Literally called 'The Righteous and Harmonious Society Movement', what is the more popular western name for the Chinese rebellion took place from 1899 to 1901 against foreign influence during the final years of the Manchu rule?

Boxer Rebellion - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google Boxer Rebellion: Background By the end of the 19th century, the Western powers and Japan had forced China’s ruling Qing dynasty to accept wide foreign control over the country’s economic affairs. In the Opium Wars (1839-42, 1856-60), popular rebellions and the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95), China had fought to resist the foreigners, but it lacked a modernized military and suffered millions of casualties. Did You Know? America returned the money it received from China after the Boxer Rebellion, on the condition it be used to fund the creation of a university in Beijing. Other nations involved later remitted their shares of the Boxer indemnity as well. By the late 1890s, a Chinese secret group, the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (“I-ho-ch’uan” or “Yihequan”), had begun carrying out regular attacks on foreigners and Chinese Christians. (The rebels performed calisthenics rituals and martial arts that they believed would give them the ability to withstand bullets and other forms of attack. Westerners referred to these rituals as shadow boxing, leading to the Boxers nickname.) Although the Boxers came from various parts of society, many were peasants, particularly from Shandong province, which had been struck by natural disasters such as famine and flooding. In the 1890s, China had given territorial and commercial concessions in this area to several European nations, and the Boxers blamed their poor standard of living on foreigners who were colonizing their country. Boxer Rebellion: 1900 In 1900, the Boxer movement spread to the Beijing area, where the Boxers killed Chinese Christians and Christian missionaries and destroyed churches and railroad stations and other property. On June 20, 1900, the Boxers began a siege of Beijing’s foreign legation district (where the official quarters of foreign diplomats were located.) The following day, Qing Empress Dowager Tzu’u Hzi (or Cixi, 1835-1908) declared a war on all foreign nations with diplomatic ties in China. As the Western powers and Japan organized a multinational force to crush the rebellion, the siege stretched into weeks, and the diplomats, their families and guards suffered through hunger and degrading conditions as they fought to keep the Boxers at bay. By some estimates, several hundred foreigners and several thousand Chinese Christians were killed during this time. On August 14, after fighting its way through northern China, an international force of approximately 20,000 troops from eight nations (Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States) arrived to take Beijing and rescue the foreigners and Chinese Christians. Boxer Rebellion: Aftermath The Boxer Rebellion formally ended with the signing of the Boxer Protocol on September 7, 1901. By terms of the agreement, forts protecting Beijing were to be destroyed, Boxer and Chinese government officials involved in the uprising were to be punished, foreign legations were permitted to station troops in Beijing for their defense, China was prohibited from importing arms for two years and it agreed to pay more than $330 million in reparations to the foreign nations involved. The Qing dynasty, established in 1644, was weakened by the Boxer Rebellion. Following an uprising in 1911, the dynasty came to an end and China became a republic in 1912. Tags


What generic term for all African American soldiers was originally applied to the members of the U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment by the native Apache Indians?

Buffalo Soldiers Buffalo Soldiers "Ready and Forward"     "We Can We Will" Buffalo Soldier History (Wikipedia) Buffalo Soldiers originally were members of the  U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment of the  United States Army , formed on September 21, 1866 at  Fort Leavenworth , Kansas . The nickname was given to the " Negro   Cavalry " by the  Native American  tribes they  fought ; the term eventually became synonymous with all of the  African-American  regiments formed in 1866: 25th Infantry Regiment Although several  African-American  regiments were raised during the  Civil War to fight alongside the  Union Army  (including the  54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry  and the many  United States Colored Troops  Regiments), the "Buffalo Soldiers" were established by  Congress  as the first peacetime all-black regiments in the regular U.S. Army. On September 6, 2005,  Mark Matthews , who was the oldest living Buffalo Soldier, died at the age of 111. He was buried at  Arlington National Cemetery . [1] Sources disagree on how the nickname "Buffalo Soldiers" began. According to the Buffalo Soldiers National Museum, the name originated with the  Cheyenne  warriors in the winter of 1867, the actual Cheyenne translation being "Wild Buffalo." However, writer Walter Hill documented the account of Colonel Benjamin Grierson , who founded the 10th Cavalry regiment, recalling an 1871 campaign against the Comanches . Hill attributed the origin of the name to the Comanche due to Grierson's assertions. Some sources assert that the nickname was given out of respect for the fierce fighting ability of the 10th cavalry. [2]  Other sources assert that Native Americans called the black cavalry troops "buffalo soldiers" because of their dark curly hair, which resembled a  buffalo 's coat. [3]  Still other sources point to a combination of both legends. [4]  The term Buffalo Soldiers became a generic term for all African-American soldiers. It is now used for U.S. Army units that trace their direct lineage back to the 9th and 10th Cavalry, units whose service earned them an honored place in U.S. history. In September 1867, Private John Randall of Troop G of the 10th Cavalry Regiment was assigned to escort two civilians on a hunting trip. The hunters suddenly became the hunted when a band of 70 Cheyenne warriors swept down on them. The two civilians quickly fell in the initial attack and Randall's horse was shot out from beneath him. Randall managed to scramble to safety behind a washout under the railroad tracks, where he fended off the attack with only his pistol until help from the nearby camp arrived. The Indians beat a hasty retreat, leaving behind 13 fallen warriors. Private Randall suffered a gunshot wound to his shoulder and 11 lance wounds, but recovered. The Cheyenne quickly spread word of this new type of soldier, "who had fought like a cornered buffalo; who like a buffalo had suffered wound after wound, yet had not died; and who like a buffalo had a thick and shaggy mane of hair." [5] [6 Return to top of page Service During the  American Civil War , the U.S. government formed regiments known as the  United States Colored Troops , comprised of black soldiers. After the war, Congress reorganized the Army and authorized the formation of two regiments of black cavalry with the designations  9th  and  10th  U.S.  Cavalry , and four regiments of black  infantry , designated the  38th ,  39th ,  40th  and  41st  Infantry Regiments (Colored). The 38th and 41st were reorganized as the  25th Infantry Regiment , with headquarters in  Jackson Barracks  in  New Orleans, Louisiana , in November 1869. The 39th and 40th were reorganized as the  24th Infantry Regiment , with headquarters at  Fort Clark ,  Texas , in April 1869. All of these units were composed of black  enlisted men  commanded by both white and black officers. These included the first commander of the 10th Cavalry  Benjamin Grierson , the first commander of the 9th Cavalry  Edward Hatch ,  Medal of Honor  recipient  Louis H. Carpenter , the unforgettable  Nicholas M. Nolan , and the first black


The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, was destroyed on July 21, 356 BC in an act of arson. Historian Plutarch remarked that the goddess was preoccupied with the birth of whom that occurred on the same day to save her temple?

Full text of "Seven Wonders of the Ancient World" See other formats Contents  Articles  Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 1  Great Pyramid of Giza 5  Hanging Gardens of Babylon 16  Temple of Artemis 2 1  Statue of Zeus at Olympia 29  Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 32  Colossus of Rhodes 38  Lighthouse of Alexandria 44  References  Article Sources and Contributors 49  Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 52  Article Licenses  License 53   Seven Wonders of the Ancient World   Seven Wonders of the Ancient World   The Seven Wonders of the World (or the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World)  refers to remarkable constructions of classical antiquity listed by various authors in guidebooks popular among the ancient Hellenic tourists, particularly in the 1st and 2nd centuries BC. The most prominent of these, the versions by Antipater of Sidon and an observer identified as Philon of Byzantium, comprise seven works located around the eastern Mediterranean rim.  The original list inspired innumerable versions through the ages, often listing seven entries. Of the original Seven Wonders, only one — the Great Pyramid of Giza, the oldest of the ancient wonders — remains relatively intact.   Background  The Greek conquest of much of the known world in the 4th century BC gave Hellenistic travellers access to the civilizations of the Egyptians, Persians, and Babylonians. Impressed and captivated by the landmarks and marvels of the various lands, these  r3i  travellers began to list what they saw. Such a list of these places made it easier to   remember them   [4]   Instead of "wonders", the ancient Greeks spoke of "theamata", which means "sights", in other words "things to be seen". (Ta ejttoc 6£au,ata tfj<; OLKouuivni; [yfj^] Ta hepta theamata tes oikoumenes [ges]) Later, the word for "wonder" ("thaumata") was used, and this is also the case in modem Greek (Ejtta 6ca)u,aTa tod ap/cdou k6ou,od). Hence, the list was meant to be the Ancient   World's counterpart of a travel guidebook   [2]   The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (from left to right, top to bottom): Great Pyramid of Giza, Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Temple  of Artemis at Ephesus, Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Mausoleum of  Halicarnassus, Colossus of Rhodes, and the Lighthouse of Alexandria as  depicted by 16th-century Dutch artist Marten Heemskerk.   The Great Pyramid of Giza, the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still standing.   Seven Wonders of the Ancient World  Each person had his own version of the list, but the best known and earliest surviving was from a poem by Greek-speaking epigrammist Antipater of Sidon from around 140 BC. He named seven sites on his list, but was primarily in praise of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus:  I have gazed on the walls of impregnable Babylon along which chariots may race, and on the Zeus by the banks of the Alpheus, I have seen the hanging gardens, and the Colossus of the Helios, the great man-made mountains of the lofty pyramids, and the gigantic tomb of Mausolus; but when I saw the sacred house of Artemis that towers to the clouds, the others were placed in the shade, for the sun himself has never looked upon its equal outside Olympus.  — Antipater, Greek Anthology IX. 58  Another 2nd century BC observer, who claimed to be the mathematician Philon of Byzantium, wrote a short  account entitled The Seven Sights of the World. However, the incomplete surviving manuscript only covered six of  mi the supposedly seven places, which agreed with Antipater's list.  Earlier and later lists by the historian Herodotus (484 BC— ca. 425 BC) and the architect Callimachus of Cyrene (ca. 305—240 BC), housed at the Museum of Alexandria, survived only as references.  The Colossus of Rhodes was the last of the seven to be completed, after 280 BC, and the first to be destroyed, by an  earthquake in 226/225 BC. Hence, all seven existed at the same time for a period of less than 60 years. Antipater had  mi an earlier version which replaced Lighth


What 1990s theory proposed by the political scientist Samuel Huntington contends that cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world?

Huntington - The Clash of Civilizations (1996) - Synopsis - Documents Huntington - The Clash of Civilizations (1996) - Synopsis Share Huntington - The Clash of Civilizations (1996) - Synopsis Embed
  Huntington - The Clash of Civilizations (1996) - Synopsis
 size(px) Huntington - The Clash of Civilizations (1996) - Synopsis by mark-k-jensen Comments Description Synopsis of Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, London, Toronto, and Sydney: Simon & Schuster, 1996; paperback 2002). Discussed at Digging Deeper (www.ufppc.org) on August 14, 2006. Download Huntington - The Clash of Civilizations (1996) - Synopsis Transcript UFPPC (www.ufppc.org) Digging Deeper: August 14, 2006, 7:00 p.m. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, London, Toronto, and Sydney: Simon & Schuster, 1996; paperback 2002). Themes: “Alone among civilizations the West has had a major and at times devastating impact on every other civilization. The relation between the power and culture of the West and the power and cultures of other civilizations is, as a result, the most pervasive characteristic of the world of civilizations. As the relative power of other civilizations increases, the appeal of Western culture fades and nonWestern peoples have increasing confidence in and commitment to their indigenous cultures. The central problem in the West’s—particularly America’s—efforts to promote a universal Western culture is its declining ability to do so” (184). Thesis: “In the emerging era, clashes of civilizations are the greatest threat to world peace, and an international world order based on civilizations is the surest safeguard against world war” (321). List of Illustrations: Tables, Figures, Maps. Preface. This book is not meant to be social science, but rather “an interpretation of the evolution of global politics after the Cold War” (13). It should be tested by “whether it provides a more meaningful and useful lens . . . than any alternative paradigm” (14). These ideas were first expressed publicly in an Oct. 1992 lecture at the American Enterprise Institute (14). Ms. readers included Fareed Zakaria (14). Writing of the book funded by the John M. Olin Foundation and the Smith Richardson Foundation (15). I. A WORLD OF CIVILIZATIONS Ch. 1: The New Era in World Politics. INTRODUCTION: FLAGS AND CULTURAL IDENTITY. “[C]ultural identity is what is most meaningful to most people” (20). This book’s main proposition: “that culture and cultural identities, which at the broadest level are civilization identities, are shaping the patterns of cohesion, disintegration, and conflict in the postCold War world” (20). Five corollaries: (1) “For the first time in history global politics is both multipolar and multicivilizational; modernization is distinct from Westernization and is producing neither a universal civilization in any meaningful sense nor the Westernization of non-Western societies” (20). (2) The power of the West is in relative decline (20). (3) “A civilizationbased world order is emerging” (20). (4) “The West’s universalist pretensions increasingly bring it into conflict with other civilizations, most seriously with Islam and China” (20). (5) “The survival of the West depends on Americans reaffirming their Western identity and Westerners accepting their civilization as unique not universal” (20-21). A MULTIPOLAR, MULTICIVILIZATIONAL WORLD. Historical review; three maps (1920, 1960s, post-1990) (21-28).“The post-Cold War world is a world of


What is the name of the Polish trade union founded in September 1980 at the Gdańsk Shipyard that was originally led by Lech Wałęsa?

Solidarity (Polish trade union) : Wikis (The Full Wiki) Solidarity ( Polish : Solidarność, pronounced [sɔliˈdarnɔɕtɕ]   ( listen ) ; full name: Independent Self-governing Trade Union "Solidarity" — Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy "Solidarność" [ɲezaˈlɛʐnɨ samɔːˈʐɔndnɨ ˈzvjɔ̃zɛk zavɔːˈdɔvɨ sɔliˈdarnɔɕtɕ]) is a Polish trade union federation founded in September 1980 at the Gdańsk Shipyard , and originally led by Lech Wałęsa . Solidarity was the first non- communist party controlled trade union in a Warsaw Pact country.[citation needed] In the 1980s it constituted a broad anti-bureaucratic social movement . The government attempted to destroy the union during the period of martial law in the early 1980s and several years of political repression , but in the end it was forced to start negotiating with the union. The Round Table Talks between the government and the Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989 . By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed and in December 1990 Wałęsa was elected President of Poland . Since then it has become a more traditional trade union. Contents Main article: History of Solidarity Solidarity was founded in Gdansk in September 1980 at the Lenin Shipyards , where Lech Wałęsa and others formed a broad anti-Soviet social movement ranging from people associated with the Catholic Church [2] to members of the anti-Soviet Left . Solidarity advocated non-violence in its members' activities. [3] [4] In September 1981 Solidarity's first national congress elected Lech Wałęsa as a president [5] and adopted a republican program, the "Self-governing Republic" [6] . The government attempted to destroy the union with the martial law of 1981 and several years of repression, but in the end it had to start negotiating with the union. In Poland, the Roundtable Talks between the government and Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989 . By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed and in December Tadeusz Mazowiecki was elected Prime Minister . Since 1989 Solidarity has become a more traditional trade union, and had relatively little impact on the political scene of Poland in the early 1990s. A political arm founded in 1996 as Solidarity Electoral Action ( AWS ) won the parliamentary election in 1997 , but lost the following 2001 election . Currently, as a political party Solidarity has little influence on modern Polish politics. Catholic social teaching In Solicitudo Rei Socialis , a major document of Catholic Social Teaching , Pope John Paul II identifies the concept of solidarity with the poor and marginalized as a constitutive element of the Gospel and human participation in the common good. The Roman Catholic Church, under the leadership of Pope John Paul II, was a very powerful supporter of the union and was greatly responsible for its success. Lech Wałęsa , who himself publicly displayed Catholic piety, confirmed the Pope's influence, saying: The Holy Father, through his meetings, demonstrated how numerous we were. He told us not to be afraid [7] . In addition, the priest Jerzy Popiełuszko , who regularly gave sermons to the striking workers, was eventually killed by the Communist regime for his association with Solidarity. Polish workers themselves were closely associated with the Church, which can be seen in the photographs taken during strikes in the 1980s. On the walls of several factories, portraits of the Virgin Mary or John Paul II were visible. Influence abroad The survival of Solidarity was an unprecedented event not only in Poland, a satellite state of the USSR ruled (in practice) by a one-party Communist regime , but the whole of the Eastern bloc . It meant a break in the hard-line stance of the communist Polish United Workers' Party , which had bloodily ended a 1970 protest with machine gun fire (killing dozens and injuring over 1,000), and the broader Soviet communist regime in the Eastern Bloc, which had quelled both the 1956 Hungarian Uprising and the 1968 Prague Spring with Soviet-led invasions. Soli


In 1954, which country suggested that it should join NATO to preserve peace in Europe but this proposal was rejected as the other countries felt that it would weaken the alliance?

Europe’s NATO Ambivalence – Consortiumnews Europe’s NATO Ambivalence July 10, 2016 The just-completed NATO summit repeated tiresome U.S. propaganda about “Russia’s aggressive actions” but some European leaders flinched at the heated rhetoric and warmongering, notes ex-CIA official Graham E. Fuller. By Graham E. Fuller Most Americans unfailingly believe NATO generously serves the European Union’s interests. Yet many Europeans don’t see it that way. They fear that NATO actually undermines a balanced Europe. Is it NATO with the E.U.? Or NATO versus the E.U.? The two organizations were created by different groups of states (albeit with significant crossover) for differing purposes and with differing goals; indeed, some might say partially incompatible goals. NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg opens the NATO Warsaw Summit in Poland, July 8, 2016. NATO heads of state agreed to send reinforced, multinational battalions to the eastern part of the alliance’s border with Russia. “These battalions will be robust and multinational,” Stoltenberg said. (NATO photo) The E.U. vision was to bring European peoples, states and countries — at bloody war among themselves for long centuries — to renounce war as an instrument to solve European problems, to find common cause, and to cooperate in a common economic endeavor. It is an exceptional aim — the first time in human history when multiple states have freely yielded up significant elements of national sovereignty in order to partake in a common project. Yet the U.S. has always felt geopolitical ambivalence towards the E.U. Washington in principle applauded the ideal — a unified, peaceful and prosperous continent. But it also understood that the formation of the E.U. created a new counterweight that could hinder American ability to dominate politics on the European continent. For America, it was NATO that was a far more congenial and useful mechanism than the E.U. NATO focused on Washington’s primary agenda — checking the Soviet Union in a global struggle. To the extent that the E.U. strengthened that goal, fine; but to the extent that the E.U. weakened European resolve to stand against Russia, it was much less desirable. NATO was America’s creature, the E.U. was not. With the fall of the USSR, President George H.W. Bush (not “W”) gave verbal assurances to Russia that the West would not seek to capitalize on the Soviet collapse. With Russia’s astonishing acquiescence to the reunification of Germany, the U.S. gave assurances that there would be no NATO expansionism into former Soviet East Bloc states. Needless to say, that promise was violated, and continues to be violated as neoconservative zealots in Washington seek to scoop up every small state on the Russian periphery and enlist them in the anti-Russian NATO cause (including Georgia, or the Ukraine, or Kyrgyzstan, or even Montenegro.) NATO’s Reason for Continuing The peaceful collapse of the Soviet Bloc in 1991 also posed a difficult question: what would be the rationale for NATO’s continued existence? All organizations seek to perpetuate their own existence and NATO became almost desperate for a new mission — a new enemy. Washington was loath to yield up its key instrument of control in European politics. Former NATO Commander Philip M. Breedlove, who advocated escalating tensions with Russia.   But how much do European geopolitical goals mesh with American ones? This too depends on one’s geopolitical vision of the world. For Europe, war among its members is virtually unthinkable. But Washington and NATO have a vested interest in maintaining a Russian threat as the centerpiece of E.U. geopolitics. Today the U.S., including virtually all of its mainstream media, adopt reflexive anti-Russian positions. In U.S.-sponsored parlance, Russian President Vladimir Putin now represents a “resurgent threat.” Indeed, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs incredibly informs Congress that Russia represents America’s number one existential threat. Aggressive NATO maneuvers at the very doorstep of Russia help make this a self-fulfilling prophesy. The E.


The usage of the what derogatory phrase referring to the Ottoman Empire is attributed to Tsar Nicholas I of Russia?

Midterm1 - Greater Middle East with Raja at Isa - StudyBlue Size: 44 Views: 1 Arab People an ethnic group or panethnicity primarily living in the Arab world which is located in West Asia and North Africa. They are identified as such on one or more of genealogical, linguistic, or cultural grounds. with tribal affiliations, and intra-tribal relationships playing an important part of Arab identity in tracing descent of a national from an Arab state. Berbers Indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are discontinuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke various Berber languages. Today Arabic is spoken almost universally by Berbers, along with Darija, French (in Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria) and some Spanish (inWestern Sahara and parts of Morocco), due to European colonisation of the Maghreb. Today most Berber-speaking people live inMorocco, Algeria, Libya, Mali and Niger. Advertisement ) In Islamic law, different Madh'habs reflect different oppinions on some laws and obligations of sharia Shiite is the second largest denomination of Islam, afterSunni Islam. The followers of Shia Islam are called Shi'ites or Shias. "Shia" is the short form of the historic phrase Shīʻatu ʻAlī, meaning "followers of Ali", "faction of Ali", or "party of Ali" Ibadism Form of Islam distinct from the Sunni and Shia denominations. It is the dominant form of Islam in Oman and Zanzibar. There are also Ibadis in Algeria, Tunisia, East Africa as well as Libya. Believed to be one of the earliest schools, it is said to have been founded less than 50 years after the death of the prophet Muhammad. Ibadi communities are generally regarded as conservative. Sunni Muslims traditionally regard the Ibadiyya as a Kharijite group, but Ibadis reject this designation. Kharijite literally "those who went out"; singular, Khāriji) is a general term embracing various Muslims who, while initially supporting the authority of the final Rashidun Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib, the son-in-law and cousin of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, later rejected his leadership. The Kharijites were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to Takfir, whereby they declared other Muslims to be unbelievers and therefore deemed them worthy of death. Takfir In Islamic law, takfir or takfeer ( refers to disbelief, or the practice of declaring oneself an unbeliever or kafir (pl. kuffār), previously consideredMuslim. Advertisement Dhimmi Linguistically, the word means "one whose responsibility has been taken". This has to be understood in the context of the definition of state in Islam, which is different from the current definition of citizenship of a state. Wahhabism branch within Sunni Islam It was developed by an 18th century Muslim theologian (Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab) from Najd, Saudi Arabia, who advocated purging Islam of "impurities". Wahhabism is the dominant form of Islam in Saudi Arabia. It has developed considerable influence in the Muslim world in part through Saudi funding of mosques, schools and social programs. attacked a "perceived moral decline and political weakness" in the Arabian Peninsula and condemned what he perceived as idolatry, the popular cult of saints, and shrine and tomb visitation. Salafi The word Salaf is an Arabic noun which translates to "predecessor", or "forefather" and who are collectively referred to as the "Salaf as-Saaleh", or Pious Predecessors, namely the first three Muslim generations. These three generations and their understanding of the texts and tenets of Islam are looked upon by Salafis as the Islamic orthodoxy, and a model for how Islam should be practiced. Sufism Defined by its adherents as the inner,mystical dimension of Islam. A practitioner of this tradition is generally known as a ṣūfī. Another name for a Sufi is Dervish. Classical Sufi scholars have defined Sufism as "a science whose objective is the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God." Cossacks are a group of predominantly East Slavic peop


What was the famous one-word reply of General McAuliffe of the US to a German demand for surrender during the Battle of the Bulge in WWII?

The story of the NUTS! reply | Article | The United States Army The story of the NUTS! reply By Kenneth J. McAuliffe, Jr.December 12, 2012 1 / 3 Show Caption + Hide Caption – (Photo Credit: U.S. Army) VIEW ORIGINAL 2 / 3 Show Caption + Hide Caption – (Photo Credit: U.S. Army) VIEW ORIGINAL 3 / 3 Show Caption + Hide Caption – Brig. Gen. Anthony McAuliffe and his staff gathered inside Bastogne's Heintz Barracks for Christmas dinner Dec. 25th, 1944. This military barracks served as the Division Main Command Post during the siege of Bastogne, Belgium during WWII. The facility is now a museum known as the "Nuts Cave". (Photo Credit: U.S. Army) VIEW ORIGINAL On December 22, 1944, at about 11:30 in the morning, a group of four German soldiers, waving two white flags, approached the American lines using the Arlon Road from the direction of Remoifosse, south of Bastogne. The group consisted of two officers and two enlisted men. The senior officer was a Major Wagner of the 47th Panzer Corps. The junior officer, Lt. Hellmuth Henke of the Panzer Lehr Operations Section, was carrying a briefcase under his arm. The two enlisted men had been selected from the 901st Panzer Grenadier Regiment. The Americans defending in that location were members of F Company of the 327th Glider Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. The Germans walked past a bazooka team in a foxhole in front of the Kessler farm and stopped in front of the foxhole of PFC Leo Palma, a B.A.R. gunner. Palma described the officers as wearing long overcoats and shiny black boots. Lieutenant Henke, who spoke English said, "I want to see the commanding officer of this section." Palma was at a loss for words, but Staff Sergeant Carl E. Dickinson who had been manning a position nearby walked out to the road and called the group over to him. The Germans explained that they had a written message to be presented to the American Commander in Bastogne. Henke said they would consent to being blindfolded and taken to the American Commanding Officer. In fact, they had brought blindfolds with them. Henke blindfolded Wagner and Dickinson blindfolded Henke. As the blindfolds were being applied, Dickinson was joined by PFC Ernest Premetz, a German-speaking medic of his platoon who offered to serve as an interpreter. However no interpreter was needed. Dickinson and Premetz left the two German enlisted men there and took the two German officers to the Kessler farmhouse. Tech. Sgt. Oswald Y. Butler, Acting Platoon Leader of the 1st Platoon, and Lt. Leslie E. Smith, Platoon Leader of the Weapons Platoon, told them to take the blindfolded officers to the F Company Command Post. They took the two German officers on a roundabout route to the Command Post of F Company, 327th GIR, which was a large foxhole located in a wooded area about a quarter mile away. Shortly after arriving at the command post, they were joined by Capt. James F. Adams, the F Company Commander, who had been at a forward observation post when he was notified of the arrival of the Germans. When Adams arrived, 1st Sgt. Constantine A. Pappas informed him that the German major had already presented a written message. The F Company Executive Officer, Lt. William J. Herzke, was on the phone, reading the message to their Battalion Command Post in Marvie. The 2nd Battalion Command Post then notified the 327th Regimental Headquarters in Bastogne. Col. Bud Harper, the 327th Regimental Commander, was not there; he was out inspecting his unit's positions. The senior officer present was the Regimental Operations Officer, Major Alvin Jones. Maj. Jones notified the Division Headquarters in Bastogne and asked for instructions. He was told to retrieve the message and bring it to the Division Headquarters. He drove to the F Company Command Post and was given the message. The two blindfolded officers were kept in the woods adjacent to the foxhole Command Post. Upon receiving Maj. Jones' phone call at Division Headquarters, the Acting Chief of Staff, Lt. Col. Ned Moore entered Brig. Gen. Anthony C. McAuliffe's sleeping quarters adjac


In 1948, which Latin American country became the first in the world to constitutionally abolish its army?

Country Info | Aesthetic Dental Implantology, Dental Implants Costa Rica, Cosmetic Dentistry Home / Costa Rica / Country Info Costa Rica is located in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the east. It was the first country in the world to constitutionally abolish its army in 1948, it has no military forces and is one of the most consolidated democracies in Latin America. It has an area of 51,100 km² and a population of 4.500.000 habitants in seven provinces, and its political and economic center is the city of San José, the capital, with 1.350.000 habitants. Costa Rica has suffered a significant evolution in its economy was transformed from an agricultural economy to a service economy. The country has a high standard of living, especially when is compared to other nearby countries. It is the only Latin American country included in the list of the 22 oldest democracies in the world. Costa Rica ranks third worldwide in the classification of the Environmental Performance Index 2009.     Among Latin American countries, Costa Rica occupies first place in the classification of tourism competitiveness index. It ranks third in Latin America following the index of quality of life and the second in terms of Global Competitiveness Index. According to the World Bank Development, Costa Rica is the fourth largest exporter of technology worldwide. CNN proclaimed Costa Rica the happiest place on earth in July of 2009. Please see their report at: cnn news. That was confirmed by a report published in the UK by the BBC in January of 2010, they said: “Costa Ricans report the highest life satisfaction in the world and have the second-highest average life expectancy of the new world (second to Canada)”. The study was conducted by The New Economics Foundation.     Daily Flights to Costa Rica Costa Rica has two main international airports, San José (city capital) and Liberia (in the province of Guanacaste, where they are the most beautiful beaches). Daily flights departs from U.S.A., Canada and Europe to Costa Rica on airlines such as American Airlines, Continental Airlines, Air Canada, United Airlines, Delta Airlines, U.S. Airways, MartinAir, Iberia, Air France, Spirit Airlines, Condor, Taca, Mexicana, Copa, Avianca, Frontier Airlines and others. From Miami to Costa Rica the flight is very short, lasting only 2 hours 30 min Language Spanish is the official language of Costa Rica. English is widely spoken. Weather Tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November). The Pacific coast is drier while the Atlantic is wetter, 300 days a year. The temperature in San Jose ranges from 75-80 F and 57-60 F. The hottest months are January to March. Flora and Fauna Nature This country is one that has more varied and contrasting biodiversity in the world. The diversity of flora and fauna are virtually unmatched. Hosts over 209 species of mammals, 383 kinds of reptiles and amphibians and 2,000 species of butterflies. Although Costa Rica covers only 0.3% of the superifice the planet, has 5% of all plant and animal species on the planet. Religion Catholic 76.3%, Evangelical 13.7%, Jehovah’s Witnesses 1.3%, Protestant 0.7%, other 4.8% and 3.2% None Currency The official currency is the “Columbus.” Currently the exchange rate is about 510 colones per U.S. dollar with some minor variations. Calling Code: +506


"Whose last words before he drank poison reportedly were ""Crito, we owe a cock to Asclepius. Pay it and do not neglect it.""?"

Journal of the International Plato Society Articles           Accepted Hemlock Poisoning and the Death of Socrates: Did Plato Tell  the Truth? This paper will be appearing at greater length in the forthcoming  book, The Trial and Execution of Socrates, edd. Thomas C Brickhouse and Nicholas  D. Smith, Oxford University Press, 2001. ENID BLOCH State  University of New York at Buffalo, NY USA Introduction The closing pages of Plato's Phaedo provide a stunning  picture of the effects of poison upon the body of Socrates. Plato describes  a slowly ascending paralysis, beginning in Socrates' feet and creeping steadily  up his legs toward his chest, with Socrates' mind remaining clear until the  end. Death arrives calmly and peacefully. It is a remarkable account, rich in  emotive power and in clinical detail. But is it true? Let us recall once again those final hours. After Socrates drank  the poison, 'he walked about and, when he said his legs were heavy, lay down  on his back, for such was the advice of the attendant.' The jailor then began  to examine Socrates, much in the way a modern physician might do. The man … laid his hands on him and after a while examined    his feet and legs, then pinched his foot hard and asked if he felt it. He    said ‘No’; then after that, his thighs; and passing upwards in this way    he showed us that he was growing cold and rigid. And then again he touched    him and said that when it reached his heart, he would be gone. The chill    had now reached the region about the groin, and uncovering his face, which    had been covered, he said – and these were his last words – 'Crito, we owe    a cock to Asclepius. Pay it and do not neglect it.' 'That,' said Crito,    'shall be done; but see if you have anything else to say.' To this question    he made no reply, but after a little while he moved; the attendant uncovered    him; his eyes were fixed. And Crito when he saw it, closed his mouth and    eyes. Plato, Phaedo 117e-118a,  trans. Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1990  edition, pp. 401-3. So vivid is this process of dying, most readers through the  ages probably have accepted Plato’s account without question, its very attention  to clinical detail sufficient evidence of its veracity. Yet it has hardly gone  unchallenged. In the 1970's the classicist Christopher Gill ('The Death of Socrates', Classical Quarterly, 23, 1973, pp. 25-8) and the pathologist William  Ober ('Did Socrates Die of Hemlock Poisoning?', New York State Journal of  Medicine, 77.1, Feb., 1977, pp. 254-8) suggested that Plato had deliberately  distorted the truth for his own dramatic or philosophic purposes. Hemlock poisoning,  they claimed, would have produced a far nastier and more violent end. Because  Plato wished to portray the philosophic idea of the soul departing peacefully  from the body, he needed to envision a quiet, dignified unfolding of symptoms. In 1991 these same arguments would be repeated by Bonita Graves et al., in a paper claiming to shed 'twentieth century scientific light'  on the death of Socrates (Graves, B.M. et al., 'Hemlock Poisoning: Twentieth  Century Scientific Light Shed on the Death of Socrates,' pp. 156-68 in Boudouris,  K.J., ed, The Philosophy of Socrates, International Center for Greek  Philosophy and Culture, Athens, 1991). But why would Plato have expected  his readers to accept so bold a distortion? Socrates' death had hardly been  a secret affair. Not only had his final hours been witnessed by a large group  of talkative friends, in politically volatile Athens such executions were a  frequent event. Would it not have made much more sense for Plato to write honestly  and accurately about a poison with which he and his contemporaries already were  far too familiar? It might seem a simple matter to resolve this issue, perhaps  with one phone call to a physician, poison hotline, or botanical garden. But  accurate knowledge of hemlock is


A motto of which lethal 20th century regime was 'To keep you is no benefit. To destroy you is no loss' referring to civilian Cambodians?

The Pol Pot Khmer Rouge(Red) Cambodia War 1975-1978 – Iwansuwandy's Blog      WELCOME TO THE MAIN HALL OF FREEDOM                  SELAMAT DATANG DI GEDUNG UTAMA “MERDEKA The Driwan’s  Cybermuseum Dr Iwan Cambodia War Cybermuseum Showroom : The Pol Pot Khmer Rouge(red) Cambodia War 1975-1978 A.Chronologic Historic Collections   1.1975 1975, the U.S. had withdrawn its troops from Vietnam. Cambodia’s government, plagued by corruption and incompetence, also lost its American military support. Taking advantage of the opportunity, Pol Pot’s Khmer Rouge army, consisting of teenage peasant guerrillas, marched into Phnom Penh and on April 17 effectively seized control of Cambodia. Once in power, Pol Pot began a radical experiment to create an agrarian utopia inspired in part by Mao Zedong’s Cultural Revolution which he had witnessed first-hand during a visit to Communist China. Mao’s “Great Leap Forward” economic program included forced evacuations of Chinese cities and the purging of “class enemies.” Pol Pot would now attempt his own “Super Great Leap Forward” in Cambodia, which he renamed the Democratic Republic of Kampuchea. He began by declaring, “This is Year Zero,” and that society was about to be “purified.” Capitalism, Western culture, city life, religion, and all foreign influences were to be extinguished in favor of an extreme form of peasant Communism. All foreigners were thus expelled, embassies closed, and any foreign economic or medical assistance was refused. The use of foreign languages was banned. Newspapers and television stations were shut down, radios and bicycles confiscated, and mail and telephone usage curtailed. Money was forbidden. All businesses were shuttered, religion banned, education halted, health care eliminated, and parental authority revoked. Thus Cambodia was sealed off from the outside world. All of Cambodia’s cities were then forcibly evacuated. At Phnom Penh, two million inhabitants were evacuated on foot into the countryside at gunpoint. As many as 20,000 died along the way. Millions of Cambodians accustomed to city life were now forced into slave labor in Pol Pot’s “killing fields” where they soon began dying from overwork, malnutrition and disease, on a diet of one tin of rice (180 grams) per person every two days. Workdays in the fields began around 4 a.m. and lasted until 10 p.m., with only two rest periods allowed during the 18 hour day, all under the armed supervision of young Khmer Rouge soldiers eager to kill anyone for the slightest infraction. Starving people were forbidden to eat the fruits and rice they were harvesting. After the rice crop was harvested, Khmer Rouge trucks would arrive and confiscate the entire crop. Ten to fifteen families lived together with a chairman at the head of each group. All work decisions were made by the armed supervisors with no participation from the workers who were told, “Whether you live or die is not of great significance.” Every tenth day was a day of rest. There were also three days off during the Khmer New Year festival. Throughout Cambodia, deadly purges were conducted to eliminate remnants of the “old society” – the educated, the wealthy, Buddhist monks, police, doctors, lawyers, teachers, and former government officials. Ex-soldiers were killed along with their wives and children. Anyone suspected of disloyalty to Pol Pot, including eventually many Khmer Rouge leaders, was shot or bludgeoned with an ax. “What is rotten must be removed,” a Khmer Rouge slogan proclaimed. In the villages, unsupervised gatherings of more than two persons were forbidden. Young people were taken from their parents and placed in communals. They were later married in collective ceremonies involving hundreds of often-unwilling couples. Up to 20,000 persons were tortured into giving false confessions at Tuol Sleng, a school in Phnom Penh which had been converted into a jail. Elsewhere, suspects were often shot on the spot before any questioning. Ethnic groups were attacked including the three largest minorities; the Vietnamese, Chinese, and Cham Muslims, along with


What is the name of the village on the border between North and South Korea where the 1953 armistice that halted the Korean War was signed?

North Korea declares 1953 armistice invalid - CNN.com North Korea declares 1953 armistice invalid By Madison Park, CNN Updated 1:07 PM ET, Mon March 11, 2013 Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds. JUST WATCHED The agreement ended the three-year war between the North and South The North has nullified the agreement on several occasions Diplomacy between North and South has zigzagged from conciliatory to bellicose The North Korean army has declared invalid the armistice agreement that ended the Korean War in 1953, the official newspaper of the country's ruling Workers' Party said Monday. Since last week, North Korea had been threatening to scrap the armistice after the U.N. Security Council passed tougher sanctions against it in response to its February 12 nuclear test. On Monday, the Rodong Sinmun newspaper reported that the Supreme Command of North Korea's army had done so. "The U.S. has reduced the armistice agreement to a dead paper," the newspaper said. North Korea also cut off direct phone links with South Korea at the inter-Korean border village of Panmunjom, according to South Korea's Yonhap news agency. The phone line was the emergency link for quick, two-way communication between the two sides. JUST WATCHED MUST WATCH What to make of N. Korea's newest threat 03:10 The armistice agreement, signed in 1953, ended the three-year war between North and South Korea in a truce. Since the two sides remain technically at war, it remains to be seen whether the invalidation means that either side can resume hostilities. The Rodong Sinmun reported the Supreme Command saying that it can now make a "strike of justice at any target anytime, not bound to the armistice agreement and achieve the national reunification, the cherished desire of the Korean nation." However, the North has nullified the agreement on several occasions in the past. A look back at the history of the armistice. What is the armistice agreement? It is the agreement that ended the war between North and South Korea. It is a truce, rather than a peace treaty. Has the North ended the armistice before? Yes. In 2003, Pyonyang's official Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) announced that it may have "no option" but to stop honoring the armistice because of the United State's "persistent war moves." In 2009, North Korea said its military would no longer be bound by the agreement because South Korea was joining a U.S.-led anti-proliferation plan. Part of the reason for the latest move are the joint exercises between the United States and South Korea. A bigger reason is t ougher sanctions passed in the U.N. Security Council against North Korea in response to its nuclear test on February 12. Pyongyang carried out its third nuclear test, despite international condemnation. What caused the division of Korea? For most of the first half of the 20th century, Japan controlled the Korean peninsula as its colony. By the end of the World War II as Japan neared defeat, the allies agreed to an independent Korea. The United States and Soviet Union divided postwar occupation of Korea along the 38th parallel and the two sides were ideologically opposite. Pyongyang scraps armistice amid heightened saber rattling Why did war break out? On June 25, 1950, a surprise attack by North Korean soldiers who crossed the 38th parallel easily overwhelmed South Korean forces. The United States leapt to the defense of the South. As South Korean, U.S. and U.N. forces fought back and gained ground into North Korea, Chinese forces joined the war on the North's side later that year. To this day, China remains a crucial ally of North Korea and the U.S. of South Korea. What toll did the war take? The toll of the war included about 1.2 million deaths in South Korea, 1 million deaths in North Korea, 36,500 deaths for U.S. troops and 600,000 deaths for Chinese soldiers. What are the lasting effects of the war? The brutal war separated thousands of families, and created the world's most heavily fortified border. It also drew the alliances that exist today. When


What South African island was used as a gaol for political prisoners while the country was under the policy of apartheid?

Political executions in South Africa by the apartheid government 1961 - 1989 | South African History Online South African History Online Home » Politics & Society » Poqo » Political executions in South Africa by the apartheid government 1961 - 1989 Poqo Liberation history Timeline 1960-1969 Archives A poster mobiliszing support to save Marcus Motaung, Jerry Mosololi and Simon Mogoerane from execution. Political executions in South Africa by the apartheid government 1961 - 1989 On 9 June 1983, three members of the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC), uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK), were executed at the gallows in Pretoria Central Prison. Marcus Motaung , Jerry Mosololi and Simon Mogoerane were charged with treason, with alternative charges of terrorism, murder and attempted murder, among others. Despite an international campaign to save their lives, the apartheid government went ahead with the execution. Arguably, two of the pillars that sustained the apartheid government’s rule for 46 years were racially divisive legislation, and sheer brute force. The period from the 1960s to the 1980s was punctuated by the enactment of security laws that enabled the government to arrest, detain and imprison those who fought against its racist laws. Several anti-apartheid political activists found themselves serving long prison sentences in various gaols across the country. Over and above this, the security apparatus of the government also engaged in the extra-judicial killing of anti-apartheid political activists. Incidents involving abduction, murder and death in detention – often with no recourse to a court of law – became increasingly common, particularly during periods of heightened political tension. While illegal executions were common, the focus of this feature is on those who were sentenced to death and executed after they were brought to trial. Between 1961 and 1989, about 134 political prisoners were executed by the apartheid government at Pretoria Central Prison. Two decades in particular – the 1960s and the 1980s – witnessed many political executions. While Pretoria Central prison was the main site for executions, it was not the only facility in the country to enact these murderous acts. The Aftermath of Sharpeville One of the turning points in the history of South Africa was the Sharpeville Massacre on 21 March 1960 , when the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) organised and led a protest against the pass laws. Police fired on the crowd of unarmed protestors, killing 69 people and injuring 180.  As tension mounted, the government declared a state of emergency on 30 March 1960 and banned the ANC, PAC and the South African Communist Party (SACP). As a result, thousands of activists were detained and imprisoned, while many others fled into exile. The clampdown precipitated the launch of the armed struggle by the now banned liberation movements. The execution of Poqo activists, 1961-1989 In 1961 the PAC launched its armed wing, Poqo , and engaged in an armed rebellion against whites and perceived government representatives. Between 1962 and 1963 Poqo activists carried out attacks against both black and white targets, particularly in the Cape and Transkei. The period between January and November 1962, in particular, saw an increase in PAC attacks. In response, the government arrested several PAC and Poqo activists – by June 1963, 3,246 members were arrested across the country and 124 accused of murder. While several were sentenced to lengthy terms on Robben Island , others were put to death. On 1 October 1963 four members of Poqo – Richard Matsapahae, Josia Mocumi, Thomas Molatblegi and Petrus Mtshole – were sentenced to death for the murder on 18 March 1963 of a Black Special Branch detective. On 16 March 1962, Poqo activists attacked and killed Michael Livele Moyi, a policeman in Langa, and injured five others. Jim Mountain Ngantweni and Zibongile Serious Dodo were arrested in connection with Moyi’s death, and further charges were laid against Nontasi Albert Tshweni and Donker Ntsabo, who were already serving sentences for o


What burning-liquid weapon was used by the Byzantine Greeks to great effect as it could continue burning even on water?

What is Greek Fire? | Sciforums What is Greek Fire? John J. Bannan Registered Senior Member Messages: Do we know exactly what Greek fire was?   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_fire Greek fire was a burning-liquid weapon used by the Byzantine Greeks, typically in naval battles to great effect as it could continue burning even on water. "Byzantine fire" was largely responsible for many Byzantine military victories, and partly the reason for the Byzantine Empire surviving as long as it did. The formula was a secret and remains a mystery to this day. Click to expand... nietzschefan Thread Killer Valued Senior Member Messages: Do we know exactly what Greek fire was? Click to expand... Not really.  It was probably similar to naphtha or naphtha was a component. Interesting topic, I wouldn't mind knowing the true answer.   spidergoat Trump rejects intelligence Valued Senior Member Messages: It's not a secret. I have a book of formulas from the 30's which gives the recipe. Perhaps the actual recipe that the Greeks used is a mystery, but the same effects can be replicated with modern chemicals.   http://www.hypatia-lovers.com/footnotes/Section10.pdf Fortunately for us, a formula for Greek Fire has survived through a passagefrom the Eighth Century* book of Marcus Graecus, Liber Ignium ad Comburendos Hostes — a passage which has come down to us through a quotation by the Ninth Century Arabian physician, Mesue: "Greek Fire is made as follows: take sulfur, tartar, sarcocolla, pitch, melted saltpeter, petroleum oil, and oil of gum, boil all these together, impregnate tow [i.e., the coarse or broken part of flax orhemp, prepared for spinning] with the mixture, and the material is ready to be set on fire. This fire cannot be extinguished by urine, or by vinegar, or by sand ... Flying fire may be obtained in the following manner: take one part of colophony [rosin], the same of sulfur, and two parts of saltpeter. Dissolve the pulverized mixture in linseed oil, or better in oil oflamium. Finally, the mixture is placed in a reed or a piece of wood which has been hollowed out.When it is set on fire, it will fly in whatever direction one wishes, there to set everything on fire. Click to expand...


What weapon do many historians call 'the machine gun of the Middle Ages'?

England's Medieval Festival - Visitors Info - History - English Longbow The English Longbow by Christopher Agius The might of the English longbow has long since transformed this medieval weapon in to a nationally adopted weapon possessing mythical prowess. Many consider it as the machine gun of the Middle Ages, a flight of its arrows was likened to a lethal storm that maimed , killed and demoralised everyone in its murderous path. Without any doubt in mind it has been the main element that enabled England to become the superpower of the medieval world, usurping the title by sheer brutal force from France. The Origins of the English Longbow For centuries before the appearance of this incredible weapon on the battlefield, armies depended on heavily armoured cavalry to win the day. Its role was to demoralise, run down by the sheer force of the charge and finally to pursue and strike down the panic stricken fugitives of their fearsome attack. However, during the 14th century all this was going to change. At the battle of Crecy in 1346 during the Hundred Years War , an outnumbered English host composed chiefly of archers armed with the longbow put an end to the knight's arrogant sense of invincibility and supremacy. The English became acquainted with the longbow in the 13th century while campaigning in Wales. The Welsh took a heavy toll on the invaders by using this extraordinary weapon of war. On their part the English were quick to realise the impact that the longbow could produce on the battlefield. As soon as the Welsh campaign was successfully over, Welsh conscripts began to be incorporated in to the English army, whilst also training their own archers. The lessons the English learned by hard experience in Wales were going to be put in practise with deadly effect on their enemies on the battlefield of France ad Scotland in the coming years. The Longbow The longbow was renowned for being a hard hitting weapons, with stories being told of Welsh longbow men penetrating a four inch solid oak door with their arrows at the siege of Abergavenny Castle during the Welsh campaign. The longbow was a cheap weapon to produce and one that could be easily constructed and maintained by the common subjects. The weapon varied in length according to the height of its user and since the average height of Medieval yeoman was around five feet two inches, the longbow rarely exceeded the length of six feet. The longbow was made by hand from the English yew. Staves were cut only in Winter, when the sap was down. Skilful cutting and shaping of the stave in a D-section left a layer of sapwood left along the flattened back of the bow. The heartwood of yew is able to withstand compression and its sapwood is elastic by nature, and both tend to return to their original straightness when the bow is loosened. The edges were notched in order to take the string made of hemp or silk. There is no rest for the arrow on the bow ; it rests simply on the index finger of the archer himself. The best material for the longbow came from yew trees in the mountainous regions of Italy and Spain. This was due to the poor terrain that the trees grew in. This fact made the wood of these trees lighter due to a lesser amount of grain found in the staves. So important was this consideration that it was ordered that with every shipment of imported wine from Southern France there must be a consignment of yew staves. The archers used a mixture of fine tallow, resin and wax to protect the bow from the elements, especially during damp weather. Also it was not unusual for a bow to be carried in an appropriate bow case to safeguard it more effectively from wet atmospheric conditions. Special care was taken in the protections of the string, since a broken string was a major shortcoming on the battlefield that could effectively put the weapon out of action.. In battle the arrows were either carried in an arrow bag or a belt quiver. In the absence of this, it was common practise to simply stuff a sheaf of arrows through the belt. The back quiver that one so often see in swashbuckling


What two countries formed in 1993 as a result of what is known as the 'Velvet Divorce'?

The 9 newest countries in the world - The Washington Post The 9 newest countries in the world The inside track on Washington politics. Be the first to know about new stories from PowerPost. Sign up to follow, and we’ll e-mail you free updates as they’re published. You’ll receive free e-mail news updates each time a new story is published. You’re all set! By Adam Taylor By Adam Taylor September 16, 2014 Follow @mradamtaylor The Scottish flag (R) and British Union Jack (L) fly outside the Scotland Office in London on Aug. 28, 2014. EPA/FACUNDO ARRIZABALAGA This week, Scottish voters go to the polls to make a big decision: Should they stay a part of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland, or become an independent sovereign state? It's an enormous decision, and the debate over what exactly will happen to Scotland if it does go independent is still waging. One thing is certain, however: if the "yes" vote wins, Scotland will become the newest independent state in the world, pushing South Sudan to Number 2 and Kosovo to Number 3. Will Scotland follow the same fate as any of the other young nations in the world? Perhaps, but probably not. A glance down the list of the nine newest sovereign states below reveals that each situation is unique: It's hard to fully equate Scotland's situation with that of Slovakia, let alone with East Timor. Even so, a glance back at history does show that the world's borders are changing more than we might appreciate: And the changes can sometimes take some time to settle. July 2011 – South Sudan United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNAMIS) personnel guard South Sudanese people displaced by recent fighting in Jabel, on the outskirts of capital Juba on Dec. 23, 2013. REUTERS/James Akena South Sudan declared independence from Sudan on July 9, 2011, after a bloody civil war with the ethnically Arab north that had lasted decades. Almost  99 percent of voters had voted for independence in a referendum, and the new country was swiftly recognized by the international community. The United States played a key role in the South Sudan's  journey to statehood . However, since independence the country has faced a number of problems, most of which can be traced back to two big factors: 1) South Sudan's high poverty rate , 2) the ethnically diverse political movements in the country that now lack a common enemy. Add to that large and largely untapped natural resources, and you have a young country that has been beset by political infighting in the past few years. Right now, South Sudan is nine months into a civil war that has displaced a million of its 11 million people, and facing a famine that could see 50,000 children die before the end of the year. February 2008 – Kosovo Kosovars and foreign visitors take their seats on a raised platform to watch a documentary film during Dokufest in Prizren on Aug. 20, 2014.  REUTERS/Hazir Reka Kosovo declared independence from Serbia on Feb. 17, 2008 . The country had been administered by the United Nations since 1999, when NATO bombed Serbia and forced then-President Slobodan Milosevic to withdraw his troops from the ethnically divided province. Kosovo's independence was opposed by Russia, which warned of other breakaway movements ( worth remembering during the Crimea crisis) and Serbia, which had expressed fears for the ethnic Serbs who live there. While a small majority of U.N. member states recognize Kosovo, the country has not applied for U.N. membership out of concern. Kosovo's post-independence statehood has not been free of problems:  Ethnic tension and organized crime remain, and the country's economy is clearly underdeveloped (the official unemployment rate last year was 45 percent ). June 2006 – Montenegro and Serbia Montenegro players celebrate after scoring during the Euro 2016 qualifying match between Montenegro and Moldova, at the City Stadium in Podgorica, Montenegro, Sept. 8, 2014. (AP Photo/Risto Bozovic) The single nation of Serbia and Montenegro, formed after the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991, changed into the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2003, a


The Battle of Austerlitz, one of Napoleon's greatest victories is also known by what name that references Emperor Francis and the Russian Czar along with Napoleon himself?

HOT FREE BOOKS • The History of Napoleon Buonaparte • John Gibson Lockhart • 6 Home - Random Browse A conspiracy suppressed never fails to strengthen the power it was meant to destroy: and Buonaparte, after the tragedies of D'Enghien and Pichegru, beheld the French royalists reduced everywhere to the silence and the inaction of terror. Well understanding the national temper, he gave orders that henceforth the name of the exiled family should be as much as possible kept out of view; and accordingly after this time it was hardly ever alluded to in the productions of the enslaved press of Paris. The adherents of the Bourbons were compelled to content themselves with muttering their resentment in private saloons, where, however, the Chief Consul commonly had spies—who reported to him, or to his Savarys and Fouches, the jests and the caricatures in which the depressed and hopeless party endeavoured to find some consolation. In order to check the hostile feeling excited among the sovereigns of the continent by the murder of the Bourbon Prince, the French government were now indefatigable in their efforts to connect the conspiracy of Georges Cadoudal with the cabinet of England. The agents of the police transformed themselves into numberless disguises, with the view of drawing the British ministers resident at various courts of Germany into some correspondence capable of being misrepresented, so as to suit the purpose of their master. Mr. Drake, envoy at Munich, and Mr. Spencer Smith, at Stuttgard, were deceived in this fashion; and some letters of theirs, egregiously misinterpreted, furnished Buonaparte with a pretext for complaining, to the sovereigns to whom they were accredited, that they had stained the honour of the diplomatic body by leaguing themselves with the schemes of the Chouan conspirators. The subservient princes were forced to dismiss these gentlemen from their residences; but the English ministry made such explanations in open Parliament as effectually vindicated the name of their country. Lord Elgin, British ambassador at Constantinople, had been one of those travellers detained at the out-breaking of the war, and was now resident on his parole in the south of France. He was, on some frivolous pretext, confined in a solitary castle among the Pyrenees; and there every device was practised to induce him to, at least, receive letters calculated, if discovered in his possession, to compromise him. But this nobleman, sagaciously penetrating the design, baffled it by his reserve. Being liberated from confinement shortly after, he communicated what had happened to a friend, a member of the French Senate, who traced the matter home to some of Fouche's creatures, and congratulated Lord Elgin on having avoided very narrowly the fate of Pichegru. Sir George Rumbold, the British minister at Hamburg, escaped that consummation still more narrowly. During the night of the 23rd October a party of French soldiers passed the Elbe, as Ordonner and his gang had crossed the Rhine on the 14th of March, and boldly seized Rumbold within the territory of an independent and friendly state. He was hurried to Paris, and confined in the fated dungeons of the Temple: but none of his papers afforded any plausible pretext for resisting the powerful remonstrance which the King of Prussia thought fit to make against an outrage perpetrated almost within sight of his dominions; and, after a few days, Sir George was set at liberty. Meantime, while all the princes of Europe regarded with indignation (though few of them, indeed, cared to express the feeling openly) the cruel tragedies which had been acted in France, the death of Pichegru had suppressed effectually the hopes of the royalists in that country, and the exile of Moreau deprived the republicans of the only leader under whom there was any likelihood of their taking arms against the Chief Consul. He resolved to profit by the favourable moment for completing a purpose which he had long meditated; and, on the 30th of April, little more than a month after the Duke d'Enghien died, one Curee wa


Idries Shah who achieved prominence as an authority on Sufism is credited with popularizing the stories of which 13th folk figure of Turkey known for his wit and humor?

THE END OF ALL SECRETS – THE OFFICIAL RESISTANCE Nov 28, 2013 "Hypnotism is nothing new they used to call it putting someone under a spell" It will just keep coming until all is laid bare and everything is transparent so you can see...We are coming together rapidly! This has been made in to audio for brevity. Expand http://www.mediafire.com/listen/s99iwtsb6ssnpeq/The%20End%20of%20all%20Secrets.mp3 The following is an excerpt from Black Terror White Soldiers by David Livingstone MK-Ultra, the CIA's infamous "mind control" program, was an extension of the behavior control research conducted by the Tavistock Institute. Formed at Oxford University, London, in 1920 by the Royal Institute for International Affairs (RIIA), a sister organization to the Council of Foreign Relations (CFR) created by the Round Table, the Tavistock Clinic became the Psychiatric Division of the British Army during World War II.[1] The clinic took its name from its benefactor Herbrand Russell, Marquees of Tavistock, 11th Duke of Bedford. The Dukes of Bedford was the title inherited by the influential Russell family, one of the most prominent aristocratic families in Britain who came to power and the peerage with the rise of the Tudor dynasty. Herbrand Russell and arch-conspirator Bertrand Russell shared the same great grandfather, John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford. Bertrand Russell was descended from John Russell’s third son, Bertrand’s grandfather, John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, who served twice as Prime Minister of the England in the 1840s and 1860s. Herbrand Russell’s son, Hastings Russell, Lord Tavistock, the 12th Duke of Bedford, went on to become patron of the British Peoples Party, a far-right political party founded in 1939 and led by ex-members of Oswald Mosley’s British Union of Fascists. It was he whom Rudolf Hess flew to England to contact about ending World War II. The basis of the project of the Tavistock Institute was explained by Round Tabler, Lord Bertrand Russell, is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege and his protégé Ludwig Wittgenstein, and is widely held to be one of the twentieth century's premier logicians. Russell offered a revealing glimpse into Frankfurt School’s mass social engineering efforts, in his 1951 book, The Impact of Science on Society: I think the subject which will be of most importance politically is mass psychology... Its importance has been enormously increased by the growth of modern methods of propaganda. Of these the most influential is what is called "education." Religion plays a part, though a diminishing one; the press, the cinema, and the radio play an increasing part.... It may be hoped that in time anybody will be able to persuade anybody of anything if he can catch the patient young and is provided by the State with money and equipment. …Although this science will be diligently studied, it will be rigidly confined to the governing class. The populace will not be allowed to know how its convictions were generated. When the technique has been perfected, every government that has been in charge of education for a generation will be able to control its subjects securely without the need of armies or policemen.[2] A successor organization, the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, was then founded in 1946 under a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation when it separated from the Tavistock Clinic. According to John Coleman, a former British Intelligence agent, it was Tavistock-designed methods that got the US into World War II and which, under the guidance of Dr. Kurt Lewin, established the OSS. Tavistock became known as the focal point in Britain for psychoanalysis and the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud and his followers. Tavistock is ostensibly a British charity concerned with group behavior and organizational behavior. Tavistock engages in educational, research and consultancy work in the social sciences and applied psychology. Its clients are chiefly public sector organizations, including the European Union, several British government


"What 1945 classic satire was rejected for publication by T. S. Eliot as ""We have no conviction ... that this is the right point of view from which to criticise the political situation at the present time...""?"

7 Crazy Reasons Famous Books Were Rejected by Publishers - Weird Worm Weird Worm 7 Crazy Reasons Famous Books Were Rejected by Publishers October 13, 2011 Image Sources Subscribe to our newsletter You might think that those guys that are responsible for publishing books have an innate knack for spotting the best manuscripts and stories , and if anything needs to be rejected, it’s often for a good reason. How naive of you, because that’s not true at all. Here the seven best examples of where the publishers didn’t spot the best talent and decided to be assholes about it to boot. 1. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone by JK Rowling Why It Had Trouble: That's right; JK Rowling was rejected by 12 publishers. The problem with children's books in the 1990s was that the market was saturated. There were so many children's novels they weren't viewed as being profitable . Many publishers enjoyed the story, but they didn't think there was a market for more children's fantasy novels. Rowling was incredibly poor and was raising a baby daughter; in fact, she was so busy she used to walk around Edinburgh until her daughter fell asleep so she could find time to write. The novel was also rejected because it was too long for children. After all: in an era of video games and cable television, what child has the time or patience to read such a large novel? How It Was Finally Published: After many rejections ,Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was published, yet Rowling was told not to expect to make any money off of the book deal and was only offered a £1,500 advance. Rowling at the time didn't have enough money to live off and had to apply for a government grant of £8000 in order to buy a word processor to type the Chamber of Secrets . Only three days after the Philosopher's Stone was released, Scholastic Publishers offered Rowling £100 000 for the publishing rights (the largest in history at the time). Since then, Harry Potter has since made Rowling one of the richest people in the UK and spawned a massively successful movie series. We guess the publishers were right, no one reads children's books anymore. Except these people: and these people: Animal Farm by George Orwell Why It Had Trouble: Perhaps one of the most famous satires about an authoritarian government was rejected by publishers. But not just by any publisher, but by TS Eliot, one of the most famous poets of the 20th Century. In the recently released rejection letter, Eliot wrote "We have no conviction that this is the right point of view from which to criticise the political situation at the current time,” adding that he thought its “ view, which I take to be generally Trotskyite, is not convincing ”. The reason was in 1944 Joseph Stalin was a good friend of the US and Britain and vital in the effort to end World War II . Also, the novel made Snowball, or Trotsky, a hero at a time when that was extremely unpopular. Eliot even defended Stalin, by proxy, in his rejection letter by arguing “After all, your pigs are far more intelligent than the other animals, and therefore the best qualified to run the farm – in fact there couldn’t have been an Animal Farm at all without them: so that what was needed (someone might argue) was not more communism but more public-spirited pigs.” This of course could be interpreted as Eliot defending Stalin, or other authoritarian governments, as long as they benefited the entire community. What perhaps Eliot missed is that Stalin was a madman who terrorized his own people, caused massive starvation, and almost brought on a massive nuclear holocaust. How It Was Finally Published: Fortunately for readers, the war was winding down, and relations between the west and the USSR began to immediately sour (perhaps unfortunately for the rest of the world), making Animal Farm topical . The need to keep Stalin as an ally soon waned and Orwell's book was accepted for publication. The book received almost universal acclaim and Orwell went on to write another dystopian novel, Nineteen-Eighty Four. And although the allies were initially skeptical of mak


Sequels featuring which character who originally appeared in a 1913 novel were published as Glad Books from 1915 onward?

Project MUSE - Spinning Sympathy: Orphan Girl Novels and the Sentimental Tradition Orphan Girl Novels and the Sentimental Tradition Joe Sutliff Sanders (bio) Abstract The Wide, Wide World (1850), What Katy Did (1873), and Pollyanna (1913) provide a skeleton on which to build a history of the transmission of a women's literary tradition to girls' novels in the early twentieth century. Sympathy, the defining hallmark of sentimentalism, remains an important theme through both traditions, particularly in the ways it limits and ambiguously empowers fictional girls. However, women writing for girls in the decades following the emphasis on sentimentalism repeatedly confronted and revised the terms of sympathy better to suit their audience in a consumer economy. When Katy Carr, of Susan Coolidge's 1873 novel What Katy Did, awakes on Christmas morning in her invalid's bed, she is delighted to discover three important gifts. From her cousin Helen, who is also an invalid, there is "a little silver bell." Tied up near it is "a beautiful book . . 'The Wide Wide World'" (203). These gifts and others adorn a new chair, a gift from her father and the place in which she will spend many of her waking hours over the coming years. All three gifts will be important for the novel's happy ending. From this chair, Katy will assume a severely limited position in her family that allows her to find fulfillment and a measure of power. With the use of her bell, she will be able to summon siblings and servants so that she may exercise that power on them and well beyond her physical reach. Armed with a strategy preached in Susan Warner's pivotal sentimental novel (The Wide, Wide World was published in 1850 and sold through printing after printing faster than anyone, including the author, anticipated), she will make them eager to answer her summons, impatient to do her bidding. Together, these three gifts symbolize the promise and the threat of girls' fiction that follows the sentimental tradition. Such fiction offers girls dreams of power and a roadmap to achieving that power through what would later be called "sympathy." But to exercise that power, girls would have to accept profound limitations. When Warner's book appeared in Coolidge's story, The Wide, Wide World needed no introduction. Sally Mitchell has claimed that Warner's novel "was the best-loved" of a group of mid-nineteenth-century novels written for adults but that enjoyed long-lived popularity with girl readers in Britain (152), and the assumption on the part of the narrator of Coolidge's American novel seems to be similar for that audience. What Katy Did occupies a historical position between sentimental novels about girls and a later flowering of girls' fiction [End Page 41] fundamentally indebted to novels such as The Wide, Wide World. The purpose of this article is to trace one trope through the history in which Katy appears at the middle, a history beginning with sentimental novels of the mid-nineteenth century and ending with novels about orphan girls at the turn into the twentieth century, specifically 1880–1920. These popular, later novels borrowed a plot from earlier sentimental novels in order to revise sympathy—a hallmark of sentimental fiction—to fit better the reality of girls during the first acme of consumer culture in America. I join other scholars in saying that these orphan girl novels exist in a literary-historical continuum with women's sentimental novels of the midcentury, 1 but it is important to add to this standard argument two points about the transition from sentimentalism to turn-of-the-century orphan girl stories. First, the terms of that transition were controlled by sentimentalism: the formulaic plot in which a disempowered female protagonist uses sympathy to knit the people around her into a group bound by sameness was scripted for girls' novels by fiction of the earlier part of the nineteenth century. Second, although the terms are dictated by the previous generation, the new generation works endlessly to revise those terms so they are more suited to girl r


Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky a current-day husband and wife team are known for what type of contribution to literature?

BLOG 2013 Q2 BLOG 2013 Q2 Husain Haqqani Pakistan is a young country with a lot  of psychoses. India has never accepted it, but India never started a  war. Most of Pakistan's problems are psychological. The nuclear  weapons have not made us secure. Now we're like the guy who keeps buying  guns to protect himself, and then finds he can't sleep because he's  afraid somebody will steal them. Jean-Paul Sartre Adam Kirsch Sartre was a novelist, playwright, philosopher,  and activist. His existentialism was a philosophy of liberty: We can  always rebel against our circumstances by asserting our free will. But Sartre began to worship at the altar of Communism. He became an  apologist for oppression, so long as it came waving the banner of  liberation. A great intellect does not make a great man. Jonathan Sperber Marxian communism was an elemental response  to the productive forces unleashed by the industrial revolution. Lack of  money vexed Karl Marx and shaped the fury of his philosophy. He sought  to accommodate his Hegelian ideas to a more scientistic era, beginning  with applying the dialectic to Darwinism. Engels redacted his ideas to  iron out his ambivalence on positivism and to pass over his Hegelian  critique of the conceptual foundations of the natural sciences. 2013 June 30 The Observer National Security Agency worker Wayne Madsen has  revealed that six European Union countries, in addition to the UK, colluded  in mass harvesting of personal communications data. Denmark, the  Netherlands, France, Germany, Spain, and Italy had secret deals with the  United States under SIGINT agreements to hand over data to the NSA if  requested. International intelligence agreements recognize  three trust levels. The US is the first party, the UK, Canada, Australia,  and New Zealand enjoy second party relationships, and Germany and France  have third party relationships. Madsen said the NSA gets "the lion's share" of the SIGINT take, while the third parties get "highly sanitized  intelligence". Madsen remarked on the "sanctimonious outcry" of  political leaders who were "feigning shock" about the revelations. German  politicians had even accused the UK of spying. Madsen: "I can't understand  how Angela Merkel can keep a straight face, demanding assurances from Obama  and the UK while Germany has entered into those exact relationships." US Spying On EU Claus Hecking and Stefan Schultz Revelations that the US National  Security Agency targeted the European Union and several European countries  with its spying activities have led to angry reactions in Europe. European Parliament President Martin Schulz: "We need more  precise information. But if it is true, it is a huge scandal. That would  mean a huge burden for relations between the EU and the US. We now demand  comprehensive information." Luxembourg Foreign Minister Jean  Asselborn: "The EU and its diplomats are not terrorists. We need a guarantee  from the very highest level that it stops immediately." German  Justice Minister Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger: "If media reports are  correct, then it is reminiscent of methods used by enemies during the Cold  War." European Parliament Foreign Affairs Committee chairman Elmar  Brok: "The spying has reached dimensions that I didn't think were possible  for a democratic country. Such behavior among allies is intolerable." CSU MEP Markus Ferber: "A democratic constitutional state that uses  Stasi methods sacrifices all credibility as a moral authority. It has  destroyed trust." Green Party MEP Daniel Cohn-Bendit: "A simple note  of protest is not enough anymore. The EU must immediately suspend  negotiations with the US over a free trade agreement." Brainwashed Satel Sally and Scott O. Lilienfeld The brain is a masterwork of  nature endowed with cognitive powers that far outstrip the capacity of any  silicon machine built to emulate it. Containing roughly 80 billion neurons,  each of which communicates with thousands of other neurons, a human brain  has more connections than


"What are the first two lines of the poem Solitude by Ella Wheeler Wilcox whose next lines are shown below? "".................................................... ..................................................... For the sad old earth must borrow its mirth, But has trouble enough of its own..."""

Read Anthology.pdf Edexcel Poetry Anthology DRAFT for GCSE English and GCSE English Literature The Edexcel Poetry Anthology should be used to prepare students for assessment in: English 2EH01 - Unit 3 English Literature 2ET01 - Unit 2 Produced on behalf of Edexcel Limited by Pearson Education Limited, a company incorporated in England and Wales, having its registered office at Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Essex, CM20 2JE. Registered company number: 872828 © Edexcel Limited 2009 Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered office: One90 High Holborn, London, WC1V 7BH. VAT Reg. No. 780 0898 07 ISBN 978-1-84690-641-1 Copyright notice All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright owner, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 610 Kirby Street, London, EC1N 8TS (www.cla.co.uk). Applications for the copyright owner's written permission should be addressed to the publisher. Designed and produced by Pearson Education Limited Acknowledgements We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material: `Heidi with Blue Hair' and `Kissing' copyright © Fleur Adcock; `Before you were mine' and `Valentine' copyright © Carol Ann Duffy; `My Mother's Kitchen' copyright © Choman Hardi; `Lines to my Grandfather' copyright © Tony Harrison; `Now and Then', `Pessimism for Beginners', `Postcard from a Travel Snob', `Rubbish at Adultery' and `Your Dad Did What?' copyright © Sophie Hannah; `Cape Town Morning' and `Our Sharpeville' copyright © Ingrid de Kok; `Even Tho' and `Sea Timeless Song' copyright © Grace Nichols; `Poem at Thirty-Nine' copyright © Alice Walker; `Solitude' copyright © Ella Wheeler Wilcox. Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for use of copyright material. Edexcel will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications in future editions. Requests have been made to use the remaining poems, permissions pending. Contents: Collection A: Men and women Collection B: Ties and bonds Collection C: Clashes and collisions Collection D: Somewhere, anywhere Collection E: Taking a stand 1 13 25 37 49 Collection A Pity me not because the light of day Edna St. Vincent Millay Draft Edexcel Poetry Anthology for GCSE English and GCSE English Literature 1 Valentine Not a red rose or a satin heart. I give you an onion. It is a moon wrapped in brown paper. It promises light 5 like the careful undressing of love. Here. It will blind you with tears like a lover. It will make your reflection a wobbling photo of grief. I am trying to be truthful. Not a cute card or a kissogram. I give you an onion. Its fierce kiss will stay on your lips, 10 15 possessive and faithful as we are, for as long as we are. Take it. Its platinum loops shrink to a wedding-ring, if you like. Lethal. Its scent will cling to your fingers, cling to your knife. Carol Ann Duffy 20 Draft Edexcel Poetry Anthology for GCSE English and GCSE English Literature Collection A Rubbish at Adultery Must I give up another night To hear you whinge and whine About how terribly grim you feel And what a dreadful swine 5 You are? You say you'll never leave Your wife and children. Fine; When have I ever asked you to? I'd settle for a kiss. Couldn't you, for an hour or so, Just leave them out of this? A rare ten minutes off from guilty Diatribes  what bliss. Yes, I'm aware you're sensitive: A tortured, wounded soul. I'm after passion, thrills and fun. You say fun takes its toll, So what are we doing here? I fear We've lost our common goal. You're rubbish at adultery. 10 15 20 I think you ought to quit. Trouble is, though, fidelity? You're just as crap at it. Choose one and do it prope


Captain George Pollard, Jr., who inspired an all-time great 1851 novel, was the captain of Essex that was attacked and sunk by what?

The True-Life Horror That Inspired Moby-Dick   |   History | Smithsonian The True-Life Horror That Inspired Moby-Dick The whaler Essex was indeed sunk by a whale—and that's only the beginning smithsonian.com March 1, 2013 In July of 1852, a 32-year-old novelist named Herman Melville had high hopes for his new novel, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, despite the book’s mixed reviews and tepid sales. That month he took a steamer to Nantucket for his first visit to the Massachusetts island, home port of his novel’s mythic protagonist, Captain Ahab, and his ship, the Pequod. Like a tourist, Melville met local dignitaries, dined out and took in the sights of the village he had previously only imagined. From This Story How Nantucket Came to Be the Whaling Capital of the World And on his last day on Nantucket he met the broken-down 60-year-old man who had captained the Essex, the ship that had been attacked and sunk by a sperm whale in an 1820 incident that had inspired Melville’s novel. Captain George Pollard Jr. was just 29 years old when the Essex went down, and he survived and returned to Nantucket to captain a second whaling ship, Two Brothers. But when that ship wrecked on a coral reef two years later, the captain was marked as unlucky at sea—a “Jonah”—and no owner would trust a ship to him again. Pollard lived out his remaining years on land, as the village night watchman. Melville had written about Pollard briefly in Moby-Dick, and only with regard to the whale sinking his ship. During his visit, Melville later wrote, the two merely “exchanged some words.” But Melville knew Pollard’s ordeal at sea did not end with the sinking of the Essex, and he was not about to evoke the horrific memories that the captain surely carried with him. “To the islanders he was a nobody,” Melville wrote, “to me, the most impressive man, tho’ wholly unassuming, even humble—that I ever encountered.” Pollard had told the full story to fellow captains over a dinner shortly after his rescue from the Essex ordeal, and to a missionary named George Bennet. To Bennet, the tale was like a confession. Certainly, it was grim: 92 days and sleepless nights at sea in a leaking boat with no food, his surviving crew going mad beneath the unforgiving sun, eventual cannibalism and the harrowing fate of two teenage boys, including Pollard’s first cousin, Owen Coffin. “But I can tell you no more—my head is on fire at the recollection,” Pollard told the missionary. “I hardly know what I say.” The trouble for Essex began, as Melville knew, on August 14, 1819, just two days after it left Nantucket on a whaling voyage that was supposed to last two and a half years. The 87-foot-long ship was hit by a squall that destroyed its topgallant sail and nearly sank it. Still, Pollard continued, making it to Cape Horn five weeks later. But the 20-man crew found the waters off South America nearly fished out, so they decided to sail for distant whaling grounds in the South Pacific, far from any shores. To restock, the Essex anchored at Charles Island in the Galapagos, where the crew collected sixty 100-pound tortoises. As a prank, one of the crew set a fire, which, in the dry season, quickly spread. Pollard’s men barely escaped, having to run through flames, and a day after they set sail, they could still see smoke from the burning island. Pollard was furious, and swore vengeance on whoever set the fire. Many years later Charles Island was still a blackened wasteland, and the fire was believed to have caused the extinction of both the Floreana Tortoise and the Floreana Mockingbird. Essex First Mate Owen Chase, later in life. Photo: Wikimedia Commons By November of 1820, after months of a prosperous voyage and a thousand miles from the nearest land, whaleboats from the Essex had harpooned whales that dragged them out toward the horizon in what the crew called “Nantucket sleigh rides.” Owen Chase, the 23-year-old first mate, had stayed aboard the Essex to make repairs while Pollard went whaling. It was Chase who spotted a very big whale—85 feet in length, he estimated—lying quietly


Who is the popular author who served as Chancellor of Moratuwa University in Sri Lanka from 1979 to 2002?

People | University of Moratuwa Faculty of Information Technology Featured Pearsonalities Related to UoM "Arthur C. Clarke, CBE, FRAS, Sri Lankabhimanya, was a British science fiction author, inventor, and futurist. He was devoted to making sure the next generation would receive the best education possible not only by influencing young minds through his writing but also working in formal education. He served as the Chancellor of the University of Moratuwa in Sri Lanka in 1979-2002" "Philip Revatha (Ray) Wijewardene (1924 – 2010) was an extraordinary Sri Lankan who was called a Renaissance Man who excelled in many different areas of human endeavour: agriculture, aviation, engineering design, inventions, renewable energy technologies and water sports. He served as the Chancellor of the University of Moratuwa from 2002 to 2007" Staff at UoM   " University of Moratuwa is a top class technological university in the region whose name is strengthened by its highly qualified academic staff members. Academic Staff members of the University of Moratuwa are world renown for their contribution to the world of science through their knowledge and expertise in various fields such as Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology. " TOP LINKS


According to a 1864 adventure novel, Saknussemm's Corridor in an extinct volcano in Iceland is the place to start if you seek to go where?

A Journey to the Center of the Earth - Jules Verne | Journey To The Center Of The Earth A Journey to the Center of the Earth - Jules Verne See More 1864 A JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH by Jules Verne PDF Version by Solitude This E-Book is designed and published by Solitude PDF. For more free E-Books visit my Scribd at http://www.scribd.com/Al-Ghazali/ or my blog at http://bayualghazali.blogspot.com  CHAPTER 1 My Uncle Makes a Discovery LOOKING back to all that has occurred to me since that eventful day, I am scarcely able to believe in the reality of my adventures. They were truly so wonderful that even now I am bewildered when I Copyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC) 1864 A JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OFTHE EARTH by Jules Verne PDF Version by Solitude This E-Book is designed and published by Solitude PDF. For morefree E-Books visit my Scribd at http://www.scribd.com/Al-Ghazali/   or my blog at   http://bayualghazali.blogspot.com     CHAPTER 1My Uncle Makes a Discovery LOOKING back to all that has occurred to me since that eventfulday, I am scarcely able to believe in the reality of my adventures.They were truly so wonderful that even now I am bewildered when Ithink of them.My uncle was a German, having married my mother's sister, anEnglishwoman. Being very much attached to his fatherless nephew,he invited me to study under him in his home in the fatherland. Thishome was in a large town, and my uncle a professor of philosophy,chemistry, geology, mineralogy, and many other ologies.One day, after passing some hours in the laboratory- my uncle beingabsent at the time- I suddenly felt the necessity of renovating thetissues- i.e., I was hungry, and was about to rouse up our old Frenchcook, when my uncle, Professor Von Hardwigg, suddenly opened thestreet door, and came rushing upstairs. Now Professor Hardwigg, my worthy uncle, is by no means a badsort of man; he is, however, choleric and original. To bear with himmeans to obey; and scarcely had his heavy feet resounded within our  joint domicile than he shouted for me to attend upon him."Harry- Harry- Harry-"I hastened to obey, but before I could reach his room, jumping threesteps at a time, he was stamping his right foot upon the landing."Harry!" he cried, in a frantic tone, "are you coming up?" Now to tell the truth, at that moment I was far more interested in thequestion as to what was to constitute our dinner than in any problem   of science; to me soup was more interesting than soda, an omelettemore tempting than arithmetic, and an artichoke of ten times morevalue than any amount of asbestos.But my uncle was not a man to be kept waiting; so adjourningtherefore all minor questions, I presented myself before him.He was a very learned man. Now most persons in this categorysupply themselves with information, as peddlers do with goods, for the benefit of others, and lay up stores in order to diffuse them abroadfor the benefit of society in general. Not so my excellent uncle,Professor Hardwigg; he studied, he consumed the midnight oil, he pored over heavy tomes, and digested huge quartos and folios in order to keep the knowledge acquired to himself.There was a reason, and it may be regarded as a good one, why myuncle objected to display his learning more than was absolutelynecessary: he stammered; and when intent upon explaining the phenomena of the heavens, was apt to find himself at fault, and alludein such a vague way to sun, moon, and stars that few were able tocomprehend his meaning. To tell the honest truth, when the rightword would not come, it was generally replaced by a very powerfuladjective.In connection with the sciences there are many almostunpronounceable names- names very much resembling those of Welsh villages; and my uncle being very fond of using them, his habitof stammering was not thereby improved. In fact, there were periodsin his discourse when he would finally give up and swallow hisdiscomfiture- in a glass of water.As I said, my uncle, Professor Hardwigg, was a very learned man;and I now add a most kind relative. I was bound to him by the dou