At which English castle in Northamptonshire was King Richard III born?

The Birth of Richard III | History Today The Birth of Richard III The last Plantagenet king was born on October 2nd, 1452 The earliest surviving portrait of Richard (c. 1520, after a lost original). Society of Antiquaries The baby was born at one of his mother’s favourite residences, Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire, the fourth and youngest son of his family. His older brothers were Edward, who was ten, Edmund, nine, and George, four. Descended on both sides from Edward III, they were born into a desperately dangerous world and only the eldest would meet a natural death. The reigning king, Henry VI, was weak, inept and not quite right in the head, and Richard was still a baby when a battle at St Albans in 1455 ushered in the Wars of the Roses, thirty years of sporadic civil war between the houses of Lancaster and York which would end only with his own death in battle at Bosworth Field. He was named after his father, Richard, Duke of York, Henry VI’s challenger for the throne, and took after him physically – short and dark. A frail baby, he perhaps had one shoulder higher than the other, but he was not hunchbacked or seriously deformed. Nor is it likely that he was two years in the womb and emerged with a full set of teeth. His mother, the pious and beautiful Cecily Neville (‘Cecylee’ she signed herself), was a grand-daughter of John of Gaunt and the aunt of Richard Neville, the ‘Kingmaker’ Earl of Warwick, England’s most powerful magnate and the powerhouse of the Yorkist cause. Richard probably spent his childhood mainly at Fotheringhay with his mother. When he was seven, in 1459, his father was driven out of England and proclaimed a traitor and outlaw. Richard and George and their mother were handed over by the triumphant Lancastrians to Cecily’s sister Anne, Duchess of Buckingham. They were probably decently treated and within a year Warwick and Richard’s brother Edward won a battle at Northampton and took the King prisoner. Richard’s father returned to England to claim the throne, but the wheel turned again and in December 1460 he was defeated and killed at Wakefield. His severed head was stuck up on the wall of York adorned with a paper crown. Richard’s brother Edmund was caught and killed, too. Duchess Cecily sent George and Richard abroad to the Duke of Burgundy in the Netherlands. The position in England soon changed again, however, when Edward won a decisive victory at Towton in March 1461. He sent for his brothers, who arrived in London in time for the nineteen-year-old Edward’s coronation in Westminster Abbey in June. George was created Duke of Clarence and Richard Duke of Gloucester. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Bourchier, apparently had charge of the boys for a time, but Richard was later entrusted to the Earl of Warwick, whose lavish household was said to support 20,000 retainers. Richard would have been trained in arms, hunting and hawking, dancing and courtesy. He probably spent much of his time at Warwick’s Yorkshire castles of Middleham and Sheriff Hutton. He must have got to know his future wife, Warwick’s younger daughter, Anne Neville (George married her sister Isabel), and he made useful friendships among leading families in the north of England, who came to consider him a northerner, not some alien from the south. He grew into a capable soldier and administrator, and he remained staunchly loyal to Edward IV, unlike his brother George and the Kingmaker, who turned against Edward in 1469 and restored Henry VI to the throne. Anne Neville was married to Henry’s teenage son, the Lancastrian Prince of Wales. Edward and Richard fled to The Hague, but they returned in 1471 and recovered control. George came back to the fold, Warwick was killed in battle, the Prince of Wales was caught and butchered, possibly by George and Richard, and King Henry was murdered in the Tower of London, allegedly by Richard or while he looked on, supervising. Richard succeeded to Warwick’s commanding position in the north and married the widowed Anne Neville after dramatically carrying her off from George’s house


Who was the mother of King Richard III of England?

Richard III Society  |  RICHARD III | HIS LIFE A Brief Biography and Introduction to Richard's Reputation by Wendy E.A. Moorhen What follows is a brief factual biography of Richard III which provides links to more in-depth articles and papers on his life, career and reputation. Boyhood Fotheringhay Castle by Julian Rowe, reproduced by kind permission of Peter Hammond Richard Plantagenet was born on 2 October 1452 at Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire, the youngest son of Richard, Duke of York, and his wife, the former Cecily Neville. York, a cousin to the reigning King Henry VI, held senior government positions but was unpopular with the Lancastrian regime. York's disputes led to his early death at the Battle of Wakefield on 30 December 1460. His eldest son, Edward, seized the throne of England in March the following year and defeated the Lancastrians at Towton on 29 March. Middleham Castle ©Geoffrey Wheeler The young king Edward IV now assumed responsibility for the upbringing of his younger siblings who had hitherto experienced an unsettled childhood. The elder son, George, was created duke of Clarence and the younger, Richard, was created duke of Gloucester at the age of eight and entered the household of his cousin, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, to begin his education as a nobleman. This took place primarily at the earl's Yorkshire estates of Middleham and Sheriff Hutton. Meanwhile, King Edward clandestinely married a Lancastrian widow in 1464 and thus began to alienate Warwick, his most powerful ally, who had favoured a political match with a European princess. Over the next five years the relationship between king and 'over-mighty' earl deteriorated until civil strife was resumed in 1469 and the following year Edward was driven into exile. One of the causes of their dispute was the marriage of Warwick's elder daughter to Clarence without the king's permission. The Young Duke The Battle of Barnet © Geoffrey Wheeler Richard accompanied Edward to the continent and on their return to England in 1471 the eighteen-year-old duke was given command of the vanguard at the Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury. These battles were resounding Yorkist victories and both Warwick and the Lancastrian heir, Prince Edward of Wales, were killed. The former king, Henry VI, died a few days later in London. Richard now assumed the responsibilities of his position. He had been admiral of England since 1461 and he was now appointed constable. King Edward granted Richard many of Warwick's forfeited estates and the following year the duke married Warwick's younger daughter Anne, who was the widow of Prince Edward who was killed at Tewkesbury. The Battle of Tewkesbury © Geoffrey Wheeler The couple took up residence in the north of England , which King Edward effectively entrusted to his brother, and Richard was created Warden of the West Marches of Scotland. Richard took his duties seriously and held the north against any Scottish incursions. In 1476, Duchess Anne gave birth to their only child, who became known as Edward of Middleham. During the remaining years of his brother's reign, Richard of Gloucester rarely left the north. Two such occasions included the invasion of France in 1475 and attending the parliament of 1478 when their brother Clarence was attainted for treason and privately executed. In the summer of 1482, Richard invaded Scotland at King Edward's behest. He was accompanied by the Scots king's brother, the duke of Albany. Richard and Albany marched as far as Edinburgh before Richard strategically withdrew over the border. April - July 1483 On 9 April 1483 King Edward died, a few days short of his forty-first birthday. There had been no time to prepare for a transition of power and the heir, another Edward, was twelve years old. Factions were immediately formed, each believing that they had an important role to play in the government of England. There was the queen and her extensive family; the old nobility, represented in the former king's Council, which included the late king's friend and chamberlain, William, Lord Hasti


Which English monarch was the elder brother of King Richard III?

Who was Richard III - Last Plantagenet King to die in battle -Timeline - University of Leicester Who was Richard III? A Plantagenet primer on the last English king to die in battle. Although he only ruled for two years – from 1483 to 1485 – Richard III stands out among his peers as one of the most famous (or infamous) Kings of England. But who was he? And why does he continue to inspire such interest? Richard was born in Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire on 2 October 1452 – about 30 miles (50km) from Leicester and only about 40 miles (65km - two days’ ride) from Bosworth where he met his end a third of a century later. Richard and his older brother Edward were the great-great-grandchildren of Edward III, a line of descent which was used to justify the claim to the throne by the House of York during the Wars of the Roses (the House of Lancaster was also descended from Edward III, via a different route). The Princes in the Tower The Princes in the Tower The Two Princes Edward and Richard in the Tower, 1483 by Sir John Everett Millais, 1878. Edward ruled as King Edward IV from 1461 until 1470 and again from 1471 until his death in 1483, when his 12-year-old son succeeded as Edward V, with Richard named Lord Protector. Young Edward and his brother moved into the Tower of London (which was then a royal palace, not a prison) but in June their parents’ marriage was declared invalid, making the princes illegitimate and hence their uncle became the heir apparent. Richard lost no time in being crowned King Richard III and the two boys were not seen again. Thus began the legend of ‘the Princes in the Tower’ and a long-standing popular belief that Richard had his nephews murdered in order to remove any competing claim to the throne. This has been widely debated for many years, with passionate arguments made both for and against Richard. Death and disappearance After defeating an unsuccessful rebellion in October 1483, Richard led his army to Bosworth in Leicestershire two years later to face Henry Tudor (whose somewhat tenuous claim to the throne was also through descent from Edward III). On 22 August 1485, Richard was killed at Bosworth Field, the last English King to die in battle, thereby bringing to an end both the Plantagenet dynasty and the Wars of the Roses. Henry Tudor was crowned King Henry VII. Richard’s body was brought back to Leicester, publicly displayed and then given for burial to a group of Franciscan friars. An alabaster tomb monument was constructed over the grave in 1495, paid for by the new King. With the dissolution of the monasteries (by Henry Tudor’s son, Henry VIII) that friary disappeared and along with it any clear record of Richard’s grave. Stories and rumours about where Richard’s mortal remains lie – or what happened to them – have circulated over the ensuing centuries, but most of these have subsequently been shown to be tall tales. Re-evaluating Richard Portrait of Richard III of England, painted c. 1520 (approximate date from tree-rings on panel), after a lost original, for the Paston family, now owned by the Society of Antiquaries, London. History, they say, is written by the victors. Tudor writers and artists had no qualms about depicting Richard III as an evil tyrant and child-murderer, as well as a crippled hunchback. Shakespeare’s eponymous play, written 106 years after Richard’s death, cemented the King’s bad reputation (and appearance) among the general public for centuries, although scholars including Francis Bacon and Horace Walpole sought to re-evaluate his reign. In 1924 the Richard III Society was founded, aiming to challenge accepted beliefs and assumptions about ‘the last Plantagenet’, not least the accusation of murder and the popular depiction of Richard as having a crooked spine. Among the inarguably good works of this popular King, they pointed out, were a number of significant changes to English law, including the presumption of ‘innocent until proven guilty’ and a reformation of the jury system. With a controversial claim to the throne, accusations of blood on his hands, a vio


King Richard III was the last of the Plantagenet dynasty and last king of which royal house?


What is the name of the battlefield where, traditionally, King Richard III of England died?


Who defeated King Richard III in the last battle of the ‘Wars of the Roses’?

Battle of Bosworth - War of the Roses War of the Roses War of the Roses 1455 - 1487   The War of Roses The Wars of the Roses were a series of civil wars fought in medieval England from 1455 to 1487. For thirty - two years, a bitter struggle for the English throne was waged between two branches on the same family, the House of York and the House of Lancaster, both descended from Edward lll . The War of the Roses began in 1455, when many barons resented the way that the Lancaster family had seized the throne in 1399 and felt that Henry V, IV or VI were not the rightful kings. (Henry IV, the first Lancastrian King, came to the English throne by force. He made his cousin Richard ll, abdicate, and then seized the crown himself.) According to the barons, the York family, cousins of the Lancasters, were truly entitled to reign. The Battle of Stoke is considered by most people as the  final conflict in the Wars of the Roses. Each house was represented by a rose. The Struggle for power was know as the War of the Roses because the Lancaster emblem was a red rose and the York emblem a white rose. The House of York used a white rose. The House of Lancaster used a red rose. Henry Tudor The Battle of Bosworth 1485 The battle of Bosworth is one of the most important battles in English history. It led to the War of the Roses, and planted the Tudor house on the throne of England. What happened the battle of Bosworth? Henry Tudor , (Henry VII), earl of Richmond and a Lancastrian, defeated King Richard III, a Yorkist, at the battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485. Richard III (on the right) and his flag bearer Battle of Bosworth saw the death of Richard III Richard III was the last English monarch to have been killed in battle. Henry Tudor landed at Milford Haven on 7 August in an attempt to claim the throne of England. He gathered supporters on his journey through Wales, and by the time he arrived in the Midlands, he had amassed an army of an estimated 5,000 men. Richard III, on the other hand, had an army of nearly 8,000. After the battle, Henry Tudor was crowned as King Henry VII , marking the beginning of the 118-year reign of the Tudor dynasty in England. Henry Vll (representing the Lancaster family) married Elizabeth of York (representing the York family). This marriage united the two families. Henry created the Tudor rose, containing both the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster. It symbolized the end of a struggle between York and Lancaster, More information


Before he became king of England, Richard III was Duke of ‘where’?

BBC - History - King Richard III (pictures, video, facts & news) King Richard III King Richard III Richard was the last Yorkist king of England, whose death at the Battle of Bosworth effectively ended the Wars of the Roses. He has become infamous because of the disappearance of his young nephews - the Princes in the Tower - and through William Shakespeare's play 'Richard III'. In 2012, archaeologists and researchers began excavating beneath a carpark in Leicester, hoping to find Richard's final resting place. The search captured the public's imagination and the remains subsequently found were confirmed as those of Richard. Photo: Portrait of Richard III by an unknown artist. (National Portrait Gallery) Introduction The Battle of Bosworth Field Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, the celebrated climactic encounter of the Wars of the Roses. More information about: King Richard III Richard was born on 2 October 1452 at Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire. His father was Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York and his mother Cecily Neville. Richard had a claim to the English throne through both parents. We now know that Richard had a curvature of the spine, but the withered arm and limp of legend are almost certainly either fabrications or greatly exaggerated. Wars of the Roses His father's conflict with Henry VI was a major cause of the Wars of the Roses, which dominated Richard's early life. His father and older brother died at the Battle of Wakefield in 1460. In 1461, Richard's brother, Edward, became Edward IV and created him Duke of Gloucester. In 1470, Edward and Richard were exiled when Henry VI was briefly restored to the throne. The following year, they returned to England and Richard contributed to the Yorkist victories at Barnet and Tewkesbury which restored Edward to the throne. The Princes in the Tower and seizure of the throne When Edward died in April 1483, Richard was named as protector of the realm for Edward's son and successor, the 12-year-old Edward V. As the new king travelled to London from Ludlow, Richard met him and escorted him to the capital, where he was lodged in the Tower of London. Edward V's brother later joined him there. A publicity campaign was mounted condemning Edward IV's marriage to the boys' mother, Elizabeth Woodville, as invalid and their children illegitimate. On 25 June, an assembly of lords and commoners endorsed these claims. The following day, Richard III officially began his reign. He was crowned in July. The two young princes disappeared in August and were widely rumoured to have been murdered by Richard. The beginning of the end A rebellion raised in October by the Duke of Buckingham, Richard's former ally, quickly collapsed. However, Buckingham's defection, along with his supporters, eroded Richard's power and support among the aristocracy and gentry. Death of a warrior king In August 1485, Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, who was a Lancastrian claimant to the throne living in France, landed in South Wales. He marched east and engaged Richard in battle on Bosworth Field in Leicestershire on 22 August. Although Richard possessed superior numbers, several of his key lieutenants defected. Refusing to flee, Richard was killed in battle and Henry Tudor took the throne as Henry VII.


Who was the wife of King Richard III of England?


Who was the only child of King Richard III of England and his queen consort?

Richard III Society  |  RICHARD III - HIS FAMILY His family His Mother - Cecily, Duchess of York by Dr Joanna Laynesmith (Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris, Paris: MS Latin 1158, f. 34v) One of Richard III's most unnatural crimes, according to Tudor propaganda, was his false accusation that his own mother, Cecily Neville, was an adulteress. Polydore Vergil asserted that she 'complanyd afterward in sundry places to right many noblemen …of that great injury'. More recently Michael K Jones has suggested that Edward IV really was a bastard and that Richard's claim to the throne was largely inspired by this fact, abetted by his mother. The nature of Richard's relationship with Cecily remains one of the many mysteries surrounding his accession to the throne.   Of Cecily Neville's last six children, only George and Richard survived infancy. These boys were with her during some of the most traumatic years of her life, as the Lancastrian kingship collapsed and her husband made his unsuccessful bid for the throne of England. She would have supervised their early education, perhaps taught them to read.   Bruges – home to Richard for a few months In the winter of 1460/61 Yorkist fortunes were at their lowest, with the duke of York's death at Wakefield and the earl of Warwick's defeat at St Albans. For their safety Cecily sent the boys, aged just eleven and eight, to the court of the duke of Burgundy. Her decision to remain in London to defend the interests of her only other surviving son, the eighteen-year-old Edward, Earl of March, indicates her priorities and her ambition for her family. Immediately after their return to England the king's little brothers, like their mother, probably lived within the royal household for several years. Richard may well have been nearly thirteen before he left the regular company of his mother for the household of the earl of Warwick. Family Division The year 1469 was to prove the first real test in Cecily's relations with her sons. This was the year that George, Duke of Clarence, joined forces with his father-in-law, the earl of Warwick, to rebel against and imprison Edward IV. Richard was steadfastly loyal to Edward in the face of slanders that the king was a bastard. When Clarence and Warwick rebelled again in 1470 to reinstate Henry VI, Richard fled with Edward to Burgundy. But where did Cecily stand? Before Clarence and Warwick set sail for Calais from where they launched their initial rebellion Cecily spent five days with them at Sandwich. Michael Jones has surmised that she had fallen out with Edward and was in favour of the rebellion. Yet only months earlier Edward had named his second daughter after Cecily and as soon as Edward regained his throne in 1471 he took his family to join his mother at Baynard's Castle. Cecily the Widow. © Geoffrey Wheeler My suspicion is that Cecily knew nothing of rebellion but was aware of Clarence's plan to marry Warwick's eldest daughter in defiance of the king. This suggests that for all her loyalty to Edward, Cecily did not always put him entirely before her other sons - she wanted George to marry England's most eligible heiress. In 1461 one observer claimed that Cecily 'can rule the king as she pleases'. It appears from surviving correspondence that her relationship with Richard was similar. In 1474 a land dispute arose between servants of Cecily and Richard. When Richard was first informed of his servant's claim he was prepared to enforce it with men at arms, until he learnt that the dispute was with one of his mother's men. An exchange of letters followed in which Cecily laid down the terms and place of negotiation and ultimately the affair was settled entirely in her man's favour. Cecily's letters also indicate affection for Richard, expressing regret that he had not been able to visit her recently when Edward was with her at Berkhamstead (she had seen Richard only a few weeks previously at Syon). Cecily's Piety John the Baptist © Geoffrey Wheeler By the 1470s Cecily was developing a greater interest in religion and she probably shared some of this with R


The English ‘Wars of the Roses’ were fought between which two ‘Houses’?

Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) International War and Military projects Portal Top Surnames history Wars of the Roses The Wars of the Roses were a series of dynastic civil wars fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the houses of Lancaster and York (whose heraldic symbols were the "red" and the "white" rose, respectively) for the throne of England. They were fought in several sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1485, although there was related fighting both before and after this period. The final victory went to a relatively remote Lancastrian claimant, Henry Tudor, who defeated the last Yorkist king Richard III and married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York to unite the two houses. The House of Tudor subsequently ruled England and Wales for 117 years. Henry of Bolingbroke had established the House of Lancaster on the throne in 1399 when he deposed his cousin Richard II and was crowned as Henry IV. Bolingbroke's son Henry V maintained the family's hold on the crown, but when Henry V died, his heir was the infant Henry VI. The Lancastrian claim to the throne descended from John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, the fourth son of Edward III. Henry VI's right to the crown was challenged by Richard, Duke of York, who could claim descent from Edward's third and fifth sons, Lionel of Antwerp and Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York. Richard of York, who had held several important offices of state, quarrelled with prominent Lancastrians at court and with Henry VI's queen, Margaret of Anjou. Although armed clashes had occurred previously between supporters of York and Lancaster, the first open fighting broke out in 1455 at the First Battle of St Albans. Several prominent Lancastrians died, but their heirs continued a deadly feud with Richard. Although peace was temporarily restored, the Lancastrians were inspired by Margaret of Anjou to contest York's influence. Fighting resumed more violently in 1459. York and his supporters were forced to flee the country, but one of his most prominent supporters, the Earl of Warwick, invaded England from Calais and captured Henry at the Battle of Northampton. York returned to the country and became Protector of England, but was dissuaded from claiming the throne. Margaret and the irreconcilable Lancastrian nobles gathered their forces in the north of England, and when York moved north to suppress them, he and his second son Edmund were killed at the Battle of Wakefield in December 1460. The Lancastrian army advanced south and recaptured Henry at the Second Battle of St Albans, but failed to occupy London, and subsequently retreated to the north. York's eldest son, Edward, Earl of March, was proclaimed King Edward IV. He gathered the Yorkist armies and won a crushing victory at the Battle of Towton in March 1461. After Lancastrian revolts in the north were suppressed in 1464 and Henry was captured once again, Edward fell out with his chief supporter and advisor, the Earl of Warwick (known as the "Kingmaker"), and also alienated many friends and even family members by favouring the upstart family of his queen, Elizabeth Woodville, whom he had married in secret. Warwick tried first to supplant Edward with his younger brother George, Duke of Clarence, and then to restore Henry VI to the throne. This resulted in two years of rapid changes of fortune, before Edward IV once again won complete victories at Barnet (April 1471), where Warwick was killed, and Tewkesbury (May 1471) where the Lancastrian heir, Edward, Prince of Wales, was executed after the battle. Henry was murdered in the Tower of London several days later, ending the direct Lancastrian line of succession. A period of comparative peace followed, but King Edward died unexpectedly in 1483. His surviving brother, Richard of Gloucester, first moved to prevent the unpopular Woodville family of Edward's widow from participating in the government during the minority of Edward's son, Edward V, and then seized the throne for himself, using the suspect legitimacy of Edward I


In English history what colour was the rose of the House of York?

Rose | Define Rose at Dictionary.com any of various related or similar plants. 3. the flower of any such shrub, of a red, pink, white, or yellow color. 4. the traditional reddish color of this flower, variously a purplish red, pinkish red, or light crimson. 5. an ornament shaped like or suggesting this flower. 6. a pink or pinkish-red color in the cheek. 7. rose window . 8. Heraldry. a representation of a wild rose with five petals, usually seeded and barbed in a symmetrical design and used especially as the cadency mark of a seventh son. 9. any of various diagrams showing directions radiating from a common center, as a compass card or wind rose. 10. Jewelry. an obsolete gem style or cut, flat on the bottom and having an upper side with from 12, or fewer, to 32 triangular facets. a gem with this cut. 11. a perforated cap or plate, as at the end of a pipe or the spout of a watering pot, to break a flow of water into a spray. 12. an ornamental plate or socket surrounding the shaft of a doorknob at the face of a door. 13. Mathematics. a plane polar curve consisting of three or more equal loops that meet at the origin. Equation: r = a sin(nθ) or r = a cos(nθ). adjective Nonstandard. a past participle of rise . Rose Billy, 1899–1966, U.S. theatrical producer. 2. Peter Edward ("Pete"; "Charlie Hustle") born 1941, U.S. baseball player. 3. Mount, a mountain in W Nevada, the highest in the Carson Range. 10,778 feet (3285 meters). 4. noun 1. a pink table wine in which the pale color is produced by removing the grape skins from the must before fermentation is completed. Origin verb (used without object), rose, risen [riz-uh n] /ˈrɪz ən/ (Show IPA), rising. 1. to get up from a lying, sitting, or kneeling posture; assume an upright position: She rose and walked over to greet me. With great effort he rose to his knees. 2. to get up from bed, especially to begin the day after a night's sleep: to rise early. to become erect and stiff, as the hair in fright. 4. to get up after falling or being thrown down. 5. to become active in opposition or resistance; revolt or rebel. 6. to be built up, erected, or constructed. 7. to spring up or grow, as plants: Weeds rose overnight. to become prominent on or project from a surface, as a blister. 9. to come into existence; appear. 10. to come into action, as a wind or storm. 11. A quarrel rose between them. 12. to originate, issue, or be derived; to have a source. 13. to move from a lower to a higher position; move upward; ascend: The bird rose in the air. 14. to ascend above the horizon, as a heavenly body. 15. to extend directly upward; project vertically: The tower rises to a height of 60 feet. The building rises above the city's other skyscrapers. 16. to have an upward slant or curve: The path rises as it approaches the woods. 17. to attain higher rank, status, or importance or a higher economic level: to rise in the world. 18. to advance to a higher level of action, thought, feeling, etc.: to rise above the commonplace. 19. Angling. (of fish) to come up toward the surface of the water in pursuit of food or bait. 20. to prove oneself equal to a demand, emergency, etc. (followed by to): to rise to the occasion; to rise to one's responsibilities. 21. to become animated, cheerful, or heartened, as the spirits. 22. to become roused or stirred: to feel one's temper rising. 23. to increase in height, as the level of water: The river rose thirty feet in eight hours. 24. to swell or puff up, as dough from the action of yeast. 25. to increase in amount, as prices. 26. to increase in price or value, as commodities. 27. to increase in degree, intensity, or force, as fever, color, etc. 28. to become louder or of higher pitch, as the voice. 29. to adjourn or close a session, as a deliberative body or court. 30. to return from the dead: Christ rose from the dead and on the third day ascended into heaven. verb (used with object), rose, risen [riz-uh n] /ˈrɪz ən/ (Show IPA), rising. 31. Nonstandard. to cause to rise. 32. Nautical. to cause (something) to rise above the visible horizon by approaching nearer to it


‘Richard III’ is a late 16th Century play by which English playwright and poet?

List of books and articles about Richard III (Shakespeare's play) | Online Research Library: Questia Home » Browse » Literature » Drama » Shakespeare » Richard III (Shakespeare's play) Richard III (Shakespeare's play) Shakespeare, William William Shakespeare, 1564–1616, English dramatist and poet, b. Stratford-upon-Avon. He is widely considered the greatest playwright who ever lived. Life His father, John Shakespeare, was successful in the leather business during Shakespeare's early childhood but later met with financial difficulties. During his prosperous years his father was also involved in municipal affairs, holding the offices of alderman and bailiff during the 1560s. While little is known of Shakespeare's boyhood, he probably attended the grammar school in Stratford, where he would have been educated in the classics, particularly Latin grammar and literature. Whatever the veracity of Ben Jonson's famous comment that Shakespeare had   "small Latine, and less Greeke,"  much of his work clearly depends on a knowledge of Roman comedy, ancient history, and classical mythology. In 1582 Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, eight years his senior and pregnant at the time of the marriage. They had three children: Susanna, born in 1583, and twins, Hamnet and Judith, born in 1585. Nothing is known of the period between the birth of the twins and Shakespeare's emergence as a playwright in London (c.1592). However, various suggestions have been made regarding this time, including those that he fled Stratford to avoid prosecution for stealing deer, that he joined a group of traveling players, and that he was a country schoolteacher. The last suggestion is given some credence by the academic style of his early plays; The Comedy of Errors, for example, is an adaptation of two plays by Plautus. In 1594 Shakespeare became an actor and playwright for the Lord Chamberlain's Men, the company that later became the King's Men under James I. Until the end of his London career Shakespeare remained with the company; it is thought that as an actor he played old men's roles, such as the ghost in Hamlet and Old Adam in As You Like It. In 1596 he obtained a coat of arms, and by 1597 he was prosperous enough to buy New Place in Stratford, which later was the home of his retirement years. In 1599 he became a partner in the ownership of the Globe theatre, and in 1608 he was part owner of the Blackfriars theatre. Shakespeare retired and returned to Stratford c.1613. He undoubtedly enjoyed a comfortable living throughout his career and in retirement, although he was never a wealthy man. The Plays Chronology of Composition The chronology of Shakespeare's plays is uncertain, but a reasonable approximation of their order can be inferred from dates of publication, references in contemporary writings, allusions in the plays to contemporary events, thematic relationships, and metrical and stylistic comparisons. His first plays are believed to be the three parts of Henry VI; it is uncertain whether Part I was written before or after Parts II and III. Richard III is related to these plays and is usually grouped with them as the final part of a first tetralogy of historical plays. After these come The Comedy of Errors,Titus Andronicus (almost a third of which may have been written by George Peele ), The Taming of the Shrew,The Two Gentlemen of Verona,Love's Labour's Lost, and Romeo and Juliet. Some of the comedies of this early period are classical imitations with a strong element of farce. The two tragedies, Titus Andronicus and Romeo and Juliet, were both popular in Shakespeare's own lifetime. In Romeo and Juliet the main plot, in which the new love between Romeo and Juliet comes into conflict with the longstanding hatred between their families, is skillfully advanced, while the substantial development of minor characters supports and enriches it. After these early plays, and before his great tragedies, Shakespeare wrote Richard II, A Midsummer Night's Dream, King John, The Merchant of Venice, Parts I and II of Henry IV, Much Ado about Nothing, Henry V,


Middleham Castle, where Richard III spent several years of his childhood, is in which English county?

Richard III Richard III In 1399, the English Crown changed hands.  The childless Richard II, last king in an unbroken line of descent since the Norman Conquest, was deposed and murdered by his cousin Henry of Bolingbroke, who became King Henry IV.  The Lancastrian kings - Henry IV, Henry V of Agincourt fame, and Henry VI - descended from John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, the third surviving son of Edward III. The heirs of Richard II, stemming from Lionel, Duke of Clarence and Edward, Duke of York, the second and fourth sons of Edward III, were disinherited from the throne. When Henry V died in 1422, his son Henry was an infant of nine months.  A regency directed by a council of leading peers and churchmen were put in place until Henry VI came of age to rule. As was the case with a royal minority, Henry's childhood and youth were dominated by squabbling nobles determined to control the young king. Unfortunately, Henry VI remained governed by various groups throughout his adult life. Richard Plantagenet, was born on the 2nd of October, 1452 at Fotheringhay Castle.  His father, the Duke of York, the heir of Richard II, possessed a better claim to the English throne than did Henry VI.   His mother, Cecily Neville, known as "The Rose of Raby" was a member of the numerous and powerful Neville family. When Richard was a young child, the political scene in England changed.  Henry VI spent large parts of his reign in a catatonic state, unable to recognize his chief ministers or govern the kingdom.  The Duke of York, as the leading peer of the realm, was appointed Protector while the king was in a catatonic state. Meanwhile, Henry's French queen, Margaret of Anjou, established her own court party and was jealous of the Duke of York's power and position.  She pursued a policy that deliberately alienated the Duke and deprived him of a role and voice in the government. Margaret, by her partisan politics, made the mistake of attaching the English crown to a faction.  Thus, families such as the Nevilles, who were unable to get impartial justice from the king, turned to the Duke of York to redress their local grievances.  It was in this fashion that York, who was positioned as a reformer, built his support. At the Battle of St. Albans , matters came to a head.  Over the next five years, the Duke of York's family lived in a state of uncertainty and risk, their fortunes changing with each battle.  In 1459, York was defeated at Ludlow and fled to Ireland. Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, and York's eldest son, Edward, escaped to Calais in France.  The Duke of York claimed the throne; and in December of 1460, York, and his seventeen year old son, Edmund, Duke of Rutland were ambushed and killed at the Battle of Wakefield .   The Yorkists accepted York's eldest son, Edward of March as king. He cemented his title by soundly defeating the Lancastrians at Towton thus deposing Henry VI. During the struggle, Richard, along with his brother, George, were sent to the Netherlands for their safety. Richard and George returned back to England.  Edward IV created George, Duke of Clarence, and shortly thereafter, Richard, was created Duke of Gloucester.  In November of 1461, Richard was sent to Middleham Castle in North Yorkshire to begin his knightly training under his cousin, Richard Neville, known as the "Kingmaker".   Richard spent the next three years of his life beginning his apprenticeship in knightly conduct.   His training consisted of learning Latin, French, law, mathematics, penmanship, music, horsemanship and military training.   He learned to practice with sword, dagger and battle-axe, and how to manage a hawk and learn to hunt.   He learned the fine arts of his time - harping, singing, piping and dancing.   While he was at Middleham, he would have been in the company of Warwick's second daughter, the Lady Anne Neville, who was four years his junior. In 1464, the political scene changed again.  While Warwick was conducting negotiations for Edward IV to marry a French princess, Edward took


Who succeeded Richard III to the English throne?

Who was Richard III - Last Plantagenet King to die in battle -Timeline - University of Leicester Who was Richard III? A Plantagenet primer on the last English king to die in battle. Although he only ruled for two years – from 1483 to 1485 – Richard III stands out among his peers as one of the most famous (or infamous) Kings of England. But who was he? And why does he continue to inspire such interest? Richard was born in Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire on 2 October 1452 – about 30 miles (50km) from Leicester and only about 40 miles (65km - two days’ ride) from Bosworth where he met his end a third of a century later. Richard and his older brother Edward were the great-great-grandchildren of Edward III, a line of descent which was used to justify the claim to the throne by the House of York during the Wars of the Roses (the House of Lancaster was also descended from Edward III, via a different route). The Princes in the Tower The Princes in the Tower The Two Princes Edward and Richard in the Tower, 1483 by Sir John Everett Millais, 1878. Edward ruled as King Edward IV from 1461 until 1470 and again from 1471 until his death in 1483, when his 12-year-old son succeeded as Edward V, with Richard named Lord Protector. Young Edward and his brother moved into the Tower of London (which was then a royal palace, not a prison) but in June their parents’ marriage was declared invalid, making the princes illegitimate and hence their uncle became the heir apparent. Richard lost no time in being crowned King Richard III and the two boys were not seen again. Thus began the legend of ‘the Princes in the Tower’ and a long-standing popular belief that Richard had his nephews murdered in order to remove any competing claim to the throne. This has been widely debated for many years, with passionate arguments made both for and against Richard. Death and disappearance After defeating an unsuccessful rebellion in October 1483, Richard led his army to Bosworth in Leicestershire two years later to face Henry Tudor (whose somewhat tenuous claim to the throne was also through descent from Edward III). On 22 August 1485, Richard was killed at Bosworth Field, the last English King to die in battle, thereby bringing to an end both the Plantagenet dynasty and the Wars of the Roses. Henry Tudor was crowned King Henry VII. Richard’s body was brought back to Leicester, publicly displayed and then given for burial to a group of Franciscan friars. An alabaster tomb monument was constructed over the grave in 1495, paid for by the new King. With the dissolution of the monasteries (by Henry Tudor’s son, Henry VIII) that friary disappeared and along with it any clear record of Richard’s grave. Stories and rumours about where Richard’s mortal remains lie – or what happened to them – have circulated over the ensuing centuries, but most of these have subsequently been shown to be tall tales. Re-evaluating Richard Portrait of Richard III of England, painted c. 1520 (approximate date from tree-rings on panel), after a lost original, for the Paston family, now owned by the Society of Antiquaries, London. History, they say, is written by the victors. Tudor writers and artists had no qualms about depicting Richard III as an evil tyrant and child-murderer, as well as a crippled hunchback. Shakespeare’s eponymous play, written 106 years after Richard’s death, cemented the King’s bad reputation (and appearance) among the general public for centuries, although scholars including Francis Bacon and Horace Walpole sought to re-evaluate his reign. In 1924 the Richard III Society was founded, aiming to challenge accepted beliefs and assumptions about ‘the last Plantagenet’, not least the accusation of murder and the popular depiction of Richard as having a crooked spine. Among the inarguably good works of this popular King, they pointed out, were a number of significant changes to English law, including the presumption of ‘innocent until proven guilty’ and a reformation of the jury system. With a controversial claim to the throne, accusations of blood on his hands, a vio


In which year did King Richard III of England die?


What does the Latin phrase ‘Amor caecus est’ translate to in English?

Romantic Latin Quotes and Phrases Romantic Latin Quotes and Phrases   Te amo "I love you" Ab imo pectore "From the bottom of my heart" Nunc scio quid sit amor "Now I know what love is" Una in perpetuum "Together forever" Amor vincit omnia "Love conquers all" Apudne te vel me? "Your place or mine?" Nunc scio quid sit amor "Now I know what love is" Semper fidelis "Always faithful" Amor animi arbitrio sumitur, non ponitur "We choose to love, we do not choose to cease loving" (Syrus) Amor caecus est "Love is blind" In perpetuum et unum diem "Forever and a Day" Amor meus amplior quam verba est "My love is more than words" Amor gignit amorem "Love creates love" Amor est vitae essentia "Love is the essence of life" (Robert B. Mackay) Omnia vincit amor; et nos cedamus amori "Love conquers all things; let us too surrender to love" (Vergil) Quos amor verus tenuit, tenebit "True love will hold on to those whom it has held" (Seneca) Si vis amari, ama "If you wish to be loved, love" (Seneca) Amor sempiternus "Eternal Love"


Who wrote the 1976 novel ‘Roots: The Saga of an American Family’?

Alex Haley, 70, Author of 'Roots,' Dies Alex Haley, 70, Author of 'Roots,' Dies By ERIC PACE Alex Haley, the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of "Roots: The Saga of an American Family," which chronicled his ancestors' origins in Africa and their passage from slavery to freedom in America, died yesterday at Swedish Hospital Medical Center in Seattle. He was 70 years old and had homes in Knoxville, Tenn., Norris, Tenn., and Seattle. He died of cardiac arrest, said a spokeswoman for the hospital, Jane Ann Wilder. Mr. Haley's son, William Alexander Haley, said at a news conference in Seattle yesterday that his father had apparently suffered a heart attack and been taken to the hospital by ambulance. He was scheduled to speak today at the Bangor Naval Submarine Base at Bremerton, Wash., 15 miles from Seattle. "Roots," which was published in 1976, spurred an interest in genealogy among Americans of many ethnic heritages. The ABC television mini-series fashioned from the book attracted millions of viewers early in 1977. Sharing a Legacy The work, based in part on research in Africa, began with Mr. Haley's creative depiction of the birth of one of his ancestors, Kunta Kinte: "Early in the spring of 1750, in the village of Juffure, four days upriver from the coast of The Gambia, West Africa, a manchild was born to Omoro and Binta Kinte. Forcing forth from Binta's strong young body, he was black as she was, and he was bawling." The book ended with an account of the burial of Mr. Haley's father, and the author's affirming "the hope that this story of our people can help to alleviate the legacies of the fact that preponderantly the histories have been written by the winners." Marly Rusoff, the executive director of publicity for Doubleday, which originally published the book, said yesterday that more than 1.5 million copies of "Roots" had been published in hard cover, including book club editions, and that more than 4 million copies of the Dell paperback edition had been sold. In addition, the book has been published in more than two dozen foreign countries, said John Hawkins, who heads the literary agency representing Mr. Haley. The ABC mini-series of "Roots," first broadcast in January 1977, still ranks among the 100 highest-rated programs. According to Nielsen Media Research, its eight episodes reached average audiences that ranged from 28.8 million households to 36.3 million households. The sequel, "Roots: The Next Generation," was broadcast in February 1979 and also drew large audiences. The cast of the 1977 mini-series, produced by David L. Wolper Productions, included LeVar Burton, Ben Vereen, John Amos, Leslie Uggams, Maya Angelou, Cicely Tyson, Edward Asner, Harry Rhodes and Robert Reed. The writer and television historian Les Brown wrote that the mini-series "emptied theaters, filled bars, caused social events to be canceled and was the talk of the nation during the eight consecutive nights it played on ABC." Gratitude and Challenges Speaking of his writing's impact, Mr. Haley said in a radio interview last month, "To this day, people, particularly African-American people but white people as well, will just totally, unexpectedly walk up and not say a word, just walk up and hug you and then say 'Thank you.' " But the history of "Roots" was not untroubled. Lisa Drew, the book's editor at Doubleday, said yesterday that two copyright infringement suits had been filed against Mr. Haley. One was dismissed, she said, and one led to a settlement between Mr. Haley and Harold Courtlander, who had contended that a brief passage in "Roots" was taken from a novel that Mr. Courtlander had written. Mr. Haley contended that the words came from "something somebody had given me." "Roots" drew widespread praise but also criticism from reviewers, many of whom expressed uncertainty about how to approach the book, which Mr. called a combination of fact and fiction. James Baldwin, writing in The New York Times, said the work was a powerful affirmation of what he called continuities and consequences in black history. But Jason Berry wrote in The New


On which part of the body would a Hwagwan be worn?

No, the body doesn’t just wear out as we get older. | Josh Mitteldorf No, the body doesn’t just wear out as we get older. Posted on by Josh Mitteldorf Friends often look at me quizzically when I tell them this.  One says, “But I can feel myself wearing down.” And another: “Nothing works the way it used to.  Isn’t that the definition of wearing out?”  And again: “Do you mean it’s all in my head, it’s not really happening?” and then a moment later, “do you mean it doesn’t have to be this way?” This last formulation is getting a little closer to what I mean. Of course, loss of function with age is not just in your imagination, and it is very common (though not universal!) in the Animal Kingdom.  But aging is not caused by wearing down.  It is more accurately an orderly program of self-destruction, orchestrated by gene expression.  Some aspects of aging appear as accumulated damage (e.g. cartilage worn away from joints, or build-up of cross-linked sugar-protein complexes), but on closer inspection even these are seen to be entirely avoidable consequences of the body shutting down its repair systems. This column is devoted to the reasoning and the evidence that tells us aging cannot be, at root, a process of wear and accumulated damage.  First, the theory: why there is no physical necessity for aging; second, a few examples of animals that age very slowly or not at all, and others that age super-fast; third, some familiar facts and a few unfamiliar facts about aging that tell us “wearing out” does not provide a helpful perspective.   1. The Physical Theory, and Why it Doesn’t Apply to Living Things There is no physical necessity for aging. Man’s earliest conception of aging was that the process was akin to physical wear and tear. Knives get dull – why shouldn’t our teeth?  Wheels get rusty and squeak when they turn – isn’t that what happens to our joints?  Water pipes fill with sediment over the years, just like our sclerotic arteries.  It’s a theory with a great deal of intuitive appeal. But the analogy between living body andmachine is flawed.  Living things are fundamentally homeostatic.  They can repair themselves.  They build themselves from a single egg cell, and simple animals can rebuild when damaged.  A car takes in energy in the form of gasoline and uses the energy to propel itself forward.  An animal takes in energy in the form of food and uses it to perform all the feats of metabolism, locomotion, foraging, signal processing, and evasion of predators; and a small portion of that energy is devoted to the “capital budget”: breaking down and rebuilding damaged tissues; replicating cells; looking for copying errors in DNA and setting them right, detecting malformed protein molecules, breaking them down into constituent peptides for recycling into new molecules.  This small part of the energy budget is all that is needed to keep the system in good repair indefinitely. The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that entropy (disorder, degeneration, damage) must increase in any isolated physical system.  But living systems are not isolated.  Living things draw free energy* from their environment, use it internally, then dump waste entropy back into the environment. This isn’t some lucky feature, tacked on to living bodies, rescuing them from an ironclad law of physics.  The capacity for homeostasis is built into the form and function of living things.  To a physicist, a living body is defined by its ability to create and maintain itself using ambient sources of free energy.  The very function of the living machine is homeostasis (along with reproduction). Q:  Even though the body is able to repair itself, the repair can’t be perfect.  Isn’t that the root cause of aging? A:  The repair doesn’t have to be perfect.  The body built itself from seed, created a robust, young individual in the prime of life.  But the body wasn’t perfect when it was young.  Repair can be accomplished to that same standard.  In fact, it’s always easier to repair a body than to build a new one from scratch. Q:  When a car gets old, it becomes more and


What happened to the British billion? When did 100,000,000 become accepted as a billion over here? And where does this leave the trillion? | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk What happened to the British billion? When did 100,000,000 become accepted as a billion over here? And where does this leave the trillion? Jonny Cohen, Leeds, UK In 1975 Chancellor Denis Healey announced that the treasury would adopt the US billion thenceforth. Presuambly at the same time what was a billion became a trillion - after all, UK inflation was at its highest whilst he was the incumbent of Number 11! Jeff Vagg, Beckenham, UK I'm afraid it's a function of so many people being both illiterate and innumerate. David Pollard, Croydon, England The British billion is 1000,000,000 as elsewhere. The 'old' billion was 1000,000,000,000; this is now the trillion. For global communication uniformity is essential. This has been demonstrated by the loss of time and hardware in space when metric units were misinterpreted as 'imperial'. Mike Abram, Lincoln, England I think it happened about the same time as Mrs Thatcher finally flogged our dignity off to America. I still maintain the 'proper' billion ... but then I still write: 'connexion'! Stewart, Istanbul, Turkey I have to point out that the question itself is wrong - 1,000,000,000 is accepted as a billion over here, not 100,000,000 as the author has stated. Chris, London, England Not sure about this, but I think the British equivalent, now redundant, of the US billion (one thousand million) was a milliard. The British billion would have been one million million - the same as the US, and now universal, trillion. Dave McNamee, London, England Never - 100,000,000 is one hundred million. The American billion is one thousand million: 1,000,000,000. The trillion is also the American version now - one thousand billion. Gordon Rutter, Edinburgh, Scotland I'm pretty sure that the 'British' billion was 1,000,000,000,000 (ie a million million) whereas the US one that has now been adopted is 1,000,000,000 (a thousand million). Max Wurr, Stanmore, England To Americans and the French, a billion means a thousand millions (1,000,000,000, or 10 to the ninth, what some British call a milliard, a term that seems never to have been widely accepted). To the British, including the Empire and the Commonwealth, billion has long meant a million millions (1,000,000,000,000, or 10 to the twelfth), what Americans call a trillion. It was to avoid this ambiguity that scientists, technical writers, and others to whom a few zeros more or less might make a difference, came to avoid the words altogether and refer to a thousand millions or a million millions when the use of numerals was not appropriate. Gradually, however, the American version began to predominate. Fowler merely noted the difference in Modern English Usage in 1926, but the second edition (1965) lamented: It is a pity we [the British] do not conform. The third (1996) observes that since 1951 the American usage has been increasing in Britain in technical writing and journalism but that the older sense is still common. In the past decade, the British government has been using the terms in the American sense in official publications. The same ambiguity exists as to trillion (to Americans, a thousand thousand millions, or 10 to the 12th; to the British, a million million millions, or 10 to the 18th) and quadrillion (to Americans, a thousand thousand thousand millions, or 10 to the 15th; to British, a million million million millions, or 10 to the 24th). Bill Dunlap, Hamden, Connecticut USA The original meaning of billion, established in the 15th century, was "a million of a million" (1,000,000 to the power of 2, hence the name billion), or 10 to the power of 12 = 1 000 000 000 000. This system, known in French as the "long scale", is currently used in most countries where English is not the primary language. In the late 17th century a change was made in the way of writing large numbers. Numbers had been separated into groups of six digits, but at this time the modern groupi


Innsbruck is the capital of which Austrian state?

Innsbruck - | Limousine Dolomiti | Booking Innsbruck Innsbruck is the capital city of the federal state of Tyrol in western Austria. Which is the capital of the historic region of Tyrol, situated about 600metres above sea level, with a population of about 118,902. Innsbruck is the 5th biggest Austrian region after Vienna, Graz, Linz and Salsburg. Innsbruck offers many beautiful tourist attractions such as the Swarowski museum and the Alpine zoo. It also offers a variety of night life.


Which UK retail chain sells the ‘Tu’ range of clothing?

Sainsbury's TU Clothing Clothing product reviews and price comparison Disadvantages TU clothing range from Sainsbury's is affordable and good quality I used to think that clothes bought from a supermarket would not be the best quality but I really love the TU range at Sainsbury's and I thoroughly enjoy a look round the fashion section before doing my twice weekly shop. They have great sales and also about every four to six weeks the whole range is marked down by 25% which is a fantastic saving. I have purchased many items for my family from the TU range and always find them to be really good quality and good with the sizing. There is always something new in store every time I visit and even when I cannot afford to buy I get pleasure looking to see what is available and hoping that when the sale comes along they will still have what I like the look of when I have some cash to spare. I also love the Gok Wan range and very impressed with the quality of his clothes and also those from the normal TU range. I have purchased several items of clothing all of which wash well, look great and also I am getting lots of wear out of them. I do occasionally buy something I really need at full price because the clothes are very reasonable but being the bargain hunter I am, I get great satisfaction from snapping up a lower priced item. They have something for everyone and for all occasions which makes it an ideal place to get affordable good quality clothes. Women, men and kids are all catered for and also the shoe range is good too although the men's section does not seem to have many shoes apart from canvas shoes and trainers. I would recommend the TU clothing range to anyone looking for clothes that are good quality for a low price.


In May 1973, which male tennis player challenged and defeated Margaret Court, the world’s number one women’s player in their ‘Mother’s Day’ Match?

Citrus County chronicle Citrus County chronicle Scofield Pub. Co. ( Inverness, Fla., Inverness, Fla ) Publication Date: All applicable rights reserved by the source institution and holding location. Resource Identifier: Full Text PAGE 1 MAY 13, 2014Floridas Best Community Newspaper Serving Floridas Best CommunityVOL. 119 ISSUE 279 50 CITRUS COUNTYNBA Playoffs: Nets look to tie series with Miami /B1 www.chronicleonline.com INDEX Classifieds . . . .C10 Comics . . . . .C9 Community . .C6, C7 Crossword . . . .C8 Editorial . . . .A10 Entertainment . . .A4 Horoscope . . . .A4 Lottery Numbers . .B3 Lottery Payouts . .B3 Movies . . . . . .C9 Obituaries . . . .A6 TV Listings . . . .C8 HIGH90LOW70Mostly cloudy to partly cloudy Isolated showers.PAGE A4TODAY& next morning TUESDAY Gov. Scott approves three sales tax holidays Associated PressORLANDO Florida Gov. Rick Scott on Monday signed into law a wide-ranging tax cut package that authorizes three separate sales tax holidays in the next few months. The bill includes a nineday sales tax holiday for hurricane preparation supplies. Starting May 31, Floridians can purchase: batteries,flashlights, tarps,and generators worth $750 or less without having to pay the states 6 percent sales tax. The legislation also authorizes a three-day back-to-school sales tax holiday in August. Under the bill (HB 5601), shoppers would not have to pay sales taxes on: clothes worth $100 or less,school supplies worth $15 or less or on the first $750 of the cost of a personal computer. This holiday will be held Aug. 1 to 3. The third sales tax holiday will be held Sept. 19 to 21 on the purchase of energyefficient appliances costing $1,500 or less. The tax cut package is a portion of roughly $500 million worth of tax and fee cuts that were approved this spring by the Florida Legislature. Editors note: This is the part of an occasional Then and Now series spotlighting historic buildings around Citrus County, what they were originally and what they are used for now.NANCYKENNEDY Staff writerINVERNESSBefore it was the Supervisor of Elections office, 112 N. Apopka Ave. in downtown Inverness was the site of one of the last privately owned Coca-Cola bottling plants. And it was part of Inverness native Claire Jenkins childhood. My grandparents came here from South Carolina and started the Coke plant, Mrs. Jenkins said. Her grandfather, W.T. Baxley, and his wife, Pearl, came to Citrus County and started a tiny bottling plant in Hernando in 1906. I remember Mama telling me that theyd wash the bottles in the lake, Mrs. Jenkins said. In 1914, Baxley moved his operation to Inverness, behind his house on North Pine Street. There was a path behind my grandmothers house that went back to the Coke plant. My grandmother would walk there, and my friends and I would play at her house and walk to the Coke plant after school, Mrs. Jenkins said. The building on North Apopka, with the red Coca-Cola logo over the door, was built in 1932 by Bert Vaughan for a little more than $6,000. Originally, the white stucco building was red brick. The stucco was added in 1952 to match an addition to the building, added sometime in the 1940s. According to a 1932 Chronicleaccount: The new Coca-Cola plant recently constructed here for Mrs. Pearl Baxley not only is one of the nicest buildings in the city, but that the grounds surrounding it are kept in excellent shape, the lawns nicely trimmed, and there is to be seen here several beds of the most beautiful zinnias to be found anywhere. Just about every color of the rainbow is represented in these flowers and people passing the place are compelled by their sheer beauty to stop and look some more. How nice it would be if all residents and business people would decide to emulate the owners of this property and keep their places looking spic and span all the time. W.T. Baxley died Dec. 29, 1931, and never got to see his new building completed. After his death, Baxleys wife took over the running of the bottling plant. According to John Grannan, Citrus County historical society president, Mrs. Baxley bough


What is the process of gathering fabric by means of drawn or elasticated threads in parallel rows?

shirr - definition and meaning shirr from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition transitive v. To gather (cloth) into decorative rows by parallel stitching. transitive v. To cook (unshelled eggs) by baking until set. from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License v. (sewing) To make gathers in textiles by drawing together parallel threads. v. To bake (a raw egg removed from its shell) in a baking dish. n. A shirring. from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English n. A series of close parallel runnings which are drawn up so as to make the material between them set full by gatherings; -- called also shirring, and gauging. from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia To pucker or draw up (a fabric or a part of a fabric) by means of parallel gathering-threads: as, to shirr an apron. In cookery, to poach (eggs) in cream instead of water. n. A puckering or fulling produced in a fabric by means of parallel gathering-threads. n. One of the threads of india-rubber woven into cloth or ribbon to make it elastic. from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. v. bake (eggs) in their shells until they are set Etymologies from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition Origin unknown. from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License Unknown. Examples We pulled into the parking lot with a shirr of tires over sand, cut the engine, and while the engine ticked and the offshore breeze rattled the palms behind us, we drank our coffee, looked through the windshield at the beach, and tried to get stoked.


Northern Rhodesia is now known by what name?

Rhodesia | region, south-central Africa | Britannica.com region, south-central Africa Africa Rhodesia, region, south-central Africa, now divided into Zimbabwe in the south and Zambia in the north. Named after British colonial administrator Cecil Rhodes , it was administered by the British South Africa Company in the 19th century and exploited mostly for its gold, copper, and coal deposits. In 1911 it was divided into Northern and Southern Rhodesia (present-day Zambia and Zimbabwe, respectively); Southern Rhodesia became a self-governing British colony (1923) and Northern Rhodesia a British protectorate (1924). They joined with Nyasaland to become the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953–63). See also Malawi . From 1964 to 1979, Rhodesia was the name used by the former Southern Rhodesia , first as a British colony (1964–65), then as a self-declared independent country without international recognition (1965–79). Learn More in these related articles: Malawi landlocked country in southeastern Africa. A country endowed with spectacular highlands and extensive lakes, it occupies a narrow, curving strip of land along the East African Rift Valley. Lake Nyasa, known in Malawi as Lake Malawi, accounts for more than one-fifth of the country’s total... Zimbabwe landlocked country of southern Africa. It shares a 125-mile (200-kilometre) border on the south with the Republic of South Africa and is bounded on the southwest and west by Botswana, on the north by Zambia, and on the northeast and east by Mozambique. The capital is Harare (formerly called... Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: March 24, 2009 URL: https://www.britannica.com/place/Rhodesia Access Date: January 18, 2017 Share


Thermodynamics +        Contact Glenn Thermodynamics is a branch of physics which deals with the energy and work of a system. It was born in the 19th century as scientists were first discovering how to build and operate steam engines. Thermodynamics deals only with the large scale response of a system which we can observe and measure in experiments. Small scale gas interactions are described by the kinetic theory of gases. The methods complement each other; some principles are more easily understood in terms of thermodynamics and some principles are more easily explained by kinetic theory. There are three principal laws of thermodynamics which are described on separate slides. Each law leads to the definition of thermodynamic properties which help us to understand and predict the operation of a physical system. We will present some simple examples of these laws and properties for a variety of physical systems, although we are most interested in thermodynamics in the study of propulsion systems and high speed flows. Fortunately, many of the classical examples of thermodynamics involve gas dynamics. Unfortunately, the numbering system for the three laws of thermodynamics is a bit confusing. We begin with the zeroth law. The zeroth law of thermodynamics involves some simple definitions of thermodynamic equilibrium. Thermodynamic equilibrium leads to the large scale definition of temperature, as opposed to the small scale definition related to the kinetic energy of the molecules. The first law of thermodynamics relates the various forms of kinetic and potential energy in a system to the work which a system can perform and to the transfer of heat. This law is sometimes taken as the definition of internal energy, and introduces an additional state variable, enthalpy. The first law of thermodynamics allows for many possible states of a system to exist. But experience indicates that only certain states occur. This leads to the second law of thermodynamics and the definition of another state variable called entropy . The second law stipulates that the total entropy of a system plus its environment can not decrease; it can remain constant for a reversible process but must always increase for an irreversible process. Activities: Thermodynamics:


A ‘Nelipot’ is someone who is said to walk without what?

Walk | Define Walk at Dictionary.com walk verb (used without object) 1. to advance or travel on foot at a moderate speed or pace; proceed by steps; move by advancing the feet alternately so that there is always one foot on the ground in bipedal locomotion and two or more feet on the ground in quadrupedal locomotion. 2. to move about or travel on foot for exercise or pleasure: We can walk in the park after lunch. 3. (of things) to move in a manner suggestive of walking, as through repeated vibrations or the effect of alternate expansion and contraction: He typed so hard that the lamp walked right off the desk. 4. Baseball. to receive a base on balls. 5. to go on strike; stage a walkout: The miners will walk unless they get a pay raise. to be acquitted or to be released or fined rather than sentenced to jail: If the prosecutor doesn't present his case well, the murderer may walk. 6. to go about on the earth, or appear to living persons, as a ghost: to believe that spirits walk at night. 7. (of a tool, pointer, or pen of a recording device, etc.) to glide, slip, or move from a straight course, fixed position, or the like: A regular drill bit may walk on a plastic surface when you first try to make a hole. When the earthquake started, the pen on the seismograph walked all over the paper. 8. to conduct oneself in a particular manner; pursue a particular course of life: to walk humbly with thy God. 9. Basketball. (of a player in possession of the ball) to take more than two steps without dribbling or passing the ball. 10. Obsolete. to be in motion or action. verb (used with object) to proceed through, over, or upon at a moderate pace on foot: walking London streets by night; walking the floor all night. 12. to cause to walk; lead, drive, or ride at a walk, as an animal: We walked our horses the last quarter of a mile. 13. to force or help to walk, as a person: They were walking him around the room soon after his operation. 14. to conduct or accompany on a walk: He walked them about the park. 15. to move (a box, trunk, or other object) in a manner suggestive of walking , as by a rocking motion. 16. Baseball. (of a pitcher) to give a base on balls to (a batter). 17. to spend or pass (time) in walking (often followed by away): We walked the morning away along the beach. 18. to cause or accomplish by walking : We saw them walking guard over the chain gang. 19. to examine, measure, etc., by traversing on foot: to walk a track; to walk the boundaries of the property. 20. Basketball. to advance (the ball) by taking more than two steps without dribbling or passing. 21. Informal. to send (a person who has a reservation at a hotel) to another hotel because of overbooking: It's exasperating to find yourself walked when you arrive at a hotel late in the evening. noun an act or instance of walking or going on foot. 23. a period of walking for exercise or pleasure: to go for a walk. 24. a distance walked or to be walked, often in terms of the time required: not more than ten minutes' walk from town. 25. the gait or pace of a person or an animal that walks. 26. a characteristic or individual manner of walking: It was impossible to mistake her walk. 27. a department or branch of activity, or a particular line of work: They found every walk of life closed against them. 28. to walk out of a committee meeting. 45. walk out on, to leave unceremoniously; desert; forsake: to walk out on one's family. 46. walk out with, British. to court or be courted by: Cook is walking out with the chauffeur. 47. walk through, Theater, Television. to release (a play) by combining a reading aloud of the lines with the designated physical movements. Informal. to perform (a role, play, etc.) in a perfunctory manner. to make little or no effort in performing one's role: He didn't like the script and walked through his part. 48. walk up, (of a hunter) to flush (game) by approaching noisily on foot and often with hunting dogs. Idioms 49. take a walk, Informal. to leave, especially abruptly and without any intention or prospect of returning (often used imperatively to in


Princess Margaret, the sister of Queen Elizabeth II, had what middle name?

Princess Margaret Dies at 71; Sister of Queen Elizabeth Had a Troubled Life - The New York Times The New York Times World |Princess Margaret Dies at 71; Sister of Queen Elizabeth Had a Troubled Life Search Princess Margaret Dies at 71; Sister of Queen Elizabeth Had a Troubled Life By JOSEPH R. GREGORY Continue reading the main story Correction Appended Princess Margaret, the younger sister of Queen Elizabeth II, whose troubled private life aroused both worldwide sympathy and widespread reprobation, died yesterday morning in London. She was 71. She suffered a stroke on Friday afternoon, the latest in a series that had left her partly paralyzed in recent months, and developed heart problems overnight, Buckingham Palace said. The queen announced the death ''with great sadness,'' according to a statement from the palace. Prime Minister Tony Blair, who is touring West Africa, said he was ''deeply saddened.'' Attractive and fun-loving, Princess Margaret earned a reputation in her youth as a free spirit. But her 20's were clouded by an unlucky romance with Group Capt. Peter Townsend of the Royal Air Force, a Battle of Britain hero with whom she fell in love when he served as an equerry to her father, King George VI. Continue reading the main story A Daunting Hurdle: Divorce In many ways, the group captain might have made an ideal husband. But the fact that he was divorced raised strong objections from the very establishment the royal family represented. As queen, Margaret's sister, Elizabeth, was the supreme governor of the Church of England, which forbade divorce. Moreover, in the early 1950's, the political storm surrounding Edward VIII's abdication in December 1936 to marry a twice-divorced American, Wallis Warfield Simpson, was a not-so-distant memory. Advertisement Continue reading the main story News media scrutiny was relentless and the pressure intense on Princess Margaret, then third in line to the throne, to break off the relationship. Bowing to the demands of a moral code that a decade later would seem quaint to many people, she chose not to marry him. In May 1960 she married Anthony Armstrong-Jones, a photographer who was himself the child of divorced parents. Their tempestuous marriage produced two children, but ended in divorce in 1978. The princess did not remarry, but her friendships with men, from prominent people like the actor Peter Sellers to less exalted ones like Roderic Llewellyn, an upper-class drifter 17 years her junior whose main accomplishment appeared to be a talent for gardening, hurt her reputation. So did the fact that she was often less than gracious when faced with the drudgery of public appearances -- the ribbon-cuttings, diplomatic functions and endless other official occasions by which Britain's royals justify their position and the public money that finances it. Easily bored and often petulant, the princess was known for indulging her moods, which could swing, as Charles Hussey, a British journalist wrote in The New York Times Magazine in 1965, from ''a gaiety that was sometimes febrile'' to ''Hanoverian gloom.'' Her extravagant style also prompted outrage. Her wedding cost the British government £25,000 -- then the equivalent of $65,000 -- and her six-week honeymoon on the royal yacht Britannia cost £40,000, or about $115,000. In later years she was criticized for demanding motorcycle escorts and government helicopters to travel around Britain. Yet admirers spoke warmly of her personal generosity, loyalty to the queen and to her friends, and her irreverent sense of of fun. Louis Armstrong, whose music she loved, once referred to her as ''one hip chick,'' and John Lennon playfully nicknamed her ''Priceless Margarine.'' To many people, Princess Margaret was the black sheep of her generation of royals. But that reputation did not necessarily trouble her. According to a biographer, Theo Aronson, she once told the French poet and filmmaker Jean Cocteau, ''Disobedience is my joy.'' Princess Margaret Rose was born on Aug. 21, 1930, at Glamis, Scotland, the second daughter of the Duke and Duchess


Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park is in which country?

Phong Nha Ke Bang National Park | Vietnam Country Phong Nha Ke Bang National Park January 1st, 2010 | admin | 0 Comments » In the 27th meeting took place in Paris from June 30 to July 5, the United Nation Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO)  recognized Phong Nha Ke Bang national park and others worldwide  as world natural heritage sites. Now, after Ha Long Bay, the imperial city of Hue, the ancient quarter of Hoi An and the My Son historical site Phong Nha Ke Bang park is the fifth natural heritage in Vietnam . Phong Nha Ke Bang National Park , suited in the Truong Son range’s North in central Quang Binh province, is the richest location for primates in Indo-China. It is one of the world’s two largest limestone regions. Coming Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park, you can see with naked eyes the oldest major karts area in Asia.  It has two parts: Phong Nha Nature Reserve and Ke Bang forest. The limestone, grottoes and caves, cover over 200,000 ha of parkland, 95% of the park area is boast lush forest. It has over 300 caves, underground rivers and fascinating rock formations.  . It is regarded as a paradise for researchers and explorers of grottoes and caves. The phong Nha cave is the most beautiful cave in whole system, having many fascinating rock formations, interesting visitors with evocative names such as Lion, Fairy Caves, Royal Court and Buddha. Specially, visiting Phong Nha cave, tourists have chance to see the longest underground rivers, the largest caverns and passageways. The widest and prettiest sand banks, the most astonishing rock formations in the world are also attractions of the Phong Nha Ke Bang’s site. Phong Nha Ke Bang has 140 families, 427 branches, and 751 species of high-rated plants, among of them has 36 species are listed in the Viet Nam Red Book. There are also 32, 98 families, 256 races and 381 species of four land backboned animals. Vietnam red book has sixty-six animal species and 23 other species in the World Red Book. Phong Nha-Ke Bang’s animals are the most diverse in national parks’ animals. Phong Nha-Ke Bang also has dozens of unexplored mountain peaks of over 1,000 meters; it is an ideal site for climbing and exploration. Peak Co Rilata with the height of 1,128 m and Peak Co Preu, 1,213 m are the outstanding mountains. Tourists will can visit the valleys which lie between these peaks and can bring about exciting eco-tours. Moreover, Phong Nha Ke Bang is home of archaeology and historical relics namely King Ham Nghi’s Base, built in the late 19th century, the Xuan Son ferry station, Ho Chi  Minh trail and road, and ancient hieroglyphic script of the Cham ethnic minority. Phong Nha Ke Bang today has been attracting many tourists. Central Quang Binh province has invested much money to upgrade the Phong Nha-Ke Bang. It became one of the country’s major tourist destinations. Anthony Sun in USA said that “ Phong Nha is by far the best and most natural with the most unique rock formations”. Phong Nha-Ke Bang, together with Ha Long Bay and Faxipan of Vietnam , is listed as a candidate for 7 new world natural wonders vote. As of February 12, 2008 it ranked 10th in the voting list In brief, Phong Nha shows an impressive amount of evidence for the history of the earth. It is a site of great importance in increasing our understanding about the geologic, geomorphic and geo-chronological history of the region. Vietnam-country.com


What was the name of the first US space station, launched in 1973?

Skylab: First U.S. Space Station Skylab: First U.S. Space Station By Elizabeth Howell, Space.com Contributor | February 1, 2013 06:40pm ET MORE The Skylab Orbital Workshop experienced a failure that led to a replacement shield to protect against solar heating. Credit: NASA. Skylab was the first space station operated by the United States. It spent six years orbiting Earth until its decaying orbit caused it to re-enter the atmosphere. It scattered debris over the Indian Ocean and sparsely settled areas of Western Australia. Three crews successfully lived on board the station for several months each. The last crew spent 84 days in orbit — an American record that stood until the shuttle era. [ Photos: Skylab, the 1st U.S. Space Station ] Rocky start Various NASA centers had kicked around ideas for a space station for years before Skylab launched. However, the agency was very focused on the space race and moonshots that dominated public consciousness in the 1960s. Money for other endeavors was not as available. As Apollo began to wind down in the early 1970s, NASA began an Apollo Applications Program to fly unused hardware from the moon program. One idea, proposed by famous Apollo rocket engineer Wernher von Braun , would be to build a space station out of an unused rocket stage. The design evolved over the years as NASA struggled with reduced funding. Skylab finally aimed for space on May 14, 1973. However, a meteoroid shield that was supposed to shelter Skylab accidentally opened about 63 seconds into the launch. The still-thick atmosphere tore the shield off, plunging Skylab into a serious situation. The facility experienced communications problems with the antenna as a result of the incident, but that was the least of the agency's worries. "When the meteoroid shield ripped loose, it disturbed the mounting of workshop solar array wing No. 2 and caused it to partially deploy. The exhaust plume of the second stage retro-rockets impacted the partially deployed solar array and literally blew it into space," NASA wrote. Workers at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center scrambled to stabilize the station. Among other measures, they put the station in an attitude that would minimize overheating, and came up with ways to cope with the station's reduced power situation. Meanwhile, the first crew – led by Apollo 12 commander Pete Conrad – would need to make the station habitable before they could get to work. The crew's first challenge during the spacewalk, just hours after launch, was deploying the solar array, but initial attempts met with no luck as a metal strip holding it down refused to give way. Crew members emerged from an expected communications blackout in a foul mood, according to an official NASA account of the mission. "The astronauts were venting their frustration with four-letter words, while Houston repeatedly tried to remind them that communication had resumed," NASA wrote. Realizing the tools they had with them that day would not work, Conrad abandoned the exercise and focused on trying to dock his spacecraft with the station. Unfortunately, the docking mechanism failed and the crew had to depressurize the spacecraft and bypass electrical connections to achieve it. In subsequent days, Conrad's crew erected a sun shade , successfully deployed the stuck array, and began operational work aboard the station. While the incident was frustrating for the teams involved, it also demonstrated that it was possible to fix a badly damaged space station while it is in orbit. Cutaway view of Skylab


Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Puppies Color Colour Blenheim When you breed a Blenheim to a Blenheim you always receive Blenheim puppies. The genetic make-up of a Blenheim is ee:ss. Blenheim is the easiest color genectic make-up for Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. When you breed Blenheim to Tri Color you can receive both Blenheim or Tri Color. When a Blenheim is being bred to a Ruby which does not carry the white gene all the puppies will be ruby and some white mismarking is possible. When a Blenheim is being bred to a Ruby with the white gene then both Ruby and Blenheim colored puppies are possible and some white mismarking on the Ruby colored puppies is possible. Whan a Blenheim is being bred to a Black & Tan that does not carry the white gene then both whole colors are possible and some white mismarking is possible. If the Blenheim is being bred to a Black & Tan that does carry the white gene then all four colors are possible and some white mismarking is possible on the whole colors. When you breed a Blenheim to a whole color (black/tan or ruby) the offspring will automatically carry the white gene giving the whole color offspring the ability to produce all 4 colors if bred to a Blenheim or tri color or if bred to another whole color that carries the white gene as well. Sometimes when you breed a Blenheim to a rich dark ruby you can greatly improve the rich dark red coloring in the Blenheim offspring.   *** Characteristics *** Obtaining the desired shape of the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel head seems to be easier to obtain in the Blenheim colored Cavalier over the other colors. While you do find good head shape in the other colors...the consistency within the Blenheim seems to rank higher. Cruisin Peek-A-Blue ICU (2 1/2 years) Our "Sadie" is a little character and her spaniel instincts are alive and keep her very active. She is always on the move or should I say prowl for a flying bug of some kind and I cannot tell you how many she manages to catch. She is extremely light footed as she flows across the yard following an unsuspecting bug with great detail. She can turn on a dime and stay right with them for extended periods of time and if they do not rise up higher than she can jump she will surely catch them. She also talks to me during feeding time as she patiently waits for her bowl to be delivered. Cruisin Princess TallyHo (7 weeks) Resides in a companion pet home in Oklahoma Cruisin Cinnabon Roll (7 weeks) Resides in a companion pet home in Florida Cruisin Cinderella (10 weeks) "Ella" resides in Texas with her owner, Susan Skaggs. Ella began showing at the CKCSC-NT Sweepstakes Event on September 17, 2010 in Dallas, Texas. Ella has also earned her Canine Good Citizen (CGC) certification and Susan hopes to be able to to continue on so she can become a therapy dog.


In medicine, dysphonia is difficulty in doing what?

Spasmodic dysphonia: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia URL of this page: //medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000753.htm Spasmodic dysphonia Spasmodic dysphonia is difficulty speaking due to spasms (dystonia) of the muscles that control the vocal cords. Causes Spasmodic dysphonia is sometimes due to psychological stress. Most cases result from a problem in the brain and nervous system that can affect the voice. The vocal cord muscles spasm, or contract, which causes the vocal cords to get too close or too far apart while a person is using their voice. Spasmodic dysphonia often occurs between ages 30 and 51. Women are more likely to be affected than men. Sometimes, the condition runs in the family. Symptoms The voice is usually hoarse or grating. It may waver and pause. The voice may sound strained or strangled, and it may seem as if the speaker has to use extra effort. This is known as adductor dysphonia. Sometimes, the voice is whispery or breathy. This is known as abductor dysphonia. The problem may go away when the person laughs, whispers, speaks in a high-pitched voice, sings, or shouts. Some people have muscle tone problems in other parts of the body, such as writer's cramp. Exams and Tests An ear, nose, and throat doctor will check for changes in the vocal cords and other brain or nervous system problems. Tests that will usually be done include: Using a special scope with a light and camera to view the voice box (larynx) Voice testing by a speech-language provider Treatment Medicine that treats spasm of the vocal cord muscles may be tried. They appear to work in up to one half of people, at best. Some of these medicines have bothersome side effects. Botulinum toxin (Botox) treatments may help. Botulinum toxin comes from a certain type of bacteria. Very small amounts of this toxin may be injected into the muscles around the vocal cords. This treatment will often help for 3 to 4 months. Surgery to cut one of the nerves to the vocal cords has been used to treat spasmodic dysphonia, but it is not very effective. Brain stimulation may be useful in some people. Alternative Names


Sophie, Mark and Jeremy are the three main characters in which UK Channel 4 television series?

Episode guide | Peep Show Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Share Peep Show is an award-winning British sitcom that stars David Mitchell and Robert Webb . It is broadcast on Channel 4 in the UK. Written by Jesse Armstrong and Sam Bain, the series explores the lives of Mark Corrigan (Mitchell) and Jeremy "Jez" Osborne/Usbourne (Webb; the spelling of the character's surname is uncertain). It is filmed entirely from the physical points-of-view of the characters, and viewers can hear the interior monologues of Mark and Jez.


Chital: The Animal Files 9 - 11 Yrs Main Characteristics Chital are large deer and they have a body length between 1 and 1.5 m (3.25 - 5 ft), a tail length between 10 and 25 cms (4 - 10 inches) and they weigh between 70 and 79 kgs (155 - 175 lbs). They are reddish/fawn in colour with white spots and a white coloured underside. Stags have three-pronged, lyre shaped antlers that they shed annually and they can reach lengths up to 76 cms (30 inches). They have several different vocalizations which include barking when alarmed, bellowing during the breeding season and fawns squeal when they are separated from their mother. They are mainly active during the morning, evening and night, and they rest during the hottest parts of the day. They can reach speeds up to 65 km/hr (40 mph) if required. Habitat Chital occur naturally in India and Sri Lanka but they have been introduced to Australia and the USA. They are found on grasslands and open woodland and they live in herds of 10 - 50 individuals but these herds can be larger. The herds consist of females, their young and one or two stags. Diet Chital feed on grasses and other vegetation. Breeding Chital breed throughout the year and males rut , bellow and fight to defend a small number of females. After a gestation period of 210 - 225 days 1 or sometimes 2 fawns are born. At birth the young weigh approximately 3 kgs (6.6 lbs) and they are nursed by their mother until they reach 6 months old. Chital reach sexual maturity at 12 - 14 months old and they usually produce young each year. Predators Predators of Chital include tigers and leopards . Subspecies There are two subspecies of Chital: Indian Axis Deer or Indian Chital (Axis axis axis) They are found in India. Ceylonese Axis Deer or Ceylonese Chital (Axis axis ceylonensis) They are found in Sri Lanka (Ceylon). Interesting Facts Chital are also known as: Spotted Deer


Who became the first female Prime Minister of Israel, in 1969?

BBC ON THIS DAY | 7 | 1969: Israel elects first female leader About This Site | Text Only 1969: Israel elects first female leader Golda Meir, the "grand old woman of Israeli politics", is to become the first female prime minister of Israel. The 70-year-old's candidature was officially accepted by the Labour Party in Tel Aviv after she received 287 votes from her own central committee. Forty-five MPs abstained. On Sunday she will formally succeed her political friend and colleague Levi Eshkol, who died of a heart attack last week. I have faced difficult problems in the past but nothing like the one I'm faced with now in leading the country Golda Meir Mrs Meir, who has come out of retirement to take up the role, pledged to maintain national unity and called on the people who worked with Mr Eshkol to "continue in the same framework" in her government. She added: "I have never failed to accept party decisions and I shall not refuse now. "I have faced difficult problems in the past but nothing like the one I'm faced with now in leading the country." With her party controlling the largest faction in parliament, Acting Prime Minister Yigal Allon and Defence Minister Moshe Dayan have agreed to step aside and reserve their own bids for power until later in the year. Following their decision, she was the only nominee put forward before the central committee. Mrs Meir, a former schoolteacher in America, previously served as Israeli foreign minister for 10 years before she retired following ill health. Because of her age and condition, her appointment is regarded by many as a stop-gap, intended to maintain national unity before the Labour Party chooses a leader for the October general elections. Many supporters within the party consider General Dayan to be a more suitable candidate. Acting Prime Minister Mr Allon also has substantial backing within the party leadership. Both are younger than Mrs Meir and considered national heroes. Despite such opposition, General Dayan, who is expected to retain his post as defence minister, said he would be honoured to work with Mrs Meir. Her government is expected to reflect the same parties and ministers who previously served under Mr Eshkol. Details of her new cabinet will be announced in the next few days.