Mixing blue, red, and green light produces what colour/color?

Color Addition Color Addition Light Waves and Color - Lesson 2 - Color and Vision Color Addition Blue Skies and Red Sunsets Color perception, like sound perception , is a complex subject involving the disciplines of psychology, physiology, biology, chemistry and physics. When you look at an object and perceive a distinct color, you are not necessarily seeing a single frequency of light. Consider for instance that you are looking at a shirt and it appears purple to your eye. In such an instance, there may be several frequencies of light striking your eye with varying degrees of intensity. Yet your eye-brain system interprets the frequencies that strike your eye and the shirt is decoded by your brain as being purple.   Primary Colors of Light The subject of color perception can be simplified if we think in terms of primary colors of light. We have already learned that white is not a color at all , but rather the presence of all the frequencies of visible light. When we speak of white light, we are referring to ROYGBIV - the presence of the entire spectrum of visible light. But combining the range of frequencies in the visible light spectrum is not the only means of producing white light. White light can also be produced by combining only three distinct frequencies of light, provided that they are widely separated on the visible light spectrum. Any three colors (or frequencies) of light that produce white light when combined with the correct intensity are called primary colors of light. There are a variety of sets of primary colors. The most common set of primary colors is red (R), green (G) and blue (B). When red, green and blue light are mixed or added together with the proper intensity, white (W) light is obtained. This is often represented by the equation below: R + G + B = W In fact, the mixing together (or addition) of two or three of these three primary colors of light with varying degrees of intensity can produce a wide range of other colors. For this reason, many television sets and computer monitors produce the range of colors on the monitor by the use of red, green and blue light-emitting phosphors.   The addition of the primary colors of light can be demonstrated using a light box. The light box illuminates a screen with the three primary colors - red (R), green (G) and blue (B). The lights are often the shape of circles. The result of adding two primary colors of light is easily seen by viewing the overlap of the two or more circles of primary light. The different combinations of colors produced by red, green and blue are shown in the graphic below. (CAUTION: Because of the way that different monitors and different web browsers render the colors on the computer monitor, there may be slight variations from the intended colors.)   Color Addition Rules These demonstrations with the color box illustrate that red light and green light add together to produce yellow (Y) light. Red light and blue light add together to produce magenta (M) light. Green light and blue light add together to produce cyan (C) light. And finally, red light and green light and blue light add together to produce white light. This is sometimes demonstrated by the following color equations and graphic: R + G = Y Green and Magenta Blue and Yellow The production of various colors of light by the mixing of the three primary colors of light is known as color addition. The color addition principles discussed on this page can be used to make predictions of the colors that would result when different colored lights are mixed. In the next part of Lesson 2 , we will learn how to use the principles of color addition to determine why different objects look specific colors when illuminated with various colors of light.     We Would Like to Suggest ... Sometimes it isn't enough to just read about it. You have to interact with it! And that's exactly what you do when you use one of The Physics Classroom's Interactives. We would like to suggest that you combine the reading of this page with the use of our  RGB Color Addition Interactive . The Interactive is fou


Nate Dogg who died age 41 in 2011 found fame in what performance genre?

Rapper Nate Dogg dies at 41 - today > entertainment - Music - TODAY.com Rapper Nate Dogg dies at 41 Snoop Dogg calls hip-hop star 'one of my best friends and a brother to me' Below: Advertise Frazer Harrison  /  Getty Images Nate Dogg collaborated with such hip-hop superstars as Eminem and Dr. Dre and was a founding member of the group 213 with Snoop Dogg and Warren G. updated 3/16/2011 3:55:45 PM ET 2011-03-16T19:55:45 + - LOS ANGELES  — Singer Nate Dogg, whose near monotone crooning anchored some of rap's most seminal songs and helped define the sound of West coast hip-hop, has died at age 41. Nate Dogg, whose real name was Nathaniel D. Hale, died Tuesday of complications from multiple strokes, said Attorney Mark Geragos. Nate Dogg wasn't a rapper, but he was an integral figure in the genre: His deep voice wasn't particularly melodic, but its tone — at times menacing, at times playful, yet always charming — provided just the right touch on hits including Warren G's "Regulate," 50 Cent's "21 Questions," Dr. Dre's "The Next Episode" and countless others. Grio.com: Original 'gangsta crooner' gone too soon While Nate Dogg provided hooks for rappers from coast to coast, the Long Beach, Calif., native is best known for his contributions to the West Coast soundtrack provided by the likes of Snoop Dogg, Dr. Dre, Tha Dogg Pound and more. Nate Dogg was even part of a "supergroup" featuring Snoop Dogg and Warren G, called 213. Nate Dogg, who had suffered at least two strokes since 2008, also put out his own solo projects but was best known for his collaborations with others. Last year, Warren G said Nate Dogg was in therapy but needed help. Advertise "Everybody just gotta keep him in their prayers, 'cause he had two strokes and that's real dangerous. And a lot of people don't come back from that," he said in an interview to HipHollywood. "'Cause the game needs him, I need him." After word of his death spread, tributes poured in on Twitter. "We lost a true legend n hip hop n rnb. One of my best friends n a brother to me since 1986 when I was a sophomore at poly high where we met," Snoop Dogg tweeted Tuesday night. Like Snoop Dogg, Nate Dogg got his start on Death Row when he was signed to the groundbreaking label by Dr. Dre. Nate Dogg got his start singing in the local church choir. He dropped out of high school to join the Marines but after three years was dishonorably discharged. He briefly got involved with the drug trade before forming a musical group with Snoop and Warren G. It was Warren G who was credited with giving their music to Dr. Dre. Nate Dogg made his debut on Dr. Dre's classic album "The Chronic," and immediately distinguished himself with a trademarked sound: a low, steady croon that came across as intimidating as the rap verses. His vocals made him one of the most sought after collaborators for rap songs. Fifty Cent, who tapped Nate Dogg for his 2003 love song "21 Questions," tweeted Tuesday: "I wrote the chorus to 21 questions I needed nate to sing it for me. He had a way of making everything feel hard." On Twitter? Follow us there! Nate Dogg could be heard on songs ranging from Ludacris' "Area Codes" to Tupac Shakur's "All About U" to Eminem's "Shake That." Even as times changed, and rappers came and went, he didn't fall out of fashion. He faced several legal problems. In 1996, he was acquitted of an armed robbery charge; a jury deadlocked on another and he was not retried. In 2000, Nate Dogg was accused of trying to kidnap an ex-girlfriend, but those charges were dismissed. He pleaded no contest to gun possession and was sentenced to probation. In January of 2008, he suffered a debilitating stroke but a few months later was arrested for stalking and threatening his estranged wife. He appeared in court in a wheelchair. The charge was dropped a year later. Nate Dogg spent the last years of his life trying to rebound from his medical problems. "All dogs go to heaven ... RIP NATE DOGG," tweeted Snoop Dogg. © 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or


What is the main cereal component of UK flapjacks, known as Hudson Bay Bars in the USA?

From Pemmican to Poutine: Eating in Canada Utilisez la commande fichier > imprimer pour imprimer cette page. From Pemmican to Poutine: Eating in Canada Pauline Morel, under the supervision of Nathalie Cooke, McGill University Introduction: Pauline Morel, under the supervision of Nathalie Cooke, McGill University. 2008 Canada has a unique and fascinating food history. It begins with the First Nations and the riches of the land: bison, caribou, dried salmon and "the three sisters" -- corn, beans and squash. Aboriginal peoples offer survival lessons to newcomers, introducing pemmican and bannock as staples of camp meals that fuel traders, railway crews, survey parties, lumbermen and miners. With each wave of immigration, newcomers attracted to the "breadbasket of the world" bring their own foods, some of which are dismissed as "exotic" or "unfamiliar," while others, such as smoked meat, chop suey and bagels, are rapidly adopted. Pioneers and labourers adapt early kitchens -- chuck wagons, camp kitchens and outdoor ovens -- to the landscape. In contrast, the upper and middle classes continue to pursue Victorian ideals of leisure and domesticity. Transportation technology opens up the wilderness for recreational use, and large groups enjoy food at picnics. Concern about nutrition assumes a central role at the start of the 20th century. Adelaide Hoodless (1857-1910), a prominent social reformer, leads a campaign for the pasteurization of milk and the education of women in "domestic science." Milk stations, known as Gouttes de lait, are set up in 1911 in Montreal to provide families with supplies of sterilized milk, advice on child care and access to medical services. Women's Institutes (1897), or the Cercles des fermières (1915) in Québec, are established to improve home economics and gain public recognition. Significant technological advances in the early 1900s -- the introduction of gas and electric stoves, electric refrigerators and packaged goods -- also raise expectations of the home food producer and ironically seem to increase rather than diminish her burden. How are Canada's current foodways being transformed within a global economy? What are the long-term consequences of eating habits increasingly geared toward cheap, processed, fast food in the second half of the 20th century and the start of the 21st? Food choices that were unavailable to Canada's first inhabitants are proving to be a challenge as well as a benefit to today's Canadians. © Musée McCord © Musée McCord Clefs de l'histoire: The history of Canadian food begins with the First Nations whose distinct cultures adapted to local climates and available food sources. As European whalers and later fur traders established themselves across the Arctic, some aspects of the lifestyles of the Inuit changed as they signed on as deckhands, guides and trappers, which led to an increased breakdown of traditional cooperative ways of life. The decline of caribou herds and whale populations and the increase in epidemics forced some Aboriginals to settle around trading posts and depend more on southern goods. The introduction of white bread, sugar, canned and packaged foods drastically changed native diets over the years. Traditional "country" foods such as caribou, seal, muskox, muktuk (whale skin), fish and wild birds such as ptarmigan remained staples in remote areas, but elsewhere a mixed diet of country foods and southern foods became common and remains so today. References Captain Mack's Album, http://www.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/webtours/CptMack.en , McCord Museum. Carol Ferguson and Margaret Fraser, A Century of Canadian Home Cooking: 1900 through the '90s (Scarborough, ON: Prentice Hall Canada, 1992), pp. xiv-xv. Quoi: This photograph is part of Captain George E. Mack's album, which focuses on the communities formed around trading posts and hunting grounds. Où: The photograph was taken near the Hudson's Bay Company trading post at Port Burwell, also called Killiniq, on what is now the Nunavut side of Killiniq Island. The Hudson's Bay Company has long been intimately inv


What nation ended conscription to its Bundeswehr in 2011?

Germany Ends Military Conscription, and an Era - The New York Times The New York Times Europe |The Draft Ends in Germany, but Questions of Identity Endure Search Continue reading the main story BERLIN — Germany formally discontinued the draft at midnight on Thursday to make way for a smaller, tighter army that will draw people like Johannes Beckert and Steven Stadler, both volunteers signing up for duty at a sprawling, suburban recruitment center that once housed the East German military’s overseas espionage agency. The two men are part of a military evolution spanning more than half a century, from rearmament in the divided Germany of the 1950s through the cold war, which placed hundreds of thousands of young German soldiers on either side of the Iron Curtain, and on to a reunification that was not just geographic and political but also created a single army bonded by conscription. They are part, too, of a long-running German quest for antidotes to its Nazi past, ensuring that its military is subservient to the will of a democratic Parliament. About 5,000 German soldiers are part of the NATO-led campaign in Afghanistan, and even though 52 German soldiers have died there in the past nine years, Mr. Stadler said, “It is an honor to serve your country and help people abroad.” Fear, he said as he prepared for a psychological aptitude test, would be the wrong word to describe his attitude to deployment in hostile terrain. Continue reading the main story “Respect is better,” said Mr. Stadler, who is 20. For his part, Mr. Beckert, 18, said that being a soldier would be a new and risky experience. “You have a lot of thoughts, but I think it’s worthwhile to do it,” he said while preparing for a physical. Advertisement Continue reading the main story The latest military changes have also raised broader questions that cut to the core of Germany’s enduring identity crisis: will Germany’s new force draw disproportionately on recruits from the former Communist east; will young Germans — men and women — be prepared to overcome postwar Germany’s deep aversion to militarism; and will the end of the draft create an army with fewer inhibitions about deployment alongside its NATO allies to the world’s trouble spots. West Germany introduced compulsory military service in 1957 for periods that varied between a maximum of 18 months and, toward the end, of only six months, said Lt. Col. Kai Schlolaut, a Defense Ministry spokesman. From the beginning, conscription was seen as a constitutional means of averting the militarism of the past by creating “citizens in uniform” to bind the armed forces to the rest of society. Everyone had to serve. Indeed, Colonel Schlolaut said, some 8.4 million Germans served, either as conscripts in the Bundeswehr, as the armed forces are called, or in alternative civilian service, as helpers in old age-homes or charitable institutions. Then last year, the former Defense Minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg unveiled plans to reform the military, cutting it from its current levels — 220,000, along with 76,000 civilian support officials — to a maximum of 185,000 in uniform supported by 55,000 civilians. “We want a more flexible, more professional armed forces,” Colonel Schlolaut said. Germany is making the change years after its major allies have taken the same step, including the United States, which ended the draft in 1973. The draft was technically suspended as of July 1 — under German law, to abolish it would have required rewriting the Constitution. The last draftees began six months of compulsory service in January, and some left their barracks for good on Thursday. The change to an all-volunteer army brought a shift of pace for Marion Krauskopf, the civilian director of Berlin’s recruitment center at the former military espionage base at Treptow-Köpenick in the southeast of the city, which once processed up to 150 draftees a day. Now, Ms. Krauskopf said in an interview, the figure is 20 or 30. In the past, women were excluded from conscription, although in recent years they have been able to volunteer for the mi


Recep Tayyip Erdogan took office in 2003 (2011 serves still) as prime minister of which country, connecting Europe and Asia?

Turkey's most powerful president since Ataturk: A profile of Recep Tayyip Erdogan - Telegraph Turkey Turkey's most powerful president since Ataturk: A profile of Recep Tayyip Erdogan He is the country's first elected president who has been at the forefront of  Turkish politics for more than a decade. Raziye Akkoc takes a look at  his humble beginnings as the former AKP leader prepares for June's general  election Recep Tayyip Erdogan riding a bicycle based on a model used by a world biking champion, during the launch of the 51st Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey in Istanbul, on April 18, 2015 Photo: AFP/TURKISH PRESIDENTIAL PRESS OFFICE/KAYHAN OZER


In what 'royal' village was Princess Diana born?

Royal princess named Charlotte Elizabeth Diana - BBC News BBC News Royal princess named Charlotte Elizabeth Diana 4 May 2015 Image copyright PA Image caption The princess follows a long line of royals named Charlotte The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge have named their daughter Charlotte Elizabeth Diana, Kensington Palace has said. The fourth in line to the throne will be known as Her Royal Highness Princess Charlotte of Cambridge. She was born on Saturday in the Lindo Wing of London's St Mary's Hospital weighing 8lbs 3oz (3.7kg). The Queen and other senior royals were told of the baby's name before the announcement was made public. The BBC's royal correspondent Peter Hunt said that a Kensington Palace official, when asked about the couple's choice of name, said: "We'll let the names speak for themselves." Why Charlotte? Image copyright PA Charlotte, the feminine form of Charles, has a long royal pedigree and became popular in the 18th Century when it was the name of George III's queen. The King bought Buckingham House in 1761 for his wife Queen Charlotte to use as a family home close to St James's Palace - it became known as the Queen's House and is now Buckingham Palace. Charles is the name of two former kings and of the Prince of Wales, the princess's grandfather. Charlotte also has more recent connections for the royal couple. On the duchess's side, it is the middle name of her sister Pippa Middleton and on the duke's it is the name of his cousin Charlotte Spencer, Earl Spencer's youngest daughter. The earl tweeted: "Perfect names. My 2-year old Charlotte Diana will be thrilled at cousinly name-sharing." According to figures from the Office for National Statistics , Charlotte is the 21st most popular girl's name in England and Wales with 2,242 babies being given it in 2013. Elizabeth is 39th in the list but Diana is not in the top 100. Image copyright EPA Image caption The couple took their daughter home after spending just over 12 hours at the hospital The duke and duchess and their daughter have been at home in Kensington Palace since leaving hospital on Saturday evening. It is understood they will remain there for the time being before travelling to their country home, Anmer Hall, on the Queen's Sandringham estate, in Norfolk. Media captionPeople outside Kensington Palace give their opinion on the choice of the baby's name Royal historian Hugo Vickers said the choice of Charlotte as a name seemed to be based on taste rather than history. "I don't think she is burdened by any history associated with it and to be honest I think they just chose the name because they liked it, which is what they do and what we respect about them. "We historians can always find someone called Charlotte but I think basically they just liked the name." Historian Dr Judith Rowbotham, of the University of Plymouth, said: "None of the Charlottes in the history of the British royal family have been lacking in character and personality, so one hopes that this one lives up to that name." A family name By Peter Hunt, BBC royal correspondent Hard facts and royal pregnancies, labours and births are not natural bedfellows. They represent a moment where the very personal, a couple celebrating the arrival of a daughter, collide with the very public - the father is a future king. So, we don't know why William and Kate chose Charlotte as the first name of the fourth in line to the throne. It conveniently has links to the Middletons, the present Windsors and past royals. Elizabeth and Diana are more obvious choices. Prince William has spoken of how, as he becomes older, his grandmother has become an even more important part of his life. And it was inevitable that he would honour his mother and inevitable that he wouldn't "burden" his daughter with Diana as a first name. As William said when he gave his fiancee his mother's engagement ring, it's a way of keeping her "close to it all". Read more from Peter Prime Minister David Cameron congratulated the duke and duchess on their new arrival and said he had "always liked the name Charlotte". "It's a lovely n


Ellen Johnson Sirleaf was elected president in 2005 of which war-torn African country, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Côte d'Ivoire?

Liberia - List of African Countries List of African countries Questions to which this page has the answer to What is the population of Liberia? What is the currency of Liberia? What is the capital of Liberia? What languages are spoken in Liberia? Notes Last updated 21 may 2009 Liberia Gross domestic product per capita $ 1,003 Republic of Liberia, is a country on the west coast of Africa,  bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, and the Atlantic  Ocean. As of 2008, the nation is estimated to be home to 3,489,072  people and cover 111,369 square kilometers (43,000 sq mi) [source] The name Liberia denotes "liberty" as Black Americans were sent to  Liberia in 1822, and founded the country in 1847 with the support of  the American Colonization Society creating a new ethnic group called  the Americo-Liberians. However, this introduction of a new ethnic [source] Liberia has coastal lowlands extending 350 mi (560 km) along the  Atlantic; farther inland are hills and low mountains. Roughly  one-fifth of Liberia consists of tropical rainforest. Agriculture is  the main component of the economy, but only a portion of the arable [source] Constitutionally, Liberia is a republic with two legislative houses,  and its head of state and government is the president. Africa's oldest  republic, Liberia was established on land acquired for freed U.S.  slaves by the American Colonization Society, which founded a colony at [source] 1824 the territory was named Liberia, and its main settlement was  named Monrovia. Joseph Jenkins Roberts proclaimed Liberian  independence in 1847 and expanded its boundaries. Border disputes with  the French and British lasted until 1892, when its boundaries were  officially established. In 1980 a coup led by Gen [source] The area of West Africa that later became Liberia was invaded in the  sixteenth century by Mane, Malian Soldiers tribes from what is now the  interior of Ivory Coast and Ghana. The Manes partitioned the conquered  territories and their peoples among Mane leaders with one chieftain  over all [source] Lying on the Atlantic in the southern part of West Africa, Liberia is  bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Côte d'Ivoire. It is comparable  in size to Tennessee. Most of the country is a plateau covered by  dense tropical forests, which thrive under an annual rainfall of about  160 in [source] Africa's first republic, Liberia was founded in 1822 as a result of  the efforts of the American Colonization Society to settle freed  American slaves in West Africa. The society contended that the  immigration of blacks to Africa was an answer to the problem of [source] The post conflict environment in Liberia is affected by a number of  factors ranging from shifting cultivation, soil erosion, unregulated  timber exploitation, poaching and hunting, inappropriate mining  schemes, insufficient public education and awareness, inadequate law  enforcement, and insufficient training in biodiversity management. All [source] report, the top UN Envoy in Liberia, Ellen Margrethe Løj, said that  the mission will remain firm and resolute in ensuring that appropriate  disciplinary measures are instituted for any proven SEA misconduct.  "Even one case is one too many," she said. Photo: Christopher [source] and economic development must be addressed if Liberia is to solidify  the progress made so far and UNMIL is to successfully draw down its presence in the country. The hope and tranquillity we see today is  tempered by a tenuous and fragile peace, she said. As Liberia [source] The Republic of Liberia is a country on the west coast of Africa,  bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Ivory Coast. Africa's oldest  republic, Liberia had it's beginnings predating the American Civil  War. Liberia, which means "Land of the Free," was founded as an [source] Liberia is situated in Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic  Ocean. Liberia has three main geographic regions: A narrow, sandy  strip of coastal lagoons and mangrove swamps, inla


What city, named after a month of the year, claims in recent tradition to host the largest street carnival in the world?

Carnival | Article about Carnival by The Free Dictionary Carnival | Article about Carnival by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Carnival Related to Carnival: cruises carnival, communal celebration, especially the religious celebration in Catholic countries that takes place just before Lent Lent [Old Eng. lencten,=spring], Latin Quadragesima (meaning 40; thus the 40 days of Lent). In Christianity, Lent is a time of penance, prayer, preparation for or recollection of baptism, and preparation for the celebration of Easter. ..... Click the link for more information. . Since early times carnivals have been accompanied by parades, masquerades, pageants, and other forms of revelry that had their origins in pre-Christian pagan rites, particularly fertility rites that were connected with the coming of spring and the rebirth of vegetation. One of the first recorded instances of an annual spring festival is the festival of Osiris in Egypt; it commemorated the renewal of life brought about by the yearly flooding of the Nile. In Athens, during the 6th cent. B.C., a yearly celebration in honor of the god Dionysus was the first recorded instance of the use of a float. It was during the Roman Empire that carnivals reached an unparalleled peak of civil disorder and licentiousness. The major Roman carnivals were the Bacchanalia, the Saturnalia, and the Lupercalia. In Europe the tradition of spring fertility celebrations persisted well into Christian times, where carnivals reached their peak during the 14th and 15th cent. Because carnivals are deeply rooted in pagan superstitions and the folklore of Europe, the Roman Catholic Church was unable to stamp them out and finally accepted many of them as part of church activity. The immediate consequence of church influence may be seen in the medieval Feast of Fools, which included a mock Mass and a blasphemous impersonation of church officials. Eventually, however, the power of the church made itself felt, and the carnival was stripped of its most offending elements. The church succeeded in dominating the activities of the carnivals, and eventually they became directly related to the coming of Lent. The major celebrations are generally on Shrove Tuesday (see Mardi Gras Mardi Gras , last day before the fasting season of Lent. It is the French name for Shrove Tuesday. Literally translated, the term means "fat Tuesday" and was so called because it represented the last opportunity for merrymaking and excessive indulgence in food and drink before ..... Click the link for more information. ); however, in Germany the carnival season, or Fasching, begins on the Epiphany (Jan. 6) in Bavaria and on Nov. 11 in the Rhineland. In recent times, the term carnival has also been loosely applied to include local festivals, traveling circuses, bazaars, and other celebrations of a joyous nature, regardless of their purpose or their season. carnival historical and continuing forms of social ritual which allow temporary reversals of the social order in which social rules (e.g. sexual mores) are transgressed and mockery made of the rich and powerful. See also LIMINALITY , BAKHTIN , ROLE REVERSAL . Carnival Cheese Week, Mardi Gras, Maslenitsa, Packzi Day, Pancake Day, Shrovetide Carnival is a holiday that developed in response to a religious observance, namely the six-week season of Lent. In the Middle Ages Christians endured many trying religious disciplines during Lent. As a result they celebrated the week before Lent began, enjoying one last fling before beginning these hardships. Carnival celebrations last from several days to over a week and take place in early spring. Many festivals begin in earnest on the Saturday or Sunday before Ash Wednesday, the start of Lent. The Thursday before Ash Wednesday, sometimes called "Fat Thursday," also once served as a traditional starting date for Carnival. The date of Carnival changes from year to year, as its timing depends on that of Easter (see also Easter, Date of). The festival reaches its peak on the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday. In some coun


US traitor Iva Toguri d'Aquino was better known by what name?

Education & Resources - National Women's History Museum - NWHM National Women's History Museum Home > Education & Resources > Biographies > Biography Index > Iva Toguri D'Aquino Iva Toguri D'aquino       (1916-2006) Iva Toguri d’Aquino was born on July 4, 1916 to Japanese immigrant parents in Los Angeles, California. She would later become known as the infamous “Tokyo Rose” after World War II, but she had a typical California upbringing. She attended the University of California at Los Angeles and graduated in January of 1940 with a degree in zoology. She did graduate work at UCLA until June of that year but left school to work in her father’s mercantile shop. On July 5, 1941 Toguri sailed to Japan to care for a sick aunt. By all accounts, her experience in Japan was not easy. She did not speak the language or know the Japanese culture her parents had left. In September, she appeared before the U.S. Vice Consul to apply for a passport to return to America for permanent residence. Because she did not have a passport when she left the U.S., her application was forwarded to the Department of State. Before the process was finalized, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and war was declared. Toguri withdrew her passport application and decided to stay in Japan for the duration of the war. While living in Japan, Toguri enrolled in Japanese language and culture school. From 1942 to 1943, she worked at the Domei News Agency. In August of 1943 she got a second job as a typist for Radio Tokyo. In November, she began broadcasting on Zero Hour under the name “Orphan Ann.” The radio program was part of Japan’s psychological warfare campaign against U.S. troops with broadcasts intended to lower their morale. This type of female broadcaster in Japan was nicknamed “Tokyo Rose” by troops. It was believed that a Tokyo Rose knew every American troop movement and taunted and beguiled the troops during her radio broadcasts. There was no one specific Tokyo Rose. The moniker applied to about twelve English-speaking women broadcasters on the air. But Toguri became the most famous Tokyo Rose after the war. On April 19, 1945, Toguri married Felipe d’Aquino, a Portuguese citizen of Japanese-Portuguese descent. After the war ended in 1945, Toguri again applied to return to the United States. The Japanese press had identified her as Tokyo Rose, so the U.S. Army authorities arrested her. The Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Army Counterintelligence Corps began an extensive investigation of her broadcasts, but concluded that she had not committed crimes against the U.S. and should not be prosecuted. Again, Toguri tried to return to the U.S., outraging veterans groups. The commotion caused the Department of Justice to reopen the investigation, and reporter Harry Brundidge was sent to Japan to search for further evidence. While in Japan, Brundidge convinced someone to give false testimony against Toguri, providing enough evidence for her prosecution. Toguri was indicted on eight counts of treason in September of 1948 and was escorted back to the U.S. for her trial. A year later, the jury found her guilty, making her the seventh person convicted of treason in American history. She was sentenced to ten years in prison and a $10,000 fine. On January 28, 1956 Toguri was released from the Federal Reformatory for Women in Alderson, West Virginia. She successfully fought deportation efforts and moved to Chicago, where her father owned and ran J. Toguri Mercantile Shop. She gave permission for the documentary The Story of Tokyo Rose to be made in 1969, telling her side of the story. In 1976, journalist Ron Yates discovered that the two men who had testified against her, Kenkichi Oki and George Mitsushio, had committed perjury. President Gerald Ford pardoned her on January 19, 1977. Toguri remained in the United States and never again saw her husband, whom she finally divorced in 1990. Toguri lived the rest of her life in Chicago running J. Toguri Mercantile Shop. In 2005 the World War II Veterans Committee presented her with the Edward J. Herlihy Citizen


What is the subtitle of Shakespeare's play 'Twelfth Night'?

SparkNotes: Twelfth Night: Context Twelfth Night Table of Contents Plot Overview The most influential writer in all of English literature, William Shakespeare was born in 1564 to a -successful middle-class glove-maker in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. Shakespeare attended grammar school, but his formal education proceeded no further. In 1582 he married an older woman, Anne Hathaway, and had three children with her. Around 1590 he left his family behind and traveled to London to work as an actor and playwright. Public and critical acclaim quickly followed, and Shakespeare eventually became the most popular playwright in England and part-owner of the Globe Theater. His career bridged the reigns of Elizabeth I (ruled 1558–1603) and James I (ruled 1603–1625), and he was a favorite of both monarchs. Indeed, James granted his company the greatest possible compliment by bestowing upon its members the title of King’s Men. Wealthy and renowned, Shakespeare retired to Stratford and died in 1616 at age fifty-two. At the time of his death, literary luminaries such as Ben Jonson hailed his works as timeless. Shakespeare’s works were collected and printed in various editions in the century following his death, and by the early eighteenth century his reputation as the greatest poet ever to write in English was well established. The unprecedented admiration garnered by his works led to a fierce curiosity about Shakespeare’s life, but the dearth of biographical information has left many details of Shakespeare’s personal history shrouded in mystery. Some people have concluded from this fact and from Shakespeare’s modest education that Shakespeare’s plays were actually written by someone else—Francis Bacon and the Earl of Oxford are the two most popular candidates—but the support for this claim is overwhelmingly circumstantial, and the theory is not taken seriously by many scholars. In the absence of credible evidence to the contrary, Shakespeare must be viewed as the author of the thirty-seven plays and 154 sonnets that bear his name. The legacy of this body of work is immense. A number of Shakespeare’s plays seem to have transcended even the category of brilliance, becoming so influential as to affect profoundly the course of Western literature and culture ever after. Shakespeare wrote Twelfth Night near the middle of his career, probably in the year 1601. Most critics consider it one of his greatest comedies, along with plays such as As You Like It, Much Ado About Nothing, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Twelfth Night is about illusion, deception, disguises, madness, and the extraordinary things that love will cause us to do—and to see. Twelfth Night is the only one of Shakespeare’s plays to have an alternative title: the play is actually called Twelfth Night, or What You Will. Critics are divided over what the two titles mean, but “Twelfth Night” is usually considered to be a reference to Epiphany, or the twelfth night of the Christmas celebration (January 6). In Shakespeare’s day, this holiday was celebrated as a festival in which everything was turned upside down—much like the upside-down, chaotic world of Illyria in the play. Twelfth Night is one of Shakespeare’s so-called transvestite comedies, a category that also includes As You Like It and The Merchant of Venice. These plays feature female protagonists who, for one reason or another, have to disguise themselves as young men. It is important to remember that in Shakespeare’s day, all of the parts were played by men, so Viola would actually have been a male pretending to be a female pretending to be a male. Contemporary critics have found a great deal of interest in the homoerotic implications of these plays. As is the case with most of Shakespeare’s plays, the story of Twelfth Night is derived from other sources. In particular, Shakespeare seems to have consulted an Italian play from the 1530s entitled Gl’Ingannati, which features twins who are mistaken for each other and contains a version of the Viola-Olivia-Orsino love triangle in Twelfth Night. He also seems to have used a 1581


The Hubbard Medal, whose past winners include Sir Ernest Shackleton, Charles Lindbergh, and the Apollo 11 crew, is awarded by which society?

The News Newspaper - Issue 137 by The News Newspaper - issuu VICTORIA CAR HIRE UK UK Self Drive £99 per week Fully inclusive No hidden extras Delivery & Collection Gatwick Airport only Tel: 0044 1293 432155 Fax: 0044 1293 402600 Issue 137 Mighty “Mouse” in the bullring P5 Fighting bull Ratón kills another would-be bull fighter in Valencia, his third victim DANCE AND DINE - National News A fair for everyone Unlike many small town ferias, the Malaga feria attracts people of all ages. % . The young people cruise the bars, bent on partying, while the older people are content to watch the ( street dancing to typical music and then have a good nosh in one of the city's many excellent TREAT YOURSELF to an organic FISH PEDICURE (no appointment necessary) Probably the best €10 you will ever spend on yourself! 627 428 161 Plaza Olé, Benalmadena Costa (behind Barclays Bank) TEL: 951 773 598 See Page 10 For Our Summer deals UNION JACK REMOVALS ThE ORIgINAL - Established over 30 years National, International & Worldwide shipping world – it ends this Saturday, August 20th. Complete Furniture packages CASA COIN Legal Administration & Rentals Let us take out the stress of Spanish paperwork and bureaucracy We offer long term rental and NIE & Residencia, IBI, Taxes, Self maintenance services with a employment, Conveyancing & wide selection of properties contracts, E121, Interpreting, from €300 - €2000 per month. Vehicle name transfers, Driving licences, Taxes, Wills, plus many 622 303 447 more services all along the coast casacoin@gmail.com & inland. casacoinrentals@gmail.com BEST PRICES & SERVICE! www.casacoin.webs.com ( Private Health Insurance From 49€ per month Funeral Plans Easy payment options, from 53€ per month 952 010 017 www.staysureabroad.com Calle de Marques del Duero 17 San Pedro de Alcántara, Málaga, 29670 Staysure.co.uk Ltd is a FSA regulated company. No. 436804. ASPHALT AND BLOCKPAVING FOR ALL URBANISATIONS ROADS AND PARKING AREAS LAID IN ASPHALT PLUS! CRUSHED CONCRETE FOR ROADS, TRACKS CAR PARKS ETC. LAID & ROLLED 300 ton crushed concrete. Available for road, tracks, carparks, etc. Very good for sub-base, can be supplied laid & rolled. For a good free quote in English ring 637 179 373 or in Spanish 673 250 707 James Ridgley 951 242 873 637 179 373 jrinspain@live.co.uk WEDNESDAY, August 17th 2011 02 n General News Week-long celebrations in the city centre during the day and partying until the early hours at the fairground. Fun and colour with music and dancing, a real taste of Spain, with flamenco dresses, horses and carriages. Starts Friday 12th August until Saturday 20th August. Info from tourist oﬃces and town hall www.thenewsonline.es ON Malaga Feria Photo exhibition with photos from the likes of David Hockney, Francis Bacon & Lucien Freud of people of London, young and old. Fundacion Museo del Grabador, Marbella. Mon & Sat 9-2, Tue - Fri 9-2 and 3-9pm €3 entry (Sat Free) Call 952 765 741 SUMMER WHAT’S Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in Lots to do for the kids. Weekly summer camps including golf, tennis, swimming, dancing, outdoor games, working with clay etc Weekly from now until October. €130 per week El Campanario 952 904 233 WORLD Romanians' ICKHAM’S What now? By Kym Wickham k.wickham@thenewsonline.es The scenes in london last week were horrible to watch from here on the news but, for the people there it was absolutely terrifying. Being a londoner myself I cannot understand what would make the people of my own city turn on each other as the true cockney way was to look after your neighbours and never, ever to s**t on your own doorstep. Even hardened criminals would never mess where they ate - it was a hard and fast unwritten rule. Of course, the people who carried out the attacks on property and person are a very small minority of the people of london, most are good kids that are getting a bad press because of them. So what has happened? Well, for a start teachers, parents and the local copper haven’t been able to give you a “clip round the ear” when you are out of order for years. The slightest sma


According to the Bible, how old was Methuselah when he fathered Lamech?

Methuselah in the Bible - Oldest Man Who Ever Lived By  Jack Zavada Methuselah has fascinated Bible readers for centuries as the oldest man who ever lived.  According to Genesis 5:27, Methuselah was 969 years old when he died. Three possible meanings have been suggested for his name: "man of the spear (or dart)," "his death shall bring...," and "worshiper of Selah."  The second meaning may imply that when Methuselah died, judgment would come, in the form of the Flood . Methuselah was a descendant of Seth, the third son of Adam and Eve .  Methuselah's father was Enoch , his son was Lamech, and his grandson was Noah , who built the ark and rescued his family from the great Flood. Before the Flood, people lived extremely long lives: Adam, 930; Seth, 912; Enosh, 905; Lamech, 777; and Noah, 950.  Enoch, Methuselah's father, was "translated" to heaven at age 365. Bible scholars offer a number of theories as to why Methuselah lived so long.  One is that the pre-Flood patriarchs were only a few generations removed from Adam and Eve, a genetically perfect couple.   They would have had unusually strong immunity from disease and life-threatening conditions.  Another theory suggests that early in humanity's history, people lived longer to populate the earth. As sin increased in the world, however, God planned to bring judgment through the Flood: Then the LORD said, “My Spirit will not contend with man forever, for he is mortal; his days will be a hundred and twenty years.” (Genesis 6:3, NIV ) Although several people lived to be over 400 years old after the Flood ( Genesis 11:10-24 ), gradually the maximum human lifespan went down to about 120 years.  The Fall of Man and the subsequent sin it introduced into the world corrupted every aspect of the planet.  "For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord." (Romans 6:23, NIV )  Paul was speaking about both physical and spiritual death. The Bible does not indicate that Methuselah's character had anything to do with his long life.  Certainly he would have been influenced by the example of his righteous father Enoch, who pleased God so much he escaped death by being "taken up" to heaven. Methuselah died in the year of the Flood .  Whether he perished before the Flood or was killed by it, we are not told.    Accomplishments of Methuselah: He lived to be 969 years old. Methuselah was grandfather of Noah, a "righteous man, blameless among the people of his time, and he walked faithfully with God." (Genesis 6:9, NIV ) Hometown: Ancient Mesopotamia, exact location not given. References to Methuselah in the Bible: Genesis 5:21-27; 1 Chronicles 1:3; Luke 3:37. Occupation: Children:  Lamech and unnamed siblings. Grandson:  Noah Descendant:  Joseph , earthly father of Jesus Christ Key Verse: Genesis 5:25-27 When Methuselah had lived 187 years, he became the father of Lamech. And after he became the father of Lamech, Methuselah lived 782 years and had other sons and daughters. Altogether, Methuselah lived 969 years, and then he died. ( NIV ) (Sources:  Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Trent C. Butler, general editor; International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, James Orr, general editor; gotquestions.org ) New Testament People of the Bible (Index) Jack Zavada, a career writer and contributor for About.com, is host to a Christian website for singles. Never married, Jack feels that the hard-won lessons he has learned may help other Christian singles make sense of their lives. His articles and ebooks offer great hope and encouragement. To contact him or for more information, visit Jack's Bio Page .


The World Heritage city of Kandy is on which Asian island, whose name means in Sanskrit 'venerable island', and whose previous colonial name is strongly associated with tea?

Amazing Sri Lanka Volume - VI by Tourist Board - W.P. - issuu ASL 04 Final v1.0.indd 1 5/23/2013 3:22:08 PM #43 ASL 04 Final v1.0.indd 2 5/23/2013 3:22:13 PM We oﬀer the world’s highest winning percentage. We take your ex�erience beyond gaming with world-class live enter�ainment, complimentar� dining and drinks and free t�anspor� with in Colombo cit� limits. www.bellagiocolombo.com #430 R.A.de Mel Mawatha, Colombo 03 Sri Lanka. ASL 04 Final v1.0.indd 1 Free Air�or� Transfer. Reimbursement of Air Ticket. Complimentar� Food & Beverage. Free 5-Star Hotel Accommodation. # Hotline :- +94 755 88 66 88 1 | ASL 5/23/2013 3:22:14 PM 2 | ASL ASL 04 Final v1.0.indd 2 5/23/2013 3:22:24 PM Image Courtesy: Eric Suriyasena Batiks Ayubovan! The Sri Lanka traditional gesture of welcome with fingers of both hands touching each other & both palms clasped together the ageâ€“old greeting of us Sri Lankans! Ayubovan ! May You be Blessed with Long Life... 3 | ASL ASL 04 Final v1.0.indd 3 5/23/2013 3:22:40 PM 4 | ASL ASL 04 Final v1.0.indd 4 5/23/2013 3:22:42 PM 5 | ASL ASL 04 Final v1.0.indd 5 5/23/2013 3:22:43 PM Contents TIPS FOR TRAVELLING IN SRI LANKA 24 40 Sri Lanka Tourism Celebrates ‘Avurudu’ With Foreign Visitors KANDY 38 KANDY POYA DAY PERAHERA 50 54 TROPICAL OYSTERS SRI LANKA’S NEW EXPORT TO THE WORLD 62 GETTING AROUND SRI LANKA FROM DOG CARTS TO TUK-TUKS 112 Amazing Sri Lanka - All rights reserved ÂŠ Amazing Sri Lanka 2013 Published by the Western Province Tourist Board. General Operations: I.G.I.T. Ratnayake & Claude Thomasz Advertising: Sales & Distribution: Madusanka Perera, Sripathi Senanayake No. 204, Dencil Kobbekaduwa Mawatha, Battramula, Sri Lanka. General: +94 (0) 11 7631705 | E-mail: info@wptb.lk +94 (0) 11 7208384 | Web: www.wptb.lk The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in whole or part in any form without the written consent of the publisher. Marketing: Layout & Designing: Nadun Egodage & Feather Pen Visual Studios Opinions expressed in this magazine are those of the writers and not Coordination: necessarily endorsed by the publisher. 8 | ASL ASL 04 Final v1.0.indd 8 Mark Pieris, Krishanthini Devendran 9 | ASL ASL 04 Final v1.0.indd 9 5/23/2013 3:23:02 PM ENCOURAGEMENT  Colombo is an exciting city at any time of the year especially now the initiatives taken by the government to beautify the city are taking root. The west and southern coasts offer wonderful bargains for holidaymakers this season too. Claude Thomasz Chairman Western Province Tourist Board  It gives me great pleasure to welcome you, as a tourist, to Sri Lanka. This is a fine time of the year to visit this island paradise because all parts of the country are uniquely enjoyable. Traditionally this is the season to visit the eastern seaboard of the island, where the seas are calm and the beaches irresistible to sun worshippers. It is also the time to visit the hill country and the medieval kingdom of Kandy where the Esala Perahera is held in August. Royston Ellis Editorial Consultant  This magazine is habit forming! That’s what a reader of the last edition told me. “As well as learning about the sights of Sri Lanka we are seeing behind the scenes. It is reassuring to know what is being done to encourage tourism here. I look forward to seeing the next issue of the magazine.” 10 | ASL Well, here it is. The team that ASL 04 Final v1.0.indd 10 At the Western Province Tourist Board we are doing all we can to support the tourist industry where vast sums are being spent by stakeholders to upgrade, or build new, properties to contemporary standards. While the private sector is investing financially, we are lending support with training programmes.  Training is my passion and, as Chairman, I want Sri Lankans to play their part in treating tourists well. Training and education, even for those not directly involved in tourism, helps spread the word, adding proficiency to the dazzling Sri Lankan smile. We are also doing all we can to encourage our neighbours from India to holiday here. Although we have traditional and cultural links, Sr


What is Ananas Comosus, defined as as 'multiple fruit consisting of coalesced berries'?

Family: Bromeliaceae Genre: Ananas The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with edible multiple fruit consisting of coalesced berries, also called pineapples, and the most economically significant plant in the Bromeliaceae family. Ananas is a plant genus of the Bromeliad family (Bromeliaceae), native to South America and Central America which includes the species Ananas comosus, the pineapple. The word "pineapple" in English was first recorded to describe the reproductive organs of conifer trees (now termed pine cones). When European explorers discovered this tropical fruit in the Americas, they called them "pineapples". The tough leaves grow in large rosettes, arising basally from a crown. These leaves are long and lanceolate with a serrate or thorny margin. The flowers, arising from the heart of the rosette, each have their own sepals. They grow into a compact head on a short, robust stalk. The sepals become fleshy and juicy and develop into the well-known complex form of the pseudocarp fruit, crowned by a rosette of leaves. Pineapples may be cultivated from a crown cutting of the fruit, possibly flowering in 20–24 months and fruiting in the following six months. Pineapple does not ripen significantly post-harvest. The pineapple is a herbaceous perennial, which grows to 1.0 to 1.5 meters (3.3 to 4.9 ft) tall, although sometimes it can be taller. In appearance, the plant has a short, stocky stem with tough, waxy leaves. When creating its fruit, it usually produces up to 200 flowers, although some large-fruited cultivars can exceed this. Once it flowers, the individual fruits of the flowers join together to create what is commonly referred to as a pineapple. After the first fruit is produced, side shoots (called 'suckers' by commercial growers) are produced in the leaf axils of the main stem. These may be removed for propagation, or left to produce additional fruits on the original plant. Commercially, suckers that appear around the base are cultivated. It has 30 or more long, narrow, fleshy, trough-shaped leaves with sharp spines along the margins that are 30 to 100 centimeters (1.0 to 3.3 ft) long, surrounding a thick stem. In the first year of growth, the axis lengthens and thickens, bearing numerous leaves in close spirals. After 12 to 20 months, the stem grows into a spike-like inflorescence up to 15 cm (6 in) long with over 100 spirally arranged, trimerous flowers, each subtended by a bract. Flower colors vary, depending on variety, from lavender, through light purple to red. The ovaries develop into berries, which coalesce into a large, compact, multiple accessory fruit. The fruit of a pineapple is arranged in two interlocking helices, eight in one direction, thirteen in the other. Seed formation needs pollination, but the presence of seeds harms the quality of the fruit. In Hawaii, where pineapple is cultivated on an agricultural scale, importation of hummingbirds is prohibited for this reason. Certainbat-pollinated wild pineapples open their flowers only at night. RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS


The D H Lawrence novel The Plumed Serpent is set in which country, bordered on the south-east by Guatemala, Belize and the Caribbean Sea?

Trip 1: Itinerary Trip 1: Itinerary Canada Before we start the actual trip we have     a few days to relax and enjoy the city of Vancouver. Vancouver is a beautiful     and modern city and is therefor also very expensive. During our four days     stay we have plenty of time to explore the city and we might even go to Vancouver Island. Remember that it can get very wet in Vancouver, so come     prepared and bring your raingear. U.S.A. The first day of the trip is spent in the     city of Anchorage. Set on the shores of the Cook Inlet at the base of     the Chugach Mountains it is an excellent point to begin exploring the     Alaskan glaciers and lakes. Anchorage is historically a frontier oil and     railway town and there are interesting museums reflecting the city's past. Leaving Anchorage we head south via Portage Glacier to Seward. an idyllic     fishing town on Resurrection Bay. This is our base from which to visit Kenai N. P. We can take a boat cruise through the park, enjoying the wildlife, rugged fjords and coastal glaciers. Alternatively you could choose to hike up Exit Glacier to the Harding Icefields. We have time to look around     Seward, which was almost entirely destroyed by fires and tidal waves during the 1964 earthquake. We then visit Denali National Park, home to Mt McKinley,     America's highest at 6.194 meters. You can take a scenic flight over the     park and Mount McKinley. Denali is full of elk, moose, caribou. brown     and black bears and over 150 species of birds that flock here during the summer months. We continue to Fairbanks, which is the northern-most point     of our journey and famous for the 'midnight sun' and gold rush days. Here     we join the Alaska Highway and continue through Tok as we head for Canada. Canada Dawson is our next stop, and takes us back     to the times of the Klondike Gold rush. The old pioneering spirit of the     place is easily imagined. and boardwalks and boat cruises on the Yukon     River all add to the experience. You could even go to the Klondike goldrush     site, or perhaps hike to the Midnight Dome. We also visit Whitehorse, capital of the Yukon, which has the feeling of a frontier town, and we     visit the ï¿½SS Klondike', a historic Yukon River steamer. U.S.A. Heading south, for a short time we are back     in Alaska as we drive from Hyder to Stewart on the edge of the Misty Fjords,     hopefully catching sight of grizzly bears fishing for salmon in the rivers.     The rivers come from a glacier called Salmon Glacier, and we can take     a hike along here, or even on Berendon Glacier nearby. Hyder is actually a dangerous place, as the local custom is to be 'hyderized' in the local     bar. This entails knocking back a shot of some ferocious 150% proof local alcohol! Canada We pass through a few small Indian villages     and will stop at one or two, such as Kitwancool, famous for making totem poles. Following the continental divide we begin to head through the Canadian     Rockies, with forested slopes and a myriad of lakes and rivers, on the     way to Jasper. The Icefields Parkway, which is the route linking Jasper     with Banff, is lined by magnificent deep blue lakes. mountains and glaciers.     We can organize a trip on a 'Sno-coach' across the Athabasca Glacier,     a tongue of the great Columbian Icefield. Banff is Canada's premier ski resort, but there is always plenty to do during the summer months. We     camp for two nights in the Banff National Park on our way south. Apart     from taking advantage of the hot springs and bars, you could go mountain     biking, horse riding or maybe even white water rafting here. Next we will make time to visit a curious place called 'Head-smashed-in-buffalo-jump'.     It is an uneventful looking place, but it was where Indians used to drive     their buffalo over a cliff to kill them. The story goes that one day,     someon


Which publishing firm did Carmen Callil found in 1973, whose name means a domineering woman?

Has Virago changed the publishing world's attitudes towards women? | Books | The Guardian Virago Has Virago changed the publishing world's attitudes towards women? It's 40 years since Virago Books was set up to celebrate the work of female writers. So how successful has it been in opening up the way for more women authors? The key team at Virago Books in 1988 (from left): Harriet Spicer, Ursula Owen, Lennie Goodings, Alexandra Pringle and Carmen Callil. Photograph: Susan Greenhill Thursday 14 March 2013 04.00 EDT First published on Thursday 14 March 2013 04.00 EDT Share on Messenger Close In 1973, Carmen Callil started a publishing company with one key aim: to make women's writing central. Callil had grown up in Melbourne in Australia, then spent her 20s in London, part of a generation who felt the world was their oyster, she tells me, as we sit in her colourful living room, her border terrier snoring softly at our feet. She worked on the underground press, providing publicity for Ink magazine (company motto: "anything outrageous suitably publicised") and became friends with Marsha Rowe and Rosie Boycott, who started the feminist magazine Spare Rib in 1972. That title gave Callil the idea of doing the same thing for books. A new publishing company began at her kitchen table, and its name was coined, she says, when she and Boycott, "were sitting on the floor of my flat, going through a book of goddesses. Rosie came across Virago: 'a war-like woman', and I said: 'That's fine! I love it.'" Ursula Owen and Harriet Spicer helped found the company, and it quickly became successful – in 1978, it launched the hugely influential Modern Classics series, with their distinctive green spines, celebrating and reviving the work of hundreds of female writers. It still thrives today, headed by Lennie Goodings, as an imprint of Little, Brown and last weekend celebrated the upcoming launch of Fifty Shades of Feminism , an anthology featuring essays from writers including Tahmima Anam, Xinran, Ahdaf Soueif and Bidisha. Virago wasn't the only feminist publishing house to start in that era. It was part of a movement that began tentatively in the 1960s and burgeoned over the next two decades. Ambitions varied from publisher to publisher, but included a conviction that women's writing should be taken as seriously as men's, and, as a result, should have the same chance of remaining in print and becoming part of the canon. There was a strong interest in promoting the work of women who might otherwise be ignored; those marginalised by race, class, sexuality and disability, as well as sex. In the UK, Onlywomen Press specialised in lesbian writing, and Sheba showcased black, working-class and lesbian writers. There was an obvious drive to publish feminist nonfiction too, whether polemic or memoir, books that could explore and define the female experience. Philippa Brewster , now a literary agent at Capel & Land, came up with the idea for feminist imprint Pandora Press and one of its first books was written by the women of Greenham Common . "That seemed to fulfill what we really wanted to do," she says. "We were all part of the women's movement. We represented it, but we also informed it." By 1988 there were 11 feminist publishing houses in the UK. Many of those have now either scaled back operations or closed, but the publishing landscape looks very different to when they first started. As Callil points out, although there have always been many women in publishing, it is only more recently that they have tended to head companies and wield serious power. The question is whether the movement succeeded beyond that. Forty years since it first started, are female writers taken as seriously in the literary world as their male counterparts and given an equal shot at longevity? There have been some recent signs it succeeded royally, not least from a glance at UK literary prizes. This year alone, Sharon Olds has won the TS Eliot prize for poetry and women won in all five categories of the Costa prize , with Hilary Mantel as the overall winner – following her


Roman Emperor Claudius was said to have been poisoned by a dish of what?

Death of the Emperor Claudius | History Today Death of the Emperor Claudius Claudius died on October 13th, AD 54. Roman opinion was convinced that Agrippina had poisoned him. Statue of Claudius Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, the ‘I Claudius’ of Robert Graves’s splendid historical novels, was one of the few historians who has ever exercised real power. As a young man, ignored and left to his own devices by his family, but encouraged by Livy, who spotted his talent, he wrote histories of Etruria and Carthage, began a history of Rome and wrote a historical treatise on the Roman alphabet. All his works are lost, unfortunately. His family kept him out of sight as far as they could because he was so uncouth and unattractive. Constantly ill and irritatingly clumsy, he had a bad stammer and a permanently runny nose, his head twitched and he dribbled. One theory is that he suffered from cerebral palsy. Claudius was sufficiently a figure of fun to survive the murderous reign of his nephew Caligula. Found hiding behind curtains in the palace, shaking with fright, when Caligula was murdered in AD 41, he was made emperor by the Praetorian Guard. The Senate, which had meanwhile been discussing the restoration of the republic, was forced resentfully to acquiesce. It was Claudius who annexed Britain to the Empire and in 43 he crossed the Channel himself to see his legionaries take Camulodunum (Colchester). The inscription on his triumphal arch in Rome said that he ‘brought barbarian peoples beyond Ocean for the first time under Rome’s sway.’ In 48 Claudius’s young and promiscuous third wife, Valeria Messalina, attempted a coup against him with her latest lover, Gaius Silius. The coup failed, Messalina killed herself and Silius was executed. Claudius told the Praetorian Guard to knock him on the head if he ever married again, but within a few months he took as his fourth wife another unscrupulous and seductive beauty much younger than himself, his niece Agrippina, a sister of Caligula. She was thirty-three to Claudius’s fifty-eight and she had a twelve-year-old son by a former marriage, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, better known as Nero. The Senate had to pass a special decree to authorise what would otherwise have been an illegal incestuous union. The ambitious and power-hungry Agrippina was determined that Nero should be Claudius’s successor, rather than the Emperor’s own son by Messalina, the nine-year-old Britannicus. Nero was accordingly adopted by Claudius as his son and promised the hand of the Emperor’s daughter Octavia, whose current betrothed was publicly accused of incest with his attractive sister, and committed suicide. Tacitus records Claudius once saying when the worse for drink that he seemed destined to bear the misbehaviour of his wives and then punish it. On October 12th, 54, the sixty-four-year old emperor presided over a banquet on the Capitol, with his taster, the eunuch Halotus, in attendance. He ate his final meal in his palace the following day. The official story was that he was stricken while watching a performance by some actors. Roman opinion, however, was convinced that Agrippina had poisoned him, either because she would not wait any longer for Nero, now seventeen, to succeed while she could still control him or because she feared that Claudius was about to reinstate Britannicus as his heir. According to Tacitus, Agrippina got Halotus to feed Claudius a poisoned mushroom and when that did not work, Claudius’s doctor put a poisoned feather down his throat, ostensibly to make him vomit. Another account, reported by Suetonius, had a dish of poisoned mushrooms given by Agrippina herself and said the second attempt involved poisoned gruel or a poisoned enema. It was a lingering, painful death. Agrippina apparently delayed announcing the death for a while, to wait for an astrologically favourable moment and until word had been sent to the Praetorian Guard. When the moment came, Nero was escorted to the Praetorian barracks where he was hailed as Imperator. The Senate quickly followed suit and when Ne


What was the very Greek middle name of Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis?

Aristotle Onassis - Biography - IMDb Aristotle Onassis Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (2) | Trivia  (10) | Personal Quotes  (3) Overview (4) Ari Mini Bio (1) Aristole Onassis was an ethnic Greek born in Smyrna in the Ottoman Empire in what is now Turkey, who became a billionaire shipping tycoon when the number of billionaires could be counted on one hand. He is known to history as the second husband of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy. He was the son of Socrates Onassis, a ship owner with a modest fleet of 10 ships manned by 40 sailors. The relative wealth of his father got the young Ari a good education, and he became fluent in English, Spanish and Turkish. In the aftermath of World War One, when the Ottoman Empire was broken up by the victorious Allies and modern Turkey was created by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , many ethnic Greeks were expelled from the new country. The Onassis family fled to Greece as refugees. Aristotle Onassis emigrated to Argentina in 1923 with 60 dollars (approximately $800 in 2011 dollars, when factored for inflation). He became an importer of Turkish tobacco and eventually became an owner of ships. Eventually, he held Argentine and Greek passports and dual citizenship. Onassis switched to transporting oil for the major petroleum companies, who could save money by not owning their own fleets. It was the introduction of the supertanker to transport Middle Eastern oil that made Onassis one of the richest men in the world. A supertanker could be paid for with one six-month lease, meaning that the majority of the 20-year life-span of a tanker could result in extraordinary profits. Onassis invested his vast fortune wisely, including in the petroleum industry itself, transportation, and other businesses. Outside of the business world, Aristole Onassis was little known, and if he was known at all, it was for his romance with the opera singer Maria Callas . However, his 1968 marriage to the widow of the late President John F. Kennedy made him a world-wide figure whose life was chronicled in newspapers around the globe. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Jon C. Hopwood Spouse (2) ( 28 December  1946      - 1960) (divorced) (2 children) Trivia (10) After her divorce from Onassis, Athina married John Spencer-Churchill . After their divorce, she married her sister's widower - Onassis's arch shipping rival - Stavros Niarchos . She was the daughter of another Greek shipping magnate, Stavros Livanos. Children: Alexander Socrates (April 30, 1948 - January 23, 1973) and Christina Onassis . Ended his affair with opera diva Maria Callas to marry Jacqueline Kennedy . Founder (1956) of Olympic Airways of Greece. In 1954, the FBI investigated Onassis for Fraud Against the Government. He was charged with violating the citizenship provision of the shipping laws which requires that all ships displaying the American flag be owned by United States citizens. Onassis pled guilty and paid $7 million to the United States Government. According to "Greek Fire: The Story Of Maria Callas and Aristotle Onassis" by Nicholas Gage , Callas's and Onassis's child, a boy, was born and died on 30 March 1960. Portrayed by Frank Vincent , Raul Julia , Joss Ackland , Thom Christopher , Robert Lindsay , and Philip Baker Hall . Anthony Quinn played a character based on Onassis in The Greek Tycoon (1978). Partnered with Arthur G. Cohen to build Olympic Tower (1971), 51-story a residential/commercial building across from St. Patrick's Cathedral (New York City). Hergé 's Tintin book "Flight 714" depicts a tycoon named Laszlo Carreidas. In one scene, Carreidas is talking on the phone to an associate in New York who is attending an auction. When Carreidas hears that Onassis is trying to buy some paintings, he instantly orders the associate to buy the paintings, no matter the cost. Personal Quotes (3)


What Russian word meaning 'restructuring' was a political movement in the 1980s?

Perestroika - definition of perestroika by The Free Dictionary Perestroika - definition of perestroika by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/perestroika Related to perestroika: INF Treaty per·e·stroi·ka n. The restructuring of the Soviet economy and bureaucracy that began in the mid 1980s. [Russian perestroĭka : pere-, around, again (from Old Russian; see per1 in the Appendix of Indo-European roots) + stroĭka, construction (from stroit', to build, from Old Russian stroiti, from strojĭ, order; see ster-2 in the Appendix of Indo-European roots).] perestroika (ˌpɛrəˈstrɔɪkə) n (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) the policy of reconstructing the economy, etc, of the former Soviet Union under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachov [C20: Russian, literally: reconstruction] (ˌpɛr əˈstrɔɪ kə) n. the program of economic and political reform in the Soviet Union initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1986. [< Russian perestróĭka literally, rebuilding] perestroika A Russian word meaning restructuring, used to describe the attempt by Gorbachev to regenerate the Soviet economy by encouraging market forces, decentralizing factory management, and generally democratizing the Communist Party and government. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun 1. perestroika - an economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union; intended to increase automation and labor efficiency but it led eventually to the end of central planning in the Russian economy economic policy - a government policy for maintaining economic growth and tax revenues Translations


What is an early sacrificial move in chess, usually of a pawn, to gain advantage, which has entered language with similar wider meaning?

Full text of "The Psychology of Chess and of Learning to Play It" See other formats STOP   Early Journal Content on JSTOR, Free to Anyone in the World  This article is one of nearly 500,000 scholarly works digitized and made freely available to everyone in the world byJSTOR.  Known as the Early Journal Content, this set of works include research articles, news, letters, and other writings published in more than 200 of the oldest leading academic journals. The works date from the mid-seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries.  We encourage people to read and share the Early Journal Content openly and to tell others that this resource exists. People may post this content online or redistribute in any way for non-commercial purposes.  Read more about Early Journal Content at http://about.istor.org/participate-istor/individuals/early- journal-content .   JSTOR is a digital library of academic journals, books, and primary source objects. JSTOR helps people discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content through a powerful research and teaching platform, and preserves this content for future generations. JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization that also includes Ithaka S+R and Portico. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.   THE AMEEIOAK"  Journal of Psychology  Founded by G. Stanley Hai,i, in 1887. Vol,. XVIII. JULY, 1907. No. 3.   THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CHESS AND OF LEARNING TO PLAY IT.   By Alfred a. Clbveland.   Outline. Introduction. Page  I. The Psychology of the Game 270  1. Chess as a form of human play 270  Varieties of the game 270  Instinctive factors 271  2. General Features of Chess from a psychological point  of view 273  The emotional effects of play 273  Personal and temperamental differences of players . 274  3. Attainments of players of average ability . . . 274  Ability to plan moves ahead 274  Visual imagination 275  Ability to take in large sections of the board . . 276  Reconstruction of the status of an unfinished game . 276  " Position sense " 277  Different grades of chess players 278  4. Attainments of the chess masters 278  Simultaneous play 279  Recapitulation of games and other feats of memory . 279  Announcement of mate in advance 281  Blindfold play 281  The relation of skill in play to general mental ability . 287  5. Special psychology of the game 287  Forms of mental activity required 187  The stages of the game and their logical types . . 288  The opening and end games 288  The middle game 289  Psychological restatement of the logical types . . 291  II. The Psychology of the Learning of the Game . . . 292  1. General description of the learning process in chess . 292  2. Discussion of the learning process 297  3. Aids to learning 303  III. General summary of psychological points .... 305 Appendix : On the Case of a Feeble-minded Chess Player 306   270 CLBVKLAND :  In this study an attempt is made to sketch the psychology of the game of chess, to trace the stages in the development of a chess player, and to interpret this progress in psychological terms. That the task, owing to the complexity of the pro- cesses involved and the impossibility of applying anything like satisfactory objective tests, is a difficult one, is obvious, but it is one that seems to the writer worth attempting.'  I. Thb Psychology of the Game.  Chess is, as every one knows, a mimic battle fought upon a field of sixty-four squares with pieces moved according to an elaborate system and having powers suggestive of a variety of fighting units. The purpose of each player is to checkmate his opponent, that is, to hem in and threaten the latter's king in such a fashion that he is subject to capture at the next move. In our discussion of the psychology of the game it will be con- venient to consider it first as a form of human play and then to take up more particularly the mental powers involved.  I. Chess as a Form of Human Play .  Forms and Varieties of the Game. The game of chess has not been c


In 1901 the artists Wassily Kandinsky, Rolf Niczky, Waldemar Hecker, and Wilhelm Hüsgen founded the progressive Phalanx art group in which country?

MikeLiveira's Space: Wassily Kandinsky   Participa na exposição da "Associação dos Artistas" de Moscovo.  Torna-se membro da "Federação dos Artistas Alemães" em 1905. Expõe no Salon des Indépendants em Paris. Em 1906 viaja com Münter para Paris, onde moram até ao final do ano. Expõe em inúmeras exposições, como o "Salão de Outono" em Paris, com artistas da "Brücke" em Dresden e da "Secessão" em Berlim. Apresenta 109 trabalhos no Museé du Peuple de Angers. Vive com Münter de Setembro de 1907 a Abril de 1908, em Berlim. Expõe seus trabalho de Março a Maio no "Salon des Indépendantes" de Paris.  De meados de Agosto a finais de Setembro, Kandinsky, Münter, Jawlensky e Werefkin trabalham em Murnau.  Expõe no "Salão de Outono" de Paris e na "Secessão" de Berlim. No Dia 22 de Janeiro de 1909, funda a "Nova Associação dos Artistas de Munique". A primeira exposição realiza-se de 1 a 15 de Dezembro na Moderne Galerie Thannhauser de Munique. Começa a trabalhar na composição para o teatro "A Sonoridade Amarela". Em Paris, publica a coletânea "Xilogravuras"; expõe no "Salon des Indépendantes". Faz as Primeiras pinturas sobre o vidro, inspuradas na tradição artística da Baviera. Primeiras "Improvizações". No ano de 1910 faz a "Composição I". De Fevereiro a Março, trabalha novamente em Murnau. Durante a segunda exposição da "Nova Associação dos Artistas" (1 - 14 de Setembro na Neue Galerie Thannhauser) conhece Franz Marc. De 14 de Outubro até ao final do ano vive na Rússia; expõe 52 trabalhos no "Salão Internacional" de Odessa; Participa na exposição organizada por Larionow Valete de Ouros. No ano de 1911, corresponde-se regularmente com Schönberg. Em 10 de Janeiro é demitido da presidencia da NKVM. Juntamente com Marc e outros, participa na publicação de "Na Luta Pela Arte" como resposta ao panfleto de Carl Vinnen "Protesto dos Artistas Alemães".  Faz os primeiros planos para o almanaque "O Cavaleiro Azul". Durante 1914, expõe individualmente na Moderne Galerie Thannhauser em Munique e no "Circulo das Artes" em Colonia. Trabalha em quatro grandes quadros para a "villa" de Edwin A. Campbell, em Nova Iorque. No dia 1 de Agosto rebenta a 1ª Guerra Mundial; no dia 5 de Agosto foge com Gabriele Münter para a Suiça. Kandinsky escreve a composição para o teatro "Pano Roxo".  No dia 25 de Novembro, parte para Zurique, passando pelos Balcãs em direção à Rússia; estabelece-se em Moscovo. De 1915 a 1916, no Inverno, encontra-se pela ultima vez com Münter em Estocolmo. Em 11 de Fevereiro de 1917, casa-se com Nina Andreevsky, filha de um general.  Viaja, em Lua-de-mel, à Finlândia. Nasce o filho Vsevdod que falece em 1920. É co-fundador de um novo modelo da cena artística russa, em 1918; torna-se membro do colégio de artistas moscovita dirigido por Tatlin (futuro Departamente de Artes Plásticas do Comissario do Povo IZONARKOMPROS) e defende a posição de uma "arte absoluta". A partir de Junho de 1919, se torna diretor do Museu da Cultura Pitónica em Moscovo (até Janeira de 1921); em Novembro, é presidente da Comissão Pan-Russa de Aquisições para os Museus do Departamento das Artes Plásticas do Comissáriado do Povo para a Formação Cultural (IZONARKOMPROS).    No início de Dezembro, na primeira exposição estatal em Moscovo, quadros de Kandinsky, Kasimir Malevitch e El Lissitzky, são expostos ao lado de outros artistas russos. Em 1920, é co-fundador do INChUK (Instituto de Cultura Artística); a partir de Outono, se torna diretor do atelier SUOMAS (Ateliers Estatais Técnicos-Artísticos). Expõe 54 trabalhos na XIX Exposição do Comité de Exposições Central Pan-Russa em Moscovo. No Outono, agravamento do conflito com Rodchenko. No início de 1921, deixa o INChUK e os ateliers de pintura monumental. Em 1921 colabora na organização de RAChN, a Academia Russa das Ciências Artísticas, dirige o departamento de psicologia; designado vice-presidente. Dirige aqui o atelier de reproduções. Em Dezembro de 1921 regressa à Alemanha.  No ano de 1922, em Junho, Kandinsky muda-se para Weimar e inicia a atividade e


Gambrius, legendary King of Flanders, is the unofficial patron and mythical inventor of which drink?

Historic Beer Birthday: Gambrinus - Brookston Beer Bulletin Brookston Beer Bulletin You are here: Home / Birthdays / Historic Beer Birthday: Gambrinus Historic Beer Birthday: Gambrinus By Jay Brooks 4 Comments Today is the traditional birthday of Gambrinus , sometimes called King Gambrinus, considered to be a patron saint of beer, brewing and/or Belgian beer. Not an “official” saint, at least not in the catholic church, but a legendary figure. Regardless, join me in drinking a toast to King Gambrinus today. Here’s the overview at Wikipedia : Gambrinus is a legendary king of Flanders, and an unofficial patron saint of beer or beer brewing. Gambrinus is variously depicted as a European king, as an English knight of the Middle Ages, or (less commonly) as a plump old man. Gambrinus’ birthday is purported to be April 11. The origin of the character is most widely believed to be John the Fearless (1371–1419), who some also believe to be the inventor of hopped malt beer. However, other sources report that one of the cup-bearers in the court of Charlemagne (742–814) was also called Gambrinus. In 1543, the German poet Burkart Waldis wrote of Gambrinus, explaining that Gambrinus learned the art of brewing from Isis, the ancient Egyptian goddess of motherhood and fertility. It is also possible that the original Gambrinus was Duke John I of Brabant (1254-1298), who was called Jan Primus. Other possible Latin etymologies of the name include cambarus (cellarer) and ganeae birrinus (one who drinks in a tavern). Plzeňský Prazdroj, brewer of the Gambrinus lager, endorses the explanation that the name is a corruption of Jan Primus (John the First), referring to John I, Duke of Brabant. Alternatively, Gambrinus may be a corruption of the name Gambrivius. Although less likely, Gambrinus might also derive from camba, a word from the Celtic language family that refers to a brewer’s pan. The beer website Froth N Hops has the fullest account of the story of King Gambrinus in one place, though it’s unclear what the source material is. Hopefully, he won’t mind my re-printing it here. King Gambrinus, known as “the patron saint of beer,” has long been a universal symbol of beer and brewing. Particularly during the late nineteenth century, the image of Gambrinus was used by countless brewers to promote their products and remind consumers of the rich heritage of beer-making. Many breweries were even adorned with life-size statues of the King. But who was Gambrinus? It is Gambrinus who brought beer to earth, and here is the legend of how this came to pass, and how he came to be King: Gambrinus was a poor apprentice in glass-making, hailing from a little town in the Flandres called Fresne sur l’Escaut. With his wonderful pink cheeks, blonde hair and blonde beard, he was the most beautiful boy in the town and had great romantic success with the town girls. But Gambrinus had secretly fallen in love with the beautiful daughter of his master, Flandrine. In those times, glass makers were noble from birth, and taught their art only to their sons. Flandrine, as proud as she was pretty, wanted to marry a master glass maker like her father, grandfather, and great grandfather. Gambrinus, as an apprentice, would only prepare the glass for his master, who then skillfully puffed it into decorative sheets. At last, Gambrinus gathered the courage to reveal his feelings to Flandrine. But Flandrine, offended that such a lowly apprentice sought her affection, refused so strongly that Gambrinus left Fresne, and vowed never to return to glass-working again so that he might forget about Flandrine forever. So Gambrinus wandered from town to town playing his violin and writing poetry to sing along while he played. Gambrinus, who was very clever and a quick-learner, soon gained a reputation as one of the best violinists in the region. He was constantly called on in towns far and wide to liven up weddings, birthdays, and other parties. When the people of Fresne heard of the fame Gambrinus had achieved, they could barely believe it. They were so proud of their Gambrinus that th


Which strait, named after a famous Portuguese-Spanish explorer, separates Chile and Tierra del Fuego?

Magellan Strait Historic Maps Cape Horn [Click on the maps below for high-resolution images] 1520: Pigafetta, Antonio, ca. 1480/91–ca. 1534. “Figure of the Pathagonian Strait. Of the region of Pathagonia. Ocean Sea. Of the Pacific Sea. And Other Capes.” From volume 2 of Magellan’s Voyage: A Narrative Account of the First Circumnavigation. Translated and edited by R. A. Skelton (New Haven, Conn., 1969). Shown with permission of the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library [Rare Books Division]. The first map of the Magellan Strait (in facsimile, oriented south-north) from the first documented European transit. [October 21, 1520] After going and setting course to the fifty-second degree toward the said Antarctic Pole, on the festival of the eleven thousand virgins, we found by miracle a strait which we called the Cape of the Eleven Thousand Virgins [the cape at the eastern end of the Strait of Magellan, at 52°20′ S]. Which strait is in length one hundred and ten leagues, which are four hundred and forty miles, and in width somewhat less than half a league. And it falls into another sea called the Pacific Sea. And it is surrounded by very great and high mountains covered with snow. (1:51) 1600: Quad, Matthias, 1557–1613. “Chica sive Patagonica et Australis Terra, MDC.” Copperplate map, with added color, 2 maps on 1 sheet, 22 × 28 cm. With contemporary manuscript annotation in bottom border. From Quad’s Geographisch Handtbuch. . . . Cologne, 1600. Reference: Martinic, Cartografía magallánica, VIII, 29. [Historic Maps Collection] Two maps, two different projections. (This is a copy of Corneille Wytfliet’s map of 1597, which appeared in his Descriptionis Ptolemaicae augmentum,but adds a key to the lower map.) The top map, in a flat projection, shows the Strait of Magellan dividing Patagonia from Terra Australis, or the unknown southern land. (See the Terra Australis box in the Pacific Ocean section.) Victoria, Ferdinand Magellan’s ship, is sailing toward it.       The bottom map shows Terra Australis, on a polar projection, with four peninsulas: one facing Patagonia (the subject of the upper map), one opposite Africa’s southern point, one below Java, and one confronting New Guinea. These peninsulas, and the mountains and rivers portrayed on the continent, are mere conjecture. The seven-point key on the left offers possible sources. The Solomon Islands, first discovered in 1568 by the Spanish explorer Alvaro de Mendaña de Neira (1542?–95) and then lost for two hundred years, figure prominently in this map’s ocean and are correctly located next to New Guinea. (For more on the Solomon Islands, see Mendaña/Queirós in the Explorers section.) 1602: Bertius, Petrus, 1565–1629. “Fretum Magellanicum.” Copperplate map, with added color, 9 × 12 cm. From Bertius’s Tabularum geographicarum contractaru, Amsterdam, 1602. Reference: Martinic, Cartografía magallánica, VIII, 28. (See the map on the catalogue’s title page.) [Historic Maps Collection] Published before the Dutchmen Jacques Le Maire (1585–1616) and Willem Corneliszoon Schouten (d. 1625) rounded Cape Horn (1616), the map shows the Strait of Magellan separating Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, which still was considered to be part of a vast southern continent. The charm of the map lies in its depiction of Patagonian giants, the mythical race of large people first mentioned by Antonio Pigafetta in his chronicle of Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage. (See the Patagonian Giants box in this section.) Bertius’s note next to the illustration states that the giants can reach ten feet in height and that they paint their bodies in various colors from diverse herbs. 1630: Gerritsz., Hessel, 1581?–1632. “Provincien van de Straet van Magallanes, ende vande Straet Le Maire.” Copperplate map, with added color, 27 × 35 cm. From Joannes de Laet’s Nieuwe wereldt . . . (Leiden, 1630). Acquired with funds provided by the Friends of the Princeton University Library. Reference: Martinic, Cartografía magallánica, VIII, 89. [Historic Maps Collection] Oriented wi


2 inches x 1.5 inches (52x37mm) are the dimensions of which paper size?

A Paper Sizes - A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10 A Paper Sizes Dimensions Of A Series Paper Sizes A Paper Sizes - Quick Lookup Size in is The dimensions of the A series paper sizes, as defined by the ISO 216 standard, are given in the table below the diagram in both millimetres and inches (cm measurements can be obtained by dividing mm value by 10). The A Series paper size chart, below left, gives a visual representation of how the sizes relate to each other - for example A5 is half of A4 size paper and A2 is half of A1 size paper. A Series Paper Sizes Chart. Image courtesy of Office 365 . Table of Paper Sizes From 4A0 to A10 Size 26 x 37 mm 1.0 x 1.5 in To obtain paper sizes in centimetres, convert mm values to cm by dividing by 10 and in feet by dividing inch values by 12. More units here and sizes in pixels here . 4A0 & 2A0 - The DIN 476 Oversize Formats The paper sizes bigger than A0, 4A0 & 2A0, aren't formally defined by ISO 216 but are commonly used for oversized paper. The origin of these formats is in the German DIN 476 standard, that was the original base document from which ISO 216 was derived. 2A0 is sometimes described as A00, however this naming convention is not used for 4A0. A Series Paper Size Tolerances ISO 216 specifies tolerances for the production of A series paper sizes as follows: ±1.5 mm (0.06 in) for dimensions up to 150 mm (5.9 in) ±2 mm (0.08 in) for lengths in the range 150 to 600 mm (5.9 to 23.6 in) ±3 mm (0.12 in) for any dimension above 600 mm (23.6 in) A Series Paper Sizes Defined The A series paper sizes are defined in ISO 216 by the following requirements: The length divided by the width is 1.4142 The A0 size has an area of 1 square metre. Each subsequent size A(n) is defined as A(n-1) cut in half parallel to its shorter sides. The standard length and width of each size is rounded to the nearest millimetre. Note: For reference the last item is there because the root 2 aspect ratio doesn't always give a whole number. For more information about A paper size areas and areas of sizes other than A0 in square metres and square feet click here . International Usage The A series paper sizes are now in common use throughout the world apart from in the US, Canada and parts of Mexico . The A4 size has become the standard business letter size in English speaking countries such as Australia, New Zealand and the UK, that formerly used British Imperial sizes . In Europe the A paper sizes were adopted as the formal standard in the mid 20th century and from there they spread across the globe. RA & SRA Untrimmed Sizes RA & SRA sizes define untrimmed paper for commercial printing. These formats are designed to allow for ink bleed during the printing process so that the paper can then be trimmed to one of the A series sizes. Click here for more on RA & SRA sizes . A3+ (Super A3) A3 Plus, or Super A3 as it is sometimes known, is not an ISO 216 paper size. It has dimensions of 329mm x 483mm (13" x 19"). This gives it an aspect ratio of 1:1.468 rather than the 1:root 2 aspect ratio of the ISO series paper sizes. In actuality the A3+/Super A3 name is quite misleading as this paper size is known as B+ or Super B in the United States and is ANSI B with a 1" margin for print bleed.


Cinnabar, having the symbol HgS, and being highly toxic, is the common ore of which metal?

Ore of Mercury - Redorbit Ore of Mercury Mercury (element) Mercury, also called quicksilver, is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Hg (from the Greek hydrargyrum, for watery (or liquid) silver) and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery, transition metal, mercury is one of only two elements that are liquid at room temperature (the other is bromine). Mercury is used in thermometers, barometers and other scientific apparatuses. Mercury is mostly obtained by reduction from the mineral cinnabar. Notable characteristics Mercury is a relatively poor conductor of heat but is a good conductor of electricity. Mercury easily forms alloys with almost all common metals, including gold, aluminium, and silver, but not iron. Tellurium forms an alloy also, but it reacts slowly to form mercury telluride. The reaction of mercury with sulfur is more easily noticed. Any of these alloys is called an amalgam. This metal also has uniform volumetric thermal expansion, is less reactive than zinc and cadmium and does not displace hydrogen from acids. Common oxidation states of this element are +1 and +2. Rare instances of +3 mercury compounds exist. The commercial unit for handling mercury is the “flask,” which weighs 76 lb (34.5 kg). Applications Mercury is used primarily for the manufacture of industrial chemicals or for electrical and electronic applications. It is used in some thermometers, especially ones which are used to measure high temperatures (Non-prescription sale of mercury fever thermometers was banned by the U.S. Senate in 2002). Other uses: – Mercury sphygmomanometers (banned in some states and hospitals). – Thimerosal, an organic compound used as a preservative in vaccines and tattoo inks (Thimerosal in vaccines (http://www.fda.gov/cber/vaccine/thimerosal.htm)). – Mercury barometers, diffusion pumps, coulometers, and many other laboratory instruments. – The triple point of mercury, -38.8344 Â°C, is a fixed point used as a temperature standard for the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90). – In some gaseous electron tubes, mercury arc rectifier – Gaseous mercury is used in mercury-vapor lamps and some “neon sign” type advertising signs and fluorescent lamps. – Mercury was once used in the amalgamation process of refining gold and silver ores. The practice is continued by the garimpeiros (gold miners) of the Amazon basin in Brazil. – Mercury is still used in some cultures for folk medicine and ceremonial purposes which may involve ingestion, injection, or the sprinkling of elemental mercury around the home. Miscellaneous uses: mercury switches, mercury cells for sodium hydroxide and chlorine production, electrodes in some types of electrolysis, batteries (mercury cells), and catalysts, herbicides (discontinued in 1995), insecticides, and dental amalgams/preparations. Historical uses: preserving wood, developing daguerreotypes, “silvering” mirrors, anti-fouling paints (discontinued in 1990), cleaning, and in road leveling devices in cars. Mercury compounds have been used in antiseptics, laxatives, antidepressants, and antisyphilitics. Mercury was known to the ancient Chinese and Hindus and was found in Egyptian tombs that date from 1500 BCE. In China, India and Tibet, mercury use was thought to prolong life, heal fractures, and maintain generally good health. The ancient Greeks used mercury in ointments and the Romans used it in cosmetics. By 500 BCE mercury was used to make amalgams with other metals. The Indian word for alchemy is “Rassayana” which means “˜the way of mercury.’ Alchemists thought of mercury as the first matter from which all metals were formed. Different metals could be produced by varying the quality and quantity of sulfur contained within the mercury. An ability to transform mercury into any metal resulted from the essentially mercurial quality of all metals. The purest of these was gold, and mercury was required for the transmutation of base (or impure) metals into gold. This was a primary goal of alchemy, either for material or spiritual gain. Hg is the modern chemical symbol for mercur