The standard tuning of which instrument is one octave higher than a cello?

What are the differences between a cello and violin? - Quora Quora A cello goes an octave-and-a-fifth lower than a violin. The cello is held upright between the knees; the violin horizontally between the shoulder and chin. The bow hold is different. From the top down, cello tuning is ADGC; violin is EADG. (Violin G is an octave higher than cello G.) Cello is much bigger and heavier than violin. Important in this day and age: violin fits in airplane carry-on overhead; cello needs a ticketed seat. Written Dec 11, 2015 A cello is a very large instruments and is played with it being propped against the floor between your legs. A violin is very small and is held between the collarbone and chin. A violin is far higher in pitch due to the shorter scale and smaller strings. A cello is very low at optimum pitch, the second lowest of string instruments after the double bass. They are tuned differently. A violin is tuned as GDAE, where as a cello is tuned ADGC. They are both tuned in perfect fiths, along with the viola. They are both beautiful instruments on there own however they work best when played together along with a viola player to cover the midrange between the two instruments. 796 Views Written Mar 9, 2016 Since you have plenty of technical answers let me just say that the violin and the cello are both "perfect" instruments in that their strings are the right length and width to make a pure and vibrant sound.  The cello plays lower than the violin and higher too.  It has the biggest range.  Both instruments were modified around Mozart's time to add to the backward angle of the fingerboard.  This small difference in angle put a lot more pressure on the strings causing them to become much more dynamic than before.  In addition around that time the bass bar and sound post became standard inside both instruments, further improving their brightness and dynamic range.  Look all these things up  - there is a lot of information on the physics of the string instruments and the changes and improvements over the years. There is an instrument which falls between the violin and cello - the viola or 'alto' or "bratsche" depending on the language used by the composer.  The viola is only slightly bigger than the violin - longer, and thicker, but usually under 17 inches long.  It is tuned one fifth lower than the violin and has no E string but has a low C string (octAve below middle C).  The viola is tuned exactly 1 octave above the cello.  In order for the viola to have a chance to be a "perfect" instrument, it would have to be about half the size of the cello.  But it is not; it's only a tiny bit larger than the violin, and is played under the chin.  Therfore the viola, with its relatively low, fat strings, has a rough, mournful and not very dynamic sound.  There is some inertia built into pulling a sound out of the strings whcih you do not encounter on the violin or cello, both of which ring out brightly, with less effort.  While the viola has very few solos in orichest real works, and everyone else has to play quietly for the violas to be heard, they can Be heard and it is an unusual sound.  The viola is a loud instrument when played by itself in an echoey room, but somehow In a group of other strings, it has a hard time being heard.   This is the challenge for everyone. Written Dec 29, 2015 Cello is a octave and a fifth lower meaning a violin has 4 strings (GDAE) and an octave and a 5th lower than that is (CGDA)   Also cello is bigger and longer. Usually has a big feature somewhere in w price or a counter melody. Violin has the main melody most of the time and usually has the "fast" parts. Cello and violin both, are beautiful instruments. 395 Views Written Jan 3, 2016 A first obvious answer would be that the cello is considerably taller and wider. Another would be that you play the cello only sitting down. There is no other way. Violas can use shoulder position, guitar position, and can be played standing up. Another difference is the tuning. All of the notes are the same, but the viola is a whole octave higher. This results in it no


Which legendary couple are said to be buried at Glastonbury, Somerset, England?

Glastonbury Tor, Chalice Hill, King Arthur- Crystalinks King Arthur Glastonbury is notable for myths and legends concerning Joseph of Arimathea, the Holy Grail and King Arthur. The legend that Joseph of Arimathea retrieved certain holy relics was introduced by the French poet Robert de Boron in his 13th century version of the grail story, thought to have been a trilogy though only fragments of the later books survive today. The work became the inspiration for the later Vulgate Cycle of Arthurian tales. De Boron's account relates how Joseph captured Jesus' blood in a cup (the "Holy Grail") which was subsequently brought to Britain. The Vulgate Cycle reworked Boron's original tale. Joseph of Arimathea was no longer the chief character in the Grail origin: Joseph's son, Josephus, took over his role of the Grail keeper. The earliest versions of the grail romance, however, do not call the grail "holy" or mention anything about blood, Joseph or Glastonbury. Stories of a sacred vessel dear to the Celts became entwined with the story of Christ's Last Supper and the Christian Holy Grail which inspired quests and crusades across England, Europe and the Far East. The Glastonbury and Somerset legends involve the boy Jesus together with his Uncle, Joseph of Arimathea building Glastonbury's first wattle and daub church. These legends gave rise to the continuing cult of the Virgin on the site of the present Lady Chapel and inspired the title 'Our Lady St. Mary of Glastonbury,' which is still used today. After the crucifixion of Jesus, lore has it that Joseph of Arimathea (who according to the Bible donated his own tomb for Christ's interment after the Crucifixion) came to Britain, bearing the Holy Grail--the cup used by Christ at the Last Supper and later by Joseph to catch his blood at the crucifixion. When Joseph landed on the island of Avalon, he set foot on Wearyall Hill - just below the Tor. Exhausted, he thrust his staff into the ground, and rested. By morning, his staff had taken root - leaving a strange oriental thorn bush-the sacred Glastonbury Thorn. For safe keeping, Joseph is said to have buried the Holy Grail just below the Tor at the entrance to the Underworld. Shortly after he had done this, a spring, now know as Chalice Well, flowed forth and the water that emerged brought eternal youth to whosoever would drink it. Intertwining the myths and legends of Glastonbury Abbey's history, it is widely believed that finding The Holy Grail Joseph is said to have hidden was years later the purpose behind the quests of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. In 1191, monks at the abbey claimed to have found the graves of Arthur and Guinevere to the south of the Lady Chapel of the Abbey church, which was visited by a number of contemporary historians including Giraldus Cambrensis. The remains were later moved and were lost during the Reformation. Many scholars suspect that this discovery was a pious forgery to substantiate the antiquity of Glastonbury's foundation, and increase its renown. In some Arthurian literature Glastonbury is identified with the legendary island of Avalon. An early Welsh poem links Arthur to the Tor in an account of a confrontation between Arthur and Melwas, who had apparently kidnapped Queen Guinevere. According to some versions of the Arthurian legend, Lancelot retreated to Glastonbury Abbey in penance following the death of Arthur. Joseph is said to have arrived in Glastonbury by boat over the flooded Somerset Levels. On disembarking he stuck his staff into the ground and it flowered miraculously into the Glastonbury Thorn (or Holy Thorn). This is the explanation of a hybrid hawthorn tree that only grows within a few miles of Glastonbury, that flowers twice annually, once in spring and again around Christmas time (depending on the weather). Each year a sprig of thorn is cut, by the local Anglican vicar and the eldest child from St John's School, and sent to the Queen. The original Holy Thorn was a centre of pilgrimage in the Middle Ages but was chopped down during the English Civil War (in legend t


Where did the car manufacturer Fiat originate?

Fiat History | Italy Fiat History Submitted by admin on Tue, 03/10/2015 - 00:00 The logo of FIAT, one of Italy's best known companies    Fiat has held a leading role in the automotive industry since its inception in 1899, at the dawn of Italian industrialization. From the moment they first appeared on the market, Fiat products, today ranging well beyond automobiles, have been extensively developed and recognized worldwide. Its logo has become a great status symbol due to a history of superior cars, prestige, history and tradition.    Fiat 1899 to 1911   The charter of Società Anonima Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino or Fiat, was signed on July 11, 1899. Giovanni Agnelli was on the Board of Directors, but quickly distinguished himself as the Company's innovator. He was determined Fiat would be highly successful and had great strategic vision. Because of these qualities, he became Managing Director of Fiat in 1902.   Fiat's First Factories and Races In 1900, the first Fiat factory opened in corso Dante, in Turin, with a workforce of 150 people. Fiat saw 24 cars roll off the assembly line that first year, including the company's first model, the 3 ½ CV. By 1904, a Fiat logo had been designed as an oval with a blue background. When Italy hosted the first Car Tour of the country, nine Fiats crossed the finish line. By 1902, driver Vincenzo Lancia won the Sassi-Superga uphill race, in the famous Fiat 24 hp model. Giovanni Agnelli, President of Fiat, represented the company on the racetrack, driving an 8 hp Fiat in the second Italian Car Tour and set a record in that race.   In 1908, Fiat opened the Fiat Automobile Company in the US. The Company grew in leaps and bounds: at that time, a Fiat was a luxury item in America, costing thousands more than the average domestic car of the period. Fiat continued to grow at a swift rate and it wasn't long before the company expanded its product line with trucks, trams, marine engines and commercial vehicles.   Towards the end of Fiat's early production period, the company was to undergo some changes, and overhaul its production. Fiat began fitting its cars with electrical accumulators, and also patented the cardan transmission.    The Lingotto is a cornerstone of Fiat's history (by Alessadro at flickr.com)   Under the new leadership of Giacomo Malle Trucco, construction of the famous Lingotto factory began in 1916. It was to be the largest factory in Europe, with a unique five floors assembly line that finished with a futuristic test track constructed on the building's roof. The factory was completed in 1922 and became the symbol of the automotive industry in Italy for decades to come. During WWI Fiat devoted itself to supplying the Allied Forces with weapons, aircraft and vehicles.   New Sectors Fiat began to explore new sectors before and after WWI, becoming active in electricity, public transportation lines, railways and the steel industry. A subsidiary was established in Russia and Fiat Lubrificanti was founded.   Crisis and Recovery When the war ended, a time of crisis hit Fiat and the company's factories were briefly held by workers of the Italian Socialist Party in 1921. Fortunately recovery came quickly and, by 1923, Fiat was already showing signs of growth, due in part to some very effective cost-cutting policies. At this time, Giovanni Agnelli was promoted to the position of CEO of Fiat. Several new car models were released, including the four-seat 509. Fiat set a goal to create industrial mass production in order to decrease the cost of their cars. A holding company was established to enable purchasers to pay for Fiats through installments. As the company grew worldwide, Fiat also grew internally between 1912 and 1925. They were quick to recognize their employees' needs and established a health care plan, sports clubs and specialized schools.   Fiat Topolino: a piece of Fiat History (by argentum nitricum at flickr.com)   When Mussolini's come to power in Italy, Fiat had to abandon many of its plans for an international presence. Fiat would now concentrate on producing the ne


Which instrument, with a range of around 4 octaves, has its lowest string tuned to G below middle C, with the others tuned in fifths?

String Instruments | The MyMusicTheory.com Blog The Strings What are the main orchestral string instruments? In the string section of a symphony orchestra you will normally find a number of violins, violas, cellos and a smaller number of double basses. These are the standard orchestral string instruments. There are usually about 28 violin players in a symphony orchestra. Fourteen of them are “first violins” and twelve are “second violins”. One of the first violins has the job of “leader” of the orchestra, which is a position of responsibility. Usually the leader is the one who gets to play any solos! Violas number about ten. The viola is slightly larger than the violin and produces a warmer, mellower tone. The viola isn’t often given solo melodies to play, but is more likely to be employed filling out the harmony. In the following clip you can watch the violin and viola performing together as solo instruments, in Mozart’s Sinfonia Concertante for Violin and Viola . Here you can see how the two instruments compare in both size and sound. The soloists begin at about 2″20: There will also be around ten cellos. Cellos are similar in construction to the violin and viola, but are much larger; so large in fact, that you have to sit down to play one. Cellos have a spike stuck in their underside, which sticks into the floor for support but allows the player a lot of flexibility. Cello players often have very emotional music to play, but also help fill in the inner harmony of a piece, as do the violas. One of the most famous cello players of all time was Jacqueline Du Pre (1945-1987). Watch her playing the first movement of Elgar’s Cello Concerto : The violin, viola and cello comprise the “violin family”. Finally, a big orchestra could have eight double basses. The double bass weighs about 10kg (20 pounds) and is about 6 feet (180cm) tall – as big as a man! The double bass is actually probably not directly related to the other three string instruments in this section – some historians think that it is related to the “viol” family, rather than the “violin” family, which dates back to the 15th century, because it is constructed in a slightly different way. The double bass is not often used as a solo instrument against the rest of the orchestra, as it can be difficult to hear. Here’s a double bass duo by Bottesini, the Finale of his Gran Duetto no.2 : What other string instruments are there? In addition to the four main string instruments, you can occasionally find a part for the harp. The harp is very different from the other string instruments, because the player plucks the strings with the fingers instead of using a bow. Harps have around 47 strings, and can play a range of 6 and a half octaves. Orchestral harps have seven pedals, which are used to adjust the pitch of all the strings simultaneously. Imagine a piano – if you run a finger quickly along the white notes, you’ll get a C major scale. The same thing is easily done on the harp by plucking the strings quickly. The player can change the scale produced (to any scale, major, minor or otherwise) by simply setting the foot pedals into the required positions. When were string instruments invented? Byzantine "Lyra" The violin family was developed in northern Italy in the 16th century. Some modifications were made in later years, but the instruments are essentially the same now as they were then. Violas and cellos were developed at the same time as the violin, as instrument makers were in deep experimentation with the basic form, trying to find the best way to construct their instruments. The violin shape was most likely based on older, Byzantine instruments, which were brought from Asia and the Middle East to Italy along the old Silk Route . The question whether the double bass is a member of the violin family or the viol family is one which is still hotly debated. Double basses are different in three main ways: Their strings are tuned a perfect fourth apart, whereas all the other strings are tuned in fifths. The “shoulders” of the instrument are sloping, whereas the others are r


Formula One world champions James Hunt, Nigel Mansell, Damon Hill, Lewis Hamilton and Jenson Button are all from which country?

Nigel Mansell | The Formula 1 Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Edit After a successful period in kart racing and a brief career as an aerospace engineer, Nigel won the British Formula Ford Championship in 1977. In 1979, Nigel and his wife, Rosanna sold their house to finance his move into Formula 3. Lotus: 1980-1984 Edit Colin Chapman , his F3 manager, gave Nigel a path into F1 via his successful Lotus racing time, and in 1980 Nigel made his F1 debut in the Austrian GP driving for Lotus . It was a debut Nigel would not forget as his backside was badly burnt as a result of a fuel leak. However the pain soon disappeared as Colin Chapman gave him a contract to drive for the 1981 season at Lotus. Following Chapman's death in 1982 , Peter Warr took over at Lotus but he and Nigel never got on well. In 1984 he finished in the top 10 in the Drivers' Championship for the first time in his career. Williams: 1985-1988 Edit In 1985 , Frank Williams signed Mansell and throughout his Williams career Nigel proudly drove the famous "Red 5" Car. On 6th of October 1985, Nigel won his first F1 Grand Prix, the European GP at Brands Hatch . His maiden win came after 72 attempts in the cockpit of an F1 car. Nigel then won a second successive F1 GP at the South African GP in Kyalami . In the 1986 season he won five GPs and lost the World Championship when his tyre burst with only 19 laps left on the last GP of the season . Mansell finished runner up in the Championship to Alain Prost in his McLaren - TAG . Six more wins followed in 1987 including an emotional victory in the British GP at Silverstone and then in 1988 he only managed to finish two of the 14 GPs he appeared in. Ferrari: 1989-1990 Edit In preparation for the 1989 season , Mansell became the last Ferrari driver to be personally selected by Enzo Ferrari before his death in August 1988, an honour Mansell described as "one of the greatest in my entire career". Enzo Ferrari presented a 1989 Ferrari F40 as a gift to Mansell. In Italy he became known as "il leone" ("the lion") by the tifosi (Ferrari fans) due to his fearless driving style. The season was one of change in the sport, with the banning of turbo engines by the FIA and the introduction of the electronic gearbox by Ferrari. Williams: 1991-1992 Edit After two unsuccessful years at Ferrari Mansell rejoined Williams in 1991 and finished runner up to Ayrton Senna in the Drivers Championship. The 1992 following year Mansell won the opening five races and went on to clinch the world championship with a record number of wins in one season (9) and the highest number of pole positions (14). Mansell then fell out with Williams in 1993 and moved to the USA to drive for the Newman/Hass CART Team, whereupon he won the CART Championship. Return to Formula One: Williams: 1994 Edit In 1994 Mansell made a comeback into F1. After the untimely death of Ayrton Senna at Imola he returned to Williams , replacing rookie David Coulthard . Mansell was paid approximately £900,000 per race, while Williams' lead driver Damon Hill was being paid £300,000 for the entire season. Mansell wasn't as quick as Damon Hill in race trim but signs that his speed were coming back were evident in Japan during a fantastic battle with the Ferrari of Jean Alesi . Mansell took his final Grand Prix victory , the Australian Grand Prix , which was the final race of the season having out-qualified the two contenders for the title, Damon Hill and Michael Schumacher , in the process. The plan was initially for Mansell to protect Hill from Schumacher, but both drivers passed him at the start and eventually collided, handing Schumacher his 1st World Title. Williams had an option on Mansell's services for 1995 which Mansell was sure they would take. However, Williams opted for youth over experience and hired Coulthard. McLaren: 1995 Edit Nigel made yet another return to the sport, still hot property in F1. Since he'd lost the Williams seat to the young Scot David Coulthard , he joined the McLaren team, although Ron Dennis and Mansell never looked eye to eye. Dennis only had two optio


Badfinger, Black Dyke Band, Elephant's Memory, Grapefruit, Mary Hopkin, Jackie Lomax, Modern Jazz Quartet, Radha Krsna Temple, Ravi Shankar, Ronnie Spector, James Taylor and White Trash have all recorded for what label?

Black Dyke Band : definition of Black Dyke Band and synonyms of Black Dyke Band (English)   History   Black Dyke Mills It was formerly the band of the Black Dyke Mills in Queensbury , West Yorkshire , England, a company owned by John Foster. Foster, a French horn player, joined with others in a small brass and reed band in Queensbury in 1816. [2] This band faltered, and another band formed - called the Queenshead Band - which consisted of 18 musicians around 1843. This second band also faltered, but in 1855, Foster and other musicians established the new mill band, and outfitted it with uniforms made from the mill's own cloth. Most of the musicians in the band also worked at the mill, and a close bond was fostered with the local community. The band has remained active since that time, and still rehearses in its original rooms. Black Dyke was the first band to achieve the "Grand Slam" in 1985 by winning the Yorkshire regional, European, British Open and National Championship contests. [3] They were also voted BBC Band of the Year. [4]   Recordings Black Dyke Band has made over 300 recordings, including one of the first brass band recordings in 1904 and classical music . It has recorded with classical bass trombonist Douglas Yeo , and pop acts Tori Amos , Peter Gabriel and The Beautiful South . The band also worked with Gabriel on the highly acclaimed Millennium Show, featured in the Millennium Dome , as well as recording the music for the BBC programme Ground Force . In September 1968, the band released a single on The Beatles ’ Apple Records label. The A-side was an instrumental composed by Lennon–McCartney called "Thingumybob" (the theme to a Yorkshire Television sitcom of the same name starring Stanley Holloway ). The flipside was a brass band instrumental version of another Lennon–McCartney song, " Yellow Submarine ". The single was released under the name John Foster & Sons Ltd Black Dyke Mills Band, produced by McCartney, and was one of the first four singles issued on the Apple label. [5] In 1979, the Black Dyke Mills Band worked again with McCartney on a track for the Wings album Back to the Egg . In August 2009, the band undertook a tour of Australia with multi-instrumentalist James Morrison which culminated in a concert at the Sydney Opera House . [6]   Notable members The principals of the band's current line up include: [7] Principal Cornet: Richard Marshall


Which US TV programme is broadcast regularly from the Ed Sullivan Theatre?

Scotty Moore - CBS Studio 50 Ed Sullivan Theater CBS TV Studio 50, New York, NY January 1956 Photo courtesy Robert Gordon's "The King on the Road" On January 28, 1956 Elvis, Scotty, Bill and DJ made     their first National Television appearance on the Dorsey brother's "Stage Show".  It was the first of six appearances on the show     and the first of eight performances recorded and broadcast from CBS TV     Studio 50 at 1697 Broadway in New York City.  Initially only booked     for four appearances in January and February ( 4th, 11th, 18th ), after the success of     their first appearance they were signed to two more on March 17th and     24th. Photo ï¿½ EPE courtesy Elvis Insiders Elvis on the Dorsey     Bros. Stage Show - March 17, 1956 Photoï¿½ courtesy Alfred Wertheimer Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey were bandleaders from the big band era of the     1920s, '30s and '40s.  Starting out together in the same band Tommy     eventually left and started his own orchestra.  In 1953 the Dorsey     Brothers reunited when Jimmy joined Tommy's band.  From 1955 until Tommy's     death in '56 they hosted "Stage Show," their own variety show on CBS.1   Stage show was produced by Jackie Gleason and preceded the     Honeymooners at 8:00 PM on Saturday nights. Tommy Dorsey with band at CBS Studio 50 Photo ï¿½ courtesy CBS     retiree's by Tony Cucurullo June Taylor Dancers from Dorsey Bros. Stage Show at CBS Studio     50 Photo ï¿½ courtesy CBS     retiree's by Tony Cucurullo Though the band had been touring the south for 17 months, had 5     records out on the Sun label and Elvis had recently signed with RCA for     at the time the most money ever paid for a recording contract they were     still relatively unknown to most of the American public.  Variety shows like "Stage Show" and The Ed Sullivan Show at     that time were performed live on stage before a live audience and as a     rule those serving in the armed forces were generally given     priority admittance to the performances.  One serviceman     stationed in New Jersey in attendance that evening said ,"I often went on Saturday nights to the Dorsey brothers show and I     was there when Elvis Presley made his national television debut on that     show.  I had never heard of him and was startled when he appeared on     stage and hundreds of girls began screaming."2 Tommy Dorsey, Elvis and Jimmy Dorsey Photo courtesy Cristi Dragomir Stage Show 2nd appearance - February 4, 1956 Old CBS Studio Photo - typical camera crew Photo ï¿½ courtesy CBS     retiree's by Tony Cucurullo The band was set up and performed in an area of the stage directly in     front of the Dorsey Orchestra with DJ's drums set up on a small     platform.  Scotty's and Bill's amps were also placed on this     platform with Elvis in front using a RCA77DX microphone.  They were     filmed with two (or possibly three) Television cameras, one on a crane.  On the first     two appearances the band performed with all of their own instruments.   Elvis, Scotty, Bill and DJ - March 17, 1956 Photo ï¿½ Al Wertheimer courtesy Ger Rijff Elvis, Scotty, Bill and DJ - March 17, 1956 Photo ï¿½ Al Wertheimer courtesy Ger Rijff On the third, fourth and fifth appearances Bill used a     rented bass (different on the third from the fourth and fifth) and DJ a rented drum set.  On     the fifth and sixth Elvis performed with a Martin D18 that he would occasionally use instead of his D28 , but on their sixth and final     appearance on Stage Show the band performed with all of their own     equipment.  The band would return to Studio 50 two more times to     perform on that stage for their second and third appearances on The Ed     Sullivan Show , on October 28, 1956 and January 6, 1957.  These would also     be their last television appearances of the 1950s.  Their first     appearance on the Ed Sullivan show was     broadcast live from Holl


The main religion in Nepal is a style of what?

Nepal Religion Nepal Information » Nepal Religion Nepal Religion Religion is an integral and deep-rooted part of Nepalese life. Nepal  is only country constitutionally declared Hindu state in the world, but  many religions are practice here. A remarkable feature of Nepal is thus  the religious homogeneity that exists, particularly between the  Buddhist and Hindu communities. The rich cultural heritage of Nepal can  be seen in the diverse social customs and frequent socio-religious  festivals, which spill into the streets and squares of the cities and  villages. There is hardly a day or a place where one can not see the  celebration of some sort of festival, however small. You can see that  it has its root in distant history. Percentages of religious are: 1. Hindu: 80%  2. Buddhist: 15% 3. Muslim 3% 4. Others: 2% In Nepal, Hinduism and Buddhism are the two main religions. The two  have co-existed down the ages and many Hindu temples share the same  complex as, Buddhist shrines. Hindu and Buddhist worshippers may regard  the same god with different names while performing religious rites. Nepal has been declared as a secular country by the Parliament on May  18, 2006. Religions like Hindusim Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, and  Bon are practiced here. Some of the earliest inhabitants like the  Kirats practice their own kind of religion based on ancestor worship  and the Tharus practice animism. Over the years, Hinduism and Buddhism  have been influenced by these practices which have been modified to  form a synthesis of newer beliefs. For centuries the Nepal remained divided into many principalities. Kirats ruled in the east, the Newars in the Kathmandu Valley, while Gurungs and Magars occupied the mid-west. The Kirats ruled from 300 BC and during their reign, emperor Ashoka arrived from India to build a pillar at Lumbini in memory of Lord Buddha. The Kirats were followed by the Lichchhavis whose descendants today are believed to be the Newars of the Kathmandu Valley. During this period, art thrived in Nepal and many of the beautiful woodcarvings and sculptures that are found in the country belong to this era. With the end of the Lichchhavi dynasty, Malla kings came to power in 1200 AD and they also contributed tremendously to Nepal's art and culture. However, after almost 600 years of rule, the kings were not united among themselves and during the late 18th century, Prithvi Narayan Shah, King of Gorkha, conquered Kathmandu and united Nepal into one kingdom. Recognizing the threat of the British Raj in India, he dismissed European missionaries from the country and for more than a century, Nepal remained in isolation. During the mid-19th century Jung Bahadur Rana became Nepal's first prime minister to wield absolute power. He set up an oligarchy and the Shah kings remained figureheads. The Ranas were overthrown in a democracy movement of the early 1950s. Religious Festivals Most of the festivals celebrated in Nepal have religious significance.  The dates of most festivals are fixed by famous astrologers after  consulting the lunar calendar. The biggest and most popular festivals  are: Dashain, a celebration of Goddess Bhagabati's victory over evil  Mahisashur; and Tihar, a celebration of lights dedicated to Goddess  Laxmi. Nepal Fact Sheet


According to the nursery rhyme, what did little Jack Horner pull out of his Christmas pie?

Little Jack Horner | Nursery Rhymes from Mother Goose He put in his thumb, And pulled out a plum, And said “What a good boy am I!” The 1725 version: Now he sings of Jacky Horner Sitting in the Chimney-corner Putting in his thumb, Oh Fie Putting in, Oh Fie! his Thumb Pulling out, Oh Strange! a Plum. Carey's Satirical Poem Henry Carey wrote this nursery rhyme (the version of 1725) as a satirical poem. The target for his satire was Ambrose Philips, also a poet and writer. The mocking was motivated by jealousy, because Philips enjoyed being patronized by wealthy aristocrats. His poems that are sometimes called ‘infantile’ were in fact enjoyed and admired by many precisely because of their simplicity. Jack Horner, however, has been ever since associated with opportunism. The Manor in a Pie Another interpretation of this nursery rhyme was created in the nineteenth century. According to this, the story of Little Jack Horner is about Thomas Horner, who was a contemporary of King Henry VIII. He served blessed Richard Whiting, the head of the monastery in Glastonbury, England. Whiting sent Horner to Henry VIII with a big Christmas pie, inside of which were hidden the deeds to twelve manors. He tried to save the monastery with this act, as Henry VIII had broken off from the Catholic Church, was closing monasteries, and seizing their properties. During the journey Horner stole one of the deeds, the deed to the manor in Mells, and afterwards became the owner of it. Even though Henry VIII got the remaining eleven manors, he didn’t spare the monastery. It was also closed down, Whiting was accused of treason and executed.


What is the most populous city in Canada, the provincial capital of Ontario, which is on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario?

Toronto, Ontario, Canada | Flickr Back to albums list Toronto, Ontario, Canada Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. With over 2.5 million residents, it is the fifth most populous municipality in North America. Toronto is at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and is part of a densely populated region in Southern Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe, which is home to 8.1 million residents and has approximately 25% of Canada's population. The census metropolitan area (CMA) had a population of 5,113,149, and the Greater Toronto Area had a population of 5,555,912 in the 2006 Census. As Canada's economic capital, Toronto is considered a global city and is one of the top financial centres in the world.Toronto's leading economic sectors include finance, business services, telecommunications, aerospace, transportation, media, arts, film, television production, publishing, software production, medical research, education, tourism and sports industries. The Toronto Stock Exchange, the world's seventh largest, is headquartered in the city, along with a majority of Canada's corporations. Toronto's population is cosmopolitan and international, reflecting its role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada. Toronto is one of the world's most diverse cities by percentage of non-native-born residents, as about 49% of the population were born outside of Canada. Because of the city's low crime rates, clean environment, high standard of living, and friendlier attitudes to diversity, Toronto is consistently rated as one of the world's most livable cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit and the Mercer Quality of Living Survey.In addition, Toronto was ranked as the most expensive Canadian city in which to live in 2006. Residents of Toronto are called Torontonians. Show more


Which TV series featuring British celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay that debuted in 2004 shows him visiting a failing restaurant and try to improve it in one week?

About: Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares About: Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares An Entity of Type : Thing ,   from Named Graph : http://dbpedia.org ,   within Data Space : dbpedia.org Property abstract Cauchemar en cuisine (Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares) (Les cauchemars en cuisine de Ramsay en anglais) est une émission de téléréalité britannique mettant en scène le célèbre chef-cuisinier Gordon Ramsay. L'émission fut diffusée entre le et le sur Channel 4. En France, l'émission est diffusée sur W9 et sur M6. L'émission est aussi rediffusée sur Paris Première. (fr) Gordon Ramsay: Chef ohne Gnade (Originaltitel Ramsay’s Kitchen Nightmares) ist eine britische Fernsehserie, die den Koch Gordon Ramsay dabei zeigt, wie er versucht, angeschlagene Restaurants zu retten. Die Serie wird vom britischen Fernsehsender Channel 4 produziert und läuft in Deutschland auf dem Sender DMAX. 2008 wurde sie von der British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) und 2006 mit dem Emmy ausgezeichnet. Für den US-Fernsehsender FOX wird eine Serie mit dem gleichen Konzept und ebenfalls von Gordon Ramsay unter dem Namen Kitchen Nightmares (in Deutschland unter dem Namen In Teufels Küche bei RTL 2 veröffentlicht) produziert. 2006 gewann Gordon Ramsay eine Klage gegen den Londoner Evening Standard, nachdem die Besitzerin des Bonapartes Restaurant in der Zeitung behauptet hatte, dass die Szenen gestellt waren. (de) Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares es un programa de televisión presentado por el cocinero Gordon Ramsay. El programa ha sido ganador de un BAFTA y del Premio Emmy debutó en el Canal 4 ingles en 2004. (es) Cucine da incubo (Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares) è un programma televisivo trasmesso dall'emittente TV britannica Channel 4 dal 2004 al 2009 in cui il cuoco Gordon Ramsay cercava di salvare dei ristoranti e dei pub sull'orlo del fallimento. Il programma è la versione ambientata nel Regno Unito del successivo Cucine da incubo USA (Kitchen Nightmares), ambientato, invece, negli Stati Uniti. Nel mese di giugno 2014, Ramsay ha annunciato che sarebbe tornato per quattro puntate dopo una pausa di sette anni. Questi quattro episodi hanno portato la versione, che esiste negli Stati Uniti e nel Regno Unito, al termine. In Italia il programma viene attualmente trasmesso da Real Time con il titolo Cucine da incubo; la stessa rete trasmette anche la versione statunitense del programma. Nella versione italiana del programma, la voce di chef Ramsay appartiene al doppiatore Diego Sabre. Tale programma ne ha ispirato uno simile sempre condotto da Ramsay, Hotel da incubo. Un'omonima versione italiana di Cucine da incubo con Antonino Cannavacciuolo viene trasmessa da Fox Life dal 2013 al 2015 per poi passare su Deejay TV l'anno dopo. (it) Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares is a television programme featuring British celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay. The BAFTA and Emmy Award-winning programme debuted on Channel 4 in 2004. In each episode, Ramsay visits a failing restaurant and acts as a troubleshooter to help improve the establishment in just one week. Ramsay revisits the restaurant a few months later to see how business has fared in his absence. Episodes from series one and two have been re-edited with additional new material as Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares Revisited; they featured Ramsay checking up on restaurants a year or more after he attended to them. An American adaptation of this show, titled Kitchen Nightmares, debuted 19 September 2007, on Fox. It is broadcast in the UK on Channel 4 as Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares USA. In October 2009 Ramsay announced that after his four-year contract expired in 2011 he would not continue with Kitchen Nightmares and would instead work on his other shows. In June 2014, however, Ramsay announced that the UK version would return for four episodes after a seven-year hiatus. These four episodes will bring the "Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares" franchise, which exists in the United States and the United Kingdom, to an end. (en) Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares foi um reality show britânico apresentado por Gordon Ramsay, e transmitido pelo Channel 4 entre


In which country were elections planned for 1991 were stopped by the military (leading to Civil War), were held in 1995, and, in 1999, after a series of short-term military leaders, Abdelaziz Bouteflika was elected president?

Algerian Civil War Algerian Civil War Victory for Algerian government, continued insurgency by the GSPC Belligerents France Islamic Armed Movement (MIA) Islamic Salvation Army (AIS) Armed Islamic Group (GIA) Commanders Ali Kafi Liamine Zéroual Abdelaziz Bouteflika MIA: Abdelkader Chebouti AIS: Madani Mezrag Antar Zouabri et al. Strength 140,000 (1994) 124,000 (in 2001 ) 2,000 (1992) 40,000 (1994) 300–1,000 (2005) Unknown ~150,000–200,000 dead See: List of Algerian massacres The Algerian Civil War was an armed conflict between the Algerian government and various Islamist rebel groups which began in 1991. It is estimated to have cost between 150,000 and 200,000 lives. More than 70 journalists were assassinated, either by security forces or by Islamists. The conflict effectively ended with a government victory, following the surrender of the Islamic Salvation Army and the 2002 defeat of the Armed Islamic Group. However, low-level fighting still continues in some areas. The conflict began in December 1991, when the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) party gained popularity amongst the Algerian people and the National Liberation Front (FLN) party, fearing the former's victory, cancelled elections after the first round. At this time the country's military effectively took control of the government, and president Chadli Bendjedid was forced from office. After the FIS was banned and thousands of its members arrested, Islamist guerrillas rapidly emerged and began an armed campaign against the government and its supporters. They formed themselves into several armed groups, principally the Islamic Armed Movement (MIA), based in the mountains, and the Armed Islamic Group (GIA), based in the towns. The guerrillas initially targeted the army and police, but some groups soon started attacking civilians. In 1994, as negotiations between the government and the FIS's imprisoned leadership reached their height, the GIA declared war on the FIS and its supporters, while the MIA and various smaller groups regrouped, becoming the FIS-loyalist Islamic Salvation Army (AIS). Soon after, the talks collapsed, and new elections, the first since the 1992 coup d'état, were held—won by the army's candidate (himself a former active participant, as were a significant number of other military officials, in president Bendjedid's FLN government), General Liamine Zéroual. Conflict between the GIA and AIS intensified. Over the next few years, the GIA began a series of massacres targeting entire neighborhoods or villages; some evidence also suggests the involvement of government forces. These massacres peaked in 1997 around the parliamentary elections, which were won by a newly created pro-Army party, the National Democratic Rally (RND). The AIS, under attack from both sides, opted for a unilateral ceasefire with the government in 1997, while the GIA was torn apart by splits as various subdivisions objected to its new massacre policy. In 1999, following the election of a new president, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, a new law gave amnesty to most guerrillas, motivating large numbers to "repent" (as it was termed) and return to normal life. The violence declined substantially, with effective victory for the government. The remnants of the GIA proper were hunted down over the next two years, and had practically disappeared by 2002. A splinter group of the GIA, the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), initially based on the fringes of Kabylie, formed in 1998 to dissociate itself from the massacres. However, despite its former repudiation of attacking non-combatants, they "...eventually returned to killing civilians" and in October of 2003 , publicly endorsed Al-Qaeda. The GSPC rejected the amnesty and has continued to fight, although many individual members have surrendered. While as of 2006, its comparatively sparse activities - mainly in mountainous parts of the east - are the only remaining fighting in Algeria, a complete end to the violence is not yet in sight. Liberalization: Prelude to war By the end of 1987, the single-party socialist republic under which Alg


What branch of biology, dating from the discovery of blood corpuscles by Marcello Malpighi in 1661, classifies and descibes the development of the forms of living organisms?

Medicine : an exhibition of books relating to medicine and surgery from the collection formed by J.K. Lilly. An Exhibition:     a machine-readable transcription Medicine : an exhibition of books relating to medicine and surgery from the collection formed by J.K. Lilly. An Exhibition:       a machine-readable transcription Lilly Library (Indiana University, Bloomington) Transcribed from: Lilly Library (Indiana University, Bloomington). Randall, David A. ,                   Bennett, J. Q. Medicine : an exhibition of books relating to medicine and surgery from the collection formed by J.K. Lilly.                   Lilly Library,                   Bloomington, IN,                   1966.                                   100 p. : ill., facsims. ; 28 cm. Lilly Library call number:        Z688.M4 I6 1966 Medicine: relating to medicine and surgery from the collection J. K. Lilly LILLY LIBRARY/INDIANA UNIVERSITY THE J. K. LILLY COLLECTION OF ORIGINAL APPEARANCES OF CLASSICAL WORKS IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY J. K. Lilly's interest in collecting medical books in their original appearances budded early but flowered late. It was not       too late, however, for him to acquire, at what now seem modest sums, a distinguished group, remarkable not only for their       importance but also for their fine condition. He showed some interest in this field from the very beginning of his collecting career. It was fortunate that, at that time,       he could blithely turn down Vesalius's De Humani Corporis Fabrica (Basel, 1543) and Harvey's De Motu Cordis (Frankfort, 1628) on the grounds either that he was "out of funds at the moment" or that "he would prefer to wait for a better       copy" and still have second and third chances to acquire them. Today a collector, solvent or not, disregards even mediocre       copies of these at his peril, although neither ranks very high among medical rarities. Among Mr. Lilly's earliest purchases were works of Sir William Osler, for whom he had unbounded admiration. In 1937 he purchased       from the writer, then at Scribner's, New York, a small collection of Osler, including a first edition of Aequanimitas with Other Addresses to Medical Students, Nurses and Practitioners of Medicine (London, 1904). This great book had a special attraction for him because, as he explained, the Eli Lilly Company, instead       of giving medical school graduates a few sample bottles of pills as a souvenir of this momentous occasion, had come up with       a different idea. They sent each a copy of Aequanimitas with the following letter. ELI  LILLY  AND  COMPANY—Indianapolis, U.S.A. Office of Nineteen Thirty-Six Dear Doctor: Together with congratulations on your attainment of a medical degree, this volume of addresses by Sir William Osler, who adorned        your profession in the United States for so many years, is cordially presented. As the addresses by this master mind of modern medicine are read, may you catch his vision of the almost boundless possibilities        of your chosen profession. May you share with him his "relish of knowledge" and his absorbing love and passionate, persistent search for truth. Above all, may there come to you an inspiration which will enable you to live a rich, a happy, and an abundant life. Sincerely yours, ELI  LILLY AND COMPANY President The results had been gratifying indeed. Over the years some 100,000 copies had been distributed, including a Spanish translation,       and had incidentally provided a welcome source of income to the Osler estate. Among Lilly's many collecting ventures at this time, his bookish interests were mainly literary and his collecting of medical       works was sporadic. He twice refused offers of Harvey's De Motu Cordis, perhaps the                           most important work in the whole history of medicine. Tho


King George III signed The Instrument of Foundation on 10 December 1768 for (and made large grants from his private funds to) which independent, privately funded institution?

Royal Academy : Wikis (The Full Wiki) The Full Wiki       Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics Royal Collection Did you know ... Simeon Solomon was a British painter who regularly had works displayed at the Royal Academy in the 1860s ? British Pre-Raphaelite painter Solomon Joseph Solomon (artist of the picture) was one of the few Jewish painters of his time to become a member of the Royal Academy ? 19th-century English portrait painter Henry William Pickersgill was a member of the Royal Academy for almost 50 years, and showed a total of 384 works there? More interesting facts on Royal Academy Include this on your site/blog: Encyclopedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about an art institution in London. For other meanings of Royal Academy see Royal Academy (disambiguation) . For the Royal Academy of Art in The Hague (Netherlands), see Royal Academy of Art (The Hague) . Royal Academy of Arts Official website Satiric drawing of Sir William Chambers, one of the founders, trying to slay the 8-headed hydra of the Incorporated Society of Artists The Royal Academy of Arts is an art institution based in Burlington House on Piccadilly , London , England . The Royal Academy of Arts has a unique position in being an independent, privately funded institution led by eminent artists and architects whose purpose is to promote the creation, enjoyment and appreciation of the visual arts through exhibitions, education and debate. Contents 10 External links History The Royal Academy of Arts was founded through a personal act of King George III on 10 December 1768 with a mission to promote the arts of design through education and exhibition. The motive in founding the Academy was twofold: to raise the professional status of the artist by establishing a sound system of training and expert judgment in the arts and to arrange the exhibition of contemporary works of art attaining an appropriate standard of excellence. Behind this concept was the desire to foster a national school of art and to encourage appreciation and interest in the public based on recognised canons of good taste. Fashionable taste in 18th century Britain centered on continental and traditional art forms providing contemporary artists little opportunity to sell their works. From 1746 the Foundling Hospital , through the efforts of William Hogarth, provided an early venue for contemporary artists to show their work in Britain. The success of this venture led to the formation of the Society of Artists and the Free Society of Artists. Both these groups were primarily exhibiting societies and their initial success was marred by internal fractions amongst the artists. The combined vision of education and exhibition to establish a national school of art set the Royal Academy apart from the other exhibiting societies. It provided the foundation upon which the Royal Academy came to dominate the art scene of the 18th and 19th centuries supplanting the earlier art societies. Sir William Chambers used his connections with King George III to gain royal patronage and financial support of the Academy and the painter Sir Joshua Reynolds was made its first President. The Instrument of Foundation of the Royal Academy signed by King George III on 10 December 1768 named 34 Founder Members and allowed for a total membership of 40. The Founder Members were Sir Joshua Reynolds , Benjamin West , Thomas Sandby , Francis Cotes , John Baker, Mason Chamberlin , John Gwynn , Thomas Gainsborough , Giovanni Battista Cipriani , Jeremiah Meyer , Francis Milner Newton, Paul Sandby , Francesco Bartolozzi , Charles Catton , Nathaniel Hone the Younger , William Tyler, Nathaniel Dance , Richard Wilson (painter) , George Michael Moser , Samuel Wale, Peter Toms, Angelica Kauffman , Richard Yeo , Mary Moser , William Chambers , Joseph Wilton , George Barret , Edward Penny, Augustino Carlini , Francis Hayman , D


Which poisonous compound can be a gas, solid or liquid, the most infamous application of which was use by the Nazi regime in Germany for mass murder in some gas chambers during the Holocaust?

zyklon b : definition of zyklon b and synonyms of zyklon b (English)   History   Zyklon B labels Even before any of the modern methods of mass producing prussic acid were developed, suggestions were made that it could be used systematically to kill humans. A Berlin pharmacist is credited with the proposal to use rags with prussic acid placed on bayonets to combat the advancing Napoleonic army in 1813. [1] During World War I , the French army reportedly – according to Fritz Haber , the German chemist who helped develop poisonous gas for German Army use (see below) – used 2000 tons of prussic acid as a poison gas agent in artillery ammunition . [2] Hydrocyanic acid was widely used for the fumigation of valuable tree crops. It was initially applied to citrus fruit in 1887 in California . [3] Use spread to Spain and other countries using either liquid prussic acid, calcium cyanide , or sodium cyanide preparations. During World War I other HCN-based pest control applications were developed, and soon fumigation of ships, stores, factories, and even residential buildings with hydrocyanic acid gas became a popular method of combatting insect and rodent pests in many countries. [4] Thousands of ships, cereal mills, and other food processing factories were fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas until the mid 1930s in Germany alone. Degussa ("Deutsche Gold- und Silber-Scheideanstalt") had a leading role in the German research on pest control with hydrocyanic acid gas from 1916/17 on. [5] Degussa's expertise in handling HCN resulted from its use in the extraction of gold from gold ore. Initially, the so-called pot method was used to simply generate HCN gas by treating sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide with diluted sulfuric acid in a pot. [6] Like the utilisation of highly concentrated liquid prussic acid, the pot method has a number of disadvantages. For example, prussic acid is chemically stable only for a limited period of time. This hinders long-term storage. Also, highly explosive air-HCN mixtures form easily when applied. In March 1919 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung mbH ( Degesch , lit. "German Limited Company for Pest Control") was founded by a consortium of German chemical companies including Degussa, and initially led by chemistry Nobel laureate Fritz Haber . Haber had World War I experience in the development of poison gas for the German chemical warfare program. At Degesch, Ferdinand Flury developed Zyklon A in 1920. Its development was a major advance over previous methods of delivering hydrocyanic acid for pest control because of its improved chemical stability and the presence of a warning odorant. [7]   "A fumigating and disinfecting team getting ready to work in New Orleans" 1939; Zyklon canisters visible Walter Heerdt , Bruno Tesch and Gerhard Peters were all collaborators of Fritz Haber working at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry at Berlin-Dahlem . Out of this group of Haber assistants, Walter Heerdt was named the official inventor of Zyklon B in a Degesch patent application from 20 June 1922 (number DE 438818). Reichspatentamt awarded the patent on 27 December 1926. [8] The main invention in Zyklon B consisted of the absorption of liquid hydrocyanic acid into a highly porous adsorbent. Initially, heated diatomite ( diatomaceous earth ) was used as an adsorbent. Later, high-porosity gypsum pellets called Erco-dice (described by eye witnesses as "crystals") as well as disks made from wood fibre were also used. The adsorbed hydrocyanic acid was very safe in handling and storage when placed in inexpensive airtight cans of various sizes. [9] Gerhard Peters, manager of Degesch, cites M. Kaiser to the effect that Heute ist die Zyklon-Blausäure als "das Mittel der Wahl" [...] nicht nur zur Entwanzung und Entlausung, sondern ganz allgemein zur Entwesung großer Räume in allen Erdteilen bekannt. (Today Zyklon-prussic acid is known as the means of choice [...] not only for debugging and delousing but also, in general, for the extermination of large spaces in all quarters o


In what year did Canada win a gold medal for the first time at an Olympic Games that they hosted?

Olympic Winter Games - The Canadian Encyclopedia MLA 7th Edition Marsh, James H.. "Olympic Winter Games". The Canadian Encyclopedia.     Toronto: Historica Canada, 2011. Web. 24 Oct 2011. Marsh, James H.. "Olympic Winter Games". The Canadian Encyclopedia.     Toronto: Historica Canada, 2011. Web. 24 Oct 2011. APA 6th Edition Marsh, J.H.. R. The Canadian Encyclopedia. (2011). Olympic winter games.     Retrieved January 20, 2017 From http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/winter-olympic-games/. Marsh, J.H.. R. The Canadian Encyclopedia. (2011). Olympic winter games.     Retrieved January 20, 2017 From http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/winter-olympic-games/. Chicago 16th Edition Marsh, James H.. "Olympic Winter Games." In The Canadian Encyclopedia.     Historica Canada, 1985—. Article published October 24, 2011 Marsh, James H.. "Olympic Winter Games." In The Canadian Encyclopedia.     Historica Canada, 1985—. Article published October 24, 2011 Turabian Marsh, James H.. 2011. Olympic Winter Games. The Canadian Encyclopedia http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/winter-olympic-games/ (accessed January 20, 2017). Marsh, James H.. 2011. Olympic Winter Games. The Canadian Encyclopedia     http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/winter-olympic-games/ (accessed January 20, 2017). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. home Olympic Winter Games The idea of including winter sports in the Olympic Games dates back to 1900, when organizers planned to include figure skating as part of the 1900 Games in Paris. Canada at the Winter Olympic Games The idea of including winter sports in the Olympic Games dates back to 1900, when organizers planned to include figure skating as part of the 1900 Games in Paris. It did not happen then but figure skating exhibitions were held in October 1908 at the London summer games, won by Swedish skater Ulrich Salchow, originator of the jump that now bears his name. In 1911 an International Olympic Committee (IOC) member failed to persuade the Swedes to include winter sports in the Stockholm Games. The Swedes saw the idea as a threat to their own Nordic Games and rejected it. The Nordic Games dated back to 1901 and were held at different intervals until 1926. They were pretty much a Swedish affair as only one event was hosted outside Sweden (in Oslo). Finally Nordic Games originator Viktor Gustav Balck himself successfully lobbied the IOC to include figure skating events in the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. Figure skating and ice hockey (won by the Winnipeg Falcons) were both included in the Summer Olympics held in Antwerp in 1920, though they were staged 10 weeks before the regular events, in the Antwerp ice palace. 1924 Winter Olympic Games: Chamonix, France (January 25-February 5) Finally, in 1921, over the objections of the founder of the modern Olympic movement Baron Pierre de Coubertin, who considered winter sports to be too closely associated with the upper classes, the IOC agreed to stage a separate "International Sports Week" during the winter in Chamonix, France, in 1924. The small town already had a ski jump and organizers added a bobsled run and ice stadium in the valley and ski trails. Of the 258 athletes from 16 nations who competed, 245 were men and 13 were women. These Games were a great success and were retroactively named the first Olympic Winter Games. The first Winter Olympic gold medal was awarded to Charles Jewtraw of Lake Placid, New York, for the men's 500-m speed skating event. Norwegian figure skater Sonja Henie made her debut at the age of 11. An accomplished ballerina, Henie introduced a new style of skating to the event that caught the attention of many judges and spectators. The Canadian ice-hockey team, comprised of Granite Club players from Toronto, won all 5 of its matches, outscoring its opponents 110 to 3. The closest contest was the gold-medal game, in whi


What is the difference between the sum of the prime numbers between 0 and 10 and the product of those numbers?

Types of Numbers     As you can   see, the location of the ones digit in the binary representation   indicates the numbers of the binary sequence that are to be   added together to yield the base 10 number of interest.   CARDINAL   NUMBERS   A cardinal   number is a number that defines how many items there are in a   group or collection of items. Typically, an entire group of   items is referred to as the "set" of items and the items within   the set are referred to as the "elements" of the set. For   example, the number, group, or set, of players on a baseball   team is defined by the cardinal number 9. The set of 200 high   school students in the graduating class is defined by the   cardinal number 200. (See ordinal numbers and tag numbers.)   CATALAN   NUMBERS   Catalan   numbers are one of many special sequences of numbers that derive   from combinatorics problems in recreational mathematics.   Combinatorics deals with the selection of elements from a set of   elements typically encountered under the topics of probability,   combinations, permutations, and sampling. The specific Catalan   numbers are 1, 1, 2, 5, 14, 42, 132, 429, 1430, 4862, 16,796 and   so on deriving from     This   particular set of numbers derive from several combinatoric   problems, one of which is the following. Given "2n" people gathered at a round table. How many person to person,   non-crossing, handshakes can be made, i.e., no pairs of arms   crossing one another across the table? A few quick sketches of   circles with even sets of dots and lines will lead you to the   first three answers easily. Two people, one handshake. Four   people, two handshakes. Six people, 5 handshakes. With a little   patience and perseverance, eight people will lead you to 14   handshakes. Beyond that, it is probably best to rely on the   given expression.   CHOICE   NUMBERS   Choice   numbers, more commonly called combination numbers, or simply   combinations, are the number of ways that a number of things can   be selected, chosen, or grouped. Combinations concern only the   grouping of items and not the arrangement of those items. They   typically evolve from the question how many combinations of "n" objects are possible using all "n" objects or "r" objects at a   time? To find the number of combinations of "n" dissimilar   things taken "r" at a time, the formula is:   which can be stated as "n" factorial divided by the product of "r" factorial times (n - r) factorial.   Example: How   many different ways can you combine the letters A, B, C, and D   in sets of three? Clearly,     namely ABC, ABD, ACD, and BCD. (Note that ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB and   CBA are all the same combination just arranged differently. In how many   ways can a committee of three people be selected from a group of   12 people? We have:     How many   handshakes will take place between six people in a room when   they each shakes hands with all the other people in the room one   time? Here,     Notice that   no consideration is given to the order or arrangement of the   items but simply the combinations.   Another way of   viewing combinations is as follows. Consider the number of   combinations of 5 letters taken 3 at a time. This produces:     Now assume you permute (arrange)   the r = 3 letters in each of the 10 combinations in all possible   ways. Each group would produce r! permutations. Letting x = 5C3 for the moment, we would therefore have a total of x(r!)   different permutations. This total, however, represents all the   possible permutations (arrangements) of n things taken r at a   time, which is shown under arrangement numbers and defined as nPr. Therefore,   Using the committee of 3 out of 12 people example from   above,     Consider the   following: How many different ways can you enter a 4 door car?   It is clear that there are 4 different ways of entering the car.   Another way of expressing this is:


"What is the country of origin of the cheese called ""Monterey Jack""?"

Monterey County Historical Society, Local History Pages--The "True" Story of Monterey Jack CheeseJacks Monterey Jack Cheese by Wendy Moss This essay was written as a class assignment in SBSC 326: History of the Monterey Bay Area, 10,000 B.C. to Steinbeck, California State University Monterey Bay, Spring Semester 1996. Who invented Monterey Jack Cheese? Was it David Jacks , the man who lays claim to putting the Jack in jack cheese? Or was it Dona Juana Cota de Boronda? Or Domingo Pedrazzi of Carmel Valley? There are other versions and other stories as well and I think that you will be surprised with what you find out. What is Monterey Jack Cheese? First, it is one of the four cheeses to supposedly have been created in the United States. It is said to be a "descendent of the semi-soft Italian cheese that fed Caesar's armies." A booklet from the Kraft Food Co. dated 1954 calls Monterey jack cheese "a mild buffet and sandwich cheese made something like cheddar." The connection to cheddar is due to the manufacturing process that is similar, although without dye. Monterey Jack is also compared as a "granular cheese similar to Wisconsin brick." Lastly and most importantly is that Monterey jack is a descendant of "Queso del Pais" which translates as "country cheese." For more than half a century there has been an ongoing debate over who actually created Monterey Jack Cheese and the characters who tell the story are as interesting as those who created it. First I'll tell you how the "jack" got put into the cheese--the official title was given by the Food and Drug Administration of The United States of America sometime in the fall of 1955. "The name has been sanctioned 'pursuant to the authority vested in the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare by the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act,' according to a bulletin just received from Washington D.C." This is taken from an article in the Monterey Peninsula Herald dated Wednesday, Oct. 5, 1955. That does not mean that Jack's Monterey or Monterey jack had not been used prior to the official title being designated. Now comes the tricky part--who first manufactured and marketed jack cheese? In 1859, records from The Curtis and Conover Store state that "A.W. Billings shipped out five boxes of cheese on August 27, 1859 and paid $1 to have them hauled to the wharf and shipped." His actions were repeated over later months. "Two other people were also shipping cheese at the same time as Mr. Billings. I. Shaw shipped cheese by schooner in September, 1859, and Miguel Allen (of the Boronda family) bought '1 cheese hoop' for $2." These records are based on one store's records only, and there were several others in the area that dealt with shipping items. There is also a note in the records that no individual cheese sales had taken place from this particular commercial retailer, so the common deduction is that either people were making their own or buying from certain individuals in the area. One individual who is known to have manufactured and sold "Queso del Pais" door-to-door is Dona Juana Cota de Boronda. Dona Boronda took on this effort after an accident crippled her husband and left her to fend for her family of 17, fifteen children as well as she and her husband. On the family property behind the historic adobe built by her husband there once stood the remains of an old cheese factory. Another individual who apparently manufactured cheese was Domingo Pedrazzi of Carmel Valley. S.F.B. Morse asserts that Domingo created a cheese that required "the application of pressure." The pressure was applied with a device called a "housejack" hence, jack cheese. "He developed a fine cheese, and it became known as Pedrazzi's jack cheese"--jack not Jacks. Later the cheese was marketed as "Del Monte Cheese," a name which was still used in 1955. "None of the Jacks family had anything to do with it as far as I know," stated Mr. Morse. Now David Jacks lays claim to Monterey jack cheese with the shrewdness of a business man. He upscaled the dairy operation and stole the idea of "Queso del Pais." With 60,


George H Bush became widely known for not liking what food item?

George H. W. Bush - Wikiquote George H. W. Bush Jump to: navigation , search We must act on what we know . I take as my guide the hope of a saint : In crucial things, unity ; in important things, diversity ; in all things, generosity . George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 , 1924 ) is an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States (1989–93), and the 43rd Vice President of the United States (1981–89). A Republican , he previously served as a congressman , an ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence . He is the oldest living former President and Vice President. He is also the last living former President who is a veteran of World War II . He is married to Barbara Bush , and is the father of George W. Bush . Contents Quotes[ edit ] To all who mourn a son , a brother , a husband , a father , a friend — I can only offer you the gratitude of a nation , for your loved one served his country with distinction and honor . Think about every problem , every challenge , we face. The solution to each starts with education . There is nothing more fulfilling than to serve your country and your fellow citizens and to do it well. And that's what our system of self - government depends on. It is possible to tell things by a handshake. I like the "looking in the eye" syndrome. It conveys interest. I like the firm, though not bone crushing shake. The bone crusher is trying too hard to "macho it.: The clammy or diffident handshake — fairly or unfairly — get me off to a bad start with a person. Letter to Gary Hanauser (18 September 1979), as quoted in All the Best, George Bush : My Life in Letters and Other Writings (2000), p. 282 It just isn't going to work, and it's very interesting that the man who invested this type of what I call a voodoo economic policy... Speech at Carnegie Mellon University (10 April 1980) , referring to Ronald Reagan We love your adherence to democratic principles and to the democratic process. Toasting Ferdinand Marcos in 1981, as quoted in "A Test for Democracy" by George Russell, Time magazine (3 February 1986); also quoted in "Understanding Some Aspects of Philippine-U.S. Relations in this Season of Peace and Goodwill" (28 November 2002) by Jovito R. Salonga You don't have to go to college to be a success … We need the people who run the offices, the people who do the hard physical work of our society. Statement to the students of East Los Angeles' Garfield High School (5 May 1988) This is America: the Knights of Columbus, the Grange, Hadassah, the Disabled American Veterans, the Order of Ahepa, the Business and Professional Women of America, the union hall, the Bible study group, LULAC, "Holy Name"—a brilliant diversity spread like stars, like a thousand points of light in a broad and peaceful sky. I'm the one who will not raise taxes. My opponent now says he'll raise them as a last resort, or a third resort. But when a politician talks like that, you know that's one resort he'll be checking into. My opponent, my opponent won't rule out raising taxes. But I will. And The Congress will push me to raise taxes and I'll say no. And they'll push, and I'll say no, and they'll push again, and I'll say, to them, " Read my lips: no new taxes ." And I hope to stand for a new harmony, a greater tolerance. We've come far, but I think we need a new harmony among the races in our country. And we're on a journey into a new century, and we've got to leave that tired old baggage of bigotry behind. It means, it means, teaching troubled children through your present that there’s no such, that there's such a thing as reliable love. Some would say it's soft and insufficiently tough to care about these things. But where is it written that we must act as if we do not care, as if we are not moved? Well I am moved. I want a kinder, and gentler nation. Speech at the 1988 Republican National Convention (18 August 1988) There is no higher honor than to serve free men and women, no greater privilege than to labor in government beneath the Great Seal of the United States and the American flag. George B


Artists Pieter Brueghel the Elder, Frederic Edwin Church, Jane Frank and Thomas Cole painted in what style?

Artists Artists Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (1700s-1800s)                 Benjamin West - The Death of General Wolfe, Death on a Pale Horse                 John Copley - Paul Revere, John Hancock, Watson and the Shark, The  Death of the Earl of Chatham, The  Boy with the Squirrel                 Gilbert Stuart - portraits of George Washington (Vaughan, Lansdowne,  and Athenaeum styles) Nineteenth Century (1800s)                 James Abbott McNeil Whistler - Arrangement in Black and Gray No.1 The  Artist's Mother, Twelve Etchings from Nature  (the French Set), Symphony in White No. 1 The White Girl, Thames and Venice series, Nocturne in  Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket                 John James Audubon - Birds of America (collection of bird paintings and  drawings)                 Nathaniel Currier and James Ives - (many lithographs of American life)  Baseball Game at Elysian Fields, Buffalo  Hunt, Mississippi Riverboats Impressionist (1800s) Mary Cassatt - (impressionist  paintings of women and children) Portrait of Alexander J. Cassatt and His Son  Robert, Young Woman Sewing in the Garden, The Caress Realism  (1800s-1900s) Thomas Eakins - The Gross Clinic Winslow Homer - Gulf Stream,  Breaking Storm, The Hurricane, Eight Bells, Long Branch NJ, The Reaper,  High Cliff, (Civil War illustrations for Harper's Weekly)                 Henry Tanner - Resurrection of Lazarus, Portrait of the Artist's  Mother, The Banjo Lesson                 Emmanuel Leutze - Washington Crossing the Delaware                 Samuel Morse - The Gallery of the Louvre                 John Sargent - Madame X Thomas Cole - View Near  Ticonderoga, Course of Empire, Niagara Falls, The Voyage of Life, The  Consummation of Empire, Oxbow of the Connecticut                 Edwin Church - Niagara Falls, Catskill Mountains, Morning in the  Tropics Regionalist (1900s)                 Thomas Benton - America Today (mural)                 George Bingham - Fur Traders Descending the Missouri, The Jolly  Flatboatmen, Raftsmen Playing Cards                 John Curry - Spring Shower, Morning Landscape                 Grant Wood - American Gothic, Daughters of the Revolution                 Anna Mary Robertson "Grandma" Moses - (started painting in  her 70s) Sugaring-Off, Thanksgiving  Turkey                 Chuck Close - (quadriplegic) Paul, Robert Square Fingerprint II, Lucas  II                 Malcolm Morley                 Andy Warhol - (known for paintings of Campbell's Soup cans and Marilyn  Monroe)                 Roy Lichtenstein - (pop art resembling comic strips) Whaam!, Look  Mickey I've Hooked a Big One! Abstract Art (1900s)                 Georgia O'Keeffe - (paintings of flowers and bones from southwest  landscape, married photographer  Alfred Stieglitz) Red Hills and Bones, Black Iris, Sky Above Clouds IV                                 Charles Sheeler - Upper Deck, Ballardville Abstract Impressionism (1900s)                 Jackson Pollock - (used drip technique to create "action  painting") Black and White, Autumn Rhythm,  Portrait and a Dream                 William de Kooning - Two Men Standing, Attic, Easter Sunday, Marilyn  Monroe                 Franz Kline - Mahoning, Meryon                 Mark Rothko - (suicide, has chapel in Houston) Subway, Slow Swirl on  the Edge of the Sea, Green and  Tangerine on Red                 Horace Pippin - Mr. Prejudice, John Brown Going to His Hanging,  Starting Home The End of the War        Edward Hopper - Nighthawks,  Early Sunday Morning. Le pavilion de flore, House by the Railroad                 Ben Shahn - The Passion of Saccho and Vanzetti                 Andrew Wyeth - Christina's World                 Norman Rockwell - (cover illustrator of Saturday Evening Post), Four  Freedoms, Boy Scout Calendar                 Christo - (born in Bulgaria) Running Fence Sonoma and Marin Counties  CA, Wrapped Reichstag, Valley Curtain  Rifle CO                 Nicholas Hilliard - (miniaturist) Young Man Leaning Against a Tree with  Roses Eighteenth Century (1700s)


What sport was part of the Olympic Games programme between 1896 and 1924, and returned as a full medal sport at the 1988 Olympics?

Olympic Summer Games 2012 London "One Planet Olym... (Example) - MindMeister Olympic Summer Games 2012 London "One Planet Olympics" by Sabine Maria Steiner 4.5 stars - 2 reviews range from 0 to 5 Olympic Summer Games 2012 London "One Planet Olympics" Program Olympic games 26 Sports and 39 Olympic disciplines Archery, Archery made its Olympic debut at Paris 1900, was dropped from the programme after the 1908 Games, and then returned for a single appearance in 1920. After a 52-year gap, the sport was reintroduced at Munich 1972 and has remained on the Olympic programme ever since., Venue: Lord's Cricket Ground Dates: Friday 27 July – Friday 3 August Medal events: 4 Athletes: 128 (64 men, 64 women) Athletics, There are the two combined events: Decathlon for men and Heptathlon for women. During each competition, athletes take part in a range of running, jumping and throwing elements (10 for men, seven for women), with points awarded for their performances in each., Venue: Olympic Stadium – Olympic Park (track, field and combined events); The Mall (road events) Dates: Friday 3 August – Sunday 12 August Medal events: 47 Athletes: 2,000 Badminton, Badminton made its full Olympic debut at Barcelona 1992., Venue: Wembley Arena Dates: Saturday 28 July – Sunday 5 August Medal events: 5 Athletes: 172 Basketball, First appeared on the Olympic programme at the Berlin 1936 Games, with the women’s event introduced at Montreal 1976. Professional players first competed at the Barcelona 1992, Venues: Basketball Arena – Olympic Park (preliminaries, women’s quarter-finals); North Greenwich Arena (men’s quarter-finals and women’s semi-finals onwards) Dates: Saturday 28 July – Sunday 12 AugustMedal events: 2 Athletes: 288 (144 men, 144 women, 12 teams in each event). Beach Volleyball, Beach Volleyball made its Olympic debut at Atlanta 1996. Since then it has become one of the most popular spectator sports at the Games., Venue: Horse Guards Parade Dates: Saturday 28 July – Thursday 9 August Medal events: 2 Athletes: 96 (48 men, 48 women; 24 teams in each event) Boxing, The first Olympic Boxing competition in 1904. There will be a women’s competition for the first time in London 2012., Venue: ExCeL Dates: Saturday 28 July – Sunday 12 August Medal events: 13 Athletes: 286 (250 men, 36 women) Canoe Slalom, Canoe and kayak racing became full medal sports at the 1936 Berlin Games, but Canoe Slalom didn’t make its debut until the 1972 Munich Games and only became a permanent part of the Olympic programme in 1992., Venue: Lee Valley White Water Centre Dates: Sunday 29 July – Thursday 2 August Medal events: 4 Athletes: 82 Canoe- Sprint, Canoeing first featured as a demonstration sport at the 1924 Paris Games. It became a full Olympic sport in 1936., Venue: Eton Dorney Dates: Monday 6 – Saturday 11 August Medal events: 12 Athletes: 248 Cycling- BMX, The first official Mountain Bike World Championships were held as recently as 1990. A mere six years later, cross-country Mountain Biking made its Olympic debut in Atlanta., Venue: Hadleigh Farm, Essex Dates: Saturday 11 – Sunday 12 August Medal events: 2 Athletes: 80 (50 men, 30 women) Cycling- Mountain bike, Road Cycling featured at the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, with an 87km race that started and finished in Athens. There was no Road Cycling event at the next three Games, but the discipline was reintroduced in 1912 and has been a permanent part of the Olympic programme ever since., Venue: The Mall (Road Race); Hampton Court Palace (Time Trial) Dates: Saturday 28 July – Wednesday 1 August Medal events: 4 Athletes: 212 (145 men, 67 women) Cycling- Road, Road Cycling featured at the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, with an 87km race that started and finished in Athens. There was no Road Cycling event at the next three Games, but the discipline was reintroduced in 1912 and has been a permanent part of the Olympic programme ever since., Venue: The Mall (Road Race); Hampton Court Palace (Time Trial) Dates: Saturday 28 July – Wednesday 1 August Medal events: 4 Athletes: 212 (145 men, 67 women) Cyc


John Boyd Dunlop was associated with the development of what item?

Dunlop Tyres History Dunlop Tyres History Dunlop celebrates a proud 120 year history An icon of the road and the choice of racing legends Dunlop has played a significant part in motoring development since John Boyd Dunlop invented the pneumatic tyre in 1888. Dunlop's success story does not start on four wheels or even two, but on three. In 1888 Dunlop's founder, veterinary surgeon John Boyd Dunlop was watching his young son Johnny riding his tricycle on solid rubber tyres over cobbled ground. He noticed that his little boy was not going very fast and did not seem very comfortable. In trying to provide his son with a smoother ride and better handling Dunlop took the tricycle, wrapped its wheels in thin rubber sheets, glued them together and inflated them with a football pump - using the top of a baby's bottle as a valve. From this revelation he developed the first air cushioning system in history, and laid the foundation for the first pneumatic tyre. On October 31, 1888, the creative inventor patented the idea of a pneumatic tyre. A Belfast bicycle manufacturer immediately commenced production of wheels with pneumatic tyres. The bicycle developed into a means of mass transport and experienced an unforeseen boom. In 1890 Dunlop opened its first tyre plant in Dublin, Ireland and three years later its first tyre factory in mainland Europe in Hanau, Germany. In 1895 the first automobile drove on pneumatic tyres and Dunlop tyres were also being sold in France and Canada, and manufactured in Australia and the USA. By 1898 the business had outgrown its Dublin base, and production was transferred first to Coventry, England and then in 1902 to the 400-acre site in Birmingham, England - later known to the world as Fort Dunlop. In twenty years, Dunlop had made the solid tyre obsolete and grown from pioneer to the first global multinational company, manufacturing and selling worldwide. Dunlop's history is rich with important innovations that have improved the driving experience for everybody on the road. If the discovery of the aquaplaning phenomenon, the invention of "fail safe" tyres, and the introduction of the 3S-technology stand out as highlights, Dunlop is proud of numerous other successes during the past 120 years. 1902 - Win at Paris-Vienna gives Dunlop a taste for racing Victory in the 1902 Paris-Vienna race gave Dunlop an appetite for motorsport success, and by the 1920's the company was producing tyres capable of speeds of over 300 km/h. 1923 - Dunlop celebrates its first Grand Prix victory 1924 - First victory for Dunlop and Bentley in Le Mans. This partnership dominated the decade - also winning 1927, 1928, 1929 and 1930. 1927 - first Dunlop land speed record In 1927 Dunlop helps Henry Segrave to establish a land speed record of 372 km/h 1935 - Dunlop helps set another land speed record Dunlop tyres ensured Sir Malcolm Campbell's 1935 land speed record in 'Bluebird'. 1938 - Railton Mobil Special fitted with Dunlop tyres The Railton Mobil Special, designed by Reid Railton and fitted with Dunlop tyres , smashes the world land-speed record. 1947 - Dunlop tyres successful at over 634 km/h The Railton Mobil Special makes the record books again, when driver John Cobb became the first man to break the 500mph barrier on land. He held the record for 25 years. The 1950s - Dunlop tyres good for 66 Formula One wins During the golden age of motorsport, Dunlop tyres achieved sixty six Formula One wins with eight world champions 1964 - Innovative Dunlop tyre first to help prevent aquaplaning Dunlop technician Tom French patents a breakthrough advance in tyre tread design. The Dunlop's SP 41 radial ply tyre, gave drivers protection from aquaplaning by including a system of 'microslots' that soaked up surface water like a sponge and expelled it later. 1972 - Dunlop develops the first 60 series steel belt tyre 1973 - World's first 'fail safe' tyre by Dunlop. Dunlop creates Denovo - the world's first 'fail safe' tyre - giving driver's total long-distance and high-speed control, even following punctures or blowouts. 1994 - Dunlop ultra ligh


Marie Curie, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (1903) and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1911), was born where?

Marie Curie - Biographical Marie Curie The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie Share this: Marie Curie - Biographical Marie Curie, née Maria Sklodowska, was born in Warsaw on November  7, 1867, the daughter of a secondary-school teacher. She received  a general education in local schools and some scientific training  from her father. She became involved in a students' revolutionary  organization and found it prudent to leave Warsaw, then in the  part of Poland dominated by Russia, for Cracow, which at that  time was under Austrian rule. In 1891, she went to Paris to  continue her studies at the Sorbonne where she obtained  Licenciateships in Physics and the Mathematical Sciences. She met  Pierre Curie, Professor in the School of Physics in 1894 and in  the following year they were married. She succeeded her husband  as Head of the Physics Laboratory at the Sorbonne, gained her  Doctor of Science degree in 1903, and following the tragic death  of Pierre Curie in 1906, she took his place as Professor of  General Physics in the Faculty of Sciences, the first time a  woman had held this position. She was also appointed Director of  the Curie Laboratory in the Radium Institute of the University of  Paris, founded in 1914. See Also Article about the Curies Her early researches, together with her husband, were often  performed under difficult conditions, laboratory arrangements  were poor and both had to undertake much teaching to earn a  livelihood. The discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in  1896 inspired the Curies in their brilliant researches and  analyses which led to the isolation of polonium, named after the  country of Marie's birth, and radium. Mme. Curie developed  methods for the separation of radium from radioactive residues in  sufficient quantities to allow for its characterization and the  careful study of its properties, therapeutic properties in  particular. Mme. Curie throughout her life actively promoted the use of  radium to alleviate suffering and during World War I, assisted by  her daughter, Irene, she personally devoted herself to this  remedial work. She retained her enthusiasm for science throughout  her life and did much to establish a radioactivity laboratory in  her native city - in 1929 President Hoover of the United States  presented her with a gift of $ 50,000, donated by American  friends of science, to purchase radium for use in the laboratory  in Warsaw. Mme. Curie, quiet, dignified and unassuming, was held in high  esteem and admiration by scientists throughout the world. She was  a member of the Conseil du Physique Solvay from 1911 until her  death and since 1922 she had been a member of the Committee of  Intellectual Co-operation of the League of Nations. Her work is  recorded in numerous papers in scientific journals and she is the  author of Recherches sur les Substances Radioactives (1904), L'Isotopie et les Éléments Isotopes and  the classic Traité' de Radioactivité (1910). The importance of Mme. Curie's work is reflected in the numerous  awards bestowed on her. She received many honorary science,  medicine and law degrees and honorary memberships of learned  societies throughout the world. Together with her husband, she  was awarded half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903, for  their study into the spontaneous radiation discovered by  Becquerel, who was awarded the other half of the Prize. In 1911  she received a second Nobel Prize, this time in  Chemistry , in recognition of her work in radioactivity. She  also received, jointly with her husband, the Davy Medal of the  Royal Society in 1903 and, in 1921, President Harding of the  United States, on behalf of the women of America, presented her  with one gram of radium in recognition of her service to  science. For further details, cf. Biography of Pierre Curie . Mme. Curie  died in Savoy, France, after a short illness, on July 4,  1934. From Nobel Lectures , Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967 This auto


What are the first words of the US Declaration of Independence?

America's Founding Documents | National Archives America's Founding Documents These three documents, known collectively as the Charters of Freedom, have secured the rights of the American people for more than two and a quarter centuries and are considered instrumental to its founding and philosophy of the United States. Declaration of Independence The Charters of Freedom The Declaration of Independence, Constitution and Bill of Rights, collectively known as the Charters of Freedom, have guaranteed the rights and freedoms of Americans for over 200 years. The spectacular new book The Charters of Freedom-"A New World Is At Hand" written by Alice Kamps, Curator at the National Archives, showcases the National Archives' renovated Rotunda, the newly re-encased Charters of Freedom, and the exhibition that flanks their permanent display. The book describes the dramatic events that culminated in these historic documents, the materials and techniques used in their creation and conservation, and their adventures on the road to a permanent safe haven at the National Archives. The Charters of Freedom Bundle Facsimiles These elegant facsimiles on parchment paper of the Charters of Freedom: the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights, are all three here offered to you in one bundle. These historic facsimiles are perfect for educational purposes or to decorate your home or office. Please note: The Constitution facsimile in this bundle has all four pages of the original document on one sheet. The original Charters of Freedom are on permanent display in the Rotunda at the National Archives Museum.   The Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom Located on the upper level of the National Archives museum, is the permanent home of the original Declaration of Independence, Constitution of the United States, and Bill of Rights. Designed by architect John Russell Pope as a shrine to American democracy, the ornate Rotunda with its soaring domed ceiling also features two murals by Barry Faulkner, depicting fictional scenes of the “presentations” of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.


Which wonder of the ancient world was at Olympia?

Ancient World Wonders-Statue of Zeus at Olympia     The Statue of Zeus at                       Olympia is one of the classical Seven                       Wonders of the Ancient World. It was carved by the famed sculptor Phidias                       around 435 B.C.E. in Olympia, Greece. The seated statue occupied                       the whole width of the aisle of the                       temple that was built to house it,                       and was 40 feet high. "It seems                       that if Zeus were to stand up," the geographer Strabo noted early                       in the 1st century B.C.E., "he                       would unroof the temple." The                       statue was made of ivory and accented                       with gold plating. In the sculpture,                       Zeus was seated on a magnificent throne                       of cedar wood, inlaid with ivory,                       gold, ebony, and precious stones.                       In Zeus's right hand was a small statue                       of Nike, the goddess of victory, and                       in his left hand, a shining scepter                       on which an eagle perched. Plutarch, in his Life                       of the Roman general Aemilius Paulus,                       records that the victorious general,                       upon seeing the statue, “was                       moved to his soul, as if he had beheld                       the god in person,” while the Greek rhetorician and philosopher                       Dio Chrysostom wrote that a single                       glimpse of the statue would make a                       man forget his earthly troubles. Although the statue                       itself is lost, in 1958 an excavation                       discovered the workshop used to create                       the statue. This has led archaeologists                       to attempt to re-create the technique                       used to make the great work.   Temple                       of Zeus The Temple of Zeus at                       Olympia was built between 470 B.C.E.                       and completed by 456 B.C.E. to commemorate                       the Elean defeat of the Pisatans in                       470 B.C.E. It was designed by Lisbon                       of Elis at Archaeopaedia. Later, it                       housed the monumental Statue of Zeus,                       which was added to the temple around                       435 B.C.E. The temple was destroyed                       by earthquake in the fifth century                       B.C.E. The temple was built                       from limestone and covered with stucco built on a raised rectangular platform                       of approximately 210 feet by 92 feet,                       with 13 33-foot columns on each side                       and six at either end. The temple                       was divided into three sections.   Olympia Olympia n


"Which professional boxer from the USA, a multiple world champion in both the cruiserweight and heavyweight divisions between 1986 and 2001, was nicknamed ""The Real Deal""?"

Evander Holyfield Trunks Worn For His Wba Championship Fight And Rematch Against John Ruiz || Boxing Memorabilia || Champs UK MUHAMMAD ALI Evander Holyfield TRUNKS WORN For His WBA Championship Fight And Rematch Against John Ruiz Evander Holyfield TRUNKS WORN for his WBA championship fight, and re-match against John Ruiz, 3rd March 2001, Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino, Las Vegas. Magnificently displayed and mounted in this one of a kind STUNNING presentation measuring 39" x 32". Condition *AWESOME* Please view shipping amounts or please contact us for any other enquiries. Shipping Amount:   £ Evander Holyfield vs John Ruiz II - SEE HOLYFIELD WEARING TRUNKS Evander Holyfield (born October 19, 1962 USA). He is a former Undisputed World Champion in both the cruiserweight and heavyweight divisions, earning him the nickname "The Real Deal." After winning the bronze medal in the Light Heavyweight division at the 1984 Summer Olympics, he debuted as a professional at the age of 21. Holyfield moved to the cruiserweight division in 1985 and won his first title the following year, when he defeated Dwight Muhammad Qawi for the WBA Cruiserweight belt. He would then go on to defeat Ricky Parkey and Carlos De Leon to win the Lineal, IBF and WBC titles, becoming the Undisputed Cruiserweight Champion. Holyfield moved up to heavyweight in 1988, defeating Buster Douglas for the The Ring, Lineal, WBC, WBA and IBF titles in 1990. Evander Holyfield holds other notable victories over fighters such as; George Foreman, Larry Holmes, Riddick Bowe, Ray Mercer, Mike Tyson (x2), Michael Moorer, John Ruiz, Michael Dokes and Hasim Rahman. Holyfield is the only 4-time World Heavyweight Champion, winning the WBA, WBC, and IBF titles in 1990, the WBA and IBF titles in 1993 and the WBA title in 1996 and 2000. Overview Holyfield moved up to heavyweight in 1988, winning his first six fights, all by stoppage. On October 25, 1990, Holyfield knocked out Heavyweight Champion James "Buster" Douglas to claim the WBC, WBA, IBF & The Ring Heavyweight titles. He retained the Heavyweight crown three times, which included victories over former champions George Foreman and Larry Holmes, before suffering his first professional loss to Riddick Bowe on November 13, 1992. Holyfield regained the title in a rematch one year later, beating Bowe by majority decision for the WBA and IBF titles. Holyfield later lost the titles to Michael Moorer on April 22, 1994 by majority decision. Holyfield was forced to retire in 1994, only to return a year later. On November 9, 1996, he went on to defeat Mike Tyson by eleventh round technical knockout to win the WBA title, in what was named fight of the year and upset of the year for 1996 by The Ring magazine. Evander Holyfield became the first Heavyweight since Muhammad Ali to win the World title three times. Seven months later, Holyfield won the 1997 rematch against Tyson, when the latter was disqualified in round three for biting off part of Holyfield's ear. During his reign as champion, he also avenged his loss to Michael Moorer, when he stopped him in eight rounds to win the IBF belt. In 1999, he faced Lennox Lewis in a split draw, but was defeated in a rematch eight months later. The following year, he won a unanimous decision over John Ruiz for the vacant WBA Heavyweight Championship, becoming the first boxer to win a version of the heavyweight title four times. Holyfield would lose a rematch with Ruiz seven months later and would face him for the third time in a draw. Holyfield is still an active boxer as of 2012 and has a professional record of 44 wins, 10 losses, 1 draw and 1 no contest. He is ranked #77 on Ring Magazine's list of 100 greatest punchers of all time. Evander Holyfield is ranked as the Greatest Cruiserweight of all time by The Boxing Scene. Holyfield is considered one of the greatest Heavyweights of all time by many. Early Life Evander Holyfield was born on October 19, 1962, in the mill town of Atmore, Alabama. The youngest of nine children, Holyfield and his family moved to Atlanta, where he began boxing at age 12 an