Which residence of Scots kings was built next to a ruined abbey by James IV, and rebuilt by Charles II?

Best of Edinburgh Edinburgh Castle Introduction Holyroodhouse from Salisbury Craggs The Palace of Holyroodhouse is located at the bottom of Edinburgh's Royal Mile and is the official residence of HM The Queen in Scotland. Ornamental gates History The earliest parts of the building date from the late 15th century and the Palace was gradually extended over the years. The tower to the left of the main entrance, for example, predates that to the right. This can best be seen by comparing the weathering of the stonework on each. The stonework of the older tower to the left is dark and rough while the newer tower to the right is bright and smooth.  Enjoying a magnificent setting next to Holyrood Park and Arthur's Seat, Holyroodhouse has provided the stage for many important historical events in Scotland's past. The Palace is built next to the ruins of Holyrood Abbey which was founded in 1128. Holyrood Abbey The Abbey itself was built over the spot where King David I is said to have experienced a miracle when out hunting one day. Separated from his companions a magnificent hart (a male red deer or stag) appeared out of the mist, frightening his horse and throwing him to the ground. As the animal closed in to attack, the King instinctively put out his hands for protection. At this point a cross is said to have miraculously appeared between its antlers. This stopped the hart in its tracks and it turned and fled in terror. That night in a dream the King was commanded to build a holy house on the site. This he did, and that building was Holyrood Abbey. Vaulted ceiling of side aisle Later, around 1500, James IV built the first proper Palace on the site, replacing the former guesthouse that had been built close by the Abbey and which had become the residence of earlier Scottish kings. The new Palace was built around a quadrangle, containing the Royal Apartments, Great Hall and a Chapel. In 1544 Henry VIII of England despatched an army under the Earl of Hertford to burn Leith and sack Edinburgh to show his contempt at the refusal of the Stuarts to marry Mary to his son. This resulted in considerable damage to the Palace. Plaque Later, in 1650, when Oliver Cromwell was visiting Edinburgh, the Palace was burned by his troops. Although Cromwell rebuilt the Palace, shortly after this it was torn down again and rebuilt in 1671 by Charles II, in essentially its present form. The nave roof was vaulted in stone, but collapsed in 1758 shortly after being built. Mary Queen of Scots Perhaps the most famous inhabitant of the Palace was Mary Queen of Scots. The Palace from Calton Hill Born in 1542, Mary was the daughter of King James V of Scotland. James died within a week of her birth and Mary was crowned Queen of Scots before her first birthday. Aged five, Mary was sent to Paris be raised in the French court under the terms of an arranged marriage to Henri II's son, Francois. Mary was said to have been very popular in the French court and excelled in languages and the arts. On Henri's death in 1559, Francois succeeded to the French throne with Mary becoming his Queen Consort. Tragedy struck however only a few month's later when Francois died of an ear infection. Mary, by this time a highly cultured and beautiful young woman, returned to Scotland in 1561, aged just 19.  Holyrood Palace became her new home, but unfortunately she returned to Scotland at a time of enormous political and religious upheaval and her involvement in this would eventually to lead to her downfall. Bathhouse of Queen Mary She married Henry Stuart Lord Darnley at Holyrood Palace in 1565. This antagonised Elizabeth I of England who felt threatened by Mary'ss Catholic background and potential claim to the English throne. One of the most famous incidents concerning Mary was the murder in 1566 of her private secretary, a handsome Italian by the name of David Rizzio. Darnley had become jealous of the high regard in which Mary held Rizzio and arranged a conspiracy to murder him. This was carried out in front of Mary and Rizzio was reputed to have been stabbed 57 times. Mary's bedro


Who was the first US president to travel outside the USA while in office?

The First President To Travel Abroad : NPR The First President To Travel Abroad Embed Embed The First President To Travel Abroad The First President To Travel Abroad Embed Embed Email June 30, 20133:00 PM ET President Obama is in Africa this week on a three-country tour. But who was the first president to go abroad? Biographer Edmund Morris tells us about President Teddy Roosevelt's historic trip to Panama in 1906. JACKI LYDEN, HOST: President Obama's trip this week adds a few countries to the dozens long list of those he's visited in his two terms in office. But it was only at the beginning of the last century that an American president first ventured beyond the country's borders. EDMUND MORRIS: It was a tradition that the president of the United States should stay home and govern the country during his term of office. And Theodore Roosevelt was the first person to break that tradition. LYDEN: That's historian and author Edmund Morris. The year was 1906 and Theodore Roosevelt, who Morris calls TR, made history when he traveled to Panama. Plagued by disease and construction mishaps, the Panama Canal project was floundering. The U.S. had supported Panama's revolution against Colombia. Then after millions of dollars and man-hours were invested, progress was once again being made. MORRIS: The dirt was flying in TR's phrase, and he wanted to go down and see the dirt fly and work the steam shovels and have himself a good time and have himself a lot of press attention. LYDEN: Known for his rough rider frontier persona, Theodore Roosevelt embraced the caricature. MORRIS: Theodore Roosevelt was God's gift to the American press. His personality was outsized. Everything he did was flamboyant and funny and attention-getting and symbolic. LYDEN: Marching into the jungle, he stepped behind the controls of steam shovels digging through the soggy ground. Shutters snapped. MORRIS: He triumphantly announced his return by sending an illustrated message to Congress. This was itself an historic first. An actual bound book full of photographs of the Panama Canal and its construction and himself there. And that kept the story alive and advertised to the world what he had done. LYDEN: (Unintelligible) now, of course. But, says Morris, there is one important distinction between Theodore Roosevelt's journey and this president's trip. MORRIS: Obama is following the grand old tradition of leaving the country in order to attract headlines at a time when he was - when he himself is not doing very well at home. Whereas TR left the country at just about the height of his power and popularity in 1906. By going there and seeing the canal under construction, he was dramatizing to the world the fact that the United States was itself a world power and able to improve the commerce of the world. LYDEN: The president announced a multi-billion dollar assist to Africa to expand economic growth, investment and trade, parallel themes just over a century apart. Copyright © 2013 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information. NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc. , an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.


What is the name for the measurement and description of navigable waters necessary for safe navigation of vessels?

Hydrography - GIS Wiki | The GIS Encyclopedia Hydrography Jump to: navigation , search Table of geography, hydrography, and navigation, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. Hydrography focuses on the measurement of physical characteristics of waters and marginal land. Hydrography generally refers to the measurement and description of any waters, and specifically refers to those measurements and descriptions of navigable waters necessary for safe navigation of vessels. Oceanography and limnology are subsets of hydrography. Contents 5 External links Overview Large scale hydrography is usually undertaken by national or international organizations that sponsor data collection through precise surveys and the publication of charts and descriptive material for navigational purposes. The science of oceanography is, in part, an outgrowth of classical hydrography. In many respects the data are interchangeable, but marine hydrographic data will be particularly directed toward marine navigation and safety of that navigation. Marine resource exploration and exploitation is a significant application of hydrography, principally focused on the search for hydrocarbons. Hydrographical measurements will include the tidal , current and wave information of physical oceanography. They will include bottom measurements, with particular emphasis on those marine geographical features that pose a hazard to navigation such as rocks, shoals, reefs and other features that obstruct ship passage. Unlike oceanography, hydrography will include shore features, natural and man-made, that aid in navigation. A hydrographic survey will therefore include accurate positions and representations of hills, mountains and even lights and towers that will aid in fixing a ship's position as well as the aspects of the sea and seabed. Hydrography, mostly for reasons of safety, had adopted a number of conventions that affect its portrayal of the data collected for charting. For example, hydrographic charts are designed to portray what is safe for navigation, and therefore will usually tend to maintain least depths and occasionally de-emphasize the actual submarine topography that will be portrayed on bathymetric charts . The former are the mariner's tools to avoid accident. The latter are best representations of the actual seabed, as in a topographic map, for scientific and other purposes. Trends in hydrographic practice since ca. 2003-2005 have lead to a narrowing of this difference, with many more hydrographic offices maintaining "best observed" databases, and then making navigationaly "safe" products as required. This has been coupled with a preference for multi-use surveys, so that the same data collected for nautical charting purposes can also be used for bathymetric portrayal. A hydrographic survey is quite different from a bathymetric survey in some important respects, particularly in a bias toward least depths due to the safety requirements of the former and geomorphologic descriptive requirements of the latter. Historically, this could include echo soundings being conducted under settings biased toward least depths, but in modern practice hydrographic surveys typically attempt to best measure the depths observed, with the adjustments for navigational safety being applied after the fact. Hydrography of streams will include information on the stream bed, flows, water quality and surrounding land. Basin or Interior Hydrography pays special attention to rivers and potable water. History Hydrography's origin lies in the making of chart like drawings and notations made by individual mariners. These were usually the private property, even closely held secrets, of individuals who used them for commercial or military advantage. Eventually organizations, particularly navies, realized the collection of this individualized knowledge and distribution to their members gave an organizational advantage. The next step was to organize members to actively collect information. Thus were born dedicated hydrographic organizations for the collection, organization, publication and distribu


"Which Beatle invested heavily in Handmade Films, the production company that made ""Life Of Brian"", ""Monty Python In Search Of The Holy Grail"" and ""A Fish Called Wanda""?"

History of Film by Paul Dudley - issuu issuu 156 illustrations, 15 in colour For my family Space is at a premium in a concise volume of this kind and, much as I w o u l d have liked to have included the original titles of films not in the English language with their translations or trade names, I have elected to refer to productions solely by the title by w h i c h they are best k n o w n in English. T h e date given in each case is that of a film's release in its country of origin. W h e r e sources conflict, I have opted for the majority decision. I am extremely grateful to all at Thames and Hudson for their assistance and unfailing encouragement, and w o u l d like particularly to thank Jason Freeman for his invaluable advice on the style and content of this book and all w h o tolerated me while I completed it. Any copy of this book issued by the publisher as a paperback is sold subject to the condition that it shall not by way of trade or otherwise be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including these words being imposed on a subsequent purchaser. First published in the United Kingdom in 1 9 9 5 by Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1 8 1 A High Holborn, London W C 1 V 7 Q X www.thamesandhudson.com ÂŠ 1 9 9 5 David Parkinson Reprinted 2 0 0 2 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN O - 5 O O - 2 0 2 7 7 - X Printed and bound in Italy by Conti Tipocolor Contents CHAPTER T W O From S c i e n c e t o C i n e m a T h e F o u n d a t i o n s of C l a s s i c a l Hollywood CHAPTER THREE 261 INDEX i Otloimr Anschulz's Llectio-Tailn tope (jShy) exploited persistinic of vision to give tht inipics sion of moving pictures as transparencies of sequence photographs passed before brief flashes of light. Anschiitz later produced a dual-lens disc projector, premiered in Berlin in November 1894. CHAPTER ONE From Science to Cinema T h e most m o d e r n of all the arts, cinema is fittingly the most dependent o n science and t e c h n o l o g y . T h e twentieth century's d o m inant art f o r m was b o r n o u t of the nineteenth-century predilection for machinery, m o v e m e n t , optical illusion and public entertainment. Film's prehistory is a labyrinth of discoveries, inventions, part-solutions and failures. S o m e w e r e accidental, others coincidental, but f e w w e r e devised w i t h the e n d p r o d u c t o f projected m o v i n g photographic images in m i n d . It was an evolutionary process in w h i c h each n e w device or discovery inspired a fresh w a v e of emulation and e x p e r i mentation, sometimes for the purpose of entertainment, but often in the cause of science alone. T h e majority of its pioneers always envisaged the m o v i n g picture as primarily a scientific aid, i n d e e d e v e n Louis L u m i e r e claimed that ' m y w o r k has b e e n directed towards scientific research. I have n e v e r engaged in w h a t is termed " p r o d u c t i o n " ' . H o w e v e r , the k e y scientific principle o n w h i c h m a n y o f these inventions was based was a false assumption. Persistence of vision had b e e n k n o w n to the ancient Egyptians, but in spite of the w o r k of Isaac N e w t o n and the C h e v a l i e r d ' A r c y , it was not until 1824 that it was satisfactorily defined, by Peter M a r k R o g e t , as the ability of the retina to retain an image of an object for Ao to A of a second after its r e m o v a l from the field of vision. H o w e v e r , it has since b e e n s h o w n that film seems to m o v e because the brain, and n o t the e y e , is accepting stimuli w h i c h it is incapable


"In which film starring Edward G Robinson are the main character's dying words ""Mother of Mercy, is this the end of Rico""?"

Little Caesar Reviews & Ratings - IMDb IMDb 43 out of 53 people found the following review useful: Hades' Hoodlum from Forest Ranch, CA 5 June 2003 Rico Bandello, a petty crook nicknamed LITTLE CAESAR, plots his rise to become crime boss of the Big City. Edward G. Robinson made a tremendous impact in this star-making saga of a thoroughly detestable little man who bandies his way through society's underbelly for a short time until fate brings him his just reward. The evil spawn of a deplorable age, Rico cares for neither booze nor dames, only pure raw power. Even loyalty & friendship are weaknesses to be deplored since no one can be ultimately trusted. Robinson, with his frightening eyes and large ugly mouth, makes this human scum fascinating to watch - a cheap little monster in expensive suits, a moral nonentity with a big gun. Douglas Fairbanks Jr does a fine job with what little the script gives him as Rico's longtime buddy; the bland nature of his performance contrasts nicely to Robinson's florid acting style. Even more compelling is Glenda Farrell in an important early role as Fairbanks' girlfriend - this talented actress would soon become one of Hollywood's premiere tough talking brassy blondes. Stanley Fields, Sidney Blackmer & George E. Stone all deliver vivid portraits of crooks & criminals that Rico must intimidate or use. Special mention should be made of William Collier Jr who gives a touching portrayal as the mob's getaway driver who loses his nerve and attempts to go straight. Movie mavens will recognize an unbilled Lucille La Verne as the old crone who intimidates Rico near the end of the picture. With LITTLE CAESAR and PUBLIC ENEMY (1931) Warner Brothers established themselves as the Studio that could produce topnotch, gritty crime dramas. The reputation was well deserved and the films were appreciated by movie viewers already enthralled by the headline exploits of real life Depression desperadoes. Was the above review useful to you? 37 out of 47 people found the following review useful: "Is this the end of Rico?" - Yes, But the Start of My Favorite Genre - Mob Movies from Philadelphia, PA 1 April 1999 LITTLE CAESAR was made at a critical time in U.S. history. Prohibition was in, the depression was overwhelming, and mobsters were running rampant. I don't think the filmmakers realized it, but they have made a movie that paints the "Mafia" as glamorous and flashy. A message appears before the flick, telling the public how "we" must stop gangsters like Tom Powers (James Cagney,PUBLIC ENEMY) and Rico, (Edward G. Robinson, LITTLE CAESAR). The movie probably had youngsters and adults alike wanting to live the life of a man who had a city in his grasp, and no one who was anyone was "yellow". All seriousness aside, this blueprint of a long history of mob pictures is silly, dated, and damn watchable. You can't take your eyes off the screen. A film with dialogue like the ultimate cliche "Go on. I'm...done for" must be a waste of time right? Not if you appreciate pre-historic cinema and the Vitaphone films of the early talkie period. Actors like the great Edward G. Robinson were born to talk and deliver lines at machine gun pace. This is what the audiences of the time were looking for. And that mug. Audiences would not see such a face on a gangster until Brando's GODFATHER. If you love GOODFELLAS, THE GODFATHER, Cagney and Bogart films, and even PULP FICTION, this is a must see. Experience an American original - the first potent "La Cosa Nostra" movie. Rat tat tat tat tat!!! RATING: 10 of 10 from United States 21 October 2006 Boy, is this gangster movie dated but Edward G. Robinson makes it so entertaining! Robinson, like James Cagney, can dominate a film. He certainly does that in this movie, and is sure fun to watch as "Enrico Bandello." Everything about the movie, including the DVD transfer (although a lot better than the VHS) is dated-looking and sounding, but that helps make it interesting. The dialog is so passe that it's almost weird. I put on the English subtitles so I could understand everythi


Symptoms of what disease include fever, shivering, joint pain, vomiting, anaemia, hemoglobinuria, retinal damage, and convulsions, with cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness followed by rigour, fever and sweating?

Malaria - Citrus County- Ticks & Lyme Disease Citrus County- Ticks & Lyme Disease Malaria  SYMPTOMS  Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever , fatigue , vomiting and headaches .  In severe cases it can cause  yellow skin ,  seizures ,  coma  or  death . These symptom usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten. In those who have not been appropriately treated disease may recur months later. In those who have recently survived an infection, re-infection typically causes milder symptoms. This partial  resistance  disappears over months to years if there is no ongoing exposure to malaria. The signs and symptoms of malaria typically begin 8–25 days following infection; [8]  however, symptoms may occur later in those who have taken antimalarial medications as prevention. [3]  Initial manifestations of the disease—common to all malaria species—are similar to  flu -like symptoms, [9] and can resemble other conditions such as  septicemia ,  gastroenteritis , and  viral diseases . [3]  The presentation may include  headache ,  fever ,  shivering ,  joint pain ,  vomiting ,  hemolytic anemia , jaundice ,  hemoglobin in the urine ,  retinal damage , and  convulsions . [10] The classic symptom of malaria is  paroxysm —a cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness followed by shivering and then fever and sweating, occurring every two days (tertian fever) in P. vivax andP. ovale infections, and every three days (quartan fever) for P. malariae. P. falciparum infection can cause recurrent fever every 36–48 hours or a less pronounced and almost continuous fever. [11] Severe malaria is usually caused by P. falciparum (often referred to as falciparum malaria). Symptoms of falciparum malaria arise 9–30 days after infection. [9]  Individuals with cerebral malaria frequently exhibit  neurological  symptoms, including  abnormal posturing ,  nystagmus ,  conjugate gaze palsy  (failure of the eyes to turn together in the same direction),  opisthotonus ,  seizures , or  coma . [ 9 ] There are several serious  complications  of malaria. Among these is the development of  respiratory distress , which occurs in up to 25% of adults and 40% of children with severe P. falciparum malaria. Possible causes include respiratory compensation of  metabolic acidosis , noncardiogenic  pulmonary oedema , concomitant  pneumonia , and severe  anaemia . Although rare in young children with severe malaria, acute respiratory distress syndrome  occurs in 5–25% of adults and up to 29% of pregnant women. [12]   Coinfection  of  HIV  with malaria increases mortality. [13]  Renal failure is a feature of  blackwater fever , where hemoglobin from  lysed  red blood cells leaks into the urine. [9] Infection with P. falciparum may result in  cerebral malaria , a form of severe malaria that involves  encephalopathy . It is associated with retinal whitening, which may be a useful clinical sign in distinguishing malaria from other causes of fever. [14]  Splenomegaly, severe headache, hepatomegaly  (enlarged liver),  hypoglycemia , and hemoglobinuria with  renal failure  may occur. [9] Malaria in pregnant women  is an important cause of  stillbirths ,  infant mortality  and  low birth weight , [15]  particularly in P. falciparum infection, but also with P. vivax. [ 16 ] Symptoms of malaria can recur after varying symptom-free periods. Depending upon the cause, recurrence can be classified as either  recrudescence ,  relapse , or reinfection. Recrudescence is when symptoms return after a symptom-free period. It is caused by parasites surviving in the blood as a result of inadequate or ineffective treatment. [29]   Relapse is when symptoms reappear after the parasites have been eliminated from blood but persist as dormant hypnozoites in liver cells. Relapse commonly occurs between 8–24 weeks and is commonly seen with P. vivax and P. ovale infections. [3]  P. vivax malaria cases in  temperate  areas often involve  overwintering  by hypnozoites, with relapses beginning the year after the mosquito bite. [30]   Reinfection means the parasite that caused the past infecti


Which card game involves 2 teams of 2 players aiming to reach 7 points, with each trick taken above 6 counting as 1 point, using 52 cards, all dealt except the last, which is turned up as trumps?

Card Games: Commercial Games Alpha There are 74 cards representing letters of the alphabet - 42 consonants, 32 vowels and 2 wild cards. While the consonant cards each represent a single letter, the vowel cards give a choice of two vowels and the wild cards represent any letter. Several games for these cards are offered; for example in New Word, players take turns to make the highest scoring word they can from the cards in their hand together with those left on the table from the previous play, unused table cards being discarded after each turn. ALPHAbet playing cards (archive copy) This was a 110 card pack consisting of letters A to Z in four suits (red triangle, green circle, blue star and brown square) plus four jokers and two further wild cards. Rules were included for five games involving making words, either on a layout or by collecting cards in your hand. Armory A combat game for 2-4 players, but not a CCG (trading game). Each player has a deck of 60 cards containing two warriors and an archer who are to be provided with appropriate armaments (22 cards per deck) and then protected by a guardian (5 cards). Each deck includes 30 "mystic" cards can be played to attack other players, to counter attacks and for various other purposes. The two final attack cards can be used to win the game when your three combatants are fully armed and guarded. Authors This American version of Quartet, Go Fish or Happy Families is sometimes played with standard playing-cards, but originally cards showing famous authors were used. Nowadays various other educational series - presidents, baseball players, inventors, etc. are also available. Players try to collect sets of four cards by asking other players for them. You can order Authors cards of various types from amazon.com Barons of Fyn This is a kind of board wargame, but played entirely with cards, some of which represent land. The game components are free - you can download and print out the rules the card designs from the web site, cut out the cards and play. Baseball Baseball card games are an American tradition dating back to the late 19th century (Lawson's Patent Base Ball Game was patented in 1884). More modern simulations include Sportscards Baseball , which includes a pitching deck and a batting deck which includes some cards allowing "coaching moves". The cards come in a handsome wooden box which unfolds to represent the playing field, with metal pegs for the players. An outline of the rules is given on the cards, but these are quite hard to understand unless you are familiar with the workings of the real game of Baseball. The game can be ordered by e-mail from John Carr at . The American novelist Paul Auster has also designed a baseball-based card game called Action Baseball that was published in his recent Hand to Mouth: A Chronicle of Early Failure (NY, Henry Holt, 1996). The game needs 2 packs of 96 cards each, a game board, several tokens, a scoring board. The cards are printed inside the book, and the rules are given as an appendix. Battlefields of Olympus This two-player game from Smartass Games is played with 100 cards - 50 warrior cards used for battle, 30 action cards that modify the play in various ways, 14 land trophy cards for which the players compete, and 10 Ares (God of War) cards that precipitate battles. The fighting between warriors uses an unusual mechanism in which the cards are placed top edge to top edge, and the result depends on whether the colours on the top right of one card match the colour on the top left of the other. Beat the Bookie An simple but effective game based on horse race betting - requiring judgement of probabilities and with plenty of scope for psychology and bluff. There is a pack of 44 cards, each showing a balanced set of odds on a four horse race, plus two sets of cards representing the four horses (red, green, blue, black). An odds card is turned up and one player (the bookie) decides secretly which of the four horses will win the race. Then the other players bet on the horse(s) of the choice, the winner is revealed and the bets ar


What is a feud where the relatives of a murdered man take vengeance on the family of those who killed him, for generations?

Feud - Wikipedia, Photos and Videos Feud NEXT GO TO RESULTS [51 .. 100] WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE For other uses, see Feud (disambiguation) . A feud /ˈfjuːd/ , referred to in more extreme cases as a blood feud, vendetta, faida, beef, clan war, gang war, or private war, is a long-running argument or fight, often between social groups of people, especially families or clans . Feuds begin because one party (correctly or incorrectly) perceives itself to have been attacked, insulted or wronged by another. Intense feelings of resentment trigger the initial retribution , which causes the other party to feel equally aggrieved and vengeful . The dispute is subsequently fuelled by a long-running cycle of retaliatory violence . This continual cycle of provocation and retaliation makes it extremely difficult to end the feud peacefully. Feuds frequently involve the original parties' family members and/or associates, can last for generations , and may result in extreme acts of violence . They can be interpreted as an extreme outgrowth of social relations based in family honor . Until the early modern period , feuds were considered legitimate legal instruments [1] and were regulated to some degree. For example, Serb culture calls this krvna osveta, meaning "blood revenge", which had unspoken but highly valued rules. [2] In tribal societies, the blood feud, coupled with the practice of blood wealth , functioned as an effective form of social control for limiting and ending conflicts between individuals and groups who are related by kinship , as described by anthropologist Max Gluckman in his article "The Peace in the Feud" [3] in 1955. Contents Blood feuds[ edit ] "Blood feud" redirects here. For other uses, see Blood Feud (disambiguation) . A blood feud is a feud with a cycle of retaliatory violence, with the relatives of someone who has been killed or otherwise wronged or dishonored seeking vengeance by killing or otherwise physically punishing the culprits or their relatives. In the Anglosphere , the Italian word vendetta is used to mean a blood feud, but in reality it means (personal) "vengeance" or "revenge", originating from the Latin vindicta ( vengeance ), while the word faida would be more appropriate for a blood feud. In the Anglosphere, "vendetta" is sometimes extended to mean any other long-standing feud, not necessarily involving bloodshed. Sometimes, it is not mutual, but rather refers to a prolonged series of hostile acts waged by one person against another without reciprocation. [4] History[ edit ] Blood feuds were common in societies with a weak rule of law (or where the state does not consider itself responsible for mediating this kind of dispute), where family and kinship ties are the main source of authority . An entire family is considered responsible for whatever any one of them has done. Sometimes two separate branches of the same family have even come to blows, or worse, over some dispute. Ponte dei Pugni ("Bridge of Fists") in Venice was used by rival clans to stage fist fights The practice has mostly disappeared with more centralized societies where law enforcement and criminal law take responsibility for punishing lawbreakers. In Homeric ancient Greece , the practice of personal vengeance against wrongdoers was considered natural and customary: "Embedded in the Greek morality of retaliation is the right of vengeance... Feud is a war, just as war is an indefinite series of revenges; and such acts of vengeance are sanctioned by the gods". [5] In the ancient Hebraic context, it was considered the duty of the individual and family to avenge evil on behalf of God. The executor of the law of blood-revenge who personally put the initial killer to death was given a special designation: go'el haddam , the blood-avenger or blood-redeemer ( Book of Numbers 35: 19, etc.). Six Cities of Refuge were established to provide protection and due process for any unintentional manslayers. The avenger was forbidden from harming the unintentional killer if the killer took refuge in one of these cities. As the Oxford Companion to the Bible s


"What is the subject of the study of ""limnology""?"

Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography Member Benefits What is Limnology? Limnology is the study of inland waters - lakes (both freshwater and saline), reservoirs, rivers, streams, wetlands, and groundwater - as ecological systems interacting with their drainage basins and the atmosphere. The limnological discipline integrates the functional relationships of growth, adaptation, nutrient cycles, and biological productivity with species composition, and describes and evaluates how physical, chemical, and biological environments regulate these relationships. The word limnology is derived from the Greek limne - marsh, pond and Latin limnaea - thing pertaining to a marsh. Stated simply, limnology is the study of the structural and functional interrelationships of organisms of inland waters as their dynamic physical, chemical, and biotic environments affect them. Freshwater ecology is the study of the structure, function, and change of organisms in fresh waters as affected by their dynamic physical, chemical, and biotic environments. Saline waters (> 0.3% or 3 g per liter) are excluded from this definition. Freshwater biology is the study of the biological characteristics and interactions of organisms of fresh waters. This study is largely restricted to the organisms themselves, such as their biology, life histories, populations, or communities. Limnology encompasses an integration of physical, chemical, and biological components of inland aquatic ecosystems with the drainage basin, movements of water through the drainage basin, and biogeochemical changes that occur en route, and within standing (lentic) waters and exchanges with the atmosphere. The lake ecosystem is intimately coupled with its drainage area and atmosphere, and with its running (lotic) waters and ground waters that flow, and metabolize en route, components of the land being transported to the lake. Understanding of the causal mechanisms operating in and controlling our natural world is a primary objective of limnology because of the premier importance of fresh water for the well being of humankind. The greater our understanding, the higher the probability to predict accurately patterns of events within aquatic ecosystems in response to human manipulations and disturbances. A combination of analytical techniques is used to acquire that understanding: Descriptive observations of patterns of biological processes and communities in relation to dynamic patterns of environmental properties. Such descriptive empirical analyses allow the generation of hypotheses, that is, conceptual predictive "models" of relationships among observed patterns. Experimental examination and evaluation of quantitative responses to selected disturbances imposed on the system. By imposing quantitatively known disturbances on specific parts of the community or ecosystem, much insight can be gained on controlling factors governing their operation. In some cases, entire lakes or streams are experimentally manipulated. Application of quantitative predictive models based on experimentally established, not random, governing variables. Models allow expansion of experimentally understood quantitative relationships, that is, hypothetical data can be inserted allowing a theoretical estimate of system responses to these variables. Robert G. Wetzel


"The British TV series ""Porridge"" was set in what prison?"

Porridge (TV Series 1974–1977) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The prison life of Fletcher, a criminal serving a five-year sentence, as he strives to bide his time, keep his record clean, and refuses to be ground down by the prison system. Stars: Fletch is in the prison hospital, where an unpleasant con called Norris, shortly to be released, has won the possessions of an elderly prisoner, Blanco. Fletch hatches a plan involving a supposed ... 8.6 Supposedly as a temporary measure Lennie Godber is moved into Fletch's cell. As a first-timer the prison world is new to him and he misses his girl-friend. Fletch shows a kindly, philosophical side ... 8.5 Christmas Special. Fletcher discovers that his fellow inmates are planning to escape. 8.5 a list of 48 titles created 01 Dec 2011 a list of 41 titles created 27 Dec 2011 a list of 45 titles created 22 Mar 2013 a list of 34 titles created 10 Aug 2015 a list of 28 titles created 2 months ago Search for " Porridge " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 4 wins & 3 nominations. See more awards  » Photos Arkwright is a tight-fisted shop owner in Doncaster, who will stop at nothing to keep his profits high and his overheads low, even if this means harassing his nephew Granville. Arkwright's ... See full summary  » Stars: Ronnie Barker, David Jason, Lynda Baron This prison comedy is based on the popular British television series of the same name. Long time Slade prison inmate Fletcher is ordered by Grouty to arrange a football match between the ... See full summary  » Director: Dick Clement Long running BBC comedy show consisting of sketches and humourous musical routines involving the large Ronnie Barker and the small Ronnie Corbett. Most sketches involved both men, but ... See full summary  » Stars: Ronnie Barker, Ronnie Corbett, The Fred Tomlinson Singers Going Straight (TV Series 1978) Comedy Following his release from Slade prison, Fletcher tries to stick to the straight and narrow, but it isn't easy! Stars: Ronnie Barker, Patricia Brake, Richard Beckinsale Classic 1960s British comedy series about a middle aged man and his elderly father who run an unsuccessful 'rag and bone' business (collecting and selling junk). Harold (the son) wants to ... See full summary  » Stars: Wilfrid Brambell, Harry H. Corbett, Frank Thornton Popular sitcom set in a seedy bedsit lorded over by the mean, vain, boastful, cowardly landlord Rigsby. In each episode, his conceits are debunked by his long suffering tenants. Stars: Leonard Rossiter, Don Warrington, Frances de la Tour Victor Meldrew is a retiree who attracts bad luck. If he's not driving his long suffering wife Margeret crazy with his constant moaning, he's fighting with neighbors. Stars: Richard Wilson, Annette Crosbie, Doreen Mantle During WW2, in a fictional British seaside town, a ragtag group of Home Guard local defense volunteers prepare for an imminent German invasion. Stars: Arthur Lowe, John Le Mesurier, Clive Dunn Accident-prone Frank Spencer fails to navigate the simplest tasks of daily life, while also trying to look after his wife and baby. Stars: Michael Crawford, Michele Dotrice, Jessica Forte The misadventures of a ragtag group of elderly Home Guard local defense volunteers at the onset of WW2. Director: Norman Cohen Terry and Bob from The Likely Lads (1964) continue their life after Terry arrives home from serving in the Army to discover that Bob is about to marry his girlfriend Thelma. Can Thelma lead... See full summary  » Stars: James Bolam, Rodney Bewes, Brigit Forsyth This comedy series is all about two mates, Gary and Tony who share a two bedroom home. They are grown men who act like a couple of drunk two year olds, who spend their time either drinking ... See full summary  » Stars: M


Which two British Prime Ministers had the same name?

The Institution of Prime Minister | History of government The Institution of Prime Minister — No 10 guest historian series , Prime Ministers and No. 10 “How the power of Prime Ministry grew up into its present form it is difficult to trace precisely.” In 1841 a former Prime Minister, Viscount Melbourne , explained the above to Queen Victoria . Details of the lives of individual Prime Ministers have been recounted in numerous biographical studies, but less is known about the history of the premiership as an institution. This article provides an historical overview of how the British Prime Minister’s Office came into being, its subsequent development and the staff attached to it. Sir Robert Walpole and the origins of the premiership The so-called ‘Glorious Revolution’ of 1688 helped produce a new power-balance within the English constitution. Monarchs became more dependent upon Parliament to obtain tax revenues and pursue their favoured policies, while the House of Commons was establishing its dominance over the House of Lords. This changed constitutional structure created a potential opening for a politician who could deliver control of Parliament for the monarch. One man in particular, operating from the position of a Member of the Commons, not the Lords, managed to exploit this opportunity: Sir Robert Walpole . The title ‘prime minister’ was originally a term of abuse rather than a description of an official role. It implied that an individual subject had risen improperly above others within the royal circle, and had echoes of a political institution imported from France, England’s great enemy. When Robert Harley, a favourite of Queen Anne (1702-1714), was impeached in 1715, one of the charges against him was that he was a prime minister. The prevailing view at this time was that monarchs should be their own prime ministers. The historian A. J. P. Taylor wrote that Walpole was ‘as much the first modern Prime Minister we should recognize as Adam was the first man’. Walpole had a long tenure as First Lord of the Treasury (1721-1742) and became the dominant figure within government from around 1730. His ability to carry crown business through Parliament ensured the support of first George I and, from 1727, George II . Their backing enabled Walpole to influence official appointments and gave him access to money, both of which could be traded for support in Parliament. He exerted further influence over public business by avoiding the use of the large, full Cabinet of around a dozen senior figures for serious business, preferring to operate with an inner circle of five or fewer key supporters. Moreover, through his control of the Treasury Walpole was able to extend his power throughout the country and help ensure that parliamentary elections – in which only a tiny proportion of men (and no women) could then  vote – produced the desired outcome. However, the idea of an official office of Prime Minister remained taboo. In 1741, when the nature of his government was under attack, Walpole told the Commons “I unequivocally deny that I am sole and prime minister.” A controversial public figure, he was targeted by a literary grouping whose members – including John Gay, Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift – labelled themselves the ‘Scriblerus Club’. In Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels Walpole was parodied as ‘Flimnap, the Treasurer’; while in Gay’s musical play the Beggar’s Opera, a highwayman character, Robin of Bagshot, had aliases including ‘Bob Booty’ – a nickname which became attached to Walpole, playing on his reputation for corruption. There was an attempt to impeach Walpole after his fall from power in 1742, but the parliamentary ‘Committee of Secrecy’ set up to investigate his financial activities could not construct a case against him.  As later became the norm for Prime Ministers, the ultimate sanction deployed against him was not legal, but political: removal from office. The institution of Prime Minister is entrenched In the decades that followed the fall of Walpole it was not always clear whether there was a Prime Minister at a


A stiletto heel gets its name from a type of what?

The Stiletto Heel - Design and Violence Design and Violence October 25, 2013                | 29 Comments The Stiletto Heel Camille Paglia From the curators: The stiletto heel—named after the slender Italian dagger of the Renaissance—first appeared in the 1930s. The inventor of this long, often steel-spiked, thin heel remains in dispute, but today many attribute its rise in fame to Roger Vivier’s work for Christian Dior in the early 1950s. The stiletto has woven its way in and out of fashion history, but remains a highly charged symbol of sexuality, aggressiveness, and fetishism. The stiletto high heel is modern woman’s most lethal social weapon. First imagined in the 1930s but not realized until postwar technology made it possible in the early 1950s, the stiletto is a visual slash born to puncture and pierce. While platform shoes increased stature for both men and women, from Greco-Roman actors to Venetian sophisticates on flooded walkways, the slanted structure of current high heels descends from the boots of early medieval horsemen seeking traction in the stirrup. Hence high heels have a masculine lineage, latent in their use by emancipated women eager to rise to men’s level. But this quest for equality, dominance, or merely assertive presence at work and play is contradicted by a crippling construction: no item of female dress since the tight-laced Victorian corset is so mutilating. Pain and deformation are the price of high-heeled beauty. The high heel creates the illusion of a lengthened leg by shortening the calf muscle, arching the foot, and crushing the toes, forcing breasts and buttocks out in a classic hominid posture of sexual invitation. The eroticization of high heels (still at medium height) was sped along in the 1920s by the rising hemlines of flappers showing off their legs in scandalously hyperkinetic dances like the Charleston. Alfred Hitchcock’s fetishistic focus on high heels can be seen throughout his murder mysteries, from his early silent films in London to his Technicolor Hollywood classics like Vertigo and The Birds, where Tippi Hedren (a former fashion model) demonstrates the exquisite artifice of high-heel wearing as well as its masochistic vulnerability, chronicled in a thousand low-budget horror movies. A woman in high heels, unable to run, is a titillating target for attack. But the high heel as an instrument of sex war can be witnessed in action in a stunning face-off in Butterfield 8 (1960), where Elizabeth Taylor as a glossy call-girl, her wrist painfully gripped by Laurence Harvey at a chic Manhattan bar, implacably grinds her phallic spike heel into his finely leathered foot. This was at a time when stiletto heels, which concentrate enormous pressure in a tiny space, were banned from buildings with susceptible linoleum or hardwood floors. It was already being rumored in those pre-Stonewall days that drag queens, harassed on the street, would whip off their high heels and ferociously wield them against assailants. In 2006, noted New York drag queen Flotilla DeBarge was jailed after a bar-room fracas where she swung her black high-heels (impounded by the police as evidence) to inflict wounds requiring stitches upon an insulting straight man and his date (an online headline: “Meatpacking District Drag Queen High-Heel Beatdown”). Reports of high-heeled crime were on the increase in 2013. In Washington, D.C., a man complained to the police that a petite woman had hit him in the head with her shoe outside the Ibiza nightclub. After a fight at a Washington 7-Eleven, three women were arrested for stabbing their opponents; one wielded a knife, but the other two used their shoes, leading to the charge, “Assault with a dangerous weapon.” In Houston, Texas, a 44-year-old woman was charged with murder after a bloody clash in a condominium tower during which her professor boyfriend died after being struck in the head, face, and neck by 30 blows from her stiletto heels. The dagger later called a stiletto began as a needle-like medieval tool to finish off a fallen knight by a thrust thr


Leo Joseph Ryan Jr., the first US congressman to be killed in the line of duty, was murdered where?

Leo Ryan - Wikiquote Leo Ryan 1977 Congressional Photo, Congressman Leo J. Ryan . Leo Joseph Ryan, Jr. ( 5 May 1925 – 18 November 1978 ) was a United States Representative from the 11th Congressional District of California. He became the first and only member of United States Congress to die in the line of duty when he was murdered at Jonestown, Guyana on November 18, 1978 by members of Peoples Temple . Ryan received the Congressional Gold Medal posthumously in 1983. Quotes[ edit ] John F. Kennedy 's death was as personal a body blow to most of the nation's young people. Why? It seems to me that the answer is simple: He was the symbol of the new generation grasping the tiller of the ship of state for the first time, and finding it exhilarating, exciting, challenging. He knew that there is an element of danger in accepting a challenge — in taking a risk that is beyond what is expected of you, beyond what you may expect of yourself. Understanding California Government and Politics (1966), Preface, p. v. How much longer, for instance, can we continue to crowd more and more people into this world? How much longer can we afford to wage senseless, destructive wars? How long can we permit the uncontrolled use of the earth's resources when there is no possibility of replacing them? Indeed, how long will it be before we have completely used up everything our lives depend on? These issues are the politics of the future. Neither Republicans nor Democrats have begun to spell out in substantive fashion the means by which we can control population growth, environmental problmes, and the conservation of our natural resources. USA/From Where We Stand: Readings in Contemporary American Problems (1970), Introduction, p. 3. Thank you for your very detailed letter regarding Scientology . We haven't yet found a way to attack these jackals who feed on children and young adults who are too emotionally weak to stand by themselves when they reach the age of consent. It's too bad there isn't a 20th Century Charles Dickens to write about the terrible destruction of these 20th Century fagins who make themselves rich while they destroy the psyche of so many. At the present time, I can only encourage you to do more of what you have been doing. Letter to Ida Camburn (10 December 1976). Mr. Speaker, the activities of the Rev. Sun Myung Moon 's Unification Church continue to cause distress for many of us. As you know, the House Subcommittee on International Organizations, chaired by my distinguished colleague, Donald Fraser, is investigating allegations of close ties between the Reverend Moon and some of his organizations and the South Korean government, including the KCIA. As a member of the subcommittee, I am, of course, disturbed over such allegations. My greatest concern, however, is for those young people who have been converted by these religious cults and for their parents, who have suffered the loss of their children. One of these parents, Mrs. Ida Watson Camburn of Sunnyvale, Calif., brought to my attention the testimony of John G. Clark, Jr., M.D., assistant professor of psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School, before a Vermont Senate committee, which was investigating religious cults. Dr. Clark's remarks, based on 2 ½ years of research, deal with the effects of some religious cults on the mental and physical health and welfare of their converts. I highly recommend his conclusions to my colleagues. Statement read into the United States Congressional Record (3 November 2007), "The Effects of Religious Cults on the Health and Welfare of Their Converts ", United States Congressional Record, Vol. 123 Part 29, No. 181 Proceedings and Debates of 95th Congress (First Session). Quotes about Ryan[ edit ] Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That (a) the President of the United States is authorized to present, on behalf of the Congress, a gold medal of appropriate design to the family of the late Honorable Leo J. Ryan in recognition of his distinguished service as a Member of Co


Which sea is part of the Arctic Ocean north of Siberia, bounded on the west by Novaya Zemlya and to the east by the Severnaya Zemlya?

Arctic Ocean - 2 | Britannica.com Arctic Ocean smallest of the world’s oceans, centring approximately on the North Pole. Displaying 1 - 74 of 74 results Amund Ringnes one of the Sverdrup Islands in Nunavut, Canada, in the Arctic Ocean, between Axel Heiberg and Ellef Ringnes islands. About 70 miles (115 km) long, 20–45 miles (30–70 km) wide, and 2,029 square miles (5,255 square km) in area, Amund Ringnes is basically... Amundsen Gulf southeastern extension of the Beaufort Sea of the Arctic Ocean. Extending for 250 miles (400 km), it is bordered by Victoria Island on the east and separates Banks Island (north) from the Canadian mainland (south). In 1850 the gulf was entered from the... Arctic Archipelago Group of Canadian islands, Arctic Ocean. They lie north of the Canadian mainland and have an area of about 550,000 sq mi (1,424,500 sq km). The southeastern islands are an extension of the Canadian Shield; the balance consists of the Arctic lowlands... Arctic Ocean smallest of the world’s oceans, centring approximately on the North Pole. The Arctic Ocean and its marginal seas—the Chukchi, East Siberian, Laptev, Kara, Barents, White, Greenland, and Beaufort and, according to some oceanographers, also the Bering... Back River river in northern Mackenzie and Keewatin districts, Nunavut, Canada, that rises from several small lakes northeast of Great Slave Lake. It flows northeastward through the Barren Grounds (a sub-Arctic prairie region) for 605 miles (975 km), widening to... Banks Island westernmost island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Inuvik region, Northwest Territories; it lies northwest of Victoria Island and is separated from the mainland (south) by Amundsen Gulf. About 250 miles (400 km) long and 110–180 miles (180–290 km)... Barents Sea outlying portion of the Arctic Ocean 800 miles (1,300 km) long and 650 miles (1,050 km) wide and covering 542,000 square miles (1,405,000 square km). Its average depth is 750 feet (229 m), plunging to a maximum of 2,000 feet (600 m) in the major Bear... Barrow Canyon submarine canyon incised into the Arctic continental shelf off Alaska. From its head in the Chukchi Sea, about 95 miles (150 km) west of Point Barrow, in water depths of about 150 feet (45 metres), the canyon trends northeast along the coast and crosses... Beaufort Sea outlying sea of the Arctic Ocean situated north of Canada and Alaska. It extends northeastward from Point Barrow, Alaska, toward Lands End on Prince Patrick Island, and westward from Banks Island to the Chukchi Sea. Its surface area is about 184,000... Belcher, Sir Edward naval officer who performed many coastal surveys for the British Admiralty. The grandson of a governor of Nova Scotia, Belcher entered the navy in 1812. After serving as a surveyor with an expedition to the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Strait in 1825,... Bering Strait strait linking the Arctic Ocean with the Bering Sea and separating the continents of Asia and North America at their closest point. The strait averages 98 to 164 feet (30 to 50 metres) in depth and at its narrowest is about 53 miles (85 km) wide. There... Byam Martin Island one of the Parry Islands in Nunavut, Canada, in the Arctic Ocean, east of Melville Island. About 30 miles (50 km) long and 20 miles (30 km) wide, with an area of 376 square miles (974 square km), the island has a rolling terrain rising from smooth coasts... Chukchi Sea part of the Arctic Ocean, bounded by Wrangel Island (west), northeastern Siberia and northwestern Alaska (south), the Beaufort Sea (east), and the Arctic continental slope (north). It has an area of 225,000 square miles (582,000 square km) and an average... Coppermine River stream, in southern Kitikmeot region, Nunavut territory, and northern Fort Smith region, Northwest Territories, Canada. From its source in a small lake of the Barren Grounds (a subarctic prairie region), north of Great Slave Lake, it flows northward... Cornwallis Island one of the Parry Islands in the Arctic Ocean, Baffin region, Nunavut territory, Canada. Located north of Barrow Strait between Devon and Bathurst is


Which Grand Prix, that had taken place for 31 years at the same circuit, was dropped from the 2009 Formula One Championship?

NASCAR-hotels.com | Find Hotels near NASCAR Venues NASCAR TRACK INFORMATION Atlanta Motor Speedway HAMPTON, GA:  Atlanta Motor Speedway (formerly Atlanta International Raceway) is a track in Hampton, Georgia, twenty miles (32 km) south of Atlanta. It is a 1.54-mile (2.48 km) quad-oval track with a seating capacity of over 125,000. It opened in 1960 as a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) standard oval. In 1994, 46 condominiums were built over the northeastern side of the track. In 1997, to standardize the track with Speedway Motorsports' other two 1.5-mile (2.4 km) ovals, the entire track was almost completely rebuilt. The frontstrech and backstrech were swapped, and the configuration of the track was changed from oval to quad-oval. The project made the track one of the fastest on the NASCAR circuit. Source:   Top 5 Closest Hotels next to Atlanta Motor Speedway:   [1.12 miles]   Western Inn     1078 Bear Creek Boulevard View all NASCAR Events held at Atlanta Motor Speedway Auto Club Speedway FONTANA, CA:  The Auto Club Speedway of Southern California (formerly California Speedway) is a two-mile (3 km), low-banked, D-shaped oval superspeedway in Fontana, California, similar to its "sister track" Michigan International Speedway. The Auto Club Speedway is the only track owned by International Speedway Corporation to have naming rights sold. The track is located on the site of the former Kaiser Steel mill. It is a relatively new race track, opening in early 1997, and has additional configurations and facilities to accommodate road races, motorcycle races, vehicle testing, and drag races (Auto Club Dragway). The racetrack is near the former locations of Ontario Motor Speedway and Riverside International Raceway. After Riverside's closure in 1988, Southern California did not host a NASCAR race until California Speedway was opened. In addition to NASCAR, the raceway has also hosted open-wheel events from both CART and the Indy Racing League. Source: View all NASCAR Events held at Auto Club Speedway Bristol Motor Speedway BRISTOL, TN:  Bristol Motor Speedway, originally known as Bristol International Raceway and Bristol Raceway is a NASCAR short track located in Bristol, Tennessee. It was constructed in 1960, and held its first NASCAR race on July 30, 1961. Despite its small size, Bristol is among the most popular tracks in NASCAR due to its distinct features that include extraordinarily steep banking, an all concrete surface, two pit roads and amphitheater-like seating. The track is so short that speeds here are far lower than is typical on most NASCAR oval tracks, but very fast compared to other short tracks due to the high banking, making for a considerable amount of "swapping paint". Also, the initial starting grid of 43 vehicles extends almost halfway around the track, meaning that the slower-qualifying cars begin the race almost half a lap down. The congestion inherent in this facility and the power of the cars has been likened to "flying fighter jets in a gymnasium" (the terms "washing machine" and "toilet" have also been used). The track is one that tends to be either loved or hated by fans and drivers alike--purists who grew up driving or attending races at older short tracks located at fairgrounds and similar places tend to love Bristol while those raised on superspeedway racing tend to chafe at the lower speeds. Source:   Top 5 Closest Hotels next to Bristol Motor Speedway:   [5.12 miles]   Travelodge Bristol     111 Holiday Drive View all NASCAR Events held at Bristol Motor Speedway Charlotte Motor Speedway CONCORD, NC:  Charlotte Motor Speedway (formerly Lowe's Motor Speedway) is a speedway in Concord, North Carolina, north of Charlotte. It features a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) long quad-oval track that seats 167,000 people, with room for 50,000 more spectators in the infield. Constructed in 1959, it was the first speedway to host nighttime superspeedway racing (in 1992) in the "modern era," the first being the now defunct Raleigh, N.C. Speedway in 1958, and to offer year-round residences (in 1984) with 52 condominiums available over turn on


Which Greek poet (1200 - 850 BC) is famous for the poems popularly attributed to him about the siege of Troy and the wanderings of Ulysses?

Dictionary Achilles the Greek hero. In Greek mythology, Achilles was the strongest, swiftest, and most competent of the Greek heroes who fought in the Trojan War. He was the son of the nymph Thetis, who dipped him as an infant into the River Styx and thus made every part of his body invulnerable--except the heel by which she held him. Knowing that Achilles would die at Troy, Thetis sought to prevent his going by hiding him among the women of the court of King Lycomedes. He was found there by Odysseus, however, and persuaded to join the Greek army before Troy. According to Homer's Iliad , in the tenth year of the Trojan War, Achilles withdrew from the fighting after Agamemnon seized Briseis, his favorite slave girl. He sulked in his tent until the death of his close friend Patroclus stirred him to return to battle. The smith-god Hephaestus forged him a fine set of arms, including a famous shield on which was depicted the whole range of the human condition. Thus equipped, he avenged Patroclus's death in a celebrated duel with the great Trojan hero Hector. After dragging Hector's body seven times around the walls of Troy behind his chariot, Achilles was persuaded to allow the slain Trojan hero a proper funeral. According to several other traditions, Achilles died shortly after when wounded in his heel--his one vulnerable spot--by an arrow fired by Paris or Apollo. His armor was awarded to Odysseus. [s.v. Achilles, The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, (Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc. 1993).] Adeimantus An elder brother of Plato. Aeschines According to the Wests, Aeschines wrote Socratic dialogues, of which a few fragments survive. He was once prosecuted for nonpayment of a debt. He was present at Socrates' death. [Plato and Aristophanes, Four Texts on Socrates, translated with notes by Thomas G. West and Grace Starry West, introduction by Thomas G. West (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1984), n. 61, pp. 88-87]. Aeacus Concerning Aeacus, Grace and Thomas West write: Pindar (in Isthmian VIII.22-24) says that he was `most careful' of mortals and `gave judgments even to the gods.' [Plato and Aristophanes, Four Texts on Socrates, translated with notes by Thomas G. West and Grace Starry West, introduction by Thomas G. West (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1984), n. 80, p. 95]. Aeantodorus According to the Wests, Aeantodorus is otherwise unknown. [Plato and Aristophanes, Four Texts on Socrates, translated with notes by Thomas G. West and Grace Starry West, introduction by Thomas G. West (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1984), n. 61, pp. 88-87]. Agamemnon Chief commander of the Greek forces in the Trojan War. Achilles ' commander. In Greek mythology, Agamemnon, a son of ATREUS, was the commander in chief of the Greeks in the Trojan War. He was the king of Mycenae and a brother of Menelaus, whose kidnapped wife, Helen of Troy, was the immediate cause of the conflict. On his way to Troy, Agamemnon agreed to sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia in order to ensure a fair wind for his ships. Upon Agamemnon's return from the war, his wife Clytemnestra, who had betrayed him with Aegisthus, resolved to avenge her daughter's sacrifice. When her husband was at ease in the bath, she and her lover murdered him. Agamemnon's death was later avenged by his son Orestes. These tragic events are the subject of a trilogy, the Oresteia, written by the 5th-century BC dramatist Aeschylus. [s.v. Agamemnon, C. Scott Littleton The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, (Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc. 1993).] Bibliography: Fitts, Dudley, trans., Four Greek Plays (1960); Gagarin, Michael, Aeschylean Drama (1976); Hadas, Moses, ed., Greek Drama (1982). Ajax Grace and Thomas West write: The legendary Palamedes was the subject of several lost tragedies. Gorgias wrote an Apology [`Defense'] of Palamedes which has been compared to the Apology of Socrates. Palamedes' famous cleverness brought him into conflict with Odysseus , either because Odysseus was jealous of him or because Palamedes


Which American TV sitcom, originally aired from 1974 to 1984, presented an idealized vision of life in 1950s and early 1960s America?

Watch Happy Days Episodes Online | SideReel s11 e23 Happy Days 30th Anniversary Reunion February 3, 2005 In this two-hour reunion special, various clips are shown from past episodes, and cast members recall memories from their time on the show. Also included are highlights of a reunion softball game played by members of the cast as well as a cast reunion at


Where did Horatio Nelson lose his right arm?

BBC - History - Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson z Horatio Nelson    © Nelson was a British naval commander and national hero, famous for his naval victories against the French during the Napoleonic Wars. Born on 29 September 1758 in Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk, Horatio Nelson was the sixth of the 11 children of a clergyman. He joined the navy aged 12, on a ship commanded by a maternal uncle. He became a captain at 20, and saw service in the West Indies, Baltic and Canada. He married Frances Nisbet in 1787 in Nevis, and returned to England with his bride to spend the next five years on half-pay, frustrated at the lack of a command. When Britain entered the French Revolutionary Wars in 1793, Nelson was given command of the Agamemnon. He served in the Mediterranean, helped capture Corsica and saw battle at Calvi (where he lost the sight in his right eye). He would later lose his right arm at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife in 1797. As a commander he was known for bold action, and the occasional disregard of orders from his seniors. This defiance brought him victories against the Spanish off Cape Vincent in 1797, and at the Battle of Copenhagen four years later, where he ignored orders to cease action by putting his telescope to his blind eye and claiming he couldn't seen the signal to withdraw. At the Battle of the Nile in 1798, he successfully destroyed Napoleon's fleet and thus his bid for a direct trade route to India. Nelson's next posting took him to Naples, where he fell in love with Emma, Lady Hamilton. Although they remained in their respective marriages, Nelson and Emma Hamilton considered each other soul-mates and had a child together, Horatia, in 1801. Earlier that same year, Nelson was promoted to vice-admiral. Over the period 1794 to 1805, under Nelson's leadership, the Royal Navy proved its supremacy over the French. His most famous engagement, at Cape Trafalgar, saved Britain from threat of invasion by Napoleon, but it would be his last. Before the battle on 21 October 1805, Nelson sent out the famous signal to his fleet 'England expects that every man will do his duty'. He was killed by a French sniper a few hours later while leading the attack on the combined French and Spanish fleet. His body was preserved in brandy and transported back to England where he was given a state funeral.


What make of car is associated with Trevor Wilkinson?

Gary Cooper Interviews Trevor Wilkinson is a remarkable man. Not many Brits have made a significant impact on the development of the electric guitar, but Trevor Wilkinson is one who has. Creator the Wilkinson vibrato system beloved of heavy metal players everywhere, he has worked with many of the biggest guitar makers in the business, developing and refining their products and today has a thriving career, both as a consultant for guitar makers and as a manufacturer of customising parts. A slightly altered version of this interview appeared in the September issue of the UK MI trade magazine MI Pro. A completely different 'player-orientated' interview will appear elsewhere, sometime in 2006 and will, eventually, make its way onto this site.   INTERVIEWS: TREVOR WILKINSON Even with the best will in the world, it's hard to think of many Britons who have made an impact on the international guitar business. Try to get beyond the (relatively small) contribution made by Jim Burns and you're immediately among the ranks of gifted, but essentially individual, craftsmen. But there is one grand exception - Trevor Wilkinson, whose name first became familiar twenty years ago and is even more prominent today, as parts and devices stamped with his imprimatur are turning up on an increasingly varied range of models from the USA, China and Korea. If that level of success calls to mind a design studio near Malibu beach, Humvee in the driveway and hanging out with the stars, you couldn't be more wrong. Trevor Wilkinson lives and works in the wild North West. The North West of England. And how he got from here to there and back again is one of the more fascinating stories in the MI industry. The Trevor Wilkinson brand first came to UK notice when his innovative roller nut started appearing on the more adventurous US guitars back in the 1980s. How had that come about? 'It all started when I was in Australia, where I'd emigrated. By about 1981, I'd started a couple of crash repair shops, but I'd had enough of cars and wanted to do guitars full-time. I started to build, repair and design custom instruments in Brisbane, and it was just at the time the locking trem had appeared. Floyd Rose was starting to hit and people were coming along with systems they'd imported from the USA, asking me to fit them to their Strats'. Fitting Floyd Rose systems gave his designer's mind an insight into both what Rose's aims were and other ways of achieving the same results. Trained as a graphic designer, but fascinated with guitars all his life, and with a strong engineering ability, Trevor Wilkinson could hardly have been better suited to the task he set himself. 'I could see why Floyd had clamped the strings at the nut but there had to be a better way. So I came up with the roller nut. I made prototypes, applied for the patent but couldn't do any good at all with it in Australia. Everybody kept saying, you need to go to America. So, I think it was in September '84, I bundled my myself, my wife and our four year old daughter plus three suitcases onto an aeroplane and flew to America. Looking back, it was absolutely insane - I couldn't do it today. I didn't know a single person in America. I think it was just blind belief in what I was doing.' Fortune, they say, favours the bold and it certainly did Trevor Wilkinson. On the second night in the country a chance meeting led to an introduction to Wayne Charvel. 'I didn't realise at the time that Wayne had sold out to Grover Jackson several years earlier and was working out of his garage in Redlands, but either way, I drove out the following week and immediately we hit it off. He liked the roller nut design, I ended-up moving out to Redlands and it went from there. I began contacting machine shops who could build the product, designed the packaging and started getting the product into production.' Though he talks of these days in a matter of fact sort of way, it must have been anything but easy. Financially on his own in a foreign country, trying to underwrite a completely new idea, which he intended to launch so


Which weightlifting lift was discontinued at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal due to difficulties in judging proper form?

Weightlifting Tickets Weightlifting Tickets Weightlifting Olympic History and Olympic Weightlifting Tickets Men's weightlifting has been an Olympic sport for many decades. Recently, women's weightlifting has become a recognized Olympic sport, although as early as 1987, there were official world championships awarded to women weightlifters such as Karyn Marshall. In 2011 the International Weightlifting Federation ruled that athletes could wear a full body "unitard" under the customary weightlifting uniform.   Kulsoom Abdullah became the first woman to do so at the U.S. national championships that year, and athletes are allowed to do so at the Olympics.  IWF rules previously stated that an athlete's knees and elbows must be visible so officials can determine if a lift is correctly executed Olympic Weightlifting Tickets are available at Global Ticket Market. Global Ticket Market is a signal point which offers you all sorts of Olympic Tickets at lesser rates. You can buy any of Olympic Tickets including Olympic Weightlifting Tickets easily, in a secure way, with 100% delivery guarantee and at very cheap rates. Posted 23rd December 2011 by Lee Vasiliy Alekseyev and Olympic Weightlifting Tickets Vasiliy Ivanovich Alekseyev was born on January 7, 1942 and he died at November 25, 2011 in Germany. He was a weightlifter from the Soviet Union. He set 80 world records and 81 Soviet records in weightlifting and won gold medals at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich and the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. Alekseyev began practicing weightlifting at age 18. Alekseyev was trained at Trud Voluntary Sports Society by his coach Rudolf Plyukfelder until 1968, when he began to train there solo. In January 1970 Alekseyev set his first world record, beginning a series of 80 world records the weightlifter set between 1970 and 1977. He was unbeaten and held the World Championship and European Championship titles for those eight years. He was the first man to total over 600 kg in the triple event. However, Alekseev’s performance in the Moscow Olympics of 1980 was a disappointment. In the snatch he set his opening weight too high and was unable to lift it, scoring zero kilograms as the result. He retired from weightlifting after the Moscow Olympics. In 1987, Alekseyev was elected to represent the Ryazan District for the Soviet Union's Congress of People's Deputies. Alekseyev worked as a coach between 1990 and 1992. Under his leadership the Unified Team earned ten medals in weightlifting at the 1992 Summer Olympics, including five gold medals. In 1999, in Greece, Alekseyev was acknowledged as the best sportsman of the 20th century. He was also awarded Order of Lenin (1972), Order of Friendship of Peoples, Order of the Badge of Honor (1970), Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1972). In 1993 he was elected member of the International Weightlifting Federation Hall of Fame. Since 1966 he has lived in Shakhty. In 1971 Alekseyev graduated from the branch of the Novocherkassk Polytechnic Institute in Shakhty. Alekseyev featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated on April 14, 1975, titled "World's Strongest Man". Alekseyev died on 25 November 2011 in Germany in a clinic where he had been sent due to serious heart problems. He was 69. The Russian Weightlifting Federation reported his death and called him a "Soviet sports legend" and "one of the strongest people in the world" Buy Olympic Weightlifting Tickets and enjoy it live in London Olympics 2012.  Everyone likes to purchase Olympic Weightlifting Tickets from some secure and affordable point; Global Ticket Market is a point, from where you can get Olympic Weightlifting Tickets on lesser rates and in easy way. Global Ticket Market gives 100% delivery assurance. Global Ticket Market sells all types of Olympic Tickets at very cheap prices and in a secure way. Posted 19th December 2011 by Lee John Davis and Olympic Weightlifting Tickets John Henry Davis was born on January 12, 1921 and he left this world of charm and competition on July 13, 1984. John was an Olympic superheavyweight weightlifter for the Unit


Which chemical process is involved in changing ethyl chloride to ethyl alcohol?

Ethanol (C2H5OH) Ethanol (C2H5OH) Ethanol (C2H5OH) Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a psychoactive drug, best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages and in modern thermometers. Ethanol is one of the oldest recreational drugs known to man. In common usage, it is often referred to simply as alcohol or spirits. Ethanol is a straight-chain alcohol, and its molecular formula is C2H5OH. Its empirical formula is C2H6O. An alternative notation is CH3-CH2-OH, which indicates that the carbon of a methyl group (CH3-) is attached to the carbon of a methylene group (-CH2-), which is attached to the oxygen of a hydroxyl group (-OH). It is a constitutional isomer of dimethyl ether. Ethanol is often abbreviated as EtOH, using the common organic chemistry notation of representing the ethyl group (C2H5) with Et. The fermentation of sugar into ethanol is one of the earliest organic reactions employed by humanity. The intoxicating effects of ethanol consumption have been known since ancient times. In modern times, ethanol intended for industrial use is also produced from by-products of petroleum refining. Ethanol has widespread use as a solvent of substances intended for human contact or consumption, including scents, flavorings, colorings, and medicines. In chemistry, it is both an essential solvent and a feedstock for the synthesis of other products. It has a long history as a fuel for heat and light and also as a fuel for internal combustion engines. Physical properties Ethanol is a volatile, colorless liquid that has a strong characteristic odor. It burns with a smokeless blue flame that is not always visible in normal light. The physical properties of ethanol stem primarily from the presence of its hydroxyl group and the shortness of its carbon chain. Ethanol�s hydroxyl group is able to participate in hydrogen bonding, rendering it more viscous and less volatile than less polar organic compounds of similar molecular weight. Ethanol is a versatile solvent, miscible with water and with many organic solvents, including acetic acid, acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, diethyl ether, ethylene glycol, glycerol, nitromethane, pyridine, and toluene. It is also miscible with light aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as pentane and hexane, and with aliphatic chlorides such as trichloroethane and tetrachloroethylene. Ethanol�s miscibility with water contrasts with that of longer-chain alcohols (five or more carbon atoms), whose water miscibility decreases sharply as the number of carbons increases. The miscibility of ethanol with alkanes is limited to alkanes up to undecane, mixtures with dodecane and higher alkanes show a miscibility gap below a certain temperature (approx. 13 �C for dodecane). The miscisbility gap tends to get wider with higher alkanes and the temperature for complete miscibility increases. Ethanol-water mixtures have less volume than the sum of their individual components at the given fractions. Mixing equal volumes of ethanol and water results in only 1.92 volumes of mixture. Mixing ethanol and water is exothermic. At 298 K up to approx. 777 J/mol are set free. Mixtures of ethanol and water form an azeotrope at approx. 89 mole-% ethanol and 11 mole-% water or a mixture of about 96 volume percent ethanol and 4 % water at normal pressure and T=351 K. This azeotropic composition is strongly temperature- and pressure-dependent and vanishes at temperatures below 303 K. Hydrogen bonding causes pure ethanol to be hygroscopic to the extent that it readily absorbs water from the air. The polar nature of the hydroxyl group causes ethanol to dissolve many ionic compounds, notably sodium and potassium hydroxides, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, ammonium bromide, and sodium bromide. Sodium and potassium chlorides are slightly soluble in ethanol. Because the ethanol molecule also has a nonpolar end, it will also dissolve nonpolar substances, including most essential oils and numerous fl


"On what does the cast of Andrew Lloyd Weber's musical ""Starlight Express"" perform?"

Shows | Andrew Lloyd Webber 8th September 2016 School of Rock Smells Like Tween Spirit! Follow the kids of School of Rock as they get ready to begin performances at the New London Theatre on 24 October 2016. 2016 26th May 2016 Leona Lewis to star as Grizabella in Cats on Broadway Chart-topping pop star Leona Lewis will play the iconic role of Grizabella in the first-ever Broadway revival of Cats. 2016 School of Rock to open at the New London Theatre School of Rock will open at the New London Theatre in October 2016. 2016 School of Rock Open Auditions We are searching for brilliantly talented children who can sing, act and play rock instruments. 2015 20th October 2015 Andrew Lloyd Webber to start music education programs in 20 New York public schools Lloyd Webber has gifted the City of New York’s Fund for Public Schools with $150,000 toward new instruments. 2015 19 October 2015 School of Rock - The Musical's 360° music video surpasses 1,000,000 views on YouTube and Facebook in less than 3 days The first-of-its-kind video is the FASTEST on Broadway to reach 1 million views combined on YouTube and Facebook in less than 3 days. 2015 14 October 2015 YOU’RE IN THE BAND! First-of-its-kind 360° music video from "School of Rock - the Musical" Andrew Lloyd Webber to release first-of-its-kind 360° music video of “You're in the Band” from "School of Rock - the Musical" on YouTube and Facebook. 2014 2 October 2014 Andrew to appear at the Cheltenham Literature Festival Andrew Lloyd Webber is the latest name to join the line-up for The Times and The Sunday Times Cheltenham Literature Festival this weekend. 2014 28 September 2014 Nicole Scherzinger to star in Cats! Nicole Scherzinger will be making her West End stage debut as Grizabella in Andrew Lloyd Webber’s record-breaking musical Cats. 2014 7 July 2014 CATS returns to London for 12 weeks only at the London Palladium Andrew Lloyd Webber’s record-breaking musical "Cats", based on T. S. Eliot’s Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats, returns to the West End for a strictly limited 12 week run at the London Palladium from 6 December 2014. 2014 13 May 2014 Andrew welcomes Norm Lewis & Sierra Boggess to Phantom on Broadway Andrew Lloyd Webber was in New York on Monday to welcome incoming stars Norm Lewis and Sierra Boggess to Broadway’s longest running show. 2014 4 April 2014 Stars align for the biggest US arena tour of Jesus Christ Superstar Brandon Boyd, JC Chasez, Michelle Williams, John (Rotten) Lydon and Ben Forster take Jesus Christ Superstar on the biggest North American arena tour kicking off in New Orleans on 9th June and then visiting more than 50 cities across the US. 2014 20 March 2014 Phantom in New York proudly welcomes two great Broadway stars this May Andrew Lloyd Webber’s 'The Phantom of the Opera', directed by Harold Prince, will proudly welcome Tony Award nominee Norm Lewis as The Phantom, and Broadway & West End star Sierra Boggess, as Christine Daaé, at The Majestic, New York, on 12th May. 2014 14 February 2014 Andrew on BBC Radio 2 with Chris Evans This morning, Andrew joined Harvey Weinstein, George Clooney and Nerina Pallot live on this morning's BBC Radio 2 The Chris Evans Breakfast Show. 2014 30 January 2014 Rocket Pictures to Produce animated feature film of Andrew Lloyd Webber & Tim Rice's 'Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor® Dreamcoat' Elton John’s Rocket Pictures has acquired the film rights to Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice’s global stage phenomenon, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor® Dreamcoat. 2013 30th December 2013 Gillian Lynne Receives DBE It was announced that Gillian Lynne CBE, 87, has had the title of Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (DBE) conferred upon her in the 2014 New Years Honours List for her services to Dance and Musical Theatre. 2013 22 December 2013 Sex, Lies and a Very British Scapegoat In this exclusive documentary, Andrew tells the story of Stephen Ward, the man at the centre of the 'Profumo Affair', pinpointing the events that led to Ward becoming a scapegoat for the affair. 2013 Andrew on BBC One's The


What is the national park in Wyoming covering 3350 square miles that was opened in 1872?

History | East Yellowstone Lodges - East Yellowstone Lodges - > History Historic President Teddy Roosevelt called the stretch of highway between Cody, WY and the East Gate of Yellowstone National Park “the fifty most beautiful miles in America”. The fifty miles referred to by President Roosevelt, located between Yellowstone and Cody, is known as East Yellowstone. East Yellowstone, also known as Wapiti Valley, begins at Yellowstone National Park’s East gate and stretches through Shoshone National Forest and Buffalo Bill State Park to Cody, Wyoming. The valley was shaped by the Shoshone River as it flowed out of Yellowstone National Park and is cradled by the strikingly beautiful volcanic rocks of the Absaroka Mountains. -1870′s- In 1872, Yellowstone National Park was established as America’s First National Park by President Ulysses S. Grant who signed a law declaring that Yellowstone would forever be “dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasuring ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people.” Yellowstone National Park is a geothermal wonder created by a massive volcanic eruption over 640,000 years ago. Yellowstone currently covers 3,470 square miles in the Northwestern corner of Wyoming. The park is famous for geysers, hot springs, geothermal features such as Old Faithful, and wildlife such as grizzly bears, wolves, and free-ranging herds of bison and elk. Yellowstone National Park got its name from its location at the headwaters of the Yellowstone River. Cody, Wyoming was established in 1896 by wild west showman, William F. Cody, famously known as “Buffalo Bill Cody” or the “The Scout”, along with a group of investors from Buffalo, New York, and George T. Beck and Holger Alger of Sheridan, Wyoming who formed the Shoshone Land and Irrigation Company. The founding fathers of Cody realized the potential for tourism. With Yellowstone National Park only fifty miles away and the town surrounded by thousands of acres of wilderness, the city would lure tourists from all over the world. William F. Cody brought many dignitaries and heads of state to Cody to hunt during the off-season of the Wild West Show. The Cody country had abundant game and was developing into a sportsman’s paradise. Guiding and outfitting services flourished and guest and dude ranches began springing up to accommodate tourists brought in by the Burlington Railroad. ABOUT BUFFALO BILL CODY Previous to the establishment of Cody, Wyoming, Buffalo Bill Cody, a Pony Express Rider, wagon master, stagecoach driver, Civil War soldier and even hotel manager, earned his nickname for his skill while supplying Kansas Pacific Railroad workers with buffalo meat. He was about to embark on a career as one of the most illustrious prairie scouts of the Indian Wars. From 1868 through 1872 he was employed by the U.S. Army as a scout. He won the congressional Medal of Honor in 1872 and was ever after the favorite scout of the Fifth Cavalry. The men of the Fifth considered Buffalo Bill to be “good luck.” He kept them from ambush, he guided them to victory, and his own fame reflected glory on the regiment. Cody considered himself lucky too. He was lucky to have been wounded in action just once, and then it was “only a scalp wound.” But mostly he felt lucky to have been in the right place at the right time. In 1872 he appeared on stage for the first time, playing himself in “Scouts of the Prairie.” Thereafter he continued to act in the winter and scout for the Fifth Calvary in the summer. In 1883, Buffalo Bill Cody formed an arena show of the Western experience called Buffalo Bill’s Wild West. His show toured the United States and Europe for 30 years. -1890′s- In 1891, the area now known as the Shoshone National Forest, America’s First National Forest, was part of the Yellowstone Timberland Reserve. The forest was created by an act of Congress and signed into law by President Benjamin Harrison. The Shoshone National Forest is comprised of 2.4 million acres of varied terrain ranging from sagebrush flats to rugged snow-clad mountains. The Shoshone has a rich biodiversit


The first of which make of car came off the assembly line at Fisherman's Bend in September 1948?

Holden launch | National Museum of Australia More on the Holden launch She’s a beauty!: Prime Minister Ben Chifley, on seeing the first Holden roll off the production line at Fishermans Bend, Melbourne, 1948 Prime Minister Ben Chifley at the launch of the first Holden car at the Fisherman’s Bend factory in Melbourne, 1948. National Archives of Australia: A1200, L84254. A family car for Australian conditions From the late 1930s Australian governments were captivated by the idea of a wholly Australian-made car. Many believed a local automobile industry would stimulate employment, improve workforce skills, reduce the country’s dependence on primary industry and make Australia more secure in the event of another war. In 1944 the federal government invited General Motors, through its Australian subsidiary, to build a family car for Australian conditions. American and Australian engineers hand-built three test Holden sedans at the General Motors experimental workshop in Detroit, Michigan. In 1946, after months of durability and performance tests, the cars were secretly shipped to the Fishermans Bend plant in Melbourne. Testing continued, and General Motors-Holden’s engineers and technicians built another two prototypes. These became the definitive model for thousands of Holden vehicles. The first Holden rolled off the assembly line at Fishermen's Bend on 29 November 1948. Many saw the event as evidence of national maturity, proof that Australia had escaped its pastoral beginnings and embraced the modern industrial age. A symbol of national success The Holden 48-215, also known as the FX, was the first car wholly manufactured in Australia – it was economical, sturdy and stylish and was immediately popular with the public. By 1958, the Holden had captured more than 40 per cent of total car sales in Australia. By 1962 one million had been sold and, despite strong market competition from the Ford Falcon, another million was sold by 1966. Cars transformed post-war Australia. They enabled suburbs to spread and created new forms of shopping, leisure and work. The Holden came to symbolise personal prosperity and freedom, national success and self-sufficiency. Today, FX and FJ model Holdens are among the most recognisable icons of 1950s Australia. Holden Prototype Car No. 1. Made in 1946, this is one of three test sedans which became the definitive model for millions of Holden cars. National Museum of Australia. Photo: Dragi Markovic. Further reading


What name is given to the earth's crust?

The Earth's Crust: Everything You Need to Know By Andrew Alden Updated May 07, 2016. The Earth's crust is an extremely thin layer of rock that makes up the outermost solid shell of our planet. In relative terms, it's thickness is like that of the skin of an apple. It amounts to less than half of 1 percent of the planet's total mass but plays a vital role in most of Earth's natural cycles.  The crust can be thicker than 80 kilometers in some spots and less than one kilometer thick in others. Underneath it is lies  the mantle , a layer of silicate rock approximately 2700 kilometers thick. The mantle accounts for the bulk of the Earth. The crust is composed of many different types of rocks that fall within three main categories: igneous , metamorphic and sedimentary . However, most of those rocks originated as either granite or basalt. The mantle beneath is made of peridotite. Bridgmanite, the most common mineral on Earth , is found in the deep mantle.  How We Know the Earth Has a Crust We didn't know the Earth had a crust until the early 1900s. continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge Up until then, all we knew was that our planet wobbles in relation to the sky as if it had a large, dense core  - astronomical observations told us so. Then along came seismology, which brought us a new type of evidence from below: seismic velocity. Seismic velocity measures the speed at which earthquake waves propagate through the different materials (i.e. rocks) below the surface. With a few important exceptions, seismic velocity within the Earth tends to increase with depth.  In 1909, a paper by the seismologist Andrija Mohorovicic established a sudden change in seismic velocity - a discontinuity of some sort - about 50 kilometers deep in the Earth. Seismic waves bounce off it (reflect) and bend (refract) as they go through it, the same way that light behaves at the discontinuity between water and air. That discontinuity, named the Mohorovicic discontinuity or "Moho," is the accepted boundary between the crust and mantle. Crusts and Plates The crust and tectonic plates  are not the same thing. Plates are thicker than the crust and consist of the crust plus the shallow mantle just beneath it. This stiff and brittle two-layered combination is called the lithosphere ("stony layer" in scientific Latin). The lithospheric plates lie on a layer of softer, more plastic mantle rock called the asthenosphere ("weak layer"). The asthenosphere allows the plates to move slowly over it like a raft in thick mud.  We know that the Earth's outer layer is made of two grand categories of rocks: basaltic and granitic. Basaltic rocks underlie the seafloors and granitic rocks make up the continents. We know that the seismic velocities of these rock types, as measured in the lab, match those seen in the crust down as far as the Moho. Therefore we're confident that the Moho marks a real change in rock chemistry. The Moho isn't a perfect boundary, because some crustal rocks and mantle rocks can masquerade as the other. However, everyone who talks about the crust, whether in seismological or petrological terms, fortunately means the same thing. In general, then, there are two kinds of crust: oceanic crust (basaltic) and continental crust (granitic). Oceanic Crust Oceanic crust covers about 60 percent of the Earth's surface. Oceanic crust is thin and young—no more than about 20 km thick and no older than about 180 million years . Everything older has been pulled underneath the continents by subduction . Oceanic crust is born at the mid-ocean ridges, where plates are pulled apart. As that happens, the pressure upon the underlying mantle is released and the peridotite there responds by starting to melt. The fraction that melts becomes basaltic lava, which rises and erupts while the remaining peridotite becomes depleted. The mid-ocean ridges migrate over the Earth like Roombas , extracting this basaltic component from the peridotite of the mantle as they go. This works like a chemical refining process. Basaltic rocks contain more silicon and