In human anatomy, what is the first part of the intestine, located immediately beyond the stomach?

The Intestines (Human Anatomy): Picture, Function, Location, Parts, Definition, and Conditions Next The intestines are a long, continuous tube running from the stomach to the anus. Most absorption of nutrients and water happen in the intestines. The intestines include the small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. The small intestine (small bowel) is about 20 feet long and about an inch in diameter. Its job is to absorb most of the nutrients from what we eat and drink. Velvety tissue lines the small intestine, which is divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The large intestine (colon or large bowel) is about 5 feet long and about 3 inches in diameter. The colon absorbs water from wastes, creating stool. As stool enters the rectum, nerves there create the urge to defecate. Intestine Conditions Stomach flu (enteritis): Inflammation of the small intestine. Infections (from viruses, bacteria, or parasites) are the common cause. Small intestine cancer : Rarely, cancer may affect the small intestine. There are multiple types of small intestine cancer, causing about 1,100 deaths each year. Celiac disease : An "allergy" to gluten (a protein in most breads) causes the small intestine not to absorb nutrients properly. Abdominal pain and weight loss are usual symptoms. Carcinoid tumor : A benign or malignant growth in the small intestine. Diarrhea and skin flushing are the most common symptoms. Intestinal obstruction : A section of either the small or large bowel can become blocked or twisted or just stop working. Belly distension, pain, constipation, and vomiting are symptoms. Colitis : Inflammation of the colon. Inflammatory bowel disease or infections are the most common causes. Diverticulosis : Small weak areas in the colon's muscular wall allow the colon's lining to protrude through, forming tiny pouches called diverticuli. Diverticuli usually cause no problems, but can bleed or become inflamed. Diverticulitis : When diverticuli become inflamed or infected, diverticulitis results. Abdominal pain and constipation are common symptoms. Colon bleeding (hemorrhage): Multiple potential colon problems can cause bleeding. Rapid bleeding is visible in the stool, but very slow bleeding might not be. Inflammatory bowel disease : A name for either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. Both conditions can cause colon inflammation (colitis). Crohn's disease : An inflammatory condition that usually affects the colon and intestines. Abdominal pain and diarrhea (which may be bloody) are symptoms. Ulcerative colitis : An inflammatory condition that usually affects the colon and rectum. Like Crohn's disease, bloody diarrhea is a common symptom of ulcerative colitis. Diarrhea : Stools that are frequent, loose, or watery are commonly called diarrhea. Most diarrhea is due to self-limited, mild infections of the colon or small intestine. Salmonellosis : Salmonella bacteria can contaminate food and infect the intestine. Salmonella causes diarrhea and stomach cramps, which usually resolve without treatment. Shigellosis : Shigella bacteria can contaminate food and infect the intestine. Symptoms include fever, stomach cramps, and diarrhea, which may be bloody. Traveler's diarrhea : Many different bacteria commonly contaminate water or food in developing countries. Loose stools, sometimes with nausea and fever, are symptoms. Colon polyps : Polyps are growths inside the colon.  Colon cancer can often develop in these tumors after many years.  Colon cancer : Cancer of the colon affects more than 100,000 Americans each year. Most colon cancer is preventable through regular screening. Rectal cancer : Colon and rectal cancer are similar in prognosis and treatment. Doctors often consider them together as colorectal cancer. Constipation : When bowel movements are infrequent or difficult.  Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): Irritable bowel syndrome, also known as IBS, is an intestinal disorder that causes irritable abdominal pain or discomfort, cramping or bloating, and diarrhea or constipation. Rectal prolapse : Part or all of the wall of the rectum ca


Pseudocarp relates to which type of crop?

Biotechnology Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 1. What is Agricultural Biotechnology? Agricultural biotechnology is a range of tools, including traditional breeding techniques, that alter living organisms, or parts of organisms, to make or modify products; improve plants or animals; or develop microorganisms for specific agricultural uses. Modern biotechnology today includes the tools of genetic engineering. 2. How is Agricultural Biotechnology being used? Biotechnology provides farmers with tools that can make production cheaper and more manageable. For example, some biotechnology crops can be engineered to tolerate specific herbicides, which make weed control simpler and more efficient. Other crops have been engineered to be resistant to specific plant diseases and insect pests, which can make pest control more reliable and effective, and/or can decrease the use of synthetic pesticides. These crop production options can help countries keep pace with demands for food while reducing production costs. A number of biotechnology-derived crops that have been deregulated by the USDA and reviewed for food safety by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and/or the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have been adopted by growers. Many other types of crops are now in the research and development stages. While it is not possible to know exactly which will come to fruition, certainly biotechnology will have highly varied uses for agriculture in the future. Advances in biotechnology may provide consumers with foods that are nutritionally-enriched or longer-lasting, or that contain lower levels of certain naturally occurring toxicants present in some food plants. Developers are using biotechnology to try to reduce saturated fats in cooking oils, reduce allergens in foods, and increase disease-fighting nutrients in foods. They are also researching ways to use genetically engineered crops in the production of new medicines, which may lead to a new plant-made pharmaceutical industry that could reduce the costs of production using a sustainable resource. Genetically engineered plants are also being developed for a purpose known as phytoremediation in which the plants detoxify pollutants in the soil or absorb and accumulate polluting substances out of the soil so that the plants may be harvested and disposed of safely. In either case the result is improved soil quality at a polluted site. Biotechnology may also be used to conserve natural resources, enable animals to more effectively use nutrients present in feed, decrease nutrient runoff into rivers and bays, and help meet the increasing world food and land demands. Researchers are at work to produce hardier crops that will flourish in even the harshest environments and that will require less fuel, labor, fertilizer, and water, helping to decrease the pressures on land and wildlife habitats. In addition to genetically engineered crops, biotechnology has helped make other improvements in agriculture not involving plants. Examples of such advances include making antibiotic production more efficient through microbial fermentation and producing new animal vaccines through genetic engineering for diseases such as foot and mouth disease and rabies. 3. What are the benefits of Agricultural Biotechnology? The application of biotechnology in agriculture has resulted in benefits to farmers, producers, and consumers. Biotechnology has helped to make both insect pest control and weed management safer and easier while safeguarding crops against disease. For example, genetically engineered insect-resistant cotton has allowed for a significant reduction in the use of persistent, synthetic pesticides that may contaminate groundwater and the environment. In terms of improved weed control, herbicide-tolerant soybeans, cotton, and corn enable the use of reduced-risk herbicides that break down more quickly in soil and are non-toxic to wildlife and humans. Herbicide-tolerant crops are particularly compatible with no-till or reduced tillage agriculture systems that help preserve topsoil from erosion. Agr


What is the US state capital of Maryland?

Maryland Capital - Annapolis ANNAPOLIS Annapolis is the State capital of Maryland. Toward the end of the Revolutionary War, the city also served as capital to the newly forming American nation when the Continental Congress met in Annapolis from November 26, 1783 to June 3, 1784. Here too, on January 14, 1784, the Treaty of Paris , ending the Revolutionary War, was ratified by Congress. State House (from Francis St.), Annapolis, Maryland, February 2014. Photo by Diane F. Evartt. In September 1786, the Annapolis Convention met to discuss revisions to the Articles of Confederation. The Convention's call for a further meeting led to the assembling of delegates at Philadelphia the following year to draft the U.S. Constitution. In modern times, Annapolis continues to host important meetings. On November 27, 2007, the Middle East Peace Conference was held at the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis. From June 17-18, 2008, the U.S. Naval Academy again hosted an international conference, the U.S. - China Strategic Economic Dialogue (SED) IV. City Dock, Annapolis, Maryland, September 2008. Photo by Diane F. Evartt. Located on the Severn River in Anne Arundel County , Annapolis is not only the center of Maryland government but also home to the U.S. Naval Academy , and St. John's College whose curriculum is based upon the study of the classics. McDowell Hall, St. John's College, Annapolis, Maryland, April 2005. Photo by Diane F. Evartt. From the founding of Maryland in 1634, however, St. Mary's City was the first seat of Maryland's colonial government, not Annapolis. (In southern Maryland, Historic St. Mary's City can be visited today in St. Mary's County. ) As the population of Maryland grew, St. Mary's City, near the southernmost tip of St. Mary's County, proved too distant for most of the colony's inhabitants. Consequently, in 1694, the General Assembly designated Anne Arundel Town, midway up Chesapeake Bay, as the new capital and, in February 1694/5, the government moved there. U.S. Naval Academy grounds, Annapolis, Maryland, May 2000. Photo by Diane F. Evartt. After Queen Mary's death in December 1694, Anne Arundel Town was renamed Annapolis for her sister, the heiress apparent, Princess Anne. As Queen Anne (1665-1714) of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Anne ascended the throne in 1702. In 1707, she became Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, which she ruled until her death. In the name of Queen Anne, Royal Governor John Seymour granted to the City of Annapolis a municipal charter on November 22, 1708. Annapolis celebrated its three centuries of history in 2008. Centered in Maryland on the Western Shore, Annapolis lies 25 miles south of Baltimore and 30 miles east of Washington, DC. Sailboats, Back Creek, Annapolis, Maryland, October 2008. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.


When is a pilchard not a pilchard? When it's a sardine! Sales of the once-neglected fish are booming, thanks to rebranding | The Independent News When is a pilchard not a pilchard? When it's a sardine! Sales of the once-neglected fish are booming, thanks to rebranding Waitrose has reported a 19 per cent rise in sales of the once-forgotten fish, while high-end restaurants have put them back on the menu Sunday 2 November 2014 00:00 BST Click to follow Indy Lifestyle Online This season is the seventh year Peter Bullock has fished for sardines, and he has often brought in as much as 20 tonnes of fish a night Tom Pilston Peter Bullock has been fishing the choppy waters off the southern tip of Cornwall for more than 20 years. It's only relatively recently, though, that the skipper of the St Asthore has started taking the 46ft trawler out at night from Newlyn in search of sardines. After decades of decline, sales of sardines are booming again; Mr Bullock and his two young deckhands have their work cut out. And it's during the hours of darkness that the slippery, six-inch fish congregate off St Michael's Mount in vast shoals. Waitrose has just reported a 19 per cent rise in sales of the once-forgotten fish, while high-end restaurants from Jamie Oliver's Fifteen to Duck and Waffle in the City of London and Rick Stein's Seafood Restaurant have put them back on the menu. "The chap that started it all about 10 years back was called Nutty Noah. He lived down the coast and bought an old ring net from France and set out to catch pilchards, which he re-branded as Cornish sardines. In the end, he caught so much he actually sank his boat under the weight," said Mr Bullock, 39, as we left harbour. After decades of decline, sales of sardines are booming again (Tom Pilston) Before Nutty Noah came along, the fish was marketed as the pilchard. It was salted and sold in vast quantities during the 19th century, however, tinned salmon imports from Canada and the arrival of Pacific tuna had all but killed the industry by the 1990s. The fisherman admits, though, that the two fish are "essentially the same": a pilchard is just a sardine that is more than six inches long. Either way, turning them into Cornish sardines was "a piece of marketing, pure and simple", he says. It was a sales wheeze that would have delighted Charles Saatchi. A few years ago there were no sardine boats at Newlyn; now the St Asthore is joined by five rival boats as we set out to sea. This season is the seventh year he has fished for sardines, and he has often brought in as much as 20 tonnes of fish a night. The fishery is certified by the Marine Stewardship Council and backed by Greenpeace. "It's the rebranding that's made pilchards really popular," explains the skipper as he spots a shoal on his sonar and prepares his crew to "shoot" the ring net around them. "You just have to think of the romance of a sardine on the barbecue and think of the Mediterranean." Bringing in the fish, which come close to the surface at night to feed, is a frantic affair, during which Peter Bullock abandons the cockpit, puts on his waterproofs and joins his crew hauling in the nets. The reward, after 45 minutes of silent working, is a load of about four tonnes. Watching is Jeremy Ryland Langley, the fisheries and aquaculture manager at Waitrose. He's the man responsible for taking endangered Atlantic salmon off the shelves of the store in the 1990s. More recently he brought in a sustainability and fish traceability policy that has won plaudits from Greenpeace. Peter Bullock with his crew on the St Asthore (Tom Pilston) For him this fishery is ideal. "The oceans are vital to our existence as a species and, for most of us, fish is the last truly wild food we'll eat, so getting this right is crucial. What we love about this fishery and Peter's boat is that we know the fishermen, we know exactly where they are fishing and we know the fish stocks here are healthy." A hundred miles away on the north Devon coast, the story is very different. When the European Commission cut fish quotas, the Government's


In UK pre-decimal coinage, how many farthings were in one penny?

Coins of the UK - Farthings Farthings Pictures of Farthings Silver Farthings The silver farthing was a very small coin, and is rarely found as metal detectors cannot usually detect tiny metal items. For many years they were thought to have been minted for the first time in the reign of Edward I (1272-1307) but about two examples of this denomination from the reign of Henry III (1216-1272) have been found. No documentary evidence of this coin exists. Before this farthings were created by cutting a penny into four, thus the name farthing (from fourthing) The silver farthing was last produced in the reign of Edward VI (1547-1553), having gradually reduced in size until its use became impractical. This led to a shortage of a denomination which the wealthy producers (the government) did not really need but which the general population did. Copper Farthings Due to a shortage of small coins, James I authorised John Harrington to issue tin coated bronze farthings in 1613, after a number of other proposals had been considered. The initial small issue (12.25 mm diameter), showing two sceptres through a crown on the obverse and a crowned harp on the reverse, was soon superseded by a slightly larger token (15mm diameter) without the tin wash. Lord Harrington died in 1614, and the title to the patent eventually passed to the Duke of Lennox. The next issues became known as Lennox farthings. They can be distinguished from the Harrington farthings by the fact that in the legend IACO starts at the top (or in one case bottom) rather that just before. Their diameter remained at about 15 mm, although the last issue was oval in shape. The Duke of Lennox became the Duke of Richmond, but died around 1624. His widow continued to hold the patent, and the first issues of Charles I became known as Richmond farthings. A second patent was issued to Lord Maltravers and others. Maltravers farthings have an inner circle on both sides. These coins were produced by the interesting technique of rolling a strip of copper between two rollers with the designs set into them, and at the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge there is a strip of several of these coins which had not been cut out of the strip. The problem was that these coins were easy to forge, and before long the public lost trust in them. A new design was introduced with a rose instead of a harp on the reverse, and with a brass plug in the copper which was very difficult to forge. This is known as a Rose farthing. During the period of the Commonwealth in 1644 issue of these coins was discontinued, and instead this denomination was effected by a large variety of tokens issued by traders or towns. In the mid-1660's the Royal Mint began to investigate the manufacture of a larger copper farthing - a pattern is known dated 1665 with similarities to the issued coins. The official copper farthing appeared in 1672 , despite difficulties partly overcome by importing blanks from Sweden. It was produced annually until 1675 and again in 1679 . Tin Farthings In 1684 the farthing was issued in tin with a copper plug in the centre.  This plug is clearly visible in the image of a 1684 Charles II tin farthing . This coin appears not to have a date, but this is because it was inscribed on the edge. These are scarce coins in as good condition as that illustrated because of tin disease. This is caused by the fact that below 13.2°C the metallic form or allotrope of tin tends to turn into the non-metallic form which appears as a grey powder. Also, tin is soft and wears readily. Tin was chosen to bolster the tin mining industry, and the bimetallic form was intended to discourage forgery (but failed in its purpose as lead copies were made). Charles II tin farthings dated 1685 are very rare, as the King died on February 6th 1684 (old style) and the new year followed six weeks later. An illustration of a William and Mary 1690 tin farthing is available. These coins had the date on the edge as well as the reverse, and scarce varieties exist with the two dates differing. Tin remained in use until 1692, after whi


Who plays Wilhelmina Slater in the US television series ‘Ugly Betty’?

Vanessa Williams - IMDb IMDb Actress | Soundtrack | Producer Vanessa Lynn Williams is one of the most respected and multi-faceted performers in entertainment today. She has conquered the musical charts, Broadway, music videos, television and motion pictures. She has sold millions of albums worldwide and she has achieved critical acclaim as an actress on stage, in film and on television. Williams was born in ... See full bio » Born: a list of 42 people created 02 Aug 2011 a list of 28 people created 17 Aug 2011 a list of 24 people created 12 Sep 2013 a list of 33 people created 7 months ago a list of 38 people created 5 months ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Vanessa Williams's work have you seen? User Polls Nominated for     3     Primetime Emmys. Another    12 wins & 34 nominations. See more awards  » Known For  2017 Daytime Divas (TV Series) ( completed ) Maxine Robinson  2016-2017 The Librarians (TV Series) General Cynthia Rockwell  2016 Milo Murphy's Law (TV Series) Eileen Underwood / Dr. Eileen Underwood  2016 Broad City (TV Series) Elizabeth Carlton  2015 Fantasy Life (TV Movie) Terry  2015 Royal Pains (TV Series) Olympia Houston  2015 The Mindy Project (TV Series) Dr. Phillips  2012 Phineas and Ferb (TV Series) Flight Attendant  2006 South Beach (TV Series) Elizabeth Bauer  2004 Beck and Call (TV Short) Zoe - The Big Picture (2003) ... Detective Katherine Pierce - Wannabe (2003) ... Detective Katherine Pierce - The Hole-in-the-Wall Gang (2003) ... Detective Katherine Pierce - Haystack (2003) ... Detective Katherine Pierce - Inadmissible (2003) ... Detective Katherine Pierce  2002 Ally McBeal (TV Series) Sheila Hunt  2001 Santa, Baby! (TV Movie) Alicia (voice)  1999 L.A. Doctors (TV Series) Dr. Leanne Barrows - O Captain, My Captain (1999) ... Dr. Leanne Barrows  1998 Futuresport (TV Movie)  1995 Nothing Lasts Forever (TV Movie) Dr. Kathy 'Kat' Hunter  1990 Seriously... Phil Collins (TV Movie) Rachel - TV Executive  1986 The Love Boat (TV Series) Pearl  1986 T.J. Hooker (TV Series) Officer Pat Williamson  1984 Partners in Crime (TV Series) Roselle Robins  2011-2012 New Girl (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes) - Parents (2012) ... (performer: "Save the Best for Last" - uncredited) - Kryptonite (2011) ... (performer: "Save the Best for Last" - uncredited)  2012 Delhi Safari (performer: "To Forgive...To Forget")  2010-2012 Desperate Housewives (TV Series) (performer - 3 episodes) - Come on Over for Dinner (2011) ... (performer: "My Funny Valentine") - Excited and Scared (2010) ... (performer: "Happy Birthday, Mr. President" - uncredited)  2012 Pan Am (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Secrets and Lies (2012) ... (performer: "The Sweetest Days")  2007-2010 Ugly Betty (TV Series) (performer - 4 episodes) - Chica and the Man (2010) ... (performer: "Maneater", "She Acts Like A Woman Should" - uncredited) - Curveball (2009) ... (performer: "The Man That Got Away" - uncredited)  2008 What Happens in Vegas (performer: "Save the Best for Last")  2008 Definitely, Maybe (performer: "Save the Best for Last") - Episode dated 10 August 2007 (2007) ... (performer: "Colors of the Wind")  2006 My Brother (performer: "His Eye on the Sparrow")  2002 The 56th Annual Tony Awards (TV Special) (performer: "Into the Woods", "Children Will Listen")  2001 Kate & Leopold (performer: "Save the Best for Last") - Alec Baldwin/Luciano Pavarotti, Vanessa Williams (1998) ... (performer: "Adeste Fideles" - uncredited) - Woody Harrelson/Vanessa Williams (1992) ... (performer: "Save the Best for Last", "The Comfort Zone" - uncredited)  1998 Dance with Me (performer: "You Are My Home (Salsa)", "You Are My Home")  1996 Eraser (performer: "Where Do We Go From Here")  1996 The 68th Annual Academy Awards (TV Special) (performer: "Colors of the Wind")  1995 Bye Bye Birdie (TV Movie) (performer: "An English Teacher", "A Healthy, Normal American Boy", "Let's Settle Down", "What Did I Ever See in Him?", "Spanish Rose", "Rosie")  1995 People: A Musical Celebration (TV Movie) ("Under the Same Sun")  1995 Pocahontas (


‘There shall be no more cakes and ale’ is a line from which Shakespeare play?

No Fear Shakespeare: Twelfth Night: Act 2, Scene 3, Page 6 No Fear Shakespeare Home → No Fear Shakespeare → Twelfth Night → Act 2, Scene 3, Page 6 Twelfth Night (sings) Shall I bid him go? SIR TOBY BELCH (singing) Should I tell him to go? FOOL (sings) What an if you do? FOOL (singing) What if y,ou do? SIR TOBY BELCH (sings) Shall I bid him go, and spare not? SIR TOBY BELCH (singing) Should I tell him to go, and be harsh with him? FOOL (sings) O no, no, no, no, you dare not. FOOL (singing) Oh no, no, no, no, don’t you dare. SIR TOBY BELCH Out o' tune, sir. You lie. Art any more than a steward? Dost thou think, because thou art virtuous, there shall be no more cakes and ale? SIR TOBY BELCH That’s out of tune, sir. You lie. (to MALVOLIO) You’re nothing more than a servant here. Do you think that just because you’re a goody two shoes, no one else can enjoy himself? FOOL Yes, by Saint Anne, and ginger shall be hot i' the mouth too. FOOL They certainly will. They’ll have double helpings, too. SIR TOBY BELCH Thou'rt i' the right. Go, sir, rub your chain with crumbs. A stoup of wine, Maria! SIR TOBY BELCH You’re right. (to MALVOLIO) Go polish your steward’s chain, sir. Maria, bring us some wine! 110 MALVOLIO Mistress Mary, if you prized my lady’s favor at anything more than contempt, you would not give means for this uncivil rule. She shall know of it, by this hand. MALVOLIO Miss Mary, if you cared what Lady Olivia thinks about you at all, you wouldn’t contribute to this rude behavior. I assure you, she’ll find out about this. Exit Go and wiggle your ears! SIR ANDREW 'Twere as good a deed as to drink when a man’s a-hungry, to challenge him the field and then to break promise with him and make a fool of him. SIR ANDREW There’s nothing I’d love more than to make a fool out of that guy somehow. I could challenge him to a duel and then not show up. That would do the trick. SIR TOBY BELCH Do ’t, knight. I’ll write thee a challenge. Or I’ll deliver thy indignation to him by word of mouth. SIR TOBY BELCH Do that. I’ll write a letter challenging him to a duel on your behalf. Or I’ll deliver your insults to his face.


In the human body, a set of well-developed abdominal muscles is known as a ‘What’…pack’?

Organs and Organ Systems - 6 | Britannica.com Organs and Organ Systems in biology, a group of tissues in a living organism that have been adapted to perform a specific function. Browse Subcategories: (48) Displaying 401 - 500 of 800 results lacteal one of the lymphatic vessels that serve the small intestine and, after a meal, become white from the minute fat globules that their lymph contains (see chyle). The lacteals were described as venae albae et lacteae (“white and milky veins”) by their discoverer,... Langerhans, islets of irregularly shaped patches of endocrine tissue located within the pancreas of most vertebrates. They are named for the German physician Paul Langerhans, who first described them in 1869. The normal human pancreas contains about 1,000,000 islets. The... large intestine posterior section of the intestine, consisting typically of four regions: the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. The term colon is sometimes used to refer to the entire large intestine. The large intestine is wider and shorter than the small intestine (approximately... larynx a hollow, tubular structure connected to the top of the windpipe (trachea); air passes through the larynx on its way to the lungs. The larynx also produces vocal sounds and prevents the passage of food and other foreign particles into the lower respiratory... lateral line system a system of tactile sense organs, unique to aquatic vertebrates from cyclostome fishes (lampreys and hagfish) to amphibians, that serves to detect movements and pressure changes in the surrounding water. It is made up of a series of mechanoreceptors... laterality in biological psychology, the development of specialized functioning in each hemisphere of the brain or in the side of the body which each controls. The most obvious example of laterality is handedness, which is the tendency to use one hand or the other... latex colloidal suspension, either the milky white liquid emulsion found in the cells of flowering plants such as the Para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) or any of various manufactured water emulsions consisting of synthetic rubber or plastic. The plant... latissimus dorsi widest and most powerful muscle of the back. It is a large, flat, triangular muscle covering the lower back. It arises from the lower half of the vertebral column and iliac crest (hipbone) and tapers to a rounded tendon inserted at (attached to) the... leaf in botany, any usually flattened green outgrowth from the stem of a vascular plant. Leaves manufacture food for plants, which in turn ultimately nourish and sustain all land animals. Botanically, leaves are an integral part of the stem system, and they... lens in anatomy, a nearly transparent biconvex structure suspended behind the iris of the eye, the sole function of which is to focus light rays onto the retina. The lens is made up of unusual elongated cells that have no blood supply but obtain nutrients... levator muscle any of the muscles that raise a body part. In humans these include the levator anguli oris, which raises the corner of the mouth; the levator ani, collective name for a thin sheet of muscle that stretches across the pelvic cavity and helps hold the pelvic... levonorgestrel synthetic progestogen (any progestational steroid, such as progesterone) that is used as a form of contraception in women. Levonorgestrel is the mirror compound (enantiomer) of norgestrel, which was synthesized in the early 1960s by American scientist... lips soft pliable anatomical structures that form the mouth margin of most vertebrates, composed of a surface epidermis (skin), connective tissue, and (in typical mammals) a muscle layer. In man the outer skin contains hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil)... liver the largest gland in the body, a spongy mass of wedge-shaped lobes that has many metabolic and secretory functions. The liver secretes bile, a digestive fluid; metabolizes proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; stores glycogen, vitamins, and other substances;... loop of Henle long, U-shaped portion of the tubule that conducts urine within each nephron of the


Who was appointed Creative Director of Paris fashion house Chloe in 1997?

London Fashion Week - Stella McCartney Stella McCartney Showrooms Stella McCartney Born and raised in London and the English countryside, Stella McCartney graduated from Central St Martins in 1995. A signature style of sharp tailoring, natural confidence and sexy femininity was apparent in her first collection. A lifelong vegetarian, Stella McCartney does not use any leather or fur in her designs, and she supports PETA. But Stella does use wool, silk, and other animal-derived fabrics in her designs. In March 1997 McCartney was appointed Creative Director of Paris fashion house Chloé, following in the footsteps of Karl Lagerfeld. Lagerfeld was less than impressed with the house's choice, stating, "Chloé should have taken a big name. They did, but in music, not fashion. Let's hope she's as gifted as her father." Despite initial scepticism, McCartney's designs have enjoyed considerable commercial and critical success. She was accompanied to Chloé by her assistant and friend Phoebe Philo, who later replaced her as design director. In 2001, Stella McCartney launched her own fashion house under her name in a joint venture with Gucci Group (now Kering) and showed her first collection in Paris. Her collections are now distributed in over 50 countries through 600 wholesale accounts including specialty shops and department stores. In 2003, Stella McCartney launched her first perfume, Stella. In January 2007, McCartney launched a skincare line, CARE. She launched a new lingerie line in 2008, and in 2010, the Stella McCartney Kids collection was launched for newborns and children up to age 12. Contact details


color morado - English translation – Linguee Los moretones despuï¿œs se agrupan, con lo que grandes ï¿œreas de la piel estï¿œn [...] daï¿œadas y de color morado y amarillento. nhsnet.net These bruises then join together to form [...] larger areas of purple skin damage and discoloration. nhsnet.net Las autoridades sanitarias dedican especial atenciï¿œn a la definiciï¿œn de las normas de utilizaciï¿œn del agua regenerada, tales como: seï¿œalizaciï¿œn mediante carteles visibles que [...] indiquen el tipo de agua utilizada, [...] adopciï¿œn normalizada del color morado para las conducciones [...] y los dispositivos de control, [...] instalaciï¿œn de dispositivos antirretorno, inspecciones de las conexiones a la red de agua regenerada, exigencia de determinados horarios de riego y de tipos de aspersores, prohibiciï¿œn de instalar grifos exteriores, asï¿œ como utilizaciï¿œn de tamaï¿œos de conducciï¿œn y de bocas de conexiï¿œn de mangueras diferentes a los utilizados para las aguas de abastecimiento pï¿œblico. fundacioagbar.org Health authorities have devoted particular attention to defining the rules applicable to the use of reclaimed water, such as: announcements consisting of visible posters [...] indicating the type of water used; the [...] standardised use of purple colour for pipes and control [...] devices; the installation of cross-flow [...] mechanisms; inspections of connections to the reclaimed water network; requirements for irrigation at certain times of the day and for using particular types of sprinklers; the banning of external taps; and the use of pipes and hose connectors of different sizes to those employed for drinking water supply. fundacioagbar.org El fruto, comestible, es una baya de 5 hasta 30 cm de [...] [...] alargada o redondeada, generalmente de color morado al madurar, aunque el color varï¿œa [...] segï¿œn la variedad. De color morado mï¿œs bien opaco, ofrece una [...] variedad de aromas a tostado, tabaco, frutas negras y azules. conosur.com Opaque purple-colored, it offers up an array [...] of pain grille, tobacco, blue and black fruit aromas. conosur.com Cuando sea un dï¿œa festivo, los [...] ornamentos sagrados de color dorado o plateado pueden sustituir a los de [...] otros colores, pero no a los de color morado o negro. pcf.va On the occasion of a feastday, sacred vestments [...] of a gold or silver colour can be substituted as appropriate for [...] others of various colours, but not for purple or black. pcf.va La utilizaciï¿œn de estas variedades aporta a sus vinos de maceraciï¿œn carbï¿œnica un paladar [...] afrutado y un color morado intenso. riojalavesa.com The use of these varieties provides their carbonically macerated wines with a fruity [...] palate and an intense purple color. riojalavesa.com Su niï¿œo puede estar tosiendo fuertemente, estar haciendo ruidos al respirar [...] y teniendo mucha dificultad para respirar, y los labios y las uï¿œas del niï¿œo se le pueden [...] estar poniendo de color morado. familydoctor.org Your child may have severe coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath, and his or her lips and fingernails may be turning [...] a grayish or bluish color. familydoctor.org Pico (mantoncillo) liso sencillo en color morado y con flecos en combinaciï¿œn [...] de morado y lila. Los labios y piel alrededor de la nariz, boca o uï¿œas de su [...] niï¿œo se ponen de color morado o oscuros familydoctor.org Your child's lips and skin around the nose, mouth of [...] fingernails are bluish or turn dark. familydoctor.org El color azul seï¿œala el carï¿œcter que [...] se inserta si presiona MAYï¿œS junto [...] con esta tecla; el color morado seï¿œala el carï¿œcter [...] que se inserta si presiona esta tecla sola, sin presionar MAYï¿œS. docs.attachmate.com Blue indicates the character that is inserted if you press [...] SHIFT with this key; purple indicates the character that [...] is inserted if you press this key without SHIFT. docs.attachmate.com Aunque su color estricto es amarillento y transparente, a veces se recubre de color de vino tinto y toma color morado. riojalta.com Alth


Heathrow Airport is on which London underground line?

Underground | London Tube to Heathrow | Heathrow Due to escalator work, Holborn station will be exit-only, with no interchange from the Central Line, between 07:30 and 10:00 on weekdays. [More details] London Underground's Piccadilly Line provides the most cost-effective rail route between Heathrow and the capital. Journey time by Tube is under an hour and you shouldn't have to wait longer than ten minutes for a train, even off-peak. Where to catch trains Heathrow has three London Underground stations – one for Terminals 2 and 3 and one each at Terminal 4 and Terminal 5 . Heathrow Terminals 2 and 3 station is between the terminals, which are a few minutes' walk away via pedestrian subway. Heathrow Terminal 4 and Heathrow Terminal 5 underground stations are in the basements of the terminal buildings. All stations are in Travelcard Zone 6. Fares and tickets Underground tickets are available at all stations. The single cash fare to central London (Zone 1) is £6.00. A one-day Travelcard, giving unlimited travel in Zones 1-6, costs £17.20 (Anytime) or £12.10 (off-peak). For more information visit tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments or visit the Travel Information Centre at Heathrow Terminals 2 and 3 underground station. Oyster pay-as-you-go fares are £5.10 (Mon - Fri, 06:30 - 09:30) and £3.10 (all other times). You'll need an Oyster card – for details see oyster.tfl.gov.uk – or a contactless payment card . Train times The first and last trains to and from Heathrow are shown below. Train times and fares are subject to change – please confirm using the Transport for London website or call +44 (0)343 22 1234 before travelling. Night Tube On Fridays and Saturdays the Piccadilly Line now operates a 24-hour service, with night trains to and from Terminals 2, 3 and 5 on average every 10 minutes. There is no service on the Terminal 4 loop. First and last trains to central London Station


Joe Buck and Rico Rizzo are characters in which 1965 novel by James Leo Herlihy?

MIDNIGHT COWBOY by James Leo Herlihy - First Edition - 1965 - from Idler Fine Books and Biblio.com Fiction & Literature > Modern Fiction Book summary In some ways, it was unfortunate for author James Leo Herlihy that his novel Midnight Cowboy was adapted into the landmark film of the same name starring Dustin Hoffman and Jon Voight. Although the film, which won several Oscars including Best Picture, certainly brought the rising author a new level of regard and notice, its almost legendary status in the history of American filmmaking has somewhat overshadowed its literary progenitor. This is especially unfortunate since Herlihy's work is considered by many to be one of the best American novels published since World War II. The novel's protagonist is Joe Buck, a naive young Texan who decides to leave his dead-end job and find a grander, more glamorous life in New York City. The city, of course, turns out to be a much harder place to conquer than Joe expected, and he soon finds his dream compromised. Buck's fall from innocence and his relationship with the crippled street hustler Ratso Rizzo form the novel's emotional nucleus, and the unlikely pair is one of the most sensitively-drawn and complex portraits of friendship in recent literature.The focus on male friendship is in fact a longstanding motif in American literature: Twain's Huck and Jim, Melville's Ishmael and Queequeg, Fitzgerald's Nick Carraway and Jay Gatsby, and Kerouac's Sal Paradise and Dean Moriarity are some of the notable examples. Herlihy's Joe Buck and Ratso Rizzo continue this venerable tradition in their unique, starkly-drawn fashion. Midnight Cowboy also takes a well-deserved place among a group of distinguished American novels that write-often with unnerving candor-about people living on the "margins" of society: Nathaniel West's Miss Lonleyhearts, John Fante's Ask the Dust, Kerouac's On the Road, and William Burroughs' Junky, to name a few. Midnight Cowboy, written by Herlihy with a unique mixture of severe realism and sensitivity, may well prove to be the best and most durable of these accomplished works of fiction. Reviews Review this book (Want a chance to win $50 ? Log-in or create an account first!) (You'll be automatically entered for a chance to win $50!)


Which religious figure wears the Ring of the Fisherman?

CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Rings Home > Catholic Encyclopedia > R > Rings Rings Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download . Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more  all for only $19.99... Although the surviving ancient rings, proved by their devices, provenance, etc., to be of Christian origin, are fairly numerous (See Fortnum in "Arch. Journ.", XXVI, 141, and XXVIII, 275), we cannot in most cases identify them with any liturgical use. Christians no doubt , just like other people, wore rings in accordance with their station in life, for rings are mentioned without reprobation in the New Testament ( Luke 15:22 , and James 2:2 ). Moreover, St. Clement of Alexandria ( The Pedagogue III.11 ) says that a man might lawfully wear a ring on his little finger, and that it should bear some religious emblem--a dove, or a fish, or an anchor  though, on the other hand, Tertullian , St. Cyprian , and the Apostolic Constitutions (I, iii) protest against the ostentation of Christians in decking themselves with rings and gems. In any case the Acts of Sts. Perpetua and Felicitas (c. xxi), about the beginning of the third century, inform us of how the martyr Saturus took a ring from the finger of Pudens, a soldier who was looking on, and gave it back to him as a keepsake, covered with his own blood. Knowing, as we do, that in the pagan days of Rome every flamen Dialis (i.e., a priest specially consecrated to the worship of Jupiter) had, like the senators, the privilege of wearing a gold ring, it would not be surprising to find evidence in the fourth century that rings were worn by Christian bishops . But the various passages that have been appealed to, to prove this, are either not authentic or else are inconclusive. St. Augustine indeed speaks of his sealing a letter with a ring (Ep. ccxvii, in P.L., XXXIII, 227), but on the other hand his contemporary Possidius expressly states that Augustine himself wore no ring (P.L., XXXII, 53), whence we are led to conclude that the possession of a signet does not prove the use of a ring as part of the episcopal insignia. However, in a Decree of Pope Boniface IV (A.D. 610) we hear of monks raised to the episcopal dignity as anulo pontificali subarrhatis, while at the Fourth Council of Toledo, in 633, we are told that if a bishop has been deposed from his office, and is afterwards reinstated, he is to receive back stole, ring, and crosier (orarium, anulum et baculum). St. Isidore of Seville at about the same period couples the ring with the crosier and declares that the former is conferred as "an emblem of the pontifical dignity or of the sealing of secrets" (P.L., LXXXIII, 783). From this time forth it may be assumed that the ring was strictly speaking an episcopal ornament conferred in the rite of consecration , and that it was commonly regarded as emblematic of the betrothal of the bishop to his Church. In the eighth and ninth centuries in manuscripts of the Gregorian Sacramentary and in a few early Pontificals (e.g., that attributed to Archbishop Egbert of York ) we meet with various formulae for the delivery of the ring. The Gregorian form, which survives in substance to the present day, runs in these terms: "Receive the ring, that is to say the seal of faith , whereby thou, being thyself adorned with spotless faith , mayst keep unsullied the troth which thou hast pledged to the spouse of God , His holy Church." These two ideas --namely of the seal, indicative of discretion, and of conjugal fidelity--dominate the symbolism attaching to the ring in nearly all its liturgical uses. The latter idea was pressed so far in the case of bishops that we find ecclesiastical decrees enacting that "a bishop deserting the Church to which he was consecrated and transferring himself to another is to be held guilty of adultery and is to be visited with the same penalties as a man who, forsaking his own wife, goes to live with another woman " (Du Saussay, "Panoplia episcopalis", 250). It was perhaps this idea of espousals which helped


Who was Britain’s last Liberal Prime Minister?

Prime Ministers of Great Britain political party 1721-42 Sir Robert Walpole - Restored confidence in the country following the South Sea Bubble financial crash of 1720. Dominated the political scene during the reigns of George I and George II. George II made Walpole a gift of 10 Downing Street. Walpole resigned as a consequence of his perceived mis-handling in dealing with the War of Jenkins' Ear . Whig 1742-43 Earl of Wilmington - Suffering poor health for most of his time as Prime Minister, he died in office. Whig 1743-54 Henry Pelham - During his time in the post he oversaw the the British involvement in the War of the Austrian Succession in 1744-48, the 1745 Jacobite Rising and the adoption of the Gregorian calender . He died in office. Whig 1754-56 Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle - Assumed the office of Prime Minister just 10 days after the death of his brother Henry Pelham. During the Seven Years' War, he was blamed for the loss of Minorca and was replaced by the Duke of Devonshire. Whig 1756-57 William Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire - In a government effectively controlled by Pitt the Elder, Devonshire's administration was brought to end following the dismissal of Pitt by the king, it was replaced by the Second Newcastle Ministry. Whig 1757-62 Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle - Returning to office with Pitt the Elder as Southern Secretary, this government helped steer Britain to ultimate victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War. Whig 1762-63 John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute - A favourite of George III, he was the first Scot to hold the top office. Unpopular with the 'great unwashed', he introduced a tax on cider in order to help pay for the Seven Years' War. He resigned following fierce criticism of his handling of the peace negotiations. Tory The Duke of Wellington, Sir Robert Peel, Viscount Melbourne 1828-30 Arthur Welleslley, 1st Duke of Wellington - The second Irish-born Prime Minister and second veteran general, perhaps more famous as a soldier of the Napoleonic Wars than a politician. Is said to have commented after his first Cabinet meeting: “An extraordinary affair. I gave them their orders and they wanted to stay and discuss them.” He introduced the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, removing many of the restrictions on Catholics in the UK. Resigned after a vote of no confidence. Tory 1830-34 Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey - Famous for the blend of tea named after him, his political achievements included the Reform Act of 1832, which started the process of electoral change that we recognise today. His other legacies included the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire and restrictions concerning the employment of children. He resigned after disagreements over his Irish policies. Whig 1834 William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne - The last Prime Minister to be dismissed by a Sovereign, King William IV. Whig 1834-35 Sir Robert Peel 2nd Baronet - At the second time of asking, Peel accepted King William IV’s invitation to form a government. Head of a minority government, he resigned following a number of defeats in Parliament. Whig 1835-41 William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne - Returning to office for the second time, Melbourne found the new Queen Victoria much more agreeable than William IV. Tutoring the young queen in the ways of politics, they formed a close relationship. He resigned after a series of parliamentary defeats. Whig 1841-46 Sir Robert Peel 2nd Baronet - Returning to office for the second time, Peel introduced important employment laws that banned women and children from working underground in mines, in addition The Factory Act of 1844 limited the hours of work for children and women. Unable to feed a starving Ireland, he finally succeeded in repealing the Corn Laws. Conservative 1846-52 Lord John Russell, 1st Earl Russell - Russell was the last Whig Prime Minister. His Public Health Act of 1848 improved the sanitary conditions of towns and cities. He was in office at the time of The Great Exhibition of 1851 . Whig 1852 Edward Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby - Co


In the game of golf, a ‘Condor’ is how many strokes under par for a hole?

Golf Today's A to Z of Golf: The 'Condor' - four under par for a hole A-Z of Golf The 'Condor' - four under par for a hole Scoring a condor is the rarest event in golf. This is normally a hole in one at a par five (a two at a par six would also count, but this has never been done). Only four condors have ever been recorded: The first occurred in 1962, when Larry Bruce drove into the hole over a stand of trees on the 480-yard dogleg right par-5 fifth hole at Hope Country Club in Arkansas, USA. Another condor was achieved by "cutting the corner" of a dogleg par-5 by Shaun Lynch at Teign Valley Golf Club in Christow, England, in 1995, on the 496-yard 17th. Lynch aimed straight at the green with a 3-iron, clearing a 20-foot-high hedge and hitting a downslope on the other side, which allowed his ball to roll down to the green and into the hole. A condor was scored without cutting over a dogleg by Mike Crean at Green Valley Ranch Golf Club in Denver, Colorado, in 2002, when he holed his drive at the 517 yard par-5 9th. This is longest hole in one on record, although it was of course aided by the altitude and thin air of 'mile-high' Denver. The most recent condor was achieved in Australia by 16 year old Jack Bartlett on the 467 metre par-5 17th at Royal Wentworth Falls Country Club, NSW, Australia, on November 3, 2007. None of the above Condor's were made during an official tour and neither were they played on a professionally accredited course, not that their feats are devalued in anyway shape or form. You don't have to be a mathematical genius to understand that a Condor is a rare occurrence. To give you an idea of odds, it has been estimated a hole-in-one can reach up to 1 in 12,500 for an amateur player, while a double eagle has been assigned odds that have ranged between 1 in 1 million, and 1 in 16 million. The odds of scoring a Condor have not been officially worked out but you can imagine they are significantly higher than the double-eagle. A select number of online bookmakers , have in the past offered odds on double-eagles during championship events, not condors however. Clearly if you choose to place a condor bet with any bookmaker, make sure to get odds of at least above 1 million to one! A condor is also known as a triple-eagle or a double-albatross, although these terms are, of course, mathematically incorrect. There is no other explanation for the name 'condor' apart from its continuation of the 'bird' theme in naming under-par scores, and the size of the bird becoming bigger as the score gets lower (birdie - eagle - albatross - condor). October 2008


Which animal is known as the Ship of the Desert?

What animal is called the ship of the desert? | Reference.com What animal is called the ship of the desert? A: Quick Answer Camels are sometimes called "ships of the desert" because of their importance in travel and trade in desert environments. Camel's unique adaptations made them ideal animals for carrying goods and people across long distances, similar to how ships allow people to travel across oceans. Full Answer Prior to the invention of trucks and airplanes, desert peoples relied on camels for transportation because other large animals like horses and cattle could not withstand the harsh environment. Camels are able to travel long distances with very little food or water, even when carrying people or freight. This was especially important when crossing large, empty expanses of desert in which people were unable to resupply. Camels were used as "ships of the desert" in Africa and Asia and were imported to Australia to work in the harsh Outback environment.


What was the name of the supertanker that ran aground between Land’s End and the Scilly Isles in March 1967?

Location | National Coastwatch Institution Stations Telephone List Location At Gwennap Head we watch over one of the most dangerous stretches of water in the UK. With Wolf Rock Lighthouse and the infamous Runnel Stone Reef close by, this treacherous coastline has seen many shipwrecks and lives lost. On good days we can see as far as the Isles of Scilly, or the peaks of the legendary Lyonesse.This far South West coast of Cornwall from Land's End around to Porthcurno is a wind swept rocky place which bears the brunt of the Atlantic storms as they crash against the towering granite cliffs. It is an area littered with shipwrecks and tales of smugglers and witchcraft. A Traffic Seperation Scheme exists around the Scillies to control the navigation of vessels in this congested area. Together with Cape Cornwall NCI, we are able to provide visual, radar and AIS coverage of this very busy zone. As well as the large commercial vessels we identify and log the many fishing boats, pleasure craft, kayaks and dive boats in the waters around our station. There are three Traffic Seperation Schemes (TSS) off the Scillies - to the east (between the Isles of Scilly and Land's End) to the south, and to the west; these control the navigation of all vessels joining, transiting, crossing and leaving the schemes. In the area between each TSS and the adjacent land there is an inshore Traffic Zone, from which all traffic is prohibited. Traffic is relatively dense in the east TSS, but the tidal stream generally runs parallel to the coast, whereas the south and west TSS's are more exposed to westerly swell, and the tidal stream generally run perpendicular to the Isles Of Scilly.  Just below the watchtower, a pile of granite, The Chair Ladder, is considered to be the finest mass of stone in the county; it appears as if built up from large cubical blocks. Numerous caverns and isolated rocks can be found along the shores of these cliffs. The granite of Tol Pedn, Penwith is very porphyritic, and most of it contains pinite. This is intersected by veins of a different kind of granite; in most of these veins the feldspar is red. This, and the surrounding cliffs are a magnet for climbers from all over the world particularly in the summer months. Another thing for the NCI to keep an eye on. We watch out for these climbers and also the many walkers and bird watchers on the coastal path.The lands End Cliff Rescue Team use the cliffs as a training centre. In Porthgwarra, (`-the higher cove`, this is generally now considered a corruption of the original name  Porthgorwithou 1302 meaning cove by wooded slopes), a pretty little fishing cove nearby to Gwennap Head, there are tunnels cut through the rock to give access to the beach.Some say these were used to help with the 'freetrade' or smuggling in olden days. The following paragraphs are taken from 'Porthgwarra' by Christine Gendall. Cornwall has a historic reputation fo smuggling. I find it hard to accept that fishermen and farmers would lure ships ashore by false use of lights. Though I do believe that they may have been involved in some illicit trading in spirits and tobacco. If there was a wreck, they did their utmost to help the crew get ashore..... but were then swift to assist in the salvage! I have spoken to Jean Hey (nee Rawlings) and David Williams, both of whom played as children at Porthgwarra. They remember playing in a smugglers' cache, a hiding place on the cliff top, inland from Hella Point some distance behind the marker cones. In recent years they have independently searched to try and find the top entrance of this rock covered cave, but have been unsuccessful due to profusion of the undergrowth. The Runnel Stone Until recently a moaning sound could often be heard over the area of Gwennap head. This emanated from the buoy which Marks the Runnel Stone (previously called Rundle) - a hazardous rock pinnacle about a mile offshore between Hella Point and Gwennap Head The buoy is now topped with a flashing light and a bell, which peals with the movement of the waves. The moaning came from a whistle se


In September 1968, Marcelo Caetano became Prime Minister of which European country?

Marcelo Caetano | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Edit He was a son of José Maria de Almeida Alves Caetano and his first wife Josefa Maria das Neves. Graduated as a Licentiate and later a Doctorate in Law, Caetano was a Cathedratic Professor at the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon , where he graduated and of which he would also become the 9th Dean or Rector . An ultraconservative politician and a self-proclaimed reactionary in his youth, [1] Caetano started his political career in the 1930s under the authoritarian regime of António de Oliveira Salazar . He soon became an important figure in the " Estado Novo " government, and in 1940 was appointed chief of the Portuguese Youth organisation . Caetano progressed in his academic career at the university, publishing several works and lecturing law. While in jail due to political causes, Álvaro Cunhal , law student, the future leader and founder of the Portuguese Communist Party , submitted his final thesis on the topic of abortion before a faculty jury that included Marcello Caetano. Between 1944 and 1947 Caetano was Minister of the Colonies and since 1947 President of the Executive Board of the National Union . He served as President of the Corporative Chamber between 1949 and 1955. From 1955 to 1958 Caetano, was the number two of the regime, as Minister Attached to the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, second only to Salazar himself, who was approaching retirement age. His relationship with Salazar was tense at times, hindering him from becoming clearly a successor. Back to the academic career while maintaining formally important political functions such as executive president of the National Union , Caetano was the 9th Rector of the University of Lisbon from 1959 on, but the Academic Crisis of 1962 led him to resign after protesting students clashed with riot police in the university's campus. On the other hand, students who were supportive of the regime, tried to boycott the anti-regime activism. There were indeed three generations of militants of the radical right at the Portuguese universities and schools between 1945 and 1974, guided by a revolutionary nationalism partly influenced by the political sub-culture of European neofascism. The core of these radical students' struggle lay in an uncompromising defence of the Portuguese Empire in the days of the authoritarian regime. [2] Prime minister Edit In August 1968, at 79, Salazar suddenly suffered a stroke after a fall in his home, and after 36 years as prime minister of the Estado Novo regime, a personal creation, he was removed from power. President Américo Tomás , after weighing a number of choices, appointed Caetano to replace Salazar on 27 September 1968. [3] Tomás never consulted Salazar about this decision. By some accounts, when Salazar died in July 1970, he still believed he was prime minister. Most of the people hoped that the new 102nd prime minister would soften the edges of Salazar's authoritarian regime and modernize the economy. Caetano moved on to foster economic growth and some social improvements, such as the awarding of a monthly pension to rural workers who had never had the chance to pay social security. The objectives of Caetano's pension reform were threefold: enhancing equity, reducing fiscal and actuarial imbalance, and achieving more efficiency for the economy as a whole, for example, by establishing contributions less distortive to labour markets or by allowing the savings generated by pension funds to increase the investments in the economy. Some large scale investments were made at national level, such as the building of a major oil processing centre in Sines . The economy reacted very well at first, but into the 1970s some serious problems began to show, due in part to two-digit inflation (from 1970 and on) and to the short-term effects of the 1973 oil crisis (despite the largely unexploited oil reserves that Portugal had in its overseas territories of Angola and São Tomé and Príncipe that by 1973 were being developed at a fast pace, and were promising sources of we


Which book by Harper Lee won the 1961 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction?

What did Pulitzer jurors think of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird? |    OregonLive.com What did Pulitzer jurors think of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird? OregonLive.com By OregonLive.com The Oregonian on February 20, 2016 at 8:15 AM, updated February 20, 2016 at 8:58 AM comments Legendary author Harper Lee won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction writing in 1961 for her first novel To Kill a Mockingbird.  She was the only author at the time to have won the Pulitzer for her first published book. Lee died in her native Alabama on Friday . On Facebook, the author Roy T. Harris, author of "Pulitzer's Gold" published the actual jury report submitted to the board in 1961.  Harris wrote on his Facebook page: "Taking a break from postings on journalism Pulitzers to pass along the original jury report in the 1961 Novel category: Why jurors recommended a new book called 'To Kill a Mockingbird.' Enjoy." The jury report called 1960 a "disappointing" year for established writers.  "Fortunately, however, the stream of new talent which constantly revitalizes American fiction produced at least two new novels of unusual distinction. The first and most ambitious of the two was 'To Kill a Mocking Bird,' by Harper Lee," the jury report signed by Irita Van Doren and John Barkham noted. Van Doren was the long-time editor of the New York Herald Tribune, and a native of Alabama where Lee's classic was set. Barkham was a noted book critic who wrote often for the New York Times. "Her achievement, it seems to us, may be gauged by the fact that, although her story embraces virtually all of the cliches of the Southern novel, they are nevertheless made to appear here as fresh and original," the jurors wrote."This is our choice for the Prize." Harris has chronicled the history of the Pulitzers, which are commemorating its 100th year, in 2016.  Check out the actual 2 1/2 page Pulitzer jury report here .  Most Read


In 1964, what was The Supremes first number one hit single in the US?

Mary Wilson, Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of The Supremes First #1 Single | EURweb Mary Wilson, Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of The Supremes First #1 Single Entertainment Music News Slider Top News 7 Comments 1899 views *A singer, a best-selling author, motivational speaker, businesswoman, former U.S. Cultural Ambassador, wife, mother, and grandmother, the legendary Mary Wilson continues to make great strides on her inevitable journey to greatness. Performing with the same passion as she did singing with the original Supremes as well as with her solo career, the world renowned celebrity also focuses to advocate for social and economic challenges in the United States and abroad. As an advocate, Ms. Wilson uses her fame and flair to promote a diversity of humanitarian efforts including ending hunger, raising HIV/AIDS awareness and encourage world peace. This June marks the 50th anniversary of the release of The Supremes’ first number-one hit single, “Where Did Our Love Go,” the first of five such consecutive hit singles.  “Where Did Our Love Go” was released June 17th, 1964, and hit number one a couple of months later in August.  The Supremes – like the Beatles, who recently celebrated their 50th anniversary – changed the face of pop music and became trendsetters who broke down social, racial, and gender barriers, which all started with the wild success of their first number one song. Ms. Wilson will be releasing a new album this summertime entitled Life’s Been Good to Me.  The exact release date is TBA, however two singles are currently available on iTunes, Amazon, and wherever else digital music is found:  the title track, “Life’s Been Good to Me,” and the Mother’s Day song, “Darling Mother.” MOTOWN – THE SOUND THAT CHANGED AMERICA As an irresistible force of social and cultural change, Berry Gordy’s legendary Motown Records made its mark not just on the music industry, but society at large, with a sound that has become one of the most significant musical accomplishments and stunning success stories of the 20th century. The Supremes, Smokey Robinson & the Miracles, the Four Tops, Marvin Gaye, the Marvelettes, Martha Reeves and the Vandellas, Gladys Knight & the Pips, and later Stevie Wonder and the Temptations, Michael Jackson & the Jackson 5 and Lionel Richie & the Commodores, their music communicated and brought together a racially divided country and segregated society, around the world, touching all people of all ages and race. After breaking down barriers and having pop radio embrace Motown artists, Berry Gordy set his sights on television.  He booked his artists on popular shows such as American Bandstand and The Ed Sullivan Show.  After captivating national audiences with near-weekly performances on The Ed Sullivan Show, making history as among the first African-American artists on the show, and The Supremes were the first R&B act to play the country’s most prestigious night club, New York’s Copacabana, which paved the way for other R&B acts into the top cabaret circuits around the world. LITERARY ACHIEVEMENTS Ms. Wilson’s “Dare to Dream” lecture, which she gives to young people, emphasizes the need for personal perseverance to achieve their goals, despite obstacles and adversities in their lives. The topic is the foundation of her best-selling autobiography “Dreamgirl – My Life as a Supreme.” Ms. Wilson later authored its sequel, “Supreme Faith – Someday We’ll Be Together.” In 2000, these two books, along with updated chapters, were combined to complete her third book. She is currently working on a fourth book, which will be a coffee table hardcover featuring the gowns, history and legacy of the Supremes. “THE STORY OF the Supremes FROM THE MARY WILSON Gown COLLECTION” “The Story of the Supremes from the Mary Wilson Collection” spotlights more than 50 gowns exposing the international community to the impact their fashion had on social issues in the United States.  The exhibit traces their career from the early days when they were known as The Primettes to the glamorous height of their fame in the 70s. The


Which country hosted the 1962 FIFA World Cup?

Chile, 1962: World Cup Football Host Chile, 1962 Tournament The Brazilian managers of 1954 (Zeze) and that of 1962 (Aimore Moreira) were the only brothers to have managed the same nation in World Cup finals. When Chilean player Eladio Rojas scored a goal in the 1962 quarter-final against Russia, the first person he hugged was the Russian goalkeeper. Rojas was so excited because the goalkeeper he had beaten was the 'unbeatable' Lev Yashin. Goal difference first used to determine group team rankings in finals in 1962. Before 1962, teams tied in points in a group were solved by a play-off match. In 1962, England became the first team to benefit from the new system and Argentina the first team to suffer. The Brazil-England game at the 1962 World Cup was interrupted when a dog ran onto the pitch and Jimmy Greaves went down on all fours to catch him. Share:


Who assassinated US Senator Robert F Kennedy in June 1968?

Robert F. Kennedy shot - Jun 05, 1968 - HISTORY.com Robert F. Kennedy shot Publisher A+E Networks At 12:50 a.m. PDT, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, a presidential candidate, is shot three times in a hail of gunfire in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Five others were wounded. The senator had just completed a speech celebrating his victory in the California presidential primary. The shooter, Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan, had a smoking .22 revolver wrested from his grip and was promptly arrested. Kennedy, critically wounded, was rushed to the hospital, where he fought for his life for the next 24 hours. On the morning of June 6, he died. He was 42 years old. On June 8, Kennedy was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, also the final resting place of his assassinated older brother, President John F. Kennedy. Robert Kennedy, born in Brookline, Massachusetts, in 1925, interrupted his studies at Harvard University to serve in the U.S. Navy during World War II. He was legal counsel for various Senate subcommittees during the 1950s and in 1960 served as the manager of his brother’s successful presidential campaign. Appointed attorney general by President Kennedy, he proved a vigorous member of the cabinet, zealously prosecuting cases relating to civil rights while closely advising the president on domestic and foreign issues. After Kennedy’s assassination in 1963, he joined President Lyndon B. Johnson’s administration but resigned in 1964 to run successfully in New York for a Senate seat. Known in Congress as an advocate of social reform and defender of the rights of minorities, he also voiced criticism of the war in Vietnam. In 1968, he was urged by many of his supporters to run for president as an anti-war and socially progressive Democratic. Hesitant until he saw positive primary returns for fellow anti-war candidate Eugene McCarthy, he announced his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination on March 16, 1968. Fifteen days later, President Johnson announced that he would not seek reelection, and Vice President Hubert Humphrey became the key Democratic hopeful, with McCarthy and Kennedy trailing closely behind. Kennedy conducted an energetic campaign and on June 4, 1968, won a major victory in the California primary. He had won five out of six primaries and seemed a shoo-in for the Democratic nomination and, some thought, the presidency. Shortly after midnight, he gave a victory speech to his supporters in the Ambassador Hotel and then, while making his way to a press conference by a side exit, was fatally wounded by Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan. Sirhan was arrested at the scene and indicted for first-degree murder. A mentally unstable drifter, his motives in killing Kennedy have never been clear. Some journalists have alleged that Sirhan was part of a larger assassination conspiracy, supposedly brought on by Kennedy’s promise to end the Vietnam War if elected president. These conspiracists cite forensic evidence and witness testimony that they say proves the existence of additional shooters who were not detained. In 1969, Sirhan Sirhan was convicted and sentenced to die. In 1972, his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment when the California Supreme Court abolished the death penalty. Since 1983, he has repeatedly been denied parole by prison officials who consider him a serious threat to public safety. More on This Topic


Which aircraft made its first trans-US flight from Seattle to New York in 1969?

Section II: Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Historic Aviation Properties, National Register of Historic Places Bulletin U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service II. AVIATION IN AMERICAN HISTORY Aviation in America began in the late eighteenth century with balloons.        In 1783 John Quincy Adams and Benjamin Franklin watched a balloon        flight in Paris. Soon thereafter, Americans imported the balloon.        In the United States the 1830s opened a "golden age" of        ballooning that continued into the 1860s. During the Civil War,        Union and Confederate forces used balloons to fly reconnaissance        and thereby began military aviation in this country. Balloons are        the main lighter-than-air craft operating in aviation today; they        are used for sport, show, and scientific research. EARLY EXPERIMENTS IN AERONAUTICS A few Americans, notably the engineer Octave Chanute and the scientist        Samuel Pierpont Langley, conducted experiments in aeronautics in        the late nineteenth century. Langley, Secretary of the Smithsonian        Institution, designed a steam-powered model that made the first        sustained flight of a heavier-than-air machine in May of 1896. His        work continued into the early 20th century with a full-sized flying        machine, which Langley named "Aerodrome A." It crashed        into the Potomac River nine days before the Wright brothers' first        successful flights on December 17, 1903. Flights by Wilbur and Orville        were manned, powered, controlled, and sustained, and culminated        their years of theoretical and experimental research. The Wright        brothers developed the airplane as a practical flying machine, and        they built the world's first military airplane in 1908 for the United        States Army Signal Corps. In late 1909 the Wright brothers incorporated a manufacturing company,        the Wright Company. Earlier that year Glenn Curtiss had undertaken        the design and manufacture of airplanes at his G.H. Curtiss Manufacturing        Company in Hammondsport, New York. These companies represent the        origin of the aviation industry in the United States. Aviation in        this country, however, progressed slowly from the experimental and        demonstration activities of the early twentieth century to civil,        commercial, and military operations. WORLD WAR I AVIATION Though the first to fly, the United States fell behind other nations,        especially France. When this country entered the First World War        in April 1917, the Aviation Section of the Army Signal Corps (the        military's air arm, which eventually became the U.S. Air Force)        had only a small number of airplanes. Most of these were already        obsolete or out of commission. The Naval Flying Corps had only 54        aircraft. Furthermore, the nation had only the rudiments of an aviation        industry, few airplane factories, few aeronautical engineers, few        workers skilled in producing and maintaining aircraft, almost no        commercial aviation, and only a handful of airfields. World War I was a major impetus for the development of American        aviation. The wartime Aircraft Production Board initially concentrated        its efforts on getting one airplane, a De Havilland design, and        one aviation engine, the Liberty, into production and service. The        Army Signal Corps organized logging and mill operations in the Pacific        Northwest, the principal source of the spruce essential for the        construction of airplane frames. These efforts enabled the nation        to build aviation equipment for the war, and the United States produced


Which fashion designer created the miniskirt in 1964?

Fashion Revolution: A History of the Miniskirt Fashion Revolution A History of the Miniskirt The 1960s was a politically charged decade of revolution and change. Apollo  11 became the first capsule to land on the moon, the Civil Rights Act of 1964  became law, Vietnam was raging, Beatlemania was sweeping the world, birth control  pills hit the market, and a new cult of youth, known as “Youthquake,” had  radically taken over many areas of life. In the midst of these dramatic political  and cultural changes emerged one of the most enduring and controversial icons  of the era: the miniskirt (or mini skirt). Existing, surprisingly, since   ancient times, this small and sexy piece of fabric has embodied some of the   most fascinating paradoxes of our times as it suggests both empowerment and   vulnerability, independence and a desire to please, an attempt to cover and   to reveal, maturity and playfulness, and liberation and exploitation. Simultaneously   condemned and loved, the miniskirt exploded into the political landscape   and had women (and men) suddenly paying attention to what had been hidden   years before—a woman’s legs. In the Beginning Was     . . . the Miniskirt High in the mountains in some of Europe’s      oldest villages, archaeologists have recently unearthed ancient figurines      dating between 5400-4700 B.C. What is remarkable about the figurines      is not only their age, but also that the female figurines appear to      be beautifully dressed in miniskirts not unlike the fashionable miniskirts      of the 1960s, prompting some scholars to speculate that miniskirts      were common in the earliest of civilizations (Derbyshire 2007). Interestingly, these figurines are not the only evidence of “ancient miniskirts.      For example, an ancient Egyptian fresco shows a female acrobatic dancer      wearing a “mini skirt” seemingly made out of cotton that      shows off both her hips and her legs (Gandolfi 1989). Early        Twentieth-Century Skirts and Sowing the Seeds of Change While         the miniskirt may have existed as long as civilization has, it         is probably only recently that it has evoked powerful political         and cultural implications. In the mid 1800s, women in Europe         and America were generally believed to be the weaker and more         vulnerable sex. Politics, business, and physical activity could         be dangerous for women, and tight corsets with long, restrictive         skirts generally reflected these beliefs (Weaver 2003). Like the miniskirt, the 1920s flapper conveyed an impression of a “new“ woman After          WWI, however, advances in women’s emancipation and post-war          escapism led to the “flapper” style, an androgynous          style with hemlines up to a woman’s knee. After dropping          to a more sober calf length during the early 1930s, hemlines          rose to just below the knee during WWII, partly due to mandatory          fabric rationing during the war (Lehnert 2000). After           the end of wartime restrictions on cloth, women were ready           for elegance and femininity, and the fashion industry promoted           the “New Look” epitomized by Christian Dior.           The New Look was mature and sophisticated, with an exaggerated           hourglass figure and long, lavish hemlines (Steele 1997).           While the New Look reflected the “best years of our           life” consumerism that followed WWII, the “teddy           boys” and beatniks of the Beat generation were already           sowing the seeds of discontent in 1950s materialism—a           discontent that would find its full voice in the 1960s and           dramatically change hemlines forever (Reilly 2003). The             1960s and the Politics of the Miniskirt Te


Which golfer won the Masters Tournament and the British Open in 1966?

Jack Nicklaus British Open wins: 1966, 1970, 1978 | Golf.com Photo: Peter Robinson Jack Nicklaus won three British Opens in his career. 1966 British Open: Kilt-high grass lined the fairways and the sun baked the greens, but canny Jack Nicklaus persevered to win the 106th British Open By Alfred Wright When Jack Nicklaus approached the 18th green at Muirfield last Saturday afternoon the largest crowd in Scotland's long golfing history let go a roar of acclaim. Instead of responding like the certain winner he seemed to be, Nicklaus gave the appreciative gallery a tentative wave of the hand and a momentary smile, and then lapsed back into a deep frown of concentration. He had only to two-putt from 22 feet to win the 106th British Open, but the 75-year-old Muirfield course had made its impression. All week long it had seemed to submit to one or another of the game's best players, and then had used its knee-high rough and glass-slick greens to nullify their accomplishments. Cautiously, Nicklaus stroked his first putt to within six inches of the hole. He marked his ball—partly as a courtesy to Phil Rodgers, who putted out, and partly out of real concern about this last shot. When the moment arrived, Nicklaus bent over his minuscule putt, and the only sound to be heard was the far-off atonal argument of sea gulls. He tapped it in, of course, for a two-under-par 282 that defeated Doug Sanders and Dave Thomas by a stroke. Then, and only then, did he let himself believe he had finally won the last major golf title to have eluded him. As the applause soared, his smile grew wider and wider, and he kept raising his arms from his sides, like a sleepy man reluctantly doing his morning exercises. But the fearful concentration that Muirfield had exacted from him was going to take a long time to wear off, for once again an historic British golf course had proved to be an historic test of skill. Complete article 1970 British Open: Despite a putting touch that abandoned him at times, Jack Nicklaus hung on to win his second British Open title last week, conquering Doug Sanders in a playoff and St. Andrews' Old Course in a breeze By Dan Jenkins Amid the gloomy and yet intoxicating old ruins of the town called St. Andrews and on the golf course that held the first cleat, history and tradition were caned and flogged all last week in a musty thing called the British Open by a cast of modern hustlers and legends. It was as if the Wimpy and the Whippy had come to the Royal and Ancient, along with black-eyed peas and corn bread: as if, for a while, the oldest course were only a stroll through Carnaby Street. While Tony Jacklin shot the heather off the land, Lee Trevino shot down a prime minister. And then while Jack Nicklaus played himself into the immortality of the record books, the lord of night life, Sir Douglas Sanders, played himself back from nowhere and into the hearts of those who savor the three-piece, phone-booth golf swing. It was one of the most thrilling major championships that had been staged in years, one that suffocated in all kinds of atmosphere. It had overtones of America against the world, elements of the best and worst of shotmaking, ghastly pressure, enormous crowds, a buffet of seaside weather, the purity of British humor, the suspense of overtime — all of these things — until it was mercifully concluded by Jack Nicklaus' rendezvous with history. Complete article 1978 British Open: Jack Nicklaus won his third British Open at what has come to be his native heath, Scotland's Royal and Ancient By Dan Jenkins As long as a man has to go for a walk on a golf course, there is hardly a better place than straight up the last fairway at St. Andrews, where one is surrounded by 500 years of history and embraced by the buildings of the old town itself. It is especially wonderful if you do it the way Jack Nicklaus does. Nicklaus made the walk again last week with 30,000 warmly sentimental Scots creating enough noise to have drowned out the roar of a squall howling in off the North Sea. The scene, in fact, would have made a nice Christmas


Which English politician made his ‘Rivers of Blood’ Speech in April 1968?

BBC - Radio 4 - 1968, Rivers of Blood, The Real Source CRACKING ENOCH'S CODE Rob Shepherd, the presenter, gives his own views on that fateful speech by Enoch Powell: Trying to fathom what was in Enoch Powell's mind when he made his explosive 'rivers of blood' on 20th April 1968 has been like reading a detective novel when one knows 'whodunit', but the motive remains a mystery till the very end. Along the way there are plenty of plausible theories, but the facts never quite fit. While making BBC Radio 4's 1968: Rivers of Blood - the Real Source, I wanted to discover what suddenly drove a widely respected politician, such as Powell, to highlight lurid allegations about immigrants, repeat racist language and speak in apocalyptic terms? Was he genuinely voicing his constituents' concerns? Was he racist? Was he trying to do down his arch-rival, Edward Heath, the then Tory leader? Or was something else preying on Powell's mind? I first tried to crack this mystery when, after Powell lost his seat in the Commons in 1987, I produced a television profile of him with Nick Ross for Channel 4. We filmed Powell for several hours in his small study at his London home one sultry July day. As the temperature from the TV lights soared, Powell, who was wearing his customary three-piece suit, remained as cool as a cucumber. 'I can take the heat', he assured us, because he had spent several years in India during the 1940s. I was struck then by India's impact on Powell. He had returned to England in 1946 determined to become viceroy, but independence the following year shattered his ambition - after hearing the news, he wandered London's night-time streets in despair. But he was Delphic about any link with his 'rivers of blood' speech. (308) The theory that Powell was motivated by racism was disproved when I again filmed Powell in 1993 for a Channel 4 series on post-war Britain, What Has Become Of Us, that I made with the historian, Peter Hennessy. Powell recalled on camera one of his finest parliamentary speeches, when he accused the Tory Government in 1959 of having failed African detainees who had beaten and murdered in British-ruled Kenya. Powell told us how, having savaged his fellow Tories, he sat down in the Commons and wept. As he spoke, we noticed the tears were flowing again, 34 years later. Powell's withering assault and his emotional reaction were not the behaviour of a racist. A few years before Powell's death in 1998, I was commissioned to write an unofficial biography. He put no obstacles in my way, but did not allow me see his private papers. I discovered that before his fateful speech, Powell had confided in a journalist friend, telling him that 'the stars' from the 'rocket' he was about to launch would stay in the sky for a long time. This incident proved that Powell intended to shock people with his 'rivers of blood' speech. He had been frustrated that his constituents' concerns were being ignored, and by making the issue of immigration his own, so he thought, he would boost his chances of usurping Heath as Tory leader. But a final piece of the jigsaw was missing. Then, a year or so ago, I was contacted out of the blue by a Cambridge historian, Peter Brooke, who was researching Powell's private papers, now held at the Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge. He'd found evidence linking Powell's experience of India with the 'rivers of blood' speech. We met for lunch, and as Peter talked, I realised that the real source of the 'rivers of blood' had finally been traced. My visit to Cambridge to examine this new evidence is the climax to BBC Radio 4's 1968: Rivers of Blood - the Real Source. As Peter Brooke and I leaf through Powell's papers, we find a strand that runs through his thinking from his days in military intelligence in India during 1943-46 and provides the missing clue to his motives in 1968. In the days of the Raj, Brigadier Powell argued that India was not ready for independence, because of 'communalism', i.e. an overriding loyalty to a group that would prevent people being rational voters or accepting the majority


In 1964, murderers Gwynne Owen Evans and Peter Anthony Allen were the last people to be hanged in which UK country?

Abolition of capital punishment in the UK until the passing of the Northern  Ireland (Emergency Powers) Act 1973. Nobody was executed there after 1961, however. Capital punishment has now been totally abolished for all civil crimes, having remained on the statute book for high treason and piracy. (There had been no executions for either of these crimes since 1946, when two men were hanged for treason.) In October 1998, the government introduced an amendment to the Human Rights Bill that abolished the death penalty as a possible punishment for military offences under the Armed Forces Acts. There were five military wartime capital offences: serious misconduct in action, communicating with the enemy, aiding the enemy or furnishing supplies, obstructing operations or giving false air signals, mutiny to incitement to mutiny or failure to suppress a mutiny. The last execution under military law was in 1942. On the 10th of December 1999, International Human Rights Day, the government ratified Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights thus totally abolishing capital punishment in Britain . Historical background. Capital punishment had first been abolished in the 11th century by William the Conqueror but was reinstated by his son William Rufus. Efforts to have the death penalty abolished had been going on since the late 1700's. In 1770, Sir William Meredith suggested that Parliament consider "more proportionate punishments." His proposal was rejected but it opened up the debate. With over a thousand people a year being sentenced to death (although only a small proportion actually executed), it was clearly a debate that was needed. Sir Samuel Romilly, 1757-1818, attempted to get parliament to de-capitalise minor crimes. On the 17th of January 1813 , he introduced a Bill in the House of Commons "to repeal so much of the Act of King William as punishes with death the offence of stealing privately in a shop, warehouse or stable, goods of the value of 5s" (25p). This is what we call shoplifting now. This Bill was thrown out by the House of Lords. After Romilly's death in 1818, Sir James Mackintosh, who supported Romilly's proposals for reducing the severity of the criminal law, took up the abolitionist's cause. On the 2nd of March 1819 , he carried a motion against the government for a committee to consider capital punishment, by a majority of 19. In 1820, he introduced 6 bills embodying the recommendations of the committee, only three of which became law. Lord Eldon - the Lord Chancellor secured an amendment to keep the death penalty for stealing to the value of more than ï¿½10. On the 21st of May 1823 , Mackintosh put forward a further 9 proposals to parliament for abolishing the punishment of death for less serious offences. He wanted to make forgery a non capital crime but this was opposed by Sir Robert Peel. However, it was declassified as a capital crime in 1832. This was important because a conviction for forgery generally did result in the execution of the culprit. Over the first 68 years of the 19th century, other individuals and pressure groups were to lend their voices to the argument in favour of abolition with some success. Several, including author Charles Dickens and the Quaker movement campaigned for ending of public executions, which occurred in 1868. The public enjoyed these far more than was thought good for them. The Establishment has never been happy about the ordinary people enjoying overtly morbid pastimes such as watching a criminal struggling on the end of a rope! There is no doubt that public did enjoy a "good hanging" - there was general disappointment expressed if the criminal died too quickly, as happened with the hanging of William Palmer outside Stafford prison in 1856. Charles Dickens, writing in the Times, attacked the behaviour of the crowds at the execution of Frederick and Maria Manning in 1849. Progressively attitudes to public hanging had changed between 1800 and 1868. At the beginning of the century, hangings were attended by all classes of society and


In 1964, Terence Conran opened his first of which chain of shops in Fulham Road, London?

FURNITURE SHOWROOMS! Habitat 1964 store, Paris – France » Retail Design Blog FURNITURE SHOWROOMS! Habitat 1964 store, Paris – France January 17th, 2014 by retail design blog It was in 1964 that British designer Terence Conran opened his first Habitat store on London’s Fulham road, introducing a new approach towards design for the home to a wide audience. Only a few years later habitat expanded to France where it has become equally successful with its accessible designs, and now operates 25 stores. And it’s in Paris, almost 50 years later, where Habitat opens up an interesting vintage design and fahion concept on sat – jun 8. called Habitat 1964, it’s located smack in the middle of the St.-Ouen flea market on the northern outskirts of the French capital and occupies a rather vast industrial complex of no less than 25,000 sqm. [269,098 sq.ft.]. Habitat will be the anchor tenant and has teamed up with high-end fashion retailer l’Éclaireur for the launch of this retail project, which initially opens up just a part of the premises. While the first exhibits carefully sourced furniture pieces and homewares from the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s in a spacious warehouse, the latter occupies a separate building, showcasing apparel items and accessories from its very own contemporary fashion archives, in addition to pieces from merging designers and select design objects. But that’s not all, folks! And when the vintage shopping and browsing starts to take its toll, la Buvette comes to the rescue. Housed in a cutesy white brick building, this café has a fresh, modern setting and serves a range of tasty cakes and beverages. An outdoor terrace is readily available when the sun is out. Please note that this vintage haven is open on weekends and holidays only.


Which English pirate radio station was founded by Ronan O’Rahilly in 1964?

Radio Caroline Radio Caroline by • Music - 1960s , Music - 1970s • Tags: Radio The first British  pirate radio station, Radio Caroline, was founded by Ronan O'Rahilly in 1964. Having persuaded five City millionaires to back him, he acquired a ship, a crew of disc jockeys and engineers, two 10-kilowatt transmitters (£50,000 apiece) and a stack of records. The station started broadcasting on 29 March 1964, when DJ Simon Dee uttered the words, "Hello everybody. This is Radio Caroline, broadcasting on 199, your all-day music station". He was speaking from a small studio onboard the 702 ton former passenger ferry Frederica, known to its listeners as Radio Caroline. As was the case with most European countries, British law only prohibited commercial radio broadcasting on land. By basing itself in the North Sea, Caroline was able to exploit this legal loophole, providing British teenagers with all-day rock & roll fun, while simultaneously providing O' Rahilly with all-day profit from advertisers. The DJ's on Caroline took their shore leave in Holland and Dutch boats carried their supplies and records to the ship. All British offshore pirate radio stations were silenced by the government's Marine Offences Act in Autumn 1967. The banning coincided with the launch of Radio One by the BBC - which was created as a carbon copy of the pirate stations. Caroline continued to broadcast for six months, but the lack of advertising, failing morale of the DJ's (who were all now exiles from the UK) and the huge distances over which supplies had to be transported, gradually wore the station down. Their continued broadcasting, though, was an embarrassment to the Labour government which had vowed to sink the pirates. Both Caroline ships went silent in early March 1968 and were towed from their anchorages to Holland, where they gradually deteriorated as they were looted and vandalised. The MV Caroline eventually went to the scrapyard, but Mi Amigo was rescued and was ultimately taken back to sea. Radio Caroline was back. For a while the station broadcast Dutch language (and style) radio during the day and English Caroline programmes at night, before the Mi Amigo was towed to a desolate anchorage in the Knock Deep at the mouth of the Thames Estuary visible from neither the Kent or Essex coasts. At this location - and ostensibly operated and supplied from Playa De Aro in Spain - Radio Caroline and the ship commenced their next six lonely, difficult but remarkable years. Rather than compete with Radio One , Ronan O'Rahilly decreed that Caroline should now play only album music. Listeners were now subjected to a diet of  Led Zeppelin , Eric Clapton , Jethro Tull , Yes , Lynyrd Skynyrd , Barclay James Harvest and their ilk. On 19 March 1980 Mi Amigo broke anchor and - lifted by the rising tide - was pounded on the seabed, with many leaks springing up in the engine and generator rooms at the stern. After struggling for eight hours with portable pumps the crew admitted defeat. Tom Anderson and DJ Stevie Gordon told listeners "It's not a very good occasion really, we have to hurry this because the lifeboat is waiting. We're not leaving and disappearing, we're going into the lifeboat hoping that the pumps can take it, if so, we'll be back, if not, well we really don't like to say it. I'm sure we'll be back one way or another. For the moment from all of us, goodbye and God Bless". These were the last words spoken on air from the Mi Amigo's transmitters. A few minutes after the crew were rescued by the lifeboat Helen Turnbull, the ship's lights went out as seawater engulfed the generator and Mi Amigo sank. Radio Caroline was relaunched in 1983, now broadcasting from an ex-trawler called MV Ross Revenge.  The station continued broadcasting until the horrendous storms of 1987 destroyed the 300 foot aerial on the ship. This was replaced by two more modest aerials, but on On Saturday 19 August 1989 the unthinkable happened. The large Dutch vessel Volans (with armed officials on board) and the British launch Landward closed in on the Ross Revenge and boarded and