Which agreement, signed by ten members of the European Community, removed border controls between them?

Schengen Visa Countries List - NigerianMuse | NigerianMuse Schengen Visa Countries List No Comments » January 27th, 2016 posted by NigerianMuse // Categories: World Affairs   http://www.schengenvisainfo.com/schengen-visa-countries-list/ Schengen Visa Countries List The Schengen Visa is the representative of the collective of 26 European countries that have mutually decided to eliminate passport and immigration controls at their joint borders. Within the Schengen area, concurrently, the citizens of these 26 European countries are free to travel in and out of this zone as one single country sharing equal international travel rights. The citizens of the Schengen zone countries cherish the right to migrate internationally without any limitations, the basis of free movement, one of the basic human rights The Schengen Area Member States: Switzerland Liechtenstein As an agreement, Schengen was signed among the five out of ten countries of the European Union members back then, on the 14th June 1985. However it was hardly possible to reach a compromise among all the members of the European member states into eliminating the border controls, therefore Schengen was established outside the European community at first. After five years of struggle, the Schengen Convention was added to the establishment proposing the abolition of internal borders and a mutual visa policy. The consensus revealed new rules entirely opposed to the ones within the EU community therefore the aftermath, the creation of the Schengen Area started from scratch on the 26th march 1995.  The name came from a small village in Luxembourg, Schengen where the agreement was initially signed. As the number of countries entering the Schengen area was ever growing, with states signing up to join the Schengen area even to this day, the Agreement and the relating conventions got integrated into the European Union Law, effective immediately in 1999.  The downside of the Schengen agreement and its relating conventions is that with alleviating the bureaucracy among the Schengen zone countries it consequently reinforced the external border control with the non-European countries as well as the fact that not being a part of the agreement meant not having a say in any amendment or regulation within the European Law. Under the Schengen agreement, travelling from one Schengen country to another is done without any passport and immigration controls or any other formalities previously required. However, the Schengen Area and the European Union are two completely different zones that shall not be misinterpreted. Schengen Area is comprised of twenty-two European Union member states as well as four European Free Trade Association member states (EFTA is an association of ten Fair Trade importers in nine European countries (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom). EFTA was established informally in 1987 by some of the oldest and largest Fair Trade importers. It gained formal status in 1990. EFTA is based in the Netherlands and has Dutch Articles of Association.) Member states of the EU: Austria (1995) Bosnia and Herzegovina Kosovo There are six European Union member states that are not part of the Schengen area as well as state territories that are also not part of the Schengen agreement. Out of the six Schengen nonmember states, four of them are soon joining the Schengen area as is Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and Romania while the other two, Ireland and the United Kingdom remain opt-out (In general, the law of the European Union is valid in all of the twenty-eight European Union member states. However, occasionally member states negotiate certain opt-outs from legislation or treaties of the European Union, meaning they do not have to participate in certain policy areas.) Apart from the aforementioned states as a whole, there are certain territories within EU states that also not part of the Schengen area, including: French territories of French Guyana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion, Mayotte, Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin.


"In the Sherlock Holmes story, ""The Speckled Band"", what is the speckled band?"

The Adventure of the Speckled Band | Baker Street Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia The Adventure of the Speckled Band 1,230pages on Share Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. "The Adventure of the Speckled Band" Published in: Grimesby Roylott "The Adventure of the Speckled Band" is one of the most famous short stories of the Sherlock Holmes adventures written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . A young woman named Helen Stoner contacts Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson for aid in foiling the villainous plans of her stepfather, Grimesby Roylott . Contents Edit Sherlock Holmes wakes Dr. John Watson up early one morning, telling him that the housekeeper, Mrs. Hudson , roused him because a client has arrived, a young woman . Watson gets dressed, and they find their client waiting in Holmes' waiting room. She tells them that her name is Helen Stoner, and that she lives with her stepfather, Dr. Grimesby Roylott , the last survivor of the noble Roylott family of Stoke Moran. She explains that her mother met Roylott in India when she and her sister Julia were only two, but on their way back to England, her mother was killed in a railway accident. Despite this, they came to live in Stoke Moran. Holmes also learns that 250 pounds of the family money would go to each daughter once they married. Not to long later, though, Julia became engaged, after which she was killed in her very own room. The dying woman's words were: "The band! The speckled band!" Helen also tells them that Roylott let a gypsy camp stay nearby. After she leaves, Roylott himself appears and threatens Holmes to stay out of his business. Later, Holmes and Watson journey to Stoke Moran and investigate. They make a good observation of everything in Roylott's bedroom, and Helen's bedroom. Helen reveals that her stepfather moved her to Julia's room after her death, which is now her bedroom. Holmes then says that he has solved the case, and tells Helen that he and Watson will be at an inn nearby to catch the killer in the act. That night, Holmes and Watson find a swamp adder snake (the speckled band) trying to kill Helen, at which point Holmes attacks. The adder attacks the first person it sees, which just so happens to be the mastermind behind the case: Roylott. He is killed by his own murder weapon. Holmes explains how he solved the case, and admits that he felt completely responsible for Roylott's death; but that he is unlikely to feel much guilt over the death. Complete Story Text


"Which actress plays the role of Christine Collins, the unfortunate mother in the 2008 film, ""Changeling""?"

Changeling Reviews & Ratings - IMDb IMDb 280 out of 363 people found the following review useful: Eastwood and Angeline deliver a strong punch from United States 2 November 2008 There is nothing more reliable than Eastwood behind the camera, with his assured touch his films are never boring or deliberately confusing, hiding technical devices or special effects that detract from the most important part of movie making: a good screenplay, a good story, good acting. For the past 10 years, many films have been unduly praised because they have one or two great performances, unfairly leaving many good and deserving movies without the recognition they deserved. Eastwood has however, given us the whole package time after time, with movies as varied as "Mystic River", "Letters", "Million Dollar Baby" and now "Changeling". True, there is a link, they are all strong films, with themes that deal with pain and loss, but the stories are different, the settings require an amazing attention to detail, what they all share is a strong focus, and interestingly enough, superb performances. Eastwood has paved the way to acting honors for Penn, Freeman, Swank, Hackman, and others that were continuously ignored by the Academy. There is no denying the power of their performances in Eastwood's movies, and that leads to the center of this film: Jolie. I read recently that her performance has been attacked as being affected and the attempt of a star to look normal. Putting aside those silly and biased remarks, let's state something clearly, the lady has given us a fantastic tour de force, proving that she can be both a star when looking at the other cameras, but that when she is working for a director, she gives her best, regardless of what our perception of her private life might be. If you are a critic with a personal disapproval of that persona, keep it to yourself, concentrate on the film and the work of the performer. As the mother who desperately wants the truth about her child, Angelina is flawless. We can read the pain in her eyes, the determination and the disturbing reality that her obsession might be having unexpected results, but one thing is clear, there is a drive that won't quit, and it's admirable for those of us who want her to be reunited with her child, and it's quite inconvenient for the people who have other interests at hand. Her battle with the folks at LAPD is of epic proportions, and it is amazing that she held on to her goal of exposing the corruption that she encountered as she searched for her missing boy. There are some horrific moments in the film, as we relieve some of the injustices and Gothic horror of places like the hospital in this film. There are also some background scene that might or not reveal what really happen. There are moments when one is a bit exhausted from all the information the film delivers, but every moment is worth it. It is all framed with an expert hand, and it is anchored by the very powerful work by Jolie and the rest of an amazing cast that brings to life emotions such as madness, anger, pain, sorrow, and many times, disbelief that humans can be capable of such terrible actions. The film contains amazing production values, as we are taken back to an era that doesn't exist anymore. The recreation of the time Los Angeles was on its way to being a real city is incredible, as we see it before it fell apart and spread all over a gigantic geographical area, losing its identity. The musical score is a sweet melody that hints at the love and pain themes in the film, and there are some moments bound to become classic, as children tell the stories that adults might not want to face or believe. All in all, "Changeling" may be very difficult to sit through, but it is not less impressive, effective or good than any of the last five films Eastwood has made. As a matter of fact, it's just one masterpiece from the man who could teach Hollywood a few lessons. Was the above review useful to you? 160 out of 199 people found the following review useful: Interesting period piece from Phoenix, AZ 2 November 200


"What was described on TV as, ""Bread wi' nowt taken out""?"

Allinson's "Bread wi' Nowt Taken Out" - YouTube Allinson's "Bread wi' Nowt Taken Out" Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Nov 6, 2006 This is the original, multi-award winning commercial that launched the now famous tag line for Allinsons. Writer: Bruce Fielding Category


At which sport was Martine Le Moignan a leading exponent, in the 1980's and early 90's?

Squash (sport) - Unionpedia, the concept map Yes, please No, thanks Squash (sport) Squash is a racquet sport played by two (singles) or four players (doubles) in a four-walled court with a small, hollow rubber ball. [1] Abraham Moss Community School Abraham Moss Community School is an all-through community school for children aged 5 to 16 located on a 19 hectare site situated on Crescent Road in the Crumpsall/Cheetham Hill district of North Manchester, Greater Manchester, England, next to the Abraham Moss Metrolink station. Andrew P. O'Meara Andrew Pick O'Meara (March 23, 1907 – September 30, 2005) was a United States Army four-star general who served as Commander-in-Chief, United States Southern Command (USCINCSO) from 1961 to 1965; and Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Army Europe/Commander, Central Army Group (CINCUSAREUR/COMCENTAG) from 1965 to 1967. Basque Country (greater region) The Basque Country (Euskal Herria; Pays basque; Vasconia or País Vasco) is the name given to the home of the Basque peopleTrask, R.L. The History of Basque Routledge: 1997 ISBN 0-415-13116-2 in the western Pyrenees that spans the border between France and Spain on the Atlantic coast. Basque pelota Basque pelota (pilota in the original Basque language also pelota vasca in Spanish, pelote basque in French) is the name for a variety of court sports played with a ball using one's hand, a racket, a wooden bat or a basket, against a wall (frontis or Fronton) or, more traditionally, with two teams face to face separated by a line on the ground or a net. Beirut Central District The Beirut Central District (BCD) or Centre Ville is the name given to Beirut’s historical and geographical core, the “vibrant financial, commercial, and administrative hub of the country.” At the heart of Lebanon’s capital, Beirut Central District (BCD) is an area thousands of years old, traditionally a focus of business, finance, culture and leisure. Cannons Creek Independent School Cannons Creek Independent School, situated in Pinelands, Cape Town, South Africa was founded in January 1997 by Ms Carol Barhouch (now Booth) together with four teachers, Mrs Hazelmay Duncan, Kevin Wroth, Nicola du Plooy and Lesley Jacobson as a Primary co-educational English speaking Christian School. Carla Khan Carla Khan (Urdu: کارلا خان) born 18 August 1981 in London) is a Pakistani professional squash player and is the granddaughter of Azam Khan, one of the legends of squash in Pakistan and daughter of Jacqui Stoter and Wasil Khan. She started playing squash in England at age 12. In her early life, her father Wasil Khan (a junior world champion) coached her in squash. She has won five titles in her career, which are: El Salvador Open 2002, Ottawa Open 2003, Pakistan Open 2005 and Iranian Open 2007 and Austrian Open in 2008. Her highest ranking was 21st. Carla Khan's first tournament was at the prestigious British Open in 1999. After an unsuccessful first full season in 2000, she made a breakthrough the following year, but it was not until 2002 that Carla won her first title. In November 2002, at the El Salvador Open, she reached her first final against Mexican Samantha Teran. Carla went on to beat her 9–1, 2–9, 9–3, 9–1. Her improvements continued in 2003, her most successful season yet, and won at the Ottawa International, where she came from behind to beat Melissa Martin from Australia, 3–9, 4–9, 9–4, 9–7, 9–3. She broke into the top 30. At the Irish Open in 2004, Carla defeated Nicol David of Malaysia (who was ranked number 9 in the world at that time) on 15 April 2004, and achieved her highest ranking of 21. And in 2005, Carla lost in the final of the Forbes Open to England's Alison Walters. However, she made it to the final of the 1st POF WISPA tournament in Pakistan, and beat Sharon Wee of Malaysia 9–1, 9–3, 9–4. Carla never dropped a set throughout the whole tournament. Carla then ended the year by making it to yet another final, at the 4th Women Islamic Games 2005 in Tehran, but lost to Malaysian Tricia Chuah with a score of 1–9, 9–6, 1–9, 1–9. In late 2005 she was unwell, and strugg


Goitre, or enlarged thyroid gland, is caused by a deficiency of which trace element in the human body?

Goitre - Better Health Channel Goitre A goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. Causes include iodine deficiency, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. Treatment depends on the cause. A goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. This gland is situated at the front of the throat, below the Adam’s apple (larynx). It comprises two lobes that lie on either side of the windpipe and are joined in front by an isthmus. The thyroid gland secretes hormones to regulate many metabolic processes, including growth and energy expenditure. The thyroid gland is controlled by the pituitary gland, which is located in the brain. The pituitary prompts the thyroid to make its hormones - including thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) - by releasing thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). However, the thyroid can’t manufacture its hormones without sufficient dietary iodine. If a person’s diet is low in iodine, the pituitary keeps sending chemical messages to the thyroid, but in vain. The thyroid gland enlarges as it attempts to comply with the pituitary’s demands. Apart from iodine deficiency, other causes of goitre involve conditions of the thyroid - such as nodules, cancer, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Symptoms The symptoms of a goitre include: Enlargement of the throat, ranging from a small lump to a huge mass. Swallowing problems, if the goitre is large enough to press on the oesophagus. Breathing problems, if the goitre is large enough to press on the windpipe (trachea). Two types of goitre Goitres are broadly classified into two groups including: Endemic goitre - in which a whole community is affected by insufficient dietary iodine. One common reason is that the soil in which foods are grown is iodine depleted. Certain areas of Australia, including Tasmania and areas along the Great Dividing Range (for example, the Australian Capital Territory), have low iodine levels in the soil. There is also evidence of a re-emergence of iodine deficiency in cities like Melbourne and Sydney. Mountainous areas and areas far from the sea are the ones most likely to be iodine deficient. However, endemic goitres tend to be more prevalent in developing countries. They are rare in developed countries because of widespread iodine supplementation. Sporadic goitre - in which only the individual is affected. Risk factors for sporadic goitre include family history, diet, age (over 40 years) and gender (women are more susceptible than men). A range of causes Goitre can be caused by a range of factors, including: Insufficient iodine in the diet. High consumption of certain foods that neutralise iodine, such as cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower. Other foods, like soy, may also induce goitres. Certain drugs, such as lithium and phenylbutazone. Thyroid cancer. Nodules growing on the thyroid gland. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland). Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland). Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism means the thyroid gland is overactive. A common cause is Graves’ disease, in which the immune system produces antibodies that act like TSH and stimulate the thyroid gland uncontrollably. The gland responds by producing an excessive amount of hormones. The goitre is caused by this massive overstimulation. Some of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism include a racing and irregular heart, restlessness, unexplained weight loss, heat intolerance and diarrhoea. Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism means the thyroid gland is underactive. The pituitary gland keeps sending its chemical messages, instructing the thyroid to produce its hormones. The thyroid gland enlarges as it attempts to comply. Apart from iodine deficiency, other causes of hypothyroidism include Hashimoto’s disease (which, like Graves’ disease, is an autoimmune disease), treatment for hyperthyroidism, and dysfunction of the pituitary gland. Some of the symptoms of hypothyroidism include low energy, depression, cold intolerance and constipation. Thyroid nodules Thyroid nodules are lumps that grow on the gland. Nodules are classified into two groups: Hot or warm -


What is the chemical name for the substance known as heavy water?

Chemical Molecule Library - Glossary Glossary Absorption In chemistry absorption can mean two things: Firstly it can imply that powerful forces exist holding two substances together, and that seperation of the two is not easily accomplished. Secondly it can mean absorption of heat, light etc.. . The absorption of ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation is the basis of some forms of spectrometry which can be used to identify different chemical compounds.  See also infrared radiation . Acid A substance that when dissolved in water dissociates and can donate a hydrogen ( proton ) to another molecule. Examples include sulphuric acid and nitric acid . Under these conditions nitric acid dissociates according to the following equation: In water the protons attach themselves to the water molecules, giving the following equation: Actinides This is a group of elements within the periodic table and are also known as the transuranics. The name refers to those elements with increasing atomic no. from actinium, which all have similar chemical properties, like the lanthanides . The first few members of the group are the naturally occuring elements actinium, thorium, proactinium and uranium. Beyond this elements have been made artificially by radioactive bombardment. These artificial elements are unstable, some have very short lifeimes and undergo spontaneous radioactive decay. Adhesive Any compound that can stick two surfaces together is classified as an adhesive. Simple adhesives are of cellulose , starch and rubbers. Modern adhesives are based upon complex polymeric materials. The adhesive is spread in an unpolymerised form, and the adhesive properties increase as polymerisation occurs between the two surfaces. Adiabatic A chemical or mechanical process which takes place without heat entering or leaving the system. The term is only applicable to enclosed and isolated systems - so in essence is idealistic and purely theoretical and is important in the study of thermodynamics. Adrenaline This was the first naturally produced hormone to be isolated it a pure state. It is known as epinephrine, but its chemical name is 1-[3,4-dihydroxyphenol]-2-methylaminoethanol. Its main action is to raise blood pressure, producing a faster pulse rate. Adsorption If any compound, solid, liquid or gas, is loosely held by weak attraction to the surface of a solid it is said to have undergone adsorption. This process is much weaker and less permanent than absorption . Air The air that we breathe is a mixture of gases. The composition of dry-air at sea level is shown below: Alchemy Several of the great Greek philosophers considered all matter to be composed of four basic "elements", fire, air, earth and water, and that all materials were had these components mixed in different proportions. If this theory was true, then it was believed that all substances could be converted (transmuted) into each other by varying the proportions of the mixture. This tansmutation theory was the basis of Alchemy from approx. 300 B.C. to 1500 A.D., after which it slowly gave way to the more scientific concepts of chemistry from the 17th century onwards. The alchemists represented their "element" by a variety of symbols (see below), some of which were based on astrological signs They were mainly concerned with trying to turn base metals into gold and looking for the elixir of life although they also developed medicinal drugs, developed couterfeiting techniques and the debasement of precious metals. Alcohol An organic compound which has the general formula CnH2n+1OH, they consist of hydrocarbon chains terminated by hydroxyl groups, O-H. Smaller members are water soluble, flammable and are useful as organic solvents and fuels. As with hydrocarbons, each member differs from the previous by an additional -CH2- group. Alcohols with branced chains are also possible. Some of the simpler alcohols are listed below: Aldehyde An organic compound containing the -CHO group (see below). An example of these distinct aromatic compounds is formaldehyde . Alicyclic com


What was the title of the last Rolling Stones record to top the U.K. charts, doing so in July 1969?

The Rolling Stones | uDiscover The Rolling Stones Browse albums now In late 1961, Michael Philip Jagger went to the London School of Economics to study the very same. Not long after beginning his course he met Keith Richards at Dartford railway station; both on their respective ways to college, the two eighteen year olds had known each other briefly at primary school. Under Mick's arm was a collection of imported R&B records that he had ordered from Chicago and New York. One that particularly attracted Keith’s attention was by  Chuck Berry . The two teenagers talked about Chuck, music in general, and as they parted they arranged to meet again to check out each other's record collection. The rest of course, is history... Come and explore the music that inspired The Rolling Stones to help you to understand everything great about their music. "We talked about it [music] to insane and ridiculous lengths... Talking of  Muddy Waters  and Bo Diddley." – Mick When they started out; Mick, Keith, Charlie, Brian Jones and Bill Wyman took inspiration from the great Blues artists that recorded for Chess Records - Chuck Berry , Bo Diddley and Muddy Waters , whose record, 'Rollin' Stone' gave the band their name. Before they got a record contract, and for a while after they did, like most every other band from the era, they played and recorded covers by their favourite artists. Not just the Chess Records greats, but also Jimmy Reed,  Marvin Gaye , Solomon Burke, Bobby Womack and a host of other Blues and R&B artists. Among their early covers was 'Come On', written by  Chuck Berry, which was the band's first single release in mid 1963. 'Not Fade Away' - a cover of Buddy Holly's song - with its Bo Diddley beat, was their third single which followed 'I Wanna Be Your Man', written by Lennon & McCartney (The Beatles version actually appeared on the album With The Beatles, released two weeks after the Stones' single). Their first two number 1 singles in the UK would also be covers; 'It's All Over Now' was originally recorded by the Valentinos featuring Bobby Womack, and 'Little Red Rooster' was a Willie Dixon song originally recorded by  Howlin' Wolf . On their first UK album they recorded 'Mona', a Bo Diddley song, Chuck Berry's 'Carol' and 'Can I Get A Witness', originally recorded for Tamla Motown by  Marvin Gaye . On Thursday July 12th 1962, The Rolling Stones  went on stage at the Marquee Club in London's Oxford Street. The week before Mick was interviewed by a music paper, saying "I hope they don't think we're a rock 'n' roll outfit". In the intervening fifty years "The Greatest Rock And Roll Band In The World" have performed live in front of more people than any band in history. They've had No.1 singles and albums in every country that has a popular music chart, as well as becoming icons of popular culture. The release of GRRR!, the 50th anniversary collection, takes a unique look at their career; unique because the music is selected by the band to tell their amazing story through fifty tracks, spanning their entire career. Having been around for so long, it inevitably means that the Stones have had a number of distinct phases in their career. Below we take a look at each period in the band's history and the tracks from each era featured on GRRR!. Click on any of the red links for more in depth information on the albums and the eras that define The Rolling Stones . The Rolling Stones 1963-67 From 1963, when Decca Records signed them, until 1967 when they released Their Satanic Majesties Request, they were a group who concentrated on securing hit singles... just like everyone else at the time. Most of their single releases were not even included on their early British albums. In 1963 and the first half of 1964, Mick and Keith had not found their song-writing mojo and the majority of the band's early recordings - including those on their first album and their first four singles - were covers. Come On (1963) Written by one of their early heroes, Chuck Berry, the band's first single was recorded at the old Olympic Studios near London's M


"Featured on a British commemorative stamp in 2009, which woman writer and feminist philosopher, wrote, in 1792, ""A Vindication of the Rights of Women""?"

WOMEN SUFFRAGE IN THE UNITED STATES Development of the Womenï¿½s Suffrage Problems in the United States By: Frank J. Collazo Beauchamp     Introduction:ï¿½ The scope of the report provides the rationale as to why slavery had to be resolved before the womenï¿½s suffrage problem.ï¿½ In fact, in every slavery movement there is a link to womenï¿½s suffrage.ï¿½ Most of the abolitionists had womenï¿½s suffrage in their agenda.ï¿½ A description of the development of the womenï¿½s suffrage problem in the 19th and 20th centuries is discussed in detailed.ï¿½ Attachment one describes the Abolitionists and Suffragettes involved in the womenï¿½s suffrage movement from 1805 to 1920.   Womenï¿½s Suffrage Movement:ï¿½ The right of women to share on equal terms with men the political privileges afforded by representative government and, more particularly, to vote in elections and referendums and to hold public office.ï¿½ Equal political rights for women have been advocated since antiquity.ï¿½ Under the autocratic forms of government that prevailed in ancient times and under the feudal regimes of the Middle Ages, suffrage was so restricted, even among men, that enfranchisement of women never attained the status of a major political issue.ï¿½ Conditions warranted organized woman suffrage movements only after suffrage had been won by large, formerly disfranchised groups of the male population as a consequence of the democratic revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries.   British Suffrage Movement:ï¿½ In Britain the woman-suffrage movement roughly paralleled that of the United States, but in the movementï¿½s later stages more vigorous and violent tactics were often employed.   The great pioneer figure of British feminism was the writer Mary Wollstonecraft.ï¿½ Her chief work, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), is one of the major feminist documents of the 18th century.ï¿½ During the 1830s and ï¿½40s British suffragism received notable aid and encouragement from the Chartists (see Chartism), who fought unsuccessfully for a sweeping program of human rights.ï¿½ In subsequent years the woman-suffrage issue was kept before the British public by a succession of liberal legislators, among them the statesmen and social philosophers John Stuart Mill, John Bright, and Richard Cobden.ï¿½ Mill helped to found in 1865 the first British woman-suffrage association.ï¿½ All efforts to secure the franchise for women were effectively opposed. Prominent among the antifeminists of the period were the reigning monarch Queen Victoria and the British Prime ministers William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli.   The British woman-suffrage movement acquired additional impetus when in 1897 various feminist groups merged to form the National Union of Woman Suffrage Societies.ï¿½ A section of the membership soon decided that its policies were timid and indecisive, and in 1903 the dissident and more militant faction, led by the colorful feminist Emmeline Pankhurst, established the Womenï¿½s Social and Political Union. Pankhurstï¿½s suffragists soon won a reputation for boldness and militancy.ï¿½ Tactics employed by the organization included boycotting, bombing, window breaking, picketing, and harassment of anti suffragist legislators.ï¿½ In 1913 one dedicated suffragist publicized her cause by deliberately hurling herself to death under the hooves of horses racing in the derby at Epsom Downs.ï¿½ Because of their forceful and provocative behavior, the suffragists were often handled roughly by the police and repeatedly jailed and fined.   During World War I the British suffragists ceased agitation and made notable contributions to many aspects of the war effort, favorably influencing public opinion.ï¿½ In 1918 Parliament enfranchised all women householders, householdersï¿½ wives, and women university graduates over 30 years of age.ï¿½ Parliament lowered the voting age of women to 21 in 1928, giving them complete political equality with men.ï¿½ In 1929 British trade union leader Margaret G. Bondfield became the first woman cabinet member in British history.ï¿½ A majo


Who beat Walter Mondale in the U.S. Presidential election in 1984?

Presidential Election of 1984 Change History! Try out the 1984 interactive map 1984 Election Facts Mondale's running mate, Geraldine A. Ferraro is first woman on a major party Presidential ticket Reagan received 525 Electoral Votes and over 54 million popular votes. The Electoral Vote total is a record that stands to this day Issues of the Day: Recession and Subsequent Recovery (start of bull market for stocks), Defense Spending Margin of Victory Map This map is shaded by how large the popular vote difference was between the two nominees. It is a way to view the relative competitiveness of each state. These maps are also available as a timeline for each election from 1972-2016 . X Content Display Issues A few people have reported problems viewing certain 270toWin election maps and/or polls. If you have an Ad Blocker in place, please disable it. Separately, you may not be able to view our maps in the new IE10 browser due to some changes Microsoft has made regarding the display of Flash content. This issue will not be fixed prior to the election, so you may want to visit 270toWin using a different web browser. Sorry for any inconvenience. Copyright © 2004-2017 270towin.com All Rights Reserved


Batavia was the former name, up until 1942, of which Asian city?

Batavia (ship) - Gpedia, Your Encyclopedia Batavia (ship) Ship replica of the Batavia History Wrecked on the Houtman Abrolhos on 4 June 1629 General characteristics listen ) ) was a ship of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). It was built in Amsterdam in 1628, and armed with 24 cast-iron cannons and a number of bronze guns. Batavia was shipwrecked on her maiden voyage , and was made famous by the subsequent mutiny and massacre that took place among the survivors. A twentieth-century replica of the ship is also called the Batavia and can be visited in Lelystad , Netherlands. Contents Mutiny on the Batavia Departure and voyage On 27 October 1628, the newly built Batavia, commissioned by the Dutch East India Company, sailed from Texel [1] for the Dutch East Indies, to obtain spices. It sailed under commandeur and opperkoopman (upper- or senior merchant) Francisco Pelsaert , with Ariaen Jacobsz serving as skipper . These two had previously encountered each other in Surat , India. Although some animosity had developed between them there,[ speculation? ] it is not known whether Pelsaert even remembered Jacobsz when he boarded Batavia. Also on board was the onderkoopman (under- or junior merchant) Jeronimus Cornelisz , a bankrupt pharmacist (a.k.a. heretic apothecary [2] ) from Haarlem who was fleeing the Netherlands, in fear of arrest because of his heretical beliefs associated with the painter Johannes van der Beeck , also known as Torrentius. During the voyage, Jacobsz and Cornelisz conceived a plan to take the ship, which would allow them to start a new life somewhere, using the huge supply of trade gold and silver then on board.[ citation needed ] After leaving the Cape of Good Hope , where they had stopped for supplies, Jacobsz deliberately steered the ship off course, away from the rest of the fleet. Jacobsz and Cornelisz had already gathered a small group of men around them and arranged an incident from which the mutiny was to ensue. This involved molesting a high-ranking young female passenger, Lucretia Jans , in order to provoke Pelsaert into disciplining the crew. They hoped to paint his discipline as unfair and recruit more members out of sympathy. However, the woman was able to identify her attackers. [3] The mutineers were then forced to wait until Pelsaert made arrests, but he never acted, as he was suffering from an unknown illness. Shipwreck Location of the wreck of the Batavia On 4 June 1629 the ship struck Morning Reef near Beacon Island ( 28°29′25″S 113°47′36″E / 28.49028°S 113.79333°E / -28.49028; 113.79333 Coordinates : 28°29′25″S 113°47′36″E / 28.49028°S 113.79333°E / -28.49028; 113.79333 ), part of the Houtman Abrolhos off the Western Australian coast. [1] Of the 322 aboard, most of the passengers and crew managed to get ashore, although 40 people drowned. The survivors, including all the women and children, were then transferred to nearby islands in the ship's longboat and yawl . An initial survey of the islands found no fresh water and only limited food (sea lions and birds). Pelsaert realised the dire situation and decided to search for water on the mainland. A group comprising Captain Jacobsz, Francisco Pelsaert, senior officers, a few crewmembers, and some passengers left the wreck site in a 30-foot (9.1 m) longboat (a replica of which has also been made), in search of drinking water . After an unsuccessful search for water on the mainland, they abandoned the other survivors and headed north in a danger-fraught voyage to the city of Batavia, now known as Jakarta . This journey, which ranks as one of the greatest feats of navigation in open boats, took 33 days and, extraordinarily, all aboard survived. After their arrival in Batavia, the boatswain , a man named Jan Evertsz, was arrested and executed for negligence and "outrageous behaviour" before the loss of the ship (he was suspected to have been involved). Jacobsz was also arrested for negligence, although his position in the potential mutiny was not guessed by Pelsaert. Batavia's Governor General, Jan Coen , immediately gave Pelsaert comman


Ilex aquifolium is the botanical name for which tree?

Ilex aquifolium (common holly) | Plants & Fungi At Kew Ilex aquifolium (common holly) Well-known as a festive winter decoration, common holly is one of Britain's few native evergreen trees. Common holly (Ilex aquifolium) (Photo: Wolfgang Stuppy) Species information common holly, English holly, European holly, holme, hollin Conservation status:  Common and widespread; not considered to be of conservation concern. Habitat:  Woodland and hedgerows. Key Uses:  Cultivated as an ornamental. Used for festive decorations, hedging, firewood, woodwork and as a winter feed for sheep. Known hazards:  The berries are mildly toxic to humans and will cause vomiting and diarrhoea if eaten. It is best to wear gloves when pruning holly to protect against the prickly leaves. Taxonomy Genus: Ilex About this species Common holly, Ilex aquifolium, is the most widely grown holly in British gardens but there are 500 to 600 other species worldwide. Common holly is a hardy tree or shrub, capable of surviving in most conditions, except where it is extremely wet. Its distinctive spiny leaves deter grazing animals and protect birds from predators as they feed on its bright red berries. It is dioecious, meaning it has separate male and female plants. The white flowers appear in May and pollination is generally performed by bees and other insects. The berries develop on female plants by late November. 'Holm' is an old name for holly and is seen in place names such as Holmwood and Holmsdale. Synonym:  Discover more Geography and distribution Ilex aquifolium is native to West Asia, North Africa, and South and West Europe, including all areas of Britain except northern Scotland, the Outer Hebrides and the Orkney and Shetland Islands. It is commonly found as an understorey tree or shrub in oak and beech woods. Common holly in Britain True holly woods, of the kind found in Epping Forest, the Welsh Marches and as groups of huge unpollarded trees in Cumbria, are relatively unusual. Holly sometimes forms large circular groves of trees in the wild, such as in the New Forest in Hampshire, but otherwise occurs among mixed woodland and in hedgerows. It has been reported that the last remaining commercial holly farmer in Britain (in Norfolk) retired in 2000, but there is still an annual pre-Christmas market for holly and mistletoe at Tenbury Wells in Worcestershire. Description Ilex aquifolium Ilex aquifolium is a large evergreen shrub or pyramidal tree growing up to 25 m tall, with glossy, dark green (though occasionally variegated), wavy-edged, spiny leaves 3-10 cm long and 2-5 cm wide. On higher branches (where grazing animals pose less of a threat) the leaves have virtually no spines. The small, fragrant white flowers each have four petals and are insect-pollinated. The fruits are globe-shaped, 7-10 mm in diameter and are normally red, but can occasionally be yellow. They each contain four seeds, are usually borne in clusters, and are eaten by birds which disperse the seeds. A true berry? The fruit of common holly is technically a drupe, and not a berry. A true berry, such as a gooseberry, consists of several seeds enclosed within the soft flesh formed from the ovary wall. In drupes, such as holly fruits and plums, the seeds are enclosed in a hard case surrounded by soft flesh. Uses of common holly Common holly at Kew Ilex aquifolium has been planted extensively in parks, gardens and hedges, particularly for its winter berries. Freshly cut holly burns fiercely and makes excellent firewood. Its white, fine-grained, hard wood is used for decorative carving and was formerly used for mathematical instruments and light machinery components; it has even been dyed black and used as a substitute for ebony piano keys. Slender, pliable branches of coppiced holly were formerly used in great quantities for horse whips. In the Forest of Bere (Hampshire) it used to be held that milk drunk from a holly-wood bowl would cure a child of whooping-cough. Holly’s dense foliage of spiky protective leaves, and its easily trimmed shape, suit it perfectly to hedging. In many parts of


In opera 'The Marriage of Figaro' who does Figaro marry?

LA Opera - The Marriage of Figaro The Marriage of Figaro The matchmaker finds his match By WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART Overview The Figaro Trilogy: The Marriage of Figaro  The wily barber and part-time matchmaker has finally fallen in love, but--like everything else in Figaro's life--it's complicated. On the eve of Figaro’s marriage to Susanna, Count Almaviva’s wandering eye has landed on the lovely bride-to-be. Servant and master go head to head, and even the Countess herself gets into the action when she learns of her husband’s plans. Or is she embroiled in a liaison of her own? From the breathless opening notes of the overture to the touching final curtain, Mozart’s comic masterpiece under the baton of James Conlon brilliantly bucks the conventions of his time to deliver an ageless message of love and forgiveness. “Exhilarating!” –  Los Angeles Times “4 Stars! Sublime and Transcendent!” – Los Angeles Daily News Beyond Enchanting… Go!” – LA Weekly   There are currently no upcoming performances. An LA Opera original production. Original production made possible by a generous gift from the Lauren B. Leichtman and Arthur E. Levine Family Foundation. Revival made possible by a generous gift from The Carol and Warner Henry Production Fund for Mozart Operas. Cast + Domingo-Colburn-Stein Young Artist Program member ++ Domingo-Colburn-Stein Young Artist Program alumnus Synopsis Act I Figaro and Susanna, servants to the Count and Countess Almaviva, are making preparations on the morning of their wedding. When Susanna learns that the Count has given them the bedroom adjacent to his, she protests. She fears that the Count will use this proximity to exercise his right as a feudal lord to initiate the new bride to the ways of lovemaking, an intention he has already communicated to Susanna via her music teacher, Don Basilio. The Count’s designs anger Figaro, and when Susanna leaves, he promises a revenge that will preserve Susanna’s virtue. Marcellina and her former employer Doctor Bartolo arrive with a plan to prevent Figaro’s marriage. Marcellina wants to marry Figaro herself and plans to do so by enforcing the terms of an unresolved contract for a loan she made to Figaro years earlier. Susanna returns and shares a contentious exchange with her rival. Marcellina leaves and Cherubino arrives. The young page has been banished from the castle after the Count found him in a compromising position with Barbarina, the gardener’s daughter. The page is pleading with Susanna to intervene on his behalf when the Count pays a surprise visit. While Cherubino hides, Susanna refuses the Count’s propositions. When they hear Don Basilio approaching, the Count also hides until he overhears Basilio telling Susanna that Cherubino is suspected of flirting with the Countess. In the midst of his tirade about Cherubino’s indiscretions, the Count inadvertently uncovers the page from his hiding place. The confusion is interrupted by the arrival of Figaro. He and some villagers stage a tribute to the “fair and just” Count.  The Count responds to the morning’s events by delaying the wedding until that evening and by sending the pageboy away to fill a position in his regiment. Susanna is relaying the morning’s events to the Countess when Figaro enters to explain his plan, a diversion that Figaro asserts will ensure that his wedding proceeds as planned. He has sent an anonymous letter to the Count warning that the Countess is planning a tryst with a lover. Additionally, Susanna is to agree to the Count’s proposition for an illicit encounter, but Figaro has arranged for Cherubino to be disguised as a girl and sent in Susanna’s stead. Figaro retrieves Cherubino, and Susanna and the Countess dress him for the charade. They are surprised by a knock on the door from the Count. Cherubino hides, locking himself in the closet. The jealous Count, angered by the anonymous letter, threatens to break into the closet, but when he and a reluctant Countess leave momentarily to obtain the necessary tools, Susanna takes Cherubino’s place in the closet.  The page escapes, jumping ou


Who, in the Old Testament, was born at Gath one of the 'five cities of the plains'?

Gath - Old Testament Map of Ancient Israel - Bible History Online Gath was: one of the five Philistine cities Joshua 13:3  - From Sihor, which [is] before Egypt, even unto the borders of Ekron northward, [which] is counted to the Canaanite: five lords of the Philistines; the Gazathites, and the Ashdothites, the Eshkalonites, the Gittites, and the Ekronites; also the Avites:  1 Samuel 17:4  - And there went out a champion out of the camp of the Philistines, named Goliath, of Gath, whose height [was] six cubits and a span. 1 Samuel 21:10  - And David arose, and fled that day for fear of Saul, and went to Achish the king of Gath. 2 Samuel 1:20  - Tell [it] not in Gath, publish [it] not in the streets of Askelon; lest the daughters of the Philistines rejoice, lest the daughters of the uncircumcised triumph. 2 Kings 12:17  - Then Hazael king of Syria went up, and fought against Gath, and took it: and Hazael set his face to go up to Jerusalem. 1 Chronicles 18:1  - Now after this it came to pass, that David smote the Philistines, and subdued them, and took Gath and her towns out of the hand of the Philistines. 2 Chronicles 11:8  - And Gath, and Mareshah, and Ziph, Amos 6:2  - Pass ye unto Calneh, and see; and from thence go ye to Hamath the great: then go down to Gath of the Philistines: [be they] better than these kingdoms? or their border greater than your border? Micah 1:10  - Declare ye [it] not at Gath, weep ye not at all: in the house of Aphrah roll thyself in the dust.   More About Ancient Gath Gath Scriptures 2 Chronicles 26:6  - And he went forth and warred against the Philistines, and brake down the wall of  Gath , and the wall of Jabneh, and the wall of Ashdod, and built cities about Ashdod, and among the Philistines.  1 Samuel 5:8  - They sent therefore and gathered all the lords of the Philistines unto them, and said, What shall we do with the ark of the God of Israel? And they answered, Let the ark of the God of Israel be carried about unto  Gath . And they carried the ark of the God of Israel about [thither].  1 Samuel 7:14  - And the cities which the Philistines had taken from Israel were restored to Israel, from Ekron even unto  Gath ; and the coasts thereof did Israel deliver out of the hands of the Philistines. And there was peace between Israel and the Amorites.  1 Samuel 17:52  - And the men of Israel and of Judah arose, and shouted, and pursued the Philistines, until thou come to the valley, and to the gates of Ekron. And the wounded of the Philistines fell down by the way to Shaaraim, even unto  Gath , and unto Ekron.  1 Samuel 27:3  - And David dwelt with Achish at  Gath , he and his men, every man with his household, [even] David with his two wives, Ahinoam the Jezreelitess, and Abigail the Carmelitess, Nabal's wife.  1 Samuel 27:11  - And David saved neither man nor woman alive, to bring [tidings] to  Gath , saying, Lest they should tell on us, saying, So did David, and so [will be] his manner all the while he dwelleth in the country of the Philistines.  2 Samuel 1:20  - Tell [it] not in  Gath , publish [it] not in the streets of Askelon; lest the daughters of the Philistines rejoice, lest the daughters of the uncircumcised triumph.  Amos 6:2  - Pass ye unto Calneh, and see; and from thence go ye to Hamath the great: then go down to  Gath  of the Philistines: [be they] better than these kingdoms? or their border greater than your border?  2 Samuel 21:22  - These four were born to the giant in  Gath , and fell by the hand of David, and by the hand of his servants.  2 Kings 12:17  - Then Hazael king of Syria went up, and fought against  Gath , and took it: and Hazael set his face to go up to Jerusalem.  1 Chronicles 20:8  - These were born unto the giant in  Gath ; and they fell by the hand of David, and by the hand of his servants.  2 Samuel 15:18  - And all his servants passed on beside him; and all the Cherethites, and all the Pelethites, and all the Gittites, six hundred men which came after him from  Gath , passed on before the king.  1 Chro


What are produced by the lachrymal glands?

Question: Describe the tear pathway from start to finish. |   Question: Describe the tear pathway from start to finish. Answer: Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland and the accessory lacrimal glands and cover the cornea.  Tears then drain out the punctum in the medial eyelids, flow down the canaliculi into the lacrimal sac. They then drain down the nasolacrimal duct into the nose at the inferior meatus (under the inferior turbinate).


In the Oscar acting categories, which actor has received the most nominations?

Oscars Record Holders: Academy Award Nominees and Winners - Us Weekly By  Allison Takeda Meryl Streep, Anthony Hopkins, and Walt Disney are among those who hold Oscar records for nominations and wins at the Academy Awards Credit: Michael Buckner/Getty Images; Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images; Apic/Getty Images Roll out the red carpet -- the 2014 Oscars are just around the corner! In celebration of the 86th Academy Awards, airing live from L.A.'s Dolby Theatre on Sunday, March 2, Us Weekly is taking a look back at nearly nine decades of wins, losses, upsets, and more fun facts. Which Hollywood legend has 59 nominations? Which star won a leading actor trophy for just 16 minutes of screen time? We've got the answers -- and more Oscars record-holders -- in the roundup below! Not surprisingly, the actress with the most total acting nominations is Meryl Streep , who has earned 18 nominations for films including Out of Africa, The Bridges of Madison County, The Devil Wears Prada, Julie & Julia, and this year's August: Osage County. Three of those 18 nominations resulted in wins, for 1979's Kramer vs. Kramer, 1982's Sophie's Choice, and 2011's The Iron Lady. PHOTOS: Oscars dress predictions -- what J. Law, Lupita, and other stars should wear on the red carpet The male record-holder for most total acting nominations is Jack Nicholson , who has been up for an Oscar 12 times since 1969. His nominated performances include roles in Easy Rider, Chinatown, and About Schmidt. Like Streep, he has three wins under his belt, for 1975's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, 1983's Terms of Endearment, and 1997's As Good As It Gets. In the category of youngest Oscar winners ever, there are two record-holders. Shirley Temple, who won the Honorary Juvenile Award at age 6 in 1934, is the youngest overall, but Tatum O'Neal is the youngest in the standard competitive categories. She earned a Best Supporting Actress trophy for Paper Moon in 1973, when she was 10 years old. Take a look at some other Academy Award record-holders:  Oldest Honorary Oscar winner: art director Robert F. Boyle, 98 when he won in 2007 Oldest competitive Oscar winner: Christopher Plummer, 82 when he won Best Supporting Actor in 2012 for Beginners Most nominations received by a single film: All About Eve (1950) and Titanic (1997), with 14 nominations each Most awards won by a single film: Ben-Hur (1959), Titanic (1997), and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003), with 11 wins each PHOTOS: Stars who have never won an Oscar Most film nominations without a win: The Turning Point (1977) and The Color Purple (1985), with 11 nominations each Most acting nominations without a competitive win: Peter O'Toole, with 8 nominations (O'Toole later won an Honorary Oscar in 2003) Shortest performance to win a lead-acting Oscar: Anthony Hopkins' 16 minutes of screen time in Silence of the Lambs  Most total nominations for a single person: Walt Disney, with 59 nominations and 22 wins, most for short films like Ferdinand the Bull and Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day PHOTOS: Stars' Oscar looks through the years Most wins for a leading actress: Katharine Hepburn, with 4 awards (for Morning Glory in 1934, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner in 1968, The Lion in Winter in 1969, and On Golden Pond in 1982) Most wins for a leading actor: Daniel Day-Lewis, with 3 awards (for My Left Foot in 1990, There Will Be Blood in 2008, and Lincoln in 2013) Most nominations for directing: Ben-Hur director William Wyler, with 12 nominations (and 3 wins)


From which language do we get the words dinghy, shampoo and dungarees?

Hobson-Jobson: The words English owes to India - BBC News Hobson-Jobson: The words English owes to India By Mukti Jain Campion Writer and radio producer 12 July 2012 Read more about sharing. Close share panel In 1872 two men began work on a lexicon of words of Asian origin used by the British in India. Since its publication the 1,000-page dictionary has never been out of print and a new edition is due out next year. What accounts for its enduring appeal? Hobson-Jobson is the dictionary's short and mysterious title. The subtitle reveals more: "A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms etymological, historical, geographical and discursive. By Colonel Henry Yule and AC Burnell." But even the word "discursive" doesn't quite prepare the reader for what is to come. "It's a madly unruly and idiosyncratic work," says poet Daljit Nagra. 50 words from India B - bandana, bangle, bazaar, Blighty, bungalow C - cashmere, catamaran, char, cheroot, cheetah, chintz, chit, chokey, chutney, cot, cummerbund, curry D - dinghy, doolally, dungarees J - jodhpur, jungle, juggernaut, jute K - khaki, kedgeree P - pariah, pashmina, polo, pukka, pundit, purdah, pyjamas S - sari, shampoo, shawl, swastika T - teak, thug, toddy, typhoon V - veranda Y - yoga Sources: Hobson-Jobson, Oxford English Dictionary "Not so much an orderly dictionary as a passionate memoir of colonial India. Rather like an eccentric Englishman in glossary form." Take the entry for the Indian word dam. The dictionary defines it as: "Originally an actual copper coin. Damri is a common enough expression for the infinitesimal in coin, and one has often heard a Briton in India say: 'No, I won't give a dumree!' with but a vague notion what a damri meant." That is the etymology of dam. But Yule and Burnell have more to say. "And this leads to the suggestion that a like expression, often heard from coarse talkers in England as well as in India, originated in the latter country, and that whatever profanity there may be in the animus, there is none in the etymology, when such an one blurts out 'I don't care a dam!' in other words, 'I don't care a brass farthing!'" There is a huge delight in language that's evident throughout the dictionary, says Dr Kate Teltscher, reader in English Literature at Roehampton University, who is preparing the new Oxford World Classics edition. "It's a hugely ambitious attempt to trace linguistic influence… it's all about the distance that words travel," she says. "It's also about looking at words in their context, and seeing how they describe a lost way of life." When the book was published, it was already a source of nostalgia for the passing of the East India Company era as India came under British rule. Hobson-Jobson-isms Kedgeree: A dish of seasoned rice. Hobson-Jobson defines it as "a mess of rice, cooked with butter and dal and flavoured with a little spice and shred onion." Shampoo: To "knead and press the muscles with the view of relieving fatigue". Pyjamas: A "pair of loose drawers or trousers, tied round the waist". Gymkhana: "It is applied to a place of public resort at a station, where the needful facilities for athletics and games of sorts are provided." Veranda: "An open pillared gallery round a house." Kedgeree: How to make your own "There was a market for it in India, amongst the British serving in India. One review recommended it as an ideal 'after-dinner reading in camp'," says Teltscher. "It does include a lot of administrative terms - things that the British needed to know. But it was also clearly meant for diversion and entertainment, both for the British serving in India and the British when they had returned home." Anglo-Indian food features prominently. For example, it defines kedgeree (or kitchery) thus: "A mess of rice, cooked with butter and dal and flavoured with a little spice, shred onion, and the like. It's a common dish all over India, and often served at Anglo-Indian breakfast tables. In England we find the word is often applied to a mess of re-cooked fish, served for breakfast, but this is


What organ in the human body produces bile? | Reference.com What organ in the human body produces bile? A: Quick Answer Bile and pancreatic juices are produced by the liver and pancreas, which are organs that are part of the digestive system. Biliary juices, or bile, are created in tissue inside the liver called hepatic parenchyma, and then make their way into the biliary ductal system. Small ducts form together and merge into a single river like stream that exits into the duodenum.


In the Oscar acting categories, which actress has received the most nominations?


What is the main ingredient of the soup borsch?

What is the main ingredient of Borsht (Borsch), a renowned Russian soup?-About Food & Health What is the main ingredient of Borsht (Borsch), a renowned Russian soup? Views:    Font: [ Large Medium Small ] Here are some friends with simlar question as we.And I have this question for many days,anyone help us? Kitty said: Yes.What is the main ingredient of Borsht (Borsch), a renowned Russian soup?-I try seach this on internet but no results found.Maybe this is a stupid question. Mike said: oh,no,you are wrong.I have found as below for this question(What is the main ingredient of Borsht (Borsch), a renowned Russian soup?),it will help you,my kids. Answer: Borscht is a vegetable soup, usually including beet roots, which give it a strong red color. However other, non-beet varieties exist, such as the tomato paste-based orange borscht and the sorrel-based green borscht. There are local variations in the basic borscht recipe: In Russian cuisine, it usually includes beets, often meat, and cabbage and optionally potatoes. In Ukrainian and Belarusian the beets are standard, in addition to tomatoes. Potatoes and cabbage are both optional. It is usually served with smetana (cream), and tradition requires it to be served with small hot breads topped with fresh chopped garlic - pampushki In Polish cuisine, the beets are not standard. Besides the Ukrainian style beet soup Polish people enjoy a white Easter borscht. White borscht is made from a base of fermented rye flour usually added to a broth of boiled white fresh kielbasa (after the base is added, the soup mustn't be boiled). It is served hot with cubed rye bread and diced hard-boiled eggs added to the broth, often horseradish is added to taste. In East Prussia sour cream (Schmand) and beef was served with the Beetenbartsch (lit. beetroot-borscht). In Lithuanian cuisine, dried mushrooms are often added. There is also a cold borscht (?altibar?iai) which has a very different taste and appearance. In Romanian cuisine, it is the name for any sour soup, prepared usually with fermented wheat bran (which is also called bor?). In fact, the Romanian gastronomy uses with no discrimination the words ciorb? (Turkish), bor? or, sometimes, zeam?/acritur? (Romanian descriptives) In Armenian cuisine, it is served warm with fresh sour cream. In Doukhobor cuisine, the main ingredient is cabbage, and the soup also contains beets, potatoes, tomatoes and heavy cream along with dill and leeks. This style of borscht is orange in colour, and is always eaten hot. In Hong Kong-style western cuisine, it includes tomatoes instead of beets, and also beef, cabbage, potatoes, bell peppers and carrots. Sometimes chili pepper is added. In Mennonite cuisine, borscht is a generic term for soup. While the base for borscht is often meat stock, this version is only suitable for non-Lenten seasons among some Christian communities that observe Lent. A simpler vegan version made with vegetable stock is eaten during Lenten and fasting periods, which is called Fasting Borscht. Borscht can be prepared and served either hot or cold. It is also often accompanied by sour cream (like East European smetana) or whipping cream. beets 2 cloves garlic, mashed Salt to taste Bring water to a boil. Add potatoes, parsley and salt. In a separate deep pan, sauté onions until transparent. Add beets, carrots, and vinegar in this pan and cook until soft. Add to water with potatoes and parsley, then add cabbage. Turn off heat, add garlic, add salt if necessary. When reheating do not boil or the bright red color will be lost. Beetroot beets I'd say beets give it that signature red broth, but I feel that cabbage is equally as important as the beets are. My great- grandparents were Russian and immigrated to N.D.  My great grandmother's recipe for borscht has been passed down in my family. I'm very proud of this recipe and I protect it like it's the maltese falcon. I guess i'm greedy. :) However, the ingredients that you should never leave out (in my opinion) are beets, tomatoes (16 oz can- unless you've got some really nice ripe ones-


What is the Capital of Montenegro? - Capital-of.com Dates of religious and Civil holidays around the world. www.when-is.com Capital of Montenegro The Capital City of Montenegro (officially named Republic of Montenegro) is the city of Podgorica. The population of Podgorica was . Montenegro is a montenegrin speaking country on the coasts of the Adriatic Sea. Additional Information


Who was the Commander of the Union Army at the Battle of Gettysburg?

Battle of Gettysburg - Union Leaders - Corps Commanders Major General George G. Meade - Army of the Potomac A Pennsylvanian and West Point graduate, Meade saw action during the Mexican-American War and served on the staff of Major General Zachary Taylor . With the beginning of the Civil War, he was appointed a brigadier general and quickly moved up to corps command. Meade assumed command of the Army of the Potomac on June 28 following the relief of Major General Joseph Hooker . Learning of the fighting in Gettysburg on July 1, he sent Major General Winfield S. Hancock ahead to assess the field before arriving in person that evening. Establishing his headquarters behind the Union center at the Leister Farm, Meade directed the defense of the Union line the next day. Holding a council of war that night, he elected to continue the battle and completed the defeat of General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia the next day. In the wake of the fighting, Meade was criticized for not vigorously pursuing the beaten enemy. More » Major General John F. Reynolds. Photograph Courtesy of the Library of Congress Major General John Reynolds - I Corps Another Pennsylvanian, John Reynolds graduated from West Point in 1841. A veteran of Major General Winfield Scott 's 1847 campaign against Mexico City , he was widely considered one of the best commanders in the Army of the Potomac. This opinion was shared by President Abraham Lincoln who offered him command of the army following Hooker's removal. Unwilling to be fettered by the political aspects of the position, Reynolds declined. On July 1, Reynolds led his I Corps into Gettysburg to support Brigadier General John Buford 's cavalry which had engaged the enemy. Shortly after his arrival, Reynolds was killed while deploying troops near Herbst Woods. With his death, command of I Corps passed to Major General Abner Doubleday and later Major General John Newton . More » Major General Winfield S. Hancock. Photograph Courtesy of the National Archives & Records Administration Major General Winfield Scott Hancock - II Corps An 1844 graduate of West Point, Winfield S. Hancock served in his namesake's Mexico City campaign three years later. Made a brigadier general in 1861, he earned the nickname "Hancock the Superb" during the Peninsula Campaign the following year. Taking command of II Corps in May 1863 after the Battle of Chancellorsville , Hancock was sent ahead by Meade on July 1 to determine if the army should fight at Gettysburg. Arriving, he clashed with XI Corps' Major General Oliver O. Howard who was senior. Occupying the center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge, II Corps played a role in the fighting in the Wheatfield on July 2 and bore the brunt of Pickett's Charge the next day. In the course of the action, Hancock was wounded in the thigh. More » Major General Daniel Sickles. Photograph Courtesy of the Library of Congress Major General Daniel Sickles - III Corps A New Yorker, Daniel Sickles was elected to Congress in 1856. Three years later, he killed his wife's lover but was acquitted in the first use of the insanity defense in the United States. With the beginning of the Civil War, Sickles raised several regiments for the Union Army. In reward, he was made a brigadier general in September 1861. A solid commander in 1862, Sickles received command of III Corps in February 1863. Arriving early on July 2, he was ordered form III Corps on Cemetery Ridge to the south of II Corps. Unhappy with the ground, Sickles advanced his men to the Peach Orchard and Devil's Den without notifying Meade. Overextended, his corps came under attack from Lieutenant General James Longstreet and was nearly crushed. Sickles' action forced Meade to shift reinforcements to his part of the battlefield. As the fighting raged, Sickles was wounded and ultimately lost his right leg. More » Major General George Sykes. Photograph Courtesy of the Library of Congress Major General George Sykes - V Corps A West Point graduate, George Sykes took part in both Taylor and Scott's campaigns during the Mexican-American War


Striding Edge is a ridge leading to which Lakeland mountain?

Striding Edge – A photo diary of Lake District fell walks Welcome to Striding Edge Striding Edge – a photo diary of Lake District fell walks Striding Edge is the photo diary of Sean McMahon’s fell walks, capturing the beauty and moods of the wonderful Cumbrian landscape. The site contains details of the Lake District’s 214 Wainwright fells and 541 Birkett fells as well as walking routes and guides. There are regularly updated photos and maps of walks with distances, timings, ascents and route descriptions. Each Wainwright and Birkett Lake District fell has its own information page which includes height details, fell grouping, accurate GPS co-ordinates and a summit photo. All walks described are provided in good faith, the maps and routes described here are not an indication of right of way, but an indication of general direction only. Any walk undertaken is done so at your own risk. Enjoy the spectacular views! The 2016 Advent Quiz answers and winner are here!


Gaius Octavius (Octavian) is better known as which Roman Emperor?

Octavian - Augustus 'Augustus' Gaius Julius Octavius (63 BC - AD 14) The future emperor Augustus was born into an equestrian family as Gaius Octavius at Rome on 23 September 63 BC. His father, Gaius Octavius, was the first in the family to become a senator, but died when Octavian was only four. It was his mother who had the more distinguished connection. She was the daughter of Julia, sister to Julius Caesar. He was of short stature, handsome and well proportioned and he possessed that commodity so rare in rulers - grace. Though he suffered from bad teeth and was generally of feeble health. His body was covered in spots and he had many birthmarks scattered over his chest and belly. As for his character it is said that he was cruel when young, but became mild later on. This, however, might just be because, as his position became more secure, the need for brutality lessened. For he was still prepared to be ruthless when necessary. He was tolerant of criticism, possessed a good sense of humour, and had a particular fondness for playing dice, but often provided his guests with money to place bets. Although unfaithful to his wife Livia Drusilla, he remained deeply devoted to her. His public moral attitudes were strict (he had been appointed pontifex (priest) at the age of fifteen or sixteen) and he exiled his daughter and his grand-daughter, both named Julia, for offending against these principles. Octavian served under Julius Caesar in the Spanish expedition of 46 BC despite his delicate health. And he was to take a senior military command in Caesar's planned Parthian expedition of 44 BC, although at the time being only 18 years old. But Octavian was with his friends Marcus Agrippa and Marcus Salvidienus Rufus in Apollonia in Epirus completing his academic and military studies, when news reached him of Caesar's assassination. At once he returned to Rome, learning on the way that Caesar had adopted him in his will. No doubt this only increased his desire to avenge Caesar's murder. Though when he arrived Octavian found power in the hands of Mark Antony and Aemilius Lepidus. They were urging compromise and amnesty. But Octavian refused to accept this attitude. With his determined stand he soon succeeded in winning over many of Caesar's supporters, including some of the legions. Though he failed to persuade Marc Antony to hand over Caesar's assets and documents. Therefore Octavian was forced to distribute Caesar's legacies to the Roman public from whatever funds he was able to raise himself. Such efforts to see Caesar's will done helped raise Octavian's standing with the Roman people considerably. Many of the senators, too, were opposed to Antony. Octavian, appreciated as Antony's primary rival by then, was granted the status of senator, despite not yet being twenty. During the summer of 44 BC the senate's leader, Cicero, delivered a series of infamous speeches against Marc Antony which came to be known as the 'Philippics'. Cicero saw in the young Octavian a useful ally. So, when in November 44 BC Antony left Rome to take command in northern Italy, Octavian was dispatched with the senate's blessing to make war on Antony. Marc Antony was defeated at Mutina (43 BC) and forced to retreat into Gaul. But now it showed that Cicero had definitely lost control of the young Octavian. Had the two reigning consuls both been killed in the battle, then in August 43 BC Octavian marched on Rome and forced the senate to accept him as consul. Three months thereafter he met with Antony and Lepidus at Bologna and the three came to an agreement, the Triumvirate. This agreement between Rome's three most powerful men completely cut off the senate from power (27 November 43 BC). Cicero was killed in the proscriptions that followed. Brutus and Cassius, Caesar's chief assassins, were defeated at Philippi in northern Greece. Octavian and Marc Antony, the winners at Philippi, reached a new agreement in October 40 BC in the Treaty of Brundisium. The Roman empire was to be divided between them, Antony taking the east, Octavian the west. The third man, Lepid


Which word appears in the name of all Japanese merchant ships?

What is the meaning of the word maru in the names of Japanese boats? What is the meaning of the word maru in the names of Japanese boats? "Maru" in a ship's name Photo credit: Ciro Cattuto Used under a Creative Commons licence . The names of many Japanese merchant vessels such as Nippon maru ( 日本丸 ) end in maru ( 丸 ), a Japanese word meaning "round". The earliest recorded instance of a ship with this name ending is the Bandou-maru ( 坂東丸 ) recorded in a document of the Niwaji ( 仁和寺 ) temple in 1187, during the Heian era (794-1185). The word maru was also used in infant names of boys, yōmyō, yōmei ( 幼名 ), the infant name of Miyamoto no Yoshitsune ( 源義経 ), in the names of swords, such as Onimaru ( 鬼丸 ), one of the Imperial treasures, and parts of Japanese castles called kuruwa. The origin of the maru in the names of boys is said by some to have come from a Japanese word for excrement, maro, or from potty, o-maru, in an effort to ward off demons by giving the child an unpleasant name. Another explanation is that it came from the similar maro ( 麻呂,麿 ), as in the name of the famous Ukiyo-e artist Utamaro ( 歌麿 ). For the names of boats, multiple explanations have been proposed since the Edo period (1603-1867), including that it comes from the boy's name ending maru, or from the name ending maro ( 麿 ) used for objects of affection, from the logs, maruta ( 丸太 ), used to build the boats, from the round, tub-like shape of early vessels, from the name of a Chinese figure, Hakudoumaru ( 白童丸 ), said to have descended from heaven and taught shipbuilding, from the name of wholesalers, once known as monmaru ( 問丸 ), the maru of whose name was then transferred to the boats, or from the castle-like nature of the ships. Names ending in maru were popular during the Edo period (1603-1867), and a Japanese shipping law of 1900 (Meiji 33) said "船舶ノ名称ニハ成ルベク 其ノ末尾ニ丸ノ字ヲ附セシムルベシ" (As far as possible, ships should be given names ending in the character "maru".) Jim Breen's original answer In the 1905 edition of Basil Hall Chamberlain's "Things Japanese" he says of maru "It is often asked: what does the word Maru mean in the names of ships ...?" His answer is: the real meaning is obscure it is probably merging of two words: maru and maro, which was a term of endearment. it used to be used for swords, armour, parts of castles, etc. too.


In which year was the M1 Motorway opened?

News : celebrating 50 years since the opening of the M1 motorway - The AA 50 years of the M1 The motorway that revolutionised travel in the UK 29 October 2009 Fifty years ago on Monday (2 November), the first stretch of the M1 opened, heralding a revolution in travel, according to the AA. The 62-miles from Berrygrove, near Watford (now junction 5) to Crick, near Rugby (now junction 18) – opened by then Transport Minister Ernest Marples – linked north and south and is still part of the UK's longest motorway. Paul Watters, head of road and transport policy at the AA, says: "The significance of the M1 can't be underestimated – it is the backbone of the UK. It revolutionised travel as Britain's first long-distance motorway – before it opened, you'd be lucky to get to the Scottish border within eight hours from London but now you can be halfway up Scotland in that time." The AA was instrumental in the development of the M1 – it was a founder member of the Roads Campaign Council, which put pressure on government to build new roads to reduce congestion and road accidents – and laid on a big AA presence at the opening ceremony near Slip End (now junction 10), just south of Luton. Pictures from the AA archive on our flickr photostream » Leading the way The AA led the way in modernising roadside assistance, moving from the days of saluting patrols on motorcycle-sidecars to the widespread use of patrol vans with modern equipment. It formed a special motorway patrol force, equipped with Ford Escort estates and Land Rovers, and an AA spotter plane – a de Havilland Dragon Rapide piloted by a former WWII Mosquito pilot – monitored traffic flow and reported breakdowns and accidents, which were then radioed to patrols from a mobile office located at Broughton flyover, near Newport Pagnell (now junction 14). Early days The traffic in the early years was much quieter than now and, with no speed limit, overheating and blown engines were the most common call-outs. Retired AA motorway patrol Stan Hallard recollects watching AC Cobra cars being driven at more than 150mph. However, Stan says that most cars of the day were simply not designed for sustained high speed driving: "We would often go out to cars where the engine had literally blown up – people would naively drive flat-out in cars that often only had a basic one-litre engine with no temperature gauge. One trip on the motorway could be the death knell of a car." Safety equipment was limited and the hard shoulder relatively narrow and soft, so stricken cars were often just towed off the motorway – sometimes in convoy with a stricken vehicle on tow at the rear and another at the front, pushed down the hard shoulder using special rubber bumpers. The future of the M1 The engineers who designed the M1 estimated traffic of 20,000 cars per day but it now carries up to 140,000. Without upgrades, it is estimated that traffic on the M1 will flow at between 50mph and 60mph in peak periods by 2025 and will be stop-start on many sections. The current solution is to improve capacity largely through limited widening, such as the recently completed scheme from junction 6A to 10. The AA says that by 2030, it is likely that most of the M1 will be 'widened' through 'active traffic management' using variable speed limits, traffic control and hard shoulder running. During this period, technology will move forward and many vehicles will be equipped with electronics that communicate with the 'road' e.g. autopilot-type speed control and 'platooning' (when groups of vehicles 'lock together' by radar cruise control). Cars will likely produce around half the CO2 they do now – many will be hybrids or use hydrogen fuel cells – and service areas will undoubtedly have electric vehicle recharging points or battery exchange facilities. Paul Watters says: "We should never under-invest in this key part of British life and the economy – it is arguably, in communication terms, our most important motorway. "When it opened, the M1 was able to satisfy Britain's rapidly growing demand for car travel but today it struggles to


What is the name of the Swedish policeman in the series of novels by Henning Mankel?

Henning Mankell: the last Wallander | Books | The Guardian Henning Mankell Henning Mankell: the last Wallander Forget the 40 plays, the Gaza flotilla arrest and the good work in Africa, what Henning Mankell is really famous for is the anguished detective he created 22 years ago. Now, with the final Wallander novel published this week, he tells Jon Henley why he is happy to say farewell Henning Mankell. Photograph: Murdo Macleod Tuesday 22 March 2011 16.29 EDT First published on Tuesday 22 March 2011 16.29 EDT Share on Messenger Close That's it then; the end. Twenty-two years after his first appearance and more than a decade since the one everybody - even his creator - had assumed would be his last, Inspector Kurt Wallander is working his last case. The lugubrious, all too human but ultimately decent Swedish cop with the never-ending health problems and the terrible family life has sold 30m books in 45 different languages. This will be a sad day for a lot of people. But not, on balance, for Henning Mankell . "Hand on heart," he says, "I thought I'd written his last adventure a long time ago. I don't even particularly like the man. We have certain things in common: we enjoy the same kind of music, we have a similarly conscientious approach to work. We wouldn't be enemies if we knew each other, but he wouldn't be a close friend. He's not someone I'd invite to dinner." We're in the sunlit kitchen of the house Mankell owns with his wife Eva in old Antibes, in the south of France. Coffee and cakes from the local patisserie are on the table. Eva, a successful theatre director in Sweden and daughter of Ingmar Bergman, disappears upstairs to work. Mankell, rumpled and relaxed in T-shirt and black tracksuit of uncertain vintage and indiscriminate design, listens gravely and answers precisely. The Troubled Man, his 10th and final Wallander novel, is published here this week. There was, he says, another one, many years ago: it would have been the fifth in the series, but it was about child abuse and was too depressing; he burned it after 100 pages. This one started to germinate four or five years ago, with the idea "not that Wallander would solve a case, but that he would himself be the case, as it were". The trigger, really, was turning 60 (Mankell is now 63). It makes a man think. "When you reach your 60s, you realise certain things," he says. "First, that you've lived well over half your life. Second, that you've pretty much made all your really big decisions; people very rarely change direction after that. And that leads you to look back. It's quite a . . . scary moment. So I asked: am I afraid of anything? I'm not afraid of dying. Nor of pain; we can control most pain these days. But there is one thing I'm scared of." The thing Mankell is scared of is the reason this is Wallander's last case, so obviously I'm not going to tell you what it is. But thinking about that, and about the whole business of looking back on a life, and the idea of Wallander realising how all along he had been so resolutely non-political, then wondering what might happen if you confronted him with perhaps the biggest political scandal in Sweden's postwar history – thinking about all those things, Mankell says, "I began to think I really might have a story for Wallander. One last one." In The Troubled Man, Wallander – familiar these days not just to readers but TV viewers too, through both Kenneth Branagh's crumpled, world-worn interpretation and the even more morose and fallible vision offered by Krister Henriksson in the Swedish original - is, indeed, 60, nearing his career's end. He has a dog and a house in the country and becomes, to his delight, a grandfather: his daughter Linda has a baby. But when the child's other grand-father, a retired senior naval officer, disappears, the detective, dogged now by increasingly worrying lapses of concentration and memory, is dragged into perhaps his most far-reaching case: an investigation that will take him back to the dark days of the cold war and a string of unexplained incursions into Swedish waters that could


Which British territory was captured by the Japanese on Christmas Day 1941?

British surrender Hong Kong - Dec 25, 1941 - HISTORY.com British surrender Hong Kong A+E Networks On this day, the British garrison in Hong Kong surrenders to the Japanese. Hong Kong was a British Crown colony whose population was overwhelmingly ethnic Chinese. It was protected by a garrison force composed of British, Canadian, and Indian soldiers. The British government, anticipating a Japanese attack, had begun evacuating women and children on June 30, sending them to Manila, capital of the Philippines. The Japanese had responded to the evacuation by posting troops across the Kowloon peninsula, blocking escape from Hong Kong by land. One day after Pearl Harbor, the Japanese began their raid on Hong Kong as part of their broad imperial designs on China and the South Pacific. The British governor, Sir Mark Young, mobilized his forces, which were slim, and his weaponry, which was antiquated. Within two weeks, Japanese envoys issued an ultimatum-surrender or perish. The governor sent the envoys back with a definite refusal. Consequently, the Japanese followed up with a land invasion on the 18th of December. Ordered to take no prisoners, the Japanese rounded up captured soldiers and bayoneted them to death. Continued bombing raids severed water mains, and Japanese infantry took control of remaining reservoirs, as well as the power station, leaving the British with the threat of death by thirst. Despite cries from the governor to “hold fast for King and Empire,” no further resistance was possible by the dwindling garrison forces. On 3:30 p.m. Christmas Day, white flags of surrender were flown. Related Videos


From which musical does the song The Night They Invented Champagne' come?

Vanessa Hudgens Sings at the 2015 Tonys in Gigi Performance: Video - Us Weekly PHOTOS: Stars at the 2015 Tony Awards Presenting the Spring Breakers star's big theatrical debut was her High School Musical costar and longtime pal Ashley Tisdale. Calling Hudgens, 26, her "best friend," Tisdale grinned as she introduced the company's song "The Night They Invented Champagne." Vanessa Hudgens and the cast of 'Gigi' perform onstage at the 2015 Tony Awards. Theo Wargo/Getty Images for Tony Awards Productions Hudgens started off the song in a red sailor dress, giving her the appearance of a child. She quickly "discovered" champagne and the can-can dancers came out, high-kicking and cheering.


The Roman Emperor Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanica was better known by which nickname?

7 Things You May Not Know About Caligula - History Lists History Lists October 9, 2012 By Jennie Cohen Share this: 7 Things You May Not Know About Caligula Author 7 Things You May Not Know About Caligula URL Google One of history’s most iconic bad guys, Caligula ruled Rome for just four years but exhibited enough cruelty and lunacy during his brief reign to live in infamy. Or did he? Turns out that most of what we know about the notorious emperor comes from highly suspect sources. That’s because Suetonius and Dio, who wrote the most scathing accounts of Caligula’s madness, lived decades after their subject’s time and based their works on legend. Below, explore seven facts about Caligula that are (probably or possibly, at least) true. Caligula wasn’t his real name. Think of it as the ancient equivalent of miniature Nikes and tuxedo-imprinted onesies: Even in Roman times, parents liked to proudly dress their progeny in tiny versions of grownup gear. And so, when the respected general Germanicus brought his son Gaius on campaign, the tyke sported soldier’s footwear, or caligae, scaled down to his size. (Some scholars think his wife Agrippina, granddaughter of the Emperor Augustus, chose the getup to emphasize her family’s imperial pedigree.) Either affectionately or mockingly, Germanicus’ troops called the boy “Caligula,” meaning “Little Boots” or “Booties.” The nickname stuck, but Gaius reportedly hated it. His mother was one tough lady. Growing up, Agrippina the Elder had a close relationship with her grandfather, the Emperor Augustus, who personally oversaw her education. After marrying Germanicus, she defied tradition by accompanying him on his military campaigns in Germania, reportedly acting as an adviser and diplomat. When Germanicus died under suspicious circumstances, Agrippina boldly accused one of his rivals of poisoning him. A prominent figure in political circles, she also spoke out against Augustus’ successor Tiberius, whom she hated. All this rabble-rousing didn’t sit well with the emperor, who had Agrippina flogged—supposedly until she lost an eye. She then starved herself to death while in prison, four years before her son Caligula came into power. Reports of his incest were greatly exaggerated. It was Suetonius who first published claims that Caligula committed incest with his three sisters. (The Roman historian added that these trysts even occurred during banquets, as guests and Caligula’s wife gathered around.) But Suetonius wrote “The Lives of the Caesars” in 121 A.D., 80 years after Caligula was assassinated at age 28 by members of the Praetorian Guard. Earlier chroniclers who actually lived under Caligula, namely Seneca and Philo, make no mention of this type of behavior despite their harsh criticism of the emperor. And Tacitus, during a lengthy diatribe in which he accuses Caligula’s sister Agrippina—wife of the Emperor Claudius—of incest with her son, never implicates her brother. He may not have built his famous floating bridge, but he did launch pleasure barges in Lake Nemi. According to Suetonius, Caligula in his infinite profligacy once constructed a temporary floating bridge across the Bay of Baiae just so he could ride triumphantly from one end to the other. No traces of the stunt have ever materialized, so most historians dismiss it as myth. However, evidence of the emperor’s extravagant lifestyle has surfaced at Lake Nemi, where workers salvaged two massive pleasure barges—complete with marble décor, mosaic floors and statues—in the late 1920s and early 1930s. One of the wrecks included a lead pipe bearing the inscription “Property of Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus.” A fire caused by Allied shells largely destroyed the ships in 1944. He set in motion the conquest of Britain. Caligula is often remembered as a selfish and capricious ruler whose ineptitude weakened the Roman empire during his four-year reign. But if his leadership skills were so abysmal, some scholars have argued, how did he wind up annexing new provinces, expanding westward and formulating a feasible plan to take over Britai


In naval warfare for what is a paravane used for?

Paravane - Encyclopedia Paravane GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES "PARAVANE, a naval device used in the World War first for attacking submerged submarines and subsequently for protecting vessels against mines and for cutting up hostile minefields. The name of Acting-Comm. C. D. Burney is especially associated with its design and development. The explosive paravane in its final form consisted of a torpedoshaped body carrying near its head a large steel plane which was set at a small angle to the centre-line of the body, and was in an approximately vertical position when the paravane was being towed. The thrust of the water on the plane carried the paravane away from the towing vessel, and with two paravanes, one on each side, a spread of sweep of about 200 ft. was obtained, i.e. the two paravanes were that distance apart. Horizontal and vertical fins near the tail increased the stability, and in the tail was fitted a depth-keeping mechanism consisting of a horizontal rudder actuated by a hydrostatic valve which responded to any difference in the water-pressure caused by a change of depth. The paravane carried a heavy charge of high explosive which could be detonated, by means of an electric current passing through the core of the towing-wire, in any one of three ways. If the paravane hit the hull of a submarine, striking-gear on its nose operated a switch which closed the firing circuit. This impact method would not become operative should the towing-line become entangled in the external fittings of a submarine, but in that case an extra load would be put on the line; apparatus was therefore provided such that when the load on the line exceeded a predetermined value a switch was tripped and the circuit closed. Finally a hand-switch on the bridge of the towing vessel enabled the charge to be detonated at will should the presence of a submarine be suspected. It was soon seen that the explosive paravane could be adapted to protect vessels against moored mines. For this purpose the towing-lines were attached, not at the stern as with the explosive paravanes, but at a point as far forward and as low down as possible. Their outboard ends being kept about 100 ft. away from the central fore and aft line of the ship by the paravanes to which they were attached, they swept a wedge-shaped track in a horizontal plane at the level of the keel or slightly below it, and fouled the mooring-wires of any anchored mines lying in or near the course of the vessel. When this happened the mooring-wire was deflected along the towing-line until it reached the head of the paravane, where it was guided into the jaws of shears or scissors made of special high-grade steel, by which it was severed. The mine then floated to the surface and was exploded by rifle-fire. It was found that with a pull of about 7 cwt. the shears would cut a 12 in. mooring-wire. The normal length of the towing-lines was 56 yd.; three-strand wire ropes were used, each consisting of 37 galvanized wires, 0.049 in. in diameter, with an ultimate breaking strength of between zoo and 120 tons per sq. in. There were three types of protector paravanes: (i) The merchantvessel type, known as " otters," for ships with speeds below 16 knots; (2) the fast-liner type; and (3) the battleship type. The mine-sweeping paravanes were towed from the stern of high-speed destroyers. As the point of attachment had to be on deck, an arrangement called a " depressor " was used to bring the virtual point of tow down to the required depth at the stern. Wide paths could be swept at speeds of 26 to 30 knots. - Please bookmark this page (add it to your favorites). - If you wish to link to this page, you can do so by referring to the URL address below this line. http://www.theodora.com/encyclopedia/p/paravane.html Copyright © 1995-2011 ITA all rights reserved. Encyclopedia Alphabetically


With which instrument do you associate jazz musician Charlie Mingus?

Charles Mingus — Listen for free on Spotify Charles Mingus Play on Spotify Irascible, demanding, bullying, and probably a genius, Charles Mingus cut himself a uniquely iconoclastic path through jazz in the middle of the 20th century, creating a legacy that became universally lauded only after he was no longer around to bug people. As a bassist, he knew few peers, blessed with a powerful tone and pulsating sense of rhythm, capable of elevating the instrument into the front line of a band. But had he been just a string player, few would know his name today. Rather, he was the greatest bass-playing leader/composer jazz has ever known, one who always kept his ears and fingers on the pulse, spirit, spontaneity, and ferocious expressive power of jazz. Intensely ambitious yet often earthy in expression, simultaneously radical and deeply traditional, Mingus' music took elements from everything he had experienced -- from gospel and blues through New Orleans jazz, swing, bop, Latin music, modern classical music, even the jazz avant-garde. His touchstone was Duke Ellington , but Mingus took the sonic blend and harmonies of Ellingtonia much further, throwing in abrasive dissonances and abrupt changes in meter and tempo, introducing tremendously exhilarating accelerations that generated a momentum of their own. While his early works were written out in a classical fashion, by the mid-'50s, he had worked out a new way of getting his unconventional visions across, dictating the parts to his musicians while allowing plenty of room for the players' own musical personalities and ideas. He was also a formidable pianist, fully capable of taking that role in a group -- which he did in his 1961-62 bands, hiring another bassist to fill in for him. Along the way, Mingus made a lot of enemies, causing sometimes violent confrontations on and off the bandstand. A big man physically, he used his bulk as a weapon of intimidation, and he was not above halting concerts to chew out inattentive audiences or errant sidemen, even cashiering a musician now and then on the spot. At one of his concerts in Philadelphia -- and a memorial to a dead colleague at that -- he broke up the show by slamming the piano lid down, nearly smashing his pianist's hands, and then punched trombonist Jimmy Knepper in the mouth. For a savage physical portrait of the emotions that seethed within him, check out the photo on the cover of Duke Ellington 's Money Jungle; Mingus looks as if he is about to kill someone. But he could also be a gentle giant as his moods permitted, and that quality can be felt in some of his music. Mingus felt the lash of racial prejudice very intensely -- which, combined with the frustrations of making it in the music business on his own terms, found its outlet in music. Indeed, some of his bizarre titles were political in nature, such as Fables of Faubus (referring to the Arkansas governor who tried to keep Little Rock schools segregated), "Oh Lord, Don't Let Them Drop That Atomic Bomb on Me" or "Remember Rockefeller at Attica." But he could also be wildly humorous, the most notorious example being "If Charlie Parker Was a Gunslinger, There'd Be a Whole Lot of Dead Copycats" (later shortened to "Gunslinging Bird"). Born in a Nogales Army camp, Mingus was shortly thereafter taken to the Watts district of Los Angeles, where he grew up. The first music he heard was that of the church -- the only music his stepmother allowed around the house -- but one day, despite the threat of punishment, he tuned in Duke Ellington 's "East St. Louis Toodle-Oo" on his father's crystal set, his first exposure to jazz. He tried to learn the trombone at six and then the cello, but he became fed up with incompetent teachers and ended up on the double bass by the time he reached high school. His early teachers were Red Callender and an ex- New York Philharmonic bassist named Herman Rheinschagen, and he also studied composition with Lloyd Reese. A proto-third stream composition written by Mingus in 1940-41, "Half-Mast Inhibition" (recorded in 1960), reveals an extraordinary ti