Which British city has thoroughfares called Saltmarket, Candleriggs, and Trongate?

Merchant City - Old Glasgow Sights Glasgow's Merchant City is a district centred around the mediaeval old town, which is now a vibrant part of the modern city. Synchronised drawings of Merchant City clock towers, all with blue and gold faces The old city of Glasgow was some way east of the present city centre, and was situated around Glasgow Cross and the Cathedral.  The map below is a Victorian representation of the secular part of the town in 1547, created from original records by Sir James Marwick who was Town Clerk of Glasgow from 1873 to 1903. The religous sector of the old city is featured in my Glasgow Cathedral Precinct page. Map of Central Glasgow as it would have appeared in 1547 Glasgow Cross in pre-Reformation times was known as Mercat Cross. Argyle Street and Trongate are shown in the map as "St Tenus Gait or Tronegait". "Gait" is an old Scots word meaning "the way to". St Tenus Well was situated at the western end of St Tenus Gait at what is now St Enoch Square. The eastern end of Tronegait, at the Mercat Cross, was the site of the "Trone" or "Tron", which was a beam used for weighing goods brought to market. Saltmarket, where the fish curers operated was known at this time as "Walkergait". The trade carried out by the waulkers was cloth bleaching. "Stockwellgait" was known earlier as "Fishergait". The residents and workers in the vicinity got their water supplies from a "stock" or wooden well which gave its name to the street. There were 4 streams in the area flowing into the Clyde. The western stream is shown in the map as "Burn called Glasgw". It flowed along the line of West Nile Street, Union Street and Jamaica Street. The eastern stream is the Moledinar Burn flowing from the north, which was joined by the "Burn called Poldrait" and the "Burn called Camlawchty" (Camlachie Burn) from the east before reaching the Clyde. Tolbooth Steeple At Glasgow Cross, the old heart of the city, stands the Tolbooth steeple. The tower is now a traffic island in the middle of High Street, and is all that remains of the Tolbooth which was built in 1627 to house Glasgow's council chamber and administrative headquarters. The old building, which was attached to the tower, was demolished after the First World War. The outline of the missing part can still be spotted by the difference in stone colour on the sides of the tower. The engraving above depicts the Trongate as it would have looked in the 1700's. It shows the five-storey Tolbooth adjacent to the tower, which is now all that survives of the old structure. Over the centuries there have been a number of different Tolbooths at Mercat Cross where all goods brought into the burgh had to be presented for the payment of dues, either in money or in kind. The merchandise would have been weighed with a "tron", which is a heavy beam or balance associated with the most ancient system of weights used in Scotland, derived from the Old French "trone" for scales. Most of the trade of the burgh was carried out at weekly markets, but there was an annual fair in early July, with markets and entertainments lasting for eight days. The Glasgow Fair is still celebrated as a holiday in the city. Early twentieth century view of High Street from Tolbooth at Glasgow Cross Tron Steeple The Tron steeple is a familiar landmark on the south side of the Trongate, west of Glasgow Cross. A church dedicated to the Virgin Mary had been built on this site in 1484. It was reconstructed as the Collegiate Church of St Mary and St Anne in 1540. The location is shown on the 1547 map as "St Mary's Church and Cemetery". After the Reformation the church fell into a state of dilapidation but was restored in 1592 when John Bell was appointed its first Protestant minister. The steeple was added in 1637 and survived the blaze that destroyed the church on 8th February 1793. The church was rebuilt in 1793 / 1794 to the designs of James Adam as a separate structure which is now incorporated within the Tron Theatre complex. In 2004 the Glasgow Building Preservation Trust assigned their interest to the Tron Theat


In which European countryis 'Bourgas International Airport'?

Bourgas (Burgas) International (Sarafovo) Airport, Bulgaria (BOJ) - Guide & Flights Bourgas (Burgas) International Airport, otherwise known as Sarafovo Airport, is located 6Km North of Bourgas on the Black Sea coast, eastern Bulgaria. Bourgas airport has separate arrivals and departures terminal buildings, located within 50m of each other. A new passenger terminal (Terminal 2) was opened in late 2013 when Terminal 1 closed. The airport has immediate access to the E87 coastal road to Burgas and the Black Sea resorts of Slunchev Bryag, Nessebur, Elenite and Dyuni are nearby. A bus service runs between the airport and Bourgas approximately every half hour during the day. A free shuttle bus runs between Bourgas and Varna airports upto 4 times per day. Facilities include 3 cafes/bars, a duty free shop, VIP lounge, money exchange, and FREE WiFi internet access. Approximately 2.4 million passengers passed through Bourgas airport in 2015, a decrease of 7% compared to the previous year. Flights to Bourgas (Burgas) International Sarafovo Airport from UK or Ireland airports


Francis bacon caught a chill which killed him, whilst he was demonstrating what?

The strange case of Sir Francis Bacon and the frozen chicken | The Haunted Palace The strange case of Sir Francis Bacon and the frozen chicken One of the strangest ghost stories that I have ever come across involves Sir Francis Bacon, empirical scientist and a frozen chicken. Sir Francis Bacon, “The Queen’s Bastard”* Sir Francis Bacon, by Paul van Somer [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons Sir Francis Bacon (1st Viscount of St Albans), philosopher, jurist, statesman, author and scientist was born on 22 January 1561 at York House in London.  At the age of twelve, Bacon was sent to study at Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1579 he took up a residence in law at Gray’s Inn.  Famous as a liberal-minded reformer he openly opposed feudal privileges and religious persecution.  He was a favourite with Queen Elizabeth I as well as being a close advisor of the Earl of Essex.  He also flourished under the reign of James I, under whom he was granted a knighthood in 1603.  In 1618 he was appointed Lord Chancellor but his success did not last and three years later, after falling into debt, he was accused of twenty-three separate counts of corruption and thrown out of office.  With the end of his public career, Sir Francis Bacon turned to the other great passion in his life, the philosophy of science. He believed that science should be used as tool for the betterment of humanity and espoused a new approach, one based on tangible proof achieved through experimentation, gathering of data and analysis.  Alas his dedication to his beliefs eventually led to an experiment which effectively caused his death on the 9 April 1626 at the age of 65. Bacon and the first frozen chicken In the early part of 1626, Sir Francis Bacon whilst out in his carriage fell into an argument with his companion Dr Winterbourne.  The cause of the disagreement was Dr Winterbourne’s scepticism over Bacon’s hypothesis that fresh meat could be preserved if frozen.  In order to prove his theory he ordered his coachman to buy a chicken from the nearest source.  According to John Aubrey in his book “Brief Lives”, “They alighted out of the coach, and went into a poor woman’s house at the bottom of Highgate Hill, and bought a hen, and made the woman gut it, and then stuffed the body with snow, and my lord did help to do it himself. After the chicken had been partially plucked, Bacon placed the chicken in a bag, packed some more snow around it and buried the carcass.  Unfortunately according to Aubrey, Bacon caught a severe chill and was so ill he was unable make the distance to his own lodgings and instead was taken “to the Earl of Arundel’s house at Highgate, where they put him into a good bed warmed with a pan, but it was a damp bed that had not been laid-in about a year before, which gave him such a cold that in two or three days, as I remember Mr Hobbes told me, he died of suffocation.”  Death by chicken: Fact or fiction It is difficult to tell how reliable Aubrey’s sources were.  The main problem with his account is the time of the year. If Aubrey’s report is correct then London would have been suffering from snowy conditions in April 1626.  According to contemporary evidence there is no record of snow in London at that time.  This is not to say that Bacon did not conduct an experiment with a frozen chicken or that it wasn’t an experiment with refrigeration that led to Bacon’s illness.  It could be that either two separate incidences were confused or that the illness that Bacon picked up earlier that year was a lingering one or even more likely that Bacon on returning to analysis the results of his experiment caught a chill in the damp, cold weather.  In fact Bacon himself confirms the cause of his illness.  In a letter written to his absent friend, Lord Arundel, he apologises for being a burden on his household and admits that it was whilst concluding an experiment in refrigeration that he caught a chill, “My very good Lord,—I was likely to have had the fortune of Caius Plinius the elder, who lost his life by trying an experiment about the burning of Mount Vesuvius; fo


Which unsweetened biscuit was invented by the founder of the Royal Mineral Hospital and takes its namefrom him and the city in which he invented it?

The Greasy Spoon | It's not just about Haute Cuisine...: British Food Steed contemplates the joy of a 1960’s Christmas, “Too Many Christmas Trees”, The Avengers, 1965.   Fed up with Christmas?  Had enough?  Can’t wait to return to the Blacking Factory?  Does the Counting House call?  Funnily enough, I’m rather fond of this time of year, the ‘in-between’ bit, I mean. The raw, midwinter weather of Boxing Day, with its sporting traditions: hunting, shooting, betting, and the racing on Channel Four. And then the run-up to the New Year; when the Christmas tree’s still up (just!), social media shuts down and your email feed collapses into a meaningless trickle. And you’re left alone. With a fabulous wife and a shoe-munching whippet; a bottle of Veuve yellow label and an old black and white movie.  London becomes a ghost town: London for Londoners; the deserted streets remind me of old black and white episodes from The Avengers. How I used to love that series!  My all-time favourite episode has to be Too Many Christmas Trees, in which Steed and Mrs Peel spend Christmas at the Gothick country house of a nutcase obsessed with Dickens and Mrs Peel dresses up as a cheeky Oliver Twist.  Driven by the great god Mammon which everybody, these days, seems to worship without question, the modern focus is on the run-up to Christmas: decorations appear in the London shops while the verdant leaves still cling to the branches of the great planes trees in Berkeley Square. Historically, of course, the twelve days of Christmas starts on Christmas Day and ends on January 5th, the Epiphany (January 6th), or even quite possibly, on January 7th, which as the erudite readership of the Spoon knows, is the date of the Russian Orthodox Christmas. I’ve never worked out in my head which is the right day (I’m counting aloud on my fingers as I type) so please feel free to put me right, those of you prepared to confess to a pedantic streak. Food at this time of year is also a good thing. After all that turkey, all that goose, the soggy Christmas pudding, the migraine-inducing mulled wine and the sulphurous brussel sprout, Something light is the order of the day. I’ve cooked my usual cider and honey glazed Christmas Ham (tweaking a recipe issued by the wonder that is Sarah Raven), and once I’ve finished this post, will start making a traditional Germanic Herring Salad. Mrs Aitch has also discovered Forman’s Smoked Salmon pate on the shelves of our local Waitrose in Nine Elms; outstandingly delicious. I cannot stress how addicitive this stuff is.    Tamasin Day-Lewis wrote a fascinating article in the Telegraph about H. Forman & Son, the only surviving East End smokery. The tradition of smoking salmon was brought to London by Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe in the late 19th century. Scottish smoked salmon only took off later, following developments in fish farming. But, sorry Scotland, if you want the Real McCoy, Forman’s smokery is the place to go. Known for its “London Cure”, Forman’s uses dry salt rather than chemical brine and stretches the fish to improve the texture with a drip-dry effect. And so to their Smoked Salmon Pate : it’s amazingly creamy in texture and has a lovely, savoury taste. I see that they make it with Mascapone cheese, which, I think adds to the creamy taste. Their superior concoction also includes unsalted butter, natural yoghurt, dill and shallots. Tamasin Day-Lewis gives a recipe to create something similar for yourself, but to be honest, I am such a fan of Forman’s smoked salmon pate, it might be a good plan to hurry along to your local supermarket (both Waitrose and Sainsbury’s stock it) and bag a tub or two for yourself. While stocks last.       Don’t think I’ve had a Brown Windsor Soup for a very, very long time. Trying to remember and my mind’s drawing a blank. It has a reputation. I’m thinking back to the late 1940’s or 50’s: deserted hotel restaurants; threadbare, rancid carpets, elderly waiters in ill-fitting, egg-stained tailcoats, chipped porcelain, grapefruit halves topped with a tinned glacé cherry, a wine glass of


In the Bible, what was the name of Abraham's wife?

Abraham --  Polygamists in the Bible - Biblical Polygamy . com </script> Faithful friend of God and father of the Hebrew nation "Father of the faithful" 3 Wives - Sarah, Hagar and Keturah "Now Sarai Abram's wife bare him no children: and she had an handmaid, an Egyptian, whose name was Hagar." Genesis 16:1 "And Sarai Abram's wife took Hagar her maid the Egyptian, after Abram had dwelt ten years in the land of Canaan, and gave her to her husband Abram to be his wife." Genesis 16:3 "Then again Abraham took a wife, and her name was Keturah." Genesis 25:1


In World War I, what did the Allies call the defence linethat was known as the 'Siegfried Line' to the Germans?

Siegfried Line S Siegfried Line The original Siegfried line (Siegfriedstellung) was a line of defensive forts and tank defenses built by Germany as a section of the Hindenburg Line 1916–1917 in northern France during World War I . However, in English, Siegfried line more commonly refers to the similar World War II defensive line, built during the 1930s, opposite the French Maginot Line , which served a corresponding purpose. The Germans themselves called this the Westwall, but the Allies renamed it after the First World War line. This article deals with this second Siegfried line. The Siegfried Line was a defence system stretching more than 630 km (391 mi) with more than 18,000 bunkers , tunnels and tank traps. It went from Kleve on the border with the Netherlands , along the western border of the old German Empire as far as the town of Weil am Rhein on the border to Switzerland . More with propaganda in mind than for any strategic reason, Adolf Hitler planned the line from 1936 and had it built between 1938 and 1940. This was after the Nazis had broken the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Treaties by remilitarizing the Rhineland in 1936. Origin of the name Westwall Today we can no longer know for certain the exact origin of the German name Westwall (West Wall). It is most likely that the name simply came into popular use from the end of 1938. Nazi propaganda did not initially use the term very much, but the name was well-known from the middle of 1939, as Hitler sent an "Order of the Day to the soldiers and the workers at the Westwall" on May 20, 1939. The official name for the line until then had depended on the programmes described in the next section of this article. The name "Limes Programme" for example was a deliberately misleading cover name, chosen to make people think of the archaeological research that had just finished at the Limes Germanicus (Upper Germanic and Rhaetian Limes). Construction programmes, 1938–1940 There were several distinct construction phases on the Siegfried Line: Border Watch programme (pioneering programme) for the most advanced positions (1938) Limes Programme (1938) Geldern Emplacement between Brüggen and Kleve (1939–1940) Western Air Defence Zone (1938) These programmes were all pushed forward with the highest priority, using every resource available. Typical basic construction types At the start of each construction programme, basic construction prototypes were laid out on the drawing board and then built, sometimes by the thousands. This standardisation of the bunkers (popularly known as Pillboxes) and tank traps was necessary because of the lack of raw materials, transport and workers. Pioneering Program For the main part of the pioneering programme, small bunkers were set up with three embrasures towards the front. The walls were only 50 cm (20 in) thick and provided no protection against poison gas . Soldiers stationed there did not have their own beds but had to make do with hammocks. In exposed positions, similar small bunkers were erected with small round armoured "lookout" sections on the roofs. All these constructions were already considered outdated when they were built and at best offered protection against small arms fire and shrapnel from bombs and grenades . The programme was carried out by the Border Watch (Grenzwacht), a small military troop which became activite in the Rhineland immediately after it was remilitarized. The bunkers were set up near the foreign borders. Limes programme The Limes Programme began as a result of an order by Hitler to strengthen fortifications on the western German border. Bunkers built in this phase starting in 1938 were more strongly constructed. The framework for each of this program's Type 10 bunkers probably took around 20 man hours to build and required around 287 m3 of concrete , the equivalent of two floors of an average size office block. The bunkers had a ceiling and walls 1.5 m (5 ft) thick, but this was proved completely insufficient even before construction was finished. A total of 3,471 Type 10 bunkers were built along the e


Baku - The capital of Azerbaijan - Baku Home » Baku » Baku - The capital of Azerbaijan Baku - The capital of Azerbaijan Baku - the capital of Azerbaijan, the largest city in the Caucasus and one of the most beautiful cities in the world is compared with Naples, San Francisco and other big cities of the world. The city is situated on the southern coast of the Absheron Peninsula and is the largest port in the Caucasus. According to one version, the name Azerbaijan comes from the Persian language "Badkube" - "wind blow", probably because of strong winds, hence "Baku - the city of winds", according to another version, Baku means - a city on the hill. The name Azerbaijan is found in written sources from the IX century. But the historical sources indicate that the settlements on the place of the city appeared long time ago. They tell about the area, notable with "flames rising from underwater rocks". These "eternal" fires appeared in spots of natural gas yield. The evidences of the ancient age of the city are rock carvings left by primitive people on the walls of caves in Absheron and Gobustan (12 thousand years ago), as well as various archaeological finds, rock inscription left by Augustus, Gaius Octavius, narrating of military camps, set in this area in the I century BC. Considering all given above, we can establish that the city of Baku is more than 5,5 thousand years old. Throughout its history the city has endured a lot - several times he was completely burned and looted, but revived again. Today Baku is one of the most beautiful cities in the world, located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. In the capital of Azerbaijan , are spoken three languages: Azeri, Turkish and Russian. In Baku you can feel the fusion of eras and cultures and meet the architectural monuments of various international schools of architecture. In Baku resides over half of the whole country’s population (more than two million inhabitants). Here concentrated the oldest oil fields, the famous Oil Stones of deep base, powerful crane vessels, modern floating rigs. Baku is also a cultural center of Azerbaijan. Here was opened the first National Theatre, the first library and appeared in print the first newspaper. In the modern city is also well developed the entertainment industry: 7 theaters, 11 universities, 30 museums, a philharmonic society, libraries and cinemas, restaurants and nightclubs.


What was the name of Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton's ship?

Sir Ernest Shackleton | The Shackleton Foundation Contact Sir Ernest Shackleton Sir Ernest Shackleton is widely known as one of the most inspirational leaders of the twentieth century. Whilst he never achieved his personal dream of being the first to reach the South Pole, his reputation as a leader of men is based on a still greater success: the survival and safe return of all of his team members, whilst overcoming almost unimaginable odds. Shackleton’s name lives on as a synonym for courage, bravery and most of all, leadership. Early Life Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton was a key figure in the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration alongside Roald Amundsen and Robert Falcon Scott, all of whom are famed for their courageous exploits that captured the public imagination. He was born to Anglo-Irish parents on 15 February 1874 in County Kildare, Ireland. He was the second of ten children and his father was a doctor. In 1884, the family moved from Ireland to Sydenham, London where Shackleton was educated at Dulwich College. The young Shackleton did not distinguish himself as a scholar and was said to have been ‘bored’ by his studies. Rejecting his father’s wish that he become a doctor, he joined the merchant navy when he was 16 and qualified as a master mariner in 1898. This enabled him to travel widely and he developed a keen interest in exploring the poles. Discovery In 1901, Shackleton was chosen to go on the Antarctic expedition led by British naval officer Robert Falcon Scott on the ship RRS Discovery. The team spent two summers in Antarctica, and Shackleton joined Scott and one other, in an attempt on the South Pole in 1902. They trekked towards the Pole in very difficult conditions, marching up to 40k a day, with food in short supply.  On 31 December 1902 they reached as far south as 82° 17′, getting closer to the Pole than anyone had before; but they were forced to turn back because of terrain, severe conditions, and the onset of scurvy. Shackleton also suffered from heart and lung ailments and was later sent home by Scott, a factor thought to have led to a private rivalry that continued throughout their lives. Back in Britain, Shackleton spent some time as a journalist and was then elected secretary of the Scottish Royal Geographical Society. In 1904, he married Emily Dorman, with whom he shared a love of literature, particularly Robert Browning. They had three children, the youngest of whom, Edward, became the first westerner to climb Mount Mulu in Borneo. In 1906, while organising and raising funds for another Antarctic expedition, Shackleton unsuccessfully stood for parliament in Dundee. Nimrod On 1st January 1908, having successfully secured the funding needed for his next expedition, Shackleton set sail for the Antarctic once more, this time as the leader of his own expedition, Nimrod. The trips goal was to land at the Discovery site, leaving a party of men who would then proceed to the South Pole. However, upon arrival the crew found that the Discovery’s base camp was inaccessible, and they were forced to set up camp 40 kilometres north of the planned site. Despite getting within only 180 kilometres of the Pole, the crew were unable to reach their ultimate goal, after team-member Frank Wild was almost killed when a pony fell into a crevasse, injuring him and depriving the party of rations. Indeed, they were desperate for food, and Shackleton decided that it would be impossible for the entire team to return alive if they continued. However, the expedition was not without it’s successes, including reaching further south than anyone before, the first ascent of Mount Erebus; a trek to the approximate location of the Magnetic South Pole; the discovery of the Beardmore Glacier passage; the first crossing of the Trans-Antarctic mountain range and it the first expedition to set foot on the South Polar Plateau. It was also during this trip that Shackleton acquired his nickname, ‘the Boss’, due to his leadership abilities, which focused on camaraderie and admiration. Throughout the return march, the party subsisted on half-rat


The Australianscall it a 'Glory Box', what do the British call it?

Meanings and origins of Australian words and idioms - Australian National Dictionary Centre - ANU Australian National Dictionary Centre Research School of Humanities & the Arts ANU College of Arts & Social Sciences Search Australian National Dictionary Centre Search query Home » Australian words » Meanings and origins of Australian words and idioms Meanings and origins of Australian words and idioms This section contains a selection of Australian words, their meanings, and their etymologies. All    A    B    C    D    E    F    G    H    I    J    K    L    M    N    O    P    Q    R    S    T    U    V    W    X    Y    Z acca Michael Davie in 'Going from A to Z forever' (an article on the 2nd edition of the Oxford English Dictionary), Age, Saturday Extra, 1 April 1989, writes of his visit to the dictionary section of Oxford University Press: Before I left, Weiner [one of the two editors of the OED] said he remembered how baffled he had been the first time he heard an Australian talk about the 'arvo'. Australians used the -o suffix a lot, he reflected. Arvo, smoko, garbo, journo. But not all -o words were Australian, said Simpson [the other of the two editors]: eg 'aggro' and 'cheapo'. I asked if they were familiar with the Oz usage 'acco', meaning 'academic'. They liked that. I hoped, after I left, they would enter it on one of their little slips and add it to their gigantic compost heap - a candidate for admission to the next edition. We trust that Edmund Weiner and John Simpson did not take a citation, since the Australian abbreviation of academic is not acco but acca (sometimes spelt acker). The abbreviation first appears in Meanjin (Melbourne, 1977), where Canberra historian Ken Inglis has an article titled 'Accas and Ockers: Australia's New Dictionaries'.  The editor of Meanjin, Jim Davidson, adds a footnote: 'acca (slightly derogatory) 1, noun  An academic rather than an intellectual, particularly adept at manipulating trendiologies, usually with full scholarly apparatus. Hence 2, noun  A particularly sterile piece of academic writing.' The evidence has become less frequent in recent years. 1993 Age (Melbourne) 24 December: The way such festivals bring together writers, publishers and accas, making them all accountable to the reader - the audience - gives them real value. acid: to put the acid on To exert a pressure that is difficult to resist; to exert such pressure on (a person, etc.), to pressure (someone) for a favour etc.; to be successful in the exertion of such pressure. This idiom is derived from acid test which is a test for gold or other precious metal, usually using nitric acid. Acid test is also used figuratively to refer to a severe or conclusive test. The Australian idiom emerged in the early 20th century and is still heard today. 1903 Sydney Stock and Station Journal 9 October: In the class for ponies under 13 hands there was a condition that the riders should be under ten years of age. When the stewards 'put the acid on' the riders it was found that only one exhibit in a very big field carried a boy who was not over ten years old. 2015 Australian (Sydney) 6 February: One option would be to skip the spill motion and go directly to a call for candidates for the leadership. It would put the acid on putative challengers and catch them out if they are not ready. Aerial ping-pong A jocular (and frequently derisive) name for Australian Rules Football (or Aussie Rules as it is popularly called). The term derives from the fact that the play in this game is characterised by frequent exchanges of long and high kicks. The term is used largely by people from States in which Rugby League and not Aussie Rules is the major football code. This interstate and code rivalry is often found in evidence for the term, including the early evidence from the 1940s. 1947 West Australian (Perth) 22 April: In 1941 he enlisted in the A.I.F. and joined a unit which fostered rugby football. Renfrey did not join in the &oq;mud bath&cq; and did not play 'aerial ping-pong', as the rugby exponents in the army termed the Australian ga


In World War I, the British soldiers were nicknamed 'Tommies', what name was given to Frenchsoldiers?

Why were American soldiers in WWI called doughboys? - Ask History Ask History March 2, 2016 By Elizabeth Nix Share The story of World War I is vast and intricate, but if you had to know just one thing about World War I, what would it be? Share this: Why were American soldiers in WWI called doughboys? Author Why were American soldiers in WWI called doughboys? URL Google It’s unknown exactly how U.S. service members in World War I (1914-18) came to be dubbed doughboys—the term most typically was used to refer to troops deployed to Europe as part of the American Expeditionary Forces—but there are a variety of theories about the origins of the nickname. According to one explanation, the term dates back to the Mexican War of 1846-48, when American infantrymen made long treks over dusty terrain, giving them the appearance of being covered in flour, or dough. As a variation of this account goes, the men were coated in the dust of adobe soil and as a result were called “adobes,” which morphed into “dobies” and, eventually, “doughboys.” Among other theories, according to “War Slang” by Paul Dickson the American journalist and lexicographer H.L. Mencken claimed the nickname could be traced to Continental Army soldiers who kept the piping on their uniforms white through the application of clay. When the troops got rained on the clay on their uniforms turned into “doughy blobs,” supposedly leading to the doughboy moniker. Group portrait of soldiers during World War I. (Credit: PhotoQuest/Getty Images) However doughboy came into being, it was just one of the nicknames given to those who fought in the Great War. For example, “poilu” (“hairy one”) was a term for a French soldier, as a number of them had beards or mustaches, while a popular slang term for a British soldier was “Tommy,” an abbreviation of Tommy Atkins, a generic name (along the lines of John Doe) used on government forms. America’s last World War I doughboy, Frank Buckles, died in 2011 in West Virginia at age 110. Buckles enlisted in the Army at age 16 in August 1917, four months after the U.S. entered the conflict, and drove military vehicles in France. One of 4.7 million Americans who served in the war, Buckles was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Tags


"From which song doesthe following line come, ""I may go out tomorrow if I can borrow a coat towear"""

vincent burke music vincent burke music Search for: Late on Saturday night 2 weeks ago I got this amazing e-mail: “We would love to invite you to play our stage, which will be recorded for later broadcast across one or more of the following BBC Radio Networks including BBC Radio 2, BBC Radio 3, BBC 6 Music and the 36 BBC Introducing local shows across the UK. We will have numerous presenters join us across the weekend to introduce all the acts onto stage including BBC Radio 2’s Bob Harris, Lopa Kothari from Radio 3’s World on 3, Max Reinhardt from Radio 3’s the Late Junction and more. BBC Introducing supports new musicians at the BBC and we have stages across the major festivals in the UK. We would be delighted if Vincent Burke could perform at our BBC Introducing stage at Latitude Festival in July. Date: Saturday 16th July Stage: BBC Introducing’s Lavish Lounge, In the Woods Set length: 25 mins” !!!! Ok so 2 weeks later it’s announced, I’ve got the set together and had a haircut, so nerves aside, I’m ready to go!     Here’s a link to the stage with some stuff about me if you click on it:-) http://www.latitudefestival.com/news/announcing-new-bbc-introducing-stage Thanks for the friends who came round last night for a set preview and said nice things.  I’ll let you know how it went and if you do know anyone who’s going would be great to see them there, let them know!   ‘this is us now’ I had a week off and wrote 2 songs – (this is one of them) I got the melody one day packing up to go camping – it was pouring with rain but we’re English.  By the time we got to a field outside Cheddar it was fine.  Next morning  the sun came out hot, everything slowed down and  I did the words for the second Verse (which make sense of what I already had) eating cornflakes and sitting in the mouth of the  tent. Verse 1 – when we met Verse 2 – where we are now I hope it catches life as a string of valuable moments. For the film I searched the computer for put  old camera clips  –  there were more than I could use of the children and almost none of me and Carol (I must change that) but it started to fit well so I wanted to finish it and show it to Carol, Nathaniel and Laurie on my birthday.  Carol liked it because she was in it (and looking foxy). The 100’s of still shots near the end were taken by our friend Chris Porter. We did them in the back garden while I span us round as quick as I could in a borrowed computer chair (I took out the shots where we fell off). I’ve had the tune stuck in my head ever since hope you like it too. suzanne vega -‘cracking’ That’s the link up there – this one goes back to Summer 1985; we thought we were being cool cooking up banana skins on a trangia ( I was quietly relieved it didn’t work) me,  James,  Alex, and Gutsy who had a tape-recorder and for some reason in the middle of the hot day put on a cassette of someone none of us had ever heard of – suzanne vega.  This was her first album and from the beginning of the first song to the end of the album she had us – no-one said a word. It’s 1980’s New York, it’s female, it’s grown up relationships; basically I knew nothing about any of that, but like  the Woody Allen films I’d seen I kind of wanted to be in that world. This is the first track from that album, delivered with simple conversational language, and stripped down (almost) to a guitar  a voice;  but sometimes when the song is strong enough that just gives it a sharper focus, like travelling straight into someone else mind. It’s a one time thing It just happens The problem with irony is nobody gets it; they get it in conversation, on TV,  but not in songs.   I know this from personal experience – there’s something about singing which everyone believes is personal, autobiographical and that can be great, but it’s not always what is happening, it can be interesting to pretend to be someone else, or to give yourself licence to say stuff you don’t believe to make a point.  A while ago I posted a song called   ‘Can I just Explain?’  for example, where I imagine I’m a man explaining his affair and partially bl


Which city on the River Tagus, once the capital of Castile and later Spain, is the capital of the Castile-La-Mancha region?

Toledo | Spain | Britannica.com Toledo Francisco, Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros Toledo, city, capital of Toledo provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Castile–La Mancha , south-central Spain . It is situated on a rugged promontory washed on three sides by the Tagus River , 42 miles (67 km) south-southwest of Madrid. Alcázar (fortress), Toledo, Spain. Toledo, Spain, designated a World Heritage site in 1986. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Of ancient origin, Toledo is mentioned by the Roman historian Livy as urbs parva, sed loco munita (“a small city, but fortified by location”). Conquered by the Roman general Marcus Fulvius Nobilior in 193 bce, it became an important Roman colony and the capital of Carpentia. The city was the residence of the Visigothic court in the 6th century and site of the famous councils, the third of which (589) was particularly important because of King Recared’s conversion to Christianity. During the Moorish period (712–1085), it was the home of an important Mozarab community (Arabic-speaking Christians). Taken by King Alfonso VI in 1085, it became the most important political and social centre of Castile. It was the scene of a fusion of Christian, Arab, and Jewish culture , an example of which was the School of Translators (Escuela de Traductores) established by Alfonso X (the Wise) in the 13th century. The city’s importance declined after Philip II made Madrid his capital (1560). Toledo is considered most representative of Spanish culture, and its historic centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1986. Its rocky site is traversed by narrow, winding streets, with steep gradients and rough surfaces, centring on the Plaza del Zocodover. Two bridges cross the Tagus: in the northeast is the bridge of Alcántara, at the foot of the medieval castle of San Servando, parts of which date from Roman and Moorish times; in the northwest is the bridge of San Martín , dating from the late 13th century. Parts of the walls of Toledo are of Visigothic origin, although most are Moorish or Christian. There are well-preserved gateways from various periods, including the Puerta Vieja de Bisagra (10th century), traditionally used by Alfonso VI in 1085. Similar Topics Sevilla Important buildings showing Islamic influence include the former mosques of Bib-al-Mardom (Cristo de la Luz; 10th century), with interesting cross vaulting, and of Las Toernerías; the Mudéjar synagogues of Santa María la Blanca (12th century) and El Tránsito (14th century; housing the Sephardic museum); and the Mudéjar churches of San Román, of Cristo de la Vega, of Santiago del Arrabal, and of Santo Tomé. The last has a fine tower and a chapel containing the painting Burial of the Conde de Orgaz by El Greco . Burial of the Count de Orgaz, oil on canvas by El Greco, … Chuch of Santo Tome, Toledo, Spain/SuperStock The cathedral, generally considered the most Hispanic of Spanish Gothic cathedrals, was begun by King Ferdinand III and Archbishop Rodrigo Jimenez de Rada in 1226. Outstanding among innumerable works of art are the choir stalls, the large retablo mayor (raised altarpiece), the ornate chapel of Don Alvaro de Luna , the Mozarab Chapel, and the Chapter House. There is also a rich museum that has a processional custodia (for carrying the monstrance and host) by Enrique de Arfe (1524) and a series of paintings by El Greco, Francisco de Goya, Sir Anthony Van Dyck, Luis de Morales , and others. The elaborate Church of San Juan de los Reyes, constructed by Juan Guas , is in Isabelline style. Of the same period is the Casa de la Santa Hermandad , now partly a museum. Dating from the early 16th century is the Hospital de Santa Cruz , designed by Enrique de Egas, restored and now used for the Provincial Museum of Archaeology and Fine Arts. Construction of the Alcázar (fortress), which dominates the city, began about 1531 to a design by Alonso de Covarrubias and with a fine patio by Francisco Villalpando; it houses the Army Museum. Its defense by the Nationalists in 1936 was one of the most heroic episodes


Who stood as American Presidential candidate for the Bull Moose Party in 1912, effectively splitting the Republican vote and ensuring Wilson's election?

Politics in Progressive Era Politics Politics in Progressive Era Politics NEXT  Populists and Progressives The famous turn-of-the-century newspaper journalist William Allen White once claimed that a Progressive was a Populist who had shaved his whiskers, washed his shirt, and put on a derby hat. 20 In other words, Progressives shared many of the same goals and demands that the earlier Populist movement had unsuccessfully championed: democratic reforms like the initiative (where a popular petition can be voted into law), referendum (where proposed laws have to be referred to the voters for approval), and direct election of Senators (rather than through state legislatures). But Progressivism was rooted in the middle class, unlike the earlier Populist movement of struggling farmers and workers. Perhaps as a result of their class status, their usually high level of education, and their resulting influence, Progressives were also more successful at getting their reforms passed into law, even if some of those reforms failed to accomplish all that the Progressives hoped they would. Progressive initiatives dominated the legislative history of the early twentieth century. At the federal level, Progressives substantially lowered import duties with the Underwood-Simmons Tariff of 1913 . Progressives were also responsible for the creation of the income tax. Through the first 100-plus years of American history, tariffs had provided the bulk of government revenues, and there was no such thing as a federal income tax. Pressed by the Progressives to reduce tariffs, Congress had to make up for the lost revenue somehow; it settled on the modern income tax as a means of funding the government budget. Americans have been complaining about their taxes ever since. Progressives also ensured the direct popular election of Senators with the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. Progressives supported the Prohibition of alcohol by passing the Eighteenth Amendment of 1918 and contributed to the final push for women's suffrage, which was granted by the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. And Progressive reforms at the state and municipal levels were even more dramatic. Progressives tended to be less radical than Populists, so they did not push for nationalization of the railroad and grain storage industries as their rural predecessors had done. Yet during Woodrow Wilson's presidency , Progressives did secure passage of the Warehouse Act, which offered credit to farmers who stored their crops in federally licensed warehouses; this resembled the old Populist subtreasury plan. (In the 1890s, farmers sought to improve rural conditions by pressing the government to build warehouses where they could store their crops until they were sold; they could then use the stored crops as collateral for federal loans with low interest rates.) The Adamson Act , also passed under Wilson, established an eight-hour day for railroad workers; the eight-hour day (for workers in all industries) had been a central demand of the labor movement for decades. For all of their successes, Progressives often found their legislation compromised by the diluting influence of elites like Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Henry Stimson. Such prominent figures positioned themselves as champions of the cause, but were willing to make compromises in order to satisfy key constituents and remain in power. Progressivism championed noble aims, but was often co-opted by businessmen seeking to enact symbolic or less radical reforms, and was hampered by the diverse and sometimes contradictory motives and identities of its own activists. Teddy Roosevelt and the Square Deal Progressivism followed hard on the heels of Populism. In 1896, the Democratic party co-opted the Populist platform and nominated Nebraska Congressman William Jennings Bryan for the presidency. Bryan lost to William McKinley and the Populist movement dissolved in the process. But the push for reform remained a powerful presence in American life. This proved abundantly clear when McKinley's forty-two-year-old Vice Preside


Richard, Duke of York and Cecily Neville were the parents of which King of England?

Richard III Society  |  RICHARD III - HIS FAMILY His family His Mother - Cecily, Duchess of York by Dr Joanna Laynesmith (Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris, Paris: MS Latin 1158, f. 34v) One of Richard III's most unnatural crimes, according to Tudor propaganda, was his false accusation that his own mother, Cecily Neville, was an adulteress. Polydore Vergil asserted that she 'complanyd afterward in sundry places to right many noblemen …of that great injury'. More recently Michael K Jones has suggested that Edward IV really was a bastard and that Richard's claim to the throne was largely inspired by this fact, abetted by his mother. The nature of Richard's relationship with Cecily remains one of the many mysteries surrounding his accession to the throne.   Of Cecily Neville's last six children, only George and Richard survived infancy. These boys were with her during some of the most traumatic years of her life, as the Lancastrian kingship collapsed and her husband made his unsuccessful bid for the throne of England. She would have supervised their early education, perhaps taught them to read.   Bruges – home to Richard for a few months In the winter of 1460/61 Yorkist fortunes were at their lowest, with the duke of York's death at Wakefield and the earl of Warwick's defeat at St Albans. For their safety Cecily sent the boys, aged just eleven and eight, to the court of the duke of Burgundy. Her decision to remain in London to defend the interests of her only other surviving son, the eighteen-year-old Edward, Earl of March, indicates her priorities and her ambition for her family. Immediately after their return to England the king's little brothers, like their mother, probably lived within the royal household for several years. Richard may well have been nearly thirteen before he left the regular company of his mother for the household of the earl of Warwick. Family Division The year 1469 was to prove the first real test in Cecily's relations with her sons. This was the year that George, Duke of Clarence, joined forces with his father-in-law, the earl of Warwick, to rebel against and imprison Edward IV. Richard was steadfastly loyal to Edward in the face of slanders that the king was a bastard. When Clarence and Warwick rebelled again in 1470 to reinstate Henry VI, Richard fled with Edward to Burgundy. But where did Cecily stand? Before Clarence and Warwick set sail for Calais from where they launched their initial rebellion Cecily spent five days with them at Sandwich. Michael Jones has surmised that she had fallen out with Edward and was in favour of the rebellion. Yet only months earlier Edward had named his second daughter after Cecily and as soon as Edward regained his throne in 1471 he took his family to join his mother at Baynard's Castle. Cecily the Widow. © Geoffrey Wheeler My suspicion is that Cecily knew nothing of rebellion but was aware of Clarence's plan to marry Warwick's eldest daughter in defiance of the king. This suggests that for all her loyalty to Edward, Cecily did not always put him entirely before her other sons - she wanted George to marry England's most eligible heiress. In 1461 one observer claimed that Cecily 'can rule the king as she pleases'. It appears from surviving correspondence that her relationship with Richard was similar. In 1474 a land dispute arose between servants of Cecily and Richard. When Richard was first informed of his servant's claim he was prepared to enforce it with men at arms, until he learnt that the dispute was with one of his mother's men. An exchange of letters followed in which Cecily laid down the terms and place of negotiation and ultimately the affair was settled entirely in her man's favour. Cecily's letters also indicate affection for Richard, expressing regret that he had not been able to visit her recently when Edward was with her at Berkhamstead (she had seen Richard only a few weeks previously at Syon). Cecily's Piety John the Baptist © Geoffrey Wheeler By the 1470s Cecily was developing a greater interest in religion and she probably shared some of this with R


For which film in 1981 did British actor John Gielgud win the 'Oscar' for Best Supporting Actor?

1981 Academy Awards® Winners and History Reds (1981) Actor: HENRY FONDA in "On Golden Pond", Warren Beatty in "Reds",         Burt Lancaster in "Atlantic City", Dudley Moore in "Arthur",         Paul Newman in "Absence of Malice" Actress: KATHARINE HEPBURN in "On Golden Pond", Diane Keaton         in "Reds", Marsha Mason in "Only When I Laugh",         Susan Sarandon in "Atlantic City", Meryl Streep in "The         French Lieutenant's Woman" Supporting Actor: JOHN GIELGUD in "Arthur", James Coco in "Only         When I Laugh", Ian Holm in "Chariots of Fire",         Jack Nicholson in "Reds", Howard E. Rollins, Jr. in "Ragtime" Supporting Actress: MAUREEN STAPLETON in "Reds", Melinda Dillon in "Absence         of Malice", Jane Fonda in "On Golden Pond", Joan         Hackett in "Only When I Laugh", Elizabeth McGovern         in "Ragtime" Director: WARREN BEATTY for "Reds", Hugh Hudson for "Chariots         of Fire", Louis Malle for "Atlantic City", Mark Rydell for "On Golden Pond",         Steven Spielberg for "Raiders of the          Lost Ark" The          Best Picture winner this year was a surprise and major upset win          for British producer David Puttnam's low-budget Chariots           of Fire, directed by Hugh Hudson, with seven nominations          and four wins. It also took top honors for Best Screenplay          (Colin Welland), Best Original Score (Vangelis' rich electronic,          throbbing score, especially during the iconic opening credits          sequence) and Best Costume Design. The win signaled the start of another mini-British          renaissance of film awards for this year and the next - with Gandhi           (1982) soon breaking all British film Oscar records. (It          had been 13 years since another British-made film had won Best          Picture, Oliver! (1968)) Chariots of Fire was          also the second sports film to win Best Picture (the          first was Rocky (1976) ). It          also marked the first of four biopics to win the top award          during the 80s, joining Gandhi (1982), Amadeus (1984),          and The Last Emperor (1987). Of the top five competitors for Best Picture,          two were historical epics, two were about senior-citizens,          and one was a throwback to the action/adventure films of the          past: Chariots of Fire was the inspirational           story of the 1924 Olympics running event in Paris and the           motivations of two of Britain's runners, Cambridge University           students - English Jew Harold Abrahams (Ben Cross) and Scottish           Christian missionary Eric Liddell (Ian Charleson). The film,           which contained an anti-Semitism subplot, soon became the           most-successful foreign film in US box-office history Warren Beatty's $35 million, three-hour long           American epic masterpiece and front-runner in the competition, Reds (with           twelve nominations and three wins) including Best Director           (Warren Beatty), Best Supporting Actress (Maureen Stapleton),           and Best Cinematography (Vittorio Storaro, the winner of           the same award for Apocalypse            Now (1979) .) Reds was the film biography of           American communist and romantic figure John Reed, a left-wing           radical journalist and author of Ten Days That Shook the            World, who journeyed from Oregon to Greenwich Village           and then to Russia to cover first-hand the 1917 Bolshevik           Revolution on the streets of Petrograd [Beatty received simultaneous nominations as producer, director,           co-writer (with English dramatist


Which French philosospher is credited with creating analytical geometry?

Descartes and the birth of analytic geometry (Source: http://www.ga.k12.pa.us/academics/US/Math/Millar/Descartes/Burka.htm ) Descartes' Geometry was an appendix to a larger work called Discourse on the Method of Properly Conducting One's Reason and of Seeking the Truth in the Sciences . In this work, Descartes set out to place human knowledge on a new, firm footing, an important task in an age beset with doubts and controversy and in which skepticism reigned. Descartes himself had seen service in warfare spurred by religious disagreements, and he was no stranger to scientific controversy, either. In 1633, hearing that Galileo had been condemned for teaching that the earth moved around the sun, Descartes abruptly decided not to publish a work defending the idea of a sun-centered univierse. Descartes found a model for proper reasoning in mathematics, especially in geometry, and his appendix on Geometry was meant to illustrate the effectiveness and usefulness of his method. His method was based on four basic rules for deducing knowledge in the manner of a geometry proof. His famous line, "I think, therefore I am," reveals the first firm piece of knowledge upon which his subsequent deductions were based. In 1649, Descartes accepted an invitation from Queen Christine of Sweden to move to the Swedish court in Stokhlom and become her private tutor. His new employer, however, forced him to begin lessons at 5 a.m.! For a man who had stayed in bed till 11 since childhood, this early rising, combined with the cold climate, proved to be too much. He died of a lung inflammation on February 11, 1650.   In his own words: I thought the following four [rules] would be enough, provided that I made a firm and constant resolution not to fail even once in the observance of them. The first was never to accept anything as true if I had not evident knowledge of its being so; that is, carefully to avoid precipitancy and prejudice, and to embrace in my judgment only what presented itself to my mind so clearly and distinctly that I had no occasion to doubt it. The second, to divide each problem I examined into as many parts as was feasible, and as was requisite for its better solution. The third, to direct my thoughts in an orderly way; beginning with the simplest objects, those most apt to be known, and ascending little by little, in steps as it were, to the knowledge of the most complex; and establishing an order in thought even when the objects had no natural priority one to another. And the last, to make throughout such complete enumerations and such general surveys that I might be sure of leaving nothing out. These long chains of perfectly simple and easy reasonings by means of which geometers are accustomed to carry out their most difficult demonstrations had led me to fancy that everything that can fall under human knowledge forms a similar sequence; and that so long as we avoid accepting as true what is not so, and always preserve the right order of deduction of one thing from another, there can be nothing too remote to be reached in the end, or to well hidden to be discovered. Discours de la Méthode. 1637. Omnia apud me mathematica fiunt. With me everything turns into mathematics. Cogito ergo sum. "I think, therefore I am." Discours de la Méthode. 1637. It is not enough to have a good mind. The main thing is to use it well. Discours de la Méthode. 1637. If you would be a real seeker after truth, you must at least once in your life doubt, as far as possible, all things. Discours de la Méthode. 1637.


Which element, atomic number 5, has the symbol B?

Chemical Elements.com - Boron (B) Commercial Site Containing Information about the Source of Boron If you know of any other links for Boron, please let me know Bentor, Yinon. Chemical Element.com - Boron. <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/b.html>. For more information about citing online sources, please visit the MLA's Website . This page was created by Yinon Bentor. Use of this web site is restricted by this site's license  agreement . Copyright © 1996-2012 Yinon Bentor. All Rights Reserved.


Which British man won a gold medal in the 100m Breaststroke atthe 1980 Olympics in Moscow?

Olympic history: Moscow 1980 | London Spy - Yahoo Sport Olympic history: Moscow 1980 . The Kremlin makes an appearance at the opening ceremony The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 was the trigger for the boycott of the Moscow Olympics the following year. Estimates of the impact in terms of numbers vary, and reports suggest some nations used the boycott as a convenient excuse to stay away because of economic issues. View gallery . Mischa the Olympic bear - the cuddly side of Moscow 1980 The significance has less to do with the quantity of absentees — possibly as low as 45, maybe as high as 60-plus — than with the quality. The United States led the boycott and were supported by Canada, West Germany, Japan, China, Kenya and more. A total of 80 nations competed — the lowest since 1956 — and some did so under the Olympic flag rather than their own. So the scene was set for some unfamiliar names to make their mark, and none more so than Zimbabwe. As Rhodesia, the African nation had been banned from the previous two Games. It returned with a new identity, free of apartheid and good enough to win the inaugural women's hockey gold medal, albeit in something of a makeshift competition. The hosts won at least one gold medal for every sport except hockey, in which India won the last of their men's gold medals, and football, won by Czechoslovakia. View gallery Duncan Goodhew powers to 100m breaststroke gold for Britain View gallery . Weightlifting legend Vasily Alekseyev Every gymnastics medal went to eastern Europe. Nadia Comăneci won two golds and two silvers for Romania in her last Games and there were two golds for Soviet star Nellie Kim. Nikolai Andrianov won two golds, two silvers and a bronze to take his medal total to 15 from three Games, a men's record beaten only by Michael Phelps. His team mate Alexander Dityatin won a medal in each of the gymnastics events, his record of eight medals in one Games again matched only by Phelps. East Germany won 11 out of 14 rowing golds and all but two of the women's swimming gold medals. In boxing the Soviets were beaten into second place by Cuba, literally in the case of Téofilo Stevenson, the big-hitter who defeated Piotr Zaev to become the first fighter to win three consecutive heavyweight gold medals. The next boycott, of Los Angeles in 1984, would deny him the chance of a fourth success. Viktor Saneev came up short in his bid for a fourth consecutive triple jump gold, but there were suggestions it took some dubious "foul" calls against his opponents, by Soviet judges, for the champion to even achieve silver. View gallery Alan Wells (lane eight) wins gold for Britain in the 100m final View gallery . Steve Ovett beats Sebastian Coe at 800m Waldemar Cierpinski of East Germany won a second successive marathon. Allan Wells became the first British winner of the 100m since Harold Abrahams in 1924 and two great rivals provided further British success, Steve Ovett at 800m and Sebastian — now Lord — Coe at 1,500m. View gallery . Coe gains revenge in the 1,500m Miruts Yifter, who was denied the chance to improve on his 10,000m bronze in Munich by Ethiopia's boycott of Montreal, returned to win that event and the 5,000m. There were a number of twin successes. Sergei Beloglazov won freestyle wrestling gold at bantamweight and twin Anatoli conquered the flyweight class. Walter and Ullrich Diessner were members of East Germany's successful coxed four. Their compatriots Jörg and Bernd Landvoigt beat the Soviet twins Yuri and Nikolay Pimenov to win the coxless pairs. They would be followed by a twin disappointment when the Soviets responded to the American-led boycott of the Moscow Olympics by leading east European nations and a few other sympathisers in their own boycott when the 1984 Games went to Los Angeles. Top three performances 1-Miruts Yifter (ETH) - Doubled up with golds in the 5000m and 10000m. 2-Teofilo Stevenson (CUB) - The Cuban amateur boxing legend won his third heavyweight gold. 3-Steve Ovett and Sebastian Coe (GBR) - Split the glory at 800m and 1500m, each winning the other's s


"When Japan bombed Pearl Harbour their attack codename was ""Tora, Tora, Tora"", what does 'Tora' mean in English?"

10 things you probably didn’t know about Pearl Harbor ‹ Japan Today: Japan News and Discussion ( 20 ) TOKYO — The surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, marked the day the United States entered World War II. Over three thousand Americans lost their lives in the attack and in 1962 the USS Arizona Memorial was constructed over the sunken battle ship USS Arizona to remember those who lost their lives that day. But you already know that. This article will tell you some other things about Pearl Harbor that you may not know. 1. Pearl Harbor was not originally known for its pearls Pearl Harbor was called Pu’uloa by the Hawaiians who harvested the bay’s oysters for food, not pearls. They used the shells for decorating bowls and making fish hooks. The gem inside the oyster was not used until the early 1800s when foreign settlers discovered the bay and its abundance of bivalve mollusks, calling it Pearl Harbor for the first time. Hawaii’s King Kamehameha implemented pearl gathering to meet the foreign demand for pearls, but as the area surrounding the harbor fell to deforestation and over-grazing in the 1840s, the bay filled with silt from the rains.  The oysters suffered and had become nearly extinct by the 20th century. 2. The harbor continues to function as an active naval base. In 2010, the United States Air Force Hickam Field and the United States Naval Station Pearl Harbor merged to form the Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam. Pearl Harbor is the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet, which relocated there in 1940. The Naval Station provides maintenance and training for surface ships and submarines as well as berthing and shore side support. It services many visiting submarines due to its location as the closest intermediate maintenance facility in that area of the Pacific. The base is located on Oahu, about 2,500 miles (4,000 km) from the U.S. mainland. 3. Pearl Harbor is known for watercress production Pearl Harbor is located in Pearl City, about 11 miles (18 km) west of downtown Honolulu. In the past, this part of Oahu was known for its abundant spring water and the locals grew rice and plowed the fields with water buffaloes. Now, Pearl City is mostly residential but is still known for the Pearl Harbor Spring and abundant fresh water, which has led to the development of a dozen watercress farms. Sumida Farm, a small family-run operation of 10 acres of fields among shopping malls just off the Kamehameha Highway, accounts for around 70 percent of Hawaiian watercress consumption. 4. You can View Pearl Harbor monuments while golfing If you’re short on time and have to decide between visiting Pearl Harbor or going to the greens, don’t despair–you can do both! There are at least two golf courses that overlook Pearl Harbor and from which you can view the monuments. From the Pearl Country Club (home of the Hawaii Pearl Open Golf Tournament), you can view the USS Arizona Memorial, the most notable monument at the Pearl Harbor Visitor Center, as well as the USS Missouri. The Waikele Country Club also overlooks Pearl Harbor and the slopes of the Ko’olau and Waianae mountains. 5. The architecture of the USS Arizona Memorial represents “initial defeat and ultimate victory” The sunken ship USS Arizona lies 12.2 meters under water and is the most iconic structure in the park. The architect, Alfred Preis, explains the design of the 65-meter-long Memorial “enclosed bridge” that spans the hull of the ship: “Wherein the structure sags in the center but stands strong and vigorous at the ends, expresses initial defeat and ultimate victory.” The USS Arizona Memorial has come to commemorate all military personnel killed in the Pearl Harbor attack. 6. Oil still leaks from the USS Arizona The USS Arizona held approximately 1.5 million gallons (5.7 million liters) of “Bunker-C” oil. The ship burned two and a half days, in which some of the oil would have been burnt up, but no one knows exactly how much. It is estimated that 500,000 gallons (1,892,706 liters) of it was within the hull. About nine quarts (8.5 liters) of


'How To Handle A Woman' is a song from which musical?

Richard Harris is King Arthur - Camelot - YouTube Richard Harris is King Arthur - Camelot Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Jan 21, 2012 Merlin's advice on how to handle a woman 1967 Warner Musical Lerner & Loewe Screenplay and music Category


Which year of the 19th.century was called 'The Year of Revolutions'?

patrickhcc - 1848 - The Year of Revolutions 1848 - The Year of Revolutions 1848: The Year of Revolutions Terms to know: dual monarch Ferdinand I Discussion Question: In what ways were the various 1848 civil disturbances discussed in this lecture similar? Were the results of each similar as well? Why? Home In 1848, the proverbial dam broke, spilling the water of Classical Liberalism and Nationalism into the courts of nearly every country in Europe. With varying degrees of violence, the subjects of European monarchs voiced their desire to participate in government. In areas where this was not forthcoming, nationalists and liberals took to the streets in protests that often turned bloody. The irony of these revolutions, though, is that they were all produced by combinations of different ideals, and their success almost inevitably sewed the seeds of their own destruction. Liberals, nationalists, socialists, and other groups who were able to cooperate in the common effort to unseat or change government found that they were unable to cooperate after they had become the government. In this way, the revolutions were, in almost every case, failures. The pressure was earliest, and most intense in the first half of the century, in France. By 1829, it had become clear that the restoration of the monarchy, something the French had agreed to at Vienna, was not serving the interests of the middle class well. Louis XVIII had accepted the Code Napoleon, and though he reserved for himself important powers, he did subject himself to a constitution with laws that he, as well as his subjects, had to obey. Louis was succeeded in 1824 by his brother, Charles X. Charles saw himself as an absolute monarch in the mold of Louis XIV, and refused to accept any limits on his power. In order to regain the power he felt had been lost since 1789, Charles began to appoint a ministry made up of people who were supporters of an extremely conservative agenda – one that might be characterized by the desire to return to absolute monarchy. When the legislature balked, refusing to support his choices for ministers, he called elections, which confirmed the legislature’s stance – returning solid public opinion against the king’s program. Charles then promulgated a set of laws that narrowed the voting public to only a few landed rich who were his supporters. The middle class, watching its hard won privileges being swept away, took to the streets with guns, and barricaded themselves behind piles of rubble, chairs, tables, and doors. Their success at holding off the French army was such that Charles abdicated in 1830 and left France to go into exile in England. Louis Phillippe, a member of the Orleans branch of the Bourbon line, replaced Charles X, and ruled until 1848. Louis Phillippe styled himself the "citizen king" – a politic idea given the context of his predecessor’s downfall. He accepted the terms of French citizenship, limits on his power, and the Code Napoleon. His support was behind the wealthy, and his conservative policies reflected that. The social pressures created by a government responsive mostly to the wealthy since 1830 were compounded in 1846 – 47 with an economic depression. This caused a revolutionary explosion in which republican leaders set up a provisional government, and Louis Phillippe followed Charles X into exile in England. The provisional government re-established universal manhood suffrage, and became known as The Second Republic. It soon became clear that the government was split into a faction that wanted to maintain the status quo, and another that wanted radical social change. During a period known as the "June Days", the more radical revolutionaries became violent, and were suppressed by the moderates with the help of the army in bloody street fighting. With the June Days over, an election dominated by the middle classes chose Louis Napoleon, the nephew of the former Emperor, to be its president. This was at least in part due to the fact that Louis Napoleon’s was the only name recognized in every county of France due to the fame


Which Italian city is the regional capital of Lombardy?

Lombardy - Discover Italy Discover Italy Ai Weiwei at Palazzo Strozzi Florence hosts one of the giants of contemporary art Video Spas in Ischia Ischia is an island of fire and water and, of course, sun. In its spa parks - the most famous of which are Negombo and Poseidon - nature offers... Read more Syracuse of history and myth The magnificent Island of Ortigia is an essential stop for tourists visiting Syracuse: it is an exemplar of this city's joie de vivre, characterized... You are in  Home  /  Discover Italy  / Lombardy Lombardy La Scala Opera House - Milan Basilica of Santa Maria delle Grazie - Milan - UNESCO Varenna - Lake Como Isola Bella - Borromean Islands - Lake Maggiore Livigno What to Do What to taste One of Italy’s largest regions, Lombardy lies in the north of the country, sharing a border with Switzerland.  Stretching from the  Alps  to the lowlands of the Po Valley, it is home to a wide range of landscapes, including the breathtaking mountain chain that boasts the Valchiavenna, Valtellina and the  Camonica Valley .  Winter sports enthusiasts will find no lack of state-of-the-art facilities in Lombardy, for example in the extremely popular resorts of Tonale,  Bormio ,  Livigno  and  Madesimo .  Another aspect that defines the region is its expanse of rolling hills that encompass the distinctive  Franciacorta  area, famous for its vineyards and wine production. The charm of the great lakes is a great tourist draw, attracting visitors to  Sirmione  and other well known destinations dotting the western coast of Lake Garda, while  Lake Como  and  Lake Maggiore  are no less beautiful, surrounded as they are by stately homes, parks and picturesque small towns.   The region is also characterized by the great flat tracts of the Po Valley lowlands, covered by shimmering mirrors of water and rice paddies: this is the typical landscape of Lomellina, the land of rice harvesters, steeped in tradition.  The region has countless other distinctive facets. Lombardy, aided by its geographic position and fertile soil, will captivate you - nature, history, art and culture marry in harmony with innovation, technology, fashion, entertainment, and a contemporary outlook.  The region comprises the provinces of  Bergamo ,  Brescia ,  Como ,  Cremona ,  Lecco ,  Lodi ,  Mantua ,  Milan  (regional capital),  Monza and Brianza ,  Pavia ,  Sondrio  and  Varese .  The region has much to offer in terms of its natural, cultural and architectural perspective. There are the UNESCO World Heritage Sites at  Mantua , once ruled by the powerful Gonzaga family, and Sabbioneta, the defining “ideal city” of the Italian Renaissance; the  Sacred Mountains , a devotional route in the  Varese  and Ossuccio area; the prehistoric rock paintings (petroglyphs) of the  Camonica Valley ; the Rhaetian Railway that makes its way through the mountainous landscapes of Albula and Bernina; the 19th-Century industrial settlement of Crespi d’Adda and, finally,  Milan , with the Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie that contains the Last Supper, the celebrated Leonardo Da Vinci fresco.  Still in Milan, a major architectural masterpiece is the renowned  Teatro alla  Scala . The imposing Duomo (Cathedral) is absolutely extraordinary, constructed in white marble and dedicated to the Birth of the Virgin Mary.  As for Monza, make sure to visit the  Autodromo , the state-of-the-art motor racing track, and the Villa Reale, a former royal residence. Then there is the Cathedral, where the ancient Iron Crown is kept, reputedly concealing a nail from the True Cross. In  Brescia , of particular interest is the Saint Salvatore Monastery, while the craft and tradition of violin-making, most famously seen in the work of Stradivarius, lives on in  Cremona .  Pavia  is the "City of 100 Towers,” the Visconti Castle, and a renowned University. Meanwhile,  Varese  is known as the “Garden Province,” and  Sondrio  hosts the stupendous Masegra Castle, which owes its charm to its fusion of diverse epochs and styles. Lecco 's fame can be attributed to I Promessi Sposi, a masterpiece of a nov


The painting 'And When Did You Last See Your Father' can be found in Liverpool's Walker Art Gallery. Who painted it?

John Shirley Fox, R.B.A. (British, 1860–1939) | The Knohl Collection John Shirley Fox, R.B.A. (British, 1860–1939) After "And When Did You Last See Your Father" by William Frederick Yeames You are here: Home / The Collection / Paintings / John Shirley Fox, R.B.A. (British, 1860–1939) Next » Henri-Paul Motte (French, 1846-1922) John Shirley Fox, R.B.A. (British, 1860–1939), watercolor, signed lower right, 27.5″ x 37″ [after the original oil by William Frederick Yeames (1878)] John Shirley Fox, R.B.A. studied in Paris at the Ecole des Beaux Arts under the famous French academic artist, Jean-Léon Gérôme. Fox started exhibiting at the Paris Salon at the early age of 16. Starting in 1890, he exhibited at the Royal Academy, and was elected a full Member of the Royal Society of British Artists in 1892. He exhibited 15 paintings at the Royal Academy, 49 at the RBA, 2 at the Royal Society of Portrait Painters, 1 at the Royal Oil Painters Institute, 4 at the Royal Institute of Painters in Watercolor and variously in the provinces. He lived in London in 1890, but later moved to Marlborough, keeping an apartment in London. He was married to Ada R. Holland, a portrait and figure painter who is also a listed artist and frequent exhibitor. Fox enjoyed fly fishing, and wrote two books, one about fishing and one about his experiences as an art student in Paris. His biographical details may be found in The Dictionary of British Artists (Collector’s Club) and The Dictionary of British Artists by Grant Waters. And When Did You Last See Your Father? is a watercolor painted after the original oil by William Frederick Yeames (1855-1918). The painting depicts a scene in an imaginary Royalist household during the English Civil War (1642 – 1646). The Parliamentarians have taken over the house and are questioning the boy about his Royalist father’s whereabouts. Behind him, a Roundhead soldier holds the boy’s crying sister, who waits her turn to be questioned. At the back of the hall the mother and elder daughter wait anxiously on the boy’s reply. You can see the mother’s fear and anxiety as she waits for the boy’s answer. The boy is obviously quite distraught; if the boy tells the truth he will endanger his father, but if he lies he will go against the ideal of honesty undoubtedly instilled in him by his parents. During the English Civil War, Roundheads (Parliamentarians) and Cavaliers (Royalist) fought against each other in order to gain control of the country. The Roundheads were unhappy with the way King Charles I ruled the country. The Cavaliers were loyal to the King. Oliver Cromwell, a leading Roundhead, had the King executed and then became leader of the country. The original oil painting, one of the most popular works hanging in the Walker Art Gallery, has been widely reproduced and is often found in history textbooks. It is also the subject of a popular 1890s song and has been replicated as a waxwork tableau at Madame Tussaud’s in London. For more information about the painting see:


Which hanging basket favourite is also called 'Pelargonium'?

1000+ images about pelargonium on Pinterest | Geraniums, Red geraniums and Washington Geranium Black Velvet Salmon Hybrid in The Big Seed Book from Park Seed on shop.CatalogSpree.com, my personal digital mall. See More


What is the key ingredient of 'Cumberland Sauce'?

Cumberland Sauce Recipe : Emeril Lagasse : Food Network Prime Rib Recipes 3.7 3 This was awful, lacked the beautiful glistening red colour and rich taste I remembered. Then I looked at British recipes, Where Emeril only uses two teaspoonful of jelly, the British ones use four TABLESPOONS of jelly and 4 Tablespoons of Port, the spiciness comes from mustard and ginger powders Anyol'name 2015-12-24T00:03:24Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This was SO much easier than the recipe I've been using for years, and it tastes just as good. jacklynjill 2008-04-11T15:46:19Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Very easy to make and every good on fried brie, chicken, duck, or turkey. The only modification I would suggest is to use half cranberry sauce and half red current jelly or just cranberry sauce. Make sure to use cranberry sauce that has actual cranberries in it and not just the smooth kind. It adds nice texture to the sauce. Stephen H. 2007-01-09T00:33:42Z item not reviewed by moderator and published On TV


Which animal appears on the flag of the US state of California?

California State Flag - About the California Flag, its adoption and history from NETSTATE.COM The California State Flag 1846 Bear Flag The Bear Flag was first raised on June 14, 1846, at Sonoma by a group of American settlers revolting against the rule of Mexico. The original flag was painted by William Todd. Pioneer John Bidwell recorded many of the events surrounding the "Bear Flag Revolt" and about the raising of the Bear Flag he wrote, "Another man left at Sonoma was William L. Todd who painted, on a piece of brown cotton, a yard and a half or so in length, with old red or brown paint that he happened to find, what he intended to be a representation of a grizzly bear. This was raised to the top of the staff, some seventy feet from the ground. Native Californians looking up at it were heard to say "Coche[sic]," the common name among them for pig or shoat." Unfortunately, the original Bear Flag, held by the Society of California Pioneers perished in the Great Earthquake and Fire of 1906. [ LARGE PRINT    [ LARGER PRINT ]    [ COLOR ME ] The current California State Flag, adopted by the state legislature in 1911, is based on the original Bear Flag raised by pioneering Americans over Sonoma in 1846. The star was taken from the lone star of Texas. The Bear was representative of the numerous Grizzly Bears in the state and the words "California Republic" testify to the feisty American pioneers who settled in the territory. Today the identity of the animal depicted on the flag is not likely to be mistaken for a "coche."   The following information was excerpted from the Government Code DIVISION 2. STATE SEAL, FLAG AND EMBLEMS. CHAPTER 2. STATE FLAG AND EMBLEMS. SECTION 420-429.8. 420. The Bear Flag is the State Flag of California. As viewed with the hoist end of the flag to the left of the observer there appears in the upper left-hand corner of a white field a five-pointed red star with one point vertically upward and in the middle of the white field a brown grizzly bear walking toward the left with all four paws on a green grass plot, with head and eye turned slightly toward the observer; a red stripe forms the length of the flag at the bottom, and between the grass plot and the red stripe appear the words CALIFORNIA REPUBLIC. Dimensions, excluding heading and unfinished flag ends: The hoist or flag width is two-thirds of the fly or flag length; the red stripe width is one-sixth of the hoist width. The state official flag hoist widths shall be two, three, four, five, six and eight feet. The diameter of an imaginary circle passing through the points of the star is one-tenth of the fly length; the distance of the star center from the hoist end is one-sixth of the fly length and the distance from the star center to the top of the flag is four-fifths of the star-center distance from the hoist end. The length of the bear diagonally from the nose tip to the rear of right hind paw is two-thirds of the hoist width; the height of the bear from shoulder tip vertically to a line touching the bottoms of the front paws is one-half the length of the bear; the location of the bear in the white field is such that the center of the eye is midway between the top and bottom of the white field and the midpoint of the bear's length is midway between the fly ends. The grass plot in length is eleven-twelfths of the hoist width and the plot ends are equidistant from the fly ends; the average width of the plot between the rear of the left front paw and the front of the right rear paw is one-tenth of the grass plot length. The height of the condensed gothic letters, as shown on the representation, is one-half of the red stripe width and they occupy a lineal space of two-thirds of the fly length with the beginning and ending letters of the words equidistant from the fly ends. Colors: The following color references are those of the Textile Color Card Association of the United States, Inc., New York; the colors on the flag are to be substantially the same as these color references. White--of the white field, front of bear's eye, and on the bea


Whose parents were Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort?

The Birth of Henry Tudor | History Today The Birth of Henry Tudor The man who founded the Tudor dynasty was born on January 28th, 1457. Henry Tudor The future Henry VII was born with a claim to the English crown which was extremely slight and intriguingly complicated. He was to spend his youth in the nightmare politics of the Wars of the Roses but he was a survivor. So was his mother, the thirteen-year-old Lady Margaret Beaufort, great-granddaughter on the wrong side of the blanket of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, by Katherine Swynford. That the Beauforts were subsequently legitimized still left a question mark over their political position, but Lady Margaret was a rich enough heiress to make possession of her a profitable investment. Small, slight, shrewd and determined, Margaret was twelve when she was married to Edmund Tudor, son (ostensibly at least) of Owen Tudor, which brought a link with the French royal house into the equation. The Tudors were Anglesey landowners and Owen Tudor became a courtier of Henry V and met Henry Vs young wife, Catherine of Valois, the daughter of Charles VI of France. There were stories that he caught the Queen's eye when she saw him swimming, or that he tripped and fell into her lap when dancing. When Henry V died in 1422, Queen Catherine was left a widow at twenty and, according to one chronicler, 'was unable fully to curb her carnal passions'. She apparently had a love affair with Edmund Beaufort, future duke of Somerset, but it was Owen Tudor she married, on the quiet, the first widowed queen of England to remarry for 300 years. Her sons Edmund and Jasper Tudor stood high in the favour of their half-brother Henry VI, who created them earls of Richmond and Pembroke. Gossip made Edmund Tudor the son of Queen Catherine's affair with Edmund Beaufort, who was Lady Margaret's uncle. If so, Henry VII was not Welsh, and a Beaufort on both sides, but the gossip did not prevent Margaret Beaufort being married off to Edmund Tudor in 1455. Getting her with child despite her youth secured him a life interest in her substantial inherited estates, but he died the following year, when she was six months pregnant. Perhaps damaged by giving birth so young, she would have no more children. Meanwhile she went for protection to Jasper Tudor and it was in his stronghold of Pembroke Castle that she gave birth to the baby Henry. The following year she married Henry Stafford, a son of the Duke of Buckingham, to gain his protection and avoid having another husband forced on her. In 1462, when the young Henry Tudor was five years old, he was taken away from her and his wardship was given to William, Lord Herbert. Young Henry had never known a father and had now been parted from his mother as well. The Herberts seem to have treated him kindly and he was given a gentleman's education, but Lord Herbert was executed in 1469. Henry stayed on with Lady Herbert and in 1470, when he was thirteen, he had an audience with Henry VI. Later Tudor propaganda had it that the pious, half-mad king prophesied that the boy would one day rule England. Meanwhile, Henry returned to his Uncle Jasper and they were soon standing siege by a Yorkist army in Pembroke Castle. They managed to get away by ship to Brittany in 1471 and Duke François gave them shelter and protected Henry from England's Yorkist king, Edward IV, who wanted him in his own hands. Louis XI of France also tried to get Henry into his clutches. It was a desperately insecure situation and it is little wonder that the young Tudor came to manhood cautious, prudent and deeply reserved. Eventually, the death of Edward IV in 1483, the succession of Richard III, the disappearance of the princes in the Tower and the deaths of other Lancastrian claimants left Henry Tudor, however improbably, as a credible claimant to England's throne. He was encouraged by his mother, who was plotting against Richard III. Henry led an invasion from Brittany in 1485, defeated Richard III at Bosworth and became king of England at the age of twenty-eight. His mother, who burst into floods of te


Which letter of the alphabet is denoted by a single dash in the Morse Code?

International Morse Code International Morse Code For learning Morse code it is recommended that you do not try to remember dots and dashes, but remember the Morse code sounds instead. Letter CL, Going off the air ("clear") -.-..-.. DO, Change to wabun code -..--- KN, Invite a specific station to transmit -.--. SK, End of transmission (also VA) ...-.- I am ready to copy QRV? Are you ready to copy? QRL The frequency is in use QRL? Is the frequency in use? QTH What is your location? Notes If the duration of a dot is taken to be one unit then that of a dash is three units. The space between the components of one character is one unit, between characters is three units and between words seven units. To indicate that a mistake has been made         and for the receiver to delete the last word, send ........ (eight dots). The prosigns are combinations of two letters sent together with no space in between. The other abbreviations and Q codes are sent with the normal spacing. I am a father and foster carer a principal research engineer at the IT Innovation Centre a Woodcraft Folk district coordinator a salsa teacher and in my spare time I write and maintain this web site © Copyright Stephen C. Phillips, 2015


Which of the Mitford sisters wrote the semi- autobiography 'Pursuit Of Love' in 1945?

Masterpiece Theatre | Love in a Cold Climate | Essays + Interviews | The Mitford Sisters The Mitford Sisters Raised in isolation on several Cotswold estates, the seven children of Lord and Lady Redesdale -- six daughters and a son -- were forced to depend on each other for ideas, companionship, and fun. They invented elaborate family jokes and games that included an elaborate network of nicknames and private languages. By the time Tom was at Eton and the girls ready for their London debuts, they had each developed their own highly individual, eccentric personalities. Coming of age in the era of Evelyn Waugh's fabled "Bright Young Things," the Mitford children burned bright only to flame out in a series of unwise alliances, outspoken books, and poorly chosen political bedfellows. Nancy, The Author The eldest of the seven children of David Mitford and Sydney Bowles, Nancy was born in London in 1904. Because her father did not believe in formal education for girls, Nancy and her sisters were instructed at home by governesses. (One reason he gave was that by playing field hockey, a common school sport, they would develop thick calves.) Both Nancy and Jessica longed to go to school, and at age 16 Nancy got her wish, spending less than a year at nearby Hatherop Castle. By and large, school did not play a large part in her childhood. Books, however, did. By age six, Nancy was already reading Ivanhoe, and she went on to read voraciously throughout her teenage years. The strict house rules about books -- children were not allowed to read in bed or to read novels in the morning, and library books had to stay in the library -- made reading, especially the reading of novels, all the more attractive. Nancy's own first novel, Highland Fling, was published in 1931, followed by Christmas Pudding the next year. But critics and the public took little notice of these frothy romps. She found success with her fifth novel, The Pursuit of Love (1945), and its sequel, Love in a Cold Climate (1949). Based like much of her fiction on her own experiences, their sentimental but satiric tone was irresistible to a nation fatigued by years of war, and the books became best-sellers. Known for her style and elegance, Nancy was a great social success, as were her sisters in their turn. As a young woman in London, she worked away at her fiction and penned articles for Vogue, The Lady, and Harper's. Released at last from the family fold, she took up residence with the author Evelyn Waugh and his wife and enjoyed a lively social life. Her first love was Hamish St. Clair Erskine, an aesthete who had been friends with her brother at Eton. When he threw her over, she quickly married Peter Rodd, son of an eminent diplomat, chiefly because he happened to be available. Undone by his philandering and profligate spending habits, the match was never happy; they would divorce in 1958. With her husband posted overseas during the war, Nancy found work as an assistant at Heywood Hill bookshop in the Mayfair district of London, where she soon became a partner in the firm. Drawing on her work with Rodd in refugee camps during the Spanish Civil War, Nancy did her part in the war effort as an Air Raid Precautions (ARP) driver in London. By this time, Nancy had fallen in love with Gaston Palewski, a follower of General de Gaulle, who she included as Fabrice in The Pursuit of Love. Settling in Paris after the war, she moved from fiction to history, writing highly acclaimed biographies: Madame de Pompadour (1953), Voltaire in Love (1957), The Sun King (1966), and Frederick the Great (1970). She is remembered, however, as Britain's most piercing observer of social manners. While her sheltered upbringing was the object of her scalding satire, she nonetheless continued to defend it until her death in Paris, of cancer, at the age of 69. Pamela, The "Woman" Sister number two, Pamela (1907-1994), was the least rebellious of the older girls. Of all the sisters, Pamela developed a particular love of the country and went on to become a poultry expert. According to Mitford biographer Ma


For which film did British actor Jim Broadbent win the 'Oscar' as Best Supporting Actor in 2001?

2001 Academy Awards® Winners and History Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius (2001) Monsters, Inc. (2001) Actor: DENZEL WASHINGTON in "Training Day," Russell Crowe         in "A Beautiful Mind," Sean Penn in "I Am Sam," Will         Smith in "Ali," Tom Wilkinson in "In the Bedroom" Actress: HALLE BERRY in "Monster's Ball," Judi Dench in "Iris," Nicole Kidman in "Moulin Rouge!," Sissy Spacek in "In         the Bedroom," Renee Zellwegger in "Bridget Jones's Diary" Supporting Actor: JIM BROADBENT in "Iris," Ethan Hawke in "Training         Day," Ben Kingsley in "Sexy Beast," Ian McKellen in " The          Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring ," Jon         Voight in "Ali" Supporting Actress: JENNIFER CONNELLY in "A Beautiful Mind," Helen Mirren         in "Gosford Park," Maggie Smith in "Gosford Park," Marisa         Tomei in "In the Bedroom," Kate Winslet in "Iris" Director: RON HOWARD for "A Beautiful Mind," Ridley Scott for "Black         Hawk Down," Robert Altman for "Gosford Park," Peter         Jackson for " The Lord          of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring ," David Lynch         for "Mulholland Drive" This year's ceremony, hosted by Whoopi Goldberg          (for her fourth time), was notable as being the longest ever          - at 4 hours, 23 minutes. It also marked the first year that          the Best Animated Feature Film category was offered. This          was a year of eclectic Best Picture-nominated films: a sword-and-sorcery Hobbit/elves fantasy adventure,           the first in a trilogy, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship            of the Ring a period murder mystery set in a British estate, Gosford           Park an audacious musical romance set in a decadent,           late 19th century Parisian nightclub/dance-hall/theatre, Moulin            Rouge a drama about an afflicted, Nobel Prize-winning           mathematical genius, the ultimate winner A Beautiful Mind another intimate drama about the torment of           a New England (Maine) family over a son's sudden murder, In            the Bedroom This was the tenth consecutive year that          Miramax had a Best Picture nominee (this year, it was In          the Bedroom) - a record for any studio. For the newly-created category          - Best Animated Feature Film, according to the Academy's rules,          an 'animated film' had to be at least 70 minutes in length,          have a significant amount of major animated characters, and          be at least 75% animated. The three nominees this year were Jimmy           Neutron: Boy Genius Monsters, Inc. PDI/Dreamworks' Shrek (the           winner), with its lovable green ogre (Mike Myers) and smart-alec           donkey (Eddie Murphy). [Note:         This was the first-ever Oscar           for an animated feature film.] Three of the five Best Picture-nominated films          had specifically fanciful elements: the dazzling musical fantasy of Moulin           Rouge the epic fantasy tale The           Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring the delusionary fantasies of the main character's           mind in A Beautiful Mind The Best Picture winner was A Beautiful Mind (with          eight nominations and four major wins): Best Director          (Ron Howard), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Connelly),          and Best Adapted Screenplay (Akiva Goldsman). First time nominee          and former child actor/director Ron Howard's case study drama          and romance was loosely adapted from Sylvia Nasar's prize-winning          biography about a courageous Princeton Univ. math genius experiencing          a harrowing struggle with mental illness (schizophrenia). To


Which letter of the alphabet is denoted by a single dot in the Morse code?

Morse code | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Edit A typical "straight key." This U.S. model, known as the J-38, was manufactured in huge quantities during World War II , and remains in widespread use today. In a straight key, the signal is "on" when the knob is pressed, and "off" when it is released. Length and timing of the dots and dashes are entirely controlled by the operator. Beginning in 1836, the American artist Samuel F. B. Morse , the American physicist Joseph Henry , and Alfred Vail developed an electrical telegraph system. This system sent pulses of electric current along wires which controlled an electromagnet that was located at the receiving end of the telegraph system. A code was needed to transmit natural language using only these pulses, and the silence between them. Morse therefore developed the forerunner to modern International Morse code. In 1837, William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone in England began using an electrical telegraph that also used electromagnets in its receivers. However, in contrast with any system of making sounds of clicks, their system used pointing needles that rotated above alphabetical charts to indicate the letters that were being sent. In 1841, Cooke and Wheatstone built a telegraph that printed the letters from a wheel of typefaces struck by a hammer. This machine was based on their 1840 telegraph and worked well; however, they failed to find customers for this system and only two examples were ever built. [2] On the other hand, the three Americans' system for telegraphy, which was first used in about 1844, was designed to make indentations on a paper tape when electric currents were received. Morse's original telegraph receiver used a mechanical clockwork to move a paper tape. When an electrical current was received, an electromagnet engaged an armature that pushed a stylus onto the moving paper tape, making an indentation on the tape. When the current was interrupted, a spring retracted the stylus, and that portion of the moving tape remained unmarked. The Morse code was developed so that operators could translate the indentations marked on the paper tape into text messages. In his earliest code, Morse had planned to only transmit numerals, and use a dictionary to look up each word according to the number which had been sent. However, the code was soon expanded by Alfred Vail to include letters and special characters, so it could be used more generally. Vail determined the frequency of use of letters in the English language by counting the movable type he found in the type-cases of a local newspaper in Morristown. [3] The shorter marks were called "dots", and the longer ones "dashes", and the letters most commonly used were assigned the shorter sequences of dots and dashes. File:Morse comparison.svg In the original Morse telegraphs, the receiver's armature made a clicking noise as it moved in and out of position to mark the paper tape. The telegraph operators soon learned that they could translate the clicks directly into dots and dashes, and write these down by hand, thus making the paper tape unnecessary. When Morse code was adapted to radio communication , the dots and dashes were sent as short and long pulses. It was later found that people became more proficient at receiving Morse code when it is taught as a language that is heard, instead of one read from a page. [4] To reflect the sounds of Morse code receivers, the operators began to vocalise a dot as "dit", and a dash as "dah". Dots which are not the final element of a character became vocalised as "di". For example, the letter "c" was then vocalised as "dah-di-dah-dit". [5] [6] In the 1890s, Morse code began to be used extensively for early radio communication, before it was possible to transmit voice. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, most high-speed international communication used Morse code on telegraph lines, undersea cables and radio circuits. In aviation, Morse code in radio systems started to be used on a regular basis in the 1920s. Although previous transmitters were bulky an