The fossilised remains of a member of which extinct paleolithic race with heavy brow ridges and receding forehead were discovered in 1856?

ANTHR 102 Study Guide (2011-12 Mariasmith) - Instructor Mariasmith at Illinois State University - StudyBlue Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again. ANTHR 102 Study Guide (2011-12 Mariasmith) ANTHR 102 Study Guide (2011-12 Mariasmith) StudyBlue Interested in Functions  of religion not descriptions Advertisement ) 3. Accentuates the transmission of culture 4. Seperates objects: sacred and profane 5. Bolsters the society's heritage 6. Answers existential questions and explains the natural world Anthropology study of humans; holistic, four-field approach to studying humans Anthropology the study of humankind, viewed from the perspective of all people and all times Four fields of anthropology the biological and biocultural study of humans and their extant and extinct relatives evolution all attempt to make sense out of a chaotic world Aristotle Scale of Nature or The Great Chain of Being Fixity of Species according to Aristotle's scale, species were "fixed"and "immutable" Realm of Being: Angels, Demons, Man, Woman Realm of Becoming: Animals, Plants Non-being: minerals Develops the chronology of life based on the biblical text (i.e. creation occurs on October 23rd 4004BC) John Ray classifies animals and plants based on similarities not dichotomies seeks God through nature and observation God created a perfect ecology for perfect species that are "fixed" in time and space unknowingly develops a form of the "species concept" William Paley "The Watchmaker Analogy" - a design requires a designer sees God's hand in nature observes animal behavior (sparrows) Formulates a heliocentric model of the universe planets rotate around the sun at constant pace the earth has 3 types of movements: daily, annual, and tilting the earth is closer to the sun than stars Advertisement "The Father of Modern Astronomy" Championed Copernicus's heliocentric view of the universe applies mathematics to the motion of objects inertia, gravity, pendulums, and telescopes sunspots, moon craters, and the milky way stories, stuff, spices, animals, plants, soil things explorers brought back that influenced natural science Lost Tribes of Ham biblical explanation for populating of the world Edward Tyson examined monkey, chimp, and human cadavers Found that humans and chimps are more closely related than chimps are to monkeys Carolus Linnaeus Swedish Botanist whom formally classified life using binomial nomenclature (ie. homo-sapiens) Systema Naturae Kingdom>Phylum>Class>Order>Family>Genus>Species Baron George Cuvier "Founder"of Paleontology, Comparative anatomy, and catastrophism develops concepts of "fossils" and "extinction" catastrophism earth has been shaken and shaped repeatedly by a series of catastrophes.  These catastrophes have shaped teh geological formations we observe fossils "figure stones of God" or "Sports of nature" facts the study of past life; fossils are a primary database James Hutton The Theory of Earth 1785 uniformitarianism natural processes shape the morphology of the earth Charles Lyell Detailed explanation of uniformitarian theory Friend of Darwin The earth is ancient and created by God observing present geological processes are the key to understanding the past Jean Lamarck 1) inherent drive towards increasing complexity - "Natural Ambition" 2)shaping power of the environment passing on acquired traits Charles Darwin develops theory of Natural Selection sailed on the H.M.S. Beagle abolitionist, prolific writer, very influential Charles Darwin suggested that Africa was the cradle of human evolution Natural Selection 1) Animals can increase population size at a prolific rate 2) But no groups of animals swarm the earth 3) Not all animals produce surviving offspring there is a struggle for existence 4) inherited variation occurs w/in species 5)  survival of the fittest Natural Selection 4. Offspring Resemble Their Parents Thomas Malthus believed human population will grow beyond food supply better suited individuals will survive and reproduce 4 steps to natural selection 1) over


What musical instruments does a luthier work with?

Music for Kids: How String Instruments Work Music for Kids How String Instruments Work All stringed instruments make sound and notes by vibrating. Musicians make the strings vibrate by rubbing a bow against them, striking them, or plucking them. However, if you were to take a string and stretch it tight and pluck it, it likely would not make a very loud sound. It also wouldn't make a very interesting or musical sound. This is where the instrument comes in. Making the Sound Louder Most stringed instruments have something that amplifies the sound (makes it louder). This is called the soundbox or resonator. The soundbox is often the largest part of the instrument or the body of the instrument. The top of the soundbox, called the sound board, is usually made of a type of wood that vibrates. Sound Moves from the Strings to the Soundbox When the strings vibrate their vibration is picked up by something called the bridge. Usually the strings rest on the bridge near one end. The bridge then transfers the vibrations to the sound board which vibrates and uses the soundbox to amplify and make the sound loud enough for people to hear. The Strings There are three ways that strings can produce different notes: Length - Longer strings vibrate slower and make lower sounding notes than shorter strings. Weight - Heavy, thick strings make lower notes than lighter thin strings. Tightness - A tight string makes a higher note than a loose string. This is how different strings and different instruments are able to produce different notes. Playing a Note or Notes Different string instruments are played different ways. As we discussed on the main string instrument page, some are played with bows, some with picks, and some by plucking or strumming with your fingers. How you make a note is different depending on the instrument as well. With a guitar or a violin the musician vibrates the string with one hand and then presses down on the string, or strings, with the other hand. By pressing down on the string the musician changes the length of the string and, therefore, the note. Some instruments are played differently. One is the harp where there can be a lot of strings of different lengths and weights. In this case the musician just plucks the strings with both hands. They don't change the length by pressing on a finger board, but there are a lot of different length strings helping them to make all sorts of sounds. Fun Facts about How Stringed Instruments Work The strings are usually made from nylon thread or steel wire. Pianos are considered string instruments that are played by striking or hitting the string. Most civilizations have produced some kind of stringed instrument. Fine bows for violins can use up to 150 horse hairs. The four main types of stringed instruments used in an orchestra are violins, violas, cellos, and double basses. They are all similar instruments but are different sizes to make different types of notes. More on string instruments:


"What YouTuber made a song called ""Cookie Dance"" in 2013 under the name ChipChocolate?"

Jesse Wellens | PrankvsPrank Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Share Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Jesse Wellens was born on September 25, 1982. He acts like a child and likes to play pranks on his longtime girlfriend, Jeana Smith. Jeana and him have been dating over 10 years now. They still aren't married yet but they will eventually get married and start their own family soon. They have 2 cats, Nylah and Bambu. They have been making videos ever since 2009. Jesse and Jeana prank each other once in a while and posts videos on their channel PRANKVSPRANK. As of 2011 they have been posting daily vlogs on their channel BfvsGf. bfvsGf has over 7 million subscribers and PrankvsPrank has over 10. Jesse and Jeana usually addresses their fans as The Dope Fresh Nation or peeps. He also has 2 other channels which are ChipChocolate and DownRangeGaming. On 2013 he made a song called "The Cookie Dance" and it got super popular and got into the Itunes Charts. Jesse is a fun, nice, lovable guy. Both he and Jeana are incredibly outgoing, and together can be considered to be quite the power couple.                                                  :)Here are some pics Of Jesse and Jeana. (Aren't they sooooo cute!?!?!) UPDATE: Jesse and Jeana have broken up and Jesse had released some information on his twitter stating he may have a 14 year old daughter, who watches his videos, but doesn't know he's her dad. Din mamma hora


How did competitors dress in early classical Olympic Games?

What Did the First Ancient Olympians Wear in the Games? | The Classroom | Synonym What Did the First Ancient Olympians Wear in the Games? by John Green Ancient Greek Olympians did not always compete in the nude. Related Articles Celibacy in Greek Mythology For ancient Greek athletes, competing without clothes was a sign of having a truly civilized society. However, this was not always the case. The tradition of men competing in the nude during the Olympic Games is reported to have begun in 720 B.C., although there was some dispute over who the first nude athlete was. The First Nude Olympian An ancient inscription records that the first athlete to compete nude in the Olympics was a runner named Orsippos, who won the short sprint in the 15th Olympics held in 720 B.C. Orsippos began the race wearing the traditional athletic garment -- a perizoma, a type of loincloth held up by a band of fabric that went around the athlete's waist. The story goes that it fell off Orsippos while he was running, and after his victory it was decreed that athletes should henceforth compete naked. The Spartan Claim According to the ancient Greek historian Thucydides, athletes from Sparta were the first to exercise naked. The practice eventually became the norm in Greek athletics, distinguishing Greeks from the uncivilized "barbaroi," or barbarians, of surrounding regions, who thought nudity was shameful. Not surprisingly, the Spartans claimed that the athlete who started the tradition of competing nude at the Olympics was one of their own, Akanthos, who raced nude and won the long race at the 720 B.C. Olympics. The Victor's Crown Although Olympic athletes stopped wearing clothes during the competition, the winners did have some adornment during the games. Victors continued to be given an olive wreath crown, the traditional prize since the fifth Olympics back in 752 B.C. References Ancient Greek Athletics; Stephen G. Miller Eros and Greek Athletics; Thomas F. Scanlon Arete: Greek Sports from Ancient Sources; Stephen G. Miller The Archaeology of the Olympics: The Olympics and Other Festivals in Antiquity edited by Wendy J. Raschke Resources The Naked Olympics: The True Story of the Ancient Games; Tony Perrottet Sport in Ancient Times: Nigel B. Crowther Sport and Society in Ancient Greece; Mark Golden About the Author John Green is an attorney who has been writing on legal, business and media matters for more than 20 years. He has also taught law school and business courses in entrepreneurship, business enterprise, tax and ethics. Green received his J.D. from Yale Law School and his Ph.D. in religion from Duke. Photo Credits


"Who wrote ""I Write the Songs"", a 1976 chart-topping song by Barry Manilow?"

BARRY MANILOW LYRICS - I Write The Songs "I Write The Songs" lyrics BARRY MANILOW LYRICS And I wrote the very first song I put the words and the melodies together I am music And I write the songs I write the songs that make the whole world sing I write the songs of love and special things I write the songs that make the young girls cry I write the songs, I write the songs My home lies deep within you And I've got my own place in your soul Now when I look out through your eyes I'm young again, even tho' I'm very old I write the songs that make the whole world sing I write the songs of love and special things I write the songs that make the young girls cry I write the songs, I write the songs Oh, my music makes you dance and gives you spirit to take a chance And I wrote some rock 'n roll so you can move Music fills your heart, well that's a real fine place to start It's from me, it's for you It's from you, it's for me It's a worldwide symphony I write the songs that make the whole world sing I write the songs of love and special things I write the songs that make the young girls cry I write the songs, I write the songs I write the songs that make the whole world sing I write the songs of love and special things I write the songs that make the young girls cry I write the songs, I write the songs I am music and I write the songs Visit www.azlyrics.com for these lyrics. Thanks to robin for correcting these lyrics. Writer(s): Bruce Johnston


arachnid | arthropod | Britannica.com arthropod Howard T. Ricketts Arachnid (class Arachnida), any member of the arthropod group that includes spider s, daddy longlegs , scorpion s, and (in the subclass Acari ) the mite s and tick s, as well as lesser-known subgroups. Only a few species are of economic importance—for example, the mites and ticks, which transmit diseases to humans, other animals, and plants. Garden spider (Araneus diadematus). General features Body and appendages Arachnids range in size from tiny mites that measure 0.08 mm (0.003 inch) to the enormous scorpion Hadogenes troglodytes of Africa, which may be 21 cm (8 inches) or more in length. In appearance, they vary from short-legged, round-bodied mites and pincer-equipped scorpions with curled tails to delicate, long-legged daddy longlegs and robust , hairy tarantula s. Representative members of subclass Acari (mites and ticks). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Like all arthropods, arachnids have segmented bodies, tough exoskeleton s, and jointed appendages. Most are predatory. Arachnids lack jaws and, with only a few exceptions, inject digestive fluids into their prey before sucking its liquefied remains into their mouths. Except among daddy longlegs and the mites and ticks, in which the entire body forms a single region, the arachnid body is divided into two distinct regions: the cephalothorax , or prosoma, and the abdomen , or opisthosoma. The sternites (ventral plates) of the lower surface of the body show more variation than do the tergites (dorsal plates). The arachnids have simple (as opposed to compound) eyes. Diversity of arachnids. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The cephalothorax is covered dorsally with a rigid cover (the carapace) and has six pairs of appendages, the first of which are the chelicerae , the only appendages that are in front of the mouth. In many forms they are chelate, or pincerlike, and are used to hold and crush prey. Among spiders the basal segment of the chelicerae contains venom sacs, and the second segment, the fang, injects venom. The pedipalps , or palps, which in arachnids function as an organ of touch, constitute the second pair of appendages. In spiders and daddy longlegs the pedipalps are elongated leglike structures, whereas in scorpions they are large chelate, prehensile organs. Among spiders the pedipalps are highly modified as secondary sexual organs. The basal segment is sometimes modified for crushing or cutting food. The remaining four pairs of appendages are walking legs, though the first of these pairs serves as tactile organs among the tailless whip scorpion s (order Amblypygi); it is the second pair that functions as such among the daddy longlegs. Among the spiderlike ricinuleids (order Ricinulei), special copulatory organs are located on the third pair of legs. Some mites, particularly immature individuals, have only two or three pairs of legs. Damon diadema, a species of tailless whip scorpion, in a cave near the … Thomas Brown Scientists Ponder Menopause in Killer Whales The numbers and predaceous habits of arachnids make them important to humans. Free-living mites play an important role in the conversion of leaf mold to humus. Many mites are parasitic, and many ticks are intermediate hosts for organisms that cause serious diseases. Though all spiders possess poison that can be utilized for subduing prey, only a few have a poison sufficiently powerful to affect humans. A bite of the black widow spider (Latrodectus mactans) may result in discomfort or serious illness , whereas that of the brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) may result in a severe local reaction, including tissue death. The sting of some scorpions may cause a severe reaction and even death. Natural history Reproduction and life cycle In most cases the male does not transfer spermatozoa directly to the female but rather initiates courtship rituals in which the female is induced to accept the gelatinous sperm capsule ( spermatophore ). During mating the sperm are transferred to a sac ( spermatheca ) within the female reproductive system.


What is the art of decorating materials with marks resulting from the controlled application of a heated object?

��ࡱ�>�� :<����9��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5@ ��gbjbj�2�2 ( �X�Xg �������bbbbbbbv����  v. �2(ZZZZZp |� � � � � � � $ Rnl� b� ZZ� � � bbZZ�    � "bZbZ�  � �    bb Z& p }�(:���   � � 0.  �� � vvbbbb 4�bM `�>�, �$ ����� � vvz��  vvzWhat is Pyrography? Pyrography is the art of decorating wood or other materials with burn marks resulting from the controlled application of a heated object such as a poker. It is also known as �pokerwork� or �wood burning�. Pyrography means "writing with fire" and is the traditional art of using a heated tip or wire to burn or scorch designs onto natural materials such as wood or leather. Burning can be done by means of a modern solid-point tool similar to a soldering iron. Various tip shapes can be used for "branding" the wood or leather. Another tool, the �Hot Wire Tool� allows the artist to shape the wire into a variety of configurations, to achieve broad marks or fine lines. Two more basic methods include using a metal implement heated in a fire, or even sunlight concentrated with a magnifying lens. A great range of natural tones and shades can be achieved - beautiful subtle effects can create a picture in sepia tones, or strong dark strokes can make a bold, dramatic design. Varying the type of tip used, the temperature, or the way the iron is applied to the material all create different effects.   Pyrography is time-consuming, done entirely by hand, with each line of a complex design drawn individually. After the design is burned in, wooden objects are often colored, sometimes boldly or more delicately tinted. Light-colored hardwoods such as sycamore, beech and birch are most commonly used, as their fine grain is not obtrusive. This means the grain is not bold enough that it detracts from the design


Three immense carved images destroyed in Bamiyan, Afghanistan, by the Taleban in 2001 related to what faith?

Give me your 9/11 conspiracy theories! And/or their debunking [Archive] - Page 3 - Straight Dope Message Board Try2B Comprehensive 06-10-2009, 12:21 AM Have you seen The Power of Nightmares? It's a very good documentary, if it does overstate its case a little. Regardless of whether bin Laden called his loose association by the name "al Qaeda" or not, the loose association still did exist, had set up shop in Afghanistan, and were operating with at least the tacit approval of the Taliban. The Americans in 2001/2002 did overstate what they had. It's pretty funny (in a regrettable way) to watch in The Power of Nightmares, Rumsfeld explaining on the news how AQ had elaborate complexes set up in caves - his diagram looked like NORAD's facility at Cheyenne Mountain. But I think Rumsfeld was stupid enough to actually believe it. Actually I haven't. I thought it was a good enough example to cite because the BBC are not known to be a bunch of cranks. Sounds like you recommend it, and I was leaning toward checking it out, so maybe I should see it soon. As for operating with the tacit approval of the Taliban- well, in terms of the civil war, sure. A guy with experience fighting the Soviets might help us unify Afghanistan? Neato! But so far I haven't seen any evidence that the Taliban knew what Bin Laden was up to regarding 911. Heck, the hijackers themselves didn't know the plan until the day it happened! If he is directing armed maniacs against the Northern Alliance, that is one thing. He could do that without the Taliban once seeing him or even knowing where he is. IF he even did that much. He could have been in Pakistan for all we know. If we'd known where he was, we would have killed him ourselves. As for Rumsfeld being stupid, personally I never believed that. It is easier to believe he is highly Machiaveillian (sp?). Cite? Try2B Comprehensive 06-10-2009, 12:40 AM Not really, but even if it were proved that the Taliban couldn't turn over OBL it doesn't support any of your other conjectures. Why would that affect whether the US made a push to attack AQ? If the government couldn't do it then we would - it's a direct response to the attack of 9/11. I don't see how the question of whether the Taliban was truly in control of Afghanistan really changes much of anything. In other words, why is this point relevant to your case? Good question! It is relevant because, if regime x wants to attack regime y, but regime x does not want to look like a bunch of Nazis, regime x needs an excuse to attack regime y. So. If regime x says to y, 'You MUST do z, or it means war!!!!!', and if z is impossible, then x gets the war it wants, but it appears that y are the bad guys. If the Taliban really couldn't turn over Bin Laden, it supports the conjecture that the war was precipitated by some other motive than... z. I don't think it would affect whether the US made a move to attack AQ. Assuming AQ exists of course. If it doesn't even exist, it makes z a sure bet. Maybe the 'AQ doesn't exist' argument is at least slightly semantic. Apparently Bin Laden was over there somewhere (cite?), and he had to have some kind of team to pull off 911. So there is someone to attack. But what if it is just 10 guys? Grab 'em and it's all over by 10/31/01. Well. If there is any benefit at all to attacking Afghanistan during this period, now is the time to take advantage of the situation. Bush has a record of taking advantage of 911 to start major wars, no? Couldn't the War on Terror in Afghanistan be the same philosophy? In my favor- Taliban militarily wimpy. Low chance of defeat. Taliban are kind of a result of Cold War CIA behavior. Borders Iran- member of the 'Axis of Evil'. No way we're going to war with Saudi Arabia. Bush famously starts any war because of 911. Afghanistan is located roughly between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf. Meet Peak Oil. tomndebb 06-10-2009, 01:33 AM Bush has a record of taking advantage of 911 to start major wars, no? Couldn't the War on Terror in Afghanistan be the same philosophy? In my favor- Taliban militarily wimpy. Low cha


To which part of the world are the Zulu people native?

How Shaka Zulu Changed the World How Shaka Zulu Changed the World By Heather Whipps | July 14, 2008 12:19pm ET MORE Spearheads buried near the python stone carving were particularly beautiful and were brought from hundreds of miles away. They have been dated to at least 70,000 years ago. Credit: Sheila Coulson Each Monday, this column turns a page in history to explore the discoveries, events and people that continue to affect the history being made today. He was both a brutal warrior and a symbol of African unity, inviting comparisons to the bloodthirsty but brilliant military leaders of ancient Sparta. Shaka Zulu may be a polarizing figure, but he's one who forever left a mark on the history of the region. The famed 19th-century leader of South Africa's Zulus brought tribal factions together for the first time, creating both a state and a powerful sense of identity for the region's largest group — a common culture that remains today. His militaristic actions also caused a rippling effect throughout Africa, forever disturbing the balance of power. Warriors trained and regrouped for conquest Southern Africa was inhabited by a number of groups in the late 18th century, from the native Xhosa and Zulu to the Boers and the British, who'd recently acquired the Cape area for their crown. Each group had its own interests, which resulted in many battles over territory and resources. The Zulu people — who numbered in the tens of thousands — were concentrated in the southeastern portion of what would become the country of South Africa. They shared a culture, but remained a disorganized cluster of clans without a common leader until a vicious warrior united them. In 1816, Shaka Zulu took power of his Zulus after distinguishing himself in battle, both physically and strategically, and began a campaign of conquest to unite all of the clans in the region under his rule. Shaka began with a systematic reorganization of Zulu warriors, implementing a rigid training program, new blade weaponry that replaced the traditional spear, new attack formations and a strict code of obedience. Zulu society — much like Sparta — was entirely restructured to support the army. In just a couple of years, his army had brutally executed, displaced or assimilated a vast territory with more than 200,000 inhabitants who became his subjects. Despite its violent methodology, his clan had formed one united nation — the biggest and most powerful in southern Africa. Shaka's campaigns part of a larger chaos An increasingly cruel and paranoid Shaka Zulu was assassinated in 1828, but that didn't mark the end of his effects on the history of southern Africa. Besides creating a political entity in the Zulu Kingdom, Shaka's military campaigns caused the massive displacement of people, a crisis that became part of a decades-long period of turmoil historians call the Mfecane (or the "scattering"). From the 1820s to the 1840s, those who weren’t killed or assimilated by the encroaching Zulu warriors fled, leading to a refugee crisis and reshuffling of South Africa's traditional settlements. Many groups banded together for security, forming new communities. The tiny nations of Lesotho and Swaziland, both almost wholly enveloped by South Africa, were birthed by tribes escaping the chaos. Existing famines also worsened during the Mfecane, leading to the origin of a few cheap jokes about European missionaries being cooked up in big, bubbling pots. Cannibalism either didn't happen or occurred very infrequently during this time, historians say, but all the hostility present during the Mfecane caused rumors to spread like wildfire and be reported as fact by Europeans. Editor's Recommendations


Where was the playwright August Strindberg born?

August Strindberg | Swedish dramatist | Britannica.com August Strindberg Alternative Title: Johan August Strindberg August Strindberg Hjalmar Erik Fredrik Söderberg August Strindberg, in full Johan August Strindberg (born Jan. 22, 1849, Stockholm , Swed.—died May 14, 1912, Stockholm), Swedish playwright, novelist, and short-story writer, who combined psychology and Naturalism in a new kind of European drama that evolved into Expressionist drama. His chief works include The Father (1887), Miss Julie (1888), Creditors (1888), A Dream Play (1902), and The Ghost Sonata (1907). August Strindberg. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Early years Strindberg’s father, Carl Oskar Strindberg, was a bankrupt aristocrat who worked as a steamship agent, and his mother was a former waitress. His childhood was marred by emotional insecurity, poverty, his grandmother’s religious fanaticism, and neglect, as he relates in his remarkable autobiography Tjänstekvinnans son (1886–87; The Son of a Servant, 1913). He studied intermittently at the University of Uppsala, preparing in turn for the ministry and a career in medicine but never taking a degree. To earn his living, he worked as a free-lance journalist in Stockholm, as well as at other jobs that he almost invariably lost. Meanwhile he struggled to complete his first important work, the historical drama Mäster Olof (published in 1872), on the theme of the Swedish Reformation, influenced by Shakespeare and by Henrik Ibsen’s Brand. The Royal Theatre’s rejection of Mäster Olof deepened his pessimism and sharpened his contempt for official institutions and traditions. For several years he continued revising the play—later recognized as the first modern Swedish drama—thus delaying his development as a dramatist of contemporary problems. In 1874 he became a librarian at the Royal Library, and in 1875 he met the Finno-Swedish Siri von Essen, then the unhappy wife of an officer of the guards; two years later they married. Their intense but ultimately disastrous relationship ended in divorce in 1891, when Strindberg, to his great grief, lost the custody of their four children. At first, however, marriage stimulated his writing, and in 1879 he published his first novel , The Red Room, a satirical account of abuses and frauds in Stockholm society: this was something new in Swedish fiction and made its author nationally famous. He also wrote more plays, of which Lucky Peter’s Travels (1881) contains the most biting social criticism . In 1883, the year after he published Det nya riket (“The New Kingdom”), a withering satire on contemporary Sweden , Strindberg left Stockholm with his family and for six years moved restlessly about the Continent. Although he was then approaching a state of complete mental breakdown, he produced a great number of plays, novels, and stories. The publication in 1884 of the first volume of his collected stories, Married, led to a prosecution for blasphemy . He was acquitted, but the case affected his mind, and he imagined himself persecuted, even by Siri. Britannica Stories 2017 Rock Hall Inductees Announced He returned to drama with new intensity, and the conflict between the sexes inspired some of the outstanding works written at this time, such as The Father , Miss Julie , and The Creditors. All of these were written in total revolt against contemporary social conventions. In these bold and concentrated works, he combined the techniques of dramatic Naturalism —including unaffected dialogue , stark rather than luxurious scenery, and the use of stage props as symbols—with his own conception of psychology, thereby inaugurating a new movement in European drama. The People of Hemsö, a vigorous novel about the Stockholm skerries (rocky islands), always one of Strindberg’s happiest sources of inspiration, was also produced during this intensively creative phase. The years after his return to Sweden in 1889 were lonely and unhappy. Even though revered as a famous writer who had become the voice of modern Sweden, he was by now an alcoholic unable to find steady employment. In 1892 he w


What chemical materials does the process of photosynthesis depend on?

What is the difference between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis? Ocean Exploration Facts | A Habitable Earth Photosynthesis and chemosynthesis are both processes by which organisms produce food; photosynthesis is powered by sunlight while chemosynthesis runs on chemical energy. Close up of a tubeworm “bush,” which mines for sulfide in the carbonate substrate with their roots. The sulfide is metabolized by bacteria living in the tubeworms and the chemosynthetic energy produced sustains both organisms. It is a classic symbiotic relationship. Lophelia II 2010 Expedition, NOAA-OER/BOEMRE. Did You Know? Our knowledge of chemosynthetic communities is relatively new, brought to light by ocean exploration. The thriving communities associated with hydrothermal vents shocked the scientific world when humans first observed a vent on the deep ocean floor in 1977. The discovery of hydrothermal vents and cold-water methane seeps gave us a new vision of primary production in the deep sea. The irony is that once scientists knew what to look for, they went to other well-known ecosystems that were rich in hydrogen sulfides, such as salt marshes, and found the same mutualistic association of chemosynthetic bacteria and animals that had stunned them in the deep vents. No one had ever thought to look for them, but these communities were there all along. Ecosystems depend upon the ability of some organisms to convert inorganic compounds into food that other organisms can then exploit (or eat!). In most cases, primary food production occurs in a process called photosynthesis, which is powered by sunlight. In a few environments, primary production happens though a process called chemosynthesis, which runs on chemical energy. Together, photosynthesis and chemosynthesis fuel all life on Earth. Photosynthesis occurs in plants and some bacteria, wherever there is sufficient sunlight – on land, in shallow water, even inside and below clear ice. All photosynthetic organisms use solar energy to turn carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen. There is only one photosynthetic formula: CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2. Chemosynthesis is the use of energy released by inorganic chemical reactions to produce food. Chemosynthesis is at the heart of deep-sea communities, sustaining life in absolute darkness, where sunlight does not penetrate. All chemosynthetic organisms use the energy released by chemical reactions to make a sugar, but different species use different pathways. For example, the most extensive ecosystem based on chemosynthesis lives around undersea hot springs. At these hydrothermal vents, vent bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide, add carbon dioxide and oxygen, and produce sugar, sulfur, and water: CO2 + 4H2S + O2 -> CH20 + 4S + 3H2O. Other bacteria make organic matter by reducing sulfide or oxidizing methane. Chemosynthetic bacterial communities have been found in hot springs on land and on the seafloor around hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, whale carcasses, and sunken ships.


According to Forbes as at June 2014, which is the second richest football club in the world?

World's Richest Football Teams In 2014 NEVA WALK ALONE ahmad BELIEVE IT OR NOT MAN UNITED GOLDEN AGE DIDNT COME YET BUT SOON WILL. YOU HAVENT SEEN THE REAL MAN UTD YET. Robert Hughes Do these figures take into account outstanding debt and depreciation in player values? Real Madrid for instance regularly spend hundreds of millions per season on players and pay them accordingly so with revenue of $600M I doubt they break even most seasons but, like Chelsea, are dependent on wealthy fan/owner contributions to keep them afloat. If Madrid or any of the others were really worth these quoted figures why are they so panicked if they fail to qualify for the Champions League one season? If they are worth 3 billion they should easily survive for several seasons. The truth is most of these clubs are living hand to mouth and can be tipped into insolvency in a matter of months. Roni BIG BIG BARCELONAAAAAAA mangusho sam p’se i wld like to ask ARSENAL CLUB to buy more experienced strikers,however they remain best ever club. barry lomas Is the united value after the 250 million loss of last week ( January 12th) and does it take into account their outstanding debt situation ooooo2beeeeeagooner l will die been a Real Madrid fan. I LOVE MY CLUD isaac francis i believe arsenal will top it soon James Very surprised to see Newcastle in the top 20, although the fact that they haven’t bought any players permanently in the past year kinda makes that more believable =/ at least we have some kind of glimmer of hope that we may be able to land some decent players in the summer – we’ll see how things go in July, but for now I think the best we can do is ride out the rest of the season and regroup come next season. wamalwa samuel (@wamalwasamuel) Manchester united will regain to No. 1 as I am seing some improvement ahead…. Salia D.Sheriff Man utd is d best team in europe n d world. amir very good site. im journalist in iran. thanks Sameer Cheers bro John Peddubriwny Interesting that Forbes value Man C at 9th, and yet they can’t even get into Deloittes top 20. Something wrong there? I think in valuing a club, the most important thing is the goodwill of the fans, and outside of Manchester, the only real interest in City is recent. How do you value a club at £540 mill, that has average losses averaging over £50 mill a year for the last six years and cannot make a profit based on it’s current business model, which is basically a rich man’s toy? The only real asset that Man C has is Sheikh Mansour’s chequebook. Should he have to withdraw that, City are in serious trouble. I would think that if relegation was based on how much profit a club made, City would be facing the drop. Looking at the money coming into football at the moment, I was struck by Mourinho’s comment about the effect of paying Luke Shaw £100k per week based on his record to date. For years, just about the worst investment (Arsenal aside) that you could make was to buy a PL team. For the first time in years because of the TV rights, it is virtually impossible (unless you are Man C) to lose money owning a PL team, and yet we are seeing comments like this from Mourinho, and he has hardly had to worry about what a team could (or could not afford). All in all it was an interesting post, but if I were looking for someone to value a football club, it would not be Forbes. Observer John very insight observation on ManCity missing on the Deloitte list, however this is due to No.6 on that list seems to be missing! but clearly shown on the subsequent graph and on the video from Deloitte. No. 6, closely behind PSG (also own by a Sheikh) is ManCity… we hope to see both these clubs continue to rise on this list over the coming five years as their business plan takes shape. Daniel Wilson


"What was the real first name of ""Paul"" of ""Peter, Paul, and Mary""?"

Peter, Paul and Mary | Biography & History | AllMusic Peter, Paul and Mary Biography by Bruce Eder Folk vocal trio with a smooth, wholesome delivery, who helped popularize the work of Bob Dylan and proved crucial in bridging two music generations. google+ Artist Biography               by Bruce Eder The most popular folk group of the 1960s, Peter, Paul and Mary in later decades have also proved themselves to be among the most durable music acts in history. Their longevity dwarfs that of the Weavers , while the fact that the trio continues to be associated with a major record label (Warner Bros.) after decades in the business sets them apart from rivals like the Kingston Trio and the Brothers Four . Then again, perhaps it isn't so surprising -- Peter, Paul and Mary 's roots run deeper than almost any other folk act one might care to name, while their appeal crosses audience lines that other acts couldn't (and can't) even approach. Peter, Paul and Mary were part of the 1960s folk revival, but they can trace their roots and inspiration back to music and events from the late '40s, and the founding of the Weavers . In 1948, the musical and political left had been galvanized behind the presidential campaign of former Vice President Henry Wallace and his running mate, Senator Glen Taylor. In the wake of that ticket's defeat that year, in the course of trying to pick up the pieces, singer/composers Lee Hays and Pete Seeger , whose history together went back to the early '40s, and a group called the Almanac Singers , joined with Fred Hellerman and Ronnie Gilbert in forming the Weavers . They subsequently found themselves with the top-selling record in the country, Goodnight Irene , and for the next two years, the Weavers entertained millions and brought folk music to the public consciousness in a new and vital way through recordings such as "Kisses Sweeter Than Wine." Then, as word of the members' personal leftist political histories began circulating, their bookings came to a halt -- ironically enough, the Weavers as a performing group were virtually apolitical in their songs and presentation, but that didn't save them from being blacklisted by the entertainment industry. They broke up in late 1952, but they left behind two seeds planted in American popular culture. One, deriving from their success, was a modest folk song revival, in some small clubs and especially on college campuses, mostly as entertainment; and the other, a byproduct of their blacklisting, was the coalescing of newly vital, very politically focused branch of folk music. The latter existed as an underground phenomenon, "apart" from a few relatively friendly locales such as New York City's Greenwich Village; it was invisible to most Americans, but it provided a modest living for older performers, and drew and nurtured new, younger talent. The entertainment branch manifested itself in the guise of acts like the Easy Riders and their younger successors the Kingston Trio , the Limeliters , the Brothers Four , and the Highwaymen , trios and quartets of male singers who brought a smooth veneer to the music. Each of them had their moment -- and sometimes much more than a moment -- in the sun and on the charts beginning in the late '50s. Older performers such as Pete Seeger of the Weavers (as well as the reunited group itself), Ed McCurdy , and Oscar Brand were also around, selling fewer records but making more serious, purposeful records, aimed at smaller audiences. And younger, grittier performers such as Eric Von Schmidt , Dave Van Ronk , and Ramblin' Jack Elliott were also working and recording. And in 1962 and 1963 came the big-band folk outfits the New Christy Minstrels and the Serendipity Singers , who applied elaborate arrangements, utilizing up to nine singers, to folk melodies. It was against this backdrop, from the late '40s onward, that Mary Travers (b. November 9, 1936, Louisville, KY; d. September 16, 2009, Danbury, CT), Peter Yarrow (b. May 31, 1938, New York, NY), and Paul Stookey (b. December 30, 1937, Baltimore, MD), all came of age. Tr


What does the Water Festival mark in Burma/Myanmar?

Things To Do In Burma 2016 A Choice of Myanmar Festivals MANAW FESTIVAL, MYITKYINA /BHAMO, KACHIN STATE Manaw Festival is usually held on 10th January and one of the main events in the area. Almost all different clans of the Kachin race gather in Myityina to celebrate this special festival. Originally it is a tradition of animist belief, now the festival is a celebration of the New Year and a reunion of Kachin tribes. All participants wear their best traditional costumes and join a spiritual dance lined up behind each other around raised Manaw poles which are similar to totem poles of North American Indians. ANANDA TEMPLE FESTIVAL, BAGAN (8th Waxing Day to 8th Waning of Pyatho) The Ananda Temple festival is one of the biggest events in the Bagan Calendar. It features not only a large variety of dances, plays and songs, but also the enchanting play of Anyeints: a performance which illustrates an interesting mix of comedy with traditional puppetry. The festival grounds are popular for vendors and those who want to buy some goods. Four to five days before the full moon caravans of bullock carts from villages around Bagan come to the festival and camp around Ananda temple. One might think it is a country fair. Like other Myanmar festivals, the festivities on the full moon day are the event’s highlight. From around 6 to 9:30 in the morning more than one thousand monks come from surrounding villages to Ananda temple to accept the offering of filled alms bowls – a truly inspiring event. SHWEDAGON PAGODA FESTIVAL, YANGON (Full Moon Day of Tabaung) Celebrated on the full moon day of Tabaung in February and/or March is the Shwedagon Pagoda Festival. It is an enchanting event everyone is invited to provide water, light and flowers to the countless displays of Buddha which concludes with people praying and worshiping Buddha. THINGYAN WATER FESTIVAL, THROUGHOUT MYANMAR Burmese celebrate their New Year in April: If you ever get to be in Yangon for water festival, you will certainly have a fun and wet time joining the crowd to splash water at each other. Throughout Myanmar you will find festivities and people throwing water everywhere and it is 100% impossible to stay dry for a few days. During this time the older usually take time to retreat in monasteries and pagodas to perform meritorious deeds.If you are looking for one more thing to do in you THADINGYUT (FESTIVAL OF LIGHTS), THROUGHOUT MYANMAR (13th Waxing to Full Moon Day of Thadingyut) As a mark of the end of the Buddhist Lent houses, monuments and public buildings, parks and streets are illuminated and a variety of events take place during this time. Thadingyut is a pleasant time as Burmese are thankful, pay homage to Buddhist monks, teachers, parents and elders and ask for forgiveness for any misdeeds they might have committed. BALLOON FESTIVAL, TAUNGGYI (9th Waxing Day to 1st Waning Day of Tazaungmone) Probably one of the most famous festivals and a must-thing-to-do if you are in Burma at this time is the Balloon Festival in Taunggyi. Visitors will be rewarded by fireworks and a fantastic balloon contest. During the day you can observe locals to form their balloon in the shape of pagodas while at night you will see artistic lanterns that light up the sky. TAZAUNGDAING LIGHT FESTIVAL, THROUGHOUT MYANMAR (13th Waxing to Full Moon Day of Tazaungmone) Tazaungdaing Light Festival is celebrated throughout Myanmar before and on the full moon day of the lunar month Tazaungmone. During this period the streets are with lights and Buddhists dress in their full robes. As a tradition on full moon day 999 candles are lit at midnight and mixed salads consisting of Maezali buds are eaten as they are believed to contain magical and powerful properties when eaten at this specific time.


REM is a term sometimes applied to what?

Sleeptionary - Definitions of Common Sleep Terms - National Sleep Foundation Sleeptionary - Definitions of Common Sleep Terms Home >> Sleeptionary - Definitions of Common Sleep Terms The National Sleep Foundation's "Sleeptionary" is an evolving list of common sleep terms and their definitions.  Arousals An abrupt change from “deeper” stage of non-REM (NREM) sleep to a “lighter” stage, or from REM sleep toward wakefulness, with the possibility of awakening at the final outcome. May be accompanied by increased tonic electromyographic activity and heart rate, as well as by an increased number of body movements. Awakenings The return to the PSG-defined awaked state from any NREM to REM sleep stages. Characterized by alpha and beta  elextroencephalographic activity, a rise in tonic electromyographic activity, voluntary rapid eye movements and eye blinks. This definition is valid on insofar at the PSG is paralleled by a resumption of reasonably alert state of awareness of the environment. Sleep efficiency The proportion of sleep in the episode potentially filled by sleep (i.e., the ratio of TST to TIB).   Fit bit calculation: time asleep / (total time in bed - time to fall asleep). Once you start sleep tracking, the time it takes for you to actually fall asleep will not be incorporated into this calculation. REM (called  “sleep stage REM” in ICSD) The stage of sleep with the highest brain activity, characterized by enhanced brain metabolism and vivid hallucinatory imagery or dreaming. There are spontaneous rapid eye movements, resting muscle activity is suppressed, and awakrening threshold to nonsignificant stimuli is high. The electroencephalogram is low-voltage, mixed-frequency, nonalpha record. REM sleep is usually 20% to 25% of TST. Also called “paradoxical sleep.” Deep sleep A common term for combined NREM stage 3 and 4 sleep. In some sleep literature, the term deep sleep is applied to REM sleep because during REM sleep, individuals have a high awakening threshold to nonsignificant stimuli. Delta sleep Electroencephalographic activity with a frequency of less than 4 Hz (usually .1-3.5 Hz). IN the scoring of human sleep, the minimum characteristics for scoring delta waves are conventionally 75 µV (peak-to-peak) amplitude and .5-second duration (2 Hz) or less. Sleep patterns A person’s clock-hour schedule of bedtime and arise time as well as nap behavior; the sleep pattern may also include time and duration of sleep interruptions. Sleep architecture Represents the cyclical pattern of sleep as it shifts between the different  sleep stages , including  non-rapid eye movement (NREM)  and  rapid eye movement (REM) sleep . It allows us to produce a picture of what sleep looks like over the course of a night, taking into account various depths of sleep as well as arousals to wakefulness. Sleep architecture can be represented by a graph called a hypnogram. Sleep stages


What name was given by Rudyard Kipling in one of his stories to a mongoose?

Rikki-Tikki-Tavi--Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) At the hole where he went in Red-Eye called to Wrinkle-Skin. Hear what little Red-Eye saith: "Nag, come up and dance with death!" Eye to eye and head to head, (Keep the measure, Nag.) This shall end when one is dead; (At thy pleasure, Nag.) Turn for turn and twist for twist-- (Run and hide thee, Nag.) Hah! The hooded Death has missed! (Woe betide thee, Nag!) This is the story of the great war that Rikki-tikki-tavi fought single-handed, through the bath-rooms of the big bungalow in Segowlee cantonment. Darzee, the Tailorbird, helped him, and Chuchundra, the musk-rat, who never comes out into the middle of the floor, but always creeps round by the wall, gave him advice, but Rikki-tikki did the real fighting. He was a mongoose, rather like a little cat in his fur and his tail, but quite like a weasel in his head and his habits. His eyes and the end of his restless nose were pink. He could scratch himself anywhere he pleased with any leg, front or back, that he chose to use. He could fluff up his tail till it looked like a bottle brush, and his war cry as he scuttled through the long grass was: "Rikk-tikk-tikki-tikki-tchk!" One day, a high summer flood washed him out of the burrow where he lived with his father and mother, and carried him, kicking and clucking, down a roadside ditch. He found a little wisp of grass floating there, and clung to it till he lost his senses. When he revived, he was lying in the hot sun on the middle of a garden path, very draggled indeed, and a small boy was saying, "Here's a dead mongoose. Let's have a funeral." "No," said his mother, "let's take him in and dry him. Perhaps he isn't really dead." They took him into the house, and a big man picked him up between his finger and thumb and said he was not dead but half choked. So they wrapped him in cotton wool, and warmed him over a little fire, and he opened his eyes and sneezed. "Now," said the big man (he was an Englishman who had just moved into the bungalow), "don't frighten him, and we'll see what he'll do." It is the hardest thing in the world to frighten a mongoose, because he is eaten up from nose to tail with curiosity. The motto of all the mongoose family is "Run and find out," and Rikki-tikki was a true mongoose. He looked at the cotton wool, decided that it was not good to eat, ran all round the table, sat up and put his fur in order, scratched himself, and jumped on the small boy's shoulder. "Don't be frightened, Teddy," said his father. "That's his way of making friends." "Ouch! He's tickling under my chin," said Teddy. Rikki-tikki looked down between the boy's collar and neck, snuffed at his ear, and climbed down to the floor, where he sat rubbing his nose. "Good gracious," said Teddy's mother, "and that's a wild creature! I suppose he's so tame because we've been kind to him." "All mongooses are like that," said her husband. "If Teddy doesn't pick him up by the tail, or try to put him in a cage, he'll run in and out of the house all day long. Let's give him something to eat." They gave him a little piece of raw meat. Rikki-tikki liked it immensely, and when it was finished he went out into the veranda and sat in the sunshine and fluffed up his fur to make it dry to the roots. Then he felt better. "There are more things to find out about in this house," he said to himself, "than all my family could find out in all their lives. I shall certainly stay and find out." He spent all that day roaming over the house. He nearly drowned himself in the bath-tubs, put his nose into the ink on a writing table, and burned it on the end of the big man's cigar, for he climbed up in the big man's lap to see how writing was done. At nightfall he ran into Teddy's nursery to watch how kerosene lamps were lighted, and when Teddy went to bed Rikki-tikki climbed up too. But he was a restless companion, because he had to get up and attend to every noise all through the night, and find out what made it. Teddy's mother and father came in, the last thing, to look at their bo


From which country is it currently thought that we get chicken tikka masala?

Chicken Tikka Masala - Currytastic Currytastic by David Chicken Tikka Masala is the UK’s favourite curry, but is it worthy of such an accolade? Each weekend, literally thousands of people up and down the country would say it is, which is why they cook it at home, or order it from their local restaurant or takeaway, but does this pretender deserve so much kudos? Some would say that it isn’t a real curry especially when you bear in mind it’s somewhat disputed origins and admittedly, I have been somewhat snobbish about the humble Chicken Tikka Masala in the past, but it seems to me that there are more and more “versions” of this popular curry being introduced with slight twists or interesting differences. Chicken Tikka Masala - Should this be our favourite? That being the case, I think we are probably now at the time where we curry-snobs should start to take the humble CTM (as I’ve noticed some restaurants like to call it) a bit more seriously and of late I’ve been experimenting with various different flavours and styles of Chicken Tikka Masala in my hunt for the best Chicken Tikka Masala recipe, in much the same way as I did with the Currytastic  Chicken Madras recipe. So, over the coming weeks I will be trying different Chicken Tikka Masala recipes, as well as some different restaurant and take away versions and will report back with my findings – I hope you all appreciate the lengths I go to for you, my readers and the love of my art In the mean time, if you have any Chicken Tikka Masala recipes you’d like to tell us about or even if you’d like to try your hand at writing a mini-review for a local restaurant or take away, then get in touch using the comments link at the bottom of this post.


in tuning a snare drum, the resonant head is generally tunes more loosely than what?

14 simple steps to tuning your snare drum | MusicRadar 14 simple steps to tuning your snare drum 14 simple steps to tuning your snare drum How to tune the most important drum of all Shares We've already navigated the potential minefields surrounding the tuning of bass drums and toms , and now it's the turn of the all-important snare drum. While it too offers up a number of hazards, the snare does give us the best opportunity to experiment with different sounds. So let's have some fun, test our tuning skills to their limits and avoid those pitfalls. Here are the 14 simple steps to tuning your snare drum… 1. Understand your drum Firstly, let's split the shell types into broad groups: wood, metal, synthetic (acrylic, carbon fibre, etc) and others (paper, glass and other bizarre materials) and try to understand the key properties of these types. For instance, metal-shelled drums tend to produce more ring and volume than wood, but even then the spectrum of sounds across the different types of metal is quite wide. Aluminium will normally produce a much drier sound than brass, and steel is very different to copper. 2. Don't eliminate ring completely, tune without wires One of the biggest villains in tuning drums is the obsession many drummers have with eliminating ring. In live situations in particular – even when miked – some ring is healthy, as long as it's even and not discordant. Removing it will make your snare sound boxy to the audience, especially if you are playing at a moderate/loud volume. Most of the ring will be absorbed by the rest of the band. Tune the snare drum without the wires at first (except in a gig situation). Why? Well, how can you really know if the drum is in tune if you have this other sound going on? The setting of the snare wires is also very important and a fundamental part of the snare drum's sound. 3. Start with the resonant head Start with the resonant head with the snare wires and batter head off the drum. Bear in mind that the resonant (snare-side) head is generally very thin, weaker than other heads but light enough to seat itself (without pressing). Make sure that it is installed in a centred way and use the two-key method initially to settle it into place… WARNING: Be very careful not to over-tighten as it is possible (albeit unlikely) to pull the head out of its hoop! 4. Begin to tune To begin tuning, start from finger tight. You should have wrinkles between the lugs either side of the snare bed. Rather than removing them by tuning the rest of the head really tight, use two keys (one either side) and tension enough to remove wrinkles. 5. Hit it, use your ears Now, take each lug (except the lugs either side of the snares – more on that later) up by quarter-turns until they are fairly tight and the head starts to produce quite a tinny or toppy sound with a little ring. The head needs to be evenly pitched and, in the case of the snare, we have to be even more fussy than usual. The pitch you choose is up to you, but in most cases the drum will work at its best if the resonant head is pretty tight, regardless of size. We're talking much tighter than we've had before on other drums, but ultimately always use your ears to determine the point at which you stop. 6. Now the batter head… Turning to the batter head, seat the head using the same method described for toms and bass but tension the batter head very tight using the two-key method described before and, if possible, leave the drum overnight so that the head really forms to the drum. Take the batter head back to finger tight and using the two-key method take the tension up in half-turns around two or three times depending on the drum's diameter. Check to make sure the head is evenly tuned across the drum and continue on with smaller turns. The main focus of the batter head is to get the feel right but think about the amount of ring you want (or don't want) from your drum. 7. Tune the top head lower To get the best all-round sound, it's usually effective to tune the top head a little lower than the snare side. Some drummers aim for a pitch diff


The explorer Abel Tasman discovered Australia and New Zealand in what year?

On this day in history: Abel Tasman discovers Tasmania - Australian Geographic Tweet "IN THE AFTERNOON, about 4 o'clock...we saw...the first land we have met with in the South Sea...very high...and not known to any European nation". After months at sea, the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman's diary entry for the 24 November 1642 marks the first official discovery of a land beyond the Australian mainland. He had discovered what he called Van Diemen's Land. "By 1642 the Dutch had charted the north, the west and much of the southern geographical limits of what became the nation of Australia", says historian Edward Duyker from the Australian Catholic University in Sydney. But nothing was known about the continent as a whole. Tasman was commissioned by the Dutch East India Company to investigate the rest of this mysterious Southern land, then called Terra australis incognita. Tasman is thought to have been born around 1603 in Holland. He participated in anti-smuggling raids and other governmental marine exercises before working with the Dutch East India Company. He was commemorated with a purported likeness on a 1985 Australian stamp, and scholars agree that no fully authenticated portrait of him exists. Abel Tasman sights Tasmania On the 24 November 1642, Tasman's crew had encountered the west of Tasmania, most probably at Cape Sorell, but he decided for safety in unknown territory to take the ships further out of the bay when evening arrived. The crew spent the next week following the coastline south looking for a suitable place to land due to bad weather that ensued. On 1 December they anchored north-west of Green's Bay an hour after sunset. They explored the next day and found local plants to eat, but the day after, with the weather too difficult to row to the shore, the carpenter, Peter Jacobson, volunteered to swim across and plant the prince's flag. The crew reported hearing human voices and seeing smoke rising from several points on shore during their time in Tasmania, but not sighting people in the flesh. Tasman sailed around to the east and discovered New Zealand on 13 December. Tasman's Pacific discoveries "Although Tasman did not meet the indigenous inhabitants of Van Diemen's Land, in ushering their island into the European imagination, he effectively shattered their 14,000 year isolation", Duyker says. He then proceeded to make the first circumnavigation of our continent. Tasman discovered New Zealand, Tonga and Fiji and other Pacific Islands after visiting Tasmania, and ironically it was only on a second trip that he located the Australian mainland. Despite all these achievements, his superiors deemed his trips as failures because he didn't establish trading posts. Tasman "effectively proved that our island continent was not attached to another land mass to the south or east", Duyker says. "It was only then than the Dutch began to call this continent Nova Hollandia (New Holland), as opposed to the unknown southland Terra australis incognita". RELATED STORIES


Big Daddy Pollitt is a character in which Tennessee Williams play?

Big Daddy | fictional character | Britannica.com fictional character Alternative Title: Big Daddy Pollitt Similar Topics Conan the Barbarian Big Daddy, in full Big Daddy Pollitt, fictional character, a wealthy plantation owner who confronts some painful truths with his son Brick in the play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955) by Tennessee Williams . Big Daddy is a willful and domineering patriarch who is unaware that he is dying of cancer. His hatred of mendacity leads him to a confrontation with his son in which Brick is forced to reveal some painful secrets; in retaliation, Brick reveals his father’s illness to him. The best-known portrayal of Big Daddy was that of Burl Ives in the 1958 film adaptation of the play. Learn More in these related articles: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (play by Williams) play by Tennessee Williams, published and produced in 1955. It won a Pulitzer Prize. The play exposes the emotional lies governing relationships in the family of a wealthy Southern planter of humble origins. The patriarch, Big Daddy, is about to celebrate his 65th birthday. His two married sons,... 1 Reference found in Britannica Articles Assorted Reference Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: May 04, 2010 URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Big-Daddy-fictional-character Access Date: January 18, 2017 Share


"""Pomp and Circumstance"" is the title of 5 marches by which composer?"

Elgar P and C Marches No. 3 and No. 5 for Organ Solo Edward Elgar (1857-1934) completed five Pomp and Circumstance Military Marches, leaving sketches for a sixth. The title is borrowed from a line in Shakespeare’s Othello, “Pride, pomp and circumstance of glorious war!” At the London premiere of the 1st March in 1901, the conductor Henry Wood encored the piece twice, such was the enthusiasm for it. After the composition of the 4th March in 1907, it was not until 1930 that Elgar completed a 5th March.  Elgar composed the 3rd March in 1904, and it is dedicated to Ivor Atkins, organist of Worcester Cathedral. Unlike the other Marches, the music is often dark, threatening and sometimes even violent. Despite the triumphant return of the trio theme, the march ends in a turbulent mood, hardly celebratory. Elgar jotted down the main theme of the 5th March on the back of an Ordnance Survey map while driving through Gloucester. However, some of the material may date from an earlier period, as the March recaptures the brilliance and splendour of Elgar’s pre-First World War works. It is dedicated to Percy Hull, organist of Hereford Cathedral. The work received a successful premiere in 1930 as well as a recording by the composer. Many of Elgar’s works were arranged for organ in his lifetime, but only the 1st and 4th Marches were published. These arrangements are unabridged versions of the scores, and were made in 2001. Available to purchase from Aria Editions here and here The arrangement of the 5th March was performed at the Royal Wedding in Westminster Abbey in 2011. Both have been recorded: Elgar - Organ Works includes arrangements of Pomp and Circumstance Marches 3 and 5, Severn Suite Signum Classics, 2011


Which resort shares both the summit of Mont Blanc and the title of highest commune in France with Saint-Gervais-les-Bains?

Chamonix Airport Transfers | hoppa Show more Chamonix Here at hoppa we want to help you get the very most from your holidays. Whether you’re looking to unwind with a cocktail on the beach, occasionally dipping your toes into the crystal clear waters of the sea or you want to try out all the water sports on offer we’ll make sure you have more time to spend enjoying it, and less time waiting in long airport taxi queues. As the global leader in airport transfers we will make sure that wherever you are in the world we’re there to meet you and transport you seamlessly to your destination. Whether it’s working on your tan or that all important meeting you’ve been preparing for, we’ll make sure you arrive relaxed and ready to get started. Here at hoppa we compare our prices daily so you’ll always be sure of a fair price, and we work with our partners every week to ensure you get the best service possible. With a wide range of options, including shuttle buses, taxis, luxury transfers, water taxis and even helicopters we’ll find the right option for you so you don’t need to go anywhere else for your airport transfers. So why wait? Book your airport pickups today with hoppa and we’ll make sure you arrive happy and relaxed.


The absent-minded Professor Calculus was a colleague of which fictional character?

Professor Calculus : Wikis (The Full Wiki) The Full Wiki More info on Professor Calculus   Wikis       Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Professor Calculus (Professeur Tournesol) Professor Cuthbert Calculus (Professeur Tryphon Tournesol, literally Professor Tryphonius Sunflower) is a fictional character in the series The Adventures of Tintin . He is a distracted, hard-of-hearing scientist who invents many sophisticated devices used in the series, such as a one-person shark-shaped submarine , the Moon rocket and an ultrasound weapon . Calculus first appeared in Red Rackham's Treasure , and was the end result of Hergé's long quest to find the archetypal mad scientist or absent-minded professor . Although Hergé had included characters with similar traits in earlier stories, Calculus developed into a much more complex figure as the series progressed. Contents Character Calculus learned savate at university, but is somewhat out of practice in middle-age In short Calculus is a genius, who demonstrates himself throughout the series to be an expert in many fields of science , holding Three PhDs in Nuclear Physics , calculus and chemistry , an MSc in biology and a BA in astronomy . He is also an experienced engineer and archaeologist . This amount of study would have taken at least 40 years. Many of his inventions precede or mirror similar technological developments in the real world (most notably the Moon rocket , but also his failed attempt at creating a colour television set). He seeks to benefit mankind through his inventions, developing a pill that cures alcoholism by making alcohol unpalatable to the patient, and refusing under great duress to yield his talents to producing weapons of mass destruction . Much of Calculus's more dangerous work is criticized by Captain Haddock , although Calculus usually interprets this the other way round: his deafness often leads him to misinterpret Haddock's words, preventing him from hearing his real opinion. Calculus's deafness is a frequent source of humour in his interactions with other people, as he often repeats back what he thinks he has heard, usually in the most unlikely words possible. Additionally, he often diverts the subject of a conversation by responding to a misinterpreted remark. For example, "But I never knew you had..." leads Calculus to respond "No, young man, I am not mad!". In the same book he believes that Tintin and Haddock are talking about his sister, before remembering a few moments later that he does not have a sister. He is not perturbed by his handicap, even if it is a source of deep frustration to his friends. He himself does not admit to being near-deaf and insists that he is "only a little hard of hearing in one ear." In the course of the Moon books, however, Calculus leads a team of scientists and engineers working on a major rocket project, motivating him to adopt an ear trumpet , and later a hearing aid , and for the duration of the adventure he has near-perfect hearing. This made him a more serious character, even displaying leadership qualities which had not been shown before or since. However, after completing the journey to the Moon, Calculus discarded his hearing aid, forcing his friends to readjust to his hearing impairment (aside from one panel in The Castafiore Emerald, when Tintin is seen speaking to him through his ear-trumpet); this restored the humour surrounding him, though it could be that he finds his deafness useful since it enables him to focus on his work. Calculus maintains a laboratory at Marlinspike Hall , in which he conducts various experiments. He is fairly protective of his work, on occasion hiding his scientific endeavours from Tintin and Haddock (which gets him into trouble in The Calculus Affair ). His lab is also stripped of all its apparatus in the same book. On an earlier occasion, during his efforts to


In the fantasy novel series, The Throne of Fire, the characters must play what ancient Egyptian game?

The Throne of Fire | Riordan Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia The Throne of Fire Share Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. The Throne of Fire The Serpent's Shadow The Throne of Fire is a 2011 fantasy, adventure novel by Rick Riordan , and the second book in The Kane Chronicles series. It was released on May 3, 2011. The book takes place roughly three months after the events of the first book, The Red Pyramid . This article is written from a real world point of view. Contents [ show ] Synopsis Ever since the gods of Ancient Egypt were unleashed in the modern world, Carter Kane and his sister Sadie have been in trouble. As descendants of the House of Life , the Kanes have some powers at their command, but the devious gods haven't given them much time to master their skills at Brooklyn House , which has become a training ground for young magicians . And now their most threatening enemy yet - the chaos snake Apophis - is rising. If they don't prevent him from breaking free in a few days' time, the world will come to an end. In other words, it's a typical week for the Kane family. To have any chance of battling the Forces of Chaos, the Kanes must revive the sun god Ra . But that would be a feat more powerful than any magician has ever accomplished. First they have to search the world for the three sections of the Book of Ra, then they have to learn how to chant its spells. Oh, and did we mention that no one knows where Ra is exactly? Narrated in two different wisecracking voices, featuring a large cast of new and unforgettable characters, and with adventures spanning the globe, this second installment in the Kane Chronicles is nothing short of a thrill ride. [2] Plot Five days remain until the spring equinox when Apophis, the snake-like force of Chaos, will escape his prison, devour the sun and destroy all of human civilization. Only Ra, the absentee sun god, has the power to stop him. But first Ra must be woken by the teenage Kane siblings, Sadie and Carter, and their new trainees in magic, Jaz and Walt. They begin a quest to find the three scrolls of the Book of Ra, which contain the spells needed to wake him from his sleep. The first scroll is hidden inside a statue in the Brooklyn Museum, where the foursome sneaks past mortal alarm systems, magical wards and a late-night wedding to try to retrieve the scroll. When Sadie pulls the scroll from the statues hand, the scroll bursts into flames, a griffin escapes from a frieze and evil spirits attack the wedding guests. Jaz imprisons the spirits in the Duat but uses too much magic and slips into a coma. One of the spirits tells Carter that his friend Zia will die if he continues the quest. The griffin, whom Carter names 'Freak', is friendly and pulls the four friends onto a flying boat to reach Brooklyn House. More trainees wait for them there. That night as Sadie sleeps, Sadie's ba leaves her body and travels through the Duat to the Hall of Ages, the House of Life's headquarters located under the Cairo Airport. She sees Desjardins discussing a plot to destroy Brooklyn House with a man named Vladimir Menshikov. Desjardins appears reluctant, as though he is under a spell. When Menshikov takes off his sunglasses, Sadie sees that his eyes are horribly scarred. She wakes up to find her Uncle Amos sitting at the foot of her bed; he is fully recovered from being possessed by Set. Carter's ba meets with the god Horus, who warns him that the gods might attack him if he tries to wake Ra. With only four days until the equinox, Bast, the cat goddess, goes to check that Apophis' prison is still secure. It's Sadie's birthday, however, and she decides to go to London to visit her friends Liz and Emma. Her timing is unfortunate, as her grandparents have been possessed by the baboon god and the vulture goddess, respectively. They chase the thre


"The escaped prisoner ""Angelotti"" appears in which opera?"

Review: Tosca, Midsummer Opera **** - Fringe OperaFringe Opera Review: Tosca, Midsummer Opera **** by Francesca Wickers, Reviews Passionate: Midsummer Opera’s evocative performance of Tosca Fiery, passionate, tempestuous. A few words to describe Giacomo Puccini’s Tosca – one of the most fiercely romantic works to emerge from Rome at the turn of the 20th century, and one that every opera lover must surely rank among their top ten. Torture, attempted rape, execution, murder and suicide are squeezed into just two and a half hours; if it’s not delivered with adequate oomph, it simply isn’t worth performing. Fortunately, Midsummer Opera’s production at St John’s Church in Waterloo ticks all the boxes. The company (going strong since 1985) has opera in its blood, and seems intent on doing the whole shebang properly. It’s a sincere operation, from the no-nonsense woman on the door who directs you promptly to the correct ticket desk, to the immaculately dressed front-of-house ‘staff’. Best of all, there’s a full orchestra. While I’ve become used to pared down scores on the fringe (and remain adamant that a piano accompaniment can be just as affecting in its own way), hearing Puccini’s dramatic harmonies from a symphony orchestra reminds me of its irreplaceable impact. To be able to sit so close is a treat you’ll never get at the Opera House, too. We’re enveloped by the sound. Artistic director David Roblou conducts with flair, drawing meaty playing from the musicians (particularly the sensational brass section). The opera opens with a fleeting yet strong performance from baritone Oskar McCarthy as the escaped political prisoner Angelotti, whose richness of tone sets the pace for this impressive show. Director John Upperton uses the entire church as his playground, which sucks us into the plot (that said, the most tragic part of the tragic ending is that it takes place at the back of the church, so I miss it). We’re given little clue as to the opera’s context, but as a choir of nearly one hundred adults and children flood into the church for the Te Deum chorus which concludes the first act, goose bumps prickle my arms and I feel we could be nowhere but Rome’s Sant’Andrea della Valle church. Bass Stephen Holloway, who’s graced the stages of the Royal Festival Hall and Scottish Opera, is a slimey Scarpia, his lip curling as he exerts a chilling pressure on the floundering Tosca. In the title role, soprano Deborah Stoddart’s voice shimmers up high, but she loses her battle with the orchestra during the character’s lower, feistier offerings. But tonight’s Tosca should perhaps have been titled Cavaradossi. Puccini’s leading tenor is so often drippy beyond belief, but Upperton steals the show with a respectable, humble interpretation of the man who steals Tosca’s heart. For the first time, Cavaradossi is the person whose emotions I am most concerned about and whose tragic fate I am most dreading. And in his big moment – the aria ‘E lucevan le stelle’ in which he contemplates life in light of his imminent death – Upperton (who’s appeared with both Royal Opera and English National Opera) makes us believe that for him, singing is as natural as talking. Midsummer Opera’s performance is not (officially) a professional one, despite professionals ranking among the cast. Rather, these singers are singing out of love for opera. And my goodness, it shows. Midsummer Opera’s Tosca continues at St John’s Waterloo until 29 March. For more information, and to book tickets, click here  or call 020 7652 0070.


"Who had a hit record in 1960 with the song ""Poetry In Motion""?"

POETRY IN MOTION ~ Johnny Tillotson (1960) - YouTube POETRY IN MOTION ~ Johnny Tillotson (1960) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Apr 22, 2010 "Poetry In Motion" ~ Johnny Tillotson (1960) Cadence Records #1384 Flip side of, "Princess, Princess" Words & Music by: P. Kaufman & M. Anthony This is the tune that made Johnny Tillotson a "Teen Idol" . Others included: DREAMY EYES, WITHOUT YOU, & IT KEEPS RIGHT ON-A HURTIN'. POETRY IN MOTION is one of my personal favorites because of "the sound". It rates with Bobby Darin's DREAM LOVER, Steve Lawrence's PRETTY BLUE EYES, Bobby Rydell's LITTLE BITTY GIRL & Paul Anka's PUT YOUR HEAD ON MY SHOULDER. It's all in "the sound" . Johnny Tillotson performed POETRY IN MOTION on Dick Clark's AMERICAN BANDSTAND on Thursday - September 22, 1960. The song first hit the charts on October 10, 1960, stayed on the charts for 15 weeks , & peaked at #2. Category


Which English football team was both the last to win the FA Cup final at the old Wembley Stadium, and the first to win the FA Cup final at the New Wembley Stadium?

Arsenal crush Aston Villa to win FA Cup final 2015: as it happened - Telegraph Football Live Blogs Arsenal crush Aston Villa to win FA Cup final 2015: as it happened Arsenal v Aston Villa in the FA Cup final - reaction to Gunners' 4-0 win, news  and updates from Wembley Stadium on Saturday, May 3, 2015, kick-off 17.30  BST (live TV coverage on BBC One and BT Sport 1) TEAMS • FA Cup final player ratings: Sanchez and Cazorla light up Wembley 20.55 That's me done for the day. I'll leave the last word to the FA, seeing as it's their competition and all: . @Arsenal #FACupFinal winners 1930, 1936, 1950, 1971, 1979, 1993, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2014, 2015 #record pic.twitter.com/fLzohd81kR — The FA (@FA) May 30, 2015 Thanks very much for reading, I'm off to see if I can get a free drink from Arsene Wenger. Goodnight! 20.25 — Per Mertesacker (@mertesacker) May 30, 2015 20.23 Arsene Wenger, watching the pennies: Wenger on buying players: "I am not in a buying mood tonight. I will buy drinks for my players." #afc — Henry Winter (@henrywinter) May 30, 2015 20.14 Tim Sherwood has finally unlocked the Aston Villa dressing-room door and faced the media: Sherwood on #afc : "They were outstanding, world-class footballers. They dominated the match. I feel sick. So do the ( #avfc ) boys." — Henry Winter (@henrywinter) May 30, 2015 Sherwood on #avfc players: "I need to change their mentality because they've got used to losing matches. That’s not a good habit to have." — Henry Winter (@henrywinter) May 30, 2015 Sherwood: "Some of the boys have been told they will not be here next year and they can go and find other clubs." — Henry Winter (@henrywinter) May 30, 2015 20.12 John Percy's Wembley player ratings are in - and it makes great reading if your name is Alexis Sanchez; less so should you be called Charles N'Zogbia: Alexis Sanchez Five goals in four appearances at Wembley now for the £33 million forward and this strike was astonishing, to be replayed for years. Singled out for physical attention from Villa but never stopped wanting the ball. 20.08 This man is Arsenal's most famous supporter and nobody seems to know why : Just had the #FACup done on my chest and now on my way to @wembleystadium . ??#COYG #AFCvAVFC @Arsenal @arsenalfantv pic.twitter.com/hEI3S4471Y — Bully Arsenal (@MrBullyArsenal) May 30, 2015 20.04 Just how long is it since your team won a trophy? Well, we have computers here at the Telegraph and we've made them work it all out . Some highlights - Arsenal have gone 24 minutes without a trophy, Chelsea a whole 27 days and 3 hours, it's been two years and 37 days for Manchester United....and a shade under half a century since Hull City claimed the old Division Three title. Knowledge, eh? 19.58 After a trying, even dispiriting, week for football, Henry Winter writes that Arsenal reminded us all of the joys the game still offers : After the stench of the Fifa Congress, this FA Cup final came as a welcome breath of fresh air. After the shameless grandstanding in Zurich of the most dangerous man in world football, Sepp Blatter, true football folk congregated at Wembley. Many of those flocking to support Walcott, Sanchez, Mertesacker and company wore yellow ribbons, harking back to 1971 when they first donned yellow in the Cup final, a game made memorable by Charlie George’s goal and celebration. As Blatter thinks only of the politics and the power, the dollars and the votes, Arsenal supporters were reveling in their history – by George - and in their present embodied by Walcott, Sanchez and Mertesacker. Such emotions and qualities cannot be quantified. Just because Blatter is in charge of world football doesn’t mean that everything in the game has to have a price-tag attached. These Wembley goals meant everything to Walcott, Sanchez and Mertesacker. 19.45 The legacy of Jack Grealish's first glimpse of football's biggest stages: All I could think of during the #FACupFinal pic.twitter.com/BrukdkqVxY — Tokyo Sexwhale (@tokyo_sexwhale) May 30, 2015 19.37 Up goes the trophy, out comes the glitter, and on comes "Move On Up" by C


"What is a mainly instrumental piece of music by Elton John, the closing track of his 1978 album, ""A Single Man""?"

Song for Guy - Elton John - YouTube Song for Guy - Elton John Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Dec 15, 2014 "Song for Guy" is a mainly instrumental piece of music by Elton John. It is the closing track of his 1978 album, A Single Man. I hope you enjoy my variation of this piece. Category


What is the word for a textual expression representing the face of a writer's mood or facial expression, such as :-), :-(, and :-D, used in e-mails and text messages?

Readings in Virtual Research Ethics | Religious Ethics Readings in Virtual Research Ethics You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 8 to 170 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 178 to 238 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 246 to 247 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 255 to 281 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 289 to 379 are not shown in this preview.


Homeless on the banks of Rome’s Tiber River Homeless on the banks of Rome’s Tiber River By Max Rossi Homeless peoples' shelters stand in Rome March 13, 2016. REUTERS/Max Rossi More By Max Rossi ROME (Reuters) - On the banks of Rome’s historic Tiber River, the homeless use wood, cardboard and plastic tarpaulins to make a shelter, protecting themselves from the elements as best they can. This corner of the city’s Prati neighborhood is a far cry from the Spanish Steps, the Colosseum or other parts of the Italian capital thronged by visitors from the world over. Nearby are the headquarters of the Italian national broadcaster RAI. Belongings in plastic bags hang on nails hammered into the wall of a pedestrian arch under a bridge that spans the Tiber. Litter is strewn on the ground and, with no washing or toilet facilities in the makeshift settlement, the acrid smell of life on the streets is hard to ignore. To see a Reuters photo story, please click on http://reut.rs/1qWBt0G People end up living on the streets mainly because of losing their jobs and divorce or the breakdown of a relationship. Even so, with no residency papers, many of the homeless people Reuters spoke to were reluctant to tell their stories for fear of problems with the authorities. "That's life," says Gerard, 60, from the Netherlands, his sparkling blue eyes filled with sadness. He sleeps on an old mattress in a pedestrian tunnel under the Tiber. Victor, 46, from Romania lost his job as a bricklayer. Vassily, also from Romania, says he is unable to work because of problems with his back. According to ISTAT, Italy's National Statistics Institute, more than 50,000 people used an official night shelter for at least one night in November and December 2014. Many of the homeless here are from overseas. Maria, 38, comes from Romania and lives on the banks of the Tiber with her husband. The highest proportion of homeless people is found in northwestern Italy, accounting for 38 pct of the total. Italy's business capital Milan has 24 pct of the total, followed by Rome with 15 pct. Whatever their stories, told or untold, the future for these homeless people gathered on the banks of a river is far from certain. Even when they do manage to get a place in an overnight shelter, after hours of queuing, they have to leave early the next morning, they say. For another day on the streets. (Reporting by Max Rossi, Writing by Brian McGee, Editing by Richard Balmforth) Reblog


CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Gregorian Chant Home > Catholic Encyclopedia > G > Gregorian Chant Gregorian Chant Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download . Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more  all for only $19.99... The name is often taken as synonymous with plain chant , comprising not only the Church music of the early Middle Ages , but also later compositions (elaborate melodies for the Ordinary of the Mass, sequences, etc.) written in a similar style down to the sixteenth century and even in modern times. In a stricter sense Gregorian chant means that Roman form of early plain chant as distinguished from the Ambrosian, Gallican , and Mozarabic chants, which were akin to it, but were gradually supplanted by it from the eighth to the eleventh century. Of the Gallican and Mozarabic chants only a few remains are extant, but they were probably closely related to the Ambrosian chant. Of the latter, which has maintained itself in Milan up to the present day, there are two complete manuscripts belonging to the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries respectively, and a considerable number belonging to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. An incomplete manuscript belongs to the twelfth century. It is at present in the British Museum and has been published in the fifth volume of the "Paléographie musicale". All these manuscripts contain the chants both for the Office and for the Mass. The Office chants are antiphons and responses, as in the Roman books. The Mass chants are Ingressa (corresponding to the Introit , but without psalm), Psalmellus (Gradual), Cantus (Tract), Offertory , Transitorium (Communion), and, in addition, two antiphons having no counterpart in the Gregorian Mass, one post Evangelium, the other the Confractorium. There are, further, a few Alleluia verses and antiphons ante Evangelium. Musically it can easily be observed that the syllabic pieces are often simpler, the ornate pieces more extended in their melismata than in the Gregorian chant. The Gregorian melodies, however, have more individuality and characteristic expression. Though it is very doubtful whether these Ambrosian melodies date back to the time of St. Ambrose , it is not improbable that they represent fairly the character of the chant sung in Italy and Gaul at the time when the cantilena romana superseded the earlier forms. The frequent occurrence of cadences founded on the cursus at all events points to a time before the latter went out of use in literary composition, that is before the middle of the seventh century. (See Gatard in "Dict. d'arch. chrét.", s.v. "Ambrosien (chant)" and Mocquereau, "Notes sur l'Influence de l'Accent et du Cursus toniques Latins dans le Chant Ambrosien" in "Ambrosiana", Milan , 1897.) The name Gregorian chant points to Gregory the Great (590-604), to whom a pretty constant tradition ascribes a certain final arrangement of the Roman chant. It is first met in the writings of William of Hirschau , though Leo IV (847-855) already speaks of the cantus St. Gregorii. The tradition mentioned was questioned first by Pierre Gussanville, in 1675, and again, in 1729, by George, Baron d'Eckhart, neither of whom attracted much attention. In modern times Gevaert, president of the Brussels music school , has tried to show, with a great amount of learning, that the compilation of the Mass music belongs to the end of the seventh or the beginning of the eighth century. His arguments led to a close investigation of the question, and at present practically all authorities, including, besides the Benedictines , such men as Wagner, Gastoué, and Frere, hold that the large majority of plain-chant melodies were composed before the year 600. The principal proofs for a Gregorian tradition may be summarized thus: The testimony of John the Deacon , Gregory's biographer (c. 872), is quite trustworthy. Amongst other considerations the very modest claim he makes for the saint , "antiphonarium centonem. . . compilavit" (he compiled a patchwork antiphonary ), shows that


Paraplegic New Zealand sportswoman Neroli Fairhall won Paralympics and Commonwealth Games golds and held medals and titles in international and World Championship contests for what discipline?

Halberg Awards finally to recognise disability sport after 50 years Halberg Awards finally to recognise disability sport after 50 years Sunday, 11 December 2011 By David Gold December 11 - New Zealand are to finally honour their disabled athletes by introducing a Disabled Sportsperson of the Year category to the prestigious Halberg Awards, the country's top sports prize. The Halberg Trust has organised the annual awards for more than 50 years, and winners are eligible for the supreme Halberg Award, the country's key mark of sporting achievement. It will not be the first time a disabled athlete has been nominated for an award though, as the paraplegic archer Neroli Fairhall, the alpine skier Rachael Battersby and the swimmer Sophie Pascoe have all reached the final of the sportswoman category. The awards are named after Sir Murray Halberg, the 1960 Olympic 5,000 metres champion, despite as youth having suffered a severe injury during a game that his left arm crippled. Steve Hall, the Halberg Trust chief executive, said that there was significant support for the new award, saying: "The award will be known as the Halberg Trust Disabled Sportsperson of the Year and will celebrate the achievements and excellence of our top disabled athletes. "Halberg Trust is proud to be the sponsor of this award as we strive to increase the awareness of our disability and sport work, which we hope will ultimately enable us to help more disabled young people to participate in sport." The finalists of this year's awards will be made public at the start of January after the close of nominations at the end of the year. Contact the writer of this story at [email protected] Timeline


What is the common name for the seeds of horse-chestnut trees?

The Tree Pages Return to top of page FASCINATING FACTS ABOUT Horsechestnut The spreading chestnut-tree in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem, The Village Blacksmith, was a horsechestnut on Brattle Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Distribution Horsechestnut is native to the Balkan region of eastern Europe and was introduced to central Europe in the 16th century. Derivation of names The genus name, Aesculus, is the classical Latin name for an oak with edible acorns, The name derives from esca, the Latin word for food. The species name, hippocastanum, means horse chestnut, from the Greek words hippos, horse, and kastanon, chestnut. The species and common names likely refer to the fact that horsechestnut fruit are somewhat similar to chestnut fruit - a shiny brown nut inside a prickly husk - and that horsechestnuts were fed to sickly horses. Human use Horsechestnut seeds are used in a traditional English children's game called conkers (see conkers in Wikipedia ) in which the seeds (or conkers) are swung on strings and struck together as each player attempts to break the other's conker. Because of the inclusion of chestnut in the common name, horsechestnut seeds are sometimes confused with those of sweet chestnuts (Castanea spp) which are edible. In fact, horsechestnuts are poisonous, their seeds, leaves, and bark containing the toxic alkaloid aesculin. Humans should not eat horsechestnut seeds even though the squirrels do. Horsechestnuts have leathery husks with sparse, thorn-like spines and a large pale patch on the round seed. In contrast, sweet chestnut fruits are covered with dense prickly spines, and the nuts are conical, tapering to a point. Similar species Horsechestnut is closely related to the native Ohio buckeye (Aesculus glabra), which differs in having leaflets that are widest at the middle, smaller clusters of yellow or greenish yellow flowers, and smaller, non-sticky terminal buds. Cultivars and hybrids Several cultivated varieties and hybrids exist, including red horsechestnut (Aesculus x carnea), a cross between horsechestnut and red buckeye (Aesculus pavia), which is native to the southeastern United States. Horsechestnut IN TORONTO Horsechestnut's place in Toronto's urban forest Horsechestnuts were first brought to Toronto in the early 1800s by settlers seeking to recreate the gardens of their homeland. In 1859, five hundred horsechestnut trees were planted on what are now University Avenue, College and Carleton Streets, in preparation for the ceremonial opening of Queen's Park and Allan Gardens by Edward, the Prince of Wales on September 11, 1860. Some of the horsechestnuts planted in Queen's Park at that time may still stand there today. Landscape value and potential for home planting Horsechestnut is a popular urban-tolerant ornamental tree that can live more than 100 years. Its large canopy requires considerable space, so it should only be planted in open, sunny sites. Very dry sites should be avoided; it is adaptable to different soil pH levels. Pests and diseases: Horsechestnut is susceptible to many of the same pests and diseases that affect Ohio buckeye, including leaf blotch (discolored leaf spots that turn brown), Japanese beetle, and flat-headed borer. Leaf scorch, which occurs in dry conditions, causes the leaf margins to curl and turn brown. Branches tend to be susceptible to breakage in high winds.