What is a 'single make' open-wheel auto racing series wherein competitors represent their nation as opposed to themselves or a team?

Grand Prix Sport live | Tv-live Grand Prix Sport live Grand Prix Sport live Grand Prix (A1GP) is a ‘single make’ open wheel auto racing series. It is unique in its field in that competitors solely represent their nation as opposed to themselves or a team, the usual format in most formula racing series. As such, it was often promoted as the “World Cup of Motorsport”. The series was ratified by the Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA) and races were held in the traditional Formula One off-season, the northern hemisphere winter. The nation-based A1GP concept was founded by Sheikh Maktoum Hasher Maktoum Al Maktoum of Dubai, initially in 2003. After a successful first season of A1GP, it was announced on 29 September 2006 that Maktoum was to sell his position as Chairman & Director of A1GP. The transfer of his share in the organisation of A1 Grand Prix to RAB Capital was finalized in December 2006. Tony Teixeira took control of the series in 2006, leading it to liquidation by 2009. 2204


"During World War II, where was the HQ of the English code cracking unit that was set up to decipher the output from the ""Enigma"" machine?"

BBC - History -   World Wars: Breaking Germany's Enigma Code Breaking Germany's Enigma Code By Andrew Lycett Last updated 2011-02-17 Germany's armed forces believed their Enigma-encrypted communications were impenetrable to the Allies. But thousands of codebreakers - based in wooden huts at Britain's Bletchley Park - had other ideas. Andrew Lycett investigates how successful they were, and the difference they made to the war effort. On this page Print this page The Enigma 'typewriter' In 2001, the release of the feature film Enigma sparked great interest in the tweedy world of the boffins who broke Nazi Germany's secret wartime communications codes. But not all who watched Dougray Scott in the film's lead role realised that the title referred to a machine like a typewriter, which encrypted secret messages. Fewer people still knew that this piece of spook hardware was invented by a German (based on an idea by a Dutchman), that information about it was leaked to the French, and that it was first reconstructed by a Pole, before it was offered to Britain's codebreakers as a way of deciphering German signals traffic during World War Two. As a result of the information gained through this device, it has been claimed, hostilities between Germany and the Allied forces were curtailed by two years. The importance of signals intelligence became evident during World War One ... The importance of signals intelligence became evident during World War One, as staff in the British Admiralty's Room 40, under Captain Reginald 'Blinker' Hall, worked at intercepting German communications. Among these, famously, was the Zimmermann telegram - a message from the German foreign minister to his ambassador in Mexico City informing him of plans to invade the United States. On being notified of these plans, officials in Washington were understandably perturbed, and hastened to effect the entry of the US into the war. Top Stealing secrets After the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, the German defence establishment was eager to improve its compromised communications system, and recognised the potential of a signalling device that had originally been made for the business market. Dr Arthur Scherbius had developed his 'Enigma' machine, capable of transcribing coded information, in the hope of interesting commercial companies in secure communications. In 1923 he set up his Chiffriermaschinen Aktiengesellschaft (Cipher Machines Corporation) in Berlin to manufacture this product, and within three years the German navy was producing its own version, followed in 1928 by the army and in 1933 by the air force. ... a German spy ... allowed his French spymasters to photograph stolen Enigma operating manuals Enigma allowed an operator to type in a message, then scramble it by means of three to five notched wheels, or rotors, which displayed different letters of the alphabet. The receiver needed to know the exact settings of these rotors in order to reconstitute the coded text. Over the years the basic machine became more complicated, as German code experts added plugs with electronic circuits. Britain and her allies first understood the problems posed by this machine in 1931, when a German spy, Hans Thilo Schmidt, allowed his French spymasters to photograph stolen Enigma operating manuals, although neither French nor British cryptanalysts could at first make headway in breaking the Enigma cipher. It was only after they had handed over details to the Polish Cipher Bureau that progress was made. Helped by its closer links to the German engineering industry, the Poles managed to reconstruct an Enigma machine, complete with internal wiring, and to read the Wehrmacht's messages between 1933 and 1938. Top Ultra intelligence Few realised the significance of the work going on at Bletchley Park    © With German invasion imminent in 1939, the Poles opted to share their secrets with the British, and Britain's Government Code and Cipher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire, became the centre for Allied efforts to keep up with dramatic war-induced changes in Enig


What is the dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River on the border between the US states of Arizona and Nevada that was completed in 1935?

Hoover Dam, Nevada & Arizona - Facts, Location Map, Best time to visit Hoover Dam in Boulder Dam PDF The Hoover Dam  on Colorado River The Hoover Dam is an arched dam in the Colorado River’s Black Canyon.  The dam’s location is exactly on the border between Arizona and Nevada . Constructed from concrete during the Great Depression in the 1930s, the dam is considered an engineering marvel, though many lives were lost during its construction. It was originally named for President Herbert Hoover , who was president during the early construction of the dam. The builders had to overcome many challenges to make the dam possible. The dam was built to control water flow to prevent floods, and also to generate hydroelectric power. Visitors to the Hoover Dam are often amazed at its size and power. Tours are available for the power plant and also to go into the dam. Hoover Dam is evidence of a country’s capability to build massive projects amidst adverse conditions. The dam was constructed during the Depression. A large number of men along with their families came to Black Canyon to dam the Colorado River. The dam was completed within five years. Hoover Dam has become a National Historic Landmark. The American Society of Civil Engineers has listed it among America’s Seven Modern Civil Engineering Wonders. Exactly beneath Hoover Dam is a site from where paddle craft like canoes, kayaks or even personal rafts (with a permit) can be launched for a pleasurable journey on the Colorado River. The road connecting to the launch site is a protected area, and thus the access is limited to Bureau of Reclamation employees and their contractors. The launch fee of paddle craft or rafts is $12 per person along with a $5 National Park Service entrance fee for adults age 16 and above. Hoover Dam Map Hoover Dam was constructed from 1931 to 1936. The dam is also known as Boulder Dam. The construction of the dam claimed the lives of 112 people. Where is Hoover Dam? The Hoover Dam is located in Boulder City in Southern Nevada, about a half-hour drive outside of Las Vegas , making it a popular day trip for visitors to Vegas. Best time to visit Hoover Dam With its location in the middle of the desert, the region gets extremely hot during the summer. It is also very crowded during this time. February through April tend to be less busy with milder weather, and early morning tours are usually less crowded. Hoover Dam Hours The opening hours of Hoover dam are from 9:00 am to 6:00 pm. Hoover Dam Tickets A 30-minute guided power plant tour prices are: Adults (Ages 17-61): $15.00


Which jazz musician has a memorial, created by sculptor Robert Graham and unveiled in 1997, in Central Park New York, near the intersection of 5th Avenue and 100th Street?

Today in History - AccuWeather.com Forums  Today in History Historic events on September 12 1015 - Henry I becomes earl of Leuven 1213 - Battle at Muret: Crusade of Simon de Montfort beat Pedro II of Aragon 1217 - French prince Louis & English king Henry III sign peace treaty 1229 - The Aragonese army under the command of James I of Aragon disembarks at Santa Ponï¿½a, Majorca, with the purpose of conquering the island. 1396 - Crusaders under earl of Nevers reaches Nicopolis 1543 - Treaty of Venlo: Duke Willem of Gulik & Emperor Charles V 1556 - Emperor Charles resigns, his brother Ferdinand van Austria takes over 1624 - 1st submarine tested (London) 1635 - Sweden & Poland sign ceasefire Treaty of Stuhmsdorf 1639 - Viceroy Thomas Wentworth sails back to England 1673 - Prince Willem III occupies Naarden 1683 - Turkish troops attacks Vienna overthrows by Polish king Sobieski 1683 - Austro-Ottoman War: Battle of Vienna - several European armies join forces to defeat the Ottoman Empire. 1695 - NY Jews petition governor Dongan for religious liberties 1703 - Emperor Leopold I ends contacts on Spanish heritage 1703 - English army under arch duke Charles of Austria lands in Portugal 1720 - Isaak of Hoornbeek elected Dutch pension advisor 1722 - Russian troops occupy Baku & Derbent on Persia 1733 - Polish Landowners select Stanislaw Lesczynski king 1745 - Duke of Toscane chosen German emperor Frans I Stefanus 1751 - Amsterdam refuses establishment of Jewish ghetto 1758 - Charles Messier observes Crab Nebula & begins catalog 1759 - British soldiers capture the town of Quebec. 1776 - Nathan Hale leaves Harlem Heights Camp (127th St) for spy mission 1787 - Black Masons form 1st lodge 1814 - Battle of North Point fought near Baltimore during War of 1812 1840 - Composer Robert Schumann marries Clara Wieck 1847 - Mexican-American War: the Battle of Chapultepec begins. 1848 - Switzerland becomes a Federal state. 1857 - 423 die when "Central America" sinks off Cape Romain SC 1862 - Battle of Harpers Ferry VA 1867 - 2nd synagogue in Curacao, Emanu-El of Willemstad, inaugurated 1874 - 1874 The District of Maple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada is founded. 1876 - King Leopold II opens Congo-conference 1878 - Cleopatra Needle installed in London 1882 - Belgian King Leopold II receives Pierre de Brazza 1885 - Highest score (35) recorded in any 1st-class soccer match is set 1888 - Start of Sherlock Holmes adventure "Greek Interpreter" (BG) 1890 - Cecil Rhodes' colonies reach Mashonaland (Ft Salisbury) 1890 - Salisbury, Rhodesia, is founded. 1895 - Defender (US) beats Valkyrie III (Engld) in 10th America's Cup 1897 - Tirah Campaign: Battle of Saragarhi 1901 - Arabs attack Gedara Palestine 1906 - The Newport Transporter Bridge is opened in Newport, South Wales by Viscount Tredegar. 1907 - Lusitania arrives in NYC after 5 day crossing of Atlantic (record) 1908 - Winston Churchill marries Clementine Hozier 1910 - Gustav Mahler's 8th Symphony premieres in Munich with 1028 musicians 1910 - World's 1st female cop, Alice Stebbins Wells, appointed (LAPD) 1911 - Boston's Cy Young vs Christy Mathewson of Giants, Giants win 9-0 1912 - Dutch Olympian Committee forms (NOC) 1914 - Yankee shortstop Roger Peckinpaugh, 23, becomes youngest manager 1918 - During WW I, US forces launch an attack on German-occupied St Mihiel 1920 - 7th Olympic games close in Antwerp Belgium 1922 - Paavo Nurmi runs world record 5000m (14:35.4) 1923 - Britain takes over Southern Rhodesia from British South Africa Co 1925 - 20th Davis Cup: USA beats France in Philadelphia (5-0) 1927 - Sigmund Romberg's musical "My Maryland," premieres in NYC 1928 - -17] Hurricane in Florida, kills 6,000 1928 - Katharine Hepburn's NY stage debut in "Night Hostess" 1930 - Brooklyn catcher Al Lopez hits major league's last recorded bounce HR 1931 - 51st US Mens Tennis: H E Vines beats George M Lott Jr (79 63 97 75) 1932 - Bkln Dodger Johnny Frederick hits his record 6th pinch hit HR 1932 - German government of Papen falls/Reichstag dissolved 1933 - Alejandro Lerroux forms new Spanish government 1933 - Dut


In which country would you find the Moorish castle called the Alhambra?

Alhambra, Granada, Spain World Heritage Site http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alhambra_-_Granada_-_001_-_Panorama.jpg Roland Geider [an error occurred while processing this directive] The Alhambra is a palace and fortress complex in Granada , Spain . The name Alhambra means "The Red" in Arabic. It is regarded as the most beautiful representation of Moorish architecture in the world. Alhambra is located on Sabika, the hilly terraces overlooking Granada. At the time that it was built, the Alhambra was known as Al-Andalus. Although it used to be the residence of the Muslim rulers of Granada, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V also built a palace in the Renaissance style and placed it within the Alhambra complex. Alhambra, as seen from the gardens of the Generalife http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alhambradesdegeneralife.jpg Requera World Heritage Site Inscription Details The Alhambra, along with Generalife and the Medieval Moorish enclave of Albayzín, was inscribed as a World Heritage Site during the X session of the World Heritage Committee Location: Granada, Province of Granada, Autonomous Community of Andalusia. Inscription Year: 1984 Inscription Criteria : I, III, IV To understand and appreciate the Alhambra, we need to look at the history of the Moors in Spain. It started around 711 AD when a Muslim army crossed the Straits of Gibraltar. Within a short period of time, much of Spain was under Moorish rule. The founding of the Alhambra can be traced to the late 9th century, when  The history of the Alhambra can be traced back to an earlier edifice, a red castle called Qal'at al Hamra. It was built in Elvira, which is in present-day Granada, by Arabs retreating from a bloody warfare with the Muladies. The castle was very much in a state of ruin when Ibn Nasr, the founder of the Nasrid Dynasty, built the Alhambra that we know of today, in 1238. Exquisite interior of the Alhambra http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Granada-Alhambra14.jpg Nikater Ibn Nasr was fleeing religious persecution from King Ferdinand, who was determined to rid Spain of Moorish control. Ibn Nasr retreated to Granada, and there, he planned out his palace complex. It was to have six palaces - five of which grouped together in a royal living area, two circuit towers, numerous bathhouses. Rather than depending on rainwater as the old castle did, the new Alhambra was irrigated by a canal system that totals 8km in length, allowing for a profusion of fountains and cascades within the complex. The entire design transformed the austere fortress into a sumptuous palace. At the Alhambra we see the last great burst of Andalusian creativity in art and architecture, standing as a small Moorish enclave within Spain. Detached from mainstream Muslim influences, the artists and artisans of Alhambra perfected their style. Creating works of incredible beauty, from graceful calligraphy to elegant arabesque, they adorned the walls, columns and ceilings of Alhambra. The Christian conquest of Granade by Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile in 1492 brought an end to Moorish diminion of Alhabra. From then onwards, subsequent wave of non-Muslim rulers injected his own style in altering the palace complex. Charles V (1516-1556) rebuilt portions of it in the Renaissance style. Courtyard of Charles V in the Alhambra http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Granada-Alhambra04.jpg Nikater Philip V (1700-1746) italianised some rooms, and put up his palace in the middle of the comples, blocking up sections in the process. In 1812 Count Sebastiani blew up some of the towers. The entire complex barely escaped being totally demolished by Napoleon - a soldier who wanted to save the palace defused the explosives. Neglect, defacement and vandalism added to the sorrows of Alhambra. The earliest recorded restoration of Alhambra began in 1828, by architect José Contreras, and after his death, continued by his son Rafael. Layout of Alhambra The Alhambra consists of three different sections which you would explore separately: Nasrid Palaces


What is the highest mountain on Antarctica?

Mount Vinson: Antarctica's Highest Mountain Mount Vinson: Antarctica's Highest Mountain By Kim Ann Zimmermann, Live Science Contributor | November 11, 2013 05:40pm ET MORE Mount Vinson is the highest peak in Antarctica, with an elevation of 16,066 feet (4,897 meters). Credit: NASA/Michael Studinger With an elevation of 16,066 feet (4,897 meters), Mount Vinson is the highest mountain in Antarctica. It is located on the southern part of the main ridge of the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains. Also called Vinson Massif, Mount Vinson is more than 750 miles (1,200 kilometers) from the South Pole, making it the most remote of the Seven Summits. It was also the last discovered, last climbed and last named of the Seven Summits. Antarctica's highest peak has a prominence of 16,066 feet (4,897 meters), making it the eighth most prominent mountain in the world. Where is Mount Vinson? Situated near the Ronne Ice Shelf south of the Antarctic Peninsula, Mount Vinson is in the Ellsworth Mountains, which comprises two sub-ranges — the Sentinel Range in the north and the Heritage Range in the south. This is not only the home of Antarctica's highest point, but also the next five highest summits on the continent. Naming Mount Vinson Mount Vinson is named for U.S. Rep. Carl Vinson of Georgia, who served in Congress from 1935 to 1961 and was the former chairman of the House Armed Services Committee. He was a champion of government funding for American exploration of Antarctica. For many years, there was no specific name given to the highest peak and it was part of a group of mountains was known as Vinson Massif. The name encompassed the area's numerous summits, as "massif" is defined as a dense group of connected mountains forming a distinct section of a range. As a result of several climbing and GPS mapping expeditions to the Sentinel Range, it was suggested in 2006 to the Antarctic Place Names Committee of the U.S. Geological Survey that the name Mount Vinson be used to signify the highest summit of the Vinson Massif. This suggestion was accepted, and the name of the highest peak was officially changed. Climbing Mount Vinson Temperatures in the Ellsworth Mountains average around minus 20 degrees F (minus 30 C), making it the coldest of the Seven Summits. The best period for climbing is December through February during Antarctic summer, when temperatures rise to minus 29 F (minus 20 C) and the sun is out 24 hours a day. Most climbers ascend up the Branscomb Glacier, known as the Normal Route, and make it in about 10 days. About 1,000 climbers have summited Mt. Vinson, much fewer than the other Seven Summits. While other summits are more challenging from a technical climbing perspective, the cold, windy conditions and the short window of opportunity to climb keep many climbers from making it to the top. There is also the cost involved, which can be $30,000 or more because of the summit's remoteness. Milestones in Mount Vinson's history 1935: U.S. aviator Lincoln Ellsworth spies a small part of the northern end of the Ellsworth Mountains from the air. 1957: A U.S. Navy reconnaissance flight led to the discovery of Mount Vinson in December 1957. Several ground aerial surveys performed between 1958 and 1961 originally put Mount Vinson at 16,864 feet high (5,140 meters). 1961: U.S. scientists Tom Bastien and John Splettstoesser climb Mount Wyatt Earp on the far northern end of the Sentinel Range. 1966-1967: The American Antarctic Mountaineering Expedition is the first to summit.  The team was led by Nicholas Clinch and included Barry Corbet, John Evans, Eiichi Fukushima, Charles Hollister, William Long, Brian Marts, Pete Schoening, Samuel Silverstein and Richard Wahlstrom. Corbet, Evans, Long and Schoening reached the summit on Dec. 18, 1966. The rest of the team made the summit over the following few days. 1979: Following the route the Americans had established a decade earlier, Werner Buggisch and Peter von Gizycki from West Germany and Victor Samsonov from the Soviet Union were the second group to summit on Dec. 22, 1979. Their expedi


"Who, in the 16th century, published ""Orbium Coelestium"", the theory that underlies our current understanding of the relationship of the earth to the sun and the planets?"

The Fall of the Geocentric Theory The Fall of the Geocentric Theory, and the Rise of Heliocentrism The geocentric theory reached its pinnacle with the system devised by Ptolemy. Ptolemy's geocentric theory continued to be the system of choice as the Roman empire succeeded that of the Greeks. With the fall of the Roman empire (circa 450 AD), it was left to the Arabs to keep the Ptolemaic view of the universe alive. In 622 AD, the Prophet Mohammed launched his holy war against the infidels. Within a century, the Islamic Empire extended eastwards across northern India to the borders of China, and westwards across Asia Minor, to north Africa. With the Arabic conquest of Spain and Sicily, the empire made it into western Europe. Alexandria (Egypt), the center of classical learning, fell to the Arabs in 642. When the period of military expansion ended, Islamic scholars became enthusiastic students of classical philosophy. Many important manuscripts were translated from Greek into Arabic. In the world of medieval Islam, Aristotle and Ptolemy were the supreme authorities in matters of natural science and astronomy. They continued to make observations, and to refine the data that went into the model while streamlining/advancing some of the calculation techniques. But they did not make any modifications to the underlying philosophy.1 "In 999 AD, Gerbert of Aurillac, the most accomplished mathematician, musician, astronomer and classical scholar in Europe, ascended to the papal throne as Sylvester II, known as 'the magician Pope' to his contemporaries. His papacy, at the symbolic date 1000 AD marks the turning point of the European 'dark ages'. Contact was established with Arabic centers of learning in Spain , where Muslim, Christian and Jewish scholars congregated. During the following centuries, Hebrew and Arabic versions of ancient Greek texts were translated into Latin and began to circulate in Europe. The works of Aristotle were translated from around 1200. The translation of Ptolemy's Almagest into Latin in 1175 re-vitalised European astronomy. King Alfonso X of Castile (1122-1184) commissioned new astronomical tables calculated according to Ptolemy's theory with Arabic mathematical refinements. Completed in 1252, the Alphonsine Tables remained the best astronomical tables available in Europe for the next three centuries. The complexities of the Ptolemaic system exasperated King Alfonso however. When the intricacies of epicycles, deferents and equants were explained to him Alfonso 'the Wise' is said to have remarked that if the Almighty had consulted him on the matter, he would have recommended something a little simpler... "1 Eventually, with the re-emergence of European learning in the 13th century,  the geocentric view of the universe would be adopted by the Catholic church. It is interesting that in the early European universities, Ptolemy's theory was relegated to the world of mathematics, calendars, and astrology. It was purely a mechanical model of the celestial motion, and not the "true" nature of the universe as described by Aristotle. The latter would be given a more revered place in higher learning, and especially in questions of philosophy and theology. The Copernican Revolution In the fifteenth century, a reform of European astronomy began. This was due to the fact that predictions made using the Ptolemaic system were less and less accurate. With the advent of ocean-going vessels, and the expansion of global trade and exploration, navigation using astronomical knowledge had become extremely important. Also, the calendar implemented in 44 BC by Julius Caesar was 10 days off, with the spring equinox now occurring on the 11th of March instead of the 21st (used to fix the date of Easter). Astronomical help was needed! Two astronomers, Peurbach and Regiomontanus (who set up the first European observatory at Nuremburg in 1474) took on the task of locating errors in the works of Ptolemy, as well as errors in published tables and in observations. They had refined some of astronomy, but they had not gotten rid of all of


Which chief laid siege to Fort Detroit in 1763, an action that led to widespread rebellion against colonists in the area around Ohio and Illinois?

Pontiac’s Rebellion begins - May 07, 1763 - HISTORY.com Pontiac’s Rebellion begins Publisher A+E Networks Pontiac’s Rebellion begins when a confederacy of Native American warriors under Ottawa chief Pontiac attacks the British force at Detroit. After failing to take the fort in their initial assault, Pontiac’s forces, made up of Ottawas and reinforced by Wyandots, Ojibwas, and Potawatamis, initiated a siege that would stretch into months. As the French and Indian Wars came to an end in the early 1760s, Native Americans living in former French territory found the new British authorities to be far less conciliatory than their predecessors. In 1762, Pontiac enlisted support from practically every Indian tribe from Lake Superior to the lower Mississippi for a joint campaign to expel the British from the formerly French lands. According to Pontiac’s plan, each tribe would seize the nearest fort and then join forces to wipe out the undefended settlements. In April, Pontiac convened a war council on the banks of the Ecorse River near Detroit. It was decided that Pontiac and his warriors would gain access to the British fort at Detroit under the pretense of negotiating a peace treaty, giving them an opportunity to seize forcibly the arsenal there. However, British Major Henry Gladwin learned of the plot, and the British were ready when Pontiac arrived in early May, and Pontiac was forced to begin a siege. At the same time, his allies in Pennsylvania began a siege of Fort Pitt, while other sympathetic tribes, such as the Delaware, the Shawnees, and the Seneca, prepared to move against various British forts and outposts in Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. On July 31, a British relief expedition attacked Pontiac’s camp but suffered heavy losses and were repelled in the Battle of Bloody Run. Nevertheless, they had succeeded in providing the fort at Detroit with reinforcements and supplies, which allowed it to hold out against the Indians into the fall. The major forts at Pitt and Niagara likewise held on, but the united tribes captured eight other fortified posts. At these forts, the garrisons were wiped out, relief expeditions were repulsed, and nearby frontier settlements were destroyed. In the spring of 1764, two British armies were sent out, one into Pennsylvania and Ohio under Colonel Bouquet, and the other to the Great Lakes under Colonel John Bradstreet. Bouquet’s campaign met with success, and the Delawares and the Shawnees were forced to sue for peace, breaking Pontiac’s alliance. Failing to persuade tribes in the West to join his rebellion, and lacking the hoped-for support from the French, Pontiac finally signed a treaty with the British in 1766. In 1769, he was murdered by a Peoria Indian while visiting Illinois. His death led to bitter warfare among the tribes, and the Peorias were nearly wiped out. Related Videos


How many semitones are there in an octave?

Why 12 notes to the Octave? Why 12 notes to the Octave? Any moderately curious person     will ask themselves at some point why, in western music,     is the octave divided into 12 'semi-tones'.     From a mathematical point of view, we can     easily explain why 12 works nicely. The Greeks realized that sounds which have frequencies in     rational proportion     are perceived as harmonius.     For example, a doubling of frequency gives an octave.     A tripling of frequency gives a perfect fifth one octave     higher.     They didn't     know this in terms of frequencies, but in terms of lengths of     vibrating strings. Pythagoras, who experimented with a monochord,     noticed that subdividing a vibrating string into rational proportions     produces consonant sounds. This translates into frequencies when you     know that the fundamental frequency of the string is inversely proportional     to its length, and that its other frequencies are just whole number multiples     of the fundamental. (actually, the notion of consonance is more complicated     than rationality- see, for example, this fascinating article     ). First, we should examine what ratios are "meant" to     exist in the western scale. The prominence of the major     triad in western music reflects the     Greek discoveries mentioned above. Starting with the note C as     a fundamental, we get the major triad from the 3rd and     5th overtones, dropping down one and two octaves respectively,     obtaining ratios of 3/2 (G:C) and 5/4 (E:C) respectively.     Two other prominent features in western music include     the V I cadence, and the I,IV,V triads. Both reflect the     importance of the 3/2 ratio, with the IV further taking into     account the     reciprocal of 3/2, namely 2/3 aka 4/3. Musically, the     reciprocal ratio corresponds to going down rather than up.     While 3/2 corresponds to going up a fifth, 2/3 corresponds     to going down a fifth, and     4/3 corresponds to going down a fifth and up an octave.     Together, 3/2 and 4/3 divide the octave, so that going up     by 3/2 followed by 4/3 gives an octave. The IV and V triads give us the four new notes, B and D of     G,B,D, and F and A of F,A,C. Their ratios, relative to C are     15/8 for B, 9/8 for D, 4/3 for F, and 5/3 for A. The     notes formed from the I,IV, and V major triads produce the C major     scale: C D E F G A B C. Throwing in reciprocals for     each of these intervals yields all the intervals that     made up western music until the rise     of chromaticism. 1/1 unison       C       2/1 octave       C        3/2 perfect fifth    G       4/3 fourth       F        5/4 major third     E       8/5 minor 6th      Ab        6/5 minor 3rd      Eb       5/3 major 6th      A        9/8 major 2nd      D       16/9 minor 7th      Bb        15/8 major 7th     B       16/15 minor 2nd     C# While this list of intervals does include     a few of the most basic intervals    and their reciprocals: unison, perfect 5th, major 3rd,    major 6th = 3rd above a 4th (or also a 4th above a 3rd),    major 2nd = a 5th above a 5th, and    major 7th = a 3rd above a 5th (or also a 5th above a 3rd),    some obvious ones are missing    (such as 7/4, 25/16 = a 3rd above a 3rd, or     9/5 = a fifth above a minor 3rd). The tritone (such as C to F#) is also    omitted from this list,    an interval    that did not affect the evolution of the western scale as    it was not used in western music until twelve note chromaticism    had become firmly established.     Actually, a tritone refers to two different possible intervals: 7/5 tritone        10/7 also called a tritone. The idea behind twelve is to build up a colle


When was the Euro first used as a unit of currency?

EUR - Euro rates, news, and tools Euro History The central bank in Europe is called the European Central Bank (ECB). Currently, 17 EU member states have adopted the Euro. It is the second-most traded currency on the forex market, after the US Dollar , and also a major global reserve currency. Other common names for the Euro include Yoyo (Irish English), Leru (Spanish), and Ege (Finnish). Introduction of the Euro On January 1, 1999, the Euro (EUR) was introduced as an account currency, replacing the European Currency Unit at par. The European Currency Unit was a theoretical basket of currencies rather than a physical currency in and of itself. Initially, eleven of the countries in the European Economic and Monetary Union replaced their own currencies with the Euro: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Greece followed suit in 2001, Slovenia in 2007, Malta and Cyprus in 2008, and Slovakia in 2009. On January 1, 2014, the Latvian Lats will also be replaced by the Euro. Use of the Euro outside the EU A number of sovereign states that are not part of the European Union have since adopted the Euro, including the Principality of Andorra, the Principality of Monaco, the Republic of San Marino, and the Vatican City. The Euro is also used in many territories, departments, and sovereign states of Euro-zone countries, such as the Azores, Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, Europa Island, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Juan de Nova, the Madeira Islands, Martinique, Mayotte, Reunion, Saint-Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, to name just a few. The Euro is used as a trading currency in Cuba, North Korea, and Syria and several currencies are pegged to it. Currency 1 EUR = 30.1260 SKK 17-Jan-2009 The XE Currency Converter supports the above obsolete currencies; to make a conversion, type the name of the currency in the search box. Some old currencies are still physically convertible at special locations. For details, refer to the official ECB site listed in the Relevant Links section below. Spelling and Capitalization The official spelling of the EUR currency unit is "euro", with a lower case "e"; however, the common industry practice is to spell it "Euro", with a capital "E". Many languages have different official spellings for the Euro, which also may or may not coincide with general use. Additionally, there are various nicknames for the currency including, Ege (Finnish), Pavo (Spanish), and Euráče (Slovak). Relevant Links For more information on the EUR, we encourage you to visit the links below, particularly the European Central Bank. These sites include recent news on the Euro as well as issues like implementation, spelling, legislation, and more.


What is the French name for Lake Geneva?

Geneva | Define Geneva at Dictionary.com geneva 1700-10; < Dutch genever < Old French genevre < Latin jūniperus juniper Geneva noun 1. a city in and the capital of the canton of Geneva, in SW Switzerland, on the Lake of Geneva: seat of the League of Nations 1920–46. 2. a canton in SW Switzerland. 109 sq. mi. (282 sq. km). 3. Lake of. Also called Lake Leman. a lake between SW Switzerland and France. 45 miles (72 km) long; 225 sq. mi. (583 sq. km). 4. a city in central New York. 5. French Genève (for defs 1–3). Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for geneva Expand Contemporary Examples The two sides were “extremely close” to a deal, Kerry said afterward, and have agreed to meet again in geneva later this month. British Dictionary definitions for geneva Expand noun 1. a city in SW Switzerland, in the Rhône valley on Lake Geneva: centre of Calvinism; headquarters of the International Red Cross (1864), the International Labour Office (1925), the League of Nations (1929–46), the World Health Organization, and the European office of the United Nations; banking centre. Pop: 177 500 (2002 est) 2. a canton in SW Switzerland. Capital: Geneva. Pop: 419 300 (2002 est). Area: 282 sq km (109 sq miles) French name Genève German name Genf 3. Lake Geneva, a lake between SW Switzerland and E France: fed and drained by the River Rhône, it is the largest of the Alpine lakes; the surface is subject to considerable changes of level. Area: 580 sq km (224 sq miles) French name Lac Léman German name Genfersee Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for geneva Expand Geneva city in Switzerland, from Latin Genava, perhaps from a PIE root meaning "estuary" or one meaning "bend;" in either case a reference to its situation. The city was the headquarters of the League of Nations from 1920. The original Geneva Convention to introduce humanitarian conduct in modern warfare dates from 1864; the most recent update was in 1949. The Geneva Protocol is a League of Nations document meant to settle international disputes; it dates from 1924. Earlier the city was associated with Calvinism. Meaning "gin" is from 1706 (see gin (n.1)). Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Expand Geneva definition City in southwestern Switzerland , lying on the western end of Lake Geneva, where the Rhone River leaves the lake. Note: Because of Switzerland's strict neutrality, Geneva provides an impartial meeting ground for representatives of other nations. Note: The city housed the headquarters of the League of Nations in the Palace of Nations, which is now the European headquarters of the United Nations . Note: The International Labor Organization, the International Red Cross , and the World Council of Churches are also based in Geneva. Note: Under the leadership of John Calvin in the sixteenth century, Geneva was the center of Protestantism. Note: The Geneva Accords were a group of four agreements made in 1954, ending seven and a half years of war in Indochina . Note: The Geneva Conventions , signed first in 1864 and then in 1906, 1929, 1949, and 1977, provide rules for the humane treatment of prisoners and wounded persons during a war. The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.


Where in Europe would you go to attend the World Backgammon Championship?

Backgammon Hustler | News & Features News & Features Tweet He does not have a permanent address. But Simon Jones isn't hard to find. The presidential suite of the world's better hotels. The finest restaurants in Paris, London and New York. The first-class cabins of transatlantic jets. These are his usual domains. Whether in a dark Moscow nightclub or on a technicolor Balinese beach or upon the pulsing streets of Rio de Janeiro during Carnevale, you can pick Simon out of the crowd. He's the one with the beautiful woman draped on one arm and a little black briefcase in the other. The woman is, he'll admit, a frivolous accessory, one of the delightful spoils of being rich and generous. The briefcase, though, is another thing altogether. That briefcase is his life. It contains a couple dozen polished ivory disks--"checkers," Simon calls them--two leather cups, four dice and a cube with various exponents of the number 2 on each side. Simon is the world's finest backgammon hustler. Aside from the knowledge he stores in his head, his briefcase contains everything he needs to subsidize a life that seems torn from the pages of an Ian Fleming adventure. Simon Jones (his name and some identifying details have been changed) is in many ways a cipher, a phantom who occupies an all-cash shadow world that shields him from the scrutiny of inquisitive tax collectors and customs officials. But he is by no means obscure. Among the jet set, the preposterously wealthy businessmen and royalty for whom no craving for luxury is unindulged, he is a regular fixture, as common a sight as a Bentley parked in the circular driveway of a European mansion. Simon is One Of Them. And this, it seems, is the secret of his gambling success. In To Catch a Thief, dashing and debonair Cary Grant plays a dashing and debonair burglar, a charming con man who mixes easily with his unwitting victims. Some years ago, I interviewed a man named Albie Baker, the international jewel thief whose story inspired the 1955 Hitchcock classic. The thief insisted his lock-picking and safe-cracking skills were only average--"There were hundreds of guys who could do what I did," he told me--but his "people skills" were unsurpassed. Dukes and duchesses welcomed him into their social circles; politicians and city planners revealed their most secret confidences. All the while, Baker was relieving them of their precious metals. "Nobody suspected me, of course," the thief explained. "You don't suspect a member of your country club of burglary." Simon's strategy is nearly identical. He has slept in the royal palaces of several Middle Eastern nations; he counts among his acquaintances the young (and reckless) scions of one of the world's largest distilleries and a major Italian bank; hall of fame athletes and Academy Award winners know his face. And most of them have sat across the backgammon board from him and happily watched Simon relieve them of their excess cash. "All of these people, they like to be entertained," Simon remarks, in the hushed, clipped tones of a well-bred British schoolboy. "I'm an absolute treasure to them. And, I suppose, they to me." Simon is handsome in an unthreatening kind of way; he doesn't smolder, he comforts. His manners are impeccable. And though he is careful not to make a spectacle of himself, he is often considered the life of the party, a well-bred Dionysus who happens to be quite splendid at an ancient board game. The son of a career diplomat, Simon was born in Maryland, near Washington, D.C., but spent most of his youth in European boarding schools, reading James Bond novels instead of studying Latin. ("We should all be Bond," he is fond of saying.) After a nomadic year trekking through Nepal in search of something ("I can no longer recall exactly what," he says) Simon attended Cambridge, where he studied economics and psychology--disciplines that have prepared him well for his "career," if you can use such a common word to describe the life Simon has made for himself. He never took a degree. But it was at Cambridge that Simon developed his talent fo


"Who was President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979 and was depicted in the film ""The Last King Of Scotland""?"

Idi Amin - IMDb IMDb Composer Idi Amin Dada Oumee was born in the rural village of Koboko, Uganda, in 1923, a member of the Kakwa tribe. Raised in the isolated farming country of northwestern Uganda, Amin received a scant education which left him functionally illiterate. During the Second World War, at the age of 18, he enlisted in the British Army in the East African Rifles ... See full bio » Died:


Arènes de Lutèce, Paris Arènes de Lutèce 5 57 votes Traces of Paris' long-ago Roman heritage can be found in a few places throughout the city - particularly at the Arènes de Lutèce, built in the first century AD and once a gathering place for sporting and entertainment. The Gallo-Roman town of Paris (then known as Lutetia) was once quite large and prosperous, stretching from the Île de la Cité to the Left Bank. Arènes de Lutèce The Arena Around the end of the first century, the Romans built a place on the slopes of the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève outside Lutetia where they could enjoy a number of different pursuits, including circuses with live animals, sporting events, and theater. This spacious amphitheater is now known as the Arènes de Lutèce (French for Lutetia). The amphitheater - one of the largest of its kind ever built by the Romans - was a sunken arena, surrounded by 2.5 meter (8 ft) walls. The stage was a whopping 41 meters (135 feet) long and the presence of nine niches are said to have attributed to the good acoustics at the arena. There were five cubbyhole-type indentations under the bleaches, some of which were believed to be animal cages that opened directly into the arena. Circus shows and gladiator events were thought to be popular here. Seating accommodated about 10,000 audience members. Roman officials sat in comfort under an awning in the lower level of the amphitheatre while women, children, slaves, and those of lesser financial status occupied the upper rows. Its History While the arena survived for a few hundred years as an amphitheater, it was destroyed around the end of the third century and eventually became a cemetery. Some of its building materials were used in other parts of the city. Around the year 1210, it was completed filled in. Arènes de Lutèce was rediscovered in the 1860s during the building of a tram stop at the location. Author Victor Hugo subsequently spearheaded a campaign to save what was left of this Roman treasure. One-third of the arena was uncovered in the 1880s and more was excavated around the end of World War I. Now a public park and garden, visitors to Arènes de Lutèce will be able to view quite a few remnants of the once-grand amphitheater including parts of the stage, the nine niches, and the barred animal cages. The city added the bleachers for the convenience of visitors. It's become a popular place for picnics and an impromptu game of football (soccer).


What virtual cricketing prize began in 1882 when Australia beat England by 7 runs?

Australia national cricket team | Cricket Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Australia national cricket team v England at Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne , 15-19th March 1877 Captain 324/179 1/1 The Australian cricket team is the national cricket team of Australia . It is the equal oldest team in Test cricket, having played in the first Test match in 1877 (defeating England by 45 runs). The current Australian cricket team is regarded as the strongest cricket team in the world. As of the 20 January 2008 , the Australian team has played 692 Test matches, winning 46.82%, losing 25.86% and drawing 27.02% of its games. [1] It has also led the ICC Test Championship table for the majority of the time since the creation of the ICC Test table system in January 2001. The South African Cricket Team did lead this table for a brief period (January to May) in 2003, before Australia resumed the first position on the table. They are also the first-ranked international one-day cricket team and winners of the last three Cricket World Cups. Australia won the Cricket World Cup 4 times in total; 1987, 1999, 2003 & 2007. As of 28 April 2007 they are undefeated in 29 consecutive World Cup matches. They have led the ICC One-Day International Championship table from its inception through to February 18 2007 , and then again from April 7 2007 . In 2002, they were named World Team of the Year at the Laureus World Sports Awards in recognition of their world record sequence of test match victories. Contents Main article: History of the Australian cricket team The history of the Australian cricket team is rich and diverse. Together with the English cricket team, it participated in the first Test match in 1877. A highlight of Australia's early history was the 1882 Test match against England at The Oval . In this match Fred Spofforth took 7/44 in the game's fourth innings to save the match by preventing England from making their 85-run target. After this match The Sporting Times, a major newspaper in London at the time, printed a mock obituary in which the death of English cricket was proclaimed and the announcement made that "the body was cremated and the ashes taken to Australia." This was the start of the famous Ashes series in which every two years Australia and England play a number of Test matches to decide the holder of the Ashes. To this day, the contest is one of the fiercest rivalries in sport. In the first half-century or so, these contests were on the whole friendly but competitive with both sides enjoying the visit to another country, and getting to play against quality cricketers. The famous Bodyline series temporarily changed things. The series was marred by the tactics used by the English captain Douglas Jardine to control the batting of Don Bradman who completely destroyed the English bowling attack in the 1930 series. Jardine used his fast bowlers to bowl 6 bouncers an over at head height over leg stump with 6 or 7 fielders around the leg stump in a close catching position. Given the fact that there were no helmets around at the time the tactics were widely condemned by nearly all of Australia including many former Test cricketers and important politicians. Australia continued its success up until the 1980s, built mainly around the likes of Richie Benaud , the Chappell brothers, Dennis Lillee , and Rod Marsh . The 1980s was a period of relative mediocrity after the retirements of several key players, and it was not until the captaincy of Allan Border that the team was restructured. The 1990s and modern era are arguably Australia's most successful period, unbeaten in all Ashes series played bar the famous 2005 series and achieving a hat-trick of World Cups . This extraordinary success has been attributed to the restructuring of the team and system by Border, successive shrewd captains, and the brilliance of several key players, most notably Glenn McGrath , Shane Warne , Steve Waugh , Matthew Hayden and Ricky Ponting . Recent tours Ricky Ponting took over the captaincy from Steve Waugh, being appointed prior to the 2004 tour of Sri La


Which British playwright won the 2005 Nobel Prize for literature?

British Playwright Wins 2005 Nobel Prize in Literature British Playwright Wins 2005 Nobel Prize in Literature TOOLBOX Washington Post Staff Writer Thursday, October 13, 2005; 9:21 AM British playwright Harold Pinter, whose subtext-rich writing style is an adjective in the Oxford English dictionary, won the 2005 Nobel Prize in Literature in Stockholm on Thursday. The 75-year-old London playwright, son of a Jewish tailor, is best known for such ground-breaking plays as "The Caretaker," "The Room," "The Birthday Party," and "The Dumb Waiter." Pinter is also a screenwriter, poet, director, actor, human rights advocate and recently, fierce opponent to the war in Iraq. The Swedish Academy said in its citation that Pinter "uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms." "Pinter restored theater to its basic elements: an enclosed space and unpredictable dialogue, where people are at the mercy of each other and pretence crumbles," said the citation for the $1.28 million prize. Pinter's spare, dark writing style, where much is going on underneath a surface of pregnant silences, has been dubbed "Pinteresque" and is an adjective found in the dictionary. Pinter's plays revolve around the daily give-and-take of marriage, friendship and family life in Britain. He's known as a master of subtext, where most of the emotional drama is going on beneath the veneer of normal life. The characters are often enclosed in just one room and live their lives like a dark game with their actions often contradicting what they say. "In a typical Pinter play, we meet people defending themselves against intrusion or their own impulses by entrenching themselves in a reduced and controlled existence," the academy said. Academy Permanent Secretary Horace Engdahl said Pinter, once a heavy smoker who underwent chemotherapy for esophageal cancer in 2002, was overwhelmed that he had won the prize. "He did not say many words, in fact he was very happy," Engdahl said. He called Pinter the "towering figure" in English drama over the second half of the 20th century. Pinter has looked frail and thin at recent public appearances, supporting himself with a cane. He has been quoted as saying he feels "exhausted" and "at the end of my tether." His health has not stopped him from engaging in fierce political debate, however, most recently about the war in Iraq, which he has called a "bandit act, an act of blatant state terrorism." Pinter, born in East London in October 1930, is the first Briton to win the literature award since V.S. Naipaul won it in 2001. The playwright has said that his encounters with anti-Semitism in his youth affected him deeply as did the wartime bombing of London, the academy said. Pinter won the award on Yom Kippur, the most important day of the year in the Jewish calendar. Pinter honed his literary skills during his twenties as an actor in repertory theater companies in Britain and Ireland. Critics savaged his first full-length play in London, "The Birthday Party" in 1958, but by the opening of his 1960 ground-breaking play, "The Caretaker," Pinter was hailed as a fresh new talent and the awards started flowing in. He solidified his reputation with plays such as "The Homecoming", which won the Tony Award for Best Play when it was produced in the United States in 1967 and the acclaimed "Betrayal," in 1978. Pinter began screenwriting in the early 1960s and wrote the critically acclaimed film adaptation of John Fowles' "The French Lieutenant's Woman" in 1981 and such other films as "The Go-Between," "The Servant" and "The Accident." His romantic life became the subject of scandal in 1980 when his actress wife Vivien Merchant, star of many Pinter plays and mother to his son Daniel, divorced him after he had an affair with Lady Antonia Fraser, a renowned British author. Pinter married Fraser later that year and Merchant, an alcoholic, died in 1982, reportedly never getting over the break-up. Pinter has also often directed for the stage and as an actor, has made periodic appearances on stage and in films


According to Roman legend, which son of Ceres was turned into a river in Tartarus which supplied the Titans with water in their battle with the gods?

HADES (Haides) - Greek God of the Dead, King of the Underworld (Roman Pluto) Pluto, Dis Hades and Persephone, Apulian red-figure vase C4th B.C. HAIDES (Hades) was the king of the underworld and god of the dead. He presided over funeral rites and defended the right of the dead to due burial. Haides was also the god of the hidden wealth of the earth, from the fertile soil with nourished the seed-grain, to the mined wealth of gold, silver and other metals. Haides was devoured by Kronos (Cronus) as soon as he was born, along with four of his siblings. Zeus later caused the Titan to disgorge them, and together they drove the Titan gods from heaven and locked them away in the pit of Tartaros. When the three victorious brothers then drew lots for the division of the cosmos, Haides received the third portion, the dark dismal realm of the underworld, as his domain. Haides desired a bride and petitioned his brother Zeus to grant him one of his daughters. The god offered him Persephone , the daughter of Demeter. However, knowing that the goddess would resist the marriage, he assented to the forceful abduction of the girl. When Demeter learned of this, she was furious and caused a great dearth to fall upon the earth until her daughter was returned. Zeus was forced to concede lest mankind perish, and the girl was fetched forth from the underworld. However, since she had tasted of the pomegranate seed, she was forced to return to him for a portion of each year. Haides was depicted as a dark-bearded, regal god. He was depicted as either Aidoneus, enthroned in the underworld, holding a bird-tipped sceptre, or as Plouton (Pluton), the giver of wealth, pouring fertility from a cornucopia. The Romans named him Dis, or Pluto, the Latin form of his Greek title Plouton, "the Lord of Riches." FAMILY OF HADES PARENTS [1.1] KRONOS & RHEA (Hesiod Theogony 453, Homer Iliad 15.187, Apollodorus 1.4, Diodorus Siculus 5.68.1, Hyginus Pref) OFFSPRING [1.1] THE ERINYES (by Persephone ) (Orphic Hymns 29.6 70.3) [1.2] THE ERINYES (Statius Thebaid 12.557 & 11.47) [2.1] ZAGREUS (Aeschylus Frag 124) [3.1] MELINOE (by Persephone ) (Orphic Hymn 71) [4.1] MAKARIA (Suidas s.v. Makaria) ENCYCLOPEDIA HADES or PLUTON (Haidês, Ploutôn or poetically Aïdês, Aidôneus and Ploutens), the god of the lower world. Plato (Cratyl. p. 403) observes that people preferred calling him Pluton (the giver of wealth) to pronouncing the dreaded name of Hades or Aides. Hence we find that in ordinary life and in the mysteries the name Pluton became generally established, while the poets preferred the ancient name Aides or the form Pluteus. The etymology of Hades is uncertain: some derive it from a-idein, whence it would signify "the god who makes invisible," and others from hadô or chadô; so that Hades would mean "the allembracer," or "all-receiver." The Roman poets use the names Dis, Orcus, and Tartarus as synonymous with Pluton, for the god of the lower world. Hades is a son of Cronus and Rhea, and a brother of Zeus and Poseidon. He was married to Persephone, the daughter of Demeter. In the division of the world among the three brothers, Hades obtained "the darkness of night," the abode of the shades, over which he rules. (Apollod. i. 1. § 5, 2. § 1.) Hence he is called the infernal Zeus (Zeus katachthonios), or the king of the shades (anae enerôn, Hom. Il. ix. 457, xx. 61. xv. 187, &c.). As, however, the earth and Olympus belonged to the three brothers in common, he might ascend Olympus, as he did at the time when he was wounded by Heracles. (Il. v. 395; comp. Paus. vi. 25. § 3; Apollod. ii. 7. § 3; Pind. Ol. ix. 31.) But when Hades was in his own kingdom, he was quite unaware of what was going on either on earth or in Olympus (Il. xx. 61, &c.), and it was only the oaths and curses of men that reached his ears, as they reached those of the Erinnyes. He possessed a helmet which rendered the wearer invisible (Il. v. 845), and later traditions stated that this helmet was given him as a present by the Cyclopes after their delivery from Tartarus. (Apollod. i. 2. § 1.) Ancient story mentio


What is a legal defence for being somewhere other than at the scene of a crime?

Defenses to Criminal Charges | Nolo.com Defenses To Criminal Charges Share on Facebook To convict a criminal defendant, the prosecutor must prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Of course, the defendant gets an opportunity to present a defense. There are many defenses, from "I didn't do it" to "I did it, but it was self-defense” and beyond. Read more about some common defenses below. (For much more on the available defenses in criminal cases, see our topic page on Defenses to Criminal Charges .) Didn't Do It Most often, defendants go with the claim that they simply did not commit the alleged act in question. The Presumption of Innocence All people accused of crime are legally presumed to be innocent until the point of conviction, whether that comes by way of trial or plea. This presumption means that the prosecution must convince the jury of the defendant's guilt, rather than the defendant having to prove innocence. A defendant may simply remain silent and not present any witnesses, then argue that the prosecution failed to prove its case. But, in practice, defense attorneys often present their own witnesses in order to counteract the government’s case. Reasonable Doubt The prosecutor must convince the fact-finder of the defendant’s guilt "beyond a reasonable doubt." This heavy burden of proof requires that the jury (in some cases, the judge) have a moral certainty that the defendant is guilty. With such a high burden on the opposition, defense attorneys often impress upon juries that thinking the defendant committed the crime isn’t enough for a conviction. The Alibi Defense An alibi defense consists of evidence that the defendant was somewhere other than the scene of the crime at the time of the crime. For example, assume that Jones is accused of committing a burglary on Hampton Street at midnight on September 14. Alibi evidence might consist of a friend’s testimony that he and Jones were at the movie theatre from 11:00 p.m. to 1:00 a.m. on the night of the 14th. Additional alibi evidence would be the movie tickets and a credit card statement showing that Jones purchased them shortly before 11:00 p.m. The Defendant Did It, But... Sometimes an acquittal is the result even if the prosecutor showed that that the defendant did, without a doubt, commit the alleged act. (For more on this issue, see Jury Behavior .) Self-Defense Self-defense is commonly asserted by those charged with crimes of violence, such as battery , assault with a deadly weapon , or murder . The defendant admits that he or she did in fact use violence, but claims that it was justified by the other person's threatening or violent actions. The core issues in self-defense cases often are: Who was the aggressor? Was the defendant's belief that self-defense was necessary a reasonable one? If so, was the amount force the defendant used also reasonable? Self-defense is rooted in the belief that people should be allowed to protect themselves. In part, this means that someone doesn’t necessarily have to wait  to the point of actually being struck in order to act in self-defense. Whatever the circumstances are, any force that the would-be defendant uses has to be reasonable under the circumstances. (For a more complete picture of this defense, see Self-Defense .) The Insanity Defense The insanity defense is generally based on the principle that punishment is justified only where defendants are capable of controlling their behavior and understanding that what they’ve done is wrong. The insanity defense prevents some people who can't function fully from being criminally punished. (For much more on insanity, including the procedures and different tests for determining it, see Pleading Insanity in a Criminal Case .) The insanity defense is an extremely complex topic; many scholarly works are devoted entirely to explaining its nuances. Here are some major points of interest: Despite popular perceptions to the contrary, defendants rarely enter pleas of "not guilty by reason of insanity." When they do, they often have a hard time proving it. (Insanity is just one excepti


What word refers to a note whose pitch is not a member of the scale indicated by the key signature?

Music Notation Symbols Music Notation Symbols Clefs - Notes and Rests - Accidentals - Relationships - Dynamics - Accents - Repeats   Music Notation consists of a collection of music symbols that are used to better define the structure of a musical composition. These musical symbols will tell us the pitch that a song is played in, (clefs), the key that it is played using a key signature composed of sharps and flats, a pitch change in the composition, (sharps and flats), and where the silences between the notes are to be played, (rests). Some of theses music symbols also tell us where,and when to emphasize, or de-emphasize a particular segment of the music ,        ( accents , dynamics), or when to play a passage more than once, (repeats). There are different types of clefs, rests, dynamics, accents, accidentals and repeat symbols used in music notation, each one having a unique characteristic, and their use depends on what the composer wishes to accomplish in his musical score.   CLEFS   A Clef (from the French for "key") is a musical symbol used to indicate the pitch of written notes. Placed on one of the lines at the beginning of the staff, it indicates the name and pitch of the notes on that line. This line serves as a reference point by which the names of the notes on any other line or space of the staff may be determined. The two clefs that we most commonly use today are the G clef or treble clef, and the F clef or bass clef. G clef (Treble Clef) - The center of the spiral defines the line or space upon which it rests as the pitch range of the composition C clef (Alto Clef) - This clef points to the line (or space, rarely) representing middle C F clef (Bass Clef) - The line or space between the dots in this clef denotes the pitch range Octave Clef - Treble and bass clefs can also be modified by octave numbers Neutral Clef - Used for pitch-less instruments, such as some of those used for percussion   NOTES AND RESTS   A Rest is an interval of silence in a piece of music, marked by a sign indicating the length of the pause. Each rest symbol corresponds with a particular note value Multi-Measure Rest - Indicates the number of measures in a resting part depending upon the number over the rest Double Bar Line - Used at changes in key signature, major changes in style or tempo, or to separate 2 phrases of music Dotted Bar Line - Divides long measures into shorter segments for ease of reading Beamed Notes -Beams connect and emphasize quavers, (1/8 notes), and shorter note values Ledger Lines - Used to extend the staff to pitches that fall above or below it Breath Mark - In a score, this symbol tells the performer to make a slight pause   ACCIDENTALS   An accidental is a note whose pitch is not a member of a scale or mode indicated by the most recently applied key signature. In musical notation, the symbols used to mark such notes, sharps, flats, and natural, may also be called accidentals. An accidental sign raises or lowers the following note from its normal pitch, usually by a semitone, although microtonal music may use "fractional" accidental signs, and one occasionally sees double sharps or flats, which raise or lower the indicated note by a whole tone. Accidentals apply within the measure and octave in which they appear and modify the pitch of the notes that follow them on the same staff         unless cancelled by an another accidental. Demiflat - Lowers the pitch of a note by one quarter tone Flat - Lowers the pitch of a note by one semitone, or one half step Flat-and-a-Half - Lowers the pitch of a note by three quarter tones Double Flat - Lowers the pitch of a note by two chromatic semitones, or one whole step Natural - Cancels a previous accidental, or modifies the pitch of a sharp or flat as defined by the prevailing key signature Demisharp - Raises the pitch of a note by one quarter tone Sharp - Raises the pitch of a note by one semitone Sharp-and-a-Half - Raises the pitch of a note by three quarter tones Double Sharp - Raises the pitch of a note by two chromatic semito


What is the next in the series: Melbourne; Rome; Tokyo; Mexico City?

Olympic Games | Britannica.com Olympic Games Beijing 2008 Olympic Games: Mount Olympus Meets the Middle Kingdom Olympic Games, athletic festival that originated in ancient Greece and was revived in the late 19th century. Before the 1970s the Games were officially limited to competitors with amateur status, but in the 1980s many events were opened to professional athletes. Currently the Games are open to all, even the top professional athletes in basketball and football (soccer). The ancient Olympic Games included several of the sports that are now part of the Summer Games program, which at times has included events in as many as 32 different sports . In 1924 the Winter Games were sanctioned for winter sports. The Olympic Games have come to be regarded as the world’s foremost sports competition . Opening ceremonies, Moscow Olympics, 1980. AFP/Getty Images The ancient Olympic Games Origins Just how far back in history organized athletic contests were held remains a matter of debate, but it is reasonably certain that they occurred in Greece almost 3,000 years ago. However ancient in origin, by the end of the 6th century bce at least four Greek sporting festivals, sometimes called “classical games,” had achieved major importance: the Olympic Games, held at Olympia ; the Pythian Games at Delphi ; the Nemean Games at Nemea; and the Isthmian Games , held near Corinth . Later, similar festivals were held in nearly 150 cities as far afield as Rome , Naples , Odessus, Antioch , and Alexandria . Overview of the first Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece. Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz Of all the games held throughout Greece, the Olympic Games were the most famous. Held every four years between August 6 and September 19, they occupied such an important place in Greek history that in late antiquity historians measured time by the interval between them—an Olympiad. The Olympic Games, like almost all Greek games, were an intrinsic part of a religious festival. They were held in honour of Zeus at Olympia by the city-state of Elis in the northwestern Peloponnese . The first Olympic champion listed in the records was Coroebus of Elis, a cook, who won the sprint race in 776 bce. Notions that the Olympics began much earlier than 776 bce are founded on myth , not historical evidence. According to one legend , for example, the Games were founded by Heracles , son of Zeus and Alcmene. Competition and status Asian Games At the meeting in 776 bce there was apparently only one event, a footrace that covered one length of the track at Olympia, but other events were added over the ensuing decades. The race, known as the stade , was about 192 metres (210 yards) long. The word stade also came to refer to the track on which the race was held and is the origin of the modern English word stadium. In 724 bce a two-length race, the diaulos, roughly similar to the 400-metre race, was included, and four years later the dolichos, a long-distance race possibly comparable to the modern 1,500- or 5,000-metre events, was added. Wrestling and the pentathlon were introduced in 708 bce. The latter was an all-around competition consisting of five events—the long jump, the javelin throw, the discus throw, a footrace, and wrestling. Boxing was introduced in 688 bce and chariot racing eight years later. In 648 bce the pancratium (from Greek pankration), a kind of no-holds-barred combat, was included. This brutal contest combined wrestling, boxing, and street fighting. Kicking and hitting a downed opponent were allowed; only biting and gouging (thrusting a finger or thumb into an opponent’s eye) were forbidden. Between 632 and 616 bce events for boys were introduced. And from time to time further events were added, including a footrace in which athletes ran in partial armour and contests for heralds and for trumpeters. The program, however, was not nearly so varied as that of the modern Olympics. There were neither team games nor ball games, and the athletics (track and field) events were limited to the four running events and the pentathlon mentio


Petrology - definition of petrology by The Free Dictionary Petrology - definition of petrology by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/petrology The branch of geology that deals with the origin, composition, structure, and alteration of rocks. pet′ro·log′ic (pĕt′rə-lŏj′ĭk), pet′ro·log′i·cal (-ĭ-kəl) adj. pet′ro·log′i·cal·ly adv. pe·trol′o·gist n. petrology (Geological Science) the study of the composition, origin, structure, and formation of rocks. Abbreviation: petrol petrologic, petrological adj the scientific study of rocks, including petrography and petrogenesis. [1805–15] pet•ro•log•ic (ˌpɛ trəˈlɒdʒ ɪk) pet`ro•log′i•cal, adj. pet`ro•log′i•cal•ly, adv. pe•trol′o•gist, n. pe·trol·o·gy The scientific study of the origin, composition, and structure of rocks. petrology the branch of geology that studies the origin, structure, composition, changing, and classification of rocks. — petrologist, n. — petrologic, petrological, adj.


What series of 29 British films made between 1958 and 1978 were made by a collection of actors including Sid James, Kenneth Williams, Charles Hawtrey, and Kenneth Connor?

DVD Savant Review: The Carry On Collection The Carry On Collection Reviewed by Stuart Galbraith IV The 30-odd Carry On comedies made in England between 1958 and 1978 are largely unknown in America. A few  of the  early pictures were moderately popular here in small theaters which occasionally showed British films, and a  batch of them turned up on TV in the late-1960s, when they were about the raciest stuff on television  in those pre-cable/pre-VCR days. But in the U.K. Carry On has become a much-beloved institution. There's  really nothing at all comparable in the United States; only Japan's 48-film Tora-san series has evoked  such loyal and passionate affection. I had only the foggiest notion of what the Carry On movies were like - something, I imagined, like The Benny Hill Show with Spike Milligan and Terry-Thomas, none of whom, as it happened, appeared in any of the Carry On films. But after watching the 13 features included in Anchor Bay's boxed set, I must admit I've become an unabashed Carry On fan. The weakest films in this set are at least moderately amusing, while the best ones are real finds, minor gems which fall just short of greatness. For the uninitiated, one might say the Carry Ons were to British comedy what Hammer was to  British horror. Both hit their stride in the late-1950s and petered out in the mid-1970s. Both  increasingly turned to sex and occasional nudity as their popularity waned and their budgets  were reduced to almost nothing, and both had memorable stock companies of casts and crews who carried  over from picture to picture. And, perhaps most importantly, both were embraced by audiences  and pretty much reviled by the critics, who only now begrudgingly acknowledge their impact. Anchor Bay has now released The Carry On Collection but seems to have no idea how to market it to  consumers oblivious to the Carry On phenomenon in Britain. While the company's five-film Alec Guinness set of justly-acclaimed  comedies is getting all the attention, this high-quality  boxed set is an enjoyable find of an altogether different sort, movies which essentially  bridge the gap between Ealing and Monty Python. The box includes the first 12 Carry Ons plus Thats Carry On (1977), a compilation film made just one picture shy of the series' end (1992's reportedly wretched Carry On Columbus not withstanding), and obviously patterned after M-G-M's popular That's Entertainment (1974). The Carry On Collection all 1:78 anamorphic 16:9 / Street Date October 8, 2002 / $89.98 all produced by Peter Rogers Carry On Sergeant 1958 / b&w / 84 min. Starring William Hartnell, Bob Monkhouse, Shirley Eaton, Kenneth Williams, Kenneth Connor, Charles Hawtrey, Terence Longdon, Hattie Jacques Cinematography Peter Hennessy Carry On Nurse 1959 / b&w / 86 min. Starring Kenneth Connor, Shirley Eaton, Charles Hawtrey, Kenneth Williams, Hattie Jacques, Terence Longdon, Bill Owen, Joan Sims, Jill Ireland, John Van Eyssen, Wilfred Hyde-White Cinematography Reginald Wyer Carry On Teacher 1959 / b&w / 86 min. Starring Kenneth Connor, Charles Hawtrey, Kenneth Williams, Hattie Jacques, Joan Sims, Leslie Phillips, Rosalind Knight, Ted Ray Cinematography Reginald Wyer Carry On Constable 1960 / b&w / 86 min. Starring Sid James, Kenneth Connor, Kenneth Williams, Charles Hawtrey, Leslie Phillips, Hattie Jacques, Joan Sims, Eric Barker, Shirley Eaton, Terence Longdon, Esma Cannon Cinematography Ted Scaife Carry On Regardless 1961 / b&w / 90 min. Starring Sid James, Kenneth Connor, Kenneth Williams, Charles Hawtrey, Joan Sims, Liz Fraser, Esma Cannon, Stanley Unwin, Bill Owen, Terence Longdon, Hattie Jacques, Fenella Fielding Cinematography Alan Hume Directed by Gerald Thomas and Ralph Thomas Carry On Cruising Starring Sid James, Kenneth Connor, Kenneth Williams, Liz Fraser, Dilys Laye, Lance Percival, Esma Cannon Cinematography Alan Hume Original Music Bruce Montgomery and Douglas Gamley Written by Norman Hudis Carry On Cabby 1963 / b&w / 91 min. Starring Sid James, Hattie Jacques, Kenneth Connor, Charles Hawtrey, Liz F


According to Greek legend, whose fate was to stand near the garden of the Hesperides and support the universe on his shoulders?

ATLAS - Greek Titan God, Bearer of the Heavens Atlas Endures, Dares (atlaô) Titan Atlas bearing the sky, Laconian black-figure amphoriskos C6th B.C., Vatican City Museums ATLAS was the Titan god who bore the sky aloft. He personified the quality of endurance (atlaô). Atlas was a leader of the Titanes (Titans) in their war against Zeus and after their defeat he was condemned to carry the heavens upon his shoulders. According to others he was instead (or later) appointed guardian of the pillars which held the earth and sky asunder. Atlas was also the god who instructed mankind in the art of astronomy, a tool which was used by sailors in navigation and farmers in measuring the seasons. These roles were often combined and Atlas becomes the god who turns the heaven on their axis, causing the stars to revolve. Herakles (Heracles) encountered the Titan during his quest for the Golden Apples of the Hesperides . He agreed to take the heavens upon his shoulders while Atlas fetched the apples. The hero also slew the Hesperian Drakon (Hesperian Dragon), which in vase painting appears as the Titan's tormentor, and built two great pillars at the ends of the earth, perhaps to relieve the Titan of his labour. In a late myth, Atlas was transformed into the stony Atlas mountain by Perseus using the Gorgon 's head. The Titan was also the constellation Kneeler. FAMILY OF ATLAS [5.2] THE HESPERIDES (Hyginus Astronomica 2.3) ENCYCLOPEDIA ATLAS (Atlas), according to Hesiod (Theog. 507, &c.), a son of Japetus and Clymene, and a brother of Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus; according to Apollodorus (i. 2. § 3), his mother's name was Asia; and, according to Hyginus (Fab. Praef.), he was a son of Aether and Gaea. For other accounts see Diod. iii. 60, iv. 27; Plat. Critias, p. 114; Serv. ad Aen. iv. 247. According to the description of the Homeric poems, Atlas knows the depth of all the sea, and bears the long columns which keep asunder, or carry all around (amphis echousi), earth and heaven. (Od. i. 52.) Hesiod only says, that he bore heaven with his head and hands. (Comp. Aeschyl. Prom. 347, &c.; Paus. v. 18. § 1, 11. § 2.) In these passages Atlas is described either as bearing heaven alone, or as bearing both heaven and earth; and several modern scholars have been engaged in investigating which of the two notions was the original one. Much depends upon the meaning of the Homeric expression amphis echousi; if the signification is "the columns which keep asunder heaven and earth," the columns (mountains) must be conceived as being somewhere in the middle of the earth's surface; but if they mean "bear or support all around," they must be regarded as forming the circumference of the earth, upon which the vault of heaven rests apparently. In either case, the meaning of keeping asunder is implied. In the Homeric description of Atlas, the idea of his being a superhuman or divine being, with a personal existence, seems to be blended with the idea of a mountain. The idea of heaven-bearing Atlas is, according to Letronne, a mere personification of a cosmographic notion, which arose from the views entertained by the ancients respecting the nature of heaven and its relation to the earth; and such a personification, when once established, was further developed and easily connected with other myths, such as that of the Titans. Thus Atlas is described as the leader of the Titans in their contest with Zeus, and, being conquered, he was condemned to the labour of bearing heaven on his head and hands. (Hesiod, l c.; Hygin. Fab. 150.) Still later traditions distort the original idea still more, by putting rationalistic interpretations upon it, and make Atlas a man who was metamorphosed into a mountain. Thus Ovid (Met. iv. 630,&c., comp. ii. 296) relates, that Perseus came to him and asked for shelter, which he was refused, whereupon Perseus, by means of the head of Medusa, changed him into mount Atlas, on which rested heaven with all its stars. Others go still further, and represent Atlas as a powerful king, who possessed great knowledge of the courses of the


What 1980's TV programme starred Tyne Daly and Sharon Gless?

Cagney & Lacey reunited | Television & radio | The Guardian Crime drama Cagney & Lacey reunited Buddy movies and TV shows had always been the preserve of men – until New York cops Cagney and Lacey hit our screens in the 80s. Sharon Gless and Tyne Daly, still friends and both starring in the West End, reminisce about changing the face of primetime TV Tyne Daly and Sharon Gless, who played Mary Beth Lacey and Christine Cagney in Cagney & Lacey. Photograph: David Levene for the Guardian Share on Messenger Close There was a period in her 20s when Tyne Daly was always cast as a victim. She had grown up in a theatrical family, dreamt of being a classical actor, as well as appearing on the musical stage, but her husband's acting and directing career led the couple to Hollywood with their baby daughter. "My time on television began, and I started playing victims," she says. "I did about 10 or 12 years of them, which gets old, right?" Her laughter echoes around the empty auditorium. A large, studded bird ring glints on her finger, and her eyes widen occasionally like a startled owl. She was once stopped at an airport by someone who recognised her from TV in that era. "You're the girl who cries ugly, right?" they said. She laughs raucously again at the memory. "Because I couldn't make one lovely tear come streaming down. So yeah. I cried ugly. Like most people do." In the early 80s, a new project arose. The chance to play the hero. The story had been in development since the mid-70s, when producer Barney Rosenzweig first became aware of the burgeoning women's movement. After watching a film called Scent of a Woman (not the Al Pacino version) his then-girlfriend, Barbara Corday, declared it, "the most degrading, the most sexist film I have ever seen". Rosenzweig began watching from a new perspective. He imagined all the women were male Hasidic Jews. "By making this transference," he has written, "I 'saw' the sexist humour for what it was, something that only worked at the expense of someone less powerful … It was a revelation." He went on to read From Reverence to Rape , a book by feminist film critic Molly Haskell , and was struck by the idea that there had never been a true female buddy movie, either on the big screen or television. Rosenzweig decided to make one, a story combining action with female solidarity. Newman and Redford was discussed as a title, but discarded as a legal risk. Cross My Bra and Hope to Die was unfortunate for other reasons. Fair Game was mooted. Finally it became Cagney & Lacey . Thirty years after the show began, its two stars, Tyne Daly and Sharon Gless , appeared together again, for an anniversary event at the British Film Institute. The tickets sold out almost immediately. I was struck by the crowd's responses, the impromptu standing ovations as the women took the stage, the belly laughs as they described some clunky episodes – their characters, both cops, once had to go "undercover" dressed as a pineapple and a tomato . Then there were swallowed sobs, as the more dramatic clips played, including one in which Daly's character, Mary Beth Lacey, struggles to accept a breast cancer diagnosis , and another in which Gless's character, Christine Cagney, descends into alcoholism . < Pinterest p>The first script was developed by Corday and her writing partner, Barbara Avedon , the pair creating what Corday described as, "a show about two women who happen to be cops, not two cops who happen to be women". There was a TV movie in 1981, followed by a TV series, which ran from 1982 to 1988; the characters would race around New York City , running up stairs, down stairs, arresting perps, rolling their eyes at flashers, wielding guns when absolutely necessary. And there was that undertow of solidarity. The women would argue, and laugh, and talk regularly in the ladies – or as they called it, "the jane". They could disagree vociferously, while always, at base, being deeply supportive. The show was a love story, as much as any buddy movie. "I want my partner back," said Lacey, when Cagney was gripped by alcoholism. "


What American Indian word was used to describe the first international Boy Scout rally held at Olympia, London, in 1920?

World Scout Jamboree World Scout Jamboree View More World Scout Jamborees History Scouting’s Founder, Lord Robert Baden-Powell planned to hold a special event to bring together Scouts of all nationalities, and to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the camp on Brownsea Island. Due to the First World War, where many Scouts were killed, the first international gathering of Scouts was held in 1920. This, the first Jamboree, was held at London’s Olympia for 8,000 Scouts from 34 Countries. Jamboree is now an international term used to describe a large gathering of Scouts. Since 1920, World Scout Jamborees have been held almost every four years, except during the Second World War, and hosted all over the world. Copyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)   World Scout Jamborees History Scouting’s Founder, Lord Robert Baden-Powell planned to hold a special event to bring together Scoutsof all nationalities, and to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the camp on Brownsea Island. Due to the First World War, where many Scouts were killed, the first international gathering of Scouts was held in1920. This, the first Jamboree, was held at London’s Olympia for 8,000 Scouts from 34 Countries.Jamboree is now an international term used to describe a large gathering of Scouts. Since 1920, World ScoutJamborees have been held almost every four years, except during the Second World War, and hosted all over theworld.   1st World Scout Jamboree – 1920 Olympia, London, England, 1920. 8,000 Scouts from 34 countries represented at the roll call. The location was ahuge glass-roofed building covering six acres. The concrete floor had to be covered with earth for competitions.Some non-Scout participants: an alligator from Florida, a baby crocodile from Jamaica, a lioness cub fromRhodesia, monkeys from South Africa, a baby elephant, a camel. Baden-Powell acclaimed the Chief Scout of theWorld. He said, "If it be your will, let us go forth from here fully determined that we will develop, among ourselvesand our boys, a commradeship through the worldwide spirit of the Scout brotherhood, so that we may help todevelop peace and happiness in the world and goodwill among men."   2nd World Scout Jamboree – 1924 Ermelunden, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1924. Innovations: a week's home hospitality for Scouts after the event; theWorld Scout Championship. Problems: too many visitors and a deluge! B-P named "Bademester" (Danish for"bathing master"). 4,549 wet Scouts accommodated by the public for a night. Awards for different contestsdistributed by B-P at Copenhagen Stadium. This Jamboree showed that Scouting was not just a game, but that itmade a significant contribution towards education in world citizenship.   3rd World Scout Jamboree – 1929 Arrowe Park, Birkenhead, England, 1929. The coming of age Jamboree celebrating Scouting's 21st anniversary. 69countries represented by 50,000 Scouts (320,000 visitors!). B-P blew the kudu horn at the opening. The first ScoutPromise. B-P became Lord Baden-Powell of Gilwell. Also the "Jamboree of Mud". A golden arrow and a hatchet wereburied. Gilded wooden arrows were presented to national contingents. B-P said, "Now I send you forth to yourhomeland bearing the sign of peace, goodwill and fellowship to all your fellow men. From now on the symbol of peace and goodwill is a golden arrow. Carry that arrow on and on, so that all may know of the brotherhood of men."     4th World Scout Jamboree – 1933 Gödöllö, Hungary, 1933. 25,792 Scouts in camp. The Jamboree daily paper was printed in Hungarian, English,French and German, with contributions in other languages. The unofficial language was "Jamboreese", whichconsisted mostly of signs emphasized by a happy smile. Each foreign contingent was provided with a "cousin", alocal Scout who could help them with the Hungarian language. Air Scouts participated for the first time. First issueof commemorative Scout stamps. The Jamboree badge: the white stag of Hungary. "You may look on that whitestag as the pure spirit of Scouting, springing forward and upward, ever leading you onward and upward, t


What organisation, formed by Reverend John Flynn and based in Cloncurry, Queensland, Australia, began in 1928?.

Australian Inland Mission | National Library of Australia National Library of Australia Australian Inland Mission Australian Inland Mission John Flynn (1880-1951) was born at Moliagul, Victoria, and was educated at government primary schools and the University High School in Melbourne. He became a pupil-teacher in the Education Department and developed a strong interest in photography. In 1903 he became a home missionary of the Presbyterian Church and served at Beech Forest in the Otway Ranges and Buchan in Gippsland. In 1907 he began studies at the Presbyterian Theological Hall in Melbourne and he was ordained as a minister in Adelaide in 1911. In the same year he joined the Smith of Dunesk Mission in the Flinders Ranges in South Australia. In 1912 he compiled a detailed report on the spiritual condition of the people, both Indigenous and European, of the Northern Territory and Central Australia. The General Assembly of Australia responded by establishing the Australian Inland Mission, with Flynn as Superintendent. The Australian Inland Mission, which was responsible for the Northern Territory and the remote parts of South Australia, Western Australia and Queensland, began with one padre (Bruce Plowman), a nursing sister and a nursing hostel at Oodnadatta. In 1913 Flynn launched the illustrated magazine The Inlander . By 1918 he had established patrols at Oodnadatta, Port Hedland, Broome, Pine Creek and Cloncurry and nursing sisters at Oodnadatta, Port Hedland, Halls Creek, Maranboy and Alice Springs. In 1926 he persuaded Alfred Traeger to come to Alice Springs and develop the pedal radio. A radio station was installed at the Presbyterian Church at Cloncurry and pedal sets placed at homesteads and missions. In 1929 the Aerial Medical Service was established, operating from Cloncurry, and it was an instant success. It was transferred to the Australian Aerial Medical Service (later the Flying Doctor Service) in 1933. In 1933 Flynn was made an Officer of the British Empire (OBE) and he was Moderator-General of the Presbyterian Church in 1939-42. He remained Superintendent of the AIM and in his last years he established a retirement home in Alice Springs and a holiday camp for Outback children in Adelaide. Following Flynn’s death in 1951, Fred McKay, who had been a patrol padre in the 1930s, was appointed Superintendent. Under his leadership, the AIM became a very large organisation, its influence extending to the new mining regions in the far north and west and even to Papua New Guinea. The John Flynn Memorial Church was opened in Alice Springs in 1956. McKay retired in 1974 and was succeeded by Max Griffiths. In 1977 the Presbyterian Church divided, with the majority of churches joining the Uniting Church of Australia. All the AIM properties were awarded to the Uniting Church, but after some fraught negotiations the two churches agreed that the name ‘Australian Inland Mission’ would no longer be used. The Uniting Church adopted the name ‘Frontier Services’ for its range of Outback ministries. Acquisition In 1964, at the suggestion of Sir John Ferguson, Jean Flynn presented to the Library the papers of her husband, the Reverend John Flynn. In 1977 the Board of Frontier Services of the Uniting Church of Australia donated an extensive archive of the Australian Inland Mission. Numerous additions were made to the archive between 1983 and 2001, more than doubling it in size. The Library had a long and happy association with the second Superintendent of the AIM, the Reverend Fred McKay and his wife Margaret. They made many visits to the Library between 1982 and 1991 and compiled the listings that cover the bulk of the archive. The personal papers of Fred McKay were presented by his family in 2001. The papers of Dr George Simpson, one of the founders of the Flying Doctor Service, were donated by his wife Nesta Simpson in 1962. In 1967 R. Cameron Plowman presented the papers of his father, R.B. Plowman, the first AIM padre. Description


Which light-heavyweight boxer won a gold medal when he competed at an Olympic Games for the first time in 1960 at Rome?

Rome 1960 - AOC Rome 1960 5,338 (4,727 men, 611 women) Number of sports: View Full Medal Tally Rome delighted in revealing its own ancient glories as the world watched the 1960 Olympics unfold. Events were held in famous historical sites such as the Baths of Caracalla. The marathon course snaked through the colourful streets of the Italian capital before ending on the Appian Way rather than in the newly-built Olympic Stadium. The winner of the marathon was Ethiopian Abebe Bikila, who ran the whole race in bare feet. His famous victory signalled the arrival of the great African distance runners who now dominate many Olympic events. More than 5000 athletes from 83 nations competed in Rome, with 44 nations winning medals. For the second successive Games, the Soviet Union topped the medal table with 43 gold. Its fierce rival, the United States, was second on the medal table, with Australia an excellent fifth. Australian gold medallists such as Herb Elliott in the men’s 1500m and swimmers Dawn Fraser and Murray Rose were among the most revered athletes competing.  Among the many champions in Rome was an American light-heavyweight boxer named Cassius Clay. Later, he would change his name to Muhammad Ali and become the greatest heavyweight champion of them all. He would make a return to the Games to light the Olympic cauldron in Atlanta in 1996. Another American winning fans was sprinter Wilma Rudolph. As a child, she had been stricken with polio. But she overcame the illness to become one of the fastest women in the world, winning the 100m, 200m and 4x100m relay golds. If the golden moments of Clay, Bikila, Elliott, Rudolph and Fraser weren’t enough, Rome also witnessed the zenith of some of the Games’ most famous streaks – and the fall of one of its great dynasties. In fencing, Hungarian legend Aladar Gerevich won his sixth consecutive gold medal in the team sabre event, a record that still stands today. Danish sailor Paul Elvstrom became the first Olympian to win four successive individual gold medals, his success coming in the Finn dinghy class. In hockey, India’s men suffered their first loss since entering the Games in 1928, losing the final 1-0 to Pakistan. India had won 30 consecutive games and seven consecutive gold medals until the shock defeat. >


Normally, a string quintet contains how many violins?

All You Need to Know About the String Quartet String Quartet 101 All You Need to Know About the String Quartet The Jerusalem Quartet, a string quartet made of members (from left) Alexander Pavlovsky, Sergei Bresler, Kyril Zlontnikov and Ori Kam, perform Brahms’s String Quartet in A minor at the 92nd Street Y on Saturday night, October 25, 2014.  Photo by Hiroyuki Ito/Getty Images By Aaron Green What is a String Quartet? Although, any combination of four stringed instruments can be called a string quartet, the term usually denotes a musical ensemble that consists of two violins, one viola, and one cello. String Quartet Variations Listen to Beethoven’s String Trio in C minor, Op. 9., No. 3 on YouTube History of the String Quartet Franz Joseph Haydn is known as the father of the string quartet. Before him, string quartets were little more than coincidence; because the genre didn’t really exist, music wasn’t written for it. Haydn began composing for string quartets largely because of the circumstances he encountered when he was invited to Baron Carl von Joseph Edler von Fürnberg’s castle. continue reading below our video 5 Urban Myths That Rule the Ages When asked to perform chamber music, the only people he could gather to perform were two violins, a viola, and a cello. From Haydn’s first quartet to his last, a glorious progression of the composer’s development of the form is remarkably apparent. The model of composition of his Opus 9 quartets became the standard string quartet form.  Listen to Hadyn ’s String Quartet in C Major, Op. 9, No. 1 on YouTube. Generally, the music composed for a string quartet reflects the four movement form of an orchestra: a fast first movement followed by a slow second movement, a dance-like third movement, and a fast forth movement. Due to extreme limitation to only four instrumental parts, the musical form flourished in the classical period - a time where musical conservatism and the perfection of form abounded. It’s said that a composer’s true musical ability can be judged by how well he or she can write music for a string quartet. After Haydn, there were a handful of classical and romantic period composers that excelled in writing string quartet music. Notable String Quartet Composers Though there are many notable string quartet composers, the composers listed below are considered by most musicologists to be the most influential.  Listen to Mozart’s String Quartet in D minor, No. 15,  K. 421 on YouTube Modern String Quartet Music Today, string quartet music isn’t limited to the pages of Haydn’s great works. Many performers and ensembles are finding ways to attract audiences by covering songs by popular artists. As much as I love a Haydn quartet, to someone with an untrained ear, a cover of Taylor Switft’s “Love Story” ( watch on YouTube ) is more likely going to capture their attention and spark their interest. I know it’s not a string quartet, but look how much fun these young musicians in the Berklee Pop String Ensemble are having performing Pharrell Williams hit song “Happy” ( watch on YouTube ). If any of these covers attracts a student to learn and develop a talent for performing on a stringed instrument, that student may well become the next great composer to write for and revolutionize the string quartet. Adam Neiman , a pianist and composer I recently discovered, wrote his first string quartet in 2011, and premiered it on July 16, 2012, at the Seattle Chamber Music Festival. With five movements, it’s quite different than the classical period quartets. I find it to be an exciting piece of music and I hope it’s the first of many string quartets. Listen to a performance of Neiman’s String Quartet on YouTube . Popular Uses of the String Quartet Apart from concert halls and small theaters, string quartets are extremely popular at weddings ( view my recommended classical music wedding albums ) and other special events. Why? Their small instrumentation is quiet enough for conversation, they are able to play indoors and outdoors, and their music is sophisticated and elegant enough for any