Which Spanish city houses 'La Mezquita', and was the capital of Muslim Spain from 756 until its capture in 1236?

BBC - Religions - Islam: Muslim Spain (711-1492) Decline (1130-1492) Audio journey The Alhambra Palace, the finest surviving palace of Muslim Spain, is the beginning of a historical journey in this audio feature, In the Footsteps of Muhammad: Granada. In order to see this content you need to have both Javascript enabled and Flash installed. Visit BBC Webwise for full instructions Conquest The conquest The traditional story is that in the year 711, an oppressed Christian chief, Julian, went to Musa ibn Nusair, the governor of North Africa, with a plea for help against the tyrannical Visigoth ruler of Spain, Roderick. Musa responded by sending the young general Tariq bin Ziyad with an army of 7000 troops. The name Gibraltar is derived from Jabal At-Tariq which is Arabic for 'Rock of Tariq' named after the place where the Muslim army landed. The story of the appeal for help is not universally accepted. There is no doubt that Tariq invaded Spain, but the reason for it may have more to do with the Muslim drive to enlarge their territory. The Muslim army defeated the Visigoth army easily, and Roderick was killed in battle. After the first victory, the Muslims conquered most of Spain and Portugal with little difficulty, and in fact with little opposition. By 720 Spain was largely under Muslim (or Moorish, as it was called) control. Reasons One reason for the rapid Muslim success was the generous surrender terms that they offered the people, which contrasted with the harsh conditions imposed by the previous Visigoth rulers. The ruling Islamic forces were made up of different nationalities, and many of the forces were converts with uncertain motivation, so the establishment of a coherent Muslim state was not easy. Andalusia The heartland of Muslim rule was Southern Spain or Andulusia. The name Andalusia comes from the term Al-Andalus used by the Arabs, derived from the Vandals who had been settled in the region. A Golden Age Stability Stability in Muslim Spain came with the establishment of the Andalusian Umayyad dynasty, which lasted from 756 to 1031. The credit goes to Amir Abd al-Rahman, who founded the Emirate of Cordoba, and was able to get the various different Muslim groups who had conquered Spain to pull together in ruling it. The Golden Age The Muslim period in Spain is often described as a 'golden age' of learning where libraries, colleges, public baths were established and literature, poetry and architecture flourished. Both Muslims and non-Muslims made major contributions to this flowering of culture. A Golden Age of religious tolerance? Islamic Spain is sometimes described as a 'golden age' of religious and ethnic tolerance and interfaith harmony between Muslims, Christians and Jews . Some historians believe this idea of a golden age is false and might lead modern readers to believe, wrongly, that Muslim Spain was tolerant by the standards of 21st century Britain. The true position is more complicated. The distinguished historian Bernard Lewis wrote that the status of non-Muslims in Islamic Spain was a sort of second-class citizenship but he went on to say: Second-class citizenship, though second class, is a kind of citizenship. It involves some rights, though not all, and is surely better than no rights at all... ...A recognized status, albeit one of inferiority to the dominant group, which is established by law, recognized by tradition, and confirmed by popular assent, is not to be despised. Bernard Lewis, The Jews of Islam, 1984 Life for non-Muslims in Islamic Spain Jews and Christians did retain some freedom under Muslim rule, providing they obeyed certain rules. Although these rules would now be considered completely unacceptable, they were not much of a burden by the standards of the time, and in many ways the non-Muslims of Islamic Spain (at least before 1050) were treated better than conquered peoples might have expected during that period of history. they were not forced to live in ghettoes or other special locations they were not slaves they were not prevented from following their faith they were not forced


Which author's works include 'Pied Piper' and 'No Highway'?

Nevil Shute Nevil Shute ( 1899 - 1961 ) Nevil Shute Norway was born on 17 January 1899 in Ealing, London. After attending the Dragon School and Shrewsbury School, he studied Engineering Science at Balliol College, Oxford. He worked as an aeronautical engineer and published his first novel, Marazan, in 1926. In 1931 he married Frances Mary Heaton and they went on to have two daughters. During the Second World War he joined the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve where he worked on developing secret weapons. After the war he continued to write and settled in Australia where he lived until his death on 12 January 1960. His most celebrated novels include Pied Piper (1942), No Highway (1948), A Town Like Alice (1950) and On the Beach (1957).


What name is given to aline on a map showing places of equal depth of water?

Word List: Definitions of Contour Lines Tweets by @schrisomalis Contour Lines (Isolines) All right, you must think I'm off my rocker at last. Contour lines? This list of 60 nouns beginning with "iso" defines words for contour lines on maps and diagrams that connect points having some feature (climatic, geographic, etc.) in common - also known as isolines or isograms. I wouldn't have thought there were so many of them before undertaking this site, but now that I've found them, I've become rather attached to them.      So, now for my anecdote about isograms. When I was in high school (in south-central Ontario, Canada), my friends and I developed a particular isogram known as 'the stupid line'. This line demarcated the point north of which congenital idiots were found in great frequency (i.e. redneck country). The phrase 'north of the stupid line' came to signify an individual of subnormal intelligence and general social ignorance. So, what do you think of "isomoron"? Let me know. Word line connecting points of equal deviation from mean temperature isacoustic line connecting points of equal acoustic quality isallobar line connecting points of equal change in barometric pressure iseidomal line connecting points of equal visibility of a spectacle isentropic line connecting points of equal entropy isobar line connecting points of same atmospheric pressure isobase line connecting points of equal land upheaval isobath line connecting points of equal underwater depth isobathytherm line connecting points of equal temperature and depth underground isobront line connecting points of simultaneous storm development isochar line connecting points of similar distinguishing characteristics of plant life isochasm line connecting points of equal frequency of aurorae isocheim line connecting points of same average winter temperature isochlor line connecting points of equal chlorine concentration isochor line connecting points of varying conditions under constant volume isochrone line connecting points of equal time difference or simultaneous occurrence isoclinal line connecting points of same magnetic dip isocryme line connecting points of equal winter temperature isodose line connecting points that receive equal doses of radiation isodrosotherm line connecting points of equal dew point isodynamic line connecting points of equal magnetic intensity isoflor line connecting points of equal number of plant species isogam line connecting points of equal acceleration due to gravity isogen line connecting points of equal birthrates isogeotherm line connecting points of equal subterranean temperature isogloss line connecting points of similar regional dialect isogon line connecting points of same specified angle or same wind direction isogonal line connecting points of equal magnetic declination isograd line connecting points of similar conditions during geological metamorphism isogram line connecting points on a map having some similar feature isograph line connecting points of same linguistic usage in some respect isohaline line connecting points of equal salinity isohalsine line connecting points of equal ocean salinity isohel line connecting points of equal sunlight isohyet line connecting points of equal rainfall isokeraunic line connecting points of equal occurrence of thunderstorms isolex line connecting points of same vocabulary usage isoline line connecting points on a map having some similar feature isomagnetic line connecting points of equal magnetic induction isometric line connecting points of equal variations of pressure isomorph line connecting points of same linguistic morphological forms isonephelic line connecting points of equal cloud cover isopach line connecting points of equal thickness of geological strata isophene line connecting points of the same phenotype or seasonal variation isophote line connecting points of equal light intensity from a given source isopiestic line connecting points of equal pressure but varying temperature and volume isopiptesis line connecting points of same arrival date of migratory species


In which US state is the 'Shenandoah National Park'>

Shenandoah National Park - Virginia Is For Lovers Virginia is for Lovers Outdoors and Sports Shenandoah National Park Address Visit Site Find Your Park at Shenandoah National Park - a beautiful, historic national treasure which includes the 105-mile long Skyline Drive, a National Scenic Byway. The Park covers the crest of Virginia's Blue Ridge Mountains for over seventy-five miles. The Appalachian Trail roughly parallels the Skyline Drive and 101 miles of this trail run through the Park. There are over 500 miles of hiking trails, numerous waterfalls and mountain summits. Park Ranger programs are offered seasonally and a current list is provided online and available in the "Shenandoah Explorer" newspaper that you receive when you enter the park. Camping is available in the Park in addition to rooms at Skyland, Big Meadows Lodge and Lewis Mountain Cabins.  There are full-service restaurants at Skyland and Big Meadows plus there are "waysides" with lighter food.  Guided horseback rides depart daily (weather permitting) from the Skyland stables. Enter at:


Which 17th century French philosopher and religious thinker, has given his name to the SI unit of pressure?

Blaise Pascal | Biography, Facts, & Inventions | Britannica.com Blaise Pascal Werner Heisenberg Blaise Pascal, (born June 19, 1623, Clermont-Ferrand, France —died August 19, 1662, Paris), French mathematician , physicist , religious philosopher , and master of prose. He laid the foundation for the modern theory of probabilities , formulated what came to be known as Pascal’s principle of pressure , and propagated a religious doctrine that taught the experience of God through the heart rather than through reason. The establishment of his principle of intuitionism had an impact on such later philosophers as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Henri Bergson and also on the Existentialists . Blaise Pascal, engraving by Henry Hoppner Meyer, 1833. © Georgios Kollidas/Fotolia Pascal’s life to the Port-Royal years Pascal’s father, Étienne Pascal, was presiding judge of the tax court at Clermont-Ferrand . His mother died in 1626, and in 1631 the family moved to Paris . Étienne, who was respected as a mathematician, devoted himself henceforth to the education of his children. While his sister Jacqueline (born in 1625) figured as an infant prodigy in literary circles, Blaise proved himself no less precocious in mathematics. In 1640 he wrote an essay on conic sections, Essai pour les coniques, based on his study of the now classical work of Girard Desargues on synthetic projective geometry . The young man’s work, which was highly successful in the world of mathematics, aroused the envy of no less a personage than the great French Rationalist and mathematician René Descartes . Between 1642 and 1644, Pascal conceived and constructed a calculating device, the Pascaline , to help his father—who in 1639 had been appointed intendant (local administrator) at Rouen—in his tax computations. The machine was regarded by Pascal’s contemporaries as his main claim to fame, and with reason, for in a sense it was the first digital calculator since it operated by counting integers . The significance of this contribution explains the youthful pride that appears in his dedication of the machine to the chancellor of France, Pierre Seguier , in 1644. Until 1646 the Pascal family held strictly Roman Catholic principles, though they often substituted l’honnêteté (“polite respectability”) for inward religion . An illness of his father, however, brought Blaise into contact with a more profound expression of religion, for he met two disciples of the abbé de Saint-Cyran, who, as director of the convent of Port-Royal , had brought the austere moral and theological conceptions of Jansenism into the life and thought of the convent. Jansenism was a 17th-century form of Augustinianism in the Roman Catholic Church . It repudiated free will , accepted predestination , and taught that divine grace , rather than good works, was the key to salvation . The convent at Port-Royal had become the centre for the dissemination of the doctrine. Pascal himself was the first to feel the necessity of entirely turning away from the world to God, and he won his family over to the spiritual life in 1646. His letters indicate that for several years he was his family’s spiritual adviser, but the conflict within himself—between the world and ascetic life—was not yet resolved. Absorbed again in his scientific interests, he tested the theories of Galileo and Evangelista Torricelli (an Italian physicist who discovered the principle of the barometer ). To do so, he reproduced and amplified experiments on atmospheric pressure by constructing mercury barometers and measuring air pressure , both in Paris and on the top of a mountain overlooking Clermont-Ferrand. These tests paved the way for further studies in hydrodynamics and hydrostatics . While experimenting, Pascal invented the syringe and created the hydraulic press , an instrument based upon the principle that became known as Pascal’s principle : pressure applied to a confined liquid is transmitted undiminished through the liquid in all directions regardless of the area to which the pressure is applied. His publications on the problem of the vacu


Which film, which just failed to win an 'Oscar' in 1957, featured an all-male cast and apart from one scene was shot on a single set?

Academy Awards Best Actor The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) );      two were consecutive nominations (from 1930/31-1931/32) Tom Hanks (5) - with two wins (Philadelphia (1993), Forrest Gump (1994)); two were      consecutive nominations (from 1993-1994) Sean Penn (5) - with two wins (Mystic River (2003) and Milk (2008)); nominations were from 1995-2008 The Most Best Actor Nominations: Actors with the highest number of Best Actor acting      nominations (in parentheses) include: Spencer Tracy (9) - with two wins Laurence Olivier (9) - with one win (Hamlet (1948)); two were consecutive nominations (from 1939-1940) Jack Nicholson (8) - with two wins Paul Newman (8) - with one win (The Color of Money (1986)); two were       consecutive nominations (from 1981-1982) Peter O'Toole (8) - with no wins; two were consecutive      nominations (from 1968-1969); nominations from 1962-2006 Marlon Brando (7) - with two wins Dustin Hoffman (7) - with two wins Jack Lemmon (7) - with one win (Save the Tiger (1973)); two were consecutive nominations (from 1959-1960, and from 1979-1980) Paul Muni (6) - with one win (The Story of Louis Pasteur (1936)); three were consecutive      nominations (from 1935-1937) Richard Burton (6) - with no wins; three were consecutive      nominations (from 1964-1966) Gary Cooper (5) - with two wins Tom Hanks (5) - with two wins Fredric March (5) - with two wins Sean Penn (5) - with two wins Daniel Day-Lewis (5) - with three wins James Stewart (5) - with one win ( Anthony Hopkins (3) - with one win ( The Silence of the Lambs (1991) ); nominations from 1991-1995 Russell Crowe (3) - with one win (Gladiator (2000)); three were      consecutive nominations (from 1999-2001) Jeff Bridges (3) - with one win (Crazy Heart (2009)); nominations from 1984-2010 George Clooney (3) - with no wins; nominations from        2007-2011 Consecutive Best Actor-Winning Performers: There are only two actresses       (Luise Rainer and Katharine Hepburn) who have received two consecutive Best Actress awards, as there are only two actors who have received     two consecutive Best Actor statuette wins: Spencer Tracy (Captains Courageous (1937) and Boys Town (1938)) Tom Hanks (Philadelphia (1993) and Forrest Gump (1994)) [Note: Jason Robards won two consecutive Best Supporting         Actor Oscars in 1976 and 1977.] Winners of Both a Lead and Supporting Actor Oscar: In 1997, Jack Nicholson tied Walter Brennan for the      most wins (3) for a male performer (Brennan has three Best Supporting      Actor trophies, Nicholson has two for Best Actor and one for Best Supporting     Actor). The only stars to win both a Best Actor and a Best Supporting Actor (BSA) Oscar are the following: Jack Nicholson (BA for Gene Hackman (BA for The French Connection (1971) , BSA for Unforgiven (1992) ) Kevin Spacey (BA for American Beauty (1999), BSA for The Usual Suspects (1995)) Denzel Washington (BA for Training Day (2001), BSA for Glory (1989)) The Only Best Actor Tie: In the Best Actor category, an unusual tie (the only      occurrence among male acting performances) occurred in 1931/32 between      Wallace Beery and Fredric March, for their respective performances in The Champ (1931/32) and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931/32). The Most Best Actor Oscar Nominations - Without Winning: Peter O'Toole is the only star with eight Best Actor       Oscar nominations without a single win. His record extends 44 years,       from 1962 to 2006. Richard Burton was nominated seven times (and never won), although his first nomination was as Best Supporting Actor for My Cousin Rachel (1952) -- his last six nominations were as Best Actor. Oscar-Winning Actor Roles and Trends: Biographies of remarkable, real-life individuals (military      figures or soldiers, law-and-order enforcers, historical figures) and      portrayals of the mentally ill are heavily represented among male Oscar      winners, particularly in the acting awards. It helps an


What was the 'Rolling Stones' first No. 1 hit?

The 50 Best Rolling Stones Songs :: Music :: Lists :: Page 1 :: Paste The 50 Best Rolling Stones Songs Share Tweet Submit Pin Last week The Rolling Stones celebrated the 50th anniversary of their very first gig, and to pay homage to rock’s most enduring band of outlaws, this week’s mPlayer focuses on all things Stones. Our resident Mick and Keith fanatics, assistant editor Bonnie Stiernberg and multimedia editor Max Blau, count down the 50 Best Rolling Stones Songs, and 26 artists weigh in on the group’s legacy . Writer Matthew Wake examines Mick Taylor— the Stone who rolled away —and his place in the band’s history. In addition to an interview with the band from 1982 and plenty more Stones content, this week’s sampler includes tracks from The Postelles, Baroness, Icky Blossoms and more—so get yer ya-yas out and help us toast to a half-century of one of our favorite bands. If you want to get technical about it, The Rolling Stones have been around for much longer than 50 years. Sure, it was July 12, 1962 when they played their first gig and they wouldn’t invade the States for a few more years, but the American blues and soul music they drew inspiration from had already been around for decades at that point. The Rolling Stones are more than Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Charlie Watts, Ronnie Wood and their rotating cast of bandmates. The Stones are Robert Johnson, they’re Chuck Berry, they’re Muddy Waters . They’re something intangible—a renegade spirit that turns up in nearly a century of music. And just as that outlaw aesthetic has been around for far longer than the band itself, The Rolling Stones will be around for much longer than 50 years. They’ve changed their tune over the years, hopping from blues and pop to psychedelia, country, rock, even trying their hand at disco. They borrowed heavily from the greats that came before them and pooled all their influences into a perfect storm of grit and musicality. No matter what your musical tastes are, you can likely find a Stones track you’ll enjoy, and that versatility is part of what makes the Stones so enduring. The following list required lots of listening to the Stones over the past couple of months, a great way to prepare for our special Rolling Stones issue of the Paste Magazine mPlayer. But while we’re celebrating half a century of The Rolling Stones today, it’s important to remember that the band isn’t just a number. The Rolling Stones are a way of life—one that’ll still be around long after we’re all dead and gone. Here are the 50 Best Rolling Stones songs: 50. She’s A Rainbow This 1967 track off of Their Satanic Majesties Request returned to prominence recently when Kristen Wiig danced to it with Mick Jagger and her castmates during her emotional SNL farewell sketch, and there’s nothing Satanic-sounding about this pretty, baroque-inspired tune.—Bonnie Stiernberg 49. As Tears Go By “As Tears Go By” is arguably the track that started it all; the song is the very first Jagger-Richards original. Legend has it that manager Andrew Loog Oldham locked the Glimmer Twins in a kitchen and instructed them not to come out until they had something “with brick walls all around it, high windows and no sex.” The result is a pop ballad that stands out against the band’s racier material—and it’s a damn good one that proved to Mick and Keef that the whole songwriting thing was something they could handle. “It was a shock, this fresh world of writing our own material, this discovery that I had a gift I had no idea existed,” Richards writes in his autobiography. “It was Blake-like, a revelation, an epiphany.”—BS 48. Ventilator Blues This Exile On Main St track is perhaps the best example of the important roles in the group played by those who aren’t named Jagger or Richards. It’s the only co-writing credit guitarist Mick Taylor would receive during his stint with the band (he came up with the deliciously bluesy slide riff that opens the track), and as Charlie Watts recalls in the Stones in Exile documentary, it was saxophonist Bobby Keys who came up with rhythm: “He stood next to me cl


What is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, equivalent to 'S'?

The Greek Alphabet The Greek Alphabet http://www.ibiblio.org/koine/greek/lessons/alphabet.html had a web page that lists greek pronunciation. I wanted to make a Unicode version. The unicode will not be as portable as the inline image that they include on their page, I admit. This table gives the Greek letters, their names, equivalent English letters, and tips for pronouncing those letters which are pronounced differently from the equivalent English letters. Table Font: ô grow Sigma (σ, ς):There are two forms for the letter Sigma. When written at the end of a word, it is written like this: ς. If it occurs anywhere else, it is written like this: σ. Upsilon (υ):In the above table, we suggest that you pronounce this letter like "u" in "put". The preferred pronunciation is actually more like the German "ü" as in "Brücke", or like the French "u" as in "tu". If you do not speak German or French, don't worry about it, just pronounce it the way the table suggests. Xi (χ): This is the same sound as "ch" in "Bach", which does not sound like "ch" in "chair". The same sound occurs in the Scottish "Loch", as in "Loch Lomond", or the German "ach!". Footnote 1: Other pronunciation schemes To be fair, we should mention that there are several different ways to pronounce Greek. We are teaching the Erasmian pronunciation for now. At some point in the future, we may add pages to teach some of the other pronunciations. Here are the main ways that Greek is pronounced: Erasmian pronunciation. This is the pronunciation used here, and is probably based on the pronunciation used by a Renaissance scholar named Erasmus, who was the main force behind the first printed copies of the Greek New Testament. The Erasmian pronunciation is probably different from the way Greek was pronounced at the time of the New Testament, but it is widespread among scholars, and it has the advantage that every letter is pronounced, which makes it easy to grasp the spelling of words. Modern Greek pronunciation. This is the way Greek is pronounced today in Greece. Some people prefer to teach this pronunciation for New Testament Greek as well. I initially learned the modern Greek pronunciation, but had difficulty learning to spell words, so I switched to the Erasmian. Modern Greek pronunciation is probably more similar to New Testament Greek pronunciation than Erasmian is, but not identical. Reconstructed New Testament Greek pronunciation. There are some scholarly books which attempt to reconstruct the original pronunciation of New Testament Greek, and they have reached the point that there seems to be fairly widespread agreement on the original pronunciation. As far as I know, nobody ever teaches this pronunciation. Incidentally, since there was a large variety of Greek dialects, there was no single way to pronounce Greek even in the New Testament era. Fraternity, Physics, and Calculus pronunciation. This is the way your physics teacher spoke Greek, and he learned this pronunciation in his fraternity. Next time you hear a physics teacher pronounce Greek, laugh and look superior.


In which part of the human body can the 'Tragus' be found?

Human Anatomy for the Artist: The External Ear: Shhh, I'm Listening to Reason! Human Anatomy for the Artist Explanations, sketches, and occasional obscure musings about human muscular and skeletal anatomy for the figure artist. Sunday, May 29, 2011 The External Ear: Shhh, I'm Listening to Reason! It stands to reason that a structure's design enhances its function. It stands to reason that its size, shape and materials best suit that function. It stands to reason that, in multiples, that structure has latitude for variability while maintaining the same basic parts. And maybe most of all, it stands to reason that the best examples of such a design would be found on the human body. While most any anatomical structure could provide a satisfying conclusion to this goofy little rumination, I think one of the most interesting and unique examples is the lovely, complex, variable yet constant structure of the human external ear. When learning to draw any part of the human body, we're taught, of course, to remember what must always be shown, what is constant. But learning those things shouldn't come at the cost of remembering the variations, the ways in which these structures may differ from person to person. While most human ears can be drawn with the same basic parts and pieces, the relative sizes of and relationships among those pieces can vary a great deal. Drawing the ear becomes much easier (and a lot more interesting) when we remember both the constants and the variables.  The ear is constructed of an outer rim, the helix, and an inner rim, the antihelix. These two structures form sort of an oblong bowl shape. The bottom of that bowl is the concha; this is the deepest point before we get to the external auditory meatus, the opening in the temporal bone that leads to the middle and inner ear structures. On the anterior side of the ear, there is a small notch (the anterior notch) which lies above the tragus, a small flap of cartilage. One of the most common mistakes in rendering the ear is drawing a connection between the helix and the anterior notch. They don't connect there, but it seems their proximity to one another makes us think they should. The difference can be seen in the illustrations below. The helix actually arises on its leg from the bottom of the concha, usually very gradually. Then it encircles the entire ear and end at the very bottom, at the lobe. The antihelix appear to emerge from underneath the upper portion of the helix, on two legs. Those legs merge together and the antihelix curves around posteriorly as a single unit until it ends at the antitragus (just opposite the tragus, which is what the name antitragus means.) In addition to names for external ear structures, we also have names for the spaces and depressions among them. We have the intertragical notch, which is the small notch between the tragus and antitragus. We have the scapha, which is the long valley between the helix and the antihelix. And we have the triangular fossa, which is the depression between the two legs of the antihelix. By the way, scapha is Latin for boat, and it seems that anatomical structures with a depressed center (like a boat) often have this name or some variant of it. We have a scaphoid bone in our wrist which has a depressed shape. Navicular means the same thing, and we have a navicular bone in our foot that also has a depressed shape. Most of the above mentioned structures are composed of cartilage, which is the ideal material for the human external ear, as it's flexible but it holds its shape. If it were entirely skin and fatty tissue, it would flop over on itself and lose its satellite dish shape that draws sound waves into the auditory meatus. On the other hand, if the external ear was made of bone, it would hold its shape but it would break easily. So most of the external structure is composed of cartilage, although the lobe is mostly fatty tissue, which is why it's floppier than the rest of the ear. One of the most noticeable variations in external ear anatomy is that of free lobes vs. attached lobes. This is a gen


Construction of Sukkur (Lloyd) Barrage and Canal, Sukkur, … | Flickr M Bhatia By: M Bhatia Construction of Sukkur (Lloyd) Barrage and Canal, Sukkur, Sind, 1924 Assembly of the Ruston3000 steam excavator on site, at Sukkur, Sind , in 1924 during the Lloyd Barrage and Canal Construction Scheme project.   From the book " Lincoln's excavators: The Ruston Years 1875-1930" by Peter Robinson.   There were six of these machines delivered to this scheme in 1924.   From the book: "Commenced in 1923 and officially known as the Lloyd Barrage and Canal Construction Scheme this massive project, the purpose of which was to irrigate 6 1/2 million acres of land in the Sind desert of NW India, involved the excavation of more than 210 million cubic yards of material and the construction of the Sukkur Dam nearly a mile long spanning the river Indus. It was the largest irrigation scheme in the world, with a cost greater than the Suez Canal and involving four times as much excavation."   There are seven main canals having a total lenght of 1,000 miles and ranging from 79ft to 346ft in width and up to 20ft in depth. Also 700 miles of branch canals and 4,000 miles of distributory canals, plus 50,000 miles of final feeders excavated by the farmers who rented the land.   There were fierce winds and sandstorms almost every day, nowhere to service machinery, no water suitable for boilers, few roads, and it was necessary to build tramways to supply the machines with coal, oil etc. Temperature was 49*C (120*F) in the shade at times! Camels used for supply in outlying areas, and men lived in tents near the machines. Three shifts were operated per day, all year, mostly operated by Indians. The whole scheme was completed in 1932. Done


Which Italian city is served by 'Malapensa Airport'?

Milan Malpensa Airport (MXP) Travel Guide Milan Malpensa Airport (MXP) Find all the information regarding Milan Malpensa Airport: Flights (Departures, Arrivals and Airlines), Parking, Hotels and Accommodation, Car hire, Transport and other information about the milano malpensa airport. Plan your travel from or to Milan Airport with the information provided in this site. Check Milan Travel Guide at Bautrip for more information about Milan. Milan Malpensa Airport (IATA: MXP ICAO: LIMC) is the largest airport of Milan, and one of the three in the Milan influence area. The airport is located in the province of Varese, 50km at the NW of Milan. The airport is connected to Milan by the Milano-Varese highway as well as by the "Malpensa Express" train starting from the Milano Centrale railway station and Milan Cadorna railway station. It takes about 50 and 40 minutes respectively to reach Milano city center (click here for Malpensa Express train details) . Milano Malpensa Airport (IATA: MXP) is the largest airport of Milan Malpensa Airport has two terminals Milan Airport handled over 18 million passengers in 2015 Terminal 2 is used by Low Cost Carriers (current only EasyJet) The Duomo di Milano is one of the most visited sights of the city Milan or Milano is the second largest city in Italy and the capital of Lombardy. Is the main industrial, commercial and financial centre of Italy and is well known to host several international events and fairs. What to do in Milan? Feast your eyes on the Last Supper painting, visit the Piazza Duomo, or walk on the roof of Duomo. Explore the Castello Sforzesco, go shopping at Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II. Book your hotel at the city right now. Transport Malpensa Milano airport is located 50 kms far from Milan city center, and is well connected by: - Train : connects both terminals (departs from T1) with Milan City centre. Trains also stop in other cities. - Bus : buses run to downtown Milano and to other italian cities and villages. - Taxi : the taxi rank is located outside each terminal. To reach Milan city center is about 90 euros. To get more information about transportation in Malpensa Milan airport, follow the links in each connection type.     Inter Terminal Shuttle To connect from Malpensa Terminal 1 to Terminal 2, the Airport provides a free shuttle service. Terminals Malpensa airport (MXP) has two main passenger terminals: Terminal 1 and Terminal 2.   Terminal 1 It has 3 concourses and 4 floors. It handles international, Schengen and non-Schengen flights. All Airlines except EasyJet use this Terminal Terminal 1 links with the parking lots: P1, P2, P3 and P4.   Only EasyJet uses this terminal. The building has two floors. Parking at T2: P5.   To connect both terminals Malpensa Airport provides a free shuttle service. Services Malpensa airport provides various services to all passengers that request it.   Both terminals offer: Shops, restaurants and snack bars, stores with different products, ATMs, ground transportation (bus, shuttles, taxis. Trains depart from T1), assistance for passengers with special needs, Tourist information, currency exchange and VAT refund, car rental, nursery assistance, children play areas, parking lots, escalators and elevators, TOTEM, restrooms, conference rooms, VIP Lounges, etc.   If you plan to hire a car please, check here the best prices . Passengers Malpensa was the 29th busiest airport in Europe in 2015 in terms of passengers, handling more than 18M passengers. Is the second busiest aiport in Italy after Rome Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport in terms of total passengers, freight and cargo. The next biggest airport in Italy is Venice Airport.


What is the nameof the invention of John Kay which aided the early textile revolution during the 18th century?

john Kay and the flying shuttle 1733 The Lunar Society bringing together brilliant minds Send to Kindle John Kay, inventor of the ‘Flying Shuttle’, held in his hands, the first flutterings of what would become, the Industrial Revolution. John Kay was a man whose entire young life had been exposed to the woolen industry. He knew the problems and the pitfalls of mechanization but could see the great need for advancement in the industry. So what about John Kay and the Flying Shuttle? He was born in Bury in Lancashire in 1704, the son of a woolen manufacturer. He became manager of one of his father’s mills and soon developed skills as a machinist and engineer, modifying machines as necessary. In 1733 he patented the ‘New engine for opening and dressing wool’, this machine included the famous ‘flying shuttle’. John Kay The flying shuttle was a simple device that had huge impact The shuttle was only one part of a textile loom but it was the part that had to be physically thrown backwards and forwards by the weaver as it carries the weft through the warp. John Kay’s shuttle was shot out of a box, backwards and forwards, carrying the weft without the weaver having to come into contact with the shuttle at all. It had an enormous impact on the woolen industry. The owners loved it because it sped up the process and they could reduce the number of people they employed. The workers were impoverished by it. John Kay was the subject of many personal attacks upon himself as he struggled for financial and literal survival. Find out more about this aspect of John Kay’s life here. For John Kay himself it brought misery. Manufacturers refused to pay him royalties on his invention and so he took his looms to France, here alas, they were not overly impressed by John Kay’s invention and he had to negotiate hard with the French government to get them to buy his technology. John Kay hardly ever returned to England after 1756 becoming domiciled with his family in France. The Flying Shuttle John Kay and the flying shuttle sped up the production of cloth so much that spun yarn was hard to come by. Inventions beget inventions and so it was with the flying shuttle, the ‘spinning jenny’ was born out of the necessity to produce more thread and so the Industrial Revolution kept revolving. John Kay died in 1779, still fighting for the money he was owed by manufacturers and governments alike. Interested in finding out more about the Industrial Revolution? Click here to go to our Timeline of the Industrial Revolution. The John Kay Memorial Bury


Who would normally use a tool called a 'Burin' in his work?

Glossary | Magical-Secrets: A Printmaking Community Woodcut Acid A water-soluble corrosive compound that erodes metal. It is used in intaglio platemaking in diluted strength to etch images into copper or zinc plates. Aquatint The most common method of creating tones in etching. Irregular grains of rosin (or another granular acid-resistant material) are applied to a plate, then the plate is heated, causing the grains to melt slightly and adhere to the plate. The acid bites around the individual grains, and the plate is left with a rough surface, or tooth, that holds ink. Rosin can be sifted onto the plate by hand, which results in an irregular bite, or it can be dusted evenly onto the plate in an aquatint box equipped with a fan or other means of creating a dust storm. Spit bite, soap ground, and sugar lift are ways of using aquatint. Asphaltum A paint-on acid-resistant varnish derived from tar used for protecting metal plates in selected areas to keep them from biting when the plate is exposed to acid. Biting The action of acid on a metal plate to incise an image. Also called etching. Burin A tool with a V-shaped faceted blade used for engraving marks into a metal plate. The blade’s two sharp sides remove the metal without leaving a burr and produce a wiry-looking clean line. Burnisher A bent, rounded tool, not a blade, for making changes in a metal plate after it has been incised. The burnisher, used with oil, smooths out marks after they have been diminished by scraping the metal with a tool called a scraper. Burr Displaced metal thrown up when any sharp point (usually a tool called a needle) is used to draw into a plate. In a method of platemaking called drypoint, the burr clings to the incisions and creates distinctive soft lines in the print. Cancellation The term for any method of assuring that a plate, or other matrix from which a limited edition has been printed, can no longer produce impressions. Sometimes the image is scratched or defaced; sometimes the entire plate is cut up and recycled. Chine Collé A method of printing in which an image is printed on a thin sheet of paper and the thin sheet is mounted on a backing sheet during a single pass through the press. The term also describes the process of using a press to mount paper or other collage material such as cloth to a backing sheet, sometimes with printing on it. Color Printing If the word color precedes the print description, as in “color etching,” more than one color was used in printing the image. This most likely involved multiple plates, especially if the colors overlap, but in intaglio printmaking (unlike lithography or silkscreen) different portions of a single plate can be inked in different colors (the process is called a la poupée). Also, a single intaglio plate can carry different colors in its recesses (intaglio) and on its surface (relief). If the word colored appears in a print description instead of color, it is a short form of “hand colored” and means that the color was added by hand to the print after it went through the press. Direct Gravure A term sometimes used to describe an image created using photogravure without a photographic image from a camera. The image is drawn by the artist on a translucent or transparent material (usually Mylar) or printed on that material from a computer, then put on a plate using the photogravure process. Documentation An information sheet supplied to buyers of a print. The minimum information in a documentation is the artist, title, date, printer, publisher, number of edition prints, number of proofs, and date that the plates were cancelled or destroyed. There may also be information about the number of plates, the print processes used in platemaking, the types of papers and inks used in printing, and other facts regarding the print’s creation. Drypoint A way of drawing directly into an intaglio plate without using acid. Any abrasive or invasive mark can be a drypoint mark, but generally the artist draws into a metal plate with a sharp tool called a needle. The displaced metal clings to the lines in what i


In which county is Sandown Park racecourse?

Sandown Park Racecourse Sandown Park Racecourse CONTACT US Sandown Park Racecourse... Sandown Park is one of Britain’s most loved and revered racecourses.  It is one of the UK’s top exhibition venues and was winner of ‘Best Exhibition Venue Under 4,000m2’ in April 2014 (Exhibition News Awards). Founded in 1875, Sandown Park Racecourse has provided the backdrop to some of the greatest moments in horseracing history. Outside of racing, the track is a leading events and conference venue in the region.  Situated in the leafy county of Surrey, it is within very easy reach of London and can accommodate large scale or small scale events.  Fast Facts 12 banqueting, conference and meeting spaces Fast Facts 3,000 free car parking spaces Fast Facts 800 seated dinner guest capacity   Fast Facts Up to 1,000 delegate capacity   Why choose Sandown Park? Purpose built, award winning conference and meeting facilities Accommodation is available on site   Dedicated Event Manager to plan your event and on the day Personal Event Concierge Award winning Catering with excellent menu options Catering facilities Wide choice of flexible spaces with racecourse views Formal and informal events Ideal for break out rooms, small conferences and product launches   Exhibitions & Corporate Events Exhibitions, tradeshows, product launches, corporate events Sandown Park Racecourse is flexible for very large and small scale exhibitions and trade shows. It’s ideal for outdoor product launches in a lush and leafy setting. If you are holding a banquet in relation to an exhibition, we can accommodate small or large guest numbers. Two main halls supported by a variety of other rooms means Sandown Park is well equipped to delivery even the most complex requirements.  Take a look at our wide range of spaces and suites. 12 main spaces which accommodate, two of whcih are up to 1,000 guests Private boxes for smaller events Full vehicular access Location filming Location filming Sandown Park is an outstanding filming location with easy access to Central London.  With an incredible heritage, the racecourse has centuries of history and legendary sporting moments. Sandown Park has featured in Hollywood Blockbuster films including Love Actually with Hugh Grant and Greenzone with Matt Damon. This racecourse is a convenient location, has great natural light with elegant terraces and impressive architecture.  Take a look at our wide range of spaces and suites Features for filming and photoshoots Wide, sweeping views over green Surrey parkland    Custom built grandstands Weddings & Celebrations Weddings and Celebrations Sandown Park is a beautiful setting with sweeping Surrey countryside for a stunning wedding or a unique private party. Spectacular spaces and suites can accommodate small, intimate weddings or large celebrations.  We are licensed to hold wedding and civil ceremonies for 2 to 500 guests. We are popular for Asian weddings due to our scale and flexibility of space and catering options.    Contact us for further information The Royal Box with a balcony overlooking the racecourse for your ceremony The Premier Suite for a spacious wedding breakfast   Large or small guest numbers  Casual or formal  Ideal for birthday, anniversary or engagement  Fully tailored celebration package  CONTACT US Private Parties Guests can enjoy our first class cuisine from a wide range of tempting menus along with fantastic entertainment and theming from our contacts in the events industry. Whether your party is for 50 people or 800 Sandown Park offers a unique sense of occasion for any event. Our elegant function rooms and banqueting suites have their own bars and reception areas and can be configured for parties, dinner dances, seated dinners or reception drinks with canapés.     Christmas parties We hold Christmas parties from November to late December.  Dates are available mid week or weekends.  These dates are popular so we recommend booking well in advance.  If you would like to organise your own Christmas party – please contact us and we can tailor a plan for you. Contact us for mo


With which book did Roddy Doyle win the 1993 Booker award?

1993 Booker Prize 1993 Booker Prize Winner: Paddy Clark Ha Ha Ha by Roddy Doyle Shortlist Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha Roddy Doyle Cover photograph: Derek Speirs/Report Dustjacket synopsis: "It is 1968. Patrick Clarke is ten. He loves George Best, Geronimo and the smell of his hot water bottle. He hates zoos, kissing and the boys from the Corporation houses. He can't stand his little brother. He wants to be a missionary like Father Damien. He coerces the McCarthy twins and Willy Hancock into playing lepers. He never picks the scabs off his knees before they're ready. "Kevin is his best friend. Their names are all over Barrytown, written with sticks in wet cement. They play football, knick-knack, jumping to the bottom of the sea. Shoplifting. Robbing Football Monthly means four million years in purgatory. But a good confession before you died and you'd go straight to heaven. "He wants to know why no one jumped in for him when Charles Leavy had been going to kill him. He wants to stop his da arguing with his ma. He's confused: he sees everything but he understands less and less. "Witty and poignant, earthy and exuberant, Paddy Clark Ha Ha Ha charts the triumphs, indignities and bewilderment of Patrick Clarke and his world, a place full of warmth, cruelty, love and slaps across the face." First Paragraph: We were coming down our road. Kevin stopped at a gate and bashed it with his stick. It was Missis Quigley's gate; she was always looking out the window but she never did anything. -Quigley! Photography: Damien Laurent Dustjacket synopsis: " At the heart of Scar Tissue is a son's account of his mother's voyage into a world of neurological disease, losing her memory and then her very identity, only to gain - at the very end - a strange serenity. Obsessed with his mother's transformation, the son sets out on his own quest for self-discovery." Quotes: "No recent British novel has traversed the worlds of reason and emotion, the human presence and its annihilation, so effectively and directly" - Pat Kane, New Statesman "Both moving and intellectually challenging...a novel of rare resonance" - David Robson, Sunday Telegraph "Ignatieff's novel impresses in its wisdom as much as in its restraint...this is a rich novel written by a magnamimous writer with an exquisite talent for naturalism" - Michael Wright, The Times First Paragraph: I do not want to remember her last hour. I do not want to be eternally condemned to think of her as she was in those final moments, when we held her hands, my brother and I, and she fought for life and lost, her mouth stretched open, gasping for breath, her eyes staring sightlessly up into the lights. That scene goes on and on, as if it will never end, as if some unreconciled part of me denies that it actually occurred. I still have days when everything she ever was, everything she ever meant to me is entirely erased by the memory of those great agonising breaths, that frail body wracked with spasms, those lips wet with blood. There must be some way to redeem this, some way to believe that the banal heartlessness of it all was not for nothing. There must be some way back to the unscarred beginnings, when she was in her painting clothes, barefoot, sipping a beer, humming to herself, happy and far away. That is how she should be remembered. That is what I must rescue from her dying, if such a thing can be done. From the Vintage paperback edition, 1992. Jacket design: Jeff Fisher Dustjacket synopsis: "In the mid-1840s, a thirteen-year-old boy, Gemmy Fairley, is cast ashore in the far north of Australia and taken in by aboriginies. Sixteen years later, when settlers reach the area, he moves back into the world of Europeans, men and women who are staking out their small patch of home in an alien place, hopeful and yet terrified of what it might do to them. "Given shelter by the McIvors, the family of the children who originally made contact with him, Gemmy seems at first to be guaranteed a secure role in the settlement, but there are currents of fear and mistrust in the air.


What is the name of the process, in which a fluid passes through a semi-permeable membrane, from a weaker to a stronger solution?

Osmosis | Define Osmosis at Dictionary.com osmosis [oz-moh-sis, os-] /ɒzˈmoʊ sɪs, ɒs-/ Spell 1. Physical Chemistry, Cell Biology. the tendency of a fluid, usually water, to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a solution where the solvent concentration is higher, thus equalizing the concentrations of materials on either side of the membrane. the diffusion of fluids through membranes or porous partitions. a subtle or gradual absorption or mingling: He never studies but seems to learn by osmosis. Origin of osmosis Expand 1865-1870 1865-70; Latinized form of now obsolete osmose osmosis, extracted from endosmose endosmosis, exosmose exosmosis < French, equivalent to end- end- , ex- ex- 2 + Greek ōsm(ós) push, thrust + French -ose -osis Related forms [oz-mot-ik, os-] /ɒzˈmɒt ɪk, ɒs-/ (Show IPA), adjective osmotically, adverb Examples from the Web for osmosis Expand Historical Examples This fat absorption thus appears to be a vital process, and not one simply controlled by physical forces like osmosis. A Civic Biology George William Hunter "I believe that story of the duck that understood the theory of osmosis," said Mr. Burroughs. A Civic Biology George William Hunter Nourishment passes through them by a simple process of osmosis. Embryology Gerald R. Leighton Ontario Teachers' Manuals: Nature Study Ontario Ministry of Education osmosis takes place when two fluids of different osmotic pressure are separated by animal membrane. British Dictionary definitions for osmosis Expand noun 1. the passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated to a more concentrated solution until both solutions are of the same concentration 2. diffusion through any membrane or porous barrier, as in dialysis 3. gradual or unconscious assimilation or adoption, as of ideas Derived Forms C19: Latinized form from osmose (n), from Greek ōsmos push, thrust Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for osmosis Expand n. 1867, Latinized from osmose (1854), shortened from endosmosis (1830s), from endosmose "inward passage of a fluid through a porous septum" (1829), from French endo- "inward" + Greek osmos "a thrusting, a pushing," from stem of othein "to push, to thrust," from PIE *wedhe- "to push, strike" (cf. Sanskrit vadhati "pushes, strikes, destroys," Avestan vadaya- "to repulse"). Figurative sense is from 1900. Related: Osmotic (1854, from earlier endosmotic). Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper osmosis   (ŏz-mō'sĭs)     The movement of a solvent through a membrane separating two solutions of different concentrations. The solvent from the side of weaker concentration usually moves to the side of the stronger concentration, diluting it, until the concentrations of the solutions are equal on both sides of the membrane. ◇ The pressure exerted by the molecules of the solvent on the membrane they pass through is called osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure is the energy driving osmosis and is important for living organisms because it allows water and nutrients dissolved in water to pass through cell membranes. The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright © 2002. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.


Which historical character, of dubious morals, died at the Castle of Dux in Bohemia in 1798?

Who Was Casanova?   |   Travel | Smithsonian Contact Privacy Policy Terms of Use Who Was Casanova? The personal memoir of history's most famous lover reveals a misunderstood intellectual who befriended the likes of Ben Franklin The little death in Venice: Casanova was forced to flee his beloved home town twice (the San Cassiano Canal). (Francesco Lastrucci) Smithsonian Magazine              | Subscribe April 2012 Purchased in 2010 for $9.6 million, a new record for a manuscript sale, the original version of Casanova’s erotic memoir has achieved the status of a French sacred relic. At least, gaining access to its famously risqué pages is now a solemn process, heavy with Old World pomp. After a lengthy correspondence to prove my credentials, I made my way on a drizzly afternoon to the oldest wing of the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris, a grandiose Baroque edifice on rue de Richelieu near the Louvre. Within those hallowed halls, built around a pair of ancien régime aristocratic mansions, I waited by marble statues of the greats of French literature, Rousseau, Molière and Voltaire, before being led through a domed reading room filled with scholars into the private sanctum of the library offices. After traipsing up and down endless stairwells and half-lit corridors, I was eventually seated in a special reading room overlooking a stone courtyard. Here, Marie-Laure Prévost, the head curator of the manuscript department, ceremoniously presented two black archival boxes on the wooden desk before me. From This Story Photo Gallery As I eagerly scanned the elegant, precise script in dark brown ink, however, the air of formality quickly vanished. Madame Prévost, a lively woman in a gray turtleneck and burgundy jacket, could not resist recounting how the head of the library, Bruno Racine, had traveled to a secret meeting in a Zurich airport transit lounge in 2007 to first glimpse the document, which ran to some 3,700 pages and had been hidden away in private hands since Casanova died in 1798. The French government promptly declared its intention to obtain the legendary pages, although it took some two and a half years before an anonymous benefactor stepped forward to purchase them for la patrie. “The manuscript was in wonderful condition when it arrived here,” said Prévost. “The quality of the paper and the ink is excellent. It could have been written yesterday. “Look!” She held up one of the pages to the window light, revealing a distinctive watermark—two hearts touching. “We don’t know if Casanova deliberately chose this or it was a happy accident.” This reverential treatment of the manuscript would have gratified Casanova enormously. When he died, he had no idea whether his magnum opus would even be published. When it finally emerged in 1821 even in a heavily censored version, it was denounced from the pulpit and placed on the Vatican’s Index of Prohibited Books. By the late 19th century, within this same bastion of French culture, the National Library, several luridly illustrated editions were kept in a special cupboard for illicit books, called L’Enfer, or the Hell. But today, it seems, Casanova has finally become respectable. In 2011, several of the manuscript’s pages—by turns hilarious, ribald, provocative, boastful, self-mocking, philosophical, tender and occasionally still shocking—were displayed to the public for the first time in Paris, with plans for the exhibition to travel to Venice this year. In another literary first, the library is posting all 3,700 pages online, while a lavish new 12-volume edition is being prepared with Casanova’s corrections included. A French government commission has anointed the memoir a “national treasure,” even though Casanova was born in Venice. “French was the language of intellectuals in the 18th century and he wanted as wide readership as possible,” said curator Corinne Le Bitouzé. “He lived much of his life in Paris, and loved the French spirit and French literature. There are ‘Italianisms’ in his style, yes, but his use of the French language was magnificent


How Tequila is Made | TequilaRack How Tequila is Made Learn everything you need to know to host a fun and informative Tequila tasting party. LEARN MORE How Tequila is Made Blue Agave plants are cultivated on plantations and take about 8-10 years to fully mature. When the mature Agave plants are ready for harvesting, the Agave harvester, known as the "Jimador," manually removes the piña, which is extracted from the core of the Agave plant exactly as it has been done for centuries. Each piña weighs between 65 and 135 pounds. It takes about 17 pounds of Agave to produce 1 liter of 100% Agave Tequila. The piña hearts are split open and steamed in large pressure cookers. The resulting liquids flow into large steel vats for fermentation, where the process takes from 12 hours to several days, depending on several different factors including the amount of water and sugar in the piñas, the type of yeast used and the ambient temperature. When fermentation is complete, the liquid then undergoes a double distillation process. When the second distillation is complete, a potent high-proof Tequila emerges. All Tequila is colorless when it comes out of the still. This silver or Blanco Tequila is then diluted with distilled water to achieve the desired 80 proof. Silver or Blanco Tequila becomes "Reposado" from a process of aging a minimum of two months in large wooden tanks. Gold Tequila that is not 100% Agave is artificially darkened with caramel coloring. Super-Premium or "Añejo" Tequila is aged longer in oak barrels. Depending on the aging technique the Tequila takes on a different flavor and smoothness. Like fine wines, the complexity and flavor is enhanced with age. “Extra Añejo” is aged in white oak casks for at least three years, making it the “oldest” and rarest of the aging styles.


From the roots of which plant is Tapioca made?

What Is Tapioca? | Wonderopolis Wonder of the Day #511 What Is Tapioca? Where do cassava plants grow? How is tapioca used in cooking? Tags: Listen Mmmm! You might recognize tapioca as those squishy “pearls" that give tapioca pudding and bubble tea their unique taste and texture . But what exactly is tapioca anyway? Tapioca doesn't grow on trees like fruit or in gardens like a vegetable. Instead, it's a starch that's made from the root of a plant whose scientific name is Manihot esculenta. This plant is native to much of South America and the Caribbean, but it is grown worldwide today. The world's main producers of the plant are Brazil, Nigeria and Thailand. It goes by many different names around the world. In the United States, it's commonly called cassava, yuca or simply the tapioca plant. The word tapioca comes from the South American Tupí word — tipi'óka — for the starch . After cassava plants are harvested, their roots are treated to remove toxins found in the plant. The starch is then processed into one of several popular forms: powder, flakes, sticks or ball-shaped “pearls." Tapioca pearls are the most popular form. Tapioca is almost completely free of both protein and gluten . It's mostly carbohydrate with low amounts of saturated fat, cholesterol and sodium. It's a staple food in some areas of the world. People on gluten -free diets often enjoy bread made with tapioca flour. In addition to tapioca pudding and bubble tea, tapioca is often used as a thickening agent when cooking, especially in soups . Because tapioca does not have a strong taste of its own, it can be added to many dishes to thicken them without changing the taste too much. The roots of the cassava plant have another interesting use. Besides making tapioca , the plant's roots can be used to make a substitute for plastic bags that are biodegradable . Wonder Words (13) Take the Wonder Word Challenge Wonder What's Next? We’d love to give you a hint about tomorrow’s Wonder of the Day, but we can’t. It’s a secret! Try It Out Ready to try tapioca? There's no better way to learn more about tapioca than by heading to the kitchen and whipping up some tasty tapioca treats! Grab some friends or family members and get ready to cook. Check the recipes below and make sure you have all the ingredients. If necessary, head to the store to get any supplies you may need. Tasty tapioca pudding is probably the food most people associate with tapioca. Head over to the Food Network website to check out Alton Brown's Tapioca Pudding recipe . What do you think? Do you like tapioca pudding? Does it taste like you thought it would? Another tapioca treat that's starting to become very popular in the U.S., especially in areas with large Asian populations, is bubble tea. Never heard of bubble tea? Just go online to learn How to Make Bubble Tea . You never know. It might be your new favorite!


Which English king died from Dysentery reputedly caused by poisoned ale and a surfeit of Peaches?

The Old Foodie: The English Peach. The English Peach. Today, October 18th … King John of England, who had reigned since 1199, died in Newark sometime during the night of October 18-19th 1216, some say from overindulging in peaches at a banquet nine days before. King John had a lot of enemies amongst his own barons and the clergy, and there are many rumours as to the cause of his death. Perhaps he was poisoned (with ale or plums) by the monks at Swinehead Abbey, probably he caught dysentery (or an “ague”) while retreating from the French across the marches of East Anglia, but just maybe his own greed did get the better of him. The “surfeit of peaches” (with or without an accompanying surfeit of either ale or wine or cider) story wont go away, and history as she is wrote in most ordinary texts has determined him a bad king – irritable, irreligious, capable of murdering his own nephew, incapable of defending Britains territory in Normandy – and greedy into the bargain. Peaches probably originated in China, whence they travelled the Silk Road to the Middle East and the Mediterranean - to the delight first of the Greeks, and later the Romans, who then introduced them throughout their empire. There is a record of peaches being planted in the gardens of the Tower of London in 1272, but they were not cultivated to any extent until the mid-sixteenth century, and then only in very lucky sheltered warm spots. So – peaches would certainly have been available in Britain at the time of King John, and he would surely have availed himself of them if he could. There are some hints that he had an interest in food. The first English food quality law – the Assize of Bread - was enacted during his reign, and also we know he fined the city of Gloucester for not fulfilling their obligation to provide a tithe of lampreys to the royal household. But death by peaches in England in mid-October? It seems a little far-fetched a theory. Peaches can be preserved of course – either in syrup (or honey) and by drying – but sugar was an expensive, exotic “spice” until sugar refining began in England in the mid-sixteenth century. When the English did start preserving fruit with sugar, they did so with great creativity. Recipe for the Day … Marmalade was once a solid preserve, more like the quince paste we serve with cheese today. The mixture was cut into shapes when it was cool, or pressed into moulds which printed a design on the surface. Here is a sixteenth century recipe for a peach “marmelet” made even more fragrant with rosewater. To make drie Marmelet of Peches. Take your Peaches and pare them and cut them from the stones, and mince them very finely and steepe them in rosewater, then straine them with rosewater through a course cloth or Strainer into your Pan that you will seethe it in, you must have to every pound of peches halfe a pound of suger finely beaten, and put it into your pan that you do boile it in, you must reserve out a good quantity to mould your cakes or prints withall, of that Suger, then set your pan on the fire, and stir it til it be thick or stiffe that your stick wil stand upright in it of it self, then take it up and lay it in a platter or charger in prety lumps as big as you wil have the mould or printes, and when it is colde print it on a faire boord with suger, and print them on a mould or what know or fashion you will, & bake in an earthen pot or pan upon the embers or in a feate cover, and keep them continually by the fire to keep them dry. [The Second Part of the Good Hus-wives Jewell, (1597); Thomas Dawson] Tomorrow’s Story …. Supping on Crane. Quotation for the Day … I remember his showing me how to eat a peach by building a little white mountain of sugar and then dripping the peach into it. Mary McCarthy. Posted by


What was the nationality of the painter Arthur Boyd?

Arthur Boyd Portraits, National Portrait Gallery Arthur Boyd Portraits Thursday 11 November      until Sunday 3 October 1999 This is the first in a series of National Portrait Gallery exhibitions to survey the portraits painted by artists who are not thought of, primarily, as portrait painters. Arthur Boyd was such an artist. He is known principally for his mythological subjects and landscapes, and for works which reveal deep human truths. He did not consider himself to be a portrait painter, and in comparison with the total number of his works, the number of portraits is comparatively small. But amongst this small group of works are some powerful and inspired depictions of people. This is the first in a series of National Portrait Gallery exhibitions to survey the portraits painted by artists who are not thought of, primarily, as portrait painters. Arthur Boyd was such an artist. He is known principally for his mythological subjects and landscapes, and for works which reveal deep human truths. He did not consider himself to be a portrait painter, and in comparison with the total number of his works, the number of portraits is comparatively small. But amongst this small group of works are some powerful and inspired depictions of people. The earliest portraits set a theme which remained constant throughout Boyd’s career – the preference for subjects drawn from his immediate circle, his family and friends.He began with his parents, Doris and Merric Boyd, with his brothers and sister, and with self-portraits – direct, relaxed sketches painted when the artist was in his mid teens. These paintings are at the opposite end of the emotional spectrum to the extended engagements with the ghosts of his early life which were the subjects of Boyd’s paintings of the late 1960s. The exhibition includes an example of this later series – the sombre Interior with potter and model 1969, painted a decade after the death of his parents, is an imaginative reconstruction of the often fraught personal dynamics of the artist’s early life. Unlike the benign and relaxed mood of the mid-1930s paintings, Boyd’s work of the late 1930s is tense and expressive. A source of inspiration during this experimental painting period is often cited as the work of his fellow Melbourne artists, in particular, the Jewish refugee Yosl Bergner, a painter of moody streetscapes who was a devotee of European expressionism. Boyd’s vigorous Laughing head 1938 certainly suggests the example of such European expressionist painters as Georges Rouault and Oskar Kokoschka. In this exhibition Laughing head is paired with a work not previously shown, Nude and three heads 1939, a painting in which Boyd departed from the naturalistic colour of his earlier portraits. Neither of these works is a direct portrait (although the face in the upper corner of Nude and three heads is unmistakably a self-portrait), yet the paintings of this time embody some deep humanistic quality, tinged with a kind of brutal directness. They also suggest stories. Nude and three heads relates to a painting of 1938, Three heads, in which, according to the historian Ursula Hoff, the three Boyd brothers impersonate the characters in Dostoevsky’s novel The Brothers Karamazov. The portrait of Barbara Hockey of 1938 has been interpreted by the same historian as taking illness (a Dostoevskian theme) as its subject. While a student at Melbourne University, Hockey had been confined to bed with tuberculosis, which accounts for the subject’s feverish and haggard look so appropriate to Boyd’s mood of heightened expressiveness. The self-portrait reappears throughout Boyd’s work. Sometimes, as in one of the earliest paintings included here and in the masterly etching of 1962—63, these are relatively straightforward, albeit intensely searching self-portraits. Boyd’s archetypal depictions of the artist in the paintings of the early 1970s – tormented by beasts, grasping at heaps of gold, caged and chained – can also be read as self-portraits. But these later works are to be regarded more as meditations on a generalise


Spending last season on loan to Hull City from Manchester United, Manucho is the only footballer from which country to have played in the Premier League?

BBC SPORT | Football | Premier League | Premier League as it happened Premier League as it happened SATURDAY'S PREMIER LEAGUE RESULTS: GOALFLASHES AND MAJOR INCIDENTS (all times BST) 606: DEBATE To get involved use 606 or text us your views & comments on 81111. (Not all contributions can be used) By Paul Fletcher 1946: One final word - and this does not help my case - from Sir Alex Ferguson. Of the penalty decision he said: "I think we were a bit fortunate." Ah. 1945: Just watched the penalty decision again and again and again. I would be a liar if I confessed I was not having second thoughts. Too late now, obviously, as I have become something of a pariah. You've got to back yourself haven;t you? Still, it wasn't my decision but it was a spectacular end to the day, one which sees Man Utd end very much in the box seat. Jonathan Stevenson will be your host on Sunday. 1940: PLAYER RATER Blimey. What a turn around. From languishing among the also-rans, Rooney and Ronaldo have done it again, storming to the top of the charts with whopping great scores of 8.17 and 7.82 respectively. That's massive. Simply massive. Get involved. Player Rater 1938: Manchester United are next in action when they play Arsenal in the Champions League on Wednesday. From Rick, Belfast, via text on 8111: "Looks like Paul Fletcher and Howard Webb don't know what a penalty is. That decision gave united the momentum in that game. After that Rooney destroyed us." From GoalonGoalAction on 606: "I'm a Chelsea fan but well done to Man U, they've shown great resolve and have come back on more than one occasion to pick up all three points. I think the crown is heading to the right team this year." Join the debate on 606 From Chris, Grassington, via text on 81111: "I'd just arranged the party to celebrate Liverpool being back in the title race then that happens! Anyone need some party food?" You have not learnt the lessons of history. 1926: Spectacular, truly spectacular - what a comeback from United as they scored five second-half goals to defeat Tottenham. Lots of people are going to point to Howard Webb's decision to award United a penalty. From that moment on United took total control. Spurs boss Harry Redknapp certainly wanted to discuss the decision as he waited for the referee in the tunnel after the match. 1924: Full-time Man Utd 5-2 Tottenham 1923: One last attack from United but Vedran Corluka clears. 1920: Aaron Lennon shoots wide. This game is all but over. 1919: Cristiano Ronaldo is played through by Dimitar Berbatov but his low strike across goal from a slightly tight angle is wide of the target. 1918: The clock is ticking down and United will end today back on top of the Premier League having executed a stunning comeback after the break. They really have shown their class and determination. 1916: Full-time at Birmingham. No promotion for them today. 1915: Robbie Keane is through on goal but Edwin van der Sar comes out from his goal and smothers the striker's shot. From Tim, angry Liverpool fan, via text on 81111: "I'm furious with Spurs Paul. They got a lead and instead of continuing to press and making United uncomfortable, they get scared and just defend and sit deep, which is what United love." I largely agree with your analysis. Though I am not that furious. 1912: Preston are now beating Birmingham 2-1. Blues might have to wait for another day to secure promotion. 1910: GOAL Man Utd 5-2 Tottenham Dimitar Berbatov heads at goal but is denied by a save from Gomes. The keeper cannot keep hold of the ball and the former Tottenham striker bundles the rebound over the line. He does not celebrate. 1908: Four goals in 14 minutes has rather turned this game on its head. Lots of people on 606 and the text seem to think I am blind for suggesting Howard Webb got the penalty decision right. Hey, just saying what I see, Catchphrase fashion. 1904: It would be fair to say that there has been a remarkable transformation in the atmosphere at Old Trafford. Darren Bent goes very close with a curling strike across goal that misses by inches. 1901: GOAL Man Utd 4


Which gas is produced via the 'Haber Process'?

Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia The manufacture of ammonia is crucial for the world's agricultural industry for from it all fertilizers that contain nitrogen are produced.   Uses of ammonia The manufacture of fertilizers is by far the most important use of ammonia.  These include urea , ammonium salts (ammonium phosphates, ammonium nitrate, calcium ammonium nitrate) and solutions of ammonia.   Figure 1  The uses of ammonia. An increasing amount of ammonia, although still small compared with other uses, is used as a concentrated solution in combating the discharge of nitrogen oxides from power stations. Annual production of ammonia Ammonia ranks second, to sulfuric acid, as the chemical with the largest tonnage. It is being increasingly made in countries which have low cost sources of natural gas and coal (China and Russia account for ca 40%).  The largest plants produce about 3000 tonnes a day and there are plans to build plants that produce 4000-5000 tonnes a day, which would mean that the total world output could be managed with 100 such units.  Current production is: World Data from: 1.  Federal State Statistics Service: Russian Federation 2011 The world population is increasing by about 1.4% a year and the increase in tonnage of ammonia made just about keeps pace. Manufacture of ammonia The manufacture of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen takes place in two main stages: a) the manufacture of hydrogen b) the synthesis of ammonia (the Haber Process) The manufacture of hydrogen involves several distinct processes.  Figure 2 shows their sequence and the location within an ammonia plant (steps1-5).  The converter used to make ammonia from the hydrogen is also shown (step 6).  What occurs in each of these steps is described below the figure. Figure 2  An ammonia plant in Western Australia: 1  Desulfurisation units   (a) The manufacture of hydrogen Hydrogen is produced from a variety of feedstocks, mostly from natural gas, coal or naphtha.  The ways in which hydrogen is obtained from these feedstocks are dealt with separately. Hydrogen from natural gas (methane) This involves two stages: i) the manufacture of synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (steam reforming)) >ii) the removal of the carbon monoxide and production of a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen (the shift reaction) (i) The manufacture of synthesis gas Whichever way the methane is obtained, it will contain some organic sulfur compounds and hydrogen sulfide, both of which must be removed.  Otherwise, they will poison the catalyst needed in the manufacture of synthesis gas.  In the desulfurisation unit, the organic sulfur compounds are often first converted into hydrogen sulfide, prior to reaction with zinc oxide.  The feedstock is mixed with hydrogen and passed over a catalyst of mixed oxides of cobalt and molybdenum on an inert support (a specially treated alumina) at ca 700 K. Then the gases are passed over zinc oxide at ca 700 K and hydrogen sulfide is removed: Primary steam reforming converts methane and steam to synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen: High temperatures and low pressures favour the formation of the products (Le Chatelier's Principle). In practice, the reactants are passed over a catalyst of nickel, finely divided on the surface of a calcium oxide/aluminium oxide support contained in vertical nickel alloy tubes.  The tubes, up to 350 in parallel, are heated in a furnace above 1000 K and under a pressure of ca 30 atm.  This is an example of a tubular reactor . Secondary steam reforming reacts oxygen from the air with some of the hydrogen present and the resulting mixture is passed over a nickel catalyst.  The steam and heat produced from the combustion reforms most of the residual methane.  Among the key reactions are: The emerging gas from this net exothermic stage is at ca 1200 K and is cooled in heat exchangers .  The steam formed from the water used in cooling the gases is used to operate turbines and thus compressors and to preheat reactants. Some recent designs use waste heat from the secondary reformer direct


"Which American author wrote 'The Fight', a novel based on ""The Rumble In The Jungle"" boxing match between Ali and Foreman?"

George Foreman vs. Muhammad Ali - BoxRec George Foreman vs. Muhammad Ali From BoxRec Jump to: navigation , search 1974-10-30 : George Foreman 220 lbs lost to Muhammad Ali 216½ lbs by KO at 2:58 in round 8 of 15 Location: Stade du 20 Mai, Kinshasa, Congo (Democratic Republic Of The) 1.6 Sources The Rumble in the Jungle "The Rumble in The Jungle" was a historic boxing match which took place on October 30, 1974 in the May 20 Stadium in Kinshasa, Zaire (now Democratic Republic of the Congo). It pitted then World Heavyweight Champion George Foreman against former champion and #1 contender Muhammad Ali , who became the second fighter ever, after Floyd Patterson , to regain the World Heavyweight Championship. The event was Don King 's first big venture as a boxing promoter. He managed to get both Ali and Foreman to agree to let him promote the fight if he could get them $5 million each. However, King did not have the money, so he began looking for an outside country to sponsor the event. Zaire's flamboyant president, Mobutu Sese Seko, asked for the fight to be held in his country, eager for the publicity such a high-profile event would bring. The fight was shown on closed-circuit television at about 450 locations in the United States and Canada and was seen in roughly 100 countries worldwide. The fight was scheduled to start at 4:00 a.m. in Zaire to accommodate audiences in the United States. Build up to the Fight Ali was stripped of the World Heavyweight Championship and suspended from boxing for three and a half years following his refusal to enter the U.S. Army in 1967. He was able to regain a boxing license in 1970 and promptly fought two comeback fights, against Jerry Quarry and Oscar Bonavena . The following year, Ali fought Joe Frazier for the World Heavyweight Championship in a bout dubbed the Fight of the Century , which Frazier won by a unanimous decision. Over the next three years, Ali stayed active against other contenders while he campaigned for another title shot. Foreman had quickly risen from his gold medal victory at the 1968 Olympics and into the top ranks of professional heavyweights. Although considered by many to be somewhat slow and clumsy, Foreman was greatly feared for his punching power, size, and sheer physical dominance. Still, Joe Frazier and his handlers believed that despite Foreman's ever growing list of knockout victories, he would be too slow and unrefined to stand up to Frazier's relentless attacks. This would turn out to be a grave miscalculation, as Foreman, a 3½ to 1 underdog, won the championship in grand fashion by knocking Frazier down six times in two rounds before the bout was stopped. Foreman further solidified his hold over the heavyweight division with a second-round destruction of Ken Norton , who was the only man besides Frazier (at that point in time) to defeat Ali (breaking Ali's jaw in the process). By the time Ali and Foreman met, Ali had avenged his losses to both Norton and Frazier, but Foreman was an overwhelming favorite against a slowing and aging Ali. Foreman and Ali spent much of the summer of 1974 training in Zaire and getting their bodies used to the weather in the tropical African country. The fight was originally set to happen on September 24, but the fight was postponed after Foreman was cut during training. It was rescheduled for October 30. Ali was a very endearing figure to the people of Zaire and his mind games played out well, turning the Congolese people in his favor and against Foreman. A popular chant leading up to, and during the fight, was "Ali bomaye!," which means "Ali, kill him!" The Rumble Insiders say that Foreman and his handlers actually prayed in his dressing room before the fight that Foreman would not kill Ali, so high was the anticipation that Ali was simply no match for Foreman. Ali came out dancing in the first round and Foreman went right at him. Ali made good use of the right-hand lead, catching Foreman several times. When Foreman got close, Ali tied him up. Before the end of the first round, Foreman caught up to Ali and began landing a f


Which non-metallic element is obtained via the 'Frasch Process'?

IGCSE Study Guides, Revision & Notes: Element: Sulfur IGCSE Study Guides, Revision & Notes Sulfur is a non-metallic element, which is very important in the chemical industry. Sources It is found as the element in sulphur beds 200m below the ground in volcanic areas and also in metal ores such as copper pyrites (iron sulphides) and zinc blende and also in volcanic areas. Extraction Sulfur is extracted using the Frasch Process. Superheated water at 170°C and hot compressed air are pumped into layers of sulphur through pipes. This forces water and molten sulfur to the surface. Sulfur is insoluble in water and so the two substances emerging from the pipes are easily separated. The sulfur is about 99.5% pure and can be used directly. Properties The Frasch Process, as a result of some of the following properties, extracts sulfur: brittle yellow solid melting point of 119°C non-conductor of heat and electricity burns with blue flame when lit insoluble in water Uses of Sulfur The main use of sulfur is to manufacture sulfuric acid, quite possibly the most important industrial chemical. Sulfur is also used for: vulcanising rubber (making it stronger) in tyres, etc. sulfur concrete (used in acid factories) which is resistant to acids smaller quantities in matches, fireworks and fungicides, as a sterilising agent and in medicines Sulfur Dioxide Sulfur dioxide is a colourless gas, extremely poisonous and has a choking smell. It is produced when sulfur or substances containing sulfur, such as crude oil or coal, are burned in oxygen gas. Sulfur dioxide is considered a ‘problem pollutant’ in two main ways it is an acidic oxide that dissolves in water to form sulphurous acid, which leads to the problem of acidic rain. SO2(g) + H2O(l) = H2SO3 it causes bronchospasm in asthmatics, therefore considered a respiratory irritant. Despite this sulfur dioxide is also very useful for the following reasons: as a  bleaching agent especially in the manufacture of wood pulp for paper as a food preservative (by killing bacteria) for meats, etc. manufacturing of sulphuric acid (as is elemental sulphur) Sources combustion of fossil fuels with sulfur impurities volcanic eruptions Contact Process (Industrial Manufacturing of Sulfuric Acid) The process has the following stages: Sulfur dioxide is first produced, primarily by the reaction (through combustion) of sulfur with oxygen. S(s) + O2(g) = SO2(g) Any dust and impurities are removed resulting in ‘clean gases’ consisting of unreacted oxygen and sulfur dioxide. These gases are heated to a temperature of approx. 450°C and fed into a reaction chamber of pressure 1-10 atmospheres.  In the chamber the clean gases undergo ‘roasting’ where they are passed over beds of catalyst, namely vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5). This catalyses the reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen to produce sulfur trioxide (SO3) **2SO2(g) + O2(g) = 2SO3(g)** If the sulfur trioxide is added directly to water sulfuric acid is produced. The reaction however produces undesirable effects. It is very violent and very exothermic and produces a thick mist of sulfuric acid = very dangerous. S03 + H2O = H2SO4 The acid produced is very difficult to deal with and so a different route to sulfuric acid is employed. Instead, the sulfur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulfur acid to give a substance called oleum (H2S2O7) SO3 + H2SO4 = H2S2O7 The oleum formed in then added to the correct amount of water to produce sulfuric acid of the require concentration. H2S2O7 + H20 = 2H2SO4 ** The reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen to form sulfur trioxide is reversible. So the ideas of Le Chatelier can be used to increase the proportion of sulfur trioxide in the equilibrium mixture. The forward reaction is exothermic an1d so would be favoured by low temperatures. The temperature of 450°C used is an optimum temperature which produces sufficient amounts of sulfur trioxide at an economical rates. Since the back reaction is also accompanied by a decrease in the number of molecules of gas, a high pressure will favour it.  ** Properties of Sulfuric Acid Dil


Which major car manufacturer has its headquarters in Mumbai in India?

Car Manufacturers in India, Automobile Companies in India   Car Manufacturers in India The recent growth in the Indian automobile industry has been phenomenal. Over the years India has emerged as a manufacturing hub for most of the foreign automobile companies. This is mostly because of factors such as increase in disposable income levels, change in lifestyle, availability of a variety of car models and low interest rates offered by most of the banks and finance companies. According to a recent market survey there are about 1 million passenger cars already gliding the Indian roads and with a series of small cars yet to be launched the figures are forecasted to increase. Below is a list of the Major Car Manufacturers of India Tata Motors The name that leads the list of major car manufacturers in India is Tata Motors. Originally called TELCO (TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company), Tata Motors Limited is the largest automobile manufacturing company in India. Apart from being the top heavy vehicle manufactures the company is also the third largest passenger car manufacturer in India. Some of the well known cars manufactured by Tata Motors are: Tata Indigo, Tata Indigo Marina, Tata Indica, Tata Sumo, Tata Nano and Tata safari Hindustan Motors Established in 1942 Hindustan Motors was once the largest passenger car manufacturer in India. Founded by Mr. B.M. Birla Hindustan Motors is the pioneer of the age old Ambassador car. Among the major car manufacturers of India this company over the years has come up with a number of models. The introduction of the Mitsubishi Pajero in India is also because of the merger of this company with Mitsubishi. Hyundai Motors India Ltd Hyundai Motor Company of South Korean entered the India automobile market in 1996. Among the top car manufacturing companies in India today, Hyundai Motors is the company that has almost revolutionized the face of the hatchback car segment in India. Some of the important models by Hyundai Motors plying the Indian roads today are Hyundai Accent, Santro, i10 and i20 Major Car Manufacturers Map of India Disclaimer Close Disclaimer: All efforts have been made to make this image accurate. However Compare Infobase Limited and its directors do not own any responsibility for the correctness or authenticity of the same. Fiat Automobiles India Limited Among the major car manufactures in India Fiat Automobiles India Limited is a joint venture between Tata Motors and the Italian giants Fiat Group Automobile S.p.A. Having over 100 years of experience in the automobile segment this company is known for its series of strong and well built cars. Some of the popular cars manufactured by Fiat Automobiles India Limited include Fiat Palio, Fiat Punto, Fiat Uno and Fiat Linea. Honda Siel Cars India Ltd Honda Siel Cars India Limited was established in 1995. A joint venture between Japanese automobile giants Honda Motor Co Ltd and Siel Limited, a Siddharth Shriram Group Company with the promise of providing high order technological assistance to Honda motors for their passenger cars segment meant for Indian consumers. Known for its series of luxury and premium cars in India this company is among the major car manufacturers of India Maruti Udyog Limited: Synonymous with cars in India Maruti Udyog Limited is the ranked as a top car manufacturing company in the country. The company since its inception in 1981 has changed the face of the Indian four wheeler scenario. With the introduction of the Maruti 800 Maruti Udyog became the most trusted automobile company in India. The company manufactures a range of passenger cars, Sports Utility Vehicles and Sedans. Some of Maruti's most popular cars are; Maruti 800, Alto, Omni, Gypsy, Zen, Wagon R, Versa, Esteem, Baleno and Swift. Major Industries


Which American author wrote 'Death In The Afternoon', a non-fiction work about Spanish bull fighting?

Hemingway Now Writes of Bull-Fighting as an Art Hemingway Now Writes of Bull-Fighting as an Art By R. L. DUFFUS DEATH IN THE AFTERNOON By Ernest Hemingway. he emergence of Mr. Hemingway as an authority on bull-fighting should not be a surprise to any one who has read the passages in "The Sun Also Rises" which touch upon that peculiarly Latin sport. That he is an authority may be conceded, even by those who have never seen a matador, not only from Mr. Hemingway's statement that he has seen fifteen hundred bulls killed on the field of honor and his acknowledgment of indebtedness to some 2,077 "books and pamphlets in Spanish dealing with or touching on tauromania," but from the internal evidence of the book itself. One would say that Mr. Hemingway knows bull-fighting at least as well as the specialized sports writer in our own country knows baseball, football, racing or fighting. He knows it so well that on occasion only the introduction of an extremely singular old lady as the author's interlocutor, a few digressions on death, modern literature and sex life, joined with Mr. Hemingway's extremely masculine style of writing, save the reader from drowning in a flood of technicalities. It may be asked why Mr. Hemingway should infer in American readers a sufficiently passionate interest in bull-fighting to induce them to buy and read a book of 517 pages on the subject. But this would be to put the cart before the horse--or letting the bull wave a red cloth at the matador instead of vice versa. Bull-fighting, one infers, became a hobby with Mr. Hemingway because of the light it throws on Spain, on human nature and on life and death. In a sense this book is Mr. Hemingway's book on "Virgin Spain." The reference is pertinent because, as he explains in an extremely candid bit of analysis, Mr. Hemingway does not particularly like that style of writing for which his most flattering epithet is "bedside mysticism." But the author's fundamental motive is perhaps this: "The only place where you could see life and death, i. e., violent death now that the wars were over, was in the bull ring and I wanted very much to go to Spain where I could study it. I was trying to learn to write, commencing with the simplest things, and one of the simplest things of all and the most fundamental is violent death." In another passage Mr. Hemingway points out that one of the essentials if a country is to love bull-fights is "that the people must have an interest in death." The people of Castile, he finds, have such an interest in death, "and when they can see it being given, avoided, refused and accepted in the afternoon for a nominal price of admission they pay their money and go to the bull-ring." The English and French, on the other hand, "live for life" and consequently don't especially care for bull-fights. Here Mr. Hemingway seems to be getting mystical on his own account, but at least it is not "bedside mysticism." Bull-fighting always means death for the bull, for if he is not killed in the arena during the allotted time he is killed outside. It means death for horses--a death in which Mr. Hemingway says there is sometimes an element of the comic--if they are not protected by mattresses. It sometimes means death for the matador, it means in almost every case that he will sooner other later be grievously wounded, and if he is a good matador it means that he must go to the very brink of death every time he puts on a performance.  Moreover, it means that a good matador must actually enjoy killing and that the spectators must be able to derive an emotional kick from the operation. As Mr. Hemingway puts it: "He [the matador] must have a spiritual enjoyment of the moment of killing. Killing cleanly and in a way which gives you esthetic pleasure and pride has always been one of the greatest enjoyments of a part of the human race. * * * Once you accept the rule of death thou shalt not kill is an easily and naturally obeyed commandment. But when a man is still in rebellion against death he has pleasu