Except for a short break from 1492 to 1512, which merchant family effectively ruled Florence from the 13th century to 1737?

Lonely Planet Travel Guides and Travel Information Aftermath & the floods of 1966 The recent past There are times when, in terms of elections, there just doesn’t seem to be any choice. When Sindaco (Mayor) Leonardo Domenici stood for a second five-year term in 2004 he managed to get in, but only in the second round of voting. A local chieftain of the Democratici di Sinistra (DS) party – the former Communist Party of Italy – and protégé of DS national party boss Massimo d’Alema, Domenici encountered only half-hearted opposition from within the left-wing coalition he heads, and the right-wing opposition has rarely taken power in Florence since free elections were first held in post-WWII Italy . Tuscany , as they say, has always been red. Politics aside, a national report in 2003 showed that Italy ’s main crime organisations, the Sicilian Mafia, the Neapolitan Camorra and ’ndrangheta from Calabria , are increasing their presence in Tuscany . They dedicate themselves to drugs and arms trafficking, extortion, protection rackets and gaining control of construction contracts. That said, criminal activity in Florence seems limited to laundering ill-gotten gains. Other reports suggest dirty cash from the Russian and Chinese mafias is also filtering in to the city. The Sicilians have been around for a while. In 1993 a massive car bomb exploded in Via de’ Georgofili, killing five people and injuring 37. The blast hit the Uffizi (where the city’s most important gallery is housed), destroying several works. A mere seven years later, the renowned Mafia boss Totò Riina, long in prison for other crimes, was sentenced to still more time for his involvement. Only in 2005 did relatives of the victims finally get civil proceedings against Riina under way. The Mafia have not been the only bombers in Florence. Terrorists of the left-wing Red Brigades, infamous for the 1978 assassination of the former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro, brought misery to Florence when they killed Lando Conti, the city’s then mayor, in 1986. Less dramatic than acts of terror, but with an infinitely greater influence on the city’s life, was a party political decision taken in 1989. After a decade of debate on what direction the city needed to take, the Communist-led government approved an ambitious plan to create a new urban centre, with trade centres, thousands of houses and vast amounts of office space, in empty land in the northwest Castello part of town, owned by the Fondiaria-SAI insurance giant. It was reasoned that a new economic pole would be created close to the airport. At the same time, plans were also in motion to transform the former FIAT works, closer to the city centre, into another key district of the modern city, destined to house a new university campus (the Nuovo Polo Universitario), Palazzo di Giustizia (courts), housing, offices and parkland. The Castello project provoked fierce opposition from environmentalists, who soon found allies within the Communist Party. As the debate heated up, stresses on the party grew. Just three days before a definitive vote on the project was due to go before a full session of the municipality, in a move reminiscent of the Cold War days in the Eastern Bloc, national party secretary Achille Ochetto called the Florentine branch and ordered the vote be called off and the project shelved. Only since 2004 has life again been breathed into development ideas for Castello. On to a darker subject altogether, Florentine tongues still wag about the Monster of Florence. Between 1968 and 1985 six related murders took place in the city, terrifying citizens and baffling the police. A prime suspect, Pietro Pacciani, got a life sentence on flimsy evidence in 1996 and died before his appeal could get under way in 1998. Even today, the police consider Pacciani’s death may itself have been murder, to stop him raising the veil on the real answer to the killings. Some believe these were carried out by a group or sect that used Pacciani as a pawn. ^ Back to top From the beginning Neolithic tribes of Liguri from northern Italy are thoug


In the first decade of the 1900s, Henry Ford established the Ford Motor Company in which city of the USA?

Ford Motor Company Timeline | Ford.com 1896 Henry Ford builds the Quadricycle. Henry Ford's first vehicle rode on four bicycle wheels and was powered by a four-horsepower engine. Instead of a steering wheel, the Quadricycle had a tiller. The gearbox had only two forward gears with no reverse. 1899 Henry Ford joins a group that founds the Detroit Automobile Company. Ford leaves company within one year. 1901 Henry Ford defeats the top racecar driver of the era. Ford designed the 26-horsepower Sweepstakes and defeated Alexander Winton's 70-horsepower Bullet in 10 laps around the one-mile oval of the Detroit Driving Club. The victory lead to Henry Ford's second short-lived attempt at auto manufacture, the Henry Ford Company. 1903 The Ford Motor Company is incorporated. With 12 investors and 1,000 shares, the company had spent almost all of its $28,000 cash investment by the time it sold the first Ford Model A on July 23, 1903. But by October 1, 1903 Ford Motor Company had turned a profit of $37,000. 1904 Ford Motor Company of Canada is founded. Ford’s first international plant was built in Walkerville (now Windsor), Ontario, right across the Detroit River from Ford’s existing facilities. The company was a separate organization with its own set of shareholders. It was created to sell vehicles not just in Canada, but also all across the then-current British Empire. 1907 Ford introduces the scripted typeface of its trademark. Childe Harold Wills designed the Ford logo. He used his grandfather’s stencil set, which was based on the style of writing taught in schools when Ford and Wills were children. However, the Ford oval would not be featured on a car until the 1927 Model A. 1908 Ford Introduces the Model T. Henry Ford’s Model T put the world on wheels with a simple, affordable, durable automobile. Ford sold 15 million Model Ts before ceasing production in May 1927, making it one of the best-selling vehicles of all time, and arguably the most famous car in the world. In 1908, there were only about 18,000 miles of paved roads in the US. To deal with the primitive roads, Ford used light and strong vanadium steel alloy for critical parts. At the time, most of the automobiles in existence were luxurious novelties rather than affordable transport. But to appeal to the mass market, Ford’s vehicle also had to be reliable and easy to maintain. Fortunately for millions of new drivers, it was. 1908 Ford opens its first overseas sales branch in Paris. 1913 Ford introduces the integrated moving assembly line to auto production. Ford's innovation eventually reduced the Model T's chassis assembly line from 12.5 to 1.5 hours, and in doing so precipitated a revolution in manufacturing. The accelerating speed with which Ford could produce cars helped him continue to lower the price of the Model T. 1914 Ford institutes the famous "$5 Day". In 1914, $5 per day was double the existing pay rate for factory workers, and on top of that, Ford reduced the workday from nine to eight hours. The day after the “$5 Day” was announced, an estimated 10,000 people lined up outside Ford’s employment office hoping to be hired. Ford’s increased pay greatly improved employee retention since the monotonous and strenuous work of the moving assembly line was causing high turnover. The increased wage had the added effect of allowing many of Ford’s employees to purchase the cars they produced, and the eight hour workday allowed Ford to run 3 shifts a day instead of 2. The increased pay, increased leisure time, and even increased the personal mobility of car ownership were all critical factors in the creation of an American middle class. 1917 Ford begins construction of the River Rouge Complex. It would become the largest integrated factory in the world by the following decade. Throughout its history, the self-contained Rouge Complex has contained a wide array of industries necessary to produce cars, including steel mills, a tire factory, a glass factory, a power plant and a reception depot for coal, iron ore, rubber and lumber. In the 1930s the complex employed over


Historically, what is the name of an official having authority for fiscal and other purposes within a defined area of England, typically a borough, port or shire?

Glossary Glossary The following is based on NetSerf's Medieval Glossary . Abbey A monastic community of either monks or nuns. Ruled by an (m.) Abbot or (f.) Abbess Usually founded by a particular monastic order and bound by their rules. Abbeys many times owe some form of feudal obligation to a lord/lady or higher organization. Basically they are self contained with all basic function performed by the residents and needs from the local area. Abbot / Abbess Superior of a monastery or nunnery. Abjuration A renunciation, under oath, of heresy to the Christian faith, made by a Christian wishing to be reconciled with the church. Absenteeism Holders not residing in the benefice or performing the duties attached to the benefice though still collecting the income from the benefice. An absentee priest would appoint a substitute (vicar) to perform the duties of the parish and pay him a small stipend. Acre A day's ploughing for one plough team. Now 200 X 22 yards. 120 were reckoned to be the average which would support one family, but the acre varied in real size according to local conditions and soil. Adulterine Castle A castle build with out a person's liege lord's approval. Advent The penitential season leading up to Christmas Advowson 1) The right to appoint a priest to a parish church. Advowsons could be held by laymen and were treated as real property which could be inherited, sold, exchanged, or even divided between co-heiresses (one appointing on one occasion, another on the next, and so on. 2) The right of presentation to a church or benefice 3) Patronage of a church living; the legal right to present a candidate for installation in a vacant ecclesiastical office. Aid 1) A special obligation of a vassal to provide money for such occasions as his lord's ransom, the marriage of his daughter, the knighting of his son, or for going on Crusade. 2) Payment to the king on specified occasions - his own ransom, the knighting of his eldest son, the marriage of his eldest daughter once - or to meet a special emergency. Alb A kind of suplice, with close sleeves. Alderman Derived from O.E. ealdorman and surviving in urban usage to describe the holder of a senior civic office. Two main usages are (I) the chief officer of a guild: occurs in the earlier Middle Ages and later in surviving merchant guilds; (II) the member of a town council, particularly an upper council: increasingly common in the later Middle Ages, probably under London influence. Almoner Offical appointed to distribute alms. Amercement 1) A financial penalty inflicted at the MERCY of the king or his justices for various minor offences. The offender is said to be "IN MERCY" and the monies paid to the crown to settle the matter is called "amercement".2) Sum paid to the lord by a person "in mercy" for an offense 3) A pecuniary punishment or penalty inflicted at the "mercy" of the king or his justices for misdemeanours, defaults, breach of regulations, and other minor offences. The offender was said to be "in mercy", he was "amerced", and paid an "amercement". To be distinguished from damages (compensation to an injured party) and from fine. Amice A square of white linen, folded diagonally, worn by the celebrant priest, on the head or about the neck and shoulders. Anathema A condemnation of heretics, similar in effect to major excommunication. It inflicts the penalty of complete exclusion from Christian society. Annates First year's income paid to the papacy by the incumbent of a benefice to which he had been papally provided. Annuity An annual cash payment, granted for life or a term of years as stipulated in a contract between a lord and a retainer. Ansange Plot of land to be cultivated by compulsory service of the tenant for the benefit of the master. Antiphon Small line of text used in worship in response to a larger prayer, or reading Apostate The term used to describe one who leaves religious orders after making solemn profession. It is considered a serious crime in the eyes of the church, being not only a breach of faith with God but also with the founders and benefacto


In 2001, Count Jacques Rogge replaced Juan Antonio Samaranch as head of what body?

IOC Presidents - The International Olympic Committee IOC Presidents 20th Century History Expert By Jennifer Rosenberg The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was established on June 23, 1894 in order to organize the Olympic Games . This organization continues to be the ruling body of the Olympics. This is a list of the past and present presidents of the IOC. 2001-2013 Count Jacques Rogge (Belgium) 1980-2001 Juan Antonio Samaranch (Spain) 1972-1980 Michael Morris (Ireland) 1952-1972 Avery Brundage (United States) 1946-1952 J. Sigfrid Edström (Sweden) 1925-1942 Henri de Baillet-Latour (Belgium) 1896-1925 Pierre de Coubertin (France) 1894-1896 Dimitrios Vikelas (Greece)


Billie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt and Tr Cool are collectively known as which band?

Green Day's hits turn into Berkeley Rep musical - SFGate Green Day's hits turn into Berkeley Rep musical THEATER Published 4:00 am, Tuesday, March 31, 2009 Photo: Phil Mucci Close Image 1 of 3 Tre Cool (left), Billie Joe Armstrong and Mike Dirnt, collectively known as the band Green Day Tre Cool (left), Billie Joe Armstrong and Mike Dirnt, collectively known as the band Green Day Photo: Phil Mucci Michael Mayer will direct "American Idiot" at Berkeley Rep Michael Mayer will direct "American Idiot" at Berkeley Rep Photo: Courtesy Of Berkeley Repertory T, Courtesy Of Berkeley Rep Image 3 of 3 Mike Dirnt, left, Billie Joe Armstrong, center, and Tre Cool, of the group Green Day. Mike Dirnt, left, Billie Joe Armstrong, center, and Tre Cool, of the group Green Day. Photo: Mark J. Terrill, AP Green Day's hits turn into Berkeley Rep musical 1 / 3 Back to Gallery Green Day, the chart-topping pop-punk band born in Berkeley, is morphing into a collective playwright, and it will unveil its first effort at Berkeley Repertory Theatre in September, the group announced Monday. The musical titled "American Idiot," based on Green Day's 2004 Grammy-winning, multi-platinum album of the same name, is being developed in collaboration with Michael Mayer , the Tony-winning director of Steven Sater and Duncan Sheik 's "Spring Awakening." Following the trail blazed by the Who's rock opera "Tommy," and more recently traveled by the Rep's production of Stew's "Passing Strange," the presumably also Broadway-bound "American Idiot" tells a story through song. The new musical will use all the songs on the '04 release, which won best rock album and record of the year Grammys and sold more than 12 million copies, as well as songs from Green Day's forthcoming "21st Century Breakdown" (to be released May 15). It begins previews Sept. 4 and opens the Rep's season Sept. 16, running through Oct. 11. "I was struck by its innate theatricality," Mayer says of the album's tale of Jesus of Suburbia, St. Jimmy and Whatshername's trek from America's post-9/11 suburbs to the Middle East. "Here was a new musical drama begging to be staged." The band members had already been thinking about a stage version when Mayer approached them, guitarist-vocalist Billie Joe Armstrong says. Mayer's concept and a trip to see "Spring Awakening" convinced them he was the man for the job, and what Armstrong calls Green Day's "hometown" theater would be a perfect partner. The Rep is "very adventurous," he says, "and their willingness to take chances is in keeping with the spirit of the album." The decision to go ahead with the project was made after a recent workshop in New York, produced by the Rep, with Mayer, choreographer Steven Hoggett and Armstrong, bassist Mike Dirnt and drummer Tré Cool , who founded Green Day at Berkeley's seminal punk club 924 Gilman in 1990. Green Day will not appear in the show itself. "American Idiot" will be performed by a cast of 19, with an onstage band. Mayer says the musical will portray "a journey from apathy to action," reflecting what he describes as the "brutally honest, eloquent, passionate, funny and poetic" album. The Rep has put a limited number of seats on sale on its Web site, starting as low as $32. A broader range of prices and dates is available as part of its season subscription package, at (510) 647-2949 or www.berkeleyrep.org . Latest from the SFGATE homepage: Click below for the top news from around the Bay Area and beyond. Sign up for our newsletters to be the first to learn about breaking news and more. Go to 'Sign In' and 'Manage Profile' at the top of the page.


"What is the character ""George"" from the UK TV series ""Rainbow""?"

George, Rainbow | The long & speculative history of gay characters on children's TV shows - TV TV Previous slide Next slide 11 of 13 View All Skip Ad George The pink, one-armed hippo with the extraordinary eyelashes and gentle temperament was a fixture on TV series Rainbow in the 70s and 80s, and continues to be the subject of online debate regarding his sexuality, although what is most remarkable about Rainbow is how its makers managed to get away with so many double entendres . Credit: ITV


The members of which Christian organisation do not take the oath in a court of law, oppose military service, and believe that individuals can have a personal relationship with the divine without the need for intermediaries, such as priests, rituals or sacraments?

Religion Dictionary | Teaching Tools | The Learning Center | The Association of Religion Data Archives A Abraham : The Hebrew Bible patriarch and father of the "Abrahamic," monotheistic religions of Judaism , Christianity , and Islam (Prothero 2008: 193). Adherent : 1) A person who identifies with some religious tradition. It is a broader term than "member" because the latter refers to an official status that varies according to congregation or denomination. 2) Note that in ARDA's online Maps & Reports , ï¿½adherentï¿½ has a more specific meaning: ï¿½All members, including full members, their children and the estimated number of other participants who are not considered members; for example, the ï¿½baptized,ï¿½ ï¿½those not confirmed,ï¿½ ï¿½those not eligible for communion,ï¿½ ï¿½those regularly attending services,ï¿½ and the like,ï¿½ according to the Religious Congregations and Membership Study, 2010 (Grammich et al. 2012: xvi). Advent : A season of preparation for Christmas , more characteristic of Western Liturgical Churches . In Orthodox Churches , Advent is known as the "Nativity Fast" (Reid et al. 1990: 28). Adventist Family : Churches originating from founder William Miller in the late 19th century. Miller taught that Christ would soon return to earth and that Saturday, rather than Sunday, should be observed as the Christian Sabbath . The Adventist family includes the Seventh-day Adventist Church , which was founded by Ellen White and James Springer White , as well as offshoots such as the Advent Christian Church (Melton 2009: 560-561). African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) : One of the largest black denominations in the United States. The denomination broke off from the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1787. In 1816 , it was officially founded by Richard Allen in Philadelphia (Prothero 2008: 194). Afterlife : The fate of humans after death (Smith and Green 1995: 31). Descriptions of the afterlife will differ by cultural, historical and geographical context (see Egyptian Book of the Dead and Tibetan Book of the Dead ). In Eastern religions, such as Hinduism or Buddhism , reincarnation is an afterlife concept. In the monotheistic religions of Judaism , Christianity and Islam discussions of the afterlife also entail whether an individual goes to either heaven or hell based on God's judgment (Hinnells 1984: 25-26). Agnosticism : A philosophical position neither affirming nor denying belief in a deity. Agnostics believe the question of whether God exists must be left open and unanswered. The concept comes from David Hume (1711-1776), who questioned the idea of causality, and by extension the historical accuracy of biblical miracles. The term "agnostic" was coined by Thomas Huxley (1825-1895), and was used as a method more than a belief system, claiming that one should seek truth until a certain point where the evidence becomes scarce or non-existent (Reid et al. 1990: 31). Ahimsa : A term in Hinduism , Buddhism , and Jainism that is often translated as "non-violence," referring to not harming or wishing to harm. In Jainism, nonviolence is considered the highest moral duty, as Jain ascetics even attempt to avoid the injury and death of insects. Ahimsa also influenced Gandi and his nonviolent campaign in India (Prothero 2008: 194-195). Ali : One of the most important caliphs in Islam . He was cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad , founder of Islam. Ali was brutally murdered in 661 CE by an assassin. Sunnis consider him the fourth caliph, while Shi'ite Muslims consider him the first. In addition, Shiite Muslims trace the lineage of the imams through him (Esposito 2011: 241). Alienation : A feeling of estrangement from society as a whole, or from its dominant institutions, but not necessarily estrangement from all local religious groups (Dean 1961; Neal and Rettig 1967). All Saints Day : A feast celebrated in the Western Church on the first of November to commemorate Christian martyrs and all those who have led conspicuously holy lives. In the Eastern Church it is observed on the first Sunday after Pentecost


Which cold, low-salinity ocean current flows north-westward along the west coast of South America from the southern tip of Chile to northern Peru and can extend 1,000 kilometers (620 miles) offshore?

GEO 373 EXAM 1 - Geography 373 with Meyer at Central Michigan University - StudyBlue Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again. GEO 373 EXAM 1 Mercosur Argentina, Uruaguay, and Paraguay's enconomies are linked with Brazil in a common market agreement Founded in 1991 by the Treaty of Asunción, which was later amended and updated by the 1994 Treaty of Ouro Preto.  Its purpose is to promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods, people, and currency.  Farc Established in 1964 as the military wing of the Colombian Communist Party, the FARC is Colombia's oldest, largest, most capable, and best-equipped Marxist insurgency. The FARC is organized along military lines and includes several urban fronts Advertisement ) Shining Path is a Maoist insurgent guerrilla organization in Peru. The group never refers to itself their name, prefers to be called the "Communist Party of Peru" or "PCP-SL" in short The Shining Path believed that by imposing a dictatorship of the proletariat, inducing cultural revolution, and eventually sparking world revolution, they could arrive at pure communism. Quechua is the name of a people of the central Andes of South America and their languages also is a natural region of Peru HDI The index reflects health, education, and income levels it is calculated annually so placement varies in time Marie Price and Catherine Cooper They used four basic principles to explain the major world regions the countries of region are contiguous, close together, and touch upon eachothere the region occupies all, or part of, a continent the region embraces geopolitical aspirations the region has human relatedness, i.e. share cultural traits Maquiladoras manufacturing or export assembly plants ISI was abandoned in the late 20th century and placed by nonliberal programs emphasizing export led development led a failed military in 1992 authoritarian Populist attempted to fund promises to the poor with expropriations and other measures which deter foreign investment in oil and gas production FTAA Free trade Areas of the Americas ALBA Bolivarian Alternative for the Americans Caudillos Revolutions that introduced long periods of instability followed by the rule of strong men El Nino A periodic warm current which displaces the cold Peru current, from the west coast of South America has become more pronounced, reflecting a heat build up in Pacific, equatorial waters. Advertisement Tropic of Cancer also referred to as the Northern tropic, is the circle of latitude on the Earth that marks the most northerly position at which the Sun may appear directly overhead at its zenith. This event occurs once per year, at the time of the June solstice, when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun to its maximum extent. 23 1/2 degrees north Tropic of Capricorn marks the most southerly latitude at which the Sun can appear directly overhead. This event occurs at the December solstice, when the southern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun to its maximum extent. 23 1/2 degrees south Chinamapas is a method of ancient Meso american agriculture which used small, rectangle-shaped areas offertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico. Mt. Pelee is an active volcano at the northern end of the island and in the Lesser Antilles island arc of the Caribbean. Its volcanic cone is composed of layers of volcanic ash and hardened lava. Great Escarpment separates the Atlantic coastal plain of Brazil from the Brazilian Highlands Saffir-Simpson Scale A hurricane scale is a 1-5 rating based on the hurricane's present intensity. This is used to give an estimate of the potential property damage and flooding expected along the coast from a hurricane landfall. Wind speed is the determining factor in the scale, as storm surge values are highly dependent on the slope of the continental shelf in the landfall region. Tectonic Plates is a massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock, generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere. Plate size can vary


What is the symbol for a 60th wedding anniversary?

60th Wedding Anniversary - Ideas and Symbols 60th Wedding Anniversary By Sheri Stritof Updated April 18, 2016. Here are some 60th wedding anniversary ideas and symbols to help in choosing gifts associated with the 60th marriage anniversary. The tradition of celebrating a 60th anniversary came into popularity after Queen Victoria celebrated her Diamond Jubilee . 60th Anniversary Traditional Gift: Diamond which comes from the Greek word adamas which means unconquerable and enduring. Many also believe that the fire in the diamond symbolizes the constant flame of love. 60th Anniversary Contemporary/Modern Gift: Diamond white . 60th Anniversary Flower: There are no flowers traditionally associated with this anniversary. Put together a bouquet with one different white flower for each decade together. There is also a lovely lavender thornless rose bush called "Diamond Anniversary" and another one called "Diamond Wishes". Ways to Celebrate Your 60th Anniversary: Use sparkly glitter or crystal rhinestones on flowers, cards, centerpieces, gift wrap, balloons, etc. continue reading below our video How to Plan Your 60th Wedding Anniversary For those in the United States, request a greeting from the Whitehouse . Gift Suggestions to Purchase for Your 60th Anniversary: When considering gifts for the 60th anniversary, think twice before purchasing anniversary plates, jewelry, knick knacks, etc. as many senior citizens are trying to reduce clutter and possessions in their lives. A dinner at a special restaurant, tickets to a show , a trip, coupons to help with chores, etc. will probably be more appreciated. A vacuum cleaning robot to help keep your floors clean with just one push of a button.  Buy the iRobot Roomba Vacuum Cleaning Robot on Amazon.com . Gift Suggestions to Make for Your 60th Anniversary: Put together a CD with songs from the year you were married. Assemble a memory photo album with pictures highlighting 60 years together. Include the wedding, children, grandchildren, friends, trips taken together, homes lived in, etc. A nice addition is to include stories from children and friends. Time Capsule Ideas for Your 60th Anniversary: Create a time capsule of the wedding day . Include a list of popular songs, movies, news headlines, and events. Some sites that will provide that information are:


Who was the Iranian-US citizen who was jailed early in 2009 in Evin Prison, Teheran with an 8 year sentence for alleged spying?

Adnan & Hiva IPI Calls for Release of Journalists Being Used as ‘Political Hostages’ in Iran, North Korea 20 April 2009 Iran and North Korea should immediately free journalists who are being used as apparent political hostages in their wider diplomatic disputes with the United States, the International Press Institute said today. The sentencing of an Iranian-American radio reporter on espionage charges last week and the continued detention of two American journalists who were seized in North Korea in March further erode chances for diplomatic settlements over the nations’ nuclear ambitions and only augment their reputations as leading suppressers of free speech. "It is beyond contempt that these journalists are being held hostage to the fortunes of political brinkmanship by countries who share an outdated belief that this is the best way to conduct negotiations on difficult international subjects", IPI Director David Dadge said. "Journalists are neutral observers who gather information. Accusing them of being spies is just another desperate way for authoritarian rulers to smother the truth and delude their populations". On 18 April, an Iranian court sentenced Roxana Saberi to eight years in prison for espionage after a one-day, secret trial. The US-born reporter was arrested in February, allegedly for buying wine. Saberi, a free-lance journalist, has filed reports on Iran for public broadcasters in Britain and the United States and also worked for the Fox News channel in the United States. The two journalists detained for entering North Korea from across the Chinese border have been identified as Euna Lee and Laura Ling of US-based Current TV. They were captured on 17 March while apparently preparing a report on the rising number of North Koreans who are seeking refuge in China. Leaders in Pyongyang have been silent on the detention of the women since their capture. The sentencing of Saberi comes after years of tensions between Tehran and Washington over Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s push to develop a nuclear energy industry that the United States, Europe and Israel contend is a mask for building atomic weapons. Since President Barack Obama took office in January, he has reversed his predecessor’s policy of shunning talks with Tehran, but the Iranian government has so far shown little interest in making concessions on the nuclear issue. IPI’s Justice Denied Campaign has also condemned the Ahmadinejad government’s handling of Abdolvahed Botimar, a journalist and environmental activist, and his cousin, editor and journalist Adnan Hassanpour, who were tried in secret and accused of being "enemies of God". Both men were sentenced to death, but in September 2008, a court of appeal overturned the death sentence against Hassanpour. He was then charged with espionage. North Korea, meanwhile, has intensified its isolation by launching a missile over Japan and expelling international experts who were sent to monitor the country’s nuclear experiments. According to IPI’s World Press Freedom Review 2008, North Korea has the worst press freedom record in the world, with the country’s repressive dictatorship retaining complete control of the media while maintaining a blanket ban on foreign journalists.   Hiwa Butimar has had his death sentence overturned by an Iranian court. Andy Stovell: This is a day of Good News! Two hours ago I received the news that Hiwa Butimar has had his death sentence overturned by an Iranian court. Hadi Butimar, Hiwa's brother, phoned me after talking with his sister-in-law, Hiwa's wife. Hadi is in the process of putting together a thank you to all the countless people who have helped in so many ways. Hiwa goes before another court soon to decide if he is to be released or serve a further prison sentence for the false charges. We will keep you informed. Meanwhile, join in the great joy we all feel for Hiwa and his family.   Iran: End Repression in Kurdish Areas Peaceful Dissidents Jailed, Books and Publications Banned (New York, January 9, 2009) - The government of Iran should amend or abolish broad


With the exception of the last two segments, how many legs does a centipede have on each segment?

How Many Legs Does a Centipede Have - Centipede Legs How Many Legs Does a Centipede Have? Question: What Is the Number of Legs on a Centipede? While the word centipede literally means “100-footed,” most centipedes do not have 100 legs. The number of legs a centipede has depends upon the number of body segments that make up its body, and this number varies by species. Centipedes typically have one pair of legs per segment. A fully equipped adult centipede can have between 15 and 177 pairs of legs. Members of the Orders Lithobiomorpha and Scutigeromorpha have 15 pairs of legs. Unlike other centipede species, the Scutigera have long, multiarticulate, hairy legs, which enable them to establish a solid grip on the ground and move very quickly. However, Scutigera centipedes are not capable of pushing themselves through soil or into detritus. The house centipede has a rounded trunk with long, delicate legs, while the Geophilomorphs have long, slender bodies with up to 177 pairs of short legs. The colorful Scolopendromorphs have from 21 to 23 pairs of legs. The body segment behind the centipede’s head contains two legs which have been modified into venomous fangs for hunting prey. To aid in balance and agility, the legs of most centipede species become progressively longer the farther away they are from the head. The last pair of legs trails behind the centipede’s body and is equipped with sensory bristles. These legs act as a supplementary pair of antennae, allowing centipedes to back out of tight spaces. Centipedes are capable of dropping their legs when their survival depends upon it and can regenerate these body parts after shedding them. Like millipedes, centipedes are arthropods with jointed legs. However, while millipedes have more than one pair of legs attached to each of their body segments, centipedes have only one pair per segment. The American house centipede (Scutigera coleopteran) has four pairs of legs after hatching and 15 as an adult. The additional body segments and legs come with each succeeding molt.


In baseball, which base is most frequently stolen by the runners?

Baseball Base Stealing ---- A Matter Of Timing Fleet Of Foot Helps But Heads Up Alert Timing Seals The Deal Baseball Base Stealing in a baseball game requires the base runner to have an internally wired spirit of a riverboat gambler and enough daring do and not to be afraid to give it a go. The intense study of every movement os the pitcher is the real key to successful stealing of bases. Speed is a killer out on the highways and even the dusty country roads but in athletic competition such as the game of baseball speed is king. Fleet of foot and having excellent balance of body control quick as a hiccup used in baseball base stealing can make one an instant hero. Where else can one witness a sudden mushroom cloud of dust and when the dust settles the umpires right arm flung into the air with a thumb protruding saying you're out or the outstretched arms sweeping back and forth to say this lad is safe. Baseball is it and this baseball base stealing is the action. Folks being part of baseball is what it is all about. Join the crowd. The pitcher standing on the mound wipes the sweat pouring from his forehead and peers in for his battery mates catchers signal. He will nervously take a peek over to first base trying to measure if the base running monkey is just a little too far off the bag? The base runner saunters from the first base bag with a sharp lookout with keen piercing and extremely focused eyes watching and studying every move and twitch of the pitcher. As the runner reaches a spot he feels is has safe distance off of the base he goes into his arm swinging monkey like animal distraction act. He may paw the ground like a plow horse getting ready to dig in and go or like a hot rod driver revving his engine. Baseball players all know this action as nervous anticipation and calculation of a go or not go for the quick jump to steal 2nd base. The runner hunches over lets his arm fall freely swinging back and forth trying to make up his mind to leap from this spot to a distant other safe spot. The base runner act like a well trained chimpanzee taunting and every ready to out guess the pitcher. You are watching the baseball base stealing distraction before the coming attractions of the show. This how to steal bases activity between the pitcher and runner is a true cat and mouse game with the final outcome either safe ground or total disaster. Did you ever think baseball base stealing activity could be this much nervous anticipated excitement? Now and again for all of you who follow and enjoy this game of baseball there comes amidst the best of coaches a super baseball coach with much good information about our game we just have to pass along for all to enjoy. Coach Chip Lemin posted an article pertaining to stealing bases and I have taken the liberty to include the pertinent parts of his article for your use. Contact data and information from and about Coach Lemin is available at the bottom of the page. All coaches and baseball players young and even older will benefit from Coach Chip Lemin's coaching tips and how to steal. A good base running team or baseball base stealing team which understands and can execute the art of how to steal bases puts the other team on notice right away; we came here to play! How To Steal Second Base Too many kids are picked off because they are looking at their coach give signals while standing off of the bag. The Cardinal rule as a base runner when not on the bag is Keep your eye on the ball. Instruct all your players and runners to get signs from the coaches with their foot on the bag, always! Your players should watch intently the pitcher when taking a lead. Why? Because they have the ball. Coaches will have have taught that your lead should be a body length and a step and this has become the standard. Now this is a good reference point, but there are plenty of kids out there who have never ventured beyond this point! Do this with all your base runners, go with the body length and a step, wait for a pick-off attempt, and evaluate your lead. Encourage your slower players to try this in p


Neptune Has 14 Moons: Neptunian Satellite Facts (Infographic) Fourteen moons orbit Neptune, including enigmatic Triton, which moves backward in its orbit. Credit: by Karl Tate, Infographics Artist Of the 14 satellites of Neptune, the largest is Triton, which is in a retrograde (backward) orbit around the planet. Triton is the largest moon in the solar system to do this. On July 15, a 14th moon of Neptune , provisionally called S/2004 N 1, was announced. Neptune has seven inner moons. Their orbits lie among several faint rings and partial rings composed of dust and ice particles. Outwards from Neptune, the inner moons are Naiad, Thalassa, Despina, Galatea, Larissa, S/2004 N 1 and Proteus. Next outward from Neptune , Triton is one of four moons in the solar system known to have an atmosphere. The thin nitrogen haze is thought to have evaporated off of the frozen surface. Triton is Neptune's largest moon , at 1,677 miles (2,700 km) in diameter. Because Triton moves backward in its orbit, astronomers think the icy moon formed in the frozen Kuiper belt, located in the outer solar system. Later, Neptune's gravity captured Triton. Neptune Quiz: How Well Do You Know the Other Blue Planet? After Triton comes Nereid. At 211 miles (340 km) in diameter, Nereid is one of the largest irregular moons in the solar system . Irregular moons have orbits that are highly inclined to the planet's equator. Much further out than Nereid orbit five outer moons, Halimede, Sao, Laomedeia, Neso and Psmathe. These irregular moons travel in highly tilted orbits.


Robbie Coltrane played a psychologist in which British TV series?

'Cracker' | Top 10 TV Murder-Mystery Series | TIME.com Get This TV Series This British series follows a psychologist named Fitz (played by Robbie Coltrane — you know, Hagrid from Harry Potter) who helps the police profile and question suspects. He’s a drunk, a gambler, a chain-smoker, a cheater and a lover of foul language. But he’s brilliant, which makes his role as a cracker (another term for a criminal psychologist) that much more interesting. Think of him as a Columbo gone bad, but just as smart. The series won multiple awards and was beloved for Coltrane’s depiction of the show’s antihero.


Who discovered the moons of Saturn called Mimas and Enceladus between 1781 and 1789?

Enceladus: Saturn's Tiny, Shiny Moon Enceladus: Saturn's Tiny, Shiny Moon By Nola Taylor Redd, Space.com Contributor | June 23, 2016 10:25pm ET MORE The jets of Saturn's moon, Enceladus, are falling into shadow as winter night deepens. Image released Jan. 7, 2013. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute Saturn's moon Enceladus, with a diameter of 314 miles (505 kilometers), is small enough to fit inside the borders of the state of Arizona. This tiny satellite is one of the most promising potential sites for hosting life in the solar system. Despite its frigid temperatures, the moon hosts liquid water beneath its surface that appears to directly contact the rocky seafloor, making complex chemical reactions possible — such as those reactions that lead to life. Discovery and naming When  Sir William Herschel  turned his 1.2-meter telescope toward the sky for its first observation on Aug. 28, 1789, the new instrument proved its worth by aiding him in the discovery of a new moon around the ringed planet, Saturn. Enceladus would be the first of two moons discovered by Herschel, and the sixth moon found orbiting Saturn. The diminutive size of the moon helped shield it from discovery. Enceladus orbits an average of only 147,909 miles (238,037 km) around the ringed planet. Although it is one of the brightest objects in the solar system, the glare from Saturn and its rings outshine the tiny satellite, requiring a telescope with a larger mirror to be seen. Herschel's observations coincided with the equinox of Saturn, when Earth's perspective on the planet resulted in reduced glare from the rings; it helped that he was using the largest telescope in the world to observe. [ Photos: Enceladus, Saturn's Cold, Bright Moon ] Like the other moons of Saturn, Enceladus went nameless for years. Until Herschel's son, John, published a work in 1847 suggesting that the satellites be named after the Titans, the moons were given numerical names based on their distance from the planet. Before 1847, Enceladus was known as Saturn II. In Greek mythology, the Titans followed the Greek god Cronus (known to the Romans as Saturn). Enceladus had snake-like limbs. During the battle between the Titans and the Olympian gods, the goddess Athena wounded him with a hurled spear. The Titan was buried on the island of Sicily, under Mount Etna. The injured Titan received the blame for the earthquakes and volcanic fires that erupted from the mountain. Features on the moon are named for characters and places from the collection of West and South Asian stories known as One Thousand and One Arabian Nights.  This photo of water geysers spouting from Saturn's moon Enceladus was taken by NASA's Cassini orbiter in October 2007 Credit: Cassini Imaging Team, SSI, JPL, ESA, NASA Enceladus' icy breath Enceladus has at least five different types of terrain on its surface. Craters mar the landscape, reaching sizes no larger than 22 miles (35 km) across. Other regions are smooth and free from signs of impact, indicating recent resurfacing. Plains, fissures, and breaks in the crust also fill the surface. Although small, the moon shines brightly. Its icy surface reflects more than 90 percent of the sunlight that falls on it, making it one of the brightest objects in the solar system. Because the planet reflects sunlight rather than absorbing it, it reaches temperatures as low as minus 201 degrees C (minus 330 degrees F). Enceladus is only one-seventh the diameter of Earth's moon. It is the sixth largest and most massive moon of Saturn. Like most spherical bodies, it takes the shape of an oblate spheroid, bulging out slightly around its equator due to the effects of gravity as it spins. Cassini color image of "snowy" landscape of Enceladus. This terrain lies north of the geologically active south polar ridges and features a rolling terrain crosscut by narrow fractures. Credit: NASA/Processing by Paul Schenk (Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston) Because the moon is not very massive, and feels only the smallest tug of gravity at its surface, scientists were surprised to


Where is the island of Tristan da Cunha?

Tristan da Cunha - the remotest island in the world Dec. 97 to Jan. 98. To visit Tristan da Cunha is to visit another world - another life, another   time. Situated at 37 South and 12 West and 2000 kms from St Helena and 2800 kms from      the nearest mainland Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, Tristan rises      out of the ocean, it's volcanic peak crowned with an almost permanent      cap of white cloud. Situated in the South Atlantic, summer on Tristan      da Cunha falls between December to March. During the winter months the      central peak,rising to a height of 2010 metres, is covered in snow. The island is roughly      circular in shape with an average diameter 10 kms and has a total area      of 78 sq kms but only 5 sq kms of flat area at the northwest part. Narrow      valleys or gulches radiate from the central peak. During the wet season      and close the famous "roaring forties" the steep valleys become      fast running torrents washing minerals down from the slopes, to the      regions below. On the northwestern plain, the deposits has formed green      fields where the islanders grow their potatoes. The      40 kms of coastline is exposed to the storm tossed seas, comprising      magnificient basalt cliffs, some is rising steeply to 600 meters. The      surrounding seas are rich in fish, providing Tristan da Cunha with one      of its main sources of revenue - crawfish. Caught and deep frozen, the      crawfish is shipped via South Africa to the United States and Japan,      where it is much appreciated as a delicacy. The other main source of income of the island is the sale of postage stamps, which are   collected by numerous philatelists and collectors all over the world. When      sailing from Brazil to Cape of Good Hope, the Portuguese navigator Tristao      da Cunha discovered the island. However he found it was impossible to      land as the sea was tempesteous. The first settler to arrive on the      island was an american - Captain Jonathan Lambert - who landed in 1811      and promptly declared to kane absolute possession of the island of Tristan      da Cunha. Unfortunately he drowned while fishing in 1812 together with      2 other men. In 1816, the british annexed the island and set up a garrison as a      precaution against the French who, it was thought, were planning to      recue Napoleon from exile on the island of St Helena. NEW> Tristan      500 years <NEW In      the end it was Corporal William Glass from Kelso in Scotland, who is      regarded as the Founder of the present community. Following a tour of      duty with the garrison, he returned with his wife and two children,      two companions, a coloured woman, they made up the total of six inhabitants      after the garrison had finally departed. The community was still no more than eleven flax thatched cottages      built from blocks of volcanic rock when, in 1867, HRH Prince Alfred,      Duke of Edinburgh and second son of Victoria, visited the island while      voyaging round the world and gave the settlement of Edinburgh its present      name. The      Settlement of Edinburgh now numbers just over 300 proud and hospitable      people with only seven surnames among them. Through the islanders veins      flows the blood of English sailors from Nelson's fleet, Americans, Italians,      Dutch and mulattos from St Helena and South Africa. English is the native      tongue, albeit a slightly strange, preserved Georgian dialect laced      with a few early Americanisms. The      sea around Tristan da Cunha is blue, and, in the summer, the sun is      warm. The tableland above the cliffs is lush. Just above sea level the      north-west corner of the island there is enough flat land to accomodate      the Settlement. Southwestwards stretches space for


With which sport is Florence Griffith-Joyner, also known as Flo-Jo, associated?

BBC News | Sport | Flo-Jo dies at 38 Monday, September 21, 1998 Published at 17:48 GMT 18:48 UK Sport Flo-Jo dies at 38 Florence Griffith Joyner celebrates her Olympic victory Florence Griffith Joyner, triple gold medalist at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, has died at the age of 38. The American sprinter apparently suffered a heart seizure at her home in Mission Viejo, California. Duncan Kennedy: "She remained an inspiration to women athletes" Three-time world hurdles champion Greg Foster, a friend of the family, said: "We have lost one of the great track and field athletes in history. She's going to be missed. It's definitely a shock, a great loss." Griffith Joyner, known by her fans as Flo-Jo, captivated the world with her phenomenal speed and flamboyant style but her rapid improvement and her tremendous physique fuelled rumours about performance-enhancing drugs. She was the wife of 1984 Olympic triple-jump gold medalist Al Joyner and the sister-in-law of Jackie Joyner-Kersee, the six-time Olympic medalist and world heptathlon record-holder. Griffith Joyner set women's 100 and 200-metre world records in 1988. Famous fingernails Known for her self-designed running uniforms and six-inch painted fingernails, she also won a 1984 Olympic silver medal in the heptathlon and 1992 bronze medal in the long jump. Florence Griffith Joyner in action Griffith Joyner first captured the headlines with an amazing series of runs in the US Olympic trials in 1988 and became the first woman to run the 100m in 10.49 seconds. At Seoul she won the 100m in a wind-assisted 10.54, then set two world records at the 200m, running the semi-final in 21.56 and the final in 21.34. Denied taking drugs She retired immediately after the 1988 Games, amid a swirl of rumours about her taking performance-enhancing substances. She always denied the accusations and never failed a drugs test. She married Al Joyner in October 1987 and had a daughter Mary, who was nicknamed Mo Jo by the US press. Jamaican athlete Juliette Cuthbert, who ran against Flo-Jo in 1988, said Griffith Joyner had another seizure on board an aeroplane in 1996. Death of a role model Her premature death is bound to raise questions about her lifestyle and resurrect allegations of drug-taking. But US Olympic committee president Bill Hybl said: "She was a role model for girls and young women in sports and her legacy will be one that included kindness and an interest in children." Primo Nebiolo, president of the International Amateur Athletics Federation, said: "It's a great shock and makes me extremely sad. "I knew that Florence Griffith Joyner had had some heart problems in recent months but I didn't think it was anything really serious." Mr Nebiolo said: "Sadly her life has passed as rapidly as her races."


In what year was the Irish parliament abolished and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland come into being?

Britain and Ireland 1789-1801 The Age of George III I am happy that you are using  this web site and hope that you found it useful. Unfortunately, the cost of  making this material freely available is increasing, so if you have  found the site useful and would like to contribute towards its continuation,  I would greatly appreciate it. Click the button to go to Paypal and make a  donation. Britain and Ireland 1789-1801 In 1789 the French Revolution began and  in 1793 France declared war against Britain. The  ideas of the French Revolution -liberty, equality, fraternity and democracy  - plus the religious link, were favoured by the Irish, and Ireland traditionally  had been the back door to England. The Irish could see that religious inequality  had been abolished in France and that a democratic government had been set up.  Irish Roman Catholics wanted equality ; Irish Protestants wanted parliamentary reform. Both groups wanted  economic reform. Many moderate Irish politicians wanted Catholic  Emancipation and parliamentary reform ,  but thought that Ireland should support England in the crisis and wanted to  preserve the link with Britain. However, there were others who were more extreme  in their views. Among these were Theobald Wolfe Tone and Lord Edward Fitzgerald who formed the United Irishmen in 1792 which aimed at 'breaking the connection  with England, asserting the independence of our country, uniting all Irishmen  in place of the denominations of Protestants and Catholics'. Wellington seemed to be in favour of Catholic Emancipation as early as 1793, when he took  his seat in the Irish Parliament as Member for Trim, in Co. Meath. Two of his  speeches early that year deal with the subject of Catholics and their rights.  The first was in January, soon after he had taken his seat. The organisation tried to unite Dissenters and Catholics against Anglican rule,  and it grew rapidly. Pitt moved equally  quickly. In 1793 the Irish parliament was persuaded to pass the Catholic Relief Act which gave Catholics the right to vote. Voters still  had to be 40/- freeholders, and  Roman Catholics, although they could stand as candidates, were not allowed  to take a seat in parliament. Catholic voters could realistically only vote  for Protestants. Pitt's 1793 Act was only a part-solution. In 1795 Earl Fitzwilliam was made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.  He was a Whig and an Irish absentee  landowner who believed that Roman Catholics should have complete political equality.  This he announced as a policy which raised hopes in Ireland, but Fitzwilliam  was recalled within three months on the King's orders and in disgrace. After  1795 there were increasing incidents of sectarian violence in Ireland, exacerbated  by the attempts of the United Irishmen to enlist French help in their struggle  to free Ireland from English control. The Protestants in Ireland formed the  Orange Order to safeguard Protestantism in Ireland which merely escalated the  problem. In May 1798 an Irish rising occurred with the avowed aim  of Catholic Emancipation and parliamentary reform. Many peasants joined because  they wanted tithes to be abolished; some educated men wanted independence. Pitt  believed that Ireland could not be allowed the luxury of an independent parliament,  because the Irish might decide on an independent nation and make Ireland a base  for England's enemies. Pitt therefore decided on an Act of Union which would  totally tie Ireland to Great Britain In 1800 the Act of Union was passed by both the Irish and British parliaments  despite much opposition. It was signed by George III in August 1800 to become  effective on 1 January 1801. Pitt intended to follow the Act of Union with other,  more far reaching reforms, including Catholic Emancipation, but was thwarted  by George III, who refused to break his Coronation Oath to uphold the Anglican  Church . As early as February 6th, 1795, George III had expressed his opposition to  the idea of ‘admitting Roma


Which model was engaged to Bryan Ferry of Roxy Music before she married Mick Jagger?

'I got Mick Jagger to quit HEROIN, but I could never get him to give up GIRLS ...' Jerry Hall reveals all in her long-awaited autobiography | Daily Mail Online comments Just last year, her sudden and mysterious refusal to reveal the secrets of her wild life with Mick Jagger saw Jerry Hall hand back a £500,000 advance for an autobiography. But now, the Texan supermodel-turned-actress has finally laid bare her life with one of the world’s most notorious rock stars. The revelations, which Jagger has suggested he would have preferred to ‘take to his grave’, include confirmation that he repeatedly cheated on her during their 23-year relationship.  In an extract from a new coffee-table-style picture book, published exclusively in today’s Mail on Sunday, Miss Hall tells how she was seduced by Jagger as a teenager while engaged to Roxy Music legend Bryan Ferry. So in love: Mick Jagger with Jerry Hall. The Rolling Stone relentlessly pursued the Texan beauty until he eventually stole her away from singer Bryan Ferry But the 54-year-old says she was never able to change the frontman’s womanising ways. She describes Jagger as ‘a dangerous sexual predator’ who had been weaned off heroin but had replaced his drug addiction with sex. And she claims that on the night before her Balinese wedding to the singer in 1990, she stifled fears he was having an affair with Carla Bruni, now the wife of French president Nicolas Sarkozy who was then the girlfriend of musician Eric Clapton. But despite his infidelity, Miss Hall reveals her enduring love for the man who was gentle and charming and had a ‘talent for feelings’. It was a love which continued until 1999, when it emerged that Brazilian model Luciana Morad was pregnant with his child. Miss Hall also describes in detail for the first time how Jagger persuaded her to start an affair with him while she was engaged to Ferry. She tells how, at a party in 1976, the Rolling Stone chased her around a table-tennis table trying to persuade her to kiss him until he was eventually hustled out by her fiance. They met again at a dinner party the following year while he was still married to Bianca. It was the start of his long obsession with the stunning blonde 20-year-old. Miss Hall reveals how she left Ferry after a passionate holiday in Morocco with Jagger. Miss Hall’s autobiography was set to be published last year and was expected to contain scandalous stories about Jagger’s indiscretions. But for reasons unknown the model backed out of the £1 million deal with publishers HarperCollins. Friends said she would have to return a £500,000 advance. At the time, a friend of Jagger, 67, said: ‘If Mick has his way, it’ll all go to the grave with him.’ Now read on for the explosive extracts from Jerry's book... In the summer of 1976, Mick Jagger asked me and my fiance Bryan Ferry out to dinner. Bryan was flattered by his attention, but I could also see Mick was smitten with me. It couldn’t have been nice for Bryan. At the end of the evening, Mick brushed his leg next to mine. I felt an electric jolt. After that Mick would turn up at our house. He was so different to Bryan; he’d be jumping around and joking, and Bryan would get edgy. Once, Mick started chasing me around a table-tennis table, trying to kiss me. Bryan came in and chased him out. Mick began leaving messages on our answering machine, saying: ‘Hi, Bryan, let’s go out again.’ But Bryan said to me: ‘I’m never going out with him again. All he did was ogle you.’ Real rock star: One of the photos of Jerry taken for Bryan Ferry's Siren album I had spent the last of my teenage years with Bryan. I was often loud and rowdy, a bit of a loose cannon. Bryan had tried to smooth out the rough edges and I sometimes resented it. Now I found myself thinking about Mick – and that worried me ... I was born in Texas in 1956, one of five sisters. My dad had been a war hero but his military career had turned sour. He had trouble getting used to civilian life and became a gambler, at one point losing our house in a poker game. He eventually got a job driving dangero


What is the name given to a bone fracture when the bone bends and splinters rather than breaks in two?

Broken Bones and Fractures - body, causes, Keyword, Kens Elbow, What Are Bone Fractures? Broken Bones and Fractures Broken Bones and Fractures Photo by: kameel The bones in the human body are very strong; but they can be broken     (fractured) as a result of trauma. Breaks can range in severity from     hairline fractures that require minimal treatment to shattered bones     that require surgery and may result in permanent damage. KEYWORD for searching the Internet and other reference sources Orthopedics Ken's Elbow Ken knew the steps to the attic were steep, but when his little sister ran    off with his toy airplane, he took the stairs two at a time. Halfway down    he slipped. Ken landed in a heap at the bottom and immediately howled in    pain. When he got up, his arm was twisted in a funny way, and his elbow    would not bend. Ken's mother rushed him to the emergency room where doctors took    x-rays of his arm. He had broken the bone in the upper part of his arm as    well as his elbow. The breaks were so bad that Ken had to have surgery    that afternoon. The doctor put a metal pin in his elbow to hold the bones    together while they healed. After surgery, Ken's arm had to be     in traction for two weeks. This means that he had to lie on his back in    bed while his elbow was held in place by a special device hanging from the    ceiling. This device put tension on his arm and elbow in just the right    places to allow them to heal properly. After getting out of the hospital,    Ken had a plaster cast on his whole arm for another eight weeks.    Ken's arm and elbow healed completely, but every so often his elbow    aches when he plays baseball. What Are Bone Fractures? Bone is the hardest tissue in the human body, but when bones are subjected    to forces that exceed their strength, they may break. The terms "break" and "fracture" mean the same thing. A simple fracture is the most common type of break. The bone breaks but     does not break through the skin. A compound (open) fracture occurs when the broken bone breaks through     the skin. This type of break is serious because, in addition to the     damaged bone, bacteria can infect the body through the break in the     skin. Sometimes the jagged edges of bone break blood vessels and cause     bleeding. A greenstick fracture is a type of incomplete fracture. Greenstick     fractures often affect children, whose bones are springy and resilient.     The best way to visualize a greenstick fracture is to think of trying to     break a small branch off a growing tree. It will not snap off; rather it     requires twisting. Twisting of the branch produces splinters. This is     similar to what happens in a greenstick bone fracture: the bone cracks     and splinters but does not break. If the bone does break into separate     pieces, it is called a complete fracture. Bone is the hardest tissue in the human body, but when bones are        subjected to forces that exceed their strength, they may break in        several different ways. Stress fractures are tiny hairline cracks that can occur when a bone is     repeatedly stressed. An impacted fracture occurs when a bone breaks and the two pieces ram     into each other. A comminuted fracture is one in which a bone shatters into pieces. Fractures also can occur through joints. Sometimes, people tear ligaments (tough bands of connective tissue that     hold joints and bones together) even when a bone is not broken. Torn     ligaments frequently affect the ankles and knees. Dislocations are injuries in which the bones in a joint are pulled apart     or displaced in relation to each other. Ligament injuries and fractures     often occur with dislocations. What Causes Breaks and Fractures? Bones break when they are subjected to extreme force or stress. The    likelihood that a bone will break depends on the location of the bone in    the body, the thickness of the bone, and th


In the 18th century, Capability Brown popularised the naturalistic style of what?

Britain Magazine | The official magazine of Visit Britain | Best of British History, Royal Family,Travel and Culture - Capability Brown – Shaping England’s Gardens Latest issue Capability Brown – Shaping England’s Gardens Capability Brown left an extensive legacy as he swathed his way through more than 150 gardens of the aristocracy in the mid-18th century, introducing a brand new ‘natural’ style. By Janine Wookey. Chatsworth’s 1000 acre park LANCELOT ‘CAPABILITY’ Brown was the first celebrity garden designer. In the 18th century he was the man who, for the first time, made gardening fashionable in all the right circles – and he was the top people’s top man, rising from lowly beginnings to become royal gardener to the young King George III in charge of Hampton Court. Horace Walpole, the playwright son of the British Prime Minister Robert Walpole, said of him,  “We have reached the peak of perfection. We have given the true model of gardening to the world.” That’s enough to turn anyone’s head. Why the ‘Capability’? Nothing to do with his talents, in fact, but from one of his favourite phrases when evaluating a new garden, when he would turn around to the owners say, “This garden has capabilities for improvement.” Utilising those capabilities he has left an indelible – and hugely distinctive – mark on English garden style. A style that has over the centuries come to epitomise Englishness in gardens or more accurately, parklands. England went ‘natural’ but a lot of artificiality went into that natural look. So where had the idea come from? Before Brown, gardens in England were a mix of Tudor, Dutch and French traditions, very formal and stylised. The Italian look was just coming into the picture as landowners returning from their Grand Tours brought home souvenirs and fancied recreating the wonders of Rome and Venice. But the feeling was one of enclosure, of inward looking and heavy formality. It was somewhat stultifying. People were ready for a change and it wasn’t just Brown – others were thinking along more naturalistic lines. William Kent was one and their paths crossed fortuitously. Brown was most prodigious. There are some 150 gardens in England that were designed – or heavily influenced – by him. So while England is now rich in Capability Brown landscaped gardens, on the flipside, iï   has to be said, it suffers something of a dearth of gardens from previous eras. However, at the time, it must have seemed, literally, like a breath of fresh air. Instead of being an enclosed thing, a garden became a wide-open expanse with views and vistas. Strategically placed clumps of trees gave interest – and, if there was one key thing, it was water. And if there is one word, other than ‘natural’, that is linked to Brown it is ‘serpentine’. The lakes he designed always had waving irregular edges, rivers were encouraged – sometimes, compelled – to snake through the grounds. His water was never square or round, the shape was always sinewy. Terraces were abolished for being ‘unnatural’ and the ground was to have undulating contours. He moved thousands of tons of earth to get that gently sloping contoured look in his time. Brown was a man with a mission: to “root out the unnatural bad taste of the old style”. An interesting characteristic of this new style (which eventually led to its falling out of favour) is the absence of flowers. There was no place for them in this brave new world of vistas. They were banished back to the kitchen garden and allowed to stay only within a walled enclosure. But the upside was that the large specimen tree became a star, planted to take pride of place on its own and not just as part of a wood. Brown used trees as a landmark, so the garden assumed more of a park-like style. In one garden alone he planted 100,000 of them, mostly oak, so although he destroyed many, he did plant many. Gardener to the great he may have been but he came of humble stock. Born in Northumberland, on 1716, to a farm labourer, Lancelot was baptised in the local village church in Kirkharle. Little is known of his early life but he


Which Russian revolutionary became Foreign Commissar, lost the battle for leadership to Stalin, was expelled from the Communist Party and lived in exile thereafter?

Leon Trotsky | Jewish Virtual Library Tweet Leon Davidovich Trotsky (November 7, 1879 – August                  21, 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein, was a Bolshevik revolutionary                  and Marxist theorist. An influential politician in the early days of                  the Soviet Union , Trotsky                  served as the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and the People's                  Commissar of War and was the founder and commander of the Red Army.                  He was also a founding member of the Politburo, the central policymaking                  and governing body of the Communist Party of the Soviet                   Union . Following a power struggle with Joseph                    Stalin in the 1920s, Trotsky was expelled from the Communist Party                  and deported from the Soviet Unio n.                  Ramon Mercader assassinated Trotsky in Mexico in 1940. Trotsky's ideas                  form the basis of the Communist theory of Trotskyism, which remains                  a major school of Marxist thought theoretically opposed to Stalinism                  and Maoism. Childhood and Family (1879-1896) Trotsky was born in Yanovka, Kherson Province, Ukraine on November 7, 1879. He was the fifth child of a wealthy but illiterate                   Jewish farmer, David Leontyevich Bronstein and Anna Bronstein (d.                   1910). Trotsky was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein, named after an uncle                   who would, later that month, attempt to blow up the imperial railway                   carriage. Although the family was ethnically Jewish, it was not religious,                   and the languages spoken at home were Russian and Ukrainian instead                   of Yiddish. When Trotsky was nine, his father sent him to school                   in Odessa. He was enrolled in a historically German school, which                   became increasingly Russified during his years in Odessa due to the                   government's policy of russification. While a good student, even in                   his youth Trotsky was rebellious, organizing a protest against an                   unpopular teacher in the second grade. Revolutionary Activity & Exile (1896-1902) Trotsky became involved in revolutionary activities                   in 1896 after moving to Nikolayev. At first a narodnik, or                   revolutionary populist, he was introduced to Marxism later that year                   and gradually shifted towards Marxism. Instead of pursuing a mathematics                   degree, Bronstein helped organize the South Russian Workers' Union                   in Nikolayev in early 1897. Using the name 'Lvov' [2], he wrote and                   printed leaflets and proclamations, distributed revolutionary pamphlets                   and popularized socialist ideas among industrial workers and revolutionary                   students. In January 1898, over 200 members of the Union, including Trotsky,                   were arrested. Trotsky spent the next two years in prison awaiting                   trial. Two months after his arrest and imprisonment, the 1st Congress                   of the newly formed Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP)                   was held. From that point on, Trotsky affiliated himself with that                   party


Before the 2008 Olympics, teams from which country caused a scandal by posing for a pre-Olympic newspaper advertisement pulling back the skin on either side of their eyes, to mimic the typical Asian?

olympic games scandals and controversies : definition of olympic games scandals and controversies and synonyms of olympic games scandals and controversies (English)   1932 Summer Olympics Nine-time Finnish Olympic gold medalist Paavo Nurmi was found to be a professional athlete and barred from running in the Games. The main conductors of the ban were Swedish officials, especially Sigfrid Edström , who claimed that Nurmi had received too much money for his travel expenses. However, Nurmi did travel to Los Angeles and kept training at the Olympic Village. Despite pleas from all the entrants of the marathon, he was not allowed to compete at the Games. This incident, in part, led to Finland refusing to participate in the traditional Finland-Sweden athletics international event until 1939. After winning the silver in equestrian dressage , Swedish equestrian Bertil Sandström was demoted to last for clicking to his horse to win encouragement. He asserted that it was a creaking saddle making the sounds.   1936 Summer Olympics   African-American Jesse Owens on the podium after winning the long jump at the 1936 Summer Olympics The 1936 Summer Olympics, held in Berlin, were controversial due to the Nazi regime that came to power after the city had been selected. Adolf Hitler regarded it as his Olympics and he took them as a chance to show off the post-First World War Germany. In 1936, a number of prominent politicians and organizations called for a boycott of the Summer Olympics, which had been awarded to Germany before the Nazi regime came to power. [6] The Popular Front government of Spain decided to boycott and organized the People's Olympiad as an alternative with labour and socialist groups around the world sending athletes to the effort. However the Spanish Civil War broke out just as the Games were about to begin. The United States considered boycotting the Games, but ultimately decided to participate. Nazi propaganda promoted concepts of "Aryan racial superiority"; however African-American athlete Jesse Owens , winner of four medals during the games, did not face segregation and discrimination in Germany that were normal in the United States at the time. French Olympians gave what appeared to be the Nazi salute at the opening ceremony, although they may have been performing the Olympic salute , which is similar, as both are based on the Roman salute . The IOC expelled U.S. athlete Ernest Lee Jahnke , the son of a German immigrant, for encouraging athletes to boycott the Berlin Games. He was replaced by United States Olympic Committee president Avery Brundage , who supported the Games. In the cycling match sprint final, German Toni Merkens fouled Dutchman Arie van Vliet . Instead of disqualification, Merkens was fined 100 Reichsmarks and kept the gold medal. United States sprinters Sam Stoller and Marty Glickman , the only two Jewish athletes on the U.S. Olympic team, were pulled from the 4 × 100 relay team on the day of the competition, leading to accusations of anti-Semitism on the part of the United States Olympic Committee . In one of the football quarter-finals, Peru beat Austria 4-2 but Austria went through in very controversial circumstances. As a sign of protest the complete Olympic delegations of Peru and Colombia left Germany. See Football at the 1936 Summer Olympics .   1940 and 1944 Summer Olympics The 1940 Summer Olympics were scheduled to be held in Tokyo , Japan , but were cancelled due to the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War . The government of Japan had abandoned its support for the 1940 Games in July 1938. [7] The IOC then awarded the Games to Helsinki , Finland , the runner-up in the original bidding process, but the Games were not held due to the Winter War . Ultimately, the Olympic Games were suspended indefinitely following the outbreak of World War II and did not resume until the London Games of 1948 .   1956 Summer Olympics Seven countries boycotted the Games for three different reasons. Egypt , Iraq , and Lebanon announced that they would not participate in response to the Suez Crisis when Eg


What is the name of a slender highly tempered, sharp-pointed, edgeless weapon about 3 feet long?

Weapons Weapons Report a Problem Weapons Without a doubt, weapons number among adventurers' most coveted possessions. Whether weapons are used as tools to lay foul monsters low, as the medium for magical enhancements, or as outlets for a host of fundamental class abilities, few heroes head into the field without their favorite—or perhaps even a whole arsenal of their favorites. This section presents all manner of nonmagical weapons for PCs to purchase and put to use, whatever their adventures might entail. The weapons presented here should be relatively easy to find and purchase in most towns and cities, although GMs might wish to restrict the availability of some of the more expensive and exotic items. All weapons deal hit point damage. This damage is subtracted from the current hit points of any creature struck by the weapon. When the result of the die roll to make an attack is a natural 20 (that is, the die actually shows a 20), this is known as a critical threat (although some weapons can score a critical threat on a roll of less than 20). If a critical threat is scored, another attack roll is made, using the same modifiers as the original attack roll. If this second attack roll exceeds the target's AC, the hit becomes a critical hit, dealing additional damage. Weapons are grouped into several interlocking sets of categories. These categories pertain to what training is needed to become proficient in a weapon's use (simple, martial, or exotic), the weapon's usefulness either in close combat (melee) or at a distance (ranged, which includes both thrown and projectile weapons), its relative encumbrance (light, one-handed, or two-handed), and its size (Small, Medium, or Large). Simple, Martial, and Exotic Weapons: Most character classes are proficient with all simple weapons. Combat-oriented classes such as barbarians, cavaliers, and fighters are proficient with all simple and all martial weapons. Characters of other classes are proficient with an assortment of simple weapons and possibly some martial or even exotic weapons. All characters are proficient with unarmed strikes and any natural weapons they gain from their race. A character who uses a weapon with which he is not proficient takes a –4 penalty on attack rolls with that weapon. Melee and Ranged Weapons: Melee weapons are used for making melee attacks, though some can be thrown as well. Ranged weapons include thrown weapons or projectile weapons that are not effective in melee. Reach Weapons: Glaives, guisarmes, lances, longspears, ranseurs, and whips are examples of reach weapons. A reach weapon is a melee weapon that allows its wielder to strike at targets that aren't adjacent to him. Most reach weapons double the wielder's natural reach, meaning that a typical Small or Medium wielder of such a weapon can attack a creature 10 feet away, but not a creature in an adjacent square. A typical Large character wielding a reach weapon of the appropriate size can attack a creature 15 or 20 feet away, but not adjacent creatures or creatures up to 10 feet away. Double Weapons: Dire flails, gnome hooked hammers, and two-bladed swords are examples of double weapons. A character can fight with both ends of a double weapon as if fighting with two weapons, but she incurs all the normal attack penalties associated with two-weapon combat, just as though the character were wielding a one-handed weapon and a light weapon. The character can also choose to use a double weapon two-handed, attacking with only one end of it. A creature wielding a double weapon in one hand can't use it as a double weapon—only one end of the weapon can be used in any given round. Thrown Weapons: Daggers, darts, javelins, throwing axes, light hammers, and nets are examples of thrown weapons. The wielder applies his Strength modifier to damage dealt by thrown weapons (except for splash weapons). It is possible to throw a weapon that isn't designed to be thrown (that is, a melee weapon that doesn't have a numeric entry in the Range column on the following weapon tables), and a character who does so takes


Who was an American gangster, the leader of a crime syndicate dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging of liquor and other illegal activities during the Prohibition Era, whose criminal career ended in 1931 when he was convicted for income-tax evasion?

Al Capone | Organized Crime Encyclopedia Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Organized Crime Encyclopedia Wiki January 17, 1899 Brooklyn, New York, U.S. Died January 25, 1947 (aged 48) Palm Island (Florida), U.S. Gender Chicago Outfit/Head of the Outfit Status Mount Carmel Cemetery, but he was originally buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery in Chicago, Illinois Predecessor Paul Ricca "faggot." - Al Capone Alphonse Gabriel Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947), popularly known as Al Capone, was an American gangster who led a crime syndicate dedicated to the smuggling and bootlegging of liquor and other illegal activities during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s and 1930s. Born in Brooklyn, New York New York, to southwest Italy emigrants Gabriele and Teresina Capone, Capone began his career in Brooklyn before moving to Chicago and becoming the boss of the criminal organization known as the Chicago Outfit (although his business card reportedly described him as a used furniture dealer). By the end of the 1920s, Capone had gained the attention of the Federal Bureau of Investigation following his being placed on the Chicago Crime Commission’s “public enemies” list. Although never successfully convicted of racketeering charges, Capone’s criminal career ended in 1931, when he was indicted and convicted by the federal government for income tax invasion. Contents Edit Capone was born to Gabriele Capone (December 12, 1864 – November 14, 1920) and his wife Teresina Raiola (December 28, 1867 – November 29, 1952) in Brooklyn, on January 17, 1899. Gabriele was a barber from Castellammare di Stabia, a town about 15 miles (24 km) south of Naples, Italy. Teresina was a seamstress and the daughter of Angelo Raiola from Angri, a town in the province of Salerno in southwestern Italy. The Capones had emigrated to the United States in 1894 and settled in the Navy Yard section of downtown Brooklyn. When Al was 14, the Capone family moved to 21 Garfield Place in Park Slope, Brooklyn. The new home was where Al met Mae Josephine Coughlin, whom he married a few years later at St. Mary’s Star of the Sea Roman Catholic Church, and gangster Johnny Torrio. Gabriele and Teresina had seven sons and two daughters:Edwardo Capone (1852 – October 1, 1952), Raffaele Capone (January 12, 1894 – November 22, 1974), Salvatore Capone (January 1895 – April 1, 1924) Alphonse Gabriel Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947), Erminio Capone (born 1901, date of death unknown), Umberto Capone (1906 – June 1980), Matthew Capone (1908 – January 31, 1967), Rose Capone (born and died 1910) and Mafalda Capone (later Mrs. John J. Maritote, January 28, 1912 – March 25, 1988). Early Criminal Days Edit Capone’s life of crime began early. As a teenager, he joined two gangs, the Brooklyn Rippers and engaged in petty crime. Capone left school in the sixth-grade at age 14, after being expelled for punching a teacher in the crotch at Public School 133. He then worked at odd jobs around Brooklyn, including in a candy store and a bowling alley. After his initial stint with small-time gangs, Capone joined the notorious Five Points Gang, headed by Frankie Yale. It was at this time he began working as a bartender and a bouncer at Yale’s establishment, the seedy Harvard Inn. It was there that Capone got the scars that gave him the nickname “Scarface”. Capone was still working for Frankie Yale and is thought to have committed at least two murders before being sent to Chicago in 1919, mainly to avoid the retribution of Bill Lovett, a violent lieutenant in the White Hand Gang, who was busy searching for Capone who had supposedly hospitalized one of his subordinates. Capone was familiar with Chicago, having been sent there previously by Yale in order to help crime boss James “Big Jim” Colosimo dispose of a troublesome group of Black Hand extortionists. Capone went to work for Colosimo’s empire under Giovanni “Johnny” Torrio, another Brooklyn native. Capone also met a man named Anthony Accetturo, who he helped in many things. Accetturo repaid him by killing Capone’s slight enemies. Accetturo wa


What name is given to the product of mass and velocity?

How is force related to momentum? How is force related to momentum? Asked by:  Melissa Thomas Answer Momentum measures the 'motion content' of an object, and is based on the product of an object's mass and velocity. Momentum doubles, for example, when velocity doubles. Similarly, if two objects are moving with the same velocity, one with twice the mass of the other also has twice the momentum. Force, on the other hand, is the push or pull that is applied to an object to CHANGE its momentum. Newton's second law of motion defines force as the product of mass times ACCELERATION (vs. velocity). Since acceleration is the change in velocity divided by time, you can connect the two concepts with the following relationship: force = mass x (velocity / time) = (mass x velocity) / time = momentum / time Multiplying both sides of this equation by time: force x time = momentum To answer your original question, then, the difference between force and momentum is time. Knowing the amount of force and the length of time that force is applied to an object will tell you the resulting change in its momentum. Answered by:  Paul Walorski, B.A., Part-time Physics Instructor Answer They are related by the fact that force is the rate at which momentum changes with respect to time (F = dp/dt). Note that if p = mv and m is constant, then F = dp/dt = m*dv/dt = ma. On the other hand, you can also say that the change in momentum is equal to the force multiplied by the time in which it was applied (or the integral of force with respect to time, if the force is not constant over the time period). Interestingly enough, this, along with Newton's Third law, gives us conservation of momentum. Newton's Third law says that for a force exerted by object 1 on object 2, object 2 exerts a force on object 1 that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force object 1 exerts. Or, more succinctly, F[1->2] = -F[2->1]. Now the total change in momentum for any interaction is the integral of F[1->2] over time plus the integral of F[2->1] over time, which equals the integral of F[1->2] minus the integral of F[1->2], which equals zero - always! A similar argument for conservation of energy can be made using the fact that energy is the integral of force with respect to position. Answered by:  Gregory Ogin, Physics Undergraduate Student, UST, St. Paul, MN Answer Newton's 2nd Law tells us that force = mass x acceleration ( F = ma ). Since acceleration is just how velocity changes over time, we can write this as F = m * v/t Multiply both sides by time to arrive at F t = m v Since mv is momentum, we can see that the momentum conferred to an object by a force equals the force times the time the force is applied. Thus if a 15 Newton force to the right is applied to an initially stationary object for 3 seconds, it will have a momentum of 45 kg m/s to the right. Most students who ask this question are usually trying to figure out the reverse situation, however. If an object hits me with a certain amount of momentum, how much force does it hit me with? Note that due to Newton's 3rd Law, this can be calculated the same way. If a thrown egg hits your hand with a momentum of 5 kg m/s, the force it applies to your hand depends on the time it takes for your hand to absorb the momentum. If you hold your hand very stiffly (and try to make the egg stop in a very short period of time) the ball exerts a high force on your hand, e.g. 100 N for 1/20th of a second. However as anyone who has ever played in an egg toss knows, if you let your hand 'give' and extend the amount of time it takes to absorb the momentum, the egg exerts a smaller force on your hand, e.g. 10 N for 1/2 a second. Answered by:  Rob Landolfi, Science Teacher, Washington, DC


Who became King of England after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field?

BBC - History - King Richard III (pictures, video, facts & news) King Richard III King Richard III Richard was the last Yorkist king of England, whose death at the Battle of Bosworth effectively ended the Wars of the Roses. He has become infamous because of the disappearance of his young nephews - the Princes in the Tower - and through William Shakespeare's play 'Richard III'. In 2012, archaeologists and researchers began excavating beneath a carpark in Leicester, hoping to find Richard's final resting place. The search captured the public's imagination and the remains subsequently found were confirmed as those of Richard. Photo: Portrait of Richard III by an unknown artist. (National Portrait Gallery) Introduction The Battle of Bosworth Field Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, the celebrated climactic encounter of the Wars of the Roses. More information about: King Richard III Richard was born on 2 October 1452 at Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire. His father was Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York and his mother Cecily Neville. Richard had a claim to the English throne through both parents. We now know that Richard had a curvature of the spine, but the withered arm and limp of legend are almost certainly either fabrications or greatly exaggerated. Wars of the Roses His father's conflict with Henry VI was a major cause of the Wars of the Roses, which dominated Richard's early life. His father and older brother died at the Battle of Wakefield in 1460. In 1461, Richard's brother, Edward, became Edward IV and created him Duke of Gloucester. In 1470, Edward and Richard were exiled when Henry VI was briefly restored to the throne. The following year, they returned to England and Richard contributed to the Yorkist victories at Barnet and Tewkesbury which restored Edward to the throne. The Princes in the Tower and seizure of the throne When Edward died in April 1483, Richard was named as protector of the realm for Edward's son and successor, the 12-year-old Edward V. As the new king travelled to London from Ludlow, Richard met him and escorted him to the capital, where he was lodged in the Tower of London. Edward V's brother later joined him there. A publicity campaign was mounted condemning Edward IV's marriage to the boys' mother, Elizabeth Woodville, as invalid and their children illegitimate. On 25 June, an assembly of lords and commoners endorsed these claims. The following day, Richard III officially began his reign. He was crowned in July. The two young princes disappeared in August and were widely rumoured to have been murdered by Richard. The beginning of the end A rebellion raised in October by the Duke of Buckingham, Richard's former ally, quickly collapsed. However, Buckingham's defection, along with his supporters, eroded Richard's power and support among the aristocracy and gentry. Death of a warrior king In August 1485, Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, who was a Lancastrian claimant to the throne living in France, landed in South Wales. He marched east and engaged Richard in battle on Bosworth Field in Leicestershire on 22 August. Although Richard possessed superior numbers, several of his key lieutenants defected. Refusing to flee, Richard was killed in battle and Henry Tudor took the throne as Henry VII.


"Which 20th century French writer and philosopher wrote the plays ""Huis Clos"", ""Les Mouches"" and ""Les Mains Sales"" and the novels ""La Nause"" and ""Chemins de la Libert""?"

Jean-Paul Sartre:  Quotes, Biography, Thought, Selected Bibliography, Sources, Further Reading, and a  List of Books by Author Jean-Paul Sartre Quotes    more ï¿½    ï¿½ less "A lost battle is a battle one thinks one has lost.""Acting is a question of absorbing other people's personalities and adding some of your own experience.""Acting is happy agony.""Ah! yes, I know: those who see me rarely trust my word: I must look too intelligent to keep it.""All human actions are equivalent and all are on principle doomed to failure.""All that I know about my life, it seems, I have learned in books.""As far as men go, it is not what they are that interests me, but what they can become.""Being is. Being is in-itself. Being is what it is.""Better to have beasts that let themselves be killed than men who run away.""Every age has its own poetry; in every age the circumstances of history choose a nation, a race, a class to take up the torch by creating situations that can be expressed or transcended only through poetry.""Every existing thing is born without reason, prolongs itself out of weakness, and dies by chance.""Everything has been figured out, except how to live.""Evil is the product of the ability of humans to make abstract that which is concrete.""Existence precedes and rules essence.""Fascism is not defined by the number of its victims, but by the way it kills them.""Fear? If I have gained anything by damning myself, it is that I no longer have anything to fear.""For an occurrence to become an adventure, it is necessary and sufficient for one to recount it.""Freedom is what you do with what's been done to you.""Generosity is nothing else than a craze to possess. All which I abandon, all which I give, I enjoy in a higher manner through the fact that I give it away. To give is to enjoy possessively the object which one gives.""God is absence. God is the solitude of man.""Hell is other people.""I am no longer sure of anything. If I satiate my desires, I sin but I deliver myself from them; if I refuse to satisfy them, they infect the whole soul.""I am not virtuous. Our sons will be if we shed enough blood to give them the right to be.""I confused things with their names: that is belief.""I do not believe in God; his existence has been disproved by Science. But in the concentration camp, I learned to believe in men.""I hate victims who respect their executioners.""I have no need for good souls: an accomplice is what I wanted.""I say a murder is abstract. You pull the trigger and after that you do not understand anything that happens.""I tell you in truth: all men are Prophets or else God does not exist.""If a victory is told in detail, one can no longer distinguish it from a defeat.""If I became a philosopher, if I have so keenly sought this fame for which I'm still waiting, it's all been to seduce women basically.""If literature isn't everything, it's not worth a single hour of someone's trouble.""If you are lonely when you're alone, you are in bad company.""It disturbs me no more to find men base, unjust, or selfish than to see apes mischievous, wolves savage, or the vulture ravenous.""It is only in our decisions that we are important.""Life begins on the other side of despair.""Life has no meaning the moment you loose the illusion of being eternal.""Like all dreamers, I mistook disenchantment for truth.""Man is condemned to be free; because once thrown into the world, he is responsible for everything he does.""Man is fully responsible for his nature and his choices.""Man is not the sum of what he has already, but rather the sum of what he does not yet have, of what he could have.""Neither sex, without some fertilization of the complimentary characters of the other, is capable of the highest reaches of human endeavor.""No finite point has meaning without an infinite reference point.""Once you hear the details of victory, it is hard to distinguish it from a defeat.""One always dies too soon or too late. And yet, life is there, finished: the line is drawn, and it must all be added up. You are nothing other than you life.""One ca


What is the deepest lake in the world, and the largest freshwater lake in the world by volume?

Largest Lakes in the World by Area, Volume and Depth Share By Matt Rosenberg This page includes three lists of the world's largest lakes. They are ranked by surface area, volume, and depth. The first list is surface area: Largest Lakes by Surface Area 1. Caspian Sea - Asia - 371,000 sq km (143,000 sq mi)* 2. Lake Superior - North America - 82,100 sq km (31,698 sq mi) 3. Lake Victoria - Africa - 68,800 sq km (26,563 sq mi) 4. Lake Huron - North America - 59,600 sq km (23,011 sq mi) 5. Lake Michigan - North America - 57,800 sq km (22,316 sq mi) 6. Lake Tanganyika - Africa - 32,900 sq km (12,702 sq mi) 7. Great Bear Lake - North America - 31,328 sq km (12,095 sq mi) 8. Baikal - Asia - 30,500 sq km (11,776 sq mi) 9. Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa) - Africa - 30,044 sq km (11,600 sq mi) 10. Great Slave Lake - North America - 28,568 sq km (11.030 sq mi) Source: The Times Atlas of the World Largest Lakes by Volume 1. Baikal - Asia 23,600 cubic km** 2. Tanganyika- Africa - 18,900 cubic km 3. Superior - North America - 11,600 cubic km 4. Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa) - Africa - 7,725 cubic km 5. continue reading below our video 4 Tips for Improving Test Performance Lake Michigan - North America - 4900 cubic km 6. Lake Huron - North America - 3540 cubic km 7. Lake Victoria - Africa - 2,700 cubic km 8. Great Bear Lake - North America - 2,236 cubic km 9. Issyk-Kul (Ysyk-Kol) - Asia - 1,730 cubic km 10. Lake Ontario - North America - 1,710 cubic km Source: Wikipedia Deepest Lakes in the World 1. Lake Baikal - Asia - 1,637 m (5,369 ft) 2. Lake Tanganyika - Africa - 1,470 m (4,823 ft) 3. Caspian Sea - Asia - 1,025 m (3,363 ft) 4. O'Higgins Lake (San Martin Lake) - South America - 836 m (2,742 ft) 5. Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa) - Africa - 706 m (2,316 ft) Source: Wikipedia * Some consider the Caspian Sea not to be a lake but it is surrounded by land and thus meets the generally accepted definition of a lake. ** Lake Baikal holds one-fifth of the world's freshwater.