labeled "Adolf Hitlers Geburtshaus."  ( TimePics collection )   (from Ich k�mpfe, Munich, 1943)   Hitler's birthplace inspired   several Third Reich artists, whose works were often displayed at the Haus der Deutschen Kunst in Munich. "Das Geburtshaus des   F�hrers in Braunau am Inn - Hofseite" by Paul Gei�ler, 1943 (from Kunst der   Volk, Vienna, Hoffmann, 1943).   These photos show the   front and back of the house as it appeared during the period following the Anschlu�,   1938-1945. (from "Wie die Ostmark ihre Befreiung erlebte - Adolf Hitler und sein   Weg zu Gro�deutschland," Heinrich Hoffmann, 1938)   View looking down Adolf Hitler Stra�e toward the main square in Braunau. Hitler's birth house is on the right.  (period postcard in author's collection)   Another period painting -- "Braunau am Inn" by F. X. Weidinger, 1943 (from Kunst der Volk, Vienna,   Hoffmann, 1943), with a similar view today, taken from the   Inn River bridge.   On 12 March 1938, following the   Austrian Anschlu�, Hitler returned to Braunau, to a thunderous welcome from the   people of his hometown. His car is seen here just at the Braunau end of the Inn River   bridge. The original iron   bridge between Simbach (Germany) and Braunau (Austria) has been replaced by a modern   concrete span, but the Braunau buildings in the background retain their original appearance.    In the period view below, looking the other direction (back toward    Germany), a swastika flag can be seen draped over the Austrian Doppeladler (Double Eagle) at the bridgehead.  (from    Heinrich Hoffmann, "Hitler in seiner Heimat," (Munich, 1938)


Somalia is in the region known as the what of Africa?

Horn of Africa drought: Why is Somalia worst affected? - BBC News BBC News Horn of Africa drought: Why is Somalia worst affected? By Peter Biles BBC world affairs correspondent 14 July 2011 Close share panel Image caption The drought in the Horn of Africa has thrown the region into even more chaos Somalia is a failed state by anyone's reckoning, and while no-one is questioning the severity of the current tragedy, it is another matter assessing just how bad it is. Gathering accurate and comprehensive information from inside Somalia has been a challenge for 20 years now. The country has been without a national government since the overthrow of President Mohamed Siad Barre in January 1991. The latest drought in the Horn of Africa has thrown the region into even more chaos, and led to an unwelcome movement of Somalis into neighbouring Kenya and Ethiopia. It is being called "the worst drought in north-east Africa for 60 years". However, given the dramatic changes in the region in that time, the description is largely meaningless. This is certainly one of the driest years in decades, but beyond that it is impossible to make comparisons about the impact on the population of the Horn. For one thing, the population of some countries has more than doubled in the last 30-40 years. According to World Bank figures, the population of Ethiopia in 1973 was 31 million. Today, it is in excess of 80 million. The UN World Food Programme (WFP) says that changing weather patterns have made droughts more common in the region. "Communities that used to have the relative luxury of several years of regular rainfall to recover from the occasional year of drought are now learning to live in an almost constant state of food insecurity due to a lack of water," said WFP head Josette Sheeran. More often than not, though, conflict has been a contributing factor at times of hardship. Fighting, food and famine The 1973 famine in Ethiopia occurred against the background of a creeping coup against Emperor Haile Selassie. The 1984 famine there came at the height of the war between the government of Col Mengistu Haile Mariam and Tigrayan rebels. And the 1992 food crisis in Somalia occurred as the country was descending into anarchy. This year, the food shortages in Somalia have been exacerbated by the lack of humanitarian access to many areas, and accompanied by a sharp increase in food prices. However, the numbers in need of food assistance are not yet anywhere near the 1992 figures. The UN says 10 million people are currently on the verge of starvation. In 1992, prior to the US-led intervention in Somalia, the number of people needing help was reckoned to be more than 23 million. So aid workers are trying to respond as best they can, without becoming bogged down in comparisons. To contain the unfolding humanitarian situation in the camps in Kenya and Ethiopia, the United Nations and international aid agencies desperately need access to areas of Somalia where insecurity is rife and where the militant Islamist group, al-Shabab, is in control. WFP says it withdrew from al-Shabab-controlled areas of southern Somalia at the beginning of 2010 because of threats to the lives of UN staff, and the imposition of unacceptable operating conditions, including the imposition of informal taxes and a demand that no female staff work there for the WFP. Now though, the organisations which have found it difficult, if not impossible, to operate in areas held by al-Shabab, are looking at the possibility of returning to southern Somalia. Islamist concessions The insurgents have said that local and international aid agencies will be allowed to assist people affected by the drought. The latest arrangements have still to be put to the test. Image caption Somalis fleeing to Kenya report that militants at checkpoints have tried to stop people leaving "Al-Shabab may be on the back foot in places," says one regional analyst. Somalis fleeing to Kenya report that militants at checkpoints have tried to stop people leaving, but people are fleeing across the desert nonetheless. The view fro


Derived from French pantomime, what is a clown with a white face, white garments, and pointed hat?

clown | Britannica.com Clown Emmett Kelly Clown, familiar comic character of pantomime and circus , known by his distinctive makeup and costume, ludicrous antics, and buffoonery, whose purpose is to induce hearty laughter. The clown, unlike the traditional fool or court jester , usually performs a set routine characterized by broad, graphic humour, absurd situations, and vigorous physical action. Joseph Grimaldi as the clown in Harlequin Padmanada; or, The Golden Fish, … Courtesy of the Victoria and Albert Museum, Theatre Collection, London The earliest ancestors of the clown flourished in ancient Greece —bald-headed, padded buffoons who performed as secondary figures in farces and mime, parodying the actions of more serious characters and sometimes pelting the spectators with nuts. The same clown appeared in the Roman mime, wearing a pointed hat and a motley patchwork robe and serving as the butt for all the tricks and abuse of his fellow actors. Clowning was a general feature of the acts of medieval minstrels and jugglers, but the clown did not emerge as a professional comic actor until the late Middle Ages , when traveling entertainers sought to imitate the antics of the court jesters and the amateur fool societies, such as the Enfants san Souci , who specialized in comic drama at festival times. The traveling companies of the Italian commedia dell’arte developed one of the most famous and durable clowns of all time, the Arlecchino, or Harlequin , some time in the latter half of the 16th century, spreading his fame throughout Europe. The Harlequin began as a comic valet, or zany, but soon developed into an acrobatic trickster, wearing a black domino mask and carrying a bat or noisy slapstick , with which he frequently belaboured the posteriors of his victims. The English clown was descended from the Vice character of the medieval mystery plays, a buffoon and prankster who could sometimes deceive even the Devil. Among the first professional stage clowns were the famous William Kempe and Robert Armin , both of whom were connected with Shakespeare’s company. Traveling English actors of the 17th century were responsible for the introduction of stage clowns to Germany, among them such popular characters as Pickelherring, who remained a German favourite until the 19th century. Pickelherring and his confederates wore clown costumes that have hardly changed to this day: oversized shoes, waistcoats, and hats, with giant ruffs around their necks. Similar Topics fool The traditional whiteface makeup of the clown is said to have been introduced with the character of Pierrot (or Pedrolino ), the French clown with a bald head and flour-whitened face who first appeared during the latter part of the 17th century. First created as a butt for Harlequin, Pierrot was gradually softened and sentimentalized. The pantomimist Jean-Baptiste-Gaspard Deburau took on the character in the early 19th century and created the famous lovesick, pathetic clown, whose melancholy has since remained part of the clown tradition. The earliest of the true circus clowns was Joseph Grimaldi , who first appeared in England in 1805. Grimaldi’s clown, affectionately called “Joey,” specialized in the classic physical tricks, tumbling , pratfalls, and slapstick beatings. In the 1860s a low-comedy buffoon appeared under the name of Auguste, who had a big nose, baggy clothes, large shoes, and untidy manners. He worked with a whiteface clown and always spoiled the latter’s trick by appearing at an inappropriate time to foul things up. Grock (Adrien Wettach) was a famous whiteface pantomimist. His elaborate melancholy resembled that of Emmett Kelly , the American vagabond clown. Bill Irwin maintained the tradition in performances billed as “new vaudeville,” while Dario Fo , an Italian political playwright, carried the torch in a more dramatic context , through both his plays and his personal appearance.


Teams competing in what famous annual July event include THC, Movistar, Leopard, BMC and Quick-Step?

Tour de France 2013 Froome: champion of the 100th Tour! He was the dominant force in the 100th Tour de France and even though Christopher Froome lost 53 seconds to the winner of the final stage and 43 seconds to his nearest rival in the general classification, the Sky team sealed its second successive victory in the Tour de France at the end of the evening spectacle on the streets of Paris. The finish was around 9.40pm in the city of lights and the stars came out to shine: the four at the top of the sprinters classification had a drag race to the line to determine the winner of the 21st stage and it was Marcel Kittel who began the Tour as he...


Seismic | Define Seismic at Dictionary.com seismic [sahyz-mik, sahys-] /ˈsaɪz mɪk, ˈsaɪs-/ Spell adjective 1. pertaining to, of the nature of, or caused by an earthquake or vibration of the earth, whether due to natural or artificial causes. Origin of seismic Examples from the Web for seismic Expand Contemporary Examples But both are merely incremental moves on the seismic shift that is violently shaking up the media world today. In the process of breaking, vibrations called “seismic waves” are generated. Earthquakes Kaye M. Shedlock One received the impression that a seismic disturbance might awaken some show of emotion, but design—never. British Dictionary definitions for seismic Expand adjective 1. relating to or caused by earthquakes or artificially produced earth tremors Also (less commonly) seismical (ˈsaɪzmɪkəl) 2. of enormous proportions or having highly significant consequences: seismic social change Derived Forms Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for seismic Expand seismic   (sīz'mĭk)     Relating to an earthquake or to other tremors of the Earth, such as those caused by large explosions. The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright © 2002. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.


What is the organic compound acid, chemical formula CH3COOH, and main component of vinegar?

Chemical Properties of Acetic acid - For chemical knowledge For chemical knowledge Chemical Properties of Acetic acid Published on January 14 2014 by maryhonghong Acetic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H or C2H4O2). It is a colourless liquid that when undiluted is also called glacial acetic acid. Acetic acid is the main component of vinegar (apart from water; vinegar is roughly 8% acetic acid by volume), and has a distinctive sour taste and pungent smell. Besides its production as household vinegar, it is mainly produced as a precursor to polyvinylacetate and cellulose acetate. Although it is classified as a weak acid, concentrated acetic acid is corrosive and attacks the skin. Acetic acid is one of the simplest carboxylic acids. It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical, mainly used in the production of cellulose acetate for photographic film and polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, as well as synthetic fibers and fabrics. In households, diluted acetic acid is often used in descaling agents. In the food industry, acetic acid is used under the food additive code E260 as an acidity regulator and as a condiment. As a food additive it is approved for usage in many countries, including Canada, the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand. Acetic acid is a weak acid which is probably most famous for being the primary acid in vinegar. In fact, acetic acid has a wide range of uses beyond sprinkling on salads, and it is produced in large volumes all over the world. People have been working with this acid in a number of contexts for centuries, with acetic acid being one of the substances explored by alchemists, the predecessors of modern chemists. This organic acid can be prepared in varying concentrations. In pure form, it is known as glacial acetic acid because it crystallizes in cool temperatures. This form of the acid is extremely corrosive and can be hazardous to work with, requiring special precautions for protection. Vinegar, by contrast, usually has an acetic acid concentration of around five percent. Name:Acetic acid


What color/colour is a polar bear's skin?

Fur and Skin | Polar Bears International Polar bears are built for cold and beautifully adapted to an arctic environment. Details... © Dick and Val Beck Fur. Polar bears' fur consists of a dense, insulating underfur topped by guard hairs of various lengths. It is not actually white—it just looks that way. Each hair shaft is pigment-free and transparent with a hollow core that scatters and reflects visible light, much like what happens with ice and snow. Polar bears look whitest when they are clean and in high angle sunlight, especially just after the molt period, which usually begins in spring and is complete by late summer. Before molting, accumulated oils in their fur from the seals they eat can make them look yellow. Skin. Polar bears have black skin under which there is a layer of fat that can measure up to 4.5 inches (11.5 centimeters) thick. On land (or on top of the sea ice) the polar bear's thick fur coat—not its fat—prevents nearly any heat loss. In fact, adult males can quickly overheat when they run. In the water, polar bears rely more on their fat layer to keep warm: wet fur is a poor insulator. This is why mother bears are so reluctant to swim with young cubs in the spring: the cubs just don't have enough fat.


Which former US presidential First Lady founded a famous drug rehabilitation clinic?

Celebrity Rehab Centers – High-Profile Rehabilitation Facilities Mail Share Article Coming to the realization that you or a loved one has an addiction can be one of the most frightening experiences in life. While it may seem as though your entire world is crumbling around you, there is hope in being able to look toward a future of sobriety . Fighting an addiction can be difficult for anyone, but when the individual is a celebrity or other high-profile individual, the difficulties increase even further. This can be particularly true if there is intense media coverage. Fortunately, there are many excellent high-profile celebrity rehab centers that can assist during this challenging time. Specific High-Profile Rehab Centers Promises Treatment Center has become a well-known celebrity drug and alcohol rehabilitation center. It has served as the chosen rehab facility for such high-profile individuals as Britney Spears, Ben Affleck, Diana Ross and Robert Downy, Jr. Located in Malibu , this drug and alcohol treatment facility has quickly become one of the most popular not only in the United States but the in the world. This posh Oceanside facility utilizes holistic healing strategies at a price of just under $9,000 a week. Another well-known celebrity drug and alcohol rehabilitation facility is the Betty Ford Clinic. The clinic was established by former First Lady Betty Ford. Since then, it has quickly earned a reputation as a rehab facility for high-profile individuals such as Chevy Chase, Ozzy Osbourne and Keith Urban. As is the case with other high-profile celebrity rehab centers, one of the benefits of the Betty Ford Clinic is privacy during what is often a challenging time. Like Promises, the Betty Ford Clinic is also located in California but is somewhat more affordable at $6,000 for a one-month stay. I Want to Find an Executive or Luxury Rehab Center When management circumstances are deterring you or someone close to you from getting care for a problem with substance abuse or behavioral addiction, executive rehabilitation treatments will be invaluable. By pairing excellent drug abuse and behavioral addiction treatments with the freedom of occasional computer and mobile access, a businessman or woman can receive assistance while keeping relatively "plugged in". Frequently, modern substance abuse and behavioral addiction treatment centers provide the excellent amenities one would only expect to find in exquisite hotels, with your enjoyment and well-being being the biggest goals. From fine linens and gym facilities to private rooms and 5-star chef-prepared meals, you can get the top-rated drug abuse and behavioral addiction treatment for yourself or someone close to you while enjoying the surroundings. If you need a hand in searching for the best-rated luxury treatment for celebrities and other high-profile types, dial our no-charge helpline as soon as you're able at 1-888-341-7785 . Other Options Passages Rehab Facility is another celebrity drug and alcohol rehab program to consider. Although this program has not gained the same popularity as either Betty Ford or Promises, it does have much to offer. Celebrity and other high-profile guests can enjoy amenities such as ocean views, massage rooms and marble floors during their stay. Other amenities for high-profile guests at Passages include a gym, private bedroom terraces, a swimming pool, gourmet chef and tennis courts. Treatment options available at Passages include alcohol addiction treatment, drug addiction treatment, marriage counseling and family therapy among others. Prospective guests can anticipate a cost of just under $40,000 for a 30-day stay. Although this price is higher than some other high-profile celebrity rehab centers, it has not deterred celebrities such as Andy Dick, David Hasselhoff and Stephen Baldwin -- all of whom have been guests at Passages. Situated in Wernersville, Pennsylvania, Caron Foundation is another rehab facility for high-profile individuals. Caron Foundation is actually a nonprofit facility; however, there is no doubt that this is a great


The failed Mau Mau uprising of the 1950s preceded eventual independence from British colonial rule of what nation in 1963?

Mau Mau - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on Mau Mau   Wikis Advertisements    Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics (Redirected to Mau Mau Uprising article) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Mau Mau" redirects here. For other uses, see Mau Mau (disambiguation) . Mau Mau Uprising British military victory and eventual Kenyan independence Belligerents General Sir George Erskine * Sir Kenneth O'Connor (Chief Justice) Strength Unknown 10,000 regular troops (Africans and Europeans) 21,000 police, 25,000 home guard [1] Casualties and losses 10,527 killed in action; [2] 2,633 captured in action; Security forces killed: Africans 534, Asians 3, Europeans 63; Security forces wounded: Africans 465, Asians 12, Europeans 102; Civilians killed: Africans 1,826 recorded, best estimates suggest a total of 50,000; [3] Asians 26; Europeans 32; Civilians wounded: Africans 918, Asians 36, Europeans 26. [1] Map of Kenya The Mau Mau Uprising of 1952 to 1960 was an insurgency by Kenyans against British colonial rule. The core of the resistance was formed by members of the Kikuyu ethnic group , along with smaller numbers of Embu and Meru . The uprising failed militarily, though it hastened Kenyan independence and motivated Africans in other countries to fight against colonial rule. It created a rift between the white colonial community in Kenya and the Home Office in London that set the stage for Kenyan independence in 1963. It is sometimes called the Mau Mau Rebellion or the Mau Mau Revolt, and, in official documents, the Kenya Emergency. The origin of the name Mau Mau for the rebel movement has never been determined. It was not coined by the movement itself — they called themselves Muingi ("The Movement"), Muigwithania ("The Understanding"), Muma wa Uiguano ("The Oath of Unity") or simply "The KCA", after the Kikuyu Central Association that created the impetus for the insurgency. Veterans of the independence movement referred to themselves as the "Land and Freedom Army" in English. Contents Origins of the Mau Mau uprising Advertisements Economic deprivation of the Kikuyu For several decades prior to the eruption of conflict, the grabbing of land by European settlers was an increasingly bitter point of contention. Most of the land appropriated was in the central highlands of Kenya , which had a cool climate compared to the rest of the country and was inhabited primarily by the Kikuyu people. Repeated, peaceful attempts by local populations to address this land appropriation were ignored or ridiculed. Professor Michael S. Coray notes that The [colonial] administration's refusal to develop mechanisms whereby African grievances against non-Africans might be resolved on terms of equity, moreover, served to accelerate a growing disaffection with colonial rule. The investigations of the Kenya Land Commission of 1932-1934 are a case study in such lack of foresight, for the findings and recommendations of this commission, particularly those regarding the claims of the Kikuyu of Kiambu, would serve to exacerbate other grievances and nurture the seeds of a growing African nationalism in Kenya. [4] David Anderson concurs, writing that the Morris-Carter Land Commission report of 1934 was "the stone upon which moderate African politics was broken... Militant nationalism was conceived in Kikuyu reaction to the report of the Kenya Land Commission... Opposition to the Land Commission's findings fed militancy all the more over the next twenty years as the pressures upon land within the Kikuyu reserve became greater and the settler stranglehold on the political economy of the colony tightened." [5] By 1948, 1,250,000 Kikuyu were restricted to 2000 square miles (5,200 km²), while 30,000 British settlers occupied 12,000 square miles (31,000 km²). The most desirable agricultural land was almost entirely in the hands of European settlers.[citation needed] During the course of


Formed after national revolution in 1917 the NKVD was the public and also ruthless secret police of which country until 1946?

NKVD | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia (help· info ) ) was a law enforcement agency of the Soviet Union that directly executed the rule of power of the All Union Communist Party. It was closely associated with the Soviet secret police which at times was part of the agency and is known for its political repression , during the era of Joseph Stalin . The NKVD contained the regular, public police force of the USSR, including traffic police , firefighting , border guards and archives . It is best known for the activities of the Gulag and the Main Directorate for State Security (GUGB), the predecessor of the KGB ). The NKVD conducted mass extrajudicial executions , ran the Gulag system of forced labor camps and suppressed underground resistance, and was also responsible for mass deportations of entire nationalities and Kulaks to unpopulated regions of the country. It was also tasked with protection of Soviet borders and espionage, which included political assassinations abroad, influencing foreign governments and enforcing Stalinist policy within communist movements in other countries. Contents Main articles: Cheka and Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies After the October Revolution of 1917, the Provisional Government dissolved the Tsar's police and created People's Militsiya . The October Revolution established a new Bolshevik regime, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), and the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) turned into NKVD under a People's Commissar. However, the NKVD apparatus was overwhelmed by duties inherited from MVD, such as the supervision of the local governments and firefighting, and the proletarian workforce of now Workers' and Peasants' Militsiya was largely inexperienced. Realizing that it was left with no capable security force, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR created a secret political police, the Cheka , led by Felix Dzerzhinsky . It gained the right to undertake quick non-judicial trials and executions, if that was deemed necessary in order to "protect the revolution". The Cheka was reorganized in 1922 as the State Political Directorate , or GPU, of the NKVD of the RSFSR. [1] In 1923, the USSR was formed with the RSFSR as its largest member. The GPU became the OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate), under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The NKVD of the RSFSR retained control of the militsiya, and various other responsibilities. In 1934, the NKVD of the RSFSR was transformed into an all-union security force, the NKVD of the USSR (which the Communist Party of the Soviet Union leaders soon came to call "the leading detachment of our party"), and the OGPU was incorporated into the NKVD as the Main Directorate for State Security (GUGB); the separate NKVD of the RSFSR was not resurrected until 1946 (as the MVD of the RSFSR). As a result, the NKVD also became responsible for all detention facilities (including the forced labor camps, known as the GULag) as well as for the regular police. [2] Until the reorganization begun by Nikolai Yezhov with a purge of the regional political police in the autumn of 1936 and formalized by a May 1939 directive of the All-Union NKVD by which all appointments to the local political police were controlled from the center, there was frequent tension between centralized control of local units and the collusion of those units with local and regional party elements, frequently resulting in the thwarting of Moscow's plans. [3] Since its creation in 1934, the NKVD of the USSR underwent many organizational changes; between 1938 and 1939 alone, the NKVD's structure changed three times. [4] On February 3, 1941, the Special Sections of the NKVD responsible for military counterintelligence (CI) became part of the Army and Navy ( RKKA and RKKF , respectively). The GUGB was separated from the NKVD and renamed the " People's Commissariat for State Security " (NKGB). After the German invasion , the NKVD and NKGB were reunited on 20 July 1941. The CI sections were returned to the NKVD in January 1942. In April 1943, the CI


Gramophone records are made of, and sometimes called, what popular name for the polymer material in question?

History of Long Play Records-- Great Inventions Early history RCA logo with Nipper, the RCA/HMV dog. A sound recording and reproduction device utilizing what were essentially disc records was described by Charles Cros of France in 1877 but never built. In 1878, Thomas Edison independently built the first working phonograph, a tinfoil cylinder machine. He intended it to be used as a voice recording medium, typically for office dictation. The phonograph cylinder dominated the recorded sound market beginning in the 1880s. Lateral-cut disc records were invented by Emile Berliner in 1888 and were used exclusively in toys until 1894, when Berliner began marketing disc records under the Berliner Gramophone label. The Edison "Blue Amberol" cylinder was introduced in 1912, with a longer playing time of around 4 minutes (at 160 rpm) and a more resilient playing surface than its wax predecessor, but the format was doomed due to the difficulty of reproducing recordings. By November 1918 the patents for the manufacture of lateral-cut disc records expired, opening the field for countless companies to produce them, causing disc records to overtake cylinders in popularity. They would dominate the market until the 1980s. Production of Amberol cylinders ceased in the late 1920s. Materials Edison cylinder phonograph ca. 1899 Early disc records were originally made of various materials including hard rubber. From 1897 onwards, earlier materials were largely replaced by a rather brittle formula of 25% "shellac" (a material obtained from the excretion of a southeast Asian beetle), a filler of a cotton compound similar to manila paper, powdered slate and a small amount of a wax lubricant. The mass production of shellac records began in 1898 in Hanover, Germany. Shellac records were the most common until the 1950s. Unbreakable records, usually of celluloid (an early form of plastic) on a pasteboard base, were made from 1904 onwards, but they suffered from an exceptionally high level of surface noise. In the 1890s the early recording formats of discs were usually seven inches (nominally 17.5 cm) in diameter. By 1910 the 10-inch (25.4cm) record was by far the most popular standard, holding about three minutes of music or entertainment on a side. From 1903 onwards, 12-inch records (30.5cm) were also commercially sold, mostly of classical music or operatic selections, with four to five minutes of music per side. Such records were usually sold separately, in plain paper or cardboard sleeves that may have been printed to show producer of the retailer's name and, starting in the 1930's, in collections held in paper sleeves in a cardboard or leather book, similar to a photograph album, and called record albums. Empty record albums were also sold that customers could use to store their records in. While a 78 rpm record is brittle and relatively easily broken, both the microgroove LP 33â…“ rpm record and the 45 rpm single records are made from vinyl plastic which is flexible and unbreakable in normal use. However, the vinyl records are easier to scratch or gouge. 78s come in a variety of sizes, the most common being 10 inch (25 cm) and 12 inch (30 cm) diameter, and these were originally sold in either paper or card covers, generally with a circular cutout allowing the record label to be seen. The Long-Playing records (LPs) usually come in a paper sleeve within a colour printed card jacket which also provides a track listing. 45 rpm singles and EPs (Extended Play) are of 7 inch (17.5 cm) diameter, the earlier copies being sold in paper covers. In 1930, RCA Victor launched the first commercially available vinyl long-playing record, marketed as "Program Transcription" discs. These revolutionary discs were designed for playback at 33â…“ rpm and pressed on a 30 cm diameter flexible plastic disc. In Roland Gelatt's book The Fabulous Phonograph, the author notes that RCA Victor's early introduction of a long-play disc was a commercial failure for several reasons including the lack of affordable, reliable con


What originally Venetian word refers to a meeting of boats or yacht races?

Royal North of Ireland Yacht Club - Class Info Royal North of Ireland Yacht Club Fairy Class INFO History At a gathering of gentlemen in the Club House of the North of Ireland Yacht Club at Cultra on 13th August 1901 it was resolved, 'to get up a new class'. It would seem likely that this decision to promote yet another One Design Class, then something of a specialty on Belfast Lough, was prompted to at least some extent by pecuniary considerations. Of the existing classes at Cultra both the Bird and the Star carried paid hands - a near contemporary report remarking that this was necessary because 'Belfast sailors are business men who do not like to waste time between the train and the starting gun, and they grumbled at the time needed to hoist and pull out the small kite'. The newly proposed class specifically precluded paid hands - saving about 30 per annum - and the Club later employed men especially for the maintenance of the boats at a cost of 2. 10/- a year to each owner. Having already decided on the required specification for the new boats - with the rather significant stipulation that 'the limit of price was fixed 45 exclusive of moorings' - four leading yacht designers of the day were invited to submit sketch designs. At the same time two local boat builders were asked to tender estimates for the cost of construction of the new class. The only other matter decided that evening was the election of W.M. Inglis to act as Honorary Class Secretary. In less than a week these same gentlemen met again to examine the various designs submitted, of the four originally invited only two had responded. One of these was rejected out of hand as 'unsuitable' - the other being accepted with the proviso that 'a full counter was suggested as an improvement to Linton Hope's'. Hilditch of Carrickfergus had tendered a price of 35 per boat, inclusive of spars and standing rigging, while a separate price of one guinea per boat was quoted for the provision of all necessary running rigging and blocks. Paddy McKeown, perhaps the most celebrated of Northern Irish boat builders, had offered to build the boats for two and a half pounds less than Hilditch yet the contract had gone to the Carrick yard. This was probably because of McKeown's widely recognised weakness for 'improving' on any design given him - unfortunately for him this ability to turn out the occasional 'flyer' was just about the last quality required of a One Design constructor. The whole object was to have the Glass as evenly matched as possible. A comprehensive wardrobe of sails - Mainsail, No. 1 and No. 2 Jibs, Spinnaker, three sail bags and mainsail cover - was offered by W.W. English at 5. 15/- per suit. However, this was obviously thought to be an iniquitously exorbitant figure, as it had to be pared down to the even fiver before it was accepted. Exactly a fortnight after the initial invitation to submit a sketch plan had been extended, Linton Hope's revised design was selected and he was instructed 'to put working drawings in hand at once'. The question of a name for the new class was now aired for the first time, but no immediate consensus being arrived at and it being an obviously debatable subject it was adjourned until their next meeting. The Royal Warrant was not received until 1902. Now that the design had been chosen and the various tenders for construction and fitting-out had been accepted there was evidently some impatience to take delivery of the new boats. It was toward this end that it was proposed that Hilditch should be paid a bonus of 1 per hull if he delivered all the fourteen boats commissioned inside a stipulated time - a penalty to be incurred by him if he exceeded that limit. This matter was left to Inglis to negotiate, as were the arrangements for payment as each stage was completed. It was also resolved that the N.I.Y.C. should purchase the design and that each boat under construction then, or at a later date, should pay one pound each for use of the same. Having got through so much practical business it was decided that the Class Rules should be l


Regicide - English Language Tutorials regicide: (plural: ‘regicides‘; for the right pronunciation of this word, please click here ) ‘Regicide’ is more commonly used to refer to the act of deliberately killing a king or a queen. a person who either kills a king or a queen or who is responsible for the death of a king or a queen, Julius Cesar (on the floor) and his regicides, those who stabbed him to death e.g. Each of the monarchs of the past was either killed or imprisoned by at least one of the other heirs to the throne, and immediately after the successful plot of killing the king/queen, the regicide would occupy the throne, and would rule the kingdom until another regicide plots for his/her own death! The regicides who stabbed Julius Caesar, the emperor of ancient Rome, to death were his own senators, including his very close associate, Brutus. In the modern day usage, politicians who deceive or disobey their high command orders and vote against thier own party decisions in parliament sessions are figuratively called ‘regicides’ because losing an issue to the Opposition is worse than being literally killed. For an informative article that explains what a regicide is, please click here , for an article about the regicides of Charles I, please click here and for an interesting podcast that discusses regicide in detail, please click here . Note: A “patricide” is a person who kills or has killed his/her own father; a ‘matricide’ is a person who kills or has killed his/her own mother; a ‘parricide or parenticide’ is a person who kills or has killed his/her own parents and any other close relatives; a “fratricide” is a person who kills or has killed his/her own brother; a ‘sororicide‘ is a person who kills or has killed his/her own sister; a “uxoricide” is a man who kills or has killed his wife; a “mariticide or viricide” is a woman who kills or has killed her husband; a “filicide or prolicide” is a person who kills or has killed his/her own children; an “infanticide” is a person who kills or has killed very young baby/infant; and a “homicide” is a person who kills another person, not necessarily his/her relative, and a ‘suicide‘ is a person who kills himself or herself and the act of killing oneself. And all the ‘..cides’ are used not only to refer to the persons involved but also to refer to ‘the act of killing somebody’.