Which city was founded in 763, ravaged by the Mongols in 1258, taken by the Turks in 1636, and occupied by the British from 1917 to 1932?

History Outlined - World History Class World History Class History Outlined Joseph Overseer of the Pharaoh's Granaries by Tissot I don't know about you but I have a hard time keeping all the various stories, characters, and dates in my mind in the right order. I have ALWAYS struggled with memorization. Ask me to describe the reasons behind the French Revolution and I can go on and on. Ask me the specific dates...and I start hesitating, hemming, and hawing.  I've been working on outlining the principle actions and critical points in history for a while now. The more I work on it, the more I realize what a monster project it is. The farther back it goes the less clear it becomes so any enlightenment on the dating would be appreciated.  Prehistory God created the world (see Creation Account on other page) Adam and Eve sin God's covenant with Noah (Genesis 9:1-17) Noah's sons (Genesis 9:18-10:1)Descendants of Japheth (Genesis 10:2-5; 1 Chronicles 1:5-7) Descendants of Ham (Genesis 10:6-20; 1 Chronicles 1:8-16) Descendants of Shem (Genesis 10:21-30) As old as I feel! 40,000 YA Earliest fossils in Japan are from the Japanese Paleolithic period. 24,500 BC - 18,000 BC The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) marked the peak of the last glacial period. Huge ice sheets covered much of North America, Europe, and Asia causing drought and desertification all over the world, and causing a significant drop in the sea levels. A small group (at most a few thousand) of people survived on Beringia, separated from other Asian populations for at least 5,000 years before moving on into North America.  20,000 BC - 8,500 BC The Beringian land bridge connected Siberia to Alaska. At one point, it was 1,000 miles wide. Humans who had been living in Beringia began migrating east and south into North America.       Of course, these dates are not neat and tidy and Beringia didn't simply appear and disappear in its fullest 1,000 mile-wide form. As late as 12,000 years ago, either a single massive migration or a series waves from a single source came across the bridge which likely lasted in some form until about 8,500 BC when it finally was subsumed by the sea.    15,000 BC - 10,000 BC 14,000 BC Folks settled down in Topper, South Carolina  12,000 BC Mainland Australia was connected to both New Guinea and Tasmania by a land bridge. You could walk to the British Isles from Europe via the dried beds of the English Channel and the North Sea. The South China Sea was also dry and thus Sumatra, Java, and Borneo were accessible from the Asian mainland. A large migration or a multiple waves from a single source came across what was left of Beringia into North America. 11,500 BC The Clovis culture develops in New Mexico.   11,000 BC The Japanese islands disconnect from the mainland. How do we determine when a "civilization" rises? Artist's rendition of the Elamite capitol Susa Because it's the easiest to locate and has the most clues, one of the most critical markers is the construction of a city. Usually, a city possesses large religious and government buildings, and complex infrastructure such as roads and irrigation. All these are evidence of social stratification.  This leads us to the second marker of a "civilization" - elaborate social systems, organized trade with other groups, and (with most) the development of writing in order to facilitate or record all this business.  So, in some cases like the Beringians, they may have lived on the Bering bridge for 5,000 years, isolated from their Asian cousins and not yet prepared to undertake the arduous migrations into North America, but they never rose to the level of a "civilization". In nearly every one of the earliest major cradles of human civilization, humans lived, loved, married, had children, and died for thousands of years before they ever got around to building huge cities and opera houses.  What sparked the difference? Why would people who had roamed around in semi-nomadic hunter/gatherer groups for thousands of years suddenly settle down and build cities? The most common hypothesis is the rise of agriculture.


With what activity is Russian Marc Chagall associated?

Marc Chagall | Russian-French artist | Britannica.com Russian-French artist Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Marc Chagall, (born July 7, 1887, Vitebsk , Belorussia , Russian Empire [now in Belarus]—died March 28, 1985, Saint-Paul, Alpes-Maritimes, France ), Belorussian-born French painter, printmaker, and designer. He composed his images based on emotional and poetic associations, rather than on rules of pictorial logic. Predating Surrealism , his early works, such as I and the Village (1911), were among the first expressions of psychic reality in modern art . His works in various media include sets for plays and ballets, etchings illustrating the Bible, and stained-glass windows. Marc Chagall, photograph by Arnold Newman, 1956. © Arnold Newman Early life and works Chagall was born in a small city in the western Russian Empire not far from the Polish frontier. His family, which included eight other children, was devoutly Jewish and, like the majority of the some 20,000 Jews in Vitebsk, humble without being poverty-stricken; his father worked in a herring warehouse, and his mother ran a shop where she sold fish, flour, sugar, and spices. The young Chagall attended the heder (Jewish elementary school) and later went to the local public school, where instruction was in Russian. After learning the elements of drawing at school, he studied painting in the studio of a local realist, Jehuda Pen, and in 1907 went to St. Petersburg , where he studied intermittently for three years, eventually under the stage designer Léon Bakst . Characteristic works by Chagall from this period of early maturity are the nightmarish The Dead Man (1908), which depicts a roof violinist (a favourite motif), and My Fiancée with Black Gloves (1909), in which a portrait becomes an occasion for the artist to experiment with arranging black and white. In 1910, with a living allowance provided by a St. Petersburg patron, Chagall went to Paris. After a year and a half in Montparnasse, he moved into a studio on the edge of town in the ramshackle settlement for bohemian artists that was known as La Ruche (“ the Beehive ”). There, he met the avant-garde poets Blaise Cendrars , Max Jacob , and Guillaume Apollinaire , as well as a number of young painters destined to become famous: the Expressionist Chaim Soutine , the abstract colourist Robert Delaunay , and the Cubists Albert Gleizes , Jean Metzinger, Fernand Léger , and André Lhote . In such company nearly every sort of pictorial audacity was encouraged, and Chagall responded to the stimulus by rapidly developing the poetic and seemingly irrational tendencies he had begun to display in Russia . At the same time, under the influence of the Impressionist , Post-Impressionist , and Fauvist pictures he saw in Paris museums and commercial galleries, he gave up the usually sombre palette he had employed at home. Maturity Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent The four years of his first stay in the French capital are often considered Chagall’s best phase. Representative works are Self-Portrait with Seven Fingers (1912), I and the Village (1911), Hommage à Apollinaire (1911–12), Calvary (1912), The Fiddler (1912), and Paris Through the Window (1913). In these pictures Chagall was already essentially the artist he would continue to be for the next 60 years. His colours, although occasionally thin, were beginning to show the characteristic complexity and resonance he would eventually achieve. The often whimsical figurative elements, frequently upside down, are distributed on the canvas in an arbitrary fashion, producing an effect that sometimes resembles a film montage and suggests the inner space of a reverie. The general atmosphere of these works can imply a Yiddish joke, a Russian fairy tale, or a vaudeville turn. Often the principal character is the romantically handsome, curly-haired young painter himself. Memories of childhood and of Vitebsk were major sources of imagery for Chagall during this period. Art & Architecture: Fact or Fiction? After exhibiting in the annual Paris Salon des Indépendants and Salon d’Automne , Chagall had


What are the names of the late Michael Jackson's parents?

Michael Jackson Family - Parents, Siblings, Spouse, Children, Net Worth | Celebrity Family Michael Jackson Family Laura Jeanne Reese Witherspoon – Family, Family Tree Michael Jackson is a name nobody will ever forget. The late ‘King of Pop’ marked his place in musical history with ‘Thriller,’ which went on to become one of the best selling albums of all time! Though his brilliant career was rocked by scandals and successes alike, MJ still has millions of fans all over the world. His music will never grow old. The Jackson family is one of the most iconic celebrity families of all time and has influenced pop, R&B and soul music a great deal MJ’s Parents – Joseph “Joe” Walter Jackson and Katherine Esther Jackson MJ’s parents got married at a young age and immediately started a family. Although his father, Joseph Jackson wanted to become a professional boxer, he realized that boxing wasn’t a good profession for a family man. So he took up a job as an overhead crane operator instead. He saw that all his kids had musical abilities and decided to cash in on that. He formed a band called ‘The Jackson Brothers’ with his three older sons- Tito, Jermaine and Jackie and served as their manager. After a bit of success locally, he added his two younger sons to the group- Marlon and Michael. The band was renamed ‘The Jackson Five’. In 1969, they signed a Motown record deal, cementing their stardom. His mother, Katherine, is a staunch Jehovah’s Witness and a stay at home mother. She used to sing and play the piano with them all the time. MJ’s Siblings – Tito Jackson, Jermaine Jackson, Jackie Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Randy Jackson, Rebbie Jackson, La Toya Jackson and Janet Jackson Born in Gary, Indiana, the nine children of Joseph and Katherine Jackson had considerable successes, individually and together, and became known as the ‘Royal Family of Pop’. His siblings were Jackie (Sigmund Esco “Jackie” Jackson), Tito (Toriano Adaryll “Tito” Jackson), Jermaine (Jermaine La Jaune Jackson), Marlon (Marlon David Jackson), Randy (Steven Randall Jackson), Rebbie (Maureen Reillette Jackson), La Toya (La Toya Yvonne Jackson) and Janet (Janet Damita Jo Jackson). MJ Spouse(s) – Lisa Marie Presley (Ex), Deborah “Debbie” Jeanne Rowe (Ex) Michael Jackson was married twice. His first marriage was to Lisa Marie Presley, Elvis Presley’s daughter, in 1994. The marriage wasn’t successful and they were divorced in August 1996. Most people saw the marriage as a publicity stunt which had been put into action to draw attention away from sexual harassment charges. The couple did not have any children together. MJ’s second marriage was to Deborah “Debbie” Jeanne Rowe, who had been his long time friend. She worked as a dermatology nurse. Debbie found out she was pregnant with his child in November, 1996 and they got married a month later in Sydney. Children of MJ and Debbie Rowe 1)      Michael Joseph Jackson, Jr. His first son, popularly known as ‘Prince’ was born on 13 February 1997. 2)      Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson


The winner of the second Formula One World Championship in 1951 also won the title in 1954, 1955, 1956 & 1957, a record of five World Championship titles which stood until 2003. Who was he?

Formula One champ kidnapped - Feb 23, 1958 - HISTORY.com Formula One champ kidnapped Publisher A+E Networks On this day in 1958, five-time Formula One champion Juan Manuel Fangio of Argentina is kidnapped in Cuba by a group of Fidel Castro’s rebels. Fangio was taken from his Havana hotel the day before the Cuba Grand Prix, an event intended to showcase the island nation. He was released unharmed several hours after the race. The kidnapping was intended to bring international embarrassment to Cuban President Fulgencio Batista, whose government Castro would overthrow on January 1, 1959. In addition to Fangio’s kidnapping, the Cuba Grand Prix was marred by tragedy when a Cuban driver named Armando Garcia Cifuentes lost control of his car on an oil-slicked part of the street course and plowed into a crowd on onlookers. Seven people were killed and dozens more injured. The crash led to immediate speculation that Castro’s followers had sabotaged the course by coating it with oil; however, it was later believed that a broken oil line in a car driven by Argentina’s Roberto Mieres was the cause of the slick spot. The kidnapping incident occurred at the end of Juan Manuel Fangio’s storied career. Fangio, who was born on June 24, 1911, in Balcarce, Argentina, quit school at the age of 11 to work as a mechanic’s assistant and as a young man raced “souped-up passenger cars on the unpaved roads of South America,” according to his 1995 obituary in The New York Times. After modern Formula One racing began in 1950, Fangio collected his first world championship in 1951. He repeated this feat in 1954, 1955, 1956 and 1957. Fangio left racing in 1958, stating that the cars had become too fast and dangerous. According to the Times: “That he survived to enjoy his wealth despite racing in an era without seat belts and fire-retardant uniforms was a credit to his skills, the cars he drove and no small measure of luck.” Fangio died in Buenos Aires at the age of 84 on July 17, 1995. His record of five Formula One world titles stood until 2003, when Germany’s Michael Schumacher won his sixth world championship (Schumacher retired in 2006 with a total of seven world titles). More on This Topic


The first goal in Football World Cup history was scored on 18 July 1930 by Lucien Laurent of France. France won 41. Who were they playing against?

Bolivia team       The first round was undoubtedly rich in details. In group A, the only with four teams ( Argentina , France , Chile and Mexico ), there were some significant events. France won the first game against Mexico and only 48 hours later had to face the pre-tournament favorite Argentina . The match was hotly contested, and Argentina won 1-0 thanks to an 81st-minute goal scored from a Monti  free kick. The match was no stranger to controversy. The Brazilian referee blew the final whistle game when there were still several minutes to play, and just when Frenchman Langiller had the opportunity of an equalizer. The six minutes remaining were played after the protests from the French players. Chile , on the other hand, had a very good performance in the first two games beating Mexico and France respectively. Argentina's second match against Mexico was marred by refereeing errors. A total of five penalties were awarded during the match, which was won by Argentina 6-3. Guillermo Stábile from Argentina on his international debut scored the second hat-trick of the tournament. In the last game of Group A, Argentina beat Chile 3-1, and progressed to the semi-finals. Yugoslavia with two wins topped Group B ahead of Brazil . The Brazilian team, the group seeds, was expected to advance to semi-finals, but they lost 2–1 to Yugoslavia in the group's opening match. Bolivia had to go home with no points and two heavy defeats. In Group C, Uruguay won all their games to advance to the semi-finals. Romania beat Peru 3-1 in the group’s opening match and then lost to Uruguay . The game between Romania and Peru was played at the Estadio Pocitos and had the lowest record attendance for a single game in World Cup history. There are good reasons to believe the attendance was around 300. Peru, on the other hand, lost both games and had to go back without points. United States with two comfortable wins topped Group D ahead of Paraguay. Bert Patenaude from United States had the honor of scoring the first ever hat-trick in World Cup history. Patenaude hit all the goals of United States in a 3-0 win over Paraguay on July 17, 1930. In the last game of the group, Paraguay defeated Belgium 1-0. The European team had to make the long journey home with two losses in tow. The first semi-final faced the favorite Argentina against the surprising U.S. team. The first half was even and a Monty goal gave Argentina a 1-0 half-time lead. The second-half, however, was all of Argentina that ended up winning the game by a convincing 6-1. The other semi-final was contested by the host Uruguay and one of the surprises of the tournament Yugoslavia. An early goal of Vujadinović was giving Yugoslavia a berth in the final; but Uruguay quickly recovered from the initial shock, then took a 2-1 lead, and ended up beating Yugoslavia 6-1. There was no third-place match at that time in the World Cup, as had happened for instance at the previous Olympic Games. The 1930 FIFA World Cup Final was contested at the newly constructed Estadio Centenario in Montevideo, before a crowd of 90,000  followers including 30.000 Argentines who made the trip across the River Plate, for the two pre-tournament favorites and South American countries: the host, Uruguay , and its neighbor, Argentina . The victory fell to host team 4-2, as happened in the final of the 1928 Summer Olympics (Gold medal match: Uruguay 2-1 Argentina ). It was no coincidence that both teams have been finalists in the gold-medal game at the Amsterdam Olympics two years earlier. Both teams were undoubtedly the best of the world in those times. The game started a little later than agreed because both teams insisted on using a ball of their own choice. Finally, they decided that they would play with an Argentina ball in the first-half and other from Uruguay in the second-half. Argentina had the better of the first-half that ended up winning 2-1 with goals from Peucelle and Stábile , but in the second half the hosts came back to win 4-2. The Celeste became the first country to win


What is the nickname of the flag of the USA?

USA Flag, US Flag History & Facts, Download American Flag Image in JPG, PNG, GIF & PDF Star Spangled Banner, Old Glory, The Stars and Stripes United States of America Flag The flag of the United States of America contains thirteen alternating horizontal stripes of equal width, of which seven are red in color and six are white. In the upper-left corner is a blue rectangle, on which are drawn fifty white five-pointed stars. Since 1777 when it was first adopted officially, the US flag has undergone several revisions to reach its current design. Meaning of Colors in USA Flag Although the USA flag was adopted officially in 1777, at that time there was no meaning attached to the colors. However, the same colors were used in designing the Seal of the United States of America in 1782, having specific meaning. In the words of Charles Thompson, secretary to the Continental Congress: "The colors of the pales (the vertical stripes) are those used in the flag of the United States of America; White signifies purity and innocence, Red, hardiness & valor, and Blue, the color of the Chief (the broad band above the stripes) signifies vigilance, perseverance & justice". History of the American Flag For over 200 years now, the American flag symbolizes the unity and strength of the country. In other words, one can also say that it is a source of inspiration and pride for the citizens. The USA flag has turned out to be a viable icon in the history of the nation. Year 1776 - Way back in 1776 (1st of January), the Continental Army was reorganized keeping in pace with the Congressional resolution. This placed the American forces under the control of George Washington. In the same year and on New Year’s Day, the Continental Army was laying cordon to Boston that was then was under the control of the British Army. As per the instruction of George Washington, the Grand Union flag was hoisted at the Prospect Hill. This flag had thirteen stripes in red and white alternately. Besides, at the canton it also had the British Union Jack. Year 1776 (May) - Betsy Ross had sewed the first USA flag. Year 1777 (June 14) - The First Flag Act was passed by the Continental Congress for introducing an official flag. It was an order that the American flag should consists of 13 stripes in red and white alternatively. It was also ordered that there should be 13 stars in the union, which would symbolize a fresh constellation. Year 1777-1960 - In between these years several acts were passed by the Congress which altered the design, shape as well as the flag arrangement. Moreover, other acts were also passed for introducing additional stripes and stars. Year 1794 (January 13) - An act was passed for introducing 15 stars and 15 stripes. Year 1818 (April 4) - This act was passed for introducing 13 stripes and one star for every state, on 4 July, following the incorporation of the new states and after getting the same approved by President Monroe. Year 1912 (June 24) - President Taft passed this order so that the stars can be arranged in six horizontal rows and each row carrying eight stars. Year 1959 (January 3) - President Eisenhower passed this order so that the stars can be arranged in seven rows where each row should have seven stars staggered vertically and horizontally. Year 1959 (August 21) - President Eisenhower further redirected his order and made it clear that the stars should be arranged in nine rows horizontally and in eleven rows where they are arranged vertically. Year 1960 (July 4) - The 50th star was introduced on 4th July, 1960 and represented the state of Hawaii which became a part of the Union on 21st August, 1959. As of now, the USA flag comprises 13 horizontal stripes, where seven red stripes and six white stripes are arranged horizontally. The stripes that you find in the American flag symbolize the thirteen colonies and the stars symbolize the fifty Union States. Besides, the red and the white colors that have been used in the flag have their own significance. For instance, the red color represents valor and hardiness while the white color stands f


"From which sport do we get the expression ""step up to the plate""?"

Sports Idioms | English Club Sports Idioms They're neck and neck now. Here are some common idioms based on sport and sports. Each entry includes the meaning of the idiom and shows the idiom in context in an example sentence. At the end is a sports idioms quiz to check your understanding. Sports idioms generally originate from a specific sport such as baseball or sailing. Over time these phrases have come to mean something that can be used in everyday life. While most sports idioms can still be used when discussing sports, they are even more common in other areas of life, especially the business world. Try using some at work, school and social events. You will sound like a pro! idiom Ten percent raises were given across the board. at this stage in the game any sport Nobody knows who is going to win the election at this stage in the game. the ball is in your court tennis it's your decision or responsibility to do something now "Do you think I should accept the job offer?" "Don't ask me. The ball is in your court now". bark up the wrong tree hunting you've got the wrong person or idea I think you're barking up the wrong tree by blaming Matt for the missing money. blind-sided to not see something coming George blind-sided Eric with his fist at the bar. blow the competition away any sport win easily If you wear that dress to the beauty pageant you are going to blow the competition away. call the shots While our boss is on vacation, Bob will call the shots. chip in help by donating money or time The staff members chipped in 5 dollars each to buy Jody a birthday gift. down to the wire It's coming down to the wire to get these done on time. front runner one of the people who is expected to win Angela is a front runner for the new supervisor position. get a head start They gave the walkers a head start in the run for cancer. get into the full swing tennis be comfortable doing something after some time It will probably take a month of working at my new job before I get into the full swing of things. get off the hook The child got off the hook for stealing because the security camera was broken. give something or someone a fair shake gambling try for a while before giving up You should give Nadine a fair shake before you decide she isn't good enough for the job. get a second wind sailing have a burst of energy after tiring I was exhausted after 3 kilometres of running, but I got a second wind after I passed the beach. give it your best shot hunting Give it your best shot and you may just make it to the finals. give one a run for one's money horseracing try one's hardest to defeat another person I know the other team is expected to win, but let's give them a run for their money tonight. go overboard sailing do or say more than you need to You can't believe everything Janice says about Rick. She tends to go overboard when she's complaining about him. go to bat for someone baseball defend someone Andy is asking for a salary increase, and I'm going to go to bat for him if the boss says no. have the upper hand cards have a better chance of winning or succeeding The Blues have the upper hand in the tournament, because none of their players is injured. hit below the belt do or say something that is very unfair or cruel Amanda was hitting below the belt when she called Adrian an unfit father. hit a snag come up against a problem The renovations were going along great until we hit a snag with the carpet installation. hold all the aces expected to win or succeed The children hold all the aces when it comes to the father-son baseball tournament. the home stretch Okay, here are the keys to your new car. Let her rip! level playing field any field sport everyone has an equal chance The spelling bee is a level playing field because all of the kids are in grade nine. long shot a very difficult thing to accomplish Jim thinks we can afford the house, but I think it's a long shot. make the cut be chosen to be part of a team or group I didn't get a second interview, so I'm pretty sure I won't make the cut. neck and neck horse racing to be in a close t


Who was rumoured to be reunited with ex-husband Brad Pitt in June 2009?

Aniston Slams Tabloid Over Rumored Pitt Rendezvous - Daily Dish Daily Dish Aniston Slams Tabloid Over Rumored Pitt Rendezvous By Laurie I on June 11, 2009 at 12:08 PM Print Jennifer Aniston has slammed tabloid reports she enjoyed a secret rendezvous with her ex-husband Brad Pitt. The former couple, which split in 2005, reportedly reunited recently in an “intimate 1 a.m. rendezvous” at New York City’s Gramercy Park Hotel, following their rumored reconciliation in April, according to Star. The reports fueled break-up rumors between Pitt and partner Angelina Jolie. Pitt has denied the rumors, and now Aniston’s spokesperson has stepped in to blast the allegations, calling the story a “complete fabrication.” And a spokesperson for the hotel has also defended the star, insisting the reports are “not true.” lisola


A prune is the dried fruit of which tree?

Prunes - Fruit Trees Prunes Improved French Ripens in August Large with dark blue skin. It is tender, fine textured with a rich sweet flesh. It is California’s leading prune and it is self-fertile. Muir Beauty (USPP 15,547) Ripens earlier than Sutter and Improved French A new plum cultivar developed within the University of California Dried Plum/Prune Cultivar Improvement Program for use by the dried fruit industry. It is an excellent dried plum that ripens earlier then both the Sutter and the commonly grown variety of Improved French. Muir Beauty is also the recommended pollinizer for the Tulare Giant. Sutter (PP#12,398) Ripens in July Sutter prune is designed to extend the season of the French prune (dried plum) by ripening 10 days earlier. It is larger and consistently sweeter than French. Sutter also has some fresh market potential. Tulare Giant (USPP 12,224) Ripens mid-July Formerly UC Selection 3-6E-13. This new cultivar is best suited for the fresh market. It is large in size, often twice the size of French. It has an early date of maturity, ripening in mid-July in an average year. The fruit is dark purple to almost blue in color, covered by a grayish waxy bloom and has an oval shape. Soluble solids content will reach 18 x 19 brix at shipping maturity. The tree is very productive precocious and a regular bearer. Good pruning and thinning practices must be observed to reduce the fruit load so that acceptable sugar content will develop. Test shipments of this new cultivar to the Pacific Rim have been well-received. Ripening dates shown are approximate for Fresno and will vary with season and location. © 2017 The Burchell Nursery, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


What is the highest point in the 48 contiguous states of the USA?

Extreme Points of the United States Extreme Points of the United States Description view trip reports Extreme points lie farther north, east, south, and west than any other point of a specific region. Here, we limit consideration to the contiguous 48 United States; the entire 50 states (so including Alaska and Hawaii); and all United States territory. We also consider the lowest and highest elevation points to be extrema. An excellent reference with several tables and illustrations is available at wikipedia.org . The 180th meridian, being at an arbitrarily selected location, poses certain issues for defining "easternmost" and "westernmost". This is especially true since Alaska crosses this meridian and hence contains land in the Eastern Hemisphere. We discount calling such land "easternmost" as a silly fiction generated by the date line's arbitrarily-selected location. We define being east of a location if the shortest path, a great circle track, contains an east component, i.e. a true course on departure from 0° to 180°. A point is west of one's location if the great circle track has a true course on departure from 180° to 360°. The following extreme points are abstracted from the above wikipedia page, and are reproduced here for the reader's convenience. Coordinates use the NAD27 datum except where indicated by "datum uncertain" for certain extrema lying outside the contiguous 48 states. Here, the corresponding references do not specify the datum. Please E-mail the webmaster with any corrections, comments, and updates. Contiguous 48 United States Northernmost - Northwest Angle, Minnesota (49.38407°N, 95.15274° W) Southernmost1 - Cape Sable, Florida (25.11567° N, 81.08579° W)                         The southernmost point on the mainland.                       - Ballast Key, Florida (24.52° N, 81.965° W)                         The southernmost land permanently above the waterline. Easternmost - West Quoddy Head, Maine (44.81335° N, 66.94975° W)                       The easternmost land permanently above the waterline.                       Sail Rock, just offshore, is occasionally underwater. Westernmost - Cape Alava, Washington (48.16974° N, 124.73004° W)                       The westernmost point on the mainland.                     - Bodelteh Islands, Washington (48.17761° N, 124.76479° W)                       The westernmost land permanently above the waterline. Highest         - Mount Whitney, California (14,494 feet)                       The new NAVD88 vertical datum yields 14,505 feet. Lowest         - Badwater Basin in Death Valley, California (-282 feet)         1 Key West, Florida falsely bills itself as being the southernmost   land in the forty-eight states. 50 United States Northernmost - Point Barrow, Alaska (71.39040° N, 156.47741° W) Southernmost - Ka Lae, Hawaii (18.91023° N, 155.67927° W) Easternmost - West Quoddy Head, Maine (44.81335° N, 66.94975° W)                       The easternmost land permanently above the waterline.                       Sail Rock, just offshore, is occasionally underwater. Westernmost - Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (65.64° N, 168.12° W) datum uncertain                       The westernmost point on the North American continent.                     - Peaked Island, offshore from Cape Wrangell,                       Attu Island, Alaska (52.92° N, 172.44° E) datum uncertain Highest         - Mount McKinley, Alaska (20,320 feet)                       Known also by its native name, "Denali". Lowest         - Badwater Basin in Death Valley, California (-282 feet) All United States Territory Northernmost - Point Barrow, Alaska (71.39040° N, 156.47741° W) Southernmost - Rose Atoll, American Samoa (14.374° S, 170.7595° W) datum uncertain Easternmost - Point Udall, Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands           (17.7555° N, 64.5650° W) datum uncertain Westernmost - Udall Point, Guam (13.4475° N, 144.6182° E) datum uncertain Highest         - Mount McKinley, Alaska (20,320 feet)                       Known also by its native name, "Denali". Lowest         - Badwate


"The main characters in James Goldman's play ""The Lion in Winter"" are Henry II, his sons John, Geoffrey & Richard, his mistress Alais Capet, and which other?"

Winter Is Coming: One Actor’s Response to Playing Henry II in James Goldman’s “The Lion in Winter” | Here Follows Prose Winter Is Coming: One Actor’s Response to Playing Henry II in James Goldman’s “The Lion in Winter” Posted on by admin The following is an essay I wrote for the Playhouse Insider magazine at ASC; it is on performing in The Lion in Winter:   “Henry FitzEmpress, first Plantagenet, a king at twenty-one, the ablest soldier of an able time. He led men well, he cared for justice when he could, and ruled for thirty years a state as great as Charlemagne’s. He married out of love a woman out of legend; not in Alexandria or Rome or Camelot has there been such a queen . . .” So does King Henry II assess his life and impact at the close of the first act of James Goldman’s 1966 play The Lion in Winter, which imagines a Christmas gathering of Henry, his fundamentally estranged and long-imprisoned wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine (Tracy Hostmyer), their three remaining sons: Richard (Ben Curns), who would later rule England and be known to history as The Lionheart; Geoffrey (Greg Phelps), who would never sit on the throne; and John (John Harrell), who would ultimately succeed Richard.  Added into this family mix is the 23-year-old French princess Alais (Tracie Thomason), who has been betrothed to Richard and has lived in Henry’s household from the time she was seven, and whom Henry wants to marry to John, despite the fact that she has been Henry’s mistress from the time she was sixteen (at least in Goldman’s version of Henry’s world). The final player in this holiday congress is the young King Philip of France (Rene Thornton, Jr.), Alais’s half brother, who is seeking to press his own political agenda and to gain an advantage over Henry as his father Louis could never manage to do. In 1990, Saturday Night Live aired a commercial spoof for a holiday album called A Dysfunctional Family Christmas; it came into my mind as I prepared to play Henry because in his modern take on these medieval characters Goldman imagines a family of people who variously love, value, mistrust, resent and long for one another the way so many families of our day do.  How often do we seem to hear people speak of the holiday season with hope or dread or some irreconcilable mixture of both? Of course, the situation is ratcheted up in this Christmas court at Chignon Castle in 1183 by the fact that the stakes are about as high as they can be—the maintenance and rule of an empire—for Henry has brought the family together in an effort to decide the question of the succession.  His agenda is not unlike that of Shakespeare’s Lear (in fact, Goldman actually has Henry compare himself to the Lear of legend fairly early in the play) in that Henry, like Lear, wants to prevent future strife among his children and the attendant civil war and division of the great state he has made.  Henry, however, clearly sees Lear’s plan for the division of the kingdom among three children–as opposed to Henry’s design for its consolidation under the child over whom he believes he wields the most control–as an unworkable solution: “He cut his kingdom into bits. I can’t do that,” Henry tells his sons, “I’ve built this house and it will stand.  What I have architected you will not destroy.” So Henry must strategize and plot and manipulate to fulfill his own agenda while his formidable wife and scheming trio of sons do like-wise.  It all makes for some poignant and nasty fun and it has given me an opportunity to play a character who is fascinating, theatrical, quick-witted, tough, comic, contentious, expansive, soldierly, boyish, wounded, vital, frightened, and painfully aware of his coming decline and ultimate demise even as he denies them both and believes he can somehow stay the hands of the clock by sheer force of personality. One of the most interesting features of tackling this role at this moment in my career and my life is that in the Christmas of 1183 Henry Plantagenet was in his fiftieth year and here in the summer of 2012 I am in mine.  And like Henry, and probably a lot of


French aviator Louis Bleriot was the first to do what in an aeroplane on 25 July 1909?

Louis Blériot: First Fly English Channel « Centennial of the first flight across the English Channel in a heavier-than-air craft. Louis Blériot: First Fly English Channel Special Cable to The Washington Post London, July 25, 1909 — Bleriot’s own account of his exploit, which will appear in the Daily Mail tomorrow, is graphic. He says: “It is more important to be the first to cross the channel by aeroplane than to have won the prize of 1,000 pounds. I am more than happy that I have crossed the channel. At first I promised my wife that I would not make the attempt. Then I determined that if one failed I would be the first to come, and I am here… “At 4:30 daylight had come… A light breeze from the southwest was beginning to blow. The air was clear. Everything was prepared. I was dressed in a khaki jacket lined with wool for warmth over tweed clothes and beneath my engineer’s suit of the blue cotton overalls. My close fitting cap was fastened over my head and my ears. “I had neither eaten nor drunk anything. My thoughts were only upon the flight and my determination to accomplish it this morning. At 4:35 the signal is given, and in an instant I am in the air, my engine making 1,200 revolutions, almost its highest speed, in order that I may get quickly over the telegraph wires along the edge of the cliff. As soon as I am over the cliff I reduce my speed. There is now no need to force my engine. I begin my flight steady and sure toward the coast of England. I have no apprehensions, no sensations, pas du tout__ “I am alone. I can see nothing at all. For 10 minutes I am lost. “It is a strange position to be alone, Louis Bieriot just prior to departing Calais the morning of July 25, 1909. unguided, without a compass in the air over the middle of the channel. I touch nothing. My hands and feet rest lightly on the levers. I let the aeroplane take its own course. I care not whither it goes. For 10 minutes I continue, neither rising nor falling nor turning, and then 20 minutes after I have left the French coast I see the green hills of Dover, the castle, and away to the west the spot where I intended to land. “What can I do? It is evident that the wind has taken me out of my course. I am almost west of Margaret’s Bay, and I am going in the direction of the Goodwin Sands. Now it is time to attend to steering. I press a lever with my foot and turn easily toward the west, reversing the direction in which I am now traveling. Now, indeed, I am in difficulties, for the wind here by the cliffs is much stronger and my speed is reduced as I fight against it, yet my beautiful aeroplane responds — “Once more I turn my aeroplane, and describing a half-circle I enter the opening and find myself again over dry land. Avoiding the red buildings on my right, I attempt a landing, but the wind catches me and whirls me around two or three times. At once I stop my motor, and instantly my machine falls upon the land from a height of 65 feet. In two or three seconds I am safe upon your shores. Soldiers in khaki run up, and a policeman and two of my compatriots are on the spot. They kiss my cheek. The conclusion of my flight overwhelms me. I have nothing to say, but accept the congratulations. “Thus ended my flight across the channel. The flight could easily be done again. Should I do it? I think not. I have promised my wife that after a race for which I have entered I will fly no more.” Special Cable to The Washington Post London, July 25, 1909 — Louis Bleriot just prior to departing Calais the morning of July 25, 1909 Bleriot’s own account of his exploit, which will appear in the Daily Mail tomorrow, is graphic. He says: “It is more important to be the first to cross the channel by aeroplane than to have won the prize of 1,000 pounds. I am more than happy that I have crossed the channel. At first I promised my wife that I would not make the attempt. Then I determined that if one failed I would be the first to come, and I am here… “At 4:30 daylight had come… A light breeze from the southwest was beginning to blow. The air was clear. Everything was prepared


Antoni Stradivari is associated with the design and building of what instrument?

Stradivari | A Violin's Life A Violin's Life Stradivari Antonio Stradivari and the Lipiński violin 1715, the year in which the “Lipinski” Stradivari violin was built, stands at the apex of the arc of classical string instrument making from the early part of the 16th century until the death of Carlo Bergonzi in 1747. For over three decades leading up to 1700, Antonio Stradivari (1644-1737) applied his inspired instinct, vision and innovation with ferocious attention to detail and rigorous business acumen, to the artistic and commercial challenges of running an international high-art workshop from his base of operations in Cremona, Italy. Lipinski Strad 1715 The challenges of catering to the elite patronage of the late Renaissance in Europe would have been substantial, with all of the attendant problems of transportation, communication, currency exchange in addition to acquiring materials, managing accounting and staffing, and sustaining a productive workshop at a high technical level. Stradivari was clearly up to the tasks and the Stradivari atelier’s success was so overwhelming that it remained the dominant force in bowed string instrument building in Europe from 1700 until Stradivari’s death in 1737. Somewhat lower production levels from the Stradivari workshop after 1727 left a gap in Cremona that was filled in the main by Bartolomeo Giuseppe Guarneri “del Gesu” (1698-1744). Nonetheless, both in terms of quantity and especially in terms of the quality of material and finish the output from the Stradivari workshop from 1700-1737 dwarfed that of all of the makers in Cremona combined. The commercial success of the Stradivari workshop was manifest enough that contemporaries used the analogy, “Rich as Stradivari” to denote wealth. The relative lack of contemporary work emanating from Cremona raises the possibility that Stradivari’s dominance had effectively monopolized Cremona and Italy, all but neutralizing most of the potential competition. Whatever the commercial realities, the overwhelming artistic success of the Stradivari designs as well as the instruments themselves changed the course of history for instrument makers, composers, and performers. Production from the Stradivari workshop began to accelerate toward a historical high point after 1700. Between 1709 and 1717 or so, the workshop produced instruments based on Stradivari’s most esteemed designs combined with extraordinary levels of execution and finish in the realization of those designs, and an almost incomprehensible quantity and consistency of production. By 1714 through the end of 1716 the workshop was producing as many as 16 instruments or more annually, using the most lavish materials available anywhere and designed along the boldest patterns ever conceived of for bowed string instruments. Stradivari instruments represent a synergistic fusion of a bold and powerful conception with uncompromising attention to materials, and finishes. The level of refinement in the execution of such a bold concept is, in itself, remarkable but the Stradivari atelier in 1714-1716 produced these objects en masse with blinding consistency to a degree that is arguably without parallel in the world of hand-crafted art objects. Maggini Violin, c.1620 The origins of the Stradivari production are not always readily apparent: That Stradivari would have encountered the earlier violin forms of the Amati and Rugeri families in Cremona, is to be expected and the influence of traditional Cremonese methods is in evidence even in his earliest works. That Stradivari may have encountered other instruments, and how they may have influenced future designs is largely a matter of speculation. Whether by direct influence or inventiveness on his own, Stradivari remained restlessly experimental in pursuit of improvements to the forms with which he began his career. In the last decade of the 17th century Stradivari began experimenting with a longer form than that of contemporary makers in Cremona that may have been informed by larger modeled instruments from the Brescian makers such as Giovanni Paol


Dr. King is assassinated - Apr 04, 1968 - HISTORY.com Dr. King is assassinated Publisher A+E Networks Just after 6 p.m. on April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. is fatally shot while standing on the balcony outside his second-story room at theLorraine Motelin Memphis, Tennessee. The civil rights leader was in Memphis to support a sanitation workers’ strike and was on his way to dinner when a bullet struck him in the jaw and severed his spinal cord. King was pronounced dead after his arrival at a Memphis hospital. He was 39 years old. In the months before his assassination, Martin Luther King became increasingly concerned with the problem of economic inequality in America. He organized a Poor People’s Campaign to focus on the issue, including an interracialpoor people’s marchon Washington, and in March 1968 traveled to Memphis in support of poorly treated African-American sanitation workers. On March 28, a workers’ protest march led by King ended in violence and the death of an African-American teenager. King left the city but vowed to return in early April to lead another demonstration. On April 3, back in Memphis, King gave his last sermon, saying, “We’ve got some difficult days ahead. But it really doesn’t matter with me now, because I’ve been to the mountaintop…And He’s allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I’ve looked over, and I’ve seen the Promised Land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight that we, as a people, will get to the promised land.” One day after speaking those words, Dr. King was shot and killed by a sniper. As word of the assassination spread, riots broke out in cities all across the United States and National Guard troops were deployed in Memphis and Washington, D.C. On April 9, King was laid to rest in his hometown of Atlanta, Georgia. Tens of thousands of people lined the streets to pay tribute to King’s casket as it passed by in a wooden farm cart drawn by two mules. The evening of King’s murder, a Remington .30-06 hunting rifle was found on the sidewalk beside a rooming house one block from the Lorraine Motel. During the next several weeks, the rifle, eyewitness reports, and fingerprints on the weapon all implicated a single suspect: escaped convict James Earl Ray. A two-bit criminal, Ray escaped a Missouri prison in April 1967 while serving a sentence for a holdup. In May 1968, a massive manhunt for Ray began. The FBI eventually determined that he had obtained a Canadian passport under a false identity, which at the time was relatively easy. On June 8, Scotland Yard investigators arrested Ray at a London airport. He was trying to fly to Belgium, with the eventual goal, he later admitted, of reaching Rhodesia. Rhodesia, now called Zimbabwe, was at the time ruled by an oppressive and internationally condemned white minority government. Extradited to the United States, Ray stood before a Memphis judge in March 1969 and pleaded guilty to King’s murder in order to avoid the electric chair. He was sentenced to 99 years in prison. Three days later, he attempted to withdraw his guilty plea, claiming he was innocent of King’s assassination and had been set up as a patsy in a larger conspiracy. He claimed that in 1967, a mysterious man named “Raoul” had approached him and recruited him into a gunrunning enterprise. On April 4, 1968, he said, he realized that he was to be the fall guy for the King assassination and fled to Canada. Ray’s motion was denied, as were his dozens of other requests for a trial during the next 29 years. During the 1990s, the widow and children of Martin Luther King Jr. spoke publicly in support of Ray and his claims, calling him innocent and speculating about an assassination conspiracy involving the U.S. government and military. U.S. authorities were, in conspiracists’ minds, implicated circumstantially. FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover obsessed over King, who he thought was under communist influence. For the last six years of his life, King underwent constant wiretapping and harassment by the FBI. Before his death, Dr. King was also monitored by U.S. milita


A billion in short scale is 1 followed by 9 zeroes. What is it in long scale?

Long scale - definition of Long scale by The Free Dictionary Long scale - definition of Long scale by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Long+scale 1. The cardinal number equal to 109. 2. Chiefly British The cardinal number equal to 1012. 3. An indefinitely large number. [French, a million million : blend of bi-, second power; see bi-1 and million .] bil′lion adj. n, pl -lions or -lion 1. (Mathematics) one thousand million: it is written as 1 000 000 000 or 109 2. (Mathematics) (formerly, in Britain) one million million: it is written as 1 000 000 000 000 or 1012 3. (often plural) any exceptionally large number determiner (preceded by a or a cardinal number) a. amounting to a billion: it seems like a billion years ago. b. (as pronoun): we have a billion here. [C17: from French, from bi-1 + -llion as in million] ˈbillionth adj, n n., pl. -lions, (as after a numeral) -lion, n. 1. a cardinal number represented by 1 followed by 9 zeroes; a thousand millions. 2. (in Great Britain) a cardinal number represented by 1 followed by 12 zeroes; a million millions. 3. any vaguely large number: I've told you a billion times. adj. 4. equal in number to a billion. [1680–90; < French] A billion is a thousand million, or 1,000,000,000. The website gets almost a billion visits each month. Be Careful! Don't add '-s' to billion when you put another number in front of it. In January 1977, there were 4 billion people in the world. billion (bil) A number equal to 109. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun 1. billion - the number that is represented as a one followed by 12 zeros; in the United Kingdom the usage followed in the United States is frequently seen 1000000000000 , one million million Britain , Great Britain , U.K. , UK , United Kingdom , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland - a monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland; `Great Britain' is often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom large integer - an integer equal to or greater than ten 2. large indefinite amount , large indefinite quantity - an indefinite quantity that is above the average in size or magnitude 3. 1000000000 , one thousand million U.S.A. , United States , United States of America , US , USA , America , the States , U.S. - North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 large integer - an integer equal to or greater than ten milliard - a billion; "in England they call one thousand million a milliard" Adj. 1. billion - denoting a quantity consisting of one thousand million items or units in the United States U.S.A. , United States , United States of America , US , USA , America , the States , U.S. - North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 cardinal - being or denoting a numerical quantity but not order; "cardinal numbers" 2. billion - denoting a quantity consisting of one million million items or units in Great Britain Britain , Great Britain , U.K. , UK , United Kingdom , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland - a monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland; `Great Britain' is often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom cardinal - being or denoting a numerical quantity but not order; "cardinal numbers" Translations milyar milyon trilyon bir milyar dolar/sterlin مِلْيُن billion [ˈbɪlɪən] N (billion or billions (pl)) (= thousand million) → mil millones mpl (Brit) (o.f.) (= million million) → billón m I've told you a billion times → te lo he dicho infinidad de veces billion (= one thousand million) → milliard m (British) (= one million million) → billion m (million de millions) billions of (= a huge number of)


What is the silt-formed delta of the River Rhone?

Rivers in the Languedoc: The River Rhône Geography: Rivers and Lakes in the Languedoc: The Rhône (French Rhône, Occitan Ròse, Provençal Roun) The River Rhône is one of the major rivers of Europe, rising in Switzerland and running through France into the Mediterranean Sea . The Rhône is famous for its strong current when the river carries large quantities of water: current speeds up to 10 kilometers per hour are sometimes reached, particularly in the stretch below the last lock at Valabrègues and in some of the diversion canals. The word "Rhône" comes from Latin Rhodanus, which itself comes from ancient Greek Rhodanos, the Greek rendering of the Gaulish (Celtic) name of the river, as heard by the Greeks living in the colony of Massalia (Marseille). The Celtic name of the river, Rodo or Roto, literally "that which rolls", or "that which runs", is a frequent name of rivers among the Celts. The river rises near the Rhône Glacier in Valais, Switzerland, in the Saint-Gotthard massif, at an altitude of 1753 meters. Up to Martigny, it is a torrent; it then becomes a large mountain river running Southwest through a glacier valley. It turns Northwest to leave the Alps and then flows west through Lake Geneva before entering France. At Arles the Rhône divides into two arms with all branches            flowing into the Mediterranean            Sea . One arm is called the "Grand Rhône",            the other one is the "Petit Rhône". Between            them and the sea is the river delta, known as the Camargue , home to a unique range of wildlife including            Camargue Bulls and Camargue Horses The Rhône is an important route for inland navigation, connecting the industrial cities of Arles, Avignon, Valence, Vienne and Lyon to the Mediterranean Sea ports of Fos, Marseille and Sète. The Rhône is developed as a class V waterway from the mouth of the Saône to the sea. The Saône river, which is also canalized, connects the Rhône ports to the cities of Villefranche, Macon and Chalons. Smaller vessels (up to CEMT class I) can travel further North-West, North and North-East via the Centre-Loire-Briare and Loing Canals to the Seine river, via the Canal de la Marne à la Saône (often called the "Canal entre Champagne et Bourgogne") to the Marne, via the Canal des Vosges (formerly the "Canal de l'Est - Branche Sud" to the Moselle and via the Canal du Rhône au Rhin to the Rhine. The Rhône valley is responsible for funneling the            famous Mistral            wind into the Camargue and Provence. Lesser winds traveling the same            route and drying any precipitation are responsible for the            conditions favourable to wine making. It was also down this            great river valley that the French swept in 1208 to wreak            havoc on the people of the Languedoc and persecute the Cathars ,            and later to create the Inquisition and to annex the Languedoc to France. Tributaries Ain River (R), near Pont-de-Chéruy Ardèche River (R), near Pont-Saint-Esprit Arve River (L) Drôme River (L), near Loriol-sur-Drôme Durance River (L), near Avignon


What was the favourite horse of Alexander the Great?

Bucephalus - Ancient History Encyclopedia Bucephalus by Donald L. Wasson published on 06 October 2011 Bucephalus was Alexander the Great ’s horse and is considered by some to be the most famous horse in history. Alexander and Bucephalus’ initial meeting was unique but demonstrated the true character of one of the greatest generals in all of history. Initially, Bucephalus was brought to Macedonia and presented to King Phillip II (Alexander’s father) in 346 BCE by Philoneicus of Thessaly.  With a price tag almost three times the norm (13 talents), the beautiful black horse stood taller than the normal Macedonian steed but was considered too wild and unmanageable, rearing up against anyone who came near him. Phillip ordered him led away. Alexander sat in the audience with his mother Olympias watching the spectacle before him.  As the attendants tried to lead Bucephalus away, Alexander rose calling them spineless. According to Plutarch ’s biography of Alexander, the young prince said, “What as excellent horse do they lose for want of address and boldness to manage him.” At first Phillip ignored the challenge, but finally said to Alexander, “Do you reproach those who are older than yourself, as if you were better able to manage him than they.” Alexander, ignoring his father remark, repeated his challenge and said he would pay for the horse if he, Alexander, were unable to tame him. Advertisement Bucephalus and Alexander were inseparable; only Alexander could ride him. Amid wild laughter, Alexander approached the horse he would name Bucephalus calmly. He had realized something the others had not --- the horse was afraid of his own shadow. Turning Bucephalus toward the sun so his shadow was behind him and slowing taking the reins in his hand, Alexander mounted him. The laughter of the crowd turned to cheers as Alexander rode off.  According to Plutarch, as Alexander returned to the arena with Bucephalus and dismounted, Phillip said, “O my son look thee out a kingdom equal to and worthy of thyself, for Macedonia is too little for thee.” Historians claim this taming of the wild Bucephalus was a turning point in the young prince’s life, demonstrating the confidence and determination he was to show in his conquest of Asia. Bucephalus and Alexander were inseparable; only Alexander could ride him, and indeed he did, into every battle from the conquest of the Greek city -states and Thebes through Gaugamela and into India . After the final defeat of Darius , Bucephalus was kidnapped while Alexander was away on excursion. Upon returning and learning of the theft, Alexander promised to fell every tree, lay the countryside to waste, and slaughter every inhabitant in the region. The horse was soon returned along with a plea for mercy.


Juan Antonio Samaranch was the head of which organisation from 1980 to 2001?

Juan Antonio Samaranch obituary | Sport | The Guardian Juan Antonio Samaranch obituary He radically reformed the Olympic Games over the final decades of the 20th century Samaranch last year backing the Madrid 2016 Olympic bid. Photograph: Charles Dharapak/AP Wednesday 21 April 2010 13.46 EDT First published on Wednesday 21 April 2010 13.46 EDT Share on Messenger Close Juan Antonio Samaranch, who has died aged 89, was the seventh president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and had more influence on the Olympic movement than any of his predecessors, with the exception of its founder, Baron Pierre de Coubertin. During his 21 years in the post, from 1980 to 2001, the Olympic Games became truly worldwide, in terms of both the number of countries sending competitors and, through television, the size of audiences. He raised the profile of the Olympic movement to that of a quasi-state and developed the level of commercialism to make the organisation wealthy, but at the price, many argued, of losing its independence and leaving it vulnerable to corruption. He brought in new sports but did not ditch old ones, bringing the Games close to bursting point. Throughout his term, the shadow of drug abuse in sport grew while the Olympic movement always seemed a few paces behind in the fight. Its timidity with the eastern bloc, particularly East Germany, gave the impression of a hopeless cause and it was not until the judicial inquiry in Canada – after the sprinter Ben Johnson was banned at Seoul, South Korea, in 1988 – that the Olympic movement was seen to be no longer paying mere lip service towards the prevention of drug abuse through its testing programmes. Samaranch, born in Barcelona, used his family's wealth from the textile industry to promote his sporting interests. In the Spain of the fascist dictator Francisco Franco, sport was under the control and influence of the state, and Samaranch found his route to sporting power through roller-hockey. International success for the Spanish team, with Samaranch as its manager, brought him recognition in the 1950s, and from there he went on to become a councillor for Catalonia, responsible for sport, and ultimately a member of the Cortes, Spain's ruling body. On Franco's death in 1975, Samaranch's political career seemed to be over, but he was still the opportunist, and his friendship with King Juan Carlos brought him the crucial appointment, so far as his Olympic aspirations were concerned, as ambassador to Moscow in 1977. He had become a member of the IOC in 1966 and immediately took the same route to the presidency as his predecessor, Lord Killanin. Samaranch was appointed chairman of the press commission, thus assuming a public profile, and then chief of protocol, which enabled him to get to know all the members of the exclusive club that controls the Olympic Games . By 1970 he was a member of the executive board. His election as president, just before the Moscow Olympics in 1980, was not a foregone conclusion, but his three years as Soviet ambassador ensured that he was able to woo the votes of the eastern bloc. IOC members are supposed to be independent, but the eastern European countries worked together. The danger to Samaranch's election hopes came from Willi Daume, a long-serving IOC member and organiser of the Munich Games in 1972, who would almost certainly have received due reward for his contribution. But, with West Germany boycotting Moscow (in protest against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan), Daume's hopes of becoming president were dashed and Samaranch took an overall majority on the first ballot against three candidates. Immediately, he changed the role and style of the presidency. He moved into the five-star Palace Hotel in Lausanne, Switzerland, which remained his home for many years, and became effectively chairman and chief executive of the organisation. Under the old-style leadership of Killanin and before him Avery Brundage, the IOC had been run by a small staff in Lausanne, headed by Monique Berlioux. Samaranch virtually took control, tolerating an unha


Which area was ruled by Kamehaha I and Kamehaha II between 1810 and 1824?

Hawaii Genealogy and History - presented by Genealogy Trails d. 27 Aug 1891 Hawaiian History Hawaii was first inhabited in roughly AD 1000, by Polynesian settlers who came from islands in the South Pacific, most likely the Marquesas. For nearly 800 years, the people of Hawaii lived in a complex caste society governed by various warring chiefdoms and an extensive system of religious and social taboos called the kapu system. British explorer James Cook chanced upon the Hawaiian archipelago in 1778 in what is commonly assumed to be the first European contact with Hawaiians; however, substantial evidence (Stokes 1932 for example) exists of earlier Spanish visits to Hawaii. With the help of foreign advisors and weapons, a Hawaiian warrior known as Kamehameha began a gradual ascent to power. Before his death in 1819, Kamehameha had succeeded in conquering (through military force, or in the case of Kaua'i and Ni'ihau, by other political means) all of the major Hawaiian islands, a feat never before accomplished in the history of the islands. The kingdom established by King Kamehameha lasted until 1893, when the last Hawaiian monarch, Queen Lili'uokalani, was overthrown in a coup led by supporters of the Reform Party of the Hawaiian Kingdom and replaced by a Provisional Government, and later a Republic. During the kingdom and republic era, Hawaii's economy transitione d from that of an isolated state into that of a state integrated into the world's free market, producing and exporting more than two hundred thousand tons of sugar annually. In 1898, Hawaii was annexed to the United States of America and attained statehood August 21, 1959. Hawaii is the southernmost state of the United States, and would be the westernmost, if not for Alaska. It is one of the only two states (Alaska being the other) that are outside the contiguous United States, and do not share a border with another U.S. state. Hawaii is the only state that (1) is without territory on the mainland of any continent; (2) is completely surrounded by water; and (3) continues to grow in area because of active extrusive lava flows, most notably from Kilauea (Kilauea). Except for Easter Island, Hawaii is farther away from land than any other landmass on Earth. Hawaii's tallest mountain, Mauna Kea stands over 13,000 feet (4,000 meters) and is taller than Mount Everest if followed to its base at the floor of the Pacific Ocean. The 1778 arrival of British explorer Captain James Cook is usually taken to be the "discovery" of the Hawaiian islands by European explorers. Cook plotted and published the geographical coordinates of the Hawaiian Islands, so that they could be found again. Cook named his discovery the Sandwich Islands in honor of one of his sponsors, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, and reported the native name as Owyhee. Cook visited the Hawaiian islands twice. The second visit ended badly for him, when he was killed on the sands of Kealakekua Bay in 1779. He had attempted to abduct a Hawaiian chief and hold him as ransom for return of a ship's boat that was stolen by a different mischievous minor chief; the chief's supporters fought back. After Cook's visit and the publication of several books relating his voyages, the Hawaiian islands received many European visitors: explorers, traders, and eventually whalers who found the islands a convenient harbor and source of fresh food. Visitors introduced disease to the formerly isolated islands and the Hawaiian population plunged precipitously. American missionaries arrived in 1820 and eventually converted the chiefs and the remaining population to Protestant Christianity. After a series of battles that ended in 1795 and peaceful cession of the island of Kauai in 1810, the Hawaiian Islands were united for the first time under a single ruler who would become known as King Kamehameha the Great. He established the House of Kamehameha, a dynasty that ruled over the kingdom until 1872. The death of the bachelor King Kamehameha V who did not name an heir resulted in the popular election of King Lun


The sun is hot because of the nuclear transformation of hydrogen to which other gas?

What is the Sun Made Of? What is the Sun Made Of? By Tim Sharp, Reference Editor | August 17, 2012 05:33pm ET MORE The sun is a big ball of hot gases. The gases are converted into energy in the sun's core. The energy moves outward through the interior layers, into the sun's atmosphere, and is released into the solar system as heat and light. NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory saw sunspot AR 1520 before the solar flare erupted from it on July 12, 2012. Credit: NASA/SDO (via Twitter @NASA_SDO) Most of the gas — about 72 percent — is hydrogen. Nuclear fusion converts hydrogen into other elements. The sun is also composed of about 26 percent helium and trace amounts of other elements — oxygen, carbon, neon, nitrogen, magnesium, iron and silicon. These elements are created in the sun's core, which makes up 25 percent of the sun. Gravitational forces create tremendous pressure and temperatures in the core. The temperature of the sun in this layer is about 27 million degrees F (15 million degrees C). Hydrogen atoms are compressed and fuse together, creating helium and a lot of energy. This process is called nuclear fusion. The energy, mostly in the form of gamma-ray photons and neutrinos, is carried into the radiative zone. Photons can bounce around in this zone for about a million years before passing through the interface layer, or tachocline. Scientists think the sun's magnetic field is generated by a magnetic dynamo in this layer. The convection zone is the outermost layer of the sun's interior. It extends from about 125,000 miles (200,000 km) deep up to the visible surface or the sun's atmosphere . Temperatures cool in this zone, enough for heavier ions — such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, calcium and iron — to hold onto their electrons. This makes the material more opaque and traps heat, causing the plasma to boil or "convect." The convective motions carry heat quite rapidly to the surface, which is the bottom layer of the sun's atmosphere, or photosphere. This is the layer where the energy is released as sunlight. The light passes through the outer layers of the sun's atmosphere — the chromosphere and the corona — before reaching Earth eight minutes later. Abundance of elements Astronomers who have studied the composition of the sun have catalogued 67 chemical elements in the sun. There may be more, but in amounts too small for instruments to detect. Here is a table of the 10 most common elements in the sun: Element


Iran Chamber Society: When "Persia" became "Iran" Geography of Iran When "Persia" became "Iran" This article is a part of "Persia or Iran" by Professor Ehsan Yarshater, published in Iranian Studies, Vol. XXII, No.1, 1989. In 1935 the Iranian government requested those countries which it had diplomatic relations with, to call Persia "Iran," which is the name of the country in Persian. The suggestion for the change is said to have come from the Iranian ambassador to Germany, who came under the influence of the Nazis. At the time Germany was in the grip of racial fever and cultivated good relations with nations of "Aryan" blood. It is said that some German friends of the ambassador persuaded him that, as with the advent of Reza Shah, Persia had turned a new leaf in its history and had freed itself from the pernicious influences of Britain and Russia, whose interventions in Persian affairs had practically crippled the country under the Qajars, it was only fitting that the country be called by its own name, "Iran." This would not only signal a new beginning and bring home to the world the new era in Iranian history, but would also signify the Aryan race of its population, as "Iran" is a cognate of "Aryan" and derived from it. The Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent out a circular to all foreign embassies in Tehran, requesting that the country thenceforth be called "Iran." Diplomatic courtesy obliged, and by and by the name "Iran" began to appear in official correspondence and news items. At first "Iran" sounded alien (for non-Iranians), and many failed to recognize its connection with Persia. Some (Westerners) thought that it was perhaps one of the new countries like Iraq and Jordan carved out of the ruins of the Ottoman Empire, or a country in Africa or Southeast Asia that had just been granted independence; and not a few confused it with Iraq, itself a recent entity. As time passed and as a number of events, like the Allied invasion of Iran in 1941 and the nationalization of the oil industry under Prime Minster Dr Mohammad Mosaddeq, put the country in the headlines, the name "Iran" became generally accepted, and "Persia" fell into comparative disuse, though more slowly in Britain than in the United States.


It is believed that which building stands on the site of temples built successively by Micah, Zerubbabel and Herod in Jerusalem?

Temple | Free online library at BiblicalTraining.org Three temples stood successively on Mount Moriah ( 2Chr.3.1 ) in Jerusalem. This site is today called the Haram esh-Sherif and is a Muslim holy place. The first temple was built by Solomon, the second by Zerubbabel and the Jews who returned from the Babylonian exile . The third temple, which was in use in the days of Jesus, was begun and largely built by Herod the Great . Most ancient religions had temples. Indeed the Canaanite temples found at Megiddo and Hazor are not unlike that of the Hebrews in ground plan. The Jerusalem temple was distinctive in that it contained no idol in the inner sanctum, but only a box (called the Ark ) containing the two tablets of the law, with the symbolic worshiping Cherubim above. Solomon’s Temple The great economic and cultural development of the Hebrews during the reigns of David and Solomon led to David’s desire to build a temple. The Tabernacle , the previous sacrificial center ( Exod.35.1-Exod.35.35 - Exod.40.1-Exod.40.38 ), was a simple and impermanent structure brought to Palestine by the Hebrews from their desert wanderings. It was natural enough that David should wish God’s house to be as grand as his own ( 2Sam.7.2 ). David, however, was not permitted to undertake the construction of this “house” ( 2Sam.7.5-2Sam.7.7 ) and more especially by arranging its liturgical service ( 1Chr.23.1-1Chr.26.19 ). There are no known remains of Solomon’s temple. It is clear that it was patterned after the tabernacle, but it was much more complex and ornate. The Phoenicians, who were more advanced culturally than the Hebrews, played a great part in the design and construction of the temple. Recently archaeologists have discovered remains in Phoenicia and Syria that have increased our understanding of the details and motifs of the temple of Jerusalem. Especially useful is the temple found at Tell Tainat in Syria, which was built at about the same time as Solomon’s. Its architectural details are believed to be the best guide extant today in reconstructing the details of Solomon’s temple. Much of this information is to be found in an article by Paul L. Garber, “Reconstructing Solomon’s Temple” (BA, 14:1, May 1951), and in a model of the temple made by E. G. Howland (based on Garber’s research). This model is probably a much more authentic reconstruction than the famous one made by Schick in the previous century. The temple was noted for lavish beauty of detail rather than for great size. It was accessible only to the priests; the lay Israelites came to it but never entered it. Seven years were required to complete the temple. It was dedicated in Solomon’s eleventh year, c. 950 b.c. ( 1Kgs.6.38 ), and was destroyed when the Babylonians burned Jerusalem in 587 b.c. The temple was a prefabricated building. It was made of limestone finished at the quarries ( 1Kgs.6.7 ) in or near Jerusalem. When the stones were brought to the building site, they were built into the wall according to plan. From this arose the tradition of the rejected cornerstone ( Ps.118.22 ; 1Pet.2.6-1Pet.2.8 ). The stone walls were covered with paneling of Lebanese cedar wood, probably finished by skilled Phoenician craftsmen ( 1Kgs.5.6 ). The main descriptions of Solomon’s temple are found in 1Kgs.5.1-1Kgs.9.25 and 2Chr.2.1-2Chr.7.22 . While many details are uncertain, what can be known of the building with fair certainty is here given. The temple consisted of three sections: (1) The Ulam, or porch, through which the temple proper was entered. (2) The Hekhal, or Holy Place , which was lighted by clerestory windows ( 1Kgs.6.4 ). It was thirty feet (nine m.) wide, sixty feet (eighteen m.) long, and forty-five feet (fourteen m.) high. It was paneled with cedar, with gold inlay to relieve the wooden monotony and to add grandeur. (3) The Devir, or Most Holy Place ( 2Chr.3.8-2Chr.3.13 ), the inner sanctum, a thirty-foot (nine-m.) cube, windowless and overlaid with gold. It had a raised floor, and the cubicle was reached by steps from the Hekhal. Here God especially manifested his presenc


"Buster Keaton's film ""The Three Ages"" included the invention of Stone Age baseball and modern traffic problems in classical Rome. What is this an example of?"

Anachronism A Anachronism An anachronism—from the Greek ανά (ana: against, anti-) and χρόνος (chronos: time)—is an error in chronology, especially a chronological misplacing of persons, events, objects, or customs in regard to each other. The item is often an object, but may be a verbal expression, a technology, a philosophical idea, a musical style, a material, a custom, or anything else so closely associated with a particular period in time that it would be incorrect to place it outside its proper domain. Types The intentional use of older, often obsolete cultural artifacts may be regarded as anachronistic. For example, it could be considered anachronistic for a modern-day person to wear a top-hat, write with a quill pen , or use a typewriter . Such choices may reflect an eccentricity, an aesthetic preference, or an ethical preference. Another sort of parachronism arises when a work based on a particular era's state of knowledge is read within the context of a later era with a different state of knowledge. Many scientific works that rely on theories that have later been discredited have become anachronistic with the removal of those underpinnings, and works of speculative fiction often find their speculation outstripped by real-world technological development. A prochronism, on the other hand, occurs when an item appears in a temporal context in which it could not yet be present (the object had not yet been developed, the verbal expression had not been coined, the philosophy had not been formulated, the breed of animal had not been developed, the technology had not been created). An example might be Western movies' placing of firearms not introduced until the 1870s, such as the Winchester 1873 rifle or the Colt Single Action Army revolver, into frontier society of antebellum or Civil War years. While prochronisms such as this may not be noticeable to the uninformed, other prochronisms are frankly comic in their effect (e.g., a tenth-century British peasant earnestly explaining his village as an "anarcho-syndicalist commune" in the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail, or a Beatlesque band called the "Bedbugs" appearing in the American Civil War–era TV comedy F-Troop). Artifacts An anachronism can be an artifact which appears out of place archaeologically, geologically , or temporally . It is sometimes called OOPArt, for "out-of-place artifact". Anachronisms usually appear more technologically advanced than is expected for their place and period. However, a seeming anachronism may reflect our ignorance rather than a genuine chronological anomaly . A popular view of history presents an unfolding of the past in which humanity has a primitive start and progresses toward development of technology. Allegedly anachronistic artifacts demonstrate contradictions to this idea. Some archaeologists believe that seeing these artifacts as anachronisms underestimates the technology and creativity of people at the time. Art and fiction Anachronism is used especially in works of imagination that rest on a historical basis. Anachronisms may be introduced in many ways, originating, for instance, in disregard of the different modes of life and thought that characterize different periods, or in ignorance of the progress of the arts and sciences and other facts of history. They vary from glaring inconsistencies to scarcely perceptible misrepresentation. It is only since the close of the 18th century that this kind of deviation from historical reality has jarred on a general audience. Anachronisms abound in the works of Raphael and Shakespeare , as well as in those of less celebrated painters and playwrights of earlier times. In particular, the artists, on the stage and on the canvas, in story and in song, assimilated their characters to their own nationality and their own time. Roman soldiers appear in Renaissance military garb. The Virgin Mary was represented in Italian works with Italian characteristics, and in Flemish works with Flemish ones. Alexander the Great appeared on the French stage in the full costume of Louis XIV of France dow


Who was president of the USA during the American Civil War?

Who was the US President During the American Civil War Open Mic Who was the US President During the American Civil War Abraham Lincoln was the US president during the American Civil War which is also known as the "War Between the States". "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently, half slave, half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved. I do not expect the house to fall - but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other." - Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was the US president during the American Civil War. Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth US president who was elected to power in the year 1860. He represented the Republican Party. He was the first Republican to receive 180 of 303 electoral votes and forty percent of the popular vote. On March 4,1861 Lincoln took office as the president of the United States of America. At that time, eleven Southern States declared their secession from the Union. Both, the Republican and the Democratic Party, rejected the secession. The government of the US regarded it as a rebellion. Jefferson Davis who had formed the Confederate States of America led the civil war against the government. On April 12, 1861 Confederate forces under the leadership of Jefferson Davis attacked the US military base at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. This led to the second war of American independence also known as American Civil War. The army under the guidance of Abraham Lincoln crushed the secession movement. The outcome of the American Civil War was the ending of slavery. On September 1862, Abraham Lincoln issued the "Emancipation Proclamation" freeing the slaves once and for all. He is, therefore, known as the Father of Emancipation. Around 620,000 soldiers died in the American Civil War and it is considered as one of the deadliest wars in the history of America. By Maya Pillai


"What is the first line of the speech by the 3 witches in Shakespeare's Macbeth that ends ""toil and trouble, fire burn and cauldron bubble""?"

Double, Double Toil and Trouble - Shakespeare A dark Cave. In the middle, a Caldron boiling. Thunder.                 Enter the three Witches.        1 WITCH.  Thrice the brinded cat hath mew'd.        2 WITCH.  Thrice and once, the hedge-pig whin'd.        3 WITCH.  Harpier cries:'tis time! 'tis time!        1 WITCH.  Round about the caldron go;     In the poison'd entrails throw.     Toad, that under cold stone,     Days and nights has thirty-one;     Swelter'd venom sleeping got,     Boil thou first i' the charmed pot!        ALL.  Double, double toil and trouble;     Fire burn, and caldron bubble.        2 WITCH.  Fillet of a fenny snake,     In the caldron boil and bake;     Eye of newt, and toe of frog,     Wool of bat, and tongue of dog,     Adder's fork, and blind-worm's sting,     Lizard's leg, and owlet's wing,     For a charm of powerful trouble,     Like a hell-broth boil and bubble.        ALL.  Double, double toil and trouble;     Fire burn, and caldron bubble.        3 WITCH.  Scale of dragon; tooth of wolf;     Witches' mummy; maw and gulf     Of the ravin'd salt-sea shark;     Root of hemlock digg'd i the dark;     Liver of blaspheming Jew;     Gall of goat, and slips of yew     Sliver'd in the moon's eclipse;     Nose of Turk, and Tartar's lips;     Finger of birth-strangled babe     Make the gruel thick and slab:     Add thereto a tiger's chaudron,     For the ingrediants of our caldron.        ALL.  Double, double toil and trouble;     Fire burn, and caldron bubble.        2 WITCH.  Cool it with a baboon's blood,     Then the charm is firm and good.


What is the name of the prehistoric figure, of a man holding a club, that is carved into the chalk near Dorchester, England?

Prehistoric sites in Dorset, England - Dorset Travel Information England > Dorset > Gazetteer of Prehistoric Sites Prehistoric Sites in Dorset An Iron Age Hillfort to the northwest of Abbotsbury village. The fort encloses an area of 4 acres, and within the double ramparts, the outlines of huts can still be seen. The location is superb, with views across Lyme Bay. Abbotsbury,                                                          Dorset,                              England Badbury Rings Set on a high rise of land within the Kingston Lacy estates is the Iron Age hillfort known as Badbury Rings. The site, now crowned with trees, is defended on three sides by a trio of concentric earthen ditches and ramparts. Badbury has been proposed as the site of Mons Badonicus (Mount Badon) - the great 6th century battle which saw a Romano-British force under King Arthur defeat invading Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. Blandford Road,                              Wimborne,                                                          Dorset,                              England Heritage Rating: Cerne Abbas Giant A 180 foot high figure of a man bearing a club, carved into the chalk of the hillside. It is not clear who carved the giant, and speculation has ranged from the Romans, to Celts, to Iron Age Britons. The figure's rather impressive physical endowments have made him the source of fertility practices; local folklore says that an infertile woman who spends the night within the figure will then be able to bear a child. Cerne Abbas,                              Near Dorchester,                                            Dorset,                              England Heritage Rating: Kingston Russell Stone Circle The Kingston Russell stone circle dates to the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age. The circle is composed of 18 stones, all fallen. The location is wonderful; the stone circle is set on a chalk hill top with wide-ranging views towards the sea and nearby Abbotsbury village. Abbotsbury,                                                          Dorset,                              England, DT3 4JX Heritage Rating: A fascinating historic site consisting of a ruined medieval church standing within the remains of a Neolithic henge earthwork. The juxtaposition of the Norman church and the prehistoric henge monument represents a quite striking combination of Christian and pre-Christian history. Lumber Lane,                              Knowlton,                                                          Dorset,                              England Heritage Rating: Maiden Castle One of the most intriguing ancient sites in England, Maiden Castle is a huge pre-Roman fortress, with high earthen banks enclosing a hilltop site of 45 acres. The fort was occupied in the Bronze Age, but the 'castle' was extended to its current dimensions in the 1st century BC. In 43 AD the local Celtic tribes used Maiden Castle to make their futile last stand against the invading Roman Army. Dorchester,                                                          Dorset,                              England, DT2 9PP Heritage Rating: A long barrow that really is *long*! Pimperne barrow stretches to 330 feet in length, rises to 10 feet high, and is about 90 feet wide at its widest point. The barrow can be roughly dated to 3500-4000 BC.  Pimperne,                                                          Dorset,


Primogeniture is the method by which, for example, land passes from a farmer who dies intestate to his eldest son. What is the name of the method whereby the land is divided between all of the sons?

Full text of "The history of the law of primogeniture in England, and its effect upon landed property : (being an essay which, jointly with another, obtained the Yorke Prize of the University of Cambridge.)" See other formats Si/'. ' I   KD  1523  P7K46  1878  c. 1  ROBA <\vJi   t?   y   /z^   THE HISTORY   LAW OF PEIMOGENITURE IN ENGLAND   ITS EFFECT UPON LANDED PROPERTY.   (BEING AN ESSAY WHICH, JOINTLY WITH ANOTHER, OBTAINED THE YORKE PRIZE OF THE UNIVERSITY OP CAMBRIDGE).   BY COURTNEY STANHOPE KENNY, LL.B.,  OF LINCOLN'S INN, FELLOW AND LAW LF.CTURER OF DOWNING COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.   SoiCwv Ts irXriQos' aQpoOv aa&sviarspov  (PauXoT^fjaf i^psvos" uvToxparovs' ivos", o Svvaaif ava re [x.iXaQpa icaTo. re TroAiag-.  Euripides. . — .— %   CAMBRIDGE :— J. HALL & SON.  LONDON :— REEVES & TURNER; AND SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, <fe CO.  1878.   I )'   LONDON :  PRINTED BY GEORGE REVEIRS, GRAYSTOKE PLACE,  FETTER LANE, E.G.   TO  RICHARD DAVIS CRAIG, ESQ., Q.C.,  IN HECORD OF ADMIRATION  FOR HIS JUREDICAL AND HISTORICAL  LEARNING;   ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS.   I. — Anticipations of Peimogeniture in England before the Norman Conquest.  The Britons, unlike the Romans, exclude females. The Welsh.  Youngest son's privilege.  Eldest son's privilege. The Saxons.  Females admitted, but postponed.  Youngest son preferred in towns.  Eldest son preferred by nobles.  II. — Rise op the Law op Primogeniture in England.  1. Its imposition by Wm. I. upon his Military Tenants.  His motives for the change.  2. Its gradual spread amongst the Military Tenants of Mesne Lords.  3. Its gradual spread amongst Socagers.  (i.) Under military pressure. " Laws of Henry J." (ii.) Under juridical pressure. Glanville.  The Turning-point a.d. 1200. Bracton.  Fleta and Britton. Except  (a) in Kent.  Causes of this exception.  1. Independence of the ceorls.  2. Prominence of the Church.  3. Geographical position.  (b) in Towns.  4. Its successive extensions amongst Kentish Socagers.  (i.) By Prerogative. 1202—1313. (ii.) By Statute. 1496—1624. The subsequent relapse.  5. Its extension to Wales. 1543.   VI.  6. Its successive extensions in Ireland. *  For lands of Englishry (Hen. II.). Made universal (James I.). Lands of Papists excepted (Anne). Again made universal (Geo. III.).  7. Its gradual spread amongst Copyholders.  8. Its gradual spread amongst Customary Freeholders.  Cause of the exaggerated form it here assumed. Analogy of the Isle of Man, and of Holland.  9. Its non-extension to Leaseholders.  Contrast with Scottish law. Cause of the difference.  III. — The Successive Safeguards of Primogeniture.  The heir's expectancy protected by Restrictions on Alienation, im.posed  (i.) By laws for direct benefit of heir. 10 — .  (ii.) By laws for direct benefit of lord. 1217. (iii.) By entails. 1285. (iv.) By contingent remainders. 1431.  IV. — The Effects of the Law of Primogeniture. In the past (a) Military.  (6) Political and Social, (c) Economical. In the present (d) Domestic.  v.— The Probable Future of the Law of Primogeniture. Arguments for its retention.  (i.) The reform would be inoperative ;  (ii.) Yet would cause excessive subdivision.  (iii.) Primogeniture stimulates younger sons ;  (iv.) Stimulates capitalists ;  (v.) And is essential to a Peerage.  (vi.) Change of Law would change the Custom. Modem Parliamentary efibrts to abolish it. Their basis the Succession Law of Personalty. Suggested modifications : —  (1) Peers to be excepted.  (2) An option of Purchase.  (3) Cottiers to be excepted.  Suggestion of Qualified Primogeniture as a preferable basis of reform. Conclusion.   THE   ifet0rj| 0f tijje %i\b of ^ximo^mlimt m ^nglattb  AND ITS EFFECT UPON LANDED PROPERTY.   I. — Anticipations of Primogeniture in England  BEFORE THE NORMAN CONQUEST.  Primogeniture had no place among the earliest inhabi- tants of our island. At Caesar's landing, agricultural arts, and consequently all ideas of private property in land, were unkn


Deadwood Deadwood is 32 miles from Mount Rushmore and was founded in 1876. With characters like Wild Bill Hickok and Calamity Jane among its former residents, it's no wonder that the entire town of Deadwood is a National Landmark. Proceeds from the many gambling halls in Deadwood help to keep up the town. That doesn't mean that the only thing to do in Deadwood is work on a winning hand, however. With so many attractions to choose from, everyone turns out a winner! Adams House, The Broken Boot Gold Mine, Days of '76 Museum, Ghosts of Deadwood Wax Museum, the daily shoot-out on Main Street and Trial of Jack McCall are some of Deadwood's must-see attractions and activities. Hot Springs With several public parks and gardens, access to golf, fishing, hiking and biking, Hot Springs is certainly a great outdoor town. Located 48 miles from Mount Rushmore, you'll find additional attractions here including the Black Hills Wild Horse Sanctuary, Cascade Falls, an 1880's Jail House, Fall River Waterfall, and Mammoth Site . If you choose to spend the night in Hot Springs, you'll have your choice of locations, too, with Bed & Breakfast, Tipi, and everything in between. The Comfort Inn in Hot Springs has received awards for  excellent customer service and is sure to provide the comfort and convenience you need during your visit. Wall Named after the nine-mile-long strip of spires, ridges and twisted gullies running through The Badlands, the western town of Wall got its beginning in 1907. In that year it was established as a railroad station and soon grew to become a true Wild West town. Today you'll find many attractions in Wall including the Wall Drug Store (also known as the "free ice water store"), Prairie Homestead, Badlands National Park and Wounded Knee: The Museum, where you'll get an in-depth look at what life was like for  the Native Americans of this region in the 1800's. Lodging in the area is a bit more modern than it was in the 1800's and includes Days Inn, Best Western Plains Motel, Econo Lodge and several bed and breakfasts. Murdo In 1904, Murdo Mackenzie was busy shipping trainloads of Texas steer to a small area of South Dakota for  grazing on the Standing Rock Reservation. The railroad aptly named the resulting town Murdo and today it stands as a testament to the bygone era of herding, outlaws and mining. Murdo attractions include the Pioneer Auto Museum and Antique Town and South Dakota's Original 1880 Town which is located just 22 miles west of Murdo. For a stay in Murdo the only worry you'll have is which fantastic motel to choose. Comfort and convenience rule the roost at any of Murdo's great lodging choices including Graham's Best Western, Range Country Days Inn, Sioux Motel and Anchor Inn. Reviews 1880 Train: A 19th Century Train Ride Tour A fun ride into the past. Only suggestion would be to book your train ride early in the day. Mid july was pretty warm during mid day. -- Curtis Fuller - North Ogden, UT National Presidential Wax Museum - Keystone, SD Amazing and awesome! We would definitely recommend this to other people. -- Mary Brinker - Weston, WI Big Thunder Gold Mine - Keystone, SD Kids ,as well as adults ,would love this adventure....Our tour guide there was very nice and informative!! -- Brenda Hill - Meeker, CO