Who Invented the Light Bulb? Who Invented the Light Bulb? By Elizabeth Palermo, Associate Editor | February 15, 2014 12:25am ET MORE Thomas Edison is usually credited with the invention of the light bulb, but the famous American inventor wasn't the only one who contributed to the development of this revolutionary technology. Many notable figures are also remembered for their work with electric batteries, lamps and the creation of the first incandescent bulbs. Early research & developments The story of the light bulb begins long before Edison patented the first commercially successful bulb in 1879. In 1800, Italian inventor Alessandro Volta developed the first practical method of generating electricity, the voltaic pile. Made of alternating discs of zinc and copper — interspersed with layers of cardboards soaked in salt water — the pile conducted electricity when a copper wire was connected at either end. While actually a predecessor of the modern battery , Volta's glowing copper wire is also considered to be one of the earliest manifestations of incandescent lighting. Not long after Volta presented his discovery of a continuous source of electricity to the Royal Society in London, an English inventor named Humphrey Davy produced the world's first electric lamp by connecting voltaic piles to charcoal electrodes. Davy's 1802 invention was known as an electric arc lamp, named for the bright arc of light emitted between its two carbon rods. While Davy's arc lamp was certainly an improvement on Volta's stand-alone piles, it still wasn't a very practical source of lighting. This rudimentary lamp burned out quickly and was much too bright for use in a home or workspace. But the principles behind Davy's arc light were used throughout the 1800s in the development of many other electric lamps and bulbs. In 1840, British scientist Warren de la Rue developed an efficiently designed light bulb using a coiled platinum filament in place of copper, but the high cost of platinum kept the bulb from becoming a commercial success. And in 1848, Englishman William Staite improved the longevity of conventional arc lamps by developing a clockwork mechanism that regulated the movement of the lamps' quick-to-erode carbon rods. But the cost of the batteries used to power Staite's lamps put a damper on the inventor's commercial ventures. Joseph Swan In 1850, English chemist Joseph Swan solved the cost-effectiveness problem of previous inventors by developing a light bulb that used carbonized paper filaments in place of ones made of platinum. Like earlier renditions of the light bulb, Swan's filaments were placed in a vacuum tube to minimize their exposure to oxygen , extending their lifespan. Unfortunately for Swan, the vacuum pumps of his day were not efficient as they are now, and his first prototype for a cost-effective bulb never went to market. While Swan waited for the development of quality vacuum pumps, an American inventor, Charles Francis Brush, was busy developing an electric arc lighting system that would eventually be adopted throughout the United States and Europe during the 1880s. While not truly a light bulb, Brush's lighting systems could be used wherever bright lights were needed — such as in streetlights and inside commercial buildings. To power his systems, Brush developed dynamos — or electric generators — similar to those used that would one day be used to power Edison's electric lamps. In 1874, Canadian inventors Henry Woodward and Matthew Evans filed a patent for an electric lamp with different-sized carbon rods held between electrodes in a glass cylinder filled with nitrogen. The pair tried, unsuccessfully, to commercialize their lamps but eventually sold their patent to Edison in 1879. The first practical incandescent light bulb Edison and his team of researchers in Edison's laboratory in Menlo Park, N.J., tested more than 3,000 designs for bulbs between 1878 and 1880. In November 1879, Edison filed a patent for an electric lamp with a carbon filament. The patent listed several materials that might be used for the filament


What sound-playing device was invented by the same person?

Film History Before 1920 1970s | 1980s | 1990s | 2000s | 2010s Innovations Necessary for the Advent of Cinema: Optical toys, shadow shows, 'magic lanterns,' and visual      tricks have existed for thousands of years. Many inventors, scientists,      and manufacturers have observed the visual phenomenon      that a series of individual still pictures set into motion created      the illusion of movement - a concept termed persistence of vision.      This illusion of motion was first described by British physician Peter      Mark Roget in 1824, and was a first step in the development of the      cinema. A number of technologies, simple optical toys and mechanical inventions related to motion      and vision were developed in the early to late 19th century that were      precursors to the birth of the motion picture industry: [A very early version of a "magic lantern" was suggested in the mid-17th century by German Jesuit priest          Athanasius Kircher in Rome. However, the official inventor          of a usable device was prominent Dutch astronomer/scientist          Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s. Like a modern slide projector          (which has since gone out of date!), its main feature was a          lens that projected images from transparencies onto a screen,          with a simple light source (such as a candle).] 1824 - the invention of the Thaumatrope (the       earliest version of an optical illusion toy that exploited the concept     of "persistence of vision" first presented by Peter Mark Roget in a scholarly article) by an English doctor named Dr. John Ayrton Paris ca. 1826 or 1827 - the oldest recorded        (and surviving) permanent photograph made in a camera was taken        by French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce. He used        a camera obscura device which captured and projected a        scene illuminated by sunlight. The photo image was "shot" at his        estate named Le Gras from his studio's upstairs window in the Burgundy        region of France in the early 1820s. It        was a very rudimentary photograph (using principles of lithography)        - the image is now known as View        from the Window at Le Gras. His invention was called heliography,        or "light        writing." 1831 - the discovery of the law of electromagnetic       induction by English scientist Michael Faraday, a principle used       in generating electricity and powering motors and other machines (including       film equipment) 1832 - the invention of the Fantascope (also       called Phenakistiscope or "spindle viewer") by Belgian       inventor Joseph Plateau, a device that simulated motion. A series or       sequence of separate pictures depicting stages of an activity, such       as juggling or dancing, were arranged around the perimeter or edges       of a slotted disk. When the disk was placed before a mirror and spun       or rotated, a spectator       looking through the slots 'perceived' a moving picture. 1834 - the invention and patenting of another stroboscopic device adaptation, the Daedalum (renamed the Zoetrope in 1867 by American William Lincoln) by British inventor William George       Horner. It was a hollow, rotating drum/cylinder with a crank, with a       strip of sequential photographs, drawings, paintings or illustrations on the interior surface and regularly       spaced narrow slits through which a spectator observed the 'moving' drawings. 1839 - the birth of still photography with the development        of the first commercially-viable daguerreotype (a method        of capturing still images on silvered, copper-metal plates) by        French painter and inventor Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre, following        on the work of Joseph Nicéphore Niépce. 1841 - the patenti


What period of history in the American South came to an end?

Reconstruction - American Civil War - HISTORY.com Google Emancipation and Reconstruction At the outset of the Civil War, to the dismay of the more radical abolitionists in the North, President Abraham Lincoln did not make abolition of slavery a goal of the Union war effort. To do so, he feared, would drive the border slave states still loyal to the Union into the Confederacy and anger more conservative northerners. By the summer of 1862, however, the slaves themselves had pushed the issue, heading by the thousands to the Union lines as Lincoln’s troops marched through the South. Their actions debunked one of the strongest myths underlying Southern devotion to the “peculiar institution”–that many slaves were truly content in bondage–and convinced Lincoln that emancipation had become a political and military necessity. In response to Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation , which freed more than 3 million slaves in the Confederate states by January 1, 1863, blacks enlisted in the Union Army in large numbers, reaching some 180,000 by war’s end. Did You Know? During Reconstruction, the Republican Party in the South represented a coalition of blacks (who made up the overwhelming majority of Republican voters in the region) along with "carpetbaggers" and "scalawags," as white Republicans from the North and South, respectively, were known. Emancipation changed the stakes of the Civil War, ensuring that a Union victory would mean large-scale social revolution in the South. It was still very unclear, however, what form this revolution would take. Over the next several years, Lincoln considered ideas about how to welcome the devastated South back into the Union, but as the war drew to a close in early 1865 he still had no clear plan. In a speech delivered on April 11, while referring to plans for Reconstruction in Louisiana , Lincoln proposed that some blacks–including free blacks and those who had enlisted in the military–deserved the right to vote. He was assassinated three days later, however, and it would fall to his successor to put plans for Reconstruction in place. Presidential Reconstruction At the end of May 1865, President Andrew Johnson announced his plans for Reconstruction, which reflected both his staunch Unionism and his firm belief in states’ rights. In Johnson’s view, the southern states had never given up their right to govern themselves, and the federal government had no right to determine voting requirements or other questions at the state level. Under Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction, all land that had been confiscated by the Union Army and distributed to the freed slaves by the army or the Freedmen’s Bureau (established by Congress in 1865) reverted to its prewar owners. Apart from being required to uphold the abolition of slavery (in compliance with the 13th Amendment to the Constitution), swear loyalty to the Union and pay off war debt, southern state governments were given free reign to rebuild themselves. As a result of Johnson’s leniency, many southern states in 1865 and 1866 successfully enacted a series of laws known as the “black codes,” which were designed to restrict freed blacks’ activity and ensure their availability as a labor force. These repressive codes enraged many in the North, including numerous members of Congress, which refused to seat congressmen and senators elected from the southern states. In early 1866, Congress passed the Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil Rights Bills and sent them to Johnson for his signature. The first bill extended the life of the bureau, originally established as a temporary organization charged with assisting refugees and freed slaves, while the second defined all persons born in the United States as national citizens who were to enjoy equality before the law. After Johnson vetoed the bills–causing a permanent rupture in his relationship with Congress that would culminate in his impeachment in 1868–the Civil Rights Act became the first major bill to become law over presidential veto. Radical Reconstruction After northern voters rejected Johnson’s policies in the co


What became the world's first national park?

How Yellowstone Became the World's First National Park SHARE It's always been crowded, but there's a reason for that There is an origin story about Yellowstone National Park that involves weary explorers sitting around a campfire, extolling the beauty of the land they’ve just seen and vowing to ensure it becomes a public park for all to enjoy. It’s a vision of altruism and environmentalism that suits the founding of the world’s first national park—only it’s not entirely true. The members of the 1870 Washburn-Doane Expedition did likely gather for campfires as they explored the region’s geysers and rivers and waterfalls, and they did likely discuss the best use of the land they were exploring. But, as with so much of American history, there were significant corporate interests at play. Yellowstone might never have become the public parkland it is today if not for the Northern Pacific Railroad Company. Before the explorers set out on their expedition, Northern Pacific was strategizing to expand across the Montana Territory. An influx of tourism in the region would be a boon to business, so a railroad financier, Jay Cooke, began lobbying for an expedition. To drum up excitement back east, one member of the expedition, a politician named Nathanial P. Langford, toured the country giving lectures about the beauty of Yellowstone. Meanwhile, Northern Pacific subsidized an artist to sketch images of the park for display in Washington, D.C. In March of 1872, less than two years after the expedition, Congress enacted the Yellowstone Park Act, ensuring that the land would remain under the purview of the Department of the Interior rather than being divvied up among private individuals—an arrangement that would attract visitors to the area, which would be sure to benefit big business like the railroad company. Seventy years into the park’s existence, LIFE dispatched Alfred Eisenstaedt to photograph its geographic features, during a summer that was shaping up to be its biggest yet for tourism. In that record year, 1946, the park saw more than 800,000 visitors. In 2014, it saw 3.5 million. Though the idea might seem incongruous, all 167 million visitors who have encountered its bison and watched Old Faithful blow (since recordkeeping began in 1904) have corporate interests to thank for one of America’s greatest natural wonders. Alfred Eisenstaedt—LIFE Magazine Liz Ronk, who edited this gallery, is the Photo Editor for LIFE.com. Follow her on Twitter @lizabethronk .


"What city was briefly ruled by a socialist ""commune"" of the people?"

Paris Commune | Maoist Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia The term "Paris Commune" ( French : La Commune de Paris) originally referred to the government of Paris during the French Revolution . However, the term more commonly refers to the socialist government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally from 26 March ) to 28 May 1871 . In a formal sense the Paris Commune of 1871 was simply the local authority (council of a town or district — French "commune") which exercised power in Paris for two months in the spring of 1871. But the conditions in which it was formed, its controversial decrees and tortured end make it one of the more important political episodes of the time. Contents File:Colonne vendome.jpg The Commune was the result of an uprising within Paris after the Franco-Prussian War ended with French defeat. The war with Prussia , started by Napoleon III ("Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte") in July 1870, turned out disastrously for the French and by September Paris itself was under siege. The gap between rich and poor in the capital had widened in recent years and now food shortages, military failures, and finally a Prussian bombardment were adding to an already widespread discontent. Parisians, especially workers and the lower-middle classes, had long been supporters of a democratic republic.  A specific demand was that Paris should be self-governing, with its own elected council, something enjoyed by smaller French towns, but denied to Paris by a government wary of the capital's unruly populace. An associated but more vague wish was for a fairer, if not necessarily socialist , way of managing the economy, summed up in the popular cry for "la république démocratique et sociale!" In January, 1871, when the siege had lasted for four months, the moderate republican Government of National Defence sought an armistice with the newly-proclaimed German Empire . The Germans included a triumphal entry into Paris in the peace terms. Despite the hardships of the siege, many Parisians were bitterly resentful and were particularly angry that the Prussians (now at the head of the new Empire) should be allowed a brief ceremonial occupation of their city. File:Communecannon.jpg By that time hundreds of thousands of Parisians were armed members of a citizens' militia known as the " National Guard ", which had been greatly expanded to help defend the city. Guard units elected their own officers, who in working-class districts included radical and socialist leaders. Steps were being taken to form a "Central Committee" of the Guard, including patriotic republicans and socialists, both to defend Paris against a possible German attack, and also to defend the republic against a possible royalist restoration, following the election of a monarchist majority in February 1871 to the new National Assembly. The population of Paris was defiant in the face of defeat, and were prepared to fight if the entry of the German army into the city led to an armed clash. Before the Germans entered Paris, National Guards, helped by ordinary working people, managed to take large numbers of cannon (which they regarded as their own property, as they had been partly paid for by public subscription) away from the Germans' path and store them in "safe" districts. One of the chief "cannon parks" was on the heights of Montmartre . Adolphe Thiers , head of the new provisional government, realised that in the present unstable situation the Central Committee formed an alternative centre of political and military power. In addition, he was concerned that the workers would arm themselves with the National Guard weapons and provoke the Germans. The rise and nature of the commune File:Barricade18March1871.jpg The Germans entered Paris briefly and left again without incident. But Paris continued to be in a state of high political excitement. The imperial and provisional governments had both left Paris for safer havens against the German armies, and during the time required to return, there was a power 'drought' in the capital of France. As the Central Committee of the


What kingdom, led by Otto von Bismarck, united Germany under its leadership?

Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) Prime minister of Prussia (1862-73, 1873-90) and founder and first chancellor (1871-90) of the German Empire. Once the empire was established, he actively and skillfully pursued pacific policies in foreign affairs, succeeding in preserving the peace in Europe for about two decades. But in domestic policies his patrimony was less benign, for he failed to rise above the authoritarian proclivities of the landed squirearchy to which he was born. Early years Bismarck was born at Schönhausen, in the Kingdom of Prussia. His father, Ferdinand von Bismarck-Schönhausen, was a Junker squire descended from a Swabian family that had ultimately settled as estate owners in Pomerania. Ferdinand was a typical member of the Prussian landowning elite. The family's economic circumstances were modestFerdinand's farming skills being perhaps less than averageand Bismarck was not to know real wealth until the rewards flowed in after the achievement of German unification. His mother, Wilhelmine Mencken, came from an educated bourgeois family that had produced a number of higher civil servants and academics. She had been married to Ferdinand von Bismarck at age 16 and found provincial life confining. When her son Otto was seven, she enrolled him in the progressive Plamann Institute in Berlin and moved to the capital to be near him. The young Bismarck resented exchanging an easy life in the country for a more circumscribed life in a large city, where in school he was pitted against the sons of Berlin's best-educated families. He spent five years at the school and went on to the Frederick William gymnasium for three years. He took his university entrance examination (Abitur) in 1832. With his mother's encouragement, he took up the study of law at the University of Göttingen in the kingdom of Hanover. Evidently Bismarck was a mediocre student who spent much of his time drinking with his comrades in an aristocratic fraternity. After a brief stint at the university in Berlin, he entered the Prussian civil service, where he was plagued by boredom and an inability to adhere to the hierarchical principles of the bureaucracy. His mother's death in 1839 gave him the opportunity of resigning in order to come to the assistance of his father, who was experiencing financial difficulties in the management of his estate. From 1839 to 1847 Bismarck lived the ordinary life of a Prussian country squire. Subsequently he romanticized these years on the land and wondered why he had abandoned an idyllic existence for the insecurities of a life in politics. This frequently expressed nostalgia may have been more guise than reality. During this period he met and married Johanna von Puttkamer, the daughter of a conservative aristocratic family famed for its devout pietism. While courting Johanna, Bismarck experienced a religious conversion that was to give him inner strength and security. A subsequent critic was to remark that Bismarck believed in a God who invariably agreed with him on all issues. There is no question that the marriage was a very happy one. In fact, Bismarck's last words before dying in 1898 expressed the wish that he would once again see Johanna, who had passed away some years earlier. His politics during the 1840s did not diverge substantially from those of a typical country squire. If anything, his politics were more conservative. He believed in a Christian state that received its sanction ultimately from the deity. The existing social and political order was to be defended in order to prevent a Hobbesian chaos of all against all. Given his views, Bismarck was welcomed as a member of the religious conservative circle around the brothers von Gerlach, who were stout defenders of the noble estate against the encroachments of bureaucratic centralization. Bismarck had nothing but sarcasm for aristocratic liberals who viewed England as a model for Prussia. In 1847 he attended the Prussian United Diet, where his speeches against Jewish emancipation and contemporary liberalism gained him the reputat


What art movement was exemplified by Claude Monet?

Impressionism Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story "There are no lines in nature, only areas of color, one against another." Édouard Manet "You would hardly believe how difficult it is to place a figure alone on a canvas, and to concentrate all the interest on this single and universal figure and still keep it living and real." Édouard Manet "If the painter works directly from nature, he ultimately looks for nothing but momentary effects; he does not try to compose, and soon he gets monotonous." Pierre-Auguste Renoir "If painting is no longer needed, it seems a pity that some of us are born into the world with such a passion for line and color." Mary Cassatt "It is all very well to copy what one sees, but it is far better to draw what one now only sees in one's memory. That is a transformation in which imagination collaborates with memory." Edgar Degas "Work at the same time on sky, water, branches, ground, keeping everything going on an equal basis... Don't be afraid of putting on colour... Paint generously and unhesitatingly, for it is best not to lose the first impression." Camille Pissarro "I am following Nature without being able to grasp her; I perhaps owe having become a painter to flowers." Claude Monet "After 1918, as we know, enlightened public - as well as critical - esteem went decidedly to Cézanne, Renoir and Degas, and to Van Gogh, Gauguin and Seurat. The 'unorthodox' Impressionists - Monet, Pissarro, Sisley - fell under a shadow. It was then that the 'amorphousness' of Impressionism became an accepted idea; and it was forgotten that Cézanne himself had belonged to, and with, Impressionism as he had to nothing else." Clement Greenberg, from essay "The Later Monet" KEY ARTISTS Like The Art Story on Facebook Beginnings Gustave Courbet and The Challange to Official Art The Realist movement, championed by Gustave Courbet, first confronted the official Parisian art establishment in the middle of the nineteenth century. Courbet was an anarchist that thought the art of his time closed it eyes on realities of life. The French were ruled by oppressive regime and much of the public was in in the throes of poverty. Instead of depicting such scenes, the artists of the time concentrated on idealized nudes and glorious depictions of nature. In his protest, Courbet financed an exhibition of his work right opposite the Universal Exposition in Paris of 1855, a bold act that led to the emergence of future artists that would challange the status quo. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Exhibitions in Paris and The Salon des Refusés In 1863, at the official yearly art salon, the all-important event of the French art world, a large number of artists were not allowed to participate, leading to public outcry. The same year, the Salon des Refusés ("Salon of the Refused") was formed in response to allow the exhibition of works by artists who had previously been refused entrance to the official salon. Some of the exhibitors were Paul Cézanne, Camille Pissarro, James Whistler, and the early iconoclast Édouard Manet. Although promoted by authorities and sanctioned by Emperor Napoleon III, the 1863 exhibition caused a scandal, due largely to the unconventional themes and styles of works such as Manet's Le déjeuner sur l'herbe (1863), which featured clothed men and naked women enjoying an afternoon picnic (the women were not classical depictions of a nude, but rather women that took off their clothes). Édouard Manet and the Painting Revolution Édouard Manet was among the first and most important innovators to emerge in the public exhibition scene in Paris. Although he grew up in admiration of the Old Masters, he began to incorporate an innovative, looser painting style and brighter palette in the early 1860s. He also started to focus on images of everyday life, such as scenes in cafes, boudoirs, and out in the street. His anti-academic style and quintessentially modern subject matter soon attracted the attention of artists on the fringes and influenced a new


What native kingdom did Britain fight a war against in modern-day South Africa?

Britain takes control of the Cape | South African History Online South African History Online Colonial expansion in South Africa after 1750 Related articles The Zulu kingdom and the colony of Natal Britain takes control of the Cape The arrival of the British at the Cape changed the lives of the people that were already living there. Initially British control was aimed to protect the trade route to the East, however, the British soon realised the potential to develop the Cape for their own needs. Indigenous population With colonialism, which began in South Africa in 1652, came the Slavery and Forced Labour Model.  This was the original model of colonialism brought by the Dutch in 1652, and subsequently exported from the Western Cape to the Afrikaner Republics of the Orange Free State and the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek. Many South Africans are the descendents of slaves brought to the Cape Colony from 1653 until 1822. The changes wrought on African societies by the imposition of European colonial rule occurred in quick succession. In fact, it was the speed with which change occurred that set the colonial era apart from earlier periods in South Africa. Of course, not all societies were equally transformed. Some resisted the forces of colonial intrusion, slavery and forced labour for extended periods. Others, however, such as the Khoikhoi communities of the south-western Cape, disintegrated within a matter of decades. Initially, a colonial contact was a two-way process. However, Africans were far from helpless victims in the initial encounter. Colonial contact was not simply a matter of Europeans imposing themselves upon African societies. For their part, African rulers saw many benefits to be had from maintaining relations with Europeans, and for a considerable period of time they engaged with Europeans voluntarily and on their own terms. Most importantly, trade with Europeans gave African rulers access to a crucial aspect of European technology, namely firearms. More than anything else, those who had ownership and control over firearms were able to gather around themselves larger and larger groups of people. In short, the ownership of firearms turned into a status symbol and a means to gain political power. Sadly, the article of trade in which Europeans showed the greatest interest, and which Africans were prepared to sacrifice, were slaves. The Atlantic slave trade stands at the centre of a long history of European contact with Africa. This was the era of the African Diaspora, an all embracing term historians have used to describe the consequences of the slave trade. Estimates of the number of slaves transported from their African homes to European colonial possession in the Americas range from 9 to 15 million people. Although a great deal of violence accompanied the trade in slaves, the sheer scale of operations involved a high degree of organisation, on the part of both Europeans and Africans. In other words, the Atlantic slave trade could not have taken place without the cooperation, or complicity, of many Africans. As the number of transported salves increased, African societies could not avoid transformation, and 400 years of slave trading took their toll. Of course, not all African societies were equally affected, but countries such as Angola and Senegal suffered heavily. The most important consequences of the Atlantic slave trade were demographic, economic, and political. There can be no doubt that the Atlantic slave trade greatly retarded African demographic development, a fact that was to have lasting consequences for the history of the continent. At best, African populations remained stagnant. The export of the most economically active men and women led to the disintegration of entire societies. The trade in slaves also led to new political formations. In some cases, as people sought protection from the violence and warfare that went with the slave trade, large centralised states came into being. To read more visit our grade 10 archive lesson on Slavery Postcard picture of High Street in Grahamstown, circa 1900.


Who did H.M. Stanley presumably find in the Africa wilderness?

Stanley Meets Livingstone   |   History | Smithsonian Contact Privacy Policy Terms of Use Stanley Meets Livingstone The American journalist's harrowing 1871 quest to find England's most celebrated explorer is also a story of newfound fascination with Africa, the growing power of newspapers and the United States' emergence as a world power By Martin Dugard Smithsonian Magazine              | Subscribe October 2003 As America rebuilt following the Civil War, a rift developed with her old nemesis, Great Britain. Superpower Britain and the ascendant United States were at loggerheads over such issues as the sinking of the British-built warship Alabama, British claims of worldwide naval supremacy, Newfoundland fishing rights and U.S. designs on making Canada part of the Union. Related Content Henry Morton Stanley's Unbreakable Will   In October 1869, James Gordon Bennett Jr., the vehemently anti-British, hard-drinking 28-year-old editor of the New York Herald, saw this tension as a means to boost the paper’s already astronomical circulation of 60,000 copies a day. Specifically, he hoped to exploit the fame and mystery surrounding British explorer Dr. David Livingstone, who had been missing in Africa for four years. Although Livingstone’s achievements charting the unknown African continent had galvanized Britain, his government had been apathetic about rescuing him. Bennett decided Americans would do what the British would not. From a hotel room in Paris, he ordered Henry Morton Stanley, a newcomer to the Herald, to lead an expedition into the African wilderness to find the explorer, or “bring back all possible proofs of his being dead.” What Bennett did not know was that this brash cigar-smoking 28-year-old reporter—who had fought for both the blue and the gray in the Civil War—was as British as Livingstone.   Nyangwe, Congo, May 27, 1871—David Livingstone rested in the bustling marketplace in Nyangwe, a village on the shore of the LualabaRiver, on the western flank of today’s Democratic Republic of the Congo. Roughly a thousand miles to the west was the Atlantic Ocean; a thousand miles to the east, the Indian. Yet Livingstone was quite content being, so far as he knew, the only white man within that span. He was familiar with the local dialects, an admirer of the women and satisfied with the food, and he had developed a passion for observing the activity of the village market. In his journal he wrote that he was not bothered by the residents’ propensity for cannibalism. For, of all the gifts Livingstone possessed—perseverance, faith and fearlessness among them—the most remarkable was his ability to insinuate himself into African cultures.   Livingstone was in Africa to find the source of the NileRiver. Explorers had looked for it since Herodotus attempted a search around 460 B.C., but as centuries passed and failures mounted, the quest took on an almost mythical heft. “It is not given to us mortals,” 18th-century French author Montesquieu wrote, “to see the Nile feeble and at its source.”   During the 19th century, as the African interior was slowly charted, the search intensified. Most of the explorers—loners, thrill seekers and adventurous aristocrats were British, and many of them died from disease, animal attack or murder. With every failed attempt, Montesquieu’s words rang more true. (In fact, satellite images and aerial photographs would show that the Nile bubbles from the ground in the mountains of Burundi, between lakes Tanganyika and Victoria.) Finally, in the waning days of 1864, Sir Roderick Murchison, head of Britain’s Royal Geographical Society and the driving force behind countless global expeditions, beseeched his old friend Livingstone to find the source. Murchison traveled north from London to Newstead Abbey, the former estate of Lord Byron, where Livingstone was staying with friends. At a time when explorers enjoyed the fame of modern-day rock stars, none was better known than the 51-year-old Livingstone—a recent widower with four children—with his stutter, crooked left arm, and walrus mus


Who was W.S. Gilbert's songwriting partner?

Sir W.S. Gilbert | British playwright | Britannica.com British playwright Alternative Title: Sir William Schwenck Gilbert Sir W.S. Gilbert William Congreve Sir W.S. Gilbert, in full Sir William Schwenck Gilbert (born November 18, 1836, London , England —died May 29, 1911, Harrow Weald, Middlesex , England), English playwright and humorist best known for his collaboration with Sir Arthur Sullivan in comic operas. Gilbert began to write in an age of rhymed couplets, puns , and travesty ; his early work exhibits the facetiousness common to writers of extravaganza . But he turned away from this style and developed a genuinely artful style burlesquing contemporary behaviour. Many of his original targets are no longer topical—Pre-Raphaelite aesthetes in Patience; women’s education (Princess Ida); Victorian plays about Cornish pirates ( The Pirates of Penzance ); the long theatrical vogue of the “jolly jack tar” (H.M.S. Pinafore); bombastic melodrama (Ruddigore)—but Gilbert’s burlesque is so good that it creates its own truth. As a librettist, Gilbert is outstanding not only because of his gift for handling words and casting them in musical shapes but also because through his words he offered the composer opportunities for burlesquing musical conventions. Gilbert’s early ambition was for a legal career, and a legacy in 1861 enabled him to leave the civil service to pursue it. He was called to the bar in November 1863. In 1861, however, he had begun to contribute comic verse to Fun, illustrated by himself and signed “Bab.” These pieces were later collected as The Bab Ballads (1869), followed by More Bab Ballads (1873); the two collections, containing the germ of many of the later operas, were united in a volume with Songs of a Savoyard (1898). Gilbert’s dramatic career began when a playwright, Thomas William Robertson , recommended him as someone who could produce a bright Christmas piece in only two weeks. Gilbert promptly wrote Dulcamara; or, The Little Duck and the Great Quack, a commercial success, and other commissions followed. The character of Nanki-Poo is pictured on a poster advertising Gilbert and Sullivan’s … Theatrical Poster Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (Digital file no. var 1766) In 1870 Gilbert met Sullivan, and they started working together the following year. Thespis; or, The Gods Grown Old (first performance 1871) and Trial by Jury (1875), a brilliant one-act piece, were followed by four productions staged by Richard D’Oyly Carte : The Sorcerer (1877), H.M.S. Pinafore (1878), The Pirates of Penzance (1879, New York; 1880, London), and Patience; or, Bunthorne’s Bride (1881). Carte built the Savoy Theatre in 1881 for productions of the partners’ work, and their works collectively became known as the “Savoy Operas”; they included Iolanthe; or, The Peer and the Peri (1882), Princess Ida; or, Castle Adamant (1884), The Mikado; or, The Town of Titipu (1885), Ruddigore; or, The Witch’s Curse (1887), The Yeomen of the Guard (1888), and The Gondoliers (1889). By this time, however, relations between the partners had become strained, partly because Sullivan aimed higher than comic opera and because Gilbert was plagued by a jealous and petty nature when it came to financial matters. A rupture occurred, and the two were estranged until 1893, when they again collaborated , producing Utopia Limited and later The Grand Duke (1896). Britannica Stories


The battle of Van Gogh's ear: Artist didn't chop it off - Gauguin attacked him in brothel row over woman | Daily Mail Online The battle of Van Gogh's ear: Artist didn't chop it off - Gauguin attacked him in brothel row over woman comments Self-portrait: Vincent Van Gogh never spoke about the cause of his missing ear, but it is claimed rival Paul Gauguin chopped it off outside a brothel History has always painted Vincent Van Gogh as the artist who cut off his ear. But according to researchers, history might have got the wrong man. They believe that, in fact, it was Paul Gauguin, an artist of almost equal renown, who cut off his friend's ear. And the injury wasn't inflicted for the sake of art - rather it was part of a feud over a prostitute. This theory is the masterpiece of German historians who have pored over the evidence for ten years. They believe the story about the self-inflicted wound was invented by the sword-wielding Gauguin just to protect himself. What is not disputed is that Van Gogh lost his ear when the two artists were living in the South of France in December 1888. The Dutch painter, who travelled to France after teaching himself to draw, was attempting to set up an artists' retreat. The two were known to fight about art. Van Gogh believed an artist should paint what he saw, while Gauguin painted according to his memory. But on this occasion, they were fighting over a prostitute named Rachel, outside the brothel where she worked, the book says. Paul Gauguin, pictured, cut off Van Gogh's ear, says Hans Kaufmann of Hamburg University Hans Kaufmann, of Hamburg University, said: 'To get rid of Van Gogh, who was begging him to stay [in the south of France] Gauguin waved his weapon in the direction of the victim while they were in front of the house of ill repute. 'The left ear fell. We cannot say if it was deliberate or an accident. In this situation, the protagonists vowed to keep silent. Then Gauguin disappeared, abandoning his friend. 'The next day, the police questioned Gauguin. That's when he made up the theory about self-mutilation.' Van Gogh, in bed, did not give the police any information. But he was so upset by the abandonment, the book says, that he shot himself in the chest seven months later, and died, at 37. He may have been suffering from lead poisoning from the paints he used. The academics say the accepted theory that Van Gogh cut off his own ear is based entirely on Gauguin's story. Van Gogh never talked about it. 'Subsequent behaviour and numerous allusions by the protagonists suggest they were hiding the truth,' Mr Kaufmann told French newspaper Le Figaro. One of Van Gogh's most famous pieces, Starry Night, which inspired a song by Don McLean If the truth had come out, Gauguin could have faced prison, whereas Van Gogh's retreat would never have been closed, the academics added. Gauguin is said to have thrown his sword into the River Rhone out of remorse. Neither the sword nor the razor Van Gogh is said to have used to cut himself were found. There have been many theories about how Van Gogh lost his ear. Some blame his descent into mental illness, others the breakdown of his friendship with Gauguin. But before now, they have never disputed that it was self-inflicted.


What statue was given to the United States by France?

The Statue of Liberty National Monument: Statue of Liberty Tours and Ellis Island Tours, Statue of Liberty Tickets, Ellis Island Tickets – StatueOfLibertyTickets.com Steps to Visit Statue of Liberty History In 1886, The Statue of Liberty Monument was a given to the United States from France to celebrate the friendship the two endured during the American Revolution. The Statue of Liberty has over the years has symbolized the freedom and the democracy of the United States. Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was commissioned to design the Statue Sculpture with the completion date of 1876 to celebrate American’s centennial of the American Declaration of Independence. The Statue of Liberty was to be a joint effort between the United States and France. France would build and design the Statue part and United States would complete the pedestal that would hold Lady Liberty. Bartholdi needed an engineer to address the structural issues with designing the sculpture so Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (Eiffel Tower) provided assistance with getting the Statue to stand upright. Funds to create the Statue of Liberty would prove to be tedious for both sides. In France, entertainment, public fees and a national lottery would help with the funds. In United States, things were much slower. Auctions, various forms of entertainment, and fights would help provide some funds. Joseph Pulitzer decided he needed to get the attention of the American people to get necessary money, he took out an editorial in his newspaper putting pressure on the rich and middle class to help funds this important icon for America. On August 1885 finances in the United States for the pedestal was complete. The construction finished in April 1886. In France the Statue was finished in 1884 and arrived in NY Harbor 1885 aboard the French vessel “Isere”. In order to get the Statue to the United States the Statue was broken down into 350 individual pieces and packed in 214 crates. On October 28, 1886 the Statue of Liberty dedication took place, ten years later than the centennial date of 1876. The Statue of Liberty was placed on the granite pedestal in the star-shaped walls of Fort Wood. Until 1901, the Statue of Liberty was the responsibility of the United States Lighthouse Board. In 1901, the war department took control of the Statue of Liberty. On October 15th, 1924 a Presidential Proclamation declared Fort Hood and the Statue of Liberty a National Monument. In 1933, The National Monument was placed in care of the National Park Service and a few years later the jurisdiction of the Monument would include all of Bedloe’s Island, and by 1956, the island’s name changed to Liberty Island. Ellis Island was transferred into the National Park Service in 1965 and became part of the Statue of Liberty Monument. President Ronald Reagan wanted to restore the Statue of Liberty in 1982. Fundraising for an $87 million dollar restoration of the Statue of Liberty would take place between the National Park Service and Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, Inc. In 1984, the United Nations declared the Statue of Liberty as a World Heritage Site, and the completion of the restoration of the Statue was complete on July 5th, 1986, which celebrated her centennial. The Statue of Liberty was closed a 100 days after September 11, 2001. The grounds reopened but the Statue remained closed until August 2004. Today visitors have access to the Statue’s pedestal observation deck a, promenade, museum, the area of Ft. Hood and Ellis Island. The Emma Lazarus poem, “The New Colossus” was written for the Statue of Liberty and engraved on a bronze plaque in 1903, 20 years after it was written. “Give me your tired, your poor, Your Huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!”


What tower, built for the World's Fair, became the tallest man-made structure?

The Eiffel Tower V. Ryan ï¿½   2001 - 2009 THE EIFFEL TOWER PDF FILE - CLICK HERE FOR PRINTABLE WORKSHEET   The Eiffel Tower is one of the most famous structures in the world.   It was named after Alexandre Eiffel whose team of engineers designed it. It   cost ï¿½260,000 to build in 1889 with most of the money being provided by   Eiffel himself and the French state. The Eiffel Tower rises to a height of   985 feet and for over forty years it was the highest structure in the world. The top may be reached by using lifts and stairs with the first platform   being 189 feet, the second being 380 feet and the third at 906 feet above   the ground. The structure is largely composed of triangulated sections and   this allowed the engineers to build the tower so high. It was originally looked upon as a temporary structure,   built for the 1889 Worlds Fair. The Worlds Fair coincided with the centenary   of the French Revolution. For forty years it was the tallest man-made structure in   the world.     The Eiffel Tower was the entrance arch to the Worlds Fair   and it was one of a number of designs entered as part of a competition.   Alexandre Gustave Eiffel's company won the competition and so the the Tower   became known as the Eiffel Tower. However, it was Morris Koechlin, an   employee of Eiffel that designed the thousand foot structure.   Alexandre Eiffel Morris Koechlin  Koechlin was a junior employees of the Eiffel   Construction Business which specialised in the designing and building of   bridges and viaducts al over the world. one of his first jobs was to design   the framework for the Statues of Liberty. His first design for the tower was rejected by Alexandre   Gustave Eiffel as it was very plain and lacked 'class' and it was only after   adding more graceful, ornate features that Eiffel decided to enter it for   the competition. Eiffel also stated that he would finance the project to 80%   of the cost of construction. The original idea was for the tower to be dismantled   after a twenty year period. However, it was so well built and engineered   that it was decided to leave it in position. The various parts (of which   there were thousands) were so well engineered that not even one had to be   returned to workshops for alteration. After the first year of opening so much money had be   raised from people visiting the tower that the cost of construction was   covered and Eiffel became rich. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel conducted experiments on the   tower such as using it as a giant pendulum, a pressure gauge, an instrument   for measuring air resistance and atmospheric pressure. In 1898 it was discovered that the tower could also be used a magnificent radio tower.   Consequently the Eiffel Tower was saved.   What was the event that the Eiffel Tower was   built for ?   How many years was the Eiffel Tower the highest   in the world ?   What was the name of the engineer in charge of   the project ?   What was the background of the engineer who   came up with the first design ?   How was the original design improved before it was entered into the   competition ?   Why did the tower last longer than twenty years   ?   Was the Tower popular with the public ?   Why was the towerï¿½s future secured ?       Can you name any other large  structures ? If so write some facts and try to draw a diagram of each.


What serial killer killed prostitutes in Whitechapel, London?

Jack the Ripper - Crime Museum Jack the Ripper Home » Crime Library » Jack the Ripper Jack the Ripper was an infamous serial killer in the East End of London in 1888. He killed prostitutes in the Whitechapel area of London. The Ripper case is famous because its perpetrator remains unidentified; even today, it remains one of the world’s greatest unsolved cases. Mary Ann Nicholls was the first victim. On August 31, she was mutilated. Annie Chapman was killed just over a week later. Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddoweson were killed at the end of September. Mary Jane Kelly was killed in November. These five murders are the only five confirmed Ripper murders, although more are theorized. It was believed that he was a man with some experience with butchery or medicine, based on his exacting brutalization of his victims’ bodies. Part of what fascinates the world today about the Ripper murders is the classicality of the mystery – it is an open-and-shut murder case, but it lacks one element: a solution. He killed five women for apparently no reason, then disappeared, never to kill again. Even today, London profits off of the Ripper phenomenon, with guided walks of murder sites and Ripper memorabilia abundant. Many books have been written on this topic, and there were quite a few movies made. Back to Crime Library


What Paris cabaret was famous for the can-can?

Cabaret shows in Paris - Paris Cabaret Shows - Come to Paris Cabarets and Shows in Paris Come to Paris offers you the best choice of cabaret shows in Paris. Through our website, you can select and book your evening at one of the city’s famous revues, or if you fancy something less traditional, a Brazilian, comedy or drag cabaret. You can choose dinner and a show, or just the show without dinner – whichever you prefer. Discover the spectacular revues, featuring elegant, captivating dances, and of course, the famous French Cancan. The choice of shows includes Crazy Horse , Moulin Rouge , the Lido , Paradis Latin … the list goes on! Come and be swept up in a whirlwind of feathers and sequins in the welcoming atmosphere of the cabaret – and perhaps sample some dishes created by Paris’s top chefs. If you can’t decide which show is for you, take a look at our comparison of Parisian cabarets . Don’t hesitate to book your evening at the cabaret through Come to Paris, at no extra cost. You will receive your voucher by e-mail once payment is confirmed. For groups of more than 11 people, we can help to organize business evenings and events, and offer you special discounts on cabaret shows .


In what city was the world's first skycraper built?

Home Insurance Building - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Home Insurance Building A+E Networks Introduction The Home Insurance Building, built in 1885 and located on the corner of Adams and LaSalle Streets in Chicago, Illinois, went down in history as the world’s first modern skyscraper. Designed by engineer William LeBaron Jenney, the building was supported by a revolutionary steel frame, which allowed for much greater height and stability without the greater weight of traditional masonry construction. The Home Insurance Building stood until 1931, when it was demolished to make way for another skyscraper, the Field Building (now known as the LaSalle Bank Building). Google A New Design Following the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, a boom of new construction would revitalize the city’s economy and completely transform its skyline. Instead of wood, the new buildings going up in Chicago were made largely of stone, iron and steel, a relatively new material. The Home Insurance Building, located at the corner of Adams and LaSalle Streets in the Loop, Chicago’s business district, became a leading example of this era of new construction. Did You Know? By the time New York got its first steel-frame skyscraper in 1889--the Tacoma Building on Wall Street--Chicago had no fewer than five such buildings, beginning with the Home Insurance Building, completed in 1885. In 1883, William LeBaron Jenney was appointed by the Home Insurance Company in New York to design a tall, fireproof building for their Chicago headquarters. His revolutionary design utilized an inner skeleton of vertical columns and horizontal beams made out of steel. This was in stark contrast to earlier structures, which were supported by heavy masonry walls. Steel was not only lighter than brick, but it could carry more weight. With this new method of construction, lighter masonry walls could be “hung,” a bit like curtains, from the steel frame. As a result, the walls of the building didn’t have to be as thick, and the structure could be much higher without collapsing under its own weight. Buildings with this type of frame could also have more windows, as the steel frame supported the building’s weight and the stone or brick exterior merely acted as a “skin” to protect against weather. The First Skyscraper The Home Insurance Building was completed in 1885; it originally had 10 stories and stretched 138 feet in the air. During its construction, city authorities were so worried that the building would topple over that they halted construction for a period of time so that they could ensure its safety. In 1890, two additional floors were added at the top, bringing the total height to 180 feet (55 meters). In addition to being the first of a new generation of steel-framed skyscrapers built in cities across America and the world, the building set the standard for various other building innovations, including rapid, safe elevators, wind bracing and modern plumbing. Jenney’s achievement paved the way for the work of a group of architects and engineers that would become known as the Chicago School; together, they would develop the modern skyscraper over the last years of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th. Several important members of this group worked at one time in Jenney’s office, including Daniel Burnham (who would go on to design New York City’s iconic Flatiron Building ), John Root and Louis Sullivan. Though New York would later become known for taking skyscrapers to new heights, Chicago has retained its title as the birthplace of the skyscraper, thanks to Jenney and the rest of the Chicago School. The first of these historic buildings, Jenney’s Home Insurance Building, was demolished in 1931 to make way for the Field Building (now known as the LaSalle Bank Building). Tags


"What character made his first appearance in the story ""A Study in Scarlet""?"

Book Review: A Study in Scarlet by Arthur Conan Doyle | Blogcritics Home / Books / Book Reviews / Book Review: A Study in Scarlet by Arthur Conan Doyle Book Review: A Study in Scarlet by Arthur Conan Doyle Posted by: manoflabook November 19, 2012 in Book Reviews , Books 1 Comment Please Share... 0 0 A Study in Scarlet by Arthur Conan Doyle is the very first novel featuring English detective Sherlock Holmes and his friend Dr. Watson. The story was written in 1886 and published in 1887 and marks the first appearance of the famous sleuth. Dr. Watson, coming back from military service in India and Afghanistan, needs a place to live. A friend introduces him to Sherlock Holmes and they ende up rooming together in an apartment in Baker Street, London. Holmes, a “consulting detective” and an opium addict, is soon on his first case, a murder, and taking his new friend with him. Watson is constantly amazed by Holmes’ brilliance, arrogance, immense knowledge in some areas, and yet very little in others. Holmes explains that he only needs to know certain subjects for his occupation and not let the rest clutter up his mind. A Study in Scarlet is a strange book with a strange structure which is actually two stories thinly connected. The first part is the more interesting, with the legendary meeting between the detective and the doctor, and an introduction to the characters as well as to the murder mystery. The second part shifts from London to Utah where we get a somewhat sympathetic back-story to the murder and his deed. This, I feel, is one of those books in which it is better to know not so much the plot, but what will happen in the future in the context of the Sherlock Holmes universe and stories. The story gives Holmes his ability to show off his analytical powers as well as his attitude, which makes him a great detective but a lousy human being. The book is awkward in its construction and I kept re-reading some parts thinking I totally missed something. This is the first Holmes story I’ve read since I was 12 or so; I remembered them all being short and thought that maybe A Study in Scarlet is constructed of two short stories, one a detective novel and the other not. However, that wasn’t so and everything was resolved for me at the end. One can certainly tell the immense talent the author has as the mystery unfolds. The dialogue is witty, filled with dry humor, and entertaining. The characters are engaging and interesting and it’s a nice touch that the protagonist’s roommate tells the story. While A Study in Scarlet makes for a weird reading experience, I did enjoy the book and the introduction to the great detective. I must admit, however, that if I wasn’t already familiar with Holmes I probably would not have read the other books in the series (but I did). 106 pages 3 days ago Kieren The book is a truly engaging story and one of it’s best features is it’s suspense. Since it is written by Watson, he can only know so much. To add to that Sherlock doesn’t like sharing his method working therefore making it harder for the reader to understand how Sherlock found the things he did. In the late former half and early latter half of the book Doyle very cleverly added suspense for nearly half the book about how Sherlock caught the murderer. Through this suspense you don’t want to put down the book and you just keep reading. The book is great, filled with murder and suspense. I would give it 4.5/5 stars Kieren 8En5


What became the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery?

BBC NEWS | Americas | Brazil's 'slave' ranch workers Brazil's 'slave' ranch workers By Nick Caistor Regional analyst, Para state, Brazil On a recent trip to several African countries, Brazil's President Inacio Lula da Silva made a point of apologising for historical slavery in his country. The workers are properly looked after, ranch owners say Brazil was the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery, in 1888, just before it became an independent republic. Before that, for more than 350 years, African slaves had been shipped in their millions to work on sugar plantations and other large agricultural estates or fazendas. Modern-day Brazil is plagued with similar practices. These modern slaves are to be found mostly in the vast Amazon region of the north of the country, which is still frontier territory that the state cannot always control or police properly. The workers are taken on by a gato, or gangmaster, usually to clear areas of the jungle which are then claimed, and eventually become part of huge cattle farms, after all the timber has been stripped out. When he came to power in 2002, President Lula pledged to abolish these near-slave conditions in his own country. There was no way we could get out of there because it was so isolated Regivaldo Pereira dos Santos He spoke in particular of Para state in Amazonia, where he estimated that some 10,000 of a possible national total of about 25,000 people were being forced to work in this inhuman way. His government, and the federal police in particular, declared war on the cattle ranchers, or fazendeiros, who employed workers in these conditions, and promised to end the kind of impunity which has meant that few people are ever prosecuted. No compensation At first, the mobile units of the labour ministry, accompanied by the federal police who swooped on any area where there were reports of slave labour, did reduce the number of denunciations, but there are signs that the practice is increasing again. Regivaldo Pereira dos Santos, 22 years old, from the town of Redencao in Para state, won his court case against a fazendeiro, with the help of a human rights lawyer. If these workers have no possibility of leaving... if they live in miserable conditions, and if they are charged more than they earn, then that to me is slavery Frei Henri des Roziers However, as he explained to BBC News, he has not yet received compensation. "The gato took us upriver for several days in a boat. Then we were dropped off, and told to clear the forest. We only had a rough shack to live in and just the food we'd brought. "The gato said he'd be back in a couple of weeks but he never appeared. There was no way we could get out of there because it was so isolated. "After six months, the rains came and our shack was flooded. Eventually, we managed to get help and escaped. But we haven't yet got compensation, because it turns out that the fazendeiro didn't have rights to the land." 'Progress' The cattle ranchers of Para deny there is any such thing as slavery in the region. They argue that the workers are not forced to go, are nearly always properly looked after, and the proof of this is that many of them come back time and again looking for this kind of work. Fernando Coimbra, who owns a large cattle ranch outside Redencao, insists that if abuses do occur, it is only a tiny majority of landowners who commit them. Public awareness is much higher, and that's a big advance Alison Sutton But Frei Henri des Roziers, a French Dominican who has worked in the region for more than 30 years and has frequently received death threats from landowners, says this is not enough. "If they think that only a small minority is committing this kind of crime, why do they not denounce these people openly - I've never heard any of the landowner organisations saying anything of the sort." For Frei Henri, modern-day slavery is as clear cut as its historical predecessor. "If these workers have no possibility of leaving, if they are prevented from doing so by armed guards, if they live in miserable conditions, and if they are c


"What author wrote ""Adventures of Huckleberry Finn""?"

Mark Twain (Author of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn) edit data Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He is noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), called "the Great American Novel", and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876). Twain grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, which would later provide the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. He apprenticed with a printer. He also worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to his older brother Orion's newspaper. After toiling as a printer in various cities, he became a master riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River, before heading west to join Orion. He was a failure at gold mining, so he next turned to journalism. While a reporter, he wrote a humorous story, "The Celebrat Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He is noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), called "the Great American Novel", and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876). Twain grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, which would later provide the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. He apprenticed with a printer. He also worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to his older brother Orion's newspaper. After toiling as a printer in various cities, he became a master riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River, before heading west to join Orion. He was a failure at gold mining, so he next turned to journalism. While a reporter, he wrote a humorous story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," which proved to be very popular and brought him nationwide attention. His travelogues were also well-received. Twain had found his calling. He achieved great success as a writer and public speaker. His wit and satire earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty. However, he lacked financial acumen. Though he made a great deal of money from his writings and lectures, he squandered it on various ventures, in particular the Paige Compositor, and was forced to declare bankruptcy. With the help of Henry Huttleston Rogers, however, he eventually overcame his financial troubles. Twain worked hard to ensure that all of his creditors were paid in full, even though his bankruptcy had relieved him of the legal responsibility. Born during a visit by Halley's Comet, he died on its return. He was lauded as the "greatest American humorist of his age", and William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature".


What U.S. state was opened up to a land rush?

The Oklahoma land rush begins - Apr 22, 1889 - HISTORY.com The Oklahoma land rush begins Share this: The Oklahoma land rush begins Author The Oklahoma land rush begins URL Publisher A+E Networks At precisely high noon, thousands of would-be settlers make a mad dash into the newly opened Oklahoma Territory to claim cheap land. The nearly two million acres of land opened up to white settlement was located in Indian Territory, a large area that once encompassed much of modern-day Oklahoma. Initially considered unsuitable for white colonization, Indian Territory was thought to be an ideal place to relocate Native Americans who were removed from their traditional lands to make way for white settlement. The relocations began in 1817, and by the 1880s, Indian Territory was a new home to a variety of tribes, including the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee, Creek, Cheyenne, Commanche, and Apache. By the 1890s, improved agricultural and ranching techniques led some white Americans to realize that the Indian Territory land could be valuable, and they pressured the U.S. government to allow white settlement in the region. In 1889, President Benjamin Harrison agreed, making the first of a long series of authorizations that eventually removed most of Indian Territory from Indian control. To begin the process of white settlement, Harrison chose to open a 1.9 million-acre section of Indian Territory that the government had never assigned to any specific tribe. However, subsequent openings of sections that were designated to specific tribes were achieved primarily through the Dawes Severalty Act (1887), which allowed whites to settle large swaths of land that had previously been designated to specific Indian tribes. On March 3, 1889, Harrison announced the government would open the 1.9 million-acre tract of Indian Territory for settlement precisely at noon on April 22. Anyone could join the race for the land, but no one was supposed to jump the gun. With only seven weeks to prepare, land-hungry Americans quickly began to gather around the borders of the irregular rectangle of territory. Referred to as “Boomers,” by the appointed day more than 50,000 hopefuls were living in tent cities on all four sides of the territory. The events that day at Fort Reno on the western border were typical. At 11:50 a.m., soldiers called for everyone to form a line. When the hands of the clock reached noon, the cannon of the fort boomed, and the soldiers signaled the settlers to start. With the crack of hundreds of whips, thousands of Boomers streamed into the territory in wagons, on horseback, and on foot. All told, from 50,000 to 60,000 settlers entered the territory that day. By nightfall, they had staked thousands of claims either on town lots or quarter section farm plots. Towns like Norman, Oklahoma City, Kingfisher, and Guthrie sprang into being almost overnight. An extraordinary display of both the pioneer spirit and the American lust for land, the first Oklahoma land rush was also plagued by greed and fraud. Cases involving “Sooners”–people who had entered the territory before the legal date and time–overloaded courts for years to come. The government attempted to operate subsequent runs with more controls, eventually adopting a lottery system to designate claims. By 1905, white Americans owned most of the land in Indian Territory. Two years later, the area once known as Indian Territory entered the Union as a part of the new state of Oklahoma. Related Videos


What Apache leader finally surrended after 30 years of fighting?

September 4, 1886: Apache Warrior Geronimo Finally Surrenders - History and Headlines September 4, 1886: Apache Warrior Geronimo Finally Surrenders 99 Comments A Brief History On September 4, 1886, after almost 30 years of raiding Mexican and white settlers and battling the U.S. Army, Apache war leader Geronimo finally surrendered in Arizona to U.S. Army General Nelson Miles. Digging Deeper Geronimo’s actual Apache name was Goyaale, which means “One who yawns.”  After his wife, children and mother were killed by Mexican soldiers in 1858, it seems he did little yawning and much fighting, leading raids against both Mexican and American settlers and soldiers.  Although Geronimo’s hatred was mainly directed at the Mexicans, his raids of theft and murder of Americans had the U.S. Army chasing him and his band of warriors across the southwest, while the Mexican Army did the same, also with negative results, south of the border; however, the borders meant little to Geronimo, as the Native Americans thought they owned the land in the first place. Geronimo’s tribal heritage was Bendonkohe, a subgroup of the Native American tribes generically called Apache by whites.  Although himself not a tribal chief, he was the leader of his band of Native American resistance forces that fought pacification.  When he surrendered, he was taken from fort to fort across Texas and the South before settling at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.  He never returned to his native lands. Geronimo was allowed to make appearances at wild west shows as a celebrity, and he rode in Teddy Roosevelt ’s presidential inaugural parade in 1905.  He died at Fort Sill of pneumonia in 1909 after falling from his horse and laying in the cold all night.  The Winchester rifle he had with him at the time of his surrender is on display at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, while his pistol and knife are at the museum at Fort Sill.   A controversy over whether or not his skull and possibly other bones had been stolen during World War I has never conclusively been resolved, although it is likely to be a hoax.  Another controversy continues over whether his surrender was unconditional, as the U.S. Army claims and which Geronimo later vehemently denied, or if Geronimo had been tricked, as he claimed.  Geronimo has been called “the worst Indian who ever lived” and “Geronimo the Terrible,” but in a History and Headlines twist his name is yelled by American airborne paratroops as they jump out of airplanes.  And he ended up having a total of 9 wives!  He sure had a full life for a guy who yawned a lot. For another interesting event that happened on September 4, please see the History and Headlines article: “ 10 Infamous, Notorious and Reviled Products .” Historical Evidence For more information, please see… [AMAZONPRODUCTS asin=”1476734933″] Major Dan is a retired veteran of the United States Marine Corps. He served during the Cold War. Madeline Bowen I think it was very interesting that his rifle is on display at the military academy of West Point. Madeline Bowen Emmaline K Confusing how he was allowed to make a celebrity appearance riding in Teddy Roosevelt’s inaugural parade, but he is now sometimes called ‘the worst Indian who ever lived.” Interesting how time changes perceptions. Amber Moore It feels like he was used as a puppet in the shows and parades, like an animal being held against its will. It kind of sounds disgraceful to his people. Danielle Why was he not jailed for his actions? I don’t understand how it was considered a “celebrity appearance” when he went to a show. Sarah G His life is very interesting, I can’t believe that he was able to ride in the inaugural parade. Meghan R I find it sad that his family was killed and that he fought to revenge their deaths. He really did lead an eventful life. KC His life had its ups and downs. He did life his life to the fullest it could be. I am confused on how he had “Celebrity” status. Ahmed Alnassar his live although sad and even though his life was interesting to read about i do not think he should ba celebrity because he bro


What Indonesian volcano erupted - killing thousands and lowering temperatures worldwide?

Volcanoes and Climate | Weather Underground My Webcams Volcanoes "The sun was dark and its darkness lasted for eighteen months; each day it shone for about four hours; and still this light was only a feeble shadow; the fruits did not ripen and the wine tasted like sour grapes." As this Michael the Syrian quote regarding the weather of 536 A.D. demonstrates, a climate catastrophe that blots out the sun can really spoil your day. Procopius of Caesarea remarked: "During this year [536 A.D.] a most dread portent took place. For the sun gave forth its light without brightness. and it seemed exceedingly like the sun in eclipse, for the beams it shed were not clear." Many documents from 535 - 536 A.D.--the time of King Arthur in Britain--speak of the terrible "dry fog" or cloud of dust that obscured the sun, causing widespread crop failures in Europe, and summer frosts, drought, and famine in China. Tree ring studies in Europe confirm several years of very poor growth around that time, and ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica show highly elevated levels of atmospheric sulfuric acid dust existed. Though some scientists believe the climate calamity of 535-536 A.D. was due to a comet or asteroid hitting the Earth, it is widely thought that the event was probably caused by the most massive volcanic eruption of the past 1500 years . This eruption threw so much sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas into the stratosphere that a "Volcanic Winter" resulted. Sulfur dioxide reacts with water to form sulfuric acid droplets (aerosol particles), which are highly reflective and reduce the amount of incoming sunlight. The potential eruption that led to the 535 - 536 A.D. climate calamity would have likely been a magnitude 7 event on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) --a "super colossal" eruption that one can expect to occur only once every 1000 years. The Volcanic Explosivity Index is a logarithmic scale like the Richter scale used to rate earthquakes, so a magnitude 7 eruption would eject ten times more material than the two largest eruptions of the past century--the magnitude 6 eruptions of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines (1991) and Novarupta in Alaska (1912). Figure 1. An 18 km-high volcanic plume from one of a series of explosive eruptions of Mount Pinatubo beginning on 12 June 1991, viewed from Clark Air Base (about 20 km east of the volcano). Three days later, the most powerful eruption produced a plume that rose nearly 40 km, penetrating well into the stratosphere. Pinatubo's sulfur emissions cooled the Earth by about 1°F (0.5°C) for 1 - 2 years. (Photograph by David H. Harlow, USGS.) Super-colossal eruptions There has been only one other magnitude 7 "super-colossal" eruption in the past 1500 years--the massive eruption of the Indonesian volcano Tambora in 1815. The sulfur pumped by this eruption into the stratosphere dimmed sunlight so extensively that global temperatures fell by about 2°F (1°C) for 1 - 2 years afterward. This triggered the famed Year Without a Summer in 1816. Killing frosts and snow storms in May and June 1816 in Eastern Canada and New England caused widespread crop failures, and lake and river ice were observed as far south as Pennsylvania in July and August. The Tambora eruption was about 40% smaller than the 535 - 536 A.D. event, as measured by the number of sulfur aerosol particles deposited in Greenland ice cores. In an article published in 2008 in the American Geophysical Union journal EOS, Dr. Ken Verosub of the University of California, Davis Department of Geology estimated that future eruptions capable of causing "Volcanic Winter" effects severe enough to depress global temperatures by 2°F (1°C) and trigger widespread crop failures for 1 - 2 years afterwards should occur about once every 200 - 300 years. Even a magnitude 6 eruption, such as the 1600 eruption of the Peruvian volcano Huaynaputina , can cause climatic change capable of killing millions of people. The Huaynaputina eruption is blamed for the Russian famine of 1601-1603 , which killed over half a million people and led to the overthrow of Tsar Boris Godun


Karl Benz Invents First Practical Automobile By Mary Bellis Updated August 22, 2016. In 1885, German mechanical engineer, Karl Benz designed and built the world's first practical automobile to be powered by an internal-combustion engine. On January 29, 1886, Benz received the first patent (DRP No. 37435) for a gas-fueled car. It was a three-wheeler, the Motorwagen or Benz Patent Motorcar. Benz built his first four-wheeled car in 1891. Benz & Company, the company, started by the inventor, became the world's largest manufacturer of automobiles by 1900. He also was the first legally licensed driver in the world, having one issued by the Grand Duke of Baden. Biography of Karl Benz Karl Friedrich Benz was born in 1844 in Baden Muehlburg, Germany (now part of Karlsruhe). He was the son of a locomotive engine driver who died when Benz was only two years old. His mother ensured he got a good education despite their limited means. Benz attended the Karlsruhe grammar school and later the Karlsruhe Polytechnic University. He studied mechanical engineering at the University of Karlsruhe and graduated in 1864 when he was only 19 years old. In 1871, He founded his first company with partner August Ritter, the "Iron Foundry and Machine Shop" a supplier of building materials. He married Bertha Ringer in 1872, who played an active role in his business, including buying out his partner, who had become unreliable. Developing the Motorwagen Benz began his work on a two-stroke engine, in hopes of finding a new income. He received his first patent in 1879. He had to invent many parts of the system as he went along, including the throttle, ignition, spark plugs, carburetor, clutch, radiator, and gear shift. In 1883, he founded Benz & Company to produce industrial engines in Mannheim, Germany. He then began designing a "motor carriage", with a four-stroke engine (based on Nicolaus Otto's patent). Benz designed his engine (958cc, 0.75hp) and the body for the three-wheel vehicle with an electric ignition, differential gears, and water-cooling. The car was first driven in Mannheim in 1885. In one trial, it achieved the speed of eight miles per hour. On January 29, 1886, he was granted a patent for his gas-fueled automobile (DRP 37435) and in July, he began selling his automobile to the public. Parisian bicycle-maker Emile Roger added them to his line and sold them there, becoming the first commercially-available automobile. Bertha took the Motorwagen on a historic 66-mile trip from Mannheim to Pforzheim to show its practicality for families. Gasoline had to be bought at pharmacies, and she had to repair several malfunctions. An annual antique auto rally is now held yearly in her honor on this, the Bertha Benz Memorial Route. Her experience led to adding gears for climbing hills and brake pads. Further Inventions and Firsts of Karl Benz In 1893, the Benz Velo became the world's first inexpensive, mass-produced car, with 1200 produced. It participated in the world's first automobile race in 1894, although it only achieved 14th place. Benz designed the first truck in 1895 and the first motor bus. He patented the boxer flat engine design in 1896. In 1903, Karl Benz retired from Benz & Company; his designs were already outdated by Gottlieb Daimler . He served as a member of the supervisory board of Daimler-Benz AG from 1926, when the company was formed, until his death.  Together, Bertha and Karl had five children. Karl Benz passed away in 1929.


In what U.S. state would you find the city of Tombstone?

Tombstone | Arizona, United States | Britannica.com Arizona, United States Washington, D.C. Tombstone, city, Cochise county, southeastern Arizona , U.S. The site was ironically named by Ed Schieffelin, who discovered silver there in 1877 after being told that all he would find would be his tombstone. (An alternative account holds that the townsite was named for the granite rocks of the nearby Dragoon Mountains, which stand out against the landscape like tombstones.) By 1881 a silver rush had set in, bringing an estimated 7,000 people to the area. Along with the prospectors came adventurers and outlaws, among whom were Wyatt Earp , John H. “Doc” Holliday , and Johnny Ringo , whereupon Tombstone gained a reputation for lawlessness. Feuds were common, the most notable being the gun battle at the O.K. Corral in 1881 between the Earp and Clanton families. The boom days quickly ended in 1911 with floodwaters in the mines, labour strikes, and low silver prices. Tombstone was the county seat from 1881 to 1931. Now a tourist centre, it retains a pioneer atmosphere and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962. Restored sites include Boot Hill Cemetery, Bird Cage Theater, the O.K. Corral, and the Tombstone Epitaph (newspaper, 1880) office. Inc. 1881. Pop. (2000) 1,504; (2010) 1,380. Restored Allen Street, in the historic district of Tombstone, Arizona. Grombo Tombstone, Arizona - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) Tombstone is a city in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Arizona, 21 miles (34 kilometers) northwest of Bisbee. After being founded during a silver boom in the late 1800s and undergoing a rapid population decline a few decades later, Tombstone was revived as a tourist center in the latter half of the 20th century. The city retains a pioneer atmosphere and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962. Restored sites include Boot Hill Cemetery, the Bird Cage Theatre, the O.K. Corral, and the Tombstone Epitaph newspaper office. Article History


"In what country did ""bushranger"" Ned Kelly meet his end?"

Ned Kelly | australia.gov.au Australia.gov.au Helping you find government information and services Search form Women in colonial times Ned Kelly Unknown, Portrait of the bushranger Ned Kelly, 1880, glass plate negative. Image courtesy of Melbourne University Archives: 88 137. The bushranger Ned Kelly is one of Australia's greatest folk heroes. He has been memorialised by painters, writers, musicians and filmmakers alike. More books, songs and websites have been written about Ned Kelly and the Kelly Gang than any other group of Australian historical figures. Bushranging was said to have ended with the shooting of the Kelly Gang in 1880 at Glenrowan, Victoria, made possible by the introduction of the Felons Apprehension Act 1865 (NSW) which allowed outlawed bushrangers to be shot, rather than arrested and sent to trial. Irish rebels and wild colonial boys Before the end of transportation in 1840, more than 50,000 Irish 'rebels' were exiled to Australia. Their mistrust of British authority came with them, along with their vehement independence as Catholics, specifically excluded from holding public office or government positions until after 1900. It has been argued that this independence of the Irish contributed to the showdown with Ned Kelly and the police at Glenrowan in 1880. Many of the transported convicts were also agitators, machine breakers, political activists and union organisers. These included the Scottish lawyer Thomas Muir, transported in 1794 for handing out copies of Tom Paine's The Rights of Man. Ned Kelly Edward 'Ned' Kelly was born at Beveridge in 1855, the first-born son of an Irish Catholic couple. His father, John 'Red' Kelly was an ex-convict (transported for the theft of two pigs), who eloped with Ellen Quinn, an Irish 'bounty migrant', from Van Dieman's Land (later Tasmania) to Port Phillip. The Kellys settled in the Victorian ranges north of Melbourne, eking out a living on the edge of the squatter's rich lands. Red Kelly supplemented his income by horse stealing. After his arrest and gaoling for horse-stealing, Red Kelly died before finishing his sentence. Ellen moved the family to a slabhut at Eleven Mile Creek in the north-west of the colony where Ned became the main breadwinner, taking jobs as a timber cutter and rural worker - ringbarking, breaking in horses, mustering cattle and fencing. Unknown, Kate Kelly, sister of Ned Kelly, 1880s, B&W postcard. Image courtesy of State LIbrary of Victoria: H23557. Ned Kelly grew up with the tales of bushrangers and knew the tale of Ben Hall well. At the age of 14, Ned was arrested for stealing 10 shillings from a Chinese man and reportedly to have announced that he 'was going to be a bushranger'. Ned was sent as a kind of apprentice bush worker to Harry Power, one of the last of the convicts transported to Van Dieman's Land in 1842 for stealing a pair of shoes, who took to bushranging after escaping from Pentridge Gaol. A year later, Kelly was charged with robbery under arms on one occasion when he was holding Power's horse. He was freed for lack of evidence, although a few months later has was back in the lockup for assault. During this time, Ned also gained some notoriety as the 'champion' boxer in the Beechworth district. The shooting of Constable Fitzpatrick Ned's real troubles with the police began when his mother, Ellen Kelly, was arrested for aiding and abetting in the attempted murder of Constable Arthur Fitzpatrick on the 15th of April. Fitzpatrick visited the Kelly home to serve warrants to arrest Dan Kelly for alleged horse stealing. As a result of the subsequent brawl, Ned and Dan fled to the bush where they were joined by Joe Byrne and Steve Hart. They became the Kelly gang. Fitzpatrick returned to the police station with a different story which involved being hit on the head with a shovel, an ambush by Kelly sympathisers and being shot at three times by Ned Kelly. Constable Fitzpatrick, was later dismissed from the police force as 'a liar and a larrikin'. Fitzpatrick was in charge of the Greta Police Station for a few days and had been warne


"What ""nerve tonic"" was created by John Pemberton of Atlanta, Georgia?"

Coca-Cola History - Invention of Coca-Cola in his unique script. The first   newspaper ad for Coca-Cola soon appeared in The Atlanta   Journal, inviting thirsty citizens to try "the new and popular soda   fountain drink." Hand-painted oilcloth signs reading "Coca-Cola" appeared on store awnings, with the suggestion "Drink" added to inform   passersby that the new beverage was for soda fountain refreshment. Dr. Pemberton never realized the potential of   the beverage he created. He gradually sold portions of his business to   various partners and, just prior to his death in 1888, sold his remaining   interest in Coca-Cola to Asa G. Candler. An Atlantan with great   business acumen, Mr. Candler proceeded to buy additional rights and acquire   complete control. On May 1, 1889, Asa Candler published a   full-page advertisement in The Atlanta Journal, proclaiming his   wholesale and retail drug business as "sole proprietors of Coca-Cola ... Delicious. Refreshing. Exhilarating. Invigorating." Sole ownership,   which Mr. Candler did not actually achieve until 1891, cost a total of   $2,300. By 1892, Mr. Candler's flair for   merchandising had boosted sales of Coca-Cola syrup nearly   tenfold. He soon liquidated his pharmaceutical business and focused his full   attention on the soft drink. With his brother, John S. Candler, John   Pemberton's former partner Frank Robinson and two other associates, Mr.   Candler formed a Georgia corporation named The Coca-Cola Company. Initial capitalization was $100,000. The trademark " Coca-Cola ," used   in the marketplace since 1886, was registered in the United States Patent   Office on January 31, 1893. (Registration has been renewed periodically.)   That same year the first dividend was paid; at $20 per share, it amounted to   20 percent of the book value of a share of stock. A firm believer in advertising, Mr. Candler   expanded on Dr. Pemberton's marketing efforts, distributing thousands of   coupons for a complimentary glass of Coca-Cola . He promoted the   product incessantly, distributing souvenir fans, calendars, clocks, urns and   countless novelties, all depicting the trademark. The business continued to   grow, and in 1894, the first syrup manufacturing plant outside Atlanta was   opened in Dallas, Texas. Others were opened in Chicago, Illinois, and Los   Angeles, California, the following year. While Mr. Candler's efforts focused on boosting soda fountain sales, another   concept was being developed that would spread the enjoyment of Coca-Cola worldwide. In 1894, in Vicksburg, Mississippi, Joseph A.   Biedenharn was so impressed by the growing demand for Coca-Cola at his soda fountain that he installed bottling machinery in the rear of his   store and began to sell cases of Coca-Cola to farms and lumber   camps up and down the Mississippi River. He was the first bottler of Coca-Cola . Large-scale bottling was made possible in   1899, when Benjamin F. Thomas and Joseph B. Whitehead of Chattanooga,   Tennessee, secured from Mr. Candler the exclusive rights to bottle and sell Coca-Cola in practically the entire United States. With   contract in hand, they joined another Chattanoogan, John T. Lupton, and   began to develop what is today the worldwide Coca-Cola bottling   system. A variety of straight-sided containers was used through 1915, but as   soft-drink competition intensified, so did imitation. Coca-Cola deserved a distinctive package, and in 1916, the bottlers approved the   unique contour bottle designed by the Root Glass Company of Terre Haute,   Indiana. The now-familiar shape was granted   registration as a trademark by the U.S. Patent Office in 1977, an honor   accorded only a handful of other packages. The bottle thus joined the   trademarks " Coca-Cola ," registered in 1893, and "Cokeï¿½," registered in 1945. In 1919, the Candler interests sold The Coca-Cola Company to Atlanta banker Ernest Woodruff and an investor   group for $25 mill


What was Western showman William Cody better known as?

About the Buffalo Bill Museum - Buffalo Bill Center of the West Buffalo Bill Center of the West About About the Buffalo Bill Museum In our Buffalo Bill Museum, visitors encounter William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody the man, as well as the showman and international celebrity. Learn about his life and times in our new exhibition, a blend of original objects, multimedia, and innovative interactive elements. Encounter a Leading American Icon Again . . . for the Very First Time A view of the new Buffalo Bill Museum, with the TE Ranch exhibit in the foreground. If you know the American West, it’s a good bet you already know Buffalo Bill, also. In our Buffalo Bill Museum you have the opportunity to meet him again, for the very first time. In the Pantheon of iconic figures of the American West, William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody stands front and center. In his heyday, a century ago, he was the most recognized and celebrated person in the world—the first truly international “superstar.” Even today, he is still immediately familiar, just as he was then, by his trademark mustache and goatee, his flowing white hair, his Stetson hat, his buckskin jacket, and his leather boots. In his lifetime, he introduced countless millions of people worldwide to the American West. And, because of him, untold numbers came to the West to experience it for themselves, or, at the very least, dreamed and imagined themselves doing so. In 2012, the Buffalo Bill Museum—the flagship of the Buffalo Bill Center of the West—remade itself in its first major renovation in almost three decades. Offering authentic artifacts, state-of-the-art exhibits, engaging interactives, and a compelling story, the “new” Buffalo Bill Museum is a museum for the twenty-first century about one of the most important historical figures of the nineteenth century—someone whose legacy still continues to shape and define how we think about the West, America, and ourselves. In reintroducing a leading American icon, the Buffalo Bill Museum invites visitors to explore the myriad facets of a unique individual—William F. Cody (1846 – 1917). It was through the persona of “Buffalo Bill,” and the agency of the traveling outdoor show, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West, that Cody brought the West to the world and the world to the West. Yet the full measure of the figure behind that persona deserves to be better-known and appreciated. Apart from being a showman, actor, hunter, and western hero, Cody had many identities: teamster, Pony Express rider, Civil War veteran, Congressional medal-of-honor recipient, outdoorsman, and onetime hotelkeeper. He was a town-builder, a philanthropist, an entrepreneur, and a visionary. He was also a son, a sibling, a husband, and a parent. A “man of many parts,” the real-life person who was William F. Cody turns out, when you get right down to it, to have been pretty much like the rest of us: ambitious, lonely, conflicted, searching for meaning, struggling to make ends meet, constantly facing adversity—in short, someone genuinely human and authentic. The Buffalo Bill Museum brings this flesh-and-blood individual to life as never before. Man of the West, Man of the World: The Life and Times of William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody The Scout exhibit in the Buffalo Bill Museum Born in 1846 in a little town on the far banks of the Mississippi River—then, as now, the physical and metaphorical divide between “East” and “West”–William F. Cody was immediately one with the West. It was there, as a youth and young man, where he acquired invaluable practical skills. He learned how to fell trees, clear land, build houses and fences, saddle and ride a horse, throw a lariat, hunt and trap game, bullwhack cattle, drive a mule train, fight Indians, and survive in the wild. Cody leveraged and refined these skills as he worked in a diverse range of occupations—as a teamster, a Pony Express rider, a wagon master, a guide, a soldier and cavalryman, and as an Army scout. Together with painful life lessons such as the loss of his father and two siblings at an early age, these experiences helped define Cody’s c


What city was the Eastern terminus of the Orient Express?

Istanbul end terminus of the Orient Express – Cheryl Marie Cordeiro The Sirkeci Terminal in Istanbul, by the Golden Horn, marks the end terminus of the noted Orient Express railroad line. Text & Photo © JE Nilsson, CM Cordeiro 2013 The Orient Express, was the first long-distance passenger train service to connect the Orient with Europe. It began its operation in 1883 and in various forms continued to operate until 2009, after which the “Orient Express” disappeared from European ordinary railway timetables, reportedly a “victim of high-speed trains and cut-rate airlines”. In fact, the Orient Express had stopped serving Istanbul already in 1977. The Orient Express ran between Paris and Istanbul, the original endpoints, sometimes listing ‘Londres’ as a starting point however there were no rails between London and Paris at that time. Istanbul or Constantinople was its easternmost destination and eastern terminus. The golden age of this service was the 1930s with three parallel services with sleeper cars running between various destinations, providing the very real service of connecting continental Europe from one edge to the other. It was during this time, the Orient Express acquired its reputation for comfort and luxury, carrying royalty, nobility, diplomats, business people, probably spies, and the rich and privileged in general. The Orient Express eventually became synonymous with intrigue and luxury travel also through literature such as the Agatha Christie’s 1934 novel, Murder on the Orient Express and was felt to attract guests as varied and mysterious as from their lands of origin as from their interesting conversations, as for example between Sigmund Freud and Gertrude Stein. It was also the first of its kind to have sleeper cars furnished with dark polished wood and velvet bed covers, that defined luxury traveling of the golden age of travels. Stained glass windows, at the waiting hall of the Orient Express, Sirkeci Terminal in Istanbul. Ceiling of the Orient Express Sirkeci Terminal waiting hall in Istanbul. Intricate. Frosted glass in the main waiting hall. Trellis. Adjacent to the original waiting rooms is a marvelous restaurant, that still offers to its best ability original Istanbul Turkish cuisine. Here, they continue in old tradition, to serve guests out of rolling carts. It’s a good place to visit and enjoy the ambiance and note the curved wooden panels of the wine rack, placed in proximity to some original route maps. Related Posts