Who said 'A week is a long time in politics'?

Harold Wilson - Wikiquote Harold Wilson Jump to: navigation , search This Party needs to protect itself against the activities of small groups of inflexible political persuasion, extreme so-called left and in a few cases extreme so-called moderates, having in common only their arrogant dogmatism. James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx , KG, OBE, FRS, PC ( 11 March 1916 – 24 May 1995 ) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1964 to 1970, and again from 1974 to 1976. He had an impressive educational background, becoming an Oxford don at 21 and working as a war time civil servant; he was made a government minister immediately after he was elected to Parliament. As Leader of the Labour Party he moved the party towards a technocratic approach and appeared more in tune with the 'swinging sixties'; however his government was beset by economic difficulties and he was unexpectedly defeated in 1970. His return to office with a tiny majority in the mid-1970s saw a referendum which endorsed British membership of the European Communities. He resigned suddenly in 1976, and in his retirement suffered from Alzheimers' disease. Contents Sourced[ edit ] On 5 September, when the TUC unanimously rejected wage restraint, it was the end of an era, and all the financiers, all the little gnomes in Zürich and other finance centres about whom we keep on hearing, had started to make their dispositions in regard to sterling. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th series, vol. 560, col. 579. Speech in the House of Commons (12 November 1956); often quoted as "gnomes of Zürich". In all our plans for the future, we are re-defining and we are re-stating our Socialism in terms of the scientific revolution. But that revolution cannot become a reality unless we are prepared to make far-reaching changes in economic and social attitudes which permeate our whole system of society. The Britain that is going to be forged in the white heat of this revolution will be no place for restrictive practices or for outdated methods on either side of industry. Usually quoted as "the white heat of the technological revolution". Speech at Labour Party conference, October 1, 1963. Labour Party Annual Conference Report, 1963, pages 139-140. Hughie, get your tanks off my lawn. Statement to trade union leader Hugh Scanlon (c.1969), as quoted in "Lord Scanlon" in The Telegraph (28 January 2004) The government have only a small majority in the House of Commons. I want to make it quite clear that this will not affect our ability to govern. Having been charged with the duties of Government we intend to carry out those duties. David Butler, Coalitions in British Politics (Macmillan, London, 1978), p. 99. Television broadcast, October 1964, after winning the general election . Smethwick Conservatives can have the satisfaction of having topped the poll, of having sent a Member who, until another election returns him to oblivion, will serve his time here as a Parliamentary leper. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th series, vol. 701, col. 71. Speech in the House of Commons, 3 November, 1964. The 1964 general election had seen the defeat of Wilson's Shadow Foreign Secretary Patrick Gordon Walker by Conservative Peter Griffiths after an allegedly racist campaign. Griffiths was indeed defeated at the next election but returned to Parliament in 1979 and served until 1997. I know I speak for everyone in these islands, all parties, all our people, when I say to Mr. Smith tonight: "Prime Minister, think again". Broadcast speech calling on the Government of Rhodesia not to declare independence , October 12, 1965. Quoted in The Times, October 13, 1965, p. 8. It is difficult for us to appreciate the pressures which are put on men I know to be realistic and reasonable, not only in their executive capacity but in the highly organized strike committees in the individual ports by this tightly knit group of politically motivated men who, as the last general election showed, utterly failed to secure acceptance of their views by the British electorate, but who are now determined to exercise back-stage


Which Elizabethan politician, philosopher and essayist was fined L40,000 for taking bribes?

Bacon, Francis | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Z Francis Bacon (1561—1626) Sir Francis Bacon (later Lord Verulam and the Viscount St. Albans) was an English lawyer, statesman, essayist, historian, intellectual reformer, philosopher, and champion of modern science. Early in his career he claimed “all knowledge as his province” and afterwards dedicated himself to a wholesale revaluation and re-structuring of traditional learning. To take the place of the established tradition (a miscellany of Scholasticism, humanism, and natural magic), he proposed an entirely new system based on empirical and inductive principles and the active development of new arts and inventions, a system whose ultimate goal would be the production of practical knowledge for “the use and benefit of men” and the relief of the human condition. At the same time that he was founding and promoting this new project for the advancement of learning, Bacon was also moving up the ladder of state service. His career aspirations had been largely disappointed under Elizabeth I, but with the ascension of James his political fortunes rose. Knighted in 1603, he was then steadily promoted to a series of offices, including Solicitor General (1607), Attorney General (1613), and eventually Lord Chancellor (1618). While serving as Chancellor, he was indicted on charges of bribery and forced to leave public office. He then retired to his estate where he devoted himself full time to his continuing literary, scientific, and philosophical work. He died in 1626, leaving behind a cultural legacy that, for better or worse, includes most of the foundation for the triumph of technology and for the modern world as we currently know it. Table of Contents References and Further Reading 1. Life and Political Career Sir Francis Bacon (later Lord Verulam, the Viscount St. Albans, and Lord Chancellor of England) was born in London in 1561 to a prominent and well-connected family. His parents were Sir Nicholas Bacon, the Lord Keeper of the Seal, and Lady Anne Cooke, daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke, a knight and one-time tutor to the royal family. Lady Anne was a learned woman in her own right, having acquired Greek and Latin as well as Italian and French. She was a sister-in-law both to Sir Thomas Hoby, the esteemed English translator of Castiglione, and to Sir William Cecil (later Lord Burghley), Lord Treasurer, chief counselor to Elizabeth I, and from 1572-1598 the most powerful man in England. Bacon was educated at home at the family estate at Gorhambury in Herfordshire. In 1573, at the age of just twelve, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where the stodgy Scholastic curriculum triggered his lifelong opposition to Aristotelianism (though not to the works of Aristotle himself). In 1576 Bacon began reading law at Gray’s Inn. Yet only a year later he interrupted his studies in order to take a position in the diplomatic service in France as an assistant to the ambassador. In 1579, while he was still in France, his father died, leaving him (as the second son of a second marriage and the youngest of six heirs) virtually without support. With no position, no land, no income, and no immediate prospects, he returned to England and resumed the study of law. Bacon completed his law degree in 1582, and in 1588 he was named lecturer in legal studies at Gray’s Inn. In the meantime, he was elected to Parliament in 1584 as a member for Melcombe in Dorsetshire. He would remain in Parliament as a representative for various constituencies for the next 36 years. In 1593 his blunt criticism of a new tax levy resulted in an unfortunate setback to his career expectations, the Queen taking personal offense at his opposition. Any hopes he had of becoming Attorney General or Solicitor General during her reign were dashed, though Elizabeth eventually relented to the extent of appointing Bacon her Extraordinary Counsel in 1596. It was around this time that Bacon entered the service of Robert Devereux, the Earl of Essex, a dashing courtier, soldier, plotter of intrigue,


Who succeeded Clement Attlee as Labour Party leader in 1955?

BBC ON THIS DAY | 7 | 1955: Attlee steps down as Labour leader 1955: Attlee steps down as Labour leader Clement Attlee has resigned as leader of the opposition Labour Party, following months of speculation. Tonight the Prime Minister, Sir Anthony Eden, announced in Downing Street that the Queen is to make Mr Attlee an earl. He is the first Labour leader to accept a hereditary peerage. This will allow him to continue his work for the parliamentary Labour Party from the House of Lords, where the Opposition has little representation. He made his announcement this morning at the start of a special meeting of the shadow cabinet in the Commons convened to discuss the Middle East. 'Regrettable' He said: "After the [1951] general election I intimated that I would continue as chairman of the party meantime. "It is regrettable, however, that since that date there has scarcely been a week passed without one prominent member of the party or another talking about my impending resignation. That certainly does not help the party." He then announced his immediate resignation and was thanked for his long service to the party and the country. Herbert Morrison, deputy chairman of the party, will stand in as leader while a successor is found. There are expected to be three candidates - Mr Morrison himself, Hugh Gaitskell and Aneurin Bevan. Most Labour MPs believe Mr Gaitskell, at 49 the youngest of the contenders, will be elected leader. Lasting legacy Mr Attlee, who is 72 and has recently suffered a stroke, has led his party for 20 years and has had a seat in the House of Commons for 33 years. In 1942 he became deputy prime minister in the war cabinet under Sir Winston Churchill. During his six years as prime minister from 1945 to 1951 he oversaw sweeping changes to the welfare state with the introduction of the National Health Service and the nationalisation of key industries - the Bank of England, civil aviation, coal telecommunications, transport, electricity, iron and steel. He also pushed through the independence of India and Burma.


Whose book Sexual Politics was a landmark in feminist thinking?

Faces of Feminism Read the Review Gender and Politics Redefined The women's movement has changed the way we think about both gender and politics in this country. In feminist theory, gender, unlike sex, is defined as a socially constructed role, which means that it is the result of political arrangements and is amenable to social and political analysis. To understand this idea, we have to think about roles the way social scientists do--not as God or nature determined, but as how and with what rationale a particular culture distributes certain tasks, certain privileges, and certain responsibilities. We owe the original formulation of this radical idea to anthropologist Margaret Mead, who in a study of three primitive societies in New Guinea noticed that, even though in every culture certain tasks, responsibilities, and privileges were assigned by gender, those assignments were not identical. In one, the military task of protecting the village was assigned to males, but in another both sexes had to go to war if the village was threatened. In still another tribe, food production by agriculture was assigned to women, and the men who had to do hunting and gathering had much more free time. Hence, when the males were not away, they were home unemployed and able--indeed, expected--to sit around and indulge in what we Americans would call gossip. In that society, gossiping was considered a male privilege, whereas in our society such conversation is thought to be a frivolous female pleasure.(1) Mead's analysis demonstrated that, although every society defined certain activities as either male or female, the gender designation of those activities varied from culture to culture. No universal role was either male or female. The societies Mead studied were interesting and important to her analysis because there was little contact among them; each had invented its own gender arrangements independently. Nevertheless, there was always gender definition, and one pattern everywhere held true: Whatever men did was more highly valued by the village than whatever women did. In modern terminology, males were assigned tasks that, by themselves, conferred higher status.(2) Thus, as we move into a discussion of sexual politics in America, we have to face the challenge of the universality of gender differences and the fact that, despite myths about matriarchies, almost everywhere males enjoy a socially constructed superiority over women.(3) Why? That is the question ethnologists, anthropologists, sociologists, and political scientists have been asking for the past several decades. Some analysts believe it is because males are physically stronger. Can we infer that in all societies males have threatened women physically to maintain a superior status? Or is there something about the childbearing and childrearing functions that so debilitates women that they are unwilling or unable to compete with men for positions of leadership and power? Remember that in a world without contraception, a healthy female will be pregnant constantly during her adult life. The only natural contraceptive is mother's malnutrition. Despite the difficulty of answering these questions definitively, the reason for women's inferior status has to be addressed. If biology is not women's destiny, then some other explanation of how women's destiny came to be defined this way, in culture after culture, must be provided by feminists. Just as gender has been reconceptualized, "politics," too, has been expanded by feminists. In its narrowest definition, politics has to do with participation in government, party politics, and elective or appointed office. More broadly, however, politics has to do with power: getting people to do what you want them to do. This definition is still being challenged by academics, but feminists have refused to limit a political analysis to that of formal roles. Politics, feminists believe, includes relations in the world of work: for example, who is hired, who is fired, who is always boss, who is never boss. In


Which American economist is the foremost advocate of monetarism?

Milton Friedman: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics | Library of Economics and Liberty | Biographies | Milton Friedman Milton Friedman was the twentieth century’s most prominent advocate of free markets. Born in 1912 to Jewish immigrants in New York City, he attended Rutgers University, where he earned his B.A. at the age of twenty. He went on to earn his M.A. from the University of Chicago in 1933 and his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1946. In 1951 Friedman received the John Bates Clark Medal honoring economists under age forty for outstanding achievement. In 1976 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in economics for “his achievements in the field of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy.” Before that time he had served as an adviser to President Richard Nixon and was president of the American Economic Association in 1967. After retiring from the University of Chicago in 1977, Friedman became a senior research fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. Friedman established himself in 1945 with Income from Independent Professional Practice, coauthored with Simon Kuznets. In it he argued that state licensing procedures limited entry into the medical profession, thereby allowing doctors to charge higher fees than they would be able to do if competition were more open. His landmark 1957 work, A Theory of the Consumption Function, took on the Keynesian view that individuals and households adjust their expenditures on consumption to reflect their current income. Friedman showed that, instead, people’s annual consumption is a function of their “permanent income,” a term he introduced as a measure of the average income people expect over a few years. In Capitalism and Freedom, Friedman wrote arguably the most important economics book of the 1960s, making a case for relatively free markets to a general audience. He argued for, among other things, a volunteer army, freely floating exchange rates, abolition of licensing of doctors, a negative income tax, and education vouchers. (Friedman was a passionate foe of the military draft: he once stated that the abolition of the draft was almost the only issue on which he had personally lobbied Congress.) Many of the young people who read it were encouraged to study economics themselves. His ideas spread worldwide with Free to Choose (coauthored with his wife, Rose Friedman), the best-selling nonfiction book of 1980, written to accompany a TV series on the Public Broadcasting System. This book made Milton Friedman a household name. Although much of his trailblazing work was done on price theory—the theory that explains how prices are determined in individual markets—Friedman is popularly recognized for monetarism . Defying Keynes and most of the academic establishment of the time, Friedman presented evidence to resurrect the quantity theory of money—the idea that the price level depends on the money supply . In Studies in the Quantity Theory of Money, published in 1956, Friedman stated that in the long run, increased monetary growth increases prices but has little or no effect on output. In the short run, he argued, increases in money supply growth cause employment and output to increase, and decreases in money supply growth have the opposite effect. Friedman’s solution to the problems of inflation and short-run fluctuations in employment and real GNP was a so-called money-supply rule. If the Federal Reserve Board were required to increase the money supply at the same rate as real GNP increased, he argued, inflation would disappear. Friedman’s monetarism came to the forefront when, in 1963, he and Anna Schwartz coauthored Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960, which contends that the great depression was the result of the Federal Reserve’s ill-conceived monetary policies. Upon receipt of the unpublished manuscript submitted by the authors, the Federal Reserve Board responded internally with a lengthy critical review. Such was their agitation that the Fed governors discontinued their


In what year did the Representation of the People Act give the vote to all women over 21?

Women get the vote - UK Parliament Women get the vote Women and the Lords Women get the vote During 1916-1917, the House of Commons Speaker, James William Lowther, chaired a conference on electoral reform which recommended limited women's suffrage. Influential consideration Only 58% of the adult male population was eligible to vote before 1918. An influential consideration, in addition to the suffrage movement and the growth of the Labour Party, was the fact that only men who had been resident in the country for 12 months prior to a general election were entitled to vote. This effectively disenfranchised a large number of troops who had been serving overseas in the war. With a general election imminent, politicians were persuaded to extend the vote to all men and some women at long last. Representation of the People Act 1918 In 1918 the Representation of the People Act was passed which allowed women over the age of 30 who met a property qualification to vote. Although 8.5 million women met this criteria, it only represented 40 per cent of the total population of women in the UK. The same act abolished property and other restrictions for men, and extended the vote to all men over the age of 21. Additionally, men in the armed forces could vote from the age of 19. The electorate increased from eight to 21 million, but there was still huge inequality between women and men. Equal Franchise Act 1928 It was not until the Equal Franchise Act of 1928 that women over 21 were able to vote and women finally achieved the same voting rights as men. This act increased the number of women eligible to vote to 15 million.


Who was Italy's Fascist lender from 1925-43?

The Fascist State: 1925-43 - Revision Cards in A Level and IB History The Fascist State: 1925-43 Fascism and the economy Mussolini's economic policy, 1922-29 in his first years as prime minister, Mussolini pursued liberal economic policies which pleased amny industrialists he appointed Alberto De Stefani - an economics professor and former First World War soldier - as his finance minister and introduced various pro-business measures taxes on war profits were reduced or abolished, private companised took over the telephone system and Ansaldo (the large shipping and steel firm) received a cash injection from the state these early years coincided with a general European economic recovery and the decline of the Italian Left, both of which strenghtened business confidence consequently, from 1921-25, manufacturing output in ITaly increased by almost 54% and a budget surplus was produced in 1924 1 of 36 Fascism and the economy Mussolini's economic policy, 1922-29 the boom years ended in 1925-26 due to rising inflation, a trade deficit crisis and the falling value of the lira these problems, and the creation of the fascist dictatorship, led to a shift in economic policy Mussolini replaced De Stefani with a new finance minister, the banker and industrialist Count Giuseppe Volpi, in 1925  unlike De Stefani, Volpi backed government loands to industry, state intervention, high tarifs and a balanced budget his appointment was a clear sign that Mussolini wanted good relations with big business Volpi pursued deflationary and protectionist policies, which set the tone for the rest of the fascist era 2 of 36 Fascism and the economy Mussolini's economic policy, 1922-29 1926 - for reasons of national and personal presige, the Duce insisted that the lira was undervalued and should be rest at 90 lire to the British pound - done so the following year foreign financiers and the Italin republic applauded Mussolini's decision but it had a damaging impact on the economy the high cost of the lire meant that Italian goods almost doubled in price abroad and Italian export industries, notably textiles, light engineering and car manufacturing, suffered between 1922-26 Italy's economic boom had been largley export-led moreover, imported foods and products did not become more affordbale through revaluation because the regime imposed reductions were part of the regime's deflationary policy only industries which required large supplies of cheap tariff-free raw materials from abroad and which relied mainly on domestic orders, really benefitted from 'Quota 90' and a protected home market by 1929, 'the Fascist economic pattern was becoming set. Italy was turning away from her export markets, and boosting instead the industries which stood to gain most from empire and rearmament' - Martin Clark, 2008 3 of 36 Fascism and the economy The corporate state  in the mid-1920s, production was officially reoganised under the Corporate State, the much-heralded Fascist 'third way' between capitalism and communism Fascist propaganda claimed this new mechanism would end class conflict and promote social harmony by incorporating both bosses and workers inside the state Mussolini also believed that corportate conomics would support an expansionist foreign policy under the Vidoni PAct of 1925, Confindustria (the Italian Industrialists' Confederation) and the Fascist syndiates (trade unions) recognised each other as the exclusive representatives respecitvely of capital and labour, but the regime was not even-handed 1926 Rocco Law & 1927 Labour Charter placed the Fascist unions under state control and created a labour relations system which favoured employers furthermore, in 1928, the Confederations of Fascist Syndicates was split into 6 sections this ensured that the Fascist unions were susceptible to greater state control and posed little threat either to the government or to the industrialists' aims 4 of 36 Fascism and the economy The corporate state to give this 'third way' some credibility, a Ministry of Corportations was set up in 1926 and, over the next 12 years, a Corp


Which human-rights organization campaigns for the release of political prisoners worldwide?|

Myanmar’s Release of Political Prisoners a Step in Right Direction for Human Rights | Amnesty International USA Myanmar’s Release of Political Prisoners a Step in Right Direction for Human Rights Press Release Myanmar’s Release of Political Prisoners a Step in Right Direction for Human Rights Calls for Independent Monitoring of Detention Facilities and Investigation into Torture Reports Contact: Carol Gregory, cgregory@aiusa.org , 202-675-8759 (Washington, D.C.) – Amnesty International USA welcomed news today that Myanmar released 50 political prisoners, including Amnesty International prisoners of conscience, U Myint Aye and Saw Kyaw Kywa Min, but said the authorities have "miles to go" to fulfill the promise of human rights protections in the country. In addition to the release of all political prisoners, the human rights organization is calling for independent monitoring of all detention facilities in Myanmar and an independent investigation into reports of torture and other ill treatment. The prisoners were released today following President Obama's trip to Rangoon, Myanmar -- the first time a sitting U.S. President has visited the country. "The Myanmar government cannot release a few political prisoners while the world is watching, and call it human rights reform," said Suzanne Nossel, executive director of Amnesty International USA. "When President Obama returns on Washington, D.C. he must exert more pressure on Burma to release all prisoners of conscience immediately and without condition." The prisoners released today include co-founder of the Human Rights Defender and Promoters Network, U Myint Aye, who was sentenced to life imprisonment in 2008 for his peaceful political activities, and Saw Kyaw Kyaw Min, a lawyer and human rights offender who was sentenced to six months imprisonment in August 2012. "The release of these prisoners of conscience is a baby step in the right direction, but Burma has miles to go to right the wrongs of a repressive regime that has attempted to silence peaceful defenders of human rights," said Suzanne Nossel. The Myanmar government announced on November 18 that it will hold inter-governmental consultations by December of this year to reconsider charges and punishment of prisoners still in jail. Amnesty has called on authorities for a comprehensive review mechanism to determine who remains in prison and why. Additionally, the human rights organization wants the United Nations and civil society representatives to be involved in the process to guarantee impartiality and credibility. Amnesty International is a Nobel Peace Prize-winning grassroots activist organization with more than 3 million supporters, activists and volunteers in more than 150 countries campaigning for human rights worldwide. The organization investigates and exposes abuses, educates and mobilizes the public, and works to protect people wherever justice, freedom, truth and dignity are denied. Sign Up Get updates on Amnesty's work to protect human rights worldwide. Act Now Urgent Action: LGBTI Activist Held In Pre-Trial Detention (Turkey: UA 2/17) Fashion designer and LGBTI activist Barbaros Şansal is being held in pre-trial detention, accused of ‘inciting the public to hatred or hostility’ for a video message and tweet he shared on social media on New Year’s Eve. He was detained on the territory of northern Cyprus and extradited to Turkey the next day. He was assaulted on arrival in Istanbul on the airport apron.


Which British company was effectively the ruler of much of India until the India Act of 1858?

The British East India Company — the Company that Owned a Nation (or Two) The British East India Company — the Company that Owned a Nation (or Two) George P. Landow , Professor of English and the History of Art, Brown University [ Victorian Web Home —> Victorian Political History —> Victorian Social History —> The Empire > —> The British India ] The East India Company is, or rather was, an anomaly without a parallel in the history of the world. It originated from sub-scriptions, trifling in amount, of a few private individuals. It gradually became a commercial body with gigantic resources, and by the force of unforeseen circumstances assumed the form of a sovereign power, while those by whom its affairs were directed continued, in their individual capacities, to be without power or political influence. — Bentley's Miscellany 43 (1858) One of the strangest parts of the history of the British Empire involves that commercial venture generally known as the East India Company, though its original name when founded by royal charter on the very last day of 1600 was the Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies. As its name suggests, the company was the enterprise of London businessmen who banded together to make money importing spices from South Asia. For centuries the valuable spice trade with the East Indies (as they were long known) relied on land routes across Asia and the Middle East, but by the sixteenth century, the superior navigational technology and skills of the Portuguese for the first time permitted Europeans to cut out intermediaries and hence make themselves far greater profits. The Spanish and Portuguese had a monopoly of the East Indies spice trade until destruction of the Spanish Aramada in 1588, which permitted the British and Dutch to seek their share of this wealthy import business. The company with the long name first entered the spice trade in the form of an old-fashioned or early capitalist venture, essentially conducting each voyage as a separate business venture with its own subsribers or stock-holders. This approach lasted for a dozen years, and then in 1612 the company switched to temporary joint stocks and finally to permanent joint stocks in 1657. Supposedly a monopoly, the company evenentually faced competition from another group of English investors and merchants, and the two merged in 1708 as the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, The company met with opposition from the Dutch in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and the Portuguese. The Dutch virtually excluded company members from the East Indies after the Amboina Massacre in 1623 (an incident in which English, Japanese, and Portuguese traders were executed by Dutch authorities), but the company's defeat of the Portuguese in India (1612) won them trading concessions from the Mughal Empire. The company settled down to a trade in cotton and silk piece goods, indigo, and saltpetre, with spices from South India. It extended its activities to the Persian Gulf, Southeast Asia, and East Asia. The company's encounters with foreign competitors eventually required it to assemble its own military and administrative departments, thereby becoming an imperial power in its own right, though the British government began to reign it in by the late eighteenth century. Before Parliament created a government-controlled policy-making body with the Regulating Act of 1773 and the India Act eleven years later, shareholders' meetings made decisions about Britain's de facto colonies in the East. The British government took away the Company's monopoly in 1813, and after 1834 it worked as the government's agency until the 1857 India Mutiny when the Colonial Office took full control. The East India Company went out of existence in 1873. During its heyday, the East India Company not only established trade through Asia and the Middle East but also effectively became of the ruler of territories vastly larger than the United Kingdrom itself. In addition, it also create


What offence was former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega tried for in the USA?

Panama's ex-ruler Noriega returns home after 22 years - CNN.com Panama's ex-ruler Noriega returns home after 22 years By the CNN Wire Staff Updated 5:16 AM ET, Mon December 12, 2011 Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds. JUST WATCHED Manuel Noriega returns to Panama 02:04 Story highlights Manuel Noriega arrives at El Renacer prison in Gamboa His attorney says the former dictator deserves fair representation Noriega was convicted in absentia for crimes committed during his rule Because of his age, he may ask to serve time under house arrest Former Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega arrived Sunday evening in his home country, nearly 22 years after U.S. forces forcibly removed him from office. The 77-year-old was taken straight to El Renacer prison to serve time for crimes committed during his rule. Reporters flooded the medium-security facility in Gamboa, but the former leader was shielded from public view. Officials later confirmed that he was there. Earlier, Noriega arrived at the Tocumen International Airport in Panama City, where security was tight. "I think it has historic and symbolic significance," said Michael Shifter, president of the Washington D.C.-based Inter-American Dialogue, about Noriega's return. "It's a sense of closure for the Panamanian people. He clearly was a dictator for six years and presided over assassinations, disappearances and killing of opposition leaders. And so I think that it's something that was unfinished business and I think it's important for Panama to have a sense of closure," he said. Noriega's extradition process began Sunday morning with a flight from Paris to Madrid. He was in Spanish police custody during a four-hour layover before leaving Madrid Sunday afternoon on a flight to Panama City, a spokesman for Spain's airport authority said. Last month, a French court authorized his extradition to Panama, where officials want Noriega to face justice in the killings of Hugo Spadafora, his political opponent, and at least one other person. He was convicted in absentia. Speaking outside of the prison complex in Gamboa, Noriega's attorney said his client deserves fair representation. "He (Noriega) wanted to return to the country and face in this land the charges for which he was tried in absentia," attorney Julio Berrios told reporters. "General Noriega is accused of having participated in three homicides. U.S. President George H.W. Bush invaded us and that cost 4,000 deaths. Has anybody said anything against Bush?" he said. Noriega has been in France since 2010, after two decades in an American prison. Authorities have strengthened security to guarantee his safety in Panama, according to Panamanian Foreign Minister Roberto Henriquez. "We have to be ready for all the possibilities in all aspects. Noriega inspires very big emotions, and Noriega's life could very well be at risk in Panama," Henriquez said. Interior Minister Roxana Mendez said Noriega will receive the same treatment as other inmates in the Panamanian prison. "The Panamanian state has no special consideration when it comes to him serving his sentence inside the prison complex," Mendez said. "However, based on our laws, and if there's a valid request from his attorneys, they can ask that he be transferred from the prison to house arrest if the inmate's health is in jeopardy or if the inmate, being over 70 years old, may face risks inside the prison complex." Last year, a French court sentenced Noriega to seven years in prison for laundering 2.3 million euros ($2.9 million) through banks there. He was ordered to pay the money back. Noriega denied the charges. For almost two decades, Noriega was a major player in a country of critical regional importance to the United States because of its location on the Panama Canal, the key strategic and economic waterway between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans on the narrow isthmus linking the Americas. Amid growing unrest in Panama, then-U.S. President Bush ordered the invasion of Panama in December 1989, saying Noriega's rule posed a thre


Which are the two main political parties in the USA?

Politics1 - Director of U.S. Political Parties DIRECTORY         OF U.S. POLITICAL PARTIES THE         TWO MAJOR PARTIES: DEMOCRATIC PARTY (DNC) - The Democrats won the White House in 2008 and 2012, won some key governorships (PA, NY, MO, MN, and CA) -- but lost control of the US House in 2010, lost the US Senate in 2014, and lost the White House in 2016 (while still carrying a plurality of the national popular vote by a margin of over 2.5 million votes). Democrats run the wide gamut from the         near Euro-style democratic-socialist left ( Barbara         Lee and Bernie Sanders , an independent who caucuses with the Dems) and traditional liberals ( Elizabeth Warren , Sherrod Brown , Nancy Pelosi ) to the pragmatic "centrist" moderate-to-liberal         style ( Andrew Cuomo , Martin O'Malley , Mark Warner ) to the Dem center-right ( John Hickenlooper and the New Democratic Coalition ) to the dwindling GOP-style         center-conservative right ( Joe Manchin , Blue         Dog Coalition ). The 2016 presidential nomination contest saw a competitive race between the traditional Democratic establishment (Clinton) and the progressive wing (Sanders), in which the establishment prevailed. Official affiliated national Democratic sites include: College          Democrats of America ("College Dems") . REPUBLICAN PARTY (RNC) - Republicans         recaptured the Presidency in 2016, following strong off-year elections in 2010 (recapturing majority status in the US House) and 2014 (recapturing US Senate control). The GOP also         holds several key Governorships (including TX, OH, FL, GA,         MI, IL, WI, MO, MA and MD). Pre-Trump, the Republicans could generally be classified         into several different sub-sets: traditional establishment conservatives         ( Paul Ryan , John Kasich , Jeb Bush , and the Club for Growth ),         the "Religious Right" ( Mike         Huckabee , Mike Pence , and the Family Research Council ),         libertarians ( Rand Paul and the Campaign         for Liberty ), the "paleo-conservative" wing         that backs strict anti-immigration controls ( Steve King ), the rapidly dwindling         "centrist" or "moderate" wing ( Mark Kirk , Larry Hogan and Charlie Baker ), and the powerful firebrand "Tea Party" movement ( Ted Cruz , Jim Jordan , Mike Lee ). President Donald Trump , however, is a political nationalist and economic populist who does not fit neatly into any of these traditional GOP factions, and in fact handily vanquished 2016 nomination rivals from each of the various other wings of the party. Official, affiliated         national GOP sites include: THE "BIG THREE" THIRD PARTIES: (Based upon vote performance over past two          election cycles and ballot access) CONSTITUTION PARTY - The Constitution Party is strongly pro-life, anti-gun control,         anti-tax, anti-immigration, trade protectionist, "anti-New World         Order," anti-United Nations, anti-gay rights, anti-welfare, and         pro-school prayer. Former Nixon Administration official and one-time Conservative         Coalition chair Howard Phillips founded the party, originally named the US Taxpayers Party         (USTP), in 1992. The         USTP renamed itself the Constitution Party in 1999. The party has fielded presidential tickets since 1992 and congressional and state candidates since 1994 (but only in a small number of states). The party received         a brief boost in the media when conservative US Senator Bob Smith         of New Hampshire -- an announced GOP Presidential hopeful -- bolted         from the Republican Party to seek the Constitution Party nomination         in 2000 (but the erratic Smith quit the Constitution Party race         a few weeks later and rejoined the GOP).         At the 1999 n


What do the British call the person other countries might call minister of the interior?

British political system Back to home page click here A SHORT GUIDE TO THE BRITISH POLITICAL SYSTEM Constitutional And Political Reform A VERY, VERY SHORT HISTORY To understand fully any country's political system, one needs to understand something of its history. This is especially true of the United Kingdom because its history has been very different from most other nations and, as a result, its political system is very different from most other nations too. Like its (unwritten) constitution, the British state evolved over time. We probably need to start in 1066 when William the Conqueror from Normandy invaded what we now call England, defeated the Anglo-Saxon King Harold and established a Norman dynasty. The Normans were not satisfied with conquering England and, over the next few centuries, tried to conquer Ireland, Wales and Scotland. They succeeded with the first two and failed with the last despite several wars over the centuries. By one of those ironical twists of history, when Queen Elizabeth of England died in 1603, she was succeeded by her cousin James VI, King of Scots who promptly decamped from Edinburgh and settled in London as King James I of England while keeping his Scots title and running Scotland by remote control. Regal pickings were more lucrative in his southern capital. A century later the Scottish economic and political elite bankrupted themselves on the Darien Scheme and agreed to a scheme of Union between England and Scotland to make themselves solvent again and so Great Britain with one Parliament based in London came into being. The Irish parliament was abolished in 1801 with Ireland returning members to Westminster and the new political entity was the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The southern (Catholic) Irish never reconciled themselves to being ruled by the English and rebelled in 1916 and gained independence in 1922. The northern (Protestant) Irish did not want independence and so the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland arrived. Not a snappy name. Meanwhile, although the Normans were the last to mount a successful invasion of the country, there were plenty of other plans to conquer the nation, notably the Spanish under King Philip II in 1588, the French under Napoleon in 1803-1805, and the Germans under Hitler in 1940. None succeeeded. Furthermore, in recent centuries, Britain has not had a revolution of the kind experienced by so many other countries. Some might argue that the English Civil War (1642-1651) was the nation's revolution and - athough it was three and a half centuries ago - it did bring about a major shift in power, but the main constitutional consequence - the abolition of the monarchy - only lasted 11 years and the Restoration of the Monarchy has so far lasted 350 years (although it is now, of course, a very different monarchy). There was a time in British history which we call the Glorious Revolution (1688) but it was a very English revolution, in the sense that nobody died, if a rather Dutch revolution in that it saw William of Orange take the throne. So the British have never had anything equivalent to the American Revolution or the French Revolution, they have not been colonised in a millennium but rather been the greatest colonisers in history, and in neither of the two world wars were they invaded or occupied. HOW HISTORY HAS SHAPED THE POLITICAL SYSTEM The single most important fact in understanding the nature of the British political system is the fundamental continuity of that system. For almost 1,000 years, Britain has not been invaded or occupied for any length of time or over any substantial territory as the last successful invasion of England was in 1066 by the Normans. Is this true of any other country in the world? I can only think of Sweden. This explains why: almost uniquely in the world, Britain has no written constitution (the only other such nations are Israel & New Zealand) the political system is not neat or logical or always fully democratic or particularly efficient change has been very gradual and pragmatic and


Which British prime minister fell from office because of his repeal of the Corn Laws?

BBC - History - Sir Robert Peel z Sir Robert Peel    © Peel was twice British prime minister and his period in government saw landmark social reforms and the repeal of the Corn Laws. Robert Peel was born on 5 February 1788 in Bury, Lancashire. His father was a wealthy cotton mill owner, and Peel was educated at Harrow and Oxford, entering parliament as a Tory in 1809. His early political career included appointments as under-secretary for war and colonies (1809) and chief secretary for Ireland (1812). In 1822, he become home secretary, and introduced far-ranging criminal law and prison reform as well as creating the Metropolitan Police - the terms 'bobbies' and 'peelers' come from his name. The Wellington government in which Peel had been home secretary fell in 1830, and Peel was now in opposition to a new administration, headed by Earl Grey. Peel argued passionately against Grey's proposals for parliamentary reform. Nonetheless, in 1832 the Reform Act was passed. The Whig Government of Earl Grey was dismissed in 1834 by William IV, who appointed Peel as the new prime minister. In his Tamworth Manifesto, Peel outlined his support for the Reform Act, a shift which highlighted his adoption of a more enlightened Conservatism. Although in power, Peel's Tories remained a minority in the House of Commons, a situation which Peel found increasingly intolerable, and he resigned in 1835. In 1841, Peel again formed a Conservative administration, and it was during this government that he oversaw the introduction of significant legislation such as the Mines Act of 1842, which forbade the employment of women and children underground and the Factory Act of 1844, which limited working hours for children and women in factories. In 1845, Peel faced the defining challenge of his career, when he attempted to repeal the Corn Laws which had been introduced to protect British agriculture. This was triggered by the need to free up more food for Ireland, where a potato famine was raging. Landowners resisted in the House of Commons what they perceived as an attack on their interests. Peel's Conservative Party would not support him, and the debate lasted for months. Eventually, in June 1846, with support from the Whigs and the Radicals, the Corn Laws were repealed. On the same day, Peel was defeated on another bill, and resigned. He never held office again. Four years later, Peel was badly injured after falling from his horse and died on 2 July 1850 in London.


Which Conservative MP was a middle-distance runner who won two Olympic gold medals and set eleven world records during the 1970s and 1980s?

Heroes of the Games: A-E (From Evening Times) Here's A-E in our guide to the Heroes of the Commonwealth Games. John Akii-Bua John Akii-Bua, Uganda's first Olympic champion, was supposedly born in a family of 43 children, and his father had 8 different wives. Several of his siblings were also good athletes, including his brother Lawrence Ogwang. Akii-Bua himself started out as a high hurdler, but failed to make the 1968 Olympics. He then tried out the longer hurdles race as well, qualifying for both events at the 1970 Commonwealth Games. In Edinburgh, he fared much better in the 400m, and placed 4th. He switched focus to this discipline, and soon became a top runner, winning his event at a 1971 USSR-USA country match as a guest runner. At the Munich Olympics, he was unlucky to draw lane one in the final, yet managed to break the world record and win the gold in 47.82 seconds. Akii-Bua was unable to defend his title, as Uganda boycotted the 1976 Olympics like most African nations, and he was past his prime at the 1980 Games, when he was eliminated in the semi-finals. By then, he was living in West Germany, having fled Uganda following the overthrow of dictator Idi Amin. He returned to his native country in 1983, and eventually started working for the police, where he had also worked after his Olympic title. Personal Bests: 400 - 45.82 (1976); 400H - 47.82 (1972) Jim Alder Jim Alder is one of the most successful Scottish endurance runners ever. In the Commonwealth Games in Jamaica Alder was third in the 10,000m and then followed this up with marathon gold after one of the most dramatic finishes imaginable. Leading to the Stadium Alder found that the stewards outside the arena had gone inside to have a look at the Duke of Edinburgh and, as a result, he over ran the entrance. Bill Adcocks, who was following, went in the right entrance and was ahead of Jim. Dunky Wright shouted to Jim and got him into the stadium while Bill was on the track and Jim managed to catch him and win. 1966: Commonwealth Games Jamaica Marathon Gold 1966: Commonwealth Games Jamaica 6 Miles Bronze 1970: Commonwealth Games Edinburgh Marathon Silver 1969: European Championships Athens Marathon Bronze 1964: World Record Holder 30,000 metres 1970: World Record Holder 30,000 metres 1964: World Best Performance for 2 Hours 1970: British Record Holder 20,000metres Note: Not all distances are recognised as World Records Jim also narrowly missed World Best for 25,000 metres by 2 seconds. However, he broke the World Best for 20,000 metres en-route to 30,000 metres World Best and narrowly missed British Record for 10,000 metres by 6/10 of a second in a race won by over half a lap. In summary Jim has held every distance record from 10,000 metres to marathon. Filbert Bayi Filbert Bayi (born June 23, 1953) is a former Tanzanian middle-distance runner of the 1970s who set the world records for 1,500 metres in 1974 and the mile in 1975. He is still the 1,500m Commonwealth Games record holder. The men's 1,500m final was run on the last day of the 1974 Christchurch Commonwealth Games. Bayi, the runaway leader, set a new world record of 3 minutes 32.16 seconds. New Zealander John Walker came close to catching Bayi and also broke Jim Ryun's world record. Bayi and Walker continued their rivalry in 1975. On May 17, Bayi broke Ryun's eight-year-old record for the mile, clocking 3 minute 51 seconds. It was hoped that the Bayi-Walker clash would continue but, because Tanzania boycotted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, it never materialised. However, since Bayi was suffering from a bout of malaria shortly before the Olympics, he may not have been able to challenge Walker even if there had not been a boycott. Ian Black Date of Birth: 27, June 1941 Discipline: Swimming (Butterfly) Black began his swimming career at Robert Gordon's College Junior School in Aberdeen. His medals, titles and records - both European and Worldwide - make his one of the finest swimmers to have come from Scotland. Black was the first Scot to win the 1958 BBC Sports Personality of the year award at th


What was the racial segregation policy practiced by South Africa's National Party until 1994?

Apartheid - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com A+E Networks Introduction After the National Party gained power in South Africa in 1948, its all-white government immediately began enforcing existing policies of racial segregation under a system of legislation that it called apartheid. Under apartheid, nonwhite South Africans (a majority of the population) would be forced to live in separate areas from whites and use separate public facilities, and contact between the two groups would be limited. Despite strong and consistent opposition to apartheid within and outside of South Africa, its laws remained in effect for the better part of 50 years. In 1991, the government of President F.W. de Klerk began to repeal most of the legislation that provided the basis for apartheid. ‹ › Google Birth of Apartheid Racial segregation and white supremacy had become central aspects of South African policy long before apartheid began. The controversial 1913 Land Act, passed three years after South Africa gained its independence, marked the beginning of territorial segregation by forcing black Africans to live in reserves and making it illegal for them to work as sharecroppers. Opponents of the Land Act formed the South African National Native Congress, which would become the African National Congress (ANC). Did You Know? ANC leader Nelson Mandela, released from prison in February 1990, worked closely with President F.W. de Klerk's government to draw up a new constitution for South Africa. After both sides made concessions, they reached agreement in 1993, and would share the Nobel Peace Prize that year for their efforts. The Great Depression and World War II brought increasing economic woes to South Africa, and convinced the government to strengthen its policies of racial segregation. In 1948, the Afrikaner National Party won the general election under the slogan “apartheid” (literally “separateness”). Their goal was not only to separate South Africa’s white minority from its non-white majority, but also to separate non-whites from each other, and to divide black South Africans along tribal lines in order to decrease their political power. Apartheid Becomes Law By 1950, the government had banned marriages between whites and people of other races, and prohibited sexual relations between black and white South Africans. The Population Registration Act of 1950 provided the basic framework for apartheid by classifying all South Africans by race, including Bantu (black Africans), Coloured (mixed race) and white. A fourth category, Asian (meaning Indian and Pakistani) was later added. In some cases, the legislation split families; parents could be classified as white, while their children were classified as colored. A series of Land Acts set aside more than 80 percent of the country’s land for the white minority, and “pass laws” required non-whites to carry documents authorizing their presence in restricted areas. In order to limit contact between the races, the government established separate public facilities for whites and non-whites, limited the activity of nonwhite labor unions and denied non-white participation in national government. Apartheid and Separate Development Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd, who became prime minister in 1958, would refine apartheid policy further into a system he referred to as “separate development.” The Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959 created 10 Bantu homelands known as Bantustans. Separating black South Africans from each other enabled the government to claim there was no black majority, and reduced the possibility that blacks would unify into one nationalist organization. Every black South African was designated as a citizen as one of the Bantustans, a system that supposedly gave them full political rights, but effectively removed them from the nation’s political body. In one of the most devastating aspects of apartheid, the government forcibly removed black South Africans from rural areas designated as “white” to the homelands, and sold their land at low prices to white farmers. From 1961 to 1994, more than 3.5


Which party was led by Adolf Hitler from 1921 to 1945?

Nazis - A Short History of the Nazi Party The Nazis A Short History of the Nazi Party Adolf Hitler poses with a group of Nazis soon after his appointment as Chancellor.  (Picture courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives.) By Jennifer L. Goss, Contributing Writer Updated March 29, 2016. The Nazi Party was a political party in Germany, led by Adolf Hitler from 1921 to 1945, whose central tenets included the supremacy of the Aryan people and blaming Jews and others for the problems within Germany. These extreme beliefs eventually led to World War II and the Holocaust . At the end of World War II, the Nazi Party was declared illegal by the occupying Allied Powers and officially ceased to exist in May 1945. (The name “Nazi” is actually a shortened version of the party’s full name: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP, which translates to “National Socialist German Workers’ Party.”) Party Beginnings In the immediate post-World-War-I period, Germany was the scene of widespread political infighting between groups representing the far left and far right.  The Weimar Republic (the name of the German government from the end of WWI to 1933) was struggling as a result of its tarnished birth accompanied by the Treaty of Versailles and the fringe groups sought to take advantage of this political unrest. continue reading below our video Profile of Adolf Hitler It was in this environment that a locksmith, Anton Drexler , joined together with his journalist friend, Karl Harrer, and two other individuals (journalist Dietrich Eckhart and German economist Gottfried Feder ) to create a right-wing political party, the German Workers’ Party, on January 5, 1919.  The party’s founders had strong anti-Semitic and nationalist underpinnings and sought to promote a paramilitary Friekorps culture that would target the scourge of communism.  Adolf Hitler Joins the Party After his service in the German Army (Reichswehr) during World War I , Adolf Hitler had difficulty re-integrating into civilian society.  He eagerly accepted a job serving the Army as a civilian spy and informant, a task that required him to attend meetings of German political parties identified as subversive by the newly formed Weimar government.  This job appealed to Hitler, particularly because it allowed him to feel that was still serving a purpose to the military for which he would have eagerly given his life.  On September 12, 1919, this position took him to a meeting of the German Worker’s Party (DAP). Hitler’s superiors had previously instructed him to remain quiet and simply attend these meetings as a non-descript observer, a role he was able to accomplish with success until this meeting.  Following a discussion on Feder’s views against capitalism, an audience member questioned Feder and Hitler quickly rose to his defense.  No longer anonymous, Hitler was approached after the meeting by Drexler who asked Hitler to join the party.  Hitler accepted, resigned from his position with the Reichswehr and became member #555 of the German Worker’s Party.  (In reality, Hitler was the 55th member, Drexler added the 5 prefix to the early membership cards to make the party appear larger than it was in those years.) Hitler Becomes Party Leader Hitler quickly became a force to be reckoned with in the party.  He was appointed to be a member of the party’s central committee and in January 1920, he was appointed by Drexler to be the party’s Chief of Propaganda.  A month later, Hitler organized a party rally in Munich that was attended by over 2000 people.  Hitler made a famous speech at this event outlining the newly created, 25-point platform of the party.  This platform was drawn up by Drexler, Hitler, and Feder.  (Harrer, feeling increasingly left out, resigned from the party in February 1920.) The new platform emphasized the party’s volkisch nature of promoting a unified national community of pure Aryan Germans.  It placed blame for the nation’s struggles on immigrants (mainly Jews and Eastern Europeans) and stressed excluding these groups from the benefits of a unified community


How old must you be to vote in a British parliamentary election?

How do I register to vote? - UK Parliament How do I register to vote? Referendums in the UK How do I register to vote? You need to register before you can vote in UK elections. The different ways you can register to vote are listed below. Registering in England, Scotland and Wales Register online You will need your National Insurance number (if you have one). Register by post Who can register to vote? You can register to vote if you are: 16 years old or over (but you cannot vote until you are 18 years old) A British citizen An Irish, Commonwealth or European Union citizen who is resident in the UK Citizens of the European Union who are not Commonwealth citizens can vote in European and local elections in the UK, but are not able to vote in UK general elections. Overseas and service voters About My Vote: Armed Forces (external site) When can I register to vote? You can register to vote , or change your address on the electoral register, at any time throughout the year. However, if you are seeking to vote in a specific election there will be a deadline by which you must have registered that will be determined by when that election is to be held. Am I already registered to vote? To find out whether or not you are registered to vote, you need to contact your Electoral Registration Officer. You can find their details by entering your postcode on the About My Vote website . Further information More information on how to register to vote can be found on the Electoral Commission website or the About My Vote website . Image: iStock Electoral Commission The Electoral Commission is an independent body, accountable directly to the UK Parliament, that regulates elections in the UK, promotes voter awareness and works to build confidence in the electoral process. Parliament is not responsible for the content of external websites. Video: how the General Election works in nearly 60 seconds Watch video on YouTube Living Heritage Before 1918 no women were allowed to vote in parliamentary elections. Discover how the right to vote was extended to different sectors of society over the years.


How many readings does an act of Parliament have in the House of Commons before being given royal assent?

How many readings does an act of Parliament have in the House ofCommons before being given royal assent? Sign up View the step-by-step solution to: How many readings does an act of Parliament have in the House ofCommons before being given royal assent? This question was answered on May 22, 2016. View the Answer How many readings does an act of Parliament have in the House ofCommons before being given royal assent? torestutor200                                                   posted a question · May 22, 2016 at 1:38am Top Answer This relief fragment depicts one of the many wives of ________________, and is one of the only surviving pieces from his funerary complex at Deir el-Bahri. Recently Asked Questions Need an Ancient History tutor? brightkesenwa 44 Ancient History experts found online! Average reply time is                       1 min Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!


In which city did Karl Marx write Das Kapital?

Karl Marx FAQ  |  Site Map Karl Marx The German philosopher Karl Marx (1818-1883)  was one of the most influential political  writers in history. Indeed, in the last half  of the twentieth century, almost half the  people in the world lived in countries  governed by principles based on Marx's work. To understand the scope and importance of  Marx, we must look to his childhood and to the  political situation of his time. Marx grew up  in a learned family that prized education. In  fact, he came from a long line of rabbis on  both sides of the family. In 1835, at the age  of 17, Marx went to the University of Bonn to  study law. However, Marx's father felt his son  should go to a more serious school so, a year  later, Marx was sent to the University of  Berlin where he studied for four years. Even as a young man, Marx had a thoughtful,  philosophical bent. When he was 17 years old,  he wrote a letter to his father, in which he  pondered the choices that a young person must  make when choosing a profession: "...But the chief guide which must direct us  in the choice of a profession is the welfare  of mankind and our own perfection. It should  not be thought that these two interests could  be in conflict, that one would have to destroy  the other; on the contrary, Man's nature is so  constituted that he can attain his own  perfection only by working for the perfection,  for the good, of his fellow men. If he works  only for himself, he may perhaps become a  famous man of learning, a great sage, an  excellent poet, but he can never be a perfect,  truly great man." I have quoted from this letter at such length  to show you that Marx was much more than a  political philosopher. As he grew older, he  developed into a highly educated economist, a  historian, a social scientist and, eventually,  a revolutionary. In October 1842, not long after finishing his  formal education, Marx began to edit a 4-month  old liberal newspaper, "Rheinische Zeitung",  in the Prussian city of Cologne. (At the time,  Prussia was an independent kingdom, the  largest and most important of the Germanic  states.) Up to now, Marx had looked at the study of the  law only as an academic pursuit. However,  "Rheinische Zeitung" was an outlet for the  region's middle class and intellectuals,  people who were strongly opposed to Prussian  authoritarianism. As editor, Marx was obliged  -- for the first time in his life -- to  confront legal and political issues from a  practical viewpoint. This led him to turn his  attention to economics and, within a short  time, he began to develop a progressive, anti-  authoritarian philosophy. In November of 1842, Marx met Friedrich  Engels, a German writer who was visiting the  newspaper on his way to England. Marx and  Engels began to collaborate, the start of a  fruitful and stimulating partnership that was  to last the rest of their lives. Under Marx's  guidance and Engels' influence, the newspaper  became more and more radical. In March 1843,  Marx was forced to resign and, two weeks  later, the Prussian government closed down the  paper. Marx then traveled to Paris, where he became  involved with working-class, socialist groups.  At the end of 1844, he was expelled from  Paris, and he and Engels went to Brussels,  where they stayed for three years. During this  interval, Marx devoted himself to an intensive  study of history, developing a materialistic  conception of the field. In doing so, he took  a very important philosophical step. At the time, European metaphysics was  dominated by Hegel's philosophy of idealism,  based on two ideas. First, that reality is a  creation of the mind; second, that history can  be explained as an eternal struggle between  opposing spiritual forces, a concept known as  the Hegelian dialectic. According to Marx, people make social  decisions solely in response to their economic  needs. Thus, over time, the characteristics of  a society are determined by its economic  structure. For Marx, reality was material


Which party did F W de Klerk represent as South African president?

South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid South African President and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate with Nelson Mandela. Early life F. W. de Klerk was born in Johannesburg on 18 March 1936. F.W. de Klerk grew up in a political family, with both his father and grandfather serving high office. His father, Jan de Klerk, was a Cabinet Minister and the President of the South African Senate. In this political environment he learned the essential importance of timing. His brother is Dr Willem (Wimpie) de Klerk, a political analyst and one of the founders of the Democratic Party. After finishing school in Krugersdorp, F.W. de Klerk graduated in 1958 from Potchefstroom University with BA and Ll.B degrees (the latter cum laude). At the same time he was awarded the Abe Bailey scholarship (an all-expenses paid educational tour to the United Kingdom). In 1969 he married Marike Willemse, with whom he had two sons and a daughter. Political career From 1961-1972 de Klerk practiced as an attorney in Vereeniging. During this time, he played an active part in Nationalist Party politics and in local educational affairs. He was offered the chair of Administrative Law at Potchefstroom University, but declined the position when he was elected Member of Parliament for Vereeniging in November 1972. In 1975 he became information officer of the Transvaal National Party. He held several ministerial positions in the Cabinet of President P.W. Botha, including Minister of Post and Telecommunications and Sport and Recreation (1978-1979); Mines, Energy and Environmental Planning (1979-1980); Mineral and Energy Affairs (1980-1982); Internal Affairs (1982-1985); and National Education and Planning (1984-1989). In 1982 he became the Transvaal leader of the National Party after Dr Andries Treurnicht quit the party. In 1985 he was appointed chairman of the Ministers’ Council in the House of Assembly and in 1986 he became the House’s leader. When P.W. Botha resigned as leader of the National Party in February 1989, he was succeeded by de Klerk. In September he was elected the new State President. He soon announced his policy of reform: he hoped to create a suitable climate for negotiations which would end apartheid and bring about a new Constitutional dispensation for South Africa, based on the principle of one person, one vote. The 1990 reforms In December 1989, de Klerk met with the imprisoned leader of the African National Congress (ANC), Nelson Mandela. On 2 February 1990, de Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC, the South African Communist Party (SACP) and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). On 11 February Mandela was released. Negotiations with Mandela and other party leaders were held for the peaceful end of apartheid and transition to democratic rule. In 1993, De Klerk and Mandela were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts at reform in South Africa. After 1994. After the 1994 elections, De Klerk was appointed the Second Vice President in President Mandela’s cabinet. In 1996 and other National Party members withdrew from their cabinet posts in order to establish the National Party as an effective opposition to the ANC. In 1997 De Klerk retired from politics.


What is the term used when a sitting MP is removed as the candidate for a forthcoming election?

BBC News - Labour MP Nigel Griffiths to quit at election Labour MP Nigel Griffiths to quit at election Nigel Griffiths has been the Edinburgh South MP for 23 years Former Labour minister Nigel Griffiths has announced he will quit as MP for Edinburgh South at the next election. Mr Griffiths, who has held the marginal seat for 23 years, said he was leaving the Commons to take up a "once in a lifetime job offer". The politician was recently hit with allegations concerning his private life and the Westminster expenses scandal. The announcement brings the number of Scottish Labour MPs stepping down so far to nine. Meanwhile, former West Lothian Council leader Graeme Morrice has been selected as the Labour candidate in Livingston, after sitting MP Jim Devine was deselected by the party's special endorsement panel following a probe of his expenses claims. Brian Taylor Political editor There is always churn at election time, but it does look as if the turnover will be substantial this time around. Thus far, nine Scottish Labour MPs are retiring/departing before a vote is cast. One Lib Dem, John Barrett, has announced that he is to go. The SNP's cohort - with the exception of Alex Salmond - are all seeking re-election as is the solitary Tory. Read Brian Taylor's blog Labour MSP Cathy Jamieson, the former Scottish justice minister, will fight Kilmarnock and Loudoun after former defence and Scottish secretary Des Browne announced he was quitting the seat. And former civil servant and trade union official Michael McCann has been unveiled as the Labour candidate in East Kilbride, Strathaven and Lesmahagow, after former defence minister Adam Ingram also decided to quit as the sitting MP. Labour paid tribute to Mr Griffiths as one of Scotland's most experienced parliamentarians. And the party moved quickly to declare Labour support in Edinburgh South - which is being targeted by the other main parties in the forthcoming election - was "strong and growing". Mr Griffiths, whose new post as director of an international education institution based in London, the United States and India, starts in June, said he firmly believed Labour would hold the seat. The former councillor said: "After 30 years of continuously elected service in Edinburgh, this is a once in a lifetime opportunity. "It would not be right to delay accepting this position, since I want to give the party time to select a new candidate to fight the forthcoming election." Trident protest Mr Griffiths, a long-time friend of Gordon Brown, last year escaped a standards investigation after the News of the World reported he cheated on his wife inside the House of Commons. In a statement following the newspaper's account of events on Remembrance Day in 2008 he said at the time: "I am, of course, ashamed that my conduct did fall below acceptable standards. I have little recollection of the evening but that does not make it right." Last summer it was reported Mr Griffiths tried to defend a £3,600 claim for a television, DVD player and digital radio in his London home by saying he had to listen to "Scottish radio" and watch "Scottish TV". He was said to have told the Commons fees office a flat-screen television was the "sensible option" in a cramped flat, but did not pursue the claim after being told that, while the explanation was understandable, the "level of purchases" remained under question. Mr Griffiths has served as a minister for construction, competition and enterprise. He became deputy Leader of the Commons in 2005, but quit two years later so he could vote against the government on Trident. Bookmark with:


Who played the part of Piers Fletcher Dervish, personal assistant to MP Alan B'stard, in the television comedy series The New Statesman? Sign up View the step-by-step solution to: Who played the part of Piers Fletcher Dervish, personal assistant to MP Alan B'stard, in the television comedy series The New Statesman? This question was answered on May 22, 2016. View the Answer Who played the part of Piers Fletcher Dervish, personal assistant to MP Alan B'stard, in the television comedy series The New Statesman? veterantutor62                                                   posted a question · May 22, 2016 at 10:19am Top Answer josewriter23 answered the question · May 22, 2016 at 10:20am Other Answers Michael Troughton (born 2 March 1955) is an English actor, writer, and teacher. He is the son of actor Patrick Troughton (known as the Second Doctor in Doctor Who in the 1960s) and the younger brother of David Troughton. Yati1987 May 22, 2016 at 10:21am {[ getNetScore(29666349) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions Go back a bit and explore part of the 1890s. What was the significance of the Spanish-American War in the debate over imperialism? What impression did you get Recently Asked Questions Need an US History tutor? mathtutor1983 2 US History experts found online! Average reply time is                       less than an hour Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!


Which MP entered Parliament as a Tory in 1833, but became Liberal prime minister in 1868?

William Ewart Gladstone | prime minister of United Kingdom | Britannica.com prime minister of United Kingdom Written By: Prime minister of United Kingdom born William Ewart Gladstone, (born December 29, 1809, Liverpool , England —died May 19, 1898, Hawarden , Flintshire, Wales ), statesman and four-time prime minister of Great Britain (1868–74, 1880–85, 1886, 1892–94). William E. Gladstone. Culver Pictures Early life Gladstone was of purely Scottish descent. His father, John, made himself a merchant prince and was a member of Parliament (1818–27). Gladstone was sent to Eton, where he did not particularly distinguish himself. At Christ Church, Oxford, in 1831 he secured first classes in classics and mathematics. He originally intended to take orders in the Church of England , but his father dissuaded him. He mistrusted parliamentary reform; his speech against it in May 1831 at the Oxford Union, of which he had been president, made a strong impression. One of his Christ Church friends, the son of the Duke of Newcastle, persuaded the Duke to support Gladstone as candidate for Parliament for Newark in the general election of December 1832; and the “Grand Old Man” of Liberalism thus began his parliamentary career as a Tory member. His maiden speech on June 3, 1833, made a decided mark. He held minor office in Sir Robert Peel’s short government of 1834–35, first at the treasury, then as undersecretary for the colonies. United Kingdom: Gladstone and Disraeli In July 1839 he married Catherine, the daughter of Sir Stephen Glynne of Hawarden, near Chester. A woman of lively wit, complete discretion, and exceptional charm, she was utterly devoted to her husband, to whom she bore eight children. This marriage gave him a secure base of personal happiness for the rest of his life. It also established him in the aristocratic governing class of the time. The influence of Peel Gladstone’s early parliamentary performances were strongly Tory; but time after time contact with the effects of Tory policy forced him to take a more liberal view. His conversion from conservatism to liberalism took place in prolonged stages, over a generation. Peel made Gladstone vice president of the Board of Trade , and Gladstone’s application astonished even hardworking colleagues. He embarked on a major simplification of the tariff and became a more thoroughgoing free trader than Peel. In 1843 he entered the Cabinet as president of the Board of Trade. His Railway Act of 1844 set up minimum requirements for railroad companies and provided for eventual state purchase of railway lines. Gladstone also much improved working conditions for London dock workers. Early in 1845, when the Cabinet proposed to increase a state grant to the Irish Roman Catholic college at Maynooth, Gladstone resigned—not because he did not approve of the increase but because it went against views he had published seven years before. Later in 1845 he rejoined the Cabinet as secretary of state for the colonies, until the government fell in 1846. While at the Colonial Office, he was led nearer to Liberalism by being forced to consider the claims of English-speaking colonists to govern themselves. Private preoccupations Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent The Glynne family estates were deeply involved in the financial panic of 1847. For several years Gladstone was concerned with extricating them. He began charitable work, which was open to a great deal of misinterpretation; he often tried to persuade prostitutes to enter a “rescue” home that he and his wife maintained or in some other way to take up a different way of life. Several of Gladstone’s closest Oxford friends were among the many Anglicans who converted to Roman Catholicism under the impact of the Oxford Movement. Gladstone had moved to a High Anglican position in Italy just after leaving Oxford. The suspicion that he was Catholic was used against him by his adversaries, of whom he had many in the University of Oxford , for which he was elected MP in August 1847. He scandalized many of his new constituents at once by voting for the admissio


Who was the last foreign secretary to serve in Margaret Thatcher's cabinet, an MP who also contested the leadership after her resignation?

Margaret Thatcher obituary: The most divisive political leader of modern times | The Independent Margaret Thatcher obituary: The most divisive political leader of modern times Her outsider’s mentality made her admired – worshipped, almost – by members of the Conservative Party Monday 8 April 2013 17:06 BST Click to follow The Independent Online Baroness Margaret Thatcher arriving for the Passing of the World War One Generation Memorial Service on Armistice Day EPA There has been no other leader quite like Margaret Thatcher in post-war Britain. No other post-war Prime Minister has been so admired, or so reviled. She was the first woman to lead a major political party in Britain, the longest-serving Prime Minister of the 20th century, and almost the only Prime Minister whose name is synonymous with an ideology. "Thatcherism" remained in political diction when the holder of that name was an elderly frail, lonely widow. She was never much loved, though she would have liked to have been. She believed that she had a direct line to the British people, or at least the section of it from which she sprang: the hardworking, law-abiding, self-denying lower middle class. Although she dominated her party and the government machine, her self-image was of an outsider battling with an inert establishment. Evening visitors to the flat above Downing Street would sometimes find her and her husband, Denis, watching the news, and grumbling about the state of the nation, wanting something done. This outsider's mentality made her admired - worshipped, almost - by members of the Conservative Party and its core supporters. Others felt grudging respect for her immense willpower. Even the satirists who thrived during the Thatcher years unwittingly enhanced the very reputation that they were mocking. One famous Spitting Image sketch showed Thatcher settling down to dinner with a collection of half-witted Cabinet ministers. Approached by the waiter, she ordered raw steak. "And what about the vegetables?" she is asked, to which she replied: "They'll have the same." Jokes such as this only reinforced her image as a strong leader. She was also lucky in the choice of enemies that fate threw in her path - the Kremlin, Argentina's General Galtieri, and the miners' leader, Arthur Scargill, all unwittingly helped her from success to success. But to a very large minority of Britons - if not the majority - she was an increasingly unappealing embodiment of unfeeling middle-class self-righteousness. While it was her hostility to her fellow Europeans that most damaged her relations with senior Cabinet colleagues, what turned the public against her was the apparent glee with which she rode roughshod over sections of society, such as the miners and the unemployed. Margaret Roberts was born in 1925, the second daughter of Alfred and Beatrice Roberts, in Grantham, Lincolnshire. Her father, a local grocer, was a member of the local council and became Mayor of Grantham in 1945. The family was Methodist, austere, and teetotal. They usually attended church three times on a Sunday. Though Alfred Roberts owned two shops and employed five assistants, there was no hot running water or inside lavatory in the family flat. Later, it would be much commented on that Thatcher's Who's Who entry identified her as her father's daughter, but did not mention her mother. Similarly, neither her mother nor her sister, Muriel, featured in her lengthy memoirs, in which she pays tribute to her father, a shoemaker's son, as the person from whom she learnt "the basis for my economic philosophy." In all the years she was in Downing Street, she allowed only one other woman a seat in the Cabinet. This was Janet Young, who was leader of the Lords from 1981 to 1983. Thatcher was in some respects very feminine, particularly in the endless care she took over her clothes and complexion, but she was no feminist. She preferred to work with men, preferably men who behaved flirtatiously, like her court favourite, Cecil Parkinson. The politician to whom she owed most was the long-serving, long-suffering Si


Which publication documents all proceedings of the British parliament?

Publications & records - UK Parliament Publications & records Produced by Commons Library, Lords Library and Parliamentary Office Science and Technology The UK’s EU referendum 2016 explained Four staff networks for people to discuss and consider issues. Working in Parliament Find and register for Parliament's free events and training sessions Have your say See some of the sights you’ll encounter on a tour of Parliament Planning an event? Publications & records Publications & records See what is happening today in both Houses, read previous debates in Hansard and get the latest select committee reports. Explore research from the parliamentary libraries and find out how to access the archives.


Which British minister of health inaugurated the National Health Service? View the step-by-step solution to: Which British minister of health inaugurated the National Health Service? This question was answered on May 22, 2016. View the Answer Which British minister of health inaugurated the National Health Service? .__________________________________________ jebiiwriter43                                                   posted a question · May 22, 2016 at 10:25am Top Answer Please see the attached... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29666450) ]} josewriter23 answered the question · May 22, 2016 at 10:27am Other Answers Aneurin Bevan; 15 November 1897 – 6 July 1960), often known as Nye Bevan, was a Welsh Labour Party politician who was the... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29666484) ]} The answer to this question... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29666496) ]} Here is the answer... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29674566) ]} Need an Ancient History tutor? brightkesenwa 41 Ancient History experts found online! Average reply time is                       1 min Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!


What is the name for the group of opposition spokesmen who comment on the policies of government ministers? Sign up View the step-by-step solution to: What is the name for the group of opposition spokesmen who comment on the policies of government ministers? This question was answered on May 22, 2016. View the Answer What is the name for the group of opposition spokesmen who comment on the policies of government ministers? oldprincetutor51                                                   posted a question · May 22, 2016 at 10:32am Top Answer josewriter23 answered the question · May 22, 2016 at 10:33am Other Answers 1 comment The Shadow Cabinet is a feature of the Westminster system of government. It consists of a senior group of opposition spokespeople who, under the leadership of the Leader of the Opposition, form an alternative cabinet to that of the government, and whose members shadow or mark each individual member of the Cabinet.[1] Members of a shadow cabinet are often but not always appointed to a Cabinet post if and when their party gets into government. It is the Shadow Cabinet's responsibility to criticise the policies and actions of the government, as well as offering an alternative program. Yati1987 May 22, 2016 at 10:33am {[ getNetScore(29666534) ]}


"Who was ""Britain's first ever Labour prime minister in 1924?"

Who was "Britain's first ever Labour prime minister in 1924? View the step-by-step solution to: Who was "Britain's first ever Labour prime minister in 1924? This question was answered on May 22, 2016. View the Answer Who was "Britain's first ever Labour prime minister in 1924? longman86                                                   posted a question · May 22, 2016 at 10:35am Top Answer The way to answer this question is ... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29666574) ]} josewriter23 answered the question · May 22, 2016 at 10:35am Other Answers Here is the explanation for... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29666570) ]} 1 comment James Ramsay MacDonald, FRS[1] (12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937) was a British statesman who was the first Labour Party Prime Minister, leading a Labour Government in 1924, a Labour Government from 1929 to 1931, and a National Government from 1931 to 1935. Yati1987 May 22, 2016 at 10:36am {[ getNetScore(29666575) ]} Here is a detailed explanation... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29666579) ]} Ramsay MacDonald In office... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29666603) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions Who is the first US president? How old was he when he became a president? Recently Asked Questions Need an Ancient History tutor? rahulbansal 29 Ancient History experts found online! Average reply time is                       1 min Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!


"What became known s ""the F-word"" at the 1991 Maastricht summit, where Britain wanted it removed from the treaty?"

European Council, Maastricht (Hansard, 25 November 1991) Lord Cledwyn of Penrhos My Lords, we are grateful to the noble Lord the Leader of the House for setting the scene for the debate and for his comprehensive speech in which he explained some aspects of the Government's policy. A two-day debate on the importance and implications of the Maastricht Summit was held in another place last week. We all followed that discussion with great interest. Today we have the opportunity to express our views on what is without doubt a historic milestone in the history of the Community. There are differences of view on a number of issues between the parties, and within the parties, in this country, as was made very plain in last week's debate in the House of Commons. However, there is overwhelming agreement on one central point; namely, that as a member of the European Community it is our duty in this country to work for solutions which are in the best interests of our people and of the Community as a whole. We must be clear about how we want to see the Community develop and we must work to ensure that Britain is in a position to influence the objectives which we support. There is little doubt that the Community will expand still further. Sweden and Austria are seeking membership and the other EFTA countries will follow, as may two or three Eastern European countries in due course. It is an exciting prospect but it will be an attractive one only if we can ensure that the new association will be democratic and that there will be accountability as between the various levels of administration within the Community—a point upon which the noble Lord expanded. Economic, monetary and political union for Europe is an ambitious concept and a complex and intricate one. The noble Lord said that we cannot set the final shape of Europe now, and I agree with him. It is for that reason that we should tackle each stage of the development with realism and common sense. We know that there have been arguments on a range of issues and we do not know, even at this late stage, whether they will be resolved before the Maastricht Summit takes place. The noble Lord also said that Maastricht will not settle the fate of Europe now. Here again I agree with him. I suggested in the debate on the Address that we should seek to negotiate a package upon which we could all agree at Maastricht while other matters on 1154 which agreement is clearly impossible should be reserved for further consideration. That must be preferable to a pointless and acrimonious haggle there. The impression has been created that Maastricht is a make or break summit. That is a great mistake for it has been plain from the start that there are issues on which total agreement may well be impossible, at least at this stage. As the noble Lord has said, every country in the Community has its own history, ethos, culture and national memory and its policies inevitably reflect that. That has its dangers, as we know all too well. Yugoslavia demonstrates that in an extreme way at this moment. We can thank heaven that the Community came into existence primarily to ensure that the wars which had devastated Europe would never happen again. It is very much to the credit of this House that over the past two years or so it has gone to very great lengths to study and debate the problems implicit in Maastricht. In October 1990 and in July this year our Select Committee on the European Communities, which is presided over by my noble friend Lady Serota, published excellent reports which we debated here at some length. The committee made important recommendations which are very relevant to our debate today. For example, it stressed that the communities must take steps to meet the requirements of democratic principles and that Community institutions must be, and must be seen to be, democratically accountable. It is for that reason that the Commission as at present constituted poses a problem. I must put the question to the noble Earl, Lord Caithness, who is to reply to the debate: why should not the Commission be mo


Which British actress won the Hampstead and Highgate seat for Labour in the 1992 General Election?

UK Polling Report Geography: Greater London. Parts of Camden and Brent council areas. Main population centres: Hampstead, Kilburn, Kendal Rise. Profile: Hampstead itself is stereotypically, but not entirely inaccurately, portrayed as the home of the chattering classes and the liberal intelligensia, although the extreme house prices mean it is increasingly the home to city financiers, celebrities and business entrepreneurs. The desirable location, Hampstead Heath and direct transport links into central London and to Canary Wharf mean the rest of the seat is rapidly gentrifying and house prices rocketing as young professionals move into the area. Kilburn is a more socially deprived area with a large proportion of social housing and large Irish and Caribbean communities. Gentrification is having its effect even here though and the large South Kilburn council estate is in the process of being redeveloped. Politics: Hampstead and Kilburn was created for the 2010 election, a cross borough seat based on the old Hampstead and Highgate seat of Glenda Jackson and the Brent East seat of Sarah Teather, who opted to fight the Brent Central seat instead. In 2010 the result was an extremely tight three-way finish between Labour, Conservative and Liberal Democrat with Labour only winning by 42 votes. In 2015 the Liberal Democrat vote collapsed, but the battle between Labour and Conservative remained tight, with Tulip Siddiq winning by only two percent. Current MP TULIP SIDDIQ (Labour) Born 1982, Mitcham, granddaughter of Sheikj Mujibur Rahman, first President of Bangledesh. Educated at University College London. Former corporate communications executive. First elected as MP for Hampstead & Kilburn in 2015. Past Results *There were boundary changes after 2005, name changed from Hampstead & Highgate Demographics 2015 Candidates SIMON MARCUS (Conservative) Born Hampstead. Educated at City of London School and Kings College London. Camden councillor since 2012. Contested Barking 2010. TULIP SIDDIQ (Labour) Born 1982, Mitcham, granddaughter of Sheikj Mujibur Rahman, first President of Bangledesh. Educated at University College London. Corporate communications executive. MAAJID NAWAZ (Liberal Democrat) Born 1978, Westcliff on Sea. Educated at Westcliff High School for Boys and SOAS. Executive director of Quilliam Foundation. Former member of extremist group Hizb-ut-Tahrir, he left HUT in 2007 to become a campaigner against extremism. Received death threats in 2013 for tweeting a Jesus and Mo cartoon. MAGNUS NIELSEN (UKIP) Educated at George Dixons Grammar School and University of London. Contested Holborn and St Pancras 2001, Hampstead and Highgate 2005, Hampstead and Kilburn 2010. REBECCA JOHNSON (Green) Educated at Bristol University. Academic and nuclear disarmament expert. ROBIN ELLISON (U Party) Educated at Manchester Grammar School and Cambridge University. Pensions lawyer. Chairman of the National Association of Pension Funds. THE EUROVISIONARY CARROLL (Independent) Born 1934, Belfast. Singer and entertainer. British entrant to the Eurovision Song Contest in 1962 and 1963.. Contested Hampstead and Highgate 1997, Uxbridge by-election 1997, Hartlepool by-election 2004, Haltemprice 2008 by-election. Died on 13th April 2015, after the close of nominations. Links