"What worldwide movement describing itself as ""a fellowship of men and women"" was co-founded in 1935 by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith in Akron, Ohio?"

Alcoholics Anonymous : Map (The Full Wiki) The Full Wiki Top rankings for Alcoholics Anonymous 5th Map showing all locations mentioned on Wikipedia article: AA meeting sign Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is a worldwide mutual aid society describing itself as a fellowship of men and women with a desire to stop drinking alcohol and maintain sobriety while helping others to do so through abstinence and "lifelong character development." The first of many twelve-step programs , AA was started by white, middle-class Americans, but the intentionally broad philosophy of the Twelve Steps has aided the spread of AA "across diverse cultures holding different beliefs and values." By shunning any affiliation with outside political and social groups, AA has been successfully introduced to geopolitical areas otherwise resistant to grassroots movements. Although AA has relatively high attrition rates, aspects of its program such as reading AA literature, performing service at meetings, and self-identifying as members of AA, are keys "to interventions achieving and maintaining abstinence" and recovering from the single substance use disorder which AA calls alcoholism . History In 1934, after ruining a promising career in finance due to drunkenness, Bill Wilson was introduced to a spiritual solution to his alcoholism by Ebby Thacher , an old drinking buddy who had become a member of a the Oxford Group (A Christian movement that later became Moral Re-Armament ). Wilson was treated at Charles B. Towns hospital in New York by Dr. William Silkworth , who promoted a disease concept of alcoholism . While in the hospital, Wilson underwent what he believed to be a spiritual experience and, convinced of the existence of God, he was able to stop drinking. On a 1935 business trip to Akron, Ohio , Wilson felt the urge to drink again and in an effort to stay sober, he sought another alcoholic to help. Wilson was introduced to Dr. Bob Smith , also a member of the Oxford Group . After some work together, Wilson and Smith co-founded AA (though not yet named as such) with a word of mouth program to help other alcoholics. Smith's last drink on June 10, 1935 is considered by members to be the founding date of AA. By 1937, Wilson and Smith determined that they had helped 40 alcoholics get sober, and two years later, with about 100 members, Wilson expanded the program by writing a book entitled Alcoholics Anonymous which the fellowship then adopted as its name. The book, informally referred to by members as "The Big Book," described a twelve-step program involving admission of powerlessness over alcohol, acceptance of a benevolent higher power, moral inventory, complete and direct restitution to those harmed, and asking for direction, guidance, and power from God. Essential to this process was the idea that the higher power be "of one's own understanding". In 1941, book sales and membership increased after interviews on American radio and favorable articles in US magazines, particularly by Jack Alexander in The Saturday Evening Post. [124] By 1946, as membership grew, confusion and disputes within groups over practices, finances, and publicity led Wilson to write the guidelines for non-coercive group management, Twelve Points to Assure our Future, that eventually became known as the Twelve Traditions [125] . AA came of age at the 1955 St. Louis convention, in Missouri, when Wilson turned over the stewardship of AA to the General Service Conference. In this era, AA also began its international expansion, and by 2001 the number of members worldwide was estimated at two million. Organization In 2006, 1,867,212 members in 106,202 AA groups were reported worldwide. The Twelve Traditions informally guide how AA groups function, and the Twelve Concepts for World Service guide how AA is structured globally. A member who accepts a service position or an organizing role is a "trusted servant" with terms rotating and limited, typically lasting three months to two years and determined by group vote and/or the nature of the position. Each group is a self-governing entity with


Which team won the inaugural Fast5 World Netball Series, first contested in October 2009, which had modified rules (and was compared to Twenty20 cricket and rugby sevens)?

Netball N Netball Netball is a sport in which two teams of seven players try to score points against each other by placing a ball through a raised goal. The sport is popular in Commonwealth countries and is predominantly played by women. Netball shares many similarities with basketball , having been derived from early versions of women's basketball. It developed as a distinct sport in the 1890s in England, from where it spread throughout the British Empire during the first half of the 20th century. Games are played on a rectangular court divided into thirds, with goal posts at each short end. The object of the game is for teams to score as many points as possible by shooting a ball into the opposing team's goal. Players are assigned "positions" that define their role within the team and restrict their movement on court. In general play, players advance the ball towards the opposing goal by passing it to each other, and a player with the ball can take no more than one step before passing it. Goals can only be scored by the assigned shooting players. Netball games are 60 minutes in duration, divided into 15-minute quarters, at the end of which the team with the most goals scored wins; tied games can be declared draws or extended until a winner emerges. The sport is administered globally by the International Federation of Netball Associations (IFNA), and is reportedly played by over 20 million people in more than 70 countries. Local-level participation is widespread in Commonwealth nations, particularly in schools, although international competition and domestic leagues receive substantial recognition only in a few countries. The highest level of international netball includes the Netball World Championships, the netball event at the Commonwealth Games, and the World Netball Series. History Links to basketball Netball traces its roots to basketball. Basketball was devised in 1891 by James Naismith for his students in the School for Christian Workers (later called the YMCA). Female teachers got curious and started to formulate a version for girls. The outfits of women at this time prohibited them from effectively executing important basketball moves such as running and dribbling, so the game had to be modified to accommodate these restrictions. Women’s basketball was thus born. Zoning rules inadvertently added In 1895, Clara Baer, a gym teacher from New Orleans , asked Naismith for a copy of the basketball rules. Baer mistook Naismith's pencil markings showing the areas players should best patrol as the areas within which women players could move, and consequently introduced "zoning areas". This was the start of netball’s formalization. These zoning rules, along with many other provisions (such as elimination of the dribbling rule), were all included in the first draft of Rules for Women’s Basketball. In 1901, this set of rules was ratified and netball officially became a competitive sport. However, it was several years before regular competitions were held. Introduction to the Commonwealth Netball was first played in England in 1895 at Madame Osterburg's College and soon spread throughout Australia , the then- British colonies of Jamaica and Antigua , and indeed most British Commonwealth territories. It did not yet have hard-and-fast rules. So loose were the regulations, in fact, that some games were played by nine players in each team, while some were played with only five players in each. The nets used were also ineffective—they were not open at both ends, so after each goal was scored, the umpire had to retrieve the ball from the top of the post. Netball has been played at the Commonwealth Games since 1998 after becoming a recognised Olympic sport in 1995. World's oldest netball club On the 6th June 1907 an exhibition of "Net Ball" was organised between the "Ladies" and "Gentlemen" of the Regent Street Polytechnic as part of a garden party to celebrate the opening of their sports ground in Chiswick (West London). Poly Netball Club can trace an unbroken heritage back to this match and are therefore seen as the world's old


The Richter scale measures the intensity of what?

Magnitude / Intensity Comparison Jump to Navigation Magnitude / Intensity Comparison Magnitude and Intensity measure different characteristics of earthquakes. Magnitude measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake. Magnitude is determined from measurements on seismographs. Intensity measures the strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a certain location. Intensity is determined from effects on people, human structures, and the natural environment. Magnitude / Intensity Comparison The following table gives intensities  that are typically observed at  locations near the epicenter of earthquakes of  different magnitudes. Magnitude Abbreviated Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale I. Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions. II. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. III. Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people do not  recognize it as an  earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated. IV. Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors  disturbed; walls  make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably. V. Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may  stop. VI. Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight. VII. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures;  considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken. VIII. Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse.  Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned. IX. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in  substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. X. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent. XI. Few, if any (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Rails bent greatly. XII. Damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects thrown into the air. From The Severity of an Earthquake.


"Who directed the films ""Miracle's Boys"", ""Inside Man"", ""When The Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts"", ""Miracle at St. Anna"", ""Passing Strange"" and ""Kobe Doin' Work""?"

Spike Lee - IMDb IMDb Director | Producer | Writer Spike Lee was born Shelton Jackson Lee on March 20, 1957, in Atlanta, Georgia. At a very young age, he moved from pre-civil rights Georgia, to Brooklyn, New York. Lee came from artistic, education-grounded background; his father was a jazz musician, and his mother, a schoolteacher. He attended school in Morehouse College in Atlanta and developed ... See full bio » Born: a list of 40 people created 03 Aug 2011 a list of 43 people created 11 Dec 2013 a list of 30 people created 14 Dec 2014 a list of 21 people created 6 months ago a list of 35 people created 5 months ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Spike Lee's work have you seen? User Polls Nominated for     2     Oscars. Another    44 wins & 64 nominations. See more awards  » Known For  |  Edit Filmography  2009 Kobe Doin' Work (TV Movie documentary)  1998-2009 Great Performances (TV Series) (2 episodes)   Off-Time (associate producer) ( post-production )   Spike Lee's Lil Joints (TV Mini-Series documentary) (executive producer - 2 episodes, 2015 - 2016) (producer - 1 episode, 2016)  2015 Chi-Raq (producer)  2015 NBA 2K16 (Video Game) (executive producer)  2015 Touched with Fire (executive producer)  2015 Cronies (executive producer)  2011 Doubles with Slight Pepper (Short) (executive producer)  2011/I Pariah (executive producer)  2009 Kobe Doin' Work (TV Movie documentary) (producer)  2009 Great Performances (TV Series) (producer - 1 episode)  2017 She's Gotta Have It (TV Series) (based upon story by - 1 episode) ( announced ) - Episode #1.1 (2017) ... (based upon story by)  2015 Chi-Raq (written by)  2015 Chi-Raq (producer: "Pray 4 My City")  1989 Do the Right Thing (lyrics: "Don't Shoot Me") / (music: "Don't Shoot Me") Hide   2014 The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon (TV Series) (segment director - 1 episode) - Will Smith/U2 (2014) ... (segment director: opening sequence) Hide  - Stuff That Happened (2016) ... (very special thanks)  2016/I Forever (Short) (the producers wish to thank)  2015 Carmelo (Short) (thanks)  2014 Your Love (Short) (very special thanks)  2014 F to 7th (TV Series short) (very special thanks - 8 episodes) - Nature (2014) ... (very special thanks)  2014 Bump & Go (Short) (special thanks)  2013 Surviving Cliffside (Documentary) (very special thanks)  2013 Outpost (Short) (very special thanks)  2012 Mango Bajito (very special thanks)  2012 Laff Mobb Presents (TV Series) (special thanks - 2 episodes)  2011 Violet & Daisy (special thanks)  2011/I Pariah (extra special thanks)  2009 Us: A Love Story (Short) (very special thanks)  2009 Streetballers (special thanks)  2006 Edge of Outside (Documentary) (special thanks)  2005 Secuestro (TV Short) (special thanks)  2004 Date (Short) (special thanks)  2004 El Delivery (TV Short) (special thanks)  2003 Five Deep Breaths (Short) (special thanks)  2001 Snapped (Short) (special thanks - as Shelton J. Lee)  1999 Chutney Popcorn (special thanks)  1999 Dogma (humble thanks)  1997 Nowhere Fast (special thanks - as Shelton Lee)  1994 Clerks (special thanks: for leading the way)


If you were to fly due east from the southernmost pont of the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego what is the next land mass, bigger than the island you set out from, which you would meet?

Quito to Rio via Ushuaia | Argentina Tours | Intrepid Travel US Quito to Rio via Ushuaia Lock in a 2017 adventure for just $1 View details Days Quito to Rio via Ushuaia Travel South America on an adventure from Quito to Rio de Janeiro Get set for the ultimate South American odyssey. Covering six countries over 112 amazing days, travel through Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile and Brazil on an epic adventure. Experience spectacular scenery, magnificent ruins, fascinating culture and some of the friendliest people on the planet. Start among Ecuador's glorious colonial buildings in Quito, then penetrate deep into the Amazon Jungle before heading south to Peru to follow the footsteps of the Incas. Marvel at the majestic citadel of Machu Picchu, visit the fascinating floating islands on Lake Titicaca, gaze in awe at the cascading waters of Iguazu Falls and survey vast Bolivian salt flats. If it's unspoilt nature you're after then this trip has it covered: majestic glaciers, verdant forests, crystal lakes, soaring mountains and more. This unforgettable trip will leave you enchanted by the breathtaking scenery and friendly people of this remarkable continent. This trip requires Inca Trail Permits. View permit availability here. × Inca Trail permits This graph offers an indication as to whether Inca Trail permits are available for the day you want to hike. For example, if your trip starts on July 11, and the Inca Trail starts on day 4 of your itinerary, you will need a permit on July 14. This information must be used as a guide only as availability may change by the time we receive your request. Available Inca Trail permits are available. We can request a permit for you this date. Alternative routes Inca Trail permits are sold out. However, you can opt to hike the Quarry Trek - with spectacular and diverse sceneries this trek is an exceptional alternative to the very busy Inca Trail. Alternatively, travel by train through the picturesque Urubamba Valley to Aguas Calientes. Both options include a visit to Machu Picchu! Please contact us to arrange the one that suits you best! Contact us Inca Trail permits may still be available, please contact us so we can check the current availability and make arrangements for you. Permit availability status Why we love this trip Visit Ecuador and admire the ornate buildings of Quito's Old Town Explore South America's lush Amazon jungle Cruise around Peru's Ballestas Islands Experience a Peruvian homestay near the Colca Canyon Reach dizzying heights on the Inca Trail Travel to Bolivia and marvel at Uyuni's vast salt flats Sip on some of Chile's fine wines Go trekking in the Torres del Paine National Park Be awed by the might of the Iguazu Falls Venture through the world's largest wetlands in Brazil Soak up the energy of magnificent Rio de Janeiro Gallery Border Information: if joining in Quito, you will most likely enter Ecuador at Quito Mariscal Sucre International Airport. There will be an important group meeting at 6:00pm at the joining hotel - please look out at the hotel reception for a note from your leader with more details about this important meeting. In Quito we will stay in a friendly local hotel in the 'New Town'. Hotel for the night: Fuente de Piedra II Hotel Fuente de Piedra II Juan Leon Mera N23-21 y Baquedano Mariscal Sucre Quito is the capital of Ecuador, nestled in a hollow in the mountains in between the volcanos Cayambe, Pichincha and Cotopaxi - at 2,850m above sea level, it is the world's highest official capital city. Founded in 1534 by a group of settlers led by Sebastián de Benalcázar, the town slowly grew throughout the Spanish colonial era and after the region's independence from Spain in 1822. The colonial old town is a maze of steep, cobbled streets with intricately carved, overhanging balconies, and some of the best examples of Spanish  colonial art and churches anywhere in the Americas - along with Kraków, Quito was the first ever World Cultural Heritage Sites declared by UNESCO in 1978. The modern area of the town is lively and has some fantastic restaurant


What is the name of the Goddess that personifies retribution?

DIKE - Greek Goddess Hora of Justice (Roman Justicia) DIKE Justice (dikê) Dike beating Adikia, Athenian red-figure amphora C6th B.C., Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna DIKE (Dicé) was the goddess of justice, fair judgements and the rights established by custom and law. She was one of the three Horai (Horae), goddesses of the seasons, and keepers of the gates of heaven. Her sisters were Eunomia (Good Order) and Eirene (Peace). Like her siblings, she probably also represented an aspect of springtime growth. Dike was identified with Dikaiosyne (RIghteousness) and Astraia (Astraea) (the Contellation Virgo). Her opposite number was Adikia (Adicia) (Injustice). FAMILY OF DIKE [1.1] ZEUS & THEMIS (Hesiod Theog. 901, Orphic Hymn 43, Apollodorus 1.13, Hyginus Fab. 183) [1.2] ZEUS (Aeschylus Libation Bearers 939, Aeschylus Seven 667) [1.3] THEMIS (Pindar Olympian Ode 13) [2.1] NOMOS & EUSEBIA (Orphica Frag 159) OFFSPRING [1.1] HESKYHIA (Pindar Pythian Ode 8) ENCYCLOPEDIA DICE (Dikê), the personification of justice, was, according to Hesiod (Theog. 901), a daughter of Zeus and Themis, and the sister of Eunomia and Eirene. She was considered as one of the Horae ; she watched the deeds of man, and approached the throne of Zeus with lamentations whenever a judge violated justice. (Hesiod. Op. 239, &c.) She was the enemy of all falsehood, and the protectress of a wise administration of justice (Orph. Hymn. 42, 61); and Hesychia, that is, tranquillity of mind, was her daughter. (Pind. Pyth. viii. 1; comp. Apollod. i. 3. § 1; Hygin. Fab. 183; Diod. v. 72.) She is frequently called the attendant or councillor (paredros or xunnedros) of Zeus. (Soph. Oed. Col. 1377; Plut. Alex. 52; Arrian, Anab. iv. 9; Orph. Hymn. 61. 2.) In the tragedians, Dice appears as a divinity who severely punishes all wrong, watches over the maintenance of justice, and pierces the hearts of the unjust with the sword made for her by Aesa. (Aeschyl. Choeph. 639, &c.) In this capacity she is closely connected with the Erinnyes (Aeschyl. Eum. 510), though her business is not only to punish injustice, but also to reward virtue. (Aeschyl. Agam. 773.) The idea of Dice as justice personified is most perfectly developed in the dramas of Sophocles and Euripides. She was represented on the chest of Cypselus as a handsome goddess, dragging Adicia (Injustice) with one hand, while in the other she held a staff with which she beat her. (Paus. v. 18 ; comp. Eurip. Hippolyt. 1172.) Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES The three Horae, Athenian red-figure kylix C5th B.C., Antikensammlung Berlin Hesiod, Theogony 901 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) : "Next he [Zeus] led away bright Themis (Divine Law) who bare the Horai (Horae, Seasons), and Eunomia (Good Order), Dike (Justice), and blooming Eirene (Irene, Peace), who mind the works of mortal men." Pindar, Olympian Ode 13. 6 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) : "Eunomia (Good Order) and that unsullied fountain Dike (Justice), her sister, sure support of cities; and Eirene (Irene, Peace) of the same kin, who are the stewards of wealth for mankind--three glorious daughters of wise-counselled Themis (Divine Law)." Pindar, Pythian Ode 8. 1 ff : "Hesykhia (Hesychia, Tranquility), goddess of friendly intent, daughter of Dike (Justice)." Aeschylus, Libation Bearers 939 ff (trans. Weir Smyth) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) : "In very truth daughter of Zeus . . . we call her Dike (Justice)." Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 659 : "Dike (Justice), Zeus's maiden (parthenos) daughter." Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 13 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "With Themis, the daughter of Ouranos (Uranus), he [Zeus] fathered his daughters the Horai (Horae), by name Eirene (Irene, Peace), Eunomia (Order), and Dike (Justice)." Orphic Hymn 43 to the Horae (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. to 2nd A.D.) : "Daughters of Zeus and Themis, Horai (Horae) bright, Dike (Justice), and blessed Eirene (Irene, Peace) and Eunomia (Lawfulness) right." Pseudo-Hyginus, F


Thomas Hughes wrote about the schooldays of which of the Browns?

Tom Brown's Schooldays : Thomas Hughes : 9780199537303 Tom Brown's Schooldays By (author)  Thomas Hughes , Edited by  Andrew Sanders Share Add to basket Add to wishlist Description A classic of Victorian literature, and one of the earliest books written specifically for boys, Tom Brown's Schooldays has long had an influence well beyond the middle-class, public school world that it describes. An active social reformer, Hughes wrote with a freshness, a lack of cant, and a kind, relaxed tolerance which keeps this novel refreshingly distinct from other schoolboy adventures. This edition is the only one available, and comes with the outstanding 1869 illustrations by Arthur Hughes. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more. show more Product details 130                   x 192                   x 40mm                                   | 421.84g Publication date black and white illustrations by Arthur Hughes ISBN10


What is a mixture of saturated aliphatic and alicyclic C7 to C12 hydrocarbons with a maximum content of 25% of C7 to C12 alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons, which is used as an extraction, cleaning and degreasing solvent, and as a solvent in aerosols, paints, wood preservatives, lacquers, varnishes, and asphalt products?

A-level Applied Science/Colour Chemistry/Paint/Solvents - Wikibooks, open books for an open world A-level Applied Science/Colour Chemistry/Paint/Solvents Solvents[ edit ] In paint , the solvent serves to adjust the viscosity of the paint. It is volatile and does not become part of the paint film. Solvents are also known as diluents and thinners. Water is a common solvent, used in emulsion ('latex') paints. White spirit (also known as Stoddard solvent, mineral spirit or petroleum spirit) is a paraffin-derived clear, transparent liquid which is a common organic solvent used in painting and decorating. It is used in alkyd ('gloss') paints. It is a mixture of saturated aliphatic and alicyclic C7 to C12 hydrocarbons with a maximum content of 25% of C7 to C12 alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons. White spirit is used as an extraction solvent, as a cleaning solvent, as a degreasing solvent and as a solvent in aerosols, paints, wood preservatives, lacquers, varnishes, and asphalt products. In western Europe about 60% of the total white spirit consumption is used in paints, lacquers and varnishes. White spirit is the most widely used solvent in the paint industry. It is a typical VOC. Turpentine substitute is a mineral-based replacement for the vegetable-based organic solvent turpentine. It is a hydrotreated naphtha - a light distillate of petroleum - which forms a clear transparent liquid at room temperature. It is a complex mixture of highly refined hydrocarbon distillates mainly in the C9-C16 range. The liquid is highly volatile and the vapours are flammable. As the name suggests it is a widely available and cheaper substitute for turpentine. It is commonly used as an organic solvent in painting and decorating, for thinning oil based paint and cleaning brushes. Also known as turps substitute, mineral turpentine, or just turps, causing confusion with genuine turpentine. It is a very dangerous inhalant. Industrial paints use mixtures of dimethylbenzene, methylbenzene, alcohols, esters and ketones. [1] . Other typical solvents include glycol ethers and volatile low-molecular weight synthetic resins. HammeriteTM, for example, uses a mixture of acetone (propanone, a ketone), hydrotreated naphtha (turpentine substitute - hydrocarbon) and butyl acetate (ester) [2] . VOCs[ edit ] Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic compounds that have high enough vapour pressures under normal conditions to significantly vaporize and enter the atmosphere. A wide range of carbon-based molecules, such as aldehydes, ketones, and hydrocarbons are VOC's. Sources of VOCs[ edit ] Common artificial sources of VOCs include paint thinners, dry cleaning solvents, and some constituents of petroleum fuels (e.g. gasoline and natural gas). Trees are also an important biological source of VOC. It is also known that trees emit large amounts of VOCs especially isoprene and terpenes. Significant biological sources of methane are termites, cows (ruminants) and cultivation (estimated emissions 15, 75 and 100 million tons per year respectively). Environmental Impacts[ edit ] VOCs are sometimes accidentally released into the environment, where they can become soil and groundwater contaminants. Vapours of VOCs escaping into the air contribute to air pollution. The aromatic compounds benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected carcinogens. 1,3-butadiene is another dangerous compound which is often associated with industrial uses. Some VOCs also react with nitrogen oxides in the air in the presence of sunlight to form ozone. Ozone poses a health threat in the lower atmosphere by causing respiratory problems. In addition high concentrations of low level ozone can damage crops and buildings. Contribution to Indoor Air Pollution[ edit ] Many VOCs found around the house, such as paint strippers and wood preservatives, contribute to sick building syndrome because of their high vapour pressure. VOC's are often used in paint, plastics, and cosmetics. Terminology and legal definitions[ edit ] There are a number of different ways to collectively refer to those chemical compounds that par


"Who is known for his law of elasticity, his book, ""Micrographia"", and for first applying the word ""cell"" to describe the basic unit of life?"

Robert Hooke's microscope discoveries - Hooke's Macrographia Microscope history: Robert Hooke (1635 - 1703) The Englishman Robert Hooke (18th July 1635 - 3rd March 1703) was an architect, natural philosopher and brilliant scientist, best known for his law of elasticity (Hooke's law), his book Micrographia, published in 1665 and for first applying the word "cell" to describe the basic unit of life. It is also less well known that there is substantial evidence that Hooke developed the spring watch escapement, independently of and some fifteen years before Huygens, who is credited for this invention. Hooke also is recognised for his work on gravity, and his work as an architect and surveyor. Hooke's Micrographia Here, we focus on his pioneering work using the microscope to document observations of a variety of samples in his book Micrographia, published in September 1665. Hooke began his famed career by initially studying at Wadham College, Oxford, where he worked closely under John Wilkins with other contemporaries, including Thomas Willis and Robert Boyle, for whom he built the vacuum pumps used in Boyle's gas law experiments. He also built some of the earliest telescopes, observing the rotations of Mars and Jupiter, and, based on his observations of fossils, was an early proponent of biological evolution. If that wasn't enough, he investigated the phenomenon of refraction, deducing the wave theory of light, and was the first to suggest that matter expands when heated and that air is made of small particles separated by relatively large distances, yet curiously Robert Hooke is somewhat overlooked in his contributions to science, perhaps as there were many people who wrote of Hooke as a difficult personality, being described as of "cynical temperament" and of "caustic tongue". There were also disputes with fellow scientists, including disputes with Isaac Newton over credit for work on gravitation and the planets. Though it must be remembered that Hooke lived at a time of immense scientific progress and discovery and none of the above diminish Hooke's inventiveness, his remarkable experimental facility, and his capacity for hard work. In 1662 Hooke became Curator of Experiments of the Royal Society, meaning that he was responsible for demonstrating new experiments at the Society's weekly meetings. During this time, Hooke published the book Micrographia, an accurate and detailed record of his observations through his microscope (one of the best such microscopes of his time), illustrated with magnificent drawings. With it he observed organisms as diverse as insects, sponges, bryozoans, foraminifera, and bird feathers. Robert Hooke's microscope Perhaps his most famous observations were in his study of thin slices of cork, describing the pores, or "cells" he viewed. Hooke had discovered plant cells, or more precisely, Hooke had been viewing the cell walls in cork tissue. In fact, it was Hooke who coined the term "cells": the boxlike cells of cork reminded him of the cells of a monastery. Hooke also reported seeing similar structures in wood and in other plants. Hooke also famously described a fly's eye. The extract below from Micrographia demonstrates Hooke's perspective on how the microscope is utilised to enhance the senses... "In the collection of most of which I made use of microscopes and some other glasses and instruments that improve the senses... only to promote the use of mechanical helps for the Senses, both in the surveying the already visible World, and for the discovery of many others hitherto unknown" - Micrographia, by Robert Hooke (1665) In addition to Hooke's observations, Micrographia is known for its spectacular copperplate engravings of the miniature world, particularly its fold-out plates of insects. The engraving of the louse in particular folds out to four times the size of the book. Although the book is best known for demonstrating the power of the microscope, Micrographia also describes distant planetary bodies, the wave theory of light, the organic origin of fossils, and various other philosophical a


Where is the most easterly point in South America?

South America | continent | Britannica.com South America continent Written By: continent South America, fourth largest of the world’s continents. It is the southern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World, the Western Hemisphere, or simply the Americas. The continent is compact and roughly triangular in shape, being broad in the north and tapering to a point—Cape Horn, Chile—in the south. South America A survey of South America’s diverse landscapes. Vincent Urban & Clemens Krüger (A Britannica Publishing Partner) Villavincencio Chapel in the Andes Mountains, Argentina. A. D’Arazien/Shostal Associates Paulo Afonso Falls on the São Francisco River, Alagoas, Brazil. Antonio Gusmao—TYBA/Agencia Fotografica Ltda. South America is bounded by the Caribbean Sea to the northwest and north, the Atlantic Ocean to the northeast, east, and southeast, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. In the northwest it is joined to North America by the Isthmus of Panama , a land bridge narrowing to about 50 miles (80 kilometres) at one point. Drake Passage , south of Cape Horn, separates South America from Antarctica . Relatively few islands rim the continent, except in the south. These include the glaciated coastal archipelagoes of Argentina and Chile. The Falkland (Malvinas) Islands are east of southern Argentina. To the north, the West Indies stretch from Trinidad to Florida, but those islands usually are associated with North America. Of the remainder, most are small oceanic islands off the coasts of South America, including the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, in the Pacific Ocean. South America has a total area of about 6,878,000 square miles (17,814,000 square kilometres), or roughly one-eighth of the land surface of Earth . Its greatest north-south extent is about 4,700 miles, from Point Gallinas , Colombia, to Cape Horn, while its greatest east-west extent is some 3,300 miles, from Cape Branco , Brazil, to Point Pariñas, Peru. At 22,831 feet (6,959 metres) above sea level, Mount Aconcagua , in Argentina, near the border with Chile, is not only the continent’s highest point but also the highest elevation in the Western Hemisphere. The Valdés Peninsula , on the southeastern coast of Argentina, includes the lowest point, at 131 feet (40 metres) below sea level. In relation to its area, the continent’s coastline—some 15,800 miles in length—is exceptionally short. Similar Topics Asia The name America is derived from that of the Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci , one of the earliest European explorers of the New World. The term America originally was applied only to South America, but the designation soon was applied to the entire landmass. Because Mexico and Central America share an Iberian heritage with nearly all of South America, this entire region frequently is grouped under the name Latin America. South America’s geologic structure consists of two dissymmetric parts. In the larger, eastern portion are found a number of stable shields forming highland regions, separated by large basins (including the vast Amazon basin). The western portion is occupied almost entirely by the Andes Mountains . The Andes—formed as the South American Plate drifted westward and forced the oceanic plate to the west under it—constitute a gigantic backbone along the entire Pacific coast of the continent. The basins east of the Andes and between the eastern highlands have been filled with large quantities of sediment washed down by the continent’s great rivers and their tributaries. No other continent—except Antarctica—penetrates so far to the south. Although the northern part of South America extends north of the Equator and four-fifths of its landmass is located within the tropics, it also reaches subantarctic latitudes. Much of the high Andes lie within the tropics but include extensive zones of temperate or cold climate in the vicinity of the Equator—a circumstance that is unique. The great range in elevation produces an unrivaled diversity of climatic and ecological zones, which is probably the most prominent characteristic of South American


"Who played the first doctor in the UK TV series ""Dr Who""?"

11 Actors Who Have Played The Doctor | Mental Floss 11 Actors Who Have Played The Doctor Image credit:  Like us on Facebook There have been many actors who have portrayed the Doctor in various settings, but eleven have been the official Doctors. We'll look at all of them here. 1. William Hartnell Veteran character actor William Hartnell was born in 1908 to humble beginnings; his mother was unwed, he never knew his father, and his first career move was into petty crime. A boxing instructor got him started on horse racing, but he found his real passion when he got a job as a stagehand at the age of 18. He quickly got into acting, working constantly with only a break to serve in World War II in an armored regiment. He ended up typecast in comic tough-guy roles (you can see one of them in The Mouse That Roared), and when Verity Lambert offered him the part of a mysterious time traveler in an educational show aimed at children, he jumped at the part. He created a character who was highly intelligent but not always as wise as he thought himself, brilliant but forgetful, cantankerous but with a deep compassion under the surface. He enjoyed the role tremendously, but by 1966, his health was deteriorating due to arteriosclerosis and he had to quit. The producers came up with the idea of having his character transform into a new actor, and Hartnell suggested Patrick Troughton, who was approached and accepted the part. Hartnell reprised his role once more for the tenth anniversary special, "The Three Doctors," but his health had deteriorated more than the production crew realized and his part had to be rewritten to accommodate his capabilities; it was his final work as an actor, and he passed away in 1974 at the age of 67. 2. Patrick Troughton Born in 1920, Patrick Troughton went directly into an acting career and was undergoing formal training in New York City when World War II broke out. He returned to England and joined the Navy, where he had a decorated career before returning to the theater, gaining a reputation as a reliable and versatile character actor. In 1953, he became the first person to play Robin Hood on television and found a succession of television, film, and radio roles afterward before Innes Lloyd, the new producer of Doctor Who, approached him in 1966 about succeeding William Hartnell in the title role. He ended up playing the role as what series creator Sydney Newman called a "cosmic hobo," inspired partly by silent film star Charlie Chaplin — brilliant, a bit egotistical, and also a bit of a comedian. He'd sometimes play the recorder, a significant change from the First Doctor, who had no apparent musical talent, and it was during this era that the sonic screwdriver was first seen. After three years, he decided to move on, although he returned three more times to reprise the role, in "The Three Doctors," "The Five Doctors," and "The Two Doctors." He returned to his work as a character actor after his time on Doctor Who, working hard despite doctors' advice due to major heart problems. In 1987, he defied doctor's orders to stay in the country and recuperate and went on one more convention tour. He died on March 27, 1987, in Columbus, Georgia. (I actually saw him once, and got his autograph, earlier in the same U.S. tour. He seemed in good health, but, well, he was a very good actor.) Acting was in his blood; several of his children and grandchildren have gone into acting. The youngest of these is Harry Melling, whom Harry Potter fans know as Dudley Dursley. 3. Jon Pertwee Born in 1919, and thus actually a year older than the man he would replace, Jon Pertwee was born into a family that already had a lot of actors in it. Like the first two Doctors, he joined the military in World War II; although his service wasn't as distinguished as Troughton's, he did acquire an interesting souvenir: he woke up one morning after a drunken shore leave to find a tattoo on his arm, which made a brief appearance in his debut episode of Doctor Who. After the war, he became known as a comic actor on stage, television, and film. Whe


"What philosopher, sometimes known by the honorific of ""K'ung Fu-tzu"" and born in BCE 551, has recently had his name given to a Peace Prize ?"

Confucius, K'ung-fu-tzu Confucius Confucius, (Wade-Giles K'ung-fu-tzu, Pinyin Kongfuzi), or , Master K'ung (551-479 BC), is the archetypal Chinese philosopher, a contemporary of the earliest Greek philosophers . Sayings by Confucius are often introduced with no more than , "the Master said..." The life of Confucius, whose Latinized name was first formulated by Matteo Ricci (1552-1610), defines the end of the Spring and Autumn Period in Chinese history; and he becomes, long after his death, the dominant Chinese philosopher both morally and politically. In the Warring States Period Mencius (Meng Tzu, , c.390-305 BC) extended and systematized Confucius's ideas; but with Confucius's adoption in the Hàn Dynasty as the official moral and political doctrine of the State, the Confucian tradition became so broad that "Scholar" or "Literatus" became all but synonymous with "Confucian," and so Confucianism could simply be called the Ju Chia [ ], or School of the Literati -- one of the Six Schools of Classical Chinese philosophy. As one of the "Three Ways," or (the three "doctrines" or religions), together with Taoism [ ] and Buddhism [ ], Confucianism [ ] also grew into one of the traditional religions of the Hàn Chinese [ note ]. The following table gives the basic moral terminology of Confucius, with the Chinese characters. This goes a long way to explaining the nature of Confucius's moral doctrine, since each term embodies the values or disvalues considered morally important. The table is divided into categories that are familiar from the structure of ethics in Western philosophy. Indeed, while many people may think of Indian or Chinese philosophy as intuitionistic or mystical, which is rather like what we do find in Taoism , Confucianism has been said to be a hundred times more rationalistic than Western philosophy. Confucian ethics are certainly clear and uncompromising, with points of similarity to Immanuel Kant and Christianity. BEING Li3, "propriety, good manners, politeness, ceremony, worship." Xiào, "to honor one's parents," filial piety [Analects II:5 ]. Yì may be broken down [Analects IV:15 ] into: zhong1, doing one's best, conscientiousness, "loyalty" [ note ]; and shù, "reciprocity," altruism, consideration for others, "what you don't want yourself, don't do to others" [Analects XV:23 ]. quoted definitions, Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary, Harvard, 1972; quotations from Analects translated by D.C. Lau, Penguin Books, 1979 Confucius himself had a simple moral and political teaching: to love others; to honor one's parents; to do what is right instead of what is of advantage; to practice "reciprocity," i.e. "don't do to others what you would not want yourself"; to rule by moral example ( ) instead of by force and violence; and so forth. Confucius thought that a ruler who had to resort to force had already failed as a ruler -- "Your job is to govern, not to kill" (Analects XII:19 ). This was not a principle that Chinese rulers always obeyed, but it was the ideal of benevolent ( ) rule. It should be noted, however, that even such humane principles are paternalistic and statist , without a hint of the ideals of individual liberty that are the basis of modern liberal society. Nevertheless, the Confucian ideal avoids the worst of modern paternalism with the principle of government by example and by "Not Doing" ( ) and good manners ( ) would enable them to control themselves (Analects II:3 ). "The way the wind blows, that's the way the grass bends" (Analects XII:19 ). Self-control, indeed, is the basis of all the industrious virtues that have made the Chinese people economically successful whenever they have been allowed to prosper, whether in California, Malaya, or China proper. Unfortunately, although Confucius himself says, "Wealth and high station are what men desire" (Analects, IV:5 ), later Confucians (beginning no later than Mencius) turned warnings against the temptation of profit ( ) into a condemnation of profit, which meant that their influence was often turned against the development of Chinese i


"What is the more common name for Chopin's ""Waltz in D Flat Major""?"

Waltzes - Chopin Music Chopin Music You are here: Home / Works / Waltzes Waltzes Waltzes WaltzesThe waltzes have never lost their original attraction for pianists, either in public or in private. Their rhythmic verve, their wealth of melody, their power to evoke well-defined moods and to recreate the atmosphere of excitement, nostalgia, or languor have exercised an irresistible fascination upon generations of music-lovers. Chopin wrote his waltzes spanning his whole lifetime. They have very little in common with Schuberts’s waltzes, nor do they resemble the Viennese of the Lanner and Strauss circle, who wroteUnterhaltungsmusik for a wide audience. Chopin’s waltzes are designed for the salons of the aristocracy: they are sophisticated works in which, behind the glitter and glamour, deeper and often melancholic feelings are hiding. Grand Valse Brillante in E-flat Major, Op. 18 — Vivo This waltz might well be the successor of Weber’s Invitation to the Dance. It is one of Chopin’s most popular and glittering works, full of sparkle and pianistic virtuosity. (Note the fast repeated notes and the witty appoggiaturas.) Valse Brillante in A-flat Major, Op. 34 No. 1 — Vivace The first work of opus 34 is a genuine concert piece in rondo form and coda, calling for considerable technical powers. Valse Brillante in A Minor, Op. 34 No. 2 — Lento This waltz shows the “other” side of Chopin: this piece is full of melancholy, gloom and grief, expressed in mournful simplicity. Valse Brillante in F Major, Op. 34 No. 3 — Lento This waltz is a perpetuum mobile in polymetrical figuration. Grande Valse Nouvelle in A-flat Major, Op. 42 — Lento This is the most ambitious and substantial of all Chopin’s waltzes. The opening trill leads into a charming melody in 2/4 metre, set against the 3/4 left hand accompaniment. The charming themes, the virtuosic figurations and the exhilarating coda make this waltz a favourite with every audience. Waltz in D-flat Major, Op. 64 No. 1 — Molto vivace This first waltz of Opus 64 was written for George Sand’s dog. It is nicknamed Minute Waltz, although it would be madness to play it within the time of one minute. This sobriquet most likely refers to the small and miniature nature of the work. The sostenuto calm of the central section is a typical feature of many Chopin waltzes, where often a swiftly moving section is set off against a contemplative middle section. Vladimir de Pachmann arranged this waltz in thirds. When he played his arrangement during a recital in London, he crouched over the keyboard such that nobody could see his hands. When asked why he did this he answered, “Why I do this? I will tell. I see in the audience my old friend Moriz Rosenthall, and I do not wish for him to copy my fingering.” Waltz in C-sharp Minor, Op. 64 No. 2 — Tempo giusto This second waltz of Opus 64 is just as popular as the first, although here a yearning melancholy and sorrowful expression brings the piece to a deeper plane of emotion. Artur Rubinstein played this waltz often. When people asked him how he could continue to play the same waltz for over 75 years, he replied, “Because it’s not the same, and I don’t play it the same way.” Waltz in A-flat Major, Op. 64 No. 3 — Moderato This one is said to be one of Chopin’s personal favourites: he played it frequently. It possesses a certain inner nobility of bearing. The central C major section, in which the theme sounds in the bass, is of especial beauty. Only the closing section has a build-up of tempo, ending in a sudden whirlwind of scales and triads. Artur Rubinstein said, “This waltz is the most original of all. This waltz is not for dancing, nor is it a ‘salon piece,’ no, it is a thing directly from Chopin’s heart and soul.” Waltz in A-flat Major, Op. 69 No. 1 (posth.) — Lento This work is also known as L’adieu. Chopin fell in love with Maria Wodzinska (1819-1896), but her father did not want her to marry a young, poor musician. Waltz in B Minor, Op. 69 No. 2 (posth.) — Moderato Chopin composed this piece at the age of 19. He ordered this waltz (along with other early wo


What was the last royal capital of the Burmese kingdom before its annexation by the British in 1885 when King Thibaw and Queen Supayalat were exiled after the Third Anglo-Burmese War?

Travel Guide : Travel Information for Mandalay City, upper Myanmar Myanmar news Mandalay History Mandalay is the last royal capital of Burma and located 445 miles (716 km) north of Yangon on the east bank of the Irrawaddy River. Mandalay is the economic hub of Upper Burma and considered the centre of Burmese culture. A continuing influx of Chinese immigrants, mostly from Yunnan Province, in the past twenty years, has reshaped the city's ethnic makeup and increased commerce with China. Despite Nay Pyi Daw's recent rise, Mandalay remains Upper Burma's main commercial, educational and health centre. On 13 February 1857, King Mindon founded a new royal capital at the foot of Mandalay Hill. The city site was 25.5 square miles (66 km�) in area, surrounded by four rivers. The plan called for a 144-square block grid patterned citadel, anchored by a 16 square block royal palace compound at the centre by Mandalay Hill. The 1020-acre (413-hectare) citadel was surrounded by four 6,666 feet (2,032 m) long walls and a moat 210 ft (64 m) wide, 15 ft (4.6 m) deep. At intervals of 555 ft (169 m) along the wall, were turrets with gold-tipped spires for watchmen. The walls had three gates on each side, and five bridges to cross the moat. In addition, the king also commissioned the Kuthodaw Pagoda, the Pahtan-haw Shwe Thein higher ordination hall, the Thudhamma Zayats or public houses for preaching the Doctrine, and the library for the Buddhist scriptures. In June 1857, the former royal palace of Amarapura was dismantled and moved by elephants to the new location at the foot of Mandalay Hill although construction of the palace compound was officially completed only two years later, on Monday, 23 May 1859. For the next 26 years, Mandalay was to be the last royal capital of the last independent Burmese kingdom before its final annexation by the British. Mandalay ceased to be the capital on 28 November 1885 when the conquering British sent King Thibaw and his queen Supayalat into exile, ending the Third Anglo-Burmese War. While Mandalay would continue to be the chief city of Upper Burma during the British colonial rule, the commercial and political importance had irreversibly shifted to Yangon. The British view on the development of Mandalay (and Burma) was mainly with commercial intentions. While rail transport reached Mandalay in 1889, less than four years after the annexation, the first college in Mandalay, Mandalay College, was not established until 40 years later, in 1925. The British looted the palace, with some of the treasures still on display in the Victoria and Albert Museum, also renaming the palace compound Fort Dufferin and used it to billet troops. Throughout the colonial years, Mandalay was the centre of Burmese culture and Buddhist learning, and as the last royal capital, was regarded by the Burmese as a primary symbol of sovereignty and identity. Between the two World Wars, the city was Upper Burma's focal point in a series of nationwide protests against the British rule. The British rule brought in many immigrants from India to the city. In 1904�05, a plague caused about one-third of the population to flee the city. Many again fled the city during World War II when the city was under Japanese occupation from May 1942 to March 1945. The city suffered heavy damage. The palace citadel, turned into a supply depot by the Japanese, was burnt to the ground by Allied bombing; only the royal mint and the watch tower survived. (A faithful replica of the palace was rebuilt in the 1990s.) After the country gained independence from Britain in 1948, Mandalay continued to be the main cultural, educational and economic hub of Upper Burma. Until the early 1990s, most students from Upper Burma went to Mandalay for university education. Until 1991, Mandalay University, the University of Medicine, Mandalay and the Defense Services Academy were the only three universities in Upper Burma. Only a few other cities had "Degree Colleges" affiliated with Mandalay University that offered a limited number of subjects. Today, the city attracts a fraction


What was the stage name of Bernard Jewry?

From Bernard Jewry to Alvin Stardust | Shane Fenton | People | Our Mansfield and Area 'Pop goes Mansfield' exhibition at Mansfield Museum From Bernard Jewry to Alvin Stardust By Alvin Stardust Bernard William Jewry BBernard William Jewry was born in the Muswell Hill district of London on September 27th 1942 . At the age of two the family moved to Mansfield , where his mother ran a boarding house. Many of the guests were either artists or musicians appearing at the Mansfield Theatre and in this sort of atmosphere, it's not surprising that although only a toddler, he took an avid interest in music and stage work. At four he made his first vocal stage appearance in "Babes In The Wood"; five years later he made his straight acting debut in the Carl Jenner Mobile Theatre ' s presentation of "No Room At The Inn"; and three years on, whilst attending boarding school he fronted his first band at local fetes and garden parties. Aged 17, he took part in a talent showcase at the Mansfield Palais. Also appearing were a group who ' d evolved from the remnants of the Diamond Skiffle Group and Roger Lymer and his Crusaders. Johnny Theakston with his Beat Boys newly re-named the Tremeloes won the competition and Bernard threw his lot in with the group as their road manager, occasionally joining them onstage. The original shane Fenton - johnny Theakston By the turn of the 1960's Theakston had assumed a more 'Americanised' stage persona from an amalgam of the lead character from the western "Shane" and a local printer firm, Fentons' . The newly re-christened and now fully professional "Shane Fenton and the Fentones" went from strength to strength in the Nottinghamshire area an d b, and encouraged the group to submit a tape recording to the BBC Light Programme (forerunner of Radio 1). Although granted a coveted audition tragedy struck just days before the event: 17-year old Johnny Theakston was taken seriously ill with rheumatic fever and was rushed into hospital, where he died two days later. The band, whose line-up had long settled of Jerry Wilcock and Mick Eyre on lead and rhythm guitars, Bill Bonney on bass and Tony Hinchcliffe on drums were ready to quit, but with some persuasion from Johnny ' s Mother they steeled their resolve and coerced Bernard into full-time singing by taking over the Shane Fenton role.Passing the audition with flying colours, they were given a slot on the two-hour "Saturday Club", a show recorded in Birmingham but transmitted nationally. The gig went so well they became regular guests on the series and the programme's musical director, Tommy Sanderson became their manager. He got them a long-term recording contract with EMI's Parlophone label, the eccentric relation to its associate labels, Columbia (Cliff Richard, the Shadows) and HMV (early Elvis, Johnny Kidd and the Pirates). True, George Martin ' s roster consisted of more unusual signings on the company like established comedy acts, like Bernard Cribbins, Charlie Drake and Peter Sellers, although their current biggest and consistent seller was teen idol Adam Faith. The bulk of the groups' production work was handled by George Martin  (the man behind the Beatles' hits), occasionally handing over to others. first single A breezy rendition of the George Formby novelty number "Five Foot Two, Eyes Of Blue" was the original choice for the first single but the topside was eventually written by fellow Parlophone artist Jerry Lordan. He was already responsible for a string of hits including "With A Girl Like You" for Cliff Richard, also the Shadow's "Apache"; he would go on to pen many others, including "Diamonds" and "Scarlett O' Hara", top five smashes for Jet Harris and Tony Meehan in 1963. Sharing the same Manager, Tommy Sanderson, Lordan and fenton met each other in the offices of music publisher Francis, Day and Hunter. Fenton's natural shyness and laid back demeanour inspired Lordan to cus tom write "I'm A Moody Guy" which contains his distinctive trademarks; a shifting chord sequence line with unexpected extra beats and notes (a style not dis-similar to Burt


What legendary place is said to have sunk into the sea?

Five Legendary Lost Cities that have Never Been Found | Ancient Origins 2 November, 2015 - 02:47 aprilholloway Five Legendary Lost Cities that have Never Been Found (Read the article on one page) The story of Atlantis is one of the most renowned and enduring tales of a lost city, said to have been swallowed up by the sea and lost forever. Yet, the story of Atlantis is not unique, as other cultures have similar legends of landmasses and cities that have disappeared under the waves, been lost beneath desert sands, or buried beneath centuries of vegetation. From the ancient homeland of the Aztecs, to jungle cities of gold and riches, we examine five legendary lost cities that have never been found. Percy Fawcett and the Lost City of Z Since Europeans first arrived in the New World, there have been stories of a legendary jungle city of gold, sometimes referred to as El Dorado.  Spanish Conquistador, Francisco de Orellana was the first to venture along the Rio Negro in search of this fabled city.  In 1925, at the age of 58, explorer Percy Fawcett headed into the jungles of Brazil to find a mysterious lost city he called “Z”.  He and his team would vanish without a trace and the story would turn out be one of the biggest news stories of his day.  Despite countless rescue missions, Fawcett was never found.  In 1906, the Royal Geographical Society, a British organization that sponsors scientific expeditions, invited Fawcett to survey part of the frontier between Brazil and Bolivia.  He spent 18 months in the Mato Grosso area and it was during his various expeditions that Fawcett became obsessed with the idea of lost civilizations in this area. In 1920, Fawcett came across a document in the National Library of Rio De Janeiro called Manuscript 512.  It was written by a Portuguese explorer in 1753, who claimed to have found a walled city deep in the Mato Grosso region of the Amazon rainforest, reminiscent of ancient Greece.  The manuscript described a lost, silver laden city with multi-storied buildings, soaring stone arches, wide streets leading down towards a lake on which the explorer had seen two white Indians in a canoe.  Fawcett called this the Lost City of Z. In 1921, Fawcett set out on his first of many expeditions to find the Lost City of Z, but his team were frequently hindered by the hardships of the jungle, dangerous animals, and rampant diseases.  Percy’s final search for Z culminated in his complete disappearance.  In April 1925, he attempted one last time to find Z, this time better equipped and better financed by newspapers and societies including the Royal Geographic Society and the Rockefellers.  In his final letter home, sent back via a team member, Fawcett sent a message to his wife Nina and proclaimed “We hope to get through this region in a few days.... You need have no fear of any failure.”  It was to be the last anyone would ever hear from them again. While Fawcett’s lost city of Z has never been found, numerous ancient cities and remains of religious sites have been uncovered in recent years in the jungles of Guatemala, Brazil, Bolivia and Honduras. With the advent of new scanning technology, it is possible that an ancient city that spurred the legends of Z, may one day be found. The Lost City of Aztlan – Legendary Homeland of the Aztecs The Aztec people of Mexico created one of the most powerful empires of the ancient Americas. While much is known about their empire located where today’s Mexico City can be found, less is known about the very start of the Aztec culture. Many consider the missing island of Aztlan to be the ancient homeland where the Aztec people began to form as a civilization prior to their migration to the Valley of Mexico. Some believe it is a mythical land, similar to Atlantis or Camelot, which will live on through legend but will never be found in physical existence. Others believe it to be a true, physical location that will someday be identified. Searches for the land of Aztlan have spanned from Western Mexico, all the way to the deserts of Utah, in hopes of finding the legendary isla


Where was the first IOC-run Olympics held in the 21st century?

Olympic Games Timeline | HistoryOnTheNet Olympic Games Timeline Last Updated: 01/17/2017 - 11:35 For more information on counter-intuitive facts of ancient and medieval history, see Anthony Esolen's  The Politically Incorrect Guide to Western Civilization .     Athens, Greece First Olympics First recorded evidence of the ancient Olympic games. The games were held at Olympia. There was only one event - the men's 200m sprint. 490BCE Greece First Marathon The messenger Pheidippedes ran 42km from Sparta to Athens to bring the news of the Greek victory at the battle of Marathon. 424BCE Greece Decline With large numbers of young men having to go to fight against the Spartans there were fewer athletes able to train and compete in the games and so they began to fall into decline. 394CE The Roman Emperor, Theodosius I, abolished the games claiming they were a pagan event. 1612 Cotswolds, UK Cotswold Olympick Games Robert Dover, a barrister, founded the Cotswold Olympick Games. The games featured horse racing, fencing, shin-kicking and throwing the hammer. 1766 Englishman Richard Chandler discovered the site of ancient Olympia. 1796 France French Olympic Revival L'Olympiade de la République was an olympic-style yearly competition held between 1796 and 1798 in France. 1850 Shropshire, UK Wenlock Olympian Games An Olympic-style yearly sports festival was established in Much Wenlock, Shropshire, UK by Dr William Penny Brookes. It continues to this day. 1859 Greece Zappian Games Dr William Penny Brookes persuaded Greek Evangelis Zappas to stage a revival of the ancient Olympic games. Brookes sent 10 pounds to be used as prize money. 1875 A German-funded team of archeologists excavated the site of ancient Olympia. 1890 Shropshire, UK Pierre de Coubertin visited Much Wenlock Pierre de Coubertin was invited to attend the Much Wenlock games by Dr William Penny Brookes. 1894 France IOC founded The International Olympic Committee was founded by Baron Pierre de Coubertin who took the title of President of the committee. Coubertin suggested that the Olympics be re-established as an international four-yearly event to be hosted by different countries each time. 1896 Athens Greece First Modern Olympic Games The first modern Olympic games was held in Athens, Greece. All winners were presented with an olive branch and a silver medal. 1900 Paris, France Women competed for the first time Paris hosted these games without a stadium. Most events were held in the Bois de Boulogne and swimming events were held in the river Seine. Women competed for the first time. 1904 St Louis, USA Gold, silver and bronze medals were introduced Gold, silver and bronze medals were introduced. Winners of events were given a gold medal, second place a silver medal and third place a bronze medal. 1908 London, UK Olympic Stadium For the first time the Olympics take place in a purpose built stadium. Figure skating was introduced as an Olympic sport. Australia and New Zealand competed together as Australasia. 1912 Stockholm, Sweden Competitors from all 5 continents Athletes from all 5 continents take part. A public address system and electric timing devices were used for the first time. The Decathlon and Pentathlon were introduced for the first time. 1914 Pierre de Coubertin designed the Olympic symbol of 5 interlocking rings.   1916 Due to be held in Berlin this games was cancelled due to World War One 1920 Antwerp, Belgium Doves first released The Olympic rings symbol was used for the first time. It was depicted on a flag with a white background which has been used ever since and is known as the Olympic flag. The opening ceremony saw doves, which symbolise peace, released for the first time. Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary and Turkey were not allowed to take part because they were defeated in World War One 1924 The first Winter Olympics were held in Chamonix France 1924 The games returned to Paris France 1928 The second Winter Olympics held in St Moritz, Switzerland 1928 Summer Olympics Olympic Flame first lit Amsterdam had previously bid for the 1920 and 1924 games. The


In Greek legend, what were Stheno, Euryale and Medusa, winged female monsters with snakes for hair who turned mortals to stone if they looked directly at them?

Medusa Medusa See More Medusa Pictures > Medusa was a monster, one of the Gorgon sisters and daughter of Phorkys and Keto , the children of Gaea (Earth) and Oceanus (Ocean). She had the face of an ugly woman with snakes instead of hair; anyone who looked into her eyes was immediately turned to stone. Her sisters were Sthenno and Euryale, but Medusa was the only mortal of the three. She was originally a golden-haired, fair maiden, who, as a priestess of Athena , was devoted to a life of celibacy; however, after being wooed by Poseidon and falling for him, she forgot her vows and married him. For this offence, she was punished by the goddess in a most terrible manner. Each wavy lock of the beautiful hair that had charmed her husband was changed into a venomous snake; her once gentle, love-inspiring eyes turned into blood-shot, furious orbs, which excited fear and disgust in the mind of the onlooker; whilst her former roseate hue and milk-white skin assumed a loathsome greenish tinge. Seeing herself transformed into such a repulsive creature, Medusa fled her home, never to return. Wandering about, abhorred, dreaded, and shunned by the rest of the world, she turned into a character worthy of her outer appearance. In her despair, she fled to Africa, where, while wandering restlessly from place to place, young snakes dropped from her hair; that is how, according to the ancient Greeks, Africa became a hotbed of venomous reptiles. With the curse of Athena upon her, she turned into stone whomever she gazed upon, till at last, after a life of nameless misery, deliverance came to her in the shape of death, at the hands of Perseus .


The left and right ventricles and the left and right atriums are found where in the human body?

Left Atrium - Human Heart Home > Cardiovascular System > Heart and Cardiovascular System of the Upper Torso > Heart > Left Atrium Left Atrium The left atrium is one of the four hollow chambers of the heart. It plays the vital role of receiving blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and pumping it to the left ventricle. Anatomy The left atrium is a small, hollow structure on the superior left side of the heart. It is separated from the right atrium by the interatrial septum and from the left ventricle by the bicuspid (mitral) valve. A thin, irregular pouch of cardiac tissue known as the left auricle extends from the left atrium along its anterior surface.... Move up/down/left/right: Click compass arrows Rotate image: Click and drag in any direction, anywhere in the frame Identify objects: Click on them in the image 2D Interactive 3D Rotate & Zoom Change Anatomical System Full Left Atrium Description [Continued from above] . . . The heart wall of the left atrium is much thinner and weaker than that of the left ventricle. It is made of three distinct layers: the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The epicardium is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium that protects the heart wall by giving it smooth surface and by secreting pericardial fluid to lubricate the pericardial space. Deep to the epicardium is the myocardium that makes up the bulk of the heart wall and contains the cardiac muscle cells. Contraction of cardiac muscle cells in the myocardium produces the pumping force of the left atrium. Finally, the endocardium forms the innermost layer of the heart wall that is in contact with blood inside the left atrium. It is made of endothelium, a specialized simple squamous epithelium that prevents blood cells from sticking to the heart wall and forming dangerous blood clots. Blood flow to the tissues of the left atrium is provided by the left coronary artery, which branches from the aorta at the surface of the heart. Most of the posterior tissues of the left atrium receive blood from the left circumflex coronary artery, one of the major branches of the left coronary artery. Deoxygenated blood is drained from the left atrium through the oblique vein of the left atrium, which joins with the larger coronary sinus to return blood to the interior of the heart. Physiology Blood is pumped by the right side of the heart to the lungs, where it passes through a capillary bed and picks up vital supplies of oxygen from the air in the lungs. This newly oxygenated blood collects in the pulmonary veins and travels to the left atrium of the heart. The left atrium acts as a collecting chamber for blood and allows it to pass into the larger and more muscular left ventricle. Stimulatory signals from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrium act as a pacemaker and trigger the coordinated contraction of the myocardium of the atria, known as atrial systole. Atrial systole results in the active pumping of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle to fill the ventricle completely. The left ventricle contracts a few milliseconds after the left atrium, forcing the bicuspid valve to close and pumping blood into the aorta and onwards towards the body’s organ systems. While the ventricles are contracting, the left atrium relaxes to allow more blood from the lungs to refill its chamber and prepare for the next cardiac cycle. Prepared by Tim Taylor, Anatomy and Physiology Instructor


When was camogie established as a sport?

CnamB | Camogie | Virginia Modern Cumann na mBan in teal Proudly sponsored by: Welcome/Fáilte Cumann na mBan (CnamB for short), is a camogie team of over 30 women of all ages and walks of life in Coastal Virginia (aka "the 757"). Camogie is the all-women version of the ancient sport of hurling, believed to be the oldest field sport, and the Camogie Association was officially founded in Ireland in 1903. Team Updates Follow Us On Your Favorite Social Media: April 3, 2016 - CnamB is kicking off our camogie Spring Mermaid League! As always, we owe a huge thanks to the 2016 Mermaid League team sponsors, Mermaid Winery  and Lewis Communication.   The Selkies and the Sirens will play alternating Sundays at Lafayette Park in Norfolk, VA , (right next to the Zoo) and the athletic field at Spratley School in Hampton, VA . We will be rotating game times with the two hurling games as follows:   4/3 - 12PM Game at Lafayette Park 4/10 - 11AM Game at Spratley School 4/17 - 10AM Game at Lafayette Park 4/24 - 12PM Game at Spratley School 5/1 - NO GAMES - CHARLESTON 5/8 - 11AM Game at Lafayette Park 5/15 - 10AM Game at Spratley 5/29 - Final Game at Lafayette   CnamB is actively recruiting new players for the leauge, no matter your level of experience! Check out our FaceBook page for information on practices (free and we have all the equipment you need) and league registration. Fans are welcomed and encouraged (there are bathrooms, stands and plenty of room for chairs). “Dress suitably in short skirts and sitting boots, leave your jewels and gold wands in the bank, and buy a revolver.”  Countess Markievicz 4696 Princess Anne Road, Virginia Beach Larkspur Middle School


Which American serial drama TV series, first broadcast in 2004, follows the lives of plane crash survivors on a Pacific island after a plane crash?

Lost - Free Piano Sheet Music   Free Piano Sheets of Lost Lost is an American serial drama television series that follows the lives of plane crash survivors on a mysterious tropical island, after a commercial passenger jet flying between Sydney, Australia and Los Angeles, United States crashes somewhere in the South Pacific. Each episode typically features a primary storyline on the island as well as a secondary storyline from another point in a character's life. The show was created by Damon Lindelof, J. J. Abrams and Jeffrey Lieber, and is filmed primarily on location in Oahu, Hawaii. The pilot episode was first broadcast on September 22, 2004. Since then, four seasons have been aired. The show is produced by ABC Studios, Bad Robot Productions and Grass Skirt Productions and airs on the ABC Network in the United States. Its soundtrack is composed by Michael Giacchino. The current executive producers are Abrams, Lindelof, Bryan Burk, Jack Bender and Carlton Cuse. Because of its large ensemble cast and the cost of filming in Hawaii, the series is one of the most expensive on television. Critically acclaimed and a popular success, Lost garnered an average of 16 million viewers per episode on ABC during its first year. It has won numerous industry awards including the Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in 2005, Best American Import at the British Academy Television Awards in 2005, the Golden Globe for Best Drama in 2006 and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Ensemble in a Drama Series. Reflecting its devoted fan base, the show has become a part of American popular culture with references to the story and its elements appearing in other television shows, commercials, comic books, webcomics, humor magazines, a video game and song lyrics. The show's fictional universe has also been explored through tie-in novels, board and video games, and alternative reality games, The Lost Experience and Find 815. Share this with your friends


Playwright Athol Fugard, multi-award-winning honorary fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, is best-known for what theme in his works?

Mildmay Fane (2nd Earl of Westmorland) 1600-1666 Mildmay Fane was born around 1600, probably in Kent, to Francis Fane, 1st Earl of Westmorland, and his wife Lady Mary Mildmay, daughter of Queen Elizabeth’s Treasurer. From around 1615 until 1617, Fane attended Emmanuel College, Cambridge, which had been founded by his grandfather, Sir Walter Mildmay. Fane served as MP for Peterborough (1620-21;1626-28) and for Kent (1625) and was created a Knight of the Bath at the time of the coronation of Charles I. Fane’s best-known work is a collection of poems, Otia sacra (1648), but Fane was also a skilled translator of the Roman epigrammist Martial and wrote, for private performance in his private theatre at Apethorpe, Northamptonshire, a masque, Candia restaurata, for which he even designed the sets and special-effects machinery, as well as writing the text and composing some of the music. Much of Fane’s poetry survived but still remains unpublished, although he is being increasingly anthologized. In addition to his “retirement” poems, Fane also included poetry addressed to various members of the royal family, hoping that they could reverse their political fortunes and re-establish England as a kind of Arcadia. Fane makes a royalist icon of the young Prince of Wales (later King Charles II) as the symbol for a rebirth. Fane was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Northamptonshire at the Restoration and died on February 12, 1666. Press your browser’s BACK button to return to the previous page.   U.A. Fanthorpe 1929-2009 U.A. Fanthorpe was born in Kent in 1929 and attended St Anne’s College, Oxford (1949-53), and the University of London Institute of Education (1953-54), afterward becoming an assistant English teacher, and later Head of English, at Cheltenham Ladies’ College (1962-70). In 1971, she took a diploma in school counseling at University College, Swansea, and later worked as a hospital clerk in Bristol. This latter experience provided the backdrop for her first collection, Side Effects (1978), which records the invisible lives and voices of psychiatric patients. Fanthorpe was Arts Council Writing Fellow at St. Martin’s College, Lancaster (1983-85), and Northern Arts Literary Fellow at the universities of Newcastle and Durham (1987-8). She became Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1988 and held honorary doctorates from the University of West England and the University of Gloucestershire. She was awarded Hawthornden Fellowships between 1987 and 1997. In 1989, she became a full-time writer and often gave readings of her work, mostly in the UK and occasionally abroad. Many of her poems are for two voices and, in her readings, the other voice was taken by R.V. Bailey. The first woman to be nominated for the post of Oxford Professor of Poetry, Fanthorpe was also short-listed for the 1996 Forward Poetry Prize (Best Poetry Collection of the Year) for “Safe as Houses” and was a leading contender for the post of Poet Laureate in 1999. Consequences (2000) was a Poetry Book Society recommendation; Christmas Poems (2002) brings together a collection of poems that she sent out to friends as Christmas cards from 1974 onward. Her last collection was Queuing for the Sun (2003) and her Collected Poems was published in 2004. Homing In: Selected Local Poems (2006) celebrates her home county of Gloucestershire. In 2001 Fanthorpe was made CBE for services to poetry. She was also awarded the 2003 Queen’s Gold Medal for Poetry. U.A Fanthorpe died in April 2009. Press your browser’s BACK button to return to the previous page.   James T. Farrell 1904-1979 James Thomas Farrell (February 27, 1904-August 22, 1979) was an American novelist. One of his most famous works was the Studs Lonigan trilogy, which was made into a film in 1960 and into a television miniseries in 1979. The trilogy was voted No. 29 on the Modern Library’s list of the 100 best novels of the 20th century. Farrell was born in Chicago, Illinois, to a large Irish-American family that included siblings Earl, Joseph, Helen, John and Mary. In addition, there were several other siblings


A coup in February 2010 led by Colonel Djibril Adamou Harouna displaced president Mamadou Tandja in which country?

Niger: The Mamadou Tandja Disease - allAfrica.com Niger: The Mamadou Tandja Disease column By Owei Lakemfa MAMADOU TANDJA who was removed in a military coup last Thursday, February 18, after being president of Niger Republic for 10 years, was a time bomb. His overthrow was not only unexpected, but was in some circles, eagerly awaited. Tandja and his fellow travellers had infected Niger's democracy with HIV/AIDS and refused to allow it take retroviral drugs, so the coup was simply an opportunistic disease that delivered the death blow. Following the coup, there were jubilations rather than protests in the streets. The tears were not for old soldier Tandja, but were tears of joy as new junta leader, Colonel Djibril Adamou Harouna led the neo-colonial army to seize power once again. Seventy two-year-old Tandja, a veteran coup plotter has, except for a brief period, been in government for the past 36 years; the last 10 years as president. He was one of the coup leaders who on April 16, 1974 overthrew President Hamani Diori, Niger's founding president. Lt Colonel Seyni Kountche, who took over, died in November 1987 and was replaced by Army Chief, Colonel Ali Saibou, who decreed into existence a political party, the National Movement for Development in Society (MNSD). The party was imposed as the sole party which must have military representatives because according to Saibou: "Power will not just be handed over to civilians, the presence of the army at their side is indispensable for the country's development". Elections were conducted in 1989 and 'won' by the military junta which transformed into a civilian clique. Following mass protests, a National Conference was convened which stripped Saibou and his ruling gang, including Tandja, of their powers and an interim government led by Andre Salifou installed. Open elections were held in 1993 in which Mamadou Tandja ,who had replaced Colonel Saibou as leader of the MNSD, was defeated by a coalition of parties led by Mahamane Ousman. A contrived crisis in the National Assembly, led to the re-imposition of military rule, this time under Colonel Ibrahim Bare Mainassara in January 1996. Six months later, Mainassara held 'elections' in which he rigged himself to power. His presidential guards led by Major Daouda Malam Wanke assassinated Saibou in April 1996 and the former took over. The military conducted elections on November 24, 1999 and retired Colonel Tandja of the MNSD defeated former Prime Minister Mahamadou Issoufou. So after some three decades in government Tandja was now president. He won re-election in December 2004 and was constitutionally expected to leave office on December 22, 2009 after the maximum two terms of 10 years in office. But he refused. Rather, he re- wrote the constitution and awarded himself an open ended elongation in office. When the Constitutional Court ruled against this, he sacked the court. When the National Assembly rejected his bid, Tandja dissolved it. When the people protested, he sent armed security against them. This is what I diagnose as the Tandja disease. This disease afflicts young men in the African neo-colonial armed forces who after being in power through coups, become so addicted that they are ready to give an arm to return to political office, and after their constitutional terms expire, refuse to leave. They would prefer to endanger the polity and if necessary kill in order to change the constitution and remain in power. It is the Tandja disease that the Nigerian, Olusegun Aremu Obasanjo suffers from. After being a minister in the General Yakubu Gowon regime in 1975, Deputy Head of State in the General Murtala Ramat Muhammed regime from July 1975 to February 1976, he was Head of State from 1976 to 1979. Then 20 years later, he became president and ruled for the maximum two terms of eight years. But rather than bow out, Obasanjo decided to perpetuate himself in office. He opted to award himself an unconstitutional third term. He endangered the democratic process and expended lots of funds and the country's energy in his bid to hang on to


"Which Noble Order of Knighthood, whose motto is ""honi soit qui mal y pense"" was founded in 1348 in England by King Edward III?"

Honi Soit Qui Mal Y Pense - Order of the Garter Honi Soit Qui Mal Y Pense from Wikipedia Website   A garter is one    of the Order's most recognizable insignia. Diamonds spell    out the motto of the Order on this seventeenth century    garter. The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an   English order of chivalry with a history stretching back to medieval   times; today it is the world's oldest national order of knighthood   in continuous existence and the pinnacle of the British honours   system. Its membership is extremely limited, consisting of the   Sovereign and not more than twenty-five full members, or Companions.   Male members are known as Knights Companions, whilst female members   are known as Ladies Companions (not Dames, as in most other British   chivalric orders). The Order can also include certain extra members   (members of the British Royal Family and foreign monarchs), known as "Supernumerary" Knights and Ladies. The Sovereign alone grants   membership of the Order; the Prime Minister does not tender binding   advice as to appointments, as he or she does for most other orders. As the name suggests, the Order's primary emblem is a garter bearing   the motto "Honi soit qui mal y pense" (which means "Shame   on him who thinks ill of it") in gold letters. The Garter is an   actual accessory worn by the members of the Order during ceremonial   occasions; it is also depicted on several insignia. Most British orders of chivalry cover the entire kingdom, but the   three most exalted ones each pertain to one constituent nation only.   The Order of the Garter, which pertains to England, is most senior   in both age and precedence; its equivalent in Scotland is The Most   Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle. Whilst the Order of the   Thistle was certainly in existence by the sixteenth century and   possibly has medieval origins (or even, according to more fanciful   legends, dates to the eighth century), the foundation of the   institution in its modern form dates only to 1687. In 1783 an Irish   equivalent, The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick, was founded,   but since the independence of the greater part of Ireland the Order   has fallen dormant (its last surviving knight died in 1974).   History The Order was founded circa 1348 by Edward III as "a society,   fellowship and college of knights." Various more precise dates   ranging from 1344 to 1351 have been proposed; the wardrobe account   of Edward III first shows Garter habits issued in the autumn of   1348. At any rate, the Order was most probably not constituted   before 1346; the original statutes required that each member   admitted to the Order already be a knight (what would today be   called a knight bachelor), and several initial members of the Order   were first knighted in that year. Various legends have been set forth to explain the origin of the   Order. The most popular one involves the "Countess of Salisbury" (it   may refer to Joan of Kent, the King's future daughter-in-law, or to   her then mother-in-law, whom Edward is known to have admired).   Whilst she was dancing with the King at Eltham Palace, her garter is   said to have slipped from her leg to the floor. When the surrounding   courtiers sniggered, the King picked it up and tied it to his own   leg, exclaiming "Honi soit qui mal y pense." (The French may be   loosely translated as "Shame on him who thinks ill of it"; it has   become the motto of the Order.) According to another myth, Richard   I, whilst fighting in the Crusades, was inspired by St George to tie   garters around the legs of his knights; Edward III supposedly   recalled the event, which led to victory, when he founded the Order. Composition Sovereign and Knights Since its foundation, the Order of the Garter has included the Sovereign and Knights Companions. The Sovereign of the United   Kingdom serves as Sovereign of the Order.   Queen Elizabeth    II in Garter Robes The Prince of Wales is explicitly   m


"When his Late String Quartets were first performed in the 1820s, listeners described them variously as ""indecipherable, uncorrected horrors"" and ""we know there is something there, but we do not know what it is"". Who was the composer?"

Ludwig van beethoven by regios99 - issuu issuu Issuu on Google+ Ludwig van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven ( i /ˈlʊdvɪɡ væn ˈbeɪ.toʊvən/; German: ˈluːtvɪç fan ˈbeːt.hoːfən ( listen); baptized 17 December 17701 – 26 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers. His best known compositions include 9 symphonies, 5 concertos for piano, 32 piano sonatas, and 16 string quartets. He also composed other chamber music, choral works (including the celebrated Missa Solemnis), and songs. Born in Bonn, then the capital of the Electorate of Cologne and part of the Holy Roman Empire, Beethoven displayed his musical talents at an early age and was taught by his father Johann van Beethoven and Christian Gottlob Neefe. During his first 22 years in Bonn, Beethoven intended to study with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and befriended Joseph Haydn. Beethoven moved to Vienna in 1792 and began studying with Haydn, quickly gaining a reputation as a virtuoso pianist. He lived in Vienna until his death. In about 1800 his hearing began to deteriorate, and by the last decade of his life he was almost totally deaf. He gave up conducting and performing in public but continued to compose; many of his most admired works come from this period. • Biography Background and early life House of birth, Bonn, Bonngasse 20, now the Beethoven-Haus museum Beethoven was the grandson of Lodewijk van Beethoven (1712–73), a musician who came from Mechelen in present-day Belgium who moved at the age of twenty to Bonn.23 Lodewijk (Ludwig is the German cognate of Dutch Lodewijk) was employed as a bass singer at the court of the Elector of Cologne, eventually rising to become Kapellmeister (music director). Lodewijk had one son, Johann (1740–1792), who worked as a tenor in the same musical establishment, and gave lessons on piano and violin to supplement his income.2 Johann married Maria Magdalena Keverich in 1767; she was the daughter of Johann Heinrich Keverich, who had been the head chef at the court of the Archbishopric of Trier.4 Prince-Elector's Palace (Kurfürstliches Schloss) in Bonn, where the Beethoven family had been active since the 1730s Beethoven was born of this marriage in Bonn. There is no authentic record of the date of his birth; however, the registry of his baptism, in a Roman Catholic service at the Parish of St. Regius on 17 December 1770, survives.5 As children of that era were traditionally baptised the day after birth in the Catholic Rhine country, and it is known that Beethoven's family and his teacher Johann Albrechtsberger celebrated his birthday on 16 December, most scholars accept 16 December 1770 as Beethoven's date of birth.67 Of the seven children born to Johann van Beethoven, only Ludwig, the second-born, and two younger brothers survived infancy. Caspar Anton Carl was born on 8 April 1774, and Nikolaus Johann, the youngest, was born on 2 October 1776.8 Dominic Patric de Neuville Übersetzungsbüro TRANSIT Zürich www.transitweb.ch Beethoven's first music teacher was his father. Although tradition has it that Johann van Beethoven was a harsh instructor, and that the child Beethoven, "made to stand at the keyboard, was often in tears,"2 the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians claimed that no solid documentation supported this, and asserted that "speculation and myth-making have both been productive." 2 Beethoven had other local teachers: the court organist Gilles van den Eeden (d. 1782), Tobias Friedrich Pfeiffer (a family friend, who taught Beethoven the piano), and Franz Rovantini (a relative, who instructed him in playing the violin and viola).2 Beethoven's musical talent was obvious at a young age. Johann, aware of Leopold Mozart's successes in this area (with son Wolfgang and daughter Nannerl), attempted to exploit his son as a child prodigy, claiming that Beethoven was six (he was seven) on the posters for Beethoven's first public performance in March 1778. 9 From Wikipedia, the


What is a jury said to do when it leaves the courtroom to consider a verdict?

West Virginia Judiciary | Jury Duty: A Handbook for Trial Jurors Jury Duty: A Handbook for Trial Jurors Search Viewing PDF Files Welcome As a citizen, you have long enjoyed the privileges and protection of your government. Now you are called into service for that same government. You have been summoned and qualified as a trial juror for the courts of West Virginia. Jury service is the fulfillment of a civic obligation and a valuable privilege. There is no more vital work a citizen can perform in the exercise of self-government than honest and conscientious jury service. Service as a juror is as important as that of the judge, and a trial juror should take great personal satisfaction in the fact that an important duty has been accomplished. Indeed, the effectiveness of our system of justice is measured by the integrity and dedication of the jurors who serve in our courts. This handbook is designed to help you understand trial procedures and terms you may hear in the courtroom. In each case for which you are selected as a juror, the trial judge will give you instructions as to your schedule, courtroom procedures, and the law as it relates to the case before you. You should disregard anything in this handbook which is in conflict with the judge's instructions. Justice Calls It is necessary that there be courts so that the disputes which arise between people can be settled justly and peaceably. It is necessary that persons charged with crime be fairly tried, that public safety and welfare be protected on the one hand, and that private rights and liberties be safeguarded on the other. It is the business of every citizen to see that this is done, and it is a duty which the people must do for themselves if life, liberty and property are to be kept secure. Suppose Ms. Jones sues Mr. Smith. They may be strangers to you, and you may not care who wins. But as a citizen, it is very important to you and all the people that there be a way by which disputes between people can be settled without conflict and in a rational and just manner. John Doe may be accused of a crime. He may also be a stranger to you, and you may never have heard of the offense with which he is charged. Still, it is important to you as a citizen that the laws be enforced to punish wrongdoers and discourage crime so that you may be safe and secure in your person, your property and your rights. It is equally important that no innocent person be falsely convicted and sent to prison, for if that could happen to someone else, it could also happen to you. Role of The Judge and Jury The oaths taken by a judge and juror require each of them to accept and apply the law as it is. That is a sworn duty. No person is allowed to disregard the law because he or she thinks the law should be different than it is. Laws are made, repealed or changed by those who are elected to make laws, not judges and jurors. During the trial the judge decides all questions and disputes about the law and the rules for presenting evidence. At the end of the trial, the judge instructs the jury on the law and the main questions it is to decide. The case is then turned over to the jury, and the power and responsibility move from the judge's bench to the jury room. The jury must decide what the facts are and what testimony to believe. Jury Selection The first step in a civil or criminal jury trial is the selection from the jury panel of the number of jurors required to try the case. In circuit court, civil case juries are composed of six persons and criminal case juries are composed of twelve persons. In magistrate court, all juries are composed of six persons. In most cases, the judge will impanel one or more extra or alternate jurors in case a juror should become ill or have to be excused because of an emergency during the course of the trial. After the judge briefly explains the general nature of the case to be tried and introduces the lawyers and parties, the panel of prospective jurors is questioned in a process called voir dire – French for "to speak the truth" – to determine if any juror has a pe