What was discovered by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911 when he was studying the resistance of solid mercury at cryogenic temperatures?

��ࡱ�>�� ce����b��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������%` ���:bjbj�ٕ� 8P�����2%�������BBBBBBBV   8V <� V �� �h"���e � �� � � � � � � $� h-!�� B�ee��� BB���� �����B�B�� ��� ��BB���  `�.L��� ^|�� � 0 ��!�v�!��r�!Bt�>�,�$'k���� � PX��� ����VVVD� �VVV� VVVBBBBBB���� History of superconductivity Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" \o "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes" Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who was studying the resistance of solid  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29" \o "Mercury (element)" mercury at  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic" \o "Cryogenic" cryogenic temperatures using the recently-discovered liquid  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" \o "Helium" helium as a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerant" \o "Refrigerant" refrigerant. At the temperature of 4.2 K, he observed that the resistance abruptly disappeared. In subsequent decades, superconductivity was found in several other materials. In 1913,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" \o "Lead" lead was found to superconduct at 7 K, and in 1941  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium_nitride" \o "Niobium nitride" niobium nitride was found to superconduct at 16 K. The next important step in understanding superconductivity occurred in 1933, when  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Meissner" \o "Walter Meissner" Meissner and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ochsenfeld" \o "Robert Ochsenfeld" Ochsenfeld discovered that superconductors expelled applied magnetic fields, a phenomenon which has come to be known as the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner_effect" \o "Meissner effect" Meissner effect. In 1935, F.


In 1949, what process developed by Willard Libby revolutionized archaeology?

Willard Libby, Scientist • Biography & Facts Willard Libby Scientist Willard Frank Libby (December 17, 1908 – September 8, 1980) was an American physical chemist noted for his role in the 1949 development of radiocarbon dating, a process which revolutionized archaeology. For his contributions to the team that developed this process, Libby was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1960.


During WWII, troops stationed in New Guinea were warned to steer clear of what bird that was also listed by the 2007 edition of the Guinness Book as the world's most dangerous?

Animal attacks in Australia - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki Animal attacks in Australia: Wikis Advertisements       Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics Encyclopedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Brown snake is not the most venomous Australian snake, but it has caused the most deaths. [1] There have been animal attacks in Australia from several different species. [2] [3] One of the dangers in the bush is from snakes , including the brown snake and tiger snake . In the wetland and river areas of northern Australia, crocodiles are a threat. In the cities and also in the bush, spiders such as the funnelweb and redback have bitten people. On the coast, the blue-ringed octopus , and several species of shark have been known to attack humans. Other marine creatures such as the bluebottle , cone shell , jellyfish , stingray and stonefish can sting people. Contents Blue-ringed octopus from New South Wales, Australia The Blue ringed octopus is 5 to 8 inches, but its venom is powerful enough to kill. There is no blue-ringed octopus antivenom available. [4] There have been two recorded fatalities. On 23 June 1967, a 23 year old soldier was stung by a blue-ringed octopus at Camp Cove in Sydney harbour . He found the octopus and put it on his arm to bring back to barracks, dying 90 minutes after picking it up. [5] On 21 September 1954 a 21 year old male from Darwin picked up an octopus and let it crawl over him. He didn't notice the bite because they are often painless and died two hours later in hospital. [6] Bluebottle Bluebottle Bluebottle stings in Australia rarely cause death, although it has occurred, usually in young children. Outside Australia, bluebottles are known as "Portuguese man o war". The bluebottle is responsible for between 10,000 and 30,000 stings on the eastern coast of Australia each summer, with only around 500 in Western Australia and South Australia combined. [7] In 2006, there were 26,000 stings in New South Wales , with 4,256 in Queensland . [8] There have only been a few recorded fatalities. In December 1939 a three year old boy was stung on the leg while walking in 200 millimetres (8 in) of water at Proserpine . His death was described as the fifth death from a Portuguese man-o-war in 32 years). [9] An eleven year old male was stung in March 1938 by a bluebottle near Darwin , dying a few minutes after being stung. [10] A nineteen year old male was stung in January 1937 by a bluebottle at Branston, near Cairns . He was waist deep in water when stung and after moving 9 metres (30 ft) he collapsed and died. [11] Salvatore Cantarelle, an Italian cane farmer received a fatal sting in December 1934 by a bluebottle at Coogarra Beach, near Tully [12] Another youth also died in January 1930 from a fatal bluebottle sting at Picnic Bay , Magnetic Island , stung while bathing. [13] Cone shells Cone shell There are around 80 species of cone shell in Australian waters, some of which carry highly toxic venom when they are alive. [14] One Conus geographus caused the death of a 27 year old male in Hayman Island in 1935. [15] [16] While examining a live cone snail, the animal responded by launching an attack, the radular tooth pierced his hand, injecting venom; he was unconscious by the time the launch returned to the mainland, and died on reaching the hospital. [16] Crocodiles Main article: Crocodile attacks in Australia Warning sign on the Daintree River in Queensland about the danger from crocodile attacks. Crocodile attacks in Australia have occurred in the Northern Territory [17] and Queensland [18] / Nearly all crocodile attacks are caused by the Saltwater Crocodile , with the Freshwater Crocodile being smaller and less likely to attack.[citation needed] Between 1971 and 2004 there were 62 crocodile attacks recorded, 17 of which were fatal. 39 of the attacks were in the Northern Territory (10 fatal), 15 in Queensland (5 fatal) a


Olympus Mons is the tallest known volcano and mountain in our Solar System. Where is it located?

Olympus Mons | Exodus3000 Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Share Olympus Mons is the tallest known volcano and mountain in our solar system, located on the planet Mars at approximately 18° N 133° W. Olympus Mons is located in the Tharsis bulge, a huge swelling in the Martian surface that bears numerous other large volcanic features. Among them are a chain of lesser shield volcanoes including Arsia Mons , Pavonis Mons and Ascraeus Mons , which are small only in comparison to Olympus Mons itself. Olympus Mons is a shield volcano, which means that it is the result of highly fluid lava flowing out of volcanic vents over a long period of time, and is much wider than it is tall; the average slope of Olympus Mons' flanks is very gradual. In 2004 the Mars Pathfinder orbiter imaged old lava flows on the flanks of Olympus Mons. Based on crater size and frequency counts, the surface of this western scarp has been dated from 115 million years in age down to a region that is only 2 million years old. This is very recent in geological terms, suggesting that the mountain may yet have some ongoing volcanic activity. The central edifice of Olympus Mons stands 17 miles (27 Km) high above the planet's surface level (about three times the elevation of Mount Everest above sea level). It is 342 miles (550 Km) in width, flanked by steep cliffs, and has a caldera complex that is 53 miles (85 Km) long, 37 miles (60 Km) wide, and up to 1.8 miles (3 Km) deep with six overlapping pit craters. Its outer edge is defined by an escarpment up to 4 miles (6 Km) tall; unique among the shield volcanoes of Mars . The Hawaiian Islands are examples of similar shield volcanoes on a smaller scale (see Mauna Kea). The extraordinary size of Olympus Mons is likely due to the fact that Mars does not have tectonic plates. Thus, the crust remained fixed over a hot spot and the volcano continued to discharge lava, bringing it to such a height. A person standing on the surface of Mars would be unable to view the upper profile of the volcano even from a distance as the curvature of the planet as the volcano itself would obscure it. However, one could view parts of 'Olympus Mons;' standing on the highest point of its summit, the slope of the volcano would extend beyond the horizon, a mere 1.8 miles (3 Km) away; from the 1.8 miles (3 Km) elevated caldera rim one could see 50 miles (80 Km) to the caldera 's other side; from the southeast scarp highpoint (about 3 miles (5 Km) elevation) one could look about 112 miles (180 Km) southeast; from the northwest scarp highpoint (about 5 miles (8 Km ) elevation) one could look upslope possibly 149 miles (240 Km) and look northeast possibly 143 miles (230 Km). The caldera at the peak of the volcano was formed after volcanism ceased and the roof of the emptied magma chamber collapsed. During the collapse the surface became extended and formed fractures. Later additional caldera collapses were formed due to subsequent lava production. These overlapped the original circular caldera , giving the edge a less symmetrical appearance. Two of the craters on Olympus Mons have been provisionally assigned names. These are the 9.6 mile (15.6 Km) diameter Karzok crater (18°25′N, 131°55′W) and the 6.4 mile (10.4 Km) diameter Pangboche crater (17°10′N, 133°35′W). The land immediately surrounding Olympus Mons is a depression in the bulge 1.2 miles (2 Km) deep. The name Olympus Mons devires from the Latin, "Mount Olympus".


Which element gets its name from the Greek for 'acid producer' because the scientist Lavoisier who named it erroneously thought that it was a constituent of all acids?

Oxygen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Oxygen General Name , Symbol , Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals , chalcogens Group , Period , Block 16 ,  2 , p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) O is stable with 8 neutrons 17O O is stable with 9 neutrons 18O For other uses, see Oxygen (disambiguation) . In science , oxygen ( IPA : /ˈɒksɪdʒən/) is a chemical element with the chemical symbol O and atomic number 8. The word oxygen derives from two roots in Greek , οξύς (oxys) (acid, lit. sharp) and -γενής (-genēs) (producer, lit. begetter). In 1777 , Antoine Lavoisier coined the name oxygen from the Greek roots mentioned above because he erroneously thought that it was a constituent of all acids. (The definition of acid has since been revised). Oxygen has a valency of 2. On Earth it is usually bonded to other elements covalently or ionically . Examples for common oxygen-containing compounds include water (H2O), sand (silica, SiO2), and rust (iron oxide, Fe2O3). Diatomic oxygen (O2) is one of the two major components of air (20.95%). It is produced by plants during photosynthesis , and is necessary for aerobic respiration in animals. It is toxic to obligate anaerobic organisms and was a poisonous waste product for early life on Earth . Triatomic oxygen ( ozone , O3) forms through radiation in the upper layers of the atmosphere and acts as a shield against UV radiation . Contents 12 External links Characteristics The colour of liquid oxygen is a blue similar to sky blue . The phenomena are not related; the colour of the sky is due to Rayleigh scattering . Dioxygen, O2, is a gas at standard conditions, consisting of 2-atom molecules. Elemental oxygen is most commonly encountered in this form, as 21% of Earth's atmosphere. Note that the double bond depicted here is an oversimplification; see triplet oxygen . Ozone, O3, is a gas at standard conditions, consisting of 3-atom molecules. This oxygen allotrope is rare on Earth and is found mostly in the stratosphere. The common allotrope of elemental oxygen on Earth, O2, is known as dioxygen . At standard temperature and pressure , oxygen exists as a diatomic molecule with the formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are bonded to each other with the electron configuration of triplet oxygen . This bond has a bond order of two, and is thus often very grossly simplified in description as a double bond . [1] Triplet oxygen is the ground state of the oxygen molecule. The electron configuration of the molecule has two unpaired electrons occupying two degenerate molecular orbitals. These orbitals are classified as antibonding , so the diatomic oxygen bond is weaker than the diatomic nitrogen bond, where all bonding molecular orbitals are filled. Though unpaired electrons are commonly associated with high reactivity in chemical compounds, triplet oxygen is relatively (and fortunately) nonreactive by comparison with most radicals. Singlet oxygen , a name given to several higher energy species of molecular oxygen in which all the electron spins are paired, is much more reactive towards common organic molecules. In nature, singlet oxygen is commonly formed from water during photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight. It is also produced by the immune system as a source of active oxygen. Carotenoids in photosynthetic organisms and possibly also in animals, play a major role in absorbing energy from singlet oxygen and converting it to the unexcited ground state, before it can cause harm to tissues. Liquid O2 and solid O2 are clear substances with a light sea-blue color. In normal triplet form they are paramagnetic due to the spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons in the molecule, and the negative exchange energy between neighboring O2 molecules. Liquid oxygen is attracted to a magnet to a sufficient extent that a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet, in laboratory demonstrations. Liquid O2 is usually obtained by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Oxygen is slightly soluble in water, but n


What rare form of headache whose name refers to its tendency to occur periodically has been called by some experts as the most painful condition known to medical science?

Cluster headaches australia- severe head pain in temple behind eye same time every day watering eye, running nose one side sumatriptan Imigran australia NSW QLD VIC Tasmania WA SA Sydney Brisbane Melbourne Adelaide Perth Darwin Hobart Canberra What Are They What are they? Cluster headaches are exceptionally severe headaches that occur for no known  cause. Cluster headaches are rarer than migraines, affecting only 69 out of  every 100,000 people (less than one percent). Men are six times more  likely to develop cluster headaches than women. Cluster headaches can strike at any age, but usually develop in men between  the ages of twenty and fifty. Women are more likely to develop severe cluster  headaches after age fifty. Cluster headaches are excruciating unilateral headaches of extreme intensity. The duration of the common attack ranges from as short as 15 minutes to three hours or more. The onset of an attack is rapid, and most often without the preliminary signs that are characteristic of a migraine. However, some sufferers report preliminary sensations of pain in the general area of attack, often referred to as "shadows", that may warn them an attack is imminent. Though the headaches are almost exclusively unilateral, there are some documented as cases of "side-shifting" between cluster periods, or, even rarer, simultaneously (within the same cluster period) bilateral headache Cluster headaches are so named because attacks "cluster" in four to eight  week cycles. Frequency of attacks vary among individuals. Some people experience  as many as six severe headaches a day, while others report only one cluster  headache a week. On average, cluster headache sufferers can expect one to two  severe headaches a day for the duration of the cycle. Often the severe headaches that characterize cluster headaches can be  predicted ahead of time. In 85 percent of cases cluster headaches will occur at  the same time of day for an entire cycle. The Pain The pain of cluster headaches is markedly greater than in other headache conditions, including severe migraines; experts have suggested that it may be the most painful condition known to medical science. Female patients have reported it as being more severe than childbirth. Dr. Peter Goadsby, Professor of Clinical Neurology at University College London, a leading researcher on the condition has commented: "Cluster headache is probably the worst pain that humans experience. I know that’s quite a strong remark to make, but if you ask a cluster headache patient if they’ve had a worse experience, they’ll universally say they haven't. Women with cluster headache will tell you that an attack is worse than giving birth. So you can imagine that these people give birth without anesthetic once or twice a day, for six, eight, or ten weeks at a time, and then have a break. It's just awful." It is a headache, in that the pain is in the head, but that is really where the similarity ends. The name itself leads to confusion, as people immediately think of it as something that can be cured by taking a pill, or by thinking of it as a migraine. As one who has had both conditions, clusters are nothing like migraine. It is stated by neurologists to be the most severe pain experienced by human beings - female sufferers say that it is more painful than childbirth. Imagine that for several weeks at a time. Or imagine an ice-cream headache in your temple or behind your eye that is 10 times worse, 10... times... worse... and lasts from 20 minutes up to 3 hours. Another analogy is being hit with a baseball bat on the side of the head - take that instant of impact but extend it to be continuous for 30, 60 90 minutes. try 3 hours. Imagine how physically and emotionally exhausting dealing with that kind of pain in your head would be, along with the fear that it might not stop. Cluster Headache Symptoms Cluster headaches start suddenly, with little warning. Within two to fifteen  minutes of symptom onset the pain become excruciatingly severe. Cluster  headaches usually start around or above the eye


The Klein bottle which has no distinction between inside and outside surfaces can be made by gluing two of what similar objects?

Manifold - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Manifold Jump to: navigation , search A sphere can be represented by a collection of two dimensional maps; therefore a sphere is a two dimensional manifold. For other uses, see Manifold (disambiguation) . In mathematics , more specifically in differential geometry and topology , a manifold is a mathematical space that on a small enough scale resembles the Euclidean space of a certain dimension, called the dimension of the manifold. Thus a line and a circle are one-dimensional manifolds, a plane and the surface of a ball are two-dimensional manifolds, and so forth. More formally, every point of an n-dimensional manifold has a neighborhood homeomorphic to the n-dimensional space Rn. Although manifolds resemble Euclidean spaces near each point, or locally, the overall, or global, structure of a manifold may be more complicated. For example, any point on the usual two-dimensional sphere is surrounded by a circular region that can be flattened to a circular region of the plane, as in a geographical map. However, the sphere differs from the plane "in the large": in the language of topology, they are not homeomorphic. The structure of a manifold is encoded by a collection of charts that form an atlas , in analogy with an atlas consisting of charts of the surface of the Earth. The concept of a manifold is central to many parts of geometry and modern mathematical physics . Typically, a manifold is endowed with an additional structure: a differentiable structure that allows one to do calculus , Riemannian metric that allows one to measure distances and angles . Symplectic manifolds serve as the phase spaces in the Hamiltonian formalism of classical mechanics , while four-dimensional Lorentzian manifolds model space-time in general relativity . Contents Main article: Circle Figure 1: The four charts each map part of the circle to an open interval, and together cover the whole circle. After a line, the circle is the simplest example of a topological manifold. Topology ignores bending, so a small piece of a circle is exactly the same as a small piece of a line. Consider, for instance, the top half of the unit circle , x2 + y2 = 1, where the y-coordinate is positive (indicated by the yellow arc in Figure 1). Any point of this semicircle can be uniquely described by its x-coordinate. So, projection onto the first coordinate is a continuous , and invertible , mapping from the upper semicircle to the open interval (−1,1): Such functions along with the open regions they map are called charts. Similarly, there are charts for the bottom (red), left (blue), and right (green) parts of the circle. Together, these parts cover the whole circle and the four charts form an atlas for the circle. The top and right charts overlap: their intersection lies in the quarter of the circle where both the x- and the y-coordinates are positive. The two charts χtop and χright each map this part into the interval (0, 1). Thus a function T from (0, 1) to itself can be constructed, which first uses the inverse of the top chart to reach the circle and then follows the right chart back to the interval. Let a be any number in (0, 1), then: Such a function is called a transition map. Figure 2: A circle manifold chart based on slope, covering all but one point of the circle. The top, bottom, left, and right charts show that the circle is a manifold, but they do not form the only possible atlas. Charts need not be geometric projections, and the number of charts is a matter of some choice. Consider the charts and Here s is the slope of the line through the point at coordinates (x,y) and the fixed pivot point (−1, 0); t is the mirror image, with pivot point (+1, 0). The inverse mapping from s to (x, y) is given by It can easily be confirmed that x2 + y2 = 1 for all values of the slope s. These two charts provide a second atlas for the circle, with Each chart omits a single point, either (−1, 0) for s or (+1, 0) for t, so neither chart alone is sufficient to cover the whole circle. It can be proved that it is not possible to cov


The Indian astronomer Brahmagupta who lived in the 7th century is credited with introducing what fundamental mathematical concept?

Indian Mathematics - The Story of Mathematics The Story of Mathematics INDIAN MATHEMATICS The evolution of Hindu-Arabic numerals Despite developing quite independently of Chinese (and probably also of Babylonian mathematics), some very advanced mathematical discoveries were made at a very early time in India. Mantras from the early Vedic period (before 1000 BCE) invoke powers of ten from a hundred all the way up to a trillion, and provide evidence of the use of arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, fractions, squares, cubes and roots. A 4th Century CE Sanskrit text reports Buddha enumerating numbers up to 1053, as well as describing six more numbering systems over and above these, leading to a number equivalent to 10421. Given that there are an estimated 1080 atoms in the whole universe, this is as close to infinity as any in the ancient world came. It also describes a series of iterations in decreasing size, in order to demonstrate the size of an atom, which comes remarkably close to the actual size of a carbon atom (about 70 trillionths of a metre). As early as the 8th Century BCE, long before Pythagoras , a text known as the �Sulba Sutras� (or "Sulva Sutras") listed several simple Pythagorean triples, as well as a statement of the simplified Pythagorean theorem for the sides of a square and for a rectangle (indeed, it seems quite likely that Pythagoras learned his basic geometry from the "Sulba Sutras"). The Sutras also contain geometric solutions of linear and quadratic equations in a single unknown, and give a remarkably accurate figure for the square root of 2, obtained by adding 1 + 1⁄3 + 1⁄(3 x 4) - 1⁄(3 x 4 x 34), which yields a value of 1.4142156, correct to 5 decimal places. As early as the 3rd or 2nd Century BCE, Jain mathematicians recognized five different types of infinities: infinite in one direction, in two directions, in area, infinite everywhere and perpetually infinite. Ancient Buddhist literature also demonstrates a prescient awareness of indeterminate and infinite numbers, with numbers deemed to be of three types: countable, uncountable and infinite. Like the Chinese , the Indians early discovered the benefits of a decimal place value number system, and were certainly using it before about the 3rd Century CE. They refined and perfected the system, particularly the written representation of the numerals, creating the ancestors of the nine numerals that (thanks to its dissemination by medieval Arabic mathematicans) we use across the world today, sometimes considered one of the greatest intellectual innovations of all time. The earliest use of a circle character for the number zero was in India The Indians were also responsible for another hugely important development in mathematics. The earliest recorded usage of a circle character for the number zero is usually attributed to a 9th Century engraving in a temple in Gwalior in central India. But the brilliant conceptual leap to include zero as a number in its own right (rather than merely as a placeholder, a blank or empty space within a number, as it had been treated until that time) is usually credited to the 7th Century Indian mathematicians Brahmagupta - or possibly another Indian, Bhaskara I - even though it may well have been in practical use for centuries before that. The use of zero as a number which could be used in calculations and mathematical investigations, would revolutionize mathematics. Brahmagupta established the basic mathematical rules for dealing with zero: 1 + 0 = 1; 1 - 0 = 1; and 1 x 0 = 0 (the breakthrough which would make sense of the apparently non-sensical operation 1 � 0 would also fall to an Indian, the 12th Century mathematician Bhaskara II). Brahmagupta also established rules for dealing with negative numbers, and pointed out that quadratic equations could in theory have two possible solutions, one of which could be negative. He even attempted to write down these rather abstract concepts, using the initials of the names of colours to represent unknowns in his equations, one of the earliest in


What breed of sheep that is also the most numerous in the world is prized for its wool?

Sheep Breed Facts - List Of Sheeps In The UK Here are a few popular sheep breeds from the UK. East Friesian Sheep The East Friesian is a large framed sheep with ewe weighing between 85 to 95 kilograms and rams weighing up to 100 – 125 kilograms. They have pink noses and head and legs are clear of wool. It is the most milk productive sheep in the world. Balwen Sheep A Welsh mountain breed with close wool. Originating from a small area in Wales – Tywi Valley, the Balwen is distinguished by its white blaze, socks and white tail on an otherwise dark chocolate / black fleece. Merino Sheep The merino is the most numerous breed of sheep in the world. It is a breed prized for its very soft wool. There are 2 varieties: Poll – having no horns and Horned – having long, spiral horns which grow close to the head. Merinos are excellent grazers and very adaptable. English Leicester Sheep English Leicester sheep date back to the 1700’s and were found in the Midland Counties of England. It has a wedge shaped face covered in white hairs and sometimes having a blue tint. Their wool is dense but very shiny. Cotswold Sheep Cotswold sheep are a breed of sheep originating in the Cotswold hills of the southern midlands of England. It descended from sheep introduced to these hills by the Romans. In the Middle Ages this area was a thriving and profitable wool industry. Greyface Dartmoor Sheep The Greyface Dartmoor is a descendant of sheep that grazed on the exposed uplands of Dartmoor, in the south west of the UK, in the 17th and 18th centuries. Bred for wool, its fleece is long and coarse and used for carpets and blankets. Lincoln Longwool Sheep The Lincoln is a breed of sheep from England that has been significantly altered by selective breeding in the later part of the eighteenth century. Cross-Breeding with Leicesters improved the breed’s meat production qualities. Shropshire Sheep The Shropshire breed of sheep originated from the hills of Shropshire, England during the 1840’s. A medium sized sheep that produces good wool and meat. Its gentle nature and medium size makes it very popular.


In the general theory of relativity, what is the term for a boundary in spacetime beyond which events cannot affect the observer?

Black Hole - Stock Image C024/4803 - Science Photo Library Credit: DAVID PARKER/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Caption: Conceptual fractal illustration of a black hole. Black holes are objects of extreme density, with such strong gravitational attraction that even light cannot escape from their grasp if it comes near enough. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact black hole can deform spacetime. Quantum field theory in curved spacetime predicts that event horizons emit Hawking radiation. Hawking radiation is black body radiation that is predicted to be released by black holes, due to quantum effects near the event horizon. In general relativity, an event horizon is a boundary in spacetime beyond which events cannot affect an outside observer. It is defined as "the point of no return", i.e., the point at which the gravitational pull becomes so great as to make escape impossible. Albert Einstein first predicted black holes in 1916 with his general theory of relativity. Release details: Model release not required. Property release not required.


It is common knowledge that hurricanes in the US are rated on a scale of 1 to 5. But what is the name of the scale?

Hurricanes and Tornadoes Hurricanes and Tornadoes HC > FAQ > Hurricanes and Tornadoes Hurricanes and Tornadoes 1. How are tropical cyclones different from tornadoes ? While both tropical cyclones and tornadoes are atmospheric vortices, they have little in common. Tornadoes have diameters on the scale of 100s of meters and are produced from a single convective storm (i.e. a thunderstorm or cumulonimbus). A tropical cyclone, however, has a diameter on the scale of 100s of kilometers and is comprised of several to dozens of convective storms. Additionally, while tornadoes require substantial vertical shear of the horizontal winds (i.e. change of wind speed and/or direction with height) to provide ideal conditions for tornado genesis, tropical cyclones require very low values (less than 10 m/s [20 kt, 23 mph]) of tropospheric vertical shear in order to form and grow. These vertical shear values are indicative of the horizontal temperature fields for each phenomenon: tornadoes are produced in regions of large temperature gradient, while tropical cyclones are generated in regions of near zero horizontal temperature gradient. Tornadoes are primarily an over-land phenomena as solar heating of the land surface usually contributes toward the development of the thunderstorm that spawns the vortex (though over-water tornadoes, or waterspouts do occurr). In contrast, tropical cyclones are purely an oceanic phenomena - they die over land due to the loss of a moisture source. Lastly, tropical cyclones have a lifetime that is measured in days, while tornadoes typically last on the scale of minutes. For more information on tornadoes you can go to the Storm Prediction Center's FAQ maintained by Roger Edwards. Tropical cyclones at landfall often provide the conditions necessary for tornado formation. As the tropical cyclone makes landfall and begins decaying, the winds at the surface die off quicker than the winds at, say, 850 mb. This sets up a fairly strong vertical wind shear that allows for the development of tornadoes, especially on the tropical cyclone's right side (with respect to the forward motion of the tropical cyclone). For the southern hemisphere, this would be a concern on the tropical cyclone's left side - due to the reverse spin of southern hemisphere storms. (Novlan and Gray 1974) . 2. Why do tropical cyclones spawn tornadoes? Tropical cyclones spawn tornadoes when certain instability and vertical shear criteria are met, in a manner similar to other tornado-producing systems. However, in tropical cyclones, the vertical structure of the atmosphere differs somewhat from that most often seen in midlatitude systems. In particular, most of the thermal instability is found near or below 10,000 feet altitude, in contrast to midlatitude systems, where the instability maximizes typically above 20,000 feet. Because the instability in tropical cyclones is focused at low altitudes, the storm cells tend to be smaller and shallower than those usually found in most severe midlatitude systems. But because the vertical shear in tropical cyclones is also very strong at low altitudes, the combination of instability and shear can become favorable for the production of small supercell storms, which have an enhanced likelihood of spawning tornadoes compared to ordinary thunderstorm cells ( Novlan and Gray 1974 , Gentry 1983 , McCaul 1991 ). 3. What percentage of tropical cyclones spawn tornadoes ? Almost all tropical cyclones making landfall in the United States spawn at least one tornado, provided enough of the tropical cyclones circulation moves over land. This implies that Gulf coast landfalling tropical cyclones are more likely to produce tornadoes than Atlantic coast tropical cyclones that sideswipe the coastline. The rate at which tropical cyclones produce waterspouts over the ocean is unknown, although Doppler radars have identified many cases where storm cell rotation suggestive of the presence of tornadoes was observed over water ( Novlan and Gray 1974 , Spratt et al. 1997 ). 4. What parts of a tropical cyclone are most favored for t


Which phrase, also the title of a 2004 Ashton Kutcher movie, encapsulates the notion of 'sensitive dependence on initial conditions' of Chaos theory?

Urban Dictionary: The Butterfly Effect The Butterfly Effect A part of the chaos theory that states that one small change in a situation(expieramental noise) can drastically change the outcome of an event. Butterfly comes from the example of the flap of a butterfly's wing altering the atmosphere around it causing(or preventing) a major event somewhere else. Also a movie with that Ashton Cootchie Example 1: The Butterfly effect is a cool mathematical theory. Example 2: The Butterfly effect was supposedly based on Chaos Theroy although there is no correlation whatsoever. by Ryan July 26, 2004 Create a mug The Urban Dictionary Mug One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids. Buy the t-shirt The Urban Dictionary T-Shirt Smooth, soft, slim fit American Apparel shirt. Custom printed. 100% fine jersey cotton, except for heather grey (90% cotton). The Butterfly Effect The butterfly effect is a phrase that encapsulates the more technical notion of sensitive dependence on initial conditions in chaos theory. Small variations of the initial condition of a dynamical system may produce large variations in the long term behavior of the system. This is sometimes presented as esoteric behavior, but can be exhibited by very simple systems: for example, a ball placed at the crest of a hill might roll into any of several valleys depending on slight differences in initial position. sensitive dependence on initial conditions in chaos theory is commonly presented in this. "A butterfly flaps its wings in Japan which causes tiny changes in the atmosphere, which ultimately cause a tornado to appear half way across the world. This is where the term "The Butterfly effect" comes from. The Butterfly Effect A phenomenal movie, probably the best thing Ashton Kutcher ever did. Forwned upon by stupid frat boys who can't handle Ashton Kutcher trying to do something serious, and always need visual effects to entertain their brains. Despite this, The Butterfly Effect (2004) is an amazing movie, with real feeling, complexity, message, and unfortunately, some shitty straight-to-DVD sequels. 1: uuugggh "the butterfly effect" sucked, it had message and complexity, and was a great exception for Ashton kutcher, waaaa! I wanted boobies and football and robots in the movie so I didn't have to think! *pouts* 2: Yeah....you're a moron. No comment. The Butterfly Effect Australian hard rock band from Brisbane, Australia. Released their debut EP in 2001 "The Butterfly Effect" which features their debut single "Take It Away", followed up with their debut album in 2002 "Begins Here" which features the singles "Crave", "One Second of Insanity" and "Always". In 2005 they recorded their next single "Phoenix" which isn't featured on any of their albums. In 2006 they released their 2nd studio album "Imago" which debut at number 2 on the ARIA charts, and features the ARIA top 10 single "A Slow Descent" as well as the singles "Gone" and "Reach". I saw The Butterfly Effect on NYE, awesome Aussie band live and in the studio! Check them out!


How many operational space shuttles were built by NASA?

The Space Shuttle – A Thirty-Year Engineering Legacy | NASA The Space Shuttle – A Thirty-Year Engineering Legacy   Hosting Center(s): Glenn Research Center Subject Category: Physical Science Unit Correlation: Exploring NASA Missions, Exploring Engineering and Technology Grade Level(s): Minimum Delivery Time: 030 min(s) Maximum Connection Time: 060 min(s) Event Focus  Movies have portrayed the Orbiter (commonly called the Space Shuttle) flying like an airplane through space and even going to our Moon. Do you think this is possible? What was the real purpose of the Space Shuttle and how did it accomplish this mission?  Description This module is appropriate for video conference AND web conference presentation. For over thirty years, the only American spacecraft carrying humans into orbit was the Space Transport System (STS) commonly called the Space Shuttle. What important roles did the Space Shuttle play in placing men and materials into space? Topics for discussion will include various aspects of Shuttle flights, the dangers present during launch and landing, NASA's safety program, the large support team for Shuttle flights, the differences between the reusable Shuttle and expendable rockets, some of the missions that the Shuttle supported, including the International Space Station and the Hubble Space Telescope, and why the Shuttle was retired. Instructional Objectives Before the videoconference, try and answer the following questions; Why do you suppose the Space Shuttle program came into being? How many Shuttles were built? How many people could the Space Shuttle carry? Why do you suppose the Space Shuttle had wings? Did the Space Shuttle fly in space like an airplane? Could the Space Shuttle go to the Moon? Why do you think the Shuttle had a large orange tank and two white external solid rockets on the sides? Now view this video and revisit your answers. VIDEO  How close where you? What other questions do you have about the Shuttle? VOCABULARY Atmosphere: the gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth; the air. The Orbiter landed by gliding through the atmosphere. Docking: the joining together of two spacecraft in space. The Orbiter docked with the International Space Station. Drag: the aerodynamic force exerted on an airfoil, airplane, or other aerodynamic body that tends to reduce its forward motion. Drag on the Orbiter helped it slow down in the atmosphere. Glider: an engineless aircraft supported only by the action of air against its surfaces. The Orbiter reentered the atmosphere and lands as a glider. Heat Shield: a protective structure of tiles, mainly on the bottom of the Orbiter, which dissipated heat on atmospheric reentry. Orbiter: the correct name for the portion of the Space Transportation System that returned the astronauts to Earth, often referred to as the Space Shuttle. Main Tank: the large orange tank containing the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen that were burned in the main engines on takeoff. It is the only major component of the Space Transportation System that was not reused. Re-entry: the return from outer space into the earth's atmosphere. The Orbiter underwent re-entry. Space Transportation System (STS): NASA's space vehicle composed of the solid rocket boosters, main fuel tank, and Orbiter SRB: solid rocket booster. These two white solid-fuel rockets were recovered and reused. Zero G: the condition in which the apparent effect of gravity is zero, as in the case of a body in free fall or in orbit. The Orbiter orbited the Earth in free fall. Videoconference Activities At the start of this videoconference the presenter will question the students about their knowledge of the Space Shuttle (formally called the Space Transport System, or STS) and its uses. The presenter will use pictures, graphics, and video to help students develop their understanding of the Space Shuttle. During the videoconference the presenter will start the students thinking about the forces required to leave the Earth's surface and enter into Earth orbit. He will build on the student’s concepts of gravity and speed by using th


What scale measures cola at 2.5, orange juice at 3.5, beer at 4.5, coffee at 5.0, tea at 5.5, milk at 6.5 and blood at nearly 7.4?

Water Alive and Fresh Discover Ionized Microcluster Alkaline Water   A pH of 7 is neutral. Acids have pH values less than 7 while alkaline bases have values greater than 7. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes performs optimally around a biologically weak alkaline pH of 7.4.  Normal pH of human arterial blood has a pH of 7.35 ~ 7.45, also a weak alkaline solution. By falling below a pH of 7.35, the blood is acidic, highly likely with disease. Blood Color In 1931, Dr. Otto Heinrich Warburgg was awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering that primary cause of cancer is the lack of oxygen in a cell. Acidity in body creates the lack of oxygen. The following microscope pictures show the proven results after drinking Water80 ionized microcluster alkaline water. Blood sample before drinking our water: Red blood cells are de-hydrated and clump together. They cannot carry oxygen you need. Blood sample 30 minutes after drinking Water80 alkaline water: Red blood cells become healthy. They are far apart, wrapped in a layer of oxygen and move freely in the entire body. "Water-related diseases responsible for 80 per cent of all illnesses, deaths in developing world." Clean, alkaline, small water clusters, healthy minerals, environmentally friendly What is Ionized Microcluster Alkaline Water? Our water purification system turns tap water into ionized microcluster alkaline water. It is the next generation water ionizer because it does not require plug-in or power, does not waste acidic water, is more affordable and more environmentally friendly. Unlike other electric water ionizers that produce unstable alkaline water which lasts for 24 hours, our system produces stable alkaline water which lasts for several months. Not just clean: Underground tap water pipes are usually over 100 years old. This aged pipe system never gets replaced by the city. Like smoking, daily intake of tap water contaminants such as rust, chlorine and THMs can cause cancers and many chronic diseases in a long run. Water80 purification system retains healthy minerals such as calcium and zinc in water and removes harmful contaminants, e.g., chlorine, total trihalomethanes, rust, lead, heavy metals, bacterium and virus. but also healthy: Water is often considered as the best medicine. When you caught a cold, the most common advice from doctor is "drink more water". Testimonials show that our ionized microcluster alkaline water can help fight diabetes, constipation, high blood pressure, digestive distress, acid stomach, urea stones, arthritis, joint pain, kidney problem and many other diseases, and this is because our water has the following characteristics: Small Hexagonal Water Clusters Regardless what kind of nutrition or vitamin you take, it is water that carries them into cells. Water80 purification system breaks down water hydrogen that bond together into small water molecule clusters that are easily absorbed into the body's cells. Not only does that make the skin and cells better hydrated, but also more nutrients can get directly into the cells. As another benefit, wastes and toxins are more easily eliminated from the cells. The process of aging is a process of losing water in cells. As people get older, not only skin becomes drier, the body starts to lose water from inside too. Improved hydration makes you look and feel better from both inside and outside. Alkaline and Proper pH Balanced Tap water, bottled water, ordinary filtered water is all acidic. Most foods we eat are also acidic, for example, meat, cheese, egg, sweets, cooked grain, coffee, tea and milk. Over-acidification of the body is the single underlying cause of all disease. Water80 ionized microcluster alkaline water helps you neutralize the acidic foods and maintain healthy acid-base balance. Ionized Our water is also ionized. It contains rich anions, negatively charged ions, such as chloride - a chemical the human body needs for metabolism and it also helps keep the body's acid-base balance. More Details In just 3 days, the onion root in Water80 ionized microcluster alkaline water gr


It is considered to be the first of its kind in the world of computers and has been alternately called 'Lahore', 'Pakistani' and 'UIUC', among others. What is it?

Thinking Pipe | #162 It is considered to be the first of its kind in the world of computers and has been alternately called ‘Lahore’, ‘Pakistani’ and ‘UIUC’, among others. What is it? Show Answer (c)Brain, considered the first computer virus for the PC (c)Brain was written by two brothers, Basit and Amjad Farooq Alvi, who lived in Lahore, Pakistan. The brothers told TIME magazine they had written it to protect their medical software from piracy and it was supposed to target copyright infringers only. About Thinking Pipe Questions on anything from the world of business to sports, from science and technology to current affairs. You'll find it all. Updates (almost) daily!


The name of which artificial satellite constellation system was taken from the name of the element with atomic number 77?

The History of the Telephone   By     Chelsea Henderson, clh303@psu.edu Communication     has certainly changed a lot over the past 150 years. When our founding     fathers first came to America, the only form of communication they had     with one another was through letters, which could take days or even weeks     to reach its destination. Sending letters to England could take months.     But even before that Native Americans actually used smoke signals to communicate     with one another. Native Americans are not the only group of people who     have used smoke signals to communicate. The Chinese have also used smoke     signals as well as the Boy Scouts of America. This form of communication     is used by creating puffs of smoke using a fire and a blanket. The smoke     signals must be used in an area where they will be visible to the receiver     and is usually transmitted on top of a hill or mountain (http://www.indians.org/articles/smoke-signals.html). It     was evident that something had to be developed to make communicating with     one another easier and faster. That’s where the telephone comes     in. It could actually be considered the greatest invention of the nineteenth     century. It not only made communicating with others who were miles away     much quicker, it also spawned the growth of many businesses since it made     communication much easier. Surprisingly, there were two people in the running to patent the telephone,     not just one person as the majority of people believe. In the 1870s, two     relatively unheard of inventors of this time, Alexander Graham Bell and     the less known Elisha Gary, both independently designed devices that could     transmit speech electrically. This would later be known as the telephone,     of course. Both men rushed their respective designs to the patent office     within hours of each other, but Bell patented his telephone first. Elisha     Gray and Alexander Graham Bell entered into a famous legal battle over     the invention of the telephone, which as most people know, Bell won.   Some     of the first telephones The telephone was actually discovered by Bell accidentally in his attempts     to improve the telegraph. The telegraph was a highly successful system     with its dot-and-dash Morse code, but it was basically limited to receiving     and sending one message at a time. Bell's extensive knowledge of the nature     of sound and his understanding of music enabled him to conjecture the     possibility of transmitting multiple messages over the same wire at the     same time. Although the idea of a multiple telegraph had been in existence     for some time, Bell offered his own harmonic approach as a possible practical     solution. His "harmonic telegraph" was based on the principle     that several notes could be sent simultaneously along the same wire if     the notes or signals differed in pitch (http://inventors.about.com/od/bstartinventors/a/telephone.htm). The definition of the telephone is, “An instrument which converts     sound, specifically the human voice, to electrical impulses of various     frequencies and then back to a tone that sounds like the original voice     (http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/telephone.htm).” Cellular phones are one of the fastest growing and most demanding telecommunications     applications. Today, it represents a continuously increasing percentage     of all new telephone subscriptions around the world. Currently there are     more than 45 million cellular subscribers worldwide, and nearly 50 percent     of those subscribers are located in the United States. It is predicted     that cellular systems using a digital technology will become the universal     method of telecommunications. By the year 2005, forecasters predicted     that there would be more than 100 million ce


In the human brain, what is the area that is involved in language processing, speech production and comprehension?

Language Processing In The Human Brain | Brain World Language Processing In The Human Brain Posted on July 22, 2011 by Erin Harte ■ “My own brain is to me the most unaccountable of machinery—always buzzing, humming, soaring roaring diving, and then buried in mud. And why? What’s this passion for?” said Virginia Woolf, who was so talented at emulating consciousness and the duplicity of the human mind on the page. __Most writers forget that our brains have anything to do with the words we write, that writer’s block, passion and creativity are not solely the property of our suspicious unconscious. Arranging words in an artfully syntactical manner is but one aspect of language processing—the way human beings process speech or writing and understand it as language, which is made completely by and inside the brain. __So how do we humans process language? And how does that neural activity translate into the art of writing? The History of Language Processing Scientists have been studying the relationship of language and speech for nearly 150 years. In 1861, while Abraham Lincoln was penning his famous inauguration address, French neurologist Pierre Paul Broca was busy discovering the parts of the brain behind Lincoln’s speech—the parts that handle language processing, comprehension and speech production (along with controlling facial neurons). __What we now know as “Broca’s area” is located in the posterior inferior frontal gyrus. It’s where expressive language takes shape. Broca was the first person to associate the left hemisphere with language, which remains true for most of us today. (This can’t be said about every brain—it’s possible to have a language center on the right side, which is where the language loop lies in the brains of about 30% of left-handed people and approximately 10% of right-handers.) __Tucked in the back of Broca’s area is the Pars triangularis, which is implicated in the semantics of language. When you stop to think about something someone’s said—a line in a poem, a jargon-heavy sentence—this is the part of your brain doing the heavy work. Because Broca studied patients who had various speech deficiencies, he also gave his name to “Broca’s aphasia,” or expressive aphasia, where patients often have right-sided weakness or paralysis of the arm and leg due to lesions to the medial insular cortex. (Another of Broca’s patients was a scientist who, after surgery, was missing Broca’s area. Though the scientist suffered minor language impediments, such as the inability to form complex sentences, his speech eventually recovered—which implied some neuroplacticity in terms of where language processing can take place.) __Ten years after Broca’s discoveries, German neurologist Carl Wernicke found that damage to Broca’s area wasn’t the only place in the brain that could cause a language deficit. In the superior posterior temporal lobe, Wernicke’s area acts as the Broca’s area counterpart, handling receptive language, or language that we hear and process. __The arcuate fasciculus links Broca’s area to Wernicke’s area. If you damage this bundle of nerves you’ll find yourself having some trouble repeating what other people say. __Wernicke was also the first person to create a neurological model of language, mapping out various language processes in the brain—speech-to-comprehension, cognition-to-speech and writing-to-reading—a model that was updated in 1965 by Norman Geschwind. Much of modern neurology as it relates to language is modeled on the Wernicke-Geschwind model, although the model is somewhat outdated today—it gives a broad overview but contains some inaccuracies, including the idea that language processing happens in sequential order, rather than in various parts of the brain simultaneously, which is what know today. __In the 1960s, Geschwind discovered that the inferior parietal lobule has something important to do with language processing. Now, thanks to much improved imaging technology, we know there’s another route through which language travels between Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area in the inferior pari


What neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning is named after a Japanese city where it was first discovered?

Minamata disease dictionary definition | Minamata disease defined after Minamata, Japanese fishing village where first diagnosed Minamata disease noun A degenerative neurological disorder caused by poisoning with a mercury compound found in seafood obtained from waters contaminated with mercury-containing industrial waste. Origin of Minamata disease After Minamata, a town of western Kyushu, Japan. minamata-disease


What is the term for the time that it takes an object to make one full orbit around the Sun, relative to the stars?

Orbital period Main Page | See live article | Alphabetical index Orbital period The orbital period is the time it takes a planet (or another object) to make one full orbit . There are two main kinds of orbital periods of objects orbiting the sun : The sidereal period is the time that it takes the object to make one full orbit around the sun, relative to the stars . This is considered to be an object's true orbital period. The synodic period is the time that it takes for the object to reappear at the same spot in the sky, relative to the sun , as observed from Earth . This is the time that elapses between two successive conjunctions with the sun and is the object's apparent orbital period. The synodic period differs from the sidereal period since Earth itself revolves around the sun. Relation between sidereal and synodic period Copernicus devised a mathematical formula to relate a planet's sidereal period with its synodic period. Using the abbreviations


What term describes the use of the gravity of a planet to alter the path and speed of an interplanetary spacecraft?

Quarkology - 92D Launches 9.8 Quanta 9.2.D - Launches A rocket or rocket vehicle is a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle which obtains thrust from a rocket engine. In all rockets, the exhaust is formed entirely from propellants carried within the rocket before use. Rocket engines work by action and reaction. Rocket engines push rockets forwards simply by throwing their exhaust backwards extremely fast. Rockets for military and recreational uses date back to at least 13th century China. Significant scientific, interplanetary and industrial use did not occur until the 20th century, when rocketry was the enabling technology of the Space Age, including setting foot on the moon. Rockets are used for fireworks, weaponry, ejection seats, launch vehicles for artificial satellites, human spaceflight and exploration of other planets. While comparatively inefficient for low speed use, they are very lightweight and powerful, capable of generating large accelerations and of attaining extremely high speeds with reasonable efficiency. In this unit you will learn about: The launch velocity needed to escape the gravitational field of a planet The changing forces and acceleration during a typical rocket launch Ways to increase a rockets velocity using the Earth's rotational and orbital motion Factors that must be considers to ensure the safety of astronauts re-entering the Earth's atmosphere How the motion of planets can be used to enhance the velocity of a deep space probe Escape Velocity Newtons Ideas on Escape Velocity Newton's ideas on escape velocity show that only object E will have enough kinetic energy to escape the Earth's gravitational field completely. Isaac Newton surmised that if you climb to the top of a mountain and fire a cannon, the cannon ball will travel a certain distance and then hit the ground (A). If you fired the cannon so that the cannon ball had a larger velocity it would travel even further (B). If you kept increasing the velocity of the cannon ball and there was no air resistance, a point would come when the cannon ball would be travelling part-way around the world. If the ball could be fired at just the right velocity, it would travel completely around the Earth and hit you in the back of the head (C). In this case it would fall at exactly the same rate as the Earth curves so its also undergoing projectile motion. If it was fired much faster than that, the canon ball would go into an elliptical orbit (D) or even faster it would travel off into space and never return (E). The smallest speed at which this can occur (E) is known as the escape velocity. Escape Velocity kilograms (kg) metres (m) Use this equation when determining the orbital velocity required for a stable orbit at a certain radius. Some other things to note about escape velocity: After being given the escape velocity initially, an object will come to rest and infinity where GPE is maximum (GPE=0). All of the initial kinetic energy is converted into gravitational potential energy. Escape velocity will always be greater than the orbital velocity as it will take an object out of a stable (closed) orbit to infinity.   Weight and thrust forces add to give a net force that gives a rocket its acceleration. During the launch of the space shuttle two solid rocket boosters each provide a whopping 12.5 million newtons of thrust at lift-off. Shown in white in the diagram on the right, these rockets sit either side of the external fuel tank (red) which delivers the liquid oxygen and hydrogen fuel to the engines. The solid rocket boosters provide 83% of the total thrust needed for lif-off, the remaining 17% coming from the three engines mounted on the orbiter itself. These massive forces are needed for two things. Firstly, to overcome the force of gravity (weight) of the spacecraft needed to get it into orbit around the Earth and secondly to provide the acceleration needed to get the space shuttle to the speed required for a stable orbit. In the case of deep space probes or spacecraft destined for the moon, the force produced by the


True versatility! Which actress achieved her biggest success in Samson and Delilah and co-invented the first form of spread spectrum, a key to modern wireless communication?

Astrology: Hedy Lamarr, date of birth: 1914/11/09, Horoscope, Astrological Portrait, Dominant Planets, Birth Data, Biography 1st Fire sign - 1st Cardinal sign (spring equinox) - Masculine In analogy with Mars, his ruler, and the 1st House Aries governs the head. His colour is red, his stone is the heliotrope, his day is Tuesday, and his professions are businessman, policeman, sportsman, surgeon... If your sign is Aries or your Ascendant is Aries: you are courageous, frank, enthusiastic, dynamic, fast, bold, expansive, warm, impulsive, adventurous, intrepid, warlike, competitive, but also naive, domineering, self-centred, impatient, rash, thoughtless, blundering, childish, quick-tempered, daring or primitive. Some traditional associations with Aries: Countries: England, France, Germany, Denmark. Cities: Marseille, Florence, Naples, Birmingham, Wroclaw, Leicester, Capua, Verona. Animals: Rams and sheeps. Food: Leeks, hops, onions, shallots, spices. Herbs and aromatics: mustard, capers, Cayenne pepper, chilli peppers. Flowers and plants: thistles, mint, bryonies, honeysuckles. Trees: hawthorns, thorny trees and bushes. Stones, Metals and Salts: diamonds, iron, potassium phosphate. Signs: Taurus 1st Earth sign - 1st Fixed sign - Feminine In analogy with Venus, his ruler, and the 2nd House Taurus governs the neck and the throat. Her colour is green or brown, her stone is the emerald, her day is Friday, her professions are cook, artist, estate agent, banker, singer... If your sign is Taurus or your Ascendant is Taurus: you are faithful, constant, sturdy, patient, tough, persevering, strong, focused, sensual, stable, concrete, realistic, steady, loyal, robust, constructive, tenacious. You need security, but you are also stubborn, rigid, possessive, spiteful, materialistic, fixed or slow. Some traditional associations with Taurus: Countries: Switzerland, Greek islands, Ireland, Cyprus, Iran. Cities: Dublin, Palermo, Parma, Luzern, Mantua, Leipzig, Saint Louis, Ischia, Capri. Animals: bovines. Food: apples, pears, berries, corn and other cereals, grapes, artichokes, asparagus, beans. Herbs and aromatics: sorrels, spearmint, cloves. Flowers and plants: poppies, roses, digitales, violets, primroses, aquilegia, daisies. Trees: apple trees, pear trees, fig-trees, cypresses, ash trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: copper, calcium and potassium sulphate, emeralds. Signs: Gemini 1st Air sign - 1st Mutable sign - Masculine In analogy with Mercury, his ruler, and the 3rd House Gemini governs the arms, the lungs and the thorax. His colour is green or silver, his stone is the crystal, his day is Wednesday, his professions are journalist, lawyer, presenter, dancer, salesman, travel agent, teacher... If your sign is Gemini or if your Ascendant is Gemini: you are expressive, lively, adaptable, quick-witted, humorous, sparkling, playful, sociable, clever, curious, whimsical, independent, polyvalent, brainy, flexible, ingenious, imaginative, charming, fanciful but also capricious, scattered, moody, shallow, inquisitive, opportunistic, unconcerned, selfish, fragile, ironical or changeable. Some traditional associations with Gemini: Countries: Belgium, Wales, United-States, Lower Egypt, Sardinia, Armenia. Cities: London, Plymouth, Cardiff, Melbourne, San Francisco, Nuremberg, Bruges, Versailles. Animals: monkeys, butterflies, parrots, budgerigars. Food: dried fruits, chestnuts, ground-level vegetables: peas, broad beans, etc. Herbs and aromatics: aniseed, marjoram, lemon balm, cumin. Flowers and plants: lilies of the valley, lavenders, myrtle, ferns, Venus-hair-ferns, bittersweets. Trees: nut trees such as chestnut trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: agates, mercury, silicas and potashes. Signs: Cancer 1st Water sign - 2nd Cardinal sign (summer solstice) - Feminine In analogy with the Moon, her ruler, and the 4th House Cancer governs the stomach and the breast. Her colour is white or black, her stone is the moonstone, her day is Monday, her professions are catering, the hotel trade, property, antique dealer, archaeologist... If your sign is Cancer or


What appropriately named spacecraft launched in 1972 has become the first artificial object to leave the Solar System?

SPACE TODAY ONLINE - Space Today Online - The Millennium - A Space and Astronomy Timeline The Millennium: A Space and Astronomy Timeline The Second Millennium (1001 - 2000AD) 20th Century (1901 - 2000) 1951: Bernard Lovell founds the Jodrell Bank Experimental Station in England and directs the Jodrell Bank Observatory there until 1981. 1951: Color television is introduced in U.S. 1951: American physicists Edward Mills Purcell and Harold Ewan discover electromagnetic radiation from interstellar hydrogen at a radio wavelength of 21 cm. Purcell and Felix Bloch independently develop the analytical technique of magnetic resonance spectroscopy for which both receive the 1952 Nobel Prize for physics. 1954: Last observations at Greenwich Royal Observatory. 1957: British-born American astronomer Eleanor Margaret Burbidge, Geoffrey Burbidge, American nuclear physicist William Alfred Fowler and English astronomer, cosmologist and astrophysicist Fred Hoyle show how stars create heavy elements. Margaret Burbidge, known for her work on the composition of the interior of stars, will direct the Greenwich Royal Observatory 1972-1973. Fowler will share a 1983 Nobel Prize for research on the evolution of stars. Hoyle proposes that eleven elements, including the heaviest, are produced from hydrogen. 1957: The Space Age dawns. 1957: The U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union) launches Sputnik 1 and 2, Earth's first artificial satellites. 1958: The U.S. Army's Jupiter-C rocket fires Explorer I, the first U.S. satellite, to orbit. 1958: Explorer 1 discovers Van Allen radiation belts -- two zones of high-intensity particulate radiation trapped in Earth's magnetic field and surrounding our planet, beginning at an altitude of about 500 miles and extending tens of thousands of miles into space, named for American physicist James Alfred Van Allen . 1958: The U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is created. 1958: George Abell publishes his comprehensive catalog of galaxy clusters. 1959: The U.S.S.R. accomplishes numerous spaceflight firsts. 1959: The U.S.S.R. probe Luna 1 is the first human-made object to leave Earth's gravity. 1959: The U.S.S.R. probe Lunik 2 is the first human-made object to reach another world when it crashes into the rim of the crater Autolycus on the Moon. 1959: The U.S.S.R. probe Lunik 3 is the first spacecraft to go behind the Moon and snap photos of that previously-unknown region of the Moon. 1959: The integrated circuit is introduced. An integrated circuit (IC) is a tiny slice or chip of material on which is etched or imprinted a complex of electronic components and their interconnections. 1960: A laser is constructed by Theodore Maimon. 1960: Echo, the first communication satellite, is launched by the U.S. 1960: The U.S. launches TIROS-1, the first weather satellite in orbit. 1960: The USSR launches Cosmos-4, its first weather satellite and photo-reconnaissance spysat. 1962: NASA launches Telstar-1. Continents previously have been linked only by copper cables. TV film footage has been sent across oceans by airplane. Long-distance telephone calls have been special occasions. Telstar is the first active real-time communications satellite. 1962: The U.S. probe Mariner 2 completes the first successful flyby of another planet, Venus. 1963: Maarten Schmidt discovers quasars are extremely energetic objects at a great distance away across the Universe. 1965: Previously predicted cosmic background radiation, a fading echo of the original "Big Bang" that may have originated the Universe, is discovered by German-born American physicist Arno Allan Penzias and American physicist and radio astronomer Robert Woodrow Wilson using a radio antenna at Holmdel, New Jersey. Penzias and Wilson share a 1978 Nobel Prize for work on cosmic microwave radiation. 1965: The U.S.S.R. spacecraft Venera 3 is the first to reach another planet when it crashes into Venus. 1965: The U.S. probe Mariner 4 completes the first successful flyby of Mars. 1966: The Leonid meteor shower, displaying 100,000 hits per hour, is the greatest of the 20th century. 19


What did Edwin Land invent because of his daughters' wish for instant and 'snappy' results?

Articles About Tarlow Design | San Francisco Bay Area Marin Independent Journal Ken Tarlow demonstrates a new style of coat hanger to fourth graders on Tuesday, May 31, 2011. KEN TARLOW has invented products since he was a young boy, selling homemade toys to classmates as a 7-year-old and appearing in a Newsday article after he designed a walking, talking robot at 14. For the past 15 years, the 63-year-old Corte Madera resident — who runs product development company Tarlow Design — has brought his love of tinkering, creative thinking and gadgets to fourth-grade students at Neil Cummins Elementary School via his annual "Invention Convention." This year the entire fourth-grade class is participating for the first time, with approximately 150 students coming up with their own inventions to be unveiled next Tuesday afternoon. "When my daughter was in fourth grade, her teacher Michael Arrow found out what I did and he said, 'Let's do a convention thing with the kids,'" Tarlow said. "It started out just his class and slowly but surely the entire fourth grade. "It's a great age because they're around 10 so they're old enough to think about things," he said. "They have some motor skills so they can sort of put things together, but they're also young enough that they're wide open so they just go for it." Tarlow meets with students four times before the convention, teaching them about what kinds of products might make good inventions, how to find out if anyone else has come up with a similar idea, the basics of market research — and, finally, how to create a prototype or design drawing. On Tuesday morning Tarlow spent nearly three hours speaking with students about their prototypes and fielding questions about plastic, glue and general design principles. Tarlow showed children various inventions he'd designed for clients at his company, including a plastic face-protector that attaches to a baseball cap for outdoor work, a DVD player with a sun visor that hooks onto a stroller and a plastic strip that can determine whether a coin's made of real gold. "That's cool!" 10-year-old Parke Moorhead exclaimed as Tarlow demonstrated how a plastic ring with a remote control device inside could mute a television set. Avery Briggs, 9, had already built his invention, "The Magnetic Road System," an elaborate model of an intersection with miniature trees, buildings and cars. The vehicles had magnets on both ends, so they would repel each other and avoid crashing. Avery had attached magnets with the opposite charge to police cars so they could tow other vehicles. "I looked on the news and there was a car crash, and I said, 'What if I find a way to stop the car crash?'" Avery said. "I used the magnets and attached them to cars so they repel." Other inventions included a grill that children can bring to school in their lunch boxes to heat up pizza and other hot treats, a garden tool that combines a rake and weed hacker and a spatula that flips burgers on its own and even has a drink holder built in. Madeleine Remy, 10, said she was working on a sleeping mask with lavender inside and attached ear muffs that play restful sounds.      "Most people have trouble sleeping, and this is to help them sleep," she said. Meanwhile, 10-year-old Sydney Segal said her grandmother wants to use the page turner she's designing because of her arthritis.      "My brother said he would use it if he's eating," she added. Past students have designed a fork with a special tube that, when tilted upward, funneled unwanted food to the family dog under the table, as well as a partition that kept one boy's brother from pestering him in the back of the car, Tarlow said. The project "gives them a chance to be creative, to build something that's useful, and it means something to them," said Arrow, the fourth-grade teacher who has been working with Tarlow for 15 years. "Kids who may not be so good at academics ... this gives them a great opportunity to succeed in something cool and come up with some awesome ideas." Author of "Invention Mysteries" Syndicated newspaper co


What type of diet is ophiophagy, notably practiced by the king cobra?

All About the King Cobra The Charming King Cobra written by: Matt Schelke•edited by: Niki Fears•updated: 12/14/2008 The king cobra is one of the most famous snakes in the world. Discover some interesting facts about its biology and life, and learn about its use in the mystical practice of snake charming. slide 1 of 8 Marriages in the village of Vadinagar in India used to have interesting dowries. Fairly often, the husbands would receive no gold, jewels, or similar presents. They would receive snakes- obsidian-black king cobras that formed the foundations of the family’s livelihood. You see, Vadinagar was a town of snake charmers. Snake charming has its roots in Ancient Egypt, where charmers were thought to have magical healing skills. Modern charmers are nomads who wander from town to town, trying to find markets and festivals where they can perform. While the practice is certainly interesting, the snakes themselves are equally, if not more, fascinating. In this Species Spotlight, we’ll discover why the king cobra has intrigued humans for thousands of years. slide 2 of 8 Biology The king cobra is one of the world’s longest snakes, growing to over eighteen feet in length. Its scales are usually green or light brown, and it has yellow bands along its whole body. The cobra’s head is famous for its distinctive flaring, giving it the “king" moniker. The head itself is small, but like other snakes, can expand to swallow large prey. The cobra’s venom, which can kill a human in a matter of minutes, is injected into they prey through the snake’s teeth. slide 3 of 8 Habitat and Diet The cobra has a large range, including much of South and Southeast Asia. It prefers densely forested areas with many bodies of water. The cobra eats other snakes, a practice known as ophiophagy; however, if there are few available snakes, it will consume small rodents and amphibians. slide 4 of 8 Reproduction King cobras are highly competitive maters. Males will fight over a female using a technique called “head wrestling", where two males entwine each other. The successful male then woos the female by rubbing against her body. Humans, clearly, aren’t the only racy creatures on the planet. After mating, the female lays up to fifty eggs in a nest made from organic (sticks, leaves, soil, etc.) materials. Juveniles are about 19 inches long and have black scales with bright yellow bands. The parent cobras are extremely protective of their young. slide 5 of 8 Navigation and Hunting The cobra’s forked tongue is its main sensory organ. The prey emits sense particles, which then float through the air until they contact the snakes’ tongue. The fork allows directional navigation, like our ears allow us to locate a sound around us. The cobras also have terrific eyesight and can sense vibrations in the earth, but these senses are secondary to the tongue. Cobras hunt throughout the day. slide 6 of 8 Interaction With Humans Snake catching for display or charming has been forbidden in India through the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, but charmers can still be seen on the streets of many major cities. In addition, the king cobra is worshipped in India because it is seen as the earthly representation of the snake god. Deaths from king cobras aoccur far less frequently than deaths from other cobras. So while the king cobra is a central object of Asian culture and myth, the creature itself is a unique and beautiful species. Many people are terrified of seeing a cobra, as they have gotten a vicious reputation. But, as with most animals, the key is not to anger it. If you appreciate the king cobra. the cobra will appreciate you. slide 7 of 8


Endemic to New Zealand and currently listed as critically endangered, the kakapo is world's only flightless species of which common bird?

Flightless Birds of New Zealand : Birds.com: Online Birds Guide with Facts, Articles, Videos, and Photos Browse > Home / Features / Flightless Birds of New Zealand Flightless Birds of New Zealand April 9, 2013 by Editor   Leave a Comment There are around forty species of flightless birds in the world today, with New Zealand being home to the greatest number of these species. Among New Zealand’s flightless birds are the kiwi , takahe, kakapo and several species of penguins. It is thought that these New Zealand birds never developed the ability to fly because they had no land-based predators to escape from – until the arrival of human beings. Isolated from the rest of the world for millions of years, these flightless birds adapted to their environment in a way that would most benefit them. Endemic to New Zealand, the kakapo (Strigops habroptila) is a flightless parrot with nocturnal habits. Its speckled yellow-green plumage acts as a camouflage for the ground-dwelling herbivorous kakapo. It is the world’s only flightless parrot, as well as being the heaviest parrot in the world, and very possibly the longest-living bird with an average life expectancy of 95 years. It is also the only parrot to have a lek courtship and breeding system, where males gather in an arena and compete with one another to attract available females. The female chooses her mate, presumably based on his performance, they mate and go their separate ways, with the female raising the young. Up to three eggs are laid on the ground or in cavities of tree trunks, with the female incubating them. As she has to leave the eggs at night to search for food , they are subject to plundering by predators, and embryos may die of cold. Chicks that make it through to see the light of day are also vulnerable and remain in the nest until 10 to 12 weeks of age. They stay with their mother for the first six months of their lives. The kakapo is listed as ‘critically endangered’ by the IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature. Once thought to be extinct, and rediscovered in 1948, the takahē (Porphyrio hochstetteri) is another of New Zealand ‘s flightless birds. Primarily deep purple-blue in color, the adult bird has a red frontal shield and reddish-pink bill, with pink legs. These monogamous birds are very territorial, laying their eggs in nests under bushes. Conservationists have relocated small groups of the birds to some offshore islands – Kapiti, Maud, Mana and Tiritiri Matangi – considered to be predator-free, where birding enthusiasts can view them in the wild. Thanks to intervention by conservationists , this unusual bird has made a comeback from near extinction to being listed as ‘endangered’ on the IUCN red list. Tags:


Jeopardy: Insatiable Edition Jeopardy Template 100 What is the USA (Complementing Great Britain that won a gold at every Summer Games.) Think outside Scandinavia. What is the only country that won a gold medal at every Winter Olympics? 100 What is 'Gone with the Wind'? Scarlett O'Hara Hamilton Kennedy Butler was the main character of this best-selling novel with this moving title. 100 Therapeutic Foot Cream helps heal dry, rough and cracked feet and heels. 100 Who is Robert Harold Ogle? He proposed the fraternity colors. 100 What is the Southern Ocean? The Southern Ocean is the 'newest' named ocean. It is recognized by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names as the body of water extending from the coast of Antarctica to the line of latitude at 60 degrees South. The boundaries of this ocean were proposed to the International Hydrographic Organization in 2000. Historically, there are four named oceans: the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic. However, most countries - including the United States - now recognize this body of water as the fifth ocean. 200 What is US Basketball team at the Olympics, the original Dream Team? This statement was made by Chuck Daly. The 1992 team consisting of Larry Bird, Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson is often regarded as the greatest collection of talent on one team in basketball history. "If we lose, it will be the biggest upset in the history of sports." This was the modest statement of a coach in 1992, an Olympic year. Who is 'we'? 200 What is Achilles tendon! Pitt of course played the role of the warrior Achilles in the movie. During the production of the 2004 movie Troy, Brad Pitt suffered an injury of what body part? 200 A smartphone made by the Canadian company Research In Motion. 200 Who is Vertner W. Tandy? He designed the fraternity pin with this initials hidden inside. 200 What is Red Cross? The Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide which was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human suffering and is also known by this name. 300 What is the national sport of Japan? 300 What is 'Stomp the Yard'? Will Packer is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc and the producer of this movice 300 This is the third largest United States-based producer of socks, known for its colorful name. 300 Who is Moses Alvin Morrison? He didn't split the Red Sea, nor was he a chipmunk but he did serve as the first General President. 300 Who is Lance Armstrong? In 2012 Travis Tygart was chiefly instrumental in leading the expose of this, now fallen, athlete. 400 What is Fencing? In which Olympic sport do participants wear an electrically conductive jacket called a lamé to define the scoring areas? 400 What is a horse head? In “The Godfather,” what does Jack Wolz find in his bed when he wakes up? 400 What is Black & Decker An American manufacturer of power tools and accessories, hardware and home improvement products, and technology based fastening systems. 400 What is Louisville, KY? "L1C4" may serve as an unofficial motto of The Alpha Lambda chapter located in this U.S. city. 400 What is Holocaust Museum? In 2014, CNN reported that FBI and other law enforcement agencies send their trainees to what Washington, D.C. museum so they can see for themselves how not protecting civil liberties can lead to bigger horrors? 500 What is 'The Lord of the Rings' In 1992 British journalists Andrew Jennings and Vyv Simson wrote a controversial book about the International Olympic Committee chairman Juan Samaranch. Taking a cue from fantasy literature, what did they call it? 500 What is Biltmore Estate near Asheville, North Carolina? This location was chosen by Ridley Scott to signify the huge personal wealth of the character Mason Verger. It built by George Washington Vanderbilt II between 1888 and 1895 and occupies 175,000 square feet. Still owned by Vanderbilt's descendants, it stands today as one of the most prominent remaining examples of the Gild


"Who along with Mel Hausner, Lloyd S. Shapley and Martin Shubik invented a board game called ""So Long Sucker"" in 1950 which involves game theory strategies?"

Lloyd Shapley Lloyd Shapley For United States navy captain, see Lloyd Stowell Shapley . Lloyd Shapley John von Neumann Theory Prize (1981) Lloyd Stowell Shapley (June 2, 1923 – March 12, 2016) was an American mathematician and Nobel Prize -winning economist . He contributed to the fields of mathematical economics and especially game theory . [1] [2] Since the work of von Neumann and Morgenstern in 1940s, Shapley has been regarded by many experts as the very personification of game theory. [3] With Alvin E. Roth , Shapley won the 2012 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design ." Contents 8 External links Life and career[ edit ] Lloyd Shapley was born on June 2, 1923, in Cambridge, Massachusetts , one of the sons of Martha (Betz) and the distinguished astronomer Harlow Shapley , both from Missouri. [4] He attended Phillips Exeter Academy and was a student at Harvard when he was drafted in 1943. He served in the United States Army Air Corps in Chengdu, China and received the Bronze Star decoration for breaking the Soviet weather code. [5] After the war, Shapley returned to Harvard and graduated with an A.B. in mathematics in 1948. After working for one year at the RAND Corporation , he went to Princeton University where he received a Ph.D. in 1953. [6] His thesis and post-doctoral work introduced the Shapley value and the core solution in game theory . Shapley defined game theory as "a mathematical study of conflict and cooperation." After graduating, he remained at Princeton for a short time before going back to the RAND corporation from 1954 to 1981. In 1950, while a graduate student, Shapley invented the board game So Long Sucker , along with Mel Hausner , John Forbes Nash , and Martin Shubik . [7] Israeli economist Robert Aumann said Shapley was "the greatest game theorist of all time." [8] Lloyd Shapley in Stockholm 2012 From 1981 until his death, Shapley was a professor at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), serving at the time of his death as a professor emeritus there, affiliated with departments of Mathematics and Economics. He died on March 12, 2016, in Tucson, Arizona , after suffering from a broken hip , at the age of 92. [1] Shapley was an expert Kriegspiel player, and an avid baseball fan. [8] Contribution[ edit ] Along with the Shapley value , stochastic games , the Bondareva–Shapley theorem (which implies that convex games have non-empty cores), the Shapley–Shubik power index (for weighted or block voting power), the Gale–Shapley algorithm (for the stable marriage problem ), the concept of a potential game (with Dov Monderer ), the Aumann–Shapley pricing, the Harsanyi –Shapley solution, the Snow–Shapley theorem for matrix games, and the Shapley–Folkman lemma & theorem bear his name. [9] According to The Economist , Shapley "may have thought of himself as a mathematician, but he cannot avoid being remembered for his huge contributions to economics". [10] The American Economic Association noted that Shapley was "one of the giants of game theory and economic theory". [9] Besides, his early work with R. N. Snow and Samuel Karlin on matrix games was so complete that little has been added since. He has been instrumental in the development of utility theory , and it was he who laid much of the groundwork for the solution of the problem of the existence of Von Neumann–Morgenstern stable sets . His work with M. Maschler and B. Peleg on the kernel and the nucleolus, and his work with Robert Aumann on non-atomic games and on long-term competition have all appeared in economic theory. [11] Shapley argued with his sons about whether he should accept the Nobel Prize at all. He opined that his father, the astronomer Harlow Shapley , deserved it more. His sons persuaded him to accept it and accompanied him to Stockholm . [12] Awards and honors[ edit ] Selected publications[ edit ] A Value for n-person Games [1953], In Contributions to the Theory of Games volume II, H. W. Kuhn and A. W. Tucker (eds.). Stochastic Games [1953], Proceedings of Nat


Which land-locked European country whose teams have excelled in water polo and fencing holds the record for having won the most medals of any nation to never host the Olympics?

The Olympics: background and London update – Parliament of Australia Summer and Winter Games venues Executive Summary This paper provides brief background information for Australian Parliamentarians on the origins of the Olympics and a snapshot of the development of the Games since the first modern Olympics were held in 1896. Particular reference is made to the Melbourne Olympics in 1956 and the Sydney Olympics in 2000. The achievements of Australian Olympians are also a special focus of the paper. The paper also provides an insight into some of the many social and political dimensions of the Olympics.   Introduction The Olympic Games, it is said, represent ‘ideals of humanity's highest callings—a universal quest for peace, moral integrity, and an exalted mix of mind, body, and spirit that transcends culture’. [1] Since the first modern Games were held in 1896 however, the Olympics have regularly been the subject of controversy and scandal. They have also been used as a tool to promote political agendas, racism and nationalism and, in recent times, they have been criticised for excessive commercialisation and ongoing drug controversies have tarnished their reputation.  Some Games issues, like those concerning the amateur status of athletes, are less relevant today as the result of changes to the rules of competition. Others, such as accusations relating to the bribery of officials, remain contentious. Blatant nationalist attempts to hijack the Games, which include the Nazi propaganda Games of 1936, have been relegated to the past. But the Games continue as a tool to promote nationalism, albeit of a less virulent type. Since the 1984 Olympics held in Los Angeles, the opening ceremonies of the Games have increasingly become massive publicity campaigns for each host city’s accomplishments and the cultural significance of host countries. While the intensity of Cold War politics no longer influences the Games, other political issues, like human rights, endure. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has consistently argued that politics plays no part in Olympic competition and it has banned athletes for so called political protest. Yet despite the IOC’s attempt to disregard politics, it has not been able to operate in a political vacuum. Its responses to incidents which have reflected world circumstances have clearly involved a political dimension or stance, for example, its decision to continue the Games following the massacre of athletes in Munich in 1972.   Indeed, it can be argued that the vision expounded by Baron de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Games, that the Olympics should be a catalyst for cooperation between nations, has ensured that politics is inseparable from the Games and that IOC attempts to distance the Games from politics or to reconfigure political incidents in other terms are in themselves political statements.                    At the same time, the IOC has championed an ancient tradition of an Olympic truce under which the cessation of all hostilities and warfare occurs during the period of the Games. Some have suggested that conducting the Olympics on a neutral site may go further towards this aim than the current practice of choosing host cities, as this move may produce more friendly competition and better cooperation between the nations of the world. [2] But adopting such as alternative could mean that that we lose something of the essence of the Olympics. As one commentator muses: Every four years, as the Olympics approach, or more tragically, disappoint our ideals, they provide us with a dramatic indication of who we are. Perhaps that is the best argument for their continuation. [3] It is not possible in this brief snapshot of the Olympics to discuss all the highlights (and lowlights) of the Olympics of the modern era. Nor is it possible to discuss all the issues that now preoccupy Olympic officials, or general or particular criticisms of the Games. The paper seeks instead to provide some insight for Australian Parliamentarians into the many dimensions of the Olympics. This in turn may i


When legendary Finnish athlete Paavo Nurmi was asked about the reason for his success at the 1924 Olympics despite high-heat conditions, he mentioned what tradition of his country as part of his training?

Engaging Musings Engaging Musings Today in History for 24th September 2015 Historical Events Events 1 - 100 of 206 312 - Start of Imperial Indication 366 - Liberius ends his reign as Catholic Pope 673 - Synod of Hertford opens; canons made for English Church 787 - 2nd Council of Nicaea (7th ecumenical council) opens in Asia Minor 1180 - Manuel I Komnenos, last Emperor of the Komnenian restoration dies. The Byzantine Empire slips into terminal decline. 1493 - Columbus' 2nd expedition to New World 1537 - Uprising in Lubeck fails 1625 - Dutch attack San Juan, Puerto Rico 1629 - Jacques Specx appointed governor-general of Dutch-Indies 1657 - First autopsy & coroner's jury verdict is recorded in Maryland 1664 - Dutch Fort Orange (New Netherland) in present day Albany NY surrenders to the English 1683 - King Louis XIV expels all Jews from French possessions in America 1688 - France declares war on Germany 1706 - Treaty of Altranstdt: Charles XII of Sweden & August II of Saksen 1742 - Faneuil Hall, Boston, opens to public 1776 - First St Leger horesrace held at Doncaster The Sun King of France Louis XIV1786 - American American slave Jupiter Hammon makes his "Address to the Negroes of the State of New York" speech advocating emancipation at meeting of African Society in NY 1789 - US Congress establishes Post Office Department following the new constitution 1789 - US Federal Judiciary Act is passed & creates a six-person Supreme Court 1789 - President George Washington nominates John Jay the 1st Chief Justice 1789 - US Attorney General Office is created 1829 - Russia & Ottoman Empire sign Peace Treaty of Adrianople 1838 - Anti-Corn-Law League forms to repeal English Corn Law 1841 - British adventurer James Brooke obtains lands around the Sarawak river from the Sultan of Brunei 1850 - Papal Bull issued, establishes Roman Catholic hierarchy in England 1852 - Henri Giffard, a French engineer, makes 1st engine powered dirigible/airship flight with steam power 1st White Rajah of Sarawak James Brooke1853 - 1st round-the-world trip by yacht (Cornelius Vanderbilt) 1853 - France annexes New Caledonia 1853 - Northern Daily Times, 1st provincial daily newspaper, starts in London 1862 - Confederate Congress adopts confederacy seal 1865 - James Cooke walks tightrope from Cliff House to Seal Rocks, SF 1869 - Black Friday; Wall St panic after Gould & Fisk attempt to corner gold 1872 - Franz Grillparzer's "Ein Bruderzwist in Habsburg" premieres in Vienna 1877 - Battle of Shiroyama, decisive victory of the Imperial Japanese Army over the Satsuma Rebellion 1881 - Henry Morton Stanley signs contract with Congo monarch 1883 - National black convention meets in Louisville, Kentucky 1884 - Dixey, Rice & Gill's musical "Adonis" premieres in NYC 1885 - Five German warships depart to Zanzibar 1889 - Alexander Dey patents dial time recorder 1890 - President of Mormon Church in Salt Lake City issues a manifesto advising members that teaching & practice of polygamy should be abandoned 1895 - 1st round-the-world trip by a woman on a bicycle (took 15 months) 1902 - Start of Sherlock Holmes "Adventure of Red Circle" (BG) 1903 - Alfred Deakin succeeds Edmund Barton as Australia premier 1903 - Bill Bradley becomes 1st Cleveland baseball player (Cleveland Naps) to hit for cycle 1906 - St Louis Card Stony McGlynn no-hits Dodgers, 1-1 in 7 inning game 1906 - V Herbert & H Blossom's musical "Red Mill" premieres in NYC 1906 - Prince George of Greece, convinced that he can no longer serve the cause of Crete, resigns as High Commissioner 1908 - Robert B Rhoads becomes 1st Cleveland pitcher (Cleveland Naps) to toss a no-hit game, Cleveland 2, Boston 1 1916 - Indians' Marty Kavanaugh, hits AL's 1st pinch-hit grand slam Baseball Legend Babe Ruth1919 - Babe Ruth sets season homer mark at 28 off of Yankee Bob Shawkey 1922 - Nuremberg fusion congress USDP-SPD; picks Karl Kautsky 1922 - Roger Hornsby sets NL HR mark at 42 1923 - Premiere of 1st celluloid film "Das Leben auf dem Dorfe" (Berlin) 1924 - Boston, Massachusetts, opens its airport 1926 - Cardinals clinch NL pennant