Which modern-day country was formerly known as British Honuduras?

Historical Country Names - Nations Online Project Historical Country Names keywords: geography, historical country names, former country names, history, place name changes, historical maps List of formerly used country names and names of countries which have ceased to exist. Name changes of countries, dependencies, geographical and other regions of particular geopolitical interest.   Today Abyssinia The Ethiopian Empire spans a geographical area of today Ethiopia, Eritrea , and Djibouti ,and included parts of Northern Somalia , Southern Egypt , Eastern Sudan , Yemen and Western Saudi Arabia . Abyssinia was an empire that existed for more than 800 years, from circa 1137 (beginning of Zagwe Dynasty) until 1974 when the Ethiopian monarchy was overthrown in a coup d'etat.     Afars and Issas Territory formerly known as French Somaliland, the French colony was renamed to the French Territory of Afars and Issas (1967 - 1977),the territory became independent in 1977, known today as Djibouti. formerly a British protectorate became independent in 1966 as the Kingdom of Lesotho.   formerly a British protectorate became independent in 1966 as Republic of Botswana.   Democratic Republic of the Congo Benadir a coastal region of Somalia; covering most of the Indian Ocean coast of the country, from the Gulf of Aden to the Juba River, formerly part of Italian Somaliland.   Biafra, Republic of (named after the Bight of Biafra) today part of   Bophuthatswana - nominal republic and homeland for Tswana-speaking people, 1949 reincorporated into   British Bechuanaland (region) incorporated into the Cape Colony (1895)   British East Africa or East Africa Protectorate British protectorate from 1890 until 1920   Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , and parts of Somalia (Jubaland) Cape Colony, 1795-1797 British colony, 1803-1806 colony of the Batavian Republic (Netherlands), since 1910 part of   Central African Republic Kenya Colony The Colony and Protectorate of Kenya was part of the British Empire in Africa. It was established when the former East Africa Protectorate was transformed into a British crown colony in 1920.   Ciskei (Republic of Ciskei)- homeland for Xhosa-speaking people, 1994 reincorporated into   Dahomey ; (the Republic of Dahomey; in French: République du Dahomey), was a former French colony andpart of French West Africa until independence in 1960, in 1975 the Republic of Dahomeychanged its name in Benin. Dan Ho Me was an ancient Kingdom located in the south of today Benin.   French Guinea was a French protectorate in West Africa, after independence from France in 1958 it became today   Mali French West Africa was a federation of eight French colonial territories in Africa: Mauritania, Senegambia and Niger, French Sudan , French Guinea , Côte d'Ivoire, Upper Volta and Dahomey .   Mauritania , The Gambia , Senegal , Niger , Mali , Guinea , Côte d'Ivoire , Burkina Faso and Benin. German East Africa (German: Deutsch-Ostafrika) a German colony from 1885 until 1919 which included Burundi, Rwanda and Tanganyika (the mainland part of present Tanzania), an area almost three times the size of Germany today. German East Africa colony ended with the defeat of Imperial Germany in World War I. With the Treaty of Versailles the territory was divided between Britain (Tanganyika.), Belgium (Ruanda-Urundi), and Portugal (to become part of Mozambique).   Hausaland, consisted of seven independent city-states: Biram, Daura, Gobir, Kano, Katsina, Rano, and Zaria.   Italian East Africa (former name for Italian possessions in eastern Africa)   Kaffraria, former name for Transkei   Katanga - 1960, Belgium granted independence to the Congolese province of the   Mali Federation, was a country in West Africa 1959-1960, formed by a union between   Malawi Portuguese East Africa (Província Ultramarina de Moçambique) Mozambique or Portuguese East Africa (officially the State of East Africa) for almost 500 years a Portuguese Colony, 1498–1975. See also: Portugal   Sahara Occidental, Spanish name for   Senegambia (region; former name of the confederation of Senegal and


The Abu Simbel temples are in which African country?

The Grand Temples of Abu Simbel - Aswan The captial of Egypt and the largest city in Africa, the name means "the victorious city". As the region's principal commercial, administrative, and tourist centre. Alexandria Egypt's second largest city (3.5 million people), its largest seaport and the country's window onto the Mediterranean Sea. No city in Egypt has history as rich as that of Alexandria which witnessed so many historic events and legends! Luxor Luxor hosts one third of the whole monuments and antiquities of the world. Therefore, it is considered one of the most important tourism spots in Egypt and maybe in the whole world. Aswan Aswan is the 3rd largest city in Egypt and the biggest in Upper Egypt. Aswan was the ancient Egyptians' gateway to Africa. Today Aswan is major stop for may Nile cruise ships depart from Luxor to Aswan everyday. Sharm Elsheikh Sharm is the the jewel of Egyptian tourism industry now. The city offer some of the finest places for diving and snorkeling in the world, it offers great value for money if compared with many diving spots in the world. Hurhgada Hurghada today is a world centre for sea sports such as diving, snorkelling, sailing, windsurfing, and deep-sea fishing. The unique offshore underwater gardens are justifiably famous amongst divers Egypt Info   Temples of Abu Simbel The Temples of Abu Simbel are amongst the most interesting of all anicent Egyptian temples. Located close to the southern border with the Sudan, it is 280 km south of Aswan and consists of two rock-cut Temples which both date back to the reign of King Ramses II (1290-1223 BC). Unfortunately these unique Temples suffered from the raising water of Lake Nasser while the High Dam was being built. Other countries, with the help of UNESCO, assisted Egypt to help save them. The two Temples were cut in to many pieces, and then they were reconstructed again on a site 65m higher than the original location, and 200m back inland, to escape the rising water level. This great rescue operation began in June 1964 and finished in September 1968. The first Temple was built by King Ramses II and is dedicated to the God Re-Hor-Akhty, Amon, Ptah, and King Ramses II as a deified King. Its façade is 35m long and 30m high.The façade has four seated colossi of the King; each one is 20m tall and represents the King seated on his throne wearing the double crown,accompanied by 3 small figures of his wives, daughters and sons flanking his legs. Above the entrance stands the figure of Re-Hor-Akhty, while near to the summit of the façade there are number of baboons. Inside the Temple there is a hall, supported by Osirid shaped pillars which were cut into the rock, with walls that are decorated by battle and offering scenes. There are some side rooms leading from the hall, which are also decorated with various scenes. At the far end of the Temple is the sanctuary, which contains four statues; Re-Hor-Akhty, Amon-Re, Ptah and the deified Ramses II.  The Temple of Nefertari The Temple of Queen Nefertari is located 120 m north of the Temple of Ramses II and was also built by Ramses II, dedicated to the Goddess Hathor and to his wife Queen Nefertari. Queen Nefertari was the principal, and the most beloved, wife of King Ramses II. It is also a rock-cut Temple with a façade of about 28 m long and 12 m high, which contains 6 standing colossi, each one being about 11m in height. Four of them represent Ramses II and the other two represent Queen Nefertari, each is accompanied by two smaller figures of their children. The entrance leads to a square hall, which is supported by 6 Hathor-headed pillars decorated with scenes depicting the King and the Queen making offerings to different deities.  At the end of the hall there is a doorway leading to a transverse vestibule decorated with scenes of King Ramses II making offering to Re-HorAkhty, while the Queen is presenting flowers to Khenum, Sat-tet and Anket. The Transverse Hall leads to the Sanctuary, which contains a niche in the rear wall with a statue of Goddess Hathor, as a cow, protecting Ramses II. All


Which month of the year was the ninth month of the Roman calendar?

Names of the Months Origin of the Names of the Months January: Janus, Roman god of doors, beginnings, sunset and sunrise, had one  face looking forward and one backward, February: On February 15 the Romans celebrated the festival of forgiveness  for sins; (februare, Latin to purify), March: Mars, the Roman god of war, April: Roman month Aprilis, perhaps derived from aperire,  (Latin to open, as in opening buds and blossoms)  or perhaps from Aphrodite, original Greek name of Venus, May: Maia, Roman goddess, mother of Mercury by Jupiter and daughter of Atlas, June: Juno, chief Roman goddess, July: Renamed for Julius Caesar in 44 BC, who was born this month;  Quintilis, Latin for fifth month, was the former name  (the Roman year began in March rather than January), August: Formerly Sextilis (sixth month in the Roman calendar);  re-named in 8 BC for Augustus Caesar, September: September, (septem, Latin for 7) the seventh month in the Julian  or Roman calendar, established in the reign of Julius Caesar, October: Eighth month (octo, Latin for 8) in the Julian (Roman) calendar.  The Gregorian calendar instituted by Pope Gregory XIII established  January as the first month of the year, November: Ninth Roman month (novem, Latin for 9). Catholic countries adopted the  Gregorian calendar in 1582, skipping 10 days that October,  correcting for too many leap years, December: Julian (Roman) year's tenth month (decem, Latin for 10).


A part of which British motorway was closed for a week in July 2012 after a crack was found in the Boston Manor viaduct?

M4 finally reopens after a week of emergency repairs - Telegraph Road and rail transport M4 finally reopens after a week of emergency repairs The M4 motorway in west London has reopened in both directions a week after it  was closed for emergency repair works, the Highways Agency said this morning. A view of the repaired M4 motorway viaduct where cracks were discovered  Photo: Neil Hall / Barcroft Media 6:06AM BST 13 Jul 2012 The road, which is expected to be one of the busiest routes during the Olympic Games, was shut last Friday between junctions 2 and 3 after cracks were discovered on a viaduct. But it was reopened to traffic just after 5.30am after engineers completed the ''complex'' repairs, officials said. The works to the bridge supports of the Boston Manor Viaduct were due to be completed yesterday. A Highways Agency spokesman said: "An exceptionally delicate and difficult operation to repair cracks in the Boston Manor Viaduct on the M4 has been successful and the motorway has now reopened between junctions 2 and 3 to all cars." The hairline crack was found on a highly stressed section of bridge supports by engineers who had been carrying out other repairs on the busy section of road. "The Highways Agency closed the motorway last Friday night because in entering the final stages of the repair work, a new crack was found in a highly stressed part of the bridge supports," the spokesman continued. "This required a unique repair solution involving the manufacturing bespoke specialist steel plates and their installation over the crack. "The crack then had to be removed to prevent further damage to the structure. This intricate part of the operation took several hours - even though the crack was a hairline one." The spokesman added: "The crack was discovered during an ongoing repair programme. "Work on that continues and for this reason vehicles weighing 7.5 tonnes or more will still be restricted from using the motorway between the junctions. A diversion route remains in place via the A4 and A312 dual carriageways. Drivers are thanked for their patience during this complex work." The M4, which is the main route from London to Heathrow Airport and the West of England, was initially closed between junctions 1 and 3, causing misery for thousands of motorists. It is expected to be one of the busiest routes during the Games because it links London and the Olympic Park in Stratford with Heathrow. The motorway will officially become part of the Olympic Route Network on Monday, with one lane of each carriageway reserved for competitors, officials and sponsors. Drivers have been warned the ORN will include temporary changes including suspended turns, stopping and loading restrictions and traffic signal alterations Labour MP John Woodcock described the reopening of the M4 as a "huge relief", but said ministers needed to come out and confirm they were totally happy that the road is safe to use. He told BBC Breakfast: "The whole country wants the Olympics to be a huge success so it is a huge relief that the road is open because of the chaos it would have caused with athletes arriving on Monday to travel to the Olympic Village." The shadow transport minister added: "There are real questions as to why this crack was found so late in the day as works have been going on there for some time. "Given the scale of the problem, ministers need to come out and say they are completely confident the crack is fixed."


In the BBC television series Dr Who, the villain Davros was from which fictional planet?

Doctor Who (TV Series 1963–1989) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Time and Space traveling adventures of a Gallifreyan Time Lord only known as the Doctor and his companions, traveling through time and space. Creator: Gharman tries to convince the Kaleds to vote against the Dalek project but Davros has a trick up his sleeve, while the Doctor works to destroy the tape recording of Dalek victory and the Thals plan ... 9.2 The TARDIS is drawn to the planet of the Time Lords where both the Doctor and the War Lord are placed on trial. 9.2 The Doctor and his companions are sent to the planet Skaro by the Time Lords to prevent the creation of the Daleks. 9.1 a list of 24 titles created 22 Jun 2013 a list of 31 titles created 28 Nov 2013 a list of 26 titles created 06 Jan 2015 a list of 28 titles created 05 Sep 2015 a list of 43 titles created 8 months ago Search for " Doctor Who " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Title: Doctor Who (1963–1989) 8.5/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 3 wins & 2 nominations. See more awards  » Videos Edit Storyline The Doctor is a renegade Time Lord: an eccentric, highly-intelligent scientist from a distant planet. He travels through time and space in the TARDIS, a curious device, larger on the inside than on the outside, which was designed to change its appearance to suit its surroundings. Unfortunately, the Doctor's TARDIS seems to be broken, and always appears as a blue British police box. The Doctor has a soft spot for the planet Earth, and often visits there, either to save it from various alien threats or to whisk a choice few inhabitants away to the distant parts of the galaxy to help him fight evil there. The Doctor has many foes, including Daleks (led by Davros), and The Master, another renegade Time Lord. Time Lord biology enables them to regenerate their bodies, and so both the Doctor and the Master appear to evolve over the years... Written by Murray Chapman <muzzle@cs.uq.oz.au> 29 September 1975 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia Nyssa portrayed by Sarah Sutton was originally not meant to be a companion and one of the few Doctor Who characters not owned by the BBC. See more » Quotes See more » Crazy Credits The final episode of the 1982 story "Earthshock" ended with the death of a continuing character. The closing credits for that episode were silent - the only time in the history of the series that this was done. See more » Connections (United Kingdom) – See all my reviews After a wait of almost sixteen years and with only just over a week to go before the new series of "Doctor Who" begins, let's hope that some classics are on the way to warrant all the hype and, above all, that the show remains true to its original spirit and is as fun as it always was. With that in mind, I thought it might be an opportune time to reflect on some of the great stories of the past. From First Doctor William Hartnell's era, my choice of favourite story would have to be "The Dalek Invasion of Earth". The use of extensive location filming enhances its atmosphere greatly. I know that, forty years on, the Robomen look and sound silly and the flying saucer is obviously dangled from a piece of string but the serial's shortcomings are compensated by the imagery of the Dalek rising from the River Thames and a group of them patrolling Trafalgar Square, not to mention crossing Westminster Bridge in the trailer. And then there is the sensitive ending marking Carole Ann Ford's departure from the series after playing the Doctor's granddaughter, Susan, for ten stories... So many perfect serials from Second Doctor Patrick Troughton's time on the show! "Fury from the Deep" is my choice because it frightened me more than anything else I'd ever seen. It has several excellent cliffhangers and I'll never forget one


In which year was the Berlin International Film Festival first held?

Berlin International Film Festival | German film festival | Britannica.com Berlin International Film Festival Alternative Titles: Berlinale, Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin Related Topics Sydney Film Festival Berlin International Film Festival, German Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin, also called Berlinale, one of the world’s largest film festivals, held annually in Berlin in February. The festival was the idea of Oscar Martay, a film officer in the U.S. military who was stationed in West Berlin after World War II . In 1950 he formed a committee that included members of the Berlin Senate and the German film industry . Together they laid the groundwork for the inaugural festival, which was held in June 1951. Alfred Hitchcock ’s Rebecca (1940) was the first film shown, and its star, Joan Fontaine , was on hand. Martay was awarded a Golden Bear (Goldener Bär), the festival’s top prize, for his work in bringing the Berlinale to reality. Other prizes awarded at the first Berlinale included a Golden Bear for best music film to Cinderella (1951), which also won the festival’s audience-choice prize, the Big Bronze Plate (Grosser Bronzeteller). Turkish director Semih Kaplanoǧlu after winning the Golden Bear for best film for … Christian Charisius—Reuters/Landov Over the ensuing years, the Berlin International Film Festival expanded to include some 400 films screened over 10 days. It also added prizes, including Golden Bears for best film and short film and Silver Bear (Silberner Bär) awards for best director, actor, and actress. In 1978 the festival was moved from June to February. By the early 21st century, it was attended by about 300,000 film professionals and cinephiles. In addition to screening movies, the festival features various workshops, such as the Berlinale Talent Campus. Learn More in these related articles:


In the Harry Potter series of books, whose pets were named Fang and Fluffy?

Fluffy | Harry Potter Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Hermione: "That thing has a name?" Hagrid: "'Course he's got a name, he's mine." — Hermione showing her distaste for Fluffy. [src] Fluffy was a large, vicious, three-headed dog who was once cared for by Rubeus Hagrid . Fluffy's greatest weakness was the inability to resist falling asleep to the sound of music. Contents [ show ] History Rubeus Hagrid originally purchased Fluffy from a " Greek chappie " at The Leaky Cauldron . Hagrid loaned Fluffy to the headmaster, Albus Dumbledore, to aid in guarding the Philosopher's Stone , during the 1991–1992 school year . Fluffy while sleeping before the trio enter its room Harry Potter , Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley , along with Neville Longbottom , first encountered Fluffy when Draco Malfoy challenged Harry to a duel , which he accepted. When Hermione tried to stop Harry and Ron from sneaking out later that night, she found herself locked out of the Gryffindor Tower , as the Fat Lady had left sometime earlier, and ended up going along with them. Neville Longbottom, who had forgotten the password to the common room and was sleeping on the floor outside, joined them as well. When they arrived at the Trophy Room , the intended site of the duel, Malfoy was nowhere to be found. To avoid being caught by Argus Filch , they ran away and ended up in the forbidden area on the third floor, staring at a massive three-headed dog. Despite being furious about having broken countless school rules, Hermione had noticed that the dog was standing on a trap door, and clearly guarding something. They later deduced, from hints about Nicolas Flamel dropped unintentionally by Hagrid, that this "something" was the Philosopher's Stone . Fluffy angry-looking after the trio disturbed them Later that year, Hagrid happily told the trio that he had a won a dragon egg in a card game at the Hog's Head . Thinking that it was too much of a coincidence that, as Hagrid had always dreamed of owning a dragon , someone just happened to show up at the local pub with a dragon egg, the trio questioned Hagrid about the supposed dragon dealer . Upon finding out that Hagrid had never even seen the man's face, as he wore a hood, yet Hagrid had drunkenly told him how to get past Fluffy, they came to the horrifying conclusion that the hooded man must have been Severus Snape , when it was really Professor Quirrell . Before Hagrid told Quirrell, though he didn't know it was Quirrell, Hagrid and Dumbledore were the only ones who knew how to get past Fluffy.  As that meant the stone was no longer safe, they decided to go after Snape themselves, and Harry brought along the flute that Hagrid had given him for Christmas to use in lulling Fluffy to sleep. Arriving at the room, they noticed an enchanted harp at a sleeping Fluffy's feet, and believed that Professor Snape was already on his way to retrieving the stone. Fluffy soon awoke, as the enchantment on the harp wore off, and it stopped playing. As Harry played the flute, which almost immediately put Fluffy back to sleep, Ron crept over to the trap door and opened it, but was unable to see anything below. Hermione took over playing the flute, while Harry jumped in first, followed by Ron. After they called up to Hermione that it was safe, she stopped playing and jumped down the trap door just in time, as Fluffy woke up as soon as the music stopped. After Fluffy's duties were done, and the Stone was destroyed, Hagrid set Fluffy free temporarily in the Forbidden Forest . [1] Shortly thereafter, he was sent back to his native Greece by Dumbledore. [2] Personality and traits Fluffy was generally vicious, quite fierce, and extremely strong, though he possibly acted somewhat more docile around certain people, like Rubeus Hagrid , who was able to get Fluffy into the third floor corridor. Another way to calm Fluffy was to play music, which made him fall asleep. Three-headed dogs were very rare creatures, and it is unknown if, like the Runespoor , each head served a different purpose. Behind the scenes


Who played Pussy Galore in the 1964 James Bond film ‘Goldfinger’?

Pussy Galore (Honor Blackman) | James Bond Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Pussy Galore (Honor Blackman) Pussy Galore: "My name is Pussy Galore." James Bond: "I must be dreaming." ―Pussy Galore and James Bond [src] Pussy Galore is a fictional pilot and love interest of James Bond who appeared in EON Productions ' 1964 James Bond film Goldfinger , portrayed by British actress Honor Blackman . The character is a cinematic adaptation of the literary character , who first appeared in Ian Fleming 's 1958 novel Goldfinger . She subsequently appeared in the video games GoldenEye: Rogue Agent (2004) and 007 Legends (2012) with Blackman's likeness and voiced by Jeannie Elias and Natasha Little respectively. Contents [ show ] Film biography Pussy Galore first appears as the pilot aboard Goldfinger's private jet. James Bond , unconscious after being shot with a tranquilizer gun, wakes up to see Pussy standing over him. Pussy informs him that he is not dead, and that he was merely shot with a tranquilizer gun. She threatens to use it again, suggesting that he instead relax, have a cocktail, and enjoy the flight. When the plane lands, Pussy escorts Bond to Goldfinger's stud farm, and locks him into a cell. Bond manages to escape, and overhears Goldfinger discussing Operation Grandslam. Pussy catches him and pulls his legs out from under him, putting him back in his cell. Later on, as Goldfinger is having some mint juleps with Pussy, he notices two men with binoculars spying on the farm. He realizes that they must be friends of Bond, and decides to invite Bond for a drink, so that everything will appear friendly, as if Bond were out of danger. He tells Pussy to bring Bond out of his cell and entertain him. After a brief drink, Pussy takes Bond into a barn to keep up the pretence. Bond however, tries to seduce her, and Pussy uses Judo to trip Bond. The two engage in an entertaining Judo back and forth, and eventually Bond gets the upper hand, and the two kiss. Pussy tells Bond that he can turn the charm off, because she is immune, implying that she is a lesbian. However, after the events at the barn, Pussy turns against Goldfinger, and sabotages Operation Grandslam. Instead of knocking out the soldiers at Fort Knox with a deadly nerve gas, she calls the CIA , and arranges for the soldiers to fake being gassed, so that Goldfinger can be baited and captured. Pussy is later seen at the end of the film has the pilote when 007 boards a plane to meet with the President at the White House. Sadly, Goldfinger once more shows his face, after taking over the plane. After sending him through the window after the cabin is depressurised, Bond and Pussy escape using a parachute. While Pussy tries to wave to the helicopter looking for them, Bond has other ideas. Alternative continuities GoldenEye: Rogue Agent Promotional image of Pussy Galore in GoldenEye: Rogue Agent (2004). Pussy Galore later appeared in the 2004 spin-off Bond game, GoldenEye: Rogue Agent . Set in an alternate timeline, with its focus on the underworld of a futuristic 007 universe, Galore continues to be employed by Auric Goldfinger as his personal pilot. She participates in the underworld feud between Dr. Julius No and Goldfinger, assisting Goldfinger's golden-eyed enforcer by flying him into and out of various locations in her customised fuchsia pink helicopter. She is first introduced in the Swiss alps and airlifts GoldenEye to safety after the destruction of Auric Enterprises , taking him to their organisation 's volcanic hub of global operations, known as " The Lair ". There, she introduces him to the man who restored his sight; the organisation's scientific pipeline, Francisco Scaramanga . She is subsequently sent to assist GoldenEye in Hong Kong during his mission to assassinate Dr. No. However, they are betrayed by his Triad contact Wu Li Yong and are attacked by Dr. No's forces. After surviving the double-cross, GoldenEye crosses the rooftops of Hong Kong and after several failed attempts to extract him, Galore narrowly succeeds in rescuing the enforcer using the aircraft's


Which island in the US was known as Oyster Island?

Ellis Island History - The Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island Ellis Island History Ellis Island History Ellis Island History On this page you will find a detailed history of Ellis Island. The below text details the actual origin of the island as a location for an immigration hub, all the way to its current status as a national monument.  Feel free to jump forward to specific sections, by clicking on a section title in the table of contents below:    1965: Ellis Island Dedicated as a National Monument The Origin of the Island From 1892 to 1954, over twelve million immigrants entered the United States through the portal of Ellis Island, a small island in New York Harbor. Ellis Island is located in the upper bay just off the New Jersey coast, within the shadow of the Statue of Liberty. Through the years, this gateway to the new world was enlarged from its original 3.3 acres to 27.5 acres mostly by landfill obtained from ship ballast and possibly excess earth from the construction of the New York City subway system. Before being designated as the site of the first Federal immigration station by President Benjamin Harrison in 1890, Ellis Island had a varied history. The local Indian tribes had called it "Kioshk" or Gull Island. Due to its rich and abundant oyster beds and plentiful and profitable shad runs, it was known as Oyster Island for many generations during the Dutch and English colonial periods. By the time Samuel Ellis became the island's private owner in the 1770s, the island had been called Kioshk, Oyster, Dyre, Bucking and Anderson's Island. In this way, Ellis Island developed from a sandy island that barely rose above the high tide mark, into a hanging site for pirates, a harbor fort, ammunition and ordinance depot named Fort Gibson, and finally into an immigration station.                 From Military Fort to National Gateway From 1794 to 1890 (pre-immigration station period), Ellis Island played a mostly uneventful but still important military role in United States history. When the British occupied New York City during the duration of the Revolutionary War, its large and powerful naval fleet was able to sail unimpeded directly into New York Harbor. Therefore, it was deemed critical by the United States Government that a series of coastal fortifications in New York Harbor be constructed just prior to the War of 1812. After much legal haggling over ownership of the island, the Federal government purchased Ellis Island from New York State in 1808. Ellis Island was approved as a site for fortifications and on it was constructed a parapet for three tiers of circular guns, making the island part of the new harbor defense system that included Castle Clinton at the Battery, Castle Williams on Governor's Island, Fort Wood on Bedloe's Island and two earthworks forts at the entrance to New York Harbor at the Verrazano Narrows. The fort at Ellis Island was named Fort Gibson in honor of a brave officer killed during the War of 1812. Immigration Policy Embraces the Masses Prior to 1890, the individual states (rather than the Federal government) regulated immigration into the United States. Castle Garden in the Battery (originally known as Castle Clinton) served as the New York State immigration station from 1855 to 1890 and approximately eight million immigrants, mostly from Northern and Western Europe, passed through its doors. These early immigrants came from nations such as England, Ireland, Germany and the Scandinavian countries and constituted the first large wave of immigrants that settled and populated the United States. Throughout the 1800s and intensifying in the latter half of the 19th century, ensuing political instability, restrictive religious laws and deteriorating economic conditions in Europe began to fuel the largest mass human migration in the history of the world. It soon became apparent that Castle Garden was ill-equipped and unprepared to handle the growing numbers of immigrants arriving yearly. Unfortunately, compounding the problems of the small facility were the corruption and incompetence found to be


Norwegian Omelette is another name for which dessert?

Baked Alaska History, Whats Cooking America Photo courtesy of Epicurious.com   1802 – According to some historians, Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), third president of the United States from 1801-1809, was one of the first to serve ice cream at a state banquet in the White House.  He is reported to have served ice cream encased in hot pastry at a White House dinner during his presidency.  Although the name came much later, it is likely that this was a dish similar to Baked Alaska. An article from the LeRoy PennySaver & News called “An 1802 Menu,” by Lynne Belluscio states the following: A menu of a meal Jefferson offered on February 6, 1802, included “rice soup, round of beef, turkey, mutton, ham, loin of veal, cutlets of mutton, fried eggs, fried beef, and a pie called macaroni.” The desserts included “ice cream very good, crust wholly dried, crumbled into thin flakes; a dish somewhat like a pudding . . .”   Ice cream dishes frequently appeared in visitors’ accounts of meals with Thomas Jefferson.  From the web site The Home of Thomas Jefferson, one visitor reportedly commented: “Among other things, ice-creams were produced in the form of balls of the frozen material inclosed in covers of warm pastry, exhibiting a curious contrast, as if the ice had just been taken from the oven.”   A true Baked Alaska starts with the meringue.  A meringue is a “patisserie” made from egg whites and sugar.  Patisserie is the French word for various preparations made of pastry and generally baked in the oven.   1720 – The book, Larousse Gastronomique, by Prosper Montagn says the following on the history of meringue: Historians of cookery say that this little patisserie was invented in 1720 by a Swiss pastry-cook called Gasparini, who practised his art in Mehrinyghen, a small town in the State of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.  The first meringues made in France were served in Nancy to King Stanislas who, it is said, prized them highly.  It was he, no doubt, who gave the recipe for this sweetmeat to Marie Leczinska. Queen Marie-Antoinette had a great liking for meringues.  Court lore has it that she made them with her own hands at the Trianon, where she also made vacherins, for which a similar mixture is used.  Up to the beginning of the nineteenth century, meringues were shaped in a spoon, as the pastry forcing-bag had not been invented.   1804 –  Omellete surprise, which is virtually identical to Baked Alaska is said to have been first invented by an American-born physicist named Benjamin Thompson Rumford (1753-1814), later known as Count Rumford.  An American Loyalist in the Revolution in Boston, it is said that he served as a spy and informant for the British Army.  He was forced to flee from America to England 1776. He had an interest in cooking and he invented the fire-grate, a double boiler, an oil lamp, a coffee percolator  (drip), and the kitchen range.  As a result of his interest in investigating the resistance of beaten egg whites to heat, which is based on the principle that beaten egg white is a poor conductor of heat, a created a dessert that he called “omellete surprise.”   In The American Heritage Cookbook, Rumford is quoted as saying: “Omelette surpirse was the by-product of investigations in 1804 into the resistance of stiffly beaten egg whites to the induction of heat.”   During the Victorian Era (1937-1901), elaborate ice cream desserts made by local dairies and confectioners were the height of refinement, served at the best teas and formal dinners.  They prided themselves on fancy ice cream “bombes” (ice cream pressed into molds which produced elegant and elaborate frozen desserts in fancy and festive shapes.  These tradition was taken from molded puddings and custards.  These were also known as ice cream cakes. The technique of covering foods with meringue and then baking until the meringue is delicately browned seemed to have been a popular dessert technique during the middle 1850s.   1855 – The cookbook, The Philadelphia Houswife, by Aunt Mary (a pseud for Mary Hodgson) added a few fanciful French desserts as “Apples aux Pommes”


A Madagascar Adventure Tour : What to See and Do in Madagascar : Travel Channel Tsimbazaza Zoo Tsimbazaza Zoo Located in southern Antananarivo, Tsimbazaza Zoo and its botanical garden are one of a kind in Madagascar. The zoo has an environmental teaching center, a collection of unique species native to the country and a museum that offers multiple collections, including indigenous tribal carvings. 960 1280 Located in southern Antananarivo, Tsimbazaza Zoo and its botanical garden are one of a kind in Madagascar. The zoo has an environmental teaching center, a collection of unique species native to the country and a museum that offers multiple collections, including indigenous tribal carvings. Frank Vassen, Flickr   Antsiranana Windsurfing Antsiranana Windsurfing Looking for an adventure in Madagascar? Antsiranana -- known as Diego Suarez prior to 1975 -- is a popular spot for windsurfing and kite surfing in Antsiranana. Thrill-seeking adventurers can go tree climbing in Vallee des Perroquets or take a low-key trip to Sainte Marie for whale watching. 960 1280 Looking for an adventure in Madagascar? Antsiranana -- known as Diego Suarez prior to 1975 -- is a popular spot for windsurfing and kite surfing in Antsiranana. Thrill-seeking adventurers can go tree climbing in Vallee des Perroquets or take a low-key trip to Sainte Marie for whale watching. Getty Images   Mahamasina Municipal Stadium Mahamasina Municipal Stadium Become part of the local community in Antananarivo. Experience a rowdy rugby game or exciting soccer match at the multipurpose Mahamasina Municipal Stadium (Stade Mahamasina). The stadium seats 22,000 people but is capable of accommodating 40,000 spectators. 960 1280 Become part of the local community in Antananarivo. Experience a rowdy rugby game or exciting soccer match at the multipurpose Mahamasina Municipal Stadium (Stade Mahamasina). The stadium seats 22,000 people but is capable of accommodating 40,000 spectators. Bernard Gagnon, Wikimedia Commons   Madagascar Fody Madagascar Fody Madagascar is home to 204 species of birds, including the Red Fody, also known as the Red Cardinal Fody. Diego Suarez, Amber Mountain, Tana, Perinet, Ifaty, Isalo and Ampijoroa are a few prime spots for bird-watching tours. 960 1280 Madagascar is home to 204 species of birds, including the Red Fody, also known as the Red Cardinal Fody. Diego Suarez, Amber Mountain, Tana, Perinet, Ifaty, Isalo and Ampijoroa are a few prime spots for bird-watching tours. Thinkstock   Avenue of the Baobabs Avenue of the Baobabs Avenue or Alley of the Baobabs -- a group of 20 to 25 baobab trees that line the dirt road between Morondava and Belon’i Tsiribihina -- is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Madagascar. These trees are considered one of Africa’s Seven Natural Wonders and can live up to 800 years. Despite its popularity, the area has no visitor center or gate fees, and local residents receive little income from tourism. 960 1280 Avenue or Alley of the Baobabs -- a group of 20 to 25 baobab trees that line the dirt road between Morondava and Belon’i Tsiribihina -- is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Madagascar. These trees are considered one of Africa’s Seven Natural Wonders and can live up to 800 years. Despite its popularity, the area has no visitor center or gate fees, and local residents receive little income from tourism. Thinkstock   Nosy Be Nosy Be Welcome to Madagascar’s largest and busiest resort area, Nosy Be. Formed by volcanoes, the island is forested and has numerous craters and crater lakes. Its highest point is Mount Passot -- a 1,079-foot hike for the adventurous traveler. 960 1280 Welcome to Madagascar’s largest and busiest resort area, Nosy Be. Formed by volcanoes, the island is forested and has numerous craters and crater lakes. Its highest point is Mount Passot -- a 1,079-foot hike for the adventurous traveler.    Moraingy Moraingy Moraingy is a popular barefisted martial art that originated during Madagascar’s Maroseranana dynasty from 1675 to 1896. Young men and women between the ages of 10 and


In describing which city, author Tom Wolfe said ‘Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather’?

The Met and MOMA Educational Travel | Road Scholar View transportation details and required documents At a Glance Author Tom Wolfe said of New York City: “Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather.” Absorb the art treasures of that culture at three iconic museums: the Museum of Modern Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Frick Collection. First, explore the MoMA, often called the most important museum dedicated to modern art in the world today, boasting works by Dalí, Monet, Picasso, van Gogh and Warhol. Discover The Met, a museum that is to New York what the Louvre is to Paris with collections spanning from Ancient Rome and Egypt to the Renaissance and beyond. Step inside the opulent mansion of steel magnate Henry Clay Frick, where today the Frick Collection is housed, showcasing works by El Greco, Rembrandt and Vermeer. Activity Level Moderately Challenging Walking five miles over uneven ground, two flights of stairs; standing up to one hour; 3-5 hours of physical activity per day. Small Group Love to learn and explore in a small-group setting? These adventures offer small, personal experiences with groups of 10 to 24 participants. Best of all, you'll ... Lectures by scholars illuminate the history of art and of the great museums and galleries in New York City. Explore the serene Frick Collection, housed in the mansion of Pittsburgh steel magnate Henry Clay Frick. Delight in the masterpieces at the Museum of Modern Art, including Vincent Van Gogh’s The Starry Night. Featured Expert


The 1703 ‘Methuen Treaty’ was a military and commercial treaty between Britain and which other European country?

Methuen Treaty : definition of Methuen Treaty and synonyms of Methuen Treaty (English) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can; the talk page may contain suggestions. The Methuen Treaty was an offensive military and commercial treaty between Portugal and England signed in 1703 as part of the War of the Spanish Succession . The Treaty stipulated that no tax could be charged for Portuguese wines (but see below) exported to England or English textiles exported to Portugal, regardless of the geopolitical situation of each of the two nations (this was to make sure that England would still accept Portuguese wine in periods when not at war with France). He estipulado que Sua Sagrada e Real Magestade Britanica, em seu proprio Nome e no de Seus Sucessores será obrigada para sempre daqui em diante, de admitir na Grã Bretanha os Vinhos do produto de Portugal, de sorte que em tempo algum (haja Paz ou Guerra entre os Reynos de Inglaterra e de França), não se poderá exigir de Direitos de Alfândega nestes Vinhos, ou debaixo de qualquer outro título, directa ou indirectamente, ou sejam transportados para Inglaterra em Pipas, Toneis ou qualquer outra vasilha que seja mais o que se costuma pedir para igual quantidade, ou de medida de Vinho de França, diminuindo ou abatendo uma terça parte do Doreito do costume — [1] Some authors claim that the deal was negative for Portugal, since it meant that the country would not develop its industrial infrastructures (and therefore lost the industrial race) and other types of agricultural products. This is however, debatable, since this period saw the appearance of other industries in Portugal, like the manufacturing of porcelain . Some of the factories that appeared in this period have lasted until today. Thanks to this treaty, Portugal retained a strong political position on a stage that revealed itself to be fundamental in preserving the territorial integrity of its most important colony, Brazil (as argued by the Brazilian economist Celso Furtado in his work "Brazilian Economic Foundation"). Contents 5 Further reading   Background At the start of the War of Spanish Succession Portugal had allied with France. As part of this treaty the French had guaranteed the Portuguese naval protection. In 1702, the British navy sailed close to Lisbon on the way to and from Cadiz proving to the Portuguese that the French could not keep their promise. They soon began negotiations with the Grand Alliance about switching sides. The Methuen treaty was negotiated by John Methuen (c.1650-1706) who served as a member of Parliament, Lord Chancellor of Ireland , Privy Councilor , envoy and then ambassador extraordinary to Portugal where he negotiated the "Methuen" Treaty of 1703; the Treaty cemented allegiances in the War of Spanish Succession. The early years of the War of Spanish Succession, in Flanders , had been rather fruitless. The Tory party in England was concerned about the cost of the war and felt that naval warfare was a much cheaper option with greater potential for success. Portugal offered the advantage of a deep-water ports near the Mediterranean which could be used to counter the French Naval base at Toulon .   Treaty There were three major elements to the Methuen Treaty. The first was the establishment of the war aims of the Grand Alliance. Secondly the agreement meant that Spain would become a new theatre of war. Finally, it regulated the establishment of trade relations, especially between Britain and Portugal. Until 1703 the Grand Alliance had never established any formal war aims. The Methuen Treaty changed this as it confirmed that the alliance would try to secure the entire Spanish Empire for the Austrian claimant to the throne, the Archduke Charles, later Charles VI of Austria. The Treaty also established the numbers of troops the various countries would provide to fight the campaign in Spain. The Portuguese also insisted that Archduke Charles would come to Portugal to lead the forces


The ‘Avesta’ is the book of sacred writings in which religion?

AVESTA -- Zoroastrian Archives WZSE � Weekly Scripture "Zoroastrianism is the oldest of the revealed world-religions, and it has probably had more influence on mankind, directly and indirectly, than any other single faith." - Boyce, Zoroastrians, 1979, p. 1. "Zoroaster was thus the first to teach the doctrines of an individual judgment, Heaven and Hell, the future resurrection of the body, the general Last Judgment, and life everlasting for the reunited soul and body. These doctrines were to become familiar articles of faith to much of mankind, through borrowings by Judaism, Christianity and Islam; yet it is in Zoroastrianism itself that they have their fullest logical coherence....� - Boyce, op. cit. p. 29. We provide the complete text of the extant Avesta, the most ancient scriptures of Zoroastrianism, as well as many Pahlavi scriptures. It also includes information about the Avestan language, and other useful information for students of Zoroastrian religion. Most of the texts in these archives are extremely rare. NOTE: Spelling of Zoroastrian technical terms has been normalized in these archives to facilitate searches.   FEZANA published a Nawruz prayer book: Hama-Anjuman Prayers for Naurooz In English, Farsi and Gujarati.  This is a humble effort to bring all our Zarathushti Groups together in a common prayer environment. If you need a copy of the book, please contact: Soli P. Dastur at: dastur [at] comcast [dot] net. Donations for printing and postage are encouraged. Avesta


Enero is Spanish for which month of the year?

Months of the Year in Spanish noviembre — November diciembre — December All of the names for months are masculine : el enero, el febrero, etc. It usually isn't necessary to use the el except when giving specific dates. Note also that the names of the month are not capitalized in Spanish. The most common way of giving dates is following this pattern: el 1 de enero de 2000. For example: La Declaración de Independencia de los EE.UU. fue ratificada por el Congreso Continental el 4 de julio de 1776 en Filadelfia. (The U.S. Declaration of Independence was ratified by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, in Philadelphia.) As in that example, the word "on" in an "on + date" phrase does not have to be translated to Spanish. continue reading below our video 10 Facts About the Titanic That You Don't Know Otherwise, the names of months are used similarly to how they are in English: Abril es el cuarto mes del año. April is the fourth month of the year. Asturias registró el febrero más seco y cálido desde 1990. Asturias recorded the driest and warmest February since 1990. Fue publicado el 28 de febrero de 2008. It was published on February 28, 2008. Era un diciembre mágico. It was a magic December. Se celebra el 24 de octubre como Día de las Naciones Unidas. October 24 is celebrated as United Nations Day.


Who played the title roles in the 1977 film ‘Fun With Dick and Jane’?

Amazon.com: Fun With Dick And Jane: George Segal, Jane Fonda, Ed McMahon, John Dehner: Amazon  Digital Services LLC By Nathan Shepherd on January 12, 2017 Format: DVD|Verified Purchase I choose this rating because the movie is good. What I like about the movie is that George Segal and Jane Fonda star in this hilarious send-up of upper middle class mores and the price people are willing to pay to maintain a comfortable lifestyle. Just as they're putting in a new pool at the house that has sunk them deep into debt, Dick is fired from his high-paying job as an executive. Housewife Jane isn't too worried at first, figuring she'll go to work and they'll just tighten their belts for awhile, but it quickly becomes apparent that Dick's unemployment isn't going to go very far, and she isn't really good at anything besides spending. So when Jane inadvertently gets away with stealing $2,000, the entrepreneurial spirit takes over and the two come up with a new solution: they'll steal the money they need to live on. There's only one thing didn't count on: being a robber is actually hard work! What I dislike about the movie is that I wanted to see more of it. I would recommend this movie to other people. By Richard Muller on August 11, 2016 Format: DVD|Verified Purchase There's nothing like an original, especially when it's this well done. Sorry Mr. Carrey, but your remake was close to a dud. Not even the great looks and added comedic talent of Tea Leoni could salvage this from a made-for-direct-to-DVD listing. George Segal and Jane Fonda did a much more convincing job of portraying the set-upon-suburbanites and their zany attempts to reclaim their spot in the Upper Middle Class Echelons. McMahon plays a fine, leacherous, money-grubbing exec who could care less about his help. From "Zlute" to "Barbarella" to "Comes A Horseman" Fonda makes whatever role she's in something you care about. (Okay; "Barbarella" was a stretch...) So if Jim Carrey's antics are what makes you laugh, so be it. I just wish he'd have had less funny looks and a MUCH funnier script to work with. If fun and frolic with two great actors is what you'd prefer, go for the original~! Also, the sight gags are wonderful! By William Powers on May 29, 2013 Format: Amazon Video|Verified Purchase A pair of spoiled, rich and clueless characters are thrown for a loop when their world comes crashing down as they find themselves no longer apart of the upper middle class and quickly heading for the poor house. While trying their hardest to hold onto what little they can, Dick and Jane witness a robbery and soon find themselves turning to a life of crime to just make ends meet. It's a great visit to the 70's. A time I don't remember much myself because I was only about 7 when the movie came out, but it's not hard to see how anyone would have a crush on Jane Fonda. She is funny, classy and very sexy. The movie does a great job in getting you to feel for a couple of Spoiled, Rich white folk that really dont deserve your sympathy even if they really didn't do anything wrong other then live life on the hog. This movie is 1000 times better then the remake. I would say it's a good time, a worth a watch. By Chloe Stone on April 4, 2014 Format: DVD|Verified Purchase This is another movie that age has not hurt and still remains very funny today. This movie has been remade and the new version is not good. Sometimes the movie is on and showing it with George Segal and Jane Fonda but when I have turned it on, it is nearly always the newer one and it just isn't very good. I don't think that remakes are ever as good as the original and we don't even watch it because we like the original. I actually had to buy the movie to get the right version and it has never become dated and is always enjoyable. By Jerry Snyder on November 6, 2002 Format: VHS Tape|Verified Purchase I bought this recently wondering if the fun would still be there after a few decades. Sometimes things have to be rethought, updated. "Dick and Jane" still works all by itself. We might be conditioned to think of Ja


Central Park is in which borough of New York City?

Central Park, the 6th Borough of New York City - Review of Central Park, New York City, NY - TripAdvisor “Central Park, the 6th Borough of New York City” Reviewed June 5, 2012 There are books written about Central Park, and books where Central Park is one of the main characters, and there are innumerable facts and thoughts this amazing place would inspire of those who have experienced it for the first time and those who make it a part of their daily life. The place has transformed over the years into one of the most brilliant gems the City has to offer. There are immense green open spaces, lots of old gnarled trees and woodsy areas, ponds and lakes, one large enough for casual boating, a skating rink, not too many but strategically placed roadways that are heaven for runners, in-line skaters, or strollers, especially on weekend days when there is no vehicular traffic allowed, a zoo, some amazing restaurants, and the almost surreal vista of Manhattan high rises that are circling the park on all sides like guardians. If you are a visitor of New York City, you muat set at least a few good hours aside to enter this fairy land in the middle of the metropolis and get a map to explore it. Visited May 2012


Who was voted in as Mayor of London in May 2012?

London Mayor election and local election results 2012: as it happened - Telegraph London Mayor election and local election results 2012: as it happened Coverage as it happened of the results of local elections and the London  Mayoral race.   Image 1 of 17 Boris Johnson speaks after his victory, as his rivals Brian Paddick and Ken Livingstone chat in the background Photo: WILL WINTERCROSS     Image 1 of 17 A member of the electorial count staff carries ballot boxes as he helps to tally votes for the local elections at Olympia conference centre in London Photo: AFP/GETTY   Labour Mayoral candidate Ken Livingstone walks to City Hall to await the announcement  Photo: GETTY   Image 1 of 17 London Mayor Boris Johnson with his wife Marina in his office in City Hall as they wait for the results Photo: ANDREW PARSONS   Labour Party leader Ed Miliband is congratulated by supporters in Birmingham Photo: REUTERS/Darren Staples   David Cameron: Election results are unfortunate, but we still made a strong showing.  Photo: ITN   Candidates watch as votes are counted at the Oasis Leisure Centre in Swindon Photo: PA   Votes are counted at the Oasis Leisure Centre in Swindon  Photo: PA   Counting of votes gets underway at the Richard Dunn Sports Centre, Bradford  Photo: PA   Ballot boxes arrive at the Oasis Leisure Centre in Swindon  Photo: PA   Independent candidate Siobhan Benita outside St James Church Hall in New Malden  Photo: RICK FINDER   Image 1 of 17 A woman walks past the Herne Tavern, which is used as a polling station, in south east London. Photo: REUTERS   Image 1 of 17 Ken Livingstone and his wife Emma arrive at their local polling station in north London with their son Tom Photo: PA   Mother Xavier of The Tyburn Convent entering the Polling station to vote Photo: PAUL GROVER


Who wrote, produced and directed the 2009 film ‘Avatar’?

Avatar (film) | Avatar Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Avatar 2 Avatar is a science fiction film written and directed by James Cameron , starring Sam Worthington , Zoë Saldaña , Stephen Lang , Michelle Rodriguez , and Sigourney Weaver . It was made by Lightstorm Entertainment and released by 20th Century Fox on December 18, 2009. The film is set in the year 2154 on Pandora , a fictional Earth -like moon in a distant planetary system. Humans are engaged in mining Pandora's reserves of a precious mineral known as unobtanium , while the Na'vi — the sapient and sentient race of humanoids indigenous to the moon — resist the colonists' expansion, which threatens the continued existence of the Na'vi and the Pandoran ecosystem. The film's title refers to the remotely controlled, genetically engineered human-Na'vi bodies used by the film's human characters to interact with the indigenous population. Contents Plot Jake arrives at Hell's Gate In the year 2154, Jake Sully (Sam Worthington), a former U.S. Marine paralyzed from the waist down due to wounds sustained in combat, is selected to participate in the Avatar Program . Originally, the position was supposed to be filled by his identical twin brother Tom Sully , who was recently killed by a man who attempted to rob him of his money. Arriving from the six-year journey from Earth to Pandora , Jake awakes from cryosleep with hundreds of other personnel to work at the human colony on this inhabited moon of Polyphemus , one of three fictional gas giants orbiting Alpha Centauri A. Jake meets with Colonel Miles Quaritch (Stephen Lang), a hardened and seasoned military veteran who is in charge of security on the colony. Quaritch welcomes the new personnel and military soldiers and briefs them on Pandora. It is mostly covered with lush rainforests and wildlife, and home to the primitive Na'vi , a sentient race of tall, blue-skinned humanoids. The colony personnel and military are under the jurisdiction of the Resources Development Administration (RDA), a non-governmental organization back on Earth. Jake is introduced to Norm Spellman (Joel David Moore), a biologist who arrived on the same rotation of personnel as he did and Dr. Grace Augustine (Sigourney Weaver), a botanist as well as the leader of the Avatar Program, which allows humans to control avatars , which are genetically engineered human-Na’vi hybrids who look like Na'vi. Using the avatars, Grace and her team have made some considerable progress teaching some Na’vi their ways and English as well as learning their language and culture. Grace is not pleased with RDA administrator Parker Selfridge's (Giovanni Ribisi) decision to use Jake to replace his brother’s avatar position, as she will have to spend time training him in Na’vi culture as well as teaching him how to control his avatar. Parker stresses that the RDA needs to mine the extremely valuable mineral unobtanium, which can be found in huge deposits on Pandora. Meanwhile, Quaritch makes Jake his informant to gather information on the Na’vi and their home, the Hometree (kelutral), which has huge deposits of unobtanium buried deep below its surface. He wants Jake to gain their trust and convince them to leave their home within three months. After being trained for several weeks in his new body, Jake, Grace and Norm explore the native wildlife with Trudy Chacon (Michelle Rodriguez), a retired Marine pilot who is assigned to ferry them to their location. While Grace and Norm study the wildlife, Jake encounters a group of hammerhead titanotheres , a rhinoceros-like animal species. However, the titanotheres flee from a thanator (palulukan), a terrifying land predator. Grace shouts at her group to flee. Jake runs from the thanator, who is after him, and loses most of his equipment and weapon in the process. He narrowly escapes death from the predator and falls into raging rivers below. As darkness falls, Jake creates a fire torch using a sap substance on the trees, and once more runs and fights a large group of small sized viperwolves (nantang). A female Na’vi named Neytiri (Zoe S


What was the maiden name the mother of US astronaut Buzz Aldrin?

Buzz Aldrin - Biography - IMDb Buzz Aldrin Jump to: Overview  (3) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (3) | Trivia  (14) | Personal Quotes  (8) Overview (3) 5' 10" (1.78 m) Mini Bio (1) Buzz Aldrin was born on January 20, 1930 in Montclair, New Jersey, USA as Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr. He is known for his work on The Other Side of the Moon (1990), Fly Me to the Moon 3D (2008) and Apollo 11: The Untold Story (2006). He was previously married to Lois Driggs Cannon, Beverly Van Zile and Jean Ann Archer. Spouse (3) ( 29 December  1954      - 1972) (divorced) (3 children) Trivia (14) Astronaut, second man on the moon. Aldrin's mother's maiden name was Moon. Had his first name legally changed to "Buzz" in 1979. Moonwalker. Lunar Module Pilot, Apollo 11, making him the second man to walk on the Moon. Society of Operating Cameramen, (SOC) Recipient, Technical Achievment Award (1995) "NASA, First live television broadcast from the Moon" (1969). His Swedish ancestors were blacksmiths who emigrated to America from the province Värmland in Sweden. Inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame in 2007 for his services to enterprise and space (inaugural election). Official induction ceremonies held in May 2008. In 2007, at age 77, he underwent plastic surgery for a face-lift. Claims that being subjected to countless bouts of G-force as a fighter pilot and astronaut caused his jowls to sag prematurely. Flew twice for NASA. Once on the first manned lunar expedition Apollo 11 with Neil Armstrong and Michael Collins and once on Gemini 12 with Jim Lovell , the last Gemini mission. On the historic Apollo 11 mission, the lunar module was Eagle and the command module was Columbia. Honorary member of the American Society of Cinematographers (ASC). Jokingly credited in Monty Python's Flying Circus: The Buzz Aldrin Show (1970) as actor, writer and makeup artist. Received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Street in Hollywood, California on January 14, 1993. His nickname "Buzz" originated in childhood. The younger of his two older sisters mispronounced 'brother' as 'buzzer', which was then shortened to 'Buzz'. Wrote a 2009 memoir "Magnificent Desolation," telling in detail his problems after his return from the moon with divorce, drinking, depression, and despair and checking into rehab in 1975 where he started the long climb back to sobriety and hope. Personal Quotes (8) [on joining Neil Armstrong in first walk on the moon, 20 July 1969] Beautiful! Beautiful! Magnificent desolation! [on why no famous photos were taken of Neil Armstrong during the Apollo 11 landing on the moon] As the sequence of lunar operations evolved, Neil had the camera most of the time, and the majority of pictures taken on the moon that include an astronaut are of me. It wasn't until we were back on Earth and in the lunar receiving laboratory looking over the pictures that we realized there were few pictures of Neil. My fault, perhaps, but we had never simulated this in our training. There's a need for accepting responsibility - for a person's life and making choices that are not just ones for immediate short-term comfort. You need to make an investment, and the investment is in health and education. We can continue to try and clean up the gutters all over the world and spend all of our resources looking at just the dirty spots and trying to make them clean. Or we can lift our eyes up and look into the skies and move forward in an evolutionary way. I think humans will reach Mars, and I would like to see it happen in my lifetime. Mars is there, waiting to be reached. The torment of depression and the complications of addiction that accompany it affect millions, including myself and family members before me - my grandfather committed suicide before I was born and my mother the year before I went to the moon - along with hundreds of veterans who come to a similar fate each year," Aldrin wrote. "As individuals and as a nation we need to be compassionate and supportive of all who suffer and give them the resources to face life. [on Robin Williams] I


Great Leighs Race Course, which opened in 2007, is in which English county?

Great Leighs Racecourse - WikiHorseWorld Horse Articles Great Leighs Racecourse Flat Great Leighs Racecourse is a thoroughbred horse racing venue located in Great Leighs near Chelmsford, Essex, England. When it opened in April 2008 it was the first completely new racecourse in the UK since Taunton opened in 1927. It went into administration the following January, and it is not clear when or if racing will resume. Great Leighs was developed and owned by entrepreneur John Holmes and his son, Jonathan. It aims to exploit the largest unserved area in British horseracing. Overall there is slightly more than one racecourse per million people in Great Britain, but there is no racecourse in Essex (population >1.6 million) or in east London (formerly part of Essex and with a population >1.5 million) or in the neighbouring county of Hertfordshire (population >1 million). However the course is only 50 miles from Newmarket , the largest racehorse training centre in Britain. The course is laid out as an eight-and-a-half furlong left-handed Polytrack oval, with a two-furlong home straight. The 10,000-capacity grandstand was used at the 2006 Ryder Cup. Contents 5 External links Opening Great Leighs was originally scheduled to open in October 2006, but the opening was deferred several times. On 20 March 2008 the racecourse announced that the opening fixture would be postponed to 20 April 2008 with the original opening date, 4 April 2008, being used a test day. [1] On 20 April 2008 the racecourse finally staged its first race meeting, with the opening race being won by Temple of Thebes. The meeting was attended by an invited audience only and the first meeting with full public admission took place on 28 May 2008. [2] The venue attracted some praise for some of its racing facilities, and considerable criticism for the incomplete state of its visitor facilities. Attendances did not meet expectations. 2009 administration The course was placed into administration and its temporary racing licence revoked on 16 January 2009. [3] In March 2009 the administrators announced that the two parties that had made bids for the course had failed to demonstrate that they had sufficient financial backing. The administrators stated that they would enter into negotiations with the main creditor, the Royal Bank of Scotland, to see whether it was willing to take ownership of the course, and contract out the management of its operations to an established race course operator. [4] The administrators subsequently made a deal with a local businessman, Terry Chambers, to lease the course to him for 18 months, but the course was unable to obtain a racing licence and therefore was ineligible to bid for fixtures for 2010. [5] . In September 2009 the administrator announced that they had struck a deal for Chambers and Bill Gredley to buy the racecourse with the hope that racing could resume in 2011. [6] See also Retrieved from " http://www.wikihorseworld.com/wiki/Great_Leighs_Racecourse " The above article was imported from Wikipedia.org on 08/24/2010 and may be a modified version of the Original Wikipedia article . See this article's history page for a list of revisions which may have occurred after import. This article is displayed here courtesy of the Wikimedia Foundation, Wikipedia, and its authors/contributors in compliance with the Wikimedia Terms of Use Agreement. This article was imported and is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 (CC-BY-SA) . Clicking on photos, videos, or drawings in this article will display copyright and license information for that non-text media where available.


In 1973, which horse set new records at the US Kentucky Derby and a new world record at the Belmont Stakes?

Secretariat - Belmont Stakes 1973 - YouTube Secretariat - Belmont Stakes 1973 Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Jan 2, 2007 I think this is one of the most famous and awesome race in U.S. In this race, Secretariat, an outstanding big chestnut horse, wins by 31 length(!!!), making the world 12F record, achieving triple crown. Category


Which jockey won seven races on Champions Day at Ascot in September 1996?

Dettori: Derby win beats Ascot Seven Dettori: Derby win beats Ascot Seven AUTHOR(S) Article ABSTRACT AN ELATED Frankie Dettori has said winning a second Investec Derby at Epsom on Saturday on Golden Horn gave him more satisfaction than his Magnificent Seven achievement at Ascot in 1996. ACCESSION #   Related Articles WINNER: Chiberta King ridden by [...].   // Mail on Sunday;6/23/2013, p72  WINNER: Chiberta King ridden by Jimmy Fortune (pink) beats Shahwardi ridden by Frankie Dettori to win the Queen Alexandra Stakes at Ascot The article reports that the win of jockey Frankie Dettori at Royal Ascot is thought to be the catalyst which sparked an increase in player numbers on his Frankie Dettori Magic Seven slot game at Genting Casino. Seven wins, forza Frankie!  Dam, Julie K.L. // Time International (South Pacific Edition);10/14/96, Issue 42, p99  Reports that Frankie Dettori won all of the seven races at Ascot in Britain on September 28, 1996. His share of the purses; His other wins. Online TODAY.   // Daily Mail;10/19/2013, p99  Frankie's fanning the Olympic flame Frankie Dettori (right) thinks Farhh and Olympic Glory will win the feature races at Qipco British Champions Day at Ascot. Read his big-race previews at: Rain won't hamper Horn.  MARCUS TOWNEND // Daily Mail;10/28/2015, p68  FRANKIE DETTORI has played down fears that the rain which has hit Kentucky will prevent Arc and Derby victor Golden Horn finishing his career on a winning high in Saturday's $3million Breeders' Cup Turf. Rain won't hamper Horn.  MARCUS TOWNEND // Daily Mail;10/28/2015, p46  FRANKIE DETTORI has played down fears that the rain which has hit Kentucky will prevent Arc and Derby victor Golden Horn finishing his career on a winning high in Saturday's $3million Breeders' Cup Turf. Rain won't hamper Horn.  MARCUS TOWNEND // Daily Mail;10/28/2015, p68  FRANKIE DETTORI has played down fears that the rain which has hit Kentucky will prevent Arc and Derby victor Golden Horn finishing his career on a winning high in Saturday's $3million Breeders' Cup Turf. BOOKIES SHELL OUT ON DETTORI.  WHITE, JOHN // Horse Racing Miscellany;2009, p128  This article reveals that bookmakers have paid 40 million British pounds to winning punters at the 2007 Derby, which was won by jockey Frankie Dettori paired with race horse Authorized.


In which year was the tax on betting abolished in the Britain?

Abolition of betting tax fuels boom in gambling | The Independent Abolition of betting tax fuels boom in gambling Friday 2 December 2005 00:00 BST Click to follow The Independent Online Betting is likely to treble in the decade, creating a financial bonanza for bookmakers, an academic study shows. University researchers say Labour's abolition of betting tax four years ago has provided the perfect conditions for a gambling boom. Gambling will soar from £6.9bn in 1999 to £11.8bn in 2009, says the Leisure Industries Research Centre of Sheffield Hallam University. In that time, betting on everything from horse-racing to share prices is expected to rise from £1.6bn billion to £4.3bn. As restrictions on the number of casinos are relaxed, there will be strong rises in spending on fruit machines, poker, blackjack and roulette. The study will also raise concerns about more gambling addicts. Some have appeared in recent court cases, including Graham Price, a financial consultant who stole £10m from clients and a bank to bet on horses. The Sheffield Hallam team, who analysed figures from official bodies, made a range of predictions about how Britons will spend their leisure time from now until the end of the decade. They forecast that alcohol consumption will rise and pub groups will experience sharp rises in share price because of the licensing reforms, which came into force last month. They estimate that 15 per cent more spirits will be drunk. The academics also said the market for sports equipment and participation will grow by 27 per cent between 2004 and 2009 on the back of the 2006 Football World Cup and the 2012 London Olympics. Spending at cinemas will rise by 3 per cent a year above inflation to £6.8bn by 2009. And the rising popularity of restaurants will continue, with eating out growing faster than inflation. But spending on reading will decline. The researchers say gambling has been electrified by the abolition of betting tax in 2001 and the rise of internet and spread betting. Before that, gambling had declined by up to 5 per cent a year between 1999 and 2001. After the abolition of duty - in exchange for a tax on the bookmakers' profits - gambling has risen every year. Last year there was a 12 per cent spike. The second-biggest sector of gambling, gaming machines, including fruit machines inside and outside casinos, is expected to rise by about 50 per cent in the next four years to £3.3bn. Lotteries, the third biggest sector, will nudge up to £2.5bn. Money gambled in casinos on traditional games such as roulette or poker will increase by 25 per cent to £878m. The number of casinos in Britain has risen from 114 four years ago to 137 this year. There are applications before the Gambling Commission for 39 more casinos. Under the new regime, the 2005 Gambling Act, ministers will approve at least one super-casino of 5,000square metres, a further eight medium-size casinos and eight smaller casinos by 2010. Income from bingo is forecast to rise from £570m last year to £679m by 2009. The only the area predicted to decline, the pools, will slump by about a quarter to £62m a year in 2009. Themis Kokolakakis, principal research fellow at Sheffield Hallam University, said that the abolition of tax was the turning point. "That is the exact moment when the fortunes of the industry changed," he said. The next year William Hill's profits surged from £32m to £170m, a rise of 527 per cent, he said. The study suggests alcohol consumption will rise by 6 per cent between 2004 and 2009. Wine and beer will show modest growth but spirits' growth will reflect the rise of cocktails and ready-to-drink products. Experts say 24-hour drinking will increase bingeing and worsen public order. But the Government believes relaxing the old rules will encourage a more sensible, continental-style drinking culture. Mr Kokolakakis said: "I expect the share prices are going to increase for the alcohol companies. We may see a huge increase over a year for pub groups such as Punch Taverns and Enterprise Inns. They are going to see a lot of dividends from this


Famous racehorse Seabiscuit was the grandson of which racehorse?

No. 2: Seabiscuit - Top 10 Famous Racehorses | HowStuffWorks Top 10 Famous Racehorses 2: Seabiscuit Seabiscuit Though the grandson of Man O' War, Seabiscuit did not initially show a lot of promise as a racehorse, but all of that would change in 1936 under the guidance of new trainer Tom Smith and new jockey Red Pollard. The next year, the team won 11 of the 15 races entered, despite the fact that Pollard had lost an eye in a training incident. Seabiscuit's popularity soared, raising spirits during the depression and building extreme momentum for a race against another legend, War Admiral in 1939 billed as the "Match of the Century" in which Seabiscuit proved victorious. He retired from the racing world in 1940, but his story later inspired several books and films, including the 2003 major motion picture "Seabiscuit," which was nominated for seven Academy Awards.


In the Northern Hemisphere on which date do all racehorses celebrate their birthday?

Horses celebrate their birthday - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) Horses celebrate their birthday Updated August 01, 2014 14:50:51 All horses born in the southern hemisphere celebrate their birthday on August 1 as a means of standardising horse-related (mostly sporting) events. This date is based on the breeding season of horses, so horses born in the northern hemisphere celebrate their birthday on January 1. To celebrate the occasion, the ABC photo editors have chosen a selection of equine images to share with you.


In the Southern Hemisphere on which date do all racehorses celebrate their birthday?


The English Grand National Steeplechase is held annually at which race course?

Grand National | British horse race | Britannica.com British horse race Alternative Title: Grand National Handicap Steeplechase Similar Topics Melbourne Cup Grand National, also called Grand National Handicap Steeplechase, British horse race held annually over the Aintree course, Liverpool , in late March or early April; it attracts more attention throughout the world than any other steeplechase . The race was instituted in 1839 by William Lynn, a Liverpool innkeeper, and its present name was adopted in 1847. The Grand National poses difficulties and dangers to challenge the skill and spirit of the hardiest and most daring riders, professional and amateur. The course, an irregular triangle, must be covered twice for a distance of 4 miles 855 yards (about 7,200 metres) and a total of 30 jumps, among which the most spectacularly hazardous are those known as Becher’s Brook and Valentine’s Brook. Large numbers of horses are entered each year and are reduced at successive jumps until only a few are left at the finish. The Grand National is a handicap race, with weights ranging upward to 12 stone 7 pounds (175 pounds). The weights, the distance, and the big jumps demand horses of prodigious strength and stamina and usually of more than normal size. The winners frequently have cold blood (e.g., the heavier draught breeds) mixed with Thoroughbred ancestry, although pure Thoroughbreds have won the Grand National on occasion. Learn More in these related articles:


What is the name of the two-wheeled cart pulled by horses in harness races?

Frequently Asked Questions - Manitoba Harness Racing Association Frequently Asked Questions Frequently Asked Questions about Harness Racing What Is Harness Racing? Harness racing is a form of Horse Racing in which the horses race at a specific gait (a trot or pace ). They usually pull a two-wheeled cart called a Sulky. What Type of Horse Is Used In Harness Racing? The horses used in harness racing are Standardbreds, and only a registered Standardbred may compete in a sanctioned harness race. The origins of the Standardbred trace back to Messenger, an English Thoroughbred foaled in 1780, and later exported to the United States. The name “Standardbred” originated because early trotters (pacers would not come into the picture until much later) were required to reach a certain standard for the mile distance in order to be registered as part of the new breed. The mile is still the standard distance covered in nearly every harness race. Who Drives the Horses? When racing first started, most participants drove, trained and owned their own horses. In the last two decades, the sport has become much more specialized, and like Thoroughbreds, harness racing now has separate drivers and trainers. Drivers who are hired on a per-race basis are known as catch-drivers. This distinguishes them from trainer-drivers, trainers who also drive their horses. How Do I Wager On Harness Racing? We hope that you enjoy your time watching and wagering on Harness Racing in Manitoba. How To Wager: When you visit a mutuel window, state the following information: (1) Race number Example: Third Race, Two Dollars to win on Number Six. Types of Traditional Wagers: WIN – The horse you select must finish first in the race. PLACE – The horse you select must finish first or second. SHOW – The horse you select must finish first, second or third. EXACTA – The two horses you select must finish first and second in exact order. EXACTA BOX – The two horses you select must finish first and second in any order. TRIFECTA (Triple) – The three horses you select must finish first, second and third in exact order. TRIFECTA BOX – The horses you select must finish first, second and third in any order. SUPERFECTA – The four horses you select much finish first, second, third, and fourth in exact order. SUPERFECTA BOX – The horses you select must finish first, second third, and fourth in any order. *With all box wagers, the cost of the bet is calculated based upon the number of possible combinations*. Example: If you were to bet a $2 exacta box with horse numbers 1and 2, the possible winning combinations would be 1-2 and 2-1. The cost of this bet is $4. DAILY DOUBLE – Picking the winners of two consecutive races that are designated as Daily Double races. The horses you wager on must win each of the races you select. Wagers must be placed before the running of the first of the two races. PICK THREE – Picking the winners of three races that are designated Pick Three Races. Wagers must be placed before the running of the first of the three races. PICK FOUR – Picking the winners of four consecutive races that are designated Pick Four races. Wagers must be placed before the running of the first of the four races. PICK FIVE – Picking the winners of five consecutive races that are designated Pick Five races. Wagers must be placed before the running of the first of the five races. MINIMUM WAGERS – The minimum wager is $1 How Fast Is A Harness Horse? Races usually are contested at speeds averaging 25-30 miles per hour for the mile distance. When leaving the starting gate, top horses reach speeds close to 35 miles an hour. What Does Breaking Stride Mean? Any trotter or pacer who “breaks” into a canter or gallop during a race must be pulled back to its correct gait and lose ground to its competitors or be disqualified from the race. What Causes Horses To Break Stride? Several factors can cause breaks. A horse may be going too fast to maintain his gait. He may be tired. He may be interfered with. He may also be lame. How Often Does A Horse Race? Once a week is considered the ideal. The numb


Which Australian horse race is marketed as ‘The race that stops a nation’?

The race that stops a nation: Australia’s Melbourne Cup | English Language Blog The race that stops a nation: Australia’s Melbourne Cup Posted by Gabriele on Nov 5, 2014 in Culture Australia’s Derby Day, or the Melbourne Cup, is also known as “the race that stops a nation,” because everyone in Australia really does stop to watch this horse race! Horse racing is a very popular spectator sport in Australia and the Melbourne Cup is the biggest of all horse races in the country. In fact in the state where this horse race is run, Victoria, the day of the Melbourne Cup is an official holiday! This race is held every year on the first Tuesday in November. The Melbourne Cup racing grounds. Image by Chris Phutully on Flickr.com. So, you might be asking yourself, what makes this race so special? First of all this race is very old, it has been run continuously for 154 years.  The very first race was held in 1861, at the same track where it is held today. Also, this is a very elite horse race. Those that run in this race have to qualify and only the very best of the best do. The Melbourne Cup is a 3,200-meter (2 mile) race, run on turf (or grass). The horses in the race must be 3 years old or older. Another reason this race is such a big deal is that it is considered to be the richest two-mile race in the world.  This year’s race collected a record $98 million in bets (bet = a sum of money that is risked on the outcome a race or game). No wonder everyone in Australia stops to watch this race – they all have money on it! This year, the horse that won The Melbourne Cup is named Protectionist (protagonist = the leading character in a story). He is a 5-year-old horse, who was ridden in the Melbourne Cup by an English jockey (jockey = a person who rides in horse races as a profession), named Ryan Moore. Many people regard Moore as the best jockey in the world, so this was definitely a great horse-jockey pairing. If you missed seeing this famous Australian horse race live, here is your chance to see it. Of course you can’t make any bets on the race now, since you already know who won, but you can watch to see how this great race unfolded. The horse that is ahead in the beginning “My Ambivalent” finished 17th (out of 22). The horse “Admire Rakti,” who was the favorite to win the race, was in second place most of the time, but ended up losing the race (and very sadly died soon after the end of the race). The winner of the race “Protectionist” is near the middle of the pack (pack = a group of animals) much of the race. Ryan Moore, is the jockey wearing a blue and checkered shirt. See if you can spot him. When there is only 100m left in the race Protectionist pulls away from the pack for the big win. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnzlLHKyw1Q This race is only three and half minutes long, but like I mentioned it makes the whole country of Australia stop.  Some people “stop” for the whole day, not going to work, and instead going to race day parties.  Parties, drinking, and betting, are a big part of celebrating and having fun on this day in Australia.  Apart from the horse racing, the other BIG event of the day is watching the fashion. Women wearing hats to horse races is a tradition in the English-speaking world and the hats worn on Derby Day are considered high fashion. Take a look below at some of the fun and crazy hats that are worn at horse races. Image by Jaguar MENA on Flickr.com. Even if you weren’t able to watch this race live, I hope you have enjoyed learning a little more about it and Australian culture. Tweet About the Author: Gabriele Hi there! I am one of Transparent Language's ESL bloggers. I am a 32-year-old native English speaker who was born and raised in the United States. I am living in Washington, DC now, but I have lived all over the US and also spent many years living and working abroad. I started teaching English as a second language in 2005 after completing a Master's in Applied Linguists and a Certificate in English Language Teaching to Adults' (CELTA). Since that time I have taught ESL in the United States at th


In 1983, who became the first woman to train an English Grand National winner?

1983 Grand National Results 1983 Grand National Results /in Past Race Results /by Simone Wright The 1983 Grand National was won by Corbiere in a time of nine minutes and 47.4 seconds. His trainer Jenny Pitman has the distinction of being the first woman ever to train a Grand National winner. He was owned by Mr S Burrough and ridden by Ben de Haan. From a field of 41 competitors only 10 completed the course with the winner collecting a prize of £52,949. The favourite in 1983 was Grittar the previous years winner, at odds of 7/1, with the popular Greasepaint at 14/1 and Corbiere well fancied starting at 13/1. Jenny Pitman had trained the horse from 3 years of age and had noted his courage early on when he was the only horse on the gallops to battle through a hailstorm. A top class hurdler, the chestnut gelding soon made his mark over fences and following his impressive win of the Welsh National, became a leading contender for the Grand National. Corbiere held a prominent position from the start of the race jumping the early fences with Delmoss and by Valentine’s he was in joint lead with Hallo Dandy. Hallo Dandy faltered soon after leaving Corbiere and Greasepaint to fight it out. Corbiere jumped the last better than Greasepaint and gained two lengths but Greasepaint wasn’t finished and began to eat into the lead only to be beaten to the post by three quarters of a length with Yer Man in third place and the 60/1 shot Hallo Dandy in 4th. Corbiere ran in four more Grand Nationals, finishing third twice, falling once and finishing 12th in his final appearance in 1987. He was retired from racing but appeared in the show jumping ring and helped in tutoring a quartet of unbroken, and at the time unknown, Irish horses consisting of Royal Athlete, Esha Ness, Willsford and Garrison Savannah. Finishing order


Which English horse race is sometimes referred to as the ‘Blue Ribband’ of the turf?

Project MUSE - ‘Spot the Winner’: Some of the Horses in Ulysses Some of the Horses in Ulysses Vivien Igoe (bio) Of the many sports mentioned in Ulysses, horse racing is the one that is the most prominent. Horses are referred to in ten of the episodes. 1 Four of the horses named in Ulysses ran in the Gold Cup, 2 the third event which was held at Ascot at 3.00 pm on 16 June 1904. The Ascot Gold Cup race was first run in 1807 and in the British racing calendar it and the Epsom Derby were the two main annual events. The race for entire colts and fillies, aged between three and five years, was over two and a half miles and ‘had a value 1,000 sovereigns in specie in addition, out of which the second shall receive 700 sovereigns and the third 300 sovereigns added to sweepstake of 20 sovereigns each’. 3 The runners in the Gold Cup mentioned in the text included Lord Howard de Walden’s Zinfandel, 4 yrs, 9 st. (M. Cannon), Mr W. Bass’s Sceptre, 5 yrs, 9 st. 1 lb (O. Madden), M.J. de Bremond’s Maximum 11, 5 years, 9 st. 4 lb (G. Stern), and Mr F. Alexander’s Throwaway. The betting was 5 to 4 on Zinfandel, 7 to 4 against Sceptre, 10 to 1 against Maximum 11, and 20 to 1 against Throwaway (off). Of the horses named in Ulysses, Throwaway, Sceptre, and Zinfandel are mentioned the most. 4 T hrowaway was born in 1899 and was by Rightaway out of Theale (Plate 5). He was bred by Mr F. Alexander at Everleigh. 5 Between 1901 and 1905, Throwaway ran in races at Chester, Bath, Liverpool, Newcastle, Gosforth Park, Newmarket, Bibury (Salisbury), Manchester, Ascot, and Doncaster. Trained by Mr Braime and ridden by William Lane (1883–1920), Throwaway, aged five years, 9 st. 4 lb, an outsider, won the Gold Cup race in 1904. Zinfandel came second, Sceptre third, and Maximum 11 finished fourth. A correspondent gives this description of the race: The race was run in the old-fashioned way, the pace being a crawl for the first two miles, and it was not till rounding the bend for home that the jockeys allowed their horses to stride along. Throwaway [End Page 72] had made the whole of the running up to that point, but when Sceptre challenged at this point, the mare, apparently without any exertion, drew level, and may even have headed the leader, but two furlongs from home the effort was spent, and practically the identical thing happened with Zinfandel, who was pulling his jockey’s arms out one moment, and was a beaten horse the next. In the meantime, Throwaway was struggling on with indomitable gameness, and forging clear once more held his own to the end, and won by a length; while Sceptre succumbed by three parts of a length to Zinfandel for second place. A more astonishing result could scarcely be conceived, for had the race been a handicap, both Sceptre and Zinfandel would have been set to give the winner at least two stone, whereas here the boot was on the other leg, and Throwaway was actually giving weight to them. Except on the hypothesis that it was a false run race one cannot account for it. His owner, Mr F. Alexander, bred the winner. Braine, who took over Mr Alexander’s horses during the winter when, owing to the Kingsclere Stable being converted in a syndicate, they left. John Porter trained him. Throwaway was ridden by W. Lane. 6 It was an upset that the top-weighted dark horse Throwaway beat Sceptre and Zinfandel. An account of the race is also given in The Evening Telegraph. Throwaway set a fair pace to Sceptre, with Maximum 11 last, till fairly in the line for home, when Sceptre slightly headed Throwaway, and Zinfandel took close order with him. Throwaway, however, stayed on, and won cleverly at the finish by a length; three parts of a length divided second and third. Time – 4 mins. 33 2–5 secs. 7 Under the same ownership, Throwaway came third in the 1905 Gold Cup. The winner that year was Lord Howard de Walden’s Zinfandel, and M.J. de Bremond’s Maximum 11 was second. In September 1905 Throwaway ran in the Doncaster Cup. Then a six-year-old, he broke down whilst taking part in the race, and was dismounted. 8 Throwaway appeared on a card i


What were the first names of American novelist J D Salinger?

Salinger Surname History Salinger Surname History Some of the first settlers of this family name were: Salinger Settlers in United States in the 19th Century Alexander Salinger, who landed in Arkansas in 1874 Contemporary Notables of the name Salinger (post 1700) Contemporary Notables of the name Salinger (post 1700) Pierre Salinger (1925-2004), White House Press Secretary to U.S. Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson Matt Salinger (b. 1960), award winning American actor and son of author J. D. Salinger Diane Louise Salinger (b. 1951), American actress and voice actress Conrad Salinger (1901-1962), American music arranger-orchestrator and composer Pierre Emil George Salinger (1925-2004), American Democrat politician, U.S. Senator from California, 1964 Max Salinger, American politician, Member of New Jersey State House of Assembly from Hudson County, 1893-94 Elise Salinger (1942-1998), American Democrat politician, Member of Arizona State House of Representatives 20th District, 1997-98 Benjamin I. Salinger (1861-1931), American politician, Justice of Iowa State Supreme Court, 1915-20 Jerome David "J. D." Salinger (1919-2010), American novelist, best known for his 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye See Also Other References Dunkling, Leslie. Dictionary of Surnames. Toronto: Collins, 1998. Print. (ISBN 0004720598). Hanks, Hodges, Mills and Room. The Oxford Names Companion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Print. (ISBN 0-19-860561-7). Magnusson, Magnus. Chambers Biographical Dictionary 5th edition. Edinburgh: W & R Chambers, 1990. Print. Reaney P.H and R.M. Wilson. A Dictionary of English Surnames. London: Routledge, 1991. Print. (ISBN 0-415-05737-X). Burke, Sir Bernard. Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage, The Privy Council, Knightage and Compainonage. London: Burke Publishing, 1921. Print. Burke, Sir Bernard. General Armory Of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. Ramsbury: Heraldry Today. Print. Chadwick, Nora Kershaw and J.X.W.P Corcoran. The Celts. London: Penguin, 1790. Print. (ISBN 0140212116). Shirley, Evelyn Philip. Noble and Gentle Men of England Or Notes Touching The Arms and Descendants of the Ancient Knightley and Gentle Houses of England Arranged in their Respective Counties 3rd Edition. Westminster: John Bowyer Nichols and Sons, 1866. Print. Le Patourel, John. The Norman Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976. Print. (ISBN 0-19-822525-3). Hinde, Thomas Ed. The Domesday Book England's Heritage Then and Now. Surrey: Colour Library Books, 1995. Print. (ISBN 1-85833-440-3). ...


18th Century anatomist Anna Manzolini was an expert at making anatomical models from which material?

The evolution of anatomical illustration and wax modelling in Italy from the 16th to early 19th centuries "Unlike Lelli, who mostly devoted himself to osteology and myology, the Manzolinis preferred to reproduce the organs of sense and of the urogenital and cardiovascular systems. The Bolognese waxworks were initially made over human skeletons but later models were entirely artificial; they were, however, single works modelled by the artist on the basis of an anatomical preparation (Dacome, 2006). The works of Lelli, Manzolini and Morandi can now be seen in the Palazzo Poggi, the original site of the old Institutum that operated from 1711 to 1799 (Simoni, 2005). " [Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Although the contribution to anatomical illustration by Vesalius and his followers has received much attention, less credit has been given to Veslingius and particularly Fabricius. By 1600, Fabricius had amassed more than 300 paintings that together made the Tabulae Pictae, a great atlas of anatomy that was highly admired by his contemporaries. Many of his new observations were incorporated into subsequent books, including those by Casserius, Spighelius, Harvey and Veslingius. Also of importance were the Tabulae by Eustachius (1552), which, although only published in 1714, greatly influenced anatomical wax modelling. In 1742, Pope Benedict XIV established a Museum of Anatomy in Bologna, entrusting to Ercole Lelli the creation of several anatomical preparations in wax. Felice Fontana realised that the production of a large number of models by the casting method would make cadaveric specimens superfluous for anatomical teaching and in 1771 he asked the Grand Duke to fund a wax-modelling workshop in Florence as part of the Natural History Museum, later known as La Specola. Fontana engaged Giuseppe Ferrini as his first modeller and then the 19-year-old Clemente Susini who, by his death in 1814, had superintended the production of, or personally made, more than 2000 models. In 1780, the Austrian Emperor Joseph II visited La Specola and ordered a great number of models for his Josephinum museum; these were made by Fontana with the help of Clemente Susini and supervised by the anatomist Paolo Mascagni. It is, however, in Cagliari that some of Susini's greatest waxes are to be found. These were made when he was free of Fontana's influence and were based on dissections made by Francesco Antonio Boi (University of Cagliari). Their distinctive anatomical features include the emphasis given to nerves and the absence of lymphatics in the brain, a mistake made on earlier waxes. The refined technical perfection of the anatomical details demonstrates the closeness of the cooperation between Susini and Boi, whereas the expressiveness of the faces and the harmony of colours make the models of Cagliari masterpieces of figurative art. Full-text · Article · Nov 2009