What sort of artworks are the Cloth of St Gereon, Hunt of the Unicorn, Apocalypse, Wawel, and New World?

Jagiellonian tapestries - Wikipedia, Photos and Videos Jagiellonian tapestries NEXT GO TO RESULTS [20 .. 69] WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE Jump to: navigation , search Tapestry with shield-bearing satyrs and monogram SA of king Sigismund Augustus, ca. 1555. The Jagiellonian tapestries are a collection of tapestries woven in the Netherlands and Flanders, which originally consisted of 365 pieces assembled by the Jagiellons to decorate the interiors of the royal residence Wawel Castle . [1] [2] It is also known as the Wawel arrasses, as the majority of the preserved fabrics is in the possession of the Wawel Castle Museum and the French city of Arras was a large center of manufacturing of this kind of wall decoration in the beginning of the 16th century. [3] The collection become a state property of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland according to the will of Sigismund II Augustus . [4] [5] Contents 3 External links History and components[ edit ] The first tapestries were brought by Queen Bona Sforza as her wedding dowry . [6] Then in 1526 and 1533, Sigismund I the Old ordered 108 fabrics in Antwerp and Bruges . [6] Most of the tapestries, however, were commissioned by king Sigismund II Augustus in Brussels [3] in the workshops of Willem and Jan de Kempeneer, Jan van Tieghem [7] and Nicolas Leyniers between 1550-1565. [8] Initially, there were about 170 tapestries in the royal collection, among them [9] 84 black-and-white tapestries with the royal crest and the letters SA, 8 tapestries which Sigismund I the Old had been received from the Emperor Maximilian I , [10] and others, gifts from foreign delegations. The gifts include one tapestry with the Polish eagle bearing the date 1560, the royal initials and the letters CKCH (Christophorus Krupski Capitaneus Horodlo) next to the Korczak coat of arms and the inscription SCABELLVM PEDVM TVORVM (the footstool under your feet, Psalm 110, A Psalm of David), a gift from Krzysztof Krupski, starost of Horodło for Sigismund Augustus. [6] The tapestries had been displayed publicly for the first time during the wedding of king Sigismund Augustus with Catherine of Austria . [4] To this day, preserved about 138 of which exposed are about 30. They were matched in size to the walls and some of them reach the size of 5 × 9 m (5.47 × 9.84 yd). [4] The tapestries were made of wool strands, silk and gold [3] and woven on looms with a density of about 8 - 10 warp threads per centimeter. This series consists of the following subjects: Verdure Dragon fighting with a panther (detail), design by the circle of Pieter Coecke van Aelst. Biblical scenes - scenes from the Story of the First Parents, the Story of Noah and the Story of Tower of Babel [3] (inventory number of the Wawel Museum 1 - 18), the Story of Moses, the Story of Absalom the Story of Nebuchadnezzar and the Story of Saul (scattered), created according to design by Michiel Coxie - biblical scenes, fillets by an unknown artist from the circle of painters Cornelis Floris and Cornelis Bos , [11] Mythological scenes - scenes from the Trojan War, the Military expeditions of the Persian king Cyrus, the Story of Romulus and Remus, the Story of Scipio, the Story of Hannibal, the Story of Julius Caesar and the Story of Octavian Augustus (scattered), [12] landscape and animal scenes (verdure) [3] (inventory number of the Wawel Museum 19 - 78) created around 1560, according to design by an unknown artist from the circle of Pieter Coecke van Aelst [13] (sometimes associated with Willem Tons), grotesque scenes with the coats of arms of Poland and Lithuania and the royal initials [3] (inventory number of the Wawel Museum 79 - 134/2) created around 1560, according to design by an unknown artist from the circle of painters Cornelis Floris and Cornelis Bos, three grotesque (inventory number 92, 93, 94) were based on drawings by Cornelis Bos. Biblical tapestries are exhibited in rotation in the chambers on the second floor of the castle, and the tapestries with animals, as well as grotesques with monograms and coats of arms on both floors. This is the largest collection


The '(What number-th?) Amendment' refers to US legal or informal refusal to answer a self-incriminating/awkward question?

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What sort of flooring meant in French 'small enclosed space'?

Parquet | Define Parquet at Dictionary.com parquet noun 1. a floor composed of short strips or blocks of wood forming a pattern, sometimes with inlays of other woods or other materials. 2. the part of the main floor of a theater, opera house, etc., that is between the musicians' area and the parterre or rear division or, especially in the U.S., the entire floor space for spectators. verb (used with object), parqueted [pahr-keyd] /pɑrˈkeɪd/ (Show IPA), parqueting [pahr-key-ing] /pɑrˈkeɪ ɪŋ/ (Show IPA) 3. to construct (a floor) of parquetry. Origin of parquet 1670-80; < French, diminutive of parc park ; see -et Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for parquet Expand An American Suffragette Isaac N. Stevens The parquet floor was to be supplied with rugs of warm Eastern colours. The Lady of the Basement Flat Mrs. George de Horne Vaizey Some of the blood was dripping on Aunt Caroline's parquet floor, but not enough for the crowd. Good References E. J. Rath Zollern tapped his cane on the parquet floor, rhythmically, persistently. The Unknown Quantity Henry van Dyke In Texas some of it is employed in the manufacture of parquet flooring. American Forest Trees Henry H. Gibson They do not protrude over the parquet, but simply line the walls like balconies. British Dictionary definitions for parquet Expand a floor covering of pieces of hardwood fitted in a decorative pattern; parquetry 2. Also called parquet floor. a floor so covered 3. (US) the stalls of a theatre 4. the main part of the Paris Bourse, where officially listed securities are traded Compare coulisse (sense 3) 5. (in France) the department of government responsible for the prosecution of crimes verb (transitive) to cover (a floor) with parquet Word Origin C19: from Old French: small enclosure, from parc enclosure; see park Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for parquet Expand n. 1816, "patterned wooden flooring," from French parquet "wooden flooring; enclosed portion of a park," from Old French parchet (14c.) "small compartment, part of a park or theater," diminutive of parc (see park (n.)). Meaning "part of a theater auditorium at the front of the ground floor" is first recorded 1848. The noun use in English has been influenced by the verb (attested from 1640s, from French parqueter. Related: Parquetry Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper


Which sea, with ports Venice and Split, is the northernmost part of the Mediterranean Sea?

Adriatic Sea < Geography < About Croatia < Home Home > About Croatia > Geography > Adriatic Sea The Adriatic coastline is by far Croatia’s most popular tourist region with around 11 million tourists each year. The Adriatic Sea is a part of the Mediterranean Sea. It is positioned between the eastern coastline of Italy and the coastline of countries of the Balkan Peninsula (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania). The Adriatic coastline is by far Croatia’s most popular tourist region with around 11 million tourists each year. The coastline and the islands all make up a continuous Mediterranean tourist destination spanning from the smallest island village and hidden cove to a national park or urban coastal town. Crowned with 1,244 islands, islets, rocks and reefs, and characterised by cleanliness and clearness, the Croatian Adriatic can claim to be among the top sailing destinations in the world. The chief ports of the Adriatic are Ancona, Bari, Brindisi and Venice in Italy and Dubrovnik, Rijeka and Split in Croatia and the sea is well served by regional ferries. The distance from Brindisi to Venice is 685 km (426 mi), while from Ancona to Split it is 228 km (142 mi). The sea is about 805 km (500 mi) in length, with an estimated area of 135,250 sq km (52,220 sq mi). The clarity and transparency of the open sea reaches depths of 56 m whilst on the shore it is 5 m deep. The depth of the sea in the north (along the Istrian coast) is the shallowest at about 50 m, whilst at Palagruža (in the south) it reaches up to 250 m and around the most distant island of Jabuka it even reaches 1,300 m in depth. The average temperature of the sea surface in the summer months is between 22-27°C, whilst it is at its lowest in winter at around 7°C and in the spring it is a comfortable 18°C.   Source: Croatian National Tourist Board Share


Name the author of the British children's TV animated series The Herbs, and Paddington book series?

Home More About Paddington 2 PADDINGTON 2 GOES INTO PRODUCTION Producer David Heyman and STUDIOCANAL are delighted to announce the start of filming for Paul King’s highly anticipated PADDINGTON 2 revealing that Hugh Grant and Brendan Gleeson join the all-star returning cast. For more information and to see which countries are already confirming their release dates.... Big Screen CAST ANNOUNCEMENT Hugh Grant and Brendan Gleeson join the all-star returning cast of Hugh Bonneville, Sally Hawkins, Julie Walters, Jim Broadbent, Peter Capaldi, Madeleine Harris and Samuel Joslin with Ben Whishaw as the voice of Paddington and Imelda Staunton as Aunt Lucy. Michael Bond The bear & his creator It was while Michael Bond CBE was working as a television cameraman for the BBC in 1956 that he first came up with the idea for Paddington. Little could he have known then how many people from around the world would come to know and love his small bear from Peru.


The word 'idea' derives from Greek meaning the sense to?

Cosmopolitanism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Cosmopolitanism First published Sat Feb 23, 2002; substantive revision Mon Jul 1, 2013 The word ‘cosmopolitan’, which derives from the Greek word kosmopolitês (‘citizen of the world’), has been used to describe a wide variety of important views in moral and socio-political philosophy. The nebulous core shared by all cosmopolitan views is the idea that all human beings, regardless of their political affiliation, are (or can and should be) citizens in a single community. Different versions of cosmopolitanism envision this community in different ways, some focusing on political institutions, others on moral norms or relationships, and still others focusing on shared markets or forms of cultural expression. In most versions of cosmopolitanism, the universal community of world citizens functions as a positive ideal to be cultivated, but a few versions exist in which it serves primarily as a ground for denying the existence of special obligations to local forms of political organizations. Versions of cosmopolitanism also vary depending on the notion of citizenship they employ, including whether they use the notion of 'world citizenship' literally or metaphorically. The philosophical interest in cosmopolitanism lies in its challenge to commonly recognized attachments to fellow-citizens, the local state, parochially shared cultures, and the like. 1. History of Cosmopolitanisms 1.1 Greek and Roman Cosmopolitanism The political culture idealized in the writings of Plato and Aristotle is not cosmopolitan. In this culture, a man identifies himself first and foremost as a citizen of a particular polis or city, and in doing so, he signals which institutions and which body of people hold his allegiance. He would then be counted on for help in defending the city from attacks, sustaining its institutions of justice, and contributing to its common good. In this way, his own pursuit of a good life is inextricably bound to the fate of the city and to the similar pursuit carried out by other inhabitants of the city. By contrast, the good person would not be expected to share with or serve any foreigners who live outside the city. Any cosmopolitan expectations on a good Athenian extended only to concern for those foreigners who happen to reside in Athens. It would, however, be wrong to assume that Classical Greek thought was uniformly anti-cosmopolitan. Actively excluding foreigners from any ethical consideration or actively targeting foreigners for mistreatment goes one step beyond focusing one's service and concern on compatriots, and in fact, the targeting of ‘barbarians’ is historically linked with the rise of panhellenism and not with the more narrow emphasis on the polis. It would be more accurate to call the Classical emphasis on the polis uncosmopolitan. Yet even as Plato and Aristotle were writing, other Greeks were issuing cosmopolitan challenges. Perhaps the most obvious challenges came from the traveling intellectuals who insisted on the contrast between the conventional ties of politics and the natural ties of humanity. Notice, for example, the way Plato has the Sophist Hippias address the motley crew of Athenians and foreigners present at Callias' house in Plato's Protagoras (337c7-d3): Gentlemen present … I regard you all as kinsmen, familiars, and fellow-citizens — by nature and not by convention; for like is by nature akin to like, while convention, which is a tyrant over human beings, forces many things contrary to nature. Socrates, too, it can be argued, was sensitive to this more cosmopolitan identification with human beings as such. At least as Plato characterizes him, Socrates avoids traditional political engagement as much as he can, in favor of an extraordinary career of examining himself and others, and he insists that these examinations are both genuinely political (Gorg 521d6–8) and extended to all, Athenians and foreigners alike (Apol 23b4–6). Of course, Socrates chose not to travel widely, but this decision could well have be


Which country first bred Doberman Pinscher dogs?

Doberman Pinscher Dog Breed Information Tendency toward a tolerance for cats and a lower prey drive. 3 stars Child Friendly Dogs that tend to be more sturdy, playful and easygoing around children and more tolerant of children's behavior. 4 stars Tendency to enjoy or tolerate other dogs. 2 stars Level of daily activity needed. 3 stars Amount of bathing, brushing, even professional grooming needed. 1 star Level of health issues a breed tends to have. 4 stars A dog's thinking and problem-solving ability (not trainability). 5 stars How lighthearted and spirited a dog tends to be. 3 stars Amount and frequency of dog hair shedding. 3 stars Preferred amount of interaction with other pets and humans. 3 stars Tendency to be welcoming to new people. 1 star A dog's inclination to be protective of his home, yard or even car. 5 stars Level of ease in learning something new and a willingness to try new things. 5 stars A breed that is likely to alert you to the presence of strangers. 5 stars Overview Did You Know? Doberman’s get a bad reputation as attack dogs. Alpha in the Academy Award-winning film “UP” embodies every stereotype of the Doberman Pinscher: he’s both mean and not very smart. Fortunately, he’s also fictional and nothing like a real Doberman. The Doberman Pinscher is a dog of contradictions. Although he has a reputation as a sharp and even sinister dog, his devoted fans consider him the most loving and loyal of companions. And no, "loyal" isn't a euphemism for "only likes his owner." It's the real thing, a tremendous bond between dog and human that lies at the heart of the Doberman's enduring popularity. Believe it or not, a good Doberman is a stable, friendly dog -- unless you threaten his family. But the bad reputation isn't entirely undeserved. Health and temperament problems became a serious issue in the breed with its growing popularity, and continue to plague the carelessly bred dogs you'll find in pet stores, through Internet retailers, and at many of the big kennels advertising in the backs of magazines. If you want the steady, protective, intelligent Doberman of your dreams, be prepared to do your due dilligence to find him. A Doberman is right for you if you're ready to provide loving leadership to your dog, train him consistently and fairly and give him plenty of exercise and outlet for his considerable intelligence. And don't underestimate that intelligence: the Doberman is among the smartest of all dog breeds, and one whose owners need to pay attention lest they find themselves outsmarted. If you expect your dog to spend his days in the backyard and his evenings keeping you company while you play video games, you’d better be prepared for a barking, bored, destructive dog instead of the devoted companion you thought you were bringing into your home. Developed as a guard dog, the Doberman has an innate ability not only to protect his family but also to anticipate danger and threats. Because he's so smart, he's not often wrong, but if the Doberman isn't socialized and trained to behave appropriately around strangers, he may show excessive suspicion of guests in your home – suspicion that can turn into aggression. Many people want a Doberman for purposes of protection, but almost no one really needs a trained protection dog – most people or families simply need a watchdog and a deterrent. The Doberman's reputation, intelligence, instinctive ability to evaluate threats, and his loyalty to and innate protectiveness of his human family are all that's needed to accomplish those goals, so don't get a "trained protection dog" that you don't need and probably can't handle. A well-bred, well-trained, properly socialized Doberman who lives with his family will protect them as part of his nature. One of the key phrases there is "lives with his family." While some Dobermans are raised successfully in kennel situations, these are working dogs that have demanding and interesting tasks to do that give them the exercise and mental stimulation the dogs need. If your Doberman is a family pet, he needs to live indoors with your fa


A litany originally referred to a repetitious series of communications in?

I Was a Gay Pastor's Beard I Was a Gay Pastor's Beard My adoration was a convenient coverup—until it all fell apart. Most Popular Getty Dec 2, 2015 As a pastor-in-training at my church, Colin* was smart, dedicated, and kind of a snob—the exact qualities I was attracted to in my early 30s. A lifelong member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, I liked the rigor of devout religion, from the march through the major and minor holidays of the year to the repetitious demands of weekly worship. One of my church's mottos was that we were always being made new, and I loved that idea.   Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Colin seemed to feel the same way, and since he was almost a pastor, I trusted him easily. He was a few years younger than me, but so earnest and serious that he seemed older. Soon, I had a crush on him, and, over coffee one day, I confessed my feelings. "Hmmm," he said. "Let's think about this like a book. We've only turned the first page. We don't know what the other pages hold." He went on to explain he could be kicked out of seminary if he was romantically involved with a member of the congregation he was serving. He'd have more freedom after he wrapped up his time at my church in a few months. Most Popular "Can we wait and see?" he asked. I eagerly agreed, thrilled that someone I liked and respected so much might reciprocate my interest. I referred to our future together, making plans, and he didn't correct me. What I didn't know was that Colin was already in a relationship. And, even more unfortunately for me, it was with a man. Although my particular congregation was proudly inclusive, with a senior pastor who rebelliously married same-sex couples long before it was accepted by the national church, the fact of the matter was that the ELCA did not yet accept gay people as clergy.  But I couldn't allow myself to really see it. I shrugged off any personality trait of Colin's which could be perceived as stereotypically gay. Sure, he was fond of classical music and loved fancy cheeses, but so do plenty of straight Lutheran pastors (and humans). Besides, as a playwright, I was used to working in an industry where gender and sexuality were understood to be fluid. Plenty of people who identified as gay still found themselves in straight, romantic relationships, and vice versa. So even if he was, maybe, potentially gay...that didn't mean he wasn't romantically interested in me. Wasn't that the true meaning of acceptance? Getty Advertisement - Continue Reading Below I was blind to the fact that in order to be ordained in the Lutheran Church, Colin needed to go back into the closet. Until the Church changed, Colin needed to pretend to be celibate, or at least a heterosexual man in a committed relationship with a woman. While he may not have gone looking for a beard, apparently I fit the role of one perfectly. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below His ambiguous answer when I confessed my feelings had felt less like a rejection and more like a promise. He couldn't (and didn't) tell me his true feelings, but I believed that all would be well soon. In the meantime, he welcomed my devoted help with his work. I stayed up all night writing a series of devotions with him, and ran an important committee at the church at his request. Before long, we had a social life together outside church. The idea of socializing with the clergy may seem bizarre to those raised to revere them, but the Lutheran church is generally more casual about such things, since part of our beliefs is that we're all of equal standing. Pastors at that church went to the symphony or to dinner with members of the congregation; some of them even vacationed together. Far from finding anything troubling about our relationship, everyone at the church seemed to be delighted that we were becoming an item, and often commented about how well we complemented each other. Most Popular I enjoyed playing the role of charming companion to a spiritually wise counselor, standing beside him at church functions and the brunch our church held after every Sunday


Name the generally synthesized music genre pioneered by Brian Eno in the 1970s?

Brian Eno - Electronic Music of Brainvoyager Brian Eno February 14, 2014 No Comment   The story of Brian Eno   Brian Peter George St. John le Baptiste de la Salle Eno, (born 15 May 1948 and originally christened Brian Peter George Eno), professionally known as Brian Eno or simply as Eno, is an English musician, composer, record producer, singer, and visual artist, known as one of the principal innovators of ambient music. Brian Eno was a student of Roy Ascott on his Ground course at Ipswich Civic College. Then he studied at Colchester Institute art school in Essex, England, taking inspiration from minimalist painting. During his time on the art course at the Institute, he also gained experience in playing and making music through teaching sessions held in the adjacent music school. He joined the band Roxy Music as synthesizer player in the early 1970s. Roxy Music’s success in the glam rock scene came quickly, but Brian Eno soon tired of touring and of conflicts with lead singer Bryan Ferry.     Brian Eno’s solo music has explored more experimental musical styles and ambient music. It has also been immensely influential, pioneering ambient and generative music, innovating production techniques, and emphasizing “theory over practice”. He also introduced the concept of chance music to popular audiences, partially through collaborations with other musicians. Brian Eno has also worked as an influential music and album producer. By the end of the 1970s, Brian Eno had worked with David Bowie on the seminal “Berlin Trilogy” and helped popularize the American band Devo and the punk-influenced “No Wave” genre. He produced and performed on three albums by Talking Heads, including Remain in Light (1980), and produced seven albums for U2, including The Joshua Tree (1987). Brian Eno has also worked on records by James, Laurie Anderson, Coldplay, Depeche Mode, Paul Simon, Grace Jones, James Blake and Slowdive, among others. Brian Eno pursues multimedia ventures in parallel to his music career, including art installations, a regular column on society and innovation in Prospect magazine, and “Oblique Strategies” (written with Peter Schmidt), a deck of cards in which cryptic remarks or random insights are intended to resolve dilemmas. Brian Eno continues to collaborate with other musicians, produce records, release his own music, and write.   Education and early musical career Brian Eno was born in 1948 at Phyllis Memorial Hospital, Woodbridge, Suffolk, and was educated at St Joseph’s College, Ipswich, which was founded by the St John le Baptiste de la Salle order of Catholic brothers (from whom he took part of his name when a student there), at Ipswich Art School in Roy Ascott’s Ground course and the Winchester School of Art, graduating in 1969. At the Winchester School of Art, Brian Eno attended a lecture by Pete Townshend of The Who about the use of tape machines by non-musicians, citing the lecture as the moment he realized he could make music even though he was not a musician at that point. In school, he used a tape recorder as a musical instrument and experimented with his first, sometimes improvisational, bands. St. Joseph’s College teacher and painter Tom Phillips encouraged him, recalling “Piano Tennis” with Brian Eno, in which, after collecting pianos, they stripped and aligned them in a hall, striking them with tennis balls. From that collaboration, he became involved in Cornelius Cardew’s Scratch Orchestra. The first released recording in which Brian Eno played is the Deutsche Grammophon edition of Cardew’s The Great Learning (rec. Feb. 1971), as one of the voices in the recital of The Great Learning Paragraph 7. Another early recording was the Berlin Horse soundtrack, by Malcom Le Grice, a nine-minute, 2 × 16 mm-double-projection, released in 1970 and presented in 1971.   Roxy Music Brian Eno’s professional music career began in London, as a member (1971–1973) of the glam/art rock band Roxy Music, initially not appearing on stage with them at live shows, but operating the mixing desk, processing the band’s sound with a VCS3 s


What acronymic internet alternative to traditional university campus learning was substantially extended in the UK in 2013?

The 100 Best Online Colleges for 2017 | The Best Schools Finding the best school for you The 100 Best Online Colleges for 2017 The Top Ten Online Colleges: What are the best online degrees? Subscribe & Stay Informed Online colleges and online education have grown enormously over the last ten years. In America alone, the number of online students has swelled from 2 million to now over 6 million . With 21 million college and university students currently in the U.S., that means about one in three college students is taking at least one course entirely online! It’s therefore no surprise that online colleges and universities have proliferated. These schools enable students to finish a degree program and graduate with little more than a laptop and internet connection. Online colleges and universities differ widely in quality, with more and more campus-based schools competing for online students and offering online degrees. For this reason, rankings of online colleges and universities need to be regularly updated. Hence this ranking of the top 100 online colleges for 2017.  Tweet this! Check out The 100 Best Online Colleges for 2017! Online education gives students unrivaled flexibility in pursuing a degree program, but it is not right for everyone. Pursuing an online degree requires independent drive and study skills that some students who are new to college may lack. Our 2017 ranking of the 100 best online colleges and universities therefore comes with our QuickGuide to Online Colleges and Online Education , which together provide the most comprehensive resource for online students anywhere. These insightful aids will help you make smart, informed choices: Is an online education right for you? If so, which online college or university should you attend? This ranking of the best online colleges and universities is based on extensive research and familiarity with American online education. In formulating this ranking, we looked to such factors as academic excellence, scholarly strength of faculty, online teaching methods, tuition costs, reputation, awards, regional accreditation , financial aid, and range of degree programs offered: Accreditation Regional accreditation: the gold standard of accreditation Regional accreditation is the highest available form of accreditation. There are only seven USDE-recognized regional accreditation agencies, and only six that are both USDE- and CHEA-recognized regional accreditation agencies. CHEA’s endorsement of an accreditation agency has no real bearing on the merit of the agency; it’s an optional extra stamp of approval. USDE-recognition is what really matters. Schools with regional accreditation give you the best hopes for transferability of credits as well as for acceptance into graduate degree programs. Here are the seven regional accreditation agencies: [ Return to the top… ] QuickGuide to Online Colleges and Online Education Online colleges and online education have existed in a technologically less sophisticated form for a surprisingly long time. Indeed, “distance learning,” as it was previously known, is now nearly 300 years old. People have looked to online learning, and its earlier incarnations, to make education possible where otherwise it would be impossible. Students needing to learn “offsite” and go “online” have included pioneers in far flung lands, persecuted minorities barred from conventional instruction for religious and other reasons, and ordinary people like us with full-time responsibilities such as a day job and family. [ Return to the top… ] Online colleges help people learn all kinds of things, from the skills they need to get and advance in a job, to the subjects required for a college degree, to ideas they want to learn more about just for fun. Early distance learning classes were conducted by mail, where interaction between students and teachers took weeks, and sometime months. That started to change when radio was invented—in fact, the first MOOCs (Massively Open Online Courses) were offered on radio, almost one hundred years ago! Television and telephone add


From Latin meaning 'stake', what is the hinged or pivoted catch preventing reverse motion of a ratchet wheel?

pawl - definition and meaning pawl Definitions from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition n. A hinged or pivoted device adapted to fit into a notch of a ratchet wheel to impart forward motion or prevent backward motion. from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License n. A pivoted catch designed to fall into a notch on a ratchet wheel so as to allow movement in only one direction (e.g. on a windlass or in a clock mechanism), or alternatively to move the wheel in one direction. v. To stop with a pawl. from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English n. A pivoted tongue, or sliding bolt, on one part of a machine, adapted to fall into notches, or interdental spaces, on another part, as a ratchet wheel, in such a manner as to permit motion in one direction and prevent it in the reverse, as in a windlass; a catch, click, or detent. See Illust. of ratchet wheel. transitive v. To stop with a pawl; to drop the pawls off. from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia n. A short iron bar acting as a catch or brake to prevent a windlass or capstan from turning back. See cuts under capstan and pattern-chain. n. A bar pivoted to a movable or fixed support at one end, and having its opposite end adapted to fit the teeth of a ratchet-wheel or ratchet-bar, used either for holding the ratchet-wheel or -bar in a position to which it has been moved by other mechanism (as in the case where the pawl is pivoted to a fixed support), or for moving it (as when the pawl is pivoted to a movable support). n. Cross pawl, in ship-building. from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. n. a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward Etymologies from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition Probably from Dutch pal, from Latin pālus, stake; see pag- in Indo-European roots. from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License Perhaps from Low German or Dutch pal. Examples His mechanic had removed a pawl or two in an effort to decrease freehub drag, but the results were disastrous.


What traditional strong ceramic material is named ultimately from a pig?

Ceramics - their properties, manufacture, and everyday uses Ceramics Tweet by Chris Woodford . Last updated: June 18, 2016. The major periods of civilization, such as the Stone Age and Bronze Age, were named for the materials that dominated them, and it may seem surprising that there has never been a "Ceramics Age." Yet almost any age might have qualified for this title. Archeologists have found evidence of primitive ceramic manufacture dating back to around 24,000 B.C.E., but those most modern of materials, the silicon chip and the catalytic converter , are also examples of ceramics. The modern era is as much a ceramics age as any other. Let's find out more about ceramics and how they work! Photo: A ceramic Percy Pig piggy bank. It started life as a soft piece of clay molded to shape, fired hard in a pottery kiln, then painted with bright colors. What are ceramics? Photo: Porcelain plates are very familiar examples of ceramics, but there are other, much more surprising uses of ceramics too. Ceramics once referred purely to pottery and to articles made by firing materials extracted from Earth. Today, the term has a much broader definition. Ceramics are generally thought of as inorganic and nonmetallic solids with a range of useful properties, including very high hardness and strength, extremely high melting points, and good electrical and thermal insulation . The best-known ceramics are pottery, glass , brick , porcelain, and cement. But the general definition of a ceramic—a nonmetallic and inorganic solid—is so broad that it covers a much wider range of materials. At one end of the scale, ceramics include simple materials such as graphite and diamond, made up from different crystalline arrangements of the element carbon. But at the other end of the scale, complex crystals of yttrium, barium, copper , and oxygen make up the advanced ceramics used in so-called high-temperature superconductors (materials with almost no electrical resistance ). Most ceramics fall somewhere between these extremes. Many are metal oxides, crystalline compounds of a metal element and oxygen. Others are silicides, borides, carbides, and nitrides, respectively made from silicon, boron, carbon, and nitrogen. Some of the most advanced ceramic materials are combinations of ceramics and other materials known as ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). Properties of ceramics Ceramics are best known as brittle solids particularly suited for withstanding high temperatures but, in fact, the different materials used in ceramics can give them a wide range of properties. The classic properties of ceramics include durability, strength and brittleness, high electrical and thermal resistance, and an ability to withstand the damaging effects of acids, oxygen, and other chemicals because of their inertness (chemical unreactivity). But not all ceramics behave in this way. For example, graphite is a very soft ceramic and conducts electricity well, whereas diamond is a very good conductor of heat . Ceramics called ferrites are particularly good conductors of electricity and superconductors have almost no electrical resistance at all. Ceramic matrix composites, made by embedding fibers of a strengthening material in what is known as a ceramic matrix, are not at all brittle. Photo: Silicon and carbon fuse to form silicon carbide power (left), which can be made into a hard and hard-wearing ceramic called silicon carbide that can survive high temperatures. It has many applications, from drills and cutting tools to components (middle, right) that can withstand high temperatures in gas-turbine engines that would melt ordinary metal parts. Ceramic components are also used in ordinary car engines for the same reason. Picture by Warren Gretz courtesy of US Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) (picture id 6307388). The properties of a particular ceramic depend not just on the materials from which it is made but also on the way they are joined together—in other words, on its crystalline structure. Diamond is strong because all of its carbon atoms are bo


Iso- - definition of iso- by The Free Dictionary Iso- - definition of iso- by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/iso- [Greek īso-, from īsos, equal.] iso- combining form 1. equal or identical: isomagnetic. 2. (Chemistry) indicating that a chemical compound is an isomer of a specified compound: isobutane; isocyanic acid. [from Greek isos equal] International Standardization Organization. iso- a combining form meaning “equal”: isochromatic; in chemistry, used in the names of substances that are isomeric with the substance denoted by the base word: isocyanic acid. Also, esp. before a vowel, is- . [< Greek, comb. form of ísos equal] iso- A prefix that means "equal," as in isometric, "having equal measurements." Translations Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Copyright © 2003-2016 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.


How many curves characterize a Cupid's Bow?

How to Create Cupid Bow Lips - YouTube How to Create Cupid Bow Lips Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on May 6, 2013 If you wanted to enhance that or annunciate it, I would advise just simply drawing a V. And, my model, Hailey Spung, has a beautiful mouth. But, the point of the Cupid's bow lip is that it's more angular, and there are sharp points at the top. So, where her lip may naturally curve, we're actually going to make it more pointed and annunciate the V. You'll see this look sometimes in high fashion or editorial work. You can incorporate it into your everyday look, though. We're sort of building that color out. And then, you can simply just match point to point. This point to this point, and this point to this. Then, what I would advise is just drawing a simple line in the center of the bottom lip. And then, you could match those points up. This is a good way to learn how to line your lips, sort of like connect the dots. Okay, now we're going to fill that in with just a pretty, complimentary lipstick color. Can blend over the line just a little bit so that it looks more natural. This would be a great color just for a daytime look. You could, of course, fill in the lips a little bit too with the liner, pull that color down in. But, the point of the Cupid bow lip is that it's more angular, and the points are sharper at the top. She could, of course, blot this, put a little gloss in the center just to enhance her pretty bottom lip. I think that this would be a good example of a Cupid's bow lip. This is all about having fun too, so experiment with your lips and see how you like that. Category


The mythological Phoenix bird originally and essentially symbolized?

Phoenix Rising: Mythical Creature, Phoenix Bird Mythology, Myth Beast   Ancient Phoenix of Egypt (Benu, Bennu) The ancient Egyptians linked the myth of the phoenix with the longings for immortality that were so strong in their civilization, and from there its symbolism spread around the Mediterranean world of late antiquity. The Bennu bird was usually depicted as a heron. Archaeologists have found the remains of a much larger heron that lived in the Persian Gulf area 5,000 years ago. The Egyptians may have seen this large bird only as an extremely rare visitor or possibly heard tales of it from travelers who had trading expeditions to the Arabian Seas. It had a two long feathers on the crest of it's head and was often crowned with the Atef crown of Osiris (the White Crown with two ostrich plumes on either side) or with the disk of the sun. The Bennu was the sacred bird of Heliopolis. Bennu probably derives from the word weben, meaning "rise" or "shine." The Bennu was associated with the sun and represented the ba or soul of the sun god, Re. In the Late Period, the hieroglyph of the bird was used to represent this deity directly. As a symbol of the rising and setting sun, the Benu was also the lord of the royal jubilee. This Egyptian phoenix was also associated with the inundation of the Nile and of the creation. Standing alone on isolated rocks of islands of high ground during the floods the heron represented the first life to appear on the primeval mound which rose from the watery chaos at the first creation. This mound was called the ben-ben. It was the Bennu bird's cry at the creation of the world that marked the beginning of time. The bennu thus was the got of time and its divisions -- hours, day, night, weeks and years. The Bennu was considered a manifestation of the resurrected Osiris and the bird was often shown perched in his sacred willow tree. At the close of the first century Clement of Rome became the first Christian to interpret the myth of the phoenix as an allegory of the resurrection and of life after death. The phoenix was also compared to undying Rome, and it appears on the coinage of the late Roman Empire as a symbol of the Eternal City.     Classical Arabian Phoenix Perhaps the most well known, the Arabian phoenix was a fabulous mythical bird, said to be as large as an eagle, with brilliant scarlet and gold plumage and a melodious cry. Making it's home near a cool well, the Phoenix would appear at dawn every morning to sing a song so enchanting that even the great sun god Apollo would stop to listen. It was said that only one phoenix existed at any one time, and it is very long-lived with a life span of 500 years, 540 years, 1000 years, 1461 years or even 12,994 years (according to various accounts). As the end of its life approached, the phoenix would build a pyre nest of aromatic branches and spices such as myrrh, sets it on fire, and is consumed in the flames. After three days the birth -- or as some legends say a rebirth -- the phoenix arises from the ashes. According to some sources, the phoenix arose from the midst of the flames. The young phoenix gathers the ashes of its predecessor into an egg of myrrh and takes it to Heliopolis, the city of the sun, to deposit it on the alter of the sun god. A symbolic representation of the Death and rebirth of the sun. It is also described as being either eagle like or heron like. It lives on dew, killing nothing and crushing nothing that it touches. Generally considered the king of birds. It has alternatively been called the bird of the sun, of Assyria, of Arabia, of the Ganges, the long-lived bird and the Egyptian bird. The earliest reference to the Phoenix was made by Hesiod in the 8th century B.C., but the most detailed account is by Herodotus of Halicarnassus, the famous Greek historian in 5th century B.C.     Chinese Phoenix (Feng Huang) In Chinese mythology, the phoenix is the symbol of high virtue and grace, of power and prosperity. It represents the union of yin and yang. It was thought to be a gentle creature, alighting so gently that it crushed no


What part of the human body contains bone-forms called Phalange, Cuneiform, Talus and Calcaneus?

Foot Bone Anatomy: Overview, Tarsal Bones - Gross Anatomy, Metatarsal Bones - Gross Anatomy Foot Bone Anatomy Author: Vinod K Panchbhavi, MD, FACS; Chief Editor: Thomas R Gest, PhD  more... Share Overview Overview The human foot is a highly developed, biomechanically complex structure that serves to bear the weight of the body as well as forces many times the weight of the human body during propulsion. About 26 bones in the human foot provide structural support. They can be grouped into 3 parts, as follows [ 1 , 2 ] : The tarsal bones (7) [ 3 , 4 ] The metatarsal bones (5) [ 5 ] The phalanges (14) [ 6 ] Apart from these main bones, the sesamoid bones help improve function and are often found as variants of the accessory bones. The foot itself can be divided into 3 parts: the hindfoot, the midfoot, and the forefoot. The hindfoot is composed of 2 of the 7 tarsal bones, the talus, and the calcaneus; the midfoot contains the rest of the tarsal bones; and the forefoot contains the metatarsals and the phalanges. The images below depict the bones of the foot. Bones of the foot, dorsal and ventral views. Next: Tarsal Bones - Gross Anatomy The tarsal bones are 7 in number. They are named the calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and the medial, middle, and lateral cuneiforms. Calcaneus The calcaneus is the largest of the tarsal bones located in the heel of the foot and bears the weight of the body as the heel hits the ground. This bone protrudes out at the back, providing a strong lever for the triceps surae muscles of the calf and helping with plantar flexion and push off during ambulation (see the image below). The calcaneus is roughly 3-dimensionally rectangular in shape, with its long axis directed anteriorly and laterally, and it has 6 surfaces. Ankle joint, lateral view. View Media Gallery Calcaneus, surface anatomy The superior calcaneal surface (see the following images) of the calcaneus has 2 parts: articular and nonarticular. The nonarticular part extends posteriorly to form the heel; it varies in length in different individuals, is convex from side to side, is concave in the anteroposterior axis, and supports a fat pad situated anterior to the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon. The articular part that lies anterior to the nonarticular part of the superior surface has an oval facet; the posterior facet faces superiorly and is also tilted anteriorly. The articular portion of the superior surface is convex in the anteroposterior axis and articulates with the posterior calcaneal facet on the undersurface of the talus. Superior surface of the calcaneus bone. View Media Gallery At the anterior boundary of the posterior facet is a deep depression, which continues posteromedially in the form of a groove. This groove is called the calcaneal sulcus. It matches the inferior similar sulcus underneath the talus, and both these grooves form a canal in the hindfoot called the sinus tarsi. Just anteromedial to the calcaneal sulcus is another area of articular surface elongated and concave in its long axis that is directed anterolaterally. This articular surface is divided by a transversely oriented notch into a larger facet, called the middle facet, as well as a smaller facet anterior to this, called the anterior facet (see the previous image). The middle facet lies on a medially projecting process of the calcaneus called the sustentaculum tali (see the image below). It articulates with the middle calcaneal facet on the under surface of the talus. The anterior facet lies on the anterior process of the calcaneus and articulates with the anterior calcaneal facet on the talus. The upper surface, anterior and lateral to the facets, is rough for the attachment of ligaments and for the origin of the extensor digitorum brevis. Medial surface of the calcaneus bone. View Media Gallery The inferior or plantar calcaneal surface is wider posteriorly and convex from side to side. It has a plantar prominence at the back, called the calcaneal tuberosity (see the following image), which has a central longitudinal depression dividing it into a smaller latera


The Malayalam language is from, and still used by over 30 million people in?

Malayalam Language - Wikiquote Malayalam Language Jump to: navigation , search Wikipedia in Malayalam language Malayalam language (മലയാളം, Malayāḷam ? [mɐləjaːɭəm]), is a language spoken in India , predominantly in the state of Kerala . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and was designated a Classical Language in India in 2013, Malayalam has official language status in the state of Kerala and in the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry . It belongs to the Dravidian family of languages and is spoken by approximately 33 million people, according to the 2001 census. Malayalam most likely originated from Middle Tamil (Sen-Tamil) in the 6th century. An alternative theory proposes a split in even more ancient times Malayalam incorporated many elements from Sanskrit through the ages and today over eighty percent of the vocabulary of Malayalam in scholarly usage is from Sanskrit. Before Malayalam came into being, Old Tamil was used in literature and courts of a region called Tamilakam , including present day Kerala state, a famous example being Silappatikaram . Silappatikaram was written by Chera prince Ilango Adigal from Cochin , and is considered a classic in Sangam literature . Modern Malayalam still preserves many words from the ancient Tamil vocabulary of Sangam literature. Contents Quotes[ edit ] The Union Cabinet decided to grant the coveted recognition to the language , spoken by 33.3 million Malayalis all over the world . Malayalam now joins Tamil , Kannada and Telugu , all members of the Dravidian linguistic family , as the fourth ‘classical’ language of South India . The Hindu in: Classical’ status for Malayalam , The Hindu, 24 May 2013 Grantha, Vattezhuthu, Kolezhuthu, Malayanma, Devanagiri, Brahmi and Tamil alphabets[ edit ] Copper plate inscriptions of Grantha alphabet . The first letter in Malayalam language C. Radhakrishnan in: Grantha, Vattezhuthu, Kolezhuthu, Malayanma, Devanagiri, Brahmi and Tamil alphabets , C.Radhakrishnan's Home Page The Grantha alphabet is a descendant of the Brahmi alphabet and started to emerge during the 5th century AD....Total alphabets are about 48 in number, without the Dravidian characters like the ra and zha. Granthakshara was used to write Sanskrit in Kerala before Ezhuthachan 's time. Vattezhuthu used as Malayalam alphabet during that time is similar to Tamil . Vattezhuthu was the early script used to write Malayalam. Total alphabets|alphabets were about 30. From the Vattezhuthu was derived another script called the kolezhuthu . This script was more commonly used in the Cochin and Malabar areas than in Travancore . Yet another script derived from the vattezhuthu was the Malayanma , which was commonly used south to Thiruvananthapuram . Malayanma also does not differ fundamentally from the vattezhuthu. The absence of character combinations, the vowels a and o and conventions for symbols were real difficulties in Vattezhuthu . The trouble with kolezhuthu was still more, for it had regional variations also. And in the case Malayanma, the complexity of the script, Tamil usage and conventional abbreviations for words made it unintelligible to the rest of the region. With all these three scripts in current use the writing and reading of Malayalam must indeed have been a difficult affair. Guide to OCR for Indic Scripts: Document Recognition and Retrieval[ edit ] Bishop Alexander de Campo, grave plate in Malayalam language in the Sanctuary Kuruvilangad, Kerala The script and the linguistic structure of Malayalam was formalized by Thunchathu Ramanujan Ezhuthassan , who lived in the 16th century. N. V. Neeba, Anoop Nmaboodri,C.V. Jawahar, and P.J. Natayanan In: Venu Govindaraju, Srirangaraj (Ranga) Setlur [ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=WdSR9OJ0kxYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Guide to OCR for Indic Scripts: Document Recognition and Retrieval], Springer Science & Business Media, 25 September 2009 Malayalam is an Indian language spoken by 40 million people with its own script spoken in the south western state of Kerala. In: p. 125. Malayalam has a ri


Copra is the dried white meat or flesh of what?

Copra - definition of copra by The Free Dictionary Copra - definition of copra by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/copra The dried white flesh of the coconut from which coconut oil is extracted. [Portuguese, from Malayalam koppara.] (Botany) the dried, oil-yielding kernel of the coconut [C16: from Portuguese, from Malayalam koppara, probably from Hindi khoprā coconut] cop•ra the dried meat of the coconut from which coconut oil is expressed. [1575–85; < Portuguese < Malayalam koppara < Hindi khoprā coconut] ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: 1. copra - the dried meat of the coconut from which oil is extracted cocoanut , coconut - large hard-shelled oval nut with a fibrous husk containing thick white meat surrounding a central cavity filled (when fresh) with fluid or milk coconut , coconut meat - the edible white meat of a coconut; often shredded for use in e.g. cakes and curries Translations copra (ˈkoprə) , ((American) ˈka:-) noun the dried kernel of the coconut which gives coconut oil. kopra لُب جَوز الهِند المُجَفَّـف копра copra kopra die Kopra kopra αποξηραμένη ψίχα καρύδας copra kopra نارگیل خشک kopra copra קוֹפּרָה गरी, खोपड़ा kopra, sušena jezgra kokosovih oraha kopra kopra kókoshnetukjarni copra コプラ 코프라 kopra kopra kelapa kering kopra kopra kopra كوپره copra copră копра kopra kopra jezgro kokosa kopra เนื้อมะพร้าวแห้งสำหรับทำน้ำมันมะพร้าว kuru Hindistan ceviz içi 乾椰肉 копра كهوپرا cùi dừa khô 椰子仁干


What does the internet top level domain '.cat' represent?

List of Internet Top Level Domains List of Internet Top Level Domains The following is a list of Internet top-level domains. The top-level domain article provides the background information. The official list of all top-level domains is maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). Notes: Name: DNS name of the generic top-level domain Entity: target audience or restricted use Notes: general remarks IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN) DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) Name Must verify eligibility for registration; only those in various categories of air-travel-related entities may register. No .asia Asia-Pacific region This is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Asia, Australia, and the Pacific. Yes .biz business This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrations may be challenged later if they are not held by commercial entities in accordance with the domain’s charter. This TLD was created to provide relief for the wildly-popular .com TLD. No This is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture. Yes .com commercial This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Though originally intended for for-profit business entities, for a number of reasons it became the “main” TLD for domain names and is currently used by all types of entities including nonprofits, schools and private individuals. Domain name registrations may be challenged if the holder cannot prove an outside relation justifying reservation of the name, to prevent “ squatting “. Yes The .coop TLD is limited to cooperatives as defined by the Rochdale Principles . No .edu educational The .edu TLD is limited to specific educational institutions such as, but not limited to, primary schools, middle schools, secondary schools, colleges, and universities. In the US, its usability was limited in 2001 to post-secondary institutions accredited by an agency on the list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies maintained by the United States Department of Education . This domain is therefore almost exclusively used by U.S. colleges and universities. Some institutions that do not meet the current registration criteria have grandfathered domain names. No The .gov TLD is limited to U.S. governmental entities and agencies. No This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Yes .int international organizations The .int TLD is strictly limited to organizations, offices, and programs which are endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations. No .jobs companies The .jobs TLD is designed to be added after the names of established companies with jobs to advertise. At this time, owners of a “company.jobs” domain are not permitted to post jobs of third party employers. No The .mil TLD is limited to use by the U.S. military. No Must be used for mobile-compatible sites in accordance with standards. No Must be verified as a legitimate museum. Yes .name individuals, by name This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrations may be challenged later if they are not by individuals (or the owners of fictional characters) in accordance with the domain’s charter. Yes .net network This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally intended for use by domains pointing to a distributed network of computers, or “umbrella” sites that act as the portal to a set of smaller websites. No .org organization This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally intended for use by non-profit organizations, and still primarily used by same. Yes .pro professions Currently, .pro is reserved for licensed or certified lawyers, accountants, physicians and engineers in France, Canada, NL, UK and the U.S. A professional seeking to register a .pro domain must provide their registrar with the appropriate credentials. No


What term refers to a traditional alternative to electronic or digital technology, and separately to something which corresponds to another?

Networking Terms Glossary | Definitions of Network Technology Video How-To's Glossary of Networking Terms A  |  B  |  C  |  D  |  E  |  F  |  G  |  H  |  I  |  J  |  K  |  L  |  M  |  N  |  O  |  P  |  Q  |  R  |  S  |  T  |  U  |  V  |  W  |  X-Z 10 Base2 10-Mbps baseband Ethernet specification using 50-ohm thin coaxial cable. 10Base2, which is part of the IEEE 802.3 specification, has a distance limit of 185 meters per segment. 10 Base5 10-Mbps baseband Ethernet specification using standard (thick) 50-ohm baseband coaxial cable. 10Base5, which is part of the IEEE 802.3 baseband physical layer specification, has a distance limit of 500 meters per segment. 10 BaseF 10-Mbps baseband Ethernet specification that refers to the 10BaseFB, 10BaseFL, and 10BaseFP standards for Ethernet over fiber-optic cabling. 10 BaseFB 10-Mbps baseband Ethernet specification using fiber-optic cabling. 10BaseFB is part of the IEEE 10BaseF specification. It is not used to connect user stations, but instead provides a synchronous signaling backbone that allows additional segments and repeaters to be connected to the network. 10BaseFB segments can be up to 2,000 meters long. 10BaseFL 10-Mbps baseband Ethernet specification using fiber-optic cabling. 10BaseFL is part of the IEEE10BaseF specification and, while able to interoperate with FOIRL, is designed to replace the FOIRL specification. 10BaseFL segments can be up to 1,000 meters long if used with FOIRL, and up to 2,000 meters if 10BaseFL is used exclusively. 10 BaseFP 10-Mbps fiber-passive baseband Ethernet specification using fiber-optic cabling. 10BaseFP ispart of the IEEE 10BaseF specification. It organizes a number of computers into a star topology without the use of repeaters. 10Base FP segments can be up to 500 meters long. 10 BaseT A specification of the IEEE 802.3 committee for the implementation of 10 Mbit Ethernet on unshielded twisted pair wiring. 10 Broad36 10-Mbps broadband Ethernet specification using broadband coaxial cable. 10Broad36, which is part of the IEEE 802.3 specification, has a distance limit of 3,600 meters per segment. 100 BaseFX 100-Mbps baseband Fast Ethernet specification using two strands of multimode fiber-optic cable per link. To guarantee proper signal timing, a 100BaseFX link exceed 400 meters in length. Based on the IEEE 802.3 standard. 100 BaseT A 100MB Ethernet specification using Level 5 UTP. 100 BaseT4 100-Mbps baseband Fast Ethernet specification using four pairs of Category 3, 4, or 5UTP wiring. To guarantee proper signal timing, a 100BaseT4 segment cannot exceed 100 meters in length. Based on the IEEE 802.3 standard. 100 BaseTX 100-Mbps baseband Fast Ethernet specification using two pairs of either UTP or STP wiring. The first pair of wires is used to receive data, the second is used to transmit. To guarantee proper signal timing a 100BaseTX segment cannot exceed 100 meters in length. Based on the IEEE 802.3 standard. 100 BaseX 100-Mbps baseband Fast Ethernet specification that refers to the 100BaseFX and 100BaseTX standards for Fast Ethernet over fiber-optic cabling. Based on the IEEE 802.3 standard. 100VG-AnyLAN 100-Mbps Fast Ethernet and Token Ring media technology using four pairs of Category 3, 4, or 5 UTP cabling. This high-speed transport technology, developed by Hewlett-Packard, can be made to operate on existing 10BaseT Ethernet networks. Based on the IEEE 802.12 standard. 4B/5B local fiber 4-byte/5-byte loc 100 Mbps over multimode fiber. See also TAXI 4B/5B. 08/10B local fiber 8-byte/10-byte local fiber. Fiber channel physical media that supports speeds up to 149.76 Mbps over multimode fiber. A&B bit signaling Procedure used in T1 transmission facilities in which each of the 24 T1 subchannels devotes one bit of every sixth frame to the carrying of supervisory signaling information. Also called 24th channel signaling. AAL ATM adaptation layer. Service-dependent sublayer of the data link layer. The AAL accepts data from different applications and presents it to the ATM layer in the form of 48-byte ATM payload segments. AALs


Which country borders Finland, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia?

Which Country Has the Most Neighboring Countries? By Matt Rosenberg Updated August 06, 2016. Which country in the world shares its border with the most countries? Technically, we have a tie because both China and Russia have the most  neighboring countries  with 14 neighbors each. This should not be surprising as Russia and China are the largest political nations in the world. They are also located in a part of Asia (and Europe) that has many small countries. Yet, these two are not alone in their numerous neighbors, as both Brazil and Germany share their borders with more than eight countries. #1 - China has 14 Neighboring Countries China is the third largest country in terms of area (if we count Antarctica) and its lands dominate the southeastern part of Asia. This location (next to many small countries) and the 13,954 miles (22,457 kilometers) of border brings it to the top of our list as having the most neighbors in the world. In total, China borders 14 other countries: On the northern border, China borders (west to east) Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia. To the west, China shares boundaries with (north to south) Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. The southern border of China is shared with (west to east) India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar (Burma), Laos, and Vietnam. On the western border, China's neighbor is North Korea (and, again, Russia). #2 - Russia has 14 (or 12) Neighboring Countries Russia is the largest country in the world and it spans both the European and Asian continents. It is only natural that it shares borders with many countries. Despite its large area, Russia's total boundary on land is just slightly smaller than China with a border of 13,923 miles (22,408 kilometers). It's important to remember that the country has a lot of coastline 23,582 miles (37,953 kilometers), particularly in the north. On the western side, Russia borders (north to south) Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, and Ukraine. To the south, Russia shares a border with (west to east) Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, and North Korea. If we include the Russian oblast (region) of Kaliningrad (200 miles west of the main Russian border), then we can add Poland and Lithuania to the list and that brings the total to 14 neighbors. #3 - Brazil has 10 Neighboring Countries Brazil is the largest country in South America and it dominates the continent. With the exception of  Ecuador and Chile, it borders ever South American nation, bringing its total up to 10 neighbors. Of the top three countries listed here, Brazil wins the prize for having the longest border area. In total, Brazil has a 10,032 mile (16,145 kilometers) border with other countries. Brazil shares its northern border with (west to east) Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana. Running down the western border of Brazil are the countries of (north to south) Colombia and Peru. On the southwestern side, Brazil borders (west to east) Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay. #4 - Germany has 9 Neighboring Countries Germany is one of the largest countries in Europe and many of its neighbors are among the continent's smallest nations. It is also almost completely landlocked, so its 2,307 miles (3,714 kilometers) of border are shared with nine other countries. Germany's single neighbor to the north is Denmark. On the eastern border of Germany, you will find (north to south) Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France. To the south, Germany shares a border with (west to east) Switzerland and Austria. The western borders of Germany are shared with (north to south) Poland and the Czech Republic. Source


What is the fourth root of 625 (i.e., what number multiplied by itself four times is 625)?

How to Do Number Exponents in Math | Sciencing How to Do Number Exponents in Math By Suzanne S. Wiley An exponent is a number written to the upper right of another number called a base. Exponents are sometimes called powers, as in "2 to the fourth power" or "2 raised to the fourth power." All an exponent is, is a shortcut. It's a way to condense something as unwieldy as 2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2 into a compact "2 to the 14th power," or 2 with a superscript 14 written to its upper right. All numbers are technically bases and all have an understood, invisible exponent of 1 unless stated otherwise. Expand a base/exponent combination by writing out the base number multiplied by itself. If the base is 3 and the exponent is 5, write this as 3x3x3x3x3, or 243. Condense a string of numbers by counting how many times the number is multiplied by itself, and using the resulting number as the exponent. Reduce numbers by finding the square root, cube root or other root and using that as the base; for example, 9 is composed of three 3's, or 3 cubed or to the third power. Change a negative exponent to positive by changing the base into a fraction. If you have 6 to the -2 power, change 6 to 1/6, and change the -2 to 2. The exponent stays with the original base number, so you would read this as 1 over 6 squared, or 1 over 6 to the second power, equaling 1/36. Change any base with a 0 exponent to 1. When dealing with equations in which you have a base with an exponent of 0, you can immediately simplify the base and exponent to the number 1. If the base has an exponent of 1, simplify it by just removing the 1. A base to the first power equals the base x 1. Simplify an equation with the form a to the b power times a to the c power by condensing both a's into one and placing the two exponents in parentheses to the upper right of the 2. Add the exponents. So, 2 to the third power times 2 to the fourth power is the same as 2 to the 3+4 power. In the original form, you have 8x16=128; in the new form, you have 2 to the seventh power, which also equals 128. Multiply the exponent outside the parentheses surrounding an equation or value with each exponent within the parentheses, including any assumed exponents of 1. Remember that exponents of 1 aren't always written, but they are assumed if the base number doesn't have another exponent specified. So, (5x3) to the fourth power could also be written as 5 to the fourth power times 3 to the fourth power, or 625x81, or 50,625. An equation like (5 to the fourth power times 3) to the third power could be written (5 to the 4x3 power)x(3 to the 1x3 power). The same procedure applies to fractions within the parentheses; (2/4) to the fourth power equals 2 to the fourth power over 4 to the fourth power. Reduce super-long numbers ending in zeroes to a smaller decimal multiplied by 10 to x power. This is called scientific notation. If you have a number like 35,000, reduce the number to the smallest possible version that still has one number to the left of the decimal point; in this case, 3.5. Count how many decimal points you had to move to the left in order to get that number -- four in this example -- and use that as an exponent for a base of 10. When you multiply or divide a number by 10, you're really just moving the decimal point over a spot or so, and that's essentially what you're doing here. Saying 10 to the fourth power is the same as saying 10,000, and 3.5x10,000 is 35,000. References


What analytical field is traditionally called 'the dismal science'?

The dismal science You are here: Articles --> Pre-1995 --> The dismal science Vous êtes ici : Essais --> Pre-1995 --> The dismal science The dismal science by Geoff Hart Previously published as: Hart, G.J. 1990. The dismal science. Canadian Forest Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. Staff Newsletter, February:12–14. Economics has been called "the dismal science", in part because its practitioners have never been hesitant to make gloomy predictions about our future. Take, for instance, the current debate among economists about whether or not our economy is due to slide into a recession (the euphemism used for a depression). Another explanation for the "dismal" epithet is perhaps that economists have traditionally had a dismal track record when attempting to explain observed reality, other than through hindsight. The word economics comes from the same root as ecology, namely "eco" (from the Greek oikos, meaning one's house, habitat, or living environment). Although both words share a common root and, at least originally, a common point of reference, in the past century or so the two words have become almost entirely antithetical. That is, the side-effects of policies based solely on the models and predictions of economics have become so severe and unavoidable that the faint warning cries of ecologists are finally being discussed by economists for the first time. Ecology and its complex, poorly understood processes, have always been considered by economists to be an "externality", something that could be safely left out of the equations that the economists use to explain, with 20:20 hindsight, why their earlier equations failed to describe reality. This is an example of what computer scientists call the "GIGO" law: garbage in, garbage out. If you don't start with a good set of data, you'll only arrive at a good result through random chance. Economists have always included the cost of inputs (e.g., raw materials used in manufacturing) in their analyses, but until very recently, have not considered the environmental component of such inputs to be worthy of consideration. The reason traditionally given for this exclusion, in those few cases in which the economist actually considered the environment worthy of modeling, is that economic models are complex enough already without incorporating ecological variables that, after all, aren't well understood by ecologists themselves. Although correct in a very simplistic manner, this argument is easily undercut by subjecting it to the same standards used in economic modeling. Many simplifications of complex situations are made in economic models, to the extent that the truth of the situation is lost in a welter of overly general variables and assumptions. For example, a friend of mine who recently completed his PhD in economics at the University of Toronto presented a talk on his thesis, which boiled down to the following conclusion: if the market price of a forest product rises, the companies that produce the product will attempt to sell more of the product, assuming that their own unit costs don't rise as a result of the increased sales. In short, if someone wants to increase your profit margin, you'll be happy to comply. This sort of obvious, simplistic conclusion was attained after three years of research and statistical analysis, and although a variety of other gems of useful information were concealed in the thesis, much of it was made no more useful because it was too watered down by the time it emerged from the equations. To say that it is shortsighted to ignore externalities in an economic analysis should go without saying, yet clearly it needs to be said. An inevitable consequence of such shortsightedness has been that we, the public, are now left to deal with a broad variety of externalities that were ignored despite loud warnings from environmentalists and other ecologists who clearly foresaw the problem, but who weren't consulted on how to include their warnings in the economic models. For example, we


The devastating water-borne disease Schistosomiasis, or Snail Fever, is more commonly called what?

Wiping Snail Fever Off Cambodia's Map - by Drawing It On | U.S. Agency for International Development U.S. Agency for International Development Wiping Snail Fever Off Cambodia's Map - by Drawing It On By Sokhon Sea Students prepare to take part in a mapping survey at Pav Primary School in Rattanakiri. Credit: Chan Vitharin Schistosomiasis ranks as the second most devastating parasitic disease in the world, behind malaria. Also known as “snail fever,” it currently affects nearly 200 million people across Asia and Africa. Although rarely fatal, if left untreated, snail fever infection leads to chronic, debilitating illness, harm to internal organs, and, in children, it can lead to malnutrition and cognitive difficulties. Stool samples are analyzed in Kampong Cham. Chhor Sokun, CNM Students are enrolled in a mapping survey at Prekkug Primary School in Kampong Cham. Chhor Sokun, CNM Sample collection containers are distributed at Pav Primary School in Rattanakiri. Chan Vitharin Children play in the Mekong River, a major source of snail fever. Chan Vitharin Found most commonly in places with poor sanitation, snail fever is caused by parasitic worms that live in freshwater snails. Swimming, bathing or washing in water containing these snails is enough for a person to contract the parasite. The worm burrows into the skin and develops in the body, releasing eggs that pass back into freshwater when the person urinates or defecates. The worm finds its way back to another freshwater snail, and the cycle of contamination continues. “Human behavior and unsanitary conditions are part of the transmission cycle of schistosomiasis. We have found that changing these proves extremely challenging in rural communities, making schistosomiasis a difficult disease to control,” said Marci Van Dyke, technical adviser for USAID’s Neglected Tropical Disease program. Just how difficult is precisely the question that USAID is helping to answer in Cambodia, which has been uniquely affected by snail fever among communities dependent on fresh water from the Mekong River. Through its work to understand the extent of snail fever in Cambodia, USAID is also engaging local residents and health officials, and providing training so they can maintain the development gains that have been achieved over the years. Success … and a Setback Twenty years ago, around 82,000 people along the Mekong River in Cambodia were infected with snail fever, prompting the Government of Cambodia and international partners to mount an aggressive campaign in 1995. By 2006, prevalence rates had plunged from 70 percent to less than 1 percent, thanks to control measures, particularly the annual delivery of praziquantel, the drug that effectively rids the body of the worm. Even more effective was the approach: The pill was provided to entire communities at once, annually, rather than diagnosing and treating individual cases. “Covering the entire affected population in the two targeted areas was an extremely economical and efficient approach and, as a result, Cambodia was considered a success story in the world of neglected tropical diseases,” said Van Dyke. Despite this remarkable accomplishment, however, data in 2008 showed a possible re-infection rate of 30 percent in two endemic areas. Reinfection is a common challenge with this disease as communities continue to use the rivers which still harbor the infected snails. To Fight Disease, First Understand the Data  In 2011, USAID joined the Cambodian Government’s battle to control the disease. However, there was an early recognition that before additional control measures could be implemented, it was necessary to investigate the extent of infection. “First, we needed the evidence to help us understand the extent of the problem,” said Dr. Muth Sinuon, neglected tropical disease program manager at the Cambodian Ministry of Health’s National Center for Malaria Control, Parasitology and Entomology (CNM). “If there is a clear increase in prevalence, we will pull together our resources. We’ll want to track the levels of infection over time to e


A burgh in Scotland (as in Edinburgh) originally meant a?

Burgh B Burgh A Burgh (pronounced /ˈbʌʀə/) was an autonomous corporate entity in Scotland , usually a town . This type of administrative division existed from the 12th century, when David I created the first royal burghs. Burgh status was broadly analogous to borough status, found in the rest of the United Kingdom . Following local government reorganisation in 1975 the title of "burgh" remains in use in many towns, but now has little more than ceremonial value. History of burghs The first burgh was Berwick. By 1130, David I had established burghs at Stirling, Dunfermline, Aberdeen, Perth and Scone, as well as Edinburgh . Burghs had rights to representation in the Parliament of Scotland. Under the Acts of Union of 1707 many became parliamentary burghs, represented in the Parliament of Great Britain. Under the Reform Acts of 1832, 32 years after the merger of the Parliament of Great Britain into the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the boundaries of burghs for parliamentary elections ceased to be necessarily their boundaries for other purposes. Types of burgh There were several types of burgh, including; Royal burgh, founded by Royal charter. Burgh of regality, granted to a nobleman or "lord of regality". Burgh of barony, granted to a tenant-in-chief, with narrower powers. Parliamentary burgh or Burgh constituency, a type of parliamentary constituency. Police burgh, a burgh operating a "police system" of town government. Modern history Until 1833, each burgh had a different constitution or "sett". The government of the burgh was often in the hands of a self-nominating corporation, and few local government functions were performed: these were often left to ad hoc bodies. Two pieces of reforming legislation were enacted in 1833: The Royal Burghs (Scotland) Act (3 & 4 Will. IV c.76) and the Burghs and Police (Scotland) Act (3 & 4 Will. IV c.46). The Royal Burghs Act provided for the election of magistrates and councillors. Each burgh was to have a common council consisting of a provost (or lord provost), magistrates (or bailies) and councillors. Every parliamentary elector living within the "royalty" or area of the royal burgh, or within seven statute miles of its boundary, was entitled to vote in burgh elections. One third of the common council was elected each year. The councillors selected a number of their members to be bailies, who acted as a magistrates bench for the burgh, and dealt with such issues as licensing. The provost, or chief magistrate, was elected from among the council every three years. The Royal Burghs Act was also extended to the 12 parliamentary burghs which had recently been enfranchised. These were growing industrial centres, and apart from the lack of a charter, they had identical powers and privileges to the royal burghs. Royal Burghs retained the right to corporate property or "common good". This property was used for the advantage of the inhabitants of the burgh, funding such facilities as public parks, museums and civic events. The Burghs and Police Act allowed the inhabitants of Royal Burghs, Burghs of Regality and of Barony to adopt a "police system". "Police" in this sense did not refer to law enforcement, but to various local government activities summarised in the Act as "paving, lighting, cleansing, watching, supplying with water, and improving such Burghs respectively, as may be necessary and expedient". The Act could be adopted following its approval in a poll of householders in the burgh. Burghs reformed or created under this and later legislation became known as police burghs. The governing body of a police burgh were the police commissioners. The commissioners were elected by the existing town council of the burgh, not by the electorate at large. The town council of a burgh could by a three-quarters majority become police commissioners for the burgh. In many cases this led to the existence of two parallel burgh administrations, the town council and the police commissioners, each with the same membership, but separate legal identity and powers. Further legislation in 1850 allowed "po


What French term refers to the standing on 'tip-toes' position in ballet?

Ballet Glossary | iSport.com Ballet Glossary A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A     A la séconde -           Meaning literally, “to the side.” A la séconde refers to the placement of the working leg, in this case positioned directly to the side of the dancer, raised or touching the floor.     Act -           A division of a ballet that contains one or more scenes. Typically an act in any classical or romantic era ballet will average about an hour in length, though it varies between performances. Some ballets, such as Giselle, are only two acts, while Swan Lake is divided into four.     AD -           Stands for “Artistic Director.” The AD is the head of a ballet studio or company, and the person from whom orders are given, cast lists are made, and dreams are granted or crushed. Ballerinas can be heard ranting about their AD frequently, especially during casting season.     Adagio -           Meaning “slowly,” an adagio is a part of ballet comprised of slow, soft, flowing movements. In a Grand Pas de Deux, the adagio is the second portion. It follows the entrée and precedes the variations and coda.     Allegro -           Meaning “joyful,” an allegro is a part of ballet comprised of quick movement and many jumps. Petit (little) allegro involves small, quick jumps and lightning fast footwork, while grande (big) allegro features the enormous leaps and jumps that have become the hallmark of ballet.     Allongé -           Meaning “elongated.” Allongé refers to a position of the arms in which they are fully extended.     Aplomb -           A term to describe the central line or stability of a position. A dancer wants to maintain perfect aplomb, meaning that his/her movements are controlled and steady.     Arabesque -           Meaning “in Arabic fashion,” the arabesque is a staple ballet pose. It is performed when the dancer stands on one leg, with the second leg extended straight behind and the upper body held upright. Arm positions can vary depending on both the method of ballet and the choreography of a particular piece.     Arrière -           Meaning “to the back.” Any movement that moves the dancer upstage or away from the audience is done en arrière.     Assemblé -           Meaning “assembled.” A jump in ballet in which the dancer extends a leg to the side, jumps from the second leg, then brings the legs together in midair before landing; thus “assembling” the legs in midair.     Attitude -           A position in ballet in which the dances stands on one straight leg with the other lifted and knee bent at a 90 degree angle. Both legs are turned out fully. An attitude can be held to the front (devant), side (a la séconde), or back (dérrière).     Audition season -           For pre-professional dancers, audition season refers to January through mid-April when SI auditions are held. These four-plus months are packed with nerves, excessive questions regarding audition policies on hair accessories, and a minimum, once weekly nightmare about a failed penché. B     Balancé -           A movement in which the dancer extends one leg, transfers the weight to that leg, moves their weight to the other foot and back again. It is a dance step, performed most commonly to waltzes in three-quarter time, with a “down, up, down” rhythm to the step.     Balanchine bun -           A Balanchine bun is a bun placed super high on a ballerina’s head, giving the illusion of more height and therefore longer lines. The use of Balanchine buns began at Mr. B’s School of American Ballet, but has since become a favorite of dancers wanting a little lift in their hair.     Balançoire -           Meaning “swing.” A movement in which the dancer “swings” the working leg back and forth.     Ballabile -           Meaning “danceable,” this term describes any scene or portion of a ballet in which most or all of the cast are actively performing a dance on stage.     Balle


What was abolished in the British Empire in 1833, the French Colonies in 1848, and the USA in 1865?

Why was Slavery finally abolished in the British Empire?: The Abolition of Slavery Project Why was Slavery finally abolished in the British Empire? Slavery Timeline Why was Slavery finally abolished in the British Empire? In July 1833, a Bill to abolish slavery throughout the British Empire passed in the House of Commons, followed by the House of Lords on 1st August. There has been a lot of debate over the factors that contributed to the final success of the bill: A change in economic interests.  After 1776, when America became independent, Britain's sugar colonies, such as Jamaica and Barbados, declined as America could trade directly with the French and Dutch in the West Indies. Furthermore, as the industrial revolution took hold in the 18th century, Britain no longer needed slave-based goods. The country was more able to prosper from new systems which required high efficiency, through free trade and free labour. Cotton, rather than sugar, became the main produce of the British economy and English towns, such as Manchester and Salford, became industrial centres of world importance.  Resistance by enslaved people. Enslaved people had resisted the trade since it began. However, the French Revolution brought ideas of liberty and equality, which inspired those seeking an end to slavery (for example, Toussaint L'Ouverture who led a successful slave revolt in Haiti). Major slave revolts followed ( Barbados 1816, Demerara 1822 and Jamaica 1831-1832); they reduced profitability and gave a strong indication that, regardless of politicial opinion, the enslaved people were not going to tolerate enslavement. The revolts shocked the British government and made them see that the costs and dangers of keeping slavery in the West Indies were too high. In places like Jamaica, many terrified plantation owners were finally ready to accept abolition rather than risk a widespread war. Parliamentary reform. When parliament was finally reformed in 1832, two-thirds of those who supported slavery were swept from power. The once powerful West India Lobby had lost its political strength. Abolition campaigns and religious groups. The demand for freedom for enslaved people had become almost universal. It was now driven forward, not only by the formal abolition campaign but by a coalition of non-conformist churches as well as Evangelicals in the Church of England. The act, however, did not free enslaved people immediately; they were to become "apprentices" for 6 years. Compensation of 20 million was to be paid to the planters. Protests finally forced the government to abolish the apprenticeship system on 1st August, 1838.


Sassafras, a traditional aromatic ingredient of perfume and medicine, is a?

sassafras | tree | Britannica.com Sassafras Alternative Titles: ague tree, Sassafras albidum, Sassafras officinale Similar Topics spice and herb Sassafras, also called Ague Tree,  (species Sassafras albidum), North American tree of the laurel family (Lauraceae), the aromatic leaf , bark, and root of which are used as a flavouring , as a traditional home medicine, and as a tea. The roots yield about 2 percent oil of sassafras, once the characteristic ingredient of root beer. Sassafras (Sassafras albidum). © Roger Dale Pleis/Shutterstock.com The tree is native to sandy soils from Maine to Ontario and Iowa and south to Florida and Texas. It is usually small but may attain a height of 20 m (65 feet) or more. It has furrowed bark, bright green twigs, and small clusters of yellow flowers followed by dark blue berries. Sassafras has three distinctive forms of leaves, often on the same twig: three-lobed, two-lobed (or mitten-shaped), and entire. Learn More in these related articles: in filé powdered leaves of the sassafras tree, used as a spice and as a thickener for soups and sauces. Its use originated with the Choctaw Indians in the American South. Filé is an essential ingredient of Louisiana gumbo and other Creole dishes. Because cooking makes it stringy, the filé is characteristically added to food after removal from heat and just before serving. 1 Reference found in Britannica Articles Assorted Reference sassafras - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) The spicy, aromatic leaf, bark, and root of the sassafras, or ague tree, are used as a flavoring, as a traditional home medicine, and as a tea. The bark yields oil of sassafras, once the characteristic ingredient of root beer. The tree grows wild in sandy soils of eastern North America from Maine to Ontario and Iowa and south to Florida and Texas. In the northern part of its range it is a large shrub or small tree about 25 to 30 feet (8 to 9 meters) tall. In the south it may grow to 60 feet (18 meters) or more in height. Article History Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: July 06, 2010 URL: https://www.britannica.com/plant/sassafras Access Date: January 18, 2017 Share