'The Slave of Duty' is the subtitle of which Gilbert and Sullivan operetta?

The Pirates of Penzance, operetta | Details | AllMusic The Pirates of Penzance, operetta Share this page google+ Description               by John Palmer The very first performance of The Pirates of Penzance was at the Royal Bijou Theatre, Paignton, on December 30, 1879. This, however, was produced for copyright purposes. On the next night, at the New Fifth Avenue Theater in New York City, the primary production of The Pirates of Penzance opened, with the subtitle "Love and Duty." After some revision, the show was given in London at the Opéra Comique Theatre on April 3, 1879, with the subtitle "The Slave of Duty." This production ran for 363 nights. Pirated productions of H.M.S. Pinafore had prompted producer Richard D'Oyly Carte to bring the British version of the operetta to New York. In addition, Carte, Gilbert, and Sullivan were contracted to provide a new operetta for the New Fifth Avenue Theater. This would become The Pirates of Penzance. When the receipts for the Pinafore run began to dwindle, Gilbert and Sullivan, now in New York, were asked to rush ahead with the new work, and secret rehearsals began, with the score kept in a safe to discourage pirates. Gilbert suggested lifting "Climbing Over Rocky Mountain" from the team's earlier Thespis to use for the entrance of General Stanley's daughters (No. 5). Sullivan composed the overture the night before the premiere, Gilbert, Alfred Cellier and Frederic Clay helping write out the orchestra parts. To obtain British copyright, Carte sent the libretto and score to Devon, England, only days before the New York premiere. His touring company gave a matinée performance in Paignton wearing their Pinafore costumes and reading their parts from scripts. Thus, Carte was able to establish copyright in both England and the United States. Gilbert continued his practice of throwing his characters into an utterly ridiculous situation and then treating the drama with great seriousness. The Pirates of Penzance does have its comic moments, but the portrayal of the civilized Pirates themselves seems to have endeared audiences to the show. Having pledged never to harm an orphan, as they are orphans themselves, the pirates are a well mannered bunch, so much so that Major-General Stanley's daughters want to marry them only moments after they meet. The setting, on the coast of Cornwall in the late nineteenth century, creates a romantic, not-too-exotic atmosphere. Musically, The Pirates of Penzance is a more ambitious work than its predecessor, H.M.S. Pinafore, to which it is often compared. Aspects of serious opera, which appear briefly in the earlier work, are expanded upon in The Pirates of Penzance. The duet for Frederic and Ruth in Act One, for instance, sounds conspicuously like Verdi , and Mabel's soaring entrance aria is drawn from a Gounod waltz. Sullivan employs a substantial double chorus in the impressive "When the Foeman bares His Steel." Sullivan's contrapuntal skill comes to the fore in the clever accompaniment of Mabel and Frederic's duet by the group of sisters, singing about the weather to an independent melodic line, as well as in the "Paradox" trio in Act Two. Most popular, however, are the simpler songs, especially "A Policeman's Lot Is Not a Happy One," and "I Am the Very Model of a Modern Major-General," a perfect patter song. In 1980, a New York revival of The Pirates of Penzance, starring Linda Ronstadt as Mabel, Kevin Kline as the Pirate King, and Rex Smith as Frederic, met with great success. Originally given by the New York Shakespeare Festival during the summer, the production moved to the Uris on Broadway on January 8, 1981, becoming the most lucrative production of a Gilbert and Sullivan work ever undertaken. A film version followed the next year. Parts/Movements No. 2, Pour, o pour the pirate sherry No. 3, When Frederic was a little lad No. 4, Oh better far to live and die No. 5a, O false one No. 5b, You told me you were fair No. 5c, What shall I do No. 6, Climbing over rocky mountains No. 7a, Stop ladies pray No. 7b, Oh is there not one maiden


'The Witch's Curse' is the subtitle of which Gilbert and Sullivan operetta?

Ages Ago - "Times" Review 1881 Thespis; or, The Gods Grown Old: Gaiety Theatre, 26 December 1871, 63 performances. Trial By Jury: Royalty Theatre, 25 March 1875, 131 performances. The Sorcerer: Opera Comique, 17 November 1877, 175 performances. H.M.S. Pinafore; or, The Lass that Loved a Sailor: Opera Comique, 25 May 1878, 571 performances. The Pirates of Penzance; or, The Slave of Duty: Royal Bijou Theatre, Paignton, 31 December 1879; Fifth Avenue Theatre, New York, 31 December 1879; Opera Comique, 3 April 1880, 363 performances. Patience; or Bunthorne's Bride: Opera Comique, 23 April 1881, Transferred to Savoy Theatre 10 October 1881, 578 performances. Iolanthe; or, The Peer and the Peri: Savoy Theatre, 25 November 1882, 398 performances. Princess Ida; or, Castle Adamant: Savoy Theatre, 5 January 1884, 246 performances. The Mikado; or, The Town of Titipu: Savoy Theatre, 14 March 1885, 672 performances. Ruddigore; or, The Witch's Curse: Savoy Theatre, 22 January 1887, 288 performances. The Yeomen of the Guard; or, The Merryman and His Maid: Savoy Theatre, 3 October 1888, 423 performances. The Gondoliers; or, The King of Barataria: Savoy Theatre, 7 December 1889, 554 performances. Utopia, Limited; or, The Flowers of Progress: Savoy Theatre, 7 October 1893, 245 performances. The Grand Duke; or, The Statutory Duel: SavoyTheatre, 7 March 1896, 123 performances.


In his orchestral suite, which planet did Gustav Hoist call 'the Mystic'?

Gustav Holst - The Planets: Suite for large orchestra (1916) - Music Sales Classical The Planets: Suite for large orchestra (1916) Work Notes 1) Mars, the Bringer of War 2) Venus, the Bringer of Peace 3) Mercury, the Winged Messenger 4) Jupiter, the Bringer of Jollity 5) Saturn, the Bringer of Old Age 6) Uranus, the Magician7) Neptune, the Mystic Publisher I Holst / C Matthews (1979) Duration 2 Piano Arrangement / Organ Arrangement (3 movements only) Availability Gustav Holst The Planets: Suite for large orchestra (1916) Gustav Holst: The Planets The Planets, composed between 1914 and 1916, is a suite of seven movements. Holst's starting point for the music was the astrological character of each planet, though his interest in astrology went no deeper than its musical suggestiveness. His daughter wrote that once the underlying idea had been formulated 'he let the music have its way with him'. There was, therefore, no programme for the suite, and the composer himself pointed out that it has no connection with the deities of classical mythology. The many clues to the meaning of the music are the subjects of the individual movements. MARS, the bringer of war. Three musical ideas are used to create this martial piece: (1) a brutally rhythmic figure of five beats relentlessly hammered out, (2) a principal theme in triads moving by chromatic steps with no true harmonic purpose; (3) a second theme consisting of a tattoo in the tenor tuba answered by a flourish of trumpets. There is no glory, no heroism, no tragedy in this music. It is entirely inhuman. Not even death is in it, for Mars is as insensitive to death as to life. War is a senseless, mechanised horror is Holst's real subject here. VENUS, the bringer of peace. She is announced by four ascending notes in the solo horn and a sequence of converging chords in the flutes and oboes. Most of her music lies, symbolically, in the middle and upper registers of the instruments; and harps, celestes, and glockenspiel further characterise her heavenly nature. In addition there are beautiful melodies for her in the solo violin and oboe. Though this is music of surpassing serenity it is not simple in harmony, texture or orchestral sonority. One cannot help but observe how fitting it is that the state of peace be described in complex terms, in contrast to the complicity of the depiction of war. MERCURY, the winged messenger. This is the quickest and, in duration, the shortest movement of the suite. Aside from its speed, however, its particular quality comes from the opposition of two simultaneous keys and two simultaneous rhythms. The two keys, which are sounded in the very first bar, are B-flat and E (which, being separated from one another by the interval of the tritone, have no note in common). The two rhythms arise out of different groupings of six beats, the first being ONE-two-three-FOUR-five-six, the second being ONE-two-THREE-four-FIVE-six. This opposition of contrasting patterns is one of Holst's principal characteristics, and other examples of it can be found not only in The Planets but abundantly throughout his works. JUPITER, the bringer of jollity. The exuberance of this movement shows itself not only in its tempo and rhythm but also in the multiplicity of subjects. You can count four, five or six of them, depending on whether you divide the first two into their component parts - they do behave like independent themes. Jupiter might well be designated as 'the English movement' because it shows how profoundly Holst was influenced by the folk music of his country. Certainly this is rustic English, music for a fair; there are crowds of people in it and infinite good spirits. The grand tune that ends the parade of themes has become the setting for a patriotic hymn with the words 'I vow to thee my country'. SATURN, the bringer of old age. Unlike the previous movements, which are static in the sense that each depicts various aspects of a single trait, this one moves through a series of 'events' that bring the music to conclusions not envisioned at the beg


Deriving from a Turkish word for a maidservant, what French name is given to a female slave in a harem?

Online Etymology Dictionary occupy (v.) mid-14c., "to take possession of," also "to take up space or time, employ (someone)," irregularly borrowed from Old French occuper "occupy (a person or place), hold, seize" (13c.) or directly from Latin occupare "take over, seize, take into possession, possess, occupy," from ob "over" (see ob- ) + intensive form of capere "to grasp, seize," from PIE root *kap- "to grasp" (see capable ). The final syllable of the English word is difficult to explain, but it is as old as the record; perhaps from a modification made in Anglo-French. During 16c.-17c. a common euphemism for "have sexual intercourse with" (sense attested from early 15c.), which caused it to fall from polite usage. "A captaine? Gods light these villaines wil make the word as odious as the word occupy, which was an excellent good worde before it was il sorted." [Doll Tearsheet in "2 Henry IV"] occur (v.) 1520s, "meet, meet in argument," from Middle French occurrer "happen unexpectedly" or directly from Latin occurrere "run to meet, run against, befall, present itself," from ob "against, toward" (see ob- ) + currere "to run" (see current (adj.)). Sense development is from "meet" to "present itself" to "appear" to "happen" ("present itself in the course of events"). Meaning "to come into one's mind" is from 1620s. Related: Occurred; occurring. ocean (n.) late 13c., from Old French occean "ocean" (12c., Modern French océan), from Latin oceanus, from Greek okeanos, the great river or sea surrounding the disk of the Earth (as opposed to the Mediterranean), of unknown origin. Personified as Oceanus, son of Uranus and Gaia and husband of Tethys. In early times, when the only known land masses were Eurasia and Africa, the ocean was an endless river that flowed around them. Until c. 1650, commonly ocean sea, translating Latin mare oceanum. Application to individual bodies of water began 14c.; there are usually reckoned to be five of them, but this is arbitrary; also occasionally applied to smaller subdivisions, such as German Ocean "North Sea." Oceania "southern Pacific island and Australia, conceived as a continent," 1849, Modern Latin, from French Océanie (c. 1812). Apparently coined by Danish geographer Conrad Malte-Brun (1755-1826). Earlier in English as Oceanica (1832). Oceania was the name of one of the superstates in Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four." Oceanea, name of James Harrington's 17c. ideal state, later was applied to the British empire. ochlocracy (n.) "government by the rabble," 1580s, from French ochlocratie (1560s), from Greek okhlokratia (Polybius) "mob rule," the lowest grade of democracy, from kratos "rule, power, strength" (see -cracy ) + okhlos "mob, populace," perhaps literally "moving mass," from PIE *wogh-lo-, from root *wegh- "to go, transport" in a vehicle (see weigh ). For sense development, compare mob (n.). Related: Ochlocratic; ochlocratical. Greek also had okhlagogos "mob-leader, ochlagogue." ochre (n.) type of clayey soil (much used in pigments), late 14c., from Old French ocre (c. 1300) and directly from Late Latin ocra, from Latin ochra , from Greek ochra, from ochros "pale yellow," of unknown origin. As a color name, "brownish-yellow," it is attested from mid-15c. Related: Ochreous. octa- before vowels oct-, word-forming element meaning "eight," from Greek okta-, okt-, from PIE *okto(u) "eight" (see eight ). The variant form octo- often appears in words taken from Latin, but the Greek form is said to be the more common in English. octave (n.) c. 1300, utaves (plural, via Anglo-French from popular Old French form oitieve, otaves), reformed in early 15c., from Medieval Latin octava, from Latin octava dies "eighth day," fem. of octavus "eighth," from octo (see eight ). Originally "period of eight days after a festival," also "eighth day after a festival" (counting both days, by inclusive reckoning, thus if the festival was on a Sunday, the octaves would be the following Sunday). Verse sense of "stanza of eight lines" is from 1580s; musical sense of "note eight diatonic degrees above (or below) a give


In 1983 Miss Betty Trask left £400,000 for an annual award for what genre of writing?

Connecting Generosity with Need - The Community Foundation of Middle Tennessee Annual Report by The Community Foundation of Middle Tennessee - issuu Monroe Harding, Inc. Endowment Fund Established 1999  Project Reflect Endowment Fund    Established 2007  Monroe Harding partners with at-risk youth and their families to foster a transformation of the mind, body and spirit through residential independent living programs for older adolescents as well as non-residential programming. A foundation of education, vocation and life skills training provides a bridge to independence and success.  Project Reflect serves children at high risk of school failure through education in academics, positive behavior and spirituality. It operates Smithson Craighead Academy charter schools for underachieving children in grades K-8, and after-school and summer school programs; advocates for education reform at state and local levels; and promotes choice for parents in public school education. This Fund helps to build a brighter future for at-risk children as they transform from a culture of poverty to a culture of learning and caring about others. Montgomery Bell Academy Scholarship Endowment Fund    Established 2001  Founded in 1867 as a scholarship school for young men, Montgomery Bell Academy is a 7-12 grade all-boys school. The MBA Scholarship Endowment Fund was established by the school’s trustees to ensure that scholarships and financial aid will always be available to guarantee that able students from different cultural and economic backgrounds can attend.  Nashville After Zone Alliance Fund Established 2012 Nashville Public Library Permanent Endowment Fund    Established 2001  A great city has a great library! The Main Library Building, which opened in 2001, is making a significant impact on life in our city. System-wide, the library offers high-tech informational systems, thousands of books and significant outreach programs. This Endowment Fund provides much needed funding to expand the library’s collections and keep the services up-to-date and state-of-the-art.  Nashville Public Television Endowment Fund    Established 2003  Nashville Public Television provides thoughtprovoking, educational, informative, and entertaining television to our community in a commercial free environment. NPT offers some of the most respected programs in the areas of education, history, drama, performance and finance, as well as a wealth of educational resources for teachers. The money from the endowment will help this Middle Tennessee treasure continue to serve our citizens for years to come.  PENCIL Foundation Endowment Fund    Established 2006  PENCIL Foundation plays an essential role in Nashville by linking community resources of both volunteers and materials with Metro Nashville Public Schools. PENCIL responds to the needs of Metro Schools, matching over 500 businesses and service organizations with individual schools as PENCIL Partners, collecting donated school supplies for teachers and training volunteer tutors to work with at-risk students. This Endowment Fund was created to ensure the growth of PENCIL’s programs as it serves at-risk youth.  Middle Tennessee The Public Schools Forum Fund    Established 2009 Often, the best economic development tool is an educated workforce, one ready to step in and equipped to succeed. The earmarks of such a workforce are people trained to problem-solve, to think creatively, to rise to the level of high expectations, and to seize opportunities. The Public Schools Forum Fund is intended to create a facile and agile supply of philanthropic dollars dedicated to supporting charitable projects and initiatives to improve, enhance and sustain education in Tennessee. The Fund is poised to identify opportunities and make strategic investments.  The Nashville Chapter of The Recording Academy’s Fund Designated to Benefit the Nashville Alliance for Public Education    Established 2006  The Recording Academy’s signature awards, The Grammys, bring out the best in people and encourage them to reach higher and dream bigger. Now, T


Which Roman Emperor was the son of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder?

Roman Emperors - DIR Agrippina the Elder Agrippina the Elder Donna Hurley Vipsania Agrippina, always simply Agrippina or Agrippina the Elder, when it is necessary to distinguish her from Agrippina the Younger , was a daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and of Julia , the daughter and only child of the emperor Augustus . Marcus Agrippa did not belong to one of Rome's distinguished families but had been one of Augustus' chief supporters in his rise to power and remained a trusted ally. In 21 BC Augustus rewarded him with marriage to Julia , hoping for a direct line of descent with Agrippa serving as regent, if necessary, until any male children came of age. He and Julia did not disappoint. They produced five children, but it was only the family of their second daughter, Agrippina, who would play an important role in the Julio-Claudian dynasty during the next century. Augustus lost little time in claiming this family for himself. He quickly adopted the two oldest boys, Gaius, who was born in 20 B.C., and Lucius, who was born in 17. A daughter, Julia, was evidently born between the boys and Agrippina between 16 and 13. Augustus' plan for succession seemed in order until Agrippa died in 12 BC, and a second interim solution was necessary. It was provided by another marriage for Julia , this time to Augustus' stepson, the son of his wife Livia , Tiberius Claudius Nero , who would follow him as the emperor Tiberius. Tiberius was to serve as guardian for the young boys until they came of age. But plans miscarried again when the two died prematurely in AD 4 and 2 respectively. [[1]] A final arrangement involved Agrippina. In AD 4 Augustus adopted Tiberius and in doing so made him his heir. To further assure the continuation of the dynasty that he had founded, he had Tiberius adopt his own brother's son, the young Germanicus , although he already had a son of his own. Augustus further arranged that Germanicus marry his granddaughter Agrippina. Their union brought Germanicus closer yet to the imperial house. [[2]] Wife of Germanicus The marriage of Agrippina and Germanicus proved even more fertile than had that of Julia and Agrippa . Of their nine children, two died in infancy and another as a toddler, but six, three males and three females, survived to maturity. These offspring promised a stable future for the imperial house. Near the end of his life, Augustus brought the two oldest, Nero and Drusus, into the royal box at games and showed them off in order to advertise family continuity. They added to the popularity of Germanicus as well, and Agrippina acquired a well-deserved reputation for successful childbearing. [[3]] In AD 12 Germanicus left Rome to assume command of the legions on the Rhine frontier. Agrippina joined him in 14 and, so far as is known, remained in the north until 17. They had with them their youngest son, two-year old Gaius . It was at this time that the little boy acquired his nickname Caligula ("Little Boots") from the footwear worn by the legionaries. Agrippina paraded him about dressed in a soldier's costume, another display of their children for the benefit of the imperial house. But she began to be accused of bringing attention to herself and to her husband at the expense of the present emperor. [[4]] When Augustus died in the late summer of AD 14, Agrippina was in Germanicus' camp near the present city of Cologne. The legions, dissatisfied with terms of their service, used the occasion to demand improved conditions. The unrest forced her to evacuate to a safer area in the south of the frontier region. In September of AD 15 she was once again in a forward position as she rallied discouraged legions returning from a difficult German campaign. She prevented the destruction of a temporary bridge across the Rhine and by her action gained a reputation for prowess and fortitude. The first two of her three daughters ( Agrippina the Younger and Drusilla) were born during this period, both probably in the territory of the Treveri, near modern Koblenz. [[5]] Germanicus was recalled to Rome after the end of the ca


Messalina was the third wife of which Roman Emperor?

Messalina Valeria | wife of Roman emperor Claudius | Britannica.com wife of Roman emperor Claudius Written By: Alternative Titles: Messallina Valeria, Valeria Messalina Messalina Valeria Wife of Roman emperor Claudius Also known as Marcus Tullius Cicero Messalina Valeria, Messalina also spelled Messallina (born before ad 20—died 48), third wife of the Roman emperor Claudius , notorious for licentious behaviour and instigating murderous court intrigues. The great-granddaughter of Augustus’s sister, Octavia , on both her father’s and mother’s sides, she was married to Claudius before he became emperor (39 or 40). They had two children, Octavia (later Nero’s wife) and Britannicus. Early sources maintain that Messalina allied herself with Claudius’s freedmen secretaries to dominate the emperor and to gratify her avarice and lust. In 42, Messalina caused Claudius to condemn to death a senator, Appius Silanus, who had slighted her advances. This heightened the tension between the emperor and Senate and prepared the way for a reign of terror in which many senators were executed after they had been denounced by Messalina. When she caused the death of Claudius’s freedman secretary, Polybius, however, the other freedmen turned against her. The correspondence secretary, Narcissus , managed to have her put to death by convincing Claudius that she and her lover, the consul designate Gaius Silius, had gone through a public wedding ceremony and were plotting to seize power. Messalina, marble bust; in the Uffizi, Florence Alinari/Art Resource, New York


City of Frankfort | Capital of Kentucky Frankfort Named One of Livability.com ’s 10 Best Cities for African Americans, 2016 Inaugural list identifies and ranks America’s best cities for African Americans April 4, 2016 In nearly every news cycle there's a story about the struggles faced by African Americans in our nation’s cities. Sadly, no place has yet to solve all issues of inequality for its residents. However, many smaller to mid-sized U.S. cities offer more level playing fields than their larger counterparts. With this in mind, Livability.com has named Frankfort one of the 10 Best Cities for African Americans, 2016 . Learn More..... For Immediate Release - April 19, 2016 –  The Frankfort Fire Department will soon be putting new procedures in place which they feel will increase the quality of care for cardiac arrest patients according to Fire Chief Eddie Slone.  Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart malfunctions and stops beating unexpectedly, which is caused by arrhythmias, including abnormal or irregular heart rhythms.  When this occurs immediate attention is needed by starting CPR right away, using a defibrillator to shock the heart and establish a normal heart rhythm, and in many cases the administration of cardiac drugs.  Without these tools death can occur within minutes of a cardiac arrest. Frankfort Fire and EMS’ new protocols... Read More..... Frankfort Fire and EMS Cardiac Arrest Procedures Modified August 22, 2016 – At their annual conference in Bowling Green, Saturday, August 20 the Kentucky Association of Fire Chiefs named Frankfort Fire & EMS Chief Eddie Slone Career Fire Chief of the Year. Chief Slone joined Frankfort Fire & EMS in 1994 and was promoted through the ranks until taking over as chief in 2013. His Department has 82 fulltime employees and responds to 7000 EMS and 1000 fire runs a year. Slone was instrumental in Frankfort receiving a Class II ISO rating in 2014. He has also fostered a regional attitude, working with Georgetown Fire to create a joint training program. Along with that regional approach he is the president of the Central Kentucky Fire Chiefs Association. For more information contact Rebecca Hall at rhall@frankfort.ky.gov. Kentucky’s Association of Fire Chiefs Names Slone Career Fire Chief of the Year Frankfort and Franklin County Fire Departments Give Automatic Aid Proposals Both the City of Frankfort and Franklin County Fire Departments have offered proposals for an Automatic Aid Agreement between the two agencies. Automatic aid is a contractual agreement between two or more fire departments where one department will automatically be dispatched with their neighboring department to structure fires or other incidents according to Captain John Redfern of the Frankfort Fire Department. On September 15, turn on your porch lights to honor everyone touched by cancer in every community in the Commonwealth! Snap a selfie and tag us #HopeShinesOnKY! Hope Live's at the City of Frankfort Day of Hope 2016 City of Frankfort, KY App December 21, 2015, Frankfort, Kentucky – Need to report a damaged street sign? Pay a parking ticket? Find out when the next ArtWalk is taking place? Discover what’s on the next City Commission Agenda for discussion? Well, all that and more can now be found at your fingertips thanks to the new Frankfort City App for Smart Phones, tablets and other devices. The App, which is now available free of charge on the App store for IPhone users and on Google Play for Android users. To find the App, search for City of Frankfort KY. The application is free and should only take a minute or two to download to your smart device. The App gives citizens access to the Frankfort/Franklin County Community Calendar, the City’s Facebook page, Commission Videos, Parking Ticket and Property payments as well as access to the City’s Website. The App also gives direct contact information to City Hall including email, phone and an interactive map. The App can also be expanded to include additional functions as they are needed and the City welcomes citizens’ input on what additions might be h


Miss USA Nia Sanchez forgets capital of 'home state' Nevada | Fox News Miss USA Nia Sanchez forgets capital of 'home state' Nevada Published        June 16, 2014 Facebook 0 Twitter 0 livefyre Email Print   Miss USA Nia Sanchez fueled speculation that she is a beauty pageant carpetbagger on Monday when she couldn’t remember the name of her supposed home state of Nevada. The former Miss Nevada was on the morning radio program “The Todd Show” when the show’s host asked her to name her state’s capital. “Oh oh ahhh, ummm, oh my gosh,” she stammered before being rescued by the show’s host, who gave her the answer: “Carson City.” “Thank you I was gonna say that, I was like, that one DJ host on MTV, back in the day, his name, that’s how I always remembered it,” she said. “Carson Daly, yeah,” the show’s co-host chimed in. More On This... A well-placed source told FOX411 that Sanchez, 25, only met the Nevada pageant’s minimum residency requirements in order to compete for the Miss Nevada crown, and didn’t actually live there. She had competed for the Miss California crown three times before, losing each time. “She never actually moved to Nevada, but continued to work at Disney and live in California, setting up some minimum paper trail to appear like she was in Nevada and allow her to compete,” the insider told FOX411. But Sanchez  told FOX411 in a one-on-one interview  that she had lived in the state almost 18 months before she won the title, much longer than the minimum six months required. “[Las Vegas] is my home,” she fold FOX411 Thursday. “I have a house there with a friend.” Advertisement


Scurvy: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments - Medical News Today Scurvy: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments Written by Peter Crosta M.A. 4 36 Scurvy is a disease caused by a diet that lacks vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Patients develop anemia , debility, exhaustion, edema (swelling) in some parts of the body, and sometimes ulceration of the gums and loss of teeth. The name scurvy comes from the Latin scorbutus. We have known about the disease in humans since ancient Greek and Egyptian times. Scurvy commonly is associated with sailors in the 16th to 18th centuries who navigated long voyages without enough vitamin C and frequently perished from the condition. Modern cases of scurvy are extremely rare. Humans cannot synthesize vitamin C, which is necessary for the production of collagen and iron absorption. We have to obtain it from external sources, i.e. from fruits and vegetables, or some foods which are fortified with vitamin C in order to prevent the vitamin C deficiency known as scurvy. Vitamin C deficiency is especially dangerous for the fetus (developing baby in the womb). Researchers from the University of Copenhagen reported in the journal PLOS ONE that pregnant women with a vitamin C deficiency can have babies whose brain did not develop properly . What causes scurvy? The primary cause of scurvy is insufficient intake of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). This may be due to ignorance, famine, anorexia , restrictive diets (due to allergies, food fads, etc.), or difficulty orally ingesting foods. Historically, scurvy was the result of long sea voyages where sailors did not bring along enough foods with vitamin C. Who gets scurvy? Though scurvy is a very rare disease, it still occurs in some patients - usually elderly people, alcoholics, or those that live on a diet devoid of fresh fruits and vegetables. Similarly, infants or children who are on special or poor diets for any number of economic or social reasons may be prone to scurvy. Symptoms of scurvy Scurvy symptoms may begin with appetite loss, poor weight gain, diarrhea , rapid breathing, fever , irritability, tenderness and discomfort in legs, swelling over long bones, bleeding (hemorrhaging), and feelings of paralysis. As the disease progresses, a scurvy victim may present bleeding of the gums, loosened teeth, petechial hemorrhage of the skin and mucous membranes (a tiny pinpoint red mark), bleeding in the eye, proptopsis of the eyeball (protruding eye), constochondral beading (beading of the cartilage between joints), hyperkeratosis (a skin disorder), corkscrew hair, and sicca syndrome (an automimmune disease affecting connective tissue). Infants with scurvy will become apprehensive, anxious, and progressively irritable. They often will assume the frog leg posture for comfort when struck with pseudoparalysis. It is common for infants with scurvy to present subperiosteal hemorrhage, a specific bleeding that occurs at the lower ends of the long bones. Diagnosis of scurvy Physicians initially will conduct a physical exam, looking for symptoms described above. Actual vitamin C levels can be obtained by using laboratory tests that analyze serum ascorbic acid levels (or white blood cell ascorbic acid concentration). Sometimes, radiological procedures are ordered for diagnostic purposes and to see what damage scurvy has already done. Treatments for scurvy Scurvy is treated by providing the patient with vitamin C, administered either orally or via injection. Orange juice usually functions as an effective dietary remedy, but specific vitamin supplements are also known to be effective. How can scurvy be prevented? Scurvy can be prevented by consuming enough vitamin C, either in the diet or as a supplement. Foods that contain vitamin C include: Oranges, lemons, kiwi fruit and strawberries are all excellent natural sources of vitamin C. Oranges


To reoulate which disease is insulin used?

What is Insulin? - Important hormone allows your body to use sugar (glucose) What is Insulin? Written by Amy Hess-Fischl MS, RD, LDN, BC-ADM, CDE Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that allows your body to use sugar (glucose) from carbohydrates in the food that you eat for energy or to store glucose for future use. Insulin helps keeps your blood sugar level from getting too high ( hyperglycemia ) or too low (hypoglycemia). The cells in your body need sugar for energy. However, sugar cannot go into most of your cells directly. After you eat food and your blood sugar level rises, cells in your pancreas (known as beta cells) are signaled to release insulin into your bloodstream. Insulin then attaches to and signals cells to absorb sugar from the bloodstream. Insulin is often described as a “key,” which unlocks the cell to allow sugar to enter the cell and be used for energy. After you eat, cells in your pancreas are signaled to release insulin into the bloodstream. If you have more sugar in your body than it needs, insulin helps store the sugar in your liver and releases it when your blood sugar level is low or if you need more sugar, such as in between meals or during physical activity. Therefore, insulin helps balance out blood sugar levels and keeps them in a normal range. As blood sugar levels rise, the pancreas secretes more insulin. If your body does not produce enough insulin or your cells are resistant to the effects of insulin, you may develop hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), which can cause long-term complications if the blood sugar levels stay elevated for long periods of time. Insulin Treatment for Diabetes People with type 1 diabetes cannot make insulin because the beta cells in their pancreas are damaged or destroyed. Therefore, these people will need insulin injections to allow their body to process glucose and avoid complications from hyperglycemia. People with type 2 diabetes do not respond well or are resistant to insulin. They may need insulin shots to help them better process sugar and to prevent long-term complications from this disease. Persons with type 2 diabetes may first be treated with oral medications, along with diet and exercise. Since type 2 diabetes is a progressive condition, the longer someone has it, the more likely they will require insulin to maintain blood sugar levels. Various types of insulin are used to treat diabetes and include: Rapid-acting insulin: It starts working approximately 15 minutes after injection and peaks at approximately 1 hour but continues to work for two to four hours. This is usually taken before a meal and in addition to a long-acting insulin. Short-acting insulin: It starts working approximately 30 minutes after injection and peaks at approximately 2 to 3 hours but will continue to work for three to six hours. It is usually given before a meal and in addition to a long-acting insulin. Intermediate-acting insulin: It starts working approximately 2 to 4 hours after injection and peaks approximately 4 to 12 hours later and continues to work for 12-18 hours. It is usually taken twice a day and in addition to a rapid- or short-acting insulin.  Long-acting insulin: It starts working after several hours after injection and works for approximately 24 hours. If necessary, it is often used in combination with rapid- or short-acting insulin. Insulin can be given by a syringe, injection pen, or an insulin pump that delivers a continuous flow of insulin. Your doctor will work with you to figure out which type of insulin is best for you depending on whether you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes, your blood sugar levels,and your lifestyle.


Where in Britain is the National Horseracing Museum?

National Horseracing Museum (Newmarket, England): Top Tips Before You Go - TripAdvisor Sun - Sat 10:00 am - 5:00 pm Recommended length of visit: More than 3 hours Description: The National Heritage Centre is situated in the remains of Charles II’s... The National Heritage Centre is situated in the remains of Charles II’s sporting palace and stables, and spans five acres in the heart of Newmarket. It comprises three complementary attractions; the new National Horseracing Museum, a National Art Gallery of British Sporting Art, and a chance to meet former racehorses, in the flagship yard of Retraining of Racehorses. read more Terrible “From the horse's mouth” I'm not a racing person, but I live in Newmarket, the home of Britain's horse racing industry, where there are 3,000+ horses in training. We've been waiting and watching for the... read more Reviewed 2 days ago


In which British city is the National Media Museum (formerly National Museum of Photography, Film and Television)?

Museum History - About Us - National Media Museum Newsletter Museum History Look back over the history of the Museum, from our most recent developments to the opening of the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television back in 1983. To read about our future plans, please visit Reports, Plans & Policies . New Foyer and Games Lounge 2010 A major revamp of the Museum foyer was unveiled in February including a brand new Games Lounge, a new temporary gallery drawing on the National Videogame Archive established in 2008 in partnership with Nottingham Trent University; a new box office; a relocated and redesigned shop and new signage throughout the Museum. One in five visitors to the Games Lounge named it as their favourite part of the Museum. World's First UNESCO City of Film 2009 The Museum partnered other bodies from the Bradford District in a bid to become the world's first UNESCO City of Film. The bid was accepted, and the title was awarded to the City of Bradford by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. National Media Museum Launch 2006 In December 2006, the Museum – previously known as the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television – was relaunched and renamed the National Media Museum. The name change was motivated by the need to respond to a rapidly changing media landscape, and to extend our remit to reflect the web and new digital technology. Experience TV Gallery Opens 2006 A new £3 million interactive gallery dedicated to the past, present and future of television opened in 2006. From John Logie Baird's original apparatus to a Dalek; where important televisions and studio cameras sit alongside Wallace, Gromit and the Play School toys. We created the only gallery of its kind in Europe, putting hundreds of objects from the Museum Collections on display. BBC in Bradford 2003 In 2003 the Museum opened a functioning BBC tri-media studio enabling visitors to watch journalists producing material for the BBC West Yorkshire website and gather news items to be broadcast on local and national radio and television. The studio also has a television interview point with video editing equipment and an observable radio studio. Bond Exhibition 2002 This remarkable exhibition celebrated 40 years of the world's best-known movie phenomenon - James Bond - unmissable for film lovers, Bond fans and production and design enthusiasts. The exhibition included stunning concept drawings, storyboards, costume designs and original props, from Oddjob's deadly bowler hat to Jaws' menacing teeth; all of which revealed the creative talents that made James Bond an international icon. Our exhibition toured to London, the United States and Canada. NMPFT Relaunch 1999 The Museum's landmark building, fronted by a new glass atrium which scales the full height of the structure, was opened by special guest Pierce Brosnan following an 18-month renovation. We also launched a striking new 120 seat cinema - Cubby Broccoli, the Animation Gallery was opened, and the IMAX cinema became capable of showing remarkable 3D films. TV Heaven Opens 1993 The Museum launched a unique gallery which enabled visitors to view classic British television programmes from 1946 onwards. TV heaven makes accessible our extensive Collection of classic television programmes, many of which are not available to watch anywhere else. It was an immediate success and continues to be so. Cinerama Comes to Bradford 1993 Shortly after Pictureville Cinema opened, a Cinerama screen and projection system was installed. Cinerama simultaneously projects three films against a deeply curved screen, and in 1952 became the world's first wide-screen film presentation system. Pictureville is the only public cinema where this format can be screened in the UK. Pictureville Cinema Opens 1992 The Library Theatre, situated next to the Museum, was converted into a grand 306 seat cinema. This development enabled the Museum to extend its film programme and show an eclectic mix from the history of cinema to contemporary work from around the world. Live Broadcasting St


In Arthurian legend, who encounters and beheads the Greene Knight?

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight The Green Knight   In Camelot, the castle was in the midst of Christmas celebration, when a lone knight rode into King Arthur's court. The knight wore clothing that was green. His skin, beard and hair were also green in colour. Even the mane and tail of his horse were green. In the one hand the Green Knight carry a cluster of holly, while in his other hand he carried a great wicked axe. The Green Knight challenged the famous knights of the Round Table in a game of beheading. The Green Knight wanted one of the knights to use his axe on his own neck; in return the other knight must allow him to cut off the other's head, one day and a year from now. The Green Knight offered his axe as a prize. No one thought such game was possible without someone being killed. No brave warrior accepted this challenge until the Green Knight had accused Arthur's knights of cowardice. Arthur felt so shamed that none in his knights in court that would have accept the challenge. Arthur would have offered to accept the challenge, until his nephew, Sir Gawain , decided to step forward to accept the Green Knight's challenge. Gawain agreed to the Green Knight's term, that he would face the blow one-year from now. With this pact sealed, Gawain swung the axe at the Green Knight's neck. Instead of the body collapsing to the floor, the knight bent over and picked up his head. The Green Knight told the hero to find him at the Green Chapel by the time of Christmas, so Gawain could receive the return blow.   The Games of the Hunt and Seduction   Ten months later, Gawain set out for the Green Chapel. The ladies and damsels grieved for him, since they believed Gawain was going to his death. His journey north brought him to encounters against wild men and enemy knights. Gawain fought off wolves, ogres and dragons in his travel. The winter winds and snow swirled around him as he treads his way through woods or hills. Finally on Christmas Eve, Gawain came upon a castle, where Lord Bertilak de Hautdesert and his beautiful wife greeted the travel-weary hero. Bertilak offered the hero lodging, since the Green Chapel was not too far away. Bertilak told his guest that he would be going on a hunting trip, his wife would entertain the guest during the day. Bertilak told Gawain that they should exchange gifts each day the host returned from hunting. Bertilak would give the hero the gift from his hunt, while Gawain would give to his host anything that the hero would win in his castle. Early the next morning, when Bertilak went out to hunt, the lord's wife kept Gawain's company. Bertilak chased and hunted deers in the forest. The beautiful wife flirted with Gawain and set about seducing the hero into sleeping with her. Gawain cleverly and politely turned aside her advances without offending his hostess. Gawain, however, did accept a kiss from his hostess. In the evening when Bertilak return from the hunt, with all the games he had killed. As they agreed from the previous night, Bertilak gave his kills to Gawain as part of their bargain. Gawain, who had only received a kiss from his host's wife, so Gawain kissed Bertilak upon the lips. Bertilak said it was a fair exchange. The next day, Bertilak set out again with his huntsmen. This time, Bertilak faced a more dangerous beast in the hunt, the wild boar. The boar had injured some hounds. The arrows used by the bowmen proved to ineffective against he boar's hide. Bertilak chased the wild boar all day. Finally cornering the boar at the river. The boar charged at Bertilak. Both Bertilak and the boar fell in the water. Bertilak killed the boar with his sword. At the castle, the host's wife continued her attempts to seduce Gawain. Gawain had more difficulties diverting the beautiful lady. The lady tested Gawain' restraint to the limits, because she was one of the fairest in the land. Again he accepted another kiss, before she departed from his bedchamber. When Bertilak returned to the castle, offering his today's game to Gawain. In return, Gawain kissed his host. The next day, Bertilak hunt the w


In Arthurian legend, of which region was King Mark the King?

King Mark ~ Other Characters in Arthurian Legend | King Arthur & The Knights of the Round Table     King Mark of Cornwall King Mark of Cornwall was the brother of Tristan's mother (named Elyzabeth    in Malory; Blanscheflur in Gottfried; King Mark listens to the       crying of Iseult after Tristan's death. Blauncheflour in Sir Tristrem) and uncle to Sir Tristan.    Mark appears in early Celtic literature such as he Triad telling the story of Tristan as one of the three powerful swineherds    of Britain. In this Triad, "Drystan son of Tallwch" watches    over the swine of "March" (Mark) while the swineherd delivers    a message from Drystan to Essylt. The Welsh work was the source for an episode    in Masefield's play Tristan and Isolt, in which Arthur appears as    a "Captain of the Host" and is subordinate to Mark. There is some    evidence for an actual Welsh nobleman, March son of Meirchyawn, behind the    figure of Mark. In the ninth-century Life of Paul Aurelian (St. Pol a monk of Landevennec    and patron saint of Paul in Cornwall) by Wrmonoc, Mark is identified with    Cunomorus (Welsh Kynvawr), who ruled Cornwall in the early sixth century,    and who probably had his seat at Castle Dore, a hillfort near Fowey. Wrmonoc    says of St. Paul: "fama ejus regis Marci pervolat ad aures quem alio    nomine Quonomorium vocant". Cunomorus and Tristan are associated on    the famous Tristan Stone (also located in Fowey), a memorial stone commemorating    Drustanus, son of Cunomorus. Mark figures in the medieval Tristan and Iseult tales as the rival to Tristan,    originally as a basically noble man caught up in the tragic circumstances,    but increasingly as a figure who exhibits traits inconsistent with chivalrous    conduct. He, or a modern analogue of his character, also appears in modern    reworkings of the legend, including those by Thomas Hardy, John Masefield,    Martha Kinross, Don Marquis, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch,    John Erskine, John Updike, and many others. © The Camelot Project, The University of Rochester


In the Bible, who was the first King of Israel?

7. The Making of Israel’s First King (1 Samuel 9:1-11:13) | Bible.org 7. The Making of Israel’s First King (1 Samuel 9:1-11:13) Introduction Over 40 years ago, my parents lived in a sparsely populated development which overlooked Puget Sound in Washington State. (The view was so spectacular that my father built the outhouse up on the hill, facing the view and the road.) One Sunday afternoon while my parents were taking a nap, my sister and I were playing along the road when a car pulled up beside us and the driver asked if we had seen a pig. He told us his pig had somehow escaped from his pen and was running wild somewhere nearby. Deciding that a pig hunt would be a great afternoon activity, my sister and I got into the car to help look for the pig. The driver warned us about the cross-cut saw lying on the back floor, which had just been sharpened, but the warning came too late. My sister had already run her leg along the sharp teeth, creating several deep cuts. The driver panicked, wrapping a less than sterile rag around the ankle to slow down the bleeding. The closest hospital was some eight or ten miles away, and he drove us there as quickly as possible. It was from the hospital that I called my parents, still napping. Thinking Ruth and I were just outside, they were shocked to learn I was calling from the hospital and that my sister had a large number of stitches in her leg. That was a pig-hunt that turned sour. What looked like an exciting venture turned out to be not only unsuccessful, but downright painful and costly. Our text tells of an animal hunt that turns out just the opposite. It begins with several donkeys wandering off and getting lost, with Saul and a servant in pursuit. They never actually find the lost animals, but the trip made in search of these strays is well worth the effort, as we shall see. What begins perhaps as an almost irksome task ends up with a revelation which must have caused Saul’s head to swim with wonder and excitement. The mood of most of the Israelites is one of enthusiastic expectation. The elders of the nation, strongly supported by the people, have come to Samuel, demanding a king to judge them like all the nations around them. Samuel is not pleased. He senses that this has not been prompted by faith and obedience to God, and God confirms his suspicions as He also comforts Samuel regarding the personal affront of the elders’ demand to him. As in the past, the Israelites even now are turning from God to idols. The people are not rejecting Samuel as their judge; they are rejecting God as their King. In spite of their sin of asking for a king, God instructs Samuel to warn the people concerning the high cost of a king and then inform them that they will indeed be given a king. With this assurance, Samuel dismisses the people and sends them to their cities (8:22). Oblivious to the warnings and seriousness of their sin, the Israelites are ecstatic over their future king. As God had instructed in Deuteronomy 17:15, the king must be one of God’s choosing. Surely this means that Samuel will be the one who will designate God’s choice. All eyes are on Samuel. Every man who crosses the path of this prophet and judge is viewed as a candidate for king. No wonder Saul’s uncle is so interested in what Samuel has to say to Saul (1 Samuel 10:14-16). No one would have ever imagined just how God would make the choice of His king known. Chapters 9-11 of 1 Samuel tell us. The events of these three chapters serve a very important purpose, for they demonstrate emphatically that Saul is God’s choice for Israel’s king, and that God has fully equipped him to carry out this task. The events of chapter 9 make it clear to Samuel that Saul is God’s choice for Israel’s king. Chapters 9 and 10 describe events which should convince Saul that he is God’s choice for Israel’s king. And chapters 10 and 11 record the casting of lots, the designation of Saul, and the great military victory over Nahash and the Ammonites, which convince the Israelites that Saul is their king. These three overlapping functions might be i


Heraldry Tweet Heraldry is the practice of devising, granting, displaying, describing, and recording coats of arms and heraldic badges. Officers of arms        (Kings of Arms, Heralds and Pursuviants) practice heraldry and also        rule on questions of rank or protocol. The        origins of heraldry stretch back into ancient times. Warriors often        decorated their shields with patterns and mythological motifs. Army        units of the Roman Empire were identified by the distinctive markings        on their shields (see left). These were not heraldic in the medieval        sense, as they were associated with military units, not individuals        or families. Truly heraldic devices seem to have been first used in Carolingian        times. Seals and banners confirm that they were being used in the        Flemish area of Europe during the reign of Charlemagne (768814        AD). The emergence of heraldry as we know it today was linked to the        need to distinguish participants quickly and easily in combat. Distinguishing        devices were used on surcoats ("coats of arms"), shields,        and caparisoned horses, and it would have been natural for knights        to use the same devices as those already used on their banners and        seals. A formal system of rules developed into ever more complex        forms of heraldry to ensure that each knight's arms were unique        (at least within the same jurisdiction). The system of blazoning arms that is used in English-speaking countries        today was developed by the officers of arms in the Middle Ages.        This includes a stylised description of the escutcheon (shield),        the crest, and, if present, supporters, mottoes, and other insignia.        The language is an anglicised version of Norman French and does        not always match modern heraldic French: for example the colour        green is called Vert in heraldic English, but sinople in heraldic French. Although heraldry is nearly 900 years old, it is still in use.        Many cities and towns in Europe and around the world make use of        arms. Personal heraldry, both legally protected and lawfully assumed,        has continued to be used around the world. Certain heraldic rules apply, the most important of which is the        Rule of Tincture. This prohibits certain colour combinations, as        described below. Understanding these rules is a key to the art of        heraldry. Rules and terminology differ from country to country.        Several national styles had developed by the end of the Middle Ages,        but some aspects carry over internationally.     Inescutcheon An inescutcheon is a smaller shield that is shown within or superimposed        over the main shield. This may be used for heraldic style, in pretence        (to bear another's arms over one's own), to bear one's own personal        arms over the territorial arms of one's domains, as an augmentation        of honour, or as a simple charge. Inescutcheons may also be used to bear another's arms in "pretence",        In English Heraldry the husband of a heraldic heiress - a woman        without any brothers - may place her father's arms in an escutcheon        of pretence in the centre of his own shield as a claim ("pretence")        to be the head of his wife's family. In the next generation the        arms would then be quartered. (Normally the arms of the wife would        be impaled with those of the husband a convention known as Baron        and Femme). In        similar fashion, one may bear one's own arms inescutcheon en surtout        over the territorial arms of his/her domains, such as in the arms        of the Danish Royal Family, the greater coat of


The Royal family of which country is named Bernadotte?

Bernadotte Genealogy, Bernadotte Family History About the Bernadotte surname Bernadotte is the dynastic name of Sweden's royal family, which has its origins in southern France. Den äldsta kända medlemmen i släkten på fädernet är Joandou du Poey, som den 5 juli 1615 gifte sig med Germaine de Bernadotte, delägare i ett hus i Pau, kallat "de Bernadotte", och från vilken namnet Bernadotte har sitt ursprung. Hon var dotter till Jean de Layus och Estébène de Butleret, och synes ha tagit namnet efter det hus hon ärvde i Pau, Béarn. (Swedish Wikipedia, Bernadotte: Släkten Bernadottes franska rötter ) English translation: The oldest known member of the family on his father's side was Joandou de Poey, who on July 5 1615 married Germaine de Bernadotte, co-owner of a house in Pau, called the "Bernadotte", and from which the name of Bernadotte originated. She was the daughter of Jean de Layus and Estébène de Butleret, and seems to have taken the name after the house she inherited in Pau, Béarn. Origin of Sweden's Royal Family From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bernadotte Following the Finnish War in 1809, Sweden suffered the traumatic loss of Finland, which had constituted the eastern half of the Swedish realm for centuries. Resentment towards King Gustav IV Adolf precipitated a coup d'état. Gustav Adolf was deposed and his uncle Charles XIII was elected King in his place. This was merely a temporary solution, as Charles XIII was childless. So in 1810 the Riksdag of the Estates (Swedish parliament) elected Prince Christian August of Augustenborg, from Denmark, as heir to the throne. However, he died later that same year. At this time, Emperor Napoleon I of France controlled much of continental Europe, some of it as client kingdoms headed by his brothers (see Napoleonic Empire). The Riksdag decided to choose a king whom Napoleon would like. On 21 August 1810, the Riksdag elected Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, a Marshal of France, as heir presumptive to the Swedish throne. Bernadotte, born in the town of Pau, in the province of Béarn, France, had risen to the rank of general during the tumultuous years of the French Revolution. In 1798 he married Désirée Clary, whose sister was married to Joseph, Napoleon's elder brother. In 1804 Napoleon promoted him to a Marshal of France. Napoleon also granted him the title 'Prince of Pontecorvo', a town in central Italy. As the Crown Prince of Sweden he assumed the name Karl Johan (Charles John), and acted officially as regent for the remainder of Charles XIII's reign. In 1813, he broke with Napoleon and Sweden joined the anti-Napoleon alliance. He secured a forced personal union between Sweden and Norway in the 1814 campaign against Norway. Bernadotte reigned as King Charles XIV of Sweden and Carl III Johan of Norway from 5 February 1818 until his death on 8 March 1844. The House of Bernadotte reigned in both countries until the Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905. Prince Carl of Denmark was then elected as King Haakon VII of Norway. Carl was a grandson of King Charles XV of Sweden, and a great-great-grandson of Charles XIV. The coat of arms of the House of Bernadotte combines the coat of arms of the House of Vasa (heraldic left) and the coat of arms of Bernadotte as the Prince of Pontecorvo (heraldic right). It is visible as an inescutcheon in the Greater Coat of Arms of the Realm. app014


The Pied Piper of Hamelin - Poems | Academy of American Poets Academy of American Poets The Academy of American Poets is the largest membership-based nonprofit organization fostering an appreciation for contemporary poetry and supporting American poets. For over three generations, the Academy has connected millions of people to great poetry through programs such as National Poetry Month, the largest literary celebration in the world; Poets.org, the Academy’s popular website; American Poets, a biannual literary journal; and an annual series of poetry readings and special events. Since its founding, the Academy has awarded more money to poets than any other organization. browse poems & poets sign up to receive a new poem-a-day in your inbox sign up Pirate Story by Robert Louis Stevenson Travel by Robert Louis Stevenson Loneliness by Trumbull Stickney read this poet's poems Robert Browning was born on May 7, 1812, in Camberwell, England. His mother was an accomplished pianist and a devout evangelical Christian. His father, who worked as a bank clerk, was also an artist, scholar, antiquarian, and collector of books and pictures. His rare book collection of more than 6,000 volumes included works in Greek, Hebrew, Latin, French, Italian, and Spanish. Much of Browning's education came from his well-read father. It is believed that he was already proficient at reading and writing by the age of five. A bright and anxious student, Browning learned Latin, Greek, and French by the time he was fourteen. From fourteen to sixteen he was educated at home, attended to by various tutors in music, drawing, dancing, and horsemanship. At the age of twelve he wrote a volume of Byronic verse entitled Incondita, which his parents attempted, unsuccessfully, to have published. In 1825, a cousin gave Browning a collection of Percy Bysshe Shelley ’s poetry; Browning was so taken with the book that he asked for the rest of Shelley's works for his thirteenth birthday, and declared himself a vegetarian and an atheist in emulation of the poet. Despite this early passion, he apparently wrote no poems between the ages of thirteen and twenty. In 1828, Browning enrolled at the University of London, but he soon left, anxious to read and learn at his own pace. The random nature of his education later surfaced in his writing, leading to criticism of his poems' obscurities. In 1833, Browning anonymously published his first major published work, Pauline, and in 1840 he published Sordello, which was widely regarded as a failure. He also tried his hand at drama, but his plays, including Strafford, which ran for five nights in 1837, and the Bells and Pomegranates series, were for the most part unsuccessful. Nevertheless, the techniques he developed through his dramatic monologues—especially his use of diction, rhythm, and symbol—are regarded as his most important contribution to poetry, influencing such major poets of the twentieth century as Ezra Pound , T. S. Eliot , and Robert Frost . After reading Elizabeth Barrett’ s Poems (1844) and corresponding with her for a few months, Browning met her in 1845. They were married in 1846, against the wishes of Barrett's father. The couple moved to Pisa and then Florence, where they continued to write. They had a son, Robert "Pen" Browning, in 1849, the same year his Collected Poems was published. Elizabeth inspired Robert's collection of poems Men and Women (1855), which he dedicated to her. Now regarded as one of Browning's best works, the book was received with little notice at the time; its author was then primarily known as Elizabeth Barrett's husband. Elizabeth Barrett Browning died in 1861, and Robert and Pen Browning soon moved to London. Browning went on to publish Dramatis Personae (1864), and The Ring and the Book (1868–1869). The latter, based on a seventeenth-century Italian murder trial, received wide critical acclaim, finally earning a twilight of reknown and respect in Browning's career. The Browning Society was founded while he still lived, in 1881, and he was awarded honorary degrees by Oxford University


Which mythical creature had the head of a man and the body of a lion?

manticore - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.com Random Word manticore Watch out for the manticore — the name comes from the Persian word for “man-eater!” A manticore is a mythical creature with a man's head, a lion's body, and a scorpion's tail. And teeth. Lots of teeth. The manticore is a fearsome half-beast half-human, with sharp quills like a porcupine. Fortunately, you're not likely to see a manticore anywhere outside a dream or mythology book, because it's a made-up monster. There are many such creatures in mythology, like a griffin that has a lion’s head and eagle wings, or an Egyptian sphinx with a human head and a lion’s body. But if you see a toothy, man-headed, lion-bodied guy with a sharp tail, it’s a manticore.


What did Joseph Hobson Jagger 'break' in July 1875?

Know about Joseph Jagger Mumbels Joseph Jagger The full name of Jagger was Joseph Hobson Jagger and he was born in 1830 and died in 1892. Basically He was an engineer but he was popular for playing roulette. Some people believe that his name was Jaggers but most of the research showed that his name was Jagger not Jaggers. He had some type blood connection with Mick Jagger. He was born in the September of 1830 and his village name Shelf and that village situated near the Halifax of Yorkshire. He worked in cotton industries of Yorkshire as an engineer and from that he got experience about machine. Link with Roulette He did a lot research about roulette machines and its behavior and after that he discovered that roulette machines were not random as everybody said and it could have biases that could be turned for a particular slot or number and that number would win a lot. In the 1873 he hired 6 people to secretly record the winning positions of the 6 roulette wheels of 6 famous casinos of that time. After getting the records he came with a decision that for one roulette wheel among the 6 had clear bias, and that wheel made outcomes only for 29, 28, 22, 19, 18, 17, 9, 8 and 7 numbers, and other numbers happened only a few times in a day. Adventure Began After the decision, he made his 1st bet on the 7th July of 1875 and won a lot within a shortest period of time. He won Â£14,000 but comparing with amount of current time, that amount will be Â£700,000, 50 times larger than the actual amount. For the next 3 days he won Â£60,000 and after that the casino authority changed the wheel. He marked the wheel earlier and after a few rounds he learnt that the wheel was changed. Then he went to look for the mark and he found that wheel in other place of the casino. Then he started winning again and everyday the casino authority changing the position of the roulette wheel and at last they broke the wheel and for doing this Jagger loosed a lot but still he had most of his winnings in his hand. After a few days of loosing Jagger left Monte Carlo and he never came back to the city. Jagger invested all his winnings in different businesses and he got a lot profit from those businesses. In 1892 a song come out with the name The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo and the man who was behind of this song was Jagger and people of the gambling world still uses his name to play and gamble.


In which county is the town of Royal Wootton Bassett?

Royal Wootton Bassett Town Football Club - A Charter Standard Community Club - About Us Royal Wootton Bassett Town Football Club About Us | Contact Directory | Vacancies | Find Us Royal Wootton Bassett Town Football Club is an FA Charter Standard Community Club, with 27 teams in total, ranging from Veterans through to Under 7s. For the 2015-16 season, the club has four senior teams competing in the Hellenic League Premier Division, FA Cup, FA Vase, Wiltshire County League and Wiltshire County Floodlit League, one ladies team competing in the Gloucestershire County Women's League Division One and 18 youth teams in the North Wilts Youth Football League. Situated in the small market town six miles south west of Swindon, the club have been playing football since November 1882, making it one of the oldest in Wiltshire. After early seasons in the Vale of the White Horse, Swindon & District and Cirencester & District Leagues, Bassett came to prominence at the start of the twentieth century, spending five seasons in the Wiltshire League. Unfortunately in the summer of 1908 the club folded, only emerging again in 1930 after the opening of the Gerard Buxton Sports Ground on land which was donated by local dignitary Major Gerard Buxton for sporting activities in the town. For 84 years Bassett would call that ground home. Initially they were playing in the Calne & District League against teams from surrounding villages before regaining Wiltshire County League status prior to the outbreak of World War II. Following the war, Bassett made steady progress, eventually winning Wiltshire County League Division One in 1958-59 to gain promotion to the Wiltshire League Premier Division. They stayed in this division until a restructuring of County League football at the end of the 1960s, joining the Wiltshire Combination. Further realignment followed in 1976, with the establishment of the Wiltshire County League. Initially, Bassett bounced between Division One and Two before eventually winning Division One – and promotion to the Hellenic League – in 1987/88. Bassett's early years in the Hellenic League saw them win the Division One Cup on two occasions, while the Wiltshire Senior Cup was won for the first time in 1998-99. A a third place finish in the league, coupled with developments to the ground at Rylands Way, then earned promotion to the Hellenic League Premier Division in 1999-2000 for the first time, before the County Cup was won again in 2000-01. The 2000s saw a five year spell in the Hellenic Premier, before relegation back to Division One West. A five year period in that division was ended with promotion in 2009-10, though Bassett were demoted back to Division One West a year later. Hellenic Premier Division status was restored again in the first team's final year at Rylands Way in 2012-13. The new Millennium also heralded developments in the club's youth section too, and this has grown in size exponentially since the turn of the century. This helped the club become the first in Wiltshire to achieve FA Charter Standard status, which was granted in 2008 and soon upgraded to Community Club status. For the 2015-16 season, a new chapter in the club's development has been opened, with the move to the facility at the New Gerard Buxton Sports Ground and a change in name to reflect the town's Royal status. Key Facts


The 2014 Commonwealth Games.will be held in which city?

Commonwealth Games 2014: 7 things to know about the Glasgow 2014 - India.com » Buzz Commonwealth Games 2014: 7 things to know about the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games have been an integral and widely popular sporting event around the world that sees the participation of Commonwealth of Nations. By Rashmi Mishra | Updated: July 22, 2014 5:25 PM IST Comments The Commonwealth Games 2014 or the XX Commonwealth Games as it is officially known will be taking place in Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom from July 23 to August 3, 2014. India has been one of the participating nations at the Games were last editions host nation. Commonwealth Games have been an integral and widely popular sporting event around the world that sees the participation of Commonwealth of Nations. With a day left before the commencement of the 20th Edition of Commonwealth Games, we take a quick look at few things to know about the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games: 1—2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games, beginning from 23rd July is a 12-day event till August 3. It will see a participation of 4, 100 athletes from the Commonwealth Nations. In the 2010 Commonwealth Games held in Delhi, India had a total of 6,081 athletes from 71 Commonwealth Nations. 2—The motto of Commonwealth Games 2014 is People, Place, Passion. Scotland hosts its largest multi-event sport in the country. The decision over the final decision on the host city for hosting the 2014 Commonwealth Games was held in Colombo, Sri Lanka on November 9, 2007 at the Commonwealth Games Federation General Assembly. 3– There are a total of 17 sports and 261 medal events that will be contested at the 2014 Commonwealth Games. They are: Aquatics, Diving (10), Swimming (44), Athletics (50), Badminton (6), Boxing (13), Cycling – Mountain biking (2), Road (4), Track (17), Gymnastics – Artistic gymnastics (14), Rhythmic gymnastics (6), Hockey (2), Judo (14), Lawn Bowls (10), Netball (1), Rugby sevens (1), Shooting (19), Squash (5), Table tennis (7), Triathlon (3), Weightlifting (19), Wrestling – Freestyle (14) 4– The opening ceremony for the 2014 Commonwealth Games will be held at Celtic Park in Glasgow, Scotland on Wednesday 23rd July 2014. India’s Olympic silver medallist pistol shooter, Vijay Kumar will be the flag-bearer for India. The National stadium of football in Scotland with the capacity of 52, 025, Hampden Park will held the closing ceremony. The Park has been specially adapted to host the track and field events. 5—The Athlete’s Village of the Commonwealth Games 2014 is situated within 20 minutes drive from majority of venues   in Dalmarnock. The Athlete’s Village has been designed by the Paul Stallan Studio @ RMJM. It can accommodate around 8000 individuals and created 1500 jobs opportunities. 6—The logo of Commonwealth Games 2014 was unveiled during the 19th Edition in the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi. Keeping three factors time, data and measurement in mind, Marque Creative designed the official logo. The rings are proportioned to represent the 20th Commonwealth Games, across 17 sports, over 11 days in 1 city. 7—Clyde, a cheeky wee thistle is the mascot of Commonwealth Games 2014. Inspired by story from past of a real ship called the SS Cameronia built on the River Clyde. The mascot has been designed by 12-year-old Beth Gilmour who won a competition. The mascot has been named after the river as during the event Clyde will move around the host city just like the river flowed. Published Date: July 22, 2014 5:02 PM IST | Updated Date: July 22, 2014 5:25 PM IST


The onion is a member of which flower family?

Plants in the Onion Family | Garden Guides Plants in the Onion Family Plants in the Onion Family Reason for flagging? Submit The garden onion, or Allium cepa L., has been used for thousands of years as a food staple, a medicinal herb and a way to add flavor to food. Surprisingly, this tear-inducing variety is in the lily family, and also has a handful of popular varieties in the same family. The bulbs and stems can be eaten, adding sweetness, peppery flavors or a sharp edge to your food. Whether cooked or raw, members in the onion family still lend a variety of flavors to the majority of dishes today. Scallions Scallions (Allium fistulosum), also known as green or spring onions, are delicate with a strong onion flavor. This variety does not develop a bulb when growing, and the long, skinny, green leaves are hollow. They are often used raw and thinly sliced as a garnish or to top a salad or meat dishes because when cooked, the flavor and texture do not stay intact. Scallions can add a mild onion flavor to sauces or oils when simmered. Leeks Leeks (Allium porrum L.) are one of the milder tasting members in the onion family. They resemble large green onions (scallions), with the white part providing more onion flavor than the green stems. Leeks thrive in sandy loamy soil and require a lot of cleaning in order to get rid of all the dirt in the folds of the plant. These are often grilled, braised or broiled with meat dishes. They are difficult to break down into sauces because they are thick and tough. Chives Chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.) are one of the smaller bulb plants in the onion family. These resemble tiny scallions and only the tall, thin, delicate green stems are eaten. They have a mild onion flavor and are usually finely chopped to sprinkle on just about everything from sauces to beverages to salads and crackers. These are regularly used in cooking as a garnish, most commonly on potatoes, finished sauce dishes and dips. Shallots Shallots (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) are one of the more popular onion varieties for their smaller size, sweet flavor and range of taste once cooked. They resemble a smaller onion with golden tan papery skin. They grow in clusters instead of individual bulbs like garden onions. Shallots can be used in a wide range of dishes, particularly in sauces, with red meat dishes, in salad dressings, eaten raw and even added to desserts. Who Can Help


Who, along with Mary Berry, is a judge on 'The Great British Bake-Off?

Mary Berry: ‘The Great British Bake Off is a doddle’ - Telegraph Mary Berry: ‘The Great British Bake Off is a doddle’ GBBO judge Mary Berry reveals what it's really like to work on the popular  television programme Queen of cakes: Mary Berry Photo: BBC Comments Mary Berry, the cookery writer and judge of The Great British Bake Off , has said that working on the programme is a “doddle”. Speaking at a special Telegraph event for readers, she said that her capacious knowledge of baking meant that the popular television show was a delight to judge. “The Bake Off for me is an absolute doddle - I know my subject, I know about cakes,” she said. “My aim is to get everyone in Britain enjoying baking as much as I do.” • 10 things you didn't know about Mary Berry Ms Berry spoke warmly of her co-star, bread expert Paul Hollywood, but admitted they didn’t always see eye to eye when judging contestants' bakes. "We banter. I respect him on bread, he respects me on cake. He calls me his mother and if he can drop me in it he will, but I have got very good ways of paying him back,” she joked. She added that she and presenters Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins had an ongoing war with Mr Hollywood over what to watch on television when they were waiting for filming to begin: “Every time we walk in it's racing cars, and we’re fed up of it." Mary Berry with her Bake Off co-star Paul Hollywood (BBC) Ms Berry, who is 79 and has written over 70 cookbooks during her long career, said that she was extremely nervous when she began working on the Bake Off. • Nine things you might not expect Mary Berry to say She confided that the tent where the show is filmed is extremely cold, and that she often has a hot water bottle hidden under her anorak, which the crew keeps refilled. She said that she took great pride in making sure her judgements on the show were fair, and that she prioritised flavour. “Taste to me is very important. You may see a magnificent cake, but you don’t taste it. If it is as dry as old boots, or not done in the middle... I'll find out.” Mary Berry was in conversation with Telegraph food writer Diana Henry at BAFTA 195 Piccadilly in London.


A 'rollmop' is a food dish containing which fish?

Polish Rollmops Herring Appetizer (Rolmopsy) Recipe Jupiterimages / Getty Images Updated November 15, 2016. Poles love herring -- pickled, creamed, fried, whole, fillets -- and in an appetizer recipe known as rollmops or rolmopsy in Polish. The derivation of the name is from the German rollen  or "to roll" plus mops for "pug dog." The dog connection is less clear.  Easy rollmops are made by using store-bought pickled herring that is drained and wrapped around your choice of dill pickles, pickled mushrooms or pickled onions. This makes a great starter course any time of the year but especially for Polish Christmas Eve or wigilia and New Year's Eve celebrations. Here is another rollmops recipe courtesy of chef Marek Widomski of Kraków which requires whole salt fillets that are cleaned, stuffed and marinated for several days. And here is another recipe for herrings in oil (not rolled) also from chef Marek. 4 pickled herring fillets, cut into 3 pieces, pickling juices from jar reserved Dill pickles Fresh dill or parsley sprigs Add to shopping list Yield: 12 Rollmops Preparation Place a slice of dill pickle or pickled mushroom or pickled onion at one end of each of the 12 drained pickled herring pieces. Roll and skewer with a fancy frilled toothpick. Cover with plastic and refrigerate until ready to serve.   At time of service, if desired, drizzle rolls with reserved pickling juices or serve the juices separately in a small bowl for dipping. Garnish each rollmop with a sprig of dill or parsley. Here are more herring recipes:


American Theodore Geisel wrote children's books under what name?

What is Dr. Seuss famous for? | Reference.com What is Dr. Seuss famous for? A: Quick Answer Dr. Seuss is most famous for his children's books, including "The Cat in the Hat" and "Green Eggs and Ham." Theodor Seuss Geisel wrote and published more than 60 children's books, and he also used the pen names of Theo LeSieg, Rosetta Stone and Theophrastus Seuss. Full Answer Born in Springfield, Mass., on March 2, 1904, Geisel graduated from Dartmouth College, where he was the editor in chief of the college's humor magazine. From there, he attended Oxford University in England before he dropped out and returned to America to pursue a career in cartooning. Before he wrote the children's book his cartoons were published in numerous magazines.


What do we call what was known to the Romans as Mare Nostrum?

Gaul - Ancient History Encyclopedia Gaul by bisdent published on 28 April 2011 Gaul (Latin Gallia , French Gaule) is the name given by the Romans to the territories where the Celtic Gauls (Latin Galli, French Gaulois) lived, including present France, Belgium, Luxemburg and parts of the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany on the west bank of the Rhine, and the Po Valley, in present Italy . The ancient limits of Gaul were the Rhine River and the Alps on the east, the Mare Nostrum (Mediterranean Sea), the Po Valley and the Pyrenees on the south, and the Atlantic Ocean on the west and North. Before the Roman conquest by Julius Caesar (58-51 BC), the name “Gaul” corresponded to a cultural and military area founded on a common religion and federations of peoples who though that they had a common origin. This common origin probably dates back to 8th century, when migrants groups of the Bronze Age Urnfield culture spread slowly across the area of the future territory of Gaul. About 390 BC, the Gauls invaded and sacked Rome . In 222 BC, Cisalpine Gaul (the region between the Alps and the Po Valley) was conquered by the Romans. The best description we know about the pre-Roman Gaul is in the first chapter of the Commentarii de Bello Gallico, of Caius Julius Caesar . It is clearly a Roman point of view of the Gallic realities: All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in their own language are called Celts , in ours Gauls, the third. All these differ from each other in language, customs and laws. The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the Aquitani; the Marne and the Seine separate them from the Belgae. Of all these, the Belgae are the bravest, because they are farthest from the civilisation and refinement of [our] Province, and merchants least frequently resort to them and import those things which tend to effeminate the mind; and they are the nearest to the Germans, who dwell beyond the Rhine, with whom they are continually waging war ; for which reason the Helvetii also surpass the rest of the Gauls in valour, as they contend with the Germans in almost daily battles, when they either repel them from their own territories, or themselves wage war on their frontiers. One part of these, which it has been said that the Gauls occupy, takes its beginning at the river Rhone: it is bounded by the river Garonne, the ocean, and the territories of the Belgae: it borders, too, on the side of the Sequani and the Helvetii, upon the river Rhine, and stretches towards the north. The Belgae rise from the extreme frontier of Gaul, extend to the lower part of the river Rhine; and look towards the north and the rising sun. Aquitania extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenaean mountains and to that part of the ocean which is near Spain: it looks between the setting of the sun and the north star. After Julius Caesar had conquered Gaul, the territorial organization of Gaul as part of the Roman Empire was concluded by Emperor Augustus from 27 to 12 BC: Respecting the ancient organization described by Julius Caesar, Augustus created three Roman Provinces: Gallia Belgica, Gallia Lugdunensis and Aquitania. In the south, the old Roman Provincia, to which Massilia was added, was renamed Gallia Narbonensis. The territories bordering the Rhine River were combined into two military areas, which under Domitian became the provinces of Upper and Lower Germania. For about 200 years the Roman peace ( Pax romana ) was maintained, with the exception of some local revolts and civil troubles. The Germanic incursions of the 3rd century AD marked the end of this epoch. Help us write more We're a small non-profit organisation run by a handful of volunteers. Each article costs us about $50 in history books as source material, plus editing and server costs. You can help us create even more free articles for as little as $5 per month , and we'll give you an ad-free experience to thank you! Become a Member


What is the name of the world's oldest surviving steam locomotive, constructed in 1813/14 by William Hedley for use at Wylam Colliery, Newcastle-on-Tyne?

Puffing Billy | Co-Curate Puffing Billy About Puffing Billy Puffing Billy, built 1813 , is the oldest surviving steam locomotive. It was built by William Hedley (engineer),  Jonathan Forster (engine wright) and Timothy Hackworth (blacksmith)  for Wylam Colliery , to haul coal wagons to the docks at Lemington on the River Tyne. Puffing Billy had an important influence on George Stephenson and its success promoted the use of steam locomotives by other collieries in the North East. Puffing Billy is exhibited in London Science Museum, and there is a working replica at Beamish. Wylam Dilly is its sister locomotive, build around the same time. ( Grace's Guide: British Industrial History ) Puffing Billy is an early railway steam locomotive, constructed in 1813–14 by engineer William Hedley, enginewright Jonathan Forster and blacksmith Timothy Hackworth for Christopher Blackett, the owner of Wylam Colliery near Newcastle upon Tyne, in the United Kingdom. It is the world's oldest surviving steam locomotive. It was the first commercial adhesion steam locomotive, employed to haul coal chaldron wagons from the mine at Wylam to the docks at Lemington-on-Tyne in Northumberland. History Puffing Billy was one of the three similar engines built by Hedley, the resident engineer at Wylam Colliery, to replace the horses used as motive power on the tramway. In 1813 Hedley built for Blackett's colliery business on the Wylam Colliery line the prototypes, "Puffing Billy" and "Wylam Dilly". They were both rebuilt in 1815 with ten wheels, but were returned to their original condition in 1830 when the railway was relaid with stronger rails. In the September 1814 edition of Annals of Philosophy two locomotives with rack wheels are mentioned (probably Salamanca and Blücher), then there is mention of "another steam locomotive at Newcastle, employed for a similar purpose coals, and moving along without any rack wheel, simply by its friction against the rail road". From the context this is at a different location to Blücher, so is probably Puffing Billy. Puffing Billy remained in service until 1862, Edward Blackett, the owner of Wylam Colliery, lent it to the Patent Office Museum in South Kensington, London (later the Science Museum). He later sold it to the museum for £200. It is still on display there. Its sister locomotive, Wylam Dilly, is preserved in the Royal Museum in Edinburgh. A replica has been built and was first run in 2006 at Beamish Museum. Another replica, built 1906 in a Royal Bavarian State Railways workshop, can be found in the German Museum, Munich. Design Puffing Billy incorporated a number of novel features, patented by Hedley, which were to prove important to the development of locomotives. It had two vertical cylinders on either side of the boiler, and partly enclosed by it, and drove a single crankshaft beneath the frames, from which gears drove and also coupled the wheels allowing better traction. The engine had a number of serious technical limitations. Running on cast iron Wagonway plates, its eight-ton weight was too heavy and broke them, encouraging opponents of locomotive traction to criticise the innovation. This problem was alleviated by redesigning the engine with four axles so that the weight was spread more evenly. The engine was eventually rebuilt as a four-wheeler when improved edge rails track was introduced around 1830. It was not particularly fast, being capable of no more than 5 mph (8 km/h). Legacy Puffing Billy was an important influence on George Stephenson, who lived locally, and its success was a key factor in promoting the use of steam locomotives by other collieries in north-eastern England. It also entered the language as a metaphor for an energetic traveller, and phrases like "puffing like Billy-o" and "running like Billy-o" are thought to derive from the locomotive's name. Text from Wikipedia , available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (accessed: 09/04/2016). Visit the page: Puffing Billy (locomotive) for references and further details. You can contribute to this article on Wi


Which clothing fabric is named after a town in southern France?

26 Things You Might Not Know Were Named After Places | Mental Floss 26 Things You Might Not Know Were Named After Places You know the names. You might not know where they came from. 1. Cheddar Cheese This ubiquitous cheese gets its name from the town of Cheddar in southwest England. Unlike other cheeses named for their town of origin, like Gorgonzola and Parmesan, Cheddar is not covered by a Protected Designation of Origin, which means no matter where it is produced it can still legally be called Cheddar cheese. 2. Duffel Bags While the phrase duffel bag now stands for a particular style of bag, they were originally named for the thick Duffel cloth they were made out of, which was produced in the town of Duffel, Belgium. Duffle coats are named for the same cloth. 3. Lyme Disease While this disease has been present for thousands of years, it wasn’t until a large outbreak of cases in the towns of Lyme and Old Lyme, Connecticut, during the 1970s that the full syndrome was recognized. 4. Chihuahuas These popular tiny dogs get their name from the state of Chihuahua in Mexico, where excavations of pottery bearing their likeness prove the breed was in the area more than 1,400 years before the first Europeans arrived. 5. The Rosetta Stone This invaluable stone, which led to the understanding of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, was rediscovered by Napoleon’s forces in the Egyptian town of Rashid, or as the French called it, Rosette (Rosetta.) 6. Rugby According to legend, this sport was invented when a pupil at Rugby School in England picked up the ball and ran with it during a soccer game. What is certain is that the first written rules for the game originated at the school in 1845. 7. Turquoise This semi-precious stone was originally mined in Persia, but got its name from the French word for the Turkish merchants who first sold it in Europe. Turkeys (the birds) originated in America but get their name for the same reason. 8. Jalapeños While known in its native Mexico as huachinango or chile gordo, to the rest of the world Jalapeños get their name from the town of Xalapa or Jalapa. Pony image via Shutterstock 9. Shetland Ponies These small ponies are native to the Shetland Islands located northeast of mainland Scotland. Their stocky build made them perfect for the harsh climate of the subarctic islands, where their ancestors have been kept and bred since the Bronze Age. 10. The Tuxedo We owe the popularity of this formal dinner jacket to King Edward VII, but the name is all American. When an American friend of the then-Prince of Wales wore the new style to the Tuxedo Park Club in New York, the style caught on among the members, and the jacket became synonymous with the club. 11. Sherry This fortified wine is named for the Anglican version of its town of origin, Jerez (or Xeres) de la Frontera in Spain. Like champagne, sherry is a Protected Designation of Origin, and only wine from that area of Spain can be labeled sherry in Europe. 12. Paisley The distinctive paisley pattern is originally from India or Persia, and has been in use in the Middle East and Asia since around 200 AD. When its European popularity boomed and imports couldn’t keep up with the demand, various cities produced their own, including the town of Paisley in Scotland. 13. Chantilly Lace Famous in popular culture for the Big Bopper’s hit of the same name in 1958, this style of lace-making dates to the 1600s. While the majority of the lace was actually produced elsewhere, it gets its name from the town of Chantilly in France. 14. Marathons The name for the 26.2 mile race famously comes from the legend of Pheidippides, a Greek runner who supposedly ran from the city of Marathon to Athens to announce that they had defeated the Persians in battle. 15. Rottweilers These large dogs are named for the town they originated in, Rottweil in Germany, where they were used to herd livestock and pull carts. 16. Hamburgers Minced beef originated in Europe in the 1400s. When immigrants from Germany came to America, they brought the popular “Hamburg steak,” cheap patties mixed with


From Tahrir To Tiananmen, 'City Squares' Can't Escape Their History : NPR From Tahrir To Tiananmen, 'City Squares' Can't Escape Their History Embed Embed From Tahrir To Tiananmen, 'City Squares' Can't Escape Their History From Tahrir To Tiananmen, 'City Squares' Can't Escape Their History Embed Embed Cairo's Tahrir Square (seen here in January) isn't actually a square — it's a traffic circle. And today, years after it was the site of anti-government demonstrations, it's a beautifully manicured, sterile space. Khaled Desouki/AFP/Getty Images hide caption toggle caption Khaled Desouki/AFP/Getty Images Cairo's Tahrir Square (seen here in January) isn't actually a square — it's a traffic circle. And today, years after it was the site of anti-government demonstrations, it's a beautifully manicured, sterile space. Khaled Desouki/AFP/Getty Images From Mexico City's Zócalo to Rome's Piazza Navona, public squares have always been a vibrant part of urban life. After visiting Italy a few years back, editor Catie Marron began thinking about the different roles these public spaces have played. She asked some well-known writers to share their thoughts about famous squares around the world, and the resulting essays are gathered in a new book called City Squares. Michael Kimmelman, one of the participating writers, says what's important about a square is that it acts like a magnet, drawing people in. Unlike a park, where people go to retreat, a square is all about mingling with a crowd — it's like a living organism in the heart of a city. "For me a square is about a notion that we have of what an urban life can be and why we go to cities, what we look for in cities," Kimmelman says. "And it has to do with a sense of community, a sense of shared values, a sense of greater possibilities and a sense of humanity." Article continues after sponsorship Kimmelman is the architecture critic for The New York Times, but he says the buildings that surround a square really aren't that important. Just look at the squares of Rome: "There's the Piazza Navona, an incredibly beautiful square with these great buildings by [Francesco] Borromini and sculptures by [Gian Lorenzo] Bernini," he says. "But just a block or so away is the Campo de' Fiori, which is to me one of the most beautiful squares in Europe. And there's really nothing particularly distinguished about the buildings that surround that square, but it's a hub of life. It speaks as much to what makes Rome a beautiful city and why people love it as does the Piazza Navona." Writer Michael Kimmelman says Rome's Campo de' Fiori is "one of the most beautiful squares in Europe. ... It's a hub of life." Dan Kitwood/Getty Images hide caption toggle caption Dan Kitwood/Getty Images Writer Michael Kimmelman says Rome's Campo de' Fiori is "one of the most beautiful squares in Europe. ... It's a hub of life." Dan Kitwood/Getty Images Those Roman squares are places where people gather for pleasure — to shop at vegetable and flower stalls, to eat at nearby restaurants, to sit on the side of a fountain and talk with a friend. Other squares aren't so peaceful. 'A Strange Emptiness' In Tiananmen Square On June 4, 1989, Chinese troops opened fire on demonstrators gathered in Tiananmen Square in Beijing. Seven years later, when City Squares contributor Evan Osnos went to China for the first time as a student, he headed straight to Tiananmen Square. "In some ways, for me, it was almost inescapable — that was the only place I could go first," Osnos says. "I had to go to Tiananmen Square if I wanted to understand what China was and where it was trying to go." But Osnos was disappointed by what he found: China's government had thoroughly reclaimed the space once occupied by protesters. The New Yorker's Evan Osnos says by the time he visited Tiananmen Square (seen here in March) the government had erased all traces of the 1989 demonstrations. Mark Schiefelbein/AP hide caption toggle caption Mark Schiefelbein/AP The New Yorker's Evan Osnos says by the time he visited Tiananmen Square (seen here in March) the government h