The song 'When You Wish Upon A Star' featured in which film?

When You Wish Upon a Star | Disney Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia When You Wish Upon a Star Share When You Wish Upon a Star is a featured article , which means it has been identified as one of the best articles produced by the Disney Wiki community. If you see a way this page can be updated or improved without compromising previous work, please feel free to contribute. When You Wish Upon a Star Composer Now That's What I Call Movies (UK) Followed By [Source] "When You Wish Upon a Star" is a song written by Leigh Harline and Ned Washington for Walt Disney 's 1940 adaptation of Pinocchio . [1] The original version was sung by Jiminy Cricket ( Cliff Edwards ) [1] and is heard over the opening credits and in the final scene of the film. It has since become the representative song of The Walt Disney Company . The recording by Cliff Edwards and Chorus was released by Victor Records as catalogue number 261546 and 26477A (in USA) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice Label as catalogue number BD 821. Edwards recorded another version in 1940 for an American Decca Records "cover version" of the score of Pinocchio, conducted by Victor Young and featuring soprano Julietta Novis and The King's Men. It was first released on a 4-record 78-RPM album set, and years later as one side of an LP, backed by selections from The Wizard of Oz. A recording with Christian Rub (with Mister Geppetto 's voice), Cliff Edwards and Chorus was released by Victor Records as catalogue number 26479B (in USA) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalogue number BD 823. It won the 1940 Academy Award for Best Original Song. [1] It was also the first Disney song to win an Oscar. Contents When you wish upon a star Makes no difference who you are Anything your heart desires If your heart is in your dream No request is too extreme When you wish upon a star As dreamers do She brings to those who love The sweet fulfillment of Like a bolt out of the blue Fate steps in and sees you through When you wish upon a star Your dreams come true When your heart is in your dream No request is too extreme Chorus (Singing): When you wish upon a star Your dreams come true You'll find your dreams come true Influence The American Film Institute ranked the song seventh in their 100 Greatest Songs in Film History, the highest ranked Disney animated film song, and also one of only four Disney animated film songs to appear on the list, with the others being " Some Day My Prince Will Come " from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ranked at #19, " Beauty and the Beast " from Beauty and the Beast ranked at #62, and " Hakuna Matata " from The Lion King ranked at #99. The song reached the top one in Billboard's Record Buying Guide, a predecessor of the retail sales chart. Popular versions included Louis Armstrong, Glenn Miller, Guy Lombardo, Horace Heidt and, of course, Cliff Edwards. In Japan , Sweden, Finland, Norway and Denmark , the song has become a Christmas song, often referring to the Star of Bethlehem. The Swedish language version is called Ser du stjärnan i det blå, roughly translated: "do you see the star in the blue(sky)", and the Danish title is "Når du ser et stjerneskud", which translates as "When you see a shooting star". In Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway, the song is played on television every Christmas Eve in the traditional Disney one-hour Christmas cabaret, and the gathering of the entire family to watch this is considered a Scandinavian tradition. The song was also covered by Dion and the Belmonts in 1960 . The song was covered by KISS bassist Gene Simmons, on his eponymous solo album in 1978 . Simmons said that he covered it because he related to ut and was a fan of Disney movies. "When I first heard that song I could barely speak English but I knew the words were true. Anybody can have what they want, the world and life can give its rewards to anyone." [2] In 1986 , Linda Ronstadt recorded the classic song for her Platinum-certified album For Sentimental Reasons. Released as the album's first single, it peaked at #32 in Billboard Magazine at year's end. Bill


"Which American said ""Nothing is certain except death and taxes""?"

Quotes Uncovered: Death and Taxes - Freakonomics Freakonomics Quotes Uncovered: Death and Taxes February 17, 2011 @ 1:30pm I’m back to inviting readers to submit quotations whose origins they want me to try to trace, using my book, The Yale Book of Quotations , and my more recent research. Ewout asked: Who was the first to say these famous words: “Nothing is certain except for death and taxes.” Some sources mention Ben Franklin, others say Mark Twain or Daniel Defoe. Thanks! This is usually attributed to Benjamin Franklin, who wrote in a 1789 letter that “Our new Constitution is now established, and has an appearance that promises permanency; but in this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes.” However, The Yale Book of Quotations quotes “‘Tis impossible to be sure of any thing but Death and Taxes,” from Christopher Bullock, The Cobler of Preston (1716). The YBQ also quotes “Death and Taxes, they are certain,” from Edward Ward, The Dancing Devils (1724). Do any readers have any other quotations whose origins they would like me to attempt to trace? Ben Ramsey February 17, 2011 @ 6:47pm Where does the quote "A coward dies a thousand deaths, a hero but only one" come from? Sam Adams sounds like Tennyson to me, we'll see how the expert responds... Don Rodriguez "Death and Taxes", or, in other words, "Freud and Marx". = "The only two certainties in life are Freud and Marx." Leland G February 17, 2011 @ 7:54pm The internets seem to attribute the following quote to Einstein: "The intuitive mind is a sacred gift and the rational mind is a faithful servant. We have created a society that honors the servant and has forgotten the gift." But I can't find ANY specific citation for it - not from Einstein's writings or a lecture/appearance, etc. It seems to have appeared out of thin air sometime in the late 90s. Any idea whence it comes? Joshua Northey February 17, 2011 @ 7:57pm What is with the strange fixation with written citations? I realize that allows you to have a point of reference, which is nice, but isn't it clear from the historical record that a huge number of these famous quips were already circulating before pen was put to paper? JimFive February 17, 2011 @ 8:47pm Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, Act II, Scene 2: "Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never taste of death but once." -- Drew February 18, 2011 @ 12:07am Was "Statistics are like ladies of the night...Once laid out you can do anything with them." really Mark Twain? Eric M. Jones February 18, 2011 @ 12:55am @4- Leland G I'll bet Albert Einstein never said such a thing. Furthermore until the year 2000 (and beyond) Google Books says he never said it either. Marcus Bruté February 18, 2011 @ 1:26am How about "the _____ from Hell" (e.g. "the mother-in-law from Hell")? Was Richard Lewis really the first to use the expression? John Torrey February 18, 2011 @ 4:34am A review of a movie or play: "When it wasn't putting me to sleep it was keeping me awake." CaÃ±ada Kid February 18, 2011 @ 7:12am "Home is where the heart is." I've not put much research into this one, but ever since you located my quote's origin (If at first you don't succeed...) I have been hearing this one bounce around, from books and novels to friends and family members. Thanks! Casey February 18, 2011 @ 1:38pm I agree with the quote "Nothing is certain except for death and taxes." Everyone one dies, but not everyone lives. No matter what, you will always have to pay taxes. There will never be a time where this won't occur. Eric M. Jones February 18, 2011 @ 2:00pm @11- CaÃ±ada Kid: "Home is where the heart is" seems to have arisen almost spontaneously in 1847. But my guess is it could be found as latin engraved on some Roman doorway or such. It would be easy to believe that this kind of motto is a translation from Latin or Spanish or Yiddish. One also has to wonder about the hearth-heart similarity. Duncan Miller February 18, 2011 @ 4:56pm "Let's blow this popsicle stand" I had heard something about it pertaining to a Jamaican man in the 40s storing radioactiv


What movement was founded by Charles Taze Russell in 1881?

The False Teachers: Charles Taze Russell - Tim Challies The False Teachers: Charles Taze Russell  # false teachers Share A few weeks ago I set out on a new series of articles through which I intend to scan the history of the church—from its earliest days all the way to the present time—to examine some of Christianity’s most notorious false teachers. Along the way we will visit such figures as Arius, Pelagius, Fosdick, and even a few you might find on television today. We continue this morning with a false teacher whose name has been nearly forgotten even though his followers regularly knock on your door. He is Charles Taze Russell, founder of the Jehovah’s Witnesses. Sponsor Become a Patron Charles Taze Russell was born on February 16, 1852 in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, the second of five children born to Joseph and Ann Russell. Charles grew up in a devout home and his parents were respected members of the Presbyterian church. When he was young, his family moved to Pittsburgh, where his father came to own a number of haberdashery stores. In his early teens Charles became a partner in this business and soon owned several of the locations. As a boy Charles had a great deal of religious enthusiasm, and while still only a teenager left his Presbyterian congregation to attend a Congregational church. As a form of evangelism he would often go to public locations and use chalk to write out Bible verses related to sin and damnation. But then, at the age of sixteen, he engaged in a debate with a friend that led him to question the reliability of the Bible and the validity of the Christian faith. He embarked on a period of religious searching and dabbled in many Eastern religions before determining that they, too, were empty and unsatisfying. When Charles was eighteen he encountered Adventist preaching and began to regularly attend a Bible study. It was not long before he determined that he could not reconcile an eternal hell with a merciful God. Over the next two years he came to question many other historic Christian doctrines and became convinced that the historic creeds betrayed true Christianity. At the same time he adopted Adventist teachings: that the end times had begun in 1799, that Christ had returned invisibly in 1874 and been crowned King of Heaven four years later, that all Christians who had already died would be resurrected before the end of 1878, and that 1914 would mark the end of a harvest period and usher in Armageddon. He sold his five clothing stores, an act that generated a substantial amount of money (today’s equivalent of several million dollars), and committed his life to writing, publishing, and funding the propagation of the message of Christ’s imminent return. He did this at first through a partnership with Nelson H. Barbour and his Adventist periodical Herald of the Morning. When 1878 came and went without any of the predicted events, he was forced to re-examine his beliefs and to distance himself from some of his Adventist peers, including Barbour. He founded his own periodical which he titled Zion’s Watch Tower and Herald of Christ’s Presence. At this time he also married Maria Frances Ackley in an apparently celibate union that would last until 1897 before ending in an acrimonious divorce. In 1881 Russell founded the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society which grew to a substantial publishing venture, and there were soon some 16 million of his books and booklets in print. His ministry and his opportunities to preach grew exponentially and Pastor Russell, as he became known, soon had followers all over the Northern and Eastern states. He preached and wrote constantly, his sermons were printed in several thousand newspapers around the globe, and he became one of the most famous preachers in the world. He eventually moved the headquarters of the Watch Tower Society to Brooklyn, New York, where they remain today. Russell died of cystitis on October 31, 1916, near Pampa, TX, as he attempted to return to his home in Brooklyn. By the time of his death, his writings had become among the most widely-distributed


Which sea area is south of South Utsire, north of German Bight, and eat of Forties?

Sea Areas of the Shipping Forecast - Part 1 | TheYachtMarket Sea Areas Of The Shipping Forecast - Part 1 Sea Areas of the Shipping Forecast - Part 1 Post by: TheYachtMarket News The hows, whys and wheres behind the names Part 1. The Eastern Area – Viking to Thames "Forties, Cromarty, Forth, Tyne, Dogger, Fisher, German Bight" – such evocative sounds, but where do they come from and why? A bit of history Gale warnings for the British Isles were first broadcast to ships approaching these shores as far back as 1911 but with the outbreak of war in 1914 they ceased and the service was not resumed until 1921. In June of that year a specially prepared weather bulletin for shipping was broadcast twice daily from the wireless transmission station at Poldhu in Cornwall. Then from 1st January 1942 a weather bulletin called Weather Shipping was broadcast twice daily from the Air Ministry Station GFA in London. The Sea Areas and Stations originally used were subdivided into districts named after islands, rivers or banks within them. (The same principle is still used) These names identify themselves immediately to the mariner. Sea Areas were amended in 1932 but bulletins ceased at the outbreak of hostilities in 1939. They were resumed in 1945 in much the same form but by 1948 the need was felt for forecasts to cover a wider area and considerable extensions were agreed upon. Since then certain names have been changed and areas subdivided until today we have the present form known and loved by all those who travel at sea. Although areas are frequently grouped together for the forecast they always appear in the same order. The areas – where are they and why are they so named? Viking – an area covering the open sea between Norway and the Shetland Islands. It originally included N & S Utsire. The word comes from old Norse vikingr used to refer to Norse explorers, warriors and pirates from the late 8th to mid 11th century. Viking is actually the name of a sandbank in the North Sea. This area is stormy, heavily tidal and also shallow. North Utsire and South Utsire – Utsire is a tiny, windy island of 4 square miles off the west coast of Norway with a population of approximately 240. The origin of the name is uncertain but may mean “strong stream”. It is located in the North Sea and is an area where the weather is extremely harsh. However it seems to suit the birdlife, which is very rich, there being over three hundred species of birds on it, more species than the total population. It does boast a local football team which apparently used to win most of their matches due to the sea-sickness of the visiting teams. After complaints from the defeated teams, the league pronounced that Utsire should play all its fixtures on the mainland resulting in hardly any wins. Forties  - an area in the North Sea named after a sandbank and also an area called the “Long Forties” which is fairly consistently 40 fathoms deep (73m). The area is the home to much of the North Sea’s oil and gas fields and it is approximately 100 miles from Aberdeen. Originally the area was larger but in 1955 the northern half was named Viking. It has no land boundaries at all. Cromarty – is named after both a river estuary and a place, Cromarty, in the Burgh of Ross and Cromarty in the North Eastern tip of Scotland. The name originates from the Gaelic words crom (crooked) and bati (bay), or from ard (height). So it means either Crooked Bay or The Bend Between The Heights, referring to the high rocks or Sutors that guard the entrance to the Firth. They are said to be the sleeping forms of two giant shoemakers who protected the harbour from Vikings and pirates in past centuries. Now the estuary is home to more oil platforms. Forth – named after a river estuary the Firth of Forth. The name originated from Gaelic and means Black River. The river itself is 29 miles long and is the major river draining the eastern part of Central Scotland. Seafarers will be familiar with the famous Bell Rock lighthouse, the oldest working lighthouse in the world and the legend of the Inchcape Rock. Fear of


Which German composer, born in 1776, wrote the opera 'Undine'. he shares his name with an American 'Oscar' winning actor born in 1937?

IMDb: Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "1776" Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "1776" 49 names. James Noble The son of a Dallas wholesale coal dealer, Noble spent much of his youth attending pool halls and movie houses. He retained his expertise with a pool cue throughout his life, while his stronger interest in acting (fueled by movies) manifested itself in local stage productions and drama studies at Southern Methodist University. Following Navy service in World War II, Noble went to New York to study at the Actors Studio, then went on to a stage revival of Pygmalion wherein he met his future wife, actress Carolyn Coates . The actor appeared on such TV soap operas as As the World Turns , A World Apart and such Broadway productions as "1776" (a role he took to the movie 1776 ), spending much of his spare time in psychotherapy to handle his ongoing feelings of self-doubt. In films from the mid '70s, Noble principally played small roles as authority figures and politicians ( Being There , The Nude Bomb ), with occasional larger roles. such as Bo Derek 's father in 10 . In 1979, Noble was cast as the genially absent-minded "Governor Gene Gatling" on the sitcom, Benson , a role in which he remained until the series' 1986 cancellation. Two years later, he resurfaced on TV in the role of a Nebraska-based recording engineer on the very short-lived sitcom, First Impressions . Larry Cedar Larry Cedar is an accomplished film, television, stage and voiceover artist. Admitted to Hastings Law School after earning his BA in Communication Studies, the course of his life was dramatically altered when he impulsively decided to audition for, and was accepted into, the MFA Theater program at UCLA. There he participated in and won the Hugh O'Brian Acting Competition award for Best Actor and as a result was signed to an exclusive one-year artist development contract with Universal Studios, where he subsequently appeared in his first television pilot. He went on to star in various projects for Walt Disney Studios, numerous episodics and several feature films, including a starring role opposite Rebecca De Mornay and Mary Gross in the Ivan Reitman -produced Feds , as well as an unforgettable appearance opposite John Lithgow as "The Creature on the Wing" in the Steven Spielberg remake of Twilight Zone: The Movie , directed by George Miller . Larry spent six years in New York starring in the award-winning PBS series Square One Television and later starred in 40 episodes of the Fox television series A.J.'s Time Travelers produced by Gianni Russo . An excellent singer, on stage he has portrayed Hoagy Carmichael in "Hoagy, Bix, and Wolfgang Beethoven Bunkhaus" at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles, starred as "Vernon" opposite Lea Thompson in "They're Playing Our Song", and as "Secretary Thompson" in "1776: The Musical" opposite Roger Rees . An avid reader and monologist, he is currently developing a one-man show based on the works of one of his favorite authors, George Orwell . In 2003 he was nominated for two Los Angeles Theater Alliance "Ovation" awards for his performances in "Anything Goes" (as Lord Oakley) opposite Rachel York and "She Loves Me" (as Sipos, for which he ultimately won Best Featured Actor in a Musical). He also excels in the field of voiceovers, and in addition to lending his numerous vocal characterizations to hundreds of commercials, cartoon series, and video games, he specializes in the art of "speed talking". Demos of his voiceover work can be heard at www.disclaimerman.com. Larry currently recurs as "Leon", the opium-addicted card dealer and thief, in HBO's newest hit series, _"Deadwood" (2004/I)_ opposite Powers Boothe , Ricky Jay and Ian McShane . He most recently completed work opposite Keanu Reeves as the horrific "Vermin Man" (with special effects makeup by Stan Winston ) in Constantine , directed by Francis Lawrence . Tom Aldredge Tom Aldredge was born on February 28, 1928, in Dayton, Ohio. First appearing off-Broadway in 1957 in "Electra" and on Broadway in 1959 in "The Nervous Set," Aldre


Who was the last boxer defeated by Muhammad Ali?

Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Updated 1549 GMT (2349 HKT) June 6, 2016 Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds. Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Since winning a gold medal in the 1960 Olympics, Muhammad Ali has never been far from the public eye. Take a look at the life and career of Ali, the three-time heavyweight boxing champion who called himself "The Greatest." Hide Caption 1 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali, then known as Cassius Clay, poses in his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky, prior to his amateur boxing debut in 1954. He was 12 years old and 85 pounds. As an amateur, he won 100 out of 108 fights. Hide Caption 2 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali rose to prominence at the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome, where he claimed a gold medal in the light-heavyweight division. Hide Caption 3 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali boldly predicted it would take him five rounds to knock out British boxer Henry Cooper ahead of their bout in London in 1963. The fight was stopped in the fifth round as Cooper was bleeding heavily from a cut around his eye. Hide Caption 4 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Patrick Power, 6, takes on Ali in the ring in 1963. Patrick was taking boxing lessons after getting bullied. Hide Caption 5 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali poses for a picture with The Beatles in Miami, during the run-up to his heavyweight title fight against Sonny Liston in 1964. Hide Caption 6 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali celebrates after defeating Liston in Miami on February 25, 1964. Upon becoming world heavyweight champion for the first time, Ali proclaimed, "I am the greatest!" Hide Caption 7 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali relaxes after his win over Liston in 1964. At 22, he became the youngest boxer to take the heavyweight title from a reigning champion. Hide Caption 8 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Civil rights activist Malcolm X, left, takes a picture of a tuxedo-clad Ali surrounded by jubilant fans in March 1964. Shortly after the Liston fight, Ali announced that he had joined the Nation of Islam and changed his name from Cassius Clay. Hide Caption 9 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Known for being as quick with his mouth as he was with his hands, Ali often taunted his opponents. He famously said he could "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee." Hide Caption Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali prepares to defend his heavyweight title in 1965. Hide Caption Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali stands over Liston during their rematch in Lewiston, Maine, on May 25, 1965. Hide Caption Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali eats at a restaurant in 1965. Hide Caption 13 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali The referee pushes Ali to a neutral corner as Floyd Patterson slumps to the canvas in November 1965. The fight was stopped at the end of the 12th round and Ali was declared the winner. Hide Caption Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali signs an autograph for a fan in 1966. Hide Caption Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali visits a children's home in London in May 1966. Hide Caption Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali trains for his second fight against British champion Henry Cooper in May 1966. Hide Caption Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali British talk-show host Eamonn Andrews shares a laugh with Ali in May 1966. Hide Caption 18 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali lands a right to the head of Brian London during their bout in London on August 6, 1966. Ali won by a knockout in the third round. Hide Caption Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali looks in his hotel-room mirror in February 1967. Hide Caption 20 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali The referee counts as Ali looks down at Zora Folley during a championship fight in New York on March 23, 1967. Ali won by a knockout in the seventh round. Hide Caption 21 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali As a conscientious objector to the Vietnam War, Ali refused induction into


The Hugo Awards | The Official Site of The Hugo Awards The Official Site of The Hugo Awards Posted on January 9, 2017 by Kevin Peter Weston, the man who created the current version of the iconic Hugo Award rocket, died on January 5, 2017, aged 73, according to a report published by Locus Online today . Although each Worldcon designs its own Hugo Award trophy base, since 1984, all metal Hugo Award trophy rockets have been cast from a mold created by Weston at the foundry he owned. (Non-metallic trophies followed the same design but were constructed using a different process.) Weston gave presentations about the making of Hugo Award rockets and made the presentation available to The Hugo Awards web site for us to preserve here. The World Science Fiction Society recognized Weston’s contributions to the Hugo Award by including his name in the WSFS Constitution after the original designers of the Hugo Award trophy, Jack McKnight and Ben Jason. Besides his contributions to the Hugo Awards, Weston chaired the 1979 Worldcon in Brighton, UK, and was Fan Guest of Honor at the 2004 Worldcon. He edited anthologies and was a finalist for the 2005 Hugo Award for Best Related Work for his memoir, Stars in My Eyes: My Adventures in British Fandom. Posted on August 24, 2016 by Cheryl With apologies for the delay, we are now able to release the full voting breakdown for the 1941 Retro Hugo Awards. You can find the document here (pdf). We have also updated the 2016 statistics document to correct a small number of typographical errors in the original document. These did not affect the results of the Awards in any way, and all of the numbers were correct. The only significant change is in the top 15 for fancast where The Coode Street Podcast was incorrectly listed twice. The second listing should have been for Jay and Miles X-Plain the X-Men, presented by Jay Edidin and Miles Stokes. Posted on August 20, 2016 by Kevin The 2016 Hugo Awards ceremony is tonight, August 20, 2016, at 8 PM Central Daylight Time, at the Kansas City Convention Center Grand Ballroom (aka The Pat Cadigan Theatre, or more prosaically as Room 2501). Live video streaming of the 2016 Hugo Awards ceremony provided by MidAmeriCon II is at the UStream Hugo Awards page . Text-only coverage of the 2016 Hugo Awards ceremony through CoverItLive, suitable for lower-bandwidth connections, is in the window below. Our coverage of the ceremony will start just before 8 PM. Live Blog 2016 Hugo Awards Ceremony   The CoverItLive feed is generally a few seconds to a few minutes ahead of the video streaming on UStream. Ad-free streaming of the 2016 Hugo Awards ceremony through UStream is sponsored by Worldcon 75 , the 2017 Worldcon in Helsinki, Finland. Internet connectivity for providing the video streaming of the 2016 Hugo Awards is sponsored by Harvest Productions . Posted on August 18, 2016 by Kevin The designs of the 2016 Hugo Award trophy and 1941 Retrospective Hugo Award trophy were unveiled during the Opening Ceremonies of MidAmeriCon II, the 74th World Science Fiction Convention, on the afternoon of August 17. In keeping with recent practice, MidAmeriCon II elected to showcase the trophy early in the convention so that members could see it before the final night of Worldcon. The trophy has been on display in the convention’s Hugo Award history exhibit since shortly after the convention’s Opening Ceremonies. While the Hugo Award trophy always includes the rocket originally designed by Jack McKnight and Ben Jason as refined by Peter Weston, each year’s Worldcon can design its own base. In recent years, most Worldcons have had an open design competition to design the Hugo Award base. The 1941 trophy base was designed by Brent Simmons and the 2016 trophy base was designed by Sara Felix. The 1941 Retrospective Hugo Awards will be announced and presented at the Retro Hugo Swing Dance Ceremony on Thursday, August 18, 2016. The 2016 Hugo Awards will be presented at a ceremony in Kansas City, Missouri on the evening of Saturday, August 20, 2016, starting at 8 PM CDT. The ceremony will be b


Henri Donat Mathieu was better known as whom?

Yves Saint Laurent | Croco Magazine Yves Saint Laurent THE FILMIC LIFE OF YSL Category Papers Written by Boris Ponton – Translated by Sylwia Grzegórzko Yves Henri Donat Mathieu-Saint-Laurent, better known as Yves Saint Laurent, was born in Algeria in 1936 and is regarded as one of the greatest couturiers of French haute couture and pret-a-porter in fashion history. His influence was pivotal in the fashion world of the seventies and early eighties with his innovative styling of cloth and structuring of the female costume where he merged the classic and masculine with the fantastic. Yves was born into a middle class family. He liked to create intricate paper dolls, and by his early teen years he was designing dresses for his mother and sisters. In 1953, aged eighteen, he won a contest for young fashion designers, organized by the International Wool Secretariat and was invited to attend the awards ceremony in Paris. After graduating in Foreign Languages at University in Algeria, he moved to Paris and enrolled at the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture, where he quickly emerged as the star pupil. He entered the International Wool Secretariat competition again and won, beating the young German student Karl Lagerfeld. His designs impressed Michel de Brunhoff, editor-in-chief of the French edition of Vogue magazine. Brunhoff went on to introduce Yves to the fashion giant, Christian Dior, who after a fifteen-minute interview, offered him a job at the House of Dior which was the most prestigious House in the world of fashion at that time. Dior died aged 52, from a massive heart attack in 1957. Twenty one years old Saint-Laurent, took over management of the brand, and the following year he launched his famous “trapeze dress”, catapulting him to international stardom. Unfortunately, he had to interrupt this work to fulfil his military duties in the Algerian war, but this only lasted two and a half months as he was soon declared unfit for the army on mental health grounds. Yves Saint Laurent holds a drawing of the design that won a contest in Paris en1953. His success in the contest drew the attention of the team of designers at Christian Dior Around the same time, he found out that he had been fired by House of Dior and replaced by Marc Bohan. Saint Laurent went on to sue Dior in 1961 for breach of contract and with his lover and partner, industrialist Pierre Bergé and a team of collaborators who came from Dior, he started his own fashion house – Yves Saint Laurent YSL. Saint Laurent with his two friends, Betty Catroux and Loulou de la Falaise outside the YSL Rive Gauche boutique in London, 1969 He was the first French couturier to come out with a full prêt-à-porter (ready-to-wear) line. He popularized trends such as the beatnik look – safari jackets, tight trousers, thigh-high boots and and and pantsuits with the first form of transparency ever – revolutionary for the time. Many of his collections were received rapturously by both his fans and the press, such as the famous classic tuxedo suit for women in 1966, Le Smoking. Still on full blast with the miniskirt, Saint-Laurent, inspired by the colourful paintings of Mondrian, incorporated it into his collection in 1965 with remarkable success. Yves Saint Laurent poses next to a portrait of himself at his Paris boutique in 1966. Speaking on French radio, Pierre Berge, the designer’s former business and personal partner, said he’d empowered women. “In this sense he was a libertarian, an anarchist and he threw bombs at the legs of society.” In 1966 he opened his first boutique, Rive Gauche, where his first customer was Catherine Deneuve. Rive Gauche quickly developed into a worldwide chain of 150 stores with a staff of ten thousand. In 1974, he introduced a series of haute couture with menswear pants, blazers and shirts, which were characteristics of the female wardrobe from the seventies. Equally, his formal attire was sumptuous, fantastic, colourful, romantic and often inspired by exotic outfits in Cossack style. In 1978, he launched his children’s line of pret-a-porter, exclusive


Ray Barneveld in 2005, Jelle Klaasen in 2006, and Martin Adams in 2007 were all World Champions in which field?

Global Darts HOME | Global | Tournaments | Sport | Who is Who | Miscellaneous | BDO World Championship The BDO World Championship is played since 1978 and was till the split in darts the only darts World Championship. It is always played at the beginning of January so that now the early rounds overlap with the final days of the PDC World Championship. Since 1985 it is hold in the Lakeside County Club in Frimley Green in Surrey and when Embassy stopped to sponsor the World Championship in 2003 the Lakeside Country Club took over the sponsoring. So one often hears "Embassy" for the early days of the tournament while now it is called "Lakeside". From the beginning the tournament was televised by the BBC on terrestrial TV. Betweeen 1988 and 2001 it was the only dart tournament on TV but the BBC didnï¿½t start to televise it complete since 2005. Often one hears the quality of the transmission is not as good as that from Sky Sports. But the BDO World Championship nevertheless has much more TV spectaors then the PDC World Championship. Parts of the tournament are televised in other European countries by Eurosport. Till today many people think of the BDO World Championship as the "real" World Championship and many of those players - including all World Champions to this time - who founded the PDC in 1992 had been successful BDO players. Like in the PDC World Championship the format of the BDO World Championship is sets, in the first round best of five, second round best of seven, quarterfinals best of 9, semifinals best of 11 and final best of 13. While in the PDC World Championship 64 players take part ind the BDO World Championship it are only 32 and there are none preliminary round matches. The participants come over the BDO invitation table, sometimes a player gets a wild card and the free places are filled with qualifiers from a qualification played during the World Masters. The price money is far less then in the BDO though over the last few years it increased. In all those years since the first World Championship never a player was so dominant as Phil Taylor is in the PDC. In the 1980's Eric Bristow won the title five times, but only he and Raymond van Barneveld were able to defend their titles. Raymond van Barneveld won four times and John Lowe three times. Jelle Klaasen in 2006 was the youngest winner, Martin Adams with almost 54 years in 2010 the oldest. Raymond van Barneveld, John Part, Tony David and Jelle Klaasen were the non British champions and Martin Adams was the player who with 17 times most often took part. Though Bobby George never managed to win the title, only two times stood in the finale, he certainly is one of the most enigmatic players of the BDO World Championship. Ted Hankey is the "bad" boy and hands out plastic bats to the crowd during his walk-ons. Les Wallace was a winner wearing a kilt. The only nine-darter so far threw Paul Lim in 1990. Well-known and with a lot of influence in the BDO and th IDPA is the MC Martin Fitzmaurice who opens the tournament session with "Let's play darts!" Only recently the BDO modernised the stage in Lakeside though the rather garish coulours are not to everybody's liking. On the Lakeside stage youï¿½ll not find any chalkers any more - they were replaced by a screen only visible for the players and the MC. In 2013 the BDO announced that the field of participants in the tournament would be enlarged to 40 players from 2014 onwards. The eight additional players will come from national qualifications in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Asia, Baltic and Scandinavia and the USA.


What is the Capital of Lesotho? - Capital-of.com Dates of religious and Civil holidays around the world. www.when-is.com Capital of Lesotho The Capital City of Lesotho (officially named Kingdom of Lesotho) is the city of Maseru. The population of Maseru in the year 2006 was 227,880. Lesotho, formerly known as Basutoland, is an English speaking country that does not border with any sea. Additional Information


Welcome to O2 Landscapes - pp-myosotis Plant profiles > Myosotis Family : Boraginaceae The sky blue flowers of the garden forget-me-not (Myosotis sylvatica) are familiar to most gardeners. It is a very common plant of flower gardens, although it is more trouble than it is worth in New Zealand (where mildew besets plants, and it becomes an annoying weed). The late winter/spring appearance of its flowers are evocative of English and European woodlands, to where it is native1. It will therefore come as a surprise to many that New Zealand is a major centre of diversity for this genus. Out of a worldwide figure of approximately 100 Myosotis species, around 40 are native to New Zealand2, with all but two of those species confined to our shores. This diversity increases further when we take into account the distinct varieties that occur within some of our species. Several New Zealand species of Myosotis make fine garden plants, although they are still little known by most gardeners. In addition to their potential for cultivation, some knowledge of our native forget-me-nots can enrich one's experience of our wild places; as some of the native species are stunning when in flower (the most notable example being the remarkable bronze forget-me-not, Myosotis macrantha). It should be noted here that the commonly cultivated Chatham Island Forget-me-not, Myosotidium hortensia, is not part of this genus. It actually constitutes its own genus, which is found nowhere else in the world (outside the Chatham Islands). It is therefore not included in this article, but may be featured in a future plant profile. Of the native forget-me-nots that are suited to cultivation, several are alpine or montane species which are best grown in areas of relatively low humidity (such as in more southern or elevated parts of New Zealand). However, several species, including Myosotis eximia and Myosotis pottsiana, perform well even in the north (in suitable conditions). An additional aspect to the cultivation of native forget-me-nots is that a large number of our species are either rare or acutely threatened in the wild. Therefore, growing them contributes to making their existence better known, and in some cases towards preserving the genetic diversity of species. It also contributes to the work of nurseries such as Oratia Native Plant Nursery, who are actively concerned with making tangible contributions towards the conservation of native plants. Myosotis pansa subsp. pansa This nationally endangered forget-me-not is native to Auckland's west coast, with its close relative, M. pansa subsp. praeceps occurring sporadically on the western coast of the King Country and northern Taranaki. It always grows close to the sea, within open forest or scrub, and more open habitats such as the base of cliffs - areas which, importantly, have reasonably good air movement and are not excessively shaded or humid. Its vibrant green foliage and well presented white flowers (which appear over a long period in summer) render it a very beautiful plant; one which is also, fortuitously, well adapted to garden use. M. pansa subsp. pansa is one of many examples of a horticultural variation on the 'Cassandra Complex'3; a plant that despite being heartily recommended by esteemed authors like Lawrie Metcalf, is too seldom taken up by gardeners or horticulturists. Our horticultural and botanical literature is filled with similar cases, extending back into the writings of Thomas Cheeseman or Leonard Cockayne, almost a hundred years ago. This is a sentiment that Muriel Fisher expressed regularly in her classic work on native plants for gardens; and is not a complaint, but rather an affirmation of the huge potential (and importance) that lies in investigating a wider range of the New Zealand flora than that which is commonly represented in gardens or landscaping. Myosotis pansa subsp. pansa grows in a similar manner to the classic garden forget-me-not, insofar as it is a short-lived perennial which self-seeds freely once established. It is, however, superior to its European relative as its


Which actor provided the television voice for 'Captain Scarlet'?

Captain Scarlet voice actor Francis Matthews dies - BBC News BBC News Captain Scarlet voice actor Francis Matthews dies 15 June 2014 Read more about sharing. Close share panel Image caption Francis Matthews starred in numerous dramas and comedies as well as lending his voice to Captain Scarlet Actor Francis Matthews, who was the voice of Captain Scarlet in Gerry Anderson's 1960s TV show, has died at the age of 86. Matthews lent his voice to the indestructible puppet hero, who defended the Earth in Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons, in 1967 and '68. The actor also played private detective Paul Temple in the BBC series of the same name from 1969. Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Captain Scarlet was created by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson after their success with Thunderbirds "We are very sorry to report that Francis Matthews, best known to Gerry Anderson fans as the voice of the indestructible puppet hero Captain Scarlet, has died aged 86," it said. The statement recounted how they chose Matthews for the role of Captain Scarlet because he sounded like Cary Grant. Matthews also appeared in Hammer horror films including The Revenge of Frankenstein and Dracula: Prince of Darkness plus the Morecambe and Wise movies The Intelligence Men and That Riviera Touch. Other TV roles included one opposite George Cole in the 1970s BBC sitcom Don't Forget to Write! But it was Captain Scarlet that continued to inspire devotion among its fans, to Matthews' bemusement. "They really are anoraks," he told The Independent in 2006. "They dress up and stare at you when you're signing the autograph as if you're some kind of extraordinary God." Image caption Matthews appeared with Morecambe and Wise in a string of films and TV specials Image caption He starred with George Cole in the BBC comedy Don't Forget to Write!


'Economo's Disease', or 'Trypanosomiasis' is better known as what?

CDC - African Trypanosomiasis ShareCompartir African Trypanosomiasis, also known as "sleeping sickness," is caused by microscopic parasites of the species Trypanosoma brucei. It is transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina species), which is found only in rural Africa. Although the infection is not found in the United States, historically, it has been a serious public health problem in some regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, about 10,000 new cases each year are reported to the World Health organization; however, it is believed that many cases go undiagnosed and unreported. Sleeping sickness is curable with medication, but is fatal if left untreated. Image: L&R: Trypanosoma bruceissp. in thin blood smears stained with Giemsa. Center: A close up of a tsetse fly. Credit: DPDx


In which year did John Charles, Princess Juliana, Peter Ustinov and Yasser Arafat die?

Team selections for Derby Dead Pool 2004 Team selections for Derby Dead Pool 2004 Key to symbols  unique pick (+1 point in the event of a hit)      joker (double points in the event of a hit) Jump directly to a team: Alison The Assassin First year in DDP. A late entrant and refugee from a now-defunct rival deadpool. A younger-than-average selection of celebs, with a definite leaning towards the music and entertainment industry. Years in DDP: 9 Best position: 3rd= (2000) DDP organiser 1996-2002, now taking a back seat but still entering a strong (or weak, depending how you look at it) team. Years in DDP: 2 Best position: 40th (2002) A warm welcome back to the Zimbabwean tyrant and his backing group. Must surely improve on his previous performance of finishing 40th, as we've barely got that many teams this year. Years in DDP: 5 Best position: 17th (2003) One of two teams captained by a cat, but Cefor, with just 5 hits in the last 4 years, has been unable to match the success of his feline rival, Whitaker. Dave's Dead, Aye Dead Drunk First year in DDP. Initially tried to pick Sammy Davis Jr, who's only been dead for 13 years, but after that false start, has fielded a respectable team. Dead As A Dodo First year in DDP. Newcomer with no fewer than 16 unique picks in the team. A risky strategy, which could pay dividends, but could also mean bottom-of-the-table obscurity. Deathlist.net First year in DDP. An entry from the organisers of another celeb death-related website, so we're expecting great things of them. Check out their site at (you guessed it) www.deathlist.net . Best position: 1st (1998 & 1999) The boozy Glaswegian and twice DDP champion is always one to watch. Eat My Dust First year in DDP. A fighting choice of team name from this newcomer. Will their line-up of mainly elderly celebs leave the rest of us for dead? Years in DDP: 6 Best position: 2nd= (2001) Was the bookies' choice last year, but a disappointing 14th place has led the ever-helpful Ed to make several changes to his team for 2004. Ferret's Foragers First year in DDP. Another younger-than-average team, with a few unique picks, but only 19 players, due to the inadvisable selection of Jimmy Stewart, who died in 1997. 'Mad' Frankie will be sending the boys round in retribution for picking him... I'm Feeling Better... First year in DDP. The jovial Brummie new boy has gone for some populist choices; massively overweight '80s popster Buster Bloodvessel could certainly net him a few points. Years in DDP: 2 Best position: 12th= (2002) Returning after a year's absence from the DDP, the automotive types have gone for a fairly conservative selection of mainly aged celebs. Years in DDP: 9 Best position: 2nd (1996) Other than Big Iain himself, the only competitor to have taken part in DDP every year since the start. Has finished 2nd, 3rd (twice) & 4th - could this be the year for JJ to take top spot? Years in DDP: 4 Best position: 1st (2002) Runner-up in 2001 and winner in 2002, Joe had (by his standards) a disappointing year last year, finishing 9th equal, but he's still one to watch. Years in DDP: 7 Best position: 7th= (1998) A DDP regular since 1998, but has always languished in mid-table obscurity. It remains to be seen how this year's mixed team of nobility, entertainers and politicians will fare. Lyn's Down and Under First year in DDP. Another team weighted towards popular culture, and their choice of cult hero Rolf Harris is nothing short of sacrilegious! Years in DDP: 6 Best position: 2nd (1999) One of the most experienced DDP competitors. Put in a strong performance last year, finishing equal 3rd, and has replaced the 7 members of his team who popped off with some fairly obscure choices this time round.


Who is missing from this list - 'Dancer', 'Dasher', 'Donner' ,Blitzen', 'Vixen', 'Prancer' and 'Comet'?

History Of Santa Claus' Reindeers: Rudolph May Be Most Popular, But What About Dancer, Prancer, Comet, Vixen? History Of Santa Claus' Reindeers: Rudolph May Be Most Popular, But What About Dancer, Prancer, Comet, Vixen? Close                                             [[nid:1519660]] Rudolph may be the most known of Santa’s helpers, but he is not the only reindeer who helps Santa bring gifts to little boys and girls around the world. In fact, Rudolph was actually created after the other reindeers already became popular in Christmas folklore. In 1939, he came to life after 34-year-old copywriter Robert L. May created him for a booklet for shoppers of the Montgomery Ward stores. By 1946, 6 million booklets about Rudolph and his red nose were distributed. Rudolph's story became a popular children’s tale, due to his overcoming adversity for having a red nose and being teased by other reindeers. His nose ended up being one of his greatest assets, though, when he came to Santa’s rescue on Christmas Eve. His red nose was used as a lantern so Santa could make it to every home and ensure all children had their gifts Christmas morning. Rudolph learned to respect of the other reindeers while taking charge and leading them during the terrible winter weather. However, eight reindeers were created before Rudolph. Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donner and Blitzen are the commonly cited names of the other reindeers, and those reindeers are based on the reindeers named in the famous 1823 poem “‘Twas The Night Before Christmas,” attributed to Clement C. Moore. The names of Donder and Blitzen derive from Germanic words for thunder and lightning, respectively. Before Rudolph was included, Dasher was the first reindeer and the right-hand leader of the sleigh. Details about the reindeers: Dasher is the fastest reindeer and is always the winner at the reindeer games. Dancer Dancer is Santa's prettiest reindeer, but she does not know it. Dancer spends most of her time looking at her reflection in the frozen pond. Prancer Prancer is always aiming to please and is very strong. Vixen Vixen loves playing tricks, even on Santa Claus himself! Vixen is also very funny and makes the others laugh a lot. Comet Comet is a very serious reindeer and likes peace and quiet. On his nights off, Comet enjoys looking at the stars. Cupid Cupid is very shy, and the mother of Donder and Blitzen. Donder


Which sea area is south-east of Faroes, west of Viking, north-east of Hebrides and north-west of Forties?

List of British Sea Areas as listed in the weather report for shipping on BBC Radio4 Here's a nice but big (162K) map I scanned it from the Radio Times, they managed to forget Bailey so I had to edit it in, which is why the lines and font are a bit dodgy there. Here's one from the Met Office , a lot smaller but not as pretty, but it DOES have Trafalgar on it, and it makes the Lat and Longs more obvious. South East Iceland: 64N18W..65N14W..63N7W..62N11W (roughly) Faeroes: 63N7W..62N3W..59N7W..62N11W (roughly) Fair Isle: 62N3W..61N00..58N00..58N5W..59N7W (roughly) The above 3 form a diagonal band from the coast of Iceland down to the Greenwich Meridian at the Shetlands on the northern edge, and the Scottish coast on the southern edge. Fair Isle is 5 sided to get back into the normal squarish grid. Bailey: Between 10W and 15W from South East Iceland down to about 58N Rockall: Between 10W and 15W from Bailey (58N) down to 53N Shannon: Between 10W and 15W, from Rockall down to 50N, and including the bits off the Irish coast. Hebrides: The bit between Faeroes and Fair Isle, the Scottish coast, 10W, and 57N Malin: Below Hebrides, between Rockall and the coasts, down to the narrowest point between England and Ireland Irish Sea: The Irish Sea from Malin down to the narrowest point between Wales and Ireland Lundy: Bounded by the south Welsh and north Cornish coasts, out to about 6.5W Fastnet: Between Lundy and Shannon, with the south Irish coast above and 50N below Sole: 6.5W..15W and 50N..48.27N, below Shannon and Fastnet Finisterre, now renamed Fitzroy: Below Sole Biscay: From Finisterre to the French coast Plymouth: The mouth of the Channel to about 8W, Biscay below, Sole to the left Portland: Up the channel from Plymouth to about 2W Wight: From Portland to a line from about 50N2E(France) to 51N1E(England) Dover: From Wight to a line matching the latitude 51N, near enough Thames: Moving out towards the North Sea, as far as about 52.5N Humber: Up to 54N, but loses a degree of its eastern extent halfway up Tyne: A tiny bit about a degree wide along the coast from Humber up to about 56N Dogger: Tyne to the left, Humber below, 4E at the right, up to about 56N German Bight: From Humber and Dogger on the left to the continental coast Forties: Directly above Dogger, ie about 56N..58.5N and 1W..4E Forth: Between Forties and the Scottish coast, stopping at 57N Cromarty: Between Forties and the Scottish coast, from Forth up to 58.5N or so, where it meets Fair Isle Viking: Above Forties with Fair Isle to the west Fisher: East of Forties and north of German Bight, but only as far as about 57.5N North Utsire, South Utsire: The last bit between Viking and Forties and the Scandinavian coast I appear to have listed them in the reverse order to that used by the weather forecasters. Never mind!


What was Britney Spears' first number one, in 1999?

Official Charts Flashback 1999: Britney Spears – …Baby One More Time 20 February 2014 Official Charts Flashback 1999: Britney Spears – …Baby One More Time Oh baby, baby. It’s 15 years since the world got its first glimpse of that video featuring that future global popstar. Introducing Miss Britney Spears… Google + Oh baby, baby. It’s 15 years since the world got its first glimpse of that video featuring that future global popstar. Introducing Miss Britney Spears… Sometimes you just know when a big pop moment us happening, and most people will admit they suspected something huge was about to happen. A former child star of Disney TV show The Mickey Mouse Club, Britney Jean Spears soon grew up in front of our very eyes, starting out with this deliciously cheeky video to a song that was to become a modern classic. It was the first of seven consecutive Top 10s for Britney – Don’t Let Me Be The Last To Know broke the spell by peaking at Number 12 in 2001. She’s had 23 Top 10s in total, her most recent being Work Bitch in November 2013, and six of those tracks went to Number 1: …Baby One More Time, Born To Make You Happy, (2000) Oops!…I Did It Again (2000), Toxic (2004), Everytime (2004) and Scream & Shout with will.i.am in 2012. …Baby One More Time is still her biggest seller, shifting over 1.5 million copies. Watch Toxic – possibly her greatest video – before we see who else was in the Top 5 this week in 1999. 2: The Corrs – Runaway Just pipped to the post by Britney, the Irish band who liked to keep it in the family were enjoying their fourth Top 10 hit with this remix of a song they’d first released back in 1996. They had finally shot to fame thanks to their cover of Fleetwood Mac’s 1997 hit Dreams, which was given an extra helping hand thanks to a remix from DJ Todd Terry. Nine more Top 40 hits would follow for Andrea, Caroline, Sharon and brother Jim, including a Number 1 and their biggest seller, Breathless, in 2000. Runaway is the band’s second best selling single, shifting 330,000 copies. 3: Lenny Kravitz – Fly Away A producer who decided to step out of the shadows and enjoy some chart success of his own, Lenny Kravitz had just been tumbled from Number 1 by Britney with this track. Made famous on a car advert, Fly Away was to be his only chart-topper and is his most recent Top 10 hit so far. 4: Lauryn Hill – Ex Factor The follow-up to her Top 3 hit Doo Wop (That Thing) saw ex-Fugees singer Lauryn Hill get serious. Taken from her hit album The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill, Ex Factor was her sixth Top 10 hit, including her four with Fugees. She’s never had a solo Number 1, but has topped the Official Singles Chart twice with Fugees, consecutively in 1996 with Roberta Flack cover Killing Me Softly and Enya-sampling Ready or Not. 5: N Sync – I Want You Back Believe it or not, Justin Timberlake’s solo career was still a good three years away, as was his style makeover. This was N Sync’s very first hit on the Official Singles Chart, peaking right here at Number 5. There’d be five further Top 10 hits to come – the biggest being the very last, Girlfriend, which hit Number 2 – before the boys decided it was time to go “on a break” and Justin ran as fast to Pharrell’s house as his legs would carry him.


Who was kidnapped and assassinated by the left-wing movement 'Brigate Rosse' in 1978?

Red Brigades | Mapping Militant Organizations Mapping Militant Organizations 1984 First Attack September 17, 1970: The Red Brigades set fire to the car of a factory manager in Milan. (0 killed) [1] Last Attack April 16, 1988: The Red Brigades kidnapped a chemical engineer in Mestre. (No reported casualties) [2] Updated June 27, 2012 Narrative Summary The Red Brigades was Italy's largest, longest lasting, and most broadly diffused left-wing terrorist group. At its peak the organization had thousands of active members and supporters, with its strongest presence in the industrial cities of Northern Italy. [3] It sought to overthrow the democratic Italian state and replace it with a dictatorship of the proletariat. Its primary targets were symbols of capitalism and the Italian state. These included politicians, especially those of the center-right Christian Democratic party, law enforcement, and factories. The organization cast its armed activities as acts of self-defense, undertaken on behalf of workers facing repression from factory bosses and police. [4]   The first pamphlet signed by the Red Brigades – then using the singular "Red Brigade," or "Brigata Rossa" – appeared at a Sit-Siemens plant in Milan in 1970 [5] , but the roots of the organization extend back to the late 1960s, as student and worker demonstrations spread throughout Italy and protestors increasingly clashed violently with the police. The fall of 1968, known as the "autunno caldo" or "hot autumn," marked a high point in such violence as well as an organizational turning point as workers began to form collectives as alternatives to existing trade unions. The Red Brigades' founders are believed to have decided to take up arms during a November 28, 1969 meeting of the Metropolitan Political Collective (Collettivo Politico Metropolitano), a coordinating group of leftist student and worker movements, in Chiavari in the province of Genoa. [6]   Some two weeks later, a bomb exploded in Milan's Piazza Fontana, killing 16 and wounding 87. At roughly the same time, two other bombs exploded in Rome, wounding 16. Suspicion for the day's carnage initially fell on the far left, members of which insisted that right-wing groups, likely aided by elements of state intelligence, had planned the attack as a provocation. [7] What later came to be known as the "Piazza Fontana Massacre" was seen on the left as the inauguration of a "strategy of tension" pursued by the right in cooperation with the state. [8]    Members of the Red Brigades attacked property rather than people until 1972; arson against factory managers' cars was particularly common, as were raids against the offices of right-wing organizations. [9] Beginning with the 1974 kidnapping of a Genoa magistrate, the Red Brigades expanded their attacks to include politicians and employees of the state. An April 1975 BR document outlining the organization's "Strategic Direction" identified Italy's long-dominant Christian Democratic party "the principal enemy." [10] The number of BR-directed attacks, including kidnappings and shootings, spiked between 1977 and 1979. The organization's best-known attack of the period was the kidnapping and killing of Christian Democratic leader and former prime minister Aldo Moro in 1978.  The Red Brigades' activities began to decline in 1980. Members began being arrested at higher rates, and those arrested began increasingly to cooperate with authorities, leading to the capture of more members. The group split numerous times over the period. The Red Brigades ceased to exist as a unified organization around 1981. Its core successor, the Red Brigades Fighting Communist Party (BR-PCC) continued to stage high-profile attacks throughout the decade. The Red Brigades' original leaders, many of them in jail, continued to guide the BR-PCC until formally declaring the armed struggle finished in 1988. [11] Attacks have been carried out in Italy under the name "Red Brigades" as late as 2002, though the attackers are likely not formally connected to the original organization. [12] Leadership Antonio Sa


The song 'As Long As He Needs Me' comes from which show and film?

As Long As He Needs Me from the film Oliver! - YouTube As Long As He Needs Me from the film Oliver! Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jun 15, 2013 Full song of 'As Long As He Needs Me' from the film Oliver. Lyric Video coming soon. No copyright intended. Category


BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Willy Russell To understand the context of Blood Brothers you’ll need some background on the writer himself and on the aspects of British society that might have influenced his interests and his ways of thinking. Willy Russell Willy Russell was born in 1947 into a working-class family near to Liverpool. He left school at 15 without academic qualifications and became a hairdresser. By the age of 20 he felt the need to return to education and, after leaving university, he became a teacher at a comprehensive school in his home city. During this time Russell wrote songs for performers and for radio shows. One of his early plays was about the Liverpool pop group the Beatles. He has a love of popular music and this can be seen in many of his plays, but especially in Blood Brothers. Page:


US Vice-President Joe Biden represents which state?

Vice President Joe Biden | whitehouse.gov Vice President Joe Biden Other Advisory Boards Vice President Joe Biden Joseph Robinette Biden, Jr., represented Delaware for 36 years in the U.S. Senate before becoming the 47th and current Vice President of the United States. Download Hi-res (1256 KB) Joseph Robinette Biden, Jr., was born November 20, 1942, in Scranton, Pennsylvania, the first of four siblings. In 1953, the Biden family moved from Pennsylvania to Claymont, Delaware. He graduated from the University of Delaware and Syracuse Law School and served on the New Castle County Council. Then, at age 29, he became one of the youngest people ever elected to the United States Senate. Just weeks after the election, tragedy struck the Biden family when Biden's wife, Neilia and their one-year-old daughter, Naomi, were killed and their two young sons critically injured in an auto accident. Vice President Biden was sworn in to the U.S. Senate at his sons' hospital bedside and began commuting to Washington every day by train, a practice he maintained throughout his career in the Senate. In 1977, Vice President Biden married Jill Jacobs. Jill Biden, who holds a Ph.D. in Education, is a life-long educator and currently teaches at a community college in Northern Virginia. The Vice President’s son, Beau (1969-2015), was Delaware's Attorney General from 2007-2015 and a Major in the 261st Signal Brigade of the Delaware National Guard. He was deployed to Iraq in 2008-2009. The Vice President’s other son, Hunter, is an attorney who manages a private equity firm in Washington, D.C. and is Chairman of the World Food Program USA. And his daughter Ashley is a social worker and is Executive Director of the Delaware Center for Justice. Vice President Biden has five grandchildren: Naomi, Finnegan, Roberta Mabel ("Maisy"), Natalie, and Robert Hunter. As a Senator from Delaware for 36 years, Vice President Biden established himself as a leader in facing some of our nation's most important domestic and international challenges. As Chairman or Ranking Member of the Senate Judiciary Committee for 17 years, then-Senator Biden was widely recognized for his work on criminal justice issues, including the landmark 1994 Crime Law and the Violence Against Women Act. As Chairman or Ranking Member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for 12 years, then-Senator Biden played a pivotal role in shaping U.S. foreign policy. He has been at the forefront of issues and legislation related to terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, post-Cold War Europe, the Middle East, and Southwest Asia. Now, as the 47th Vice President of the United States, Joe Biden has continued his leadership on important issues facing the nation. The Vice President was tasked with implementing and overseeing the $840 billion stimulus package in the  American Recovery and Reinvestment Act , which has helped to rebuild our economy and lay the foundation for a sustainable economic future. The Vice President also leads the Ready to Work Initiative , the Administration’s key effort to identify opportunities to improve our nation’s workforce skills and training systems to help better prepare American workers for the jobs of a 21st century economy. The Vice President has continued to draw upon his years in the United States Senate to work with Congress on key issues including the 2013 reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act. As a longtime advocate against sexual assault and domestic violence, the Vice President appointed the first-ever White House Advisor on Violence Against Women . The Vice President has also been tasked with convening sessions of the President’s Cabinet and leading interagency efforts, particularly to reduce gun violence and raise the living standards of middle class Americans in his role as Chair of the Middle Class Task Force . Vice President Biden has traveled to 48 states as part of the Administration’s continuing efforts to focus key priorities such as college affordability and American manufacturing growth. With decades of foreign policy experience in the Unite


"What was advertised as ""spreading straight from the fridge""?"

UK television adverts 1955-1985 Breads, spreads, biscuits, crackers, cakes Anchor Butter (1): c.1970 There’s an Anchor sign on Britain’s favourite butter, It’s the Anchor sign that tells you it’s the best. If you like your bread and butter, There’s no other word you’ll utter ’Cos you’ll always want the butter With the Anchor sign! (A little butter sailor singing and dancing to a hornpipe tune) Anchor Butter (2): 1982 Didn’t we have a lov-er-ly time Those far off days with Anchor? Salmon and cucumber butties for you Something cheesy — ain’t it breezy? Somebody’s seen the butler machine! Kiss-me-quick and donkeys So far away — and I Anchor today For those days gone by. You’ve got to Anchor for the real taste of butter! Tune: “Didn’t we have a lovely time the day we went to Bangor”] Anchor Butter (3) There’s an anchor sign on Britain’s favourite butter, It’s the anchor sign that tells you it’s the best. If you want your bread and butter there’s no other name you’ll utter ’Cos Britain’s favourite butter has the Anchor sign Everybody loves it ’cos it tastes so nice, Housewives like it for the lovely price. If you want your bread and butter there’s no other name you’ll utter ’Cos Britain’s favourite butter has the Anchor sign! Big T bread: 1970s Big T, Big T Roll, Big T, Big T in a ba-ag! (The wrapping was one of the first plastic bag types,  which eventually almost replaced wax paper) Blue Band Margarine It’s a good good feeling! Breakaway chocolate biscuit: c.1972 With Eric Idle’s “nudge nudge” advert adapted from Monty Python Breakaway. The milk chocolate suggestive biscuit. Burton’s Bingo caramel bar Sung by Joe Brown in a cockney accent in skiffle style, to the tune of "What a crazy world we’re living in." Burton’s made a biscuit, Favver said "By jingo!" "Muvva’s played a blinder son, she’s gone and bought some Bingo". Sister can’t resist ’em, with all that Ca-Ra-Mel When ’er boyfriend asks for some she says “You go and buy yer own!” Joe:  So do your mouth a favour, and listen you yer ma, Buy a Burton’s Bingo Caramel Bar Sister: With lovely chocolate! Joe:  Buy a Burton’s Bingo Caramel Bar Father: With crispy wafer! Joe:  Buy a Burton’s Bingo Caramel Bar And give us anuvver muvver! Butter (1): 1950s Lady (giving man a sandwich): Here you are. It’s butter too. Real butter. Man: Mmmm: wonderful! Lady: Only butter tastes like butter. Voiceover: Buy some extra butter this week. Butter (2): 1960s With Arthur Lowe and John Le Mesurier AL: What are you doing with that teacake? JLM: Nothing; nothing at all really. AL: You are looking to see if it has got butter in it, aren't you? Well, has it? JLM: It's rather difficult to say. AL: Well, don't keep staring at it. Taste it. That's the only way to tell if there's butter in it JLM: Mmmm. Beautiful butter. AL: Thank goodness for that. Voiceover: Butter tastes so much better. Cadbury’s Chocolate Biscuits: 1950s Good to eat and good for you … Cadbury’s Chocolate Biscuits. Cadbury’s Chocolate Fingers (1): 1960s They’re singular, they’re fingular, They’re biscuits without any bends, They’re long and little, they start at the middle And come to a stop at the ends. They’re long and thin With a chocolate skin — Like sticks in chocolate silk But the most singular thing In a finger is … Cadbury’s Chocolate Fingers (2) Well I got these chocolate fingers now And I know they’re gonna please, They sure taste good, well I knew they would, ’Cos they’re made by Cadbury’s. Well those fingers sure go quickly, And I tell you kids they should, ’Cos when Cadbury’s make the chocolate, It sure makes those fingers good So the next time you buy fingers, Make sure they’re just like these, ’Cos the chocolate makes the fingers, And the chocolate’s Cadbury’s! Cadbury’s Chocolate Fingers (3) [Child trying to fit Cadbury’s chocolate fingers between his own fingers bites the end off to make it fit]: Why are you so clever, Brian? Cadbury’s Chocolate Fingers (4) Brian (counting chocolate fingers in a box): “Firty-one, firty-two …. Younger friend: Wha’ ya doin’ Brian? Brian: I'm counting Cadburys chocolate fin


Which painter married Hortense Fiquet and used her as the subject of many of his paintings?

Madame Cézanne: the unsung hero of her husband's art - Telegraph Culture Madame Cézanne: the unsung hero of her husband's art A new exhibition reveals the importance that Hortense Fiquet, Cézanne's wife  and muse, played in developing her husband's art One of Cézanne's 29 known portraits of his wife: Madame Cézanne in the Conservatory, 1891 Photo: COURTESY OF METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART By Kathryn Hughes Comments The face that stares out from the painting is not beautiful, not quite. Pale and oval as a perfect egg, it is topped off with a helmet of auburn hair. Nor, with slits for eyes and a dash for a mouth, is it a face that begs to be loved or understood. None the less, it remains one of the most instantly recognisable images of the late 19th century, staring out of 29 extraordinary works of art that changed painting for ever. The face belongs to Hortense Fiquet, the woman whom Paul Cézanne married then ignored, despised and loved in equal measure. Above all, though, he depended on her. Not just as 19th-century artists depended on their wives to arrange the studio and keep visitors at bay – for in truth Hortense was never very good at those things. What Cézanne demanded from Hortense was her extraordinary face, which he painted over and over, until he had absorbed its odd geometry and was able to remake it on canvas in a series of images that contemporaries described simultaneously as “monstrosities” and “masterpieces”. Now these paintings will go on show as part of the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s blockbuster exhibition “Madame Cézanne”, opening on 19 November. In the early days his friends couldn’t see why he bothered. According to them, Hortense Fiquet was nothing special, with her mean little mouth and asymmetric eyes. But in the sharp angles and planes of her pale profile and high hairline Cézanne saw the chance to develop an early abstract art that released painting from its duty to represent reality. While contemporaries such as Manet and Renoir continued to draw women as hazy erotic objects, out and about in the pleasure grounds of Paris, Cézanne rendered Hortense as a still life, as if she were a bowl of apples. Related Articles Louise Bourgeois' New York home 15 Jun 2014 One of the earliest surviving paintings that Cézanne made of Hortense shows this principle at work. In Madame Cézanne Leaning on a Table (c1873-74), the young woman sits with her elbow resting on a table. Her dull green dress smudges into the background’s murky palette. What stands out are the sharp horizontals of the table, the vertical of the chair and door jamb, and the pattern made by her face. It is a distinct pink oval, the elliptical shape exaggerated by the heavy crown of chestnut hair piled on top. In a gesture that anticipates Picasso by 35 years, Cézanne has turned Hortense into a series of triangles, ovals and oblongs. In the painting, the fact that Hortense’s downcast eyes are nothing more than dark dots emphasises a lack of intimacy between the artist and model. And yet, confusingly, the domestic setting suggests this is a painting born of familiarity. The odd couple had met in the late 1860s when Cézanne, the son of a prosperous banker from Provence, was studying painting in Paris. Hortense, a decade younger, was a bookbinder who modelled for extra cash. They started living together early on, and a score of tender sketches by Cézanne show his lover caught in informal moments: sewing, sleeping or simply staring into space. Madame Cézanne in a Red Dress, 1888 - 1890 (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) This evidence of everyday intimacy would have come as a surprise to Cézanne’s friends, who were determined to see Hortense as a bit of household furniture at best and, at worst, as a millstone around his neck. In part this was because of the way Cézanne’s paintings habitually rendered his lover’s features as a mask, with little attention paid to her inner life. In works such as Portrait of Madame Cézanne (c1877), the focus is entirely on the shape made by her severe centre parting, while in a similarly titled portrait from 10 years l


Which French city held up the advance of British troops for over a month shortly after D-Day?

CHAPTER 22: World War II: The War Against Germany and Italy World War II: The War Against Germany and Italy   With the invasion of North Africa (Operation TORCH), the U.S. Army in  late 1942 began a ground offensive against the European Axis that was to be  sustained almost without pause until Italy collapsed and Germany was finally defeated. More than a million Americans were to fight in lands  bordering the Mediterranean Sea and close to four million on the European continent, exclusive of Italy, in the largest commitment to battle ever  made by the U.S. Army. Alongside these Americans were to march British,  Canadian, French, and other Allied troops in history's greatest  demonstration of coalition warfare, while on another front massed Soviet armies  were to contribute enormously to the victory.   The North African Campaign, November 1942-May 1943   Although the decision to launch Operation TORCH had been made largely because  the Allies could not mount a more direct attack against the European Axis early  in the war, there were specific and attractive objectivesï¿½to gain French-controlled  Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia as a base for enlisting the French empire in the  war, to assist the British in the Libyan Desert in destroying Axis forces in  North Africa, to open the Mediterranean to Allied shipping, and to provide a  steppingstone for subsequent operations.   The Germans and their Italian allies controlled a narrow but strategic strip  of the North African littoral between Tunisia and Egypt with impassable desert  bounding the strip on the south. (Map 40) Numbering some 100,000 men  under a battle-tested German leader, Field Marshal Rommel, the German-Italian  army in Libya posed a constant threat to Egypt and the Near East as well as  to French North Africa and, since the Axis also controlled the northern shores  of the Mediterranean, served to deny the Mediterranean to Allied shipping. Only  a few convoys seeking to supply British forces on the island of Malta ever ventured  into the Mediterranean, and these took heavy losses. Map 40 475   Moving against French Africa posed for the Allies special problems rooted in  the nature of the armistice that had followed French defeat in 1940. Under terms  of that armistice, the Germans had left the French empire nominally intact,  along with much of the southern half of Metropolitan France, yet in return the  French Government was pledged to drop out of the war. Although an underground  resistance movement had already begun in France and an Allied-equipped force  called the Free French was assembling in the British Isles, that part of the  regular French Army and Navy left intact by the armistice was sworn to the service  of the Vichy government. This pledge had led already to the anomaly of Frenchman  fighting Frenchman and of the British incurring French enmity by destroying  part of the fleet of their former ally.   If bloodshed was to be averted in the Allied invasion, French sympathies had  to be enlisted in advance, but to reveal the plan was to risk French rejection  of it and German occupation of French Africa. Although clandestine negotiations  were conducted with a few trusted French leaders, these produced no guarantee  that French forces would not resist.   Partly because of this intricate situation, the Allies designated an American,  General Eisenhower, to command the invasion in order to capitalize on absence  of rancor between French and Americans by giving the invasion an American rather  than a British complexion. American troops were to make up the bulk of the assault  force, and the Royal Navy was to keep its contribution as inconspicuous as possible.   The operation was to begin in western Egypt, where the British Commander in  Chief, Middle East, General Sir Harold R. L. G. Alexander, was to attack with  the veteran British Eighth Army under Lt. Gen. Bernard L. Montgomery against  Field Marshal Rommel's German-Italian army. Coming ashore in French Africa,  Gener


Which motorway runs from Ross to Tewksbury?

Introduction + Share | Print page Introduction Anyone who studies a road map of the Midlands would be excused from wondering why a short length of motorway running through the rural areas of Herefordshire, Gloucestershire and Worcestershire was ever required let alone built. Even today, over 40 years since it was opened, it remains a delight to drive on with comparatively little traffic using it. The reason for this lies behind a pre-war vision that there was a need to connect the steel manufacturing centres of South Wales with the metal bashing industries of Birmingham and the Black Country. After the war, the then County Surveyor of Worcestershire was keen to see a new major road built between Cardiff and Birmingham and with the counties of Herefordshire and Gloucestershire pushing for a link between A449 at Ross and the A38 North of Tewksbury, the M50/M5 was spawned. In an endeavour to get things moving after the war, the three counties took on teams of civil engineers who were being de-mobilised from the army. Detailed survey, route location and earthworks design commenced. For design purposes the project, as it affected Worcestershire and Herefordshire was divided up as follows- North - South (M5) Quinton (J3) - Lydiate Ash (J4) (not originally part of M50/M6 strategy) North - South (M5) Lydiate Ash (J4) - Strensham (J8) The northern limit of M5 in Worcestershire was at Quinton with the Southern limit at Twyning on the Gloucestershire border. Main Menu


What was founded by John Nelson Derby in Dublin in 1827?

Pre-Trib Research Center - Non-dispensational, covenant theologians recognize this essential about dispensationalists as noted by Michael Williams.   The Darbyist church/Israel distinction constitutes the one great organizing principle of classical dispensationalism.  The metaphysical and historical distinction between the church and Israel is the axle upon which the theology of Darby, Scofield, and Chafer rides.  It is the one great absolutely necessary or essential element of the system.  The Darbyist metaphysical distinction between Israel and the church is the sine qua non of classical dispensational theology. [66]   Whether dispensationalists or non-dispensationalists, all recognize for dispensationalism the importance of the distinction between God�s rule for Israel and His rule for the church.       From the time of his convalescence, Darby developed a theology that taught and supported a dispensational, premillennial, pretribulationism.  Essentially Darby came to understand that his place or position was the same as Christ, which is in heaven.  Thus, the church is a heavenly people, not an earthly people like the established church, in which he was a clergyman.  Juxtaposed to the heavenly and spiritual church was Israel, who are composed of a spiritual, ethnic, and national people on earth who have a future in God�s plan after the church age.       Darby came to understand that the church could be taken to heaven at any moment without signs preceding that event, in what would later be known as the pretribulational rapture of the church.  Darby�s realization of a change in dispensations laid the groundwork for the development of dispensationalism, since he saw a distinction between God�s plan for the church and His plan for Israel.  By this time, Darby also developed a pessimistic view of the visible church, Christendom, and came to believe that it was in utter ruins.       By January 1828, February at the latest, John Nelson Darby had not only come to an understanding of the idea of pretribulationism, but, he had also come to see other components, along with a rationale to support this view.  This does not mean that his ideas relating to pretribulationism came out of the womb fully developed along with no internal contradictions. [67]   There was still developmental work to be done.  Stunt surmises: �In fact for some years after his experience of deliverance there was something decidedly ambivalent about some of the positions adopted by Darby.� [68]   It would take at least another decade for Darby to develop full confidence in his new views and their implications.  The basics were in place by early 1828.  This was too early to have received seminal influence from others regarding things Darby strongly contends he came to understand from personal Bible study alone during his Dublin convalescence.   Conclusion       J. N. Darby�s pretribulationism appeared as a seminal idea from his own Bible study during a convalescence period of December 1827 through January 1828 while staying at his sister�s house in Dublin.  Darby was in distress about issues relating to the true nature and purpose of the Church during his convalescence, which led to his ideas of the rapture of the Church, an ecclesiastical and eschatological issue.  Stunt concludes: �we must emphasize that Darby was a very complex person whose understanding of scripture and theology was continually evolving.� [69]   Darby possessed the intellect, education, and capability needed for original thinking, and the discipline to develop ideas into a system.  There is nothing in the record that indicates that this is not what he in fact did do.  Through Darby�s own personal testimony on multiple occasions, he provided the theological rationale to support pretribulationism, something that would be unlikely if it was just an idea stolen from another source.   A Refutation of False Origin of the Rapture Theories         Exactly from whom, when, and where did Darby�s pretribulationism arise?  Such questions are often debated within the world of American Evangelicalism.


Give any year in the life of 'Ivan the Terrible'?

Ivan the IV, or Ivan the Terrible, was tsar of Russia from 1530-1584 and established a tradition of absolute rule. After a childhood of abuse and repression he destroyed his rivals and claimed the throne of Tsardom. He beat back the last of the Mongols, provided some large territotial expansion, and centralized the bureacracy. At the same time his blood thristy habits and cruel personality have made him infamous in history's annals as a lunatic ruler whom even his own people called "Terrible." Historical Background  In the 1500's while the rest of western Europe was revealing in the glories of the Renaissance, Russia was still struggling to establish its own identity after just emerging from the Mongol yoke in 1480. The princes of Muscovy had traditionally been tax collectors for the Mongols and it was not until Ivan the I managed to amass a large personal fortune and conquer surrounding rivals, furthering his power and gaining the trust of the Mongols, that any single ruler began to emerge in Russia. In 1480, Ivan the III managed to buy up all the surrounding territory around Moscow and proclaim himself tsar and not subject to Mongol rule Research Report Ivan IV Vasilyevich (1530-1584), was the first of two children of Basil III and Elena Glinskaya. Ivan came into the world on August 25, 1530. Nearly a year after this Ivan's father died when he was only three. Basil had died due to a small, little pimple on his thigh that had developed into a deadly sore. Basil requested at his deathbed that his son Ivan would become the ruler of Russia when he became a man at age 15. Once Basil died the boyars took over Russia, denying Ivan's right to the throne. Ivan's mother then with other trusted boyars took over the ruling party. Elena was able to successfully rule Russia for four years, until she died suddenly in 1538, apparently from poisoning, leaving eight-year-old Ivan an orphan. Through all this Ivan had remained isolated, Ivan's brutal behavior later on in life is testimony to his never having forgotten nor forgiven the childhood indignities he had suffered. The boyars would only pay attention to him when his presence was required at a ceremony. As the rivalry in the Palace for the power of Russia escalated into a bloody feud, Ivan witnessed horrible things. Living in poverty he watched and heard murders, beatings, and verbal and physical abuse regularly. The boyars alternately neglected or molested him; Ivan and his deaf-mute brother Yuri often went about hungry and threadbare. Incapable to strike at his tormentors, Ivan took out his terrible frustrations on defenseless animals, He tore feathers off birds, pierced their eyes and slit open their bodies. On December 29, 1543 Ivan surprised his boyars by calling them to a meeting. He condemned them for their neglect of him and the nation, and denounced them for their misconduct. Prince Andrew Shuiksy, the leader of the boyars was thrown to a pack of hungry hunting dogs as an example to the others. After this the boyars conceded that their rule had ended and that Ivan had complete power. On Sunday, January 16, 1547, Ivan was crowned czar in Moscow's lavish Cathedral of the Assumption. Ivan soon married Anastasia Romanovna-Zakharyina-Yurueva. Anastasia bore him six children of whom only two survived infancy. At times Ivan was very devote; he used to throw himself before the icons, banging his head against the floor. It resulted in a callosity at his forehead. Once Ivan even did a public confession of his sins in Moscow. During the beginning of Ivan's reign, the administrative functions of the government were handled by two brothers of Ivan's mother, Prince Yuri Glinsky and Prince Mikhail Glinsky abused their position in the government, mistreating the boyars and the citizens. Ivan vowed to no longer leave administration duties in the hands of others. From 1547 to 1560 Ivan is believed to have governed with the aid of a talented group of advisers dubbed the Chosen Council. It is unknown who wielded more power, Ivan or the council. In 1550, Ivan announced a reformed code of laws


Who commanded the Royal Navy taskforce which destroyed much of the Italian fleet off Cape Matapan in 1941?

The Italian Navy during World War II - Naval War in the Mediterrean, Malta & Crete - WWII Forums → Naval War in the Mediterrean, Malta & Crete We Need Your Help - Become a Site Supporter For 16 years we've been delivering WWII discussion and research, help support our efforts for the next 16 years. Become a WW2 Forums Patron ! The Italian Navy during World War II Started by JCFalkenbergIII , Aug 15 2008 11:30 PM Please log in to reply 107 replies to this topic Posted 15 August 2008 - 11:30 PM The Italian Navy during World War II The Second World War was a dramatic defeat for Italy and consequently for the Italian Navy. The reasons of the naval disaster are several: a) Wrong attitudes of Supermarina (Naval Head Quarter) in conducting the war strategies - crews and Captains demonstrated every day an extraordinary courage and skill but their initiatives were always frustrated by Supermarina's too prudent policy; absolutely poor coordination with the Air Force; c) inadequate equipments in terms of radar lack and unsatisfactory precision of gun aiming systems; d) fuel lack; e) the enemy was the British Royal Navy , for centuries the most powerful armada of the world; f) the Royal Navy was able to read for almost all conflict long the Italian encryipted message that should be kept secret. Most of these reasons are the obvious consequences of the irresponsible political decision by the Mussolini's government to join the war, thinking it would be ended in few months with the victory of German ally on every front. Submarine Ambra's crew The Italian militaries had to obey to the orders of the government, and they went to a war well aware that there weren't chances of victory for them. They were successful in the '30s against Ethiopians and Spanish Republicans, but the enemy they were going to face was well different. Anyway we will only analyse the military facts and not the political ones. War began for Italy on June 10, 1940, with only only two battleships that were combat ready, the Conte di Cavour and Giulio Cesare, battleships Littorio and Vittorio Veneto were still under training. Others would be ready in several months: Caio Duilio, Andrea Doria. The rest of the fleet included, 7 heavy cruisers, twelve light cruisers, about one hundred and twenty destroyers and torpedo boats and over one hundred submarines. The British were slightly numerically inferior and were based in Alexandria (Mediterranean Fleet) and Gibraltar (Force H), two of the advantages the British had, were the availability of aircraft carriers and tactics based on the use of aircraft in reconnaissance and strike roles. Italians lacked totally from this point of view, all their airplanes were controlled by th Air Force which imposed to not build any carrier. Mussolini thought that all Italian peninsula was a huge aircraft carrier: this though will be tragically wrong. During the first days of war Italians lost 5 submarines and the British lost cruiser Calypso sunk by submarine Bagnolini. On June 27, 1940 Italian destroyer Espero is sunk by 5 British cruisers. The first clash between the two navies was at Point Stilo two squadrons escorting the respective convoys, Italian ships (under the command of Admiral Campioni) were Cesare, Cavour, 14 cruisers and numerous destroyers, British units were battleships Warspite, Malaya, and Royal Sovereign, aircraft carrier Eagle, five light cruisers, and 14 destroyers, commander was Admiral Cunningham . The result of this match was that only Giulio Cesare was lightly damaged, but it demonstrated the inferiority of the Italian since they were in a more favorable position and they lost a good chance to beat the British more significantly. The battle was near the coasts of Italy and if the cooperation with the Air Force had work properly, Point Stilo would have been a great victory. In addition Veneto and Littorio were almost ready for combat, and his commander, Admiral Bergamini, asked the permission to join the battle, but it was denied by Supermarina. On July 18 a British formation sunk the cruiser Colleoni, while on July, 2


Which US President was imprisoned by the British and killed Charles Dickinson in a duel with pistols?

The American Experience | The Duel | Dueling, American Style The History of Dueling in America The fatal duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr shocked the nation. But it was the identity of the man killed, not the fact of the duel itself, that produced such dismay. By 1804, dueling had become an American fixture. And for another thirty years or more, its popularity would continue to grow. Like many early American customs, dueling was imported. Starting in the Middle Ages, European nobles had defended their honor in man-to-man battles. An early version of dueling was known as "judicial combat," so called because God allegedly judged the man in the right and let him win. In an era known for its bloody encounters, judicial combats probably prevented men from killing in the heat of passion. Still, numerous authorities, including heads of state and the Catholic Church, banned dueling -- with little effect. In 1777, a group of Irishmen codified dueling practices in a document called the Code Duello . The Code contained 26 specific rules outlining all aspects of the duel, from the time of day during which challenges could be received to the number of shots or wounds required for satisfaction of honor. An Americanized version of the Code, written by South Carolina Governor John Lyde Wilson, appeared in 1838. Prior to that, Americans made do with European rules. In a typical duel, each party acted through a second. The seconds' duty, above all, was to try to reconcile the parties without violence. An offended party sent a challenge through his second. If the recipient apologized, the matter usually ended. If he elected to fight, the recipient chose the weapons and the time and place of the encounter. Up until combat began, apologies could be given and the duel stopped. After combat began, it could be stopped at any point after honor had been satisfied. Edward Doty and Edward Lester, of the Massachusetts colony, fought the first recorded American duel in 1621, just a year after the Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth. Armed with swords, both men sustained minor wounds. A unique aspect of this duel was that Doty and Leicester were servants. For the most part, only gentlemen dueled. Most duelists chose guns as their weapons. The large caliber, smoothbore flintlock pistols Hamilton and Burr used in their encounter typified the American dueling weapons. Many American men owned a pair of such pistols, and, from about 1750 to 1850, many were called to use them. The chance of dying in a pistol duel was relatively slim. Flintlocks often misfired. And even in the hands of an experienced shooter, accuracy was difficult. Generally, pistols had to be discharged within three seconds; to take aim for a longer time period was considered dishonorable. In an 1802 duel, DeWitt Clinton was challenged by John Swartwout, a friend of Aaron Burr. Swartwout accused Clinton of trying to ruin Burr with political smears. The men exchanged five rounds. After each round, as the code provided, seconds encouraged the combatants to mend their differences. Clinton adamantly refused to sign a letter of apology. Swartwout, despite being shot in the thigh and ankle, refused to quit. Unwilling to continue shooting at a wounded man, an exasperated Clinton left the field. Surgeons standing at the ready tended Swartwout's wounds. In America, duels were fought by men from all walks of life. But many of America's most important citizens defended their honor on the dueling grounds. Button Gwinnet, who had signed the Declaration of Independence, was shot down by General Lachlan McIntosh in a duel. Commodore Stephen Decatur of the United States Navy, an experienced duelist, died at the hands of another commodore, James Barron. And Abraham Lincoln narrowly averted a battle with swords by apologizing to an Illinois state official he had ridiculed in a local newspaper. Benjamin Franklin and George Washington were among the most prominent Americans to condemn dueling. Franklin called duels a "murderous practicethey decide nothing." And Washington, who undoubtedly needed al