Claustrophobia: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments - Medical News Today Claustrophobia: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments Written by Mike Paddock 4 83 Claustrophobia is an anxiety disorder in which the sufferer has an irrational fear of having no escape or being closed-in. It frequently results in a panic attack and can be triggered by certain stimuli or situations, such as being in a crowded elevator, a small room without any windows, or being in an airplane. Some patients with claustrophobia find their anxiety levels rise when they wear tight-necked clothing. Contents of this article: Treatments for claustrophobia What is claustrophobia? The word claustrophobia comes from the Latin word claustrum which means "a shut in place" and Greek phobos meaning "fear". Claustrophobia sufferers will commonly try to avoid being in enclosed spaces such as elevators. People with claustrophobia can find the disorder hard to live with, as they will go to great lengths to avoid small spaces and situations that trigger their panic and anxiety. They will avoid certain places like the subway/underground and will prefer to take the stairs over using a lift/elevator no matter how many floors they need to ascend/descend. According to the book "Phobias: A Handbook of Theory, Research and Treatment" 4, published by Wiley, between 15% and 37% of people worldwide are affected by claustrophobia. Even though many of them have severe symptoms, a very small percentage ever receive some kind of treatment for the disorder. The National Health Service 5, UK, says that claustrophobia affects about 10% of the UK population. Signs and symptoms of claustrophobia A symptom is something the patient feels or reports, while a sign is something that other people, including the doctor detects. A headache may be an example of a symptom, while a rash may be an example of a sign. According to the NYU Langone Medical Center 6, claustrophobia typically develops during the individual's childhood or teenage years. Claustrophobia is an anxiety disorder. An afflicted person has symptoms of anxiety that are triggered by being in a confined space, or the thought of it. The sufferer dreads not being able to breathe properly, running out of oxygen, along with distress at being restricted. When anxiety levels reach a certain level, the following physical signs of claustrophobia are possible: Sweating Hot flashes (UK: hot flushes) Shaking or trembling Fear of actual harm or illness Chocking sensation Tightness in the chest, sometimes chest pain An urge to go to the toilet Confusion and/or disorientation. It is not necessarily the small spaces that trigger the anxiety but the fear of what can happen to the person if confined to that area, hence the fear of running out of oxygen. Examples of small spaces that could trigger anxiety are: elevators/lifts subway trains (UK: tube/underground trains) small rooms hotel rooms with windows that do not open revolving doors cars - especially if they have central locking trains automatic car-washes some medical devices, such as MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanners. As claustrophobia is also defined by the phobia of being restricted, being confined to one area can also trigger the anxiety, for example, having to wait in line at a checkout/cash register). As the above situations can trigger severe anxiety and panic attacks in people with claustrophobia, they will try their best to avoid them. The Government of Victoria 1 in Australia gives the following examples how people with claustrophobia may behave or react: As soon as they enter a room they may urgently check out where the exits are and position themselves near them. When all the doors are closed they may feel more anxious. In a crowded party, even if the venue is a large and spacious room, they will try to position themselves near the door. Avoid driving during peak times, when traffic is likely to be congested Avoid traveling as a passenger in a car during the rush hour In severe cases, some individuals with claustrophobia may panic when a door is closed Avoid using elevators and use t


Which family has been awarded the most Nobel Prizes?

Nobel Prize Facts Lists of Nobel Prizes and Laureates Lists of Nobel Prizes and Laureates Nobel Prize Facts On 27 November 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament, giving the largest share of his fortune to a series of prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace - the Nobel Prizes. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) established The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. Learn more about the Nobel Laureates here. 579 Nobel Prizes! Between 1901 and 2016, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 579 times. Nobel Prize 136 99 In the statutes of the Nobel Foundation it says: "A prize amount may be equally divided between two works, each of which is considered to merit a prize. If a work that is being rewarded has been produced by two or three persons, the prize shall be awarded to them jointly. In no case may a prize amount be divided between more than three persons." 911 Nobel Laureates! 885 Laureates * and 26 organizations have been awarded the Nobel Prize between 1901 and 2016. Of them, 78 are Laureates in Economic Sciences. A small number of individuals and organizations have been honoured more than once, which means that 881 individuals and 23 unique organizations have received the Nobel Prize in total. See Multiple Nobel Laureates . | Physics | Chemistry | Physiology or Medicine | Literature | Peace | Economic Sciences | Years without Nobel Prizes Since the start, in 1901, there are some years when the Nobel Prizes have not been awarded. The total number of times are 49. Most of them during World War I (1914-1918) and II (1939-1945). In the statutes of the Nobel Foundation it says: "If none of the works under consideration is found to be of the importance indicated in the first paragraph, the prize money shall be reserved until the following year. If, even then, the prize cannot be awarded, the amount shall be added to the Foundation's restricted funds.". Nobel Prize 1916, 1931, 1934, 1940, 1941, 1942 Chemistry 1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940, 1941, 1942 Medicine 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1921, 1925, 1940, 1941, 1942 Literature 1914, 1918, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943 Peace 1914, 1915, 1916, 1918, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1948, 1955, 1956, 1966, 1967, 1972 Economic Sciences - Nobel Laureates and Fields The most common fields for Physics Laureates is particle physics, for Chemistry Laureates it is biochemistry, for Medicine Laureates it is genetics and for Laureates in Economic Sciences it is macroeconomics. Most of the Literature Laureates write prose. All Laureates sorted by field and genre for literature: | Physics | Chemistry | Physiology or Medicine | Literature | Peace | Economic Sciences | Nobel Laureates and Affiliation Here you can find out which universities, research institutions or companies Nobel Laureates were affiliated with at the time of the Nobel Prize announcement. Only Nobel Laureates in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Laureates in Economic Sciences are shown in the list. List of all Nobel Laureates sorted by country of birth Nobel Laureates and Age The average age of all Nobel Laureates in all prize categories between 1901 and 2016 is 59 years. 90 49 Nobel Prizes to Women Between 1901 and 2016 the Nobel Prize and Prize in Economic Sciences have been awarded 49 times to women. List of all female Nobel Laureates Two Nobel Laureates Declined the Prize Jean-Paul Sartre , awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature, declined the prize because he had consistently declined all official honours. Le Duc Tho , awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize jointly with US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. They were awarded the Prize for negotiating the Vietnam peace accord. Le Doc Tho said that he was not in a position to accept the Nobel Peace Prize, citing the situation in Vietnam as his reason. Forced to Decline the Nobel Prize! Four Nobel Laureates have been forced by authorities to decline the Nobel Prize. Adolf Hitler forbade three German Nobel Laureate


To what is Lake Erie connected by the Erie canal?

Canal History - New York State Canals Home » History & Education » Canal History Canal History The New York State Canal System is not only rich in history, but also culture.  Many immigrants worked long and hard on "Clinton’s Ditch" to create this  magnificent waterway. Folklore, songs and speech lingo emerged from those  individuals working along the Canal. As the population grew and the Canal  prospered, it became not only a transportation waterway, but also a vacation  area for the well-to-do.  At one time, more than 50,000 people depended on the Erie Canal  for their livelihood.  From its inception, the Erie  Canal helped form a whole new culture revolving around canal life. For many,  canal boats became floating houses, traveling from town to town. The father  would serve as captain, while the mother cooked for the family and crew and the  children, if old enough, would serve as "hoggees" and would walk alongside the  mules to lead them along at a steady pace. For those who traveled along the Canal in packet boats or  passenger vessels, the Canal was an exciting place. Gambling and entertainment  were frequent pastimes on the Canal and often, families would meet each year at  the same locations to share stories and adventures. Today, the Canal has returned to its former glory and is filled  with pleasure boats, fishermen and cyclists riding the former towpaths where  mules once trod.  The excitement of the past is alive  and well. The Erie Canal: A Brief History "Traveling on the Erie Canal" The original Illustration was taken from Graham's Magazine,  1828.  The source image was Handset and Letterpress Printed at  the Printing  Office of the Farmers' Museum, Cooperstown, NY. Begun in 1817 and opened in its entirety 1825, the Erie Canal is considered the engineering marvel of the 19th Century. When the federal government concluded that the project was too ambitious to undertake, the State of New York took on the task of carving 363 miles of canal through the wilderness with nothing but the muscle power of men and horses. Once derided as “Clinton’s Folly” for the Governor who lent his vision and political muscle to the project, the Erie Canal experienced unparalleled success almost overnight.  The iconic waterway established settlement patterns for most of the United  States during the 19th century, made New  York the financial capital of the world, provided a critical supply line which helped the North win the Civil War, and precipitated a series of social and economic changes throughout a young America. Explorers had long searched for a water route to the west.  Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, the lack of an efficient, safe transportation network kept populations - and trade - largely confined to coastal areas.  At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Allegheny Mountains were the Western Frontier. The Northwest  Territories that would later become Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and Ohio were rich in timber, minerals, and fertile land for farming. It took weeks to reach these precious resources.  Travelers were faced with rutted turnpike roads that baked to hardness in the summer sun.  In the winter, the roads dissolved in a sea of mud.  An imprisoned flour merchant named Jesse Hawley envisioned a better way: a Canal from Buffalo on the eastern shore of Lake Erie to Albany on the upper Hudson  River, a distance of almost 400 miles.  Long a proponent of efficient water transportation, Hawley had gone bankrupt trying to get his product to market from what is now Rochester.  Sent to debtor’s prison as a result, Hawley wrote a series of essays which were published in the Genesee Messenger beginning in 1807, describing in great detail the route, costs, and benefits of what would become the Erie Canal.  Hawley’s essays caught the eye of Assemblyman Joshua Forman, who submitted the first State legislation related to the Erie Canal in 1808, calling for a series of surveys to be made examining the practicality of a water route between Lake Erie and the Hud


"What standard distance was selected because it was expected to be ""one ten millionth of the quadrant of the earth's meridian"""

Decoding Giza Pyramids - Part 3 - World Mysteries Blog A circle has 360 degrees, each degree has 60 minutes and each minute has 60 seconds. One second of arc has length = Circumference /(360*60*60) = (2*Pi*R)/1,296,000 Note: Pi = 3.141 592 654, multiplying its numbers results in: 3 x 1 x 4 x 1 x 5 x 9 x 2 x 6 x 5 x 4 = 129600 amazingly this is exactly 1/10 of the number of seconds in a circle 360x60x60 = 1296000. Circumference in seconds of arc/circumference in radians gives us  REC in inches:  360*60*60/(2*Pi*10,000) = 20.6265 this number represents 1 Royal Egyptian Cubit in inches. The radian is the standard unit of angular measure, used in many areas of mathematics.  An angle’s measurement in radians is numerically equal to the length of a corresponding arc of a unit circle, so one radian is just under 57.3 degrees (when the arc length is equal to the radius). A complete revolution is 2*Pi radians for a circle of radius one.An arc of a circle with the same length as the radius of that circle corresponds to an angle of 1 radian. A full circle corresponds to an angle of 2*Pi radians. Model of Earth to scale 1:12,000: The radius R of our earth model would be (6,366 km)/12,000 = 0.5305 km which is approximately 1,000 Royal Cubits The REC is “embedded” in the design of the Giza Pyramids The design of the Great Pyramid is based on the ratio 11:7 Proportions of any object are always independent of the units of length (meters, feet, cubits etc) we use to measure the object. Once specific unit of measuring length is introduced, dimensions of an object can be expressed by different numbers, however its proportions will remain the same.  Although objects with identical proportions can be built to different scale, the “base to height” ratio will stay the same. 11/7 ratio (equal 1.571) is nearly perfect half Pi and excellent approximation of the “squaring the circle” principle. For the Great Pyramid, Base to Height Ratio 440/280 is exactly 11/7 Most “pyramidologists” appear to be  “chasing their tails” uncovering huge amount of “numerical coincidences” embedded in the Great Pyramid… It is simply unbelievable, however ALL of these numerical coincidences are result of selecting just 2 numbers for the pyramid design: 7, 11 (height to base ratio), 40 as the scale factor, and the measuring unit: Royal Cubit = 20.62 ” = 0.524 m. Of course big question is: why these numbers were selected for the design of the Great Pyramid? There are at least 2 likely answers: – in geometry, 11/7 ratio is the ratio used to perfectly approximate “squaring the circle” , Phi  (1.618) and Pi (3.1428) – in astronomy: Radius of the Earth/Radius of the Moon = 11/3 and this is reflected in the Great Pyramid design (see image below)    Units of measure used in modern times as well in the past seem to be based not on random choices but on dimensions of our planet.   Looking closer at the ancient units of length (some of which are still in use today) we can only admire the advanced knowledge of their creators. Although very few measuring rods were found, we can discover what units were in use by the ancient architects by measuring their monumental stone structures (pyramids and temples). For example, the Great Pyramid has base length  = 9068.8 inches and height = 5776 inches. The base in Feet = 755.7333 feet, height = 481.3333 feet. Both numbers do not tell us much until we convert them to ancient units of length called Royal Egyptian Cubits. 1 REC = 20.62 inches therefore base is 440 REC and height is 280 REC. Another important quality is locked in the ratio of the pyramid’s dimensions: base to height = 440/280 = 11/7 Radius of Earth/Radius of Moon = 11/3 1/3 of moon diameter = 720 miles = 1x2x3x4x5x6 miles or 6! miles.  Moon Diameter = 3 units, Earth Diameter = 11 units Moon plus Earth Radius is 7 units (7x 720=5040 miles) The ratio 3:11 is 27.3 percent, and the orbit of the Moon takes 27.3 days.  Sidereal rotation period 27.321582 d (synchronous).   27.3 days is also the average rotation period of a sunspot. Great Pyramid has Base to Height ratio 440/280 = 11/7


Andy Warhol is associated with what sort of art?

Andy Warhol Bio - American Pop Art Painter & Printmaker Movement, Style, School or Type of Art: Pop Date and Place of Birth: (disputed) August 6, 1928, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Life and Work: Warhol was trained as a commercial artist, and is best known for founding (or claiming to found) the Pop Art Movement in American art. He developed the technique of projecting photographic images to a silk screen, a process that enabled him to produce repetitive patterns within the same piece relatively quickly. Typical works are of famous people, everyday objects (soup cans, dollar bills) and macabre scenes of car wrecks and electric chairs. Warhol also produced experimental films, helped found the band Velvet Underground and was an integral part of making performance art acceptable, if not understood. His studio, "The Factory", was a social hub in New York City. Date and Place of Death: February 27, 1987, New York City Warhol died of complications following gall bladder surgery, which was, perhaps, a fitting way for an artist who championed the mundane and claimed to love "boring things" to go. continue reading below our video Profile of Andy Warhol Still, afterwards he got a spectacular send-off as some 2,000 people attended his memorial service at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City . Quotes From Andy Warhol: "In the future, everyone will be famous for 15 minutes." "An artist is someone who produces things that people don't need to have but that he - for some reason - thinks it would be a good idea to give them." "Once you 'got' Pop, you could never see a sign the same way again. And once you thought Pop, you could never see America the same way again." "I've decided something: Commercial things really do stink. As soon as it becomes commercial for a mass market it really stinks." "It would be very glamorous to be reincarnated as a great big ring on Liz Taylor's finger." Sources and Further Reading Feldman, Frayda (ed.), et al. Andy Warhol Prints: A Catalogue Raisonné. New York : Abbeville Press, 1989 (revised 4th edition). Hackett, Pat (ed.). The Andy Warhol Diaries New York : Warner Books, 1991. Livingstone, Marco. "Warhol, Andy"


Which section of the British forces made a famous charge against Russian forces at Balaklava on 25 October 1854 during the Crimean War?

The Battle of Balaclava - Crimean War - Charge of the Light Brigade The Battle of Balaclava The Charge of the Light Brigade, the Charge of the   Heavy   Brigade and the Thin Red Line War: Crimean War Place: On the southern Crimean coast in the Ukraine. Combatants: British, French and Turkish troops against the   Imperial Russian Army. Generals: Lieutenant General the Earl of Raglan commanded   the British Army, General Saint-Arnaud commanded the French Army. Prince Menshikov commanded the Russian Army. The Russian commander   of the Balaclava assault was General Liprandi, Menshikov’s second in   command. Click here or on image to buy a Print Uniforms, arms and equipment: See the main Crimean War   site on britishbattles.com. Winner: Balaclava is a battle honour for all the British   regiments that took part. It is usually a pre-condition for a battle   honour that the battle is a victory for British arms. Balaclava was   a strategic defeat. The Russians captured seven guns and at the end   of the battle held the ground they had attacked. Against this the   three episodes in the battle; the Charge of the Heavy Brigade, the   Thin Red Line and the Charge of the Light Brigade, are such icons of   courage and achievement for the British Army, that it is not   surprising the military authorities awarded Balaclava as a battle   honour to the regiments involved. 1st Royal Dragoons 4th Dragoon Guards: now the Royal Dragoon Guards. 5th Dragoon Guards: now the Royal Dragoon Guards. 1st Royal Dragoons: now the Blues and Royals. Royal Scots Greys: now the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards. 6th Inniskilling Dragoons: now the Royal Dragoon Guards. 4th Light Dragoons: now the Queen’s Royal Hussars. 8th Hussars: now the Queen’s Royal Hussars. 11th Hussars: now the King’s Royal Husars. 13th Light Dragoons: now the Light Dragoons. 17th Lancers: now the Queen’s Royal Lancers. 93rd Highlanders: now the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. All these regiments have Balaclava as a battle honour. Account: In mid-September 1854 the British and French armies   with a small Turkish contingent landed on the Western Crimean coast   30 miles north of Sevastopol with the aim of capturing this   important Russian Black Sea naval base. An officer of the 93rd Highlanders The allied armies marched south along the coast and fought the   battle of the Alma on that river, defeating the Russian army and   driving it back towards the city. Lord Raglan and Marshal St Arnaud, the two commanders in chief,   resolved to march around the inland side of Sevastopol and begin   siege operations against the city from the South. Once the march had   been completed the French established their base at Kamiesh on the   south western tip of the Crimea, south of Sevastopol, while the   British took Balaclava as their base, 15 miles along the coast to   the East. The Battle of Balaclava (this map appears in the best selling book, The Dangerous Book for Boys by Gonn Iggulden and Hal Iggulden, in the section   Famous Battles-Part Two)   The Russian commander, Prince Menshikov, marched his army out of   Sevastopol to the North East, leaving a garrison to conduct the   defence of the city. The allies were thereby left with two tasks;   the siege of the city and holding off Menshikov’s army. During   October 1854 reinforcements came in to Menshikov’s army from   elsewhere in the Crimea and further afield in Russia until his army   was larger than that of the allies. The 93rd Highlanders repel the Russian Cavalry On 25th October 1854 Menshikov launched an assault across the   Tchernaya River to the North East of Balaclava with the aim of   capturing the British base. The assault was commanded by his deputy,   General Liprandi. Liprandi crossed the Tractir Bridge across the   river and advanced on the positions held by Turkish troops along the   Causeway Heights. He commanded twenty-five battalions of infantry,   twenty-three squadrons of cavalry, thirteen squadrons of Cossack   light horse and sixty-six guns


In Israel in 2009, what did they call the world outbreak of swine flu?

Swine flu cases spread around the world | World news | The Guardian Swine flu cases spread around the world Guardian correspondents report on how different countries are reacting to the swine flu outbreak Guardian reporters Tuesday 28 April 2009 08.19 EDT First published on Tuesday 28 April 2009 08.19 EDT Close Australia Authorities have imposed tough border-control measures, warning of a likely swine flu outbreak with 45 people being tested for the deadly virus. Emergency response teams and hotlines have been set up across the country and Tasmania, an island state in the south, has threatened to shut its borders in an attempt to keep the flu out. Airlines servicing Australia from the Americas are required to report any passengers with flu-like symptoms before being cleared to land at local airports. Nurses have been stationed at international airports to detect and treat anyone suspected of carrying the virus. The rapid spread across the world has forced Australian authorities to track down people who shared the Air New Zealand flight that carried an Auckland school group returning from an excursion to Mexico who have tested positive for the illness. Suspected patients have been isolated at home and given the Tamiflu and Relenza vaccines which the federal government stockpiled in the wake of the Sars outbreak in 2002. The Australian prime minister, Kevin Rudd, says all available resources will be marshalled to fight the "evolving threat. This is a serious international concern for public health," he said. With almost 9m doses of medication at hand, Australia has one of the biggest per-capita vaccine reserves in the world. Yet many fear it may not be enough. Pharmacists say a growing number of people have been asking for the vaccine and purchasing surgical masks. Airline shares have tumbled amid fears that tourism would again be hit as it was during the Sars outbreak while pharmaceutical stocks have surged on the rising death toll. Toni O'Loughlin in Sydney Eleven New Zealand students who returned from an excursion to Mexico at the weekend have tested positive for swine flu while 18 people who shared the flight with the pupils are yet to be traced. New Zealand officials are investigating 45 other cases of suspected swine flu. . The government deployed a team of 25 to track the 364 passengers who shared the flight with the school party. One of the pupils played football soon after landing, before the alarm was sounded, potentially infecting his teammates and those of the opposition. Fear of a pandemic is rising, fuelling criticism that New Zealand officials have been slow to act. One passenger who shared the flight with the Rangitoto College students, Ian Hooker, said he was contacted on Monday morning, more than 48 hours after the flight had landed. "We have been placed under quarantine as a result of today and I just can't help wondering whether that couldn't have been done on Sunday given that they knew about it on Saturday," Hooker said. Although he had no symptoms, he was given Tamiflu and told to stay indoors for up to seven days. Testing in New Zealand has taken longer as the samples needed to be sent to a WHO lab in Melbourne, Australia. Meanwhile, New Zealanders will have to wait till Friday for Tamiflu to be available over the counter at pharmacies. Toni O'Loughlin in Sydney Ireland The department of health in Dublin will release swine flu test results later today on four Irish people who have returned from abroad. The results will be released at a press conference after clinical tests lasting up to five hours. Dr Kevin Kelleher, head of health protection at the Republic's health service executive, confirmed the suspected cases had recently returned from areas affected by the outbreak. He said further tests would be expected on the public in the coming week. Ireland's chief medical officer said the Republic was well prepared for an outbreak of swine flu. Dr Tony Holohan, from the department of heath, said the country had enough stocks of anti-viral drugs to cover up to half of its population. Ireland's health se


Which famous artist and ornithologist is the son of an Antarctic explorer and adventurer?

Final 'Scott of Antarctic' letters go on display | News | World | M&G Final 'Scott of Antarctic' letters go on display Paul Majendie 10 Jan 2007 13:13 The last letters written by Antarctic explorer Robert Scott to his wife and young son before the adventurer died on his South Pole expedition are to go on display for the first time. Addressing his final letter home to “my widow” Kathleen, the doomed British explorer wrote: “I shall not see you again—the inevitable must be faced. “Dear, it is not easy to write because of the cold—70 degrees below zero and nothing but the shelter of our tent. You know I have loved you,” he wrote on scraps of his journal found in his tent when the team’s bodies were recovered. In the golden age of Antarctic exploration, Captain Scott has always been hailed for his heroism as the ill-fated “Race to the Pole” in 1912 went tragically wrong. Battling blizzard conditions, Scott and his four-man team made it to the Pole only to discover that Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen had beaten them to it by a month. On the long and demoralising journey back, Scott’s party was overcome by the bad weather. He and his last two companions perished just 17km from their supply depot. Staring death in the face as he wrote, Scott encouraged his wife to re-marry for the sake of their three-year-old son Peter, who became a renowned ornithologist and conservationist. “I wouldn’t have been a very good husband but I hope I shall be a good memory,” he wrote. “Certainly the end is nothing for you to be ashamed of and I like to think that the boy will have a good start in parentage of which he may be proud.” Peter Scott’s widow Philippa has decided to give the letters to the Scott Polar Research Institute, which was established at Cambridge University in the explorer’s memory. They will go on display at the institute’s museum from January 17. “I was very, very moved when reading them,” said curator Heather Lane. “He was very stoical. You get this sense of a man who has resigned himself to the fact that the fuel and food has gone. They are trapped in a blizzard and too weak to get out. “The letters offer a very human face. Scott was at his most personal talking to Kathleen as if they were in the room together,” she said. As his father fought for survival, three-year-old Peter sent him two messages. “Dear Daddy I am going to be a drummer,” said one. The other read simply “I love you.” Scott died of frostbite, malnutrition and exhaustion before the boy’s letters could reach him. - Reuters


In 1953 Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were executed in the USA for spying for which country?

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed - Jun 19, 1953 - HISTORY.com Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed Share this: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed Author Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed URL Publisher A+E Networks Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, a married couple convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage in 1951, are put to death in the electric chair. The execution marked the dramatic finale of the most controversial espionage case of the Cold War. Julius was arrested in July 1950, and Ethel in August of that same year, on the charge of conspiracy to commit espionage. Specifically, they were accused of heading a spy ring that passed top-secret information concerning the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. The Rosenbergs vigorously protested their innocence, but after a brief trial in March 1951 they were convicted. On April 5, 1951, a judge sentenced them to death. The pair was taken to Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, New York, to await execution. During the next two years, the couple became the subject of both national and international debate. Many people believed that the Rosenbergs were the victims of a surge of hysterical anticommunist feeling in the United States, and protested that the death sentence handed down was cruel and unusual punishment. Most Americans, however, believed that the Rosenbergs had been dealt with justly. President Dwight D. Eisenhower spoke for many Americans when he issued a statement declining to invoke executive clemency for the pair. He stated, “I can only say that, by immeasurably increasing the chances of atomic war, the Rosenbergs may have condemned to death tens of millions of innocent people all over the world. The execution of two human beings is a grave matter. But even graver is the thought of the millions of dead whose deaths may be directly attributable to what these spies have done.” Julius Rosenberg was the first to be executed, at about 8 p.m. on June 19, 1953. Just a few minutes after his body was removed from the chamber containing the electric chair, Ethel Rosenberg was led in and strapped to the chair. She was pronounced dead at 8:16 p.m. Both refused to admit any wrongdoing and proclaimed their innocence right up to the time of their deaths. Two sons, Michael and Robert, survived them. Related Videos


If you were watching a game between the Red Sox and the Yankees, what sport would they be playing?

The Red Sox and Yankees do not always need to play on Sunday night - Over the Monster Over the Monster Rec Jim Rogash/Getty Images How do you do, fellow kids? Do you have time for a quick word about the Boston Molasses Disaster? In January of 1919, a large molasses tank exploded, sending a river of ooze through the city that killed 21 people and injured 150 more. For years afterward, Bostonians swore they could still smell the stuff under the persistent summer sun. And now I smell something foul at ESPN. Just a quick note at the outset: What you are about to read is a certified take, one forged in the lukewarm fire of middle age by a guy who starts work at 6 a.m. and has a one-year-old daughter -- forces that conspire to send me to  Sleepy Viking town at an hour incompatible with most night games, be they on Sunday or otherwise. It is a take that will change exactly nothing whatsoever, and perhaps less than that. Anyhow, the take is as follows: the Red Sox and Yankees do not always have to be the Sunday Night Baseball game, as they have been for the last two weekends. I oppose this nonsense, because Sunday Night Baseball is a pox on our great game! I do not like how it "starts" at 8 p.m. and, owing to the elongated commercial breaks and general pace of trench warfare, ends sometime during hour two of "Sully and the Scuzz" on the Monday morning commute. This won't just be the second time we've pre-empted the Scuzzer, either; two weeks ago, the Sox played the Astros into the wee hours. I wasn't awake, having long since been swallowed by the sweet darkness, the molasses having taken me whole. To the caveats! Obviously ESPN has a good reason for choosing Red Sox/Yankees for their primetime slot, because it is Red Sox/Yankees, and people will watch the game on television in larger numbers than they would watch other teams. Their logic for doing so is sound and I'm perfectly clear on why it has worked this way, being mostly of sound mind. Howevah, the day's best game will take place Sunday at Wrigley Field, where the Cubs will face the Nationals. And coming off a Red Sox/Yankees game a week before, there's every reason to throw the Cubbies on for all the non-HBO watchers to see. Leave Papi to his Game of Thrones, and us to our decent baseball teams. Of course, a lot of this is informed by the Yankees' spiral into mediocrity, which has come as fast as a Dellin Betances fastball. Just last week in this same spot, my editor threw a line into my  "The Yankees will rise again!" column that hedged against my predictions of doom for this season; seven days later, the team looks like toast, and you don't have toast for Sunday dinner. [Said editor's note: Stop exposing the business, Bryan.] Must Reads Examining the Red Sox' problem against left-handed pitching The Red Sox need to promote Andrew Benintendi to Double-A On both a more serious note and a larger level, continuously putting the Red Sox and Yankees on the game's biggest stage is great for television, but it robs the rivalry of something of its inherent baseball-ness, and the idea that every regular season game counts just as much as the next one, or that you could, you know, take your kids to see the biggest rivalry in the sport. Oh yeah, I went there. I am Thinking of the Children. But I am also, as an early sleeper and generally cantankerous man, thinking of myself. The bigger problem with Sunday Night Baseball is that it is, real talk, kind of terrible no matter who is playing, even if it's better than ever, largely thanks to its suddenly wonderful booth. Jessica Mendoza is fantastic, but no matter how you slice it, the Sunday Night Baseball delivery system is about 20 years outdated. There's no real reason to get excited about seeing Papi do his thing on a national game when you can do it on any day of any week at your own convenience with nothing more than an MLB.tv account. If ESPN really wants to maximize the value of Sunday Night Baseball, it would be better served, in the long run, but airing games between teams that are actually good at the time, instead of games be


What is the name given to river crossing suitable for vehicles?

How to drive on F roads in the highlands of Iceland How to drive on F roads in the highlands of Iceland 12.03.2012 How to drive on F roads in the highlands of Iceland Some tips for drivers headed for the rugged and beautiful highlands in Iceland. Make sure you enjoy the scenery without floating down a powerful river or getting stuck in the middle of nowhere! :)   (Note: This blog was updated November 2012 with an updated table about opening times of mountain roads).   Photos by SanMarkoTravel.com  and Brynjar Smári respectively.     Before I start talking about driving on mountain roads, let me first tell you a little bit about the highlands of Iceland. If you have not been there, you have a lot to experience! The rugged beauty and the powerful peace and quiet up there is a brilliant battery charger. The landscape consists of one or more of the following: white glaciers, black sands, green mountain tops, rock formations of different varieties, blue or brown rivers, colorful hot springs, small waterfalls, big waterfalls and black volcanoes to name a few. Sometimes you go whole days without seeing a single person and other times it is like being in downtown Reykjavik on a lovely Saturday.   Photos by Pixie  and Helga Davids  respectively.   Some facts about the highlands from Wikipedia; they are situated in the middle of the country, above 400 – 500 meters over the sea. They are mostly uninhabitable. Many glaciers are in the highlands such as Vatnajokull glacier, the biggest glacier in Europe. Most of Iceland’s active volcanoes are also situated in the highlands. Sounds amazing….and kinda scary right? :)   The mountain roads in the highlands are called F-roads and are indicated with an F in front of the number of the road on maps. They are usually narrow gravel roads with no bridges over rivers. The F-roads are only open during the summer and some of them open as late as early July. You will need a 4x4 car to drive on these roads.    Opening of mountain roads brochure  (updated table November 2016).   The highland summer lasts only about a month and a half. The opening of each road depends mostly on the amount of snow covering them. Roads can be very wet after the spring and are not opened to traffic until they dry up. When roads pass through conservation areas, they are not opened until the whole area is ready to take on the pressures of visitors even if the road itself is ready to be opened.   As you can see on the map, there are several F-roads. The most known roads are F35, Kjölur, F26, Sprengisandur, and F208 Fjallabaksleið Nyrðri which roughly translates as The north road behind the mountains which leads to Landmannalaugar. Kjölur and Sprengisandur used to be the main roads between the north and the south of Iceland and the people would travel on foot or horses. I think the people in the old days must have been super humans for traveling without all the nice modern equipment and clothes we have. :)   So what do you have to keep in mind when planning a trip to the highlands? You have to be driving a 4x4 vehicle. It is strongly advised that people travel together in 2 or more cars. You should check information about the conditions of the roads before you start your journey. It is best to call 1777 or check www.road.is. Make sure that the F road you plan to travel on is open for traffic. Driving outside of the roads in the highlands is strictly forbidden. Actually, driving off road in Iceland is always forbidden! Buying a detailed map of the route you will be travelling is much better than using the standard free map you can get at tourist information centers and gas stations. This is not necessary but can be very helpful. Whenever possible, try to talk to local people about conditions in the area, such as rangers. Tell somebody about your travel plans. You can for example tell the good people over at www.safetravel.is (or just the ranger you talked to before). It is good to be prepared for all types of weather as the weather in the highlands can change almost with a blink of an eye. Be aware that telephone signals in t


What fluid has groups called A, B, AB and O?

Blood Groups, Blood Typing and Blood Transfusions Blood Groups, Blood Typing and Blood   Transfusions     The discovery of blood   groups Experiments with blood transfusions, the transfer           of blood or blood components into a person's blood           stream, have been carried out for hundreds of years.           Many patients have died and it was not until 1901,           when the Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered human           blood groups, that blood transfusions became   safer. Mixing blood from two individuals can lead to   blood clumping or agglutination. The clumped red   cells can crack and cause toxic reactions. This can   have fatal consequences. Karl Landsteiner discovered   that blood clumping was an immunological reaction   which occurs when the receiver of a blood transfusion   has antibodies against the donor blood cells. Karl Landsteiner's work made it possible to determine   blood groups and thus paved the way for blood   transfusions to be carried out safely. For this   discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize in   Physiology or Medicine in 1930.   What is blood made up of? An adult human has about           4–6 liters of blood circulating in the body.           Among other things, blood transports oxygen to   various parts of the body. Blood consists of several types   of cells floating around in a fluid called   plasma. The red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a   protein that binds oxygen. Red blood cells transport   oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from, the body   tissues. The white blood cells fight infection. The platelets help the blood to clot, if you   get a wound for example. The plasma contains salts and various kinds of   proteins.     What are the different blood groups? The differences in human blood are due to the           presence or absence of certain protein molecules           called antigens and antibodies. The antigens are           located on the surface of the red blood cells and the           antibodies are in the blood plasma. Individuals have           different types and combinations of these molecules.           The blood group you belong to depends on what you   have inherited from your parents. There are more than 20 genetically determined   blood group systems known today, but the AB0 and Rh   systems are the most important ones used for blood   transfusions. Not all blood groups are compatible   with each other. Mixing incompatible blood groups   leads to blood clumping or agglutination, which is   dangerous for individuals. Nobel Laureate Karl Landsteiner was involved in   the discovery of both the AB0 blood group (in 1901) and Rh blood   group (in 1937).   AB0 blood grouping system According to the AB0 blood group system there are           four different kinds of blood groups: A, B, AB or 0   (null). Blood group A If you belong to the blood group A, you have A     antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and B     antibodies in your blood plasma. Blood group B If you belong to the blood group B, you have B           antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and A     antibodies in your blood plasma. Blood group AB If you belong to the blood group AB, you have both A           and B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells           and no A or B antibodies at all in your blood     plasma. Blood group 0 If you belong to the blood group 0 (null), you have           neither A or B antigens on the surface of your red           blood cells but you have both A and B antibodies in     your blood plasma.   Rh factor blood grouping system     Many people also have a so called Rh factor on the           red blood cell's surface. This is also an antigen and           those who have it are called Rh+. Those who haven't           are called Rh-. A p


"What sort of animals were ""Lady and The Tramp"", the main roles in a Walt Disney cartoon released in 1955?"

Tramp | Lady And The Tramp Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Lady And The Tramp Wiki Butch (referred to by both Tony and Joe), Fritzi, Mike, Handsome (by Peg) Personality Handsome, smart, cunning, brave, funny, firm, laid-back Appearance Slender mixed-breed dog, gray coat, both short ears and tail, both light gray muzzle and belly, black nose, red collar with a gold diamond-shaped license Occupation Lady's husband, Browns' family dog, Scamp and his sisters' father Affiliations Lady (wife), Scamp (son), Annette, Collette and Danielle (daughters), Angel (daughter-in-law) Allies Fate Lives in the home of Jim Dear and Darling as their pet, alongside Lady and their children. Quotes "I have my own private entrance." "No telling what mischief that pup's getting into." The Tramp, A.K.A. Butch, is the male protagonist from Disney's 1955 animated film Lady and the Tramp and the tritagonist in the sequel. He was voiced by Larry Roberts in his debut, and later was voiced by Jeff Bennett in the sequel, Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure . Contents Edit Homer with Lady In early versions of the script, Tramp was called Homer and although he was first conceived as Lady's suitor, competing with an early incantation of Boris for her affections, he ended up as her ex-dog pound mate in the final 1943 storyboard pitch. A few years after that version was scrapped, Walt read a story called "Happy Dan the Cynical Dog" in Cosmopolitan Magazine and decided that such a character as him was just was was needed to enhance the film. Although Walt wanted his new character to be called Tramp, the animators feared that audiences would take offense in such a name, due to the word's sexual connotations ("the lady is a tramp".) So, they first called him Rags, then Bozo, before Walt insisted that Tramp would be fine. Design Tramp is a medium sized, scruffy looking dog. He is mostly dark gray with lighter gray muzzle and stomach. After he is taken in by Jim Dear and Darling, he wears a red collar with a diamond shaped license. Personality Edit In the first film, Tramp is a very laid-back character and he's more like a kid. He prefers to live in the family and home. It's implied that he's flirtatious, given his history of having had a multitude of girlfriends. He's known for his street smarts, able to both avoid dog catchers and deal with junkyard dogs. He dreams to live in a family and home that he won't get captured by dogcatchers. In the sequel, after he and Lady have married and now have a litter of puppies, Tramp's grown accustomed to being a house pet, but still retains his street smarts. He is also portrayed as being a loving yet firm father to his son, Scamp , and his three daughters, Annette, Collette and Danielle . Appearances Edit Tramp in the original film. Tramp is introduced as a friendly stray mutt who dreams to live in a family and home. He overhears Jock and Trusty attempting to explain what a baby is to Lady . Tramp gives his opinion on the matter, which is somewhat negative. Annoyed with Tramp, Jock and Trusty order him out of the yard. Later on, Tramp rescues Lady, whom he calls "Pidge" from a pack of alley dogs. Lady reveals that she has been muzzled, and so Tramp attempts to help her take it off. He takes her to the local zoo , when he is able to manipulate a beaver into removing the device, by claiming it will help the beaver haul logs. That night, Tramp takes Lady out for a night on the town. he reveals that he goes to different houses each for scraps, and that he has a different name at every one of them. That night, he takes Lady to a small Italian restaurant , where they are served spaghetti and meatballs by the owner, Tony . Tramp takes Lady home, but on the way back, she is picked up by the dogcatcher . After he finds Lady, who has been released from the pound, he attempts to apologize. However, an angered Lady confronts him on rumors she heard at the pound regarding Tramp's multiple past girlfriends. She orders him to leave, which Tramp was very sad that he'll never be a house dog. However, he soon hears Lady barking furiously


Who nailed a paper with 95 theses as a basis for debate with Friar John Tetzel to a church door at Wittenberg on 31 October 1517?

John Tetzel: Salesman of Indulgences As you can see from the quote, John Tetzel claimed that no repentance was necessary on the part of the buyer in order to obtain the benefit of the indulgence. This seemed ludicrous to Martin Luther. Of course, first it would be good to know what an indulgence is! What's an Indulgence? St. Peter's Basilica, built with indulgence money Photo by Oriol Ventura Pedrol, used with permission The Roman Catholic Church to this day ( look for yourself! ) claims that Jesus, Mary, and the saints did so many good works that left behind "merit" that they didn't need. That "treasury" of merit is in the possession of the Church, and that merit, says the Roman Catholic Church, can be bestowed on others as the Church wills. I'm stunned I'm actually writing this about what a "Christian" Church believes. Oh, well. Onward …  According to the Roman Catholics, when God forgives, there are some sins for which he remits only the eternal punisment. There is still "temporal punishment" that must be endured, and if it is not endured in this lifetime, then it must be endured in purgatory. Through the giving of indulgences, the Roman Catholic Church can shorten that punishment, whether on earth or in purgatory. Indulgences for Future Sin There is a story, almost certainly false, that the leader of a gang of ruffians approached Tetzel to obtain pardon through the purchase of an indulgence. "Will indulgences forgive future sins as well?" he asked. Tetzel assured him that they would, and the young man immediately paid him. That night, confident that he was forgiven, the young man robbed Tetzel, obtaining his money back and more. I have now also heard this story told with a German noble as the thief. Why John Tetzel Was So Successful The citizens of Europe under the rule of the Roman Catholic Church were kept in great ignorance. Superstition was rampant. Doctrines like purgatory were superb for keeping citizens in fear, and ignorance lent strength to wild ideas about demons and witches. John Tetzel fed on those superstitious fears. It was very easy to convince people who believed that their dear mother, departed wife, or beloved child were that very moment burning in flames in purgatory that they ought to pay money to release them from their torment. In a sense, the sale of indulgences was a way to get the poor to willingly pay taxes. John Tetzel's Sales Plummet On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther nailed the death warrant on indulgences to the cathedral door in Wittenburg. His 95 theses  were powerful arguments against everything about the sale of indulgences. Luther was a powerful salesman in his own right. He was popular both with the people and with the prince. His words were soon distributed all over Germany, and John Tetzel's indulgence sales came to an abrupt end. Wittenberg Schlosskirche; Luther nailed his 95 theses to this door This, of course, aroused the ire of the pope, who was anxious to have St. Peter's Basilica built, and the rest, as they say, is history . John Tetzel's End With the wrath of the public aroused against him, Johann Tetzel was forced to retire to the to a monastery at Leipzig. It was at that time that Carl von Meltitz wrote up numerous accusations against him, further scandalizing his already damaged reputation. (Meltitz has since been discredited, and no one trusts anything he wrote.) Broken and in ill health, John Tetzel passed away in 1519. Don't worry—your e-mail address is totally secure. I promise to use it only to send you the Early Church History Newsletter. Citations on this Site Unless otherwise noted, all Bible verses on this site are taken from the King James Version  (because it's not copyrighted). Language, grammar and punctuation are updated, comparing other translations and taking care not to change any meanings. Citations from the early church fathers are referenced, and the references can be read online at EarlyChristianWritings.com  and CCEL.org . I often update the language on these, too, doing my best not to affect even possible meanings. All unattributed images on this


Who devised a practical system for classifying fingerprints?

The History of Fingerprints QUESTION & ANSWER FORUM - HELP   WITH HOMEWORK The History of Fingerprints Click            the arrow to the right of a language to translate Why Fingerprint Identification? Fingerprints offer a reliable means of personal identification. That is the essential explanation for fingerprints having replaced other methods of       establishing the identities of persons reluctant to admit previous arrests.  1 The science of fingerprint identification stands out among all other forensic sciences for many reasons, including the following:    Has served governments worldwide for over 100 years to provide accurate         identification of criminals. No two fingerprints have ever been found alike in many billions of human and automated computer comparisons.  Fingerprints are the basis for         criminal history foundation at every police agency on earth. Established the first forensic professional organization, the International         Association for Identification (IAI), in 1915. Established the first professional certification program for forensic scientists,         the IAI's Certified Latent Print Examiner (CLPE) program (in 1977), issuing certification to those meeting stringent criteria and revoking certification for serious errors such as         erroneous identifications.   Continues to expand as the premier method for identifying persons, with         hundreds of thousands of persons daily added to fingerprint repositories    worldwide.  For more than a century, has remained the most commonly used forensic evidence worldwide - in most jurisdictions         fingerprint examination cases match or outnumber all other forensic examination casework combined.  Fingerprints harvested from crime "scenes lead to more suspects and         generate more evidence in court than all other forensic laboratory techniques combined. 2 " Is relatively inexpensive for solving crime. Expense is an   important factor because all agencies must balance cost,   timeliness and thoroughness for various types of investigations.   For example, DNA is as ubiquitous as fingerprints at most crime   scenes, but costs typically 100 to 400 times more than   fingerprint analysis for each specimen, and can require additional   months or years before analysis is complete. Thus,   fingerprints and DNA are harvested from serious crimes such as   murder, but often fingerprints are the primary evidence   harvested from burglaries, vehicle break-ins, etc. Other visible human characteristics,   such as facial features, tend to change with age, but fingerprints are   relatively persistent. Barring injuries or surgery causing deep scarring, or       diseases such as leprosy damaging the formative layers of friction ridge skin, finger and palm       print features have never been shown to move about or change their unit relationship throughout the life of a person   (and injuries, scarring and diseases tend to exhibit telltale indicators   of unnatural change).   In earlier civilizations, branding   or maiming were used to mark persons as criminals. The thief was deprived of the hand which       committed the thievery. Ancient Romans employed the tattoo needle to identify and prevent desertion of mercenary soldiers from their ranks.   Before the mid-1800s, law enforcement officers with extraordinary visual memories, so-called "camera eyes," identified previously arrested offenders by       sight alone. Photography lessened the burden on memory, but was not the answer to the criminal identification problem. Personal appearances change. Around 1870, French anthropologist Alphonse Bertillon devised a system to measure and record the dimensions of certain bony parts of the body. These       measurements were reduced to a formula which, theoretically, would apply only to one person and would not change during his/her adult life. The Bertillon System was   generally acc


Cotswold, Southdown, Dorset, Lonk and Lincoln are breeds of what animal?

Southdown | breed of sheep | Britannica.com breed of sheep argali Southdown, breed of medium-wool, dark-faced, hornless sheep originating in the Sussex hills of England . The oldest of all British breeds of sheep, it has an ideal body conformation for meat production. Its fleece is close and is the finest of the British breeds; but, though white and of good quality, the wool is short and the fleeces relatively light in weight. The colour of its face and legs is brown to light brown or gray. Southdowns are popular in many parts of the world, especially in The Commonwealth and the United States . Southdown ram. See the Table of Selected Breeds of Sheep for further information. Selected Breeds of Sheep


Which sport, a version of which had been a medal sport in 1924, and a demonstration sport in 1928, 1936 and 1948, became an official Winter Olympic sport in 1960?

Winter Olympic Games | Olympics Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Speed skating The Winter Olympic Games is a sporting event which occurs every four years. The first celebration of the Winter Olympics was held in Chamonix , France , in 1924. The original sports were alpine and cross-country skiing , figure skating , ice hockey , Nordic combined , ski jumping and speed skating . The Games were held every four years from 1924 until 1936, after which they were interrupted by World War II. The Olympics resumed in 1948 and were celebrated every four years. The Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years until 1992 , after a 1986 decision by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four-year cycles in alternating even-numbered years. Because of the change, the next Winter Olympics after 1992 were in 1994 . The Winter Games have evolved since their inception. Sports have been added and some of them, such as luge , short track speed skating and freestyle skiing , have earned a permanent spot on the Olympic programme. Others, such as speed skiing , bandy and skijoring , were demonstration sports but never incorporated as Olympic sports. The rise of television as a global medium for communication enhanced the profile of the Games. It created an income stream, via the sale of broadcast rights and advertising, which has become lucrative for the IOC. This allowed outside interests, such as television companies and corporate sponsors, to exert influence. The IOC has had to address several criticisms, internal scandals, the use of performance enhancing drugs by Winter Olympians, as well as a political boycott of the Winter Olympics. Nations have used the Winter Games to showcase the claimed superiority of their political systems. The Winter Olympics have been hosted on three continents, but never in a country in the southern hemisphere. The United States has hosted the Games four times; France has been the host three times; Austria, Canada, Italy, Japan, Norway and Switzerland have hosted the Games twice. In 2014 Sochi will be the first Russian city to host the Winter Olympics. The IOC has selected Pyeongchang , South Korea , to host the 2018 Winter Olympics . 12 countries - Austria , Canada , Finland , France , Great Britain , Hungary , Italy , Norway , Poland , Sweden , Switzerland and the United States have attended every Winter Olympic games. Six of those (Austria, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden and the United States) have earned medals at every Winter Olympic Games, and only one - the United States - has earned gold at each game. Contents Edit The first international multi-sport event for winter sports was the Nordic Games held in Sweden in 1901. Originally organised by General Viktor Gustaf Balck , the Nordic Games were held again in 1903 and 1905 and then every fourth year thereafter until 1926. [1] Balck was a charter member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and a close friend of Olympic Games founder Pierre de Coubertin . He attempted to have winter sports, specifically figure skating , added to the Olympic programme but was unsuccessful until the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom. [1] Four figure skating events were contested and at which Ulrich Salchow (10-time world champion) and Madge Syers won the individual titles. [2] [3] Three years later Italian count Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux proposed that the IOC stage a week of winter sports included as part of the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden. The organisers opposed this idea because they desired to protect the integrity of the Nordic Games and were concerned about a lack of facilities for winter sports. [4] [5] [6] The idea was resurrected for the 1916 Games , which were to be held in Berlin , Germany. A winter sports week with speed skating , figure skating, ice hockey and Nordic skiing was planned, but the 1916 Olympics was cancelled after the outbreak of World War I . [5] The first Olympics after the war were held in Antwerp , Belgium and featured figure skating an


Who was the hero of a number of tall stories by Rudolph Erich Raspe, published in 1785?

The Adventures of Baron Munchausen : Rudolph Erich Raspe : 9781505266269 The Adventures of Baron Munchausen Paperback Add to basket Add to wishlist Description Hieronymus Karl Friedrich Baron von Munchhausen was a German nobleman and a famous recounter of tall tales. He joined the Russian military and took part in two campaigns against the Ottoman Turks. Upon returning home, Munchhausen recounted a number of outrageous stories about his adventures. The stories of Munchhausen were first collected and published by an anonymous author in 1781. An English version was published in London in 1785, by Rudolf Erich Raspe, as The Adventures of Baron Munchhausen. It is not clear how much of the story material derives from the Baron himself; however, it is known that the majority of the stories are based on folktales that had been in circulation for many centuries before Munchhausen's birth." show more Product details 127                   x 203.2                   x 11.68mm | 258.55g Publication date


FINA announced in November 2008 that the cities that had expressed interest in hosting the 2013 World Aquatics Championships were Belgrade (Serbia), Budapest and Balatonfred (Hungary), Dubai (United Arab Emirates), Hamburg (Germany), Hong Kong (China), Madrid (Spain), and which other?

THE WORLD ATLAS OF SPORT by Myriad Editions - issuu issuu Issuu on Google+ THE WORLD ATLAS OF THE WORLD ATLAS OF SPORT From the creators of the award-winning State of the World Atlas series, this beautifully designed and fully illustrated atlas profiles the world’s major competitive sports, from American football to wrestling. Alan Tomlinson paints the big picture of international sport, combining in-depth commentary on significant sporting moments with revealing analysis of the global business that sport now represents – the commercial sponsorship that underpins it, the million dollar gains to be made from it, and the successes and failures of its celebrity superstars. Packed with facts, figures and infographics, this fascinating book is an indispensable educational resource as well as essential reading for all sports fans. GERMANY FRANCE ITALY CANADA UK IRELAND ARGENTINA Cover design by Lisa Garner, Itonic Design Front cover photo: B. Blue / Andre Reinke / Getty Images. Back cover photos, clockwise from bottom left: Keith Allison; Pharoah Hound; Mark Kolbe / iStockphoto ; Christophe Schmid / iStockphoto; Keith Allison. £14.99 WHO PLAYS WHAT, WHERE, AND WHY www.MyriadEditions.com ALAN TOMLINSON Alan Tomlinson is Professor of Leisure Studies and Director of Research in the Centre for Sport Research, University of Brighton, UK. He is the author of Sport and Leisure Cultures and A Dictionary of Sports Studies. Also published by Myriad Editions Topical non-fiction Other books in the State of the World Atlas series State of the World Infographics Maps and graphics from our State of the World Atlas series are available for download from www.myriadeditions.com SPORT THE WORLD ATLAS OF WHO PLAYS WHAT, WHERE, AND WHY Alan Tomlinson Myriad Editions This co-edition first co-published in 2011 by Myriad Editions and New Internationalist Myriad Editions 59 Lansdowne Place, Brighton BN3 1FL www.MyriadEditions.com New Internationalist 55 Rectory Road, Oxford OX4 1BW www.newint.org 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Copyright ÂŠ Myriad Editions 2011 The moral right of the author has been asserted. Edited and co-ordinated for Myriad Editions by Jannet King and Candida Lacey Design and graphics by Lisa Garner at Itonic Design Maps created by Isabelle Lewis All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-0-9565599-2-0 Printed and bound in Hong Kong on paper produced from sustainable sources by Lion Production under the supervision of Bob Cassels, The Hanway Press, London CONTENTS 7 INTRODUCTION S ports have become one of the world’s biggest cultural industries, and the highest profile events and contests attract the attention of increasing millions of people in homes, sports bars, and stadiums. Along with film and music, sports create superstars and celebrities. They offer dramatic diversions from the trials and routines of working or domestic living, as fans follow the fortunes of their favourite teams and players. They offer collective experiences in an individualized and fragmented world. Anyone who has been hugged by a stranger in a stadium knows the uncanny yet sustained capacity of sports to bring people together, and sports’ ability to create temporary but real and passionately expressed bonds. They can also be practised individually and in isolation. Magnificent trivia sports might be, but we have come to appreciate the importance of the everyday, vital for many people’s well-being and balance. All agree that sports activity, or sports spectating, can enrich everyday living, and that sports also offer a lucrative route for talented and ambitious individual sportsmen and women to succeed. They contribute to national identity and pride, and internatio


What is the capital of the archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean called The Falkland Islands?

The Falkland Islands - YouTube The Falkland Islands Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Mar 8, 2009 Recorded February 18, 2009. The Falkland Islands are an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean, located 300 miles from the coast of Argentina. They consist of two main islands, East Falkland and West Falkland, together with 776 smaller islands. Stanley, on East Falkland, is the capital. The islands are a self-governing Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom. Stanley (formerly known as "Port Stanley") is the capital and only true city in the Falkland Islands. It is located on the isle of East Falkland, on a north-facing slope, south of Stanley Harbour, in one of the wettest parts of the islands. As of the 2006 census, the city had a population of 2,115. The video begins aboard the Star Princess as we sail into Stanley Harbor in the Falkland Islands. Next there is a tour of the town of Stanley complete with comments from our colorful local guide. Next is a visit to the penguin colony at Gypsy Cove. The video then concludes with our sail away from the Falkland Islands aboard the Star Princess. You can see more of Gypsy Cove in my video @ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fy1By5...


"The ""Saucy Jacky"" postcard, received by Scotland Yard in 1888, was claimed to have been written by whom?"

About: Saucy Jacky postcard About: Saucy Jacky postcard An Entity of Type : WikicatPostcards ,   from Named Graph : http://dbpedia.org ,   within Data Space : dbpedia.org The "Saucy Jacky" postcard is the name of a message received in 1888, which claims to have been written by the serial killer now known as Jack the Ripper. Because so many hoax letters were received by Scotland Yard, the press and others, it is not known definitively if this was an authentic letter written by the Whitechapel killer. It did contain information that was compelling enough to lead investigators to publish a facsimile of the communication in hopes that someone might recognize the handwriting. Property abstract The "Saucy Jacky" postcard is the name of a message received in 1888, which claims to have been written by the serial killer now known as Jack the Ripper. Because so many hoax letters were received by Scotland Yard, the press and others, it is not known definitively if this was an authentic letter written by the Whitechapel killer. It did contain information that was compelling enough to lead investigators to publish a facsimile of the communication in hopes that someone might recognize the handwriting. (en) La postal Saucy Jacky (en español: Jacky el Descarado) es el nombre atribuido a un mensaje recibido en 1888, que supuestamente fue escrito por el asesino en serie hoy día conocido como Jack el Destripador, aunque también cabe la posibilidad de que fuera una broma pesada o bien parte de un plan tal vez urdido por algún medio de prensa o por algún periodista. En realidad no se sabe a ciencia cierta si esa postal es apócrifa o si fue realmente escrita por el llamado asesino de Whitechapel. (es) La carte postale « Saucy Jacky », reçue le 1er octobre 1888, est le nom donné à un écrit dans lequel son auteur s'accuse d'être le tueur en série aujourd'hui connu sous le nom de « Jack l'Éventreur ». À cette époque, Scotland Yard, la presse et d'autres institutions britanniques recevaient tellement de courriers qui n'étaient le plus souvent que des canulars, qu'il est encore aujourd'hui impossible de savoir si la carte postale est de la main de l'un des meurtriers qui a sévi dans le district de Whitechapel. Cependant, son contenu était suffisamment étoffé pour inciter les enquêteurs à publier un fac-similé dans l'espoir que quelqu'un identifie son auteur. Le texte de la carte postale était : Oblitérée le 1er octobre 1888 et reçue le même jour par la Central News, la carte postale indique que deux personnes seront assassinées presqu'en même temps : « double event this time ». Elizabeth Stride et Catherine Eddowes, deux victimes présumées de Jack l'Éventreur, furent tuées au petit matin du 30 septembre. Une partie d'une oreille d'Eddowes fut trouvée près de son corps et son visage avait été mutilé. Quelques auteurs ont affirmé que la carte postale fut expédiée avant que les deux meurtres ne soient mentionnés dans la presse, il aurait donc été impossible que son expéditeur soit au courant de ces deux crimes. Cependant, elle avait été oblitérée plus de 24 heures après les meurtres, les détails étaient donc largement connus des journalistes et des habitants du coin. Plus tard, la police annonça avoir identifié l'auteur de la lettre « Dear Boss » et de la carte postale, un journaliste. La lettre « Dear Boss » et la carte postale disparurent des dossiers du Metropolitan Police Service. La première fut retrouvée en 1988, alors que la dernière ne l'est toujours pas. (fr) De "Saucy Jacky"-briefkaart is de naam van een brief die in 1888 ontvangen werd. Die brief was mogelijk geschreven door de seriemoordenaar Jack the Ripper. Omdat zo veel hoaxbrieven zijn ontvangen door onder meer Scotland Yard en de pers, is het onbekend of dit een authentieke brief van de Whitechapel-moordenaar was. De informatie die in de brief stond was reden genoeg voor de onderzoekers om er een kopie van openbaar te maken, in de hoop dat iemand het handschrift zou kunnen identificeren. De tekst van de brief is in gebrekkig Engels gesteld, en luidt: In het Nederlands vertaald,


How was Joan of Arc killed in 1431 after she was captured by the Burgundians, sold to the English and tried by an ecclesiastical court?

Joan of Arc martyred - May 30, 1431 - HISTORY.com Joan of Arc martyred Publisher A+E Networks At Rouen in English-controlled Normandy, Joan of Arc, the peasant girl who became the savior of France, is burned at the stake for heresy. Joan was born in 1412, the daughter of a tenant farmer at Domremy, on the borders of the duchies of Bar and Lorraine. In 1415, the Hundred Years War between England and France entered a crucial phase when the young King Henry V of England invaded France and won a series of decisive victories against the forces of King Charles VI. By the time of Henry’s death in August 1422, the English and their French-Burgundian allies controlled Aquitaine and most of northern France, including Paris. Charles VI, long incapacitated, died one month later, and his son, Charles, regent from 1418, prepared to take the throne. However, Reims, the traditional city of French coronation, was held by the Anglo-Burgundians, and the Dauphin (heir apparent to the French throne) remained uncrowned. Meanwhile, King Henry VI of England, the infant son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois, the daughter of Charles VI, was proclaimed king of France by the English. Joan’s village of Domremy lay on the frontier between the France of the Dauphin and that of the Anglo-Burgundians. In the midst of this unstable environment, Joan began hearing “voices” of three Christian saints—St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret. When she was about 16, these voices exhorted her to aid the Dauphin in capturing Reims and therefore the French throne. In May 1428, she traveled to Vaucouleurs, a stronghold of the Dauphin, and told the captain of the garrison of her visions. Disbelieving the young peasant girl, he sent her home. In January 1429, she returned, and the captain, impressed by her piety and determination, agreed to allow her passage to the Dauphin at Chinon. Dressed in men’s clothes and accompanied by six soldiers, she reached the Dauphin’s castle at Chinon in February 1429 and was granted an audience. Charles hid himself among his courtiers, but Joan immediately picked him out and informed him of her divine mission. For several weeks, Charles had Joan questioned by theologians at Poitiers, who concluded that, given his desperate straits, the Dauphin would be well-advised to make use of this strange and charismatic girl. Charles furnished her with a small army, and on April 27, 1429, she set out for Orleans, besieged by the English since October 1428. On April 29, as a French sortie distracted the English troops on the west side of Orleans, Joan entered unopposed by its eastern gate. She brought greatly needed supplies and reinforcements and inspired the French to a passionate resistance. She personally led the charge in several battles and on May 7 was struck by an arrow. After quickly dressing her wound, she returned to the fight, and the French won the day. On May 8, the English retreated from Orleans. During the next five weeks, Joan and the French commanders led the French into a string of stunning victories over the English. On July 16, the royal army reached Reims, which opened its gates to Joan and the Dauphin. The next day, Charles VII was crowned king of France, with Joan standing nearby holding up her standard: an image of Christ in judgment. After the ceremony, she knelt before Charles, joyously calling him king for the first time. On September 8, the king and Joan attacked Paris. During the battle, Joan carried her standard up to the earthworks and called on the Parisians to surrender the city to the king of France. She was wounded but continued to rally the king’s troops until Charles ordered an end to the unsuccessful siege. That year, she led several more small campaigns, capturing the town of Saint-Pierre-le-Moitier. In December, Charles ennobled Joan, her parents, and her brothers. In May 1430, the Burgundians laid siege to Compiegne, and Joan stole into the town under the cover of darkness to aid in its defense. On May 23, while leading a sortie against the Burgundians, she was captured. The Burgundians sold her to


Irish is one of the official languages of the Republic of Ireland. What is the other?

Languages of Ireland: from Irish to Ullans | Ireland.com Home Travel essentials Languages of Ireland That gift of the gab rumour you heard about Ireland? Well, it’s true. English and Irish (Gaeilge) are the two official languages in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland is where you’ll hear the soft strains of Ullans. We’ve got plenty to talk about Mourne Mountains, County Down Everyone on the island of Ireland speaks English, but such is our cosmopolitan way, in our cities and towns, you’re also likely to hear chatter in a variety of accents from Polish and Korean to Japanese and Brazilian – all you have to do is keep your ears open. Languages in the Republic of Ireland The Gaelic language in Ireland – Gaelige, or Irish as it’s known locally – is a Celtic language and one of “the oldest and most historic written languages in the world” according to Foras na Gaeilge . Its poetic flow can be heard in schools across the country and throughout the shops, pubs, streets, fairs and festivals of the Gaeltacht (Irish speaking) regions. Keep your eyes open because you’ll be introduced to Irish almost as soon as you arrive, with all street and road signs in the Republic of Ireland in both English and Irish. Kinsale, County Cork The Irish language English remains the primary language on the island of Ireland, but in true Irish fashion we’ve put our own twist on it and developed what’s known as Hiberno-English. Hiberno-English blends the grammatical styling of Irish into the English language. Here’s are a few phrases you might hear along your travels: “C’mere till I tell you” – “Could you come within an audible distance? I have something to tell you” “You never asked if I’d a mouth on me” – “You do not ask whether I was hungry” Most people you’ll meet will have a cúpla focal (a few words) of Irish and locals, especially in Gaeltacht areas, always appreciate any effort to speak the local language. If you feel like having a go, here are a few phrases to get you started… Ar maith leat damhsa? (Would you like to dance). Phonetically: air-wai-lat-dowsa. Dha Guinness le do thoil (Two Guinness, please).Phonetically: gaw-Guinness-leh-duh-hull. Nach bhfuil an aimsir go h-álainn?! (Isn’t the weather gorgeous?) Phonetically: knock-will-on-iym-shur-guh-hawling Dia duit (“God be with you”) means hello. Phonetically, it sounds like dee-ya-gwitch. Conas ata tú? (“How are you?”) can also be used as a greeting. Phonetically, it sounds like cunus-ataw-two. Sláinte (“cheers” or “good health”) is usually used when raising a glass. Phonetically, it sounds like slawn-cha. Like a local Author  Felicity Hayes-McCoy who lives in the Gaeltacht area of Dingle, has this advice for visitors wanting to tune into the language: "Sit in a corner and hear Irish spoken by the locals in most Gaeltacht pubs. Or tune your car radio to  Raidió na Gaeltachta anywhere in the country and hear traditional tunes and songs. Or switch on TG4 , the Irish language television station, in your hotel room or B&B, and watch programmes with English subtitles. You can even sign up for a language course or check out one of the online sites like Bitesize Irish before you get here, just to give yourself a flavour of what to expect".


The excavation of what city, destroyed in 79AD, was begun in 1748?

Ancient Pompeii, Destroyed by the Eruption of Vesuvius in 79AD - YouTube Ancient Pompeii, Destroyed by the Eruption of Vesuvius in 79AD Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Mar 4, 2014 The city of Pompeii was an ancient Roman town-city near modern Naples in the Italian region of Campania. Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area, was mostly destroyed and buried under 13 to 20 ft of ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. Researchers believe that the town was founded in the seventh or sixth century BC and was captured by the Romans in 80 BC. By the time of its destruction, 160 years later, its population was probably approximately 20,000, with a complex water system, an amphitheatre, gymnasium and a port. The eruption was cataclysmic for the town. Evidence for the destruction originally came from a surviving letter by Pliny the Younger, who saw the eruption from a distance and described the death of his uncle Pliny the Elder, an admiral of the Roman fleet, who tried to rescue citizens. The site was lost for about 1500 years until its initial rediscovery in 1599 and broader rediscovery almost 150 years later by Spanish engineer Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre in 1748. The objects that lay beneath the city have been well preserved for centuries because of the lack of air and moisture. These artifacts provide an extraordinarily detailed insight into the life of a city during the Pax Romana. During the excavation, plaster was used to fill in the voids between the ash layers that once held human bodies. This allowed one to see the exact position the person was in when he or she died. Pompeii has been a tourist destination for over 250 years. Today it has UNESCO World Heritage Site status and is one of the most popular tourist attractions of Italy, with approximately 2.5 million visitors every year. QUESTIONS? We would like to hear from you! If you have any comments or questions about this destination or just need some general travel advice, feel free to leave a comment below! ABOUT VideoVoyage.TV is a travel channel specializing in informative videos about various travel destinations around the world. We are publishing a short video every day starting with places around Southeast Asia, but planning to extend our coverage to Europe and the Caribbean in the upcoming months. SUBSCRIBE


Whose trademark wardrobe included a bowler hat and cane?

Charlie Chaplin's hat and cane sold for almost £40,000 - Telegraph Film news Charlie Chaplin's hat and cane sold for almost £40,000 Charlie Chaplin's iconic bowler hat and cane were auctioned off for $62,500  (£39,286) this weekend, as part of an auction which also includes a John  Lennon nude drawing of himself and Yoko Ono. Film entertainer Charlie Chaplin  Photo: Kobal Collection Follow The famous ensemble, a trademark of Chaplin's Little Tramp character, were in "remarkable condition" and had been estimated to go for between $40,000 (£25,157) and $60,000 (£37,736) at the sale by auction house Bonhams on Sunday. When the hat and cane went under the hammer, however, the sale price hit $62,500 the auctioneers said. The 32-inch (81-centimeter) bamboo cane is inscribed "CCLT 36" in black ink, a reference to the Little Tramp, Chaplin's signature character. Chaplin is said to have devised the tramp persona and wardrobe spontaneously one rainy afternoon in February 1914, seizing various wardrobe items in a communal male dressing room at a Hollywood studio. These included baggy trousers from actor Fatty Arbuckle, size 14 shoes which he had to wear on the wrong feet to keep them from falling off, the hat belonging to Arbuckle's father-in-law, and a moustache intended for another actor. Related Articles Mystery of Charlie Chaplin and the birth certificate 17 Feb 2012 Other items sold on Sunday include a handwritten letter by Beatle John Lennon with a nude drawing of himself and his wife Yoko Ono, sent to an avant-garde magazine publisher in connection with the controversial 1968 "Two Virgins" nude album cover. The letter went for $25,000 (£15,714). Also auctioned were a collection of original photographs of Marilyn Monroe that went for $21,250 (£13,365), and three signed, abstract original oil paintings by crooner Frank Sinatra, the most valuable auctioned for $10,625 (£6,682). The auction is not the first time the Chaplin's famous hat and cane combination has gone under the hammer. In 2006 a bowler hat and bamboo cane which appeared in the 1940 film The Great Dictator were sold for $140,000 (£77,000). In 2011, the auction of the estate of silent film leading man Douglas Fairbanks, which included more than 430 lots, topped $500,000 (£314,466). The contents of Lillian Gish's apartment went under the hammer for $232,127 (£145,992) in 1995, including an array of clothing, decorative silver and furniture. A multitude of items belonging to Greta Garbo including shoes, designer clothes and bric-a-brac such as a vintage waffle iron are up for sale in LA on December 14 and 15. The enormous lot, comprising the contents of Garbo's New York apartment and Swedish mansion, has prices ranging from £16 to £5,050.


If Guy Berryman and Will Champion are the rhythm section, what is the band?

Coldplay | T-Mobile Ringtones T-Mobile Ringtones October 4, 2016 ... “Hymn for the Weekend” is the title of the song performed by  British rock band Coldplay consists of lead vocalist and pianist Chris Martin and lead guitarist Jonny Buckland, Guy Berryman, Will Champion and Phil Harvey, released on January 25, 2016.  This song peaked at number 18 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Chart but now down at number 25 on it’s 25th week on the chart.  It also peaked on the charts of different countries like United Kingdom, Switzerland, Spain, Australia and Germany.  This is the third track and the second single from the band’s seventh studio album, A Head Full of Dreams. December 8, 2015 ... “Everglow” is the title of the song performed by British rock band Coldplay composed of Chris Martin, Jonny Buckland, Guy Berryman and Will Champion released on November 26, 2015 for digital download.  This is the promotional single from the band’s seventh studio album, A Head Full of Dreams which was released on December 4, 2015 by Parlophone and Atlantic Records.  This song features uncredited guest vocals by Gwyneth Paltrow.  This is one of the most downloaded song on iTunes being at number 46. “Everglow” was written by Guy Berryman, Jonny Buckland, Will Champion and Chris Martin.


What nationality is sailor Russell Coutts, MBE, winner of numerous international match races, World Championships victories and America's Cups?

Sir Russell Coutts Sir Russell Coutts Part 4 here Greetings yachties, As we prepare for the biggest show down in yachting in February, Valencia, Spain 2010 a little background info on the worlds highest profile yachtie from New Zealand, Sir Russell Coutts. Enjoy Sir Russell Coutts (NZL) from the BMWOracle Racing file The extraordinary thing about Sir Russell Coutts (NZL) is how low key he has been throughout the entire debacle of America’s Cup 33. Literally. Dismissed as Alinghi CEO by Ernesto Bertarelli (SUI) prior to AC32, Sir Russell was ultimately hired by Larry Ellison (USA), and helped rebuild BMWOracle after the team’s AC32 disappointments under Kiwi CEO and Skipper Chris Dickson (NZL). Sir Russell skirted controversy, avoided controversy, and every time controversy emerged, moved on to other topics, other issues, other events, other races. Deftly. Very deftly. Which is what you expect from chief executives who know how to use their power. Sir Russell certainly has power, has influence, and is a major factor for BMWOracle. Now he is leading the offense. Despite his corporate coolness, Sir Russell’s ambitions must be focused not just on winning, but on destroying – in the nicest possible way. Russell Coutts Gold     Los Angeles 1984     Finn Class Sir Russell Coutts, KNZM, CBE (born 1 March 1962 in Wellington New Zealand) is a competitive sailor who is considered by many to be the best sailor in the world. His achievements include a Gold medal in the Finn Class in the 1984 Olympic Games, winning the America’s Cup three times, the ISAF World Youth championships, three World Match Racing Championships, numerous international match race wins and IOR, IMS and One Design World Championship victories. In New Zealand he has been honoured with a Commander of the Order of the British Empire and the Knight Companion of New Zealand Order of Merit and has twice been the International Yacht Racing Union’s World Sailor of the Year. He holds an impressive record in the America’s Cup, with 14 wins and no losses since 1995 winning three consecutive America’s Cups (1995, 2000, 2003) (in 1992 he sustained two losses before being replaced as helmsman.) These achievements have led commentators to refer to him as “Mr. America’s Cup”, a title previously held by America’s Cup legend Dennis Conner. Conner is also made comment of calling Coutts the world’s greatest America’s Cup skipper in 2003 in Auckland at the America’s Cup ball. In 2005, he designed – together with Slovenian designer Andrej Justin – a new boat called the RC 44; a high performance one design racer created for top level racing in international regattas under strictly controlled Class Rules. The concept and the design features of the RC 44 are dedicated to the amateur helmsmen racing in fleet racing sailing events. In July 2007, Coutts was named CEO and Skipper of BMW Oracle Racing, the only American Challenger to the 2010 America’s Cup. He has been involved in subsequent litigation between the Golden Gate Yacht Club and Société Nautique de Genève (SNG) regarding the 33rd America’s Cup. SNG’s team is Alinghi. Sailing career * 1981 – ISAF World Youth Champion / 1st * 1984 – Olympic Games / Los Angeles / Finn Class / Gold Medal * 1992 – World Champion / Match Racing * 1993 – World Champion / Match Racing – Admiral’s Cup / “Pinta” / 1st * 1994 – World Champion / Match Racing * 1995 – America’s Cup / Skipper of BlackMagic / San Diego / Winner (37 victories, 1 loss) * 1996 – World Champion / Match Racing * 2000 – America’s Cup / Team New Zealand / Auckland / Winner (5 to 0) * 2001 – World Champion / 12 metre JI / Cowes – World Champion / Farr 40 / Southampton, UK * 2003 – Louis Vuitton Cup / Class America / Alinghi / Auckland / 1st – America’s Cup / Alinghi / Auckland / Winner (5 to 0) * 2006 – Bol d’Or Rolex / Decision 35 / Team Banque Gonet / Switzerland / 1st – World Champion / Farr 40 / Vincenzo Onorato Team / Newport, U.S. * 2007 – World Champion / TP 52 / Team Artemis * 2008 – Cagliari RC 44 Cup, Match Racing / RC 44 / BMW ORACLE Racing / Cagliari, Italy / 1st – TP 52 Aud


The theatres for which war included North Africa, the Philippines, Italy, Germany and Crete?

Lonely Planet Travel Guides and Travel Information Overview Things to do Hotels Tips & Articles History Although Crete has been inhabited since Neolithic times (7000–3000 BC), for most people its history begins with the Minoan civilisation. The glories of Crete’s Minoan past remained hidden until British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans made his dramatic discoveries at Knossos in the early 1900s. The term ‘Minoan’ was coined by Evans and derived from the King Minos of Greek mythology. Nobody knows what the Minoans called themselves. Among the ruins unearthed by Evans were the famous Knossos frescoes. Artistically, the frescoes are superlative; the figures that grace them have a naturalism lacking in contemporary Cycladic figurines, ancient Egyptian artwork (which they resemble in certain respects), and the Archaic sculpture that came later. What is known is that early in the 3rd millennium BC, an advanced people migrated to Crete and brought with them the art of metallurgy. The Protopalatial period (3400–2100 BC) saw the emergence of a society of unprecedented artistic, engineering and cultural achievement. It was during this time that the famous palace complexes were built at Knossos , Phaestos , Malia and Zakros. Also during this time, the Minoans began producing their exquisite Kamares pottery and silverware, and became a maritime power trading with Egypt and Asia Minor. Around 1700 BC the complexes were destroyed by an earthquake. Undeterred, the Minoans built bigger and better palaces on the sites of the originals, as well as new settlements in other parts of the island. Around 1450 BC, when the Minoan civilisation was at its peak, the palaces were mysteriously destroyed again. While there is continued speculation as to the cause of this destruction, the latest theory suggests it was the result of a giant tsunami that followed the massive volcanic eruption on the island of Santorini (Thira) . Knossos was the only palace to be salvaged. It was finally destroyed by fire around 1400 BC. The Myceneans appeared in Crete during this time, but the Minoan civilisation was a hard act to follow. The war-orientated Dorians, who arrived in Greece around 1100 BC, were pedestrian by comparison. The 5th century BC found Crete, like the rest of the country, divided into city-states. The glorious classical age of mainland Greece had little impact on Crete, and the Persians bypassed the island. It was also ignored by Alexander the Great, so was never part of the Macedonian Empire. By 67 BC, Crete had fallen to the Romans. The town of Gortyna in the south became the capital of Cyrenaica, a province that included large chunks of North Africa. Crete, along with the rest of Greece , became part of the Byzantine Empire in AD 395. In 1210 Crete was occupied by the Venetians, whose legacy is one of mighty fortresses, ornate public buildings and monuments, and handsome dwellings. Despite the massive Venetian fortifications, which sprang up all over the island, by 1669 the whole of the mainland was under Turkish rule. The first uprising against the Turks was led by Ioannis Daskalogiannis in 1770. Many more insurrections followed, and in 1898 the Great Powers ( Great Britain , France and Russia ) intervened and made the island a British protectorate. It was not until the signing of the Treaty of Bucharest in 1913 that Crete officially became part of Greece , although the island’s parliament had declared a de facto union in 1905. Crete saw much heavy fighting during WWII. Germany wanted the island as an air base and on 20 May 1941 German parachutists landed on Crete. It was the start of 10 days of fierce fighting that became known as the Battle of Crete. For two whole days the battle hung in the balance until Germany won a bridgehead for its air force at Maleme, located near Hania . The Allied forces of Britain, Australia , New Zealand and Greece then fought a valiant rear-guard action which enabled the British Navy to evacuate 18, 000 of the 32, 000 Allied troops on the island. The German occupation of Crete lasted until the end of WWII. During