Which native American tribe were also known as the Dakota?

Facts for Kids: Dakota Indians (Dakotas, Dakota Sioux) Dakota Indian Fact Sheet Native American Facts For Kids was written for young people learning about the Dakota Indian tribe for school or home-schooling reports. We encourage students and teachers to visit our Dakota Indian homepage for more in-depth information about the tribe, but here are our answers to the questions we are most often asked by children, with Dakota pictures and links we believe are suitable for all ages. Sponsored Links Dakota Tribe What is the difference between the Lakota and Dakota Sioux? What do these words mean? There is no real difference. "Lakota" and "Dakota" are different pronunciations of the same tribal name, which means "the allies." One Sioux dialect has the letter "L" in it, and the other dialect does not. This is only a pronunciation difference, not a political one. Of the 13 Sioux political subdivisions, seven pronounce the word "Lakota," four pronounce it "Dakota," one pronounces it "Nakota," and one is split between pronouncing it "Dakota" and "Nakota." But they all consider themselves part of the same overall culture. "Sioux," on the other hand, is not a Lakota or Dakota name. It comes from the Ojibway name for the tribe, which means "little snakes." Many Lakotas and Dakotas use the word Sioux to refer to themselves when they're speaking English, however. Where do the Dakota people live? The original Dakota homelands were in what is now Wisconsin , Minnesota , and North Dakota and South Dakota . The Dakotas traveled freely, however, and there was also significant Dakota presence in the modern states of Iowa, Nebraska, Montana, and northern Illinois, and in south-central Canada. Today, most Dakota people live in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Saskatchewan. How is the Dakota Indian nation organized? There are 13 Sioux political subdivisions, combined into seven major tribes (the Mdewakanton, Sisseton, Teton, Wahpekute, Wahpeton, Yankton, and Yanktonai Sioux tribes.) However, today, these divisions have more cultural significance than political. Each Dakota band is politically autonomous, which means it has its own land and leadership and makes decisions independently of other Dakota bands. Like most Native American tribes, each Dakota community lives on its own reservation ("reserve," in Canada), which belongs to them and is legally under their control. However, the US and Canadian governments still consider the Dakotas citizens. Each Dakota band has its own government, laws, police, and other services, just like a small country. The political leader of a band is called "itancan" in the Dakota language, usually translated as "chief" or "president" in English. The itancan used to be a man chosen by tribal councilmembers, but today Dakota tribal leaders can be of either gender and are popularly elected in most Dakota bands, just as mayors and governors are. What language do the Dakota people speak? Nearly all Dakota people speak English, but about 15,000 Dakota Indians are bilingual in their native Dakota language . Despite pronunciation differences, Lakota and Dakota speakers can understand each other easily, just like people who speak American English and Canadian English can. If you'd like to know a few easy Dakota words, "hau" (pronounced similar to the English word "how") is a friendly greeting in Dakota, and "wa�te" (pronounced wash-tay) means "good." You can see a picture glossary of Dakota animal words here . What was Dakota culture like in the past? What is it like now? There are many different Dakota bands, but the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe of South Dakota has an especially informative website where you can learn about Dakota history and culture. Sponsored Links How do Dakota Indian children live, and what did they do in the past? They do the same things any children do--play with each other, go to school and help around the house. Many Dakota children like to go hunting and fishing with their fathers. In the past, Indian children had more chores and less time to play, just like early colonists' chi


Which horse, the 1977 Grand National winner, was owned by Fred Pontin?

Grand National results: Rule the World wins at 50-1 - plus full list of results Grand National results: Rule the World wins at 50-1 - plus full list of results Who will win the 2016 Grand National? Credit: AFP Grand National: the results Rule The World showed his battling qualities when ploughing through the rain-softened conditions to land the Crabbie's Grand National at Aintree. Steadily working his way through the field, the 33-1 shot was sitting a close third as The Last Samuri and Vics Canvas jumped the last together. Grand National: the results The Last Samuri battled on at the elbow but could not quite hold off the strong-finishing Mouse Morris-trained nine-year-old, who was remarkably winning for the first time over fences. Forging on inside the final 100 yards under 19-year-old David Mullins - on his first ride in the race - the Gigginstown House Stud-owned gelding eventually crossed the line six lengths ahead of 8-1 joint-favourite The Last Samuri. Vics Canvas was third at 100-1 and Gilgamboa (28-1) fourth. 1. Rule the World (D J Mullins) 33-1  2. The Last Samuri (D Bass) 8-1 Jtfav  3. Vics Canvas (R T Dunne) 100-1  4. Gilgamboa (R M Power) 28-1  5. Goonyella (J Burke) 12-1 Rule the World en route to glory at Aintree Full list of previous winners 2015 Many Clouds  Jockey: Leighton Aspell, Trainer: Oliver Sherwood, Owner: Trevor Hemmings, Starting odds: 25/1 2014 Pineau De Re Leighton Aspell, Dr Richard Newland, J A Provan, 25/1 2013 Auroras Encore Ryan Mania, Sue Smith, Douglas Pryde, Jim Beaumont and David van der Hoeven, 66/1 2012 Neptune Collonges Daryl Jacob, Paul Nicholls, John Hales, 14/1 2011 Ballabriggs J M Maguire, D McCain Jnr, Trevor Hemmings, 14/1 2010 Don't Push It A P McCoy, Johnjo O'Neill, J P McManus, 10/1 2009 Mon Mome Liam Treadwell, Trainer: Venetia Williams, Owner: Vida Bingham, 100/1 2008 Comply Or Die  T J Murphy, Trainer: David Pipe, Owner: David Johnson, 7/1 2007 Silver Birch Robbie Power, Trainer: Gordon Elliott, Owner: Brian Walsh, 33/1 2006 Numbersixvalverde Niall Madden, Trainer: Martin Brassil, Owner: Bernard Carroll, 11/1 2005 Hedgehunter Ruby Walsh, Willie Mullins IRE, Trevor Hemmings, 7/1 2004 Amberleigh House Graham Lee, Donald McCain, Halewood International Ltd, 16/1 2003 Monty's Pass, Barry Geraghty, Jimmy Mangan, Dee Racing Syndicate 16/1 2002 Bindaree, Jim Culloty, Nigel Twiston-Davies, Raymond Mould 20/1 2001 Red Marauder, Richard Guest, Norman Mason, Norman Mason 33/1 2000 Papillon, Ruby Walsh, Ted Walsh IRE, Betty Morgan 10/1 1999 Bobbyjo, Paul Carberry, Tommy Carberry IRE, Bobby Burke 10/1 1998 Earth Summit (bl), Carl Llewellyn, Nigel Twiston-Davies, The Summit Partnership 7/1f 1997 Lord Gyllene, Tony Dobbin, Steve Brookshaw, Stan Clarke 14/1 1996 Rough Quest, Mick Fitzgerald, Terry Casey, Andrew Wates 7/1f 1995 Royal Athlete, Jason Titley, Jenny Pitman, Gary & Libby Johnson 40/1 1994 Miinnehoma, Richard Dunwoody, Martin Pipe, Freddie Star 16/1 1993 Void race 1992 Party Politics, Carl Llewellyn, Nick Gaselee, Patricia Thompson 14/1 1991 Seagram, Nigel Hawke, David Barons, Sir Eric Parker 12/1 1990 Mr Frisk, Mr Marcus Armytage, Kim Bailey, Lois Duffey 16/1 1989 Little Polveir, Jimmy Frost, Toby Balding, Edwards Harvey 28/1 1988 Rhyme 'N' Reason, Brendan Powell, David Elsworth, Juliet Reed 10/1 1987 Maori Venture, Steve Knight, Andrew Turnell, Jim Joel 28/1 1986 West Tip, Richard Dunwoody, Michael Oliver, Peter Luff 15/2 1985 Last Suspect, Hywel Davies, Tim Forster, Anne Duchess of Westminster 50/1 1984 Hallo Dandy, Neale Doughty, Gordon Richards, Richard Shaw 13/1 1983 Corbiere, Ben de Haan, Jenny Pitman, Bryan Burrough 13/1 1982 Grittar, Mr Dick Saunders, Frank Gilman, Frank Gilman 7/1f 1981 Aldaniti, Bob Champion, Josh Gifford, Nich Embiricos 10/1 1980 Ben Nevis, Mr Charlie Fenwick , Tim Forster, Redmond C Stewart Jnr, 40/1 Watch | Grand National winners - where are they now? 02:27 1979 Rubstic, Maurice Barnes, John Leadbetter, John Douglas 25/1 1978 Lucius, Bob Davies, Gordon Richards, Fiona Whitaker 14/1 1977 Red Rum, Tommy Stack, Donald McCain, Noel Le Mare 9/1 1976


The Name of the Danube | Danube River The Name of the Danube The Name of the Danube What's in a name? "A rose by any other name would still smell as sweet.." The Danube river passes through Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Moldova. Its name in each of the countries languages is: German: Donau Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian: Dunav/ Дунав Romanian: Dunarea Ukrainian: Дунай The name of the river originates from the a mythological source, from a Latin Roman river god, known as Danubius, or Danuvius. Additionally, the meaning can actually be derived from the ancient indigenous Slavonic tribes who called it the Great Water. Legends have it that Danubius was very keen to colonise the places and peoples who lived along the Danube and to extent the boundaries and influences of the Roman empire to encompass this great watercourse. In an allegorical name. Both in the past, as well as presently, it represents a major source of trade and connection, transporting people and goods across mainland Europe, and connecting the middle and northern countries with the south, the Balkan peninsula, and the Black Sea. His vision was to exploit the different cultures and regions from which the Roman empire could prosper and annex the various riches that the basin possesses. Was it a name that was given to the river because of its potentials, or because the people wanted it to represent, or evoke, its divine nature? The geopolitical structure of the region has significantly changed over times, and it significantly reflected on the economic changes in the region as well. Although names do tend to remain untranslatable, the form and terms under which dialects take on a certain name makes linguistic sense. In the geography of languages, it is a rule to see that linguistic varieties have a dialectic continuum, in which case the language spills across geo-political and cultural dividers, as bordering regions take on dialects that transcend those limits. Further down the course, where it meets the Black Sea it is known as Istros, which is also based on a mythological river god, as he was known in Ancient Greece. "The largest of the rivers of Europe, the Istros, rises from only a few springs and moves in a direction facing the first assaults of the sun. Later, many Rivers rise with one accord as though they were escorting him--for he is the King of the Rivers of that country--and flow perpetually, and those who live on their banks know each one by name. But as soon as they discharge into the Istros, the name which they had at their birth ceases to be used, they surrender it in his favour, all are called after him, and together pour their waters into the Euxeinos". - Aelian, Greek natural history C2nd to 3rd A.D. It is not uncommon to name natural splendours using mythological or divine function, in order to instil protection, guardianship, but mostly the magnificence of the setting by equating it to divinity and sanctity of legends. The Greeks put these practices to good use with their geographical entities and the renowned mythological figures. If looked more in depth, one can find that the root of the word Istar, in ancient Greek, means flow, or flowing, and so on. One can see how these names take shape. Moving along the way, linguistically and geographically, one can find an entire variety of meanings. It is said that Celts have given it a name Danuvius, based on their derivatives of the word danu, which means strong, or loud, ie. a loud river, or a river which makes noise. On the other hand, In the Germanic languages, dune means wind-swept sand or sediment which have formed a bank, or a sandy bank. This could also be one of the possibilities. For example, the gradual transformation of the name along the different cultural and linguistic regions signifies this language continuum. From German Donau to Hungarian Duna, and the Slavic languages Dunaj/ Dunai/ Dunav. This shows the variation of phonetics and how they are mutually intelligible. It is interesting to note that the English designation, Danube, bears the


How is the fragrant white spring flower with the botanical name Convalleria Majalis popularly known?

A Modern Herbal | Lily-of-the-Valley Lily-of-the-Valley Preparations and Dosages ---Synonyms---May Lily. Convallaria. Our Lady's Tears. Convall-lily. Lily Constancy. Ladder-to-Heaven. Jacob's Ladder. Male Lily. ---Parts Used---Flowers, leaves, whole herb. ---Habitat---It is a native of Europe, being distributed also over North America and Northern Asia, but in England it is very local as a wild flower. In certain districts it is to be found in abundance, but in many parts it is quite unknown. It is rare in Scotland and doubtfully native and only naturalized in Ireland. It grows mostly in the dryer parts of woods - especially ash woods - often forming extensive patches, and is by no means peculiar to valleys, though both the English and botanical names imply that it is so. Culpepper reports that in his time these little Lilies grew plentifully on Hampstead Heath, but Green, writing about 100 years ago, tells us that 'since the trees on Hampstead Heath, near London, have been destroyed, it has been but sparingly found there.' The Lily-of-the-Valley, with its broad leaves and fragrant little, nodding, white, bell-shaped flowers, is familiar to everyone. ---Description--- In early spring days, the creeping rhizome, or underground stem, sends up quill-like shoots emerging from a scaly sheath. As they lengthen and uncoil, they are seen to consist of two leaves, their stalks sheathing one within the other, rising directly from the rhizome on long, narrowing foot-stalks, one leaf often larger than the other. The plain, oval blades, with somewhat concave surfaces, are deeply ribbed and slant a little backwards, thus catching the rain and conducting it by means of the curling-in base of the leaf, as though in a spout, straight down the foot-stalk to the root. At the back of the leaves, lightly enclosed at the base in the same scaly sheath, is the flower-stalk, quite bare of leaves itself and bearing at its summit a number of buds, greenish when young, each on a very short stalk, which become of the purest white, and as they open turn downwards, the flowers hanging, like a pearl of fairy bells, each bell with the edges turned back with six small scallops. The six little stamens are fastened inside the top of the bell, and in the centre hangs the ovary. There is no free honey in the little flowers, but a sweet, juicy sap is stored in a tissue round the base of the ovary and proves a great attraction to bees, who also visit the flower to collect its pollen and who play an important part in the fertilization of the flowers. By September, the flowers have developed into scarlet berries, each berry containing vermilion flesh round a pale, hard seed. Though the plant produces fruit freely under cultivation, its propagation is mainly effected by its quickly-creeping underground stem, and in the wild state its fruit rarely comes to maturity. Its specific name, Majalis, or Maialis, signifies 'that which belongs to May,' and the old astrological books place the plant under the dominion of Mercury, since Maia, the daughter of Atlas, was the mother of Mercury or Hermes. There is an old Sussex legend that St. Leonard fought against a great dragon in the w woods near Horsham, only vanquishing it after a mortal combat lasting many hours, during which he received grievous wounds, but wherever his blood fell, Lilies-of-theValley sprang up to commemorate the desperate fight, and these woods, which bear the name of St. Leonard's Forest to this day, are still thickly carpeted with them. Legend says that the fragrance of the Lilyof-the-Valley draws the nightingale from hedge and bush, and leads him to choose his mate in the recesses of the glade. The Lily-of-the-Valley is one of the British-grown plants included in the Pharmacopoeia, and its medicinal virtues have been tested by very long experience. Although not in such general use as the Foxglove, it is still prescribed by physicians with success. Its use dates back to ancient times, for Apuleius in his Herbal written in the fourth century, declares it was found by Apollo and given by him to Æsculapi


In Norse mythology who was the God of Mischief?

Loki | Mythology Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Narfi and Vali (by Sigyn), Jörmungandr , Hel , Fenrir (by Angrboda), Sleipnir (by Svadilfari) This article is about the Norse trickster god. For the king of Útgarðr , see Útgarða-Loki . This article is about the god of mischief. For his uncle, the personification of fire, see Logi . Loki is the Norse god of mischief, as well as of fire. He is the son of two giants, Fárbauti ("cruel striker") and Laufey (or Nál which means "needle", implying that she was skinny and weak.). His two brothers (who were to be beside him in Ragnarok ) are Býleistr (bee-lighting) and Helblindi (All blind or hel-blinder). He is referred to as the blood-brother of Odin . Loki becomes harbinger of  Ragnarok  and the father of the three chaos monsters: Fenrir , Jörmungandr , and Hel . Loki's mischief and intellect is not to be underestimated, as he is ultimately although indirectly responsible for the deaths of Balder and Thor , which were caused by Hodr and Jörmungandr (respectively). . [1] Contents Edit It is said that when the brick mason, giant builder of Asgard 's walls, demanded an unreasonably high price for his work (he requested the sun , the moon , and Freya as his wife), it was Loki's idea to give him six months to build the wall. Thinking that surely the man would fail, and that Loki's plan was infallible, the gods all agreed; all except Freya, who was part of the bargain. When the brick mason and his stallion, Svadilfari , had made much progress on the wall before his time expired, the gods all turned to Loki, threatening him with death if he didn't find a way to make sure the wall wasn't finished within the sixth month. Fearing for his life, Loki took the form of a young mare and enticed Svadilfari away from his master, causing the mason to lose the bet. The union of Loki and Svadilfari brought Odin his eight-legged steed Sleipnir . The Three Chaos Monsters Edit Some time after the wall was built, Loki, discontent with his faithful wife Sigyn , went to Jötunheimr where he wooed the giantess Angrboda . In the time they spent together, Angrboda gave birth to three children as terrible as their father: the first, the wolf Fenrir, whose mouth reached from the heavens to the earth; the second, Jörmungandr, the serpent that encircled the earth; and the third was the goddess Hel. After hearing of their birth and the prophecies surrounding them, Odin had them brought to him. Once they arrive, he retains custody of Fenrir, has Jormungandr thrown into the ocean to grow and gives Hel dominion over Nilfheim . In the tale of "The Binding of Fenris", we find that the eldest son of Loki and Angrboda was the wolf which ate Tyr 's hand.  The Dwarfs Edit It was Loki who tricked the two dwarf sons of Ivaldi and the dwarfs Brokk and Eitri to work against one another to create the gods well-known weapons and mounts. He betted his head that Eitri and Brokk could not make gifts superior to Skidbladnir , Gungnir and replacement hair for Sif , whose golden locks had been shorn by Loki as a prank (for which he was punished by Sif's husband, Thor). Eitri made the ring, Draupnir , the hammer Mjollnir and the boar, Gullinbursti . These objects were judged to be superior and Loki lost. However, when it came time for his head to be cut off, he protested against it, as any action could damage his neck, which was not part of the deal. Instead, Brokk had Loki's lips sewn together for a while. The Theft of Idunn's Apples Edit After Balder's death, Aegir , god of the sea, invited all of the gods to his home so as they may forget their woes. It is here that Loki commits his final offense before his binding. Here he insults Bragi , calling him a coward and a poor man. He then goes on to insult Idunn , Gefjun , Odin, Frigg , Freyja , Njord , Freyr , Tyr, Heimdall , Skadi and finally Sif. After this, he is chased away by Thor. The Binding of Loki Edit After Loki had been chased away by Thor for insulting all the gods and goddesses, Loki was then sought out and bound to a rock by the entrails of his son Narfi , who had been tor


"Which Dickens novel is subtitled ""The Parish Boy's Progress""?"

Novel, subtitled 'The Parish Boy's Progress', by Charles Dickens | Crossword Puzzle Clue | CrosswordGiant.com Novel, subtitled 'The Parish Boy's Progress', by Charles Dickens Novel, subtitled 'The Parish Boy's Progress', by Charles Dickens Clue: Novel, subtitled 'The Parish Boy's Progress', by Charles Dickens We have 1 possible answer for the clue Novel, subtitled 'The Parish Boy's Progress', by Charles Dickens which appears 1 time in our database.


The lack of which vitamin caused scurvy in the early days of the navy?

4 Diseases Caused by a Lack of Essential Vitamins and Minerals | Mental Floss 4 Diseases Caused by a Lack of Essential Vitamins and Minerals Retronaut.com Like us on Facebook Companies pushing products with added vitamins and minerals can fool people into thinking that they’re eating a “healthy” food when they’re not—but it’s not like those vitamins and minerals are there for no reason. For much of human history, diseases of nutrient deficiency were the norm, and in some parts of the world, they still persist. Even into the 20th century, conditions caused by a lack of certain vitamins or minerals were endemic to North America and Europe. Artificially added nutrients may not make a food “healthy,” but they do stave off several debilitating, and sometimes fatal, diseases of malnutrition. Here are a few of those maladies. 1. Scurvy Courtesy of The Diseases of Infancy and Childhood The disease of pirates: the grey-death. Scurvy is caused by a lack of vitamin C, whose chemical name, ascorbic acid, is derived from the Latin term for scurvy, scorbutus. Even though the disease was known since ancient times (described by Hippocrates around 400 BCE), it was not a scourge to those who were largely land-bound. Even though its causes were unknown, many cultures realized that eating certain herbs could reverse the symptoms, and as long as there was access to fresh food, it was generally kept under control. Scurvy didn’t become a significant problem until the Age of Discovery (beginning in the 15th century), when people at sea were not able to access that much-needed fresh food for months at a time. Preserved meats and carbohydrates contained no vitamin C, and unlike most animals, the human body is not able to create vitamin C on its own. The early symptoms of scurvy include spongy gums, pain in the joints, and blood spots appearing under the skin. As the disease progressed, the teeth would become loose, extreme halitosis (bad breath) would develop, the afflicted would become too weak to walk or work, be in too much pain to eat, and would die “mid-sentence,” often from a burst blood vessel. Many of the early explorers lost great numbers of men to scurvy : Vasco de Gama lost 116 out of 170 men in 1499, and in 1520, Magellan lost 208 out of 230. A few deaths were attributable to other causes, but the vast majority were due to scurvy. Courtesy of TaussMarine.com Despite not being able to pinpoint the exact cause of scurvy, in the 18th century, Naval physician James Lind was able to prove , in what’s considered to be the first controlled scientific experiment, that scurvy could be prevented (and cured) by incorporating citrus fruits such as limes and oranges into the diet of sailors. Although his findings weren’t widely accepted at first, the British Navy eventually began issuing standard rations of lemon juice, and later, limes, to their sailors—which gave rise to the term “limey” in reference to the British. These days, scurvy is an extremely rare condition, almost exclusively caused by someone eating a completely unvaried diet . In most cases, high levels of oral supplementation of vitamin C are enough to reverse the condition in a matter of weeks, and death by scurvy is almost unheard of. 2. Rickets Courtesy of Blatner.com This condition is brought on by a lack of vitamin D, which causes the body to be unable to absorb or deposit calcium. Less commonly, it can also be caused by a lack of calcium or phosphorus, but vitamin D deficiency is by far the most common cause. Unlike vitamin C, the human body is able to produce vitamin D, but only if it has the metabolic precursors available to it. When the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light (such as from the sun), cholesterol in the skin reacts and forms cholecalciferol, which is then processed in the liver and kidneys to create the active form of vitamin D. Even with a nominally healthy diet, without enough sun exposure, the body can’t produce the vitamin D precursors on its own. This is actually re-emerging as a health concern among some increasingly-indoor groups of people, and is one of t


Who succeeded to the English throne in 1422 at the age of nine months?

Henry VI of England - 必应 Sign in Henry VI of England Henry VI (6 December 1421 – 21 May 1471) was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453. The only child of Henry V, he succeeded to the English throne at the age of nine months upon his father's death, and succeeded to the French throne on the death of his grandfather Charles VI shortly afterwards. Henry inherited a long-running conflict in France, known as the Hundred Years' War, where Charles VII contested his claim to the French throne. Henry married Charles' niece, ... (展开) Margaret of Anjou, partially in the hope of achieving peace in 1445, but the policy failed, leading to the murder of William de la Pole, one of Henry 's key advisors. The war recommenced, with France taking the upper hand; by 1453, Calais was Henry 's only remaining territory on the continent. Henry experienced a mental breakdown after the failure of the war, with Richard of York taking control of the government as regent until his recovery the following year. Civil war broke out in 1460, leading to a long period of dynastic conflict known as the Wars of the Roses. Henry was taken prisoner by Richard of York at Northampton on 10 July 1460 but was rescued that December by forces loyal to Margaret. He was deposed on 29 March 1461 following the victory at Towton by Richard's son, who took the throne as Edward IV. Henry was suffering from another breakdown and, despite Margaret continuing to lead a resistance to Edward, he was captured by his forces in 1465 and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Richard Neville, the Earl of Warwick, restored Henry to the throne in 1470, but Edward defeated Neville and retook power in 1471, imprisoning Henry in the Tower once again. Henry died in the Tower during the night of 21 May 1471, possibly killed on the orders of Edward. He was buried at Chertsey Abbey, before being moved to Windsor Castle in 1484. Miracles were attributed to Henry after his death, and he was informally regarded as a saint and martyr until the 16th century. He left a legacy of educational institutions, having founded Eton College, King's College, Cambridge and All Souls College, Oxford. William Shakespeare wrote a trilogy of plays about his life, depicting him as weak-willed and easily influenced by his wife, Margaret. Henry VI (6 December 1421 – 21 May 1471) was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_En… Grandmother of both Mary, Queen of Scots and Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, the parents of James VI and I. Henry VIII, King of England: 28 June 1491: 28 ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_En… Henry V (9 August 1386 – 31 August 1422) was King of England from 1413 until his death at the age of 36 in 1422. He was the second English monarch who ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_of_England King of England from 1422 to 1461 and from 1470 to 1471, a pious and studious recluse whose incapacity for government was one of the causes of the Wars of the Roses. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-VI-king-of-England Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. Henry was the second Tudor monarch, succeeding his ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England


What was the main American tank of World War II?

Tanks in World War II | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Tanks in World War II 204,343pages on Tank Tanks were an important weapons system in World War II . Although tanks were the subject of widespread research in the inter-war years , production was limited to relatively small numbers in a few countries. However, during World War II most armies employed tanks, and production levels reached thousands each month. Tank usage, doctrine and production varied widely among the combatant nations. By war's end, some consensus was emerging regarding tank doctrine and design. Contents Edit The tank was invented by the British in World War I , with nearly simultaneous development in France. Tanks of the first World War reflected the novelty of the idea and the primitive state of the automotive industry. World War I tanks moved at a walking pace, were relatively unreliable, and were employed according to doctrines still being worked out at war's end. The doctrine of armored warfare changed radically in the inter-war years as armies sought ways to avoid the deadlock imposed by modern firepower and looked for the means to restore offensive power on the battlefield. Initially, tanks had been used for close support of infantry, but as modern mechanized doctrine was developed by several Armies, tanks became an essential part of the combined-arms team. In addition to infantry support, tanks fulfilled traditional cavalry roles, provided mobile artillery support, and adopted combat engineering roles. Tank design gradually improved in the inter-war period also. Reflecting the growth of the automotive industry, tanks improved their engines, transmissions, and track systems. By the beginning of the war, tanks were available that could travel hundreds of miles on their tracks with a limited number of breakdowns. During the war, much more rapid changes in design took place. In particular, the gun-vs-armor race of the war led to rapid increases in firepower and armor thickness and design. A German Tiger I tank in combat during the Battle of Kursk in 1943 Major themes Edit The United Kingdom, the United States, the USSR, France and Italy produced significant numbers of tanks before and during World War II. The early tanks of Germany were inferior to many of their opponent's tanks in the areas of armour and firepower. However, it was in their tactical employment that German tanks dominated all rivals early in the war. German doctrine stressed the use of rapid movement, mission-type orders and combined-arms tactics involving mobile infantry and air support; this doctrine was popularly called Blitzkrieg . This doctrine required the Germans to equip their tanks with radios, which provided unmatched command and control for flexible employment. In contrast, for example, almost 80 percent of French tanks lacked radios, [1] essentially because their battle doctrine was based on a more slow-paced, deliberate conformance to planned movements. This required fewer radios at all levels. French tanks generally outclassed German tanks in firepower and armour in the 1940 campaign , but their poor command and control doctrine negated these advantages. By 1943, two-way radio was nearly universal. A trend towards heavier tanks was unmistakable as the war proceeded. In 1939, most tanks had maximum armour of 30 mm or less, with guns no heavier than 37–47 mm. Medium tanks of 1939 weighed around 20 tonnes. By 1945, typical medium tanks had maximum armour over 60 mm thick, with guns in the 75–85 mm range and weights of 30 to 45 tonnes. Light tanks, which dominated most armies early in the war, gradually faded out of front line service. Turrets , which had always been considered, but were not previously a universal feature on tanks, were recognised as essential. It was appreciated that if the tank's gun was to be used to engage both 'soft' (unarmored) and armoured targets, then it needed to be as large and powerful as possible, making one large gun with an all-round field of fire vital. Also, mounting the gun in a turret ensured that the tank could fire from hull


If, in an American diner, you ordered 'Eve With the Lid On', what would you recieve?

Diner Lingo: Adam And Even On A Raft, the Blue Plate Special, and Other Slang - CulinaryLore.com CulinaryLore.com Create account or Sign in Diner Lingo: Adam And Even On A Raft, the Blue Plate Special, and Other Slang » All CulinaryLore Categories » Food History » Diner Lingo: Adam And Even On A Raft, the Blue Plate Special, and Other Slang Posted on 17 Nov 2016 03:33 Waiter, Waitress, Server: What's the Correct Term? Originally posted on September 29 2012 under a slightly different title. Dinger lingo is becoming a thing of the past but there are still diners where the servers use this colorful language to call out orders. Not all of this language originated in diners, though. Some if it came from the old soda fountain and lunch-counters. Some diners have their own peculiar slang, but there are some age-old gems that have been passed down. If you've ever heard a counter-person calling out orders using this slang, you may have thought you were listening to a complicated insider's code that only the inner circle of diner-world can understand. But the language handed down from the soda fountains and lunch counters to the modern diner, originally served a purpose. Although some of the terms may have originated as early as the 1870's, with the soda jerks, they had their hey-day between the 1920's and 1970's. You would think that the intention of such a language is to create a short-hand, so that longer orders can be called out in a brief verbal barrage rather than a long an complicated patter. This is usually the case. Mayo is certainly shorter than mayonnaise and BLT is a lot easier than saying bacon, lettuce, and tomato sandwich. These terms are so useful they have passed into our everyday language. However, many times, the expression used is much longer than what is really necessary to convey the customer's order to the back of the house, but this is part of the fun. Dough well-done with a cow to cover is a bit verbose compared to buttered toast. But these more complex expressions probably had more to do with being creative, having fun, and one-upping the other counter-person or waiter than with being efficient. In Diner slang a hotdog might be a tubesteak, a bow wow, or a pup on a bun. Adding mustard? Give it a 'yellow streak' The Varsity Drive-In of Atlanta, GA calls this a "Yankee Dog" because, of course, Yankees have a yellow streak. 4 In Diner slang a hotdog might be a tubesteak, a bow wow, or a pup on a bun. Adding mustard? Give it a 'yellow streak' The Varsity Drive-In of Atlanta, GA calls this a "Yankee Dog" because, of course, Yankees have a yellow streak. 4 Regardless, the main purpose of such slang was so that the cook could distinguish orders from the hubbub of conversation going on in a busy establishment. In the early days, the cook may not have been able to read and write, so it was not possible to present orders written down on checks. Much of the lingo is self-deprecating humor, but humor with a purpose. And by the way back of the house is diner slang for the kitchen. The expressions are actually very simple and easy to understand. You'll notice that many of the expressions are biblical. Here are some of the basics, several of which you will recognize, since they have come into common usage. Despite the practicality of this invented language, there is no doubt that much of the more original slang was simply a way to be more clever than the other guy, in an attempt to gain attention. Obviously calling something by revolting names such as blood or hemorrhage, both names for ketchup, was born of absolutely no regard for the appetites of the customers! Yet there is always some insider language at any establishment, and much of it has to do with references to the quality of the food or the cleanliness of the establishment. These kind of clever, and not-so-well hidden references served to reinforce the camaraderie between the employees. Although you may never have heard most of these old terms, you probably already use some of the slang in your every day life. Much of the terminology has become a part of the wa


Which stand-up comedian has played football at semi-professional level and once worked full-time as a pharmaceuticals sales director?

IMDb: Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "Desperate Housewives" Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "Desperate Housewives" 1-50 of 186 names. Mae Whitman Mae was born in Los Angeles, California to Pat Musick, a voice artist, and Jeffrey Whitman, a personal manager and set construction coordinator. She began her career with a voice-over for a Tyson Chicken commercial. Whitman attended Ribét Academy, a private preparatory school in Los Angeles. She was later transferred to Whitefish Bay High School, where she graduated. Whitman made her first silver screen debut playing Meg Ryan's youngest daughter, "Casey Green", in When a Man Loves a Woman (1994). Among her notable childhood roles were that of "Patricia Whitmore", daughter of the President in Independence Day (1996); George Clooney's daughter, "Maggie Taylor", in One Fine Day (1996); and the charming daughter, "Bernice Pruitt", of Sandra Bullock, in Hope Floats (1998). As she has grown older, Mae has made several guest appearances in television shows such as JAG (1995), State of Grace (2001), Desperate Housewives (2004), Grey's Anatomy (2005) and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (1999), just to name a few, as well as some voice-over work. In 2015, she starred in the movie The Duff (2015) portraying a high school student who realized she is the approachable one, the designated ugly fat friend, the DUFF. We should expect to see great things from Mae Whitman as her career progresses, for she has shown what a strong, dynamic, and talented actress she has become. Felicity Huffman Felicity toiled away for 20 years in ill fated television shows, Broadway plays and independent films in the shadow of her successful husband, actor William H Macy, then she got the part of Lynette Scalo in the television series Desperate Housewives and the film Transamerica resulting in a Golden Globe nomination for both. Jesse Metcalfe Jesse Eden Metcalfe was born in Carmel Valley, California, to Nancy (DeMaio) and Jeff Metcalfe. He has Italian, Portuguese, English, French, and Irish ancestry. He was raised in Southeastern Connecticut. Metcalfe attended the Williams School, a private high school in New London, Connecticut. He pursued his higher education at New York University where he studied acting and film at the prestigious Tisch School of the Arts. Metcalfe first appeared on the small screen in NBC's daytime drama, 'Passions', but rose to fame on the mega-hit series, 'Desperate Housewives' playing teenage boy-toy, John Rowland. He's since been the lead in both studio and independent features. Best known for carrying Twentieth Century Fox's successful teen-comedy "John Tucker Must Die" and starring opposite Michael Douglas in "Beyond A Reasonable Doubt". 2011 saw Jesse cast in TNT's reboot of the iconic series, 'Dallas'. Playing the Christopher Ewing, son of Bobby Ewing (Patrick Duffy). Metcalfe is an avid art enthusiast and collector, plays both guitar and piano, enjoys basketball, boxing and weight training. Dougray Scott Born in Scotland, trained at the Welsh College of Music and Drama where he was named most promising drama student. Scott's early work was in Scottish national theatre and television, first appearing in the series Soldier Soldier as well as on the stage in the Tim Fleming directed production of Wallace. Early television credits to follow included The Rover, Taggart: Nest of Vipers, Lovejoy, and Soldier Soldier. Scott followed this up with impactful turns in the films You Don't Have to Say You Love Me, Black Beauty, and Another Nine & a Half Weeks. Shortly thereafter, Scott could be seen opposite Drew Barrymore in the hit film Ever After, opposite Robert Duvall, Tea Leoni, and Vanessa Redgrave in the film Deep Impact, as well as the second installment in the hit Mission: Impossible franchise, Mission: Impossible 2. Scott also appeared opposite Kate Winslet in Michael Apted's Enigma as well as the 2002 film Ripley's Game, opposite Ray Winstone. Starring opposite Jennifer Connelly in the 2005 film Dark Water and the 2007 film Hit Man, Scott soon appeared in


Which family holds the hereditary right to the office of Earl Marshal of England?

Marshal of England - Everything2.com Marshal of England Sat Dec 20 2003 at 3:27:51 The Office of Marshal The Marshal was originally an officer of the king’s household, the 'marechal', that is the head groom, the individual who was in charge of the king’s stables acting under the direction of the constable, or the 'count of the stable' - an office very likely imported into England by the Normans in emulation of the marescalci, the masters of the horse of the early Frankish kings. Within the feudal or early medieval estate, the position of master of the king's horse was an office of some authority and power and the office of Marshal of England accordingly became one of the nine Great Offices of State . The Marshal's main job was to maintain the muster roll of the knights of the kingdom and summon them into battle when the need arose, thus effectively making the Marshal the leader of the feudal host and commander of the king's cavalry. Since the Marshal assumed military command, he naturally also assumed responsibility over questions of military disclipline; maintaining order between the assembled knights both in time of war and at court in times of peace and deciding on questions of chivalry. This particular duty was formalised during the reign of Edward III who established the Court of Chivalry , where the Marshal and Constable of England acted as joint judges over criminal matters and the Marshal himself adjudicated over questions of heraldry and the use of arms. The military aspects of the role became less important over time and were essentially eliminated by the reforms of the Tudors, and the office of Marshal is now almost entirely ceremonial. He accompanies the sovereign during the formal opening and closing of Parliament, and is responsible for organising such events as coronations, state funerals and royal weddings. He is also the head of the College of Arms and is responsible for appointment of the various heraldic officials. The office of Marshal of England was was generally, but not exclusively, an hereditary title, lying first of all with the Marshal family (whose surname was naturally derived from the office itself) and later passing to the Bigod , Mowbray and Howard families. Earl Marshal and Marshal of England Although it is the office of Marshal of England its holders were often more generally known by the title of 'Earl Marshal'; although the early holders of the office (particularly those that were not earls to begin with) never used the title. It was the later Bigod Marshals that first began to style themselves as 'Earl Marshal' and with the appointment of Thomas of Brotherton to the office of Marshal of England in 1385 he was formally granted the right to use the title of 'Earl Marshal' in the subsequent year. Since all of the subsequent holders of the office has been earls, the title 'Earl Marshal' and the office of 'Marshal of England' have generally regarded as being synonymous, although a technical distinction remains between the office itself and the style of 'Earl Marshal', either granted to or assumed by the officeholder. Circumstances have arisen, as with the case of Thomas Mowbray in 1399, where one individal was styled 'Earl Marshal' whilst another assumed the actual office of 'Marshal of England'. Generally speaking most of the appointments seem to have been of the nature of a 'double creation' with the grantees being awarded both the title of Earl Marshal and the office of Marshal of England, sometimes styles as Grand or Great Marshal of England. The Howard Dukes of Norfolk, who have held the office as of hereditary right since 1672 were specifically granted the title and office of 'Earl Marshal of England', combining the two designations into one, but the present incumbent the Duke of Norfolk follows the older tradition of describing himself as both 'Earl Marshal' and Hereditary 'Marshal of England'. THE MARSHALS OF ENGLAND Marshal to Bigod The first Marshal of England was a gentleman by the name of Gilbert who appears during the reign of Henry I . Gilbert, or Gilbert le Marechal as perh


Which was the major battle of the Franco-Prissian war?

Franco-Prussian War Battles | List of Battles in the Franco-Prussian War (28 Items) List Of Franco-Prussian War Battles 4.9k views 33 items tags f t p @ List of every major Franco-Prussian War battle, including photos, images, or maps of the most famous Franco-Prussian War battles when available. While it is not a comprehensive list of all skirmishes, conflicts, or battles that took place in the Franco-Prussian War, we have tried to include as many military events and actions as possible. All the battles on this Franco-Prussian War list are currently listed alphabetically, but if you want to find a specific battle you can search for it by using the "search". Information about these Franco-Prussian War battles are included below as well, such as their specific locations and who was involved in the fight. The list you're viewing is made up of battles like Battle of Sedan and Battle of Wörth. List Photo:  Freebase /Public domain Z G Options B Comments & Embed 1 Locations: Canton of Beaune-la-Rolande, France Part of: Franco-Prussian War Part of: Siege of Paris, Franco-Prussian War Combatants: France, French Third Republic, German Empire, Germany


Which musical features the song 'Let the sun shine in'?

Hair - Let the Sunshine In - YouTube Hair - Let the Sunshine In Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on May 9, 2007 Hair - Let the Sunshine In Category


La Scala | opera house, Milan, Italy | Britannica.com opera house, Milan, Italy Alternative Title: Teatro alla Scala Related Topics La Scala, in full Teatro alla Scala (Italian: “Theatre at the Stairway”), theatre in Milan , one of the principal opera houses of the world and the leading Italian house. Teatro alla Scala (La Scala). Mark Henley—Impact Photos/Heritage-Images Built in 1776–78 by the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria (whose country then ruled Milan), it replaced an earlier theatre that had burned. In 1872 it became the property of the city of Milan. The house was closed during World War I . In 1920 the conductor Arturo Toscanini led a council that raised money to reopen it, organizing it as an autonomous corporation. Bombed during World War II , the theatre reopened in 1946, partly through funds raised by benefit concerts given by Toscanini. In late 2001 La Scala closed for extensive renovations. Mario Botta served as the architect of the project, estimated to have cost some $67 million, and the theatre reopened in December 2004 with a performance of Antonio Salieri’s Europa riconosciuta, which had been performed at La Scala’s opening on August 3, 1778. La Scala’s repertory is more varied than that of the other four or five leading opera houses. It tends to include a large number of unfamiliar works balanced by a limited number of popular favourites. Conductors are given control of casting and rehearsals. The composer Giuseppe Verdi was closely associated with the house during the 19th century. Toscanini’s tenure as artistic director marked one of the finest periods in the theatre’s existence. Associated with the theatre are a ballet company, a ballet school, and a singing school. The expenses of La Scala are met by a combination of ticket sales, a municipal tax, and an Italian governmental subsidy. Learn More in these related articles:


How many gills are there in half a gallon?

Imperial Measures of Volume The U.S. fluid ounce is 1/128 gallon (American) about 1.805 cubic inches or 29.573531 ml. This volume of water weighs about 1.04 ounces. The Imperial fluid ounce is 1/160 gallon (Imperial) or 8 fluid drams about 1.734 cubic inches or 28.413063 ml. This volume of water weighs exactly 1 ounce under certain temperature and pressure conditions. These measures are not only different sizes to the British units of the same name, but different to each other. The wet U.S. units are 86% of the dry U.S. units with the same name. They are both smaller than the British units. The U.S. wet unit is 83% of the British unit, and the U.S. dry unit is 97% of the British unit. So if someone from the UK buys a gallon of gas in the United States, he will only get 83% of what he thinks he will get. While an American will probably flood the forecourt of the British filling station! I was particularly worried about the American habit of using volume for measuring ingredients for cooking, i.e. they use cups (or half-pints) rather than pounds as the British do (or rather we are now starting to use kilos). We need scales, but at least weight is well-defined! My problem was: Is there a 'dry' cup as well as a 'wet' cup, and are they of different sizes? (There was a subsidary question as to whether butter and cream and peanut butter were wet or dry, and was there a difference between double cream and single cream?) I have had several very interesting comments on this, varying from "Of course we only use one cup" to "Of course we use two cups!" And most people point out that the volumes of butter are marked on the side of the pack (well, so there are in Britain sometimes, but I've usually already started the pack of butter when I come to use it for a cake!) However, eventually one correspondent said that there ARE two types of cup. They vary in design to make it easy to measure wet or dry ingredients, but they are the same size. They are all 8 fluid ounces. This sounded as if it answered all questions, so I checked it out. It seems that the cup used for measuring is a 'wet' cup, and there is no cup measuring half a dry pint. The dry measures of volume seem to be mostly used for amounts greater than a pint (if we ignore spoon measures). The name 'pint' and 'quart' are used in both systems (and are different sizes, so watch out!) However, there is one peculiarity. One reference work described 'fluid ounces' and 'dry ounces'. But here the 'dry ounce' was a measure of weight and the 'fluid ounce' was a measure of volume. In fact, this went on to say "Measures are classified as either dry measures or fluid measures. Fluid measures are measures of volume, while dry measures are measures of weight. Whether the ingredient you are measuring is dry or fluid really doesn't matter, and will only confuse you. Simply use the measure that is specified in your recipe." So you use a wet measure like a cup to measure flour! I like the comment "Simply use the measure that is specified in your recipe" since the words 'pint', 'quart' and indeed 'ounce' occur in both wet and dry forms. At least one reference work used 'ounce' when they really meant 'fluid ounce'. Another correspondent says "Dry measure is actually little used in the U.S.  A cup of flour  or a cup of milk in a recipe are measured in the same measuring   cup.  Unless specified otherwise, all measurements are struck even   with the top of the container.  The only survival of the   identically named and slight differently sized dry units is that   they are the officially sanctioned units for the purchase of fresh   fruit, like buying a pint of strawberries.  Most people are   completely unaware that a pint of blueberries isn't the same pint   as a pint of milk."  Another correspondent has made the following points: "Some ingredients will differ in weight if loose or packed, so a recipe will further specify if the ingredient is to be packed or loose.  When not specified the usage is to pour the ingredient into the measure until the desired level is reached.  Sometim


Who, along with Leslie Bricusse, wrote the lyrics for the James Bond film song Goldfinger?

Goldfinger - Shirley Bassey | Song Info | AllMusic Shirley Bassey google+ Song Review               by William Ruhlmann In 1962, Monty Norman wrote the instrumental title music for Dr. No, the first James Bond film, even though the score was written by John Barry. In 1963, noted musical theater composer Lionel Bart (Oliver!) wrote a title song for the second Bond film, From Russia With Love; Matt Monro, who sang the song on the soundtrack, took it into the U.K. Top 20, while the Village Stompers had a U.S. chart entry. By the time of the third Bond film, 1964's Goldfinger, Barry had enough clout to claim composing credits on the title song, while the lyrics were written by the hot musical theater team of Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley (Stop the World -- I Want to Get Off, The Roar of the Greasepaint -- The Smell of the Crowd). Like the Bond films, it was a melodramatic and subtly comic work, full of portentous orchestral effects and threatening lyrics about the evil genius of the title. Barry was a student of the Henry Mancini school of jazzy suspense film composing, to which he added his own orchestral flair. Shirley Bassey sang the song in a pull-out-the-stops manner under the opening credits, and the film, which opened just before Christmas, was a critical and commercial success. The soundtrack album topped the charts, and United Artists Records released both Bassey's vocal version and Barry's instrumental version of the title song as singles from it. The Bassey recording reached the Top Ten, while the Barry track, competing with two other instrumental recordings by Billy Strange and Jack LaForge, like them became a minor chart entry. "Goldfinger" established a pattern for the title songs of James Bond movies that would provide other memorable tunes, but it remains the best-known song associated with one of the films. It has been recorded in its instrumental form dozens of times, though few singers have attempted to compete with Bassey's bravura vocal performance. Appears On


Which Bavarian town stages a wagner festival every July and August?

Bavaria southern Germany Festival Opera Music Theatre June 19th - July 31st, 2016 Münchner Opernfestspiele 2016 (Munich Opera Festival) This month-long opera festival brings international approved artists to the Bavarian State Opera in Munich. Information: Phone: +49(0)89 21 85 19 20 ; Fax: +49(0)89 21 85 19 03 ; E-Mail: tickets@st-oper.bayern.de ; www.bayerische-staatsoper.de ----------------------------------------- June  - August , 2017 (the dates are not yet fixed) Fränkischer Sommer 2017 (Franconian Summer Festival)  Every two years, internationally renowned soloist and consorts perform at the "Musica Franconia" festival and provide an occasion for lively encounters with Early Music at the very highest level. In the meantime, the series of events has become a fixture in the programme of the "Franconian Summer" festival held all over the Franconian region. Information: Phone:  +49(0)9123 9544931; E-mail: info@fraenkischer-sommer.de ; www.fraenkischer-sommer.de (German only) ----------------------------------------- July 25th - August 28th, 2016 Richard Wagner Festspiele Bayreuth 2016 The Bayreuth Festival is the most famous festival in the world. Here only Richard Wagner's music dramas are performed. The Festival was opened in 1876 with three performances of the complete Ring. Information: Phone: +49(0)921 7878–0 ; Box Office Postfach 10 02 62


King Stephen (1135-54) was the only king of which royal house?

BBC - History - King Stephen z Stephen    © Stephen usurped the English throne from Matilda in 1135, but failed to consolidate his power during the ensuing civil strife. Stephen was born in around 1097 in Blois, France, the son of the Count of Blois and Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror. He was sent to England to be raised at the court of his uncle, Henry I. Although Stephen and other nobles pledged to support Henry's daughter, Matilda, as Henry's successor there was widespread unhappiness at the thought of a woman ruler. Consequently, after Henry I died in December 1135, the leading lords and bishops welcomed Stephen as the new king. He was not a natural leader, rapidly making concessions that exposed his weakness. He appointed large numbers of new earls, an expensive act that brought little reward and alienated his nobles with his desperate measures to build support and with the lawlessness of his Flemish mercenaries. In 1138, Matilda's half brother, Robert, Earl of Gloucester, took up arms on her behalf. Early victories for Stephen faded when he lost the support of the church. Seizing her opportunity, Matilda invaded England in September 1139. With foolish chivalry, Stephen had Matilda escorted to Bristol, whereupon she proceeded to take control of western England. Early in 1141, Matilda's supporters captured Stephen in a battle at Lincoln. In November, he was exchanged for Gloucester, who had been captured by forces loyal to the king. Over time, Stephen gained the upper hand and in 1148 Matilda left England. But Stephen had only nominal control over most of the kingdom and was unable to enforce the law or mediate between warring nobles. He hoped only to secure the succession for his son, Eustace. Matilda's son Henry invaded England in 1153 to claim his royal inheritance. When Eustace died in August, under the Treaty of Wallingford, Stephen agreed that Henry should be his successor. When Stephen died in October 1154, Henry ascended the throne as Henry II.


First used in America, what name is given to a pub or restaurant that combines seafood and meat, such as steak and scampi?

Where to Eat - San Diego, California Where to Eat Amaya La Jolla has it all, and maybe just a little too much BY Troy Johnson | Photography by sam wells MORE RESTAURANT REVIEWS With these three wines, you will be able to make everyone on your Nice List happy, and end the year on a jolly note. BY Lindsey Pomeroy Downtown Area Acqua al 2 From Florence to the Gaslamp, Acqua al 2 brings San Diegans a new taste of Italy. The pasta sampler includes three white-sauce and two red-sauce pastas; the main-course sampler, a selection of three small portions of main-course dishes. Lunch Mon.-Fri., dinner nightly. 322 Fifth Ave., 619-230-0382, acquaal2.com . FB, LD Fri. & Sat., RR, CR, OT, $$-$$$ ANTHOLOGY An elegant but casual bistro providing tantalizing comfort food at its best, from meat loaf to a specialty burger. Lunch & dinner daily. 741 W. Washington, 619-295-6000, thereddoorsd.com . RR, FB B&W, CR, $$-$$$ ANTHONY’S FISH GROTTO ★ Consistently good, reasonably priced fresh seafood. Particularly popular for lunch. Lunch Mon.-Sat., dinner nightly. 1360 N. Harbor Dr., 619-232-5103, gofishanthonys.com . FB, CR, $-$$ ASTI RISTORANTE Northern Italian dishes, gourmet seafood specialties and delectable desserts are the fare at this cozy, elegant bistro at the edge of the Gaslamp Quarter. Lunch & dinner daily. 728 Fifth Ave., 619-232-8844, astisandiego.com . FB, LD, CR except CB, OT, $$-$$$ ATHENS MARKET TAVERNA ★ At Mary Pappas’ eatery, diners can feast on a three-course Greek-style tsipoura dinner that includes octopathaka and an authentic Greek horiatiki salad. Lunch Mon.-Fri., dinner Mon.-Sat. 109 W. F St., in the Senator Building, 619-234-1955, athensmarkettaverna.com . FB, CR, $$ BANDAR ★ An exotic dining adventure in the Gaslamp Quarter: Persian cuisine with elegantly contemporary décor. Lunch Mon.-Fri., dinner Sat. 825 Fourth Ave., 619-238-0101,  bandarrestaurant.com . FB, LD Fri. & Sat., RR, CR, $-$$ BELLA LUNA Featuring food of Capri, this Italian eatery specializes in fresh seafood and pasta dishes. Lunch & dinner daily. 748 Fifth Ave., 619-239-3222, bellaluna-sandiego.com . FB, LD, RR, CR, $$ BICE RISTORANTE Combining modern and classic Italian styles, the menu at this classy new Gaslamp spot varies weekly. Dinner nightly. 425 Island Ave., 619-239-2423,  bicesandiego.com . FB, LD Sat., RR, AE, MC, V, OT, $$$$ B LOUNGE Next to Bandar, this offshoot serves the same delicious Persian fare as its parent. Lunch & dinner daily. 845 Fourth Ave., 619-238-0203, bandarrestaurant.com/blounge . FB, LD, CR, $-$$ BLUE POINT COASTAL CUISINE David Cohn’s Frisco-style supper club raises the bar on seafood with butter-poached Australian lobster tail in a sherry saffron sauce. Dinner nightly. 565 Fifth Ave., Gaslamp Quarter, 619-233-6623, dinecrg.com . LD Fri. & Sat., FB, RR, CR, OT, $$$$ BONDI BAR & KITCHEN This trendy downtown eatery features everything Australian, including imported beers and meats. Specialties include the char-grilled rack of lamb. Lunch & dinner daily. 333 Fifth Ave., 619-342-0212, thebondi.com . FB, LD, CH, AE, MC, V, $-$$ BUCA DI BEPPO In-your-face, irreverent, family-style Italian dining on mammoth portions of traditional salads, pizzas and pastas in a décor dripping with kitsch and nostalgia. Lunch & dinner daily. 705 Sixth Ave., downtown. 619-233-PAPA,  bucadibeppo.com . Also in Carlsbad (1921 Calle Barcelona, 760-479-2533) & Mira Mesa (10749 Westview Pkwy., 858-536-2822). FB, LD Fri. & Sat., RR, CR, $$ BUON APPETITO The Italian menu boasts more than a dozen pastas, 10 different meat and seafood entrées and an equal number of appetizers. Lunch & dinner daily. 1609 India St., Little Italy, 619-238-9880. B&W, LD Fri. & Sat., CR, $$-$$$ CAFÉ CHLOE This fresh French bistro in downtown’s East Village is a perfect blend of California casual and European flair. Soups are a specialty, but bistro classics like steak with frites are also excellent. Breakfast & lunch Mon.-Fri., brunch Sat. & Sun., afternoon tea (3-5; reservation required) & dinner daily. 721 Ninth Ave., 619-232-3242, cafechloe.com . B&W, AE, MC, V, $$


The garden plant syringa is commonly known as what?

Potted Syringa, Lilac Plants for Sale Bloomerang Dark Purple Syringa Plant Price $17.65 Our 'Bloomerang® Dark Purple' Syringa plant is another reblooming lilac plant, new for 2013. Larger than other varieties, even other Bloomerang cultivars, this Proven Winners® selection will wow you with fuller, rounder inflorescences (flower spikes), blooming on spring green foliage in early spring, and then again in mid to late summer and on into fall and the first good frost. Super fragrant and dark, purply-pink, you’ll want to have your vases handy to bring this aromatic color inside! Each 4-inch pot contains one Bloomerang Dark Purple Syringa plant. Bloomerang Purple Syringa Plant Price $17.65 The 'Bloomerang® Purple' Syringa Plant will soon become a customer favorite as it blooms in the spring, rests through the hottest part of the summer, and then blooms again as summer turns to fall and continues blooming until the first frost. This low maintenance Proven Winners® selection boasts of deeply lavender blossoms on true green foliage on a compact, mounded plant. Plant as an accent, as a flowering hedge or in a container. The fragrance will wow your senses, outdoors or in. Each 4-inch pot contains one Bloomerang Purple Syringa plant. Declaration Syringa Plant Price $12.20 The 'Declaration' Syringa Plant is a variety propagated by the U.S. National Arboretum. It has hefty, impressive flower clusters of a singularly unique shade of deep reddish-purple. Blooming 7 to 10 days earlier than common lilacs, this cultivar will grace you with that signature scent, both indoors as a cut flower and outdoors au natural, that much earlier in the spring. Each 4-inch pot contains one Declaration Syringa plant. Scent and Sensibility Syringa Plant Price $17.65 Our 'Scent and Sensibility™' Syringa plant is a Proven Winners® ColorChoice® Flowering Shrub selection. Sometimes called Lilac Bloomerang reblooming, this lilac will rebloom, though not quite as strongly as the Bloomerang® line. A compact bush, this pink-flowering shrub only grows to about 3 feet tall and 1 to 5 feet wide, making it a versatile landscape feature. And the fragrance? Mmmmm! Lilacs in the spring. Keep your vases handy! Each 4-inch pot contains one Scent and Sensibility Syringe plant.


Name the only bachelor President of the U.S.A.

James Buchanan | whitehouse.gov Air Force One James Buchanan James Buchanan, the 15th President of the United States (1857-1861), served immediately prior to the American Civil War. He remains the only President to be elected from Pennsylvania and to remain a lifelong bachelor. Tall, stately, stiffly formal in the high stock he wore around his jowls, James Buchanan was the only President who never married. Presiding over a rapidly dividing Nation, Buchanan grasped inadequately the political realities of the time. Relying on constitutional doctrines to close the widening rift over slavery, he failed to understand that the North would not accept constitutional arguments which favored the South. Nor could he realize how sectionalism had realigned political parties: the Democrats split; the Whigs were destroyed, giving rise to the Republicans. Born into a well-to-do Pennsylvania family in 1791, Buchanan, a graduate of Dickinson College, was gifted as a debater and learned in the law. He was elected five times to the House of Representatives; then, after an interlude as Minister to Russia, served for a decade in the Senate. He became Polk's Secretary of State and Pierce's Minister to Great Britain. Service abroad helped to bring him the Democratic nomination in 1856 because it had exempted him from involvement in bitter domestic controversies. As President-elect, Buchanan thought the crisis would disappear if he maintained a sectional balance in his appointments and could persuade the people to accept constitutional law as the Supreme Court interpreted it. The Court was considering the legality of restricting slavery in the territories, and two justices hinted to Buchanan what the decision would be. Thus, in his Inaugural the President referred to the territorial question as "happily, a matter of but little practical importance" since the Supreme Court was about to settle it "speedily and finally." Two days later Chief Justice Roger B. Taney delivered the Dred Scott decision, asserting that Congress had no constitutional power to deprive persons of their property rights in slaves in the territories. Southerners were delighted, but the decision created a furor in the North. Buchanan decided to end the troubles in Kansas by urging the admission of the territory as a slave state. Although he directed his Presidential authority to this goal, he further angered the Republicans and alienated members of his own party. Kansas remained a territory. When Republicans won a plurality in the House in 1858, every significant bill they passed fell before southern votes in the Senate or a Presidential veto. The Federal Government reached a stalemate. Sectional strife rose to such a pitch in 1860 that the Democratic Party split into northern and southern wings, each nominating its own candidate for the Presidency. Consequently, when the Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln, it was a foregone conclusion that he would be elected even though his name appeared on no southern ballot. Rather than accept a Republican administration, the southern "fire-eaters" advocated secession. President Buchanan, dismayed and hesitant, denied the legal right of states to secede but held that the Federal Government legally could not prevent them. He hoped for compromise, but secessionist leaders did not want compromise. Then Buchanan took a more militant tack. As several Cabinet members resigned, he appointed northerners, and sent the Star of the West to carry reinforcements to Fort Sumter. On January 9, 1861, the vessel was far away. Buchanan reverted to a policy of inactivity that continued until he left office. In March 1861 he retired to his Pennsylvania home Wheatland--where he died seven years later--leaving his successor to resolve the frightful issue facing the Nation. The Presidential biographies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The Presidents of the United States of America,” by Frank Freidel  and Hugh Sidey. Copyright 2006 by the White House Historical Association. Learn more about James Buchanan 's niece who served as First Lady, Harriet Lane .


"Who siad ""I never forget a face, but in your case I'll make an exception""?"

I Never Forget a Face, But I’ll Make an Exception in Your Case | Quote Investigator I Never Forget a Face, But I’ll Make an Exception in Your Case Groucho Marx? Alan Gale? Anonymous? Dear Quote Investigator: When I am at a party I sometimes have trouble recalling the name of a person I have met before. But my recalcitrant memory has no difficulty remembering the line credited to Groucho Marx: I never forget a face, but in your case I’d be glad to make an exception. When I performed a search I found some other versions: I never forget a face, but I’ll make an exception in your case. I never forget a face—but I’m willing to make an exception in your case. Is this a genuine Groucho joke or is it just a quip with a fake nose and glasses? Quote Investigator: The earliest evidence known to QI all points to Groucho Marx as creator of this jape. The February 13, 1937 issue of “The Literary Digest” published a piece about psychology and memory. Conventional advice givers have emphasized the desirability of memorization, but this article accentuated the practice of forgetting. The author mentioned the now classic joke credited to Groucho: 1 It’s the art of forgetting; and all it amounts to, really, is the reverse English of memory. In fact, some psychologists find it as important as the art of memory. Groucho Marx facetiously shows how effective it can be in his gag: “I never forget a face — but I’m going to make an exception in your case!” A few days later, a columnist named E. V. Durling in the Washington Post presented the same joke with a variant wording and an ascription to Groucho. This citation was listed in the key reference “The Yale Book of Quotations”: 2 3 Groucho Marx. My nomination for Public Wisecracker No. 1. When and where was it Groucho said to somebody. “I never forget a face—but I’m going to make an exception in your case.” Here are additional selected citations in chronological order. The May 1941 issue of the mass-circulation Reader’s Digest printed a more elaborate version of the joke supplied by a contributing writer named Hugh Pentecost. The context was specified and two lines of dialog were given: 4 A celebrity hound approached Groucho Marx at a party. “You remember me, Mr. Marx. We met at the Glynthwaites’ some months ago.” “I never forget a face,” Groucho replied, “but I’ll make an exception in your case.” In 1941 and 1942 the Reader’s Digest version of the anecdote was disseminated further in the “Thesaurus of Anecdotes” edited by Edmund Fuller 5 and in newspapers such as the Lime Springs Herald of Iowa. 6 In 1944 the quotation collector Bennett Cerf reminisced in the pages of “The Saturday Review” about past shows by the Marx Brothers: 7 The funniest lines usually fell to Groucho. He revived on the radio the other night his “I never forget a face—but I’m willing to make an exception in your case.” In 1946 the comedian Joey Adams published “From Gags to Riches” which included a version of the quip that remarkably was credited to someone who was not Groucho: 8 Alan Gale lets them have it with, “I never forget a face, but in your case I’ll make an exception.” In 1949 Life magazine described remarks made by Groucho during his popular radio show “You Bet Your Life”. These lines were clearly reprised from his collection of past zingers: 9 The insults are direct and paralyzing. To a tongue-tied contestant he muttered, “Either this man is dead or my watch has stopped.” To another he said thoughtfully, “I never forget a face, but in your case I am going to make an exception.” In conclusion, QI believes that Groucho Marx coined this joke and popularized it. He received the earliest set of attributions and there was no strong rival. He also seems to have used the quip on multiple occasions. There was no fixed phrasing for the quotation, but the core joke was invariant. Notes: 1937 February 13, The Literary Digest, Psychology: Art of Forgetting: Magic Formula, Page 29, Funk & Wagnalls Company, New York. (Unz) ↩ 1937 February 16, Los Angeles Times, On the Side with E. V. Durling, Page A1, Los Angeles, (ProQuest) ↩


Against which background is Dickens' novel 'A tale of two cities' based?

A Tale of Two Cities : Charles Dickens : 9781853260391 A Tale of Two Cities Paperback By (author)  Charles Dickens , Illustrated by  (Phiz) Hablot K. Browne , Introduction and notes by  Peter Merchant , Series edited by  Dr. Keith Carabine Share US$5.98 US$5.99 You save US$0.01 Free delivery worldwide Add to basket Add to wishlist Description A Tale of Two Cities (1859), Dickens' greatest historical novel, traces the private lives of a group of people caught up in the cataclysm of the French Revolution and the Terror. Dickens based his historical detail on Carlyle's great work - The French Revolution. 'The best story I have written' was Dickens' own verdict on A Tale of Two Cities, and the reader is unlikely to disagree with this judgement of a story which combines historical fact with the author's unsurpassed genius for poignant tales of human suffering, self-sacrifice, and redemption. show more Product details 126                   x 194                   x 26mm                                   | 222.26g Publication date Classics Back cover copy A Tale of Two Cities is Charles Dickens's great historical novel, set against the French Revolution. The most famous and perhaps the most popular of his works, it compresses an event of immense complexity to the scale of a family history, with a cast of characters that includes a bloodthirsty ogress and an antihero as believably flawed as any in modern fiction. Though the least typical of the author's novels, A Tale of Two Cities still underscores many of his enduring themes - imprisonment, injustice, and social anarchy, resurrection and the renunciation that fosters renewal. show more Customer reviews Well produced and budget priced paperbacks from Wordsworth Classics. A Tale Of Two Cities, complete and unabridged with and introduction and notes by Peter Merchant and original illustrations by H.K. Browne (Phiz). Highly recommended. show more by Martin Brennan


What is the meaning of the Latin phrase 'Modus Vivendi'?

Modus vivendi - definition of modus vivendi by The Free Dictionary Modus vivendi - definition of modus vivendi by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/modus+vivendi Related to modus vivendi: modus operandi modus vi·ven·di 1. A manner of living; a way of life. 2. A temporary agreement between contending parties pending a final settlement. [New Latin modus vīvendī : Latin modus, mode, Latin vīvendī, genitive sing. gerund of vīvere, to live.] modus vivendi n, pl modi vivendi (ˈməʊdiː vɪˈvɛndiː; ˈməʊdaɪ vɪˈvɛndaɪ) a working arrangement between conflicting interests; practical compromise [C19: from Latin: way of living] mo•dus vi•ven•di (ˈmoʊ dəs vɪˈvɛn di, -daɪ n., ) pl. mo•di vivendi (ˈmoʊ di, -daɪ) 1. manner of living; way of life; lifestyle. 2. a temporary arrangement between persons or parties pending a settlement of matters in debate. [1875–80 < Latin] modus vivendi A Latin phrase meaning method of living, used to mean a compromise that allows two conflicting people or attitudes to exist in relative harmony. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:


In which of the rooms of Buckingham Palace are investitures held?

About Buckingham Palace About Buckingham Palace About Buckingham Palace The Palace today Buckingham Palace is the working headquarters of the Monarchy, where The Queen carries out her official and ceremonial duties as Head of State of the United Kingdom and Head of the Commonwealth. The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh live in the private apartments on the north side of the Palace, while rooms on the upper floors of the north and east sides are occupied by other members of the Royal Family. Much of the ground floor and the south wing of the Palace are used by Household staff. The principal State Rooms used for court ceremonies and official entertaining occupy the main west block facing the gardens. The Queen receives a large number of formal and informal visitors to the Palace. To be received by The Queen privately is to   be granted an Audience. The Prime Minister has a weekly Audience with The Queen when both are in London, and before presenting a Budget, the Chancellor of the Exchequer always has an Audience. The Queen often receives members of the Privy Council, foreign and British Ambassadors and High Commissioners, bishops, senior officers of the Armed Services and the Civil Service. Over 50,000 people visit the Palace each year as guests at occasions of all sizes, from small lunches to large-scale receptions. Some receptions have a theme, such as ‘The British Clothing Industry’, ‘Women in Business’ or ‘Maritime Britain’. At other times, the guests may be a successful sporting team or Commonwealth teams who are competing in the UK. The Queen’s Garden Parties are held three times each summer and are attended by roughly 30,000 guests. The Diplomatic Reception is the main diplomatic social event of the year in London and reflects The Queen’s importance in the country’s diplomatic relations. It is the largest reception held at Buckingham Palace and takes place annually in early November. Over 1,500 people are invited from around 130 countries, including members of the British government, past Prime Ministers, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and other public figures. Members of the public who are awarded an honour in either the New Year's Honours List or The Queen's Birthday Honours List receive their award at a ceremony known as an Investiture. Around 25 Investitures are held each year and are attended by about 120 people who are receiving their Order, decoration or medals. The majority take place in the Ballroom at Buckingham Palace. The highpoint of royal entertaining at Buckingham Palace today is the State Banquet, given by The Queen in the Ballroom on the evening of the first day of a State Visit of a foreign Head of State to the United Kingdom. The Ballroom is specially decorated for the occasion with flowers from the royal gardens and plate and porcelain from the Royal Collection.


How does the ear's Golden Ratio feature help hearing? How does the ear's Golden Ratio feature help hearing? MP3 Related Works “It is He Who has created hearing, sight and hearts for you. What little thanks you show! (Surah Al-Muminun, 78)   How does the golden ratio in the structure of the ear enable  perfect hearing? How can we determine the source of the sound in any case? What is the role of the organ called cochlea in the process of hearing? While doing research or presenting work; artists, scientists and designers base the ratios of their work on the golden ratio in the human body. When Leonardo Da Vinci and Corbusier were creating their designs, they used the model of the golden ratio that is represented in the  human body. Experts studying  the structure of the human body from various scientific fields, have found  answers to the significant questions mentioned above regarding the structure of the ear. Recent biological studies have shown that the golden ratio in the human body is not present in physical appearance alone. It has been revealed that the golden ratio is necessary in order to enable the human brain, neural system, sense organs, lung system and DNA to function properly. The ear is one of the primary organs to exhibit the harmonious efficacy of the golden ratio, in the case in hearing.   One of the first places where this relation is clearly seen is how our ear  functions in the process of hearing. However, before moving on to the geometric order in the ear, and in order to see the relation between the golden ratio and hearing, it is important to  remember how the hearing process works. The Perfect Harmony Required in the Hearing System In Order To Enable Hearing There are two significant points that need attention  with regards to the hearing system inside our ears – which is the subject of our article. In order to have the hearing process to take place, it is very important that sound waves in the air are “collected” and then  these sound waves have to be transferred to the brain after being converted to neural stimulus. Therefore, the harmony between the earlap collecting the sound waves in the air and the “cochlea” transferring the vibrations received by the internal ear to the brain has a very significant role in hearing. The most important fact is that research  on the system of hearing  has shown that both the earlap and the “cochlea” are structures shaped in accordance with the golden ratio. How Does the Earlap Collect the Sound Waves In the Air? The border of the adventitia around the earlap, namely “cochlea”, has an incurved shape, which is in fact an equiangular spiral curve made of Fibonacci sequence and as we all know, this particular shape of the ear is exactly the same in all human beings. So what then is the relation of this geometric order to the function of “collecting” sound waves in the ear? The equiangular spiral curve of the earlap functions to collect the sound waves due to the fact that the ear is created in the most perfect geometric order. In order to understand the perfect structure here, it would be enough to look at an example like  changing the shape of the ear adventitia. For instance, if we bend our ears forward with our hands, the loudness would be increased despite that the frequency would be the same. And when we bend our ears backward with our hands, it becomes difficult for us to hear as loudness decreases. Although there is no change in the sound frequency we receive, our hearing increases or decreases as a result of a distortion in the equiangular spiral shape of the earlap. Since there is a direct relation between our hearing capacity and the shape of our ear, it can be said that there is also a direct relation between the spiral curve that shapes the earlap geometrically in accordance with the Fibonacci sequence and the balance for hearing. What is happening at the Time of Hearing? Hearing starts first  when the sound waves in the air are collected by the earlap. These sound vibrations impinge on the eardrum, and the eardrum vibrates the auditory ossicles in the


"Which ""Games"" were first held in Buenos Aires in 1951 and then every four years?"

Pan American Games - Olympics Topics - ESPN Pan American Games Events The Pan American Games (more commonly known as the Pan Am Games) is an Olympic-style sporting event staged every four years that features athletes from countries throughout the Americas in various sporting competitions. Organized and overseen by the Pan American Sports Organization (PASO) -- made up of 42 nations from South, Central, and North America as well as the Caribbean -- the Pan Am Games includes hundreds of events in more than 30 different sports, with medals awarded to the top three finishers in each competition. The 2011 Pan Games will be held from October 14-30, 2011 in Guadalajara, Mexico. It is the third time Mexico has hosted the Games, but the first since 1975. Origins The first edition of the Pan Am Games was staged in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1951, but the concept for such an international competition had been under consideration for decades before its inception. During an Olympic Congress held during the 1924 Summer Games in Paris,members of the International Olympic Committee from Cuba, Guatemala and Mexico proposed the creation of a similar, regional sports event in which Central American countries would participate. Two editions of the Central American Games were held -- in Mexico City in 1926 and Havana in 1930 -- before another proposal was introduced during the 1932 Olympic Games, when representatives of Latin American delegations suggested a regional games for all the Americas. That proposal led to the establishment of the Pan American Sports Congress, which held its first meeting in 1940 and selected Buenos Aires to host the inaugural Pan Am Games in 1942, but World War II caused the games to be postponed. Early Games Interest in staging the Pan Am Games picked up again after the war; a second Pan American Sports Congress, held during the 1948 Olympic Games in London, set up plans to give Buenos Aires another chance to serve as initial host, and in February of 1951, 22 countries and over 2,500 athletes participated in the inaugural Pan Am Games. Host nation Argentina topped the medals table, claiming 68 gold medals and 154 total medals throughout the two-week competition. Set up to be held every four years (in the year prior to each Summer Olympics), the Pan Am Games then moved to North America for its next two editions -- with Mexico City hosting the event in 1955 and Chicago staging the games in 1959 (replacing original host Cleveland, Ohio). The U.S. team collected over 100 gold medals in dominating the medals awarded in events encompassing 18 different sports that year. The competition began to grow in scope and popularity during the 1960s, as Sao Paulo, Brazil and Winnipeg, Canada took turns at hosting the regional event. The sixth edition of the Pan Am Games, held in July and August of 1971 in Cali, Colombia, marked the first time that more than 30 nations participated in the competition. Recent Games In 1975, Mexico City became the first city to host the Pan Am Games for a second time. Santiago, Chile had been originally been awarded the games, but had to withdraw for financial and political reasons. Fourteen years later, Winnipeg became the only other city to host a second time, when 42 nations and approximately 5,000 athletes took part in the 1999 edition. The U.S. team has continued to dominate the medals awarded in competitions at each Pan Am Games, consistently outdistancing other countries in the medal counts at each event. Besides the inaugural edition, the only other time the U.S. did not capture the most gold medals was in 1991, when host nation Cuba collected 140 to the U.S. team's 130 golds. The number of participants and medal events continues to grow with each edition. The 2007 Pan Am Games, with a budget of 2 billion dollars, was the most expensive in the event's history and helped host city Rio de Janeiro, Brazil complete successful campaigns to gain hosting duties for the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. 2011 Host City Guadalajara, Mexico is the capital of the state of Jalisco, and is loca


Who is the only U.S. President to have been divorced?

How Many Presidents Have Been Divorced? How Many Presidents Have Been Divorced? By Stuart Fox | June 18, 2010 02:52pm ET MORE Despite many public and presumably even more numerous private instances of infidelity, presidential marriages have remained remarkably stable throughout history. America has only had one divorcee president, but two widower presidents moved on to second wives while in office. And one president never got married at all. Ronald Reagan was the only president who ever divorced his wife. But he left that first marriage so early in life, and moved on to such a stable and functional second marriage, that the voters didn't care, said Michael Nelson, a professor of political science at Rhodes College and coauthor of The American Presidency: Origins and Development, 17762007 (CQ Press, 2007). Some presidents, like Franklin Roosevelt, faced the possibility of divorce after their wife discovered an affair , but kept the marriage together for the sake of their political career, Nelson said. A president, or someone who wants to be president, has every reason to do whatever it takes to keep his wife from divorcing him, Nelson told Life's Little Mysteries. The political price of divorce, where he was the guilty party, even today, would be significant. The Clintons displayed the political power of avoiding divorce, Nelson said. Had Hillary Clinton not stood by her husband after the public learned of his affair with Monica Lewinsky, President Clinton would have likely faced removal from office or forced resignation, Nelson said. However, that does not mean that every president has remained in the same marriage throughout their lives. John Tyler and Woodrow Wilson both lost their wives during their presidency, and remarried during their term , Nelson said. Only one president, James Buchanan, remained a bachelor for his entire life, Nelson said. But he had a good reason for not marrying. James Buchanan was unmarried at the time he was in office, and is widely thought of to have been what we would today call gay, Nelson said.


What name is given to a number system with base sixteen?

Number Systems and Bases – BetterExplained Home › Programming ›Number Systems and Bases Base systems like binary and hexadecimal seem a bit strange at first. The key is understanding how different systems “tick over” like an odometer when they are full. Base 10, our decimal system, “ticks over” when it gets 10 items, creating a new digit. We wait 60 seconds before “ticking over” to a new minute. Hex and binary are similar, but tick over every 16 and 2 items, respectively. Try converting numbers to hex and binary here: Way back when: Unary Numbers Way back in the day, we didn’t have base systems! It was uphill both ways, through the snow and blazing heat. When you wanted to count one, you’d write: l When you wanted 5, you’d write lllll And clearly, 1 + 5 = 6 l + lllll = llllll This is the simplest way of counting. Enter the Romans In Roman numerals, two was one, twice. Three was one, thrice: one = I two = II three = III However, they decided they could do better than the old tradition of lines in the sand. For five, we could use V to represent lllll and get something like l + V = Vl Not bad, eh? And of course, there are many more symbols (L, C, M, etc.) you can use. The key point is that V and lllll are two ways of encoding the number 5. Give each number a name Another breakthrough was realizing that each number can be its own distinct concept. Rather than represent three as a series of ones, give it its own symbol: “3″. Do this from one to nine, and you get the symbols: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The Romans were close, so close, but only gave unique symbols to 5, 10, 50, 100, 1000, etc. Use your position Now clearly, you can’t give every number its own symbol. There’s simply too many But notice one insight about Roman numerals: they use position of symbols to indicate meaning. IV means “subtract 1 from 5″ and VI means “add 1 to 5″. In our number system, we use position in a similar way. We always add and never subtract. And each position is 10 more than the one before it. So, 35 means “add 3*10 to 5*1″ and 456 means 4*100 + 5*10 + 6*1. Our choice of base 10 Why did we choose to multiply by 10 each time? Most likely because we have 10 fingers. One point to realize is you need enough digits to “fill up” until you hit the next number. Let me demonstrate. If we want to roll the odometer over every 10, so to speak, we need symbols for numbers one through nine; we haven’t reached ten yet. Imagine numbers as ticking slowly upward – at what point do you flip over the next unit and start from nothing? Enter zero And what happens when we reach ten? How do we show we want exactly one “ten” and nothing in the “ones” column? We use zero, the number that doesn’t exist. Zero is quite a concept, it’s a placeholder, a blank, a space, and a whole lot more. Suffice it to say, Zero is one of the great inventions of all time. Zero allows us to have an empty placeholder, something the Romans didn’t have. Look how unwieldly their numbers are without it. George Orwell’s famous novel “1984″ would be “MCMLXXXIV”! Rolls right off the tongue, doesn’t it? Considering other bases Remember that we chose to roll over our odometer every ten. Our counting looks like this: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (uh oh, I’m getting full!) 10 (ticked over – start a new digit) What if we ticked over at 60 when we counted, like we do for seconds and minutes? 1 second 2 3 4 5 … 58 59 1:00 (60 seconds aka 1 minute. We’ve started a new digit.) Everything OK so far, right? Note that we use the colon (:) indicate that we are at a new “digit”. In base 10, each digit can stand on its own. Try Base 16 If we want base 16, we could do something similar: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 (we’re getting full) 1:00 (16 – we’ve started a new digit) However, we don’t want to write hexadecimal numbers with the colon notation (even though we could). We’d rather cook up separate symbols for 10-15 so we can just write numbers like we’re used to. We’ve run out of numbers (1-9 already used, with 0 as a placeholder) so we need some other symbols. We could use some squiggly lines or other shapes, but the conv


The Prairie Dog is a member of which family of rodents?

prairie dog | rodent | Britannica.com Prairie dog marmot Prairie dog (genus Cynomys), any of five species of burrowing, colony-forming squirrels that inhabit plains, high plateaus, and montane valleys in North America . Their short, coarse fur is grizzled yellowish buff to reddish or rich cinnamon. Prairie dogs have a short tail, small rounded ears, and short legs with long, strong claws. These rodents weigh up to 1.7 kg (3.7 pounds), with a body 28–33 cm (11–13 inches) long. The slightly flattened tail is 3–12 cm (1–5 inches) long, and, depending on the species, its tip is black, white, or fringed with white around a gray centre. Black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). Leonard Lee Rue III Prairie dogs excavate elaborate burrow systems with many entrances marked by low or volcano-shaped mounds. The common black-tailed (C. ludovicianus) and Mexican (C. mexicanus) species live in large, dense colonies that early explorers described as “towns.” Colonies are divided by topographic and vegetational features into semidiscrete wards formed from smaller extended family groups, or coteries. Colonies usually cover about 100 hectares (247 acres), but the largest ever recorded was a black-tailed prairie dog colony in Texas that formerly stretched across 65,000 square km (25,000 square miles) and contained an estimated 400 million individuals. Black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Gary Vestal—Stone/Getty Images Colonies of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) are easily spotted by the large … Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. During the day, foraging above ground is the principal activity. Succulent parts of herbs and grasses, leaves, and new shrub growth are eaten in the spring, and seeds are the primary component of the summer diet, with stems and roots being the mainstay in fall and early winter. The black-tailed and Mexican prairie dogs do not hibernate and are periodically active during winter; they do not store food in their burrows. During winter when food is scarce, black-tails remain in their burrows for long periods without food or water, using physiological adaptations to control their metabolism. The other three species become torpid in October or November and emerge in March or April. Late winter or early spring is the breeding season for all species, and after about a month’s gestation, females drop a litter of up to 10 young. Communication takes the form of alarm calls (repetitious barks and chuckles), threats (snarls, growls, and tooth chatters), and distress calls (screaming); individuals enhance group cohesion by greeting one another upon contact, using vocalizations that are specific to each species. Similar Topics suslik Natural predators of prairie dogs include badgers, wolves, coyotes, bobcats, black-footed ferrets, golden eagles, and large hawks. Once abundant, prairie dog populations have been drastically reduced in range and number by poisoning programs of ranchers who have considered them as pests and by conversion of habitat to cropland. The black-tailed prairie dog (C. ludovicianus) is the most widespread, living throughout the Great Plains from Canada to northern Mexico; Gunnison’s prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni) occurs where Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico , and Utah meet; the white-tailed prairie dog (C. leucurus) is found from eastern Wyoming through intermontane Rocky Mountain valleys to the eastern margin of the Great Basin ; the Utah prairie dog (C. parvidens) is restricted to the southern part of that state; and the Mexican prairie dog (C. mexicanus) occurs in northern Mexico . Black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). Breck P. Kent The genus Cynomys belongs to the squirrel family (Sciuridae) of rodents (order Rodentia) and is most closely related to North American and Eurasian ground squirrels (genus Spermophilus). Fossils document their evolutionary history in western North America since the late Pliocene Epoch (3.6 to 2.6 million years ago).