Which World War 2 event of May 1943 was called Operation Chastise?

World War 2 Events of 1943 World War 2 Events of 1943 World War 2 Events of 1943 1943 finally showcased consistent and notable Allied gains against the Axis powers - Italy would fall before the end of the year. There are a total of (127) entries in the World War 2 Events of 1943. Entries are listed below by earliest date to latest date. January 1st German forces at Terek retreat. January 1st The H2S navigation system is delivered to the RAF for installation into bombers. January 3rd American forces lay claim to Buna. January 8th 1943 Soviet generals send in the formal request for surrender of the German 6th Army at Stalingrad, a request which is formally rejected. January 10th The decision to abandon Guadalcanal is made by Japanese autorities. January 10th 1943 Soviet General Rokossovsky unleashes hell on the German 6th Army through thousands of artillery cannons and Katyusha rockets. January 12th German Caucasus elements make it to their bridgehead over the Kuban River. January 12th 1943 Soviet troops make headway against the defensive lines at the Don River held by Hungarian and Italian troops. January 12th 1943 The Soviets enact Operation Spark and cut a path through the German lines clearing a path to Leningrad. This offers the citizens of the city some much needed foot rations. January 13th German Army elements at Terek retreat to the Nagutskoye-Alexsandrovskoye position. January 14th U-boat bases at Cherbourg and Lorient are targeted by the Royal Air Force. January 14th 1943 In an effort to replenish and build up their army ranks along the East Front, German Generals proposed conscription service of the Baltic people for service . January 17th The Japanese begin to withdraw their battered army units from Guadalcanal. January 17th The German Panzer Corps at the Don are officially surrounded. January 19th The Soviets retake the city of Shlusselburg. January 25th A Soviet offensive splits the German 6th Army at Stalingrad. January 25th German forces at Armavir retreat. January 25th German forces at Voronezh retreat. January 31st German General Paulus formally surrenders his southern Stalingrad army to the Soviets. January 31st Sananada is officially in Allied hands. January 31st The Kokoda Trail is firmly in Allied hands by this date. February 1st 1943 A Presidential directive calls for some 250 American aircraft to begin offensive actions in the Atlantic. February 1st A massive evacuation effort sees some 11,000 Japanese personnel moved fom Tenaro, Gaudalcanal. February 2nd The German Army north pocket at Stalingrad formally surrenders to the Soviet Army. February 2nd The liberation of Stalingrad is officially over. February 7th The last remnants of the Japanese Army on Guadalcanal is evacuated from the island. February 7th Gaudalcanal officially falls to the Americans. February 14th 1943 At 4AM, elements of the 10th Panzer Division and 21st Panzer Division under General von Arnim, launch their attack at Allied forces near Sidi Bou Zid and Bir el Hafey. February 15th 1943 German General Erwin Rommel commences with his assault through Operation Morgenluft. His attack takes him towards Gafsa, Feriana and Thelepte. February 18th General von Arnim and General Rommels forces finally meet at Kasserine. February 19th American armored forces hold up the German advanced at Kasserine Pass. February 20th US forces move in to stop the German advance around Tebessa. February 20th The British 6th Armored Brigade moves towards Thala and Sbiba. February 20th Allied units move from Le Kef for the counter-attack. February 20th The Americans fold under the immense German assault and Kasserine Pass falls to the invaders. February 21st The German forces at Kasserine Pass under Rommel await the Allied counter-offensive that never materializes. February 22nd 1943 Allied forces hold the Germans in check at Sbiba, Tebessa and Thala, inflicting 2,000 German casualties and forcing Rommel to call for a retreat. February 25th 1943 Kasserine is now firmly in Allied control, the Germans having retreated and Rommel's attention now elsewhere. Febru


Who will captain the 2014 European Ryder Cup team?

McGinley named captain of 2014 European Ryder Cup team - RyderCup.com Paul McGinley holed the 10-foot winning putt in his Ryder Cup debut at The Belfry in 2002 and was also part of the victorious sides in 2004 and 2006. McGinley named captain of 2014 European Ryder Cup team Published: Tuesday, January 29, 2013 | 1:03 p.m. By MICHAEL CASEY, AP Sports Writer ABU DHABI, United Arab Emirates (AP) -- Paul McGinley was chosen as Europe's Ryder Cup captain for 2014 on Tuesday, ending a messy campaign that included a late challenge from former captain Colin Montgomerie. RELATED Northern Irelan'd Paul McGinley picked to captain Team Europe The European Tour's tournament committee in Abu Dhabi made the unanimous decision in favor of McGinley after a nearly three-hour meeting. The smiling 46-year-old Irishman was then presented at a news conference as the successor to Jose Maria Olazabal, who led Europe to a stunning comeback victory in October. "To lead the cream of the crop in the Ryder Cup is going to be a huge honor," McGinley said. "To be quite honest it is a very humbling experience to be sitting in this seat. It is a week I'm looking forward to. It's a whole new experience for me, the chance to be a captain." The decision ended a hectic few days in which Darren Clarke pulled out of the running for the position, preferring to concentrate on his own game. His decision prompted Montgomerie to launch his late campaign for the job which, in turn, sparked a show of support for McGinley on Monday from some of Europe's leading players. The loudest of that support came from top-ranked Rory McIlroy, who spoke forcefully on Monday and Tuesday. He also came out against Montgomerie, arguing he would be less motivated since he had captained the winning 2010 Ryder Cup team. "Common sense prevailed in the end. ... Paul McGinley 2014 European Ryder Cup captain!!! Couldn't be happier for him. ... Roll on Gleneagles," McIlroy tweeted. McIlroy later turned up at the news conference to welcome the new captain -- whom he played under in the Seve Trophy in 2009 -- declaring him to be "probably the best captain I've ever played under." "He makes you feel so good about yourself," McIlroy said. "He put me at No. 1. He's like `I want you lead out the team'. He builds you up and makes you feel confident. He is very good at that." McGinley acknowledged he doesn't have the playing record of some previous captains, but he does bring an uncanny ability to win as part of a team. He has played in three victorious Ryder Cup-winning teams -- in 2002, 2004 and 2006 -- and was vice captain for the victories in 2010 and last year at Medinah. Europe will defend the trophy at Gleneagles, Scotland. The Americans picked Tom Watson last month to captain the U.S. team at Gleneagles. Watson will be 65 when the event starts, making him by far the oldest man to fill the role and the first repeat captain for the United States since 1987. But he's also the last American to lead the team to victory on the road in 1993, and he knows how to win in the blustery Scottish weather. Watson congratulated McGinley on his appointment. "(I) anticipate that his passion and love of the event will transfer to being an outstanding leader of his team in 2014 at Gleneagles," Watson said. "Paul ... is an outstanding representative of European golf. I look forward to sharing the stage with him as we make our journey to Scotland." ©2013 by STATS LLC and Associated Press.


Which rank of the peerage is directly below a duke?

British Titles and Orders of Precedence | Edwardian Promenade Subscribe to the newsletter and get Edwardian-themed news delivered straight to your inbox! British Titles and Orders of Precedence The British title and its order of precedence is the most baffling, yet simple concept on the planet. Children of nobility and those who wished to become a part of it had the following concepts drilled into their heads from birth. Since neither of us are lords or ladies, we generally have to muddle along in hope of getting it right. Below you’ll find the order of precedence directly from a book of heraldry published in 1910. Things have obviously changed since then, but this was the rule of thumb for harried hostesses throughout the 19th century. TITLES Duke: The highest rank and title in the British peerage, first introduced by Edward III in 1337 when he created the Black Prince the first English duke. A Duke is “Most Noble”; he is styled “My Lord Duke” and “Your Grace” and all his younger sons are “Lords” and all his daughters “Ladies” with the prefix “Right Honorable”. The coronet of a duke is a circlet, heightened with eight conventional strawberry leaves, and encloses a velvet cap. Marquess/Marquis: The second order of the British peerage, in rank next to that of the Duke. Introduced in 1387 by Richard II. A Marquess is “Most Honorable”; he is styled “My Lord Marquess” all his younger sons are “Lords” and his daughters “Ladies”; his eldest sons bears his father’s “second title”. The coronet is a golden circlet heightened by four strawberry leaves and as many pearls, arranged alternately. Earl: In Latin, “Comes” in French “Comte” or “Count.” Before 1337, the highest, and now the third degree of rank and dignity in the British peerage. An earl is “Right Honorable”; he is styled “My Lord”, the eldest son bears his father’s “second title,” generally that of Viscount; his other sons are “Honorable” but all his daughters are “Ladies.” The circlet of an Earl’s coronet has eight lofty rays of gold rising from the circlet, each of which supports a large pearl, while between each pair of these rays is a golden strawberry leaf. Viscount: The fourth degree of rank and dignity in the British peerage. Introduced by Henry VI in 1440. A Viscount is a “Right Honorable” and is styled “My Lord.” All his sons and daughters are “Honorable.” The coronet has a row of sixteen small pearls set on the circlet. Baron: The lowest rank in the British peerage. A Baron is “Right Honorable” and is styled “My Lord”. The coronet is a golden circlet topped by six large pearls. An Irish baron has no coronet. All children of a Baron are “Honorable.” Baronet: A hereditary rank, lower than the peerage, instituted in 1612 by James I, who fixed the precedence of baronets before all Knights, those of the Order of the Garter alone excepted. ORDER OF PRECEDENCE The Younger sons of the Sovereign The Grandsons of the Sovereign The Brothers of the Sovereign The Uncles The Lord President of the Council The Lord Privy Seal The following Great Officers of the State precede all Peers of their own Degree–that is, if Dukes, they precede all other Dukes; if Earls, all other Earls, etcetera. The Lord Great Chamberlain The Lord Steward of the Royal Household The Lord Chamberlain of the Royal Household The Master of the Horse The Peers of each Degree take Precedence in their own Degree, according to their Patents of Creation. Dukes (a) of England, (b) of Scotland, (c) of Great Britain, (d) of Ireland, (e) of the United Kingdom and, if created since the Union of Ireland. Marquesses (vide Dukes) Bishops of (a) London, (b) Durham, and (c) Winchester Bishops, according to Seniority of Consecration Barons (vide Dukes) The Speaker of the House of Commons Commissioners of Great Seal The (a) Treasurer and the (b) Comptroller of the Royal Household Vice-Chamberlain of the Household The Secretaries of States, when not Peers Eldest sons of viscounts Knights of the Garter, Thistle and St. Patrick, not being Peers Privy Councillors The Chancellor of the Exchequer The Chancellor of the Duchy of


Name either of the US states bordering Chesapeake Bay?

Chesapeake Bay, USA - All About the Chesapeake Bay and its Region Chesapeake Bay, USA Chesapeake The Chesapeake Bay The Chesapeake Bay is a large body of water located on the Atlantic coast of the United States.  The States of Maryland and Virginia border the Chesapeake Bay and the bay has a major economic impact on both of those states. The Chesapeake Bay is 200 miles long with its widest point being 35 miles and its narrowest being 3.5 miles.  The average depth of the Chesapeake Bay is 21 feet with a few points being as much as 174 feet deep.  It's estimated that the Bay holds 18 trillion gallons of water. Many streams and rivers flow directly or indirectly into the Chesapeake Bay.  These streams and rivers make up part of the large Chesapeake Bay watershed.  A watershed is an area of land where all of the water drains off into the same place.  Parts of six states, Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Delaware, West Virginia, New York and all of the District of Columbia is part of the Chesapeake Bay's 64,299 square mile watershed with Sixteen Million people live within it. There are 130 estuaries in the Unites States and the Chesapeake Bay is the largest.  An estuary is a place where the salt water of an ocean meets fresh water of  streams and rivers. The 444 mile long Susquehanna River is the largest of the rivers and streams of the Chesapeake Bay.  Half of the fresh water that flows into the Chesapeake Bay comes from the Susquehanna.  The Susquehanna Rivers begins in New York and empties into the northern Chesapeake Bay. The Potomac River, which has historically been the border between Maryland and Virginia, is another large river that flows into the Chesapeake Bay.  The Potomac is 383 miles long beginning in West Virginia. © 2008 ShoreToBeFun.com – All Rights Reserved Our Advertisers:


Which building is the official residence of the Lord Mayor of London?

Mansion House, London, England Mansion House, London, England history Mansion House, London, England Mansion House is the official residence of the Lord Mayor of London. It is used for some of the City of London's official functions, including an annual dinner, hosted by the Lord Mayor, at which the Chancellor of the Exchequer customarily gives a speech – his "Mansion House Speech" – about the state of the British economy. The Guildhall is another venue used for important City functions. It is a Grade I Listed Building.[1] History Mansion House was built between 1739 and 1752, in the then fashionable Palladian style by the City of London surveyor and architect George Dance the Elder. The site, at the east end of Poultry, had previously been occupied by the "Stocks Market", which by the time of its closure was mostly used for the sale of herbs.[2] The construction was prompted by a wish to put an end to the inconvenient practice of lodging the Lord Mayor in one of the City Halls. Dance won a design competition over solicited designs from James Gibbs and Giacomo Leoni, and uninvited submissions by Batty Langley and Isaac Ware.[3] Construction was slowed by the discovery of springs on the site, which meant piles had to be sunk to form the foundations.[2] The original building had two clerestory roof extensions, nicknamed the "Mayor's Nest" and "Noah's Ark". In 1795 George Dance the Younger re-roofed the central courtyard, and had the "Noah's Ark" demolished. In the same year, the original Grand Staircase was removed to make way for a further two rooms. In 1835 the entrance steps were reduced to one flight; and in 1842 the "Mayor's Nest" was demolished after the Ball Room was reconstructed. The Lord Mayor's private entrance in Walbrook was created in 1845; and in 1849 the former Swordbearer's Room was converted into the Justice Room, effectively the Magistrates Court of the City until 1999 when the court removed to a building on the opposite side of Walbrook.[4] Architecture Mansion House has three main storeys over a rusticated basement. The entrance facade has a portico with six Corinthian columns, supporting a pediment with a tympanum sculpture by Sir Robert Taylor, in the centre of which is a symbolic figure of the City of London trampling on her enemies.[5] The building originally had two prominent and unusual attic structures at either end,[2] which were removed in 1794 and 1843. The building is on a confined site. Sir John Summerson wrote that "it leaves an impression of uneasily constricted bulk", adding that "on the whole, the building is a striking reminder that good taste was not a universal attribute in the eighteenth century".[3] The main reception room, the columned "Egyptian Hall", was so named because Dance used an arrangement of columns deemed to be "Egyptian" by Vitruvius. No Egyptian motifs were employed.[3] It has twenty niches for sculpture.[5] There was originally an open courtyard, later occupied by a saloon.[5] The residence used to have its own court of law, since the Lord Mayor is the chief magistrate of the City while in office. There were eleven holding cells (ten for men and one, nicknamed "the birdcage", for women). A famous prisoner here was the early 20th century suffragette women's rights campaigner Emmeline Pankhurst. Art collection Mansion House is home to The Harold Samuel Collection of Dutch and Flemish Seventeenth Century Paintings, described as "the finest collection of such works to be formed in Britain this century" (Sutton 1992). It consists of 84 paintings and includes some outstanding works by artists including Hendrick Avercamp, Gerard Ter Borch, Pieter Claesz, Aelbert Cuyp, Frans Hals, Pieter de Hooch, Jacob van Ruisdael, Jan Steen, David Teniers the Younger and Willem van de Velde. Public access Mansion House is not generally open to the public. However, tours can be arranged through the diary office, and there are public tours most Tuesdays. Literature In A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, Mark Twain recounted a story about the construction of the building: It reminde


For most of its length which river forms a natural boundary between Norfolk and Suffolk?

Waterways of Norfolk Waterways of Norfolk Navigable Rivers and Canals within Norfolk The Swan Inn, Horning, on the River Bure. Aylsham Navigation The whole navigation was in Norfolk. Waterway Description: Also called the Upper Bure Navigation and running 9.5 miles with 5 locks using the course of the upper Bure River plus a mile of cut to Aylesham Basin. History: Authorised by an Act of 1773, work started in 1774 and opened in October of 1779. Abandoned in 1928. For more details see the Waterway details page . Candle Dyke to Hickling Broad Waterway's place in Norfolk : The whole waterway is within Norfolk. Waterway Description: For more details see the Waterway details page . Great Ouse Relief Channel The whole of this waterway is within Norfolk. Waterway Description: A 6.5 mile navigable channel from a lock at Denver Sluice to Wiggenhall Bridge just over two miles south of King's Lynn. History: Built around the 1960s as a flood relief channel running parallel yo the tidal Great Ouse and opened up to navigation by the building of a lock at Denver in July 2001. For more details see the Waterway details page . Haddiscoe (or New) Cut - Norfolk & Suffolk Broads Waterway's place in Norfolk : The whole waterway is within Norfolk. Waterway Description: This 2 mile canal runs from Reedham to Haddicoe and links the rivers Waveney and Yare. History: For more details see the Waterway details page . Hardley Dyke (River Yare) The whole waterway is within Norfolk. Waterway Description: For more details see the Waterway details page . Langley Dyke (River Yare) The whole waterway is within Norfolk. Waterway Description: For more details see the Waterway details page . Little Ouse or Brandon River Waterway's place in Norfolk : Most of this river forms the boundary between Norfolk and Suffolk, except for about two miles, where it passes first through Suffolk and then through Norfolk before returning to its course on the county boundary, and the first 3� miles from the original head of the navigable river at Thetford Town Bridge, which is wholly within Norfolk. Waterway Description: A 22.5 mile tributary of the Great Ouse. Currently only navigable for 13 miles. History: For more details see the Waterway details page . Martham Broad to West Somerton Waterway's place in Norfolk : The whole waterway is within Norfolk. Waterway Description: For more details see the Waterway details page . Meadow Dyke to Waxham Bridge Waterway's place in Norfolk : This navigation is entirely within Norfolk. Waterway Description: For more details see the Waterway details page . Middle Level - Old River Nene Waterway's place in Norfolk : From Marmont Priory Sluice, where the river crosses into Norfolk from Cambridgeshire, to its terminus at Outwell Junction, where it connects with Well Creek, the river runs 2 miles into Norfolk. Waterway Description: Runs 26 miles from Mere Mouth, where it joins Bevill's Leam and Black Ham Drain, to Outwell, the junction with Well Creek. For more details see the Waterway details page . Middle Level - Popham's Eau Waterway's place in Norfolk : The first mile of the navigation from the Old River Nene junction is in Cambridgeshire. The waterway then crosses into Norfolk. Waterway Description: Runs 2.5 miles from the Middle Level Drain, although there is no connection at this point, to Popham's Eau End, where it joins the Old River Nene. For more details see the Waterway details page . Middle Level - Sixteen Foot River Waterway's place in Norfolk : From its junction with Popham's Eau only the first � mile of this waterway is in Norfolk, the remainder of its 9� miles length are in Cambridgeshire. Waterway Description: Runs 9.6 miles, from Three Holes Bridge, where it joins Popham's Eau, to Sixteen Foot Corner, where it joins the Forty Foot River. For more details see the Waterway details page . Middle Level - Well Creek The whole of this waterway is within Norfolk. Waterway Description: Runs almost 5.4 miles from Outwell Junction, where it joins the Old River Nene, to Salter's Sluice, where it joins the River Ouse. For more details se


In World War 2, in which country was the Mannerheim Line built?

MANNERHEIM - Commander-in-Chief - World War II The Second World War was fought   1939-1945 between the Axis Powers led by Germany, Italy and Japan, and the Allied Powers   led by Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union and the United States.   The Axis Powers suffered a total defeat in the war, which resulted in   the so-called Cold War, as the relations between the ideologically divided winner states   tightened. It was to be Finlands fate to have to fight two wars with Russia, first   the Winter War 1939-1940, in which England and France would have been willing to give   their support to Finland, and later the Continuation War 1941-1944, in which Germany was   fighting on the side of Finland. The cold relations between the great powers were mainly due to the intentions of   Hitlers Germany to regain her lost power and to re-establish the countrys   frontiers where they had been before the First World War. There were even more   far-reaching plans of expansion: first in the areas of former Austria-Hungary. Italy, with   whom Germany made a so-called "steel pact", and Japan had similar plans of   expansion. In 1940, these three states entered into the alliance of three powers. For quite a long time, the great western powers, Great Britain and France, did not very   actively object to the gradual German expansion, and their attempts to form an allied   blockade around it were lacking energy. In August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union   managed to conclude a non-aggression pact (the Molotov-Ribbentropp Pact after the names of   the Foreign Ministers). These states were totalitarian, even if they were ideologically   worlds apart and each others worst enemies, Germany being national-socialistic,   Russia communist. The secret additional minutes connected with the agreement, enabled the   parties, within the frame of their spheres of interest, to spread into the territories of   the states located between them without obstruction. Through this pact, the dictator of the Soviet Union, Stalin, hoped to gain more time to   make preparations, in case a great war of "the capitalistic states" should break   out, and their weakening give him an opportunity for spreading the ideas of the Soviet   system into larger areas. For Germany the pact gave an opportunity to crush Poland. The   attack on Poland began on September 9, 1939, which also marked the beginning of the Second   World War, as Great Britain and France had guaranteed the independence of Poland. In Europe, Germany defeated Poland in a few weeks time, and the Soviet Union   hastened to secure its interests and occupy the Polish territories east of the border of   the interest sphere agreed in the pact. Germany and the Soviet Union had to, eventually,   make certain adjustments to the pact, and Lithuania, for example, went over to the Soviet   sphere of interest. The German attack was rapid. Differing from the strategies of the   First World War, tanks and motorized troops penetrated deep into the enemy front, while   attacks from air prevented the adversaries to transfer their troops and to organize their   maintenance and supply. This strategy was called "Blitzkrieg", "lightning   campaign". After the Polish War, the Soviet Union continued to strengthen her sphere of influence.   She made security agreements with the Baltic countries in autumn 1939 (29 September  10 October), which gave her the right to position armed troops in bases within their   territories. Negotiations with Finland in Moscow failed, as the Finns who were suspicious   of Soviet intentions, did not consent to changes of the frontiers, and to the cession of   the Hanko Peninsula to be used as a Russian naval base. This failure led to the Winter War   between Finland and the Soviet Union 1939-1940. The war between the western powers and Germany long remained a kind of shadow war. No   big operations were undertaken on the western front. The strategic importance of northern   Europe became more marked during the Finnish


In which year did all four of the home nations qualify for the football world cup?

When Northern Ireland and Wales outperformed England and Scotland at the World Cup | Football | The Guardian Guardian Sport Network When Northern Ireland and Wales outperformed England and Scotland at the World Cup Three of the four Home Nations will go to Euro 2016 this summer. When all four went of them went to the World Cup in 1958, Wales and Northern Ireland exceeded expectations as England and Scotland were knocked out early on Thursday 24 March 2016 06.37 EDT Last modified on Monday 4 April 2016 06.50 EDT Share on Messenger Close For the first time ever there will be three Home Nations competing at the European Championship this summer. Additionally, it is the first time in a generation that three teams from the UK will be battling it out in a major international tournament, as Wales and Northern Ireland join England in France . The last time this feat was achieved was in the World Cup in Mexico in 1986, when England, Northern Ireland and Scotland repeated the trick of all qualifying for Spain in 1982. For the Welsh and the Northern Irish this will be a significant milestone as they mark their first appearances at the European Championship. There was so much excitement in Belfast in the immediate aftermath of Michael O’Neill leading his team to the Euros that there was even talk of the manager being knighted . A member of the Northern Ireland Assembly, Jim Wells, supported the idea. “Oh, absolutely he should be knighted,” said Wells. “He has performed miracles since his appointment as manager. If we top the group he should be declared a saint.” In such heady times it seems an appropriate moment to reflect on the only time all four Home Nations qualified for the World Cup finals, almost 60 years ago, in 1958. The first few World Cups did not feature any of the home nations as all four Football Associations had withdrawn from Fifa in 1928 in a row over amateurism and so-called “broken time” payments. Most countries allowed compensation for what the players might have earned if they were not playing football while the FA’s stance was as uncompromising as it was arrogant. Frederick Wall, the FA secretary spelt out their case: “The great majority of the associations affiliated with Fifa are of comparatively recent formation, and as a consequence cannot have the knowledge which only experience can bring.” 1966: what you might not know about the most famous year in English football Read more Such a sniffy attitude had kept the FA out of Fifa when it was established in 1904 and a subsequent withdrawal in 1920 pointed to tensions between the international body and the so-called cradle of the game. The refusal to be involved in the first three World Cups in the 1930s created a few gaps that were filled by countries such as Bolivia, Cuba and even the Dutch East Indies, who took their bows before any of the home nations . After the second world war, the four home associations returned to Fifa and England made their much-awaited debut in 1950, which will be forever remembered for the calamitous loss to USA in Belo Horizonte . England should have been joined in Brazil by Scotland , who had qualified by virtue of being runners-up in the Home International Championship, but they refused to participate. George Graham, chairman of the SFA, showed that the English did not have a monopoly on pig-headedness by not budging on his position that they would only travel to Brazil if they won the Championship. Despite protestations and pleas from his own players, and even England captain Billy Wright, Graham was not for turning. After both England and Scotland appeared at the 1954 tournament in Switzerland, the big breakthrough came in 1958 when, for the sake of seeding the 16 competing nations, there was even a British pot to join those of Western Europe, Eastern Europe and Americas. The British had taken their time to arrive at the party but they were now out in force, with a quarter of the entrants coming from the UK. Two of the quartet made it through to the quarter-finals but, to the surprise of the football world, it was the minnows of


Who wrote the 2003 novel 'The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time' later made into a play, winning the best new play award in 2013?

Mark Haddon (Author of The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time) edit data Mark Haddon is a British novelist and poet, best known for his 2003 novel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time. He was educated at Uppingham School and Merton College, Oxford, where he studied English. In 2003, Haddon won the Whitbread Book of the Year Award and in 2004, the Commonwealth Writers' Prize Overall Best First Book for his novel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time, a book which is written from the perspective of a boy with Aspergers syndrome. Haddon's knowledge of Aspergers syndrome, a type of autism, comes from his work with autistic people as a young man. In an interview at Powells.com, Haddon claimed that this was the first book that he wrote intentionally for an adult audience; he was surprised when Mark Haddon is a British novelist and poet, best known for his 2003 novel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time. He was educated at Uppingham School and Merton College, Oxford, where he studied English. In 2003, Haddon won the Whitbread Book of the Year Award and in 2004, the Commonwealth Writers' Prize Overall Best First Book for his novel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time, a book which is written from the perspective of a boy with Aspergers syndrome. Haddon's knowledge of Aspergers syndrome, a type of autism, comes from his work with autistic people as a young man. In an interview at Powells.com, Haddon claimed that this was the first book that he wrote intentionally for an adult audience; he was surprised when his publisher suggested marketing it to both adult and child audiences. His second adult-novel, A Spot of Bother, was published in September 2006. Mark Haddon is also known for his series of Agent Z books, one of which, Agent Z and the Penguin from Mars, was made into a 1996 Children's BBC sitcom. He also wrote the screenplay for the BBC television adaptation of Raymond Briggs's story Fungus the Bogeyman, screened on BBC1 in 2004. He also wrote the 2007 BBC television drama Coming Down the Mountain. Haddon is a vegetarian, and enjoys vegetarian cookery. He describes himself as a 'hard-line atheist'. In an interview with The Observer, Haddon said "I am atheist in a very religious mould". His atheism might be inferred from The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time in which the main character declares that those who believe in God are stupid. Mark Haddon lives in Oxford with his wife Dr. Sos Eltis, a Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford, and their two young sons. ...more


What is the name of the medical condition which causes the sufferer to fall asleep anywhere, at any time?

Narcolepsy | Health | Embarrassing | Channel4.com/bodies Is it normal to be scared of the doctor? Vote now! > Cocooned in our warm bed covers, it’s a wonder we ever choose to leave the wondrous ‘Land of Nod’ in the mornings. But for some people, even when awake, that land is never too far away and could suck them back in at any time. Narcolepsy is a neurological condition associated with a fault in the mechanisms in the brain which control wakefulness and sleep. This commonly causes people to have an irresistible tendency to fall asleep at any time of day, often at inappropriate times, such as eating or in the middle of a conversation. Most people experience the onset of symptoms between the ages of 15 and 30, but it’s only since the late 1990s that great strides in the understanding of this condition have been made. The cause of narcolepsy is unknown but recent studies suggest that it may be a genetic disorder. Medical research has also linked narcolepsy to a imbalance of chemicals in the brain and to major life events. For example, some sufferers have begun to show symptoms of narcolepsy days or weeks after events such as pregnancy, periods of psychological stress, sudden changes in sleep patterns and head trauma. Contrary to popular belief, narcolepsy is not caused by depression, seizures, fainting or simple lack of sleep. The symptoms can vary from being mild to very severe and can include ‘sleep attacks’, where the sufferer falls asleep suddenly, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and muscle weakness when responding to emotion e.g. laughter. Other reported symptoms are hallucinations, sleep paralysis, difficulty concentrating and restless sleep. These symptoms normally begin to develop during adolescence but it can start earlier and in rare cases even in middle-age. While narcolepsy does not usually cause physical health problems, the affect on a sufferer’s personal and private life can be very significant. School and work can become difficult as sufferers can be perceived as being lazy. Relationships can also come under strain as a result of excessive drowsiness so it is important to talk through how the condition personal affects those suffering with the condition with family and friends. Unfortunately, there is no cure as yet for narcolepsy but there are a number of treatments available to control the symptoms. These include taking frequent day-time naps, having a healthy and active lifestyle, taking medication and using prescribed stimulants to combat drowsiness. Sticking to a sleep schedule can help, and it is advisable to avoid using nicotine and alcohol as these have been proven to worsen symptoms.


In the 2012 film 'Les Miserables', who plays Jean Valjean?

Les Misérables (2012) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC In 19th-century France, Jean Valjean, who for decades has been hunted by the ruthless policeman Javert after breaking parole, agrees to care for a factory worker's daughter. The decision changes their lives forever. Director: Watch the video Related News a list of 37 titles created 25 Sep 2012 a list of 23 titles created 02 Jan 2013 a list of 47 titles created 14 Nov 2015 a list of 37 titles created 8 months ago a list of 38 titles created 5 months ago Search for " Les Misérables " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won     3     Oscars. Another    81 wins & 170 nominations. See more awards  » Videos As the Civil War continues to rage, America's president struggles with continuing carnage on the battlefield as he fights with many inside his own cabinet on the decision to emancipate the slaves. Director: Steven Spielberg A look at the relationship between the famous physicist Stephen Hawking and his wife. Director: James Marsh After a stint in a mental institution, former teacher Pat Solitano moves back in with his parents and tries to reconcile with his ex-wife. Things get more challenging when Pat meets Tiffany, a mysterious girl with problems of her own. Director: David O. Russell A young man who survives a disaster at sea is hurtled into an epic journey of adventure and discovery. While cast away, he forms an unexpected connection with another survivor: a fearsome Bengal tiger. Director: Ang Lee A silent movie star meets a young dancer, but the arrival of talking pictures sends their careers in opposite directions. Director: Michel Hazanavicius In New York City's Harlem circa 1987, an overweight, abused, illiterate teen who is pregnant with her second child is invited to enroll in an alternative school in hopes that her life can head in a new direction. Director: Lee Daniels The story of King George VI of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, his impromptu ascension to the throne and the speech therapist who helped the unsure monarch become worthy of it. Director: Tom Hooper A committed dancer wins the lead role in a production of Tchaikovsky's "Swan Lake" only to find herself struggling to maintain her sanity. Director: Darren Aronofsky A New York socialite, deeply troubled and in denial, arrives in San Francisco to impose upon her sister. She looks a million, but isn't bringing money, peace, or love... Director: Woody Allen A fictitious love story loosely inspired by the lives of Danish artists Lili Elbe and Gerda Wegener. Lili and Gerda's marriage and work evolve as they navigate Lili's groundbreaking journey as a transgender pioneer. Director: Tom Hooper A linguistics professor and her family find their bonds tested when she is diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease. Directors: Richard Glatzer, Wash Westmoreland Stars: Julianne Moore, Alec Baldwin, Kristen Stewart A faded country music musician is forced to reassess his dysfunctional life during a doomed romance that also inspires him. Director: Scott Cooper Edit Storyline Jean Valjean, known as Prisoner 24601, is released from prison and breaks parole to create a new life for himself while evading the grip of the persistent Inspector Javert. Set in post-revolutionary France, the story reaches resolution against the background of the June Rebellion. Written by Anonymous The Dream Lives This Christmas See more  » Genres: Rated PG-13 for suggestive and sexual material, violence and thematic elements | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 25 December 2012 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: $27,281,735        (USA) (28 December 2012) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia According to an interview between Hugh Jackman and Anne H


About whom did Eric Clayton write Layla?

Eric Clapton's Songs: The Backstories Home   /   The Vault Eric Clapton's Songs: The Backstories In interviews that have taken place over the years, Eric Clapton has sometimes told the story behind a song he recorded or discussed his inspiration for a song he wrote. But, he hasn’t always spoken of his best-known songs or biggest hits and some of those recounted below are a bit eclectic. Here are the backstories behind some of Eric Clapton's songs, in many cases in Eric’s own words: BAD LOVE Eric: “Warner Brothers wanted another ‘Layla’. I thought, 'well, if you sit down and write a song in a formatted way, it's not so hard.' You think ‘What was “Layla” comprised of? A fiery intro modulated into the first verse and chorus with a riff around it. I had this stuff in my head, so I just juggled it around, and Mick Jones (of the group Foreigner) came in to help tidy up. He was the one who said ‘You should put a "Badge" middle in there'. So, we did that. Although it sounds like a cold way of doing it, it actually took on it's own life." BADGE This track was written by Eric Clapton and George Harrison in December 1968. George was putting the lyrics on paper and Eric, reading it upside down, misread the musical term “bridge” as “badge.” The name stuck. Ringo Starr was also present and contributed the lyric “The swans they live in the park”. BROKEN HEARTED Eric Clapton said he wrote this song during a tropical storm on Antigua while looking across the water to the island of Montserrat. “I thought I had discovered three new chords that man didn't know about. But actually, they're just ordinary chords, which I found out when I tried to show them to someone - a keyboard player - and he told me what they were and that they were very normal. But to my ear, they created an atmosphere and I began to sing in the atmosphere that was already existing. And again, it was quite a specific set of circumstances I was talking about a lost love.” (From a 1998 BBC interview) CHANGE THE WORLD Eric Clapton: "Babyface was one of those great catalysts for me. I’d seen him on TV doing his thing with acoustic guitar and I was thinking, 'this is a guy who’s in the R&B world, he’s a producer and yet he knows how to get that minimal thing and make a small sound really powerful.’ And when I heard the song, I put it on in my car and was driving around listening to it about 200 times without stopping. And I just knew it was a hit. I’m the guy that used to hate the idea of pop songs and I was so against that for myself. But when the music is that good, I start to become okay about it. And this really was an opportunity it would have been childish to walk away from. And there’s only one guy I knew that would make it absolutely right and that was Babyface". (From Guitarist, February 2003) CIRCUS Eric Clapton wrote “Circus” in 1991 after the death of his young son, Conor. It is about the last night Eric spent with his son, which was at a big American circus. Clapton said writing this song (and other songs inspired by Conor) helped him get through a very difficult patch in his life following Conor'ss death. Eric Clapton first performed "Circus" (then called “Circus Left Town”) on the MTV Unplugged program on 16 January 1992. It was left off the official album. Eric regularly performed this song in concert from 1992. However, it did not appear on an album of his until 1998's Pilgrim. Eric Clapton: “The last night I spent with Conor, we went to the circus. We went to see one of those huge things that they do in America where they have three rings going on at the same time. You've got clowns and tigers and everything. They don't do anything in half measures. They just pile it all in. Plus, they’re trying to sell you things at the same time. I mean it was an amazing thing. After the show, we were driving back to New York and all he could remember, all he could talk about was this clown. He'd seen a clown with a knife, which I didn't see at all. Some clown was running around brandishing a knife, which was something quite frightening but he liked it — I mean it excited h


Which island is separated from the mainland by The Swale?

The Swale | river, southeastern England, United Kingdom | Britannica.com river, southeastern England, United Kingdom THIS IS A DIRECTORY PAGE. Britannica does not currently have an article on this topic. Learn about this topic in these articles:   in Swale ...side of the Thames estuary at its mouth. Swale borough includes the Isle of Sheppey, 9 miles (14 km) long and 4 miles (6 km) wide, to the north. The island is separated from the mainland (south) by The Swale, a branch of the River Medway estuary, which gives its name to the district. Sittingbourne, on the mainland, is the administrative centre.


Which is the third most abundant elemental gas found in the Earth's atmosphere?

What Are the Three Most Abundant Gases in the Earth's Atmosphere? | Sciencing What Are the Three Most Abundant Gases in the Earth's Atmosphere? By Patricia Arnett Ablestock.com/AbleStock.com/Getty Images The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surround the Earth. It is essential to all life and serves several purposes, such as providing air for respiration, absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation, protecting the earth from falling meteorites, controlling climate and regulating the water cycle. The Earth’s atmosphere is composed of approximately 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, 1 percent argon and trace amounts of other gases that include carbon dioxide and neon. Nitrogen Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images Nitrogen is a colorless, unscented and inert (does not react with other chemicals) gas. Chemist Daniel Rutherford first discovered this chemical element in 1772. Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere and is found in all living organisms. Nitrogen is an important component of amino acids, protein, DNA and RNA. All living organisms depend on nitrogen for growth, metabolic processes and reproduction. The atmosphere is the primary source of nitrogen; however, plants and animals are not able to use it directly. Nitrogen enters the soil through precipitation, animal waste and dead organic matter. Bacteria in the soil convert the nitrogen into ammonium and nitrate, which are two forms of nitrogen that can be used by plants. Animals acquire nitrogen by eating plants and other animals. Other bacteria in the soil will convert the ammonium and nitrate into dinitrogen, causing nitrogen to be released back into the atmosphere. This entire process is known as the nitrogen cycle. Oxygen BananaStock/BananaStock/Getty Images Oxygen is the second most abundant gas in the atmosphere and is the third most abundant element in the universe. It was discovered during two separate occasions: by Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1771 and Joseph Priestley in 1774. Oxygen is odorless, colorless and very reactive with other elements. Oxygen is required by all living organisms for respiration and is a component of DNA molecules. Plants are able to produce oxygen and release it back into the atmosphere through a process known as photosynthesis. Ozone is a form of oxygen that is present in the Earth’s atmosphere. Ozone protects the Earth’s surface from ultraviolet radiation by both absorbing and reflecting harmful rays. Argon Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images Argon is classified as a noble gas and is colorless, odorless and relatively inert. Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay first discovered argon in 1894. It is the third most abundant gas in the atmosphere, but it cannot support life. Argon is considered a simple asphyxiant. When inhaled in large amounts, it can cause dizziness, nausea, loss of judgment, suffocation and even death. Since argon is highly inert, it is used in several applications such as in incandescent light bulbs, protecting welds from oxidation, insulating gaps between panes of glass and as a substitution for nitrogen when necessary. References


Which aircraft company produced models called the Cherokee and the Seminole?

PIPER SEMINOLE SERIES Aircraft For Sale - Used & New 1 - 2 PIPER SEMINOLE SERIES Aircraft For Sale Your Search Includes: Showing 1 - 2 of 2 Results Found within of TT: 13,080 Sale Status: For Sale 1979 Piper Seminole, 13080TT, 1481 SMOH, 3153 SPOH, Garmin 430W, King KY76A Transponder, Sigtronics SPA 400-TSO Intercom, No Damage History, Complete Logs.... More Info >> Piper Seminole Series Aircraft Information A development of the Piper Cherokee the Piper PA-44 Seminole is an American twin engine light aircraft. The Seminole has the capacity for one crew member and three passengers. The empty weight is 2360 lb (1070 kg) and the maximum takeoff weight is 3800 lb (1723 kg). The cruise speed is 155 knots and the maximum speed is 202 knots. The rate of climb is 1200 ft/min (366 m/min). The Seminole is used in flight training and as a personal aircraft. The Piper Seminole was built from 1979 to 1982, 1989 to 1990, and since 1995. Variant models include the PA-44-180 Seminole and the PA-44-180T Turbo Seminole. The first aircraft were powered by two 180 hp Lycoming O-360 -E1A6D engines. Models produced later were powered by two Lycoming O-360-A1H6 engines. The Turbo Seminole featured two turbocharged 180 hp Lycoming TO-360-E1A6D engines. The Seminole has a high T-tail similar to the Piper Arrow IV. The aircraft also resembles the competitive Beechcraft Duchess . To view the various models currently available, please check out our Piper aircraft for sale for descriptions and photos or PLACE A LISTING of your aircraft for sale.


Which supermarket uses the slogan 'Live Well For Less'?

Sainsbury’s slogans through the years - ABC Copywriting ABC Copywriting by Tom Albrighton 19 September 2011 Branding , Copywriting reviews As reported by Marketing Week , Sainsbury’s is adopting a new tagline, ‘Live well for less’. So I thought we’d try something new today with a tour of its past slogans. You never know, it might make life taste better. The early years (1882–1945) In 1882, John James Sainsbury opened his Drury Lane grocery and put up a sign reading ‘Quality perfect, prices lower’. If only he’d known that over a century later, the UK’s finest branding brains would still be grappling with the problem of how to talk about quality and/or value in a convincing way. Over the following decades, Sainsbury’s used a range of ad hoc slogans. A visit to the Sainsbury Archive turns up ‘Sainsbury’s for Quality, Sainsbury’s for Value’ (1918), ‘The best is always at Sainsbury’s’ (1920s) and ‘Help yourself to the best food at Sainsbury’s’ (1950s, referring to the innovation of self-service shops). ‘It’s clean, it’s fresh at Sainsbury’s’ (1945–1960s) I feel like I can remember this line, which is strange, since it was phased out before I was born. Some sort of collective folk memory perhaps – or the result of carrier bags, biscuit tins and plastic syrup jars living on for decades in our house. For some reason, I find the use of ‘it’s’ deeply evocative of decades gone by. What is ‘it’? I don’t really know, but whatever it is, it’s clean, it’s fresh! It’s whiter than white! It’s the real thing! Imagine a food retailer claiming to be ‘clean’ in 2011, or pointing to the freshness of its products. It’s so much taken for granted that raising it would arouse suspicion. Why are you telling me that? Cleanliness and freshness are the least we expect today, so it’s hard to relate to this line. But the self-serve supermarket experience must have felt pretty new and futuristic in the white heat of 1950s Britain, with memories of rationing and the Blitz still all too fresh. ‘Good food costs less at Sainsbury’s’ (1959–1991) This line was devised by agency Coleman, Prentice & Varley, and is really Sainsbury’s first ‘proper’ corporate slogan. It was emblazoned on everything from paper bags to delivery lorries, and has been described by BBC News as ‘probably the best-known advertising slogan in retailing’. How did this monster make itself irreplaceable for over three decades? By nailing the quality/value problem so brilliantly. The bulletproof ‘good food costs less’ elegantly blends goodness and cheapness in one simple, everyday phrase, without resorting to double-barrelled contrivances like ‘Sainsbury’s for Quality, Sainsbury’s for Value’. Back in the day, it was commonplace for slogans like this to include the company name, as in ‘Get a little extra help from the Halifax’ and so on.The only modern-day equivalent I can think of is ‘You could save money at Confused.com’. These days, the standard practice is just to state the brand in the vicinity of the tagline (e.g. ‘It’s got our name on it. Wickes.’). But there’s a lot to be said for locking your brand name into a sentence that’s both natural and memorable. ‘Everyone’s favourite ingredient’ (1991–1999) Perhaps sensing that ‘good food costs less’ was getting on a bit, the chain used this line for a serious of campaigns featuring celebrities such as Ernie Wise and Catherine Zeta Jones cooking Sainsbury’s food. Likening a shop to an ingredient seems weird, because I buy the ingredients at a shop. The metaphor straddles two conceptual levels rather awkwardly. Also, ‘everyone’s favourite’ sounds good at first, but we all know that different people have different favourites, so the hyperbole flies in the face of our real-world knowledge. I’m not sure that’s a good basis for persuasion. ‘Fresh food, fresh ideas’ (1998) Not a true corporate tagline as far as I can tell, but another widely used slogan that perhaps expressed Sainsbury’s own inner longing for change. By this time, ‘fresh food’ wasn’t really all that much of a claim. You could get fresh food everywhere. And ‘fresh ideas’ just seems


Which is the last absolute monarchy in Africa?

The last absolute monarch in Africa - Read expert review at epinions.com The last absolute monarch in Africa Review by Stephen_Murray in Books, Music, Movies, Hotels & Travel   November, 21 2009 Pros: access/willingness-to-be-filmed, well-constructed, music Cons: the dire straits this African kingdom is in, the limits of charm I’m not sure that I would correctly distinguished Swaziland from Lesotho on an unmarked map (Lesotho is entirely surrounded by South Africa, Swaziland’s eastern border is with Mozambique). There must be some absolute monarchy on some Pacific Island, since Swaziland is called the last absolute monarchy in Africa. The astonishing/depressing 2007 documentary “Without the King begins with footage of the investiture King Mswati III, then 18, in 1986. Having never made a public speech before, he was nervous. He has put on weight over the course of his reign but retains charming, readily smiling and saying he cares about his people. Yet, over the course of his reign of great luxury, the life expectancy of Swati people (Swazi is the Zulu name for them) has dropped from 60 to 31, less than half the population earns more than 50 pence a day, and the HIV seroprevalence of those aged 15-9 is 26.1% (compared to .6% in the US). 38.8% of pregnant women test positive and there are 80,000 AIDS orphans in the country of a million, the size of New Jersey. Allowing an American in his late 20s, Michael Skolnik, a lot of face time, as well as access to his first wife, Queen LaMbikiza, and first child, Princess Sikhanyiso (born in 1987, starting at the evangelical Christian Biola University in LA during the filming). Princess Sikhanyiso is first shown rapping, later, bare-breasted, leading the country’s virgin girls in the annual Dance of the Reeds. Raised in palaces, LA (even an evangelical college) provided many surprises for the princess. Queen LaMbikiza says she was fully aware that the king would take additional wives when she married. Princess Sikhanyiso recalls that the addition of the first few stepmothers was jolting, but that she is now used to it. The king took a 13th wife from the Reed Dancers, and has added another since. Visiting a clinic for children with AIDS (in conscious emulation of Princess Diana) she looked genuinely shocked. At the Toronto Film Festival screening of the movie, Skolnik reported that the King had not seen the movie. Princess Sikhanyiso had and he reported was further shocked at what she saw I the movie of her country’s malaises and opposition. Perhaps even more astonishing than the royal family’s co-operation is that Swati dissidents agreed do be filmed undisguised criticizing the opulence of the court, dire poverty of the country, and the government in which the judges, prime minister, and a third of the Parliament are appointed by the King. A delegation to the Prime Minister, who had claimed an open-door policy, is shown being turned away and soldiers fire at demonstrators (amidst whom the camera crew is) is another sequence. There are no foreign talking-head experts (there’s one UN official talking more generally about AIDS in Africa). The charm of the king fades as he claims to follow recommendations of the government that he needs a $50-million jet, etc. Mswati III is not as delusional as Idi_Amin , who allowed Barbet Schroeder similar direct access, confident that it would enhance his international reputation to be himself on film, but comes across as remarkable incurious and indifferent about “his people” and their problems (more W than Dick Cheney and more Halie Selassie (Kapuscinski's Emperor ) than Idi-Amin). Skolnik does not editorialize. There is no need to (who don't tell sometimes works). And an absolute monarch does not need to be bloodthirsty to have dolorous effects. King reportedly has ten billion dollars in a personal account in Saudi Arabia, while more than half the population earns less than $.70 per-day and foreign food aid keeps his subjects alive. There’s no heritage of depopulation to supply slave in Swaziland, and authoritarianism there is justified as tradit


What was the surname of the father and son who were joint winners of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1915 for their work on crystal structures?

Research Profile - William Lawrence Bragg Research Profile Nobel Prize in Physics 1914 The Contradictory Nature of X-rays William Lawrence Bragg was born in Adelaide in 1890, the eldest son of the physicists Sir William Henry Bragg and Lady Gwendoline Bragg, daughter of Sir Charles Todd, Postmaster-General, Superintendent of Telegraphs and Government Astronomer in South Australia. Lawrence Bragg graduated from College in 1905, at the age of fifteen. Only by special arrangement was he allowed to enter the University of Adelaide, where in three years he completed four years of study in mathematics and two years of physics. When his father was offered the Cavendish Professorship of Physics at the University of Leeds in 1908, the family moved to England. In 1909, he was admitted at Trinity College, Cambridge. After one year, at the suggestion of his father, he transferred to physics. After obtaining first class honours in the natural science tripos in 1912, he began doing research under J. J. Thomson at Cambridge. At that time his father, William Bragg, who conducted research on radioactivity and X rays, became strongly interested in a work published by Walter Friedrich, Paul Knipping and Max von Laue in which they claimed that they had observed the diffraction of X rays by a crystal, similar to the way visible light diffracts through holes, or gratings. Laue's explanation was that the spaces within the regular structure of a crystal were of a size similar to the wavelength of the rays, fulfilling the condition under which diffraction occurs. After Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895, an achievement for which he was the first physicist to be awarded the Nobel Prize in 1901, many efforts had been done to locate diffraction or interference phenomena in order to solve the question of whether or not they were a form of electromagnetic radiation with a very short wavelength or represented the ejection of any small particles. Röntgen himself used a slit to look for X-ray diffraction. Just like electromagnetic radiation, in particular light in the visible spectrum, the mysterious Röntgen rays exhibited polarization, scattering by matter (already observed by Röntgen himself), and the photoelectric effect. All attempts to display diffraction proved at best inconclusive, though such phenomena were to be expected if X-rays were electromagnetic in nature. From the outset there were supporters of this assumption, and further evidence in support of the wave theory was provided by Charles Barkla, who was later awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 1917 “for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements”. His work, completed in 1906, proved unambiguously that X-rays can be polarized. Notwithstanding these major arguments, the wave theory initially did not meet with complete acceptance. William Bragg, who had become increasingly engaged in the debate about the nature of the mysterious X-rays, became a firm proponent of the corpuscular view. He wondered how an expanding wave pulse was supposed to energetically ionize an electron in a distant atom and instead suggested that X- and gamma-rays were material particles, proposing that a gamma-ray was simply an alpha-particle and beta-particle electrically bound together to form an uncharged “neutral pair.” Such a pair would have great penetrating power, being unaffected by magnetic and electric fields, ultimately suffering a violent encounter with matter in which the negative particle could emerge as a secondary electron (the photoelectric effect). The same properties, Bragg pointed out, could characterize X-rays. From 1906, he undertook a series of complex experiments that he claimed strongly supported this hypothesis. He became the major British advocate of particulate X-rays, and defended his view in intense discussions in the pages of the journal Nature with Charles Barkla and other supporters of the wave theory. A lively controversy erupted and supporters of the corpuscular view were able to quote a series of phenomena that, in actual fact, remained inaccessible to explanat


In an opera, whose lover was Cavaradossi?

Full text of "Tosca An Opera In Three Acts" See other formats 1 29 203   SYNOPSIS   The opera is founded on the drama by Victonen Sardou.   ACT I  A man in the garb of a convict is seen stealthily entering the Church of San Andrea in Rome. The Sacristan comes into the Church carrying a basket of food and paint brushes for Mario Cavaradossi, who is painting a picture of Mary Magdalen The Sacristan remarks that the features remind him of the face of a beautiful woman he has often seen in Church. Mario tells him the features of the lady inspired him for his picture and that he copied the face whilst the Iad3 r knelt in prayer. The Sacristan goes out and Mario takes from his pocket a picture of Tosca to compare it with that of his Mary Magdalen. At this moment the convict is seen approaching the Chapel door. The man calls Mario by his name and the latter recognizes his friend, Cesare Angelotti, who was imprisoned for political reasons. Angelotti implores him to help him escape. Whilst they earnestly talk together, Tosca* s voice is heard calling to Mario. Mario gives Angelotti the food which was left for him and reassures Angelotti that he will help him. Meanwhile, Tosca, not seeing Mario, suspects him of an intrigue. After some delay Mario goes to her and she accuses him. He, however, manages to reassure her, but does not disclose the cause of his delay in answering her call to him. Tosca pro- poses that they meet that very evening at her Villa She looks at the picture of Mary Magdalen and sees the resemblance with Donna Attavanti, An- gelotti's sister. Mario tells her that he does not know the lady, but that he copied her features, because she looked so beautiful in prayer. Tosca' s jealousy is kindled, but again Mario reassures her and they part, until the evening  When Tosca has gone, Mario tells Angelotti that he knows of a hiding place near an old well. The two men leave the Church together and are hardly out of sight when choir boys and the Sacristan enter followed by Scarpia and the police, who have already traced Angelotti to the Church. Here they find the fan with the crest of the Attavanti Scarpia sends his men in pursuit of Angelotti and Mario, and remains in the church. Mean- while, Tosca, who has felt uneasy about Mario, returns Scarpia, who has long been an admirer of Tosca, determines to win her and to turn her against Mario He shows her the fan with the Attavanti crest. She recognizes it and is now persuaded that her lover loves Donna Attavanti She leaves the Church in tears followed by Scarpia's spies.   ACT II  This act shows us Scarpia dining at the Palazzo Farnese, where he has his quarters. He knows that Tosca will sing there that evening and manages to send her a note telling her he has news of her lover Mario is brought In a prisoner. Scarpia angrily orders Mario to divulge the hiding place of Angelotti, but he refuses. When Scarpia finds he cannot force his secret   from Mario, he orders him tortured. Tosca enters as he is being led away and he entreats her to be silent lest he be put to death. Scarpia now plies Tosca with questions, and Tosca hearing- the cries of agony as her lover is being tortured in an adjoining chamber, divulges that Angelotti is hiding in the well of the garden.  Sciarrone now comes in with the news that they have been beaten by the army of Napoleon. Mario predicts the downfall of Scarpia, who in a fury orders the execution of Mario Tosca wants to go to prison with him, but is detained She asks Scarpia at what price she can save Mario- Scarpia tells her that he loves her and that only at the price of her honor she can save her lover. To save Mario, Tosca consents, Scarpia tells Tosca that Mario has only one hour more to live, and informs her that in order to gam his freedom Mario will have to go through a mock execution She begs Scarpia for a safe conduct from the City for both of them that night. He writes the order and is about to give it to Tosca when she stabs him to the heart. As he falls, she takes the paper


Which aircraft company produced models called the Bearcat and the Wildcat?

Grumman Bearcat | Aircraft | Links Grumman Bearcat - $5.50 The Grumman F8F Bearcat (affectionately called "Bear") was an American single-engine naval fighter aircraft of the 1940s. It went on to serve into the mid-20th Century in the United States Navy and other air forces, and would be the company's final piston engined fighter aircraft. Grumman F8F Bearcat WWII Carrier Fighter Downloadable Cardmodel Grumman F8F WWII Bearcat   Most powerful and fastest of the 'cat' series but came into production at the end of WWII. It was an extremely high performance plane capable of taking off from the smallest carriers. Makes up into a sweetheart of a model. The F8F was Grumman's last production in a line of piston-engine fighters which began with the FF-l when the company was set up in 1931. Grumman F8F Bearcat the company designated the project G-58 and development started in 1943. What people say... I have re-colored two color schemes used by the Blues on their Bearcats, from 1946 to 1950. the first is the familiar blue and gold--the other the less so, "BeetleBomb" adversary aircraft that was used in the mock dogfight that was a highlight of the show back then. The Bearcat replaced the SNJ late in it's career, as it was too slow to keep up with the Panthers! It flew as part of the show until 1950, when it crashed. Shortly thereafter--the team went to war, and when the shows started back up again--a TV2 was used by the announcer / advance person...Rob Carleen Wingspan six and 3/4 inches. Cockpit area on fuselage is covered with black paper.  Two clear canopies are shown.  I tried the suggested quick double packing tape method on the left one then played with gluing clear thin plastic onto the underside of a cut out frame. Both would work nicely. A cone was glued to the engine disk to help the prop clear the engine cowling. Prop assembly: The propeller blades are reinforced with straight wire. The large cardboard disc is glued inside the cowling, the smaller one is glued onto the propeller straight pin at the aft end of the brass tube. Finished model. The canopy frame was first painted with enamel then sanded after drying and finally touched up with acrylic paint....Bob Penikas Hi guys! I love this model, so I invested a little time into recoloring it. I darkened the paint scheme to what I think is the right color for all late-war Navy/Marine aircraft and used the historically accurate insignia for 1945/46 (what if the war went on longer?). I also added exhaust smudges and changed the canopy reflection. I left numbers and letters and squadron markings off on purpose, I've found that multiple airplanes look funny when they all have the same numbers on them. Feel free to include this in your Bearcat folder if you like it. If there is something wrong that you see please don't hesitate to let me know. Thanks Ryan! I'm sure the guys will love this - Scott Fyn (added to folder June 26th 2014) Included in this folder... Grumman F8F Bearcat The F8F was Grumman's last production in a    line of piston-engine fighters which began with the FF-l when    the company was set up in 1931. The company designated the project G-58 and development started in 1943. The requirement was for a high-performance aircraft capable of operation from even the smallest carrier. The G-58 was dimensionally smaller, but had a similar configuration to that of the F6F. Grumman received an order from the    US Navy on November 27, 1943, for two prototypes which were given    the designation XF8F- 1. One of the initial design features, and    a most unusual one, was the provision of break points in the wings,    along with explosive bolts. The purpose of these was to overcome    a potentially dangerous situation if the aircraft was handled    too vigorously: the tips would fail at selected known points,    but balance would hopefully be restored. However, this provision    was abandoned at a later stage in the development program, though    the wings folded only at the tips. Unlike the Hellcat, the landing    gear of the Bearcat retr


Which Glasgow born architect designed the Glasgow School of Art, built between 1897 and 1909?

Glasgow Architecture - A Walk About Town Home Page - scotcities.com    Contact    Glasgow is Scotland's largest city and there are many interesting buildings to be seen in the city centre, which is laid out in a North American style grid-iron pattern. There are lots of landmark structures illustrating Glasgow's rich architectural heritage from the Victorian era and other historical periods. One of the first sights to greet visitors arriving at Glasgow Central Station is the Grand Central Hotel, which was designed by Edinburgh based architect, Robert Rowand Anderson. The hotel, which can be entered directly from the station concourse, opened in 1884 with its latest renovation having been completed in 2010. Clock tower over hotel at Central Station, Glasgow In 1876 Anderson made a study tour of London�s mainline railway terminals before finalising his designs, which were approved in 1877. The hotel�s massive sandstone clock tower, illustrated above, dominates the corner of Gordon Street and Hope Street. The lead-clad summit is a particularly interesting feature not shared with any of its Metropolitan rivals. Victorian engraving of Central Station, Glasgow If you walk along Gordon Street from Central Station's front entrance you will soon come to Mitchell Street, which contains the former Glasgow Herald building designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh and completed in 1895. Tower of Glasgow Herald Building The Glasgow Herald Building was re-modelled in 1999 to create a modernistic visitor centre for architecture and design, the Lighthouse. The tower shown above was originally designed for water storage as a fire precaution. It now houses a spiral staircase leading to an observation platform, allowing visitors a magnificent view of the city centre. View from Mitchell Street, looking north The lower levels of the building were used as production space and the newspapers were dispatched onto the waiting carts at the numerous openings all along Mitchell Street. The upper floors were used for the editorial side of the operation and again illustrate Mackintosh's unique style. You can view more photographs and an original layout plan in my Lighthouse Illustrated Guide St Enoch Subway Station, 1896 Coming out of Mitchell Lane onto Buchanan Street, the quaint little St Enoch subway station is situated at the bottom of the street, in St Enoch Square. The architect was James Miller who produced a unique design which shows elements of Scots Baronial and Art Nouveau styles which were fashionable in 1896 when the station was opened. James Miller (right) worked in Glasgow for over 50 years, developing into one of the city�s most versatile architects of the early twentieth century. Miller was a contemporary of Charles Rennie Mackintosh and although he practised in the city for a very much longer period, his reputation hasn't survived as Mackintosh's has. In the late nineteenth century he specialised in railway projects, before winning the competitions for both the Glasgow Royal Infirmary and the Glasgow International Exhibition of 1901. These prestigious commissions allowed him to expand his horizons and make a big name for himself. In the years before the first world war he found a lucrative niche with his designs for the Peebles Hydro and the hotels at Turnberry and Gleneagles. Miller was very much open to American influences which culminated in his design for the monumental Union Bank in St Vincent Street which was completed in 1927. This massive steel famed building, which would not look out of place in New York City or Chicago, is featured in the Commercial Glasgow page of this website. St Enoch Subway Station, 1922 Engraving of St Enoch Square and Church St Enoch Square had been laid out with grand Regency style buildings in the late 1700's and early 1800's. The centrepiece of the square was St Enoch's Church designed by James Paterson c.1780, shown in the above contemporary engraving. It was replaced by the church designed by David Hamilton, c.1825, shown in the pencil sketches below. The later building incorporated the spire of


In the passing of a Government Bill which stage follows after the bill has had a Third Reading in both Houses?

The legislative procedure starts with the first reading which is just a formality in both Houses. Second reading Then the Bill must have its second reading (in the case of government Bills, within a fortnight). In the House of Commons the Bill is presented by a government minister. Then the views of the Opposition and other parties are heard. Although the Opposition in the Commons usually votes against it, a Bill progresses almost always to the Committee stage. There is a convention that Government Bills are not opposed by the House of Lords at the second reading. However, amendments can be voted on. Committee stage When Bills have passed the second reading in the House of Commons, they are referred to a standing committee for examination. A standing committee consists of from 16 to 20 MPs. Standing committees are chaired by a member of the Chairmen’s Panel. The Chairman votes only in the event of a tie and according to precedence. New standing committee members are appointed for each new bill. However, certain Bills may be referred to the Committee of the whole House, if they fall into one of the following categories: Bills of major constitutional importance, such as those ratifying the European Union Treaties Bills that must be passed very quickly Bills which are uncontroversial and their committee stage is expected to be very short. Private Members’ Bills which are not expected to be opposed at any stage. Some Bills, like the annual Financial Bill, can be divided between a standing committee and the Committee of the whole House. Also, the Armed Forces Bill is always referred to a select committee, before being re-committed to a standing committee or Committee of the Whole House. Because the amount of time that a committee can spend on a bill is limited, not all amendments are debated. In the House of Lords the procedure of the second reading is similar, however Bills are usually referred to the Committee of the Whole House. Because there is no time limit, all amendments tabled may be debated. Report stage After the committee stage, the committee that has examined the Bill must report its decisions to the whole House of Commons within two weeks, so that all members have the opportunity to propose amendments or to add clauses. The report stage can be quite lengthy. Bills that were examined by the Committee of the whole House are not normally debated at the report stage. Also in the House of Lords the report stage follows a fortnight after the committee stage. Third reading At this stage the final draft of the Bill is reviewed. In the House of Commons, the Bill cannot be amended substantially at the third reading. However, Bills which have their third reading in the House of Lords can still be amended at this stage. Having passed through the previous stages, the Bill must be sent to the other House where the whole procedure is repeated. Bills can still be amended at this stage, and both Houses must agree on the amendments. If the Houses cannot reach a compromise on the final drafts, the procedure can be extremely lengthy. Due to time limits, some Bills are lost. Generally, the role of the Lords is complementary and their legislative power limited by the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949. The House of Commons can present a Bill for Royal Assent event without the assent of the Lords, after one year and in a new session. Also, the assent of the Lords is not essential, under certain conditions, in the case of financial Bills. The Royal Assent The last stage of the legislative procedure in the UK is the Royal Assent. The Royal Assent is given by the Queen to the Bill that has completed all the parliamentary stages, and it is declared to both Houses. It is also listed in the Parliament’s record of official proceedings. The Royal Assent is a formality and has not been refused since 1707. Sometimes, Acts of Parliament give government ministers and other authorities the power to produce delegated or secondary legislation. This legislation, however, is subject to strict limitations and can only regulate issues of administrative nat


What date is the birthday of Prince George of Cambridge?

Prince George Turns 1: A Royal Birthday - ABC News ABC News Prince George Turns 1: A Royal Birthday By CAROLYN DURAND Jul 22, 2014, 10:27 AM ET 0 Shares WATCH Happy 1st Birthday, Prince George! 0 Shares One year ago today the world was waiting with bated breath for news from Buckingham Palace on the birth of the next British heir to the throne . The Duchess of Cambridge, Kate Middleton, delivered, literally, and gave birth to a healthy baby boy, his Royal Highness Prince George Alexander Louis of Cambridge . Lefteris Pitarakis/AP Photo Duchess Kate, Prince William and the royal baby Prince Harry Says Royal Baby George Spitting Image of Churchill “He's got a good pair of lungs on him, that's for sure,” George’s father, Prince William, has said of his first-born son. The royal family marked George’s first birthday by releasing two official photos Monday showing George fascinated by a butterfly exhibit with his mom and dad. John Stillwell/PA Wire Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and the Prince during a visit to the Sensational Butterflies exhibition at the Natural History Museum, London. The images were shot July 2 at the Sensational Butterflies exhibit at London's Natural History Museum by John Stillwell of the Press Association wire service in the U.K. Stillwell also took the photo released Saturday of George , dressed in overalls, taking steps on his own at the exhibit. John Stillwell/Press Association Images This photo dated July 2, 2014, was taken to mark Prince George's first birthday and shows the Prince during a visit to the Sensational Butterflies exhibition at the Natural History Museum, London. Today, the Royals are celebrating with a family birthday party for Prince George. Kate's parents and two siblings, Pippa and James, will attend, along with Prince Harry, George's uncle, and Zara Phillips, the Queen’s granddaughter and one of George’s godparents, and her husband, rugby star Mike Tindall. George's great-grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, was seen arriving at Kensington Palace today for hte festivities. Kate made a visit to Buckingham Palace, the Queen's residence, earlier today, where a rendition of "Happy Birthday" played outside the Palace gates in honor of Prince George. Emilia D’Erlanger, a friend of Kate’s from school and one of George’s godparents, was also spotted arriving at Kensington Palace today for the festivities, in addition to Jamie Lowther Pinkerton, another of George's godparents and the long-time private secretary to his parents, who was seen arriving with a birthday present in hand. Missing from the birthday celebrations will be George's paternal grandparents, Prince Charles and Camilla, The Duchess of Cornwall, who are vacationing in Scotland. The celebrations mark the end of a year of “firsts” for the royals, from the first official photo released of the 8-pound, 6-ounce heir to the throne, to the first Christening photo that showed him surrounded by his relatives, including the queen, to his first overseas trip, a nearly three-week official trip to Australia and New Zealand where he had his first public playdate and got at least one marriage proposal . John Stillwell/AFP/Getty Images Britain's Prince William, Duke of Cambridge holds his son, Prince George of Cambridge, as he arrives at Chapel Royal in St James's Palace in central London for the christening of the three month-old baby on October 23, 2013. Prince George stole the show again on Father’s Day , where he was spotted, again dressed in overalls, at Prince William's polo match, kicking a quilted soccer ball and wriggling around the field where his father was playing. Max Mumby/Indigo/Getty Images Prince George's Birthday In addition to the official photos, Kate and William, both 32, issued a statement to mark their first son's first birthday. "We would like to take this opportunity on George's first birthday to thank everyone over the last year, wherever we have met them, both at home and overseas, for their warm and generous good wishes to George and our family," they said. 0 Shares


Name either of the US states having land borders with Rhode Island?

United States Geography for Kids: Rhode Island Population: 1,050,292 (Source: 2012 U.S. Census) Major Cities: Providence, Warwick, Cranston, Pawtucket, East Providence Borders: Connecticut , Massachusetts , New York (maritime border), Atlantic Ocean Gross Domestic Product (GDP): $50,956 million (2012 U.S. Department of Commerce) Key Industries: Jewelry, metal products, shipbuilding, healthcare, tourism, and electrical equipment Agriculture products include dairy products, eggs, nursery products, and vegetables How Rhode Island got its name: The state website says the name came from Dutch explorer Adriaen Block who called the land Roodt Eylandt, which means red island. He got the name from the red clay of the Rhode Island coastline. Other sources claim that the name comes from Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano who thought one of the islands off the coast of Rhode Island looked like the island Rhodes off the coast of Greece. Click on map for larger view Rhode Island State Symbols Date admitted: May 29, 1790 Number admitted: 13 Prior Name: Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, then sovereign state in Confederation Postal Abbreviation: RI The Geography of Rhode Island Total Size: 1,045 sq. miles (source: 2003 Census) Geographical Low Point: Atlantic Ocean at Sea Level (source: U.S. Geological Survey) Geographical High Point: Jerimoth Hill at 812 feet, located in the county/subdivision of Providence (source: U.S. Geological Survey) Central Point: Located in Kent County approx. 1 mile south-southwest of Crompton (source: U.S. Geological Survey) Counties: 5 (source: National Association of Counties) Bodies of Water: Atlantic Ocean, Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island Sound, Block Island Sound, Scituate Reservoir, Sakonnet River Famous People Chris Van Allsburg - Author who wrote Jumanji, The Polar Express, and Zathura George Cohan - Musical composer who wrote patriotic songs such as 'You're a Grand Old Flag' and 'Over There' Elisabeth Hasselbeck - TV talk show host and reality TV star Matthew C. Perry - U.S. Naval commander Gilbert Stuart - Artist who painted the famous portrait of George Washington Meredith Vieira - TV talk show host and news anchor Fun Facts Rhode Island is the smallest US State in geographical area. Newport, RI held the first circus in the US in 1774. The official name of Rhode Island is Rhode Island and the Providence Plantations. The Tennis Hall of Fame is located in Rhode Island. All the residents of the state live within about 30 miles from the water. It was the last of the original thirteen colonies to become a state. The oldest carousel in the United States is the Flying Horse Carousel located in Watch Hill. The official state rock is Cumberlandite. This is a rare rock and is only found in the state. It gets its nickname from having so much ocean coastline for such a small state. Rhode Island made the first law that prohibited slavery in 1652. Professional Sports Teams


Which building is the official London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury?

Lambeth Palace: Residence of Archbishop of Canterbury About Lambeth Palace: Residence of Archbishop of Canterbury Lambeth Palace is more popularly known as the official residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury. It has been used as the official residence of the Archbishop since the 13th century. The Palace is situated in London in North Lambeth on the south bank of the Thames River. Lambeth Palace is near the Palace of Westminster. Many events of charitable nature are organised in the Lambeth Palace. The Lambeth Palace library keeps the records of the documents relating to the Church of England. This library is the principal library founded sometime in the year 1610. The library is established within the premises of the Palace. Official papers of the Archbishop of Canterbury are kept in the library. The library is open to public four days a week, that is, on Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday from 10.00am-5.00pm and on Thursday from 10.00am-7.30pm. Touring Lambeth Palace Guided tours of the Lambeth Palace are arranged for the public to visit certain areas of the palace. The admission fees for adults is £10 and admission of children below the age of 17 years is free. Lambeth Palace also has a garden. This garden has been known to be private since the 12th century. Other interesting aspect of the palace is the Morton’s Tower. This tower has a red brick Tudor gatehouse which leads to the entrance of the present day Lambeth building. The palace also houses a Chapel. However, this Chapel is a private chapel. Another interesting part of the palace building is the Guard’s Room. It is believed that the said room assumed a significant importance during the 14th, 15th and 16th century. Atrium and the Crypt Chapel are also a part of the Lambeth Palace. Atrium is a roofed courtyard which was re-opened a few years back. It is the Atrium that links the main building to the Chapel and the Crypt Chapel. It is believed that it the Crypt chapel is the oldest part of the palace. Tube Stations near Lambeth Palace 1. Waterloo Tube Station


What is commonly known as the 'hobby of kings'?

A Hobby for Everyone A Hobby for Everyone   Books You May be Interested In 100 Greatest American Stamps and The Smithsonian's Guide to Stamp Collecting are just a few of the publications we offer. A Hobby for Everyone hobÂ·by n., pl. hobÂ·bies. An activity or interest pursued outside one's regular occupation and engaged in primarily for pleasure. Few hobbies match the flexibility of stamp collecting. It is suitable for nearly all ages. You can collect stamps all 12 months of the year regardless of the climate where you are located. It does not require any special skills or great wealth. Some individuals begin as young as age 4 and many collect until the day they die. Who Collects Stamps Stamp collecting has often been called "the hobby of kings and the king of hobbies." Linn's Stamp News estimates that more than 5 million individuals in the United States collect the small pieces of paper that indicate payment of postage. Stamp collectors include individuals from all walks of life. While President Franklin Roosevelt may have been the most famous U.S. collector, other well known collectors include financial gurus Bill Gross and Warren Buffet; astronaut Henry Hartsfield; actors Gary Burghoff, James Earl Jones and Patrick Dempsey; author James Michener, explorer Jacques Cousteau; former Wimbledon champion Maria Sharapova; musicians John Lennon, Freddy Mercury and Ron Wood; cartoonist Gary Trudeau; and French President Nicholas Sarkozy. What is Stamp Collecting "Stamp collecting" is the accumulation of material related to the payment of postage and the carriage of the mails. In addition to traditional postage stamps, many philatelists -- the fancy word for stamp collectors -- also collect covers, envelopes that carried mail. Some individuals also collect markings or labels applied to mail including postage meters. Others will even collect Christmas Seals, revenue stamps and other ephemera. Why Collect Stamps Most individuals collect for relaxation and enjoyment although many secretly hope that they will discover a rare and elusive stamp that will make them wealthy. Some individuals collect as an investment. While the American Philatelic Society does not promote this, stamp collecting is a better investment than many other hobbies. As stamps are miniature works of art, it's nearly impossible to collect them without gaining a large amount of knowledge. Stamps also usually provide a much greater return on your investment than other hobbies. While you might not get back more than you invest, how much return can you get on your golf scorecard? 100 Match Factory Place • Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA • 814-933-3803 • Fax: 814-933-6128


The longest reigning living monarch is Rama 9th, ascending to the throne in June 1946, of which country is he king?

The Longest-Reigning Current Monarchs around the World - WorldAtlas.com World Facts The Longest-Reigning Current Monarchs around the World The living monarchs with the longest reigns today hail from all parts of the world, from Europe to the Middle East and Asia. Depictions of past Thai monarchs are displayed at the Thai Human Imagery Museum. The country's current King is the longest reigning current monarch in the world. The course of governmental history around our globe has been largely characterized by concentrated powers. Leaders of the past have largely been men and women who have ruled their respective dominions from around the world with absolute authority. However, as times have changed and most countries have moved towards more democratic means of governance, most reigning monarchs have had their powers greatly reduced or removed altogether, leaving most major decisions to be decided by democratically elected officials. A number of countries, however, have maintained ceremonial monarchs as figureheads to preserve longstanding aspects iconic of their respective histories and cultures. The succession line in most monarchies is pretty much clear cut from the first in line to the last in line, with most monarchs reigning for very long periods, often until their death. In a few circumstances one may find those who have abdicated their thrones due to old age, poor health, or personal reasons, and others who have been removed forcibly by way of coups administered by their rivals. With longevity of rule in mind, below we list the current monarchs with the longest uninterrupted reigns, whether they are ceremonial figures or absolute authorities. 10. Ahmad Shah of Pahang, Malaysia - 41 Years, 125 Days Ahmad Shah is the fifth and current reigning Sultan of Pahang in Malaysia. He was previously the 7th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of the country between 1979 and 1984. October 24th, 1930 was the day he was born, as the only son to Sultan Abu Shah and his official royal consort. He has served as the Sultan of Pahang since the 8th of May, 1974, following the passing on of his father, who was 69 years of age at the time. He is designated to serve as the Sultan of Pahang for life and, in the event of his demise, the next in line would take over control of the sultanate. 9. Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden - 42 Years, 128 Days He is the currently reigning Swedish King. He assumed the reigns of the kingdom at the young age of 27 years old following the demise of Gustaf VI Adolf, his grandfather, on the 15th of September, 1973. His father, who would have been next in line to the throne, perished in a plane crush when he was just a year old. He adopted the title "King of Sweden", breaking the centuries-old tradition held by his predecessors of being given the much longer title of "By the Grace of God King of the Swedes, the Goths/Geats and the Wends." He is among the longest reigning current monarchs having been king for 42 years. He has been considered among the most modernized royals of the 20th century, especially after he picked the slogan "For Sweden with the times." 8. Sultan bin Mohamed Al-Qasimi III of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates - 43 Years, 361 Days He belongs to the Supreme Governing Council of the United Arab Emirates, and is also the present ruler of the Sharjah Emirate. He has reigned since the 25th of January, 1972, when the ruler in place at the time was assassinated in an attempted coup. At this time, he was only 32 years of age. He is the 18th Sultan of the Sharjah Emirate, in a succession of Al-Qasimi sultans that can be traced to as far back as the seventeenth century. His reign has largely been uneventful, with the sultanate experiencing peace and stability throughout his reign. 7. Margrethe II of Denmark - 44 Years, 7 Days Margrethe II is the reigning Queen of Denmark. She is the Commander in Chief of the defense forces of Denmark, and also the supreme leader of Church of Denmark. Nonetheless, she is only a constitutional monarch, and makes no political decisions. She is from the House of Glucksberg, which originally came


Give either of the middle names of Prince George of Cambridge?

Royal baby: William and Kate name their son George - BBC News BBC News Royal baby: William and Kate name their son George 24 July 2013 Close share panel Image caption The name of the new prince has been announced two days after his birth The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge have named their son George Alexander Louis, Kensington Palace has said. The third in line to the throne, who was born on Monday at 16:24 BST, will be known as His Royal Highness Prince George of Cambridge. The Queen was told of Prince George's name when she met him for the first time on Wednesday. The family are at the Middleton home in Bucklebury, Berkshire, after spending a night at Kensington Palace. George was the bookmakers' favourite for the first name of the prince. The duke and duchess had been expected to pick a traditional royal name for their son, who was born at St Mary's Hospital in London, weighing 8lbs 6oz. Royal infants usually have historical names which are passed down through the generations. Image caption The duke and duchess gave the world its first glimpse of Prince George on Tuesday Image caption The duke joked that his son had "got a good pair of lungs on him, that's for sure". Image caption Prince George is the first child for the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge - and is third in line to the throne Image caption The duke and duchess left hospital on Tuesday night for Kensington Palace, which is expected to be their new home Image caption There were celebrations across the country on news of the prince's birth, including a 62-gun salute outside the Tower of London Image caption On Wednesday morning, the Queen met her great-grandson for the first time and was told his name then Image caption Other Georges to have been king include George III (L), George V and the Queen's father, George VI (R) Image caption Now the name has been announced, the Prince George merchandise will be rolling off the conveyor belt There have been six King Georges up to now, most recently the Queen's father, although his first name was Albert and he was known to his family as Bertie. The name Louis is Prince William's fourth name and is likely to be a tribute to Lord Louis Mountbatten, the Duke of Edinburgh's uncle and the last British Viceroy of India before independence in 1947. At the scene By Luisa BaldiniBBC News, Kensington Palace On the grass in front of Kensington Palace the name George has been spelt out with dozens of little boxes. "It is a product to help breast-feeding mothers," an entrepreneurial woman replies when asked what is in the boxes. "A food supplement. We want to get some to Kate but she is not here is she?" Indeed the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge left Nottingham cottage in the grounds of Kensington Palace in the early afternoon and most passers-by are unaware that this week's most famous new parents have named their son. Waiting reporters reveal the name to some of the enquiring public. Most are satisfied with the choice. "Not surprising," say others. Only one crinkles up his nose when he hears the three names. For a few minutes there is a buzz around the camera crews as broadcasters analyse the significance of George Alexander Louis and then the park returns to normal as the cyclists and runners drift by, oblivious that His Royal Highness Prince George of Cambridge, their future king, has been named. Prince Charles was immensely fond of his great-uncle Lord Mountbatten. Known by the Royal Family as Uncle Dickie, he was assassinated by the IRA in August 1979. The prince's other middle name - Alexander - is one that three medieval Scottish kings have had, and was also the name of the famous 4th Century ruler Alexander the Great. The Queen's middle name is Alexandra. BBC royal correspondent Nicholas Witchell said George will be seen as a tribute to the Queen's father but the couple are said to genuinely like the name themselves. Alexander was a favourite of Catherine's, he added. The BBC's Peter Hunt said Prince George does not have to be King George if he accedes to the throne - he can choose another name, as the Queen's father did. "R


The adjective hirundine refers to which birds?

Hirundine | Define Hirundine at Dictionary.com hirundine [hi-ruhn-din, -dahyn] /hɪˈrʌn dɪn, -daɪn/ Spell of, relating to, or resembling the swallow. Origin of hirundine Late Latin 1825-1835 1825-35; < Late Latin hirundineus of a swallow, equivalent to hirundin- (stem of hirundō) swallow + -eus adj. suffix; see -eous Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for hirundine Expand British Dictionary definitions for hirundine Expand of or resembling a swallow 2. belonging to the bird family Hirundinidae, which includes swallows and martins Word Origin C19: from Late Latin hirundineus, from Latin hirundō a swallow Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012