In dentistry, what name is given to a gap between the two front teeth?

Disastema | Fix Gaps in Teeth | Close Teeth Gaps Diastema (Gap Between Teeth) What Is It? A diastema is a space or gap between two teeth. It appears most often between the two upper front teeth. However, gaps can occur between any two teeth. A mismatch between the size of the jaw bones and the size of the teeth can cause either extra space between teeth or crowding of teeth. If the teeth are too small for the jaw bone, spaces between the teeth will occur. If the teeth are too big for the jaw, teeth will be crowded. Spaces develop for a few other reasons as well. Sometimes some teeth are missing or undersized. This happens most often with the upper lateral incisors (the teeth next to the two upper front teeth). That can cause the upper central incisors to develop a space. A diastema also can be caused by an oversized labial frenum. The labial frenum is the piece of tissue that normally extends from the inside of your upper lip to the gum just above your two upper front teeth. In some situations, the labial frenum continues to grow and passes between the two front teeth. If this happens, it blocks the natural closing of the space between these teeth. Habits can also lead to gaps between the teeth. Thumb sucking tends to pull the front teeth forward, creating gaps. Spaces can develop from an incorrect swallowing reflex. For most people, the tongue presses against the roof of the mouth (palate) during swallowing. Some people develop a different reflex known as a tongue thrust. When they swallow, the tongue presses against the front teeth. Over time the pressure will push the front teeth forward. This can cause spaces to develop. Periodontal (gum) disease results in the loss of the bone that supports the teeth. In people who have lost a lot of bone, the teeth can become loose. This movement can result in gaps between the front teeth. Children may have temporary gaps as their baby teeth fall out. Most of these spaces close as the permanent teeth reach their final positions. Symptoms A diastema that occurs because of a mismatch between the teeth and the jaw does not have symptoms. However, spaces caused by a tongue thrust habit or periodontal disease will tend to expand or grow with time. The teeth may become loose, and discomfort or pain may occur, particularly during biting or chewing. Diagnosis You may notice a space when brushing or flossing. Your dentist can see spaces during an examination. Expected Duration If the gap was caused by a mismatch between the permanent teeth and the jaw size, the spaces can be expected to remain throughout life. Gaps caused by a tongue thrust habit or periodontal disease can get larger with time. Prevention Not all spaces can be prevented. For example, if the reason for a space is a missing tooth or a mismatch between the teeth and the jaw size, the spaces cannot be prevented without treatment. Maintaining your gum health is essential to good oral health. Regular flossing and brushing will help to prevent periodontal disease and its related bone loss. People with a tongue thrust habit can re-learn to swallow by pushing their tongue up against their palate. Breaking this habit can prevent widening of the spaces between teeth. Treatment Sometimes, a diastema is part of a set of problems that require orthodontic treatment. In other cases, a diastema is the only problem. However, some people may seek treatment for reasons of appearance. Some people get braces, which move the teeth together. Often, no matter where the diastema is, you must wear a full set of braces — on both your upper and lower teeth. That's because moving any teeth affects your entire mouth. If your lateral incisors are too small, your dentist may suggest widening them using crowns, veneers or bonding. If you have a space because you are missing teeth, you might need more extensive dental repair. This might include dental implants, a bridge or a partial denture. If a large labial frenum is causing the gap, the frenum can be reduced through surgery called a frenectomy. If a frenectomy is done in a younger child, the space may clo


Deriving ultimately from the Geek for 'knowledge, or study, of custom', what name is given to the study of animal behaviour?

Psychology Essays - Language Psychological Research Psychology Essays - Language Psychological Research Published: Last Edited: 9th March, 2016 This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. Language Psychological Research What does it mean to say that language can be viewed both as an object and as the medium of psychological research? Of all the things that people can do, none seems more complex than understanding and speaking a language. Thousands of words and countless subtle grammatical rules for modifying and combining words must be learned. Yet nearly all people master their native language by the time they are 3 or 4 years old. This has led psychologist to investigate how language has evolved, whether it is a function of the brain that can be studied just like any other quality of the mind such as memory or intelligence. After all, linguistic knowledge is a component of the speaker’s long-term memory (Bock, 1995). Noam Chomsky, one of the great leaders in thinking about language, proposed that language evolved as an extra brain module, a new specialisation. This presumed module has been forcefully described by Chomsky (1965) as a language acquisition device, a built-in mechanism for acquiring language. The main evidence for this view is the amazing ease with which most children develop language (Kalat, 2004). Much of what we have learnt about language and the brain comes from studying people with brain damage. Disturbance in language function is quite common in adults following damage to certain areas of the left hemisphere. Studies of these people offer fascinating clues about how the brain operates and raise equally fascinating unanswered questions (Kalat, 2004). Chomsky argued that language could be understood in terms of computational principles. This approach to language coincided with the emergence of artificial intelligence and the rise of the digital computer as the dominant metaphor for the mind (Corballis & Lea, 1999, p. 45). Viewed within this context, the study of language is concerned with trying to understand the program which runs the system; how and when the processing system retrieves different kinds of linguistic knowledge, how the system uses the knowledge once it has been retrieved, how and when the system retrieves and uses non-linguistic knowledge, and how the system is organised within and constrained by human cognitive capabilities (Bock, 1995). Linguists working in this tradition are ultimately pursuing the cognitive or thought processes of the human mind as they are present in language (Finch, 2003). Those that study language as an object tend to be interested in the form of the language, that is, how people say things. What people say is irrelevant. According to Bradley (2005), the mind referring to a single thing is completely incorrect. He questions how the vision of language as an object of impartial scientific investigation has been able to dominate the vision of language as a medium of social action. This essay will demonstrate how the two perspectives complement each other. Freud, Saussure and Durkheim all asked: what makes individual experience possible? What enables us to perceive not just physical objects but objects with a meaning? The answers they gave rejected historical and causal explanations in favour of the study of interpersonal systems of norms which, assimilated by individuals as the culture within which they live, create the possibility of a wide variety of meaningful activities (Bradley, 2005, p. 56). It wasn’t until the linguistic turn in the 1950s that philosophers and social scientists began to see language as the distinguishing feature of humanness. It was Chomsky who first argued that language is philosophically fundamental to psychology in that it is the distinguishing feature of human beings when compared to animals (Corballis & Lea, 1999). The linguistic turn is what is said to usher in the “language as communicative medium” view. This view recognises that language is more than just i


Which High King of Ireland conquered Munster, Leinster and Connacht in 976 AD?

Ireland's History in Maps (1000 AD)   Old Irish Kingdoms and Clans -- Old Irish Surnames -- Before there were Counties In Southwest Ireland the Eoghnacht were pushed aside as kings of Munster in the mid-tenth century by the D�l gCais of North Munster. This was aided by the attacks of the Ui Neill on the Eoghanact and by the dynastic wars which were soon to keep the Southern and Northern Ui Neill busy. On his death notice in 951 Cennetig, king of the D�l gCais, is called king of North Munster. His son Brian Boruma, or Brian Boru (ancestor of the O'Briens, et al), who succeeded in 976, was to make himself an overking of most of Ireland and a rival of the powerful Ui Neill dynasties. Domnall ua Neill, king of the Northern Ui Neill, was overking of the Ui Neill dynasties from 956-980, and held the title of 'Ard Ri' (high-king of Ireland). He reigned at the time when Brian Boru began his rise to power in Ireland. About 978 Brian had a major success against the Ostmen (Vikings) of Limerick and their Eoghanacht allies. It was the Limerick king, Imar, and his sons, who had a couple of years before, assassinated Brian's brother. Through aggressive raids over the next three years Brian had the province of Munster in his hands. Brian came into conflict with the Ui Neill when he took his armies East and tried to conquer Ossory (Osraighe) about the year 980. This was at the time that Domnall ua Neill was succeeded by Mael Sechnaill II (of the southern Ui Neill) as 'Ard Ri'. However, by 984, Brian was in control of the south of Ireland.  Allied with the Ostmen of Waterford, Brian later pushed his armies into the provinces of Connacht,  Leinster and Meath (Midhe), gradually extending his power base further. Mael Sechnaill's attempts to contain Brian were not successful, and in 997/998 Brian and Mael Sechnaill met at Clonfert and divided Ireland between them. Late in 999 Brian brought the Ostmen king of Dublin, Sitric Silkenbeard, into submission. By 1002 Mael Sechnaill recognized Brian as high king of Ireland by right of conquest. By 1011 Brian dominated most of Ireland. He had shattered the Ui Neill monopoly and had made the kingship of Ireland a prize to be fought for. About 1012, relations between Brian and Leinster became strained and he was killed at the battle of Clontarf on Good Friday in the year 1014. Although he won the battle, Brian was stopped short just when he seemed about to make the kingship of Ireland a reality, and the possession of his dynasty (Dalcassian). The death of Brian and the subsequent weakness of his Dalcassian successors allowed Mael Sechnaill II to be titled 'high-king' of Ireland until his death in 1022. The Annals appear to go slient on the term 'Ard Ri' for the next 66 years, likely because it was contested among provincial kings. Among the contenders during this time was, Donchadh, son of Brian B�ruma (Dal gCais of Munster); Diarmait, son of Donchadh M�el na mB� (Ui Cheinnselaig of Leinster); and Toirrdelbach, grandson of Brian B�ruma. The high kingship never again saw the same power that Brian Boru held. Beginning in 1087 the last six 'Ard Ri' of Ireland appear to have alternated between provincial candidates, with periods where there are no clear high king; these included kings from Aileach (Cenel Eoghain), next from Munster (Dal gCais), then Connacht (Ui Briuin), then T�r Conaill (Cenel Eoghain), and ending with Ruaidr� O'Connor of Connacht (Ui Briuin) in 1186. Further External Reference:


Which country started the Second Balkan War in 1913 by invading Greece and Serbia?

World War I Centennial: The Second Balkan War Begins | Mental Floss World War I Centennial: The Second Balkan War Begins Getty Images Like us on Facebook The First World War was an unprecedented catastrophe that killed millions and set the continent of Europe on the path to further calamity two decades later. But it didn’t come out of nowhere. With the centennial of the outbreak of hostilities coming up in 2014, Erik Sass will be looking back at the lead-up to the war, when seemingly minor moments of friction accumulated until the situation was ready to explode. He'll be covering those events 100 years after they occurred. This is the 75th installment in the series. June 29, 1913: Second Balkan War Begins The Second Balkan War, June-August 1913, is synonymous with total military debacle. Feeling shortchanged by the Balkan League’s division of former Ottoman territory in Macedonia following the First Balkan War , Bulgaria lashed out against its former allies, Serbia and Greece, with exhausted troops and a ludicrously optimistic strategy – and swiftly reaped the whirlwind, as Turkey and Romania piled on from the rear. In fact, the Second Balkan War marks one of the few occasions in modern history when a country has been literally attacked from all sides… or rather, counter-attacked: incredible though it seems in retrospect, Bulgaria’s impulsive Tsar Ferdinand actually started this disastrous war. Tsar Ferdinand had right on his side, but that was about it: the 1912 treaty between Bulgaria and Serbia had granted most of Ottoman Macedonia to Bulgaria, while Serbia was supposed to gain access to the sea by conquering Ottoman Albania. But when Austria-Hungary and Europe’s other Great Powers deprived Serbia of its gains by creating the new, independent state of Albania , the Serbians were left looking elsewhere for compensation, which could only mean Macedonia. Meanwhile, during the First Balkan War the Bulgarians had concentrated their forces in the east in a failed effort to capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople – so there were no Bulgarian “boots on the ground” to enforce Bulgaria’s claims in the west. Indeed, the balance of power in the Balkans was now slanted sharply against Bulgaria. After sustaining heavy losses in the First Balkan War, Bulgaria could deploy around 360,000 troops (many of them new and untrained) against its former allies, while Serbia could field 300,000 troops, along with 13,000 troops from its sidekick Montenegro, and Greece could field 121,000. Thus the Bulgarians were outnumbered 434,000 to 360,000 – and that’s not counting Romania, with 418,000 troops, and the Ottoman Empire, with 250,000, both of which had scores to settle with Bulgaria. Nonetheless on June 29, 1913, Tsar Ferdinand, confident in the martial spirit of his tired soldiers, ordered Bulgarian armies to attack the Serbians and Greeks across the eastern and southern borders of the disputed area in Macedonia. Failure was immediate and complete, as Bulgarian forces were roundly defeated by the Serbians at Bregalnica (Breg-AL-neet-sa) and the Greeks at Kilkis. Bregalnica The main attack was launched without warning on the night of June 29-30 by the Bulgarian 4th Army against the Serbian 1st and 3rd Armies south of the town of Štip. The Bulgarians managed to advance as far the town of Udovo, about 25 miles west of the current border between Bulgaria and the Macedonian Republic, when internal conflicts in the Bulgarian command derailed the campaign. Amazingly, Tsar Ferdinand had started the Second Balkan War without consulting or informing Bulgaria’s civilian government; in fact the Bulgarian prime minister, Stoyan Danev, was just about to leave for St. Petersburg to participate in Russia’s planned mediation of the dispute with Serbia when the war broke out. On July 1, Danev, understandably annoyed at being excluded from key affairs of state, frantically ordered the Bulgarian chief of staff, Mikhail Savov, to halt the attack.  Savov obeyed and was duly rewarded by being fired by Tsar Ferdinand for disobedience on July 3 (on July 3 parl


In mathematics, which letter of the alphabet is given to the imaginary number equal to the square root of -1?

The Great Keinplatz Experiment / Arthur Conan Doyle The Lift The Brown Hand Every one knows that Sir Dominick Holden, the famous Indian surgeon, made me his heir, and that his death changed me in an hour from a hard-working and impecunious medical man to a well-to-do landed proprietor. Many know also that there were at least five people between the inheritance and me, and that Sir Dominick’s selection appeared to be altogether arbitrary and whimsical. I can assure them, however, that they are quite mistaken, and that, although I only knew Sir Dominick in the closing years of his life, there were none the less very real reasons why he should show his goodwill towards me. As a matter of fact, though I say it myself, no man ever did more for another than I did for my Indian uncle. I cannot expect the story to be believed, but it is so singular that I should feel that it was a breach of duty if I did not put it upon record—so here it is, and your belief or incredulity is your own affair. Sir Dominick Holden, C.B., K.C.S.I., and I don’t know what besides, was the most distinguished Indian surgeon of his day. In the Army originally, he afterwards settled down into civil practice in Bombay, and visited as a consultant every part of India. His name is best remembered in connection with the Oriental Hospital, which he founded and supported. The time came, however, when his iron constitution began to show signs of the long strain to which he had subjected it, and his brother practitioners (who were not, perhaps, entirely disinterested upon the point) were unanimous in recommending him to return to England. He held on so long as he could, but at last he developed nervous symptoms of a very pronounced character, and so came back, a broken man, to his native county of Wiltshire. He bought a considerable estate with an ancient manor-house upon the edge of Salisbury Plain, and devoted his old age to the study of Comparative Pathology, which had been his learned hobby all his life, and in which he was a foremost authority. We of the family were, as may be imagined, much excited by the news of the return of this rich and childless uncle to England. On his part, although by no means exuberant in his hospitality, he showed some sense of his duty to his relations, and each of us in turn had an invitation to visit him. From the accounts of my cousins it appeared to be a melancholy business, and it was with mixed feelings that I at last received my own summons to appear at Rodenhurst. My wife was so carefully excluded in the invitation that my first impulse was to refuse it, but the interests of the children had to be considered, and so, with her consent, I set out one October afternoon upon my visit to Wiltshire, with little thought of what that visit was to entail. My uncle’s estate was situated where the arable land of the plains begins to swell upwards into the rounded chalk hills which are characteristic of the county. As I drove from Dinton Station in the waning light of that autumn day, I was impressed by the weird nature of the scenery. The few scattered cottages of the peasants were so dwarfed by the huge evidences of prehistoric life, that the present appeared to be a dream and the past to be the obtrusive and masterful reality. The road wound through the valleys, formed by a succession of grassy hills, and the summit of each was cut and carved into the most elaborate fortifications, some circular, and some square, but all on a scale which has defied the winds and the rains of many centuries. Some call them Roman and some British, but their true origin and the reasons for this particular tract of country being so interlaced with entrenchments have never been finally made clear. Here and there on the long, smooth, olive-coloured slopes there rose small rounded barrows or tumuli. Beneath them lie the cremated ashes of the race which cut so deeply into the hills, but their graves tell us nothing save that a jar full of dust represents the man who once laboured under the sun. It was through this weird country that I approached my uncle’


What is the name of the actor and singer who voiced the character 'Chef' in the animated series 'South Park' from 1997 to 2006?

South Park | American animated television series | Britannica.com American animated television series South Park, American adult-oriented animated comedy series that has aired on the cable network Comedy Central since 1997. The controversial series won Emmy Awards for outstanding animated program in 2005, 2007, 2008, and 2009. Animated characters from South Park (front, from left to right): Stan, … PRNewsFoto/Comedy Central/Nickelodeon & Viacom Consumer Products/AP Images South Park is set in a fictional Colorado town of the same name and focuses largely on the antics of four grade-school boys: Eric Cartman, Stanley Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, and Kenneth (Kenny) McCormick, although numerous episodes have dealt with the town’s other denizens , most of whom are recurring characters. The series was created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone , who, in addition to writing, directing, and editing each episode, provide the voices of the four boys as well as of nearly every other male character in the series (though, notably, the late soul singer Isaac Hayes voiced Chef from the late 1990s until 2006). South Park is decidedly low-budget in appearance, with the characters and landscapes rendered in the style of crude cut-out animation (although, in reality, high-end video processing is used to achieve this effect). It is almost always winter in South Park, with snow covering the ground. The town is inhabited by a population of odd and improbable characters, including Jesus , who hosts a local public-access talk show. Nearly every social institution, from law enforcement to education, is portrayed as inept. The show revels in controversy and taboo subjects and often parodies celebrities and public figures. Much of its humour relies on pop-culture references, slapstick, shock value, and scatological jokes, as exemplified by the episode in which the boys befriend a singing, dancing piece of fecal matter named Mr. Hankey the Christmas Poo. In 1999 the show engendered a feature-length musical cartoon, South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut, which was nominated for an Academy Award. Learn More in these related articles:


Which musical instrument takes its name from the German for 'play of bells'?

glockenspiel - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.com Random Word glockenspiel A glockenspiel is a percussion instrument comprised of metal bars that are struck with a hammer. The glockenspiel is common in German music. If you listen to German music and hear a lively instrument that sounds like bells, you've probably heard a glockenspiel. This delightful percussion instrument produces its bell-like sound from metal bars struck with a small hammer. The spiel part is from German for play. The glocken part is German for bells. The glockenspiel has been around since the 1800's and is still used today, especially in Germany. A glockenspiel is similar to a xylophone.


In which American state is the Newport Country Club that hosted Golf's first US Open in 1895?

About Golf - History - International Golf Federation (IGF) The origin of the modern game is usually traced to Scotland. In the 15th century 1457 The Scottish Parliament passed several acts banning the practice of the game, along with football (soccer), because the two sports were interfering with archery practice, which was necessary for national defence. The first act was passed in 1457 by James II, King of Scotland, and it was reaffirmed in 1471and 1491. 1500 The ban on golf in Scotland is lifted and within two years King James IV of Scotland takes up the game himself. 1552 Archbishop Hamilton’s Charter recognises the right of the people of St Andrews to play golf on the Old Course. 1567 Mary Queen of Scots reportedly plays golf just days after the murder of her husband Lord Darnley. 1603 King James VI ascends to the English throne and his court begins playing golf at Blackheath in London. 1724 The first known reference to golf balls being stuffed with feathers. They were previously made from hard leather. 1729 The first known reference is made to golf in the USA with clubs being recorded in the estate of William Burnet, the Governor of Massachusetts. 1744 The first Rules of Golf are set out by the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers. 1754 The Society of St Andrews Golfers is formed. It became the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews in 1834. 1764 The Old Course at St Andrews is reduced from 22 holes to 18 holes. This became the recognised format for the game around the world. 1848 The gutta percha ball is introduced. It was a solid ball, made by softening strips of gutta percha, (dried sap of a Sapodilla tree) in boiling water and then moulding the ball by hand before placing it in cold water to harden. 1860 The first Open Championship is played at Prestwick and is won by Willie Park Senior of Scotland 1885 The secretary of Royal Liverpool Golf Club came up with the idea of an amateur event in which leading clubs were invited to send entrants. The Amateur Championship is played for the first time in 1885 at Hoylake. It is won by Allan MacFie of England. 1890’s Persimmon becomes a popular wood for making club heads. 1893 The Ladies’ Golf Union is formed in the UK and the British Ladies’ Amateur Golf Championship is played for the first time at Royal Lytham & St Annes. It is won by Lady Margaret Scott of England. 1894 The United States Golf Association (USGA) is formed in New York. One of its most important functions was to serve as arbiter for questions of amateur status. The five charter members of the newly formed the USGA were the St. Andrew’s Golf Club of Yonkers, N.Y., Newport (R.I.) Golf Club, Shinnecock Hills Golf Club in Southampton, N.Y., The Country Club in Brookline, Mass., and Chicago Golf Club in Wheaton, Ill. 1895 The US Amateur Championship and the US Open are played for the first time at Newport Country Club, Rhode Island and are won respectively by Charles B Macdonald (USA) and Horace Rawlins (England). The US Women’s Amateur Golf Championship is also played for the first time at Meadow Brook Club in Long Island and is won by Lucy Barnes Brown of the USA. 1900 Golf is played at the Paris Olympic Games. Twenty two participants took part (12 men and 10 women) from four countries who competed in 36-hole individual stroke play events for men and women. The women’s Olympic champion was Margaret Abbot (USA) and Charles Sands (USA) was the men’s champion.1901 The rubber cored Haskell ball is introduced. It changed the way the game was played. The Haskell ball travelled farther than the old gutta-percha ball and cost considerably less because it could be mass produced. The game’s popularity surged in response. 1901 The first Professional Golfers’ Association (PGA) is formed in the UK. 1904 Golf is played for the second time in the Olympic Games in St Louis. Only men’s competitions were staged. (A team event of 36 holes stroke play won by the United States of America’s team and an individual event was won by George Lyon from Canada). 1916 The PGA of America is formed and the US PGA Championship is play


On which river do the cities of Dresden and Hamburg stand?

Elbe River | river, Europe | Britannica.com Elbe River Meissen Elbe River, Czech Labe, one of the major waterways of central Europe . It runs from the Czech Republic through Germany to the North Sea , flowing generally to the northwest. The river rises on the southern side of the Krkonoše (Giant) Mountains near the border of the Czech Republic and Poland . It then makes a wide arc across Bohemia (northwestern Czech Republic) and enters eastern Germany about 25 miles (40 km) southeast of Dresden. For the remainder of its course it flows through Germany. Above Hamburg the Elbe splits into two branches; these rejoin farther downstream, and the river then broadens into its estuary, the mouth of which is at Cuxhaven , where it flows into the North Sea. Elbe River Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The total length of the Elbe is 724 miles (1,165 km), of which roughly one-third flows through the Czech Republic and two-thirds through Germany. Its total drainage area is 55,620 square miles (144,060 square km). Major tributaries are the Vltava (Moldau), Ohře (Eger), Mulde, and Saale rivers, all of which join it from the left, and the Iser, Schwarze (“Black”) Elster, Havel, and Alster rivers from the right. Physical features Physiography The Elbe is formed by the confluence of numerous headwater streams in the Krkonoše Mountains a few miles from the Polish-Czech frontier. It flows south and west, forming a wide arc for about 225 miles in the Czech Republic to its confluence with the Vltava at Mělník and is joined 18 miles downstream by the Ohře. It then cuts to the northwest through the picturesque Elbe Sandstone Mountains, and, in a gorge four miles long, it enters Germany. Between Dresden and Magdeburg the Elbe receives many long tributaries, of which all except the Schwarze Elster are left-bank streams. These are the Mulde and the Saale and its tributaries—including the Weisse (“White”) Elster, the Unstrut, and the Ilm. These left-bank tributaries rise in the Ore Mountains or the Thuringian Forest and form the drainage basin of the middle Elbe, with its geographic foci in Halle and Leipzig. Halle is on the Saale, just below the confluence of the Weisse Elster; Leipzig lies at the confluence of the Pleisse and the Weisse Elster. Below Magdeburg the Elbe receives most of its water from its right bank. Most of these tributaries rise in the uplands of Mecklenburg. The Elbe, Oder, and Vistula river basins and their drainage network. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Tour the Elbe Sandstone Mountains in Saxon Switzerland National Park, eastern Germany. Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz Similar Topics World Tour The lower course of the Elbe is tidal as far as the dam at Geesthacht, above Hamburg, where the river flow periodically reverses its direction. The average tide at Hamburg is about eight feet. However, during storms the water may rise much higher, occasionally even flooding parts of the city. The economy By means of the Elbe and its connecting waterways, vessels from Hamburg can navigate to Berlin , the central and southern sections of eastern Germany, and the Czech Republic. The Mittelland Canal , a short distance below Magdeburg, runs westward about 200 miles to the Dortmund–Ems Canal , carrying barges of up to 1,000 tons to the German industrial cities of Osnabrück, Hannover, Salzgitter, Hildesheim, Peine, and Wolfsburg and connecting with the Weser and Rhine rivers. The Elbe–Havel Canal carries traffic from Magdeburg eastward to the network of waterways around Berlin and farther on to Poland. The Kiel Canal runs from the mouth of the Elbe to the Baltic Sea , and the Elbe–Lübeck Canal , starting at Lauenburg, also runs to the Baltic, following an older (14th-century) canal . Another canal connects the lower Elbe with Bremerhaven on the Weser River . The Elbe itself is navigable for 1,000-ton barges as far as Prague through the Vltava. In eastern Germany it serves the river ports of Magdeburg, Schönebeck, Aken, Dessau, Torgau , Riesa, and Dresden, carrying bituminous coal, lignite, coke, metal, potash, grain, and piece goods.


Which musical instrument is sometimes known as the 'clown of the orchestra'?

The Clown Of The Orchestra Takes Its Revenge : NPR The Clown Of The Orchestra Takes Its Revenge Embed Embed The Clown Of The Orchestra Takes Its Revenge The Clown Of The Orchestra Takes Its Revenge Embed Embed The Breaking Winds achieved viral fame last year with a Lady Gaga medley video. Kate Lemmon hide caption toggle caption The Breaking Winds achieved viral fame last year with a Lady Gaga medley video. Kate Lemmon You might think you haven't heard the bassoon outside a concert hall before, but you have: The woodwind instrument features prominently in the theme music of Leave It To Beaver, represents the grandfather character in Peter and the Wolf, and scores Mickey Mouse's misadventure with the dancing broomsticks in Fantasia. Notice a trend there? With some electronic assistance, bassoonist Paul Hanson shows off the instrument's jazz fusion capabilities. YouTube " 'Uh oh — things are going comically awry!' That's the way I think it is most often used in television and movies," says Eileen Reynolds, who has played the bassoon since elementary school. "When I started playing it, I started getting these really strange comments from people. My dad said it looked like a plumber had gotten drunk, because there's all this tubing and keys." The bassoon is one of the most difficult instruments in the orchestra to play, but people just don't take it seriously. That's not surprising when you get a glimpse of the thing: It's a double-reed instrument that looks like someone turned a bong into a saxophone. The reeds are connected to the instrument by a metal mouthpiece. "And then it's attached to almost 8 feet of wooden tubing that's been fashioned with a bend in the bottom of it, so it's folded in half and the top part sticks up," Mark Eubanks says. "It looks like a bedpost." Eubanks teaches bassoon at Lewis & Clark College. He says that, to understand how the instrument became the butt of jokes, one must look back to its birth in the 17th century. 'Bassoon playing was very bad in those days, because they had bad instruments," he says. "The wood warped. ... There probably weren't that many good bassoon players, so it probably took on the role as this quirky, nasty-sounding thing." Article continues after sponsorship The Bassoon Brothers formed as a reaction to the instrument's well-worn comic reputation. Courtesy of the artist hide caption toggle caption Courtesy of the artist The muffled, dark-sounding bassoon of the baroque era was so hard to play in tune that composers didn't write solos for it. But a century later, with better reeds and more keys, they began to take notice of its comic potential. Reynolds says Haydn 's Symphony No. 93 and Beethoven 's Sixth were some of the earliest to feature the bassoon as buffoon. In this century, we've heard the bassoon in dopey pet-food commercials, in movie soundtracks and on sitcoms such as Curb Your Enthusiasm — where music supervisors often pick out the strangest bassoon sounds to make odd moments seem even more awkward. Eubanks says he is tired of the bassoon being typecast as the Rodney Dangerfield of instruments. "Why can't a bassoon play Irish music?" he asks. "Why can't a bassoon do any kind of ensemble — jazz, rock, whatever?" So Eubanks jams out with a group of other "oonists" — that's bassoonists, contrabassoonists, tenaroonists, and so on — who call themselves the Bassoon Brothers. (One of them is a sister.) Based in Oregon, the group has released three albums with some less traditional bassoon songs — including Jimi Hendrix 's "Purple Haze," featuring a bassoon with a pickup and an amp. The Breaking Winds perform "Lady Gaga Saga," a bassoon-based medley of the pop star's hits. YouTube Ben Wendel is another musician giving the bassoon a makeover. When he's not playing the sax, he's jazzing it up on the bassoon. "There are very few bassoonists out there that deal in the world of jazz or improvising. We're the Illuminati of the jazz world or something," Wendel says, chuckling. "There's sort of a beauty of the limitations of that instrument: the fact that I actually can't do a


In which country does the Amazon River rise?

About the Amazon | WWF About the Amazon Special Topics Inside the Amazon Spanning 6.7 million km2 (twice the size of India) the Amazon Biome is virtually unrivalled in scale, complexity and opportunity, and truly is a region distinguished by superlatives. Not only does the Amazon encompass the single largest remaining tropical rainforest in the world, it also houses at least 10% of the world’s known biodiversity, including endemic and endangered flora and fauna, and its river accounts for 15-16% of the world’s total river discharge into the oceans. The Amazon River flows for more than 6,600 km, and with its hundreds of tributaries and streams contains the largest number of freshwater fish species in the world. Natural and cultural diversity Equally impressive are the unfathomable numbers of mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles4 found across the biome. The Amazon is home to more than 30 million people living across a vast region subdivided into nine different national political systems. According to the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon Basin (COICA), about 9% (2.7 million) of the Amazon’s population is still made up of indigenous people – 350 different ethnic groups, more than 60 of which still remain largely isolated. And yet, for all of its magnitude and apparent remoteness, the Amazon Biome is surprisingly fragile and close to each one of us. Jeopardizing a pillar of life on Earth During the last half century, the seemingly endless Amazon has lost at least 17% of its forest cover, its connectivity has been increasingly disrupted, and numerous endemic species have been subjected to waves of resource exploitation. The economic transformation of the Amazon based on the conversion and degradation of its natural habitat is gaining momentum. Yet, as those forces grow in strength, we are also finding that the Amazon plays a critical role in maintaining climate function regionally and globally, a contribution which everyone–rich or poor–depends on. The Amazon’s canopy cover helps regulate temperature and humidity, and is intricately linked to regional climate patterns through hydrological cycles that depend on the forests. Given the enormous amount of carbon stored in the forests of the Amazon, there is tremendous potential to alter global climate if not properly stewarded. The Amazon contains 90-140 billion metric tons of carbon, the release of even a portion of which would accelerate global warming significantly. Currently, land conversion and deforestation in the Amazon release up to 0.5 billion metric tons of carbon per year, not including emissions from forest fires, thus rendering the Amazon an important factor in regulating global climate (Nepstad et al 2008). Quick facts The Amazon biome is 2 times the size of India The Amazon river is over 6600 km long It harbors 10% of the world´s known species It is home to 350 ethnic groups 17% of the forest cover has been lost in the last 50 years Ranitomeya benedicta, new poison frog species © Evan Twomey Amazing discoveries: 1200 new species found in the Amazon Between 1999 and 2009, 1200 species of plants and vertebrates were identified for the first time. Ranging from a coin sized pnk rigned frog to a 4 meter long anaconda, the findings confirm the Amazon as one the most biodiverse places on Earth. State of the Amazon: Ecological Representation in Protected Areas and Indigenous Territories Amazon Basin and Amazon Biome The Amazon Biome, is defined as the area covered predominantly by dense moist tropical forest, with relatively small inclusions of several other types of vegetation such as savannas, floodplain forests, grasslands, swamps, bamboos, and palm forests. The biome encompasses 6.7 million km2 and is shared by eight countries (Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana and Suriname), as well as the overseas territory of French Guiana. The complete watersheds expand beyond the biome and sometimes include adjacent biomes (dry forest, cerrado and puna). Not just green wilderness So is the Amazon River Basin merely a huge, uniform


Which Welsh pirate, born in 1635, was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica in 1675?

1000+ images about Welsh pirate Henry Morgan on Pinterest | Cuba, Pirates and Caribbean Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas Welsh pirate Henry Morgan 69 Pins49 Followers I have something in common with this guy...his place of birth was for the want of a better word... was my back yard when I was growing up as a kid. It was called-- Llanrumney Hall --A secret tunnel use to exist from the domed roof cellars to the wooded area about a distance of appox.300 yards. It is said to have been an old monastery taken apart I believe by Henry V111


Which song was a hit for 'The Red Hot Chili Peppers' in 1992 and 'All Saints' in 1998?

Californication - Red Hot Chili Peppers | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic Red Hot Chili Peppers google+ AllMusic Review               by Greg Prato Many figured that the Red Hot Chili Peppers ' days as undisputed alternative kings were numbered after their lackluster 1995 release One Hot Minute , but like the great phoenix rising from the ashes, this legendary and influential outfit returned back to greatness with 1999's Californication . An obvious reason for their rebirth is the reappearance of guitarist John Frusciante (replacing Dave Navarro ), who left the Peppers in 1992 and disappeared into a haze of hard drugs before cleaning up and returning to the fold in 1998. Frusciante was a main reason for such past band classics as 1989's Mother's Milk and 1991's Blood Sugar Sex Magik , and proves once and for all to be the quintessential RHCP guitarist. Anthony Kiedis ' vocals have improved dramatically as well, while the rhythm section of bassist Flea and drummer Chad Smith remains one of rock's best. The quartet's trademark punk-funk can be sampled on such tracks as "Around the World," "I Like Dirt," and "Parallel Universe," but the more pop-oriented material proves to be a pleasant surprise -- "Scar Tissue," "Otherside," "Easily," and "Purple Stain" all contain strong melodies and instantly memorable choruses. And like their 1992 introspective hit "Under the Bridge," there are even a few mellow moments -- "Porcelain," "Road Trippin'," and the title track. With the instrumentalists' interplay at an all-time telepathic high and Kiedis peaking as a vocalist, Californication is a bona fide Chili Peppers classic. Track Listing


Who was the Japanese Prime Minister from 1941-1944 who was later executed for war crimes?

Tojo Hideki | prime minister of Japan | Britannica.com prime minister of Japan Konoe Fumimaro Tōjō Hideki, (born December 30, 1884, Tokyo , Japan—died December 23, 1948, Tokyo), soldier and statesman who was prime minister of Japan (1941–44) during most of the Pacific theatre portion of World War II and who was subsequently tried and executed for war crimes . Tōjō Hideki. National Diet Library A graduate of the Imperial Military Academy and the Military Staff College, Tōjō served briefly as military attaché in Japan’s embassy in Berlin after World War I . He was an esteemed administrator and skillful field commander and became noted as a stern disciplinarian. In 1928 he was made commander of the lst Infantry Regiment, members of which participated in a mutiny of the Tokyo garrison in late February 1936 that he helped suppress. In 1937 he was named chief of staff of the Kwantung Army in Manchuria . He returned to Tokyo in 1938 as vice-minister of war and was one of the leading advocates of Japan’s Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy (1940). In July 1940 he was appointed minister of war in the cabinet of Prime Minister Konoe Fumimaro . Tōjō succeeded Konoe as prime minister on October 18, 1941, and pledged his government to a Greater East Asia program, a “New Order in Asia.” He retained control of the Ministry of War and was also minister of commerce and industry from 1943. A hardworking and efficient bureaucrat , Tōjō was also one of the most aggressive militarists in the Japanese leadership. He led his country’s war efforts after the attack on the U.S. military base at Pearl Harbor , December 7, 1941, and under his direction smashing victories were initially scored throughout Southeast Asia and the western Pacific region. After a series of Japanese military reverses in the Pacific, Tōjō assumed virtual dictatorial powers, taking over the post of the chief of the General Staff. The successful Allied invasion of the Mariana Islands so weakened his government, however, that he was removed as chief of staff on July 16, 1944, and on July 18 he and his entire cabinet announced their resignation. Four days later he was succeeded as prime minister by Koiso Kuniaki . Tōjō spent the remainder of the war in the military reserve, effectively banned from power. On September 11, 1945, after Japan’s formal surrender, Tōjō shot himself in a suicide attempt, but he was nursed back to health and on April 29, 1946, with other Japanese wartime leaders, was indicted for war crimes before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokyo. At the trial he was found guilty and then hanged. Tōjō’s legacy continued, as he was one of those convicted of war crimes who also had been included among Japan’s military dead commemorated in the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo. Periodic visits to the shrine by various Japanese prime ministers and other government officials have sparked strong protests from China , South Korea , and other countries that were under Japanese occupation during the war. Tōjō Hideki in 1948, during his trial for war crimes. UPI—Bettmann/Corbis


Which scientist, known as the 'Father of Nuclear Physics' pioneered the orbital theory of the atom and named Alpha, Beta and Gamma Rays?

Scientist Ernest Rutherford Father of Nuclear Physics Rutherford Scientific Contributions Worlds Super Scientists General Knowledge : Scientists : World’s Super Scientists – Ernest Rutherford World’s Super Scientists – Ernest Rutherford ADVERTISEMENT GK 2015 Question Bank CD - Ernest Rutherford is really an Earnest Rutherford – Ernest Rutherford Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson (1871-1937), widely referred to as Lord Rutherford, was a nuclear physicist who became known as the “father” of nuclear physics. Scientist Ernest Rutherford pioneered the orbital theory of the atom through his discovery of Rutherford scattering of the nucleus with his gold foil experiment. Scientist Ernest was born at Spring Grove, near Nelson, New Zealand. 1895 after gaining his B.A., M.A. and B.Sc. degrees, did research in electrical technology. 1895-1898 proceeded to England for postgraduate study at the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge. During the investigation of radioactivity, he coined the terms alpha rays and beta rays to describe two distinct types of radiation emitted by thorium and uranium. 1898 appointed to the chair of physics at Mc Gill University in Montreal, Canada. Ernest Rutherford demonstrated that radioactivity was the property of spontaneous disintegration of atoms. He defined “half life” – a radioactive material invariably took the same amount of time for half the sample to decay. Along with Frederick Soddy (Nobel Prize winner 1921) he did research in the transmutation of elements. 1907 Rutherford occupied the chair of physics at the University of Manchester. Along with Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden (Geiger-Marsden experiment) he concluded a model and discovered the nuclear nature of atoms; the model of the atom was portrayed as/ established as a structure having a very small positively charged nucleus orbited by electrons – Indeed a break through in the concept of an atom! He became the first person to transmute one element into another when he converted nitrogen into oxygen (figurative an inert gas into a lively/life-giving one!) 1908 Notable Prize: Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to him. Scientist Ernest Rutherford was knighted in 1914. In 1919 he returned to the Cavendish Laboratories as Director, a coveted prestigious post. In 1921, while working with Niels Bohr, his distinguished student (who postulated that electrons moved in specific orbits), Rutherford theorized about the existence of neutrons, which compensate for the repelling effect of the positive charges of protons by causing an attractive nuclear force thus keeping the nuclei from breaking apart. Thus he gave an explanation for the stability of the atom. Rutherford’s theory of neutrons was later proved in 1932 by his associate James Chadwick (who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery in 1935). In 1925 Scientist Rutherford admitted to the Order of Merit. In 1931 he was created Baron Rutherford of Nelson, of Cambridge in the County of Cambridge. Died in 1937 (at his age of 66) Impact on events Scientist Ernest Rutherford research of the power of the atom was instrumental in the convening of the great Manhattan project to develop the first nuclear weapons. Rutherford – A Scientist Supreme Things named after him are umpteen. Tailpiece Engraving in Rutherford’s memory – “the Crocodile” nickname given to him, see fig. He had a ‘crocodile grip’ on his work. Endpiece Scientist Ernest Rutherford name was inadvertently misspelt Earnest Rutherford when his birth was registered; however judging in retrospect, he deserves the virtue ‘earnest’. Figure : Scientist Rutherford was known as “the crocodile”. Engraving by Eric Gill at the original Cavendish site in Cambridge. Tweet World’s Super Scientists Ernest Rutherford Father of Nuclear Physics Impact on events Ernest Rutherford Research Posted In general knowledge : scientists : Leave a response for world’s super scientists – ernest rutherford by priya Leave a Comment for World’s Super Scientists – Ernest Rutherford


Which household devise was invented by Alva Fisher in 1906?

The Rise of the Electric Home Appliance | PartSelect.com The Rise of the Electric Home Appliance Shop With Confidence The Rise of the Electric Home Appliance From the ancient Egyptians to Benjamin Franklin and the early inventions of Thomas Edison, the discovery and manipulation of electricity opened new doors for humanity to walk through. Revolutionizing everything from how people illuminated their homes to the invention of new home appliances, the early 20th century saw a rise in the creation of tools, devices and gadgets that changed the way people performed household tasks. Each of the following electric home appliances were created as efficient and time saving devices that replaced outdated methods of performing chores. This guide will explore home appliances as they were developed as well as take a closer look at the methods used to perform those specific tasks prior to each invention. The Electric Clothes Washer Controversy surrounds the inventor of the electric clothes washer but the earliest photo evidence shows a picture of a woman sitting by a “Nineteen Hundred Company” washing machine that included an electric motor in the November 1906-April 1907 issue of “Cassier’s Magazine.”  The story was printed several years before Alva J. Fisher took out US patent 966677 on April 9, 1910 for an electric washing machine. Due to Fisher’s patent, many credit Fisher as being the original inventor, however, the earliest inventors remain unknown. Alva Fisher is credited, however, with creating an electric washing machine in 1916. By 1922, Maytag Corporation had invented a washing machine with an agitator.  Prior to electricity’s discovery and indoor plumbing, laundry was performed by hand or with washboards. Many would take their laundry to rivers, lakes and streams and use ashes or plant materials as soaps. The early Romans, after mastering aqueducts, would use water that had been collected to wash clothes by hand. During the Middle Ages, lye soaps, white clay or fuller’s earth was used to perform washing tasks that often took place in large tubs. Soap continued to be manufactured throughout the 18th century, and by the 19th century, washing machines had advanced from buckets to closed tubs that had wooden paddles and agitators. Those methods received a new upgrade once electricity was used to devise an automatic washing machine. During the 1920s, electric washing machines were on a fast track to finding their way to American homes as more than two thirds of all U.S. homes were equipped with electricity. Collection of newspapers, photos and articles regarding early inventions including the electric washing machine Electric Refrigerator It’s hard to imagine life without electric refrigeration. Refrigerators and freezers are extremely important, not only for the maintaining of foods’ flavor, but also for safety. Without proper refrigeration and food storage at correct temperatures, food is vulnerable to overgrowth of harmful bacteria. There was a time, however, when man did not have electricity, refrigeration or freezers and relied upon the natural environment and winter months in order to store food. The ancient Chinese and Romans used snow and ice as refrigeration materials. By the early 19th century, people worldwide would use a variety of early refrigeration methods. Sometimes food would be placed in a bucket then put in a cool river or lake. Cellars would be used to store canned foods that would keep in cool temperatures. Other foods were preserved through other method such as canning, drying and smoking.  Ice was a hard commodity to come by, especially in the early 19th century. It wasn’t until German breweries began to make their way into the United States in the middle of the 19th century that the demand for refrigeration became realized. One of the earliest refrigeration devices was used by the S. Liebmann’s Sons Brewing Company in New York in 1870. Soon other breweries were instituting refrigeration and soon the meat industry and other businesses followed. Refrigeration then made its way to railroad cars where it wa


Which of Verdi's operas tells the story of the hunchbacked jester to the 'Duke of Mantua'?

WIN Tickets To Verdi's Opera | Living North WIN Tickets To Verdi's Opera Share Add a touch of class to your February with a trip to Rigoletto, Verdi's opera. This tragic tale of misunderstanding, revenge and sacrifice is performed by the Russian State Ballet and Opera House, and will come to Tyne Theatre & Opera House (16th), Darlington Civic Theatre (17th) and Harrogate Royal Hall (24th). One of Verdi’s most popular operas, Rigoletto tells the story of fatherly love, loss and revenge that goes tragically wrong. Its story revolves around the hunchbacked court jester, Rigoletto, his beautiful daughter Gilda whom he loves (but had kept secret from the court) and the womanising Duke of Mantua he serves. We have a pair of tickets for each performance up for grabs. For your chance to win simply send a postcard marked RIGOLETTO (followed by the name of the venue you'd like to attend) to Living North Magazine, Studio 2, St Nicholas Chare, Newcastle NE1 1RJ or enter using our online competition form here . You must include a telephone number or email address. All entries to be received by Friday 30th January. Published in: January 2015


Which British battleship was sunk by a German U-boat in Scapa Bay in October 1939?

Ahoy - Mac's Web Log - The Sinking of British Battleship, HMS Royal Oak, at Scapa Flow, by German Submarine, U-47 The Sinking of British Battleship, HMS Royal Oak, at Scapa Flow, by German Submarine, U-47 This Marshall Islands stamp depicts Gunter Prien sinking Royal Oak, after he penetrated Scapa Flow Over two World Wars, Scapa Flow in the Orkneys, was the main Fleet Anchorage in the British Isles for the Royal Navy, During WW1, the German Submarine UB-116 commanded by Oberleutnant Hans Joachim Emsmann had, in October 1918, attempted to penetrate this British Base, but had come to grief on a mine, and was lost with all hands. Just after going to war against Britain in September 1939, the German U-Boat Commander, Admiral Donitz, was keen to upset both the Royal Navy, and her First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, by breaching the defences of Scapa Flow and sinking a major Naval Vessel. In September 1939, U-14 had carried out a patrol in that area and brought back valuable information about the approaches to this major Fleet Base. In addition, the Luftwaffe, on the 26th. of September, had managed to obtain excellent photographs of this seemingly impregnable anchorage. At least the British believed it was inviolable; but not so, thought Donitz. The defences of Britain's major naval base were still not complete 6 weeks after the commencement of hostilities with Germany. Donitz studied the reconnaissance photographs, and decided that a 50 foot gap existed between the blockships which had been sunk in the northern end of the most eastern entrance in Kirk Sound, and he thought that a surfaced Submarine could penetrate this narrow access at the time of slack water. But, a night attack would be mandatory. On Sunday the 1st. of October 1939, Donitz sent for one of his best submarine Captains, Kapitanleutnant (equivalent to our Lieutenant Commander) Gunter Prien, and offered him the mission of taking his U-Boat, U-47, into Scapa Flow to sink a major British warship. Prien had been born at Leipzig in Saxony in 1909 , and left school at 14, to become a cabin boy at sea. He rose to be a Merchant Marine officer, but come the depression, he was out of a job. Somewhat embittered by being unemployed in his early twenties, Prien joined the Nazi Party in 1932, and in the following year joined the Navy as an Ordinary Seaman. He was quickly seen as Officer material, became a Cadet, joined the Submarine service and by 1938 had risen to command level. When WW2 broke out, Prien was in command of U-Boat 47, and had recently been married. It was made quite clear to Prien, that he could refuse this task without damaging his bright career, but Prien after studying the plans overnight, decided to accept this formidible challenge. On the 8th. of October 1939, Prien took U-47 through the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Kanal and cleared her into the North Sea. Whilst enroute to Scapa Flow he took particular care to avoid any vessels that might betray his whereabouts. At 2331 (11.31 PM) on the 13th of October (obviously not a superstitious sailor) Prien commenced his run into the British Naval stronghold. Because of the strong currents obtaining in this area, he chose the slack water period (the time in between the tide changing from ebbing to flowing or vice versa, when there is no actual water movement) and navigated his boat on the surface, between vessels sunk in the channels by the British, designed to stop such a passage by a U-Boat or any other enemy craft. At one stage of Prien's approach, he was so close to the shore that a passing car's headlights illuminated his crawling submarine, but he continiued undetected. Just after midnight on the 13/14th of October, he noted in his War Diary at 0027 (2.27 AM) " WIR SINDIN SCAPA FLOW!!" (WE are in Scapa Flow!!) For the Royal Navy it was fortunate that the major units of the Home Fleet had not yet returned to Scapa Flow after chasing a strong German Naval Force, led by the Battlecruiser Gneisenau, which had sortied into the North Sea. Inside the anchorage, Prien looked for any likely targets and sighted two la


With which Basketball team did Michael Jordan win six NBA titles?

NBA.com: Michael Jordan Bio Complete Bio | Summary | Complete Stats By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time. Although, a summary of his basketball career and influence on the game inevitably fails to do it justice, as a phenomenal athlete with a unique combination of fundamental soundness, grace, speed, power, artistry, improvisational ability and an unquenchable competitive desire, Jordan single-handedly redefined the NBA superstar. Even contemporaneous superstars recognized the unparalleled position of Jordan. Magic Johnson said, "There's Michael Jordan and then there is the rest of us." Larry Bird , following a playoff game where Jordan dropped 63 points on the Boston Celtics in just his second season, appraisal of the young player was: "God disguised as Michael Jordan. A brief listing of his top accomplishments would include the following: Rookie of the Year; Five-time NBA MVP; Six-time NBA champion; Six-time NBA Finals MVP; Ten-time All-NBA First Team; Nine time NBA All-Defensive First Team; Defensive Player of the Year; 14-time NBA All-Star; Three-time NBA All-Star MVP; 50th Anniversary All-Time Team; Ten scoring titles -- an NBA record and seven consecutive matching Wilt Chamberlain ; Retired with the NBA's highest scoring average of 30.1ppg. Michael Jordan makes the jump shot that catapults the Bulls over the Utah Jazz in the 1998 Finals. Fernando Medina/NBAE/Getty Images However, his impact is far greater than awards and championships. He burst into the league as a rookie sensation scoring in droves with an unmatchable first step and acrobatic drives and dunks and concluded his career as a cultural icon. Along the way, he became a true champion who spearheaded the globalization of the NBA with his dynamic on court abilities and personal sense of style that was marketed to the masses. He was an accessible star who managed to maintain an air of mystique. He was visible as "Air Jordan," as part of a sneaker advertising campaign and endorsing other products as well as the star of the movie, Space Jam. However, he would vanish into retirement twice only to return until hanging up the sneakers for the last time after the 2002-03 season. Although Brooklyn born, Jordan was bred in the more tranquil North Carolina. The son of Delores and James Jordan, he shared a special bond with his father, which included baseball being both of their first love. However, following his older brother, Larry, whom he idolized and was a spectacular athlete in his own right, Jordan began to play basketball. He attended Laney High school in Wilmington, North Carolina, but as a 5-11 skinny sophomore, he was cut from the varsity basketball team. The summer before his junior year, he grew to 6-3 and began his path to super-stardom. A Tar Heel at heart, the high school All-American attended the University of North Carolina. As a freshman, he played somewhat in the shadows of upperclassmen James Worthy and Sam Perkins. However, he shone in the spotlight of the NCAA Championship game against Georgetown and another great freshman Patrick Ewing , whom he would foil future NBA championships for as well. Jordan scored 16 points, grabbed nine rebounds and made the winning basket on a 16-foot jumper with 18 seconds in the game for the 63-62 victory. As a sophomore, he was named College Player of the Year by The Sporting News. As a junior, he received that award again as well as the Naismith and Wooden Awards. After his junior year he was chosen with the third overall pick in the 1984 NBA Draft by the Chicago Bulls. The Houston Rockets selected 7-0 center Hakeem Olajuwon form the University of Houston with the No.1 pick, which most expected. The Portland Trail Blazers, however, with the No. 2 pick chose 7-1 center Sam Bowie from Kentucky, which was not as anticipated. Bowie had suffered several injuries while in college but the Blazers bypassed Jordan because just the year before the team selected another exciting shooting guard in Clyde Drexler . Although Drexler went onto to be a star, Bowie was an in


Who was the British Prime Minister at the time of the 'Peterloo Massacre' and the 'Cato Street Conspiracy'?

History of Robert Banks Jenkinson Earl of Liverpool - GOV.UK GOV.UK Robert Banks Jenkinson Earl of Liverpool Conservative 1812 to 1827 Born 4 December 1828, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey Dates in office Conservative Major acts Importation Act 1815: prohibiting the import of foreign wheat until the domestic price reached a minimum accepted level. “(I consider) the right of election as a public trust, granted not for the benefit of the individual, but for the public good.” Robert Banks Jenkinson Earl of Liverpool became known for repressive measures introduced to restore order, but he also steered the country through the period of radicalism and unrest which followed the Napoleonic Wars. He served as leader of the House of Lords, Foreign Secretary and War Secretary. After the assassination of Spencer Perceval in 1812, the Earl of Liverpool was asked to form a government. Few expected him to survive in office very long, as at first his government seemed very insecure. But the opposition provided by the Whig party was weak and disunited, and he was able to draw on the talents of individuals such as Sidmouth , the Duke of Wellington , Castlereagh and Canning . The end of the Napoleonic Wars with France in 1815, aided by the Duke of Wellington’s victories in the field, further boosted support for Lord Liverpool. But after the war, unrest broke out at home, partly caused by an economic recession that started in 1817. Unemployment, a bad harvest and high prices produced riots and protests. Actions such as the repeal of income tax and the creation of the Corn Laws tended to make the situation worse. Lord Liverpool’s government reacted by suspending habeas corpus for 2 years. Things became even worse in Summer 1819, when large gatherings in favour of parliamentary reform culminated in a massive public meeting in Manchester on 16 August. Soldiers attacked the crowds, killing 11 and wounding many more. The shocking event became known as the Peterloo Massacre. Lord Liverpool’s following ‘Six Acts’ limited the right to hold radical meetings. This crackdown on liberty prompted an attempt by radicals in 1820 to murder Lord Liverpool and his Cabinet, and start a radical revolution. But the Cato Street Conspiracy (as it became known) proved unsuccessful, and the conspirators were hung or transported. During the 1820s Lord Liverpool’s policy became increasingly liberal, and a period of economic prosperity began. He also returned Britain to the Gold Standard in 1819. The anti-trade union laws were repealed, and many trading restrictions were removed. A stroke forced him to resign in 1827 and he died the following year. Help us improve GOV.UK


In 1958, which German politician became the first President of the European Commission?

President of the European Commission : definition of President of the European Commission and synonyms of President of the European Commission (English) ec.europa.eu/president The President of the European Commission is the head of the European Commission ― the executive branch of the European Union (EU) ― the most powerful officeholder in the EU. [2] The President is responsible for allocating portfolios to members of the Commission and can reshuffle or dismiss them if needed. He determines the Commission's policy agenda and all the legislative proposals it produces (the Commission is the only body that can propose EU laws ). The Commission President also represents the EU abroad, although he does this alongside the President of the European Council and, at foreign minister's level, the High Representative (who sits in his Commission as Vice President). However the President, unlike a normal head of government , does not form foreign policy, command troops or raise taxes as these are largely outside the remit of the EU. The post was established in 1958 and is elected by the European Parliament , on a proposal of the European Council for five year terms. Once elected, he, along with his Commission, is responsible to Parliament which can censure him. The current President is José Manuel Barroso , who took office in October 2004. He is a member of the European People's Party (EPP) and is the former Prime Minister of Portugal . Barroso is the eleventh President and in 2009 was re-elected for a further five years. His vice president, as of 2010, is High Representative Catherine Ashton, Baroness Ashton of Upholland . Contents Further information: European Commission#History  and  History of the European Union   Walter Hallstein, the first President of the Commission The President of the European Commission was established in 1957 with the European Commission. Previously it was merely a post of primus inter pares but had an increasing impact on the Community. Under Jacques Delors it became increasingly presidential in style and now is the dominant force in the Commission, although curbed by crises such as the resignation of the Santer Commission .   Establishment Before the establishment of the present European Commission, there was the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community . In 1957 the present Commission was established by the Treaty of Rome , and it also replaced the High Authority and the Commission of Euratom in 1967. [3] The Commission's first president was Walter Hallstein (see Hallstein Commission ) who started consolidating European law and began to impact on national legislation. National governments took little heed of his administration at first with the President having to stamp the Commission's authority early on. With the aid of the European Court of Justice the Commission began to be taken more seriously. [4] In 1965 Hallstein put forward his proposals for the Common Agricultural Policy , which would give the Community its own financial resources while giving more power to the Commission and Parliament and removing the veto power over Agriculture in the Council. These proposals led to an immediate backlash from France. [5] Hallstein knew the proposals would be contentious, and took personal charge of drafting them, overriding the Agriculture Commissioner . However he did gain the support of Parliament through his proposals to increase its powers, and he also presented his policy to Parliament a week before he submitted them to the Council. He aimed to demonstrate how he thought the Community ought to be run, in the hopes of generating a wave of pro-Europeanism big enough to get past the objections of member states. However in this it proved that, despite its past successes, Hallstein was overconfident in his risky proposals. [6]   President Mansholt opened the first enlargement talks with the Denmark, Ireland, Norway and the United Kingdom In reaction to Hallstein's proposals and actions, then- French President , Charles de Gaulle , who was sceptical of the rising supranational power of the Co


Which town in Denmark is home to the Lego Group and the original 'Legoland' theme park?

Fun Town at LEGOLAND Florida COMMITMENT TO QUALITY   LEGOLAND® Florida is a 150-acre interactive theme park dedicated to families with children between the ages of 2 and 12. With more than 50 rides, shows and attractions and the all-new water park, LEGOLAND is geared towards family fun! There are currently five other LEGOLAND Parks in the world – LEGOLAND California in Carlsbad, LEGOLAND Billund in Denmark, LEGOLAND Deutschland near Günzburg, Germany and LEGOLAND Windsor outside of London and just opened LEGOLAND Malaysia —the sixth LEGOLAND Park and first in Asia. The LEGOLAND theme parks are a part of Merlin Entertainments Group, the second largest attractions operator in the world. Prices, times and schedules subject to change without notice. LEGO, the LEGO logo, the Mini figure and LEGOLAND are trademarks of the LEGO Group. ©2015 The LEGO Group. LEGOLAND FLORIDA IS A PART OF THE MERLIN ENTERTAINMENTS GROUP®. Contact us at (877) 350-5346.  Star Wars™ and all characters, names and related indicia are © 2011 Lucasfilm Ltd. & TM. All rights reserved. Book a Stay


What name was given to the republican political activists who supported the Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the US Presidential election of 1884 because they rejected the financial corruption associated with the Republican candidate James Blaine?

Soc unit 6 part 4 politics Flashcards - Course Hero Definitions Ulysses S. Grant U.S. president 1873-1877; military hero of the Civil War; led a corrupt administration consisting of friends and relatives Whiskey Ring During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars. "Waving the bloody shirt" The practice of reviving unpleasant memories from the past. Representative Ben F. Butler waved before the House a bloodstained nightshirt of a carpetbagger flogged by Klan members. Ku Klux Klan White-supremacist group formed by six former Confederate officers after the Civil War. Name is essentially Greek for "Circle of Friends". Group eventually turned to terrorist attacks on blacks. The original Klan was disbanded in 1869, but was later resurrected by white supremacists in 1915. Treaty of Washington-1871 Settled the Northern claims between the U.S. and Great Britain. Canada gave the U.S. permanent fishing rights to the St. Lawrence River. Liberal Republicans: Carl Schurz, Horace Greeley Liberal republicans; believed in civil service reform, opposed corruption, wanted lower tariffs, and were lenient toward the South Panic of 1873 was the start of the Long Depression, a severe nationwide economic depression in the United States that lasted until 1879. It was precipitated by the bankruptcy of the Philadelphia banking firm Jay Cooke & Company on September 18, 1873. The failure of the Jay Cooke bank, followed quickly by that of Henry Clews, set off a chain reaction of bank failures and temporarily closed the New York stock market Election of 1876: Candidates, Electoral Commission Samuel Tilden (D) Rutherford Hays(R); intensely fought and had a highly controversial outcome. The candidate who clearly won the popular vote, and who may have won the Electoral College tally, was denied victory. Amidst accusations of fraud and illicit deal-making, Rutherford B. Hayes triumphed over Samuel J. Tilden Compromise of 1877 An informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election. Through it, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops that were propping up Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana Solid South Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election Greenbacks Name given to paper money issued by the government during the Civil War, so called because the back side was printed with green ink. They were not redeemable for gold, but $300 million were issued anyway. Farmers hit by the depression wanted to inflate the notes to cover losses, but Grant vetoed an inflation bill and greenbacks were added to permanent circulation. In 1879 the federal government finally made greenbacks redeemable for gold Legal Tender cases The Supreme Court debated whether it was constitutional for the federal government to print paper money (greenbacks). Greenback-Labor Party 1874-1884. Mainly farmers. Its name referred to paper money, or "greenbacks," that had been issued during the American Civil War and afterward. The party opposed the shift from paper money back to a bullion coin-based monetary system because it believed that privately owned banks and corporations would then reacquire the power to define the value of products and labor. Conversely, they believed that government control of the monetary system would allow it to keep more currency in circulation, as it had in the war. This would better foster business and assist farmers by raising prices and making debts easier to pay Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883 - The first federal regulatory commission. Office holders would be assessed on a merit basis to be sure they were fit for duty. Brought about by the assassination of Garfield by an immigrant who was angry about being unable to get a


Which town is the administrative centre of the Scottish county of Midlothian?

Dalkeith History Society Membership Application   Dalkeith is a town of around 10,000 inhabitants seven miles south of Edinburgh, Scotland.   Our recorded history dates from 1142 - but the town, which is situated on a ridge between two rivers, is believed to be much older.  Iron Age remains have been found nearby, and an extensive Roman Camp was discovered about one mile from the present town centre. In the Middle Ages, Dalkeith saw many witch trials and witch burnings, and Dalkeith Castle (now Dalkeith Palace) was the seat of the Regent Morton who ruled Scotland on behalf of James VI. In 1650, Cromwell's army occupied Dalkeith, and Cromwell's Commander and Governor in Scotland, General Monk, made Dalkeith Palace his headquarters. In more recent times, Dalkeith was the centre of a thriving agricultural and coal mining area, and in the 19th Century Dalkeith was the most important grain market in Scotland. Sadly, whilst we are still surrounded by farmlands, the coal mines all disappeared in the second half of the 20th Century. Dalkeith is now the administrative centre of the County of Midlothian.  Dalkeith History Society's objectives are to encourage an interest in the history of our town, through talks, exhibitions etc., and to carry out research into Dalkeith's past Our monthly meetings are open to all, members or non-members, though we do ask for a small voluntary donation from non-members       DALKEITH HISTORY SOCIETY


In particle physics, which fundamental constituent of matter is named after a word invented by the author James Joyce in his novel 'Finnegan's Wake'?

Physics_Ch_21 - Particle Physics PARTICLE PHYSICS J.1 Particles and Physics_Ch_21 Physics_Ch_21 - Particle Physics PARTICLE PHYSICS J.1... SCHOOL View Full Document This is the end of the preview. Sign up to                   access the rest of the document. Unformatted text preview: Particle Physics PARTICLE PHYSICS J.1 Particles and interactions J.2 Particle accelerators and detectors J.3 Quarks J.4 Leptons and the standard model J.5 Experimental evidence for the quark and standard model J.6 21 Cosmology and strings The study of particles has been fundamental to our understanding of the composition and the behaviour of matter and as such particle physics can be called the foundation stone on which all other branches of science are based. The basic structure of the atom was supposedly first proposed by Democritus in 480 B.C. when he stated that all matter was composed of “atomos”. The exploration of the atom through the findings of Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie, James Clerk Maxwell, Heinrick Geissler, Julius Plücker, William Crookes, Heinrick Hertz, J.J. Thomson, Robert Millikan, Ernest Rutherford, Hans Geiger, Ernest Marsden, Neils Bohr, James Chadwick, Max Planck, C.T.R. Wilson, Albert Einstein, Louis de Broglie, Erwin Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg, Wilhelm Röntgen, Enrico Fermi, Paul Dirac, Wolfgang Pauli, Hideki Yukawa, Richard Feynmann, Murray Gell-Mann, Carlo Rubbia and Stephen Hawking to mention but a few, have revolutionised the world over the last 120 years. Their research has led to the development of nuclear power stations (and unfortunately nuclear bombs), radioisotopes and medical imaging techniques, the chemical and petrochemical industries, lasers, electronics and computers, and, has revitalised the sciences of astrophysics and cosmology. So when and how were atoms created? There is strong evidence to suggest that the elementary particles that make up atoms were created within the first seconds of the Big Bang – when time and space began from a “singularity”. Atoms are the very complex end-products of this event as the elementary particles combined over the following few thousands of years. In order to understand the origin of matter, it is necessary to try and re-create the intense heat conditions of the Big Bang in the laboratory. Particle accelerators and their detectors try to imitate the original conditions in order to find these elementary particles and to develop a model of the nature of matter and energy. This is the branch of Physics that has become known as particle physics. Particle physics had its beginnings in the 1920s when the nature of high-energy particles from outer space known as cosmic rays were studied at high altitudes. It was found that more particles existed other than protons, neutrons and electrons. The leptons –positron and muon, the baryons – Lamda, Sigma plus and the Xi minus, and the mesons – Kaon zero, Kaon plus and Kaon minus were discovered in cosmic radiation using cloud chamber and emulsion detectors. Further particles were discovered in the 1950s using cloud chambers, bubble chambers, scintillation counters as detectors. More particles were discovered in nuclear reactions. It was soon realised that if more particles were to be found, then reactant particles would need to accelerated to high speeds in order to produce high-energy product particles of large mass or to resolve product particles of small size. By the beginning of the 1930s, the van der Graaf accelerator (named after Robert van der Graaf) was developed to accelerate positive charges with very high potential differences to give the charges kinetic energy up to 30 MeV. 515 OPTION TOK The study of particles chaPter 21 (OPtiOn J) In Figure 2101, a voltage of 50 kV is applied to a pointed conductor at the bottom so that electrons are pulled off the moving belt insulator and the positive charges produced are moved to the top of the belt where they are transferred to the dome. Since there is no electric field inside a hollow conductor, the charges move to the outside of the dome. The conducting do


What was the name of the Royal Navy aircraft carrier that was sunk by an Italian torpedo in 1941?

Royal Navy in the Mediterranean 1940-1941 (a)                            Plus 10                            British destroyers at                            Gibraltar. (b) included 2 new                            battleships completing. (c) Plus over 60 large                            torpedo boats. Italy                      Declared War - Italy declared war                     on Britain and                     France on the 10th. Two weeks later                     France was out of the                     war. Still on the 10th, Australia,                     Canada, India, New                     Zealand and South Africa declared war on                     Italy. France - Later in                     the month Italian forces invaded                     southern France but with                     little success. A Franco-Italian                     Armistice was signed on                     the 24th, and included provision for the                     demilitarisation                     of French naval bases in the                     Mediterranean. Malta -                     Italian                     aircraft carried out the first of the                     many raids on Malta                     on the 11th. Next day, the RAF made its                     first attacks on Italian mainland targets. 12th -The Mediterranean                     Fleet with “Warspite”, “Malaya”, “Eagle”, cruisers and                     destroyers sailed from Alexandria for a                     sweep against                     Italian shipping in the Eastern                     Mediterranean. South of                     Crete, light cruiser “CALYPSO” was torpedoed and                     sunk by Italian                     submarine “Bagnolini”. 13th -                     Mediterranean Fleet submarines operated                     out of Alexandria                     on patrol off Italian bases and soon                     lost three of their                     number (1-3).                     At the                     time mines were usually blamed, but it                     turned out Italian                     anti-submarine forces were far more                     effective than                     expected. The first loss was “ODIN” (1) off the Italian coast in the Gulf                     of Taranto, sunk by the guns and                     torpedoes of destroyer “Strale”. 16th -                     The second                     British submarine “GRAMPUS” (2), minelaying off Augusta, Sicily was                     caught and sunk by large torpedo boats “Circe” and “Clio”. 17th -                     Six Italian                     submarines [1-6] were sunk in the Mediterranean, half by                     the Royal                     Navy. However the first to go, “PROVANA” [1] was rammed                     and sunk off Oran, Algeria by French                     sloop “La


The Hudson Strait separates mainland Canada from which island?

Canada - StudyBlue Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again. Canada Body of water that separates Prince Edward Island from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia? Northumberland Strait Body of water that separates Newfoundland from Nova Scotia? Cabot Strait Large body of water on the border between Ontario and Quebec? James Bay Body of water bordering the Torngat Mountains in Quebec? Ungava Bay Quebec is separated from Baffin Island by what body of water? the Hudson Strait All islands within bays and straits are part of what territory? Nunavut Mountains at the southern tip of Baffin Island? Everett Mountains Mountains on the western border of British Columbia? Coast Mountains Largest island off the coast of British Columbia? Vancouver Island Mountains in Quebec, just north of New Brunswick? Mts. Chic-Chocs Mountains at the border between NW Territories, Alberta, and British Columbia? Cameron Hills Larger mountains on the border between Yukon and the NW Territories? Mackenzie Mts. (South of the smaller Richarson Mts. on the border) Capital of Yukon Yellowknife lies on what body of water? the Great Slave Lake Large river that feeds the Great Slave Lake? Mackenzie River In NW territory, the elevated area of land surrounded by the Mackenzie River and the Great Slave Lake? Horn Plateau  Mountains that lie between the Great Bear Lake and the Mackenzie River? Franklin Mts.  Edmonton (capital of Alberta) is on what river? the North Saskatchewan River What body of water separates Vancouver Island from Washington? Strait of Juan de Fuca What bodies of water separates mainland British Columbia from Vancouver Island? Queen Charlotte Strait (in the North) and Strait of Georgia (in the South) Capital of Nunavut Iqaluit is on what body of water? Frobisher Bay Iqaluit (capital of Nunavut) is on what island? Baffin Island Large mountain on the border between Saskatchewan and Manitoba? Duck Mountain  Montreal lies on what body of water? the Saint Lawrence River Capital of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown Capital of Newfoundland and Labrador St. John's Largest mountain range in Newfoundland? Long Range Mts. Set of islands off the coast of northern British Columbia? Queen Charlotte Islands Queen Charlotte Islands separated from British Columbia by what body of water? Hectate Strait elevated area in Quebec between the James Bay and the St. Lawrence River? Laurentian Highlands area of land to the east of the Rocky Mountains, runs all across central US? Great Plains area of land to the West of the Rocky Mountains, runs through Canada, US, and Mexico Cordilleran Highlands body of water that separates Labrador from Newfoundland? Strait of Belle Isle area of land to the west of the Ungava Bay? Peninsule d'Ungava (Ungava Peninsula) tip of the peninsula to the east of the Ungava Bay? Cape Chidley Toronto is on what body of water? Lake Ontario river that defines the southern part of the border between Ontario and Quebec? Ottawa River largest body of water in Manitoba Lake Winnipeg mountains in SE corner of Yukon Pelly Mts. Body of water separating Alaska from the Queen Charlotte Islands? Dixon Entrance Area of Manitoba that juts out into the Hudson Bay? Cape Churchill Island in the middle of the Ungava Bay? Akpatok Body of water surrounded by the Melville Peninsula and Baffin Island? Foxe Basin Body of water that separates Baffin Island from Southhampton Island and connects the Hudson Strait with the Foxe Basin? Foxe Channel Regina is on on a small river offshoot from what main river? the Qu'Appelle River large body of water on the border between Minnesota and Ontario (and just touching Manitoba)? Lake of the Woods River that defines the border between Ontario and Minnesota? Rainy River Island in the center of the entrance to the St. Lawrence River? Ile D'Anticosti Mountain range in Quebec on the border with Maine?  Monts. Notre Dame This river runs from the Passamaquoddy Bay to the Chiputneticook Lakes and defines part of the New Brunswick-Maine border? St. Croix River This river defines the


The tune to Germany's national anthem derives from which composer's String Quartet in C major, composed in 1797?

String Quartet in C, Op. 76, No. 3, “Emperor” | LA Phil String Quartet in C, Op. 76, No. 3, “Emperor” Last Modified: November 6, 2012 Haydn’s “Kaiser” quartet was a product of the years after his triumphant London visits of 1791-92 and 1794-95. In England he had been exposed to a newly emerging genre: the national anthem. Back in Vienna, Haydn mentioned to Baron von Swieten, Prefect of the Imperial Court Library and friend and patron to many composers, that while Napoleon’s France threatened the Austrian empire, it would be good to have something to rally patriotic hearts and spur military recruitment the way “God Save the King” did in England. Swieten helped arrange for a prominent poet to write “Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser” (God Save Emperor Franz), to which Haydn composed an instant and enduring classic in 1797. This “Kaiserlied” quickly acquired national status, although the Austrian government, as conservative in its procedures as in its politics, did not officially adopt it as the national anthem until 1847. Meanwhile, the song migrated out of Austria and acquired a set of words that began “Deutschland über Alles” in 1841, 30 years before Germany became a unified country. In 1922 the Weimar Republic adopted it and, despite its use by the Nazis, it remains the German national anthem. The tune has also been turned into Christian and Masonic hymns. Haydn always loved it. In his final years, when he was unable to compose (an unknown illness changed Haydn from a vigorous, creative 70-year-old to a feeble 71-year-old), he would play it on his piano and weep.  A few months after composing the anthem, Haydn made it the centerpiece of one of his boldest and brightest quartets. Its first movement mixes energetic high spirits, intricate counterpoint, and some harmonic adventures that foreshadow Schubert, who in 1797 was busy being born. Just before the recapitulation, the principal theme turns into a welcome-to-rural-Hungary folk dance (complete with droning bagpipes or hurdy-gurdies) in E major, then into a spooky little variation in E minor, which gives way, without the slightest regard for convention, to the original theme in the original C major. The second movement is a set of variations on the Kaiserlied. Haydn leaves the melody unaltered (a mark of his regard for it), changing only the accompaniment as each instrument takes a turn with it. The third movement continues the first movement’s intriguing juxtaposition of major and minor, but is, rhythmically speaking, a fairly conventional minuet, which is a surprise coming from a composer who liked to stretch the minuet form beyond its dance origins. The finale is a violent tempest in C minor that looks back to Haydn’s Sturm und Drang period of 30 years earlier, and forward to Beethoven’s early quartets of a few years later. When the key of C major finally reappears in the coda, it seems less an inevitable development than torrential rain finally ending and the sun coming out, even while the wind is still blowing. -- Notes by Howard Posner


Which Moroccan athlete was the first person to run the 5000m in under 13 minutes?

Maroccan training – El Guerrouj | Welcome to mariusbakken.com Maroccan training – El Guerrouj Maroccan training – El Guerrouj The Training of the Maroccan World Class Athletes This information on the Maroccan training systemin this article comes mainly from lectures by Kada, the coach of runners such as Hicham El’Guerrouj (World Rec. 1500 m.) Salah Hissou (ex-World Rec at 10 000 m. with 26.38), Zahra Ouziz, Said El Wardi and many more. Most of the content is provided by Mr. Marco Velediaz, after giving an appreciated permission to mariusbakken.com to publish it. But in this article, I will also try to incorporate the training of the other succesful  “school” in Marocco, the one of Khalid Skah (Olympic 10000 meter champ in 92 and World Champ in cross), Khalid Bouhlami (12.53 5000 meters) and many others.  This will be based on information from Khalid himself, who is the roommate (!) of one of my best friends Henrik Sandstad (always together with me on training camps in Kenya.) The information is also based on talks with Michael Dykes, a good friend of mine who spend 4 months in Marocco last year training with the El Guerrouj and Bouhlami groups and who is fluent in French. It has to be added that the Maroccans are extremely smart in their training, and I can not guarantee that 100 % of the info in this article is 100 % correct (as Kada also has pointed out about the Velediaz article). But it will give you a very good idea of most of the training they are doing. Training of the Mens 1500m World Record Holder Hicham El Guerrouj by Marco Veledíaz       marco_velediaz@infosel.net.mx Mexico City,Mexico Over the last few months I have been putting together information about the training methods and systems from several countries and trying to find out the reasons behind the success of any group of athletes in the middle and distance events. After spending several nights trying to put the following article in a logical sequence, finally it is done. Please excuse me for the probable orthographic mistakes (my native language is the Spanish). THE MOROCCAN TRAINING SYSTEM. Whereas the Kenyans owe their astonishing success to living at altitude, the desire to escape poverty among other factors, the Moroccan secret is more scientific, they operate one of the most meticulous and scientifically advanced training programs in the world. Their athletic results are the product of a structure and a training system, this structure comes from an organization in their national athletics federation and new training concepts. Technical Organization of the Moroccan Athletics Federation. It is organized in “Compartments” or “Directions” that are complementary each other and are involved from the beginning until the end on the development of the athlete. I. Direction of Talent Spotting (Detection). “The success is due to a deliberate selection process” says Aziz Daouda, the technical director of the national federation. The talent-spotting system is done with young men and women between 12 and 16 years old. They use caravans that travel throughout Morocco with equipment for the tests application’s and it has two phases, in the first phase the aspirants are put to 3 tests: 1. short run (they do not say the exact distance) with low start, 2. a middle distance race and, 3. standing long jump. With these simple 3 tests they get a girl/boy’s profile:1. reaction speed,2. endurance and 3.explosive strength. in the second phase when they have finished these 3 tests, they put them to another 3 medical tests like on treadmill and blood test. The more gifted athletes then are sent to what they call “Preparation Local Units” where they are attended by athletics coaches in their 1st phase of development (12-16 years) practicing a multilateral development. These sport centers are sponsored by a phosphate industry and the coaches are paid by the government and the national federation. In the 1995-1996 period, the 60% of the Moroccan territory was covered and inspected. II. Youngsters Technical Direction. After this first development phase the best ones are sent to


In which Italian city was George Eliot's novel 'Romola' set?

Posted In: Active Featured Stories , Archives Featured Posts AUR Provost Andrew Thompson has published an edition of a working notebook by the great Victorian novelist George Eliot. Her previously unpublished “Quarry for Romola” is held in the Parrish Collection at Princeton University Library and is one of around twenty such notebooks to survive. The September 2014 issue of George Eliot – George Henry Lewes Studies (Vol. 66, nos 1-2, Penn State UP) is given over to the edition of Eliot’s “Quarry”, which consists of over one hundred closely written pages filled with notes made while researching her novel Romola (1863) set in the fifteenth-century Florence of Girolamo Savonarola, and in which he appears as an important character. It shows Eliot’s reading of a wide range of historical sources and her meticulous research into Florentine customs, language, topography, costume, the revival of classical learning, and some of the great figures of Renaissance Florence, including Lorenzo de’ Medici and Machiavelli. The entries are copied out in English, Italian, French and Latin from books in George Eliot’s own library or her readings in the British Museum, and this notebook probably accompanied her to Florence, where she went for a month in 1861 to read in the Magliabechian Library and learn more about the city. Andrew Thompson said: “George Eliot’s intention was to recreate the milieu in which her characters moved as accurately as possible, and while working on the notes for this edition it was fascinating to trace the many ways Eliot makes use of material from her “Quarry”, often using carefully researched details very imaginatively to bring to life a scene or portray the sights and sounds of late fifteenth-century Florence.” In addition to her novels, almost all of Eliot’s essays, letters, diaries and journals have now been published and made widely available to scholars, leaving only a few of her working notebooks unpublished. This is the second edition of a previously unpublished George Eliot notebook Andrew has worked on. His edition of Eliot’s “Romola Notebook” in the Bodleian Library in Oxford was published in George Eliot – George Henry Lewes Studies in 2006 (Nos 50-51. pp.1-109, Northern Illinois). Auriana Auditorium, The American University of Rome, Via Pietro Roselli 4, 00153 Rome, Italy 19:00 hr Auriana Auditorium, The American University of Rome, Via Pietro Roselli 4, 00153 Rome, Italy 19:00 hr Auriana Auditorium, The American University of Rome, Via Pietro Roselli 4, 00153 Rome, Italy 19:00 hr