Which architect invented the Geodesic Dome?

Geodesic Dome | Washington State Department of Archaeology & Historic Preservation (DAHP) Geodesic Dome 1960 - 1990 Originally invented in Germany in 1922, Geodesic Domes did not see widespread use until the mid 1970s when prefabricated kits enticed a generation of do-it-yourselfers. Companies such as Cathedralite Domes, Dome Works and Oregon Domes, provided many of the kits for structures here in the Pacific Northwest. Geodesic Domes are often identified with the counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s, and became popularized after inventor, architect, engineer, and mathematician R. Buckminster Fuller, lectured world-wide on the potential use and efficiency of the structure.  Fuller had received an American patent for the design in 1954 and came to Seattle several times to lecture on the subject. Widely published pattern books such as Domebook I (1969) and Domebook II (1971) , as well as hands-on workshops, allowed amateur builders to construct Geodesic Domes at their own leisure.  Such activities led the dome to become identified with alternative lifestyles. Here in the PNW Geodesic Domes arrived in the 1970s.  King County approved the first geodesic dome through their building department in 1973 (Bondelid House, Bothell), while the first commercial-office geodesic dome was built in Pierce County in 1978.  The Pierce County dome, located near the Tacoma Mall, is 45ft in diameter and originally housed an authorized dealership for Cathedralite Domes. The basic spherical shape of a Geodesic Dome is derived from a complex engineering system of triangular frames, often called “space frames”.  The frames are made by joining triangular-shaped panels in such a way as to form a dome-shaped building in which all planes or facets, are straight, flat surfaces.  The frames, usually made of wood or tubular metal, create a self-reinforcing roof and siding unit all in one structure.  This eliminates the need for any internal supports or “load-bearing” walls.  The Tacoma Dome, at 530’ in diameter, is the largest public Geodesic Dome in the world. Geodesic Dome frames can be clad in a variety of materials from asphalt to cedar shingles on smaller buildings, to metal or plastic sheets on large exhibit or recreational facilities. Skylights were often installed, and can be found on any surface as long as they are within the basic triangular frame.  Dormers, copulas, and flat-roofed, or Gambrel-roofed wings can be also found. Geodesic Domes have been used for just about every building type from playground equipment to military radar stations, to civic and recreation buildings, exhibition attractions, and single family homes.  While thousands have been built and are still being manufactured today, the use of Geodesic Domes achieved only limited popularity.  Most were built in isolation as single structures. Washington State Examples "A Brown Golf Ball? A Wooden Egg? Dome Home Rouses Curiosity", Seattle Daily Times, September 30, 1973. "Dome Sweet Dome" The Spokesman Review, March 5, 1980 "Dome Sweet Dome" The Seattle Times, April 19, 1980. "Rural-skills Workshop to be Held in County" The Seattle Times, March 19, 1975. "Buckminster Fuller to Speak at Environmental Conference", Seattle Times, April 5, 1970. "Ford Takes Fair's Last Open Space for $500.000 Pavilion", Seattle Times, December 5, 1961. "Fair Dome to Feature New Marina", Seattle Times, February 17, 1963. "Fabric Specialist's Specialty: Versatility", Seattle Times,March 25, 1964. "Architect to Speak at U.W.", Seattle Times, May 14, 1972. "It's "Domesday" for Bellevue Boy", Seattle Times, October 20, 1976. ""World-Man" is Predicted by Philosoper", Seattle Times, March 4, 1979. "Dome is Payette's Pride and Joy", Seattle Times, June 21, 1981. "Series Speakers Announced", Seattle Times, August 10, 1980. "Pacifist Group Wins Right to Use Geodestic Dome", Seattle Times, April 10, 1982. "Peace Dome Destroyed by Fire at Bangor", Seattle Times, May 28, 1982. "Theater Set for Expo" Spokane Daily Chronicle, April 17, 1980 "Dream Dome Inches Toward Real Project" Spokane Daily Chronicle, October 16


Fullerite is a man-made allotrope of which chemical element?

Fullerenes: An Overview   Introduction The 1996 Nobel Prize for Chemistry has been won by Harold W. Kroto, Robert F. Curl and Richard E. Smalley for their discovery in 1985 of a new allotrope of carbon, in which the atoms are arranged in closed shells. The new form was found to have the structure of a truncated icosahedron, and was named Buckminsterfullerene, after the architect Buckminster Fuller who designed geodesic domes in the 1960's. Formerly, six crystalline forms of the element carbon were known, namely two kinds of graphite, two kinds of diamond, chaoit and carbon(VI). The latter two were discovered in 1968 and 1972. In 1990 physicists W. Krätschmer and D.R. Huffman for the first time produced isolable quantities of C60 by causing an arc between two graphite rods to burn in a helium atmosphere and extracting the carbon condensate so formed using an organic solvent. The way was thus open for studying the chemical properties of C60 and other carbon clusters such as C70, C76, C78 and C84. New substances were produced from these compounds, with new and unexpected properties. An entirely new branch of chemistry developed, with consequences in such diverse areas as astrochemistry, superconductivity and materials chemistry/physics.   Professor Sir Harold W. Kroto (University of Sussex) 1. Structure and physical properties of higher fullerenes pp.2-5 2. Production of fullerenes pp.6-8 3. Chemistry of fullerenes pp.8-10 1.) Structures and Physical Properties of Some Higher Fullerenes   Fullerenes consist of 20 hexagonal and 12 pentagonal rings as the basis of an icosohedral symmetry closed cage structure. Each carbon atom is bonded to three others and is sp2 hybridised. The C60 molecule has two bond lengths - the 6:6 ring bonds can be considered "double bonds" and are shorter than the 6:5 bonds.C60 is not "superaromatic" as it tends to avoid double bonds in the pentagonal rings, resulting in poor electron delocalisation. As a result, C60 behaves like an electron deficient alkene, and reacts readily with electron rich species. The geodesic and electronic bonding factors in the structure account for the stability of the molecule. In theory, an infinite number of fullerenes can exist, their structure based on pentagonal and hexagonal rings, constructed according to rules for making icosahedra.   The structure of C60: "Buckminsterfullerene" The infra red spectrum of C60(left); 13C NMR spectrum of C60 (right): C60 only has four IR active vibrational bands, due to its icosohedral symmetry. The UV/visual spectrum chromatographically purified C60 (left); A mass spectrum showing the higher fullerenes present in carbon soot (right): Mass spectrometry has been widely used to study the fullerenes. There is evidence for species as small as C20+, as well as stable peaks for the cluster ions C2n+ (where 2n>32).   Infra red spectrum of C70 (left); UV/visual spectrum of C70 (right):   Carbon 13 NMR spectrum of C70: C76 "Buckytubes" & "Buckyonions"   Many fullerenes have now been discovered in carbon soot, uncovered by electron microscopy, including tubes of carbon many thousands of times long as they are wide, with the same icosahedral structure as the fullerenes. These have diameters as small as 2nm. Carbon "onions" have also been discovered, and consist of carbon cages one inside the other rather like Russian dolls. These carbon particles have millions of atoms, and many have been observed with dozens of concentric shells. Hypothetical structures have been postulated for carbon cages consisting of not pentagonal and hexagonal rings (like C60), but heptagonal (7 membered) rings. A helically coiled carbon nanotube   Atomic resolution picture of a single walled carbon nanotube taken using ascanning tunneling microscope.   2.) The Production of Fullerenes   The first method of production of fullerenes used laser vaporization of carbon in an inert atmosphere, but this produced microscopic amounts of fullerenes. In 1990, a new type of apparatus using an arc to vaporize graphite was developed in Germany by Kratschmer and Huffmann.   Adapted


In which building is Charles Darwin buried?

Westminster Abbey » Charles Darwin Burial Date: 26 Apr, 1882 Field: Scientist; writer Location in the Abbey: Nave, north choir aisle Type of memorial: Grave; bust Type of material: Bronze Charles Robert Darwin, naturalist, is buried in the north aisle of the nave of Westminster Abbey, not far from Sir Isaac Newton . He was born in Shrewsbury on 12 February 1809, son of Robert Waring Darwin (1766-1848) and Susannah, daughter of Josiah Wedgwood. He studied with his brother Erasmus at Edinburgh University but disliked the idea of following in his father's footsteps as a doctor. At Cambridge University he became very much interested in natural history and sailed on the ship HMS Beagle in 1831 to South America and the Galapagos islands. In 1839 he married his cousin Emma Wedgwood and they went to live at Downe, a small village in Kent. His famous work "The Origin of Species by natural selection" was published in 1859 and he continued working although his health was often poor. He died at Down House on 19 April 1882. Burial The Dean of Westminster, George Granville Bradley, was away in France when he received a telegram forwarded from the President of the Royal Society in London saying "…it would be acceptable to a very large number of our fellow-countrymen of all classes and opinions that our illustrious countryman, Mr Darwin, should be buried in Westminster Abbey". The Dean recalled " I did not hesitate as to my answer and telegraphed direct…that my assent would be cheerfully given". The body lay overnight in the Abbey, in the small chapel of St Faith, and on the morning of 26 April the coffin was escorted by the family and eminent mourners into the Abbey. The pall-bearers included Sir Joseph Hooker, Alfred Russel Wallace , James Russell Lowell (U.S. Ambassador), and William Spottiswoode (President of the Royal Society). The burial service was held in the Lantern, conducted by Canon Prothero, with anthems sung by the choir. The chief mourners then followed the coffin into the north aisle of the Nave where Darwin was buried next to the eminent scientist Sir John Herschel, and a few feet away from Sir Isaac Newton. The simple inscription on his gravestone, which is of pale Carrara marble, reads "CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN BORN 12 FEBRUARY 1809. DIED 19 APRIL 1882". Although an agnostic, Darwin was greatly respected by his contemporaries and the Bishop of Carlisle, Harvey Goodwin, in a memorial sermon preached in the Abbey on the Sunday following the funeral, said "I think that the interment of the remains of Mr Darwin in Westminster Abbey is in accordance with the judgment of the wisest of his countrymen…It would have been unfortunate if anything had occurred to give weight and currency to the foolish notion which some have diligently propagated, but for which Mr Darwin was not responsible, that there is a necessary conflict between a knowledge of Nature and a belief in God…". A later, widely believed, rumour of a "deathbed conversion" to Christianity was denied by his daughter, who was actually present at his death. Memorial bust A bronze memorial, with a life-sized relief bust, was erected by his family in the north choir aisle, near to the grave, in 1888. The sculptor was Sir J.E. Boehm. The inscription just says simply DARWIN. Photos of the grave and memorial can be purchased from Westminster Abbey Library Further reading:


Malin Head, the most northerly point in Ireland is in which county?

Irelands Most Northerly Point Located at N55.22.861 W007.22.420 at a height of 187 feet (57m) above sea level. Malin Head (In Irish: Cionn Mhálanna) at the tip of the Inishowen peninsular in County Donegal is the most northern point of Ireland that has a rugged landscape and had a long history of communication with ships. Banba’s Crown The Tower, as it is known locally, stands in a commanding situation at Ireland’s most northerly point known as Banba’s Crown. In Irish mythology, Banbha, sometimes written as Banba in English, daughter of Ernmas of the Tuatha Dé Danann, is the patron goddess of Ireland. Considering this is Ireland’s most Northerly point, it is only fitting that the area be named "Banbas Crown" after an Irish mythological Queen. The head's rocky, weather-battered slopes feel like they're being dragged unwillingly into the sea. It's great for wandering on foot, absorbing the stark natural setting. The area is renowned for the welcoming of the friendly local people, epic coastal scenery, thriving birdlife and plenty of historical significance. Location It’s location was vital for the daily shipping as the coast line around Malin Head are some of the most treacherous waters in the world with many hundreds of ship wrecks being recorded. There are more ocean liners and German U-boats sunk off this stretch than anywhere else in the world and the majority of them were casualties of World War 1 & 2. If you visit Malin Head and prefer to stay on dry land, go for a ramble on Banba’s Crown by following the western path from here to Hell’s Hole. This dramatic chasm is 250 metres (820 feet) long and 8 metres (26 feet) wide. The Lloyds Insurance Group of London used Malin Head to contact ships offshore – especially during World War 1 & 2. This entire area is also of global significance to geologists as it has Ireland’s oldest rocks, 4 levels of ancient shoreline and the highest sand-dunes in Europe.


What is the most southerly country in Scotland?

Regions of Scotland | By Scotland Channel City finder The Incredible Regions of Scotland Aberdeen & Grampian has a multi-faceted appeal, offering the glitz of the city of Aberdeen as well as the quaint atmosphere of small fishing villages. With a variety of attractions, including distilleries and castles , plus destinations such as Aberlour, Elgin, Banff and Cruden Bay, Aberdeen & Grampian is just waiting to be explored. Angus & Dundee is the ideal region in which to unwind and enjoy a break. The area boasts a number of sights and attractions, including Broughty Castle and Museum in Dundee; outdoor activities in Angus; historic buildings in Forfar; the Castle in Glamis; golfing in Carnoustie; and natural beauty in Glen Isla. Argyll is a coastal region with numerous islands and waterways. Popular destinations in Argyll include Inveraray, Bowmore, Campbeltown, Garelochhead and Dunoon. The variety of attractions in these cities and towns in Argyll will appeal to all tastes. Ayrshire is a fascinating region with a rich history and numerous tourist attractions. In Ayrshire you will discover more than 40 castles and a large number of golf courses. Many visitors enjoy exploring the Isle of Arran , whilst others prefer a round of golf at Troon. Dumfries & Galloway offers a varied landscape of hills, moorland, coastline, forest and rivers just waiting to be explored, as is the Mull of Galloway, the most southerly point of Scotland. There are a number of attractions in cities such as Dumfries and Kirkcudbright, as well as many fun activities. Edinburgh & the Lothians is a bustling region filled with history, attractions and activities. The renowned city of Edinburgh buzzes day and night, while Newhaven is a quiet fishing village where you can simply relax. Other destinations worth visiting include Leith, Dunbar, Stenton, Pencaitland and Cramond. Fife is one of the historical regions of Scotland and was originally a Pictish Kingdom. It is still called the Kingdom of Fife and is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth. This popular tourist region encompasses towns such as Anstruther, Glenrothes, St. Andrews , Leven and Falkland. Glasgow & Clyde Valley captures much of Scotland’s charm and character in one region and thus has been referred to as “Little Scotland”. The city of Glasgow is the largest in Scotland and is filled with culture, entertainment and attractions. The Scottish Highlands region is world renowned for its beauty, rich culture and extensive history. Inverness is considered the area’s capital and is home to a variety of tourist attractions, accommodation and activities. Various other destinations, including Fort William, Aviemore, Dornoch and Kinlochleven add to the region’s flavor. Orkney is made up of about 70 islands, but only seventeen of these are populated. Though many of the Orkney Islands are small, there is something to see on virtually every one of them. Island hopping is a great way to spend time in this part of Scotland as it is one of the best ways to get up close and personal with some of the island attractions. The Outer & Inner Hebrides consist of a number of islands, including St. Kilda, Harris, North and South Uist, Skye, Mull and Jura. On the islands of the Hebrides you will find amazing birdlife, delightful villages, historic castles and other fascinating attractions. Perthshire is a great place to visit and is especially popular because of its walking trails. You can choose anything from 1 mile to 100 miles and see many popular attractions along the way. There are lochs and castles galore, as well as a beautiful and tranquil landscape which stretches out in every direction. The Scottish Borders region hosts an abundance of attractions and activities. From hours spent walking amidst the natural beauty of the area, to exploring history at various museums and historical attractions, Borders will keep you well occupied and send you home with abundant memories. The Shetland Islands are a group of over 100 islands on the northeast coast of Scotland. Although only 29 of them are populate


In Greek mythology who was the mother of Achilles?

Achilles - Ancient History - HISTORY.com Google Achilles: Early Life Like most mythological heroes, Achilles had a complicated family tree. His father was Peleus, the mortal king of the Myrmidons–a people who, according to legend, were extraordinarily fearless and skilled soldiers. His mother was Thetis, a Nereid. Did You Know? Today, we use the phrase “Achilles heel” to describe a powerful person’s fatal weakness. According to myths and stories composed long after the Iliad, Thetis was extraordinarily concerned about her baby son’s mortality. She did everything she could to make him immortal: She burned him over a fire every night, then dressed his wounds with ambrosial ointment; and she dunked him into the River Styx, whose waters were said to confer the invulnerability of the gods. However, she gripped him tightly by the foot as she dipped him into the river–so tightly that the water never touched his heel. As a result, Achilles was invulnerable everywhere but there. When he was 9 years old, a seer predicted that Achilles would die heroically in battle against the Trojans. When she heard about this, Thetis disguised him as a girl and sent him to live on the Aegean island of Skyros. To be a great warrior was Achilles’ fate, however, and he soon left Skyros and joined the Greek army. In a last-ditch effort to save her son’s life, Thetis asked the divine blacksmith Hephaestus to make a sword and shield that would keep him safe. The armor that Hephaestus produced for Achilles did not make him immortal, but it was distinctive enough to be recognized by friend and foe alike. When Homer wrote the Iliad in about 720 BCE, however, readers and listeners would not have known any of this. They only knew that Achilles was a great hero, that he had superhuman strength and courage and that he was supremely handsome. Homer painted a more nuanced picture: In addition to these qualities, his Achilles was vengeful and quick to anger and could be petulant when he did not get his way. He was also deeply loyal and would sacrifice anything for his friends and family. Achilles: The Trojan War According to legend, the Trojan War began when the god-king Zeus decided to reduce Earth’s mortal population by arranging a war between the Greeks (Homer calls them the Achaeans) and the Trojans. He did this by meddling in their political and emotional affairs. At Achilles’ parents’ wedding banquet, Zeus invited the prince of Troy, a young man named Paris, to judge a beauty contest between the goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. Each of the goddesses offered Paris a bribe in exchange for his vote. Aphrodite’s was the most alluring: She promised to give the young prince the most beautiful wife in the world. Unfortunately, the wife in question–Helen, the daughter of Zeus–was already married to someone else: Menelaus, the king of Sparta . At Aphrodite’s urging, Paris went to Sparta, won Helen’s heart and took her (along with all of Menelaus’ money) back to Troy. Menelaus vowed revenge. He assembled an army of Greece’s greatest warriors, including Achilles and his Myrmidons, and set off to conquer Troy and get his wife back. In Homer’s telling, this war lasted for 10 bloody years. Achilles: The Illiad When the Iliad begins, the Trojan War has been going on for nine years. Achilles, the poem’s protagonist, has led one battle after another. He has met with great success–in fact, he is undefeated in battle–but the war itself has reached a stalemate. Homer’s story focuses on a different conflict, however: the internecine quarrel between his hero and Agamemnon, the leader of the Achaean armies and Menelaus’ brother. In a battle that took place before the poem begins, Agamemnon had taken as a concubine a young Trojan woman named Chryseis. Chryseis’ father, a priest of the god Apollo, tried to buy his daughter’s freedom, but Agamemnon mocked his entreaties and refused to release the girl. Enraged, Apollo punished the Greek armies by sending a plague to kill the soldiers one by one. As his ranks thinned, Agamemnon finally agreed to allow Chryseis to return to her


In the bible who was the sister of Moses who concealed him in the bulrushes?

Story of Moses in the Bulrushes By N.S. Gill Updated February 24, 2016. The story of the Moses basket comes from Exodus 2:1-10. In it, Moses is left in a basket amid the reeds and bulrushes along the Nile, in Egypt where the Hebrews had been living since the time of Jacob . By the end of Exodus 1 , the pharaoh of Egypt (perhaps Ramses II ) had decreed that all the Hebrew boy babies were to be drowned at birth. In the 10 verses from Exodus 2, Yocheved, Moses' mother, hides her newborn for 3 months and then places her baby in a caulked wicker basket in the Nile River reeds. The baby's crying alerts one of the pharaoh's daughters who takes the baby. Moses' sister Miriam watches in hiding, but comes out when it is clear the princess is planning to keep the child. She asks the princess if she would like a Hebrew midwife. The princess agrees and so Miriam arranges to have the real mother get paid to nurse her own child who now lives among the Egyptian royalty. Source: Biblical Literacy, by Rabbi Joseph Telushkin. Here is the Exodus passage: continue reading below our video 10 Best Universities in the United States Exodus 2 ( World English Bible ) 1 A man of the house of Levi went and took a daughter of Levi as his wife. 2 The woman conceived, and bore a son. When she saw that he was a fine child, she hid him three months. 3 When she could no longer hide him, she took a papyrus basket for him, and coated it with tar and with pitch. She put the child in it, and laid it in the reeds by the river's bank. 4 His sister stood far off, to see what would be done to him. 5 Pharaoh's daughter came down to bathe at the river. Her maidens walked along by the riverside. She saw the basket among the reeds, and sent her handmaid to get it. 6 She opened it, and saw the child, and behold, the baby cried. She had compassion on him, and said, "This is one of the Hebrews' children." 7 Then his sister said to Pharaoh's daughter, "Should I go and call a nurse for you from the Hebrew women, that she may nurse the child for you?" 8 Pharaoh's daughter said to her, "Go." The maiden went and called the child's mother. 9 Pharaoh's daughter said to her, "Take this child away, and nurse him for me, and I will give you your wages." The woman took the child, and nursed it. 10 The child grew, and she brought him to Pharaoh's daughter, and he became her son. She named him Moses, and said, "Because I drew him out of the water." This baby left in a river story is similar to that of the Romulus and Remus left in the Tiber , but sans basket, and to that of Sumerian king Sargon I left in a caulked basket in the Euphrates.


Who rode Shergar to victory in the 1981 Derby?

BBC NEWS | UK | Northern Ireland | Shergar: 'He was a dream horse' Printable version Shergar: 'He was a dream horse' Twenty-five years ago, one of the greatest racehorses of modern times was kidnapped in Ireland and never seen again. The jockey who rode Shergar to a legendary derby victory talks to BBC News. "I have visited all corners of the globe and everyone mentions Shergar." Walter Swinburne and Shergar rode to victory in the 1981 derby These are the words of former jockey Walter Swinburn who has fond memories of the racehorse which hurtled to a record 10 lengths victory in the 1981 Epsom Derby. Nicknamed "Shergar the wonder-horse", the stallion was valued by Lloyds of London at ï¿½10m at stud. But he was taken by an armed gang from a stud farm in County Kildare on 9 February 1983. They demanded a ï¿½2m ransom, but that was later dropped to ï¿½40,000. Swinburn, said he was a dream horse, and memories of that derby win remain crystal clear. "He (Shergar) was in charge, that was the lovely thing about him, he paced himself. He had this enormous engine," he said. "I was only 19, he was a very uncomplicated horse. He had a marvellous temperament. A lot has been spoken about how marvellous he was, but his temperament was equal to that. "For someone at 19 years of age to come across a horse like him was dream come true." A bay colt with a distinctive white blaze, Shergar was named European Horse of the Year in 1981 and retired from racing that September. He was owned by a syndicate including Islamic leader the Aga Khan and carried an insurance premium of ï¿½300,000 when he was in competition. All the shareholders refused to pay the ransom because they wanted to deter future kidnappings. Swinburn, who is now a trainer, has played down speculation that Shergar was killed because his abductors were unable to handle him. "I'm as puzzled as anyone, puzzled to this day. I visited him many times at Ballymaney stud... and you could walk up to him in the paddock and catch him, his temperament was the same as when he was a racehorse." At the time of his kidnapping, his trainer Michael Stoute said Shergar was the best horse "I have ever trained". Numerous hoax calls and false alarms were received by the police and media about sightings of Shergar, dead and alive. Shergar has never been found and his kidnappers have never been officially identified. Swinburn added: "He was a once in a lifetime horse and the further my career went on, and even now as a trainer, I realise one will never come round like Shergar. "The ending will never spoil the memories, the great memories. They are crystal clear and as fresh now as they were then."


On which horse did Lester Piggott ride his last Derby winner in 1984?

Lester Piggott: I could have won more Derbies - Telegraph Horse Racing Lester Piggott: I could have won more Derbies Epsom legend may have won a record nine Derbies but he believes it could  easily have been more Going strong: Lester Piggott, 79, still believes the Derby is the greatest horse race in the world Photo: REX FEATURES By Marcus Armytage 5:06PM BST 03 Jun 2015 Lester Piggott, 79, will be at Epsom, his spiritual home, on Saturday for the Investec Derby, a race he rode in 36 times and won nine times, a record which no jockey will get near any time soon. Piggott’s visits to England from his home on the shore of Lake Geneva in Switzerland, where his doctor had suggested he go for the air after two heart attacks, are few and far between. But he follows British racing on television and keeps in touch with Joe Mercer and Jimmy Lindley, weighing-room colleagues who started out as apprentices with him in the early 1950s. No one else in the 235-year history of the Derby has mastered the tricky contours of Tattenham Hill as well as Piggott, and the sight of his famous cocked rear end just behind the leaders, three off the rail, as the field swept into the straight was enough to send shudders through the trainers of all the other runners watching from the stands. He had an uncanny knack of imposing his will on horses and in at least two of his Derby victories, on Roberto, who beat Rheingold by a short head in 1972, and The Minstrel (1977), who wore down Hot Grove in the last 25 yards to win by a neck, Derby history might well have been different had the jockeys been switched – and one of them was Willie Carson. In that era, the Derby came to revolve around one thing; what would Lester ride, which is all the more remarkable considering his then indifference to the media made Ryan Moore look like the patron saint of public-relations workers. “I could have ridden two or three more Derby winners had things panned out slightly differently,” said Piggott, who turns 80 in November and is now more than happy to do his bit for the Derby as an ambassador for Investec. “If I’d stayed with Vincent O’Brien a bit longer, or if I’d stayed with Noel Murless longer. It could easily have happened.” He even reckons his first ride in the race, as a precocious 15-year-old on Zucchero in 1951, was one that got away. “Zucchero was a very good horse, but he was temperamental and difficult to get to line up. There were 33 runners, starting stalls didn’t come in until 1967. Ken Cundell, his trainer, had to lead him in. He got left and finished down the field behind Arctic Prince. But when they met in the King George, Zucchero was second and the Derby winner was six lengths behind him and he also went back to Epsom and won the Coronation Cup in 1953. Life became a lot easier with stalls.” In 1954, Piggott, then 18, won his first Derby on Never Say Die – “I’d been second before, but the first always stays with you” – and almost three decades later his last on Teenoso, in 1983. In a golden 10-year spell from 1968 he won it five times, four of them for Vincent O’Brien, and he believes it is no coincidence that another five Derby winners have emanated from Ballydoyle since Aidan O’Brien took over. “Apart from the fact that they were all bred to win the Derby, Ballydoyle has a Derby gallop which replicates Tattenham Corner. I think that’s a big advantage. Even Vincent’s ordinary horses, which you never heard of again, finished placed. When they come to Epsom they adapt so easily. I don’t think the gallop was built specially, it was just how the land was. It was luck really, because when he bought the place he was thinking about Cheltenham rather than Epsom.” In what Frankie Dettori might see as a boost for his chances on Golden Horn this year, Piggott said that there was often a doubt about O’Brien’s colts getting the trip. “In the Derby, it helps if a horse has a bit of toe and you have to squeeze a mile and a half out of a mile-and-a-quarter horse.” He still reckons it pays to be “up with the pace”. “Obviously it depends on the horse, and some can’t


"""Suicide is Painless"" is the theme music to which film and long running TV series?"

Suicide is Painless (M.A.S.H Theme) - YouTube Suicide is Painless (M.A.S.H Theme) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Apr 1, 2009 This is one of my favorite songs... because it's one of my favorite shows ^_^ Lyrics: Through early morning fog I see visions of the things to be the pains that are withheld for me I realize and I can see... that suicide is painless It brings on many changes and I can take or leave it if I please. The game of life is hard to play I'm gonna lose it anyway The losing card I'll someday lay so this is all I have to say. suicide is painless It brings on many changes and I can take or leave it if I please. The sword of time will pierce our skins It doesn't hurt when it begins But as it works its way on in The pain grows stronger...watch it grin. suicide is painless It brings on many changes and I can take or leave it if I please. A brave man once requested me to answer questions that are key is it to be or not to be and I replied 'oh why ask me?' suicide is painless it brings on many changes and I can take or leave it if I please. ...and you can do the same thing if you please...... Category


"The music of which classical composer was used as the theme of ""The Lone Ranger""?"

The Lone Ranger You can make a difference... The Lone Ranger (western, starring Clayton Moore and Jay Silverheels) (ABC Primetime, 1949 - 1957)    (Daytime and weekend reruns aired on CBS, NBC and ABC    until 1961...further syndication continued through the 1970s.) [adapted from a 1933 local Detroit radio series which became the    core of the Mutual Radio Network, and was heard on network radio    through 1954; derived from B-picture serials produced by    Republic Studios; which were based on a character in Western    dime novels written by the 19th-century author "O'Henry".] Theme: "The William Tell Overture (Finale)" [Final section of the Overture to Rossini's Opera "William Tell"   which was introduced in Paris as "Guillaume Tell"] [Much detail about the use of music on the Lone Ranger series,   its origins and use for serials, radio and TV; is found in the   book "The Mystery of the Masked Man's Music" by Reginald Jones,   published by The Scarecrow Press, in 1987.] Composer: Giacchino Rossini (predates ASCAP & BMI)    Original Publisher: E. Troupenas (Paris)      2000 Publisher: [in the Public Domain] Creation Date: 1829   Recordings: [The original recordings of the THEME and Cues which were   "tracked" into episode scores for the TV series derive from   recordings made in 1940 in a radio studio in Mexico City    directed by conductors Daniel Perez Castañeda and Higinio   Ruvalcaba.    Background cues used on the TV series were adapted from a   library of cues that had been assembled with the cooperation   of Republic Studios; and the help of the NBC network music   department.    These cues included a number of excerpts from various   classical warhorses like Franz Lizst's "Les Preludes" and   the "Fingal's Cave Overture" by Felix Mendelssohn; plus   cues from old B-picture Western films from Republic Studios   composed by Cy Feuer, William Lava, Karl Hajos and    Alberto Colombo.    The re-arrangements were mostly done by Ben Bonnell under   contract to NBC. Apparently he was chosen since he was on   staff. NBC had a deal to supply the re-recordings to the   radio show producer George W. Trendle at WXYZ in Detroit.    Both the alterations to film cues and the re-recordings in Mexico    were done to get around Musician's union rules requiring high   royalties fees paid to U.S. Musicians whether or not they   played live. The "re-use" of a recording therefore was not   a way of saving money if you played by union rules which were   becoming more of an enforcement issue around 1940.    These fees were intended by the AF of M to discourage the   practice of "tracking" to score radio and TV with recordings;    but these high re-use fees had the effect of driving music    production for syndicated and low budget series outside    the U.S. (or into "dark sessions" which claimed to be done   outside the U.S.) during much of the 1940s - early 1960s,   until a more reasonable fee schedule came into being.] CD: "The Music of the Lone Ranger" (1992)        A Cinedisc from "CinemaSound Records" CDC 1019        Manufactured by:         Intersound, Inc.         11810 Wills Rd.         P.O. Box 1724         Roswell, GA 30077        Distributed in Canada by:         Intersound, Inc.         1 Select Ave.         Scarborough, Ontario M1V 5J3 [This CD contains half original authentic 1940 radio/TV       Mexican recordings; and half modern studio re-recordings        of the original scores written for Republic B-picture        serials used on early radio before 1940 for comparison;        The CD was produced by James King - an associate of       Composer William Lava, with audio restoration by        Graham Newton.]


Which bird is the second tallest after the ostrich?

Ostrich Facts: The World's Largest Bird Ostrich Facts: The World's Largest Bird By Alina Bradford, Live Science Contributor | September 17, 2014 04:22pm ET MORE Credit: Image Focus | Shutterstock Ostriches are large, flightless birds that have long legs and a long neck that protrudes from a round body. Males have bold black-and-white coloring that they use to attract females. Females, on the other hand, are light brown. Ostriches are bigger than any other bird in the world. They can grow up to 9 feet (2.7 meters) tall and can weigh up to 320 lbs. (145 kilograms), according to the  African Wildlife Foundation , and an ostrich's eyes are 2 inches (5 centimeters) in diameter — the largest of any land animal. The ostrich is the only bird that has two toes on each foot. All other birds have three or four toes, according to the American Ostrich Association. Where do ostriches live? Wild ostriches live in the dry, hot savannas and woodlands of Africa. They once roamed all over Asia, Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, but because they have been hunted so extensively, wild ostriches' range has been reduced to sub-Saharan Africa, according to the  University of Michigan Museum of Zoology . However, ostriches can be found in captivity all over the world. What do ostriches eat? Ostriches are omnivores, which means they eat both vegetation and meat. Although they prefer plants — especially roots, seeds and leaves — they also eat locusts, lizards, snakes and rodents, according to the  San Diego Zoo . They also eat sand and pebbles, to help grind up their food inside their gizzard, which is a small pouch where food is crushed and ripped up before it reaches the stomach.  Ostriches don't need to drink water; they get all the water they need from the plants they eat. However, they do drink if they come across a watering hole. To attract a female, a male ostrich (shown on right wooing a female) will do a little dance in which he crouches down and alternates bringing his black-and-white wings forward, one after the other. Credit: Four Oaks Shutterstock Mating habits Male ostriches are called cocks or roosters, and females are called hens. A group of ostriches is called a flock. Flocks can consist of up to 100 birds, though most have 10 members, according to the San Diego Zoo. The group has a dominant male and a dominant female and several other females. Lone males come and go during mating season.  To get a female's attention, males bow and flap their wings outward to display their plumage. When they are ready to mate, the male's beak and shins will turn bright red. Sometimes, his neck will change to a red color to match. Females also change color when they are ready to mate. Their feathers will turn a silvery color, according to the  American Ostrich Association .    Ostrich eggs & baby ostriches Ostrich eggs are 6 inches (15 cm) in diameter and can weigh up to 3 lbs. (1.3 kg). Eggs are laid in a communal nest called a dump nest, which can hold about 60 eggs at one time. Males, as well as females, sit on the eggs until they hatch, which can take 42 to 46 days.  Ostrich offspring are larger than any other bird baby. At birth, chicks can be as big as chickens. The males and females share the responsibility of taking care of the young, according to the San Diego Zoo. During an attack, the male tries to lure the predator away from the chicks while they run for cover with the female. By six months, a chick is almost at its full-grown height; at 3 or 4 years, it will reach maturity. An ostrich can live 50 to 75 years. The largest and heaviest living bird, the ostrich is flightless and instead is built for running. With its powerful legs, the ostrich can sprint in short bursts up to 43 mph (70 kph), and can maintain a steady speed of 31 mph (50 kph). Credit: Stockxpert. Classification/Taxonomy Ostriches are in the same order as cassowaries, emus, kiwis and rheas. The taxonomy of ostriches, according to the Integrated Taxonomy Information System (ITIS), is: Kingdom: Animalia   Family: Struthionidae      Genus & species: Struthio camelus Subspecies


Marie Curie discovered radium and which other element?

Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and Radium Lists of Nobel Prizes and Laureates Lists of Nobel Prizes and Laureates Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and  Radium by Nanny Fröman * Introduction Marie and Pierre    Curie 's pioneering  research was again brought to mind when on April 20 1995,  their bodies were taken from their place of burial at Sceaux,  just outside Paris, and in a solemn ceremony were laid to rest  under the mighty dome of the Panthéon. Marie Curie thus  became the first woman to be accorded this mark of honour on her  own merit. One woman, Sophie Berthelot, admittedly already rested  there but in the capacity of wife of the chemist Marcelin  Berthelot (1827-1907). It was François Mitterrand who, before ending his  fourteen-year-long presidency, took this initiative, as he said  "in order to finally respect the equality of women and men before  the law and in reality" ("pour respecter  enfin ...l'égalité des femmes et des hommes dans le  droit comme dans les faits"). In point of fact - as the press  pointed out - this initiative was symbolic three times over.  Marie Curie was a woman, she was an immigrant and she had to a  high degree helped increase the prestige of France in the  scientific world. At the end of the 19th century, a number of discoveries were made  in physics which paved the way for the breakthrough of modern  physics and led to the revolutionary technical development that  is continually changing our daily lives. Around 1886, Heinrich Hertz demonstrated experimentally the  existence of radio waves. It is said that Hertz only smiled  incredulously when anyone predicted that his waves would one day  be sent round the earth. Hertz died in 1894 at the early age of  37. In September 1895, Guglielmo Marconi sent  the first radio signal over a distance of 1.5 km. In 1901 he  spanned the Atlantic. Hertz did not live long enough to  experience the far-reaching positive effects of his great  discovery, nor of course did he have to see it abused in bad  television programs. It is hard to predict the consequences of  new discoveries in physics. On November 8, 1895, Wilhelm Conrad  Röntgen at the University of Würzburg, discovered a  new kind of radiation which he called X-rays. It could in time be  identified as the short-wave, high frequency counterpart of  Hertz's waves. The ability of the radiation to pass through  opaque material that was impenetrable to ordinary light,  naturally created a great sensation. Röntgen himself wrote  to a friend that initially, he told no one except his wife about  what he was doing. People would say, "Röntgen is out of his  mind". On January 1, 1896, he mailed his first announcement of  the discovery to his colleagues. "... und nun ging der Teufel  los" ("and now the Devil was let loose") he wrote. His discovery  very soon made an impact on practical medicine. In physics it led  to a chain of new and sensational findings. When Henri Becquerel was  exposing salts of uranium to sunlight to study whether the new  radiation could have a connection with luminescence, he found out  by chance - thanks to a few days of cloudy weather - that another  new type of radiation was being spontaneously emanated without  the salts of uranium having to be illuminated - a radiation that  could pass through metal foil and darken a photographic plate.  The two researchers who were to play a major role in the  continued study of this new radiation were Marie and Pierre  Curie. Marie Marie Curie. Marie Sklodowska, as she was called before  marriage, was born in Warsaw in 1867. Both her parents were  teachers who believed deeply in the importance of education.  Marie had her first lessons in physics and chemistry from her  father. She had a brilliant aptitude for study and a great thirst  for knowledge; however, advanced study was not possible for women  in Poland. Marie dreamed of being able to study at the Sorbonne  in Paris, but this was beyond the means of her family. To solve  the


Roy Fitzgerald was the real name of which Hollywood actor?

The Official Web Site of Rock Hudson :: About Hudson ABOUT ROCK HUDSON Biography His immaculate good looks, suave           sophistication and stunning influence captured the hearts           and minds of fans everywhere. As one of the most dashing           silver screen stars of the 1950s and 1960s, Rock Hudson was           the epitome of Hollywoodï¿½s leading man. Rock Hudson was born Roy Harold Scherer Jr. on November             17, 1925 in Winnetka, Illinois. His father, an auto mechanic,             left the family when Rock was eight years old. Rockï¿½s mother, a telephone operator named Katherine Wood, was left to raise her son alone until she remarried Wallace Fitzgerald a few years later. Rock took his stepfatherï¿½s             name when Fitzgerald adopted him, making his name Roy             Fitzgerald. During his school years, Rock decided to             become an actor, although he did not immediately pursue his goal. After graduating high school, Rock worked for the United States Postal Service  before entering the Navy to serve as an airplane mechanic during World War II.  When he arrived back in America after the war, Rock moved to California, where  he had various jobs including driving a truck and working for a moving company. Rock began to pursue an acting career by sending his photo to various Hollywood  film studios and taking acting, singing, fencing and riding lessons. He changed  his name from Roy Fitzgerald to Rock Hudson so it would be shorter, easier  to pronounce and sound more masculine. Despite having no acting experience,  these steps landed him a bit part in the 1948 film, ï¿½Fighter Squadron.ï¿½ This  film marks the beginning of a career that lasted more than 30 years. Over the  next few years, Rock scored parts in several films. His talent, stature and  good looks made him an alluring box office draw. In the early 1950s Rock began to win more major parts, acting opposite Yvonne  De Carlo in ï¿½Scarlet Angelï¿½ and ï¿½Sea Devils,ï¿½ and starring in movies such as ï¿½Magnificent Obsession,ï¿½ with Jane Wyman, ï¿½The Lawless Breedï¿½ and ï¿½Seminole.ï¿½ In 1956, Rock starred in ï¿½Giantï¿½ with James Dean and Elizabeth Taylor, a role for which he won a Best Actor Academy Award nomination. He also acted in a 1957 film adaptation of Ernest Hemingwayï¿½s ï¿½A Farewell to Arms.ï¿½ The next year, Look magazine named Rock ï¿½Star  of the Year.ï¿½ Page 1:2


From which ballet company did Rudolph Nuryev defect to the west?

Rudolf Nureyev defects to the West in 1961 - Rudolf Nureyev Foundation "I want to stay and to be free." Rudolf Nureyev at Le Bourget Airport Le Jeune -homme et la Mort by Roland Petit with Zizi Jeanmaire When the company went to Paris in 1961 for its first foreign tour, Rudolf could hardly be left behind but a close watch was kept on him. Still he did not conform. Instead of returning obediently to the hotel each night in the coaches provided, he went out with French dancers and other locals. One or two other Kirov dancers did likewise but Nureyev was the one who caused most alarm to the political agents running the tour. When everyone arrived at the airport to move on for performances in London he was instead given a ticket to Moscow and told he was needed for a gala. Disbelieving assurances that he would rejoin the company in London, he was sure he would never again be allowed out of Russia and would face relegation back home. He decided to seek asylum in the west and managed to get word to friends who had come to see him off. They told the French police, who explained that Nureyev must personally approach them; he did this and was granted permission to stay in France. Russian officials thereafter did all they could to disparage the "defector", and in absence he was sentenced to prison. For many years all his travelling had to be done on temporary documents but eventually he was given Austrian citizenship. Having had the most spectacular personal success of the Kirov's Paris season, he was immediately offered an engagement with the Grand Ballet du Marquis de Cuevas, but stayed only a few months, violently disliking their production of The Sleeping Beauty. He did however admire their ballerina Rosella Hightower, and worked with her on his first ballet production, the Nutcracker pas de deux. He next met (offstage) another ballerina, the American Maria Tallchief, and introduced himself. Rudolf meets Erik Bruhn. Maria Tallchief was about to dance in Copenhagen with Erik Bruhn, whom Nureyev, on the strength of an amateur film, admired more than any other male dancer. Thus the two men met and fell in love, maintaining their close feelings, despite quarrels and separations, until Bruhn's death. Both of them perfectionists, they did their daily class together and Nureyev began assimilating western style to add to what he had learned in Russia. Bruhn's attitude to his roles confirmed the belief Nureyev had already developed that a man should be allowed to dance as expressively as a woman; the effect of this was exemplified when they each added a soft, andante solo to their later productions of Swan Lake, introducing a new gentle style of male dancing later taken up by other choreographers, even as illustrious as Frederick Ashton.


Rudolph Hess has the distinction of being the last prisoner in Spandau and which other historical prison?

Rudolf Hess :: The Truth Behind His Flight to Britain James Stewart - It's a Wonderful Life [UK 2 Dvd Set B/W + Col. 2016 Official Release - Nov. 2016: Sales of this release keep this site going!] Want 1 random Rudolf Hess fact per week? Then e-mail me here at ihuppert5@aol.com and sit back and wait for it. Get a rare piece of trivia until you e-mail me to say 'I want no more'! And 1 fact per week is the only e-mail you'll get unless, of course, there's something else you want to know. The bizarre arrival of Rudolf Hess by parachute near Glasgow on the night of 10 May 1941 has given rise to more outlandish myths and legends than any other single event during the Second World War. Since 1946, more than twenty books dealing with the Deputy Fuhrer's mysterious 'peace mission' have appeared in print, spawning a thriving worldwide Hess conspiracy industry to rival those surrounding Jack the Ripper and the Kennedy assassination. Among the many contentious issues are whether Hitler approved of the ill-starred plan, whether Hess was expected by a well-connected peace lobby in Britain, or else lured to Britain as part of an elaborate intelligence sting, whether the Allies replaced Hess with a double, and whether he was murdered at Spandau Prison in 1987, or died by his own hand. Although few if any of these questions are likely to be resolved to the satisfaction of every Hess investigator, some of the more outlandish theories can today be safely dismissed. Rudolf Hess The established facts of the Hess affair run as follows. At 5.45 pm on Saturday 10 May Hess, a pilot for more than twenty years, took off from the Messerschmitt works airfield at Augsburg, Bavaria, in a twin-engined Bf 110 fighter-bomber. After a journey of almost 1,000 miles lasting four hours, Hess crossed the British coast over Ainwick in Northumberland, then flew on towards his objective, Dungavel House, eventually baling out at 11 pm to land near the village of Eaglesham. Detained by the local Home Guard, Hess gave his name as 'Alfred Horn' and asked to see the Duke of Hamilton, then a serving RAF officer. After being transferred into army custody Hess was unmasked, and explained to various interrogators that the purpose of his flying visit was to seek peace between Britain and Germany. In this he failed magnificently: Hitler quickly issued a statement which alleged that Hess was mentally disordered and 'a victim of hallucinations', while Hess was detained in Britain as a prisoner of state until his conviction for conspiracy and crimes against peace at Nuremberg in 1946. Thereafter Hess was held as a Prisoner No. 7 at Spandau Prison in Berlin, always denied parole, and died on 17 August 1987 at the age of ninety-three. Myth and falsehood surround his epic flight even before Hess set foot on British soil. In his controversial account The Murder of Rudolf Hess (1979), Dr Hugh Thomas reproduced a series of photographs said to record Hess departing from Augsburg on 10 May. The Bf 110 shown was not equipped with long range drop-tanks, leading Thomas (and others) to surmise that the aircraft lacked sufficient fuel to reach Glasgow, and would therefore have had to land to refuel en route, or that two aircraft were involved. According to Thomas, Hess was shot down by the Luftwaffe, and replaced by a double for the flight to Scotland. However these various suppositions are based on careless research. Hess flew to Scotland in a Bf 110E, which with drop-tanks boasted a more than adequate range of 1,560 miles, and which bore the works number 3869 and the radio code VJ+OQ. The machine shown in the photographs carries the works number 3526, while Thomas managed to misquote the radio code as NJ+OQ. Although reports that a drop-tank was later recovered from the Clyde have never been verified, the simple fact is that the photographs were taken on one of the twenty-odd training flights Hess made from Augsburg before 10 May, using a completely different machine. Map Some accounts offer that Hess must have landed and refuelled at an intermediate airfield such as Schiphol or Aalb


In which novel is the calendar altered from AD to AF (after ford)?

03/10/2010 Jeff Riggenbach [This article is transcribed from the Libertarian Tradition podcast episode "Yevgeny Zamyatin: Libertarian Novelist."] When we think of the libertarian tradition, we tend naturally to think of political philosophers and economists of the past. But surely one part of the libertarian tradition belongs to novelists and other fiction writers. In earlier podcasts in this series , I've already discussed two such figures: Ayn Rand, whose 1957 novel, Atlas Shrugged, is, arguably, one of the half-dozen most important libertarian works of the 20th century, and John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, the professor of philology at Oxford whose giant fantasy novel, The Lord of the Rings, published just a few years before Atlas Shrugged, is arguably the most culturally influential single novel published in English in the 20th century. This week, I'd like to talk about a writer whose level of influence has been much more modest, but whose indirect influence has nevertheless been considerable. Regular listeners to this series know what I mean by indirect influence. I gave an example of it just last week, when I discussed the life and career of Isabel Paterson. Paterson's libertarian classic, The God of the Machine, has never reached a wide readership, but, thanks to the effort of her protégé, Ayn Rand, Paterson herself has influenced millions of readers who have never even seen a copy of The God of the Machine. The writer I'm talking about today wrote a novel in which a citizen of a totalitarian state of the future meets a woman and becomes obsessed with her. He begins a forbidden sexual affair with this woman, meeting with her illicitly in a very old part of the city where the intrusive gaze of the all-encompassing government doesn't seem to penetrate. Through his relationship with her, he becomes involved in the organized underground opposition to the all-encompassing government — an opposition he had never previously realized existed at all. Ultimately, he and the woman are caught, imprisoned, and tortured. In the end, he is sincerely repentant of his crimes and is completely devoted to the all-encompassing government that has done him all this harm. A familiar story, no? Can you tell me what novel I've just described? Ah, I see a hand in the back of the room. Yes? "George Orwell's 1984," you cry out confidently. And your answer is correct, but only as far as it goes, which is, perhaps, not quite as far as you thought it would. That is a description of the plot of 1984, which was published, as we all know, in 1949. But Orwell adapted the plot of 1984 from another novel, one originally published 25 years earlier in 1924. That earlier novel was entitled, simply, We. It was the work of a not-very-well-known Russian writer, Yevgeny Zamyatin. Zamyatin was not very well known outside Russia when We was first published, and he was still not very well known in the West 25 years later, when Orwell published 1984. He remains not very well known in the West to this day. Nineteen Eighty-Four, by contrast, is extremely well known in the West today, particularly in England and the United States, where words and phrases like "Newspeak," "doublethink," "thoughtcrime," and "Big Brother Is Watching You" are familiar to millions who have never read the novel from which they come. And there is no getting around the similarities between 1984 and Zamyatin's We. The leader of the totalitarian state is called "The Benefactor" instead of "Big Brother," but the basic events of the story are fundamentally the same. And we know that George Orwell did read We several years before he wrote 1984. As Natasha Randall, the translator of the current Modern Library edition of Zamyatin's novel, told an interviewer for New York City public radio station WNYC in 2006, Orwell made no secret of his admiration for We. Randall explains, Orwell certainly read it. Actually, he read it I think in the early '40s, so about 8 years before he wrote his 1984. He had said that it was a great inspiration to him in writing 1984. Orwell also said that he thinks that Huxley


"""O Brave new world that has such people in it"" is from which Shakespeare play?"

Shakespeare - MIRANDA: A Hypertext of Aldous Huxley's Brave New World Contact Shakespeare The title of Huxley's novel comes from Shakespeare's play The Tempest in Act V, scene 1.  The speaker is Miranda, the daughter of Prospero, the former Duke of Milan.  Prospero entrusted his kingdom to his brother Antonio so Prospero would be free to study magic.  Antonio took control and set Prospero and his young daughter afloat in a boat that eventually landed on an island where the play is set.      The Oxford English Dictionary tells us that the word "brave" as used in Shakespeare's time meant not only bold, but also showy or finely dressed, something that dazzled the senses and was often used as a word of approval or praise.  Often when the phrase "brave new world" is used today, it is meant to imply positive if challenging change.  As Huxley uses it in the title of his book, the phrase "brave new world" also highlights the naive enthusiasm we can have for technological wizardry and the world of perceived control that it brings. In The Tempest Prospero has conjured a storm to bring his usurpers to the island for some educational justice and Miranda, having only seen her father, marvels at these new men, not knowing the treachery some of them represent.    MIRANDA: O, wonder! How many goodly creatures are there here! How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world, That has such people in't! PROSPERO: 'Tis new to thee.


Which poet served a sentence in Reading Gaol?

Poetry By Heart | The Ballad of Reading Gaol The Ballad of Reading Gaol 1898 The Ballad of Reading Gaol (1898) Oscar Wilde Only lines 1-36 should be recited, as shown below He did not wear his scarlet coat, For blood and wine are red, And blood and wine were on his hands When they found him with the dead, The poor dead woman whom he loved, And murdered in her bed. He walked amongst the Trial Men In a suit of shabby grey; A cricket cap was on his head, And his step seemed light and gay; But I never saw a man who looked So wistfully at the day. I never saw a man who looked With such a wistful eye Upon that little tent of blue Which prisoners call the sky, And at every drifting cloud that went With sails of silver by. I walked, with other souls in pain, Within another ring, And was wondering if the man had done A great or little thing, When a voice behind me whispered low, ‘That fellow’s got to swing .’ Dear Christ! the very prison walls Suddenly seemed to reel, And the sky above my head became Like a casque of scorching steel; And, though I was a soul in pain, My pain I could not feel. I only knew what hunted thought Quickened his step, and why He looked upon the garish day With such a wistful eye; The man had killed the thing he loved, And so he had to die. Image © Oscar Wilde by Elliott & Fry, half-plate glass negative, 1881 © National Portrait Gallery, London Poem © Out of copyright Learn more about the language of this poem in the Oxford English Dictionary: Listen to a recording of this poem or poet Background to the poem This is the opening section of a long poem written by Oscar Wilde after his release from Reading Gaol. He had served a two‑year sentence for gross indecency after his homosexuality was exposed in a famous trial. In exile, and shattered by his experiences in gaol, he uses the trial and execution of a soldier for the murder of his wife to reflect upon morality, the death penalty and the penal system. Notice the rhythm of the ballad. Does the thumping iambic tetrameter perhaps reflect the grinding, laborious hard labour performed by inmates? The yearning for freedom is captured in verses three and four as the prisoners look at the sky while walking in a circle in the prison yard. What is the impact on the narrator in the yard when he learns of the expected fate of the imprisoned soldier? In a poem that is full of paradoxes, the penultimate line in this extract, ‘The man had killed the thing he loved’, is repeated elsewhere in the poem. What do you think Wilde means by this line and why might it be such an important line for him? About Oscar Wilde Oscar Wilde’s imprisonment for homosexuality in 1895 ended a spectacularly successful career. Although he lived for a few more years in exile in France after his release and produced some moving poetry, his life was effectively over. He had been a remarkably talented and prize‑winning student at university in Dublin and Oxford, and embarked on lengthy lecture tours of America, Britain and Ireland. In a society that was suspicious of art, he lived life as an aesthete. He began to write stories for children and produced his only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, in 1890. Its homoerotic elements were controversial and were used by the prosecution during Wilde’s trial to help prove his guilt. Between 1892 and 1895 Wilde wrote hugely successful comedies for the stage, including The Importance of being Earnest. His polished, witty and amusing plays offered a satirical perspective on Victorian society and its morals and manners.


What was the name of the punk character played by Kenny Everett?

From Cupid Stunt to Captain Kremmen - the best possible Kenny Everett characters | Radio Times Twitter From Cupid Stunt to Captain Kremmen - the best possible Kenny Everett characters As BBC4 prepares to tell The Kenny Everett Story, here's a look back at some of his best-loved comedy creations Comments Paul Jones 1:50 PM, 03 October 2012 In the late 70s and early 80s, Kenny Everett's saucy, surreal, subversive comedy sketches were a constant feature of British TV, whether on ITV's The Kenny Everett Video Show or the BBC's The Kenny Everett Television Show. Pneumatic-breasted movie star Cupid Stunt even appeared in character on Michael Parkinson's chat show. And - from Cupid, to huge-handed preacher Brother Lee Love and benign punk charicature Sid Snot - Everett's various guises seemed to work as well in the school playground as they did among adult viewers. As BBC4 dramatises the life of the eccentric comic in Best Possible Taste: the Kenny Everett Story, here's a reminder - or perhaps a first taste - of the comedy characters he made famous.... Cupid Stunt It was “All in the best possible taste!” for the bearded lady movie star with the rather risqué stage name. In this clip, she chats to admirer and self-confessed “very successful filmmaker" Michael Winner… The Bee Gees Kenny interviews the falsetto-singing pop trio played by, respectively, Kenny Everett, Kenny Everett and Kenny Everett... Sid Snot The thinking man’s punk debates the possible contents of a can of sardines with David Essex... General Cheeseburger In the shadow of the Cold War (or was it just the shadow of those giant shoulders?) the US Army general promises to make Limey land a “no nuke zone”. It’s a charismatic performance from Cheeseburger but it’s those shoulders that really make you want to stand up and salute… Brother Lee Love Giant shoulders weren't the only out-sized body parts that Kenny put to great comic use - his gospel preacher's humongous hands always did the trick too...  Marcel Wave When playing female characters such as Cupid Stunt, Kenny liked to keep his beard proudly on show. It's fitting, then, that when taking on the role of moustachioed Frenchman Marcel Wave, he wore a latex chin to cover his real facial hair... Angry of Mayfair Possibly based on readers of a certain tabloid newspaper, Angry of Mayfair vented spleen on Britain's various brands of "degenerates" before storming off, revealing a set of kinky underwear beneath his pinstripe suit... Cleo Rocos No Kenny Everett retrospective would be complete without mention of his friend and long-term collaborator Cleo Rocos. Here, the two discuss party politics - and "a great pair of knockers". Captain Kremmen Everett's sci-fi radio show featuring the adventures of one Captain Elvis Brandenburg Kremmen, the world's most fabulous man, became an animated cartoon series for both The Kenny Everett Video Show and The Kenny Everett Television Show.


USA - what is the state capital of Wisconsin?

Wisconsin: Map, History, Population, Facts, Capitol, Flag, Tree, Geography, Symbols 10 largest cities (2010 est.): Milwaukee , 594,833; Madison , 233,209; Green Bay , 104,057; Kenosha , 99,218; Racine , 78,860; Appleton , 72,623; Waukesha , 70,718; Oshkosh , 66,083; Eau Claire , 65,883; Janesville, 63,575 Land area: 54,310 sq mi. (140,673 sq km) Geographic center: In Wood Co., 9 mi. SE of Marshfield Number of counties: 72 Largest county by population and area: Milwaukee, 947,735 (2010); Marathon, 1,545 sq mi. State parks, forests, and recreation areas: 95 2015 resident population est.: 5,771,337 2010 resident census population (rank): 5,686,986 (20). Male: 2,822,400 (49.6%); Female: 2,864,586 (50.4%). White: 4,902,067 (86.2%); Black: 359,148 (6.3%); American Indian: 54,526 (1.0%); Asian: 129,234 (2.3%); Other race: 135,867 (2.4%); Two or more races: 104,317 (1.8%); Hispanic/Latino: 336,056 (5.9%). 2010 percent population 18 and over: 76.4; 65 and over: 13.7; median age: 38.5. Map of Wisconsin The Wisconsin region was first explored for France by Jean Nicolet , who landed at Green Bay in 1634. In 1660 a French trading post and Roman Catholic mission were established near present-day Ashland. Great Britain obtained the region in settlement of the French and Indian Wars in 1763; the U.S. acquired it in 1783 after the Revolutionary War . However, Great Britain retained actual control until after the War of 1812 . The region was successively governed as part of the territories of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan between 1800 and 1836, when it became a separate territory. Wisconsin is a leading state in milk and cheese production. Other important farm products are peas, beans, beets, corn, potatoes, oats, hay, and cranberries. The chief industrial products of the state are automobiles, machinery, furniture, paper, beer, and processed foods. Wisconsin ranks first among the paper-producing states. The state's mines produce copper, iron ore, lead, and zinc. Wisconsin is a pioneer in social legislation, providing pensions for the blind (1907), aid to dependent children (1913), and old-age assistance (1925). In labor legislation, the state was the first to enact an unemployment compensation law (1932) and the first in which a workman's compensation law actually took effect. In 1984, Wisconsin became the first state to adopt the Uniform Marital Property Act. The state has over 14,000 lakes, of which Winnebago is the largest. Water sports, ice-boating, and fishing are popular, as are skiing and hunting. The 95 state parks, forests, and recreation areas take up one-seventh of the land. Among the many points of interest are the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore ; Ice Age National Scientific Reserve; the Circus World Museum at Baraboo; the Wolf, St. Croix, and Lower St. Croix national scenic riverways; and the Wisconsin Dells . For several weeks in early 2011, tens of thousands of state employees and teachers staged protests in Madison, Wisconsin, camping out near the Capitol's rotunda. They were protesting Governor Scott Walker's plan to cut collective bargaining rights and workers' benefits in an effort to solve the state's budget problems. The protests received international attention, especially from countries like Egypt, which were involved in their own political uprisings at the same time. In June 2012, Scott Walker became the first governor in U.S. history to survive a recall election. Once again he beat Tom Barrett, mayor of Milwaukee and Walker's 2010 opponent. See more on Wisconsin:


Which stretch of water separates Cuba and Haiti?

Haiti - GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY Haiti Table of Contents Haiti is a country of only about 28,000 square kilometers, about the     size of the state of Maryland. It occupies the western third of the Caribbean island of     Hispaniola (La Isla Espa�ola); the Dominican Republic takes up the     eastern two-thirds. Shaped like a horseshoe on its side, Haiti has two     main peninsulas, one in the north and one in the south. Between the     peninsulas is the Ile de la Gon�ve. Northwest of the northern peninsula is the Windward Passage, a strip     of water that separates Haiti from Cuba, which is about ninety     kilometers away. The eastern edge of the country borders the Dominican     Republic. A series of treaties and protocols--the most recent of which     was the Protocol of Revision of 1936--set the 388-kilometer eastern     border, which is formed partly by the Pedernales River in the south and     the Massacre River in the north. The mainland of Haiti has three regions: the northern region, which     includes the northern peninsula; the central region; and the southern     region, which includes the southern peninsula. In addition, Haiti     controls several nearby islands. The northern region consists of the Massif du Nord (Northern Massif)     and the Plaine du Nord (Northern Plain). The Massif du Nord, an     extension of the central mountain range in the Dominican Republic,     begins at Haiti's eastern border, north of the Guayamouc River, and     extends to the northwest through the northern peninsula. The Massif du     Nord ranges in elevation from 600 to 1,100 meters. The Plaine du Nord     lies along the northern border with the Dominican Republic, between the     Massif du Nord and the North Atlantic Ocean. This lowland area of 2,000     square kilometers is about 150 kilometers long and 30 kilometers wide. The central region consists of two plains and two sets of mountain     ranges. The Plateau Central (Central Plateau) extends along both sides     of the Guayamouc River, south of the Massif du Nord. It runs eighty-five     kilometers from southeast to northwest and is thirty kilometers wide. To     the southwest of the Plateau Central are the Montagnes Noires, with     elevations of up to approximately 600 meters. The most northwestern part     of this mountain range merges with the Massif du Nord. Southwest of the     Montagnes Noires and oriented around the Artibonite River is the Plaine     de l'Artibonite, measuring about 800 square kilometers. South of this     plain lie the Cha�ne des Matheux and the Montagnes du Trou d'Eau, which     are an extension of the Sierra de Neiba range of the Dominican Republic. The southern region consists of the Plaine du Cul-de-Sac and the     mountainous southern peninsula. The Plaine du Cul-de-Sac is a natural     depression, twelve kilometers wide, that extends thirtytwo kilometers     from the border with the Dominican Republic to the coast of the Baie de     Port-au-Prince. The mountains of the southern peninsula, an extension of     the southern mountain chain of the Dominican Republic (the Sierra de     Baoruco), extend from the Massif de la Selle in the east to the Massif     de la Hotte in the west. The range's highest peak, the Morne de la     Selle, is the highest point in Haiti, rising to an altitude of 2,715     meters. The Massif de la Hotte varies in elevation from 1,270 to 2,255     meters. The four islands of notable size in Haitian territory are Ile de la     Gon�ve, Ile de la Tortue (Tortuga Island), Grande Cayemite, and Ile �     Vache. Ile de la Gon�ve is sixty kilometers long and fifteen kilometers     wide. The hills that cross the island rise to heights of up to 760     meters. Ile de la Tortue is located north of the northern peninsula,     separated from the city of Port-de-Paix by a twelve-kilometer channel.     Ile � Vache is located south of the southern pe


Java and the Malayan Peninsula are separated by which stretch of water?

AFG Venture Group: A Short History of Southeast Asia: Singapore A Short History of Southeast Asia A Short History of Southeast Asia: Singapore Timeline 1990: Goh Chok Tong becomes the country's second Prime Minister 1965: Leaves Malaysia and becomes independent Republic with Lee Kuan   Yew the first Prime Minister 1963: Joins with Malaya to form Malaysia 1959: Elections result in People's Action Party gaining a majority that was to begin their period of dominance of government in subsequent elections 1955: Limited self government granted 1948: Malay Communist Party launches insurrection in Singapore and Malaysia resulting in a State of Emergency being declared 1942-45: Japanese occupation 1880's: Established as a major trans-shipment port and commercial centre 1867: Straits Settlements become a Crown Colony 1842: Britain's annexation of Hong Kong accelerates Chinese migration 1826: Straits Settlements formed with Penang and Melaka 1819: Stamford Raffles arrives and establishes English East India Company Introduction Singapore is an immigrant society. When acquired by Britain in 1819 it was populated by only a few hundred Malays living simple lives in fishing villages. In the 1990s it is a thriving city-state, with a population of about 2.7 million, and a per capita income the highest by far in Asia outside of Japan. Geography is central to Singapores history. Located at the foot of the Malay peninsula, separated from the mainland by a narrow stretch of shallow water, it is the pivotal island in the Straits of Melaka. Singapores history has revolved around turning its strategic location to its commercial benefit while remaining on good terms with its larger neighbours. Singapore is a Chinese city-state. There is a significant Indian minority, and a much smaller Malay community, but political, commercial and cultural power is in the hands of the ethnic Chinese. A major theme in Singapores history since the end of the Second World War has been the continuous efforts to create a Singapore identity. What does it mean to be a Singaporean? How can the predominantly Chinese cultural heritage be transformed into a distinctly Singaporean culture? How best can a small, predominantly ethnically Chinese island relate to its overwhelmingly more populous Malay-Muslim neighbours in Malaysia and Indonesia? Colonialism Stamford Raffles hoisted the British flag on the island of Singapore on 29 January 1819. It was the second island in the region occupied by the English East India Company (EIC). Penang had been acquired in 1786. The EIC had a monopoly on the English trade between India and China, had acquired considerable territory in India and was eager to ensure control of the Straits of Melaka, the crucial passage of water through which most of its trading ships to China sailed. Penang gave it the ability to control the northern entrance of the Straits: Singapore gave it the ability to control the southern exit. For nearly two hundred years the Netherlands East Indies Company, the VOC, had been the EICs arch rival in the region. When Napoleon annexed the Netherlands in 1810, Britain occupied the major Dutch possessions in the Indonesian archipelago in order to prevent them falling into the hands of the French. Melaka, Bencoolen on the west coast of Sumatra and the island of Java were taken over by Britain. Stamford Raffles was appointed head of a civil government to run Java and Sumatra. The colony was added to the EIC Indian empire, reporting directly to Calcutta. When the Napoleonic war ended in 1815 Britain wanted to bolster the Low Countries (the Netherlands and Belgium) as a bulwark against a revived France. Dutch pressure, then, for the return of its colonies in the Indonesian archipelago fell on responsive ears. In 1818 Java was returned to Netherlands rule. Raffles was extremely disappointed that wider European strategic considerations had forced him to return Java to the Dutch. He was an expansionist at heart, believing that Britain should acquire territory throughout the Indonesian archipelago and the Malay peninsula, cre


"The game of ""conkers"" goes back to Roman times, using what?"

Did conkers help win the First World War? | History Extra Directory Did conkers help win the First World War? When Britain’s war effort was threatened by a shortage of shells, the government exhorted schoolchildren across the country to go on the hunt for horse chestnuts. Saul David, who fronts the current BBC Four series Bullets, Boots And Bandages: How To Really Win A War, explains why Thursday 2nd February 2012 BBC History Magazine - 5 issues for £5 In the autumn of 1917, a notice appeared on the walls of classrooms and scout huts across Britain: “Groups of scholars and boy scouts are being organised to collect conkers… This collection is invaluable war work and is very urgent. Please encourage it.”   It was never explained to schoolchildren exactly how conkers could help the war effort. Nor did they care. They were more interested in the War Office’s bounty of 7s 6d (37.5p) for every hundred weight they handed in, and for weeks they scoured woods and lanes for the shiny brown objects they usually destroyed in the playground game.   The children’s efforts were so successful that they collected more conkers than there were trains to transport them, and piles were seen rotting at railway stations. But a total of 3,000 tonnes of conkers did reach their destination – the Synthetic Products Company at King’s Lynn – where they were used to make acetone, a vital component of the smokeless propellant for shells and bullets known as cordite.   Cordite had been used by the British military since 1889, when it first replaced black gunpowder. It consisted chiefly of the high-explosives nitroglycerine and nitrocellulose (gun-cotton), with acetone playing the key role of solvent in the manufacturing process.   Prior to the First World War, the acetone used in British munitions was made almost entirely from the dry distillation (pyrolysis) of wood. As it required almost a hundred tonnes of birch, beech or maple to produce a tonne of acetone, the great timber-growing countries were the biggest producers of this vital commodity, and Britain was forced to import the vast majority of its acetone from the United States.   An attempt to produce our own acetone was made in 1913 when a modern factory was built in the Forest of Dean. But by the outbreak of war in 1914, the stocks for military use were just 3,200 tonnes, and it was soon obvious that an alternative domestic supply would be needed. This became even more pressing during the spring of 1915 when an acute shortage of shells – the so-called ‘shell crisis’ – reduced some British guns to firing just four times a day.   The British government’s response was to create a dedicated Ministry of Munitions, run by the future prime minister David Lloyd George. One of Lloyd George’s first initiatives was to ask the brilliant chemist Chaim Weizmann of Manchester University if there was an alternative way of making acetone in large quantities. Weizmann said yes.   Developing the work of Louis Pasteur and others, Weizmann had perfected an anaerobic fermentation process that used a highly vigorous bacterium known as Clostridium acetobutylicum (also known as the Weizmann organism) to produce large quantities of acetone from a variety of starchy foodstuffs such as grain, maize and rice. He at once agreed to place his process at the disposal of the government.   In May 1915, after Weizmann had demonstrated to the Admiralty that he could convert 100 tonnes of grain to 12 tonnes of acetone, the government commandeered brewing and distillery equipment, and built factories to utilise the new process at Holton Heath in Dorset and King’s Lynn in Norfolk. Together they produced more than 90,000 gallons of acetone a year, enough to feed the war’s seemingly insatiable demand for cordite. (The British army and Royal Navy, alone, fired 248 million shells from 1914 to 1918.)   But by 1917, as grain and potatoes were needed to feed the British population, and German U-boat activity in the Atlantic was threatening to cut off the import of maize from the United States, Weizmann was tasked to find another supply of


Kentucky Capitol  Welcome!!! Frankfort, Ky 40601 Please contact 502-564-3449 for more information. Kentucky's Capitol is the fourth permanent building since statehood in 1792.  It was built to replace the earlier 1830 capitol, still standing in downtown Frankfort , which had become inadequate to accommodate the growing state government.  A long and bitter quarrel among Louisville, Lexington and Frankfort over which city should be Kentucky's Capital finally ended in 1904, when the legislature voted to spend one million dollars for a new capitol to replace the 1830 capitol on the old public square in downtown Frankfort.  The architect's design was far too immense for the square, so the present site in south Frankfort was chosen instead. Ground was broken in 1904 and on June 2, 1910 Kentucky's New Capitol was dedicated with imposing ceremonies. The architect was Frank Mills Andrews, a native of Iowa who practiced in Chicago, New York City, Cincinnati and Dayton.  Andrews was a distinguished architect.  He received the Silver Medal Award from the Royal Society of Arts in 1911 for a paper he presented on "American Architecture" at a meeting of the Society in London.  A proponent of the Beaux-Arts style, many striking architectural features and opulent decorative finishes in Kentucky's Capitol illustrate his penchant for classical French interiors. The State Reception Room was designed as a place for ceremonial events.  The walls are decorated with pilasters finished in scagliola and murals, hand painted to resemble tapestries from the Gobelin Tapestry Guild.  Original to the room, the hand carved Circassian walnut furniture was crafted to resemble 17th century French Baroque pieces. The room was recently restored under the direction of the Historic Properties Advisory Commission (HPAC) and the Office of Historic Properties.  The project included installation of HVAC for climate control, the conservation of wall murals and the restoration of the decorative finishes and furniture.  The elegance of the Capitol's interior was largely achieved by the generous use of white Georgia marble, gray Tennessee marble and dark green Italian marble.  On axis with the rotunda, the grand corridors feature 36 imposing columns of Vermont granite and delicate art glass skylights. Decorative lunettes above each staircase highlight the entrances to the House and Senate chambers.  Painted in oils by T. Gilbert White, both depict frontier scenes with Daniel Boone.  The east mural portrays Boone and his party catching their first glimpse of the Bluegrass region atop Pilot Knob in 1769.  The west mural depicts the negotiations for the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals, which lead to the purchase of Cherokee land that would eventually become Kentucky. Kentucky's legislative bodies meet in the House and Senate chambers.  Both chambers continue the classical motifs of the building, incorporating scagliola (faux marble) for their decorative architectural features. The resplendent Supreme Court room serves as the seat of the judicial branch of state government.  The room is noted for its solid Honduras mahogany paneling and the elegant coffered ceiling covered in Old Dutch Metal leafing, hammered to imitate old bronze. The exterior of the Capitol is faced in Indiana limestone and Vermont granite.  The richly sculptured pediment of the classical front portico was designed by Charles Henry Niehaus and carved by Australian sculptor Peter Rossack.  Allegorical figures represent Kentucky, the central female figure, with Progress, History, Plenty, Law, Art and Labor as her attendants. The Office of Historic Properties of the Finance and Administration Cabinet serves as state curator over all state owned historic properties and is responsible for the preservation and maintenance of the Capitol so that we and future generations may continue to enjoy it.  The building is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.


A Roman Legion consisted of six units known as what?

The Mighty Roman Legions: Roman Army Units LEGIO X FRETENSIS Roman Reenactment Group The Roman army was one of the finest fighting machines the world has ever known. Beginning as a group of citizen soldiers who provided their own arms and defended the early city of Rome in times of emergency, the Roman army grew to become one of the largest professional fighting forces the world had ever seen. In later years, the enormous bureaucracy that governed and supplied the Roman army would grow to rival those of modern days. During its 1,200 year existence in the West and 2,200 year history through Byzantine times, this army underwent numerous major transformations and smaller changes. Some changes were brought about by new advances in weapons, some because more effective tactics were developed, and some occurred because the pressing needs of the empire required change. One change that continued right up through the end was the increasing use of barbarian troops and officers. In the years before the end of the Roman Empire in the West, the army was composed of almost all barbarian troops who were defending an increasingly weak empire against their own relatives. If there was ever a conflict of interest, this surely would be one! The legion was the largest unit in the Roman Army. Originally, a legion consisted of from 5000 to 5500 men, but seldom was a legion ever at its full strength. More often, a legion consisted of 4000 to 4800 combat ready troops. Each legion was divided into cohorts of about 600 men each. Sometimes the number one cohort was twice the size of the others. The number one cohort was usually assigned to administrative and supply duties. The basic battlefield unit was the century, originally composed of 100 men. This Latin word means a unit of one hundred and it is the same word we use today for a unit of one hundred years. Most legions had less than the full number of troops and usually contained between eighty and one hundred men, and sometimes even less than that. They were led by a non-commissioned officer called a centurion. There were different grades of centurions. Some were men who had only been in the army a few years and whose rank was roughly equivalent to a sergeant. Others were twenty year or more veterans and might be likened to a commissioned or staff officer in today�s United States or British army. Another unit that appeared from time to time was the maniple. A maniple consisted of two centuries, giving a cohort of three maniples or six centuries. During the Third Century, the emperor Gallienus introduced a fast, mobile striking force mounted on horseback. Before this time, Roman officers and soldiers sometimes rode horses to the scene of the battle but dismounted to fight. Gallienus� troops were real cavalry in that they fought from horseback as well. Diocletian and Constantine officially divided the Roman army into the COMITATENSIS, or mobile fighting force, and the LIMITANEI or troops assigned to guard the frontier. This pattern was kept and maintained until the end of the Western Roman Empire. The idea behind the COMITATENSIS was to have a highly mobile field army that could be ready to go anywhere in the empire at a moment�s notice and be on the scene of trouble in two to three weeks. Auxiliary units began to be used more and more from the reign Of Septimius Severus in the early Third Century onward. These included lightly armed cavalry "wings", units of mounted archers (SAGITTARII), lancers, heavily armored cavalry (CATAPHRACTII), and other specialized units. Julius Caesar used skilled slingers from the Balearic Islands and Batavii (from near modern Belgium) who were strong swimmers and could withstand cold water. They made excellent special agents and infiltrators. Roman army organization, tactics, and strategy is the subject of countless books. The Roman Army still holds the fascination of military historians today, as more books are being written all the time as they have for over two thousand years.


Pica Pica is the scientific name for which common bird?

BBC Nature - Magpie videos, news and facts Magpies are the victims of bad press and misplaced blame. Magpies are the victims of bad press and misplaced blame. Distribution Species range provided by WWF's Wildfinder . The Magpie can be found in a number of locations including: Africa , Asia , China , Europe , Mediterranean , Russia , United Kingdom , Wales . Find out more about these places and what else lives there. Habitats The following habitats are found across the Magpie distribution range. Find out more about these environments, what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them.


Sternus vulgaris is the scientific name for which common bird?

European Starling, Identification, All About Birds - Cornell Lab of Ornithology Rusty Blackbird Backyard Tips This species often comes to bird feeders. Find out more about what this bird likes to eat and what feeder is best by using the Project FeederWatch Common Feeder Birds bird list . Find This Bird Starlings are common around cities and towns. Look in lawns, city parks and squares, and fields. They’ll be working their way across the grass, often moving in a slight zig-zag line and seeming to hurry as they stab their bills into the ground every step or two. In the countryside you’re more likely to see starlings perched in groups at the tops of trees or flying over fields or roads in tight flocks. Get Involved You can help scientists learn more about this species by participating in the Celebrate Urban Birds ! project View and sort images of nesting starlings online with CamClickr to help scientists archive data from our NestCams If you have a bird using a nest box, report nesting activity to NestWatch You Might Also Like A Darwinian Dance : Starlings and Falcons engage in an age-old aerial ballet. Story and Photographs in Living Bird magazine. Visit the NestCams archives for a close-up view of starlings in their nest


'Last of the Summer Wine' is the creation of which comic writer?

Roy Clarke - IMDb IMDb Writer Roy Clarke was born on January 28, 1930 in Austerfield, South Yorkshire, England. He is a writer, known for Keeping Up Appearances (1990), Last of the Summer Wine (1973) and Open All Hours (1973). He has been married to Enid Kitching since 1953. They have two children. See full bio » Born: a list of 908 people created 22 Jan 2012 a list of 4 people created 12 Apr 2012 a list of 1954 people created 3 months ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Roy Clarke's work have you seen? User Polls Writer (43 credits)   Still Open All Hours (TV Series) (2 episodes, 2016 - 2017) (writer - 12 episodes, 2014 - 2016) (written by - 1 episode, 2013)  2016 Young Hyacinth (TV Movie)   Last of the Summer Wine (TV Series) (by - 268 episodes, 1976 - 2010) (written by - 26 episodes, 1973 - 2008) (creator - 2 episodes, 1992 - 1996) (adapted from his novel by - 1 episode, 1983) (teleplay - 1 episode, 1983)  1997 The Memoirs of Hyacinth Bucket (TV Movie) (written by)  1997 Spark (TV Series) (writer - 6 episodes) - Episode #1.1 (1983) ... (creator) / (writer)  1977-1981 Rosie (TV Series) (writer - 15 episodes)  1980 Flickers (TV Mini-Series) (written and created by - 3 episodes) - Episode #1.4 (1980) ... (written and created by) - Episode #1.3 (1980) ... (written and created by) - Episode #1.1 (1980) ... (written and created by)  1978 The Bass Player and the Blonde (TV Series) (original idea by - 1 episode) - Rondo (1978) ... (original idea by)   ITV Playhouse (TV Series) (1 episode, 1969) (screenplay - 1 episode, 1977) (writer - 1 episode, 1968)


What was the function of an Aquilifer in the Roman Army?

The Roman Army Your browser does not support the IFRAME tag. Your browser does not support the IFRAME tag. The Roman Army Army Picture Page Choose which paragraph to jump to and press "Go!": Nowhere does the Roman talent for organization show itself so clearly as in its army. The story of the Roman army is an extensive one, demonstrated in part by the scale of this chapter. The first part of this chapter considers the history of the Roman army (concentrating on the legions), trying to explain as much background as possible. The later part of the chapter seeks to explain specific points such as various different units, the workings of the army, etc. The Greek Phalanx The early Roman army, however, was a different thing altogether than the later imperial army. At first, under the Etruscan Kings, the massive Greek phalanx was the mode of battle. Early Roman soldiers hence must have looked much like Greek hoplites. A key moment in Roman history was the introduction of the census (the counting of the people) under Servius Tullius. With this the citizens were graded into five classes, from these classes were in varying degrees recruited the ranks of the army. The most wealthy, the first class, were the most heavily armed, equipped like the Greek hoplite warrior with helmet, round shield, greaves and breastplate, all of bronze, and carrying a spear and sword. The lesser classes bore lesser armament and weaponry, the fifth class carrying no armour at all, solely armed with slings. The army officers as well as the cavalry were drawn from leading citizens who were enrolled as equestrians (equites). For large image click on picture The hoplite All in all the Roman army consisted of 18 centuries of equites, 82 centuries of the first class (of which 2 centuries were engineers), 20 centuries each of the second, third and fourth classes and 32 centuries of the fifth class (of which 2 centuries were trumpeters). In the early fourth century BC Rome received its greatest humiliation, as the Gauls sacked Rome itself. If Rome was to reestablish her authority of central Italy, and be prepared to meet any similar disasters in future, some reorganization was needed. These changes were traditionally by the later Romans believed to have been the work of the great hero Fluvius Camillus, but it appears more likely that the reforms were introduced gradually during the second half of the fourth century BC. Undoubtedly the most important change was the abandonment of the use of the Greek phalanx. Italy was not governed by city states like Greece, where armies met on large plains, deemed suitable by both sides, to reach a decision. Far more it was a collection of hill tribes using the difficult terrain to their advantage. Something altogether more flexible was needed to combat such foes than the unwieldy, slow-moving phalanx. The Early Legion (4th century BC) In abandoning the phalanx, the Romans showed their genius for adaptability. Though much of the credit might not be due to the Romans alone. For Rome was a founding member of the Latin League, an alliance initially formed against the Etruscans. The development of the early legion therefore might well be seen as a Latin development. There were now three lines of soldiers, the hastati in the front, the principes forming the second row, and the triarii, rorarii and accensi in the rear. At the front stood the hastati, who were most likely the spearmen of the second class in the previous organization of the phalanx. The hastati contained the young fighters and carried body armour and a rectangular shield, the scutum, which should remain the distinctive equipment of the legionary throughout Roman history. As weapons they carried a sword each and javalins. Though attached to the hastati were far more lightly armed skirmishers (leves), carrying a spear and several javelins. The soldiers of the old first class now appear to have become two types of units, the principes in the second line and the triarii in the third line. Together they formed the heavy infantry. The principes were the picked men of experi