Hippopotamus - Hippo Facts, Pictures & Information You are here: Home / Animals / Hippopotamus Hippopotamus Image Source The Hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius) is the third largest living land mammal on the earth. The first largest is the elephant and the second is the white rhinoceros. A male hippopotamus is called a ‘bull’, a female hippopotamus is called a ‘cow’ and a baby hippopotamus is called a ‘calf’. The hippopotamus is a large, mostly plant-eating African mammal, one of only two extant, and three or four recently extinct, species in the family ‘Hippopotamidae’. The hippopotamus has an average life span of about 45 years in the wild and 50 years in captivity. There are two species of hippopotamus – the Common Hippopotamus (also called a River Hippo) (hippopotamus amphibius) and the Pygmy Hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis or Hexaprotodon liberiensis) ADVERTISEMENT Before the last Ice Age, the hippopotamus was wide spread in North Africa and Europe and could live in colder climates on the condition that the water did not freeze during winter. The hippopotamus is now extinct in Egypt, where it was a familiar animal of the Nile into historic times. As many as 3 species of Malagasy Hippopotamus became extinct during the Holocene on Madagascar, one of them within the past 1,000 years. The Malagasy Hippos were smaller than the modern hippopotamus, likely through the process of insular dwarfism (the process of the reduction in size of large animals, mostly mammals, when their gene pool is limited to a very small environment). There is fossil evidence that many Malagasy Hippos were hunted by humans, a likely factor in their eventual extinction. The hippopotamus is semi-aquatic mammal, inhabiting rivers and lakes in sub-Saharan Africa in large groups of up to 40 hippos. During the day they remain cool by staying in the water or mud; reproduction and childbirth both occur in water, where territorial bulls preside over a stretch of river. Hippos emerge at dusk to graze on grass. While hippos rest near each other in territories in the water, grazing is a solitary activity and hippos are not territorial on land. The eyes, ears and nostrils of hippopotamus are placed high on the roof of the skull. This allows them to be in the water with most of their body submerged in the waters and mud of tropical rivers to stay cool and prevent sunburn. Hippopotamuses need water deep enough to cover them, within commuting distance of pasture. Hippos must submerge into the water because their thin, naked skin is vulnerable to overheating and dehydration. Hippopotamus Characteristics Hippos average 3.5 metres (11 feet) in length, 1.5 metres (5 feet) tall at the shoulder and weigh from 1500 kilograms to 3200 kilograms (3,300 to 7,000 pounds). Hippos are approximately the same size as the White Rhinoceros and experts often debate on which is the next largest land animal after the elephant. Male hippos appear to continue growing throughout their lives, whereas the female hippos reach a maximum weight at around the age of 25 years. Female hippos are smaller than their male counterparts and normally weigh no more than 1500 kilograms. The value given above of 3200 kilogramsis often quoted as being the upper limit of weight for a male hippo. However, larger specimens than this have been documented, including one hippopotamus which weighed about 10,000 pounds (4,500 kilograms) and measured around 16 feet (5 metres) in length. Even though they are bulky animals, hippopotamuses can run faster than a human on land. There are estimates of their running speed varying from 30 kilometres per hour (18 miles per hour) to 40 kilometres per hour (25 miles per hour), or even 50 kilometres per hour (30 miles per hour). The hippo can maintain these higher estimates for only a few hundred metres or yards. Despite the hippos physical resemblance to pigs and other terrestrial even-toed ungulates, their closest living relatives are cetaceans including whales and porpoises. Hippopotamuses have legs that are small, relative to other megafauna (groups of large anima


In 1960, which actress received the first star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Los Angeles?

History of the Walk of Fame | Hollywood Walk of Fame History of the Walk of Fame History of the Walk of Fame The stars on the world-famous Hollywood Walk of Fame are located on both sides of Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Street. The Hollywood Walk of Fame is an internationally-recognized Hollywood icon. With about 24 induction ceremonies annually broadcast around the world, the constant reinforcement provided to the public has made the Walk of Fame a top visitor attraction. The Hollywood Walk of Fame is undoubtedly one of the most successful marketing ideas ever produced. Unfortunately, there is a lot of inaccurate information circulating about the history of the Walk. We present this brief history to set the record straight. The man credited with the idea for creating a Walk of Fame, was E. M. Stuart, who served in 1953 as the volunteer president of the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. In that year, according to a Chamber press release he proposed the Walk as a means to "maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamour and excitement in the four corners of the world." He appointed a committee to begin fleshing out the idea and the architectural firm of Periera and Luckman was employed to develop some specific proposals. Where the original idea came from is not certain; however, the ceiling of the dining room of the historic Hollywood Hotel once had stars painted on the ceiling with the names of celebrities and that may have been a precursor of the idea to place stars in the sidewalks. It was not until 1955 that the basic tenets of the proposal were agreed upon, and in that year, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce proceeded to secure the necessary signatures to present to the City for further action in the formation of an assessment district. These plans were crystallized and submitted to the Los Angeles City Council in January of 1956. The Council embraced the idea and instructed the Board of Public Works to prepare the engineering specifications and to create the necessary assessment district to pay for the improvements. As plans progressed, various concepts were reviewed. In February of 1956, a proposed rendering of a star was unveiled that included a caricature of the honoree, with a proposal for brown and blue sidewalks. It was later determined that caricatures would be too difficult to develop and the colors of the sidewalk were changed to black and coral. It is said that Hollywood businessman C.E. Toberman nixed the idea of the brown and blue sidewalks because they did not complement a new building he was erecting on the Boulevard. The Chamber established the Hollywood Improvement Association to work with the City in pursuing the idea. The man who was selected to chair the effort was Harry Sugarman, a prominent businessman whose family had been film exhibitors and owned one of California's oldest theatres. He saw the project through to completion. While the City worked on creation of the assessment district, the Improvement Association moved forward between May 1956 and the fall of 1957 in selecting the honorees to be initially placed in the Walk. Four committees were established to represent the four different aspects of the entertainment industry at that time - motion picture, television, recording and radio. The committees included some of the most prominent names in entertainment. Members of the Motion Picture Selection Committee included Cecil B. DeMille, Samuel Goldwyn, Jesse Lasky, Walt Disney, Hal Roach, Mack Sennett and Walter Lantz, among others. Once the effort began, suggestions began pouring in to the Chamber offices - as many as 150 names a week were submitted. The selection process was not without controversy. One of those whose name was not approved for inclusion in the initial phase of the Walk of Fame was Charlie Chaplin. A press release issued in 1961 by the Chamber, addressed the controversies over the selection process: "The names in the Walk of Fame have been subject to the most continuous criticism and abuse. These are divided into two classes: those who think the wrong names are inclu


What is the name of the full-dress fur hat worn by hussars and footguard regiments of the British Army?

bearskin (hat) - Memidex dictionary/thesaurus en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busby Busby (disambiguation) a kind of military headdress, made of fur, derived from that traditionally worn by Hussars. Busby may also refer to: Adam Busby, (b. 1948), Scottish terrorist | Allen Busby (1900-1988), U.S. politician | Brian Busby (b. 1962), Canadian literary... (37 of 300 words, 34 definitions)


Who is the voice of chief mechanic ‘Big Chris’ in the children’s UK television series ‘Roary the Racing Car’?

Roary to zoom onto TV screens (From Echo) Roary to zoom onto TV screens / Paul Offord BOB the Builder can hang up his hard hat. Roary the Racing Car is ready to zoom onto television screens. Basildon man Keith Chapman, 47, who created Bob the Builder, can't wait for kids to see his latest show. Roary the Racing Car will be screened for the first time at 7.15am on Monday on Channel Five, then every Monday morning for the next 13 weeks. Mr Chapman said: "Roary is going to be as big as Bob. "It's a story about a young boy who makes mistakes as he rushes through life, but Roary happens to be a racing car living with his racing car friends." Other characters include chief mechanic Big Chris, whose voice is provided by funny man Peter Kay, chief marshall of the race track Marsha, an Italian prima donna Formula One car called Maxi, an American Indianapolis saloon car called Tin Top and an easy-going 4X4 called Plugger. The series is narrated by driving legend Sir Stirling Moss. Mr Chapman said: "This is the most advanced animation we've ever used - a mixture of stop- frame photography and computer generated images, to give the racing scenes speed and drama. "We've already had letters from children, asking where they can buy Roary toys and books, which is pretty amazing considering it hasn't been on telly yet." For a preview, log onto www.roarytheracingcar.com


What was discovered in the American River in California in 1848 by carpenter and sawmill operator James W Marshall?

James W. Marshall, Discovered Gold - 1848 - Timeline Index James W. Marshall, Discovered Gold - 1848 James W. Marshall, Discovered Gold - 1848 James Wilson Marshall was an American carpenter and sawmill operator, whose discovery of gold in the American River in California on January 24, 1848 set the stage for the California Gold Rush. The mill property was owned by Johan (John) Sutter who employed Marshall to build his mill. The wave of gold seekers turned everyone's attention away from the mill which eventually fell into disrepair and was never used as intended. Neither Marshall nor Sutter ever profited from the gold discovery. More on this Website


In March 2012, a Florida law firm sacked 14 employees for wearing what colour shirts on a Friday, because employers thought they were making a protest?

Who Knew Wearing Orange Shirts To Work Is A Fireable Offense? – Consumerist ( frankieleon ) Down in Florida, they love their oranges. Not just the citrus fruit, but at one law firm, 14 employees loved the color enough to all wear it to work one day. Too bad management had a bee in its bonnet over the color-coordinating and fired them all for donning orange en masse. ABC News says the group of employees claim they had established a tradition of celebrating payday Friday with a happy hour outing, and wore the orange shirts to indicate they were a group while out celebrating. The law firm where they worked wasn’t happy with the outfit choice, claiming the workers were wearing the shirts as a form of protest. Management called them into a conference room and then fired the lot. Florida and other states are “at will” employment states, which means anyone can be fired for any legal reason whatsoever — even if your employer just doesn’t like the color of your shirt. The only exception is wearing something to protest working conditions. Thank my lucky stars cerulean is okay by the bosses. It’s my favorite. *Thanks to Kim for the tip!


Bess Wallace was the wife of which US President?

Truman: Bess Truman's Biography BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH     OF MRS. HARRY S. TRUMAN Mrs. Harry S. Truman, wife of the 33rd President of the United States, was    born on February 13, 1885, at 117 West Ruby Street in Independence, Missouri.    The oldest child of David Willock Wallace and Madge Gates Wallace, she was    christened Elizabeth Virginia, but throughout her life was called Bess.    Her father held several public offices, including County Treasurer, and    was Deputy Surveyor in the Kansas City office of the United States Bureau    of Customs at the time of his death in 1903. After her father     died, Bess, her mother and three brothers moved into the house of her     maternal grandfather, George Porterfield Gates, a co-founder of the successful     Independence flour mill, the Waggoner-Gates Milling Company. The Gates'     house, located at 219 North Delaware Street, continued to be Bess Wallace's     home for the remainder of her life. An only daughter,     Bess Wallace acquired a reputation as a tomboy. "The first girl I ever     knew who could whistle through her teeth and bat a ball as far as any boy     in the neighborhood," said a classmate. She graduated from Independence     High School in 1901 in the same class as Harry S. Truman and later studied     language and literature at Barstow, a girl's finishing school in Kansas     City, Missouri. After completing school Bessie Wallace, as she was often     referred to in the social columns of the Independence paper, stayed at     home with her widowed mother and helped run the household. In 1917, Miss Wallace     became engaged to Harry S. Truman whom she had known since childhood.     President Truman in his Memoirs recalls that when his family moved to     Independence in 1890 his mother took him to Sunday school at the First     Presbyterian Church. "We made a number of new acquaintances," he said,     "and I became interested in one in particular. She had golden curls and     has, to this day , the most beautiful blue eyes. We went to Sunday school,     public school from the fifth grade through high school, graduated in the     same class, and marched down life's road together. For me she still has     the blue eyes and golden hair of yesteryear." The Trumans were     married in Independence, on June 28, 1919, in Mrs. Truman's church, the     Trinity Episcopal. The previous month Mr. Truman had received his discharge     from the Army after serving overseas in World War I. Their only child,     Mary Margaret, was born on February 17, 1924. In 1934, the family     moved to Washington, DC when after serving his political apprenticeship     in local politics, Mr. Truman was elected United States Senator from Missouri.     During the next ten years while Truman served as Senator, Mrs. Truman     and Margaret stayed in Washington from January through June, while Congress     was in session, and in Independence during the remainder of the year. In Washington they     lived in a succession of small apartments. Mrs. Truman became a member     of the Congressional Club and the PEO Sisterhood. With the outbreak of     World War II, she also became active in the H Street United Service Organization     and in the Red Cross work of the Senate Wives Club. After her husband     gained national prominence as Chairman of the Senate Special Committee     to Investigate the National Defense Program (the Truman Committee), Mrs.     Truman joined his office staff as a clerk, answering his personal mail     and editing committee reports. When Mr. Truman became     President on April 12, 1945, after serving only eighty-two days as Vice     President, Mrs. Truman became the country's First Lady. She was considered     one of the hardest-working of all the White House hostesses. She reinstituted     the formal White House social season, w


The latissimus muscle is in which part of the human body?

What are the lats? - Parts of the Muscular System - Sharecare Parts of the Muscular System What are the lats? A Dr. Mike Clark, DPT , Fitness, answered Located at the low back, the latissimus dorsi muscle runs from the low back and hips to the top of the upper arm (humerus). It helps internally rotate the arm, extend the shoulder, and bring the upper arm down to the side. A Rick Olderman , Physical Therapy, answered The latissimus dorsi muscle originates on the lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae as well as iliac crest. It attaches to the inferior angle of the scapula as it travels up to insert on the humerus. Along with contributing to excessive internal rotation of the arm or scapular abduction, the latissimus dorsi also contributes to extension problems when tight or when the abdominals are weak. Find out more about this book: A National Academy of Sports Medicine answered Lats is the abbreviated term for the latissimus dorsi, a large muscle located on the back side of the body.  The lats get their name based on their location, which is the lateral (side) and dorsal (back) part of the human body.  The lats attach to the pelvis, lower and mid back, and inside of the upper arm.  They are responsible for adducting the shoulder, which brings the arms closer to the sides of the body, extending the shoulder which brings the arms behind the body, and internally rotating the shoulder which turns the arms in towards the body.  The lats are the only upper-body muscles that connect to the pelvis, effectively creating a muscular link between the the upper and lower body.


What is the title of the 2006 follow-up novel to ‘The Queen and I’ by British author Sue Townsend?

Sue Townsend | British author | Britannica.com British author Originally published in the Britannica Book of the Year. Presented as archival content. Alternative Title: Susan Elaine Townsend Sue Townsend Leicester , England Sue Townsend (Susan Elaine Townsend), (born April 2, 1946, Leicester, Eng.—died April 10, 2014, Leicester), British author who created one of Britain’s most popular and enduring comic characters, Adrian Albert Mole, whose wry thoughts and self-described misadventures she wrote about in eight fictional diaries, beginning with the best-selling The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 133/4 (1982). The novel was first devised as a radio play (1982; with the main character initially named Nigel) and was later adapted for the stage (1984) and as a TV miniseries (1985). In her lovingly satiric sequels—The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole (1984; filmed for TV 1987), The True Confessions of Adrian Albert Mole (1989), Adrian Mole: The Wilderness Years (1993), Adrian Mole: The Cappuccino Years (1999; filmed for TV 2001), Adrian Mole and the Weapons of Mass Destruction (2004), The Lost Diaries of Adrian Mole (2008), and Adrian Mole: The Prostrate Years (2009)—Townsend followed her hapless protagonist from naive, acne-ridden adolescence through his fruitless love for his childhood friend Pandora Braithwaite, parental divorce, personal relationships, single fatherhood, bankruptcy, and, finally, a bout with prostate cancer in his 30s. After Townsend left school at age 15, she was largely self-educated. An unsuccessful first marriage left her a struggling single mother working at a series of jobs, but in 1975 her second husband encouraged her to join a writing group. Her first one-act play, Womberang (1979; set in a gynecology clinic’s waiting room), received the Thames Television Playwright award. Townsend wrote several more plays and sundry novels, most notably The Queen and I (1992; adapted for the stage 1994), which follows Britain’s royal family as it adapts to life in public housing after having been deposed, and its even more farcical sequel, Queen Camilla (2006). Throughout most of her life, Townsend was beset by serious health problems, including TB peritonitis in her 20s, a heart attack and diabetes in her 30s, diabetic retinopathy that led to blindness (2001), renal failure that culminated in a kidney transplant (2009) from her elder son, and a debilitating stroke (2013). Townsend’s final published work was The Woman Who Went to Bed for a Year (2012).


Who are the title characters in the Shakespeare play ‘The Two Gentlemen of Verona’?

SparkNotes: The Two Gentlemen of Verona: Characters The Two Gentlemen of Verona William Shakespeare Summary Act I, scene i Proteus -  Valentine's supposed best friend and one of the title gentleman of Verona, though he behaves in a most ungentlemanly fashion. He is Julia's sweetheart at the beginning of the play, but when he joins Valentine at the Duke's palace, he falls in love with Silvia and attempts to steal her away from Valentine and Thurio. Valentine -  The other title gentlemen of Verona. He is Proteus' best friend, and Silvia's love. Banished to the forest after Proteus betrays his plan to elope with Silvia to the Duke, Valentine becomes king of the outlaws. Julia -  Proteus' beloved, and mistress to the servant Lucetta. Desiring to travel to Milan to visit Proteus, Julia disguises herself as a high-class male page in order to avoid lecherous advances along the journey. Calling herself Sebastian, she does Proteus' bidding, delivering the ring she had earlier given him to his new beloved, Silvia. Silvia -  Daughter to the Duke and beloved of Valentine, also sought after by Proteus and Thurio. Silvia commiserates with Sebastian over the wrong that Proteus has done to Julia. She escapes her father's palace with the help of Sir Eglamour, who abandons her at the sight of the outlaws. Duke of Milan  -  Silvia's father, the Duke wants her to marry the boorish but wealthy suitor Sir Thurio. Upon hearing of Valentine's plot to elope with Silvia, the Duke banishes Valentine. Lucetta -  Julia's servant, who considers love from a practical point of view. Lucetta helps Julia disguise herself as a man. Launce -  Proteus' humorous servant, and master to a poorly-trained mutt named Crab. His devotion to his dog knows no bounds. He falls in love with an ugly but wealthy maid. Speed -  Valentine's page, though at the beginning of the play he does Proteus' bidding as well. He is friendly with Launce. Thurio -  A foolish rival to Valentine for Silvia's hand. Thurio is very rich, but does not make for pleasant company. Sir Eglamour  -  The gentleman upon whom Silvia calls to help her escape from the Duke's court, in order to find her love, Valentine, and to avoid marrying Thurio. Antonio -  Father to Proteus and master to the servant Panthino. Host  -  Houses Julia while she searches for Proteus. Outlaws  -  When Valentine is banished from Milan, the outlaws intercept him during his journey to Mantua and make him the king of their crew of gentlemen bandits. Crab -  Launce's dog.


What is the name of the drunken tinker in and for who the play ‘The Taming of the Shrew’, by William Shakespeare, is performed?

The Taming of the Shrew Washington State University THE TAMING OF THE SHREW One oblique source for this play, Gascoigne's play Supposes, was performed at Gray's Inn on December 26, 1566 (Farina 73). Gascoigne had translated Ariosto's Suppositi; he died October 1577 (Clark 102), just before it is thought that Oxford wrote an earlier version of The Taming of the Shrew, called A Morrall of the Marryage of Mynde and Measure, performed early January 1578/79 (Clark 102; cf. Farina 73). Petruchio, in our current version of the play, still soliloquizes over the "measures" he will take (Clark 107), "the measures planned to tame the wilful mind" (Clark 108). Perhaps a sketchy, very early version of what became this play was written at Gray's Inn (Ogburn and Ogburn 158) and became The Taming of A Shrew, published in 1594. Shakespeare begins with what seems as if it will be a framing structure: the Christopher Sly material called the Induction. Thus he sets up a "play-within-the-play," a gimmick especially popular in the late 1580s and early 1590s, when The Taming of the Shrew is traditionally dated  -- although this dating probably errs to fit the Stratfordian scheme. More likely, the play is much earlier, Shakespeare the innovator, the later playwrights the imitators, though some Oxfordians think the Induction was a later addition (e.g., Ogburn and Ogburn 160). What might this kind of structuring device accomplish? How does it potentially enrich the experience of the play for the actual audience? Does this particular Induction work thematically somehow with the "taming" plot itself? If so, how: what are the resonances? If not, why: what is missing? [This is one of the first common critical questions regarding this play (e.g., Wells 47; Bloom 28).] Distinguish several theories as to why we do not get a return to the Christopher Sly framework, both textual (or historical) and artistic (or dramaturgical). Regardless of explanations, what are the effects of this odd imbalance? For a digital facsimile of a 1631 printed edition of the text, click here . INDUCTION The first words, "I'll pheeze [fix] you, in faith" (Ind.i.1), which work thematically for the play, come from a belligerent drunken tinker, Christopher Sly, who, threatened with a call to the police by a justifiably angry barmaid, coins the phrase, "I'll not budge an inch" (Ind.i.14). A tinker was a solderer and repairer of kettle, pots, and other such household metalware, ... It did not take much capital or much intelligence to be a tinker.... They were usually itinerant, ... even smalltime thieves and con men. At any rate, tinkers were traditionally considered rascals and rogues. (Asimov 443). Sly pretends to be better than he is, with bungled foreign terms and the insistence that his ancestors "came in with Richard Conqueror" (Ind.i.4-5) instead of William. It's interesting that this is the name bungled. "Like the historical Will Shakspere, Sly has a tradesman background" (Farina 72), and the reference to being a "card-maker" means cards for combing wool (Farina 72). Oxfordians take Sly to be "a send-up of Shakspere himself" (Farina 72; cf. Ogburn and Ogburn 999-1000). Sly falls asleep. A Lord enters with his servants, discussing the merits of certain hunting dogs. According to the Huntsman, who should know, the "better dog" is one who can pick "out the dullest scent" (Ind.i.24-25). One critic claims that this is the key to the play (Goddard, I 73): the worthiest have the talent to catch hints and subtleties. So as readers we need to keep alert for something one might otherwise easily miss. As a(n im)practical joke, the Lord enlists the others to help make Sly think he's a lord when he wakes. Everything around him -- servants, luxurious surroundings, a wife (a male page in drag), the insistence that he's been insane for many years -- all will conspire to convince Sly that his sense of reality is mistaken. "Would not the beggar then forget himself?" (Ind.i.41). They will construct a new reality for him (a situation comparable


Lady Rosaline, Lady Maria and Lady Katherine are all characters in which Shakespeare play?

The character of Rosaline in Love's Labor's Lost from LitCharts | The creators of SparkNotes Boyet One of the princess’ ladies who comes with her on the visit to Ferdinand. She is able to hold her own in witty back-and-forths with Berowne, who falls in love with her. At the end of the play, she tells Berowne to spend a year at a hospital, trying to make the sick laugh, before continuing to woo her. Rosaline Quotes in Love's Labor's Lost The Love's Labor's Lost quotes below are all either spoken by Rosaline or refer to Rosaline. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one: ). Note: all page and citation info for the quotes below refers to the Simon & Schuster edition of Love's Labor's Lost published in 2005. Act 3, Scene 1 Quotes And I forsooth in Love! I that have been love’s whip, A very beadle to a humorous sigh, A critic, nay, a nightwatch constable, A domineering pedant o’er the boy, Than whom no mortal so magnificent. This wimpled, whining, purblind, wayward boy, This Signior Junior, giant dwarf, Dan Cupid, Regent of love rhymes, lord of folded arms, Th’annointed sovereign of sighs and groans, Liege of all loiterers and malcontents, Dread prince of plackets, king of codpieces, Sole imperator and great general Of trotting paritors—O my little heart! Am I to be a corporal of his field And wear his colors like a tumbler’s hoop! What? I love, I sue, I seek a wife? . . . It is a plague Download it! Rosaline Character Timeline in Love's Labor's Lost The timeline below shows where the character Rosaline appears in Love's Labor's Lost. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance. Act 2, Scene 1 The princess of France enters with her attendants: Boyet, Katherine, Rosaline, and Maria. Complimenting her beauty, Boyet reminds the princess to be charming toward Ferdinand, as... (full context) ...and “glorious in arms.” Katherine says that Dumaine is “a well-accomplished youth” with much wit. Rosaline tells the princess about Berowne, whom she describes as skilled with words, witty, and merry.... (full context) ...wants to welcome her as a good host, but cannot violate his own oath. Meanwhile, Rosaline and Berowne flirt with each other, having recognized each other from a dance. They trade... (full context) ...is “denied fair harbour in my house,” then leaves. Berowne trades more witty quips with Rosaline, and Dumaine then asks Boyet what Katherine’s name is, calling her “a gallant lady,” before... (full context) ...love with her, as evidenced by the way he spoke to and looked at her. Rosaline calls Boyet a “love-monger” and Maria calls him “Cupid’s grandfather.” (full context) Act 3, Scene 1 ...says he hasn’t even told him what the favor is yet. He tells Costard about Rosaline and asks him to deliver her a letter. (full context) Act 4, Scene 1 ...with a head. Costard tells the princess that he has a letter from Berowne for Rosaline. Boyet takes the letter and sees that it is addressed to Jacquenetta. (full context) The princess tells Costard that he has mixed up his letters. Everyone but Maria, Rosaline, Boyet, and Costard leaves. Boyet and Rosaline joke about hunting: she says that she is... (full context) Rosaline and Boyet sing part of a song together, and then Rosaline leaves. Maria says that... (full context) Act 4, Scene 2 ...letter, which is a poem praising someone’s beauty. It is the letter from Berowne to Rosaline. (full context) ...says that though he will break his oath to Ferdinand, he will be faithful to Rosaline. He says that if the point of the oath is knowledge, he will gain enough... (full context) ...it. He reads the top of the letter and sees that it is addressed to Rosaline, from Berowne. He tells Jacquenetta to bring the letter to Ferdinand, and she and Costard... (full context) Act 4, Scene 3 Alone, Berowne considers his love for Rosaline, saying, “it kills me.” He swears he will not love her, but then remembers her... (full context) ...asks Ferdinand and the others to


In the opening scene of which Shakespeare play does Hermia refuse to marry Demetrius, who her father has chosen for her, because she wishes to marry Lysander?

No Fear Shakespeare: A Midsummer Night’s Dream: Characters A Midsummer Night’s Dream Act 1, Scene 1 Theseus The duke of Athens. Theseus is a hero from Greek mythology—he         refers to the fact that he’s Hercules' cousin at one         point—so his presence signals to the reader that the play takes place in         a mythical Greek past. At the beginning of the play, Theseus has recently returned         from conquering the Amazons, a race of warrior women, and is about to marry the         conquered Amazon queen, Hippolyta. Because of this impending wedding, the mood of         the play is one of holiday festivity, characterized by a heightened sense of erotic         expectation and anticipation. Theseus himself projects confidence, authority, and         benevolent power. Hippolyta The legendary queen of the Amazons, engaged to marry Theseus. Although         Hippolyta is marrying Theseus because he defeated her in combat, she does not act at         all like an unwilling bride. Theseus is very courtly in his manner toward Hippolyta,         and she is unfailingly deferential toward him. Egeus A respected nobleman in Theseus’s court. Egeus complains to         Theseus that his daughter, Hermia, refuses to marry Demetrius, Egeus’s         choice for her. Egeus’s wish to control his daughter is quite         severe—he asks Theseus to impose the death penalty on her if she refuses         to marry Demetrius. Theseus, however, reduces the penalty for noncompliance from         death to life as a nun. Hermia Egeus’s daughter. Hermia is a beautiful young woman of Athens,         and both Demetrius and Lysander are in love with her. Hermia defies her         father’s wish that she marry Demetrius because she is in love with         Lysander. She is unusually strong-willed and independent—refusing to         comply even when Theseus orders her to obey her father—and resolved to         elope with Lysander. Hermia is also the childhood friend of Helena. Lysander A young nobleman of Athens in love with Hermia. Although         Hermia’s father refuses to let her marry Lysander, Lysander believes that         love must conquer all obstacles, so he persuades Hermia to run away from her home         and family with him, into the forest. Demetrius A young nobleman of Athens. In the past, Demetrius acted as if he loved         Helena, but after Helena fell in love with him, he changed his mind and pursued         Hermia. Emboldened by Egeus’s approval of him, Demetrius is undeterred by         the fact that Hermia does not want him. Helena A young woman of Athens in love with Demetrius. Helena has been rejected         and abandoned by Demetrius, who had claimed to love her before he met her best         friend, Hermia. Consequently, Helena tends to speak in a self-pitying tone.         Moreover, she puts herself in dangerous and humiliating situations, running through         the forest at night after Demetrius even though Demetrius wants nothing to do with         her. Robin Goodfellow A “puck” or mischievous fairy who delights in         playing pranks on mortals; he is sometimes referred to simply as Puck. Robin is         Oberon’s jester, and his antics are responsible for many of the         complications that propel the play. At Oberon’s bidding, Robin sprinkles “love juice” in the eyes of various characters to change who         they love, but he makes mistakes in his application that create conflicts Oberon         never intended. Though Robin claims to make these mistakes honestly, he enjoys the         conflict and mayhem that his mistakes cause. Oberon The king of the fairies. Oberon begins the play at odds with his wife,         Titania, because she refuses to relinquish control of a young Indian prince whom she


Which Shakespeare play is set in the port of Messina, on the island of Sicily?

Where and when does Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing take place? | eNotes Where and when does Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing take place? Tamara K. H. | Middle School Teacher | (Level 3) Educator Emeritus Posted on July 12, 2012 at 1:23 AM The play is set in the city of Messina on the Island of Sicily. Sicily belonged to the Crown of Aragon, a Spanish dynasty that was the most powerful in the 14th and 15th centuries. The Crown of Aragon was abolished as late as 1716 after the War of Spanish Succession (1702-1713). The wars mentioned in the play most likely refer to the Spanish Wars, which was a challenge between Spain and France for parts of Italy. The wars started in 1494 due to France's invasion of Italy and finally ended in 1559 when Philip II, King of Aragon, gained complete domination of the Two Sicilies, including Messina, and Milan. We do not know which war of the Spanish Wars the play is referring to; however, the play could most likely be referring to the final campaigns of the wars that secured Sicily under the Crown of Aragon, such as the battle of St. Quentin in which Spain defeated the French in 1557, or any of the final two battles in 1558 that led to the Treaty of Cateau-Camresis in 1559. Hence, we know that the play is set in Messina under the rule of the Spanish dynasty, the Crown of Aragon, and refers to the Spanish Wars. However, we don't know the exact years in which the play is set. Nevertheless, since Prince Don Pedro and his company have just returned from a very successful war with very few causalities, we can assume that the play may be referring to the later more successful battles. We learn in the first scene that the war was successful and that very few men died when the messenger declares, "But few of any sort, and none of name," after being asked how many men have been lost (I.i.5-6).  Thus, we may be able to assume that the time period in which the play is set is the last three successful battles beginning in 1557 and culminating in complete Spanish rule over Sicily in 1559.  Sources:


Who is Rosalind disguised as in the Shakespeare play ‘As You Like It’?

Stage Rosalinds: The Trouble of Rosalind's Disguise in Shakespeare's As You Like It Stage Rosalinds From Studies in Shakespeare by Richard Grant White, Boston: Houghton-Mifflin. Most readers of Shakespeare have a very clear ideal of Rosalind. They may be in doubt as to the physical and mental traits of others of his women, Lady Macbeth, Beatrice, Portia, or even Juliet; but the heroine of "As You Like It" lives in their eyes as well as in their hearts and minds, a very firmly and deeply engraven personage. This is partly because Shakespeare himself has done so much more to help us in forming a conception of Rosalind than he has done in regard to any other of his women, except Imogen. For it is worthy of special remark that he has given us hardly a hint as to his own idea of the personal appearance, or even of the mental and moral constitution, of these prominent figures of his dramatis personae. We are left to make all this out for ourselves from their actions and their words, or from the impression which they make upon those by whom he has surrounded them. This, indeed, is the dramatic way. As the dramatist never speaks in his own person, he must needs describe by the lips of others; but those others are beings of his own creation, and he can make them say what he pleases, the one about the others. It would seem, then, that a poet could hardly fail to delight his own sense of beauty by putting into the mouth of some of his personages descriptions of the charms of the women around whom centres so much of the interest of mimic life upon the stage; that he would, as fitly he might, at least cause his lovers to tell us something of the womanly beauty and the womanly charm by which they have been enthralled. Many dramatists have done this, but not Shakespeare. He was content to show us his women as they lived, and loved, and suffered, and came at last to joy in their love, or to grief, one of them, in her ambition. And it would seem that he did this simply because he did not care to do otherwise; because he had not himself any very precise conception as to particular details of person, or even of character, as to most of his women. He took an old play, or an old story, the incidents of which he thought would interest a mixed audience, and this he worked over into a new dramatic form, making it, quite unconsciously, and altogether without purpose, scene by scene and line by line, immortal by his psychological insight and the magic of his style. If the action marched on well, and the personages and the situations were interesting, he was content; and he concentrated such effort as he made making very little, for he wrote his plays with a heedless ease which is without a parallel in the history of literature upon the scene immediately in hand, without much thought as to what had gone before or what was to come after. That was determined for him mostly by the story or the play which he had chosen to work upon; and the splendid whole which he sometimes, but not always, made, was the unpremeditated and, I am sure, the almost unconscious result of an inborn instinct of dramatic effect of the highest kind, and an intuitive perception of what would touch the soul and stir the blood of common healthy human nature. These were his only motives, his only purposes. For all that we know of his life and of his dramatic career leaves no room for doubt that, if his public had preferred it, he would have written thirty-seven plays like "Titus Andronicus" just as readily, although not just as willingly, as he wrote "As You Like It," "King Lear," "Hamlet," and " Othello." Therefore it was to return to our first point that he did not trouble himself to paint us portraits of his heroines. That he should do so was not down on his dramatic brief: his audiences were interested, and therefore he was interested, chiefly, if not only, in the story that was to be set forth in action. How bare his dramas are of personal description will hardly be believed by those who have not read them carefully, with an eye to this particular. He shows us,


What is the name of Hamlet’s best friend in the Shakespeare play ‘Hamlet’?

No Fear Shakespeare: Hamlet: Characters No Fear Shakespeare Act 1, Scene 1 Hamlet The prince of Denmark, and a student at the University of Wittenberg. At         the beginning of the play, Hamlet’s father, King Hamlet, has recently         died, and his mother, Queen Gertrude, has married the new king, Hamlet’s         uncle Claudius. Hamlet is melancholy, bitter, and cynical, full of hatred for his         uncle and disgust at his mother for marrying him. When the ghost of         Hamlet’s father appears and claims to have been murdered by Claudius,         Hamlet becomes obsessed with avenging his father’s death but keeps         thinking of reasons why he should wait before killing Claudius—then         chastizes himself for failing to act boldly. Hamlet is a character of         contradictions. He admires characters like Fortinbras and the Player King, who         behave passionately and even violently for no good reason, but is himself         thoughtful, reflective, and philosophical. At times Hamlet is indecisive and         hesitant, but at other times he is prone to rash and impulsive acts of       violence. Claudius The king of Denmark, Hamlet’s uncle. The villain of the play,         Claudius is a calculating, ambitious politician, adept at manipulating others for         his own ends and willing to execute, assassinate, or murder to stay in power. He         doesn’t understand Hamlet or Hamlet’s motives, but he is quick         to perceive Hamlet as a threat and take decisive action against him. Claudius does         occasionally show signs of remorse and human feeling—his affection for         Gertrude, for instance, seems sincere. Gertrude The queen of Denmark, Hamlet’s mother, recently married to         Claudius. We never get to observe Gertrude on her own, so we know much more about         how Hamlet feels about her than about how she sees herself. She seems clearly to         love Hamlet, but Hamlet sees her as a weak, even depraved, woman motivated wholly by         lust. Hamlet has such strong feelings about her sex life that he becomes momentarily         distracted from his revenge quest, urging her toward a life of       chastity. Polonius The Lord Chamberlain of Claudius’s court, and the father of         Laertes and Ophelia. Polonius has good intentions, but he tends to be somewhat         conniving and underhanded. He frequently leaps to the wrong conclusions, and his         speeches are comically pompous and long-winded. He is completely incapable of         figuring out what Hamlet is up to. Horatio Hamlet’s close friend, who studied with the prince at the         University of Wittenberg. Hamlet trusts Horatio above any of the other characters,         valuing him for his even temper and equanimity—qualities that Hamlet         seems to despise in himself. Horatio is loyal and helpful to Hamlet throughout the         play. After Hamlet’s death, Horatio remains alive to tell         Hamlet’s story. Ophelia Polonius’s daughter, a beautiful young woman with whom Hamlet         has been in love. A sweet and innocent young girl, Ophelia dutifully strives to obey         her father and her brother, Laertes, allowing Polonius to use her in his scheme to         spy on Hamlet. When her father dies, her sanity unravels, and in her madness she         paints a scathing picture of young men as sexually exploitative and unfaithful, and         her mad speeches about flowers conceal implied condemnations of Claudius and         Gertrude. Laertes Polonius’s son and Ophelia’s brother, a young man         who spends much of the play in France. Passionate and quick to action, Laertes is a         foil for the reflective and agonized Hamlet. Fortinbras The young prince of Norway, w


Which Shakespeare play is also known under the title ‘What You Will’?

Shakespeare's Plays   Shakespeare's Plays Before the publication of the First Folio in 1623, nineteen of the thirty-seven plays in Shakespeare's canon had appeared in quarto format. With the exception of Othello (1622), all of the quartos were published prior to the date of Shakespeare's retirement from the theatre in about 1611. It is unlikely that Shakespeare was involved directly with the printing of any of his plays, although it should be noted that two of his poems, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece were almost certainly printed under his direct supervision. Here you will find the complete text of Shakespeare's plays, based primarily on the First Folio, and a variety of helpful resources, including extensive explanatory notes, character analysis, source information, and articles and book excerpts on a wide range of topics unique to each drama. Tragedies The story of Mark Antony, Roman military leader and triumvir, who is madly in love with Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt. Earliest known text: First Folio (1623).   Coriolanus (1607-1608) The last of Shakespeare's great political tragedies, chronicling the life of the mighty warrior Caius Marcius Coriolanus. Earliest known text: First Folio (1623).   Hamlet (1600-1601) Since its first recorded production, Hamlet has engrossed playgoers, thrilled readers, and challenged actors more so than any other play in the Western canon. No other single work of fiction has produced more commonly used expressions . Earliest known text: Quarto (1603). Although there were earlier Elizabethan plays on the subject of Julius Caesar and his turbulent rule, Shakespeare's penetrating study of political life in ancient Rome is the only version to recount the demise of Brutus and the other conspirators. Earliest known text: First Folio (1623). The story of King Lear, an aging monarch who decides to divide his kingdom amongst his three daughters, according to which one recites the best declaration of love. Earliest known text: Quarto (1608).   Macbeth (1605-1606) Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's most stimulating and popular dramas. Renaissance records of Shakespeare's plays in performance are scarce, but a detailed account of an original production of Macbeth has survived, thanks to Dr. Simon Forman . Earliest known text: First Folio (1623).   Othello (1604-1605) Othello, a valiant Moorish general in the service of Venice, falls prey to the devious schemes of his false friend, Iago. Earliest known text: Quarto (1622). Celebrated for the radiance of its lyric poetry, Romeo and Juliet was tremendously popular from its first performance. The sweet whispers shared by young Tudor lovers throughout the realm were often referred to as "naught but pure Romeo and Juliet." Earliest known text: Quarto (1597). Written late in Shakespeare's career, Timon of Athens is criticized as an underdeveloped tragedy, likely co-written by George Wilkins or Cyril Tourneur. Read the play and see if you agree. Earliest known text: First Folio (1623).   Titus Andronicus (1593-1594) A sordid tale of revenge and political turmoil, overflowing with bloodshed and unthinkable brutality. The play was not printed with Shakespeare credited as author during his lifetime, and critics are divided between whether it is the product of another dramatist or simply Shakespeare's first attempt at the genre. Earliest known text: Quarto (1594). Histories One of Shakespeare's most popular plays, featuring the opportunistic miscreant, Sir John Falstaff. Earliest known text: Quarto (1598). This is the third play in the second tetralogy of history plays, along with Richard II, Henry IV, Part 1, and Henry V. Earliest known text: Quarto (1600). Henry V is the last in the second tetralogy sequence. King Henry is considered Shakespeare's ideal monarch. Earliest known text: Quarto (1600). The first in Shakespeare's trilogy about the War of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York. Earliest known text: First Folio (1623). Part two of Shakespeare's chronicle play. Based on Hall's work, the play contains some historical inaccuracies. Earli


In the Shakespeare play ‘Othello’, what was Othello’s first gift to Desdemona?

Chicago Shakespeare Theater:   Othello Production Sponsor The Story In the city street shadows, two men discuss the night’s intel: Othello, a hired general in the Venetian army—and a Moor—has eloped with a young aristocrat of Venice, named Desdemona. Iago, the soldier, reassures Roderigo that all hope of winning the young woman’s heart is not yet lost; and that he, too, harbors reasons for hating the Moor, who has promoted over him Cassio, a young and privileged officer. Iago and Roderigo yell from the street below the news of Desdemona’s elopement to awaken her father Brabantio, who immediately seeks the full justice of Venetian law. But this night the Duke and senators are intent upon more pressing affairs of state: the Turks threaten Venetian interests in Cyprus, and the Moor’s service is required. Othello prepares to deploy to Cyprus and, with the Duke’s permission, Desdemona will join him there, attended by Iago’s wife Emilia. Now Iago conceives his plan: he will make the general believe that his new lieutenant is Desdemona’s lover. And so begins his work. First ensnaring Cassio in a drunken brawl, Iago looks on as Othello predictably dismisses the officer from his service. Iago urges Cassio to seek Desdemona’s aid in recovering the general’s favor—while suggesting to Othello that her interest in a man’s misfortunes might signal a wife’s infidelity. Demanding proof, Othello is convinced when his first gift to Desdemona—an embroidered handkerchief belonging once to his mother—is misplaced and now passes, with guidance, to Cassio, then into the possession of a Cypriot prostitute named Bianca. For his great service to the general, Iago is appointed Othello’s new lieutenant. Desdemona, stunned by her husband’s accusations, pleads with him—first for compassion, then for her life. And as Emilia comes to understand her own husband, two women become caught inextricably in the crossfire.


In the Shakespeare play ‘Macbeth’, which character carries Macbeth’s head on stage?

Chicago Shakespeare Theater:   Macbeth adapted and directed by David H. Bell A Look Back at Macbeth in Performance Through its 400-year history, Macbeth has remained one of Shakespeare’s most enduring and popular plays. Half the length of Hamlet, it is the shortest of Shakespeare’s tragedies. Macbeth maintains what some scholars have called “an intensity of tragedy,” which never lets up from the play’s dark beginning to its ambiguous conclusion. Macbeth is also a play whose stage history has been shrouded in mystery and superstition. So strong is the belief among actors that the play carries a magic of its own that taboos still exist today against speaking the name “Macbeth” in the theater (outside the play’s text itself). Those who break the rules must perform time-honored rituals to undo the curse: leave the room, turn around three times, spit, knock on the door three times and beg to be readmitted. The performance history of this play reveals a series of bad fortunes that could be viewed as being cursed. In its first production outside England in 1672, the Dutch actor playing Macbeth was having an affair with his Lady Macbeth—who happened to be the wife of the actor playing Duncan. One evening, the murder scene was particularly bloody, and Duncan did not return for his curtain call. Macbeth served a life sentence for his all-too-realistic murder. When Lawrence Olivier played the title role in 1937, he narrowly escaped death as a heavy weight swung from the fly loft above, crushing the chair where he had been seated until moments before. A 1942 production directed by and starring John Gielgud had four fatalities during its run, including two of the witches and Duncan: the set was quickly repainted and used for light comedy—whose lead actor then died suddenly. When Stanislavsky, the great Russian director, mounted an elaborate production, the actor playing Macbeth forgot his lines during a dress rehearsal, and signaled to the prompter several times, but with no success. Finally, he went down to the prompt box and found the prompter dead, clutching his script. Stanislavsky cancelled the entire run immediately. The first documented performance for which any written record still exists appears in 1611, but we know that Macbeth was performed by 1607 when references to it in other plays appeared. Scholars are fairly certain that Macbeth was written and first performed in 1606—the year that Father Garnet, a Jesuit priest on trial for conspiracy in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605, used “equivocation” to protect himself in his famous trial. The first published text of Macbeth appeared in 1623 with the first Folio—17 years after it was first performed and seven years after the playwright’s death. Like many of the other texts compiled by Heminge and Condell for the first Folio, Macbeth's text was based upon the “prompt copy” used by Shakespeare and his actors in actual performance. A few passages in the Folio’s texts are attributed to contemporary playwright Thomas Middleton, who was appealing to the special interest in witchcraft among his Jacobean audience. The witch named Hecate is, according to scholars, entirely Middleton’s creation, as are the songs of the witches in 3.5 and 4.1 In England, Early Modern theater was eyed with suspicion by public authorities, who feared not only the spread of the plague among the gathered crowds, but also its influence upon an impressionable population. But to religious extremists, the theater’s pageantry was viewed as sacrilegious, an unnecessary evil that should be outlawed. It was banned in 1642 following Cromwell’s overthrow of King Charles I (the son of King James I). When theater was once again legal 18 years later after the restoration of the monarchy, Shakespeare, dead for nearly two generations, was considered old-fashioned—and ripe for adaptation. William Davenant (Shakespeare’s godson, who also claimed to be his godfather’s illegitimate son) adapted Macbeth for his Restoration audiences. The songs and dances of the witches assumed far greater prominence. Davenant’s adaptation made se


The plot of Robert Greene’s prose romance ‘Pandosto: The Triumph of Time’ is said to be the inspiration for which Shakespeare play?

Learn and talk about Pandosto, 1588 books, Romance (genre), Works by Robert Greene Twitter Pandosto: The Triumph of Time is a prose romance written by the English author Robert Greene , first published in 1588. [1] A later edition of 1607 was re-titled Dorastus and Fawnia. [2] Popular during the time of William Shakespeare , the work's plot was an inspiration for that of Shakespeare's play The Winter's Tale . Greene, in turn, may have based the work on The Clerk's Tale, one of The Canterbury Tales of Chaucer . [3] Edward Chaney suggested that Robert Greene when writing Pandosto may have had in mind the Earl of Oxford's suspicions about the paternity of his daughter (granddaughter of Lord Burghley) when he returned in 1576 from his continental tour that may have included Sicily. [4] Greene's story contains darker elements that Shakespeare lightened for his comic purposes. In Greene's tale, Pandosto, King of Bohemia, accuses his wife Bellaria of adultery committed with his childhood friend, the King of Sicilia. His pursuit of this unfounded charge leads him to send his infant daughter out to sea to die and causes the death of his son and his wife. His daughter drifts to Sicilia and is saved and raised by a shepherd. Dorastus, the Prince of Sicilia, falls in love with Fawnia, unaware that she is a Princess, and they run away to marry. They land in Bohemia, where Pandosto unwittingly falls in love with his daughter Fawnia. At the end of the story, after Fawnia's identity is revealed, Pandosto commits suicide out of grief for the troubles he caused his family. Shakespeare reversed the two kingdoms of Sicilia and Bohemia and added side characters like Paulina and Antigonus. Also he introduced Autolycus and the Clown. He also removed the suicide and added a resurrection scene, bringing the queen back to life using either magic or a death trick, depending on perception. Shakespeare was not the only playwright to adapt Pandosto; the French dramatist Alexandre Hardy produced his own version, titled Pandoste, around 1625. Hardy's play has not survived, though sketches of its scenery by Laurent Mahelot still exist. Mahelot's stage design followed the principle of "multiple setting," or décor simultané, in which a single stage set served for all of a play's scenes. [5] The poet Francis Sabie had paraphrased the work for a poem in two parts, and given the publication right to Robert Jones. The original titles, altered for 1607 edition, were The Fishermans Tale: Of the famous Actes, Life, and Loue of Cassander, a Grecian Knight, 1595. and Flora's Fortune. The second part and finishing of the Fisher-mans Tale. [2]


Who wrote the majority of the books of the New Testament of the Bible?

When was the New Testament written? Submit questions   -   New Articles The opinions and hypotheses of scholars vary widely regarding when the New Testament was written or first recorded. Some view it as a collection of fables and myths verbally passed on by storytellers for generations before being recorded. Other scholars believe that most of the it was written before the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the temple in 70 A.D. In his book named " Redating the New Testament ," John A. T. Robinson demonstrates that the N.T. books were written relatively EARLY. In spite of the late dates assigned by some scholars, it is possible to determine the date of each one of the books. God the Father and Jesus Christ specifically chose certain deeply converted men to write the most important and magnificent book in the world - and make it available to all people - through the power of the Holy Spirit. Amazing as it sounds, the entire New Testament was written down through the efforts of only EIGHT men! Six of them were chosen apostles of Jesus . Three were eyewitnesses of his life and ministry - the apostles Matthew, Peter and John . Two were physical brothers of Jesus - James and Jude. One, Paul , was specially called to be the apostle to the Gentiles and for three years was personally taught by Jesus Christ ( in Arabia ) through visions . The last two were Mark - who penned the Gospel of Mark under Peter’s supervision - and Luke, who authored the Gospel of Luke and Acts under the Apostle Paul's supervision. The apostle John had the distinguished role of collecting all the books extant and completing the canonization of the New Testament somewhere between 96 to 99 A.D. John was of the Aaronic ( Levitical priest ) blood line, making him uniquely qualified for the task of finalizing God's word for man. The New Testament was written by, or its writing was supervised by, the chosen disciples of Jesus Christ. We can therefore have full faith and confidence that the original Greek text , as preserved in the Byzantine text, is the very Word of God.


After how many games in a professional tennis match are the balls first replaced?

Choosing/Replacing Balls | USTA   Choosing/Replacing Balls Q. With most of the top players going to their bag for a new racquet upon the introduction of new balls, what happens when a ball is miss-hit into the stands? Are new balls put in or do the ball handlers go short? A. You are referring to a fan-friendly initiative that was established for the 2005 US Open. On the three stadium courts, when a ball bounces or flies into the crowd, the fan that catches the ball gets to keep it. These balls are replaced at the end of that particular game. Prior to the match, the umpire walks on court with a bag full of balls that have been worn to varying degrees. If a one-game old ball is hit into the crowd it will be replaced with a newer ball than if an eight-game old ball is lost. Q. Just wanted to know what the pros look for in a ball when they pick up three balls and look at them, then choose two before they serve. A. Generally, players try to choose the ball with the least amount of fluff on it. That way, when they serve, it travels through the air faster. However, some baseline retrievers might look for the fluffiest (or heaviest) ball to slow down a powerful opponent. Lastly, sometimes players are just trying to gather their thoughts, and they use the ritual of finding a “lucky” ball to slow themselves down between points. Remember, at the professional level, six new balls are switched after the first seven games (and the five-minute warm-up) and then every nine games thereafter. Q. Before serving, I noticed most of the professionals examine multiple tennis balls before they pick two. What are they looking for, and why? A. For some players this may simply be an idle pre-point ritual. While they fiddle with the balls, they are actually focused entirely on what they need to try to do in order to win the next point. For others, it is a case of them choosing the balls that will best suit them. For example, a big server will look for the least-worn (newest) ball, so that it flies through the air fastest. Conversely, a baseline “grinder” might seek worn, fluffy balls to slow the pace of play a little. Lastly, some players are simply superstitious and they are looking for the “lucky ball” or, perhaps, the ball they used to win the last point. Q. After how many games do they give out new balls? A. During most sanctioned USTA tournaments, you start with one can of balls and then only after splitting sets do you get three “fresh” balls for the third set. If you are talking about during professional matches, then balls are switched after the first seven games (because the warm-up counts as two games of “use”) and then every nine games thereafter. Six balls are used at all times during Tour matches. By the way, I strongly advocate that recreational players use six balls when they play as well, because less time will be spent chasing down stray balls and players will get to hit more balls per hour on-court. Q. A friend of mine had a Golf magazine and it stated that maybe the PGA needs to make the pro golfers use a different ball than the common player due to the distances a pro golfer can hit a normal golf ball. The article stated that in Tennis it is a well known fact that the pro tournaments use a different ball than what the common player would use because the pros would hit the normal ball much to fast. Is this true? A. No. This is false. Sometimes the women use a different (regular duty felt) ball than do the men (extra duty felt) during hard court tournaments. In fact, this occurs at the US Open. This is designed to “speed up” the women’s game and to “slow down” the men’s game, if only marginally. But, no… the balls that professional players use in tournaments can be purchased over the counter. Q. Recently, I was in an argument with my neighbor because he said the tennis balls for women's matches at the US Open were actually lighter and smaller. He said that it was to help "speed" the play of the ball and the matches. Is this true? - I have watched many professional matches and I have never heard that. A. I am not sure that I would


What is the title of the first feature film directed by Sam Mendes?

Sam Mendes - Biography - IMDb Sam Mendes Biography Showing all 72 items Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (1) | Trade Mark  (5) | Trivia  (38) | Personal Quotes  (21) | Salary  (2) Overview (4) 5' 9" (1.75 m) Mini Bio (1) Samuel Alexander Mendes was born on August 1, 1965 in Reading, England, UK to parents James Peter Mendes, a retired university lecturer, and Valerie Helene Mendes, an author who writes children's books. Their marriage didn't last long, James divorced Sam's mother in 1970 when Sam was just 5-years-old. Sam was educated at Cambridge University and joined the Chichester Festival Theatre following his graduation in 1987. Afterwards, he directed Judi Dench in "The Cherry Orchard", for which he won a Critics Circle Award for Best Newcomer. He then joined the Royal Shakespeare Company, where he directed such productions as "Troilus and Cressida" with Ralph Fiennes and "Richard III". In 1992, he became artistic director of the reopened Donmar Warehouse in London, where he directed such productions as "The Glass Menagerie" and the revival of the musical "Cabaret", which earned four Tony Awards including one for Best Revival of a Musical. He also directed "The Blue Room" starring Nicole Kidman . In 1999, he got the chance to direct his first feature film, American Beauty (1999). The movie earned 5 Academy Awards including Best Picture and Best Director for Mendes, which is a rare feat for a first-time film director. - IMDb Mini Biography By: TrendEkiD@aol.com Spouse (1) ( 24 May  2003      - 3 October  2010) (divorced) (1 child) Trade Mark (5) Often begins his films with a voice-over narration from the main character; at the end of the movie the character finishes his narration in very much the same way it began. Music scores from Thomas Newman Very slow pull in, especially on table scenes Films typically deal with a family unit, be it real or surrogate. In his films rain frequently marks the event of a death Trivia (38) Is a big cricket fan and is said to have incorporated the ideas of former England cricket captain Mike Brearly in his direction. Educated at Cambridge University in Cambridge, England, UK. He was awarded the C.B.E. (Commander of the Order of the British Empire) in the 2000 Queen's Birthday Honors List for his services to drama. Taught cricket (his passion) at Summer Fields School, Oxford, UK after leaving school for a year. Ranked #91 in Premiere's 2003 annual Power 100 List. Sam married English actress Kate Winslet in the West Indies in May 2003. Resides in both New York City and London, England. Son, Joe Alfie Winslet Mendes, was born on December 22, 2003, in New York, and weighed 7 pounds and 13 ounces. He was awarded the Laurence Olivier Theatre Award in 1996 (1995 season) for Best Director for both "Company" and "The Glass Menagerie" at the Donmar Warehouse. He was nominated for Best Director at the 1999 Laurence Olivier Theatre Awards for the 1998 production of "The Blue Room". He was nominated for a 1998 Laurence Olivier Theatre Award for Best Director of the 1997 season for "Othello" at the Royal National Theatre. He was awarded the 2003 Laurence Olivier Theatre Award: Special for his services and contributions as Artistic Director of the Donmar Warehouse for the past ten years. He was awarded the 2003 Laurence Olivier Theatre Award for Best Director of 2002 for "Twelfth Night" and "Uncle Vanya" in repertory company at the Donmar Warehouse in London. He was awarded the 2002 London Critics Circle Theatre Award (Drama) for Best Director for both "Uncle Vanya" and "Twelfth Night" performed at the Donmar Warehouse. He was awarded the 1995 London Critics Circle Theatre Award (Drama Theatre) for Best Director for "The Glass Menagerie". He was awarded the 1989 London Critics Circle Theatre Award (Drama Theatre Award) for Most Promising Newcomer as Director of Minerva Studio in Chichester, England. He was awarded the 2002 London Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Director for "Uncle Vanya" and "Twelfth Night" performed at the Donmar Warehouse. Has a home in Cotswolds, En


What is the title of Abba’s last UK number one hit single?

Abba's Greatest Hits back at UK No 1 slot - Telegraph UK News Abba's Greatest Hits back at UK No 1 slot The Swedish pop group Abba have made music history with the return of their  greatest hits album to number one in the charts, 16-years after it was first  released. The last UK number one single that Abba had was Super Trouper released in November 1980  By Tom Peterkin 6:09PM BST 03 Aug 2008 Abba's Gold - Greatest Hits is the oldest album ever to reach number one, The Official Charts Company revealed. It is the fourth biggest-selling album of all time in the UK and one of the top 40 worldwide, with sales topping 26 million. Sunday marked the fifth time that Gold - Greatest Hits has topped the UK chart, and the second time that the Abba song writers have achieved a number one selling album in the last few weeks. The soundtrack to the hit Abba-inspired film Mamma Mia! took the top spot in July. The album featured the stars of the film singing cover versions of Abba's songs. Abba Gold is a compilation of the original Abba versions recorded in the 1970s and very early 1980s when the group was at its peak. Related Articles 01 Jul 2008 The last UK number one single that Abba had was Super Trouper released in November 1980. But Abba Gold has been a consistent best-seller in the UK in the years after the group split up. It last topped the charts in 1999 when it was number one on three separate occasions. It was also number one when it was first released in 1992. The album's success saw Coldplay's Viva la Vida pushed down one place to number two. Meanwhile in the UK singles chart, American musician Kid Rock took the top spot, ending rapper Dizzee Rascal's four-week reign. Kid Rock's All Summer Long moved up one place, knocking Dizzee Rascal's Dance Wiv Me down to number two. Kid Rock also saw success in the official album's chart, with Rock N Roll Jesus jumping more than 140 places to number four.


Bunker, Birdie and Fore are all terms used in which sport?

Fore! - Scottish Golf History Scottish Golf History Disclaimer Fore! The etymology for the word "Fore!" is not absolutely certain. The Oxford English Dictionary records its first use in 1878 as a warning cry to people in front of a golf stroke and, like most people, believes it is an abbreviation of the word 'before'. There is an earlier reference in 1857 in a glossary of golfing terms. Its origin is almost certainly earlier and bound up with that of the word Caddie. Currently there are three explanations for the origins of term FORE! From Forecaddie! to Fore! Because golf balls were expensive, golfers employed "Forecaddies" to stand where the ball might land and reduce the number of lost balls, as is done in tournaments today. In 1824 the Rules of the Thistle Golf Club recount a conversation which a youthful Mr Tytler of Woodhouselee, an 'Antiquary' in Edinburgh,  had with the aged Andrew Dickson when he said that he had performing this role for the Duke of York in 1681 at Leith Links. Dickson was then performing the duty of what is now commonly called a fore-cady.  Robert Clark repeated the story in his history in 1875 as 'what is now commonly called a fore-caddie' It is probable that golfers shouted to their 'Forecaddie!', who would always be some distance ahead to draw attention to the fact the ball was coming and, in time, this was shortened to 'Fore! The almost contemporaneous appearance of the terms caddie, fore-caddie and Fore! supports this theory over the others. Shoot over their heads! A second explanation, still given by the USGA, derives from the military battle craft of musket days, when rank after rank would fire fusillades, some over the heads of those in front. It was speculated that the term Fore! might have been used to warn those in front to keep their heads down. Modern historians pour cold water on this theory, partly because it is difficult to relate it to a Scottish golf connection and partly because the relevant military terms used do not bear any relation.  However, this theory may in fact be a misunderstanding of the theory below. Ware Before! - the John Knox story There is a third explanation, which appears utterly implausible, but which is an outside possibility. It derives from a story told by John Knox (1505?-1572) the 'hell-fire' protestant reformer. He tells the tale, as only hell-fire preachers can, of someone arriving at the East Port (east gate) of Leith. This story was noticed by Dr Neilson and subsequently reported by Robert Browning in his book 'History of Golf' (1955) thus: 'One among many comes to the East Port of Leith, where lay two great pieces of ordnance, and where their enemies were known to be, and cried to his fellows that were at the gate making defence: "Ware Before!" and so fires one great piece, and thereafter the other.' So Fore!' could be derived from an artillery term warning gunners to stand clear. This last explanation means, firstly, that the term 'Ware Before!' (Beware Before!) was foreshortened to Fore! (rather than Ware!) and, secondly, it must have been sufficiently well known to be used by golfers. Frankly, I had always thought only the 'Forecaddie' explanation was plausible, until a construction company dug up a body next door to where I worked in Leith. It turned out the body was two thousand years old, but, more importantly, it was lying next to the last and only known remnant of Ramsay's Fort, shown in the picture here. This was part of the great fortifications that ringed Leith, including the aforementioned East Gate, which were built by the French to withstand the Siege of Leith by the English in 1560. The English did not take the fort, but the fortifications were destroyed not long afterwards as part of the uneasy peace with England. However, there are still two hillocks on Leith Links, allegedly gun embankments called 'Lady Fife's Brae' and 'Giant's Brae built by Sir William Pelham, Captain of the English Pioneers, in 1560. Giants Brae can be seen in the background of the picture shown on the history of Leith Links . The pictured remains of Ra


What was the first name of famous German scientist Einstein?

Albert Einstein - Biography, Facts and Pictures Albert Einstein Lived 1879 – 1955. Albert Einstein rewrote the laws of nature. He completely changed the way we understand the behavior of things as basic as light, gravity, and time. Although scientists today are comfortable with Einstein’s ideas, in his time, they were completely revolutionary. Most people did not even begin to understand them. If you’re new to science, you’ll probably find that some of his ideas take time to get used to! Advertisements Quick Guide to Albert Einstein’s Scientific Achievements Albert Einstein: • provided powerful evidence that atoms and molecules actually exist, through his analysis of Brownian motion. • explained the photoelectric effect, proposing that light came in bundles. Bundles of light (he called them quanta) with the correct amount of energy can eject electrons from metals. • proved that everyone, whatever speed we move at, measures the speed of light to be 300 million meters per second in a vacuum. This led to the strange new reality that time passes more slowly for people traveling at very high speeds compared with people moving more slowly. • discovered the hugely important and iconic equation, E = mc2, which showed that energy and matter can be converted into one another. • rewrote the law of gravitation, which had been unchallenged since Isaac Newton published it in 1687. In his General Theory of Relativity, Einstein:     » showed that matter causes space to curve, which produces gravity.     » showed that the path of light follows the gravitational curve of space.     » showed that time passes more slowly when gravity becomes very strong. • became the 20th century’s most famous scientist when the strange predictions he made in his General Theory of Relativity were verified by scientific observations. • spent his later years trying to find equations to unite quantum physics with general relativity. This was an incredibly hard task for him to set himself. To date, it has still not been achieved. His Beginnings Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany. He was not talkative in his childhood, and until the age of three, he didn’t talk much. He spent his teenage years in Munich, where his family had an electric equipment business. As a teenager, he was interested in nature and showed a high level of ability in mathematics and physics. Einstein loved to be creative and innovative. He loathed the uncreative spirit in his school at Munich. His family’s business failed when he was aged 15, and they moved to Milan, Italy. Aged 16, he moved to Switzerland, where he finished high school. In 1896 he began to study for a degree at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. He didn’t like the teaching methods there, so he bunked classes to carry out experiments in the physics laboratory or play his violin. With the help of his classmate’s notes, he passed his exams; he graduated in 1900. Einstein was not considered a good student by his teachers, and they refused to recommend him for further employment. Einstein 1903 While studying at the Polytechnic, Einstein had learned about one of the biggest problems then baffling physicists. This was how to marry together Isaac Newton’s laws of motion with James Clerk Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism. In 1902 he obtained the post of an examiner in the Swiss Federal patent office, and, in 1903, he wedded his classmate Mileva Maric. He had two sons with her but they later divorced. After some years Einstein married Elsa Loewenthal. Early Scientific Publications Einstein continued to work in the patent office, during which time he made most of his greatest scientific breakthroughs. The University of Zurich awarded him a Ph.D. in 1905 for his thesis “A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions.” 1905: The Year of Miracles In 1905, the same year as he submitted his doctoral thesis, Albert Einstein published four immensely important scientific papers dealing with his analysis of: Brownian motion the equivalence of mass and energy the photoelectric effect special relativity


Say "I love you" in Irish (Gaelige) T-Shirt | Zazzle Say "I love you" in Irish (Gaelige) T-Shirt $20.30 15% off with code WINTERTREATS  50% Off Buttons , Magnets & More     |     15% OFF SITEWIDE     |    Use Code: WINTERTREATS    |     Ends Tomorrow!    |     See Details Sold by  About this product Style: Women's Basic T-Shirt This basic t-shirt features a relaxed fit for the female shape. Made from 100% cotton, this t-shirt is both durable and soft - a great combination if you're looking for that casual wardrobe staple. Select a design from our marketplace or customize it and unleash your creativity! Size & Fit Model is 5’7” and is wearing a small Standard fit Double-needle hemmed sleeves and bottom Machine wash cold


Acute viral nasopharyngitis is a medical term for which common ailment?

Acute viral nasopharyngitis | definition of Acute viral nasopharyngitis by Medical dictionary Acute viral nasopharyngitis | definition of Acute viral nasopharyngitis by Medical dictionary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Acute+viral+nasopharyngitis Related to Acute viral nasopharyngitis: common cold , Common cold virus Common Cold   Definition The common cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory system, including the nose, throat, sinuses, eustachian tubes, trachea, larynx, and bronchial tubes. Although more than 200 different viruses can cause a cold, 30-50% are caused by a group known as rhinoviruses. Almost all colds clear up in less than two weeks without complications. Description Colds, sometimes called rhinovirus or coronavirus infections, are the most common illness to strike any part of the body. It is estimated that the average person has more than 50 colds during a lifetime. Anyone can get a cold, although pre-school and grade school children catch them more frequently than adolescents and adults. Repeated exposure to viruses causing colds creates partial immunity. Although most colds resolve on their own without complications, they are a leading cause of visits to the doctor and of time lost from work and school. Treating symptoms of the common cold has given rise to a multi-million dollar industry in over-the-counter medications. Cold season in the United States begins in early autumn and extends through early spring. Although it is not true that getting wet or being in a draft causes a cold (a person has to come in contact with the virus to catch a cold), certain conditions may lead to increased susceptibility. These include: fatigue and overwork smoking living or working in crowded conditions Colds make the upper respiratory system less resistant to bacterial infection. Secondary bacterial infection may lead to middle ear infection, bronchitis , pneumonia, sinus infection, or strep throat . People with chronic lung disease, asthma , diabetes, or a weakened immune system are more likely to develop these complications. Causes and symptoms Colds are caused by more than 200 different viruses. The most common groups are rhinoviruses and coronaviruses. Different groups of viruses are more infectious at different seasons of the year, but knowing the exact virus causing the cold is not important in treatment. People with colds are contagious during the first two to four days of the infection. Colds pass from person to person in several ways. When an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks, tiny fluid droplets containing the virus are expelled. If these are breathed in by other people, the virus may establish itself in their noses and airways. Colds may also be passed through direct contact. If a person with a cold touches his runny nose or watery eyes, then shakes hands with another person some of the virus is transferred to the uninfected person. If that person then touches his mouth, nose, or eyes, the virus is transferred to an environment where it can reproduce and cause a cold. Cold Remedies Rapid heart beat Stimulation Finally, cold viruses can be spread through inanimate objects (door knobs, telephones, toys) that become contaminated with the virus. This is a common method of transmission in child care centers. If a child with a cold touches her runny nose, then plays with a toy, some of the virus may be transferred to the toy. When another child plays with the toy a short time later, he may pick up some of the virus on his hands. The second child then touches his contaminated hands to his eyes, nose, or mouth and transfers some of the cold virus to himself. Once acquired, the cold virus attaches itself to the lining of the nasal passages and sinuses. This causes the infected cells to release a chemical called histamine. Histamine increases the blood flow to the infected cells, causing swelling, congestion, and increased mucus production. Within one to three days the infected person begins to show cold symptoms. The first cold symptoms are a tickle in the throat, runny nose, and s


At the age of 22 years and 47 days who was the youngest captain of the England football team?

England Football Online - Trivia Trivia     We've collected these pieces of trivia from various sources  over the years and we've tried to verify them where possible.  But if you know better or more, please let us know. Players Age Youngest player Theo Walcott , Arsenal, replaced Rooney  as England's youngest ever player on 30 May 2006 when he came on as a  65th minute substitute against Hungary at Old Trafford, Manchester.  Walcott was 17 years and 75 days old. Wayne Rooney , Everton,  was 17 years and 111 days old when he played against Australia on 12 February  2003.  Rooney had finally ended a 124 year record, displacing James  Prinsep of Clapham Rovers, who was only 17 years and 253 days old when he  played against Scotland on 5 April 1879. Rooney is the youngest player to   start for England, when he did so against Turkey on 2 April 2003. He was   17 years and 160 days. Age Oldest  player to appear Stanley Matthews, 42 years and 103 days old, against Denmark, 15 May 1957. Alec Morten has a disputed date of birth.  He was 68 years old at the time of his  death on 24 February 1900.  Meaning he was born in either 1831 or 1832,  making him 41 or 42 on 8 March 1873 against Scotland. Age Oldest player to make his debut Alec Morten has a disputed date of birth.  He was 68 years old at the time of his  death on 24 February 1900.  Meaning he was born in either 1831 or 1832,  making him 41 or 42 on 8 March 1873 against Scotland, one non-specific source  says 41 years and 114 days  old.  Either way - the  oldest debutant.  Leslie Compton was 38 years and 65 days old, in  a 4-2 victory over Wales in Sunderland, November 15, 1950 Age Oldest  opposition player Billy Meredith, 45 years and 229 days old, for Wales, 15 March 1920. Age Youngest  opposition player Sam Johnston, was  15 years and 154 days old, for Ireland, 18 February 1881. If the source is  correct, then Jaroslav Jirkovský was  16 years and 242 days when he played for the Slavia Praha side that  represented Bohemia against England on 13 June 1908. The modern-day record lay with Salomon Olembe, who was  16 years and 342 days old, when playing for Cameroon on  15 November 1997. Blendi Nallbani, most definitely the  youngest opposition goalkeeper at 17 years and 331 days, for Albania, 26 April  1989.  Age Youngest  player to score Wayne Rooney , Everton, was 17 years and 317 days old when he scored in the 53rd minute   against Macedonia on 6 September 2003. Age Youngest  opposition player to score Wi llie  Gibson , 17 years and 153 days old when he scored in a late Ireland equaliser, on 3  March 1894. It was the first time Ireland avoided defeat at the hands of  England, albeit, some match reports say the ball went through the side. Jean Capelle, at 17 years and 202 days, scored for  Belgium against England on 16 May 1931 in Brussels. Age Youngest  debutant to score Marcus Rashford,  Manchester United, having played just eighteen first team matches for his  club, scored 138 seconds into his debut against Australia, 27 May 2016, at  The Stadium of Light, Sunderland. He was 18 years and 209 days old. Beating  the previous record held by T ommy  Lawton , Everton, was 19 years and 16 days old when he scored a penalty   against Wales on 22 October 1938. Age Youngest  player to score a penalty T ommy  Lawton , Everton, was 19 years and 16 days old when he scored a penalty    on his debut against Wales on 22 October 1938. Age Oldest  player to score Stanley Matthews was 41 years and 248 days  old when he scored for England in the 2nd minute against Northern  Ireland on 10 October 1956. Age Oldest   debutant to score Jimmy Moore was 34 years and 11 days  old when he scored for England against Sweden on 21 May 1923. Bill Nicholson is the oldest post-war scoring debutant. He was 32 years  and 113 days when he scored against Portugal on 19 May 1951.  Age Youngest  Captain Bobby Moore was 22 years and 47 days when he captained England to a 4-2 win against  Czechoslovakia in Bratislava on May


What colour is a fifty ‘pounds’ Monopoly bank note?

Monopoly | Monopoly Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia [ show ] History The history of Monopoly can be traced back to the early 1900s. In 1904, a Quaker woman named Elizabeth (Lizzie) J. Magie Phillips created a game through which she hoped to be able to explain the single tax theory of Henry George (it was supposed to illustrate the negative aspects of concentrating land in private monopolies). Her game, The Landlord's Game, was commercially published a few years later. Other interested game players redeveloped the game and some made their own sets. Lizzie herself patented a revised edition of the game in 1904, and similar games were published commercially. By the early 1930s, a board game named Monopoly was created much like the version of Monopoly sold by Parker Brothers and its parent companies throughout the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st. The Parker Brothers' version was created by Charles Darrow . Several people, mostly in the U.S. Midwest and near the U.S. East Coast, contributed to the game's design and evolution. In 1941 the British Secret Service had John Waddington Ltd., the licensed manufacturer of the game outside the U.S., create a special edition for World War II prisoners of war held by the Nazis. Hidden inside these games were maps, compasses, real money, and other objects useful for escaping. They were distributed to prisoners by the International Red Cross. By the 1970s, the game's early history had been lost (and at least one historian has argued that it was purposely suppressed - see below), and the idea that it had been created solely by Charles Darrow had become popular folklore. This was stated in the 1974 book The Monopoly Book: Strategy and Tactics of the World's Most Popular Game, by Maxine Brady, and even in the instructions of the game itself. As Professor Ralph Anspach fought Parker Brothers and its then parent company, General Mills, over the trademarks of the Monopoly board game, much of the early history of the game was "rediscovered." Because of the lengthy court process, and appeals, the legal status of Parker Brothers' trademarks on the game was not settled until the mid-1980s. The game's name remains a registered trademark of Parker Brothers, as do its specific design elements. Parker Brothers' current corporate parent, Hasbro, again acknowledges only the role of Charles Darrow in the creation of the game. Anspach published a book about his research, called The Billion Dollar Monopoly Swindle (and republished as Monopolygate), in which he makes his case about the purposeful suppression of the game's early history and development. Board This is the original version produced by Charles Darrow, and later by Parker Brothers. The board consists of forty spaces containing twenty-eight properties, three Chance spaces, three Community Chest spaces, a Luxury Tax space, an Income Tax space, and the four corner squares: GO, Jail, Free Parking , and Go to Jail. In the U.S. versions shown below, the properties are named after locations in (or near) Atlantic City, New Jersey. However, as of September 2008, the layout of the board has been modified to more closely match the foreign-released versions, as shown in the two board layouts below. The notable changes are the colors of Mediterranean and Baltic Avenues changing from purple to brown, the colors of the GO square from red to black, and the adaptation of the flat $200 Income Tax (formerly the player's choice of 10% of their total holdings OR $200; players had to make a decision before calculating their total holdings) and increased $100 Luxury Tax (upped from $75) amounts. Similar color/amount changes are used in the U.S. Edition of the "Here And Now: World Edition" game , and are also used in the most recent version of the McDonald's Monopoly promotion. US Board ($60) US Info A player who reaches the Jail space by a direct roll of the dice is said to be "just visiting", and continues normal play on the next turn. Marvin Gardens , a yellow property on the board shown, is actually a misspelling of the original location name, Marven Garde


Which is the only state in the US that commercially grows coffee?

Hawaii Coffee Is The Only American-Grown Coffee | The Huffington Post Hawaii Coffee Is The Only American-Grown Coffee 09/29/2013 03:30 pm ET | Updated Oct 01, 2013 140 Getty Today is national coffee day, which is ironic since it's likely that your morning cup of joe wasn't even grown in America. The world's biggest coffee producers are located in the " Bean Belt " -- basically the tropics -- with Brazil ranked as the biggest coffee producing country in the world. Good coffee growing conditions require high altitudes, tropical climates, and rich soil, and there is only one state in the good ol' USA that fits the mold. Hawaii has been producing coffee since the mid-nineteenth century -- before it was even a state. The British warship H.M.S. Blonde brought coffee trees to the islands from Brazil in 1825. Although coffee is produced on all the Hawaiian islands, it is Kona coffee, which is grown on the Big Island, that is revered as the state's best. Kona coffee is grown in the rich volcanic soil on the slopes of the active Mauna Loa volcano where frequent island showers keep the plants nourished and protected from intense sunlight. Kona coffee produces such a deliciously rich, aromatic cup of medium body that coffee buyers have pushed Kona prices up in recent years, making it one of most expensive coffees in the world . So, wake up and smell the American-made coffee:


‘The ‘what’ Tree’ is a 1987 album by U2?

U2 > Discography > Albums > The Joshua Tree Twitter The release of The Joshua Tree saw the band on the cover of Time Magazine billed as 'Rock's Hottest Ticket.' In Sweden, copies of The Joshua Tree were pressed in yellow, pink and red vinyl with sleeves similar to the UK. In Mexico, a limited edition CD was released as part of the Serie Millennium re-issues with a different picture sleeve. In 1999, The Joshua Tree CD was re-issued with the clear band photo that appeared on the original vinyl LP rather than the blurred picture on the initial CD release. The Joshua Tree entered the US album charts at No.7 and reached No. 1 three weeks later. It was U2's first album to reach No.1 in the United States. In 1999, The Joshua Tree was awarded the RIAA's highest certification, Diamond, with 10 million units sold. The album also peaked at No.1 on the UK, Canadian, West German, Dutch and Australian charts. In Switzerland, the album reached No.1 on the charts and stayed there for a total of 33 weeks. The album and sleeve cover also placed No. 1 in Rolling Stone magazine's annual Music Awards chosen by readers. Critics at Rolling Stone made it No. 2 album of the year. U2 also won Best Rock Performance By A Group Or Duo at the Grammy Awards for The Joshua Tree. Production Credits Produced and Engineered: Daniel Lanois and Brian Eno Additional Engineering: Dave Meegan with Pat McCarthy Studio: Windmill Lane, Dublin Ireland Mixed by: Steve Lillywhite Recorded by: Flood Release Date:


In the UK in pre-decimal currency how many farthings were in a shilling?

Pre-decimal British coinage | Uncyclopedia | Fandom powered by Wikia Whoops! Maybe you were looking for LSD ? “If I give you a sovereign, can I see your thruppenny bits?” ~ Noel Coward Fifty pre-decimal pennies from 1959. This much money would have been sufficient to purchase a four-bedroomed house and a Morris Oxford V . Prior to decimalisation, when Great Britain and Ireland adopted a confusing monetary system based around a pound made up of one hundred pennies, a far more logical system known as LSD was used. L, S and D are the first letters of the names given to the different units of coin - L obviously stands for pounds and D stands for pennies (or pence). So far, everything is straightforward. Oddly however, S stands for shillings. Though pre-decimal currency is thought confusing by people under the age of 40 and foreigners , it really was much easier than the current system - and will undoubtedly be reintroduced if right-thinking British people get their way - as we shall see here. For the religious among us who choose to believe lies, the so-called experts at Wikipedia have an article about Pre-decimal British coinage . Contents [ show ] Farthing A farthing was equal to one quarter of a penny and would have been the weekly wage expected by the average working man up until the late 1920s when the Great Depression caused wages to fall dramatically. Very few women worked in those days (those that did were generally engaged in traditional female employment and were looked down upon by society); those that did were paid less than this amount because, strange as it may seem in these times of equality , it was then considered that a woman's work was worth less than a man's. However, as there was no coin worth less than a farthing, a group of four women would have to share one farthing between themselves and grocery shop as a group, splitting the purchases amongst themselves after buying. Although the farthing was insufficient to purchase anything at all post-1950, the coin was kept in circulation because the British population with their nostalgic love of pointless tradition had a great fondness for it and the cute picture of a wren on the back. Farthings were 13 inches wide, 4 inches thick and weighed 60lb. Halfpenny Two farthings made a halfpenny which had a depiction of a galleon in full sail on the obverse as a reminder of our proud nation's glorious naval tradition which led to the Empire and all the good things that came of it. A halfpenny was what your grandad got for his weekly pocket money when he was seven years old back in 1920 and, as he's so fond of telling you, was enough money to see a western of a Saturday afternoon and still have enough change left over for a bag of chips and a packet of Woodbines on the way home. A halfpenny was much smaller than a farthing in order to be more portable, measuring just 10 inches across and 2.5 inches thick with a weight of only 36lb. Penny This old dear is having a well-earned breather after carrying her penny halfway to the village shop. When she gets there, she'll spend it on catfood , cabbages , whisky and her BNP membership fee. Four farthings or two halfpennies made a penny, an incredible sum of money to the working classes , and enough to buy a modern house with sufficiently modern facilities as to be hygienic enough that only four of your twelve children would die before their first birthdays. 240 pennies made a pound, with each coin measuring just under 41 inches wide and 11 inches thickness with a weight of 134lb. As previously mentioned, penny was abbreviated to d. As seen in the photograph, one penny was the state weekly pension for many years. However, as Britain has become more prosperous, the pension has risen time and time again with many elderly people now living luxuriously on pensions of as much as twenty times this amount. Threepence The threepence coin, known as a threepenny bit. The uniquely-shaped threepence coin, known as threepenny bit, was a convex regular polytope with a symmetry group of four-dimensional space, being a uniform star-polychoron