Otello: Synopsis Lodivico, Bass, Ambassador of the Venetian republic Soldiers and sailors from Venice and the people of Cyprus. The Opera takes place at the end of the Fifteenth Century. It occurs in a seaport in Cyprus. Act I a seaport in Cyprus. It is night and a storm rages. The Cypriots are gathered at the harbor awaiting the arrival of Otello's ship. The storm grows in intensity as the safety of the ship is in doubt. Women from the island join the men in a chorus calling upon God to deliver the ship and their General (Dio, fulgor della bufera!). The mainsail breaks and the ship heads toward the breakers. The crowd cries for help as Iago comments to Roderigo, "Let the sea be her tomb!" At that moment, the ship is saved to everyone's reflief. Otello bursts upon the scene proclaiming victory over the Turks. (Esultate!) The Cypriots join in the cheers proclaiming, "Long Live Otello!" The storm begins to disperse. Iago approaches Roderigo and asks about his thoughts (Roderigo, ebben). Roderigo is upset about Desdemona and how to win her love. Iago promises Desdemona to him: "No woman's weak vow is too difficult for my talents." He adds that the reason for his hatred of the Moor is Cassio. "Cassio usurped my rank - rank I earned many times over in battle." He adds, "I would not want an Iago around me." He leads Roderigo upstage to plot their course as a bonfire begins to blaze and roar. The Cypriots gather around it praising the fire (Fuoco di gioa). Iago calls upon Roderigo to fetch more wine for Cassio (Roderigo, beviam!). Cassio protests that he has had enough wine. Iago goads him into drinking more by toasting the marriage of Otello and Desdemona. Cassio praises Desdemona's radiance as Iago tells Roderigo to beware of Cassio: "He will get in your path. If he gets drunk, well, he is lost! Make him drink." Iago begins the brindisi (Inaffia l'ugola!) (1). Roderigo keeps filling Cassio's cup. The crowd joins the lively song as Iago and Roderigo succeed - Cassio becomes drunk. Iago tells Roderigo to start a quarrel with Cassio. Montano arrives to escort Cassio to his turn at guarding the castle. Cassio staggers toward Montano who inquires, "What do I see?" Iago retorts that Cassio is like this every evening. Montano says that Otello should be informed of this. Roderigo laughs at Cassio, who charges him as the two trade insults. Montano separates them, but is drawn into the brawl by Cassio. The crowd also joins in the foray as sword fights and general mayhem becomes the rule of thumb. Iago commands Roderigo to spread confusion and horror through the harbor. Iago then calls for the fighting to end. Montano is wounded as alarms sound and the chaos spreads. Otello bursts upon the scene, commanding everyone to drop their weapons (Abbasso... le spade!). He asks Iago to explain what has happened. Iago claims ignorance and adds, "I would rather have lost my legs than have them carry me to this sight." Otello turns on Cassio and asks how he could have forgotten himself so. He offers no explanation and instead asks for pardon. Otello discovers that Montano has been wounded. His anger increases. Desdemona enters as Otello strips Cassio of his rank. Iago declares triumph as Otello orders him to restore peace to the village. He then orders the area cleared immediately. The scene empties and Verdi begins one of the most expansive love duets he wrote. The duet is divided into three main sections. Otello declares that silence has finally arrived (Già nella notte densa). He rejoices in the embrace of his spouse and her love for him. Desdemona praises her superb warrior. She also remembers the lonely evenings apart and rejoices in their embrace. The duet turns to talk of their courtship (Quando narravi). Otello describes the battles he had told her about. She adds also of the time he spent as a slave. Desdemona praises him for the dangers he survived and Otello says he loved her for it. The mood changes as Otello is caught up in the esctasy of the moment (Venga la morte!). They both pray that their love will be eternal. Otello asks for a ki


The Baldwin Project: The Story of Old France by H. A. Guerber   THE PATRON SAINT OF FRANCE [38] ALTHOUGH widely scattered by persecution, the remaining Christians in Gaul proved true to their faith. When the persecution was over, some came back to Lyons, where they began to preach again, and won many converts; for many people, who had hesitated until them, could not help believing in a religion which gave old men and delicate girls as much courage, even under torture, as any soldier had ever shown on the field of battle. A new preacher, Ireneus, bishop of Lyons, was so good and holy that even during his lifetime he was called a saint, and as he was very learned too, he is known as the "Light of the West," and is considered one of the Fathers of the Church. Ireneus taught until he perished in the second persecution, which took place about twenty-five years after the first. Another early bishop was St. Denis (sānt de*#774;n'is, or săN de-nee') who went to Paris, then only a very small city on an island in the Seine (san). St. Denis preached so successfully here, that when the second persecution began, he was head of a thriving church, built on the very spot where Notre Dame (nō'tr'däm) now stands, and where Jupiter's temple had once been erected. Three hundred of his disciples bravely suffered great tortures with him, andthem were beheaded on a hill which now forms part of the city and which is still known as the Martyrs' Hill (Montmartre). A good woman is said to have buried the holy bishop's remains where the church of St. Denis now stands. A wonderful legend soon arose about him, tot he effect that, when his head was struck off, he arose and picked it up [39] and walked some distance away with it! For this reason he is often shown in paintings and sculptures with his severed head in his hands. St. Denis is the patron saint of France, and his name was the watchword for French soldiers for many centuries; so his burial place has always been greatly honored, his bones regarded as sacred relics, and his real life and death are often represented in art, [40] although not so frequently as the queer legend which you have just heard. There were ten awful persecutions in Gaul in about two hundred and fifty years. During that time many martyrs in different places were persecuted, and if you were to hear all they endured, you would see how very brave they were, and why so many people hold their names in such great honor. One of the most noted converts of the fourth century was the man since known as St. Martin. It seems that he was a handsome and rich young Roman officer, who was almost ready to accept the Christian faith, when the following adventure happened to him in Gaul. One cold night, on riding home from a feast, wrapped in a fine new cavalry cloak, he saw a poor beggar shivering with the cold. They young officer, who had a very feeling heart, quickly drew his sword, and cutting his big cape in two, gave half of it to the beggar to keep warm. Than night, in a dream, Martin saw Jesus wearing the half cloak he had given the beggar, and heard him tell the angels that his servant Martin, although not baptized, had nevertheless obeyed his command to clothe the naked. When Martin awoke, he asked to be baptized; soon after, he left the army, and entering the Church, became bishop of tours. He preached to such good purpose that there were soon no heathen left in Gaul, and he and his disciples destroyed all the old pagan temples and altars left there. The place where St. Martin was buried became holy, and for many years no criminal could be touched as long as he was within the sacred inclosure at Tours. Unlike [41] St. Denis, St. Martin died a natural death, for Christian persecutions came to an end when one of the Roman Emperors became a Christian.


Who is the main Patron Saint of Germany?

Patron Saint of Germany Patron Saint of Germany Who is the Patron Saint of Germany? Why is Saint Boniface the Patron Saint of Germany? Short, concise biography of Saint Boniface the Patron Saint of Germany History, Life, Biography, Facts and Information about Saint Boniface Fast, concise facts and information about Saint Boniface the Patron Saint of Germany How Patron Saint of Germany is represented in Christian Art Patron Saint of Germany Who is the Patron Saint of Germany? Who is the Patron Saint of Germany? The name of the Patron Saint of Germany is Saint Boniface. What is the meaning of a Patron Saint and why were these people chosen to become patrons of causes, professions and countries?     The term 'Patron' is used in Christian religions, including the Roman Catholic religion, to describe holy and virtuous men and women who are considered to be a defender of a specific group of people or of a country. Fast facts and information about Saint Boniface the Patron Saint of Germany A patron is considered to be a defender of a specific group of people or of a nation. There is a patron for virtually every cause, profession or special interest. The following facts provides fast information about Saint Boniface: Saint Boniface The Patron Saint of Germany Memorial Day / Feast Day: June 5th Date of Death of Saint Boniface: A.D. 755 Cause of Death: Murdered by Pagans Click the following link for a detailed Biography of Saint Boniface the Patron Saint of Germany. Prayers to Saint Boniface the Patron Saint of Germany There is a patron for virtually every cause, country, profession or special interest. Prayers are considered more likely to be answered by asking a patron, such as Saint Boniface the Patron Saint of Germany for intercession on their behalf. Prayer to St. Boniface - Patron Saint of Germany Why is Saint Boniface the Patron Saint of Germany? Why is Saint Boniface the Patron Saint of Germany? Because his life was sacrificed while preaching the Gospel to the pagans in Friesland (Friesland was originally part of the German empire but is now a province in the north of the Netherlands). He was martyred in Friesland at the age of seventy-five with 52 others. How Patron Saint of Germany is represented in Christian Art It is helpful to be able to recognise Saint Boniface the Patron Saint of Germany in paintings, stained glass windows, illuminated manuscripts, architecture and other forms of Christian art. The artistic representations reflect the life or death of saints, or an aspect of life with which the person is most closely associated. Saint Boniface the Patron Saint of Germany is represented in Christian Art with a copy of the Gospels transfixed by a sword. Feast Day of Patron Saint of Germany The Feast Day of Saint Boniface the Patron Saint of Germany is June 5th. The origin of Feast Days: most saints have specially designated feast days and are associated with a specific day of the year and these are referred to as the saint's feast day. The feast days first arose from the very early Christian custom of the annual commemoration of martyrs on the dates of their deaths at the same time celebrating their birth into heaven.   Who is the Patron Saint of Germany? Why is Saint Boniface the Patron Saint of Germany? Short, concise biography of Saint Boniface the Patron Saint of Germany History, Life, Biography, Facts and Information about Saint Boniface Fast, concise facts and information about Saint Boniface the Patron Saint of Germany How Patron Saint of Germany is represented in Christian Art Feast Day


Who was the Greek sorceress who turned Odysseus' men into swine?

Circe - definition of Circe by The Free Dictionary Circe - definition of Circe by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Circe  (sûr′sē) n. Greek Mythology A goddess who turned Odysseus's men temporarily into swine but later gave him directions for their journey home. Cir′ce·an (sûr′sē-ən, sər-sē′ən) adj. Circe (ˈsɜːsɪ) n (Classical Myth & Legend) Greek myth an enchantress who detained Odysseus on her island and turned his men into swine Circean adj an enchantress of Greek myth who turned Odysseus' companions into swine. Cir•ce•an (sərˈsi ən) adj. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun 1. Circe - (Greek mythology) a sorceress who detained Odysseus on her island and turned his men into swine Greek mythology - the mythology of the ancient Greeks sorceress - a woman sorcerer Circe [ˈsɜːsɪ] n → Circe f Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: titania References in classic literature ? Out of the high heaven is she summoned, from mystic communion with her own perfection, from majestic labours in the Sistine Chapel of the Stars,--yea, she must put aside her gold-leaf and purples and leave unfinished the very panels of the throne of God,--that Circe shall have her palace, and her worshippers their gilded sty. View in context He descended, or rather seemed to descend, several steps, inhaling the fresh and balmy air, like that which may be supposed to reign around the grotto of Circe, formed from such perfumes as set the mind a dreaming, and such fires as burn the very senses; and he saw again all he had seen before his sleep, from Sinbad, his singular host, to Ali, the mute attendant; then all seemed to fade away and become confused before his eyes, like the last shadows of the magic lantern before it is extinguished, and he was again in the chamber of statues, lighted only by one of those pale and antique lamps which watch in the dead of the night over the sleep of pleasure.


What was the name of the Dutch MP refused entry into the UK in early 2009?

BBC NEWS | UK | UK Politics | Dutch MP refused entry to Britain Dutch MP refused entry to Britain Wilders: "It's a very sad day for freedom of speech in the UK" A Dutch MP who called the Koran a "fascist book" has been sent back to the Netherlands after attempting to defy a ban on entering the UK. Freedom Party MP Geert Wilders had been invited to show his controversial film - which links the Islamic holy book to terrorism - in the UK's House of Lords. But Mr Wilders, who faces trial in his own country for inciting hatred, has been denied entry by the Home Office. He told the BBC it was a "very sad day" for UK democracy. The Dutch ambassador was also at Heathrow to make clear his government's opposition to the ban on Mr Wilders entering the UK. 'Free speech' Mr Wilders' film Fitna caused outrage across the Muslim world when it was posted on the internet last year. After being questioned at Heathrow, the MP said he had been to the House of Lords two weeks ago and there had been "no problem". He added: "I'm not doing anything wrong. I'm not protesting or running through the streets of London." Lord Pearson explains why he invited Dutch MP Geert Wilders to the UK Mr Wilders added: "Democracy means differences and debate. It's a very sad day when the UK bans an elected parliamentarian... Of course I will come back." He said the government's actions had proved that Gordon Brown was the "biggest coward in Europe". Mr Brown's spokesman said the prime minister "fully supports the decision" taken by Home Secretary Jacqui Smith. Mr Wilders was invited to the House of Lords for a screening of Fitna by the UK Independence Party's Lord Pearson. The peer said it was a "matter of free speech", telling the BBC: "We are going to show it anyway because we think MPs and peers should see this film." 'No purpose' He added: "The film isn't offensive unless you are a violent Islamist. Most of my Muslim friends think it's a very good film." Fitna's opening scenes show a copy of the Koran followed by footage of the 9/11 attacks in the US and the bombings in Madrid in 2004 and London in 2005. The Lords screening went ahead as planned, despite Mr Wilder's non-attendance. RECENT CASES Jamaican reggae singer Bounty Killer (real name Rodney Pryce) allowed entry despite using controversial lyrics about homosexuals and gang culture Muslim cleric Dr Yusuf al-Qaradawi refused entry in order to protect community cohesion. He has described suicide bombers as "martyrs" and homosexuality as "a disease" Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan barred on the grounds that his allegedly racist and anti-Semitic views could threaten public order Martha Stewart and US rapper Snoop Dogg denied entry because of criminal convictions BBC political correspondent Iain Watson said about 30 people had been at the screening and had given a round of applause, while calling for a debate on the issues raised. The Dutch prime minister has said the film serves "no purpose other than to offend". Foreign Secretary David Miliband told the BBC's Hardtalk: "The home secretary made a decision on an individual case as she is required to do." He added that the film contained "extreme anti-Muslim hate and we have very clear laws in this country". Mr Miliband also said: "We have profound commitment to freedom of speech but there is no freedom to cry 'fire' in a crowded theatre and there is no freedom to stir up hate, religious and racial hatred, according to the laws of the land." Cabinet Office minister Liam Byrne said, on BBC One's Question Time: "This guy wasn't coming here to exercise his right of free speech. This guy was trying to come here in order to sow division between us in this country. "Everything I've heard about this guy tells me he's a bigot and the right place for him is to stay at home." The Home Office said there was a blanket ban on Mr Wilders entering the UK under EU laws enabling member states to exclude someone whose presence could threaten public security. 'No respect' "The government opposes extremism in all forms," it said in a statement, adding that it had tighten


Which art movement was originally formed by Walter Gropius in 1918 in Weimar?

The Bauhaus, 1919–1933 | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art Works of Art (10) Essay The Bauhaus was founded in 1919 in the city of Weimar by German architect Walter Gropius (1883–1969). Its core objective was a radical concept: to reimagine the material world to reflect the unity of all the arts. Gropius explained this vision for a union of art and design in the Proclamation of the Bauhaus (1919), which described a utopian craft guild combining architecture, sculpture, and painting into a single creative expression. Gropius developed a craft-based curriculum that would turn out artisans and designers capable of creating useful and beautiful objects appropriate to this new system of living. The Bauhaus combined elements of both fine arts and design education. The curriculum commenced with a preliminary course that immersed the students, who came from a diverse range of social and educational backgrounds, in the study of materials, color theory, and formal relationships in preparation for more specialized studies. This preliminary course was often taught by visual artists, including Paul Klee ( 1987.455.16 ), Vasily Kandinsky (1866–1944), and Josef Albers ( 59.160 ), among others. Following their immersion in Bauhaus theory, students entered specialized workshops, which included metalworking, cabinetmaking, weaving, pottery, typography, and wall painting. Although Gropius’ initial aim was a unification of the arts through craft , aspects of this approach proved financially impractical. While maintaining the emphasis on craft, he repositioned the goals of the Bauhaus in 1923, stressing the importance of designing for mass production. It was at this time that the school adopted the slogan “Art into Industry.” In 1925, the Bauhaus moved from Weimar to Dessau, where Gropius designed a new building to house the school. This building contained many features that later became hallmarks of modernist architecture, including steel-frame construction, a glass curtain wall, and an asymmetrical, pinwheel plan, throughout which Gropius distributed studio, classroom, and administrative space for maximum efficiency and spatial logic. The cabinetmaking workshop was one of the most popular at the Bauhaus. Under the direction of Marcel Breuer ( 1983.366 ) from 1924 to 1928, this studio reconceived the very essence of furniture, often seeking to dematerialize conventional forms such as chairs to their minimal existence. Breuer theorized that eventually chairs would become obsolete, replaced by supportive columns or air. Inspired by the extruded steel tubes of his bicycle, he experimented with metal furniture, ultimately creating lightweight, mass-producible metal chairs. Some of these chairs were deployed in the theater of the Dessau building. The textile workshop, especially under the direction of designer and weaver Gunta Stölzl (1897–1983), created abstract textiles suitable for use in Bauhaus environments. Students studied color theory and design as well as the technical aspects of weaving. Stölzl encouraged experimentation with unorthodox materials, including cellophane, fiberglass, and metal. Fabrics from the weaving workshop were commercially successful, providing vital and much needed funds to the Bauhaus. The studio’s textiles, along with architectural wall painting, adorned the interiors of Bauhaus buildings, providing polychromatic yet abstract visual interest to these somewhat severe spaces. While the weaving studio was primarily comprised of women, this was in part due to the fact that they were discouraged from participating in other areas. The workshop trained a number of prominent textile artists, including Anni Albers (1899–1994), who continued to create and write about modernist textiles throughout her life. Metalworking was another popular workshop at the Bauhaus and, along with the cabinetmaking studio, was the most successful in developing design prototypes for mass production. In this studio, designers such as Marianne Brandt ( 2000.63a-c ), Wilhelm W


In which year did Mussolini seize power in Italy and the Irish Free State become established?

Mussolini's Dictatorship - History Learning Site Citation: C N Trueman "Mussolini’s Dictatorship" historylearningsite.co.uk. The History Learning Site, 25 May 2015. 16 Aug 2016. Mussolini’s Dictatorship Mussolini’s road to a dictatorship took much longer than Hitler’s in 1933. Hitler was appointed chancellor on January 30th 1933. By April 1st 1933, his power was such that, after the Enabling Act, Hitler could only be seen as the dictator of Nazi Germany regardless of Hindenburg’s presidency. Mussolini’s public posturing and boasts did not guarantee loyalty in Italy – hence why it was so important for him to establish a relationship with the Roman Catholic Church . He only gained what could be described as dictatorial powers after the Lateran Treaty whereby he could guarantee loyalty from those Catholics who may well have not been supporters of the fascist state in Italy. Mussolini took years to achieve what could be defined as a dictatorship. He achieved some semblance of power after the March on Rome in 1922 when he was appointed Prime Minister of Italy. But his government contained a mixture of men with different political beliefs – similar to Hitler’s position in January 1933. But his time in power almost collapsed after the murder of Matteotti when great anger gripped Italy. If he had been a true dictator in 1922, then such an uproar would never have happened as his enemies and the Italian people in general would have been cowed into submission. Mussolini started his time in power by buying support from both the working class and the industrial bosses. The workers were promised an eight hour day while an enquiry into the profits made by the industrialists during World War One was dropped. The rich benefited from a reduction in death duties – now, under Mussolini, more of what someone had earned during their lifetime, went to their family and not the government. To get support from the Roman Catholic Church , religious education was made compulsory in all elementary schools. These policies can be seen as an attempt to ‘buy’ support. As an example, in 1933 Hitler introduced workers holidays into Germany (similar to a bank holiday). This was very popular. He then almost immediately banned trade unions which protected workers rights. Any protests over this were banned as a result of the Enabling Act – Hitler did not bargain with anyone. Mussolini was not in a position whereby he could assert his authority and it is probable that the extent of his dictatorial powers never did equal those acquired by Hitler. Mussolini had never intended to share power with the liberals who were in the government. He introduced a Fascist Grand Council which would decide policy for Italy without consulting the non-fascists in the government first. In February 1923, Mussolini and the Fascist Grand Council introduced the Acerbo Law. This law changed election results. Now if one party got just 25% (or more) of the votes cast in an election, they would get 66%of the seats in parliament. When it came for Parliament to vote on the Acerbo Law, many politicians agreed to a law that would almost certainly end their political careers if they were not fascists. Why did they do this? The gallery in the hall in which the politicians voted was filled with armed fascist thugs who had a good view of anybody who spoke out against the law. The threat was clear and real. If you voted for the law, you would be fine. If you did not, then you were certainly in danger from fascist thugs. Mussolini did say in the spring of 1924 that “a good beating did not hurt anyone.” Mussolini as he wished to be seen – in military uniform and a formidable figure Hitler used very similar tactics when the vote for the Enabling Act was taken at the Kroll Opera House in Berlin – SA thugs gathered outside the Opera House while the SS lined the corridors to the main hall where the voting was to take place. Again, the threat was clear to any politician who was brave enough to protest against the law. In the March election that followed the Acerbo Law, the Fascist Party got 65% of the v


In which year was Gandhi assassinated and the state of Israel set up?

Gandhi, his Grandson, Israel, and the Jews | Religion Dispatches Religion Dispatches March 9, 2010 Gandhi, his Grandson, Israel, and the Jews When Arun Gandhi, the grandson of one of history’s greatest political actors and thinkers writes publicly that  “Israel and the Jews” are the greatest promoters of “a culture of violence,” he speaks with an inherited authority—not to mention the implied comparison between this violent culture and the pacifism of his family legacy. But what did Mahatma Gandhi actually think of the idea of Israel, and of the fate of the Jews of his time? As it turns out, M.K. Gandhi engaged in sustained conversation with Jewish intellectuals of his day—many of whom were dismayed by the great man’s insistence, for example, that Jews in Germany should have willingly “offered themselves to the butcher’s knife.” In this essay, Shalom Goldman sketches out the little-known background to a contemporary controversy. Click here for a preformatted PDF booklet of this article, and here for Letters to the Editor in response to it. ++++ In early January, Arun Gandhi, grandson of Mahatma Gandhi, posted a short essay on Newsweek/Washington Post’s “On Faith.” The response to his posting was so passionate and violent that Gandhi was forced to resign his position as director of the M.K. Gandhi Institute for Nonviolence at the University of Rochester. The topic of discussion on the blog that day was “the future of Jewish identity.” The moderators, Jon Meacham and Sally Quinn, had posed a question that week that was linked to the airing of the PBS television series “The Jewish Americans.” The question was: We know what ‘Jewish identity’ has meant in the past. What will it mean in the future? How does a minority religion retain its roots and embrace change? From a scholarly standpoint Meacham and Quinn’s question was not sufficiently nuanced. (Students of Jewish history would be quite surprised by their assertion that “we know what ‘Jewish identity’ meant in the past”—in fact, what constitutes modern Jewishness has been the subject of vigorous debate since the French Revolution!) But if the question lacked nuance, Arun Gandhi’s answer, posted (perhaps too hastily) on the same day that the question was posed by the moderators, lacked all proportion or sense of civility. As the essay was brief, and its effect powerful and still reverberating months later, it is worth reproducing in full: JEWISH IDENTITY CAN’T DEPEND ON VIOLENCE Jewish identity in the past has been locked into the holocaust experience—a German burden that the Jews have not been able to shed. It is a very good example of how a community can overplay a historic experience to the point that it begins to repulse friends. The holocaust was the result of the warped mind of an individual who was able to influence his followers into doing something dreadful. But, it seems to me the Jews today not only want the Germans to feel guilty but the whole world must regret what happened to the Jews. The world did feel sorry for the episode but when an individual or a nation refuses to forgive and move on the regret turns into anger. The Jewish identity in the future appears bleak. Any nation that remains anchored to the past is unable to move ahead and, especially a nation that believes its survival can only be ensured by weapons and bombs. In Tel Aviv in 2004 I had the opportunity to speak to some Members of Parliament and Peace activists all of whom argued that the wall and the military build-up was necessary to protect the nation and the people. In other words, I asked, you believe that you can create a snake pit—with many deadly snakes in it—and expect to live in the pit secure and alive? What do you mean? they countered. Well, with your superior weapons and armaments and your attitude towards your neighbors would it not be right to say that you are creating a snake pit? How can anyone live peacefully in such an atmosphere? Would it not be better to befriend those who hate you? Can you not reach out and share your technological advancement with your neighbors and build


Which art movement was formulated as an anarchic form of expressionism in Zurich in 1916 possibly by poet Tristan Tzara?

Modern Art Movements Jackson Pollock This USPS stamp illustrates Pollock's drip technique. Abstract expressionism was an American post- World War II art movement . It was the first specifically American movement to achieve worldwide influence and also the one that put New York City at the center of the art world, a role formerly filled by Paris . The term was first applied to American art in 1946 by the critic Robert Coates . Technically, its most important predecessor is often said to be surrealism , with its emphasis on spontaneous, automatic or subconscious creation. Jackson Pollock 's dripping paint onto a canvas laid on the floor is a technique that has its roots in the work of Max Ernst . The movement gets its name because it is seen as combining the emotional intensity and self-expression of the German Expressionists with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools such as Futurism , the Bauhaus and Synthetic Cubism . Additionally, it has an image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, rather nihilistic. In practice, the term is applied to any number of artists working in New York who had quite different styles, and even applied to work which is not especially abstract nor expressionist. Pollock's energetic " action paintings ", with their "busy" feel, are very different both technically and aesthetically to the rather violent and grotesque Women series of Willem de Kooning (which is not particularly abstract) and to the serenely shimmering blocks of colour in Mark Rothko 's work (which does not seem particularly expressionist), yet all three are classified as abstract expressionists. That said, abstract expressionist paintings do tend to share certain definite characteristics, such as a fondness for large canvases, an emphasis on the canvas's inherent flatness, and an "all-over" approach, in which all areas of the canvas are treated with equal importance (as opposed to the center being of more interest than the edges, for example). As the first truly original school of painting in America, abstract expressionism demonstrated the vitality and creativity of the country in the post-war years, as well as its need (or ability) to develop an aesthetic sense that was not constrained by the European standards of beauty. Articles on two leading abstract expressionists Jackson Pollock (http://www.terraingallery.org/Jackson-Pollock-Ambition-DK.html) and Philip Guston (http://www.aestheticrealism.org/Philip_Guston/Philip_Guston.html), by American artist Dorothy Koppelman, relating their art to their lives from the Aesthetic Realism point of view, can be seen on the Terrain Gallery (http://www.terraingallery.org/Art-Talks-Archive.html) Web site. Canadian artist, Jean-Paul Riopelle (1923-2002), helped introduce abstract impressionism to Paris in the 1950s. By the 1960s , the movement had lost most of its impact, and was no longer so influential. Movements which were direct responses to, and rebellions against, abstract expressionism had begun, such as pop art and minimalism . However, many painters who had produced abstract expressionist work continued to work in that style for many years afterwards extending and expanding its visual and philosophical implications . Abstract expressionism's main representatives were: William McGregor Paxton Art Deco Art Deco was a movement in decorative arts that also affected architecture , deriving its name from the World's fair held in Paris in 1925 , formally titled the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes , which showcased French luxury goods and reassured the world that Paris remained the international center of style. Art Deco did not originate with the Exposition; it was a major style in Europe from the early 1920s, though it did not catch on in the U.S. until about 1928, when it quickly modulated into the Moderne during the 1930s , the decade with which the concept of Art Deco is most strongly associated today. The term Art Deco was coined during the Exposition of 1925 but did not receive wider usage unti


X Factor Winner Dec 2008 - The Winner Is Alexandra Burke - YouTube X Factor Winner Dec 2008 - The Winner Is Alexandra Burke Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Dec 13, 2008 X-Factor announces winner Alexandra Burke Dec 2008. When autoplay is enabled, a suggested video will automatically play next. Up next X Factor 2008 FINAL: Alexandra Burke - Hallelujah: FULL HD - Duration: 6:10. Alex Campbell 23,835,084 views 6:10 Alexandra Burke X Factor 2008 FULL Audition to Winning - Duration: 38:26. Alex burke 826,748 views 38:26 Angry Acts: Top 5 Angriest Contestants from The X Factor UK - Duration: 29:05. X Factor Global 7,845,868 views 29:05


Who was on the throne of England in 1095?

William II, king of England Encyclopedia  >  History  >  Biographies  >  British and Irish History: Biographies William II William II or William Rufus (rōˈfus) [ key ], d. 1100, king of England (1087–1100), son and successor of William I. He was called William Rufus or William the Red because of his ruddy complexion. His first act as king was to put down the effort of his uncle, Odo of Bayeux, to seat William I's eldest son, Robert II , duke of Normandy, on the English throne. Having quelled the rebellion in England, William invaded (1090) Normandy, secured a portion of Robert's lands, and then agreed to help his brother regain lands, most notably Maine, that Robert had previously lost. After his return to England, William forced Malcolm III of Scotland to do him homage (1091) and seized (1092) the city of Carlisle from the Scots. Having quarreled with Robert over their agreement of 1091, William again invaded Normandy in 1094 and bribed Philip I of France to withdraw his support from Robert. In 1095 he suppressed an English rebellion led by the earl of Northumberland and made an unsuccessful expedition against the Welsh. A second Welsh campaign in 1097 was also ineffective, but in that year William gained control of the Scottish throne by sanctioning the successful expedition of Edgar Atheling to dethrone Malcolm III's son Donald Bane. In the meantime Robert, who needed money to go on the First Crusade, had pledged (1096) his duchy to William in return for the sum of 10,000 marks. From 1097 to 1099 William was engaged primarily in campaigns in France, securing and holding northern Maine but failing in his attempt to seize the French Vexin. At the time of his death he was planning to occupy Aquitaine. William ruled England with a strong hand and aroused the hatred particularly of the church, for which he had utter contempt. He extorted large sums of money from the church by the sale of church appointments and by leaving sees and abbeys vacant so that their revenues would come to him. Although responsible for the appointment (1093) of Saint Anselm as archbishop of Canterbury, he quarreled with the archbishop over the question of investiture and finally drove him into exile in 1097. William was killed by an arrow while on a hunting party, and there is some evidence to suggest that his death was not an accident. The English throne was immediately seized by his younger brother, Henry I . See E. A. Freeman, The Reign of William Rufus (1882, repr. 1970); A. L. Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Carta (2d ed. 1955); D. W. Grinnell-Milne, The Killing of William Rufus (1968). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.


Which brewery produces the beer London Pride?

London Pride: Rich in Taste and History, London Pride is Our Beloved Ale. - Fuller's A beer as alive as the city that brews it Bestseller The last two centuries have given us some great books. Many based in London. About Londoners. Like the pipe smoking sleuth from Baker Street ... , the nanny that preferred her umbrella to the Routemaster, and the boy that never grew up. OK, so he wasn't from London, but he did visit - probably flew over our brewery - and while those authors were busy writing their stories, we were writing ours. Brewing books, dating back to 1845. They're not famous, but like any good classic they're still being read today, by our brewers, who in turn continue our story with new recipes and tales of cask and keg. Not exactly populist, but to enjoy our story you don't have to read it, just take a sip. It's not called London-ish pride Our brewery's stood in London, beside the Thames, since 1845. And we've been brewing London Pride here since long before Boris bikes, oligarchs and free evening newspapers ... . Sure, we could have moved out. Saved some money. But it's not just a brewery, it's our home. And some things are more important than the bottom line. So we're staying put. Besides, "I'll have a pint of London-ish Pride" just doesn't sound right. Griffin's eye view She's on our bottles, our pint glasses and the logo on this poster. But she first appeared on our brewery wall in Chiswick over 175 years ago. As unofficial head of security ... (in mythology the Griffin is a beast that protects treasure) nothing escapes her on that perch high above the Thames. Millions of pints of London Pride aside, she's seen 77 Oxford wins. 81 for Cambridge. A few shivering skinny dippers. David Walliams swim past for charity. And the Queen, celebrating her Diamond Jubilee. Apparently our Griffin got a wave. Maybe she should run for Mayor. Horses love it Back in the day, London Pride was transported through the city using horse and wagon. The horses would get thirsty and the drivers would give them a bottle or two ... . Soon the horses developed a fondness for our fine ale, and it got to the point where they refused to drink water. So, in effect the wagons were powered by London Pride. These days we use vans for those narrow London streets, but no one's tried London Pride in the fuel tanks, yet. No wall flower In the 50s we created a new ale. Rich, smooth and wonderfully balanced. We just needed a name. There was no Twitter back then, but we asked around London for suggestions all the same ... , and one in particular was inspired. A flower. But not any old flower. 'London Pride' (or Saxifraga x urbium to be precise). A tough little perennial that grew during the Blitz, covering the rubble like tiny beacons of hope. A homage to the city's indomitable spirit, and a fitting name for our ale. So thank you London. Who needs Twitter? Back in the fifties, once we'd perfected the recipe for our fine ale, we were a bit stuck for a name. There was no internet back then, so we just sort of asked around, in person ... . It took a while, but then finally one suggestion stuck, 'London Pride'. A little flower that got its name during the Blitz for its obstinate spirit, popping up everywhere across London, like a beacon of hope. See, who needs Twitter? (Follow us on Twitter.) London born and brewed We're proper Londoners (our postcode's been W4 2QB since before postcodes were even invented) and like a lot of Londoners, we don't have a garden ... . We have got a river though, and everyone's welcome. Close London Pride London_Pride 24 Dec Pie and a pint. The classic pairing gets a festive rethink. #ChristmasEve pic.twitter.com/NLUx9pTX86 Close London Pride London_Pride 22 Dec Delivering Pride and joy to hardworking Londoners this Christmas. Thanks for making this the best #DropOfPride yet! pic.twitter.com/SZLpTZxaqk Close London Pride fullerslondonpride 22 Dec Put down the shopping bags and reward all that hard work. Illustration by: @guylarsen #ChristmasShopping Close London Pride fullerslondonpride 22 Dec 'Tis the season for a pint.


Which is the first Old Testament Book named after a person?

4. The Historical Books | Bible.org 4. The Historical Books Introduction As previously mentioned, the Old Testament can be divided into four basic sections with each providing a specific focus with regard to the person to Christ. With Joshua through Esther, we come to the second group of twelve books that deals with the history of the nation of Israel. These books cover the life of the nation from their possession of the land down to the two deportations and loss of the land because of unbelief and disobedience. Covering about 800 years of Israel’s history, these twelve books tell about the conquering and possession of Canaan, the reigns of the judges, the establishment of kings, the division of Israel into the northern and Southern Kingdoms, the fall of the Northern Kingdom to Assyria, the exile of the Southern Kingdom into Babylon, and the return to Jerusalem under the leadership of men like Nehemiah and Ezra. As these books prepare us for the coming of Christ, the Messiah, they can be seen as follows:   Historical Books: The Preparation for Christ 4 Joshua the possession of the land by the nation the oppression of the nation The Theocracy: These books cover the period when Israel was ruled by God (1405-1043 B.C.). 1 Samuel the stabilization of the nation the expansion of the nation the glorification of the nation the division of the nation the deterioration of the Northern Kingdom the deportation of the Southern Kingdom the preparation of the Temple the destruction of the Temple The Monarchy: These books trace the history of Israel’s monarchy from its establishment to its destruction in 586 B.C. Ezra the restoration of the Temple the reconstruction of the city the protection of the nation’s people The Restoration: These books describe the return of a remnant to the land after 70 years of captivity (605-536 B.C.). JOSHUA (Possession and Conquest) 1400-1370 B.C. Title of the Book: Unlike the first five books of the Old Testament, this book appropriately takes its name from the chief human personality of the book, Joshua, the son of Nun, Moses’ servant. Joshua’s original name was Hoshea (Num. 13:8; Deut. 32:44) which means “salvation.” But during the wilderness wanderings Moses changed his name to Yehoshua, meaning “Yahweh is salvation” or “Save, Yahweh” (Num. 13:16). Joshua is a contracted form of Yehoshua. This amounted to a prophetic anticipation and reminder to Joshua, to the spies, and the people that victory over the enemies and possession of the land would be by the power of the Lord rather than by human skill or wisdom or power. This book is given the name Joshua because, though Joshua was one of the world’s greatest military strategist of history, his wisdom and military achievements came from the Lord who alone is our Salvation. It was the Lord Himself who brought about victory for Israel and vanquished Israel’s enemies giving them possession of the land. Theme and Purpose: Possessing, conquering, and dividing of the promised land is the theme and purpose of Joshua. The book of Joshua is designed to show God’s faithfulness to His promises, doing for Israel exactly as He had promised (cf. Gen. 15:18 with Josh. 1:2-6 and 21:43-45). The events recorded in Joshua are selective to set forth God’s special intervention on behalf of His people against all kinds of tremendous odds. The fulfillment of God’s promises, as so evident in the birth of Isaac to Abraham and Sarah and in possessing the land with its fortified cities, is the work of God and that which man could never do no matter how hard he might try (see Rom. 4). Key Words: Possession, conquest, victory, dividing the land. Key Verses: 1:3 Every place on which the sole of your foot treads, I have given it to you, just as I spoke to Moses. [In this regard, Joshua compares to Ephesians 1:3 in the New Testament, “… blessed with every spiritual blessing in the heavenlies.”] 1:8-9 This book of the law shall not depart from your mouth, but you shall meditate on it day and night, so that you may be careful to do according to all that is written in it; for then you will


Which Country's Monarchs were crowned on the Hill of Tara?

Hill of Tara - Ancient History Encyclopedia Hill of Tara by Joshua J. Mark published on 26 August 2015 The Hill of Tara is an ancient Neolithic Age site in County Meath, Ireland . It was known as the seat of the High Kings of Ireland, the site of coronations, a place of assembly for the enacting and reading of laws, and for religious festivals. The oldest monument at the site is the Mound of the Hostages, a Neolithic passage tomb , dating from c. 3000 BCE.  The ring forts and evidence of other enclosures, such as the Banquet Hall, date from a later period. The Lia Fail (stone of destiny), by which the ancient kings were inaugurated, still stands on the hill. The site is also associated with the Tuatha De Danaan, the pre- Celtic peoples of Ireland and with the mystical elements they came to embody. The great sabbats of pagan Ireland were announced by a bonfire on the hill which, at an elevation of 646 feet (197 metres), would have been seen for many miles in every direction. It is said that St. Patrick announced the arrival of Christianity in Ireland by lighting his own large bonfire across from Tara at the Hill of Slane before going there to preach before King Laoghaire in 432/433 CE. The name comes from the Gaelic Cnoc na Teamhrach, which is often translated as "place of great prospect", though it has also been argued it comes from a corruption of Tea-Mur, burial place of the ancient queen Tea. Tara in Legend The Hill of Tara plays a key role in the 11th/12th century CE work The Book of Invasions, considered today a mythical construct of Ireland's early history by Christian scribes, who attempted to link Ireland's past with biblical narratives and Greek and Roman history. It tells the story of early colonization by descendants of the biblical Noah and then a series of invasions culminating in the coming of the Milesians from Spain. Although the work is regarded as folklore and myth today, it was understood as history by its original audience and for centuries afterward. Remove Ads Advertisement The High Kings of Ireland were chosen by a system of rotation among chiefs, and their inaugurations at Tara were great festivals.  The Milesians defeated the people known as the Tuatha De Danaan (the children of the goddess Dana) and, according to one version of the legend in the Book of Leinster, the Milesian poet and judge, Amergin, was given the task of deciding which race would hold what land. He divided Ireland between the two by giving his own people all the land above ground and the Tuatha De Danaan everything underground. This legend explains the homes of the 'fairy folk' of Ireland who live in caves, under the ground in holes, and in the nooks and crevices of rocks. Two Milesian brothers, leaders of their people, divided the land between them with Eremon taking the northern half and Eber the south. With the land divided, the brothers then divided their armies equally and then the craftsmen and the cooks and so on with men and women of all the arts until there remained only two left: a harpist and a poet. The writer Seumas MacManus relates the rest of the tale: "Drawing lots for these, the harper fell to Eremon and the poet to Eber - which explains why, ever since, the North of Ireland has been celebrated for music, and the South for song" (11). The brothers, with everything equally divided, then settled down to a long peace. It was the Hill of Tara which broke the peace. Eber's wife told him she wished to have the three most lovely hills in Ireland and, especially, the most beautiful and scenic: Tara. Tara belonged to Eremon in the north and, when Eremon's wife (Tea) heard of the request,she became furious that this woman could not be content in her own realm. The two of them argued and drew their husbands into the fight resulting in war . Tea died and was buried at Tara, giving the hill her name. Eber was defeated and Eremon, now sole ruler of Ireland, was crowned at Tara. This event marked the beginning of the tradition of the High Kings of Ireland's coronations at the site. Advertisement Tara & Cormac MacArt Another v


Who was King of England at the outbreak of the Hundred Years War?

The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) [100 Years' War] The Hundred Years' War Search   HUNDRED YEARS' WAR. This name is given to the protracted conflict between France and England from 1337 to 1453, which continued through the reigns of the French kings Philip VI, John II, Charles V, Charles VI, Charles VII , and of the English kings Edward III , Richard II , Henry IV , Henry V and Henry VI . The principal causes of the war, which broke out in Guienne in 1337,were the disputes arising in connexion with the French possessions of the English kings, in respect to which they were vassals of the kings of France; the pretensions of Edward III to the French throne after the accession of Philip VI; Philip's intervention in the affairs of Flanders and Scotland; and, finally, the machinations of Robert of Artois. During Philip VI's reign fortune favoured the English. The French fleet was destroyed at Sluys on the 24th of June 1340. After the siege of Tournai a truce was arranged on the 25th of September 1340; but the next year the armies of England and France were again at war in Brittany on account of the rival pretensions of Charles of Blois and John of Montfort to the succession of that duchy. In 1346, while the French were trying to invade Guienne, Edward III landed in Normandy, ravaged that province, part of the Ile de France and Picardy, defeated the French army at Crecy on the 26th of August 1346, and besieged Calais, which surrendered on the 3rd of August 1347. Hostilities were suspended for some years after this, in consequence of the truce of Calais concluded on the 28th of September 1347. The principal feats of arms which mark the first years of John the Good's reign were the taking of St Jean d'Angely by the French in 1351, the defeat of the English near St Omer in 1352, and the English victory near Guines in the same year. In 1355 Edward III invaded Artois while the Black Prince was pillaging Languedoc. In 1356 the battle of Poitiers (September 19), in which John was taken prisoner, was the signal for conflicts in Paris between Stephen Marcel and the dauphin, and for the outbreak of the Jacquerie. The treaty of Bretigny, concluded on the 8th of May 1360, procured France several years' repose. Under Charles V hostilities at first obtained only between French, Anglo-Navarrais (Du Guesclin's victory at Cocherel, May 16, 1364) and Bretons. In 1369, on the pretext that Edward III had failed to observe the terms of the treaty of Bretigny, the King of France declared war against him. Du Guesclin, having been appointed Constable, defeated the English at Pontvallain in 1370, at Chize in 1373, and drove them from their possessions between the Loire and the Gironde, while the duke of Anjou retook part of Guienne. Edward III thereupon concluded the truce of Bruges (June 27, 1375), which was prolonged until the 24th of June 1377. Upon the death of Edward III (June 21, 1377) Charles V recommenced war in Artois and Guienne and against Charles the Bad, but failed in his attempt to reunite Brittany and France. Du Guesclin, who had refused to march against his compatriots, died on the 13th of July 1380, and Charles V on the 16th of the following September. In the beginning of Charles VI's reign the struggle between the two countries seemed to slacken. An attempt at reconciliation even took place on the marriage of Richard II with Isabella of France, daughter of Charles VI (September 26, 1396). But Richard, having been dethroned by Henry of Lancaster ( Henry IV ), hostilities were resumed, Henry profiting little by the internal discords of France. In 1415 his son, Henry V , landed in Normandy on the expiry of the truce of the 25th of September 1413, which had been extended in 1414 and 1415. He won the victory of Agincourt (October 25, 1415), and then seized Caen and part of Normandy, while France was exhausting herself in the feuds of Armagnacs and Burgundians. By the treaty of Troyes (May 21, 1415) he obtained the hand of Catherine , Charles VI's daughter, with the titles of regent and heir to the kingdom of France. Having taken Meaux on


"The Ali/Frazier fight, billed as ""The Thriller in Manila"" took place in which city?"

Ali vs Frazier 3 Date, Results, Facts, Stats & Video Share   Stats   ESPN's SportsCentury ranked the fight as the 5th greatest sporting event of all the 20th century in 1999. The city of Cairo had apparently been considered as a possible host to the fight: The August 1975 issue of Ring Magazine had a fictitious fight-poster of Ali-Frazier III on its cover, which listed Nasser Stadium in Cairo as the place the fight was taking place. The general consensus was that Ali was doing Frazier a favor, giving Joe one last big payday before sending him off into retirement, and as a result Ali did relatively little training. Ali's doctor, Ferdie Pacheco, equated the scorching heat and Frazier's relentlessness to "a trip through hell" (for Ali)." Between the terrific heat inside the stadium, Frazier's assault and his own nonchalant training, it began to seem that Ali would wilt and fall to defeat. Ali, after being declared the winner, fainted on the canvas. He claimed that this was the closest to dying he has ever been. The Philippines' first multi-level commercial shopping mall was named after Muhammad Ali as a tribute to his victory. The mall is named "Ali Mall" and is located in Araneta Center, Cubao, Quezon City right beside the Araneta Coliseum in which the "Thrilla in Manila" took place.    Last Fight   At the beginning of the seventh round, Ali reportedly whispered in Frazier's ear, "Joe, they told me you was all washed up" Frazier growled back, "They told you wrong, pretty boy."   Article Sources


In which country was the comedian Eddie Izzard born?

The Early Years | Eddie Izzard The Early Years Tweet In which Eddie provides an account of his childhood in his own words. Hailed as the foremost stand up of his generation. Star of stage and screen. Tireless supporter of charity. Runner. Political campaigner. Fashion icon. Human. Eddie Izzard is all of these things and more.  But what of his formative years? EDDIE: I was born in February '62 in South Yemen. Dad was a fifties hippy with very short hair. He wrote essays on communism and stuff when he was sixteen. He joined BP as a filing clerk, not really knowing what he wanted to do. One of the first things he did was redesign the whole filing system so no-one knew where anything was except him, which I thought was a good move. He ended up taking this post in Aden, which is a bit like saying, 'I'm going to the moon.' It's still miles away, but this was in the fifties. Aden was a British colony at the time; BP had a refinery there and they built a town, roads and a hospital. My mother went out later when she'd decided she was going to be a nurse in Aden. So you had two people separately saying, 'I'm going to go to the fucking moon.' So then they met and got married and I was the second kid to come along. I have an older brother. His name is Mark: he's a couple of years older than me. We've got a cinefilm of him running round playing football then poking me in the eye. There's a great little scene of him, me and my mother, he keeps poking me in the eye and my mother keeps pulling his hand away...And my dad's in other bits with the moustache he had at the time. Very 30-year-old. We left Aden in 1963. There was a revolution once we left...I've got to go back to Aden. My dad's going to take us and show us everything. Northern Ireland, Teeth, Toenails We went to Northern Ireland and we were there until '67 and that was great. BP had a refinery in Belfast and we used to go down there and hammer away on the electric typewriters. That was space age stuff to me. There must have been underlying political stuff happening but I was totally oblivious to it. I was going to primary school and drinking these third-pints of milk and the biscuits you'd get at break times and just drawing pictures of our house, Mum, Dad and stuff, and being in a gang and throwing mud balls at passing cars. Everything was being built then and they were constantly building bungalows, so we used to climb all over the roofs of them and pour water in all the cement mixers so it would all harden. It was an immensely age-spread gang, from four to eleven or twelve. It was just the kids who lived on that street - Ashford Drive in Bangor. Some of them ended up joining the army. But it was a great time. And my mum was alive. I go back there and I remember it all. Asking for sixpence for ice-cream. Running like an idiot and then falling over and smashing my whole front tooth. There was blood and stuff and a lot of yelling but it was actually quite a neat tooth, with a dunce's hat-shaped root coming out of the top of it. I kept it and gave it to my brother as a cufflink from a Plasticraft set, along with a toenail. This is how sick I could be. A bench had fallen on his foot, and a similar bench had hit my foot several months before, and so we had matching smashed toes. I don't know what happened to my toenail but his was preserved in this box so I thought, I'll put these two, my tooth and his toenail, in cufflinks and give them to him as Christmas presents. He was horrified. I couldn't work out why. I think he's still got them. They're these big chunky Plasticraft, blue-based things, one with a toenail and one with a tooth. I now think it's a work of Dadaist brilliance but my artistic career began and ended there with the horrified expression on my brother's face. South Wales, Cycling, Little Chef So, yeah. Northern Ireland. I left in '67 and moved to South Wales, near Swansea - a place called Skewn. That was very different to the essential green and rain and running around Northern Ireland. I went back when I was 14. I said, 'I'm going to cycle from Sussex to Wales. I


Catherine of Braganza, Portuguese princess, was married to which English king?

Queen Catherine of Baganza Queen         Catherine of Braganza Queen           Catherine of Braganza (1638-1705) King Charles II of England married Catherine, Infanta        of Portugal, by proxy in Lisbon, on 23rd April 1662. The marriage        treaty between the royal families included a dowry of sugar, plate        and jewels to the value of 400,000 crowns, bills of exchange to        double that amount, the rights to free trade with Brazil and the        East Indies, and the cessions of Bombay and Tangiers. It was the        troubled state of Tangiers, under constant threat from the Moors        that led to the creation of the 2nd Regiment of Foot later the Queen's Royal (West Surrey) Regiment. This force        was to protect Tangiers’ strategic position at the entry to        the Mediterranean for the next two decades and on its return to        England, Charles II renamed it, “our dearest consort,       the Queen’s Regiment.” When the marriage plans were under discussion, Charles II was persuaded        that the Portuguese princess would make a tolerable wife when he        was shown a portrait brought over by the Portuguese ambassador.        A Londoner reported on 11th May 1661 the “The picture         of out intended Queen is at Whitehall; by that and the report of         those that have seen her she is a lovely little woman.” Standing         before it Charles is said to have remarked “That person cannot         be unhandsome”. His hesitancy was understandable, for        the portrait in fact shows a doll like young lady wearing a stiff        Portuguese court dress with a huge farthingale. Her hair is brushed        horizontally across her forehead, but allowed otherwise to ripple        loose to her shoulders, signifying her virginal marriageable state.        The original was painted by Dirck Stoop, a Dutchman working at the        court in Lisbon. On the wedding day in Lisbon a version of this portrait together        with a full length of King Charles, was carried through the streets        as part of the public celebration. Apart from the solemn Catholic        matrimonial mass in the great Manueline Abbey of St, Jerome at Belem        on the river Tagus, there was a stately procession passing under        triumphal arches, followed by a bullfight and later an aquatic carnival        with fireworks. A colourful record of the proceedings is to be found        in a heroic poem called Iter Lusitania: or the Portugal Voyage which celebrated the wedding and the Queen’s journey        from Portugal to England. This publication was illustrated with        half a dozen engravings by an eyewitness, the same Dirck Stoop,        who had a special allegiance to the Infanta and came to England        in her retinue in 1662. On 13th May she landed at Portsmouth. A few days later she was joined        by the King and their marriage was given Protestant validity by        the Bishop of London in a private service. The Queen wore a rose        coloured dress with blue love knots, which were later snipped off        and handed round to all present. The King was not displeased with        his new bride and wrote shortly afterwards to Minette, his sister: “Her face is not so exactly as to be called a beauty,        though her eyes are excellent good, and nothing in her face that        in the least degree can disgust one. On the contrary, she hath as        much agreeableness in her looks as I ever saw, and if I have any        skill in physiognomy, which I think I have, she must be as good        a woman as ever was born. You will wonder to see how well we are        acquainted already; in a word, I think myself very happy, for I am


Which famous person (sportsman/filmstar) has the nickname `The Juice'?

O.J. Simpson - Athlete, Actor, Criminal, Football Player - Biography.com “I've been very clear. I won. I didn't commit the crime.” O.J. Simpson Synopsis O.J. Simpson was born in 1947 in San Francisco, California. He became a college football superstar at USC, winning the Heisman Trophy in 1968, and later enjoyed a record-setting career in the NFL and tremendous popularity among his fans. Amid a moderately successful post-playing career as an actor and broadcaster, Simpson was charged in 1994 for murdering his former wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and her friend Ron Goldman. He was acquitted in a high-profile criminal trial, though he was found liable for their deaths in civil court. Simpson later was sentenced to up to 33 years in prison in 2008 for kidnapping and armed robbery. Early Years Orenthal James Simpson was born on July 9, 1947, in San Francisco, California. His aunt gave him the name Orenthal—supposedly the name of a French actor she liked. At the age of 2, Simpson contracted rickets, leaving him pigeon-toed and bow-legged. He had to wear a pair of shoes connected by an iron bar for a few hours almost every day until he was 5 years old. Simpson's parents separated in 1952. Along with a brother and two sisters, he was raised by his mother in the rugged, largely black Potrero Hill district of San Francisco. At age 13, he joined a gang called the Persian Warriors. One fight landed him at the San Francisco Youth Guidance Center for nearly a week in 1962. Football Stardom Simpson displayed immense promise on the gridiron for Galileo High School, though his poor grades initially impeded his chances of joining a major college football program. After overwhelming the competition at the City College of San Francisco, he gained fame as a two-time All-American halfback for the USC Trojans, setting NCAA records and winning the Heisman Trophy in 1968. Simpson joined the professional Buffalo Bills in 1969, but did not excel until the offense was tailored to showcase his running. Nicknamed "The Juice," Simpson topped 1,000 yards rushing over five consecutive years (1972–76) and led the National Football League in that category four times. In 1973, he became the first NFL player to rush for more than 2,000 yards in a single season. The running back also established league records (since broken) with his 23 touchdowns in 1975, and 273 rushing yards against the Detroit Lions on Thanksgiving Day 1976. Acting and Commentating Work After retiring from professional football in 1979, O.J. Simpson moved on to a profitable career as a sportscaster and an actor. He had dabbled in acting while still an active athlete, notably playing a man framed for murder by the police in the 1974 film The Klansman. Simpson later appeared in The Naked Gun (1988) and its sequels, playing a dim-witted assistant detective, and regularly appeared in TV commercials for the Hertz rental-car company, where he was seen leaping over luggage and other obstacles in an effort to catch a flight. Additionally, he worked as a commentator for Monday Night Football and the NFL on NBC brand. Nicole Brown Simpson, Ronald Goldman Murders Simpson married Marguerite L. Whitley on June 24, 1967. They had three children together, Arnelle, Jason and Aaren. Daughter Aaren Lashone Simpson, who was born in 1977, died a month before her second birthday when she drowned in the family's swimming pool. Simpson and Marguerite divorced in 1979. While still married to his first wife, Simpson met waitress Nicole Brown, then just a teenager. Simpson and Brown married in 1985, the same year he was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and they had two children together, Justin and Sydney. Nicole Brown Simpson complained about her marriage to friends and family members, telling them that O.J. was physically abusive. Following a fight between the two at a 1989 New Year's Eve party, in which he allegedly threatened to kill her, the former football star pleaded no contest to spousal battery. He brushed off the incident in an interview with ESPN, noting "We had a fight


What part of the human body is the lingua?

Tongue - Human Body Parts - Pre School - Animated Videos For Kids - YouTube Tongue - Human Body Parts - Pre School - Animated Videos For Kids Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Nov 30, 2011 MAGIC BOX ANIMATION PROUDLY PRESENTS EARLY LEARNING SERIES(PRE-SCHOOL) "TONGUE" KNOW YOUR BODY FOR CHILDREN The greatest machine you will ever own is your body. It is more complicated than any computer. Your body is made up of hundreds of different parts. You probably know the names of the bits you can see, but there are many more hidden deep inside you. All bodies are made up of organs. Organs are made up of tissue, which is made of groups of similar cells. Cells are different depending on the organ. Come on now, lets all know about some of the most common Internal and External Organs of our Body. Click here to playlist : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jbSs... GIVE YOUR KIDS A BEST START IN LIFE THANKS FOR WATCHING AND FOR ONLINE PURCHASE VISIT US AT


Pheidippides reportedly ran the first marathon during the war between Greece and which other country?

The First Marathon Run, The history of Phidippides The Battle that Changed Human History By Paul Ostapuk Setting the Stage The first two decades of the fifth century B.C. marked one of the great turning points in  world history. These were the years of the Persian and Greek wars. The powerful Persian  Empire in 546 B.C. extended from Asia to Eygpt to what is now Turkey. This great empire  built the first Suez Canal which linked the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea. Greece on the other hand, consisted of a scattering of independent city-states, called  poleis. These early city-states spawned the democratic ideas that have persisted into  modern times. Athens eventually became the largest and most prosperous polis. Another  Greek polis, Sparta, was not so democratic. They kept their kings and maintained a  conservative, regimented society built around military training and the art of war. The Persian/Greek War The Persian Empire over the years expanded to the Mediterrean Sea. In the process some  Greek settlements were conquered. Ionia was one such settlement. After many years, they  tried to revolt against the Persians but the uprising was immediately squashed by the  powerful Persian Army. By the year 490 B.C., the Persian Army was ready to expand their  territory and move into Europe. They landed a large force just outside of Athens on the  plains of Marathon and prepared for attack. The Role of Phidippides The Athens, vastly outnumbered, desperately needed the help of Sparta's military base to  help fend off the attack. Time was short, so the Athenian generals send Phidippides (or  Philippides) a professional runner to Sparta to ask for help. The 140 mile course was very  mountainous and rugged. Phidippides ran the course in about 36 hours. Sparta agreed to  help but said they would not take the field until the moon was full due to religious laws.  This would leave the Athenians alone to fight the Persian Army. Phidippides ran back to  Athens (another 140 miles!) with the disappointing news. Immediately, the small Athenian  Army (including Phidippedes) marched to the plains of Marathon to prepare for battle. The Battle of Marathon The Athenian Army was outnumbered 4 to 1 but they launched a suprise offensive thrust  which at the time appeared suicidal. But by day's end, 6400 Persian bodies lay dead on the  field while only 192 Athenians had been killed. The surviving Persians fled to sea and  headed south to Athens where they hoped to attack the city before the Greek Army could  re-assemble there. Phidippides was again called upon to run to Athens (26 miles away) to carry the news of  the victory and the warning about the approaching Persian ships. Despite his fatigue after  his recent run to Sparta and back and having fought all morning in heavy armor,  Phidippides rose to the challenge. Pushing himself past normal limits of human endurance,  the reached Athens in perhaps 3 hours, deliverd his message and then died shortly  thereafter from exhaustion. Sparta and the other Greek polies eventually came to the aid of Athens and eventually they  were able to turn back the Persian attempt to conquer Greece. Concluding Remarks and Beginning of Olympic Marathon Races The Greek victory marked one of the decisive events of world history because it kept an  Eastern power (the persians) from conquering what is now Europe. The victory gave the  Greeks incredible confidence in themselves, their government and their culture. In the two centuries that followed, the Greek culture spread across much of the known  world. It made Europe possible and in affect won for civilization the opportunity to  develop its own ecomomic life. Modern European-based nations such as the United States and Canada can trace their growth  straight back through an unbroken chain of Western historical events back to the Victory  at Marathon. Centuries later, the modern Olympic Games introduced a "marathon" race of (40,000 meters or 24.85 miles).  The winner was Spiridon Louis, a Greek postal worker from village of Marusi


La Traviata, opera | Details | AllMusic La Traviata, opera google+ Description               by Richard LeSueur The last of the three great operas of Giuseppe Verdi 's middle period, La Traviata is now one of his most popular works. Written for the Teatro la Fenice in Venice, it was first heard on March 6, 1853. The libretto, by Francesco Maria Piave , details the ill-fated love affair between a young gentleman named Alfredo Germont and a terminally ill courtesan named Violetta. It is based on the play La dame aux camélias by Alexander Dumas, Jr., which premiered the previous year. Perhaps surprisingly, La Traviata's opening night was a fiasco. Legend gives two reasons for the failure: the generous size of the soprano (supposedly dying of consumption!) and the use of a contemporary stage setting, which was considered distasteful at the time (subsequent performances were re-set in the 1700s; the reinstatement of Verdi 's original conception did not occur until the 1880s). Verdi withdrew the opera and, after making significant changes in the second and third acts, premiered the new version at the Teatro Gallo di San Benedetto in 1854. It is in this version that the opera has enjoyed its continued success. In many ways, La Traviata follows the established operatic traditions of the 1850s. Each act is composed of smaller dramatic units made up of traditional set pieces in clearly identifiable forms (a structure known as la solita forma), and each of the three major characters is given a two-part aria (slow-fast) which displays a change of the character's mood. (For many years the cabalettas for Alfredo and Giorgio Germont were omitted not only in the theater but also on recording. By the 1980s, one verse of the cabaletta for Alfredo began to be heard in the theater on a more regular basis but Giorgio Germont's cabaletta has not made its way to most stages.) Also, like its predecessor, Rigoletto, La Traviata has a full overture -- a device that would make only rare appearances in Verdi 's later works. However, in other ways La Traviata begins to stretch, and expand upon, the mid- nineteenth century Italian norms. This is especially evident in the depth of characterization written into the role of Violetta. Formal musical concerns, while still evident, begin to take a backseat to more immediate dramatic issues. In the first act alone, Verdi takes the character of Violetta from the gregarious hostess of the opening drinking song to the intimate lover of "Un di felice" and "Ah, fors' e lui" to the wild abandon of the courtesan in "Sempre libera." In the final act -- as she succumbs to her disease and dies -- she sings only a few gasped lines, rather than the full double aria which would be found in most operas of Verdi 's predecessors. The other roles are not as well defined, but Alfredo and Giorgio Germont far outstrip the one-dimensional characters encountered in most operas of this period. Although there are opportunities for pure vocal display in their arias, even these displays are tied to the character. For example, Alfredo's "O mio rimorso" shows the impetuosity of youth as he runs off to save the good name of his beloved. Verdi 's use of the traditional forms in combination with a new dramatic conviction would lead to the more dramatic style of his later operas. This delicate blend of old and new styles is perhaps what has kept La Traviata ever fresh and appealing in modern opera houses. Parts/Movements No. 2, Dell'invito trascorsa è già l'ora No. 3, Libiamo, ne'lieti calici [Brindisi] No. 4a, Che è cio? No. 4b, Un dì, felice, eterea No. 5, Si ridesta in ciel No. 6a, È strano! È strano! No. 6b, Ah fors'è lui quest'anima No. 6c, Follie! Sempre libera No. 7a, Lunge da Lei No. 7b, Dei miei bollenti spiriti No. 7c, [Annina, donde vieni...] O mio rimorso! No. 8a, Madamigella Valéry? No. 8b, Pura siccome un angelo No. 8c, Bella voi siete No. 8d, Dite alla giovine No. 9a, Morrò! La mia memoria No. 9b, Dammi tu forza o Cielo No. 10a, Al vive sol quel core No. 10b, Di Provenza il mar No. 10c, Ne rispondi No. 11, Av


On TV what was the name of Tonto's horse?

The Lone Ranger rode Silver, but what was the name of Tonto's horse? | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk The Lone Ranger rode Silver, but what was the name of Tonto's horse? Robert Tonto rode a paint, or pinto, called Scout. William Dunlap, Hamden, Connecticut USA Tonto's horse was called Scout. When the Lone Ranger shouted "Hi-ho, Silver-away!" Tonto would mumble "Get-um up, Scout". Phil Usher, Copenhagen, Denmark Scout Anthony Cox, Denver, U.S.A Further on the name of Tonto's horse. He was named Scout in the TV series, but was apparently called White Feller in the early Lone Ranger novels. Originally, Tonto rode double with the Lone Ranger on Silver. After a publicity photo was taken of the Lone Ranger and Tonto this way, WXYZ wisely decided to give Tonto his own steed. Scout was originally supposed to be solid white like Silver, but when they made the movie serials they realized that it would make Silver less impressive that way, so Scout was changed. This information from Largent's Lone Ranger Page Jeremy Bechelet, Telford In one infamous episode, Tonto referred to his horse (Scout) as Bazzlegette. Brent Quigley, Halifax, USA In listening to early radio shows, Tonto called his horse "Paint Horse" Bob K., South Bend, IN United States Scout.


What is the collective noun for budgerigars?

a chatter of budgerigars a chatter of budgerigars See Wikipedia's page for: budgerigars chatter


Which singer had the theme song 'Everybody Loves Somebody'?

Dean Martin How        Elvis was influenced by Dean Martin by        Nigel Patterson, 2002 Born           Dino Paul Crocetti on June 6, 1916, Dean Martin would later           become one of the entertainment world's biggest superstars           and a major influence on a teenaged Elvis Aaron Presley. Many           biographers have written about Elvis' admiration and idolisation           of Dean Martin but unfortunately their reviews are often prematurely           brief and light on detail. It           is in the few biographies on 'Dino' that this influence is           best covered. I also recall an article in Elvis Monthly some           years ago, although on going through back issues I was unable           to find it. Before        Elvis assaulted the senses of 1950s culture, Dean Martin had enjoyed        incredible success as a singer and actor. As an indication of his        popularity, when Martin and his then partner, Jerry Lewis appeared        at the 4,000 seat Paramount Theatre in New York in 1952, 75,000        fans created pandemonium in an attempt to get to their heroes. Such        adulation had only previously been seen following the death of Rudolph        Valentino. As        a singer Dino recorded countless hits including Come Back To Sorrento        and Memories Are Made Of This and released more than 60 albums during        his lifetime. He enjoyed considerable success on the charts between        the late 1940s and the early 1970s with 17 top 40 hits on the Billboard        Pop Chart and many more on the Country and Easy Listening charts. As        an actor Dino played straight man to comic genius Jerry Lewis in        a highly successful series of films commencing with My Friend Irma        and later became an impressive dramatic actor. For almost ten years        from the mid 1960s Dean hosted one of the most successful television        shows of all time The Dean Martin Show (in which his theme song        was the incomparable Everybody Loves Somebody) and also featured        in a series of successful musical specials. In        Dean Martin Elvis found a singer who flawlessly exhibited the ability        to sell a song with an easy-going, ultra smooth delivery and a hint        of the mischievous, traits Elvis would adopt in many of his own        recordings and live performances. For like Dean, Elvis too knew        that the secret to enjoying his craft was to have fun with what        he was doing. During          his lifetime Dino was heard to comment on how much he disliked          artists who sung too seriously. If you listen to Dean Martin          singles over the period 1949 to the early 1950s you will find          unmistakable similarities in the 'ballad' vocal style later          adopted by Elvis. Dino's nonchalent way of twisting syllables          and slurring notes became very much part of the Elvis style. The        most obvious examples are in the songs recorded by Dino which were        later covered by Elvis. I Don't Care If The Sun Don't Shine (originally        written for - but not used in - the Walt Disney production Cinderella)        was recorded by both Patti Page and Dean Martin around 1950 (Dino's        version was recycled in 1953 in the Martin/Lewis hit movie The Caddy).        Their renditions are dramatically different and when Elvis cut his        recording of the song in 1954 it was patterned on the vocal delivery        and pacing of Dino's version. Similarly,        Elvis' renditions of Write To Me From Naples and My Heart Cries        For You are almost a mirror image of Dean's much earlier plain


What do you call a baby beaver? | Reference.com What do you call a baby beaver? A: Quick Answer Baby beavers are called kittens, or "kits" for short. Female beavers give birth to litters of two to five kits. Newborn kits stay inside their lodge for the first month of life. Full Answer Beavers live in a family unit for the first two years of their lives. Beavers typically mate and give birth to new litters every year. For this reason, beaver lodges usually house several generations of the animals at any given time. This works well for these animals because they are very social and work well together as a family unit. After two years, baby beavers are forced out of the lodge to begin life on their own.


Eve Pollard is the agony aunt from which daily newspaper?

Eve Pollard OBE - Host and Guest Speaker - Book Eve General Enquiry form Referred to as the ‘First Lady of Fleet Street’, Eve was the first female editor of the Sunday Mirror and the Sunday Express. In 1985, Eve was launch editor-in-chief of Elle Magazine in the US and edited the Sunday magazine for the News of the World and You Magazine for the Mail on Sunday. Eve Pollard appears regularly as guest newspaper reviewer on many programmes including LBC’s Breakfast Show, BBC TV Weekend Breakfast and Sky News. A regular media commentator, Eve is greatly sought after for talking-head programmes because of her vast knowledge of media, current affairs and entertainment. As an author, Eve’s publications include Jackie, a biography of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (1971), and four jointly written novels: Splash (1995) Best of Enemies (1996), Double Trouble (1997) and Unfinished Business (1998). Eve is an extremely funny, interesting and insightful After Dinner Speaker, entertaining audiences as diverse as Manchester Chamber of Commerce, NCH and BT being described as “hitting the perfect note” and “highly appreciated by the audience”. Journalistic Career: Daily Mirror – Magazine Fashion Editor Observer Magazine – Women’s Editor Sunday Mirror – Women’s Editor Sunday People – Assistant Editor Sunday Magazine, News of the World – Editor You Magazine, Mail on Sunday – Editor Sunday Mirror – Editor


Which perfume house manufactures the perfume Alliage?

Aliage Estée Lauder perfume - a fragrance for women 1972 2016 deviation Holy crap! This perfume bottle has been redesigned. It says Aliage edp. And it smells like crap. What is this I'm smelling? smells like half cooked meat. Oct 2016 ShoelessDuchess When I was in college, I rented a room from one of my profs in his big house. He had a younger, very beautiful girlfriend who stayed over sometimes. She wore this and smelled fantastic. She turned me on to Grape Nuts too (lol)!! She would shower in the morning, spritz on Aliage, then go downstairs for a bowl of Grape Nuts (Isn't it funny the things you remember?) I think this was the first designer perfume I ever bought, even as a poor college student. These were the days of Calvin Klein designer jeans and white, silk button down blouses. Now, when I wear this gorgeous perfume, I always think of her. Spicy, delicious, and beautiful! LOVE IT! Aug 2016 debiph I loved Aliage in the '70's. It made me feel so unique and happy and green! Now, all these years later, I pulled out a bottle today, spritzed some on, and went back to those wild, first-professional-job happy days. I can't figure out if the scent actually triggers a happy response in me or if I get happy because I think about being a youthful, independent, discovering woman. Either way, it makes me happy. I have wanted a change to my normal routine and Aliage will be it for the next several days It's mystical, green, a little intoxicating with its woodsy notes. Starts out very green and dries down to something green and mysterious--almost a nod to being sweet in a strange sort of way (I am NOT a sweet scent woman). It's not a crowd-pleaser as someone else noted but it is an individual pleaser. I'm the one closest to me and I'm happy! Aug lucia.lawson Aliage by Estee Lauder I wore Aliage for years in the 70's when these type of fragrances were very common; i.e. Chanel No. 19, Scherrer, and Ivoire de Balmain. This is the scent of pine, oak trees, oak moss, leaves, vetiver grass, artemisia and indolic jasmine. The fragrance lasts a very long time and it can project strongly. I see it as wearable in the cold winter months. It's soothing and enjoyable as a spicy chypre. The woods are the dominant accords. Woods and moss and a trail of scent that smells amazing. I've always enjoyed the vintage original splash bottle but have not tried the new formula. Reading the reviews it makes me happy that I've only experienced the real thing, the masterpiece that is the original. This scent matches up with fur coats and gloves. It's mature and plain, without any of the sweet fruity floral aspects found in today's youth-oriented fragrances. If you like chypres and oak moss, vetiver and woods, this is your perfume. Aug 2016 Desertmirage93 @Juzme: The moderators of this website do not peruse reviews unless they have posted an article and are requesting responses due to there being way too many being posted daily. You need to contact the webmaster directly to correct any discrepancies for a certain perfume. Don't expect anything to be fixed for a very long time either, sometimes up to 1 whole year or even longer due to the ridiculous amount of information that the Fragrantica Team is continually attempting to upload, especially from new releases and requests. I had a special request which took almost 2 years to be fulfilled. You can contact her here: [email protected] Aug juzme MISTAKE !!!!! Dear Fragrantica ,this mish-mash of Alliage sport should be corrected.Also the list of Estee Lauder is incomplete ! Alliage and Eau d'Alliage are missing. Instead you have 2 entries for the SAME Alliage sport. Making an error is ok ,no problem.But ....at some point it needs to be corrected . Hope you do agree . Thank you ! P.S. even E Lauder has produced a lot of confusion by using diffrent bottles and writing this or that on the same product in the end.Am reffering to the vintage editions.Nothing is clear in their choices. Have never tried the new reedition. Aug 2016 handprints425 I remember back in the day (early seventies) when friends would joi


"Which statesman made the quotation ""Let us never negotiate out of fear but let us never fear to negotiate?"

John F. Kennedy Quotations - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum John F. Kennedy Quotations President Kennedy's Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961 Inaugural Address of President John F. Kennedy Washington, D.C. Listen to this speech Vice President Johnson, Mr. Speaker, Mr. Chief Justice, President Eisenhower, Vice President Nixon, President Truman, Reverend Clergy, fellow citizens: We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom--symbolizing an end as well as a beginning--signifying renewal as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forbears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago. The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue around the globe--the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God. We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans--born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage--and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world. Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty. This much we pledge--and more. To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends. United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided there is little we can do--for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder. To those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny. We shall not always expect to find them supporting our view. But we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom--and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside. To those people in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required--not because the communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich. To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge--to convert our good words into good deeds--in a new alliance for progress--to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. Let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the Americas. And let every other power know that this Hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house. To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support--to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective--to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak--and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run. Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction. We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only


Sodium»the essentials [WebElements Periodic Table] CAS Registry ID : 7440-23-5 The picture above shows the colour arising from adding common salt (NaCl) to a burning mixture of potassium chlorate and sucrose. The chemistry of sodium is dominated by electron loss to form Na+. Cartoon by Nick D Kim ( [Science and Ink] , used by permission). Sodium: historical information Sodium was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807 at England. Origin of name : from the English word "soda" (the origin of the symbol Na comes from the Latin word "natrium"). Until the 18th century no distinction was made between potassium and sodium. This was because early chemists did not recognise that "vegetable alkali" (K2CO3, potassium carbonate, coming from deposits in the earth) and "mineral alkali" (Na2CO3, sodium carbonate, derived from wood ashes) are distinct from each other. Eventually a distinction was made. Sodium was first isolated in 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy, who made it by the electrolysis of very dry molten sodium hydroxide, NaOH. Sodium collected at the cathode. Davy isolated potassium by a similar procedure, also in 1807. Shortly after, Thenard and Gay-Lussac isolated sodium by reducing sodium hydroxide with iron metal at high temperatures. Sodium is one of the elements which has an alchemical symbol, shown below (alchemy is an ancient pursuit concerned with, for instance, the transformation of other metals into gold). alt="alchemical symbol of sodium"> Sometime prior to the autumn of 1803, the Englishman John Dalton was able to explain the results of some of his studies by assuming that matter is composed of atoms and that all samples of any given compound consist of the same combination of these atoms. Dalton also noted that in series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with a given weight of the first element can be reduced to small whole numbers (the law of multiple proportions). This was further evidence for atoms. Dalton's theory of atoms was published by Thomas Thomson in the 3rd edition of his System of Chemistry in 1807 and in a paper about strontium oxalates published in the Philosophical Transactions. Dalton published these ideas himself in the following year in the New System of Chemical Philosophy. The symbol used by Dalton for sodium is shown below. [See History of Chemistry, Sir Edward Thorpe, volume 1, Watts & Co, London, 1914.] Sodium around us Read more » Sodium is a vital element. The human diet must contain a sensible amount of sodium. The sodium cation is the main extracellular (outside cells) cation in animals and is important for nerve function in animals. The importance of sodium as salt in the diet was recognized well before sodium itself was understood to be an element. This recognition formed the basis of trading of salt deposits lining the Dead Sea in biblical times by the Romans. Prolonged sweating results in sodium ion loss in sweat and it is most important that the sodium ion is replaced through proper diet. Sodium is never found as the free element ("native") in nature as it is so reactive. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in the earth's crust at about 2.6 - 3.0%. The most common mineral is rock salt (sodium chloride, NaCl, or halite), but it occurs in many other minerals including sodium borate (borax), sodium carbonate (soda), sodium nitrate (Chile saltpetre). and sodium sulphate (thenardite). In those species, however, it is the anions that are the reason for mining. Sodium is present in some abundance in the sun and other stars andclearly identifiable by the sodium D lines which are very prominent in the solar spectrum and those of other stars. Abundances for sodium in a number of different environments. More abundance data » Location Second ionisation energy : 4562 kJ mol‑1 Isolation Isolation : sodium would not normally be made in the laboratory as it is so readily available commercially. All syntheses require an electrolytic step as it is so difficult to add an electron to the poorly electronegative sodium ion Na+. Sodium is present as salt (sodiu