Capturing light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP, which organelles found in plant cells conduct photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis, Chloroplast | Learn Science at Scitable Figure Detail What Is Photosynthesis? Why Is it Important? Most living things depend on photosynthetic cells to manufacture the complex organic molecules they require as a source of energy. Photosynthetic cells are quite diverse and include cells found in green plants, phytoplankton, and cyanobacteria. During the process of photosynthesis, cells use carbon dioxide and energy from the Sun to make sugar molecules and oxygen. These sugar molecules are the basis for more complex molecules made by the photosynthetic cell, such as glucose. Then, via respiration processes, cells use oxygen and glucose to synthesize energy-rich carrier molecules, such as ATP, and carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product. Therefore, the synthesis of glucose and its breakdown by cells are opposing processes. Figure Detail The building and breaking of carbon-based material — from carbon dioxide to complex organic molecules (photosynthesis) then back to carbon dioxide (respiration) — is part of what is commonly called the global carbon cycle. Indeed, the fossil fuels we use to power our world today are the ancient remains of once-living organisms, and they provide a dramatic example of this cycle at work. The carbon cycle would not be possible without photosynthesis, because this process accounts for the "building" portion of the cycle (Figure 2). However, photosynthesis doesn't just drive the carbon cycle — it also creates the oxygen necessary for respiring organisms. Interestingly, although green plants contribute much of the oxygen in the air we breathe, phytoplankton and cyanobacteria in the world's oceans are thought to produce between one-third and one-half of atmospheric oxygen on Earth. What Cells and Organelles Are Involved in Photosynthesis? Figure 3: Structure of a chloroplast © 2010 Nature Education All rights reserved. Photosynthetic cells contain special pigments that absorb light energy. Different pigments respond to different wavelengths of visible light. Chlorophyll, the primary pigment used in photosynthesis, reflects green light and absorbs red and blue light most strongly. In plants, photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which contain the chlorophyll. Chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane and contain a third inner membrane, called the thylakoid membrane, that forms long folds within the organelle. In electron micrographs, thylakoid membranes look like stacks of coins, although the compartments they form are connected like a maze of chambers. The green pigment chlorophyll is located within the thylakoid membrane, and the space between the thylakoid and the chloroplast membranes is called the stroma (Figure 3, Figure 4). Chlorophyll A is the major pigment used in photosynthesis, but there are several types of chlorophyll and numerous other pigments that respond to light, including red, brown, and blue pigments. These other pigments may help channel light energy to chlorophyll A or protect the cell from photo-damage. For example, the photosynthetic protists called dinoflagellates, which are responsible for the "red tides" that often prompt warnings against eating shellfish, contain a variety of light-sensitive pigments, including both chlorophyll and the red pigments responsible for their dramatic coloration. Figure 4: Diagram of a chloroplast inside a cell, showing thylakoid stacks Shown here is a chloroplast inside a cell, with the outer membrane (OE) and inner membrane (IE) labeled. Other features of the cell include the nucleus (N), mitochondrion (M), and plasma membrane (PM). At right and below are microscopic images of thylakoid stacks called grana. Note the relationship between the granal and stromal membranes. © 2004 Nature Publishing Group Soll, J. & Schleiff, E. Protein import into chloroplasts. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 5, 198-208 (2004) doi:10.1038/nrm1333. All rights reserved. Figure Detail What Are the Steps of Photosynthesis? Photosynthesis consists of both light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. In plants, th


According to Greek mythology, who was the mother of the twins Apollo and Artemis?

Myth of Leto, the mother of Apollo and Artemis - Greeka.com Discover the myth of Leto, mother of Apollo and Artemis Her relationship with Zeus Leto was the daughter of Titans Croesus and Phoebe. She had some supernatural powers herself but only a few, compared to the Olympian Gods. Leto is mostly famous because of her relationship with Zeus, which resulted in giving birth to two divine children, who would later be considered amongst the twelve Olympian gods, Artemis and Apollo. Everything started when Hera found out that Leto was pregnant by her husband, Zeus. Furious and ashamed of this betrayal from Zeus, she cursed Leto not to find a solid ground or island on Earth to give birth to her children. Leto, in labor and great pain, had wandered around all Greece to find a place to give birth but people didn't let her bear her children close to their homes, afraid of Hera's anger. That is when Zeus emerged an island from the sea so that Leto would find a refugee. This island was Delos, which was believed to be a floating island. One version of the myth says that Delos was uninhabited while another says that at first, the inhabitants of Delos didn't want Leto on their land, until she made them a great gift: she anchored Delos on the bottom of the Aegean Sea with four anchors to give the island stability. Giving birth to two gods Leto found a safe refugee to give birth on Delos, which was surrounded by swans. The delivery of Artemis was painless but the birth of Apollo lasted for nine whole days and nights because Hera had kidnapped Eileithyia, the goddess of childbirth, preventing Leto from having an easy and painless labor. It is said that, with the absence of Eileithyia, Artemis was the one to help her mother deliver her twin brother, Apollo. The delivery took place under a palm tree. Indeed, there is a palm tree today on Delos the ancient Greeks planted to commemorate the birth of the god. Homer mentions that all gods and goddess, except for Hera, were present at the delivery of Apollo to establish from the first moment the authenticity of a child who was later to become an Olympian god. Therefore, that is how Delos later became the sacred place of Apollo. Wandering around the world However, this wasn't the end of Leto's woes. She and her children were constantly harassed by earth-born creatures sent by Hera. Tityus, an earth-born giant, tried to abduct Leto but his advances were repelled by Apollo, who slew him with his arrows. Python, a giant serpent guarding the oracle of Delphi , was also slain by Apollo because he had raped Leto while she was still pregnant with the twins. According to another story, while Leto was passing through Lycia, she felt thirsty and tried to drink from a well. The peasants however, stirred up mud and made the water undrinkable for her and her children. In anger for the unfairness towards her children, Leto turned them all into frogs. The central fountain in the terrace garden of Versailles depicts this scene. The incident with Niobe Other sources say that after many years of wandering and when her children went to their father on Olympus to live as gods, Leto finally settled in Thebes to spend the rest of her life. There, Niobe, the arrogant queen of the city, once said that she was superior to Leto, because Niobe had given birth to fourteen children, seven male and seven female, instead of two. Leto and her divine children were so insulted when they found out about this, that Apollo and Artemis took revenge, killing all fourteen of Niobe's children. When Niobe discovered what had happened, she burst in great grief. She then asked Zeus to show mercy of her and turn her into a stone, so that she wouldn’t hurt. Indeed, Zeus turned her into a pillar of stone but people said that when they were passing by this pillar, they could see it weep tears. The goddess of motherhood The cult of Leto was wide-spread all over Greece and Asia Minor for being the mother of two Gods. She was usually honoured and depicted in combination with her children. The origin of her name is not known. Some say that it mea


Consisting of several RNA and protein molecules arranged into two subunits, which component of cells coordinate synthesis by reading the messenger RNA copy of the DNA and assembling the appropriate amino

Patent EP1641730A1 - Recombined molecules and preparation thereof - Google Patents Recombined molecules and preparation thereof EP 1641730 A1 Abstract The invention relates to novel molecules and libraries thereof as well as methods for their production. Methods of producing the novel molecules include the cleaving of starting molecules into molecular subunits and the assembly of the subunits into novel recombined molecules. Claims  (OCR text may contain errors)  (text from WO2005016851A1 ) CLAIMS I claim: 1. A method comprising: a. cleaving one or more starting molecules into molecular subunits; and b. assembling two or more of said subunits to produce at least one recombined molecule which is different from said starting molecule(s), wherein at least one of said cleaving or assembling is mediated by an enzyme and wherein at least one of said recombined molecules is not a recombined nucleic acid or a recombined protein. 2. The method of Claim 1, wherein said cleaving is of two or more different starting molecules and said recombined molecule(s) comprises intermolecular combinations of subunits from said different molecules. 3. The method of Claim 1 ,wherein one or more of the molecular subunits is modified prior to said assembling. 4. The method of Claim 1 , further comprising modifying said recombined molecule. 5. The method of Claim 1 , wherein said starting molecules are selected from the group consisting of polypeptides, peptidomimetics, nucleic acids, alkaloids, macrolides, terpenes, macrocycles, fermentation products, and molecules from plant, animal, bacterial, and fungal sources. 6. The method of Claim 1, wherein at least one of the starting molecules is selected from the group consisting of vancomycin, Rifamycin B, erythromycin, camptothecin, 9- hydroxyellipticine, bisamidophthalanide derivatives, rapamycin, actinomycinD, avermectin Bl, phomopsin A, and cytochalasin D. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of said starting molecules is attached to a solid support. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said cleaving is mediated by an enzyme selected from the group consisting of hydrolases, oxidases, reductases, proteases, peptidases, esterases, and mono-oxygenases. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said assembling is mediated by an enzyme selected from the group consisting of lyases, ligases, fumarases, glycosyl transferases, glycosidases, haloperoxidases and halohydrin eposidases. 10. The method of Claim 1, further comprising screening for a biological activity of said recombined molecule comprising contacting said recombined molecule with a biological target, and determining the effect of said recombined molecule on a property of said biological target. 11. A library of recombined molecules made according to the method of Claim 1. 12. A method for screening for a biologically active recombined molecule comprising contacting the library of Claim 11 with a biological target and determining the effect of said library on a property of said biological target. 13. The method of Claim 12, wherein said library is partially purified prior to said contacting. 14 The method of Claim 12 further comprising isolating from said library a recombined molecule with said biological activity. 15. The method of Claim 14 further comprising identifying the structure of said recombined molecule with said biological activity. 16. A biologically active recombined molecule made according to the method of Claim 1. Description  (OCR text may contain errors)  (text from WO2005016851A1 ) PATENT RECOMBINED MOLECULES AND PREPARATION THEREOF [0001] This application claims the benefit of United States Application Serial No. 60/490,804, filed July 29, 2003; United States Application Serial No. 60/484,214, filed July 1, 2003; and United States Application Serial No. 60/468,894, filed May 8, 2003, each of which is incorporated by reference in their entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD [0002] The invention relates to novel molecules and libraries thereof as well as methods for their production. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] The creation of diverse c


Which English football club, who currently play in the Northern Premier League Division One South, are the world's oldest football club, having been founded in 1857?

The Oldest Clubs in World Football | Sportslens Blog Columns Best of SL The Oldest Clubs in World Football The Oldest Clubs in World Football Chris Mann 17 November, 2009 Best of SL , General Football News , Teams Although football today is a multi-billion dollar globalised industry which has spread its commercial influence to all corners of the planet, sometimes it pays to look back into the game’s annals and revisit the humble origins of what has now become the most popular sport in the world. In this article I look at the ten oldest football clubs still in existence today and try and put the magnitude of their impact upon the game into some sort of historical perspective. Sheffield F.C. (1857) http://www.sheffieldfc.com/ The first football club to have ever become a formalised and independent organisation, the 152-year history of Sheffield FC has been inextricably linked with the progression of the game in Britain and the growth of football into the globalised entertainment industry it is today. Established during the height of the industrial revolution in Britain’s most prolific steel-producing centre, Sheffield FC quickly became an integral force during the gradual installation of football as a more organised and systematic athletic discipline in the UK. After the club’s foundation in 1857 the committee began to methodically analyse the various loosely regulated codes of mob football that dominated the British game at the time, eventually arriving at a standardised set of rules which were adopted by the Sheffield Football Association, football’s first formal governing body, at its establishment in 1857. In 1863, just six years after the formation of the Sheffield FA, the club became a founder member of the Football Association, the first national bureaucracy designed solely for the purpose of administrating the game of football and a hugely significant development in the game’s journey towards professionalism. Despite now playing their football in the semi-professional Northern Premier League , Sheffield FC’s impact on the game should not be underestimated. Indeed, the club should be lauded as a revolutionary influence and controlling presence on the early history of association football. Hallam F.C. (1860) http://www.hallamfc.co.uk/ Originally set up as a cricket club in 1804, Hallam FC was established just three years after their more famous Sheffield neighbours and further enhanced the “Steel City’s” credentials as the crucible of football’s modern era. Perhaps the club’s most significant achievement was, in 1867, to triumph in the Youdan Cup, thought to be football’s first ever organised tournament. The competition was played using the Sheffield rules of the time, a code which had been initiated by the fledgling Sheffield Football Association in the late 1850s. Although Hallam may narrowly miss out on the title of the world’s oldest club, the team does boast – according to the Guinness Book of Records – the most venerable ground on the planet. The Countrymen, as they are more commonly known, have played at their Sandygate ground for the entirety of their history and, although the arena now plays host to Northern Counties East League football, don’t look like vacating their historic premises anytime soon. Cray Wanderers F.C. (1860) http://www.craywands.co.uk/ Founded in the London suburb of Bromley by the workers on the London to Kent railway, Cray Wanderers were the first club to be instituted from the South of England, an important development Despite a successful start to the club’s life in the early years of the twentieth century as part of the Kent League, Cray lost their way in the 1930s and dropped into the various amateur leagues of the region. Just under twenty years later the club regained its semi-professional status and achieved a degree of success in the London League with three league titles towards the end of the 1950s. Today, in their 150th year, the club conduct their business and Isthmian League, the seventh tier of the English football ladder and, despite not perhaps having had the level of imp


What is the name given to the botanical gardens near Mevagissey in Cornwall that were created by members of the Cornish Tremayne family, over a period from the mid-18th century up to the beginning of the 20th century?

Guide to the Cornwall Gardens - Visit Gardens in Cornwall - National Trust Gardens - Heligan, Caerhays, Trebah, Lanhydrock The Gardens of Cornwall  Welcome to the enchanting gardens of Cornwall Cornwall is often described as the 'garden capital of the world' as the lush vegetation and colour give garden lovers a feast for the eyes all year round.  Whether you are a serious horticulturalist, specialist gardener, enthusiastic amateur, holidaymaker or a day-tripper, Cornwall's magnificent gardens can show you everything from wild woodland to neatly manicured lawns, the small and unusual, those with eccentric features, to the large and famous � whose plants, flowers, palms and trees thrive in Cornwall�s mild coastal climate. Caerhays Castle Gardens Most people know of Caerhays because of the Castle and Gardens but few realise just how big the estate is or how many diverse areas there are. Of course there is the Castle designed by John Nash at the start of the 19th century, there are the Gardens and grounds with the magnificent camellias and rhododendrons for which the estate is world famous and the National Magnolia Collection which has a home here.       But how many people also realise that there are holiday properties including our luxury lodge The Vean, residential and farm properties, commercial shooting, corporate and business facilities, film and photographic location opportunities, Burncoose Nurseries (our plant supply division), a wonderful family beach and a large working Home Farm with a magnificent pure bred herd of Saler cattle. Glendurgan Gardens Lose yourself in the three valleys of Glendurgan Garden � full of fun, natural beauty and amazing plants. Discover giant rhubarb plants in the jungle-like lower valley and spiky arid plants basking in the sunny upper slopes. Wander through the garden down to the beautiful hamlet of Durgan on the Helford River: a place to watch birds and boats, skim stones and build sand-castles. Find a boat-seat, gigantic tulip-trees and ponds teeming with wildlife. Learn about the Fox family who created this 'small peace [sic] of heaven on earth'  The Lost Gardens of Heligan Heligan offers over 200 acres for exploration. Discover our Victorian Productive Gardens, romantic Pleasure Grounds, lush sub-tropical Jungle, pioneering Wildlife Project & beyond. The Lost Gardens of Heligan, near Mevagissey in the Duchy of Cornwall , are one of the most popular botanical gardens in the UK . The style of the gardens is typical of the nineteenth century Gardenesque style, with areas of different character and in different design styles. The gardens were created by members of the Cornish Tremayne family, over a period from the mid-18th century up to the beginning of the 20th century, and still form part of the family's Heligan estate . The gardens were neglected after the First World War , and only restored in the 1990s, a restoration that was the subject of several popular television programs and books. Lanhydrock Lanhydrock is the perfect country house and estate, with the feel of a wealthy but unpretentious family home. Follow in the footsteps of generations of the Robartes family, walking in the 17th-century Long Gallery among the rare book collection under the remarkable plasterwork ceiling. After a devastating fire in 1881 the house was refurbished in the high-Victorian style, with the latest mod cons. Boasting the best in country-house design and planning, the kitchens, nurseries and servants' quarters offer a thrilling glimpse into life 'below stairs', while the spacious dining room and bedrooms are truly and deeply elegant. Pencarrow House and Gardens For nearly 500 years, Pencarrow has been the much-loved home of the Molesworth-St Aubyns, ever since John Molesworth arrived from Northamptonshire to become the Auditor for the Duchy of Cornwall and Queen Elizabeth I.  The 50 acres of gardens include the Italian Gardens, lovely lawns with magnificent specimen trees, woodland walks and lots of flowering plants and shrubs. In Spring the Ga


Which restoration dramatist was also responsible for designing Blenheim Palace and Castle Howard?

Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, England Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, England Place projects Top Surnames Nicholas Hawksmoor (1661 - 1736) Find a Grave  Birth: 1661  Death: Mar. 24, 1736  Architect, originally assistant to Sir Christopher Wren and himself the designer of some of London's finest churches, and of the West towers of Wes... history Blenheim Palace Blenheim Palace (pronounced /ˈblɛnɪm/ blen-im[1]) is a monumental country house situated in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England. It is the principal residence of the dukes of Marlborough, and the only non-royal non-episcopal country house in England to hold the title of palace. The palace, one of England's largest houses, was built between 1705 and circa 1722. Blenheim Palace was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.[2] The building of the palace was originally intended to be a reward to John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough, from a grateful nation for the duke's military triumphs against the French and Bavarians during the War of the Spanish Succession, culminating in the 1704 Battle of Blenheim. However, soon after its construction began, the palace was to become the subject of political infighting; this led to Marlborough's exile, the fall from power of his duchess, and lasting damage to the reputation of the architect Sir John Vanbrugh . Designed in the rare, and short-lived, English Baroque style, architectural appreciation of the palace is as divided today as it was in the 1720s.[3] It is unique in its combined usage as a family home, mausoleum and national monument. The palace is also notable as the birthplace and ancestral home of Sir Winston Churchill. Following the palace's completion, it became the home of the Churchill, later Spencer-Churchill, family for the next 300 years, and various members of the family have in that period wrought changes, in the interiors, park and gardens. At the end of the 19th century, the palace was saved from ruin by funds gained from the 9th Duke of Marlborough 's marriage to American railroad heiress Consuelo Vanderbilt . The exterior of the palace remains in good repair. Churchills His family had aristocratic relations, it belonged to the minor gentry rather than the upper echelons of 17th-century society. In 1678, Churchill married Sarah Jennings ,[4] and in April that year, he was sent by Charles II to The Hague to negotiate a convention on the deployment of the English army in Flanders. The mission ultimately proved abortive. In May, Churchill was appointed the temporary rank of Brigadier-General of Foot, but the possibility of a continental campaign was eliminated with the Treaty of Nijmegen.[5] When Churchill returned to England, the Popish Plot resulted in a temporary three-year banishment for[ James VII of Scotland & II of England and Ireland James Stuart, Duke of York]. The Duke obliged Churchill to attend him, first to The Hague, then in Brussels.[6] For his services during the crisis Churchill was made Lord Churchill of Eyemouth in the peerage of Scotland in 1682, and the following year appointed colonel of the King's Own Royal Regiment of Dragoons.[7] On the death of Charles II in 1685, his brother, the Duke of York, became King James II. On James's succession Churchill was appointed governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. He had also been affirmed Gentleman of the Bedchamber in April, and admitted to the English peerage as Baron Churchill of Sandridge in the county of Hertfordshire in May. Following the Monmouth Rebellion, Churchill was promoted to Major General and awarded the lucrative colonelcy of the Third Troop of Life Guards.[8] When William, Prince of Orange, invaded England in November 1688, Churchill, accompanied by some 400 officers and men, rode to join him in Axminster.[9] When the King saw he could not even keep Churchill—for so long his loyal and intimate servant—he fled to France.[10] As part of William III' s coronation honours Churchill was created Earl of Marlborough, sworn to the Privy Council, and made a Gentleman of the King's Bedchamber. During the War of the Spanish Succession


Which American Football player, who played for the 'Chicago Bears' between 1985 and 1993, was nicknamed 'The Refrigerator'?

Kyle Young O.K. Pressley , Center, 1928; Third-team All-American according to Newspaper Enterprise of America, John Heisman and Walter Trumbull...first Clemson football player named to any All-America team...starting center for the Tigers in 1926,1927, 1928...captained the Tigers as a senior in 1928...started 25 games at center in his three years out of a possible 29 games. Clemson had a school record eight wins in Pressley's senior year...named All-Southern in 1928, Clemson's only selection to that team in 1928. Banks McFadden , Back, 1939: Consensus All-American in both football and basketball in the same calendar year  (1939),  only Clemson athlete to do that...named the nation's most versatile athlete for 1939-40... Clemson's first wire-service All-American... record setter on the field as a runner, passer, and punter...led Tigers to state championship in track twice in his three years on the team...elected to National Football Hall of Fame in 1959...received Distinguished Alumni Award from Clemson in 1966...charter member of the Clemson Athletic Hall of Fame and South Carolina Athletic Hall of Fame...only Clemson player to have his jersey retired in two sports...the number-three pick of the Brooklyn Dodgers (football) after the 1939 season, that is still the highest draft pick ever by a Clemson player...played one year in the NFL and led the league in yards per rush...coached the defensive backs at Clemson for 26 years, he was also the head basketball coach from 1947-56..Clemson's McFadden Building, dedicated in 1995, is in his honor...retired, now living in Clemson...Charter member of Ring of Honor in Memorial Stadium...named to Clemson's Centennial team in April,1996. Joe Blalock , End, 1940-41: Clemson's first two-time  All-American ...sophomore starter on the Cotton Bowl team ..leading Tiger receiver for three consecutive years...tied for fifth in Clemson history with 11 career touchdown receptions ...averaged 20.34 yards per catch in his career, still the Clemson record on a yards per reception basis...fifth-round draft choice of the Detroit Lions after the 1941 season...played basketball l940-4l for the Tigers...charter member of the Clemson Athletic Hall of Fame in 1973...named to Clemson's Centennial team ...died August 21,1974. Ralph Jenkins , Center, 1945: Second-team All-American...played in the 1946 BIue-Gray Classic he was one of the first Tigers chosen to an All-Star game...chosen All-American as a junior, he started only four games as a senior due to injury...one of the top centers in Clemson history, he was a starter at center in 1943,1944 and 1945...started all 27 games at center his freshman, sophomore and junior seasons...second Clemson offensive lineman to earn All-America honors...l4th-round pick of the Pittsburgh Steelers after the 1946 season...played one year of pro football (1947) with  Pittsburgh...inducted into Clemson Hall of Fame in fall of 1995. Bobby Gage , Tailback, 1948: Senior-year All-American after leading Clemson to a 10-0 campaign and a 24-23 Gator Bowl  victory       over Missouri...unanimous choice as MVP in 1949 in the Gator Bowl...fifth in career total offense at Clemson with 3,757       yards...tied for sixth in Clemson history with lO career interceptions...had perhaps the best all-around passing game in      Clemson history when he completed 9-11 for 245 yards and two TDs vs. Furman in 1947...had four TD passes vs. Auburn in 1947, still the only Tiger to throw for four TDs in a game...first-round draft pick of the Pittsburgh Steelers where he played for two years ...1976 Clemson Athletic Hall of Fame inductee...named to the Gator Bowl Hall of Fame in 1990...works in Textiles at Chemurgy Products, Inc...lives in Greenville, SC. Jackie Calvert , Safety, 1950: NEA first-team All-America safety...still holds career record for rushing yards per attempt(5.92)...team captain for 1951 Orange Bowl team...top yardage gainer that season with 1220 yards, he was a fine all around back...still second in Clemson history in career yards per pas


What was the popular name of the prison, close in 2000, that was situated in the former Royal Air Force station of Long Kesh, on the outskirts of Lisburn?

Clones Failte – Long Kesh [aka The Maze / H-Blocks] Long Kesh [aka The Maze / H-Blocks] admin June 21, 2011 Comments Off Long Kesh (known as The Maze or The H Blocks) was the main prison in Northern Ireland that was used to house paramilitary prisoners during the Troubles from mid-1971 to mid-2000. It was situated in the former Royal Air Force station of Long Kesh, on the outskirts of Lisburn. In the late 1960′s the prison population in Northern Ireland was below 700. Following the introduction of internment 452 people were arrested on 9 August 1971 and held in Nissen huts at a disused RAF airfield that became the Long Kesh Detention Centre. The internees saw themselves as political prisoners rather than common criminals. When internment ended on 5th December 1975 1,981 people had been detained, 95% were Catholic! Special category statusFollowing the introduction of Direct Rule in March 1972, the Long Kesh Internment Centre began to receive people convicted by the courts of ‘politically motivated’ offences, at which time Long Kesh was formally renamed HMP Maze. There were 1,100 Special Category Status prisoners at that time. From June 1972 convicted prisoners who claimed political motivation where granted what became known as ‘special category status.’ Special Category Status for convicted paramilitary-linked prisoners gave them the same privileges previously available only to internees. These privileges included free association between prisoners, extra visits, food parcels and the right to wear their own clothes rather than prison uniforms. In January 1975 the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Mr Merlyn Rees, advised the House of Commons that H- Blocks were to be built on the Maze site as an interim measure, while a new prison at Maghaberry was being built. As part of the government’s policy of “criminalisation”, and coinciding with the end of internment, Special Category Status was withdrawn from 1 March 1976. Those convicted of scheduled terrorist offences after that date were housed in the eight new “H-Blocks” that had been constructed at Long Kesh, now officially named Her Majesty’s Prison Maze (HMP Maze). Existing prisoners remained in separate compounds and retained their Special Category Status. The blanket protest The blanket protest began on 15 September when prisoners without Special Category Status began protesting for its return immediately after they were transferred to the H-Blocks. Their first act of defiance, initiated by Kieran Nugent was to refuse to wear the prison uniforms, stating that convicted criminals wear uniforms, not political prisoners. When they presented Kieran with the convicts uniform he defiantly stated “you will have to nail it to my back.” Prisoners began to use blankets instead of clothing and the protest quickly became known as being ‘on the blanket’. The prison authorities reacted to the protest by removing the privileges of those ‘on the blanket’, action which led to an escalation of the protest. By 1978 more than 300 men had joined the protest. Prison guards soon refused to let the blanket protesters use the toilets without proper uniforms. The prisoners refused, and instead began to defecate within their own cells, smearing excrement on the walls as a reaction to Government intransigence. This began the “no-wash protest”. The hunger strikes In October 1980 seven Republican prisoners started to refuse food, having not accepted the Government’s offer of prison issue civilian clothing as a solution to the impasse. That hunger strike ended on 18 December 1980 but, a second, major and sustained, hunger strike in 1981 culminated in the deaths of 10 Republican prisoners. The five demands of the hunger strikers were: the right to wear civilian clothes; the right to choose not to do prison work; free association with other inmates; remission at 50% on all sentences; normal privileges – parcels and visits, educational and recreational facilities. Escapes In September 1983, 38 Republican prisoners successfully escaped from the Maze, although 19 were quickly recaptured. One prison o


Which chemical element is named after the Scottish village in which it was discovered in 1787?

The Meanings Behind 20 Chemical Element Names | Mental Floss The Meanings Behind 20 Chemical Element Names filed under: chemistry , language Like us on Facebook On December 30, 2015, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry announced the discovery of four new chemical elements—numbers 113, 115, 117, and 118—the first new elements added to the periodic table since 2011 . For the time being, they have the fairly clunky Latin and Greek numerical names ununtium (Uut), ununpentium (Uup), ununseptium (Uus), and ununoctium (Uuo), but, by IUPAC rules, their discovers now get the chance to officially name them. Online, there’s growing support to name one of these new “heavy metal” elements lemmium in honor of Motörhead frontman Lemmy (who died two days before they were announced), and another octarine after the fictional “color of magic” in the late Sir Terry Pratchett’s Discworld novels (Pratchett died in March 2015). Whether these two petitions will come to fruition remains to be seen—the final names are not likely to be announced until later in the spring—but as IUPAC rules demand all new elements be named after either a mythological concept or character, a mineral, a place, a property of the element itself, or a scientist [ PDF ], it seems unlikely we’ll be seeing lemmium on the walls of chemistry classes any time soon. The stories behind 20 other chemical element names are explained here.  1. LITHIUM (3) Despite being the least dense metal, lithium takes its name from the Greek word for “stone,” lithos, because it was discovered in a rock (as opposed to the other alkali metals potassium and sodium, which were discovered in plants and animals).  2. CARBON (6) The name carbon comes from the Latin word carbo, meaning “coal” or “charcoal.” A small carbo, incidentally, was a carbunculus, which is the origin of carbuncle.  3. NEON (10) Neon takes its name from neos, the Greek word for “new” (it was “newly” discovered in 1898). 4. PHOSPHORUS (15) Phosphorus literally means “light-bearer” or “light-bringing,” as the first compound of the element glowed in the dark. A century before it became the name of element 15 in the late 1600s, Phosphorus was an alternative name for the planet Venus, whose appearance in the sky was once believed to strengthen the light and heat of the Sun. 5. VANADIUM (23) One of the transition metals, pure vanadium is a harsh steel-grey color, but four of its oxidation states produce a rainbow of solutions, colored purple, green, blue, and yellow . Because he was so impressed with how beautiful and varied these solutions were, the Swedish chemist Nils Sefström chose to name vanadium after Vanadís, an alternate name for the Norse goddess of beauty, Freya. Vanadium’s next door neighbor, chromium (24), also produces a variety of colored compounds and so takes its name from the Greek word for “color,” chroma.  6. COBALT (27) Cobalt is often naturally found alongside or in minerals combined with arsenic, and when smelted, cobalt ore can emit noxious arsenic-laden fumes. Long before the poisonous qualities of minerals like these could be explained by science, copper miners in central Europe had no better explanation than to presume these toxic effects were supernatural, and were caused by devious underground goblins called kobolds who lived inside the rock—and it's from the German word kobold that cobalt gets its name.  7. COPPER (29) The chemical symbol for copper is Cu, which derives from the metal’s Latin name, cuprum. In turn, cuprum is descended from Kyprios, the Ancient Greek name for the island of Cyprus, which was well known in antiquity for its production of copper. Some other chemical elements named after places include germanium (32), americium (95), berkelium (97), californium (98), and darmstadtium (110), while the elements ruthenium (44), holmium (67), lutetium (71), hafnium (72), and polonium (84) take their names from the Latin names for Russia (Ruthenia), Stockholm (Holmia), Paris (Lutetia), Copenhagen (Hafnia), and Poland (Polonia). 8. GALLIUM (31) A brittle, silvery-colored metal with


Ted Hughes was appointed Poet Laureate in 1984 on the refusal of which prominent poet?

Poets Laureate of Great Britain Poets Laureate of Great Britain Poets Laureate of Great Britain by J. Zimmerman Several of the other Laureates were famous poets, particularly Ted Hughes , Robert Southey , John Masefield , Sir John Betjeman , Cecil Day-Lewis , and the current Laureate, Andrew Motion . History and responsibilities. In Great Britain, the Poet Laureate is: The realm's official poet. A member of the royal household. Charged with writing verses for court and national occasions (such as for a Royal Wedding or the New Year). Awarded the position for life. Chosen by the British reigning monarch, from a list of nominees that the Prime Minister compiles after a poet laureate dies. Shortly after the 1668, the position became the Poet Laureate of Great Britain in 1707, when The Act of Union created "Great Britain" as the political name of England, Scotland, and Wales. The name Laureate derives from the Latin laureatus ("crowned with laurel"). It comes from an ancient Roman tradition of honoring a person (especially a poet) who has shown excellence of achievement. The honor is signified by presenting the person with a wreath of laurel leaves. FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) on the Poets Laureate of Great Britain. What does "Laureate" mean? Answer . Who was the best? Most frequently this is said to be Tennyson . John Dryden (1631-1700). Laureate 1668-88. Appointed in 1668 by King Charles II, who gave John Dryden a formal royal warrant  that awarded him the official titles of  Poet Laureate and Historiographer Royal. This role continued under King James II. As a powerful satirist, Dryden was a strong advocate and spokesman for his monarch, and "the best poet, dramatist, translator and critic of the age" [ Levin in Verses of the Poets Laureate] In 1689, sacked [or fired] by William III for failing to take an oath of allegiance. Thomas Shadwell (1643?-1692). Laureate 1689-92. The successful dramatist Thomas Shadwell was chosen in large part  because he was a Protestant Whig, essential to replace the Catholic Dryden.  met an inglorious end in 1693, A weak poet, a heavy drinker, and an opium user,  Shadwell died from an overdose of opium, which he took in part to relieve his gout.  He was said to have found the laureateship unimportant.  Disrespected by John Dryden , among others, for his poetry as well as for his politics. Shadwell wrote a yearly ode on the monarch's birthday, and introduced the  tradition of writing a New Year ode; his odes are crashingly uninspired and mechanistic,  as if written by an unusually dimwitted computer program. Nahum Tate (1652-1715). Laureate 1692-1715. Born in Dublin, Tate was awarded the Poet Laureate position (and its £100 per year)  but the post of Historiographer Royal (and its annual £200) became a separate assignment. Tate is most known today for his authorship of the widely loved Christmas carol "While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks By Night".  He is notorious for his (creative?) revision of Shakespeare's tragedy King Lear,  giving it a happy ending. In response to public events, Tate wrote poems for victories against the French (1704),  the Act of Union between the Parliaments of England and Scotland (1707),  and the signing of the Peace of Utrecht with France (1713). Nicholas Rowe (1674-1718). Laureate 1715-18. Nicholas Rowe was celebrated as a dramatist rather than as a poet.  The Poet Laureate's role was now general praise of the sovereign, rather than  political and historical. In addition to the annual New Year ode,  the Laureate acquired the duty of writing a birthday ode to the monarch, a practice which was  to last over 100 years. Laurence Eusden (1688-1730). Eusden never published a book of poetry.  His work is mediocre. Colley Cibber (1671-1757). The poetry of dramatist Colley Cibber was conscientious but not inspired. William Whitehead (1715-85). Laureate 1757-85.  [The appointment was first offered to and declined by Thomas Gray.] William Whitehead (a respectable though perhaps dull dramatist)  was good humored and amiable. For example, h


In the human body, what do the lachrymal glands produce?

Definition of Lacrimal gland Definition of Lacrimal gland Lacrimal gland: A small almond-shaped structure that produces tears and is located just above the upper, outer corner of the eye. Last Editorial Review: 5/13/2016


Which American statesman and scientist almost killed himself whilst demonstrating the electrical nature of lightening by flying a kite in a thunderstorm?

Albert Einstein - Documents Documents Share Albert Einstein Embed
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 size(px) Download Albert Einstein Transcript Albert Einstein From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search "Einstein" redirects here. For other uses, see Einstein (disambiguation). Albert Einstein Albert Einstein in 1921 14 March 1879 Born Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire 18 April 1955 (aged 76) Died Princeton, New Jersey, United States Germany, Italy, Switzerland, United Residence States Ethnicity Jewish • Württemberg/Germany (until 1896) • Stateless (1896–1901) • Switzerland (from 1901) Citizenship • Austria (1911–12) • Germany (1914–33) • • United States (from 1940)[1] ETH Zurich University of Zurich General relativity and special relativity Photoelectric effect Alma mater • Known for • •  • • • • • • Mass-energy equivalence Quantification of the Brownian motion Einstein field equations Bose–Einstein statistics Unified Field Theory Mileva Marić (1903–1919) Elsa Löwenthal, née Einstein, (1919–1936) Nobel Prize in Physics (1921) Copley Medal (1925) Max Planck Medal (1929) Time Person of the Century Signature Spouse • • • • • Awards Albert Einstein ( /ˈælbərt ˈaɪnstaɪn/; German: [ˈalbɐt ˈaɪnʃtaɪn] ( listen); 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who discovered the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics.[2] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".[3] Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on the general theory of relativity. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe as a whole.[4] He was visiting the United States when Hitler came to power in 1933, and did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the U.S., becoming a citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he helped alert President Franklin D. Roosevelt that Germany might be developing an atomic weapon, and recommended that the U.S. begin similar research. Later, together with Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, which highlighted the  danger of nuclear weapons. Einstein taught physics at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955. Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works.[4][5] His great intelligence and originality have made the word "Einstein" synonymous with genius.[6] Contents [hide] • • 1 Biography o 1.1 Early life and education o 1.2 Marriages and children o 1.3 Patent office o 1.4 Academic career o 1.5 Travels abroad o 1.6 Emigration from Germany  1.6.1 World War II and the Manhattan Project  1.6.2 U.S. citizenship o 1.7 Death 2 Scientific career o 2.1 Annus Mirabili


In which country would you find the ruins of the ancient Inca city known as Machu Picchu?

Photos of Top 10 Inca Ruins to See -- National Geographic 1. Sacsahuaman Photograph by Gonzalez, Laif/Redux Not long ago, Machu Picchu was voted one of the New Seven Wonders of the World, a result that will surprise none of the millions of people who’ve visited the spectacular stone citadel in the sky. What most visitors to Peru don’t know, however, is that the country is thick with ancient Inca wonders. Here are ten others worth checking out. Many are within a day’s journey of Cusco and can be combined with a visit to Machu Picchu. The first is Sacsahuaman (pictured above). Arguably the greatest Inca ruin outside of Machu Picchu, this gargantuan complex overlooks the city of Cusco. (You can take a taxi or hike up in less than an hour.) Sacsahuaman is believed to have once been a royal retreat, a fortress, or both. Its zigzag walls are built with some of the largest stones to be found in Inca masonry; some are estimated to weigh as much as 300 tons, yet are fit together as tightly as the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. — Mark Adams , author of Turn Right at Machu Picchu 2. Vitcos/Yurak Rumi Photograph by Mark Adams When Hiram Bingham came to Peru in 1911 to search for the Lost City of the Inca, one of his top priorities was finding this former Inca settlement. The main palace here is enormous—its front wall measures more than 200 feet across—and its doorways feature some of the finest Inca stonework in existence. The real draw, though, is Yurak Rumi (pictured above)—“White Rock” in Quechua—an intricately carved granite boulder the size of a city bus, which was once one of the holiest shrines in the Inca Empire. 3. Pisac Photograph by Raach, laif/Redux These ruins, overlooking the Urubamba River less than an hour northeast of Cusco, are notable for their Inca waterworks and beautiful, curving agricultural terraces, which offer excellent vistas of the Sacred Valley. The religious buildings in particular are as finely made as those at Machu Picchu, and the site features one of Peru’s only remaining intihuatanas, enigmatic carved rocks that were used for astronomical observation. The town of Pisac, located beneath the ruins, also hosts a popular local crafts market. 4. Ollantaytambo Photograph by Paul Spierenburg, Laif/Redux In 1536, this settlement was the site of the Inca's greatest military victory over the invading Spaniards. Today, it is one of the only towns in Peru that retains its original Inca walls and street grid, dominated by long, ancient stone walls that once divided groups of homes around communal courtyards. An imposing set of stone terraces (from which the Inca assaulted their Spanish invaders with slingshots and arrows), capped by six enigmatic slabs of pink granite, looms above the town. Most trains to and from Machu Picchu stop at Ollantaytambo, making it an ideal overnight stop. 5. Cusco and the Koricancha Photograph by Vassil Donev, EPA/Corbis The name Cusco can be translated as “navel of the world,” and this holy city was once the nexus of the Inca Empire; four roads led out from its central plaza in the cardinal directions, toward the empire’s four quarters. Cusco was also home to the palaces of its rulers. Most of the original Inca buildings were destroyed by the conquistadors, but some walls—famous for masonry so precise that a knife blade cannot be wedged between stones—were incorporated into new structures. The walls were so well made that they’ve withstood major earthquakes and can still be seen in Cusco’s tight alleyways. The holiest site of all was the Koricancha, or sun temple, which at the time of the Spanish invasion was covered in sheets of gold. The precious metals have long since departed, but much of the original temple still stands beneath the veneer of a Spanish monastery. 6. Moray Photograph by Ian Wood, Alamy This unique archaeological site is one of the best examples—along with Machu Picchu—of what might be called extreme Inca landscaping. Three enormous pits, each with beautifully curved sides that staircase down like the interiors of titanic flowerpots, have been carved out of the eart


In 1844, Samuel Morse used which four-word Biblical quote when he sent the world's first public telegraph message?

WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT! WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT! Can       you send out lightnings, that they may go, And say to you, "Here we are!"? (Job       38:35). Their       line is gone out through all the earth, and their words to the end       of the world (Psalm       19:4). What hath God wrought!   is from the Book of Numbers–the 4th book of the Old Covenant: Surely there is no enchantment    (sorcery) against Jacob, neither is there any divination against Israel:    according to this time it shall be said of Jacob and of Israel, What    hath God wrought! (Numbers 23:23). Here is the dictionary definition   of the word WROUGHT: A past tense and a past    participle of work. adjective 1. Put together; created: a carefully wrought plan. 2. Shaped by hammering with tools. Used chiefly of metals or metalwork. 3. Made delicately or elaborately. This short   phrase from the Book of Numbers were the first words transmitted by the newly   invented marvel of the electric telegraph. Telegraph   comes from the Greek tele (far) and grapho (write) and was   first used by French inventor Claude Chappe to mean FAR WRITER. In 1844,   time and distance were annihilated by the electric telegraph–the marvelous   invention of Professor Samuel Morse. This miraculous invention later led to   the telephone, radio,   TV . . . and eventually the Internet! Artist's portrayal      of Morse sending the first telegraph message.   On         May 24, 1844, Professor Samuel Morse sent the first message via         electricity from Washington City to Baltimore. It         comprised the short Biblical phrase: What Hath God Wrought! Samuel F. B. Morse (1791–1872). This was   the most revolutionary invention since the printing press and the dawn of   the telecommunications era. Professor Morse sent the   first telegraph message from the Supreme Court Room of the Capitol at Washington   City. Annie Ellsworth, left, suggested the first message: What Hath God Wrought! Professor Morse knew that   Annie Ellsworth was divinely inspired to choose that phrase because   he knew that all the glory belonged to Almighty God for the world changing   discovery of writing remotely by using lightning or electricity. Before electric telegraphy,   most messages that traveled long distances were entrusted to messengers who   memorized them or carried them in writing. These messages could be delivered   no faster than the fastest horse. Professor   Morse first envisioned the electric telegraph in 1832 In 1832,   Samuel Morse–the American Leonardo da Vinci– was returning to   the U.S. from a trip to Europe. Morse was a very talented PAINTER and went   abroad to study sculpture and painting in Great Britain, France, and Italy. On the return voyage aboard   the packet ship Sully, the conversation turned to the new discovered   wonders of electro-magnetism: In the early part of    the voyage conversation at the dinner table turned upon recent discoveries    in electro-magnetism, and the experiments of Ampère with the electro-magnet.    Dr. Jackson spoke of the length of wire in the coil of a magnet, and the    question was asked by some one of the company, "If the velocity of    electricity was retarded by the length of the wire?" Dr. Jackson replied    that electricity passes instantaneously over any known length of wire. He    referred to experiments made by Dr. Franklin with several miles of wire    in circuit, to ascertain the velocity of electricity; the result being that    he could observe no difference of time between the touch at one extremity    and the spark at the other. At this point Mr. Morse interposed the remark, "If the presence of electricity can be made visible    in any part of the circuit, I see no reason why intelligence may not be    transmitted instantaneously by electricity." The conversation    went on. But the one new idea had taken complete possessi


First climbed by Chris Bonnington in 1966, what is the name of the 449ft. high sea stack off the coast of the Orkney Islands?

Sir Chris Bonington climbs the Old Man of Hoy again after 48 years - BBC News BBC News Sir Chris Bonington climbs the Old Man of Hoy again after 48 years 20 August 2014 Close share panel Image copyright Berghaus Image caption Sir Chris Bonington and colleague Leo Houlding before tackling the Old Man of Hoy The UK's most famous mountaineer Sir Chris Bonington has successfully climbed the Old Man of Hoy 48 years after his first ascent. Sir Chris tackled the iconic sea stack off the north coast of Scotland to mark his 80th birthday. He also hopes to raise awareness and funds for motor neurone disease (MND) charities in memory of his wife Wendy, who died of the condition last month. Before setting off, Sir Chris admitted he was "apprehensive" about the climb. He said: "I'm apprehensive having reached the age of 80 and having had all too little climbing in recent months because of my wife's illness." Sir Chris was joined on the challenge by friend and fellow climber Leo Houlding. Leo said before the start: "Weather's looking alright. Sir Old Man on Hoy, here we go!" The pair, who are both members of the Berghaus team of athletes, completed their ascent just before 17:00. Matt Hickman, of Berghaus, tweeted: "Chris and Leo are on the top now!" He had earlier said: "Chris is commenting that he isn't as flexible as the last time he did it!" Sir Chris, who climbed Mount Everest in 1985, made the first ascent of the 449ft Old Man of Hoy in 1966. He and colleague Tom Patey returned the following year and were part of the famous three-night live TV broadcast, The Great Climb.


Named after a character appearing in Acts of the Apostles, what name is given is given to the act of paying for sacraments and consequently for holy offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church?

Full text of "The Acts of the Apostles" See other formats ^^5»^lFPiittCf^   V   MAR So 1920   .%   ?Lomki %v«!0^   ' Ivisloa T^3Z(o2j. Section • f- i ~> ^   By the same author:  THE FOUR GOSPELS  With a Practical Critical Commentary for Priests and Students XII -f 557 Pages 8vo. With 2 Maps. Cloth, Net, $4.00  "Most gladly do I recommend this excellent work on the Four Gospels. It is well worthy of all support and merits a warm reception among priests and students."  (Signed) A. CARD. GASQUET,  Roma, Palazzo San Calisto {Trastevere),   "This concise and practical work, in a single volume of handy size, is a treaswe for the average reader, priest or layman. Our busy clergy and our earnest ecclesi- astic students have now, what was long needed, an explanation of the Gospels in which, settmg aside curious and irrevelant erudition and discussion, attention is focussed upon the true meaning of the sacred text, the difficultieB and discrepancies of real moment, and the passages which offer a moral or dogmatic value of perma- nent or fundamental interest. It is rightly described as *a text-book in exegesis,' an orderly and connected summary of the most essential points or subjects to which the sacred text gives rise, either in private study or the class-roooL  "I trust that this excellent work will soon be found in the library of every priest."  4* THOMAS J. SHAHAN, Rector of the Caiholic University.   "Father Callan has done a great service to priests and students by publishing this commentary on the Gospels, for, excepting the translation of the sacred text, nothing is harder to produce than a good commentary. An efficient commentator not only chooses the best readings of the text and explains its grammatical con- struction, but he also points out the Scriptural principles of faith and morals, har- monizes apparent discrepancies, and solves chronological and topographical prob- lems. His explanations are brief but clear, full but concise, and they always keep in view the principles of Biblical inerrancy and Catholic teaching, but do not omit secular erudition and scientific research. The experienced commentator does not dwell injudiciously on disputed questions, exegetical speculations or divergent opinions, knowing that they are apt to occasion a great loss of time and a confusion of ideas; but he cannot neglect the light afforded by the context and by parallel passages wherever found.  "Father Callan ha>s fully satisfied all the requirements of a good commentator. Though prepared for his task by the prayerful meditation of a long religious life and the rigorous course of philosophical and theological studies peculiar to the Dominican Fathers, he was especially fitted for the work by his years of experience in the classroom. His commentary is not the erudite and abstruse work of a mere bookworm, but the practical result of his lectures on Sacred Scriptures before his seminary audience. Here he was teacher and examiner: his daily class was to him a test of his own clear insight into the true meaning of the sacred text; the periodical examinations supplied a test of his power of communicating his ideas in a clear and striking way so as to be understood and remembered by his students.  "Even the book's preface and appendix will be found very helpful to the Bible student, for the appendix gives a good harmony of the Four Gospels, a genealogy of the Herods, and a bibliography. In the body of the book is furnished a detailed study of each particular statement and event of the Gospel narrative. Here the author follows the traditional order of the Four Evangelists, prefacing each Gospel by a brief and clear introduction which is followed by the English text of the respec- tive Gospel. Such questions as the census proclaimed before Our Lord's birth, the year of His Nativity, the length of His public life, the date of the Last Supper and of the Crucifixion have been studied by specialists of the highest rank, and have given rise to as many different opinions' as are


Born and raised in Honolulu, by what name is the American singer-songwriter Peter Gene Hernandez better known?

Bruno Mars | Bruno Mars Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Edit Mars was born Peter Gene Hernandez and raised in the Waikiki neighborhood of Honolulu, Hawaii, by parents Pete Hernandez, of Puerto Rican descent and Bernadette "Bernie" of Filipino descent. His mother emigrated to Hawaii from the Philippines as a child and his father moved to the island from Brooklyn, New York. Mars' parents met while performing in a show, where his mother was a hula dancer and his father played percussion. At the age of two, he was nicknamed "Bruno" by his father, because of his resemblance to chubby professional wrestler Bruno Sammartino. Mars was one of six children and came from a musical family who exposed him to a diverse mix of reggae, rock, hip hop, and R&B. In addition to being a dancer, his mother was a singer and his father used his musical ability to perform Little Richard rock n roll music. Mars' uncle was an Elvis impersonator. By the age of three his uncle had Mars up on the stage performing. He also performed songs by artists such as Michael Jackson, The Isley Brothers, and The Temptations. At age four, Mars began performing five days a week with his family's band, The Love Notes, in which he became known on the island for his impersonation of Presley. In 1990, Mars was featured in MidWeek as "Little Elvis", going on to have a cameo in the film Honeymoon in Vegas in 1992. He later reflected on the influence Presley had on his music: "I watch the best. I'm a big fan of Elvis. I'm a big fan of 1950s Elvis when he would go on stage and scare people because he was a force and girls would go nuts! You can say the same thing for Prince or The Police. It's just guys who know that people are here to see a show, so I watch those guys and I love studying them because I'm a fan." In 2010, he also acknowledged his Hawaiian roots and musical family as an influence, explaining, "Growing up in Hawaii made me the man I am. I used to do a lot of shows in Hawaii with my father's band. Everybody in my family sings, everyone plays instruments. My uncle's an incredible guitar player, my dad's an incredible percussionist, my brother's a great drummer, he actually plays in our band. I've just been surrounded by it." In 2003, shortly after graduating from President Theodore Roosevelt High School at the age of seventeen, Mars moved to Los Angeles, California, to pursue a musical career. He adopted his stage name from the nickname his father gave him, adding "Mars" at the end because "I felt like I didn't have [any] pizzazz, and a lot of girls say I’m out of this world, so I was like I guess I'm from Mars." Career Edit Shortly after moving to Los Angeles, Mars signed to Motown Records in 2004, in a deal that "went nowhere". However, Mars' experience with Motown proved to be beneficial to his career when he met songwriter and producer Philip Lawrence, who was also signed to the label. Mars, Lawrence, and engineer Ari Levine began writing songs together, and formed the production team The Smeezingtons. In 2006, Lawrence introduced Mars to his future manager at Atlantic Records, Aaron Bay-Schuck. After hearing him play a couple of songs on the guitar, Bay-Schuck wanted to sign him immediately, but it took about three years for Atlantic records to finally sign Mars to the label. In the meantime, Bay-Schuck hired Mars and the Smeezingtons to write and produce songs for the label's artists. According to Bay-Schuck in an interview with HitQuarters, Mars had stated that although his ultimate goal was to be a solo artist, he was willing to write and produce for other artists, both to help improve his songwriting and help him discover the type of artist he ultimately wanted to be. Bay-Schuck credits this as a period of "self-discovery" that contributed significantly to Mars' later success. Before becoming a successful solo artist, Hernandez was an acknowledged music producer, writing songs for Alexandra Burke, Travie McCoy, Adam Levine, Brandy, Sean Kingston, and Flo Rida. He also co-wrote the Sugababes' hit song "Get Sexy" and provided backing vocals on their alb


She is the mother of Morgan le Fay by her first husband Gorlois and mother of King Arthur by her second husband Uther Pendragon. What is her name?

1000+ images about Morgan Le Fay on Pinterest | Cornwall, Antigua and Sons Forward Morgan le Fay-Morgaine-Morgana: powerful sorceress in Arthurian legend. Her early role is a fay or magician later becoming prominent as in the Lancelot-Grail story where she becomes antagonist to King Arthur & Queen Guinevere. Possibly unhappily married to King Urien of Gore, the daughter of Lady Igraine & her first husband Gorlois Duke of Cornwall thus Arthur (son of Igraine & Uther Pendragon) is her half-brother. With at least 2 sisters, Elaine [& Morgause; being mother of the traitor… See More


Which American Vice-President killed his political rival, Alexander Hamilton. in a duel in 1804?

The American Experience | The Duel | People & Events | Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr's Duel People & Events Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr's Duel On July 11, 1804, Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr met on the dueling grounds at Weehawken, New Jersey, to fight the final skirmish of a long-lived political and personal battle. When the duel was over, Hamilton would be mortally wounded, and Burr would be wanted for murder. Hamilton was a Federalist. Burr was a Republican. The men clashed repeatedly in the political arena. The first major skirmish was in 1791, when Burr successfully captured a United States Senate seat from Philip Schuyler, Hamilton's powerful father-in-law. Hamilton, then Treasury secretary, would have counted on Schuyler to support his policies. When Burr won the election, Hamilton fumed. In 1800 Burr obtained and had published "The Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq., President of the United States.," a document highly critical of Adams, a Federalist. Hamilton, its author, had intended it for private circulation. Its publication proved highly embarrassing to Hamilton and helped widen rifts in the Federalist Party. That same year, when Republicans Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson tied in balloting for the presidency, Hamilton lobbied Congress to decide the election in Jefferson's favor. Hamilton's campaign had little effect, but in the end, Jefferson emerged the winner. It was the New York governor's race of 1804, however, that pushed the two men to violence. In that election, Burr turned his back on the Republicans and ran as an independent. Burr believed that if he won, he would regain power. The prospect of Burr leading New York mortified Hamilton, who despised and mistrusted Burr completely. In early 1804, Hamilton tried to convince New York Federalists not to support Burr. Although Hamilton's campaign was probably not the deciding factor, the Burr campaign failed. Burr was crushed in the general election by Morgan Lewis, the Republican candidate, who was supported by George and DeWitt Clinton, powerful New York Republicans. The battle for New York had been a bruising one, but in the end, a relatively minor slight precipitated the Burr-Hamilton duel. In February, 1804, a New York Republican, Dr. Charles D. Cooper, attended a dinner party at which Alexander Hamilton spoke forcefully and eloquently against Burr. Cooper later wrote a letter to Philip Schuyler in which he made reference to a particularly "despicable opinion" Hamilton expressed about Burr. The letter was published in a New York newspaper the "Albany Register." Hoping that a victory on the dueling ground could revive his flagging political career, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel. Hamilton wanted to avoid the duel, but politics left him no choice. If he admitted to Burr's charge, which was substantially true, he would lose his honor. If he refused to duel, the result would be the same. Either way, his political career would be over. After Hamilton's and Burr's seconds tried without success to settle the matter amicably, the two political enemies met on the dueling grounds at Weehawken, New Jersey on the morning of July 11. Each fired a shot from a .56 caliber dueling pistol. Burr was unscathed; Hamilton fell to the ground mortally wounded. He died the next day. Instead of reviving Burr's political career, the duel helped to end it. Burr was charged with two counts of murder. After his term as vice president ended, he would never hold elective office again. And his next plot to gain power would end with charges of treason.


Today a senior Police rank in both Italy and Romania, what name was given to the public official in the Roman Republic's Cursus honorum system, who supervised financial affairs?

Political Offices | Rome Across Europe Rome Across Europe shawntnorris@aol.com Leave a comment Welcome to Rome Across Europe! Last week we explored a primarily religious role in Ancient Rome that ended up bleeding over into the government when we uncovered the Pontifex Maximus . For further information on this role please check out both Pontifex Maximus: The Greatest Bridge-Builder and Pontifex Maximus: From the Republic’s End to the Present . Exploring that supreme position leads us into today’s journey as we discover the College of Pontiffs ! College of Pontiffs The College of Pontiffs ( Latin : Collegium Pontificum) was a body of the ancient Roman state whose members were the highest-ranking priests of the  state religion . The college consisted of the  Pontifex Maximus  and the other Pontifices, the  Rex Sacrorum , the 15  Flamines , and the  Vestales . Goddess (Vesta or Concordia), extending a patera, emblem of the Epulones. The College of Pontiffs was 1 of the 4 major priestly colleges of Rome. The others were the Augurs (who read omens), the Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis  (15 men who carry out the rites), and the  Epulones  (who set up feasts at festivals). The title Pontifex comes from the Latin for Bridge Builder, a possible allusion to a very early role in placating the gods and spirits associated with the  Tiber River . Ancient Roman scholar and writer Varro cites this position as meaning “able to do”. The Pontifex Maximus was the most important member of the college. Until 104 BC, the Pontifex Maximus held the sole power in appointing members to the other priesthoods in the college. The Flamens were priests in charge of 15 official cults of Roman religion , each assigned to a particular god. The 3 Major Flamens ( Flamines Maiores ) were the  Flamen Dialis (High Priest of Jupiter ), the  Flamen Martialis (High Priest of Mars ), and the  Flamen Quirinalis (High Priest of Quirinus ). Flamines, distinguished by their pointed headdress, as part of a procession on the Augustan Altar of Peace. The deities cultivated by the 12  Flamines Minores were Carmenta , Ceres ,  Falacer , Flora ,  Furrina , Palatua , Pomona , Portunes , Volcanus  (Vulcan),  Volturnus , and 2 whose names are lost. One of their most important duties was their guardianship of the  Libri Pontificales  (Pontifical Books). Among these were the  Acta ,  Annales  (yearly records of magistrates and important events), Fasti ,   Indigitamenta , Ritualia (rituals) and Commentarii . These items were under the sole possession of the College of Pontiffs and only they were allowed to consult these items when necessary. The  Lex Acilia de Intercalando  bestowed power on the college to manage the calendar. Thus, they determined the days which religious and political meetings could be held, when sacrifices could be offered, votes cast, and senatorial decisions brought forth. The most prominent feature of the ruins that were once the Temple of Vesta is the hearth (seen here in the foreground). The Vestal Virgins were the only female members of the college. They were in charge of guarding Rome’s sacred hearth, keeping the flame burning inside the Temple of Vesta . Young girls were chosen for this position between ages 6 to 10 years old. These girls were obligated to perform the rites and obligations, including remaining chaste, for 30 years. Membership in the various colleges of priests, including the College of Pontiffs, was usually an honor offered to members of politically powerful or wealthy families. Membership for the male priests was for life, while the female Vestal Virgins had a time limit. During the  Rēgnum Rōmānum  of Roman history, the Pontiffs were primarily Concilia (Advisers) of the kings. However, after the expulsion of  the last Roman King  in 510 BC, the College of Pontiffs became religious advisers to the  Roman Senate . Chief Pontiff Lepidus (seated), Antony and Octavian in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar (c. 42 BC). As the most important of the 4 priestly colleges, the College of Pontiffs’ duties involved advising the Senate on issues pertaining


A distant relative of F. Scott Fitzgerald, who was the American boarding house owner who became the first woman executed by the United States federal government after her conviction for taking part in the conspiracy to assassinate Abraham Lincoln?

John Wilkes Booth : Wikis (The Full Wiki) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia John Wilkes Booth and Mary Ann Holmes Signature John Wilkes Booth (May 10, 1838 – April 26, 1865) was an American stage actor who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre , in Washington, D.C. , on April 14, 1865. Booth was a member of the prominent 19th century Booth theatrical family from Maryland and, by the 1860s, was a popular actor, well known in both the Northern United States and the South . [1] He was also a Confederate sympathizer vehement in his denunciation of the Lincoln Administration and outraged by the South's defeat in the American Civil War . He strongly opposed the abolition of slavery in the United States and Lincoln's proposal to extend voting rights to recently emancipated slaves. Booth and a group of co-conspirators planned to kill Lincoln, Vice President Andrew Johnson , and Secretary of State William Seward in a bid to help the Confederacy's cause. Although Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia had surrendered four days earlier, Booth believed the war was not yet over because Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston 's army was still fighting the Union Army . Of the conspirators, only Booth was completely successful in carrying out his part of the plot. Seward was wounded but recovered; Lincoln died the next morning from a single gunshot wound to the back of the head – altering the course of American history in the aftermath of the Civil War. Following the shooting, Booth fled on horseback to southern Maryland . He eventually made his way to a farm in rural northern Virginia ; he was tracked down and killed by Union soldiers 12 days later. Eight others were tried and convicted, and four were hanged shortly thereafter. Over the years, various authors have suggested that Booth might have escaped his pursuers and subsequently died many years later under a pseudonym. Contents 11 External links Background and early life Booth's parents, the noted British Shakespearean actor Junius Brutus Booth and his mistress Mary Ann Holmes, came to the United States from England in June 1821. [2] They purchased a 150-acre (61 ha) farm near Bel Air in Harford County, Maryland , where John Wilkes Booth was born in a four-room log house on May 10, 1838, the ninth of ten children. [3] He was named after the English radical politician John Wilkes , a distant relative. [4] [5] Junius Brutus Booth's wife, Adelaide Delannoy Booth, was granted a divorce in 1851 on grounds of adultery, and Holmes legally wed John Wilkes Booth's father on May 10, 1851, the youth's 13th birthday. [6] Booth's father built Tudor Hall that year on the Harford County property as the family's summer home, while also maintaining a winter residence on Exeter Street in Baltimore in the 1840s–1850s. [7] [8] [9] "Tudor Hall" in 1865 As a boy, John Wilkes Booth was athletic and popular, becoming skilled at horsemanship and fencing. [10] A sometimes indifferent student, he attended the Bel Air Academy, where the headmaster described him as "[n]ot deficient in intelligence, but disinclined to take advantage of the educational opportunities offered him". Each day he rode back and forth from farm to school, taking more interest in what happened along the way than in reaching his classes on time". [11] [12] In 1850–1851, he attended the Quaker -run Milton Boarding School for Boys located in Sparks, Maryland , and later St. Timothy's Hall, an Episcopal military academy in Catonsville, Maryland , beginning when he was 13 years old. [13] At the Milton school, students recited such classical works as those by Herodotus , Cicero , and Tacitus . [14] [15] Students at St. Timothy's wore military uniforms and were subject to a regimen of daily formation drills and strict discipline. [16] Booth left school at 14, after his father's death. [17] While attending the Milton Boarding School, Booth met a Gypsy fortune-teller who read his palm and pronounced a grim destiny, telling Booth that he would have a grand but short life, doomed to die young and "meeting a bad end". [18


Which American singer, songwriter and actress was born Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson in Santa Barbara, California in 1984?

Katy Perry - Movies and TV | TWC Central Share Katy Perry Katheryn Elizabeth "Katy" Hudson (born October 25, 1984), known by her stage name Katy Perry , is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and entrepreneur. She was born and raised in Santa Barbara, California. Having had very little exposure to mainstream pop music in her childhood, she pursued a career in gospel music as a teen and released her debut self-titled studio album. She also recorded a second solo album which never received release. In 2007, she signed with Capitol Records and adopted her current stage name. Talk about them!


What was the name of the Royal Navy submarine responsible for the sinking of the General Belgrano during the Falklands War?

Belgrano Inquiry :: Is Maggie Thatcher a War Criminal? HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE SINKING OF THE BELGRANO Click image to enlarge We have the act itself (the sinking of a ship), as well as the end to be gained (keep the British government in power and torpedo a peace initiative) and the circumstances surrounding it (an attack outside the exclusion zone in an undeclared war). The History of the south Atlantic conflict   The War for the Malvinas   Ruben Moro 1989, p.165. The ARA General Belgrano was an Argentine Navy cruiser which was controversially sunk by a British submarine during the 1982 Falklands War as she sailed away from the conflict zone. 323 people died, mainly young sea cadets. Originally a US Navy cruiser, launched in 1938, the ship survived the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and was decommissioned from the US Navy in 1946. In 1951, the ship was sold to Argentina. In 1956, the ship was renamed ARA General Belgrano after a hero of the Argentine war of independence. On April 26th, 1982, the General Belgrano, accompanied by two destroyers, left the port of Ushuaia in southern Argentina. On April 29th, the Argentine task group began patrolling South of the Falkland Islands. On the following day, the ship was detected by the British nuclear submarine HMS Conqueror which gradually closed over the next day.  On May 2nd, HMS Conqueror fired three Mk 8 mod 4 torpedoes, two of which hit the Belgrano. With the ship holed, no electrical power, and unable to pump out water, the Belgrano soon began to list to port and sink towards the bow. Captain Hector Bonzo therefore ordered the crew to abandon ship using the seventy-odd rubber dingys. Tragically, the Belgrano’s two escorts did not know that something had happened to the Belgrano and continued on a westward course. By the time that the escorts realized something had happened to the Belgrano, it was already dark, the weather had worsened, and the Belgrano’s life rafts had been scattered. Consequently, even though Argentine and Chilean ships did rescue 770 men over the next two days, 321 members of the Belgrano’s crew died.  In early editions on Tuesday May 4th, 1982, Britain’s The Sun newspaper led with the infamous headline “GOTCHA”: ”Our lads sink gunboat and hole cruiser”.  When news began to emerge that the Belgrano had indeed been sunk, with a large number of casualties, later editions of the Sun led with the more sombre headline “Did 1,200 Argies drown?” THE CONTROVERSY The sinking of the Belgrano became a cause célèbre for anti-war campaigners in Britain. This was for a variety of reasons, including the ship being well outside the 200 mile (320 kilometre) Total Exclusion Zone that the British had declared around the Falklands, because the ship was on a westerly heading at the time it was attacked, and because a Peruvian peace proposal was still on the table at the time of the attack. Was the sinking of the Belgrano justifiable under international law? Some argue that, the ship being outside the British-declared Total Exclusion Zone would not affect this analysis, since the British Government stated on April 23rd, that ‘the approach’ of any warship or aircraft ‘which could amount to a threat to interfere with the mission of the British forces in the South Atlantic’ would encounter an ‘appropriate’ response.  The Belgrano was neither ‘approaching’ the task force and was it a ‘threat’? That statement was put out while the British task force was still travelling South, as a warning that any approaching aircraft etc might be shot. Once the Task Force had arrived, it then announced on 28 April the Total Exclusion Zone – and, that would have superceded an earlier statement. War was not declared, that is why these definitions were important. Some Argentine Views on May 3rd 1982, Argentina’s Foreign Ministry released a statement, that the sinking of the Belgrano was “at a point at the 55 º 24 ‘south latitude and 61 º 32′ west longitude. That this point is located 36 miles outside the area maritime exclusion set by the government of Great Britain. Such an attack is a trea


Which castle is the official residence of the Duke of Northumberland?

Alnwick Castle | Castle UK, Northumberland Alnwick Castle Welcome to one of Britain's most iconic castles My wife and I are delighted to offer you a very warm welcome to Alnwick Castle, which has been my family's home for over 700 years. It is an important part of British heritage; its walls are steeped in history and filled with tales of warfare, romance and chivalry. We very much hope that you enjoy your visit to our special home. -- Ralph Percy, 12th Duke of Northumberland 2017 opening


What is the name of the Chief Executive of RBS who turned down his controversial £1million bonus in January 2012?

RBS boss Stephen Hester rejects £1m bonus - BBC News BBC News RBS boss Stephen Hester rejects £1m bonus 30 January 2012 Read more about sharing. Close share panel Media captionEd Miliband: "The government has got a completely tin ear when it comes to understanding what people are feeling" Royal Bank of Scotland chief executive Stephen Hester has turned down his controversial bonus, worth nearly £1m. BBC business editor Robert Peston said Mr Hester would renounce the £963,000 shares-only payment after succumbing to "enormous political pressure". Chancellor George Osborne said it was a "sensible and welcome" decision that now let Mr Hester focus on getting back billions of pounds for the taxpayer. Labour leader Ed Miliband said the RBS boss had "done the right thing". Earlier, Labour said it would force a vote on the issue after Prime Minister David Cameron refused to block the bonus from the mostly publicly-owned bank. 'Out of touch' Robert Peston said the board felt Mr Hester had earned the bonus for the way he had made RBS a less risky organisation. Analysis By Robert PestonBusiness editor, BBC News It was Labour's decision to put Stephen Hester's bonus to a Commons vote that gave the RBS chief executive no option but to say he would not be taking £963,000 in shares. As an RBS director put it to me, it would have been a great mistake for the semi-nationalised bank to fight Parliament to preserve rewards for its chief executive seen by many as excessive. MPs were expected to vote against the bonus payment, and in those circumstances, it was untenable for him to pocket it. Or at least that was the conclusion that Mr Hester reached in conversation with the bank's chairman, Sir Philip Hampton. That said, RBS's non-executive directors stand by their decision to award Mr Hester 60% of the maximum bonus he could have earned - because they feel he has strengthened the bank, and they argue that Mr Hester is paid less than his peers. But when it looked as though MPs were going to vote against it, the general consensus amongst the directors was that the "game was up", he added. Earlier this month, RBS announced it would cut 3,500 jobs from its global banking division. The cuts will mean RBS has removed 11,000 employees from its staff, almost halving its 2007, pre-credit crunch headcount of 24,000. Shares in the bank have fallen 36% in the last year, falling 2% on Monday's open. Shadow business secretary Chuka Umunna said Mr Hester was already being adequately rewarded for his performance. "He received £1.2m a year - that's 46 times the average salary of an average employee in this country - to do that job," he said. "Usually you receive a bonus when you've done something above and beyond - exceptional, extraordinary." "But many of the things that have been cited in terms of things that he's done for the bank are things that you would expect him to do." Mr Hester was awarded only 60% of his bonus, which is judged on five categories. These are: strategic direction; business delivery and financial performance; stakeholders; risk and control; and capability and development. But William Wright, investment bank analyst for Financial News told the BBC: "It sets a very dangerous precedent for RBS. "It raises the level of political risk and political interference in the day-to-day running of RBS to what some people many consider to be intolerable levels. "It raises very serious questions about who actually is running RBS day to day. "Shareholders, in this case the UK government, appoint a board, which in turn appoints an executive team to run the bank, and here we have a situation where the board agrees something, which has been signed off by shareholders and then they have been forced into a U-turn by political opinion." Former Liberal Democrat Treasury spokesman Lord Oakeshott said Mr Hester's decision was "better late than never". "I'm glad that eventually Stephen Hester has seen sense and seen the outrage of most people in this country, and Lib Dems who have been complaining bitterly about this for weeks," he said. Image caption Mr Hes


What is the name, after its chairman, of the ongoing public enquiry into the culture, practices and ethics of the British press following the News International phone hacking scandal?

Phone hacking: timeline of the scandal - Telegraph Phone Hacking Phone hacking: timeline of the scandal The key events in the phone hacking scandal, which has led to the closure of  the News of the World, halted Rupert Murdoch's BSkyB takeover bid, and  prompted the arrest of several key figures. 11:15AM BST 23 Jul 2012 Key events: 2000 Rebekah Brooks is appointed editor of the News of the World. Aged just 32 and the youngest national newspaper editor in the country, she begins a campaign to name and shame alleged paedophiles, leading to some alleged offenders being terrorised by angry mobs. She also campaigns for public access to the Sex Offenders Register, which eventually comes into law as "Sarah's Law." Phone Hacking: files for five journalists sent to CPS 11 Jun 2012 Schoolgirl Milly Dowler , 13, disappears in the London suburb of Walton-on-Thames in March. Her remains are found in September. Her murder is one of the most notorious of the decade and her killer is convicted in 2011. 2003 Rebekah Brooks becomes editor of daily tabloid The Sun, sister paper to the News of the World and Britain's biggest selling daily newspaper. Andy Coulson, her deputy editor since 2000, becomes editor of the Sunday paper. Wade tells a parliamentary committee her paper paid police for information. News International later says this is not company practice. 2007 January: The News of the World's royal affairs editor Clive Goodman is jailed for four months . Private investigator Glenn Mulcaire is given a six-month prison term. Goodman and Mulcaire admitted conspiring to intercept communications while Mulcaire also pleaded guilty to five other charges of intercepting voicemail messages. After the two were sentenced, News of the World editor Coulson resigns, saying he took "ultimate responsibility," though knew nothing of the offences in advance. May: Harbottle and Lewis, News International’s lawyers, review internal emails between Mr Coulson and executives, but find “no evidence” they were aware of Goodman’s actions. Later that month, Andy Coulson becomes the Conservative Party's director of communications under leader David Cameron. December: James Murdoch is made chief executive of News Corporation's European and Asian operations. 2009 June: Rebekah Brooks becomes CEO of News International. July: It emerges that News of the World reporters, with the knowledge of senior staff, illegally accessed messages from the mobile phones of celebrities and politicians while Coulson was editor from 2003 to 2007. It is also reported that News Group Newspapers, which publishes the News of the World, has paid out more than £1 million to settle cases that threatened to reveal evidence of its journalists' alleged involvement in phone hacking. Scotland Yard says it will not be carrying out a new investigation into the allegations, but the Crown Prosecution Service announces an urgent review of material provided by the police in 2006. News of the World editor Colin Myler tells the House of Commons Culture, Media and Sport Committee of an internal review in which more than 2,500 emails were read and that “no evidence” of wrongdoing had been uncovered . Later that month, Mr Coulson tells MPs on the Culture, Media and Sport Committee things went ''badly wrong'' under his editorship of the News of the World, but insists he knew nothing about alleged phone tapping by his journalists. September: Les Hinton, chief executive of Dow Jones and former executive chairman of Murdoch's newspaper arm in Britain, tells a committee of legislators any problem with phone hacking was limited to the one, already well-publicised, case. He says they carried out a wide review and found no new evidence. At the start of the month, Rebekah Brooks leaves The Sun to become the chief executive of News International. November: The Press Complaints Commission says in a second report that it has seen no new evidence to suggest anyone at the News of the World other than Goodman and Mulcaire hacked phone messages, or that the paper's executives knew what the pair were doing. 2010 Februar


In which city did Adolf Hitler and Erich Ludendorff launch the unsuccessful 'Beer Hall Putsch' in 1923?

Adolf Hitler Attempts a Coup, 1923 Adolf Hitler Attempts a Coup, 1923 Adolf Hitler Attempts a Coup, 1923 The "Beer Hall Putsch" Printer Friendly Version >>> On November 8, 1923 Adolph Hitler led his Nazi followers in an abortive attempt to seize power in Munich in what became known as the "Beer Hall Putsch". Although the plan failed, and Hitler imprisoned, the notoriety the Nazi leader gained laid the groundwork for his rise to the dictatorship of Germany. While in prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kamp, the book that described his political philosophy and planned conquest of Europe. At the time of Hitler's attempted coup, Germany's Weimar Republic - which had been established at the end of World War I - was in chaos. Gangs of opposing political groups fought each other in the streets - Communists, Socialists, Nazis, and others resorted to violence in order to promote their political agenda and silence their opponents. Assassinations of unpopular political leaders were a common occurrence. Germany's economy was a shambles. Uncontrollable inflation reduced the value of the money in a worker's Adolph Hitler at the time of the putsch wallet to next to nothing. Before the start of World War I, just over four German Reichmarks were equivalent to one U.S. dollar. At the beginning of 1923, the exchange rate had risen to 18,000 marks per dollar by July it had reached 350,000 marks and by September, a staggering one hundred million marks per dollar. In the midst of this turmoil, Hitler saw an opportunity to grab political power  in Munich, rally popular support behind him and topple the German national  government through a march on Berlin. The Nazi leader was inspired by the success  the previous year of Mussolini's March on Rome which installed a Fascist government  in Italy. On the evening of November 8, 1923 leaders of the Bavarian government were holding  a rally at a Munich beer hall before 3000 spectators. Suddenly, Hitler burst  into the hall, fired a pistol in the air and announced that the building  was surrounded by 600 of his stormtroppers. The Nazi leader whisked the stunned  Bavarian officials off the stage and into a back room where he vowed to hold  them hostage until they expressed support for his revolution. The hostages  soon acquiesced. Unfortunately, the spontaneous enthusiasm Hitler expected  from the local population was not immediately forthcoming. By dawn the following  day, the coup attempt was running out of steam, riddled with confusion and  lack of direction. However, Hitler had promised a march on Berlin and despite the dwindling chance  of success, he led a column of approximately 2,000 armed followers through  the streets of Munich. Entering a city square, the marching rebels were confronted  by a police unit. Shots rang out and fourteen Nazis were killed in the ensuing  bedlam. Hitler escaped only to be arrested two days later. Tried and convicted  of treason, the Nazi leader was sentenced to five years of confinement under  reasonably comfortable conditions, but actually served only eight months. The experience taught Hitler that power was to be achieved not through armed conflict but through manipulation of the existing political system. ADVERTISMENT "The national revolution has started." Egon Larsend was a young man living in Munich. We join his account as Adolph Hitler sits nervously nursing a beer at a bar just outside the entrance to the hall where the rally is taking place. He is awaiting word that his stormtroopers have been deployed around the building: "A look-out man rushed to Hitler, reporting that the storm trooper lorries were just arriving. With a ham-actor's gesture, Hitler swept his beer glass aside, took out his Browning, and signalled the group of men around him to follow him into the hall. These men were a motley crowd. Among them were Hitler's bodyguard, a primitive and brutal butcher's apprentice; his former sergeant in the army; Rudolf Hess, who was to become his second-in-command in the party; 'Putzi' Hanfstaengl, the son of Munich's most famous art publisher, wh