The singer and English TV personality Priscilla White is better known by what name?

Cilla Black, singer and TV personality, dies aged 72 | Television & radio | The Guardian This article is 1 year old The television personality Cilla Black has died at the age of 72 in Spain. Spanish police quoted by the Telegraph said on Sunday that British national Priscilla White – the Blind Date presenter’s real name – had died. “We are still awaiting autopsy results but everything at this stage is pointing towards her death being the result of natural causes,” a police spokesperson said. She had been staying at her holiday home near the Spanish resort of Marbella. Cilla Black: 'I never thought I'd be on TV' Read more The Liverpool-born entertainer had been suffering from arthritis and deafness and told the Daily Mail last December she was “falling apart” . Black said she no longer felt able to work despite getting a series of offers following the ITV drama Cilla , in which Sheridan Smith depicted the early stages of her career. In another interview earlier last year, she told the Radio Times : “I’m going to grow old disgracefully.” Figures from the world of entertainment and beyond paid tribute to Black on Sunday. The business secretary, Sajid Javid, tweeted: Sajid Javid (@sajidjavid) Very saddened to hear that Cilla Black has died. Brought great joy to my childhood. Thoughts with family & friends pic.twitter.com/BshqtQIi27 Chris Bryant, the shadow culture secretary, tweeted: Chris Bryant MP (@RhonddaBryant) Truly sad to hear that Cilla Black has died. Whenever I met her she was very generous and entertaining with a wicked smile. Fellow ITV personality Holly Willoughby tweeted: Holly Willoughby (@hollywills) So so sad to hear the news that we have lost one of my heroes, Cilla you were one incredible lady! Sending all my love to her family. X Holly Johnson, a fellow Liverpool-born performer of Frankie Goes to Hollywood fame, tweeted: Holly Johnson (@TheHollyJohnson) Sorry to hear about the passing of Cilla Black who entertained millions during her marvellous lifetime . pic.twitter.com/BZhfiFZrXr Cilla Black - a life in pictures Read more The singer began her career, which spanned five decades, in 1963 with two number one singles: Anyone Who Had a Heart and You’re My World. She was managed by Brian Epstein, who also managed the Beatles, after being introduced by family friend Richard Starkey – better known as Ringo Starr. Black met her husband, Bobby Willis, at the age of 17. He died of cancer in 1999. Black’s presenting career began in 1984 with Surprise, Surprise, which ran until 2001. However, she is best known for Blind Date on ITV, which ran for 18 years from 1985.


"Who described ""unified field theory"", an attempt to unify and simplify the fundamental laws of physics, in a paper titled ""On The Generalised Theory of Gravitation"" in 1950?"

Albert Einstein Albert Einstein Photographed by Oren J. Turner (1947) Born Nobel Prize in Physics (1921) Copley Medal (1925) Albert Einstein ( German pronunciation ) ( March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a German -born theoretical physicist widely known as one of the greatest physicists of all time. He formulated the special and general theories of relativity. In addition, he made significant advancements to quantum theory and statistical mechanics. While best known for the Theory of Relativity (and specifically mass-energy equivalence, E=mc2), he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics for his 1905 (his " wonderful year" or "miraculous year") explanation of the photoelectric effect and "for his services to Theoretical Physics". In popular culture, the name "Einstein" has become synonymous with great intelligence and genius. Among his many investigations were: capillary action, his special theory of relativity which stemmed from an attempt to reconcile the laws of mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field, his general theory of relativity which extended the principle of relativity to include gravitation , relativistic cosmology, critical opalescence, classical problems of statistical mechanics and problems in which they were merged with quantum theory, including an explanation of Brownian motion; atomic transition probabilities, the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory, the quantum theory of a monatomic gas, the thermal properties of light with a low radiation density which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light, the theory of radiation, including stimulated emission; the construction of a unified field theory, and the geometrization of physics . Biography Youth and college Young Albert before the Einsteins moved from Germany to Italy . Einstein was born on March 14, 1879, around 11:30 AM LMT, to a Jewish family, in the city of Ulm in Württemberg, Germany , about 100 km east of Stuttgart . His father was Hermann Einstein, a salesman who later ran an electrochemical works, and his mother was Pauline née Koch. They were married in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt. At his birth, Albert's mother was reputedly frightened that her infant's head was so large and oddly shaped. Though the size of his head appeared to be less remarkable as he grew older, it's evident from photographs of Einstein that his head was disproportionately large for his body throughout his life, a trait regarded as "benign macrocephaly" in large-headed individuals with no related disease or cognitive deficits. Another more famous aspect of Einstein's childhood is the fact that he spoke much later than the average child. Einstein claimed that he did not begin speaking until the age of three and only did so hesitantly, even beyond the age of nine (see "Speculation and controversy" section). Because of Einstein's late speech development and his later childhood tendency to ignore any subject in school that bored him — instead focusing intensely only on what interested him — some observers at the time suggested that he might be "retarded", such as one of the Einstein family's housekeepers. This latter observation was not the only time in his life that controversial labels and pathology would be applied to Einstein. (See again, "Speculation and controversy".) Albert's family members were all non-observant Jews and he attended a Catholic elementary school. At the insistence of his mother, he was given violin lessons. Though he initially disliked the lessons, and eventually discontinued them, he would later take great solace in Mozart 's violin sonatas. When Einstein was five, his father showed him a small pocket compass, and Einstein realized that something in "empty" space acted upon the needle; he would later describe the experience as one of the most revelatory events of his life. He built models and mechanical devices for fun and showed great mathematical ability early on. In 1889, a medical student named Max Talmud (later: Talmey), who visited the Einsteins on Thursday nights for six years, introduced Einstein to key science and


How many of the Great Lakes form part of the border between the U S A and Canada?

The Great Lakes The Great Lakes Nestlï¿½ controversy a fresh water wakeup call The Star (10/12) The ongoing water controversy between the community of Guelph, Ontario, and the Nestlï¿½ water bottling plant has thrown the issue of water access and availability into the spotlight. Benefits of eating mercury contaminated fish may outweigh risks Great Lakes Echo (10/12) A new study suggests eating Great Lakes fish that contain mercury may threaten your health, but the nutritional benefits may outweigh the risks. Lake Huronï¿½s water levels post 6 cm gain over last year Manitoulin Expositor (10/12) Partially due to Lake Superior having a very wet summer, Lake Huron and Michigan water levels are at high levels not seen in 20 years. Buffalo-Niagara Green Infrastructure Forum takes on sewer overflow issue WBFO ï¿½ Buffalo, NY (10/11) The problem of storm water overflows has been a sore spot for many communities across the Great Lakes. The issue was on the table during a panel discussion about Green Infrastructure in the Buffalo-Niagara Region. Inaugural Fresh Coast Film Festival in Marquette WNMU ï¿½ Marquette, MI (10/11) The Fresh Coast Film Festival will be held Thursday through Sunday in downtown Marquette, Michigan. The films will focus on the outdoors and adventure across the Great Lakes region. Environmental convention focuses on future of Great Lakes WRVO ï¿½ Oswego, NY (10/10) Split pea soup ï¿½ thatï¿½s how some folks describe the Great Lakes back when it was plagued by contamination, pollution and algae. A lot has changed since then, but many of the old problems are still around. Search GLIN for more news items about      Overview The Great Lakes -- Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario -- and their connecting channels form the largest fresh surface water system on earth. If you stood on the moon, you could see the lakes and recognize the familiar wolf head shape of Lake Superior, or the mitten bounded by lakes Michigan, Huron and Erie. Covering more than 94,000 square miles and draining more than twice as much land, these Freshwater Seas hold an estimated 6 quadrillion gallons of water, about one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water supply and nine-tenths of the U.S. supply. Spread evenly across the contiguous 48 states, the lakes' water would be about 9.5 feet deep.   The channels that connect the Great Lakes are an important part of the system. The St. Marys River is the northernmost of these, a 60-mile waterway flowing from Lake Superior down to Lake Huron. At the St. Marys rapids, the Soo Locks bypass the rough waters, providing safe transport for ships. The St. Clair and Detroit rivers, and Lake St. Clair between them, form an 89-mile long channel connecting Lake Huron with Lake Erie. The 35-mile Niagara River links lakes Erie and Ontario, and sends approximately 50,000 to 100,000 cubic feet of water per second over Niagara Falls; the manmade Welland Canal also links the two lakes, providing a detour around the falls. From Lake Ontario, the water from the Great Lakes flows through the St. Lawrence River all the way to the Atlantic Ocean, about 1,000 miles away.   This system greatly affects our way of life, as well as all aspects of the natural environment, from weather and climate, to wildlife and habitat. Yet for all their size and power, the Great Lakes are fragile. In the past, this fragile nature wasn't recognized, and the lakes were mistreated for economic gain, placing the ecosystem under tremendous stress from our activities. Today, we understand that our health and our children's inheritance depend on our collective efforts to wisely manage our complex ecosystem.   NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) A map using NOAA satellite data to show recent water temperatures of the Great Lakes. Office of the Great Lakes Activity Report State of Michigan Department of Environmental Quality The Office of the Great Lakes produces a monthly electronic Activity Report highlighting events, activities, and updates on the status of programs and issues affecting environmental protection, n


In 1952, Jonas Salk invented a vaccine to prevent the spread of which disease?

A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Salk produces polio vaccine Salk produces polio vaccine 1952 Poliomyelitis has been around since ancient times. There is still no cure for the disease. But at the peak of its devastation in the United States, Jonas Salk introduced a way to prevent it. This infectious viral disease attacks the nerve cells and sometimes the central nervous system, often causing muscle wasting and paralysis and even death. Since 1900 there had been cycles of epidemics, each seeming to get stronger and more disastrous. The disease, whose early symptoms are like the flu, struck mostly children, although adults, including Franklin Roosevelt, caught it too. As a medical student and later a researcher at the University of Michigan, Salk studied viruses, such as influenza, and ways to vaccinate against them. Successful vaccines already existed for diseases such as smallpox. For each virus, a vaccine must be custom-made, but the principles are the same: if your body is exposed to a very weak or small amount of the disease virus, it will produce antibodies, chemicals to resist and kill the virus. Then when a full-strength version of the disease virus comes along, your body is prepared to fight it. In 1947 Salk became head of the Virus Research Lab at the University of Pittsburgh. He began investigating the poliovirus. To start with, he had to sort the 125 strains of the virus. He found that they fell into three basic types and knew that a vaccine would have to include these three types to protect against all polio. One of the hardest things about working with poliovirus was manufacturing enough to experiment with�and to make vaccine production practical. In 1948 researchers at Harvard (J.F. Enders, T.H. Weller, and F.C. Robbins) made a breakthrough with this. They found that the virus could grow on scraps of tissue, without needing an intact organism like a chick embryo. Bacteria usually contaminated the tissue, but Enders' team was now able to get penicillin -- discovered 20 years earlier by Alexander Fleming and developed in the 1940s by Ernst Chain and Howard Florey -- and prevent the bacterial growth. Now viruses like mumps or polio could be created in large quantities for study. This team won the 1954 Nobel Prize in physiology/medicine. Now Salk could speed up his research. Using formaldehyde, he killed the polio virus but kept it intact enough to trigger the body's response. On July 2, 1952, Salk tried a refined vaccine on children who'd already had polio and recovered. After the vaccination, their antibodies increased. He then tried it on volunteers who had not had polio, including himself, his wife, and their children. The volunteers all produced antibodies, and none got sick. In 1953 Salk reported his findings in The Journal of the American Medical Association. A nationwide testing of the vaccine was launched in April 1954 with the mass inoculation of school children. The results were amazing -- 60-70 percent prevention -- and Salk was praised to the skies. But suddenly, some 200 cases of the disease were caused by the vaccine and 11 people died. All testing was halted. It seemed that people's hopes were dashed until investigators found that the disease-causing vaccine all came from one poorly made batch at one drug company. Higher production standards were adopted and vaccinations resumed, with over 4 million given by August 1955. The impact was dramatic: In 1955 there were 28,985 cases of polio; in 1956, 14,647; in 1957, 5,894. By 1959, 90 other countries used Salk's vaccine. Another researcher, Albert Sabin, didn't think Salk's killed-virus vaccine was strong enough. He wanted to mimic the real-life infection as much as possible; that meant using a weakened form of the live virus. He experimented with more than 9,000 monkeys and 100 chimpanzees before isolating a rare form of poliovirus that would reproduce in the intestinal tract but not in the central nervous system. In 1957 he was ready for human trials of an vaccine people could swallow, not get in a shot. It was tested in other countries,


What playwright wrote many of his plays for the Stephen Joseph Company in Scarborough, UK?

Sir Alan Ayckbourn | British playwright | Britannica.com Sir Alan Ayckbourn Sir Peter Ustinov Sir Alan Ayckbourn, (born April 12, 1939, London , Eng.), successful and prolific British playwright, whose works—mostly farces and comedies—deal with marital and class conflicts and point up the fears and weaknesses of the English lower-middle class. He wrote more than 70 plays and other entertainments, most of which were first staged at the Stephen Joseph Theatre in Scarborough , Yorkshire, Eng. Alan Ayckbourn, 1975. Tim Graham—Hulton Archive/Getty Images At age 15 Ayckbourn acted in school productions of William Shakespeare , and he began his professional acting career with the Stephen Joseph Company in Scarborough. When Ayckbourn wanted better roles to play , Joseph told him to write a part for himself in a play that the company would mount if it had merit. Ayckbourn produced his earliest plays in 1959–61 under the pseudonym Roland Allen. His plays—many of which were performed years before they were published—include Relatively Speaking (1968), Mixed Doubles: An Entertainment on Marriage (1970), How the Other Half Loves (1971), the trilogy The Norman Conquests (1973), Absurd Person Singular (1974), Intimate Exchanges (1985), Mr. A’s Amazing Maze Plays (1989), Body Language (1990), Invisible Friends (1991), Communicating Doors (1995), Comic Potential (1999), The Boy Who Fell into a Book (2000), and the trilogy Damsels in Distress (2002). In 2002 he published a work of advice and instruction for aspiring playwrights and directors, The Crafty Art of Playmaking. After suffering a stroke in 2006, Ayckbourn limited his activities, though he soon resumed writing. In 2009 he stepped down as artistic director of the Stephen Joseph Theatre, a post he had held since 1972. His numerous honours include Laurence Olivier (2009) and Tony (2010) awards for lifetime achievement. Ayckbourn was knighted in 1997. Learn More in these related articles:


Who had a positive drug test for excessive levels of testosterone after initially being declared the winner of the 2006 Tour de France?

Historical Timeline - Drug Use in Sports - ProCon.org Drug Use in Sports Last updated on: 8/8/2013 11:24:22 AM PST Historical Timeline 776 BC - 393 BC - Ancient Greeks Use Performance Enhancing Drugs Depiction of athletes competing at the ancient Olympic Games. Source: www.britishcouncil.org (accessed June 30, 2009) "The use of drugs to enhance performance in sports has certainly occurred since the time of the original Olympic Games [from 776 to 393 BC]. The origin of the word 'doping' is attributed to the Dutch word 'doop,' which is a viscous opium juice, the drug of choice of the ancient Greeks." Larry D. Bowers , PhD "Athletic Drug Testing," Clinics in Sports Medicine, Apr. 1, 1998 "The ancient Olympic champions were professionals who competed for huge cash prizes as well as olive wreaths... Most forms of what we would call cheating were perfectly acceptable to them, save for game-fixing. There is evidence that they gorged themselves on meat -- not a normal dietary staple of the Greeks -- and experimented with herbal medications in an effort to enhance their performances...The ancient Greek athletes also drank wine potions, used hallucinogens and ate animal hearts or testicles in search of potency." "Winning, Cheating Have Ancient Roots," Washington Post, Aug. 3, 2007 100 AD - Roman Gladiators Use Stimulants and Hallucinogens to Prevent Fatigue and Injury Gladiator competitions and chariot races are popular in Ancient Roman culture, and the Coliseum is expanded to hold 60,000 spectators in 100 AD. Chariot racers feed their horses substances such as hydromel (an alcoholic beverage made from honey) to make them run faster and gladiators ingest hallucinogens and stimulants such as strychnine to stave off fatigue and injury and to improve the intensity of their fights. Ramlan Abdul Aziz, MD  "History of Doping," Presented at the WADA Asia Education Symposium, Aug. 29, 2006 Late 19th Century - French Cyclists and Lacrosse Players Drink Wine and Coca Leaves to Fight Fatigue and Hunger "The modern applications [of drug use in sports] began in the late nineteenth century, with preparations made from the coca leaf -- the source of cocaine and related alkaloids. Vin Mariani, a widely used mixture of coca leaf extract and wine, was even called 'the wine for athletes.' It was used by French cyclists and... by a champion lacrosse team. Coca and cocaine were popular because they staved off the sense of fatigue and hunger brought on by prolonged exertion." "The Coercive Power of Drugs in Sports," The Hastings Center Report, Aug. 1983 1904-1920 - Performance Enhancing Drugs Used in the Modern Olympic Games "In 1904 Olympics marathon runner, Thomas Hicks, was using a mixture of brandy and strychnine [a stimulant that is fatal in high doses] and nearly died. Mixtures of strychnine, heroin, cocaine, and caffeine were used widely by athletes and each coach or team developed its own unique secret formulae. This was common practice until heroin and cocaine became available only by prescription in the 1920s." Performance-Enhancing Medications and Drugs of Abuse, 1992 1928 - First Rule Against Doping in Sports The International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF), the governing body for the sport of track and field, become the first international sporting federation to prohibit doping by athletes. "Drugs in Sport/Doping Control," IAAF Medical Manual, www.iaaf.org (accessed May 13, 2009) 1940-1945 - Nazis Test Steroids on Prisoners and Hitler Adolf Hitler salutes the athletes at the opening ceremonies of the 1936 Berlin Olympics. Source: www.guardian.co.uk (accessed June 22, 2009) "According to anecdotal accounts, the Nazis test anabolic steroids on prisoners, Gestapos and Hitler himself [between 1940 and 1945]. Testosterone and its analogs are used by German soldiers to promote aggressiveness and physical strength. Retrospectively, according to his physician, Hitler's mental state toward the end of his life exhibits characteristics that some scientists associate with heavy steroid use: mania, acute paranoid psychoses, overly aggressiv


Both opposing generals, the British general Wolfe, and the French general Montcalm, were killed in a battle for which city in 1759?

French and Indian War: Battle of Quebec (1759) French and Indian War: Battle of Quebec (1759) French and Indian War: Battle of Quebec (1759) Death of Wolfe by Benjamin West.  Photograph Source: Public Domain Battle of Quebec Conflict & Date: The Battle of Quebec was fought September 13, 1759, during the French & Indian War (1754-1763). Armies & Commanders: 4,400 men engaged, 8,000 around Quebec French 4,500 engaged, 3,500 in Quebec Battle of Quebec (1759) Overview: Following the successful capture of Louisbourg in 1758, British leaders began planning for a strike against Quebec the next year. After assembling a force at Louisbourg under Major General James Wolfe and Admiral Sir Charles Saunders, the expedition arrived off Quebec in early June 1759. The direction of the attack caught the French commander, the Marquis de Montcalm, by surprise as he had anticipated a British thrust from the west or south. Assembling his forces, Montcalm began building a system of fortifications along the north shore of the St. Lawrence and placed bulk of his army east of the city at Beauport. Establishing his army on the Ile d'Orléans and the south shore at Point Levis, Wolfe began a bombardment of the city and ran ships past its batteries to reconnoiter for landing places upstream. On July 31, Wolfe attacked Montcalm at Beauport but was repulsed with heavy losses. Stymied, Wolfe began to focus on landing to west of the city. While British ships raided upstream and threatened Montcalm's supply lines to Montreal, the French leader was forced to disperse his army along the north shore to prevent Wolfe from crossing. The largest detachment, 3,000 men under Colonel Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, was sent upstream to Cap Rouge with orders to watch the river east back towards the city. Not believing that another assault at Beauport would be successful, Wolfe began planning a landing just beyond Pointe-aux-Trembles. This was cancelled due to poor weather and on September 10 he informed his commanders that he intended to cross at Anse-au-Foulon. A small cove southwest of the city, the landing beach at Anse-au-Foulon required British troops to come ashore and ascend a slope and small road to reach the Plains of Abraham above. The approach at Anse-au-Foulon was guarded by a militia detachment led Captain Louis Du Pont Duchambon de Vergor and numbered between 40-100 men. Though the Governor of Quebec, the Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, was concerned about a landing in the area, Montcalm dismissed these fears believing that due to the severity of the slope a small detachment would be able to hold until help arrived. On the night of September 12, British warships moved to positions opposite Cap Rouge and Beauport to give the impression that Wolfe would be landing at two places. Around midnight, Wolfe's men embarked for Anse-au-Foulon. Their approach was aided by the fact that the French were expecting boats bringing provisions from Trois-Rivières. Nearing the landing beach, the British were challenged by a French sentry. A French-speaking Highland officer replied in flawless French and the alarm was not raised. Going ashore with forty men, Brigadier General James Murray signaled to Wolfe that it was clear to land the army. A detachment under Colonel William Howe (of future American Revolution fame) moved up the slope and captured Vergor's camp. As the British were landing, a runner from Vergor's camp reached Montcalm. Distracted by Saunders' diversion off Beauport, Montcalm ignored this initial report. Finally coming to grips with the situation, Montcalm gathered his available forces and began moving west. While a more prudent course may have been to wait for Bougainville's men to rejoin the army or least be in position to attack simultaneously, Montcalm wished to engage the British immediately before they could fortify and become established above Anse-au-Foulon. Forming in an open area known as the Plains of Abraham, Wolfe's men turned towards the city with their right anchored on the river and their left on a wooded bluff overlooking the St. Charles


In the 1960's, record players were manufactured to revolve at 78, 45 and 33 revolutions per minute, and what other speed?

Record Formats Why 78, 45 and 33 1/3 record formats? 1.78s: (c. 1900 - 1960) The first disc format was the 10-inch 78 rpm record, pictured above in the center, invented around 1900. The first record player was invented around 1870 by Thomas Edison, but this used cylindrical records about the size of an empty toilet paper tube. The flat 78s were much easier to store. The grooves on these records were much larger than later LPs and 45s (about 4 times as big) and the needles were larger too. 78s were recorded and played back "acoustically", without any electric amplifiers or microphones, until about 1925. 78s were obsolete by about 1960. Since the grooves are so spaced out and the records spin so fast, a standard 10-inch 78 can't hold more than about 3 minutes of music per side. They are typically made of a shellac compound (as in furniture finish!), and have the consistency of a china plate, so they are very thick and heavy and break easily. 33s / "LPs": (c. 1948 - 1990) The 33, a.k.a. the "LP" (Long Playing record) or "album", pictured above at left, was invented in 1948. These LPs were popular until around 1990 when CDs were popular enough to take over. An LP could hold up to a total of 60 minutes of music, but most didn't have more than 40 minutes. They are made of vinyl plastic rather than shellac, so they are more flexible and don't tend to break like 78s. The grooves are 4 times smaller, so they were originally called "Microgrooves" (MG), and early LPs have this written on the label. Interestingly enough, there are enough people still willing to buy "classic" albums, particularly jazz and blues, that some of the labels in those styles, like Blue Note records, Original Jazz Classics (a.k.a. Prestige, Riverside, Contemporary, New Jazz, etc) and Delmark Records are once again pressing and selling LPs for about $9 - 13 through mail order. LPs of some newer releases are available, in very limited quantities.   Because people are still willing to buy classic albums, there is still a strong market for the best record players and the industry is looking up. 45s: (c. 1949 - 1990) The 45, pictured above at right, was the alternative to the LP when you wanted to record a single pop song rather than a full album. The 45 had the same smaller-sized groove as the LP, and the center hole was larger. 45s became popular in jukeboxes, which had previously used 78s, because 45s took up less space and you could fit more songs in the box. Suddenly jukes went from offering 24 or 40 songs on 78s to having 100 to 200 songs on 45s. 45s are also made of vinyl rather than shellac, and can hold up to about 5 minutes of music on each side. 45s are still being made in limited quantities for jukebox operators who have not upgraded to newer CD jukeboxes, so you can still get some of the latest releases on 45. Does anyone know why 78 revolutions per minute was chosen as the standard rotation speed of old-fashioned gramophone records, rather than a round number such as 75 or 80 rpm? And are there convincing explanations for the choice of speeds for later EPs and LPs of 33 1/3 rpm and 45 rpm? It was Emil Berliner, the inventor of the gramophone, who determined roughly how fast old disc records should spin. He avoided Edison's need for a stylus made from precious jewels by using points which could be made from steel sewing needles and pins. The size of the stylus effectively determined the size of the grooves in a record and the recordable frequency range limited by this groove size determined a speed between 70 and 90 rpm. Standardization did not begin until 1912, when the British Gramophone Company conducted listening tests on their back catalogue. They settled on the average (or possibly the median) of these tests, which turned out to be 78 rpm. Other companies adopted this, but the process was not complete until the early 1930s. Even after this date �rogue rpm� records still appeared. After standardization problems still occurred. Because of electrical mains frequencies differences on opposite sides of the Atlantic, stroboscopic speed testers and sy


What miners' oil lamp, invented in 1815, had a wire cylinder to enclose the flame, preventing the explosion of coal-gas?

Miner&#39s Safety Lamp,Miner&#39s Safety Lamp inventors | edubilla.com : Electrical & Electronics About Invention A safety lamp is any of several types of lamp that provides illumination in coal mines and is designed to operate in air that may contain coal dust or gases both of which are potentially flammable or explosive. Until the development of effective electric lamps in the early 1900s miners used flame lamps to provide illumination. Open flame lamps could ignite flammable gases which collected in mines, causing explosions and so safety lamps were developed to enclose the flame and prevent it from igniting the surrounding atmosphere. Flame safety lamps have been replaced in mining with sealed explosion-proof electric lights. History and development Within months of Clanny's demonstration of his first lamp, two improved designs had been announced: one by George Stephenson, which later became the Geordie lamp, and the Davy lamp, invented by Sir Humphry Davy. Subsequently, Clanny incorporated aspects of both lamps and produced the ancestor of all modern oil safety lamps. George Stephenson came from a mining family and by 1804 had secured the post of brakesman at Killingworth colliery. He was present at both the 1806 and 1809 explosions in the pit. By 1810, he was engineman and responsible for machinery both above and below ground.The pit was a gassy pit and Stephenson took the lead in work to extinguish a fire in 1814. For some years prior to 1815 he had been experimenting on the blowers or fissures from which gas erupted. He reasoned that a lamp in a chimney could create a sufficient updraft that firedamp would not penetrate down the chimney. Further observations of the speed of flame fronts in fissures and passageways led him to design a lamp with fine tubes admitting the air. Sir Humphrey Davy was asked to consider the problems of a safety lamp following the Felling explosion. Previous experimenters had used coal gas (chiefly carbon monoxide) incorrectly, believing it to be the same as firedamp. Davy however performed his experiments with samples of firedamp collected from pits. As an experimental chemist, he was familiar with flames not passing through gauze; his experiments enabled him to determine the correct size and fineness for a miner's lamp. Davy was awarded the Rumford Medal and £1,000 by the Royal Society in 1816 and a £2,000 prize by the country's colliery owners,who also awarded 100 guineas (£105) to Stephenson. However, the Newcastle committee also awarded Stephenson a £1,000 prize collected by subscription.Dr. Clanny was awarded a medal by the Royal Society of Arts in 1816. Both the Davy and Stephenson lamps were fragile. The gauze in the Davy lamp rusted in the damp air of a coal pit and became unsafe, while the glass in the Stephenson lamp was easily broken, and allowed the flame to ignite firedamp in the mine. Later Stephenson designs also incorporated a gauze screen as a protection against glass breakage.Developments, including the Gray, Mueseler and Marsaut lamps, tried to overcome these problems by using multiple gauze cylinders, but glass remained a problem until toughened glass became available. Were the flame to go out in a lamp, then there was a temptation for the collier to relight it. Some opened the lamps to light tobacco pipes underground.Both of these practices were strictly forbidden; they clearly negated the whole point of the safety lamp. The miner was expected to return to the shaft to perform relighting, a round trip of up to a few miles. For men on piece work, this meant a loss of income (perhaps 10% of their day's pay) and so was unpopular. From the mid-century onwards, and particularly after the 1872 act, lamps had to have a lock mechanism which prevented the miner opening the lamp. Two schemes existed; either a special tool was required which kept at the pit head or else opening the lamp extinguished the flame. The latter mechanism can be seen in the Mueseler, Landau and Yates lamps below. Such a lamp was known as a protector lamp, a term picked up and used as a company name.Onl


Taj Mahal, Agra, India - Map, Location, History, Facts Taj Mahal, Agra, India Taj Mahal, Agra, India PDF Noble. Eternal. Sublime. Taj Mahal – a 17th-century mausoleum on the banks of the Yamuna River in Agra – is a gleaming symbol of love, devotion, and craftsmanship. Erected by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan to cherish the memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal, it truly is “love wrought in stones.” Literally meaning “Crown Palace”, it is guarded by four slender marble minarets and emblazoned with verses taken from Quran. The eminence of sanctity oozes out from each marble pore. One of the Seven Wonders of the World, the Taj Mahal is a symbol of enduring love, built by the Emperor Shah Jahan to memorialize his late wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It is a mausoleum made of white marble, in which the Emperor had his wife entombed, and after his own death, Emperor Shah Jahan was entombed next to his wife. In the official history of Shah Jahan’s reign, written by Abdul Hamid Lahori in his book Badshahnama, he mentions the Taj Mahal as rauza-i munawwara, which means the illumined or famous tomb. Designed in the Mughal Empire style with touches of Persian influence and delicate designs, there is an entire complex that surrounds the mausoleum. The main building was completed in 1648, however, the surrounding architectural forms took five years for completion. The complex includes gardens, fountains, and a reflecting pool, which reflects the image of the Taj Mahal. The white-colored tomb rests on a square plinth and comprises of a symmetrical building with an arch-shaped doorway crowned by a large dome and finial. The original finial was constructed of gold, but it was replicated by a bronze model in the early 19th century. The top of the tomb is embellished with a lotus design, mixing the Persian and the Indian architectural styles. The recherché inlay work and elaborate craftsmanship together with the calligraphy leaves one utterly fascinated. For the interior inlay work, Shah Jahan preferred to use precious and semi-precious stones. Four minarets, each more than 40 meters tall, recall the traditional component of the mosques. The minarets were constructed somewhat outside the plinth to avoid damage that may occur if any minaret falls. Passages from the Quran can be seen bedecking the walls of the entire complex. These passages refer to the day of judgement. Over the centuries, the monument of love has been experiencing neglect and is deteriorating. During the early 20th century, a major restoration of this wonder took place. This UNESCO World Heritage Site is now in danger due to excessive pollution. The restoration works undertaken by the government are slow. After a tour of the Taj Mahal, visitors feel hungry. There are many eating joints near the Taj Mahal. Some of the food joints include the Silk Route Restaurant, Zorba The Buddha, Olive Garden, and Capri Restaurant. If you are seeking accommodation in Agra, check out these Places to Stay near the Taj Mahal . Some of the nearby attractions that you must visit while in Agra include the Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, Sikandra – The Tomb of Akbar, River Yamuna, and Mathura city. Last Mile Map of Taj Mahal showing nearby attractions, bus stops, ATMs, hotels and more. Where is Taj Mahal Located? The Taj Mahal is located in Agra city of India, in the Uttar Pradesh state. The Taj Mahal is situated upon the banks of the Yamuna River, overlooking Agra Fort. Agra’s Domestic Airport is connected to Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi. One can take a flight to Agra or choose to hire a cab to reach Agra. The Agra city is also connected via rest of the country with a fine network of railways. You need to check the availability of tickets at the Indian Railway website. Address:  Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. Pin: 282001 Distance from Delhi: 233 km; estimated travel time by road: 3 hours and 6 minutes (via Yamuna Expressway) Distance from Jaipur: Around 309 km; estimated travel time by road: 4 hours Distance from Agra Fort: Around 3.4 km; estimated travel time by road: 10 minutes Distance from Fatehpu


"""Trigger"" was the name of the horse belonging to which film cowboy?"

Movie/TV Cowboy Horses - The Wild West Movie/TV Cowboy Horses Movie/TV Cowboy Horses Buckshot - TV Wild Bill Hickok Wild Bill Hickok's horse in the 'Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok' TV show running from 1951-58. Guy Madison as Hickok rode Buckshot and Jingles rode Joker. Buttermilk - Dale Evans Horse Buttermilk (1941-1972) was a light buckskin Quarter Horse made famous in American Western films with his owner/rider, cowgirl star Dale Evans. The horse was ridden by Dale in a 1950s television series with her husband Roy Rogers who rode his Golden Palomino, "Trigger." Both horses were extremely popular and became a marketing success with cast iron and plastic replicas, lamps, and dozens of other products purchased by adults and children alike. After Buttermilk died in 1972, his hide was stretched over a plaster likeness and put on display at the Roy Rogers and Dale Evans Museum in Victorville, California which has since been relocated to Branson, Missouri. Champion - Gene Autry’s Horse Champion appeared with Gene Autry as his partner and sidekick throughout their legendary career in film, radio, and television. Pictured here is the Original Champion in Autry's 1939 "Home on the Prairie". Actually, there were three "official" Champions that performed in Autry films and several specialized horses, such as Little Champ, Lindy Champion, Touring Champion, and Champion Three. Other horses served as doubles for movie stunts and personal appearances. The Original Champion was sorrel-colored, had a blaze down his face and white stockings on all his legs except the right front. His first onscreen credit was for 1935's Melody Trail. He died while Autry was in military service. Champion was the only horse of a western film hero to have a TV series. “The Adventures of Champion” was produced by Autry's Flying A production company, and starred Barry Curtis as Ricky North, Jim Bannon as Uncle Sandy North, Francis McDonald as Will Calhoun, and Ewing Mitchell as Sheriff Powers. The program first aired on the CBS television network, and ran from September, 1955 through February, 1956. There was also a Champion comic book (but Gene's horse wasn't the only one to have a comic series - Roy Rogers' Trigger also had a comic book run). Duke - John Wayne Duke is John Wayne's horse in the western, 'Ride Him, Cowboy' (1932). John Drury saves Duke, a wild horse accused of murder, and trains him. When he discovers that the real murderer, a badguy known as The Hawk, is the town's leading citizen, Drury arrested on a fraudulent charge. Loco and Diablo Pancho and the Cisco Kid's horses. Scout - Tonto’s Horse Tonto, who rode Scout the pinto horse, was the sidekick of The Lone Ranger, the popular Western character created by George W. Trendle (in collaboration with others). Tonto himself was created by writer Fran Striker for the original radio series which began in 1933; Tonto made his first appearance on the twelfth show (which aired on station WXYZ in February 25, 1933). Though he became as iconic as his friend, Tonto was originally created just so the Lone Ranger would have someone to talk to. Throughout the radio run (which spanned twenty-one years), with only a few exceptions, Tonto was played by American actor John Todd. Over the years, Tonto's horses names were White Feller, Paint and Scout. Before September 1935 (on the radio series) Tonto rode double with the Lone Ranger. Silver - The Lone Ranger’s Horse Silver was the name of the hero's horse in the long-running radio, and later, television program The Lone Ranger. Silver was a magnificent white stallion, named after his being found near a silver mine also found by The Lone Ranger and his Indian sidekick, Tonto. (In a later, retcon version, The Ranger saved Silver from a raging buffalo and then adopted him.) Silver's exploits almost made him the equivalent of another character in the series, as he was extremely intelligent and well-trained (this could also be said of Tonto's mount, Scout). Silver won the Award for Excellence (Patsy) in 1957. This award is for animals who are outstanding a


What was the cause of the disqualification of Swedish pentathlete Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall at Mexico City in 1968, the first as a result of failing a doping test at an Olympic Games?

Hans Gunnar Liljenwall - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia I Love to read n write about Interesting People Hans Gunnar Liljenwall Role  Olympic athlete Born  9 July 1941 (age 74) (1941-07-09) Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall (born 9 July 1941) is a Swedish modern pentathlete who caused the disqualification of the Swedish men's team at the 1968 Summer Olympics held in Mexico City for his alcohol use. Liljenwall was the first athlete to be disqualified at the Olympics for drug use, following the introduction of anti-doping regulations by the International Olympic Committee in 1967. Sponsored Links Liljenwall reportedly had "two beers" to calm his nerves before the pistol shooting portion of the modern pentathlon. The Swedish team eventually had to return their bronze medals.


In which film starring Bill Murray was each day the same as the one before?

Groundhog Day (1993) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A weatherman finds himself inexplicably living the same day over and over again. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 25 titles created 02 Jan 2012 a list of 38 titles created 27 Mar 2015 a list of 31 titles created 25 May 2015 a list of 24 titles created 8 months ago a list of 32 titles created 2 days ago Search for " Groundhog Day " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won     1     BAFTA Film Award. Another    5 wins & 8 nominations. See more awards  » Videos An insurance salesman/adjuster discovers his entire life is actually a television show. Director: Peter Weir     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8/10 X   A giant great white shark arrives on the shores of a New England beach resort and wreaks havoc with bloody attacks on swimmers, until a part-time sheriff teams up with a marine biologist and an old seafarer to hunt the monster down. Director: Steven Spielberg In a future world devastated by disease, a convict is sent back in time to gather information about the man-made virus that wiped out most of the human population on the planet. Director: Terry Gilliam Brian is born on the original Christmas, in the stable next door. He spends his life being mistaken for a messiah. Director: Terry Jones After the death of a friend, a writer recounts a boyhood journey to find the body of a missing boy. Director: Rob Reiner Marty McFly, a 17-year-old high school student, is accidentally sent 30 years into the past in a time-traveling DeLorean invented by his close friend, the maverick scientist Doc Brown. Director: Robert Zemeckis King Arthur and his knights embark on a low-budget search for the Grail, encountering many, very silly obstacles. Directors: Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones Stars: Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Eric Idle A boy who communicates with spirits that don't know they're dead seeks the help of a disheartened child psychologist. Director: M. Night Shyamalan Rocky Balboa, a small-time boxer, gets a supremely rare chance to fight heavy-weight champion Apollo Creed in a bout in which he strives to go the distance for his self-respect. Director: John G. Avildsen During a preview tour, a theme park suffers a major power breakdown that allows its cloned dinosaur exhibits to run amok. Director: Steven Spielberg     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8/10 X   A seemingly indestructible humanoid cyborg is sent from 2029 to 1984 to assassinate a waitress, whose unborn son will lead humanity in a war against the machines, while a soldier from that war is sent to protect her at all costs. Director: James Cameron The true story of Frank Abagnale Jr. who, before his 19th birthday, successfully conned millions of dollars' worth of checks as a Pan Am pilot, doctor, and legal prosecutor. Director: Steven Spielberg Edit Storyline A weather man is reluctantly sent to cover a story about a weather forecasting "rat" (as he calls it). This is his fourth year on the story, and he makes no effort to hide his frustration. On awaking the 'following' day he discovers that it's Groundhog Day again, and again, and again. First he uses this to his advantage, then comes the realisation that he is doomed to spend the rest of eternity in the same place, seeing the same people do the same thing EVERY day. Written by Rob Hartill He's having the worst day of his life... over, and over... See more  » Genres: Rated PG for some thematic elements | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 12 February 1993 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Hechizo del tiempo See more  » Filming Locations: Dolby SR (as Dolby Stereo) Color: Did You Know? Trivia Since the film's release, the town of Punxatawney has now become a major tourist attraction. See more » Goofs When Phil is reading poe


THEATER IN REVIEW - 'BENT' - POWERFUL AND COURAGEOUS - NYTimes.com THEATER IN REVIEW; 'BENT': POWERFUL AND COURAGEOUS By Leah D. Frank Published: December 4, 1983 An excellent production of Martin Sherman's poignant drama ''Bent'' is being presented by the Studio Theater in Lindenhurst. The play is a dramatic account of the struggle of homosexuals in Nazi Germany for self-preservation and decency, and has been controversial since its first reading at the O'Neill Playwrights Conference in Waterford, Conn., in July 1978. Wherever the play has been staged--in Connecticut, London, and Broadway--there has been outrage at the suggestion that Jews, compared with homosexuals, were somehow coddled in Dachau, and again at the notion that the arrest and extermination of homosexual inmates in the concentrations camps could somehow serve as a parable of our own time. The controversies arise primarily out of the play's huge gaps in logic and its superficial treatments of both oppression and victimization. However, when the play is effective, as it often is, it moves us to consider how societies respond to what they perceive as ''deviants.'' And ''Bent'' is chilling because the events that take place are portrayed as being so ordinary, and so possible. The play opens with Max (William Hayes) nursing a hangover. We are in Berlin in 1934, and it is the morning after the homosexual purge known as ''the night of the long knives.'' Max had brought home a beautiful young soldier the night before, who is then graphically murdered by storm troopers who have been looking for him. Max and his lover, Rudy, run from their apartment and keep running until they are eventually tracked down and packed into a boxcar bound for Dachau. In the camp, Max avoids wearing the pink triangle affixed to deviants by convincing his captors that he is Jewish, and he is accorded the theoretically more desirable yellow star of David. It is during this time that he learns not only to respect himself, but also to both accept and to give love. Love is the basis of this play, and it is the constant that is normal. The war and the Holocaust are aberrations blocking the natural flow of love not only of two men, but also of all mankind. One of the most erotic scenes in dramatic literature takes place in the second act when two men stand still, a few feet apart, and verbalize their fantasies of making love to each other. Juxtaposed against the violence and emotional brutality of the play, these sexual expressions are as much a part of the world we live in as the sun rising in the east. William Hayes gives us an intense, high-strung Max. And although Mr. Hayes's performance has a tendency to be too controlled for too long, his interpretation is still a powerful one. Once his Max acknowledges his pain, he attains a sense of dignity and freedom. When he finally holds Horst's body close and talks of love, we are deeply moved. Rudy, a sweet young dancer who is the lover Max is forced by the Nazis to disavow, is superbly played by Michael Fife. His Rudy is a cute, bubbly, naive boy, and even when faced with the reality of his hopeless situation, he reacts more like a child terrified of being separated from his mother in a crowded shopping center than like a doomed man. Mr. Fife's sweetness makes his Rudy all the more heartbreaking. Kenneth Gunning is Horst, the man Max meets in the boxcar and falls in love with while working over a rock pile in Dachau. Mr. Gunning lacks the artistic range needed to turn this role into the powerhouse part it could be, but he nonetheless gives a solid performance that should improve as the production continues. Maris Irbe is superb as Uncle Freddie, a scared rabbit of a man who is terrified that his homosexuality will be discovered. He tries to help Max, but actually his caution and fear help doom his nephew. Tom Thon plays Greta, the owner of the homosexual hangout where Rudy dances. Mr. Thon is a bust as the blond Dynelwigged transvestite who sings ''Streets of Berlin'' off key, but he is terrifying as the cold, calculating busine


Spain's war in 1898 with which power resulted in its loss of sovereignty over Cuba and the Philippine Islands?

Milestones: 1866–1898 - Office of the Historian Milestones: 1866–1898 The Spanish-American War, 1898 The Spanish-American War of 1898 ended Spain’s colonial empire in the Western           Hemisphere and secured the position of the United States as a Pacific power.           U.S. victory in the war produced a peace treaty that compelled the Spanish to           relinquish claims on Cuba, and to cede sovereignty over Guam, Puerto Rico, and           the Philippines to the United States. The United States also annexed the           independent state of Hawaii during the conflict. Thus, the war enabled the           United States to establish its predominance in the Caribbean region and to           pursue its strategic and economic interests in Asia. Charge of the 24th and 25th Colored Infantry and Rescue of Rough Riders at             San Juan Hill, July 2nd 1898 (Kurz and Allison) The war that erupted in 1898 between the United States and Spain was preceded by           three years of fighting by Cuban revolutionaries to gain independence from           Spanish colonial rule. From 1895–1898, the violent conflict in Cuba captured the           attention of Americans because of the economic and political instability that it           produced in a region within such close geographical proximity to the United           States. The long-held U.S. interest in ridding the Western Hemisphere of           European colonial powers and American public outrage over brutal Spanish tactics           created much sympathy for the Cuban revolutionaries. By early 1898, tensions           between the United States and Spain had been mounting for months. After the U.S.           battleship Maine exploded and sank in Havana harbor under mysterious           circumstances on February 15, 1898, U.S. military intervention in Cuba became           likely. On April 11, 1898, President William McKinley asked Congress           for authorization to end the fighting in Cuba between the rebels and Spanish           forces, and to establish a “stable government” that would “maintain order” and           ensure the “peace and tranquility and the security” of Cuban and U.S. citizens           on the island. On April 20, the U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution that           acknowledged Cuban independence, demanded that the Spanish government give up           control of the island, foreswore any intention on the part of the United States           to annex Cuba, and authorized McKinley to use whatever military measures he           deemed necessary to guarantee Cuba’s independence. The Spanish government rejected the U.S. ultimatum and immediately severed           diplomatic relations with the United States. McKinley responded by implementing           a naval blockade of Cuba on April 22 and issued a call for 125,000 military           volunteers the following day. That same day, Spain declared war on the United           States, and the U.S. Congress voted to go to war against Spain on April 25. The future Secretary of State John Hay described           the ensuing conflict as a “splendid little war.” The first battle was fought on           May 1, in Manila Bay, where Commodore George Dewey’s Asiatic Squadron defeated           the Spanish naval force defending the Philippines. On June 10, U.S. troops           landed at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba and additional forces landed near the harbor           city of Santiago on June 22 and 24. After isolating and defeating the Spanish           Army garrisons in Cuba, the U.S. Navy destroyed the Spanish Caribbean squadron           on July 3 as it attempted to escape the U.S. naval blockade of Santiago. Secretary of State John H


In ballet, what is the name for a dance duet in which ballet steps are performed together?

Ballet Terms Online - Dictionary of basic Ballet moves Adage, Adagio [French: a-DAHZH] Adage means “slow, sustained” movement and has two meanings in Ballet: 1st meaning: A series of movements following the centre practice, consisting of slow and graceful movements which may be simple or complex, performed with as much fluidity and ease as possible. This helps the dancer build strength and control as the movements are slow. The steps may include attitude, arabesque, développé, grande rond de jambe, and plié, and others. 2nd meaning: The opening section of the classical pas de deux, in which the ballerina is partnered by a male partner. Together they perform slow movements in which the male partner lifts, supports or carries the lady. The lady dancer will usually perform développés, pirouettes, arabesques and more. Air, en l’ [ahn lehr] In the air In the air means that a movement will be made in the air. For example, rond de jambe en l’air. And that the working leg will be raised to a horizontal position with the toe on the level of the hip. Allégro [a-lay-GROH; Italian: al-LAY-groh] In Ballet terms, Allegro means fast, lively movements and jumps. All steps of elevation such as the sautés, jetés, entrechat, cabriole, assemblé and others are under this classification. The dancers must show smooth and light movements to make it look right. Arabesque [a-ra-BESK] Arabesque is one of the most popular basic Ballet moves. It is a position supported on one leg, which can be straight or in demi-plié, with the other leg extended behind and at right angles to it, and the arms held in various positions creating the longest possible lines from the fingertips outward. It can be found in almost every classical and modern Ballet today. Watch video: Arabesque Video Arrière, en [ah na-RYEHR] Means to go backward. Used to indicate that a step is executed moving away from the audience. Assemblé [a-sahn-BLAY] Simply put it means when two legs are joined together in the air. It is when the dancer shoots one leg up into the air and then jumps the second leg to join the two legs together in the air. Usually the dancer will land in fifth position of plie after the jump. Attitude [a-tee-TEWD] It is a standing position on one leg with the other leg lifted in the front or the back with the knee bent at an angle of 90 degrees and well turned out so that the knee is higher than the foot. The supporting foot may be à terre, sur la pointe or sur la demi-pointe. The arm on the side of the raised leg is held over the head in a curved position while the other arm is extended to the side. Avant, en [ah na-VAHN] Avant means to the front or Forward. A direction for the execution of a step. Used to indicate that a given step is executed moving forward, toward the audience. Balancé [ba-lahn-SAY] It is a step that rocks or swings from foot to foot. The dancer will alternate their weight from foot to foot in this movement. Ballerina [bahl-lay-REE-rlah (Italian)] It used to mean the principal female dancer in a ballet company. In the days of the Russian Imperial Theatres the title was given to the outstanding soloists who danced the chief classical roles. Nowdays this term simply means a female ballet dancer. The leading female dancer will usually be referred to as “principal dancer” these days. Ballet foot positions The 5 main foot positions in Ballet including 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th positions. Each position is different and is required for specific movements. Watch video: 5 Ballet Foot Positions (2 Videos) Ballet master, ballet mistress The person in a ballet company whose duty is to give the daily company class and to rehearse the ballets in the company repertoire. They are part of “staff” and work together with dancers and with directors. Balletomane A ballet fan. The word was invented in Russia in the early nineteenth century. Someone who adores Ballet. Ballon [ba-LAWN] Ballon means “to bounce”. The dancer must demonstrate a jump with ease and lightness. After the jump, the dancer would pause mid air for a moment and then softly descend with ease. Barre [bar


Closest Star to the Sun - Universe Today   Universe Today Closest Star to the Sun Article Updated: 18 Oct , 2016 by Fraser Cain This is a classic trick question. Ask a friend, “what is the closest star?” and then watch as they try to recall some nearby stars. Sirius maybe? Alpha something or other? Betelgeuse? The answer, obviously, is the Sun; that massive ball of plasma located a mere 150 million km from Earth. Let’s be more precise; what’s the closest star to the Sun? Closest Star You might have heard that it’s Alpha Centauri, the third brightest star in the sky, just 4.37 light-years from Earth. But Alpha Centauri isn’t one star, it’s a system of three stars. First, there’s a binary pair, orbiting a common center of gravity every 80 years. Alpha Centauri A is just a little more massive and brighter than the Sun, and Alpha Centauri B is slightly less massive than the Sun. Then there’s a third member of this system, the faint red dwarf star, Proxima Centauri. It’s the closest star to our Sun, located just a short 4.24 light-years away. Proxima Centauri Alpha Centauri is located in the Centaurus constellation, which is only visible in the Southern Hemisphere. Unfortunately, even if you can see the system, you can’t see Proxima Centauri. It’s so dim, you need a need a reasonably powerful telescope to resolve it. Let’s get sense of scale for just how far away Proxima Centauri really is. Think about the distance from the Earth to Pluto. NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft travels at nearly 60,000 km/h, the fastest a spacecraft has ever traveled in the Solar System. It will have taken more than nine years to make this journey when it arrives in 2015. Travelling at this speed, to get to Proxima Centauri, it would take New Horizons 78,000 years. Proxima Centauri has been the nearest star for about 32,000 years, and it will hold this record for another 33,000 years. It will make its closest approach to the Sun in about 26,700 years, getting to within 3.11 light-years of Earth. After 33,000 years from now, the nearest star will be Ross 248. What About the Northern Hemisphere? Bernard’s Star For those of us in the Northern Hemisphere, the closest visible star is Barnard’s Star, another red dwarf in the constellation Ophiuchus. Unfortunately, just like Proxima Centauri, it’s too dim to see with the unaided eye. The closest star that you can see with the naked eye in the Northern Hemisphere is Sirius, the Dog Star. Sirius, has twice the mass and is almost twice the size of the Sun, and it’s the brightest star in the sky. Located 8.6 light-years away in the constellation Canis Major – it’s very familiar as the bright star chasing Orion across the night sky in Winter. How do Astronomers Measure the Distance to Stars? They use a technique called parallax. Do a little experiment here. Hold one of your arms out at length and put your thumb up so that it’s beside some distant reference object. Now take turns opening and closing each eye. Notice how your thumb seems to jump back and forth as you switch eyes? That’s the parallax method. To measure the distance to stars, you measure the angle to a star when the Earth is one side of its orbit; say in the summer. Then you wait 6 month, until the Earth has moved to the opposite side of its orbit, and then measure the angle to the star compared to some distant reference object. If the star is close, the angle will be measurable, and the distance can be calculated. You can only really measure the distance to the nearest stars this way, since it only works to about 100 light-years. The 20 Closest Stars Here is a list of the 20 closest star systems and their distance in light-years. Some of these have multiple stars, but they’re part of the same system. Alpha Centauri – 4.2


Which Scotsman took out a patent in 1876 that was the nucleus of the telephone?

Alexander Graham Bell - Biography, Facts and Pictures Blog Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. Remarkably, he only worked on his invention because he misunderstood a technical work he had read in German. His misunderstanding ultimately led to his discovery of how speech could be transmitted electrically. Images are: A model of Bell’s very first telephone (top-left). Alexander Graham Bell in 1874, aged 26, when he became a professor at Boston University (bottom-left). Bell, aged 45, making the first call from New York to Chicago when the exchange opened in 1892 (right). Alexander Graham Bell’s Early Life, Early Inventions, and Education Alexander Graham Bell was born March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. His mother’s name was Eliza Grace Symonds. His father, Alexander Melville Bell, was a professor of speech elocution at the University of Edinburgh. His father also wrote definitive books about speech and elocution, which sold very well in the UK and North America. The young Alexander was home-schooled until he was 11, following which he attended Edinburgh’s Royal High School for four years: he enjoyed science, but did not do well academically. Although his schoolwork was poor, his mind was very active. One day, he was playing at a flour mill owned by the family of a young friend. Bell learned that de-husking the wheat grains took a lot of effort and was also very boring. He saw that it would be possible for a machine to do the work, so he built one. He was only 12 at the time. The machine he built was used at the mill for several years. Advertisements Aged 15, he joined his grandfather who had moved to London, England. His grandfather home-schooled him, which seemed to bring out the best in Bell again. When he was 16, he enrolled at Weston House Academy in Elgin, Scotland, where he learned Greek and Latin and also earned some money teaching elocution. While he was 16, he and his brother tried to build a talking robot. They built a windpipe and a realistic looking head. When they blew air through the windpipe, the mouth could make a small number of recognizable words. For the next few years, Bell moved to a new school most years, either teaching elocution or improving his own education. To Canada While Bell moved around a lot, he continued to carry out his own research into sound and speech. He worked very hard indeed, and by the time he was 20 he was in very poor health and returned to his family home, which was now in London. By mid-1870, when Bell was 23, both of his younger brothers had died of tuberculosis. Bell’s parents were terrified that Alexander, whose health was fragile, would suffer a similar fate. He was now the only child of theirs who was still alive. Bell’s father had gone to Canada when he was younger and found that his poor health had improved dramatically. He now decided that what was left of his family should move to Canada, and by late 1870, they were living in Brentford, Ontario. Thankfully, Alexander Graham Bell’s health began to improve. While living in Brentford, Bell learned the Mohawk language and put it in writing for the first time. The Mohawk people made him an Honorary Chief. And the United States When he was 25, Bell opened his School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech in Boston, MA, where he taught deaf people to speak. At age 26, although he did not have a university degree, he became Professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the Boston University School of Oratory. The Invention of the Telephone While he was moving jobs and locations around the UK and North America, Bell had developed an overriding desire to invent a machine that could reproduce human speech. Speech had become his life: his mother had gone deaf, and Bell’s father had developed a method of teaching deaf people to speak, which Bell taught. His research into mechanizing human speech had become a relentless obsession: in the UK it had driven him almost to collapse. When Bell was only 19 years old, he had described the work was doing in a letter to the linguistics expert Alexa


In which war were the sieges of Mafeking, Kimberley and Ladysmith lifted following the arrival of reinforcement British troops under the command of Lord Kitchener and Lord Roberts?

Battle of Stormberg - The Boer War Battle of Stormberg General Gatacre’s disastrous reverse, the first battle of ‘Black Week’ British troops hauling a gun up the railway line The previous battle in the Boer War is the Battle of Modder River The next battle in the Boer War is the Battle of Magersfontein War:         The Boer War Date:       9th and 10th December 1899 Place:      Stormberg Valley in the Eastern Cape Colony, South Africa. Combatants :  British against the Boers Lieutenant General Sir William Gatacre the British commander at the Battle of Stormberg on 9th/10th December 1899 Generals:        Major General Sir William Gatacre against General Olivier. Size of the armies:         2,600 British against 1,700 Boers. Arms and equipment:   The Boer War was a serious jolt for the British Army.    At the outbreak of the war British tactics were appropriate for the use of single shot firearms, fired in volleys controlled by company and battalion officers; the troops fighting in close order.  The need for tight formations had been emphasised time and again in colonial fighting.  In the Zulu and Sudan Wars overwhelming enemy numbers armed principally with stabbing weapons were kept at a distance by such tactics, but, as at Isandlwana, would overrun a loosely formed force.  These tactics had to be entirely rethought in battle against the Boers armed with modern weapons. In the months before hostilities the Boer commandant general, General Joubert, bought 30,000 Mauser magazine rifles, firing smokeless ammunition, and a number of modern field guns and automatic weapons from the German armaments manufacturer Krupp, the French firm Creusot and the British company Maxim.  Unfortunately for the Boers they chose to buy high explosive ammunition for their new field guns.  The war was to show that high explosive was largely ineffective in the field, unless rounds landed on rocky terrain and splintered the rock.  The British artillery relied upon air-bursting shrapnel which was highly effective against infantry in open country. There were many reports of Boer ammunition failing to explode.  It seems likely that this will have been due to a lack of training for the Boer gunners in the use of shells which needed to be fused before firing. Boer Wapenschouwing or shooting competition before the South African War Once the war was under way the arms markets of Europe were closed to the Boers, due to the British naval blockade, and the error in ammunition selection could not be remedied. The commandoes, without formal discipline, welded into a fighting force through a strong sense of community and dislike for the British.  Field Cornets led burghers by personal influence not through any military code.  The Boers did not adopt military formation in battle, instinctively fighting from whatever cover there might be.  Most Boers were countrymen, running their farms from the back of a pony with a rifle in one hand.  These rural Boers brought a life time of marksmanship to the war, an important advantage further exploited by Joubert’s consignment of smokeless magazine rifles.  Viljoen is said to have coined the aphorism “Through God and the Mauser”.  With strong field craft skills and high mobility the Boers were natural mounted infantry.  The urban burghers and foreign volunteers readily adopted the fighting methods of the rest of the army. Other than in the regular uniformed Staats Artillery and police units, the Boers wore their every day civilian clothes on campaign. After the first month the Boers lost their numerical superiority, spending the rest of the formal war on the strategic defensive against British forces that outnumbered them, although operating with aggression when led by the younger generation of leaders like De Wet. British tactics, developed on the North-West Frontier of India, Zululand, the Sudan and in other colonial wars against badly armed tribesmen, when used at Modder River, Magersfontein, Colenso and Spion Kop were inappropriate against entrenched troops armed with modern magazine rifles.  Every British commander mad


Charlie Chaplin wore his tramp costume for the first time in 1914 in which film?

Charlie Chaplin: how he turned into the Tramp - Telegraph Film Charlie Chaplin: how he turned into the Tramp Christopher Frayling, co-curator of the V&A’s Hollywood  Costume exhibition, explains how clothes are crucial to creating a film  character – such as Charlie Chaplain's memorable Tramp. Ringmaster of the wardrobe: Charlie Chaplin in 1928 in The Circus.  Photo: SNAP / Rex Features By Christopher Frayling 2:32PM BST 19 Oct 2012 Charlie Chaplin’s costume as ''the Tramp’’ is a bundle of contradictions: the jacket is buttoned too tightly, the trousers are too baggy, the bowler hat too small and the size 14 shoes much too big, as well as being worn on the wrong feet. These disparate elements combined to help define his screen personality and its place in the world, including his social pretensions. In silhouette form, the costume became, in the eyes and minds of early film-going audiences, one of the best-known, most instantly recognisable screen images in the world — up there with Mickey Mouse’s ears, Boris Karloff’s cranium, Humphrey Bogart’s trench coat, Judy Garland’s ruby slippers and Alfred Hitchcock’s line drawing of his own portly shape. Chaplin designed the costume himself. It lasted on the screen, in numerous shorts and features, for 22 years. Only James Bond’s dinner jacket in Eon’s productions can compete for longevity and that has been worn — in various designs — by six different actors. There are several versions of how the Tramp costume came to be invented. One, put out by the Keystone Comedy Studio, where Chaplin worked from December 1913, was that he was passing the time one afternoon in the male dressing room (a converted farm shed) — while waiting for the rain to stop — by trying on various articles belonging to other contracted comedians: Fatty Arbuckle’s trousers, star performer Ford Sterling’s shoes and so on. The stick-on moustache was intended for a villain, but he cut it down to the dimensions of a toothbrush. And it all seemed to work. Another was that the costume was a collage of elements dating back to late-Victorian music-hall routines — Dan Leno’s ill-fitting jacket, Little Tich’s boots, George Robey’s small hat and umbrella maybe — and that Chaplin could have been more generous in acknowledging this. Related Articles V&A Hollywood Costume: in pictures 19 Oct 2012 He had been “discovered” while appearing in an anthology show of the British music hall, on 42nd Street in New York. Chaplin, in his 1964 autobiography, recalls the key moment as happening when studio head Mack Sennett asked him to get into a funny outfit in a hurry — everything at Keystone was done in a hurry. “I had no idea what make-up to put on… However, on the way to the wardrobe, I thought I would dress in baggy pants, big shoes, a cane and a derby hat… I had no idea of the character. But the moment I was dressed, the clothes and the make-up made me feel the person he was. I began to know him, and by the time I walked on to the stage he was fully born… Gags and comedy ideas went racing through my mind.” Allowing for poetic licence over the intervening years — the character in fact took quite a time to be “fully born” — this rings true. It is confirmed by the cameraman on the first film to be made featuring the Tramp, Mabel’s Strange Predicament, who in 1984 clearly recalled Chaplin coming out of the shed to “rehearse himself — that walk, the cane, the hat and things like that, you know”. But this wasn’t the film that introduced audiences to the Tramp. Two days earlier, on February 7 1914, Kid Auto Races in Venice, California was released, a largely improvised short of just 20 shots, 572 feet, which was filmed in 45 minutes flat against the backdrop of a real-life rally of boys hurtling down a slope in soapbox cars: Sennett liked sometimes to use ready-made parades and sporting events as cheap settings. Chaplin plays a tramp who keeps ruining the set-ups of a long-suffering film director (played by the actual director, Henry Lehrman) by elbowing his way into shot and self-consciously playing up to the camera by doing litt


The Gulf Stream, a warm ocean current, flows from the North American continent to where?

The Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean - Overview The Warm Ocean Current Flows from The Gulf of Mexico into the Atlantic Ocean The Gulf Stream results in beaches with warm water.  Stockbyte/ Stockbyte/ Getty Images By  Amanda Briney, Contributing Writer The Gulf Stream is a strong, fast moving, warm ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows into the Atlantic Ocean . It makes up a portion of the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre. The majority of the Gulf Stream is classified as a western boundary current. This means that it is a current with behavior determined by the presence of a coastline - in this case the eastern United States and Canada - and is found on the western edge of an oceanic basin. Western boundary currents are normally very warm, deep, and narrow currents that carry water from the tropics to the poles. The Gulf Stream was first discovered in 1513 by the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon and was then used extensively by Spanish ships as they travelled from the Caribbean to Spain. In 1786, Benjamin Franklin mapped the current, further increasing its usage. Path of the Gulf Stream Today, it is understood that the waters feeding into the Gulf Stream begin flowing off the west coast of Northern Africa (map) . continue reading below our video What are the Seven Wonders of the World There, the Atlantic North Equatorial Current flows from that continent across the Atlantic Ocean. Once the current reaches eastern South America, it splits into two currents, one of which is the Antilles Current. These currents are then funneled through the islands of the Caribbean and through the Yucatan Channel between Mexico and Cuba. Because these areas are often very narrow, the current is able to compress and gather strength. As it does so, it begins circulating in the Gulf of Mexico’s warm waters. It is here that the Gulf Stream becomes officially visible on satellite images so it is said that the current originates in this area. Once it gains enough strength after circulating in the Gulf of Mexico, the Gulf Stream then moves east, rejoins the Antilles Current, and exits the area through the Straits of Florida. Here, the Gulf Stream is a powerful underwater river that transports water at a rate of 30 million cubic meters per second (or 30 Sverdrups). It then flows parallel to the east coast of the United States and later flows into the open ocean near Cape Hatteras but continues moving north. While flowing in this deeper ocean water, the Gulf Stream is its most powerful (at about 150 Sverdrups), forms large meanders, and splits into several currents, the largest of which is the North Atlantic Current. The North Atlantic Current then flows further north and feeds the Norwegian Current and moves the relatively warm water along the west coast of Europe. The rest of the Gulf Stream flows into the Canary Current which moves along the eastern side of the Atlantic Ocean and back south to the equator. Causes of the Gulf Stream The Gulf Stream, like all other ocean currents is mainly caused by wind as it creates friction when moving over the water. This friction then forces the water to move in the same direction. Because it is a western boundary current, the presence of land along the Gulf Stream’s edges also aids in its movement. The northern branch of the Gulf Stream, the North Atlantic Current, is deeper and is caused by thermohaline circulation resulting from density differences in the water. Impacts of the Gulf Stream Because ocean currents circulate water of different temperatures all over the globe, they often have a significant impact on the world’s climate and weather patterns. The Gulf Stream is one of the most important currents in this regard since it gathers all of its water from the warm tropical waters of the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. As such, it keeps sea surface temperatures warm, causing the areas around it to be warm and more hospitable. Florida and much of the Southeastern United States for instance is mild all year round. The greatest impact the Gulf Stream has on climate is found in Eur


In 1960 an international agreement defined the metre in terms of the wavelength of the light from which gas, when burnt?

Base unit definitions: Meter Unit of length (meter)   Abbreviations : CGPM, CIPM, BIPM        The origins of the meter go back to at least the 18th century. At that time, there were two competing approaches to the definition of a standard unit of length. Some suggested defining the meter as the length of a pendulum having a half-period of one second; others suggested defining the meter as one ten-millionth of the length of the earth's meridian along a quadrant (one fourth the circumference of the earth). In 1791, soon after the French Revolution, the French Academy of Sciences chose the meridian definition over the pendulum definition because the force of gravity varies slightly over the surface of the earth, affecting the period of the pendulum.        Thus, the meter was intended to equal 10-7 or one ten-millionth of the length of the meridian through Paris from pole to the equator. However, the first prototype was short by 0.2 millimeters because researchers miscalculated the flattening of the earth due to its rotation. Still this length became the standard. (The engraving at the right shows the casting of the platinum-iridium alloy called the "1874 Alloy.") In 1889, a new international prototype was made of an alloy of platinum with 10 percent iridium, to within 0.0001, that was to be measured at the melting point of ice. In 1927, the meter was more precisely defined as the distance, at 0°, between the axes of the two central lines marked on the bar of platinum-iridium kept at the BIPM, and declared Prototype of the meter by the 1st CGPM, this bar being subject to standard atmospheric pressure and supported on two cylinders of at least one centimeter diameter, symmetrically placed in the same horizontal plane at a distance of 571 mm from each other.        The 1889 definition of the meter, based upon the artifact international prototype of platinum-iridium, was replaced by the CGPM in 1960 using a definition based upon a wavelength of krypton-86 radiation. This definition was adopted in order to reduce the uncertainty with which the meter may be realized. In turn, to further reduce the uncertainty, in 1983 the CGPM replaced this latter definition by the following definition: The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second.        Note that the effect of this definition is to fix the speed of light in vacuum at exactly 299 792 458 m·s-1. The original international prototype of the meter, which was sanctioned by the 1st CGPM in 1889, is still kept at the BIPM under the conditions specified in 1889.


What is the capital of the province of Alberta, Canada?

Edmonton, the Capital City of Alberta, Canada Updated: 09/11/2014 About the City of Edmonton Edmonton is the capital city of the province of Alberta , Canada. Sometimes called Canada's Gateway to the North, Edmonton is the farthest north of Canada's large cities and has important road, rail and air transportation links. From its beginnings as a Hudson's Bay Company fur trading fort, Edmonton has evolved into a city with a wide range of cultural, sporting and tourist attractions, and is the host of more than two dozen festivals each year. Most of Edmonton's population works in the service and trade industries as well as in the municipal, provincial and federal governments. Location of Edmonton Edmonton Weather Edmonton has a fairly dry climate, with warm summers and cold winters. Summers in Edmonton are hot and sunny. Although July is the month with the most rain, showers and thunderstorms are usually short. July and August have the warmest temperatures, with highs around 24°C (75°F). Summer days in June and July in Edmonton bring 17 hours of daylight. Winters in Edmonton are less severe than in many other Canadian cities, with low humidity and less snow. Although the winter temperature can dip to -40°C/F, the cold spells last only a few days and usually come with sunshine. January is the coldest month in Edmonton, and the wind chill can make it feel much colder.


Which European discovered New Zealand and Australia in 1642?

Tasman discovers New Zealand - Dec 13, 1642 - HISTORY.com Tasman discovers New Zealand Publisher A+E Networks Dutch navigator Abel Tasman becomes the first European explorer to sight the South Pacific island group now known as New Zealand. In his sole attempt to land, several of Tasman’s crew were killed by warriors from a South Island tribe, who interpreted the Europeans’ exchange of trumpet signals as a prelude to battle. A few weeks earlier, Tasman had discovered Tasmania, off the southeast coast of Australia. Tasman had named the island Van Diemen’s Land, but, like the Tasman Sea between New Zealand and Australia, it was later renamed Tasmania in the explorer’s honor. New Zealand, named after the Dutch province of Zeeland, did not attract much additional European attention until the late 18th century, when English explorer Captain James Cook traveled through the area and wrote detailed accounts of the islands. Whalers, missionaries, and traders followed, and in 1840 Britain formally annexed the islands and established New Zealand’s first permanent European settlement at Wellington. Related Videos


In darts, what is the name of the line behind which the throwing player must stand?

How to Throw Darts: 8 Steps (with Pictures) - wikiHow /c/cf/Throw Darts Step 1Bullet2 Version 2.360p.mp4 2 Stand on the oche (pronounced like 'hockey' minus the 'h', aka the toe-line) with the foot corresponding to which hand you intend to throw with perpendicular to the line. Many oches will be ruled, so take note of where you stand so you can stand there again next time. http://pad3.whstatic.com/images/thumb/6/6f/Throw-Darts-Step-2-preview-Version-2.jpg/550px-Throw-Darts-Step-2-preview-Version-2.jpg /f/fb/Throw Darts Step 2 Version 2.360p.mp4 3 Draw an imaginary line from where your toe touches the line perpendicular to the oche. Place your rear foot in a location that distributes your weight easily. If you wobble when you throw, you need to spread your feet further apart! http://pad2.whstatic.com/images/thumb/0/0c/Throw-Darts-Step-3-preview-Version-2.jpg/550px-Throw-Darts-Step-3-preview-Version-2.jpg /6/6f/Throw Darts Step 3 Version 2.360p.mp4 4 Stand up straight, shoulders back but comfortable and in line with the center of the board. http://pad1.whstatic.com/images/thumb/2/28/Throw-Darts-Step-4-preview-Version-2.jpg/550px-Throw-Darts-Step-4-preview-Version-2.jpg /b/b8/Throw Darts Step 4 Version 2.360p.mp4 5 You can bend forward (toward the board) slightly at the waist, but you should not sacrifice balance or cause discomfort doing so. http://pad1.whstatic.com/images/thumb/6/6a/Throw-Darts-Step-5-preview-Version-2.jpg/550px-Throw-Darts-Step-5-preview-Version-2.jpg /f/fb/Throw Darts Step 5 Version 2.360p.mp4 6 Grip the dart lightly in your throwing hand. There are many different methods for gripping the dart, so choose one that works best for you and remember it. When selecting your grip, consider that you want the dart stable in your hand and parallel to the floor - or tilted slightly upward - upon release. You also want a clean release, so try to keep as little of your fingers touching the dart as possible. Resist holding the dart like a pencil, as the friction of your fingers can cause the dart to veer off target. Some people spread cue chalk on the fingers of the throwing hand to help with grip. http://pad1.whstatic.com/images/thumb/e/ef/Throw-Darts-Step-6-preview-Version-2.jpg/550px-Throw-Darts-Step-6-preview-Version-2.jpg /2/2c/Throw Darts Step 6 Version 2.360p.mp4 7 When you throw, move only your throwing arm. Don't hop, bounce, dip, or dive! You want the dart to release at the same point in your throw every time and extra movement will make that nearly impossible! Throw your dart with a smooth, fluid motion. Don't flick or jerk it at the board. You do not need to hurl the dart with great force to make it stick! Always follow through with your hand. This will stop the dart flying left or right. Don't move your head. http://pad2.whstatic.com/images/thumb/9/92/Throw-Darts-Step-7-preview-Version-2.jpg/550px-Throw-Darts-Step-7-preview-Version-2.jpg /0/09/Throw Darts Step 7 Version 2.360p.mp4 8 Concentrate on throwing the exact same way at the same point for a few throws. Pick a spot and try to hit it. If you don't, that's okay. What you're looking for here is precision, not accuracy. Your hand and eye will slowly correct for your throw as you play, improving your aim. http://pad3.whstatic.com/images/thumb/d/db/Throw-Darts-Step-8-preview-Version-2.jpg/550px-Throw-Darts-Step-8-preview-Version-2.jpg


From which musical does the song Maria come?

The Sound of Music (1965) Pages: ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Background The Sound of Music (1965) was an exceptionally successful film in the   mid-1960s - at the time of its release, it surpassed Gone   With the Wind (1939) as the number one box office hit of all time.   It was the high-point of the Hollywood musical. [In 1978, the film's status   as the most successful musical was finally surpassed by Grease (1978).   However, it was earlier ousted by the box-office epic The   Godfather (1972) .] This wholesome production from producer/director Robert Wise   (of the previously popular West Side Story (1961) for which he won the same two Oscars) and 20th Century Fox has become one   of the most favorite, beloved films of moviegoers. It is a joyous, uplifting,   three-hour adaptation of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II's 1959 hit   Broadway stage musical (that starred Mary Martin). [This was the well-known   partnership's last collaboration]. The story follows a good-natured, flighty   novitiate (Andrews) who is hired to care for the seven children of a militaristic,   icy, widowed Austrian captain (Plummer). She ultimately wins the heart of   the children - and the captain, but their lives are threatened by the encroachment   of Nazis. Marketing slogans cried: "The Happiest Sound in All the World." Ernest Lehman's screenplay was based on the book by Howard Lindsay and Russel    Crouse. That book was in turn based on Baroness Maria von Trapp's 1949    autobiography (The von Trapp Family Singers) about the exploits    of the family of singers and their escape from the Nazis in Austria in    1938. The first film version was a German film titled Die Trapp-Familie    (1956), with a sequel Die Trapp-Familie in Amerika (1958). After the 1965 film's enormous   success, Fox Studios unwisely invested millions in three more, less profitable,   blockbuster musicals in the late 60s - Dr. Doolittle (1967), Star!    (1968), and Hello, Dolly! (1969). The star of the film was the previous year's Best Actress Academy Award   winner, a fresh-faced Julie Andrews in a similar role as her governess performance   in Mary Poppins (1964). She is accompanied by her lovely singing   voice, glorious, on-location travelogue views of Salzburg, Austria filmed   in 70 mm, and melodic, memorable sing-along tunes, including "Maria," "The   Sound of Music," "My Favorite Things," "You Are Sixteen, Going On Seventeen," "Climb    Ev'ry Mountain," "Do-Re-Mi," and "Edelweiss." In fact, there was an interactive, audience-participation version imported   from London in 2000 - a limited theatrical re-release of The Sound of   Music with subtitled musical numbers to allow for sing-a-long participation. Audiences   were also invited to dress up in The Sound of Music-inspired costumes,   and to react with props (such as an artificial sprig of edelweiss) provided   in a Fun Pak. ["Sing-A-Long Sound of Music" first emerged at the   1988 London Gay and Lesbian Film festival after an event organizer heard   that staff at a retirement home in the Scottish town of Inverness had distributed   song sheets during a video showing of Seven Brides for Seven Brothers   (1954) for sing-along participation. The film was screened at the festival as a   sing-along and proved wildly successful.] The sentimental, entertaining musical was nominated for ten Academy Awards,   and came away with five major wins: Best Picture and Best Director (Robert   Wise), Best Sound, Best Score (Irwin Kostal), and Best Film Editing (William   Reynolds). Its other five nominations were for Best Actress (Julie Andrews   who lost to Julie Christie in Darling), Best Supporting Actress (Peggy   Wood), Best Color Cinematography (Ted McCord), Best Color Art Direction/Set   Decoration, and Best Color Costume Design. The Story The opening sequence of The Sound of Music is a much-heralded,    breath-taking piece of film-making. With a sweeping aerial view, the film    opens wi


Who was the 15th century woman who led a French army to relieve the siege of Orleans by the English army?

Women Warriors in the 15th Century : provided by Lothene Experimental Archaeology Maire o Ciaragain led Irish clans in revolt around 1400. Queen Margaret of Denmark (1353-1411) led her armies against Swedish and Norwegian forces. From "Treasure of the City of Ladies" (1405) by Christine de Pizan : "We have also said that she [the baroness] ought to have the heart of a man, that is, she ought to know how to use weapons and be familiar with everything that pertains to them, so that she may be ready to command her men if the need arises. She should know how to launch an attack or to defend against one." (info given by Wendy) Defenders of a bulwark in Prague in July 1420 included two women and one girl who threw stones and lances at the attacking army. (source "John Zizka and the Hussite Revolution" - Heymann, Frederick G.- Princeton University Press. Info given by Peter Nyikos nyikos@math.sc.edu ) Jacqueline of Bavaria, Countess of Holland, Hainault and Zealand (1402-1437) led her army to relieve a seige at the city of Gorkum. During the siege of Orléans, France, in 1428, townswomen hauled buckets of boiling water, fat, lime and ashes to be poured them down on the English attackers. (source Military History - April 1998 - The Maid of Orléans) Isabella of Lorraine led an army to free her husband Rene, Duke of Anjou from the Duke of Burgundy in 1429. Jehanne la Pucelle (Joan of Arc) 1412 - 1431 fought against the English in France. Margret Paston took charge of the defence of her home in her husband's absence both before and during the Wars of the Roses. She asked him to send crossbows, poleaxes and iron spikes as well as more domestic items in a letter in 1448. (see also: Paston Letters ) Isabella I of Castile (1451-1504) was married to Ferdinand of Aragon. She was heir to her half brother Henry IV of Castille and inherited his throne in her own right in 1474. This led to a war with supporters of his wife's allegedly illegitimate daughter, Juana.     Later in her reign she and Ferdinand attacked the Moors and drove them out of Southern Spain.     Isabella wore armour and led her army in the field, she also planned strategy and organised the supplies and field hospitals.     Her importance to the army was illustrated by the fact that her illness after a miscarriage while she was in command of an army at Toledo in 1475 gave her enemies a respite. Margaret of Anjou (1430-1482) was a leader of the Lancastrian forces during the War of the Roses. Her armies defeated the Duke of York and the Earl of Warwick.


Animal Related Majors Career Services - Students Animal Related Majors "I love animals and want to have a career     where I can work with them. However, I'm     terrible at science and most majors I've looked     at in these fields are science based. Do you     know of any majors that don't heavily rely on     science? Or any careers dealing with animals?      By the way, I'm not interested in being a vet     but am interested in working with animals. It's     not that I didn't get a good grade in science     either, it's just that I don't understand it." Ever said this to yourself? Many     students are interested in working with animals     but simply do not enjoy the many science related     classes that are require from the typical     degrees. Below are some animal related     majors students may want to consider that are     not so heavily loaded with science classes. Page Index: Animal Related Careers -Melissa Kaplan's      Collection Horse trainer Vet tech Animal shelter worker Manager, Shelter Operations - The Shelter      Operations Manager oversees all aspects of      temporary sheltering for the Field      Investigations and Response Department      during large scale cruelty seizures and      natural disasters. The Manager is      responsible for day-to-day shelter      operations including animal care,      supervision of volunteer teams, budget      management and accurate record keeping. Manager, Animal Assisted Therapy      Programs - The Manager of Animal Assisted      Therapy Programs manages all aspects of the      ASPCA/Delta Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT)      program including planning and budget      oversight. As well as training and screening      of Pet Partners and evaluation of placement      sites. Animal Care Technician - Provide direct      care and maintenance for all animals in the      shelter, including feeding, general      husbandry and cleaning of the kennels and      shelter areas. Zoo Keeper - Individual who cares for      animals in zoological parks or aquariums. A      career as a zoo keeper offers a unique      opportunity in the specialized and demanding      profession of maintaining captive exotic      animals for conservation, research, public      education and recreation. Zoos are seeking individuals with Associate      and Bachelor's degrees in Zoology, Biology,      Animal Management and related fields to fill      position openings. Having such a degree will      give you an advantage in this job market.      When zoos are hiring they are also looking      for individuals who have good interpersonal      skills, communicate effectively (both spoken      and written), can work as part of a      team-oriented effort, and are comfortable      interacting with the public and with      volunteers. Listed below are some positions in      zoos and aquariums and a brief description      of duties. Not all positions are found in      all facilities, and responsibilities often      vary. Director/Chief Operating Officer - Executes      policies as directed by the governing      authority. Responsible for the institution's      operation and plans for future development. Assistant Director - Assists the director      and assumes charge in the director's      absence. Finance Manager/Director - Manages the      institution's finances, including payment of      bills, purchasing, investments, and the      preparation of financial statements. General Curator - Oversees an institution's      entire animal collection and animal      management staff. Responsible for strategic      collection planning. Animal Curator - Manages a certain portion      of an institution's animal collection; i.e.,      mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, etc. Veter