Which country had, at various times, included areas known at various times as Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Serbia, Vojvodina, Kosovo, Istria and Rijeka?

History of the Serbs History      of the Serbs Origins The Serbs are believed      to be a purely Slavic people who originated in Ukraine. Some scholars      now argue that the original Serbs and Croats were Central Asian Sarmatian      nomads who entered Europe with the Huns in the fourth century C.E. The      theory proposes that the Sarmatian Serbs settled in a land designated      as White Serbia, in what is now Saxony and western Poland. The Sarmatian      Serbs, it is argued, intermarried with the indigenous Slavs of the region,      adopted their language and transferred their name to the Slavs. Arrival to the      Balkans Byzantine sources      report that some Serbs migrated southward in the seventh century C.E.      and eventually settled in the lands that now make up southern Serbia,      Montenegro, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Rival chiefs, or "zupani," vied to control the Serbs for five centuries after the migration. Zupan      Vlastimir formed a Serbian principality under the Byzantines around      850, and the Serbs soon converted to Eastern Christianity. The Serbs      had two political centers in the 11th century: Zeta, in the mountains      of present-day Montenegro, and Raska, located in modern southwestern      Serbia. First Serbian      State The zupan of Raska,      Stefan I Nemanja (1159-96), threw off Byzantine domination and laid      the foundation for medieval Serbia by conquering Zeta and part of southern      Dalmatia. His son and successor, Stefan II Nemanja (1196-1228), transformed      Serbia into a stable state, friendly with Rome but with religious loyalty      to Constantinople. In 1218, Pope Honorius III recognized Serbian political      independence and crowned Stefan II king. The writings of Stefan II and      his brother (canonized as St. Sava) were the first works of Serbian      literature. Later kings in the      Nemanja line overcame internal rivalries and pressure from Bulgaria      and Constantinople. They also rejected papal invitations to link the      Serbian Orthodox Church with Rome, and they ruled their country through      a golden age. Serbia expanded its economy, and Dalmatian merchants sold      Serbian goods throughout Europe and the Levant. The Nemanje dynasty      left to Serbia masterpieces of religious art combining Western, Byzantine      and local styles. Serbia dominated      the Balkans under Stefan Dusan (1331-55), who conquered lands extending      from Belgrade to present-day southern Greece. He proclaimed himself      emperor, elevated the archbishop of Pec to the level of patriarch, and      wrote a new legal code combining Byzantine law with Serbian customs.      Dusan had ambitions toward a weakened Byzantine Empire, but the Byzantine      emperor suspected his intentions and summoned the Turks to restrain      him. Dusan repelled assaults in 1345 and 1349, but was defeated in 1352.      He then offered to lead an alliance against the Turks and recognize      the pope, but those gambits also were rejected. Rival nobles divided      Serbia after the death of Dusan in 1355, and many switched loyalty to      the sultan after the last Nemanja died in 1371. The most powerful Serbian      prince, Lazar Hrebeljanovic, raised a multinational force to engage      the Turks in the Battle of Kosovo Polje on St. Vitus Day in 1389. The      Turks barely defeated Lazar, and both he and the sultan were killed.      The defeat did not bring immediate Turkish occupation of Serbia, but      during the centuries of Turkish domination that followed, the Serbs      endowed the battle with myths of honor and heroism that helped them      preserve their dignity and sense of nationhood. Serbs still recite epic      poems and sing songs about the nobles who fell at


The Sex Pistols' initial career lasted two and a half years. How many studio albums of frsh material did they issue officially in that period?

NWH-2-4-2015 by Shaw Media - issuu Complete forecast on page A8 Facebook.com/NWHerald THE ONLY DAILY NEWSPAPER PUBLISHED IN McHENRY COUNTY LOW @NWHerald Health experts push measles shots County seeing growing number of exemptions By ALLISON GOODRICH agoodrich@shawmedia.com As the number of measles cases in the United States this year just surpassed 100, county health officials said the increasing trend of parents declining the measles vaccination is a cause for concern. The state of Illinois allows residents to opt their children out of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine for either religious or medical reasons. Illinoisans cannot, however, opt out through a philosophical exemption. In McHenry County, the number of school religious exemptions from the MMR vaccine has risen from 465 students in fiscal 2011-12 to 548 in fis- private schools who did not receive the MMR vaccine, compared to three years ago. 548: Number of school religious exemp“We always, and especially have tions from the MMR vaccine in fiscal 2013-14 this past week, reinforced the public 465: Number of school religious exemphealth message – vaccinations save tions from the MMR vaccine in fiscal 2011-12 lives,” said Debra Quackenbush, spokeswoman for the McHenry County Voice your opinion Department of Health. She said the MMR vaccination rate Should schools allow unvaccinated children in local schools is at a good level, 95 perto enroll? Vote online at NWHerald.com. cent, but added that if the exemption trend continues, it could eventually affect schools’ “herd immunity,” which cal 2013-14, according to Illinois State refers to when enough people in a comBoard of Education data from the coun- munity are immunized to make the ty health department. That means last spread of infectious disease unlikely. school year, there were 83 more stuSee MEASLES, page A6 dents in McHenry County public and Impact in McHenry County Sarah Nader – snader@shawmedia.com A certified medical assistant brings in vaccinations, including a measles booster, for a 5-year-old patient in June 2014 at the Centegra Physician Care pediatrics office in Woodstock. What to look for in gov.’s address POLL: YOUTH MORE WILLING TO VOLUNTEER THAN PARENTS A HELPFUL GENERATION By SARA BURNETT and KERRY LESTER The Associated Press Kyle Grillot – kgrillot@shawmedia.com Volunteer Jessica Silva (left), 17, reads off bingo numbers Saturday to residents including Eleanor Cairns (center), with the help of Justine Cusack, 16, at Fox Point McHenry Assisted Living in McHenry. An AP poll found young people under 30 are more apt to give back than their parents were. Silva and Cusack are part of the Key Club of McHenry High School, in which members volunteer throughout the year at numerous organizations. Giving back to community on rise for young county residents By JEFF ENGELHARDT jengelhardt@shawmedia.com McHENRY – Laura Whiteside’s future career may have been unlocked by the Key Club. Whiteside, a senior at McHenry High School – West Campus and now president of the student volunteering organization, said four years of volunteering helped her discover her passion for helping others and has her on a path to a career in helping children and adults with special needs. What started as volunteer work through the group at places such as senior centers and events such as St. Baldrick’s quickly blossomed into an individual initiative to volunteer at places such as GiGi’s Playhouse to help those with Down syndrome. “I want to work with special needs children and never would have known if I didn’t join the Key Club,” Whiteside said. “I think a lot of kids our age don’t know there are so many opportunities to volunteer. I know I didn’t.” But more and more young adults are willing to volunteer more than their parents’ generation, according to a recent Associated Press-Gfk poll. While the survey showed nearly all civic duties, such as voting and jury duty, declined among young adults compared to their parents’ generation, volunteering was markedly higher with one out of every five people younger than 30 volunteering in 2013.


Who was the founder of the Christian Science movement?

Christian Science | religious denomination | Britannica.com religious denomination Alternative Title: Church of Christ, Scientist Related Topics church Christian Science, religious denomination founded in the United States in 1879 by Mary Baker Eddy (1821–1910), author of the book that contains the definitive statement of its teaching, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures (1875). It is widely known for its highly controversial practice of spiritual healing . The Mother Church and reflecting pool, Christian Science Center, Boston. © Tony Arruza/Corbis History, organization, and development Christian Science emerged in late 19th-century America, when Darwinism , biblical criticism , and other secularizing influences weakened the supernaturalist structure of Protestant orthodoxy. Troubled Christians, divided between what Eddy called a “stern Protestantism” and a “doubtful liberalism,” were drawn to Christian Science because of the practice of spiritual healing and the promise of renewed faith. Reared in a strict Congregationalist home in rural New Hampshire , Mary Baker (Eddy is the last name of her third husband) broke with the hellfire determinism of her father’s stark Calvinist theology. Yet she retained from that heritage a Bible-centred, though somewhat unorthodox, piety that prevented her from accepting the attenuated Christianity of Unitarianism and, later, of transcendentalism . Personal misfortune and ill health contributed to Eddy’s preoccupation with the question of God’s responsibility for human suffering. Eddy’s own search for health led her to experiment with various alternative healing methods, including homeopathy , hydrotherapy (water cure), and the therapeutic techniques of Phineas Parkhurst Quimby , a charismatic healer from Maine. Her association with him from 1862 to 1865 strengthened her belief, acquired by her experiments with homeopathy, in the mental nature of disease. It also spurred her own search for the meaning of New Testament healing stories. The extent of Quimby’s influence on Eddy is a question of great controversy that first emerged when Eddy published her teachings and later sued a former student for plagiarism . He defended himself by charging that Eddy had merely copied Quimby’s material. The court ruled in Eddy’s favour, but Quimby’s papers were not made available for public scrutiny. As Eddy became increasingly controversial, she was condemned by her opponents as a derivative thinker. Moreover, as New Thought (a metaphysical healing movement) became established in the second decade of the 20th century, it looked to Quimby rather than Eddy as the fountainhead of its work. Only with the publication of Quimby’s papers in 1921 was it possible to see Eddy’s (and New Thought’s) radical departure from Quimby’s main emphases. Recent evaluations of Eddy recognize that Quimby was an important stimulus to Eddy’s development but that the religious teaching of Christian Science as it finally emerged was essentially foreign to Quimby’s thought. Similar Topics United Methodist Church The origins of the Christian Science movement can be traced to 1866, shortly after Quimby’s death. At that time, while reading about one of Jesus’ healings in the New Testament, Eddy suddenly recovered from the effects of what may have been a severe accident. Controversy has surrounded the details of this incident, but it was a turning point in her life, prompting several years of intense scriptural study and writing. Eddy also claimed to have had further healing experiences through which she tested her developing conclusions. In 1870 she taught her first Christian Science class, based on her work The Science of Man by Which the Sick Are Healed, or, Questions and Answers on Moral Science (1870), and attracted a following in the mill town of Lynn, Massachusetts, near Boston, where she remained until 1882. In 1875 she published Science and Health, which she repeatedly revised over the next 35 years to make it more effective as the “textbook” for the study and practice of Christian Science. In 1879 Eddy and a group


What is the 9th month of the Islamic calendar, the month of fasting, in which Muslims refrain from eating, drinking, smoking, and so on from dawn to sunset?

When Is Ramadan 2013? First Calendar Day Of Muslim Holy Month Celebrated Monday [PHOTOS] When Is Ramadan 2013? First Calendar Day Of Muslim Holy Month Celebrated Monday [PHOTOS] By Nadine DeNinno @nadinedeninno On 07/09/13 AT 8:07 AM A vendor displays dates at a market in Sanaa, as Muslims prepare for the fasting month of Ramadan, the holiest month in the Islamic calendar, July 7, 2013. Photo: Reuters Filipino Muslim students pray at the IBN Khaldon Asian Integrated Institute in Maharlika village, Taguig city, south of Manila, July 9, 2013. Philippines' President Benigno Aquino on Tuesday called for unity and cooperation among Filipino Muslims as they prepare to start the observance of the holy month of Ramadan. Ramadan is the most sacred month of the Islamic calendar. The Philippines will be starting Ramadan on Wednesday, local media reported. Photo: Reuters A fruit vendor awaits customers ahead of the Islamic holy month of Ramadan in Kabul, July 8, 2013. Muslims around the world abstain from eating, drinking and conducting sexual relations from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan, the holiest month in the Islamic calendar. Photo: Reuters Brunei's Islamic religious officers perform "rukyah," the sighting of the new moon of Ramadan, in Bandar Seri Bebawan, July 8, 2013. Muslims scan the sky at dusk in the beginning of the lunar calendar's ninth month in search of the new moon to proclaim the start of Ramadan, Islam's holiest month, during which observant believers fast from dawn to dusk. Photo: Reuters A Malaysian Islamic religious officer performs "rukyah," the sighting of the new moon of Ramadan, in Putrajaya outside Kuala Lumpur, July 8, 2013. Photo: Reuters A Palestinian man hangs decorations at the entrance to the compound of The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem's Old City July 8, 2013, ahead of the upcoming holy month of Ramadan. Photo: Reuters A vendor sells at his shop ahead of the fasting month of Ramadan at the Shorja wholesale market in central Baghdad, July 9, 2013. Ramadan is the ninth and holiest month in the Islamic calendar, during which Muslims around the world abstain from eating, drinking and conducting sexual relations from sunrise to sunset. Photo: Reuters A vendor displays bananas at his stall in Somalia capital Mogadishu as Muslims prepare for the fasting month of Ramadan, July 8 2013. Photo: Reuters Previous Next Monday marked the first calendar day of Ramadan 2013, the holy month for Muslims around the world, who will fast and practice abstinence from dawn until sunset for 30 days. The annual event marks the anniversary of the Quran being revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. Ramadan is held during the ninth month of the 12-month Islamic calendar, starting after the sighting of the new moon. The holy month lasts for 29 or 30 days, this year beginning on Monday, July 8, at sunset, or “rukyah,” when the moon is spotted, and going on until the next new moon appears, on Wednesday, Aug. 7. The month of fasting is celebrated by more than 1.5 billion Muslims around the world, including in the U.S., where there are nearly 2.6 million Muslims, according to the Pew Research Center . This year, one of Britain’s top broadcasters, Channel 4, will broadcast the three-minute call to prayer at 3 a.m. on each day of Ramadan. The channel's act of “deliberate provocation” is designed to break the stigma for those who associate Islam with terrorism. While it has caused a bit of controversy for British citizens, assistant secretary-general of the Muslim Council of Britain Ibrahim Mogra told Voice of America that the move will make Muslims feel welcome in British society. “I think this will certainly help,” he said. “It is not going to dispel all the myths and misconceptions about Islam in one go. But every effort helps.” The purpose of Ramadan is to focus on spirituality, praying more often and withholding any acts of violence during the fast. All Muslims around the world are expected to participate, with the exception of the elderly, sick and pregnant, by wishing each other "Ramadan Kareem" or "Ramadan Mubarak." As one of the


"What is the next in this series: ""Lucky Town"", ""The Ghost of Tom Joad"", ""The Rising"", ""Devils & Dust"", ""We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions"", ""Magic"" ... ?"

Bruce Springsteen (Music) - TV Tropes Bruce Springsteen You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share WMG "Cuz tramps like us, baby, we were born to run." Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen (born September 23, 1949), nicknamed "The Boss", is one of the most notable singer-songwriters to come out of the 1970s . Perhaps his most well-known albums are Born to Run (1975) and Born in the USA (1984). Alongside his backing group the E Street Band, the membership of which has remained mostly constant throughout the years, Springsteen is best known for a "heartland rock" style that features themes of Americana, working-class desperation in an age of cynicism, and hope for a better life. Despite his associations with liberal politics and John Kerry in particular, his songs have sometimes been appropriated by conservative politicians, oftentimes without his permission. The most glaring example is the song "Born in the USA", which despite its title is not an unequivocal celebration of that country, but rather a condemnation of its treatment of Vietnam veterans. When Ronald Reagan tried to use the song for his reelection campaign in 1984, Springsteen famously told the President that he couldn't use it. Despite his most well-known work being produced in the '70s and '80s , he is still recording today. His latest album, High Hopes, was released in 2014. He also campaigned for Barack Obama during the 2008 American presidential campaign and performed at the inauguration. Springsteen is also notable for helping to launch Courteney Cox 's career when she appeared in his video for "Dancing in the Dark." , after reading the books to his son, and tried to get it into the movie. Studio discography Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J. (1972)^ The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle (1973)^ Darkness on the Edge of Town (1978)^ The River (1980)^ Born in the U.S.A. (1984)^ Tunnel of Love (1987)^ The Ghost of Tom Joad (1995) The Rising (2002)^ We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions (2006) Magic (2007)^ Working on a Dream (2009)^ Wrecking Ball (2012)^ ^=with the E Street Band "Tropes like us, baby we were born to run!": Academy Award : Won one for his 1993 song Streets of Philadelphia , the title tune of the film Philadelphia . Aesop Amnesia : In 1984, President Reagan famously wanted to use "Born in the USA" his campaign song, prompting Springsteen to note that the song's lyrics weren't quite as upbeat many people believed the chorus to be and that it was actually a mournful song about veterans (including some of Bruce's friends) who went through the Vietnam War. In a similar vein, Independence Day celebrations have often used the song. And Bruce will publicly have to explain once again how the song is about how poorly Vietnam veterans (and the working class in general) were treated. Age Progression Song : Arguably "Outlaw Pete", albeit slightly nastier than most of these usually are. All Drummers Are Animals : Averted with the chilled-out Max Weinberg, but the original E Street drummer, Vini Lopez, was nicknamed "Mad Dog". All Just a Dream : A verse in "Downbound Train" And Now For Something Completely Different : Nebraska was a departure: Three Chords and the Truth by Springsteen on his own instead of the earlier full band backing and dark, political songs. Not quite a New Sound Album , though, as it was followed by Born in the USA... We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions. Bruce put together an entirely new band and recorded a selection of traditional folk songs like "Old Man Tucker", "Eyes on the Prize", "John Henry" and "Mary Don't You Weep". The end product is one of his most rocking albums in recent years. Wrecking Ball proved to be quite a surprise for early listeners. Traces of gospel, Celtic folk, hip-hop beats and big horns collide in a messy combination, featuring some of his angriest lyrics in years. It just works. And Starring : When he introduces the members of the E Street Band in concert, he always saved saxophone player Clarence Clemons ("The Big Man") for last, usually shouting, "And last but not le


When was the first Super Bowl for American football held?

Where was the First Super Bowl Held Where was the First Super Bowl Held 21 Jul, 2011 Where was 0 The championship game of the National Football League (NFL) is known as the Super Bowl. It has been held since 1967 as a part of the merger agreement between the NFL and the American Football League (AFL). They agreed that the champion of each league should meet in the AFL–NFL World Championship Game, which is now known as the first Super Bowl. The champion from the NFL was the Green Bay Packers and the champion from the AFL was the Kansas City Chiefs. They met for the first Super Bowl on January 15, 1967. Where was the first Super Bowl held? The location and date of the game was not known until 6 weeks before kick-off. Los Angles was awarded the game and it was played at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The Green Bay Packers went into the game as heavy favorites and didn’t disappoint with a 35-10 win. Interesting facts about Super Bowl I It was the only Super Bowl to be televised on 2 different television networks at the same time. This was due to the fact that CBS had the rights to the NFL and NBC had the rights to the AFL. It was decided to allow them both to broadcast the game. Unfortunately, the broadcast tapes of the game was lost when the tapes were wiped. Due to a mistake in the television coverage the kick-off after half time had to be redone. The Chiefs made a good return on the first kick-off, but they were not as successful on the second kick. Some football commentators think that this may have dramatically changed the result of the game. Despite leading at halftime 10-7, the Chiefs did not score in the entire second half of the game. The Green Bay Packers players were each paid $15,000 (about $100,000 in today’s money) for winning, and the Kansas City Chiefs players were paid $7,500 (about $50,000 in today’s money). Max McGee, of the Green Bay Packers, was the first player to score a touchdown in Super Bowl history. Amazingly, he wasn’t even supposed to play in the game after breaking the team curfew the night before when he went out drinking. However, the starter for his position, Boyd Dowler, injured his shoulder and McGee had to borrow a helmet and replace him. Related Articles


What thin, circular structure in the eye controls the diameter and size of the pupils and the amount of light reaching the pupil?

Parts of the Human Eye - YouTube Parts of the Human Eye Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Mar 29, 2015 The iris (plural: irides or irises) is a thin, circular structure in the eye. It controls the diameter and size of the pupils and thus the amount of light reaching the retina. Category


The Easter Rising, an insurrection staged during Easter Week 1916 with the aim of ending British rule, was where?

Easter Rising 1916 | The Irish War 1916 Easter Rising You are here: Home / History / 1916 Easter Rising The Easter Rising (Irish: Éirí Amach na Cásca), was an insurrection staged in Ireland during Easter Week, 1916. The Rising was mounted by Irish republicans with the aims of ending British rule in Ireland and establishing an Irish Republic. It was the most significant uprising in Ireland since the rebellion of 1798. Organised by the Military Council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the Rising lasted from Easter Monday 24 April to 30 April 1916. Members of the Irish Volunteers, led by schoolteacher and barrister Patrick Pearse, joined by the smaller Irish Citizen Army of James Connolly, along with 200 members of Cumann na mBan, seized key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic independent of Britain. There were some actions in other parts of Ireland but, except for the attack on the RIC barracks at Ashbourne, County Meath, they were minor. O’Connell Street, Dublin after the Easter Rising The Rising was suppressed after seven days of fighting, and its leaders were court-martialled and executed, but it succeeded in bringing physical force republicanism back to the forefront of Irish politics. In the 1918 General Election, the last all-island election held in Ireland, to the British Parliament, Republicans won 73 seats out of 105, on a policy of abstentionism from Westminster and Irish independence. This came less than two years after the Rising. In January 1919, the elected members of Sinn Féin who were not still in prison at the time, including survivors of the Rising, convened the First Dáil and established the Irish Republic. The British Government refused to accept the legitimacy of the newly declared nation, leading to the Irish War of Independence. Planning the Rising Tom Clarke Fenian The Supreme Council of the IRB met on 5 September 1914, a month after the United Kingdom declared war on Germany. At this meeting they decided to stage a rising before the war ended and to accept whatever help Germany might offer. Responsibility for the planning of the rising was given to Tom Clarke and Sean Mac Dermott. The Irish Volunteers, the smaller of the two forces resulting from the September 1914 split over support for the British war effort, set up a “headquarters staff” that included Patrick Pearse as Director of Military Organisation, Joseph Plunkett as Director of Military Operations and Thomas MacDonagh as Director of Training. Eamonn Ceant was later added as Director of Communications. In May 1915 Clarke and MacDermott established a Military Committee within the IRB, consisting of Pearse, Plunkett and Ceannt, to draw up plans for a rising. This dual rôle allowed the Committee, to which Clarke and MacDermott added themselves shortly afterwards, to promote their own policies and personnel independently of both the Volunteer Executive and the IRB Executive—in particular Volunteer Chief of Staff  Eoin MacNeill, who was opposed to a rising unless popular support was secured by the introduction of conscription or an attempt to suppress the Volunteers or its leaders, and IRB President Denis McCullough, who held similar views. IRB members held officer rank in the Volunteers throughout the country and would take their orders from the Military Committee, not from MacNeill.Plunkett had travelled to Germany in April 1915 to join Roger Casement. Casement had gone there from the United States the previous year with the support of Clan na Gael leader John Devoy, and after discussions with the German Ambassador in Washington, count von Bernstorf, to try to recruit an “Irish Brigade” from among Irish prisoners of war and secure German support for Irish independence. Together Plunkett and Casement presented a plan which involved a German expeditionary force landing on the west coast of Ireland, while a rising in Dublin diverted the British forces so that the Germans, with the help of local Volunteers, could secure the line of the River Shannon. James Connolly, head of the Irish Citizen Army (ICA), a group of armed social


What was initiated by British conductor Sir Henry Wood?

Sir Henry J. Wood | British musician | Britannica.com Sir Henry J. Wood Alternative Titles: Paul Klenovsky, Sir Henry Joseph Wood Sir Henry J. Wood Thea Musgrave Sir Henry J. Wood, in full Henry Joseph Wood pseudonym Paul Klenovsky (born March 3, 1869, London —died Aug. 19, 1944, Hitchin, Hertfordshire , Eng.), conductor, the principal figure in the popularization of orchestral music in England in his time. Originally an organist, Wood studied composition at the Royal Academy of Music, London, from 1886. In 1889 he toured as a conductor with the Arthur Rousbey Opera Company and later appeared with other opera companies. In 1894 he helped to organize a series of Wagner concerts at the Queen’s Hall, London, and on Oct. 6, 1895, established there a nightly season of Promenade Concerts. The success of the annual season of these concerts (the “Proms”) had a wide influence on English musical life. Beginning with a popular repertory, Wood systematically broadened the appeal of his concerts to include the entire range of 18th- and 19th-century orchestral music. Later he introduced the works of prominent contemporary figures, among them Richard Strauss , Debussy, and Schoenberg. The Promenade Concerts were managed from 1927 by the British Broadcasting Corporation and after the destruction of the Queen’s Hall in World War II were transferred to the Royal Albert Hall . In 1898 Wood married the Russian singer Olga Urusova, who had been his pupil; after her death he married, in 1911, Muriel Greatorex. He published a mass , songs, arrangements of works of Handel and Purcell, an orchestral arrangement of a toccata and fugue of J.S. Bach (which appeared under the pseudonym Paul Klenovsky), and the books The Gentle Art of Singing, 4 vol. (1927–28), My Life of Music (1938), and About Conducting (1945). Wood was knighted in 1911. Learn More in these related articles:


"""The Mystery of Edwin Drood"" is the unfinished novel by which author?"

‘Mystery of Edwin Drood,’ Dickens’s Unfinished Novel - The New York Times The New York Times Theater |A Dickens Mystery Best Left Unsolved Search Continue reading the main story Photo Stephanie J. Block, center foreground, as the title character in the current revival of “The Mystery of Edwin Drood,” based on a novel by Charles Dickens. Credit Sara Krulwich/The New York Times CHARLES DICKENS , a lifelong ham, would have loved Rupert Holmes’s “Mystery of Edwin Drood,” now playing in a well-received Roundabout Theater Company revival at Studio 54. The show is set in a Victorian music hall, where the actors, a second-rate touring troupe from London, are putting on their own, very hammy version of Dickens’s last, unfinished novel. Theirs is a world that Dickens knew well. From a young age he was stage-struck and for a while yearned to be an actor, not a writer. Even as he became an immensely successful novelist, he delighted in putting on amateur theatricals, usually starring himself, from his own scripts. And in his later years he became famous for the public readings he gave from his books both in England and in America. These weren’t stuffy 92nd Street Y sorts of evenings but dramatic one-man shows in which Dickens acted out all the parts with such passion that by the end he would be physically and emotionally spent. The readings may partly explain why “The Mystery of Edwin Drood” was never completed. During the months he was writing it, Dickens broke a longstanding rule about not doing a reading tour while also working on a book. Already in poor health, and taking laudanum both to help him sleep and for pain in his legs, he exhausted himself and died of a stroke in June 1870, worn out at the age of 58. Photo Charles Dickens Credit Associated Press Though it didn’t become known until the early 20th century, Dickens had also been living with a secret, one that overlaps with the mystery in “Drood” — and in this, the bicentennial of his birth, several new books throw additional light on it. Continue reading the main story Set in the fictional cathedral town of Cloisterham, “Drood” is mainly the story of an opium-addicted choirmaster, John Jasper, secretly in love with Rosa Bud, the fiancée of his nephew, Edwin Drood, who disappears on Christmas Eve, under suspicious circumstances, shortly before the book breaks off. (Only 6 of a planned 12 serial installments were completed.) There is some dark, psychosexual atmosphere and a couple of nice comic moments, but by Dickens’s usual standards the book feels thin and underimagined. Advertisement Continue reading the main story That has not kept if from being an object of fascination. Almost from the moment the book was published it became a literary parlor game to solve its mystery, or three mysteries, really: Is Drood truly dead, and if so, who killed him? And who is the strange character Datchery, who turns up late in the tale, apparently in disguise? There have also been countless attempts to finish the story. These include a dramatic version by Dickens’s son Charley and an 1873 book by a Vermont printer and con artist named Thomas James, who professed to have channeled Dickens through a medium, allowing him to finish “Drood” with the author’s “spirit-pen.” In a preface James also claimed to have in psychic readiness a brand-new Dickens novel, “The Life and Adventures of Bockley Wickleheap,” which he said “bid fair to equal anything from his pen while on earth.” Photo The cover of Michael Slater’s latest book about Dickens. Credit Patricia Wall/The New York Times Mr. Holmes said recently that while growing up in Rockland County, N.Y., he was fascinated by the unfinishedness of “Drood.” He would pick up the book, look at the last page and imagine Dickens dropping dead right then and there. But he didn’t actually read the novel until sometime in the ’70s, when, now a successful record producer (for Barbra Streisand, among others) and writer of pop hits like “Escape (The Piña Colada Song) ” he began it on a train ride to Chicago. “I said to myself, ‘You know, this has many of the k


What originated as a French folk dance, notated in 4/4 or 2/2 time at moderate tempo, with a distinctive rhythmic feature, as phrases begin in the middle of the bar (on the third quarter note), creating a half-measure upbeat?

History of Gavotte Dance - Dance History Articles History of Gavotte Dance Courage is not the absence of fear, but rather the judgement that something else is more important than fear. -Ambrose Redmoon History of Gavotte Dance History of Gavotte Dance The gavotte (also gavot or gavote) originated as a French folk dance, taking its name from the Gavot people of the Pays de Gap region of Dauphin�, where the dance originated. It is notated in 4/4 or 2/2 time and is of moderate tempo. The distinctive rhythmic feature of the 18th-century French court gavotte is that phrases begin in the middle of the bar; that is, in either 4/4 or 2/2 time, the phrases begin on the third quarter note (crotchet) of the bar, creating a half-measure (half-bar) upbeat. On the contrary, the music for the earlier court gavotte, first described by Thoinot Arbeau in 1589, invariably began on the downbeat of a duple measure, and the various folk gavottes found in mid-20th-century Brittany were danced to music in 4/4, 2/4, 9/8, and 5/8 time. The 19th-century column-dance also called "gavotte" has nothing at all in common with the dances of the 16th to the 18th centuries. The gavotte is first described in the late 16th century, as a suite or miscellany of double branles, danced in a line or circle to music in duple time, "with little springs in the manner of the Haut Barrois" branle, with some of the dance steps "divided" with figures borrowed from the galliard. The basic step pattern is the same as for the common or double branle, with the line of dancers moving alternately to the left and right with a double � gauche and double � droite. In the double branle, each of these composite steps consists of four components: -- a pied largi (firm outward step), -- pied approche (the other foot drawn near but not quite up to the first), -- another pied largi, -- a pied joint (following foot drawn against the leading one). The basic gavotte steps differ as follows: in the initial double � gauche a skip (petit saut) is inserted after each of the four components; the second pied largi is replaced by a marque pied crois� (the following, right foot crossed over the left and with the toe contacting the floor); the final pied approche is replaced by a gr�ve crois�e (the right foot crosses over the left and is raised in the air). The double � droite begins now with a pieds joints and petit saut, followed by two quick steps, a marque pied gauche crois� and marque pied droit crois�, during beat two, a gr�ve droit crois�e and petit saut on beat three, and concluding on the last beat with pieds joints and a capriole (leap into the air with entrechat). Baroque Music The gavotte became popular in the court of Louis XIV where Jean-Baptiste Lully was the leading court composer. Consequently several other composers of the Baroque period incorporated the dance as one of many optional additions to the standard instrumental suite of the era. The examples in suites and partitas by Johann Sebastian Bach are best known. When present in the Baroque suite, the gavotte is often played after the sarabande and before the gigue, along with other optional dances such as the minuet, bourr�e, rigaudon, and passepied. The gavotte could be played at a variety of tempi; in his Musicalisches Lexicon (Leipzig, 1732), Johann Gottfried Walther wrote that the gavotte is "often quick, but occasionally slow"; and Johann Joachim Quantz wrote in Versuch einer Anweisung die Fl�te traversiere zu spielen (Berlin, 1752) that "A gavotte is almost like a rigaudon, but is a little more moderate in tempo." The gavotte in the Baroque period is typically in binary form. A notable exception is the Gavotte en Rondeau ("Gavotte in rondo form") from J.S. Bach's Partita No. 3 in E Major for solo violin, BWV 1006. Later Manifestations Later composers, particularly in the 19th century, wrote gavottes that began like the 16th-century gavotte on the downbeat rather than on the half-measure upbeat. The famous Gavotte in D by Gossec is such an example, as is the Gavotte in Massenet's Manon. A gavotte also occurs in the seco


"What country, an ideal of the ""Illyrian Movement"" began to become a reality after the 1918 collapse of Habsburg Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I, and was formally renamed as a ""Kingdom"" in 1929?"

Yugoslavia - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki       Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia General location of the political entities known as Yugoslavia. The precise borders varied over the years. Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian , Macedonian , Slovene : Jugoslavija; Serbian Cyrillic : Југославија; literally in English: "South Slavia" or "Land of the South Slavs ") is a term that describes three political entities that existed successively on the western part of Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. The first country to be known by this name was the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , which before 3 October 1929 was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It was established on 1 December 1918 by the union of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and the Kingdom of Serbia (to which the Kingdom of Montenegro was annexed on 13 November 1918, and the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris gave international recognition to the union on 13 July 1922 [1] ). The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers in 1941, and because of the events that followed, was officially abolished in 1943 and 1945. The second country with this name was the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, proclaimed in 1943 by the Yugoslav Partisans resistance movement in World War II . It was renamed to the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia in 1946, when a communist government was established. In 1963, it was renamed again to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). This was the largest Yugoslav state, as Istria and Rijeka were added to the new Yugoslavia after the end of World War II. The constituent six Socialist Republics and two Socialist Autonomous Provinces that made up the country, were: SR Bosnia and Herzegovina , SR Croatia , SR Macedonia , SR Montenegro , SR Slovenia and SR Serbia (including the autonomous provinces of SAP Vojvodina and SAP Kosovo who after 1974 were largely equal to the other members of the federation[citation needed]). Starting in 1991, the SFRY disintegrated in the Yugoslav Wars which followed the secession of most of the country's constituent entities. The last country to bear the name Yugoslavia was the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) established on March 27, 1992. It was a federation on the territory of the two remaining (non-secessionist) republics of Montenegro and Serbia (including the autonomous provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo ). On February 4, 2003, it was renamed to the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro , and officially abolished the name "Yugoslavia". On June 3 and June 5, 2006 respectively, Montenegro and Serbia declared independence, thereby ending the Yugoslav state. Kosovo declared independence in 2008. Its statehood is, however, still disputed. [2] Contents Main article: Creation of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia was the idea for a single state for all South Slavic intelligentsia and emerged in the late 17th and gained prominence in the 19th century Illyrian Movement , that culminated in the realization of the ideal with the 1918 collapse of Habsburg Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I and the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . However, the kingdom was better known, colloquially as well as even on maps, as Yugoslavia (or Jugo-Slavia in the rest of Europe); in 1929 it was formally renamed the "Kingdom of Yugoslavia". Kingdom of Yugoslavia Advertisements 1918–1928 Yugoslavia was formed after World War I as what was commonly called at the time a " Versailles state". King Alexander's period King Alexander I banned national political parties in 1929, assumed executive power and renamed the country Yugoslavia. He hoped to curb separatist tendencies and mitigate nationalist passions. However, Alexander's policies later encountered opposition from other European powers stemming from developments in Italy and Germany, where Fascists and Nazis rose


Busby Berkeley was famous for his contribution to elaborately staged extravagant scenes in film musicals, mainly between the 1920s to 1940s, as what?

Whoopee! (1930) and Mr. Skitch (1933) | CarensClassicCinema CarensClassicCinema Film Nights at My Place Search Whoopee! (1930) and Mr. Skitch (1933) Posted on Whoopee! (1930) and Mr. Skitch (1933) WHOOPEE!  (1930) Tonight’s films are examples of two quite different comedies starring two very famous but very different funny men.  What the two of them did have in common was that before they became Hollywood stars, they both made it big on Broadway in Ziegfeld’s Follies.  Whoopee! is Flo Ziegfeld’s only credited film venture as Co-Producer, along with Sam Goldwyn.  In essence, it’s his very successful stage play “Whoopee” (minus the exclamation mark) about a nebbishy hypochondriac preserved on film.  And although he made two silent films and two shorts prior to Whoopee!, this is the film that made Eddie Cantor a sensation. Whoopee! is stocked full of many firsts and the unusual.  One of the earliest talkies filmed in two-strip Technicolor it also boasts Buzz Berkeley’s film debut.  No one had seen anything like Berkeley’s “dance” sequences before.  It’s interesting to read how he came up with his camera technique to film all these lovely, barely clad beauties.  And speaking of Hollywood beauties, these lovely maids were given the name Goldwyn Girls.  Here we’ll see, at the very beginning of their careers, a 14-year-old Betty Grable—leading many of the lineups, so watch for her face—Virginia Bruce, Claire Dodd—who in my opinion never got enough screen time in any of her films—Paulette Goddard, Jean Howard—who settled down to married life with famous talent agent Charles Feldman and produced a coffee table book in 1989, Jean Howard’s Hollywood—and Ann Sothern.  Notice that photography is by Lee Garmes and assisted by Gregg Toland of Citizen Kane fame. Included in the film is the comic Jewish penchant for Blackface humour; one minority pretending to be another.  And just to be inclusive, Native Indians are also featured—but only one of these races or religions is acceptable for intermarriage with Gentiles. A big question here is: Does Eddie Cantor have sex-appeal?  It’s hard to say and even harder to know if he’s supposed to.  He is the love-interest for his nurse, Mary Custer, played by stage actress Ethel Shutta who reprised her role for the film.  And then there’s the very odd scene between Cantor and Spencer Charters where they are looking down each other’s pants while rolling around on the floor together, supposedly comparing scars. The humour is slapstick, the jokes are what you imagine you would hear in the Catskills back in the day, there’s singing and dancing and a degree of wackiness.  It’s beautiful to look at and I hope you enjoy this comedy from another era. Caren November 22, 2014 Samuel Goldwyn Company.  Produced by Samuel Goldwyn and Florenz Ziegeld.  Directed by Thornton Freeland.  Based on the play “The Nervous Wreck” by Owen Davis.  Screen Adaptation by William M. Conselman.  Cinematography by Lee Garmes, Ray Rennahan and Gregg Toland.  Film Editing by Stuart Heisler.  Dances and Ensembles Staged by Busby Berkeley.  Art Direction by Richard Day.  Costume Design by John W. Harkrider.  Released:  October 5, 1930.  93 minutes. Eddie Cantor…………………………………………………….. Henry Williams Virginia Bruce, Claire Dodd, Paulette Goddard, Betty Grable, Jean Howard Ann Sothern………………………………………………………….Goldwyn Girls Florenz Ziegfeld’s mercurial economic fortunes were temporarily placed on the upswing with the smash hit of the 1928-29 Broadway season.  Whoopee! Was boosted by catchy score by Walter Donaldson and Gus Kahn, dazzling sets by Joseph Urban, sparkling costumes by John Harkrider (with the usual bevy of beauties to fill them), and a wisecrack-filled libretto by old pro William Anthony McGuire.  McGuire based his book on “The Nervous Wreck”, the Owen Davis play about a shy hypochondriac and his encounters with cowboys, Indians, and chorus girls in Arizona.  But of all these assets, the greatest was the star: Eddie Cantor, the brightest in Ziegfeld’s populous galaxy of stars.  Whoopee! Could have run well beyond its total of 3


The national flag of which country differs from the Italian tricolor only because it contains the national coat of arms?

Map of Flag of Mexico - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki Wikipedia article: Map showing all locations mentioned on Wikipedia article: The Flag of Mexico ( Spanish : Bandera de México) is a vertical Tricolour of green , white , and red with the national coat of arms charged in the center of the white stripe. While the meaning of the colors has changed over time, these three colors were adopted by Mexico following independence from Spain during the country's War of Independence . The current flag was adopted in 1968, but the overall design has been used since 1821, when the First National Flag was created. The current law of national symbols, Law on the National Arms, Flag, and Anthem , that governs the use of the national flag has been in place since 1984 . At the time of the flag's adoption, the Italian tricolor was not in use: the flag now contains the coat of arms, in order to distinguish it from that of Italy. Red, white, and green are the colors of the national liberation army in Mexico. The central emblem is the Aztec pictogram for Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City ), the center of their empire. It recalls the legend that inspired the Aztecs to settle on what was originally a lake-island. The form of the coat of arms was most recently revised in 1968. Aztec legend held that they should found their city on the spot where they saw an eagle on a nopal , eating a snake. Ribbon in the national colors are at the bottom of the coat of arms. Throughout history, the flag has changed 4 times, as the design of the coat of arms and the length-width ratios of the flag have been modified. However, the coat of arms has had the same features throughout: an eagle , holding a serpent in its talon , is perched on top of a prickly pear cactus ; the cactus is situated on a rock that rises above a lake . The coat of arms is derived from an Aztec legend that their gods told them to build a city where they spot an eagle and a serpent, which is now Mexico City . The current national flag, the Fourth National Flag, is also used as the Mexican naval ensign by ships registered in Mexico. History Before the adoption of the first national flag, various flags used during the War of Independence from Spain had a great influence on the design of the first national flag. It was never adopted as an official flag, but many historians consider the first Mexican flag to be the Standard of the Virgin of Guadalupe , which was carried by Miguel Hidalgo during the Grito de Dolores on September 16, 1810. The Standard became the initial symbol of the rebel army during the Mexican War of Independence. Various other Standards were used during the war. José María Morelos used a flag with an image of the Virgin to which was added a blue and white insignia with a crowned eagle on a cactus over a three-arched bridge and the letters V.V.M. (Viva la Virgen María – "long live the Virgin Mary"). The Revolutionary Army also used a flag featuring the colors white, blue and red in vertical stripes. The first use of the actual colors—green, white and red—was in the flag of the unified Army of the Three Guarantees (pictured above) after independence from Spain was won. While similar to the national flag that is used today, the eagle in these arms is not holding a serpent in his talons and a crown has been affixed to the head of the eagle to signify the Empire. Variants of this flag that appeared in this period also included a naval flag that had the tricolor pattern, but only contained the eagle with the crown above its head. The military also used a similar, square, flag, but the eagle was larger than on the national flag. The national flag was officially decreed by Agustín de Iturbide in November 1821 and first officially used in July 1822. This flag was no longer used upon the abolishment of the empire. :*The first national flag was established in 1821, the first year of Mexican recognized sovereignty. The imperial government that was set up chose a tricolor flag of green, white and red and charged with the national coat of arms. The official decree stated that :*The second natio


What tree is mentioned in the Christmas song 'Twelve Days of Christmas'?

The Twelve Days of Christmas - How Many Presents? » The Twelve Days of Christmas - How Many Presents? The Twelve Days of Christmas - How Many Presents? By Murray Bourne , 16 Dec 2008 A partridge in a pear tree Most people wrongly believe that the '12 Days of Christmas' refers to the days before Christmas. However, it's really the period starting on Christmas day and finishing with the Epiphany (January 6th, when the 3 kings from 'the East' brought gifts). You may be familiar with the Christmas song, The 12 Days of Christmas. The first few lines go like this: On the first day of Christmas, my true love sent to me A partridge in a pear tree. On the second day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Two turtle doves, And a partridge in a pear tree. On the third day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Three French hens, Two turtle doves, And a partridge in a pear tree. The song continues, adding 4 calling birds on the 4th day, 5 golden rings on the 5th, and so on up to the 12th day, when 12 drummers add to the cacophony of assorted birds, pipers and lords leaping all over the place. Notice that on each day there is one partridge (so I will have 12 partridges by the 12th day), and each day from the second day onwards there are 2 doves (so I will have 22 doves), and from the 3rd there are 3 hens (total of 30 hens), and so on. So, how many presents are there altogether? Partridges: 1 × 12 = 12 Calling birds: 4 × 9 = 36 Golden rings: 5 × 8 = 40 Geese: 6 × 7 = 42 Drummers: 12 × 1 = 12 Total = 364 We observe that we have the same number of partridges as drummers (12 of each); doves and pipers (22 of each); hens and lords (30 of each) and so on. So the easiest way to count our presents is to add up to the middle of the list and then double the result: (12 + 22 + 30 + 36 + 40 + 42) × 2 = 364. Efficiently counting the presents What if we have more than 12 days? How many presents then? Let's now generalize the above result just in case out true love decides to be extraordinarily generous and keeps on giving us gifts - up to 100 days, say. (Multiplying and adding could get quite tedious.) Mathematically speaking, my true love is giving me 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n presents on the n-th day after Christmas. The number of presents each day is 1 on the 1st, then 3 on the 2nd, then 6 on the 3rd, then 10 on the 4th. We call this set of numbers the triangular numbers, because they can be drawn in a dot pattern that forms triangles: To get the total number of presents, we need to add those triangular numbers, like this: 1 (on the first day) + 3 (on the 2nd day) + 6 + 10 + ... Another way of writing this is: On the first day, 1 present. On the 2nd day, 1 + 3 = 4 presents On the 3rd day, 1 + 3 + 6 = 10 presents On the 4th day, 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 = 20 presents. These partial sums are called tetrahedral numbers, because they can be drawn as 3-dimensional triangular pyramids (tetrahedrons) like this: So how many dots (representing presents) will there be in the 12th tetrahedron? Of course, we could just start adding with our calculator, but what if my true love is very generous, and starts giving me presents for 30 days after Christmas? Or for 100 days? How would I calculate it then? Our aim is to produce a formula that will allow us to find any tetrahedral number. Here's one of the possible ways of doing this. Let's take (for example) the sum of the first 4 triangular numbers and represent it as a triangle. Each row in the triangle (on the left, below) adds to a triangular number and the sum of the whole triangle is the sum of the first 4 triangular numbers. Let's now re-arrange the first triangle in 2 different ways, then add the result, in respective positions. (My total is 3 times what I really need. I will divide by 3 later to cater for this). Notice that by doing this, I get a total of 6 in every position in the result triangle. The answer of "6" is 2 more than the 4 triangular numbers that we are adding. So if we were adding the first 7 triangular numbers, our result in the right triangle would be all 9's; if it was the first n triangular numbers, we


Chemical Elements.com - Helium (He) Bentor, Yinon. Chemical Element.com - Helium. <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/he.html>. For more information about citing online sources, please visit the MLA's Website . This page was created by Yinon Bentor. Use of this web site is restricted by this site's license  agreement . Copyright © 1996-2012 Yinon Bentor. All Rights Reserved.


In 2007, who set a record by being the only soccer player to play on three World Cup-winning teams?

The best 10 players ever - SuperSport - Football The best 10 players ever by Sunday Oliseh 16/10/2012, 15:05 Tweet As the 2014 world Cup qualifiers start to take shape, soccer nations and the best players in the world are at full throttle to qualify and get a chance to become the best nation in the world. I think it is time to have a look at, in my opinion, the 10 best players to ever grace the soccer pitch. The criteria for selection is based on: the player’s unique playing style, originality, impact on the world soccer community as a result of his on-the-pitch activities, impact at the national and international level, overall qualities, the number of individual and team titles won and their seemingly effortless capacity to do repeatedly complicated soccer actions that most of their peers have difficulties in achieving. 10 FRANZ BECKENBAUER (GERMANY) The “Kaiser” as he is best known in Germany was a defender who was one of the pioneers of the art of offensive defending. He carved out the art of defenders overlapping into the heart of the game, creating a numeric advantage and also scoring important goals. A form of total football and the elegance he introduced into football was the foundation that modern defenders now build their game on. He is the captain of Bayern Munich and Germany. At the club level he played 587 games and scored 81 goals. For Germany he played 103 games and scored 14 goals. As a player he won as much as 22 titles in a career that spanned 19 years. 9 ALFREDO DI STEFANO ( ARGENTINA AND SPAIN) Alfredo di Stefano is widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time. His world success was recognised while playing with Real Madrid and he was the force behind their domination of the European scene during the 1950s. With Di Stefano, Madrid won the European Champions trophy in five consecutive seasons from 1956. Di Stefano played international football mostly for Spain but he also played for Argentina and Colombia. He was nicknamed "Saeta rubia" ("blond arrow") because of his looks. He was an extremely powerful striker, full of endurance, tactical versatility and vision and had the capacity to play several positions on the pitch. He scored 216 goals in 282 league matches between 1953 and 1964. At the club level he scored a total of 377 goals in 521 matches. In 31 games for Spain he scored 23 goals. 8 SAMUEL ETO’O (CAMEROON) Samuel is currently playing for Anzhi Makhachkala. This is, in my opinion, the most underrated but best player to come out of the African continent. The three times Champions League winner, twice with Barcelona and once with Inter Milan. He scored over 100 goals in five seasons with Barcelona. In 2010, he became the first player to win two European continental trebles following his back-to-back achievements with Barcelona and Inter Milan. He is one of the very rare players in the world to have won the Uefa Champions League two years in a row with different teams. He is the most decorated African player of all time, having won the African Player of the Year Award a record four Times, in 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2010. An Olympic gold medalist with Cameroon, he featured in three world cups, was an African Nations Cup champion twice and is the all-time leading scorer in the history of the African Nations Cup, with 18 goals. He is a complete player; good in the air, good with both feet, extremely fast, a good dribbler, tactically world class, a great defender for his team, a good goal provider for colleagues and deadly in front of goal. Currently he has scored 275 goals for club and country. 7 JOHAN CRUYFF (HOLLAND) He won the Ballon D’or (Golden Ball) three times in the 70s, a feat equaled only by Michel Platini, Lionel Messi and Marco van Basten. Cruyff was one of the most famous exponents of the football philosophy known as Total Football and is widely regarded as one of the greatest players universally. He invented the Cruyff dribble, a gesture that completely wrong foots the opponent while the striker goes in the opposite direction. He scored 324 goals during his playing days. 6 C


What are formed from linear chains of amino acids?

Protein Structure | Learn Science at Scitable © 2010 Nature Education All rights reserved. The primary structure of a protein — its amino acid sequence — drives the folding and intramolecular bonding of the linear amino acid chain, which ultimately determines the protein's unique three-dimensional shape. Hydrogen bonding between amino groups and carboxyl groups in neighboring regions of the protein chain sometimes causes certain patterns of folding to occur. Known as alpha helices and beta sheets, these stable folding patterns make up the secondary structure of a protein. Most proteins contain multiple helices and sheets, in addition to other less common patterns (Figure 2). The ensemble of formations and folds in a single linear chain of amino acids — sometimes called a polypeptide — constitutes the tertiary structure of a protein. Finally, the quaternary structure of a protein refers to those macromolecules with multiple polypeptide chains or subunits. The final shape adopted by a newly synthesized protein is typically the most energetically favorable one. As proteins fold, they test a variety of conformations before reaching their final form, which is unique and compact. Folded proteins are stabilized by thousands of noncovalent bonds between amino acids. In addition, chemical forces between a protein and its immediate environment contribute to protein shape and stability. For example, the proteins that are dissolved in the cell cytoplasm have hydrophilic (water-loving) chemical groups on their surfaces, whereas their hydrophobic (water-averse) elements tend to be tucked inside. In contrast, the proteins that are inserted into the cell membranes display some hydrophobic chemical groups on their surface, specifically in those regions where the protein surface is exposed to membrane lipids. It is important to note, however, that fully folded proteins are not frozen into shape. Rather, the atoms within these proteins remain capable of making small movements. Even though proteins are considered macromolecules, they are too small to visualize, even with a microscope. So, scientists must use indirect methods to figure out what they look like and how they are folded. The most common method used to study protein structures is X-ray crystallography. With this method, solid crystals of purified protein are placed in an X-ray beam, and the pattern of deflected X rays is used to predict the positions of the thousands of atoms within the protein crystal. How Do Proteins Arrive at Their Final Shapes? In theory, once their constituent amino acids are strung together, proteins attain their final shapes without any energy input. In reality, however, the cytoplasm is a crowded place, filled with many other macromolecules capable of interacting with a partially folded protein. Inappropriate associations with nearby proteins can interfere with proper folding and cause large aggregates of proteins to form in cells. Cells therefore rely on so-called chaperone proteins to prevent these inappropriate associations with unintended folding partners. Chaperone proteins surround a protein during the folding process, sequestering the protein until folding is complete. For example, in bacteria, multiple molecules of the chaperone GroEL form a hollow chamber around proteins that are in the process of folding. Molecules of a second chaperone, GroES, then form a lid over the chamber. Eukaryotes use different families of chaperone proteins, although they function in similar ways. Chaperone proteins are abundant in cells. These chaperones use energy from ATP to bind and release polypeptides as they go through the folding process. Chaperones also assist in the refolding of proteins in cells. Folded proteins are actually fragile structures, which can easily denature, or unfold. Although many thousands of bonds hold proteins together, most of the bonds are noncovalent and fairly weak. Even under normal circumstances, a portion of all cellular proteins are unfolded. Increasing body temperature by only a few degrees can significantly increase t


What is the stage name of Natalie Renee McIntyre, a US R&B; and soul singer-songwriter, record producer and actress with a distinctive raspy voice and a singing style heavily influenced by Billie Holiday & Betty Davis?

Watch R&B Movies Online Free Streaming Watch Macy Gray Free Online Macy Gray (born Natalie Renee McIntyre on September 6, 1967 also credited as Natalie Hinds in her music) is an American R&B and soul singer-songwriter, record producer, and actress, famed for her distinctive raspy voice and a singing style heavily influenced by Billie Holiday and Betty Davis


When did homosexuality between consenting adults cease to be illegal in all of the United Kingdom?

History of sodomy laws Last edited: April 15, 2007   History of Sodomy Laws The Sensibilities of Our Forefathers , the   definitive legal history of sodomy laws in the United States by George Painter. It puts   everything else here to shame. Other history articles The proscription of sodomy in the English tradition began in 1533 when King Henry VIII  adopted contemporary church doctrine into a system of laws at the time of the English  withdrawal from the Catholic Church. Sodomy became both a sin and a crime, since  ecclesiastical law recognizes no distinction between the concepts of "sin" and "crime." Sodomy included any form of non-procreative acts including  masturbation, oral and anal sex. The original thirteen American colonies derived their laws from the English common law  and continued the legal tradition in which sodomy carried the penalty of death. The 1683 Pennsylvania law called sodomy an "unnatural sin" and the East New  Jersey law listed it among the "Offenses against God." Every state adopted some form of a sodomy law as it joined the United States, either in  acceptance of an unwritten common law or in formal codification. A slow modernization of  laws away from a religious doctrine into a secular system reduced penalties over time in a  piece meal fashion. All states had laws against sodomy by 1960. The 1955 edition of the American Law Institutes model penal code omitted sodomy  laws for the first time. In 1961, the Illinois legislature revised their criminal code  without prohibiting sodomy. The law went into effect in 1962 without fanfare. Idaho was the second state to repeal its sodomy law through a general modernization of  its laws. According to Dr. Franklin E. Kameny, the Advocate, then a gay newspaper,  ran a headline celebrating the repeal. This came to the attention of Idaho state  legislators who called an emergency session "into which they marched waving copies of  the Advocate." The legislature repealed the just enacted modern criminal code. Connecticut was the next state to repeal its sodomy law in 1971 in a modernization of    the penal code. Twenty-one other states followed suit. Gay activists had little or no    involvement with most of these repeals. In fact, many of the states that repealed their    laws are just beginning to form organizations that can lobby effectively for their rights. Exceptions that trend came from California, Minnesota, New York and DC. Gay Activists  in these places began explicit gay rights campaigns to repeal their sodomy laws.  California was the only one of these states to successfully repeal its law prior to 1980. Californias sodomy repeal effort began in 1969 with urging from Morris Kight,  Rev. Troy Perry and others. The repeal bill was introduced to the California legislature  starting in 1969 by Assemblyman Willie Brown, and every year afterwards until its passage  in 1975. In 1975, the liberal Democratic state Senate Majority Leader, George Moscone  running for Mayor of San Francisco  twisted many arms for its passage.  The Senate deadlocked on a 20-20 vote, Moscone locked the chamber doors, until Lieutenant  Governor Merv Dymallyin could fly back from Denver and cast the tie-breaking vote. It was  signed into law by Gov. Jerry Brown. Moscones efforts won the support of the large gay population of San Francisco and  Moscone beat Diane Feinstein in the primary, and edged out city superintendent John  Barbagelata to become the first liberal mayor of San Francisco. Moscone was later  assassinated by former supervisor Dan White along with the first gay supervisor, Harvey Milk.  Brown and Feinstein later became Mayors and Feinstein is currently a US Senator from  California.   In the late 1970s and early 1980s the growing strength and politicization  of religious extremists significantly slowed the repeal efforts. The awaking of religious  political extremists led to at least two states to enact specifically anti-gay sodomy laws  at the same time as they otherwise modernized their criminal codes. Kentucky en


What was the original name of the singer known as Annie Lennox, who was born on Christmas Day, 1954 in Torry, Aberdeen?

1000+ images about Music: Annie Lennox on Pinterest | Annie lennox, Singers and 57th annual grammy awards Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas Music: Annie Lennox Born in Scotland on Christmas Day in 1954, this fantastic vocalist is also a songwriter, philanthropist as well as a political activist. Winning multiple awards for her music including 4 Grammys, the Billboard Century Award to name a few, she has also won more Brit Awards than any other female artist w/8, including Best British Female Artist six times. I love her voice & her beautiful heart. Enjoy! 263 Pins998 Followers


"What science features in the TV series ""House""?"

House M.D. Guide: The Medical Science of House M.D. Buy this book from Amazon and get 20% off There are at least three answers to that question. The first is that there are a lot of people watching House each week, and during each show almost every viewer wonders at some point, "Could that really happen?" The book digs into some of the more bizarre cases of the series, and I was somewhat surprised by what I found. The second reason is that popular TV shows with medical themes actually influence people's beliefs about health and medicine. Sure, viewers understand that the show is fiction and that things are exaggerated or altered to suit the story, but many surveys have documented that after watching a drama about a medical topic, TV viewers accept certain events as being realistic. For example, after ER and Grey's Anatomy aired shows involved breast cancer genetics, more viewers knew surgery, done before there are any signs of cancer, can reduce the risk of breast cancer among certain women with a very high-risk genetic mutation. The third reason connects to the first one. I've been covering health and medicine for many years for CNN and other news outlets, but a lot of people don't watch the news. Since so many people are watching House, it's a marvelous opportunity to reach a wide audience. House gets people's attention, but I hope readers will learn not only interesting facts about the show, but useful and important things about health and health care in the real world. Well, then, could the bizarre cases on "House" really happen? First, let me say that something weird must be going on in the Princeton-Plainsboro area. I'd be wary of living in a community where so many really awful things suddenly strike people in the prime of their lives. The short answer is that while the cases are highly improbable (and that's putting it mildly), they are not completely impossible. Of course, often what appears as one case is really a combination of strange features from several real cases. And some of the reports in medical journals that describe similar cases are autopsy reports; that is, the strange disease happened, but in the real world, doctors didn't figure it out in time, or even if they did, there was nothing they could do to save the patient. In the book, I go into a number of the cases in some detail. But I also explored the general ways that the show either matches or diverges from the real world of medicine and health care. Two of the three reasons you mentioned for writing the book have more to do with health care than "House" itself, so is the book about House or is it about medicine? Both, really. It's not an episode guide with blow-by-blow descriptions of each case; there's no need to duplicate what's already available on the Internet. The book, like the show, starts with how patients come to the attention of doctors, the "case presentation" that is shown before the show's title sequence, and then it flows through the diagnostic process and describes how real-world doctors make decisions about which tests and treatments to use. I dug deeper into selected cases, such as the teenager with a mutant measles virus attacking his brain, or the pregnant woman with lung cancer facing a decision about treatment that might harm her fetus. Sometimes I found case reports in the literature that I believe may be the same ones the writers used to create their stories. For instance, in "Fidelity" House refers to an article on sexual transmission of African Sleeping Sickness that he says he read in a Portuguese medical journal. I don't read Portuguese, but I did find a letter in The Lancet (http://www.thelancet.com/) from a doctor in Lisbon, Portugal that told of a similar case. How many episodes do you cover in the book? I had to finish the book early in the year, so I was able to research the entire first season and most of the second season. Looking at the case studies in the book will help "House" fans understand how the writers use real medicine to develop dramatic stories. And since the book focuses on the general themes of th


What early 18th century English club in London with strong political and literary associations, had members which included writers William Congreve, Jonathan Swift and Joseph Addison, and politicians the Duke of Marlborough and Sir Robert Walpole?

Learn and talk about Kit-Cat Club, 18th century in London, Clubs and societies in London, Dining clubs, John Vanbrugh For the Berlin nightclub, see KitKatClub . For other items called Kit Kat or Kit Cat, see Kit Kat (disambiguation) . Sir John Vanbrugh in Godfrey Kneller 's kit-cat portrait , considered one of Kneller's finest portraits The Kit-Cat Club (sometimes Kit-Kat Club) was an early 18th-century English club in London with strong political and literary associations, [1] committed to the furtherance of Whig objectives, meeting at the Trumpet tavern in London, and at Water Oakley in the Berkshire countryside. The first meetings were held at a tavern in Shire Lane (parallel with Bell Yard and now covered by the Royal Courts of Justice) run by an innkeeper called Christopher Catt. He gave his name to the mutton pies known as "Kit Cats" from which the name of the club is derived. The club later moved to the Fountain Tavern on The Strand (now the site of Simpson's-in-the-Strand ), and latterly into a room especially built for the purpose at Barn Elms , the home of the secretary Jacob Tonson . [2] In summer, the club met at the Upper Flask , Hampstead Heath . Contents Origins[ edit ] The origin of the name "Kit-Cat Club" is unclear. In 1705 Thomas Hearne wrote: "The Kit Cat Club got its name from Christopher Catling, using a branch of the theopolyism. [Note, a Pudding Pye man.]." Other sources give his surname as Catt (or some variant such as Cat or Katt:) John Timbs ("Club Life of London"), Ophelia Field ("The Kit-Kat Club"), John Macky ("A Journey Through England.") A nickname for Christopher is "Kit." Christopher Catt was the keeper of a pie-house in Shire Lane, by Temple Bar , where the club originally met. His famous mutton pies ("Kit-Kats") were named after him, and formed a standing dish at meetings of the club; the pie is thus itself sometimes regarded (e.g., by Addison in the Spectator ) as the origin of the club's name. It is possible that the club began at the end of the 17th century as the so-called "Order of the Toast". Indeed, a famous characteristic of the Kit-Kat was its toasting-glasses, used for drinking the healths of the reigning beauties of the day, on which were engraved verses in their praise. If so, one can place the date before 1699, when Elkanah Settle wrote a poem "To the most renowned the President and the rest of the Knights of the most Noble Order of the Toast." It was this very habit of "toasting" that led Dr. Arbuthnot to produce the following epigram , which hints at yet another possible origin of the Club's name: [3] Whence deathless Kit-Kat took his name Few critics can unriddle Some say from pastrycook it came And some from Cat and Fiddle. From no trim beaus its name it boasts Grey statesmen or green wits But from the pell-mell pack of toasts Of old Cats and young Kits. [3] Possible earlier objectives[ edit ] John Vanbrugh's modern biographer Kerry Downes suggests that the club's origins go back to before the Glorious Revolution of 1688; and that its political importance for the promotion of Whig objectives was greater before it became known. Those objectives were a strong Parliament , a limited monarchy, resistance to France, and the Protestant succession to the throne. Downes cites John Oldmixon , who knew many of those involved, and who wrote in 1735 of how some club members "before the Revolution [of 1688] met frequently in the Evening at a Tavern, near Temple Bar , to unbend themselves after Business, and have a little free and cheerful Conversation in those dangerous Times". Horace Walpole , son of Kit-Cat Robert Walpole , refers to the respectable middle-aged 18th century Kit-Cat club as "generally mentioned as a set of wits, in reality the patriots that saved Britain". The toasts of the Kit-Kat Club were famous at the time, and drunk to the honour of a reigning beauty, or lady to whom the Club wished to do particular honour. We know by name some of those who were toasted: Lady Mary Wortley Montagu ; Lady Godolphin , Lady Sunderland , Lady Bridgewater , and Lady Monthermer , al


In the 1970 UK general election, who was elected MP for North Antrim, became the longest serving MP from Northern Ireland, and led the Democratic Unionist Party from 1971 to 2008?

The ex-MPs who died in 2014 - part three - BBC News The ex-MPs who died in 2014 - part three 31 December 2014 Close share panel Image copyright PA This year saw the passing of two political heavyweights: former Labour MP and firebrand politician Tony Benn and ex-Democratic Unionist Party leader Ian Paisley. Their deaths marked the end of an era, but they weren't the only former MPs to pass away in 2014. Sir David Mitchell, 20 June 1928 - 30 August 2014 Sir David was the Conservative MP for Hampshire North West and served as a minister in Margaret Thatcher's government. Born in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, in 1928, his political career started as a Conservative councillor in St Pancras North, where he stood unsuccessfully as a candidate before entering the Commons in 1964. He was appointed the minister for small business, and was the first chairman of the Conservatives' backbench committee, the Daily Telegraph's obituary said. During a five-year stint at the Department of Transport, he was involved with planning the Channel Tunnel and helped save the Settle to Carlisle railway, said the Guardian , which noted that the job allowed him to "indulge his knowledge of and pleasure in railways". As well as being a government minister, Sir David was also a successful wine merchant, the Independent noted , working for his family's bar and wine merchant business, called El Vino. He also served as a minister in Northern Ireland, and was an MP from 1964 to 1997. His son is Conservative former chief whip and current MP for Sutton Coldfield, Andrew Mitchell. Michael Neubert, 3 September 1933 - 3 January 2014 Image caption Sir Michael Neubert was a minister for much of the 1980s Sir Michael Neubert was the Conservative MP for Romford, winning the seat at the second attempt in 1974, and going on to serve in Margaret Thatcher's government. An aide to three ministers, he was made chief whip after the 1983 general election. He then moved to the Ministry of Defence, and in April 1990, as a junior defence minister, declared the tiny Scottish island of Gruinard safe, nearly half a century after anthrax testing during World War Two. He had made the half-mile journey from the mainland and removed its red warning sign. Sir Michael remained "unfailingly loyal" to Margaret Thatcher even after she sacked him in 1990, his obituary in the Daily Telegraph said. Despite poor health in his later years that left him blind and with hearing problems, he managed to attend Lady Thatcher's funeral in 2013. Describing this during an interview with the Romford Recorder after his death, Sir Michael's wife Lady Sally Neubert said: "He couldn't see, he was waiting for cataract operations, and could hardly hear but he was so pleased to be there." Ian Paisley, 6 April 1926 - 12 September 2014 Image copyright AP Image caption Ian Paisley pictured outside Stormont in 1969 Former Democratic Unionist Party leader Ian Paisley moved from a political "never man" to Northern Ireland's first minister. He ended up leading a power-sharing executive at Stormont - although he had supported the strike to bring one down 30 years earlier. His biggest turnaround came when, as the leader of hardline unionism, he sat down with Gerry Adams - his former bitter enemy - as the DUP and Sinn Fein decided to work together in an executive. His BBC obituary noted: "It seemed unimaginable to supporters who had followed him through years of protests that as Northern Ireland's first minister he would enjoy an easy relationship with his deputy first minister, Sinn Fein's Martin McGuinness, so much so that they became known as the 'Chuckle Brothers'. "With his thunderous rhetoric and his bull-like voice, Ian Paisley was always the epitome of an American Deep South preacher." Paisley was born in Armagh, his father a Baptist minister and his mother a preacher. He grew up in Ballymena, which was to become his political powerbase. Before politics, he was a preacher, delivering his first sermon aged 16 in a mission hall in County Tyrone. He was just 25 years old when he founded the Free Presbyterian Church


How long is each round in a boxing match at the Olympic Games?

BOXING BOXING INTRODUCTION   Boxing often called "the manly art of self-defenseï¿½ is a combat sport. Boxing or fist fighting is a sport between two matched combatants wearing padded gloves. A boxerï¿½s primary aim is to land as many blows as possible to the head and torso of the opponent, using strength and speed to dominate the contest. The competition is divided into a specified number of rounds, usually 3 minutes long, with 1-minute rest periods between rounds. Although amateur boxing is widespread, professional boxing has flourished on an even grander scale since the early 18th century. Today the sport is popular in many parts of the world and encompasses both amateur and professional matches. Sometimes it is referred to as pugilism, from the Latin word pugil, meaning ï¿½a boxer.ï¿½   There are several types of boxing nowadays (e.g. Muay Thai or Kickboxing) but it is predominantly focused on normal boxing, of which there are two types - Professional and Amateur.   Boxing allows you to explore the sport as a means of confidence building coupled with a practical method of defending yourself. Boxing is a great way to get into the best shape of your life, as it is one of the toughest, yet also most rewarding sports that requires a fitness level and conditioning that no other sport can match.   Even if you never step into a ring, practicing the fundamentals of boxing can give you an excellent full body workout that is guaranteed to get your legs and arms moving and your heart pumping.ï¿½ Our feeling about boxing is very simple. We believe that every Man (or Woman) desires the self-confidence that comes from knowing how to defend oneself. Boxing is still believed to be the "daddy" of self defense and despite all the new trendy martial arts clubs popping up everywhere it is still in the hearts and souls of many.   Origin and History   Boxing as a sport can be traced as far back as ancient Greece. The ancient Greeks believed fist fighting was one of the games played by the gods on Olympus; thus it became part of the Olympic games in about 688 BC. Homer has a reference to boxing in the Iliad. During Roman times the sport began to thrive on a wide scale. Boxers fought with leather bands around their fists for protection and sometimes wore metal-filled, leather hand coverings called cesti, resulting in bloody, often duel-to-death, battles. Boxing diminished after the fall of Rome. It resurfaced in the late 17th century and early 18th century in England. The sport at that time was actually a mixture of wrestling and boxing. Although hitting with fists was emphasized, a boxer could grab and throw his opponent, then jump on him and hit him while he was down. The sport became especially popular during the championship reign of James Figg, who held the heavyweight title from 1719 through 1730. Prior to that James Figg had opened a boxing academy in London in 1719, and introduced a measure of skill to the sport. Figg was an expert boxer, and his academy taught the techniques of punching and counter-punching to the students. Figg won great publicity for his academy by challenging all comers to bouts of boxing. He never lost, and was the champion of Great Britain until he retired in 1730. His success inspired the establishment of several other boxing academies in London, and the fact that he was a fencer also gave the sport some prestige. A number of "gentlemen amateurs" took up boxing as a pastime. They also became enthusiastic fans at prizefights. One of Figg's pupils, Jack Broughton, became known as the "father of English boxing." Broughton, generally acknowledged as champion from 1729 to 1750, taught boxing and operated an arena in London. In 1743, Jack Broughton drew his own set of rules for his own fights, and these were recognized the same year. Under Broughton's rules, there was a 3-foot square in the center of the ring. When a fighter was knocked down, his handlers had 30 seconds to get him into position on one side of the square, facing his opponent. In effect, this marked the first division of a bout into rounds, since each


The River Volga runs through which capital city?

10 Rivers that flow through Europe's Capital Cities - 10 Most Today Leisure & Travel Below is a list of 10 rivers that flow through capital cities in Europe 1. River Thames, London , England – The River Thames flows through London and London’s major attractions are situated right along the banks of the river, such as the Big Ben and Westminster Palace, the Tower Bridge and Tower of London and the London Eye River Thames, London, England   2. The Seine, Paris , France – The Seine flows through Paris and a boat tour of the Seine River is considered one of the best attractions of Paris . A romantic activity in the most romantic destinations in the world. What else do you need? Another romantic activity is to put a love lock on the Pont des Arts Bridge over the Seine The Seine, Paris. Picture taken from the Eiffel Tower   3. The Tiber, Rome , Italy – The history of Rome relates to the Tiber River which flows through the heart of the city, and very close to Vatican City The Tiber and Vatican City, Rome, Italy 4. River Liffey, Dublin , Ireland – The Liffey river supplies much of Dublin’s water, and is also used for recreational purposes. The Temple Bar area lies on the south bank of the Liffey River Liffey, Dublin, Ireland   5. The Danube, Budapest , Hungary – The Danube is the second longest river in Europe, after the Volga. It is 2,872 km (1,785 mi) long and flows through 4 capital cities: Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest and Belgrade. Budapest is the largest city on the Danube and is actually the unification of two parts on both banks of the Danube – Buda on the west bank and Pest on the east bank. They were unified to a single city in 1873 The Danube, Budapest, Hungary The Danube, Budapest, Hungary   6. Moskva River (Moscow River), Moscow , Russia – The Moskva river is 503 km (313 mi) long and flows through Moscow. The Kremlin is situated on the bank of the river Moskva River, Moscow. Picture taken from within the Kremlin   7. The Amstel, Amsterdam , the Netherlands – Amsterdam has countless artificial canals, but the Amstel river is flows naturally through the city The Amstel, Amsterdam, the Netherlands   8. Spree River, Berlin , Germany – The Spree river flows through the German states of Saxony, Brandenburg and Berlin. It also flows through the Czech Republic. In Berlin itself, it passes very close to main attractions of Berlin in the heart of the city, such as Brandenburg Gate and the Reichstag Spree River and the Berlin TV Tower, Berlin 9. Vltava River, Prague, Czech Republic – The Vltava river is the longest river in the Czech Republic. In Prague, it flows under Charles Bridge – one of the most famous bridges in the world , and just a short walking distance away from the river is the Old Town Square in Prague , one of the most famous city squares in the world Charles Bridge and Vltava river, Prague   10. Manzanares River, Madrid, Spain – In a way, the city of Madrid was founded thanks to the Manzanares river, as the city was first founded as a citadel overlooking the river by the Moors in the 9th century Manzanares River, Madrid


Of the 6 Summer Olympics held between 1988 and 2008 inclusive, how many were in Europe?

Olympic Games Summer and Winter Locations and History of the Games Olympic games summer and winter locations and history of the games Olympic games summer and winter locations and history of the games Olympic History The Olympic Games took their name from the Greek city of Olympia and though there were important athletic competitions held in other Greek cities in ancient times, the Olympic Games were regarded as the most prestigious. The games were held every four years during August and September and the word "Olympiad", which referred to the four year intervals between competitions, was commonly used to measure time. The first documented Olympic champion was a man named Coroebus, a cook from Elis who won the sprint race in 776 BC. Historians believe that the games had already existed for at least 500 years prior to that date. The Olympic Games originally featured only one event: a race called the "stade", equal to a distance of about 210 yards. By 728 BC two additional races had been added, comparable to the 400 meter and 1,500 meter races of the modern games. The Olympics came to include wrestling, boxing and the pentathlon, as well as specialized events for soldiers and heralds. It was only in 472 BC that the events were spread out over a period of four to five days, previously they had all taken place on a single day. Participation in the Olympic Games was originally limited to free born Greeks, but as Greek civilization was spread by the conquests of Alexander the Great, the Games drew entrants from as far away as Antioch, Sidon and Alexandria. While the only official prize was a wreath or garland, successful athletes were supported by the governments of their cities and devoted much time to training. Most of the competitors were, in fact, professionals. After the Roman conquest of Greece in the second century BC, the Olympic Games suffered a decline in popularity and importance, but the Games persisted until AD 393, when the Roman emperor Theodosius I ordered their abolition. The idea of reviving the Olympic Games originated with Baron Pierre de Coubertin, a 29 year old French aristocrat who first publicly raised the issue in 1892. At a conference on international sport held in Paris in 1894, Coubertin managed to convince delegates from 49 organizations representing nine countries to vote in favor of an Olympic revival. His chief allies in this effort were Dimitrios Vikelas of Greece and Professor William M. Sloane of the United States. The organizers had planned the first modern Olympics for 1900 in Paris, but later decided to move the date forward to 1896 and to change the venue to Athens, though the local government of the Greek capital was initially hostile to the idea. Coubertin and his colleagues of the newly formed International Olympic Committee eventually prevailed, and the first Olympic Games of the modern era were inaugurated by the King of Greece in the first week of April 1896. The Games of 1896, 1900 and 1904 were loosely organized and did not feature national teams produced by rigorous selection. The 1908 Games, held in London in a newly built 66,000 seat stadium, were the first where the events were organized by the relevant authorities in each athletic discipline. More than 2,000 athletes from 22 nations competed in 100 events. The 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm drew more then 2,500 competitors from 28countries and featured the first women's swimming events. No Games were held in 1916 due to World War I, but the Games enjoyed strong growth after the war, with 44 nations participating in the 1924 Olympics in Paris. At the1928 Games in Amsterdam there were more than 290 women among the 3,000athletes, more than double the number that took part in 1924. The Olympic Games were suspended again for 12 years because of World War II, resuming in 1948 in London. The post-war era saw steady growth in the number of countries and athletes competing and a dramatic increase in women's events. Politics began to intrude on the Games in a serious way at the 1972 Olympics in Munich, where Palestinian terrorists att


Who was the first female, the first Californian and the first Italian-American to hold the post of Speaker of the US House of Representatives?

Nancy Pelosi, First Female Speaker, U.S. House of Representatives | MAKERS Video Cause of Choice: St. Anthony’s Dining Room of San Francisco Childhood Dream: To live a “normal, quiet life.” Best Advice: “Be yourself. That's the most authentic person you are. Don't decide you have a role model you're going to imitate. Just... Go out there and be yourself.” Nancy Pelosi is the Minority Leader in the United States House of Representatives. In 2007 she became the 60th Speaker of the House and the first female Speaker in American history, a position she held until 2011. She represents California’s 8th District as a member of the Democratic Party.   Pelosi was born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1940 to an influential political family. Her father, Thomas D’Alesandro II, was a US Congressman and the Mayor of Baltimore. Her brother, Thomas D’ Alesandro III, was also Mayor of Baltimore between 1967 an 1971.   Pelosi graduated from Trinity College in Washington, D.C. in 1962 with a degree in political science. She married her college sweetheart, Frank Pelosi, and had five children in six years between 1963 and 1969. Her political career began in earnest in 1969, when the family moved from New York to San Francisco, where her brother-in-law was a member of the City’s Board of Supervisors.   Over the next two decades, Pelosi worked her way up in California politics, eventually serving as Chair of the California Democratic Party and as a member of the Democratic National Committee. In 1985, she was narrowly defeated in a bid to become chairwoman of the DNC.   In 1987 Pelosi won a special election for the 8th District’s seat in the House, a seat that she has held ever since. She quickly became one of Congress’ strongest liberal voices on a variety of issues such as women’s reproductive rights, gay marriage, and staunchly opposing the War in Iraq. She was also one of the House’s most prolific members, serving at various times on the Appropriations Committee, the Intelligence Committee, and as the Minority WHIP and Minority Leader.   On January 3rd, 2007, Pelosi became the first woman, the first Italian-American, and the first Californian to be elected Speaker of the House. She served through 2011, when Democrats ceded control of the House following the 2010 midterm election. She continues as House Minority Leader.


Sultana - definition of sultana by The Free Dictionary Sultana - definition of sultana by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/sultana a. The wife, mother, sister, or daughter of a sultan. b. The mistress of a sultan. 2. a. Any of various green seedless grapes, especially the Thompson seedless, used in producing raisins and a white wine. b. The often yellow raisin made from this grape. [Italian, feminine of sultano, sultan, from Arabic sulṭān; see sultan.] sultana n 1. (Cookery) a. the dried fruit of a small white seedless grape, originally produced in SW Asia: used in cakes, curries, etc; seedless raisin b. the grape itself 2. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) Also called: sultaness a wife, concubine, or female relative of a sultan 3. a mistress; concubine [C16: from Italian, feminine of sultano sultan] sul•tan•a 1. a small, seedless raisin. 2. a wife, concubine, or female relative of a sultan. [1575–85; < Italian, feminine of sultano sultan ] ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: sultana - pale yellow seedless grape used for raisins and wine vinifera grape - grape from a cultivated variety of the common grape vine of Europe 2. 1. (esp Brit) → pasa f sultana 2. (= person) → sultana f [sʌlˈtɑːnə] n (= fruit) → raisin m de Smyrne sultana [sʌlˈtɑːnə] n (fruit) → (uva) sultanina sultana2 (səlˈtaːnə) noun a type of small, seedless raisin. sultana زَبيب بدون بُذور стафида sultana sultánka die Sultanine sultana σταφύλι σουλτανίνα pasa de Esmirna smürna rosin كشمش بي دانه sulttaanirusina raisin sec de Smyrne צימוק सुलताना vrsta velikih grožđica bez koštica mazsola kismis rúsína, kúrenna (uva) sultanina* 干しぶどう 씨 없는 건포도 smulki besėklė razina bezkauliņu rozīne sultana sultanarozijn steinfri rosin sułtanka (rodzynek) بی دانی ممیز sultana stafidă кишмиш sultánka rozina brez pečk vrsta suvog grožđa sultanrussin ลูกเกดชนิดมี่มเมล็ด kuru üzüm 無核小葡萄乾 кишмиш ایک قسم کی بے بیج کی کشمش nho xuntan 无核小葡萄干 sultana